PENYELIDIKAN TINDAKAN : KONSEP & MODEL TOPIK 4

PENGENALAN
Bayangkan diri anda mengajar di dalam kelas sains. Anda sangat teruja tentang pelajaran dan telah mengambil masa yang lama untuk menyediakan pengajaran anda. Semasa mengajar anda melihat beberapa orang murid anda mengerutkan dahi meraka. Anda buntu mengapa murid anda tidak faham pelajaran itu. Bagamana anda menyelesaikan masalah itu? Satu cara ada dengan menjalankan penyelidikan tindakan.

Asal usul Penyelidikan Tindakan

Kurt Lewin mmperkenalkan idea penyelidikan tindakan pada tahun 1946. Idea beliau disokong oleh Stephen Corey, Kenneth Benne dan Hilda Taba yang merupakan rakan-rakan beliau di Teachers College University of Columbia, satu pusat yang menumpukan kepada perkembangan kurikulum dan peningkatan professionalisma guru.

LATARBELAKANG
Stephen Corey (1953) mula-mula menyatakan penyelidkan tindakan sebagai cara-cara mempertingkatkan amalan di sekolah. Menggalakkan guru-guru menjalankan kajian tentang amalan mereka dan mempertingkatkannya.

Sebelum itu, hanya penyelidikan luaran yang pakar yang menjalankan kajian secara objektif terhadap situasi sosial di sekolah.
Mahu guru membuat penyelidikan tentang amalan mereka supaya mereka boleh menilai keputusan dan tindakan mereka, memgubah suai dan menformulasikan semula tindakan mereka. Dan kitaran akan berterusan. Corey yakin bahawa penyelidikan guru adalah satu aktiviti koperatif akan akan menyokong nlai-nilai demokratik.

samb..LATAR BELAKANG
Lawrence Stenhouse (1975) memperkenalkan idea penyelidikan tindakan di United Kingdom. Menyatakan penglibatan aktif guru-guru dalam proses penyelidikan dan penyertaan aktif guru-guru dalam proses penyelidikan adalah satu faktor yang boleh menyumbang kepada penyemakan kurikulum. Projek pertama di United Kingdom yang melibatkan gur-guru sebagai penyelidik adalah Ford Teaching Project (1974 76) di bawah penyeliaan John Elliott. Projek ini bermula di Centre for Applied Research in Education (CARE), di University of East Anglia, yang berfokus kepada menyiasat penggunaan inkuiri penemuan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran .

BACKGROUND & DEVELOPMENT OF AR-SUMMMARY DIPERKENALKAN OLEH KURT LEWIN (1946) (Ahli Psikologi Sosial) Dua Idea Utama Konsep Penyelidikan Tindakan Keputusan Bersama Komitmen Untuk Penambahbaikan Idea Lewin digunakan oleh Stephen Corey di Teachers College Columbia University, New York (1953) sebagai pendekatan penyelidikan di sekolah Tahun 1970an Penyelidikan mendapat perhatian antarabangsa Lawrence Stenhouse memperkenalkan Konsep Guru Sebagai Penyelidik 1975Humanities Curriculum Project (HCP) 1978-Research as a basic for teaching (di UEA, Norwich, England)

Tahun 1976 John Elliot dan Rakan-rakan memperkenalkan Ford Teaching Project di CARE, UEA, Norwich Classroom Action Research Network (CARN) Projek PALM (1998-1990)
Penyelidikan Tindakan berkembang di Eropah, Australia dan USA

Di Malaysia, KT berkembang 1990an Konsep KT diperkenalkan kepada 41 orang pensyarah institut/maktab perguruan dan pegawai BPG. 11 hingga 20 Disember 1988. oleh Prof. Stephen Kemmis dari School of Education, Deakin University, Australia.

Tahun 1990an Idea guru sebagai penyelidik menjadi sebahagian kandungan kursus program pra-perkhidmatan dan dalam perkhidmatan di institut/maktab perguruan. Program for Innovation Excellence and Research (PIER) BPPDP 1993-1996 Kini KT menjadi sebahagian MP dalam komponen kursus Ijazah Sarjana Muda Keguruan ( PISMP) di Institut Perguruan Guru Malaysia dan Ijazah Sarjana Muda Pendidikan Di Universiti

Konsep Penyelidikan Tindakan

Apakah yang diperlukan untuk memperbaiki amalan pendidikan ?

Memperbaiki bahasa dan wacana cara kita bercakap tentang amalan-amalan pendidikan kita. Memperbaiki aktiviti-aktiviti dan amalanamalan yang mencirikannya- apa yang kita lakukan dalam amalan kita. Memperbaiki ciri-ciri hubungan sosial dan bentuk-bentuk organisasi yang mana organisasi kita berada.
Kemmis & Mc Taggart 1988 (AR Planner)

Definition by Kemmis, Septhen, Robin Mc Taggart-The Action research Planner, 1988

Action Research is the form of self reflective enquiry undertaken by participants in social situations in order to improve in the rationality and justice of their own social or education practices, as well as their understanding of their own social or educational practices and the situations in which these practices are carried out. Group of participants can be teachers, students, principals,parents or other community membersany group with a shared concern. (p.5)

KEMMIS DAN MCTAGGART (1988)

Kajian tindakan merupakan satu bentuk inkuiri refleksi kendiri yang dilakukan secara kolektif, dilakukan oleh peserta yang berada dalam sesuatu situasi sosial bagi tujuan meningkatkan kerasionalan dan keadilan amalan-amalan kemasyarakatan dan pendidikan mereka sendiri, di samping meningkatkan kefahaman mereka tentang amalan itu serta situasi di mana amalan itu dilakukan.
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Action Research Defnition

Action-research might be defined as the study of a social situation with a view to improving the quality of action within it. It aims to feed practical judgment in concrete situations, and the validity of the 'theories' or hypotheses it generates depends not so much on 'scientific' tests of truth, as on their usefulness in helping people to act more intelligently and skilfully. In actionresearch 'theories' are not validated independently and then applied to practice. They are validated through practice. Elliott (1991a: 69).

What is Action Research?

Action Research is a process through which teachers collaborate in evaluating their practice, try out new strategies, and record their work in a form that is understandable by other teachers.
John Elliott. (1991). Action Research for Educational Change. Philadelphia: Open University Press/Milton Keynes.

Definition by Dave Ebbut (1985)

...is the systematic study of attempts to improve educational practice by groups of participants by means of their own practical actions and by means of their own reflection upon the effects of those actions. - Ebbutt (cited in Hopkins, 1985)

Def by Whitehead (1993)

It is through enquiring into our own practice that we are able to create a living form of educational theory that is constituted by descriptions that we produce about own educational development as we answer questions like

How do I improve what I am doing

Definition By Mc Niff 1988

Action Research implies adopting a
deliberate openness to new experiences and processes, and as such , demands that the action of educational research is itself educational. By consciously engaging in their own educational development, teachers gain both professionally and personally; and it is this personal commitment that counts in the process of human enquiry.

Jean McNiff
Action Research refers to:

A particular way of researching your own learning;

A practical way of looking at your practice in order to check whether it is as you feel it should be;

If you feel that your practice needs attention in some way you will be able to take action to improve it, and then produce evidence to show in what way the practice has improved.

Jean McNiff, 2002 Action Research Principles and Practice

Kurt Lewin 1946

Kurt Lewin (1946) dikatakan orang yang pertama menggunakan istlah penyelidikan tindakan sebagai satu cara menyatakan perkmbangan profesional dalam situasi sosial.
merancang

membuat refleksi

mengambil tindakan

memerhati

Definisi oleh Mc Bride & Schostak 1994

Action research is a form of self-reflection which was done by the participant in a situation, with an aim to improve practice in the context of education. Action research is just a reflection about self experience in the change cycle. The main focus in action research is to improve practice (McBride & Schostak, 1994: 30-31).

DEFINITION
Cochran dan Lytle (1990) ... a classroom-based study initiated

and conducted by teachers that allows them to explore issues of interest to them. It also provides a formal way to make teachers knowledge part of the liturature on teaching, bringing them inside the power structure of education

DEFINITIONS
Action Research is a three-step spiral process of (1) planning which involves reconnaissance; (2) taking actions; and (3) fact-finding about the results of the action. Kurt Lewin (1947) Action Research is the process by which practitioners attempt to study their problems scientifically in order to guide, correct, and evaluate their decisions and actions.Stephen Corey (1953) Action Research in education is study conducted by colleagues in a school setting of the results of their activities to improve instruction. Carl Glickman (1992) Action Research is a fancy way of saying lets study whats happening at our school and decide how to make it a better place. Emily Calhoun (1994)

Definition by Zailah 2007

AR is the process of improving practice via the application of knowledge.

Action Research in Singapore (1998)

teacher-initiated classroom investigation which seeks to increase the teachers understanding of classroom teaching and learning, and to bring about change in classroom practices.
Teachers Network (Ministry of Education, Singapore) publication on Learning Circles

Action research is inquiry or research in the context of focused efforts to improve the quality of an organization and its performance. It typically is designed and conducted by practitioners who analyze the data to improve their own practice.

Action research can be done by individuals or by teams of colleagues. The team approach is called collaborative inquiry.
Action research has the potential to generate genuine and sustained improvements in schools. It gives educators new opportunities to reflect on and assess their teaching; to explore and test new ideas, methods, and materials; to assess how effective the new approaches were; to share feedback with fellow team members; and to make decisions about which new approaches to include in the team's curriculum, instruction, and assessment plans.

Perbezaan antara Penyelidikan Tindakan dan Penyelidikan Tradisional

AR
Objektif AR adalah untuk memperbaiki amalan seseorang dan membina teori sendiri yang praktikal dan kritikal.

TR
Objectif adalah untuk membuat generalisasi dan menguji teori dan menerangkan prinsip.

Matlamat kajian

Rekabentuk kajian

Rekabentuk AR boleh Rekabentuk TR telah dimodifikasikan dtetapkan sebelum bergantung kepada lagi ia dijalankan. keadaan sebenar dan keperluan situasi di sekolah.

Perbezaan antara Penyelidikan Tindakan dan Penyelidikan Tradisional

AR TR Pengkaji TR bukan sebahagian daripada subjekkajian. Subjek kajian dipilih melalui persampelan.

Subjek kajian

Pengkaji AR adalah sebahagian daripada subjek kajian. Maklumat kajian diperoleh terus darpada subjek kajian.

Metod kajian

Kajian AR dijalankan dalam situasi sebenar. Keduadua data kualitatif dan kuantitatif boleh digunakan.

Kesahan kajian TR bergantng kepada teknik persampelan. Analisis statistik yang canggih biasanya digunakan untuk analisis data.

Laporan kajian

Laporan AR menggunakan Laporan TR agak teknikal bahasa yangmudah yang dan anda perlu ada ilmu oleh anda fahami. khas untuk memahaminya.

Ciri-ciri AR
digunakan oleh guru untuk menyiasat masalah di bilik darjah melibatkan refleksi guru pada setiap langkah dalam proses inkuiri. boleh digunakan untuk memperbaiki amalan, selesaikan masalah , menghasilkan perubahan dan perkembangan guru. adalah naturalistik dan ianya menggunakan teknik pemerhatian peserta untuk mengkaji satu fenomena. satu proses kolaboratif, dengan individu-individu bertanggung jawab terlibat dengan kajian. biasanya menyelesaikan masalah praktikal dan meneroka isu-isu di bilik darjah. memperkembangkan pengetahuan guru dalam satu disiplin spesifik. AR adalah dinamik dan melibatkan perubahan melibatkan guru dalam proses cyclical iaitu merancang, bertindak, dan membuat refleksi (kitaran AR)

Deskriptor Penyelidikan Tindakan:

Proses refleksi

Reflection

One doesnt learn from experience; one learns

from reflection on experience

(M.Q. Patton, 1997) 95)

JENIS-JENIS PENYELIDIKAN TINDAKAN

GURU SEBAGAI PENYELIDIK (PENYELIDIKAN TINDAKAN) PENYELIDIKAN TIDAKAN KOLABORATIF PENYELIDIKAN TINDAKAN SCHOOL WIDE

GURU PENYELIDIK
Fokus : atas perbezaan di kelas masingmasing
Sokongan:Berbeza ikut individu Audiens untuk keputusan: guru indvidu

Impak : boleh atau tidak boleh capai merentasi bilik darjah

AR KOLABORATIF
Fokus : perubahan berlaku dalam satu atau lebih kelas, paras, pasukan dalam suatu jabatan
Sokongan : Dalam satu institusi (universiti, agensi khidmat pendidikan, daerah, dsb.) Audiens untuk keputusan :Dua atau lebih pendidik terlibat

Impak: Paras gred atau jabatan, ada potensi untuk perkongsian

AR SATU SEKOLAH (school wide)

Fokus : Memperbaiki prestasi sekolah; fokus

kepada satu bidang pembelajaran yang diperlukan

Sokongan: komitmen daripada sekolah dan kepimpinan dan agensi luaran atau kumpulan

Audiens untuk keputusan: Seluruh komuniti sekolah

Impak :Potensi baik untuk memberi impak kepada penstrukturan sekolah dan perubahan.

SIFAT SEMULAJADI AR
Penyelidikan tindakan adalah... kitaran langkah-langkah yang sama berlaku semula, dalam turutan yang sama; participatif klien dan pemberi maklumat adalah rakan kongsi, atau sekurang-kurangnya peserta yang aktif dalam proses penyelidikan ; kualitatif lebih melibatkan bahasa daripada nombor;

reflektif refleksi kritikan semasa proses dan hasil adalah penting bagi setiap kitaran

MODEL-MODEL AR
STEPHEN KEMMIS MODEL

ELLIOTS MODEL
DAVE EBBUTS MODEL JACK WHITEHEADS MODEL

JEAN MCNIFF MODEL

KURT LEWINS MODEL SOMEKH AR MODEL ZUBER-SKERRITT (1991) CRASP MODEL MC KERNAN (1990) MODEL JOHNSON

STEPHEN KEMMIS MODEL

PLAN

REFLECT OBSERVE

ACT

KEMMIS MODEL

Elliotts model 1981

Identifying initial idea Reconnaissance (fact-finding and analysis) General Plan Action steps 1 Action steps 2 Action steps 3 Monitor implementation and effects Reconnaissance (explain any failure to implement, and effects

Elliots Action Research Model (Elliot, 1991:71)

Implement Action step 1

CYCLE 1

Revise general idea

Amended plan Action steps 1 Action steps 2 Action steps 3 Implement next action steps Revise general idea Amended plan Action steps1 Action steps 2 Action steps 3 Implement next action steps

CYCLE 2

Monitor Implementation and effect Reconnaissance (explain any failure to Implement, and effects)

CYCLE 3

Monitor implementation and effects

Reconnaissance (explain any failure to Implement, and effects)

ELLIOTTS MODEL OF ACTION RESEARCH

Identifying the General Idea Seeking Consensus Reconnaissance Action Cycle 1 General plan Monitoring Implementation and effects Reconnaissance Action Cycle 2 Revised General plan Monitoring Implementation and effects Reconnaissance

Dave Ebbuts Model (1983)

Living Educational Theory (Whitehead)

What am I concerned about/what do I want to improve; What am I going to do about it; What data will I need to collect to enable me to make a judgement on my effectiveness; Act and gather data; Evaluation of effectiveness; Modification of concerns, ideas and actions in the light of evaluations; Submission of descriptions and explanation of my learning in the educational enquiry, How do I improve my practice? to a validation group. (Whitehead, J.1989)

WHITEHEAD (1985)
What is my concern? Why am I concerned? What do I think I can do about it? How will I do it? How will I gather the information? How will I know if things have improved? How will I evaluate effectiveness? How will I change my practice?

Mc Niff Model (1988)

Problem of class control

Main Problem

Kurt Lewin (1946)

Research for social management or social engineering in industrial contexts.

Lewins Action Research Involves a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action and fact-finding about the result of the action

SOMEKH MODEL
COLLECT DATA IDENTIFY PROBLEM DATA ANALYSIS

NEXT CYCLE
REFLECTION

ACTION PLANNING
IMPLEMENTATION OF AP

COLLECTING DATA TO IDENTIFY CHANGES

ZUBER-SKERRITT CRASP MODEL

(i) Critical collaboration enquiry by

(ii) Reflective practitioners who are (iii) Accountable in making the results of their enquiry public, (iv) Self-evaluative in their practice, and engage in (v) Participative problem solving and continuing professional development

McKernans Action Research Model

ACTION CYCLE 1
Action requires improvement Problem situation

ACTION CYCLE 2

Etc....

Decisions (reflect, explain, understand action)

Define problem

Decisions (reflect, explain, understand)

Redefine problem

Evaluate action

Needs assessment

Evaluate action

Needs assessment

Implement plan Hypotheses ideas

Implement revised plan

New Hypotheses

Revise action plan Develop action plan T1 T2 T3

JOHNSONS MODEL
AREA OF INTEREST

LITERATURE REVIEW
SHARE RESULTS

PLANNING
DATA COLLECTION

ACTION PLANNING

Penyelidikan Tindakan boleh digunakan untuk:

Memahami amalan sesaorang; Memehami bagaimana menjadikan amalan sesaorang lebih baik; Memahami bagaimana akamodasi perubahan luaran dalam amalan sesaorang; Memahami bagaimana perubahan luaran boleh menjadikan amalan sesaorang lebih baik

Action
Doing Intervening Intending Committed Motivated impassioned

Research
Enquiring Standing back Being careful Disciplined Evidence Systematic

Action
Doing: Taking action towards curriculum implementation Intervening: Facilitating Intending: Create change Committed: Proactive Motivated: Improving practice Impassioned: Interested in the research topic

Research
Enquiring:review of literature Standing back: reflection Being careful: modest educational claims Disciplined: Time to reflect and write. Evidence: video recordings, tape transcripts, written reflections, peer validation meetings Systematic: Not ad-hoc. Time-scale, method to what you are doing.

PERANAN GURU DALAM AR

McBride memberi pandangan bahawa peranan guru bukan sahaja untuk menyampaikan maklumat, tetapi juga sesaorang penyelidik yang mengamalkan refleksi. Kajian ini dijalankan secara kolaboratif oleh guru-guru yang mempunyai minat yang sama dan mempunyai kecenderungan kemahiran berlainan dalam menjalankan kajian. Garispanduan AR perlu jelas untuk memastikan perkongsian profesional dapat dijalankan.

MATLAMAT PENYELIDIKAN TINDAKAN

Untuk membantu mengembangkan kemahiran profesional terutamanya mengenalpasti teknik-teknik dan metod yang berkesan untuk mengatasi cabaran-cabaran yang dihadapi dalam P&P. Menyumbang kepada asas pengetahuan profesional & menyelesaikan masalah tanpa merujuk kepada arahanarahan daripada luar. Melepaskan diri daripada amalan rutin, memperbaiki amalan profesional semasa menilai kendiri dan mengembangkan idea baru berkaitan amalan. Menggalakkan guru menyelesaikan masalah harian dengan membuat refleksi, mencari idea baru dan strategi untuk memperbaiki diri sendiri.

MATLAMAT SAMBUNGAN..
Memastikan guru mengenalpasti amalan yang perlu diperbaiki dan menghasilkan satu tindakan. Tindakan dinilai keberkesanannya. Guru dengan ini mempunyai kuasa membuat keputusan untuk kelasnya. Menggalakkan guru berkongsi pengalaman dan berkongsi secara meluas amalan profesionalnya. Menggalakkan guru dan pentadbir sekolah membuat refleksi tentang amalan, membuat analisis kekuatan dan kelemahan institusi, bertindak secara bijak dan menyelia keberkesanannya. Dengan ini, gur berpeluang menjadi agen perubahan.

Halangan-halangan utama dalam menjalankan penyelidikan tindakan:

Tidak cukup masa Kurang bahan sumber Organisasi sekolah Tiada kemahiran penyelidikan
McKernan 1989

The most outstanding features of the professional is the capacity to self-evaluation and self-improvement through rigorous and systematic research and study of his or her practice.
(McKernan 1991:47)

One can not be a teacher professional without engaging in research in order to improve ones performance. (McKernan 1991:48)

What Action Research Is

Action research is a process, which improves education by change. Action research is educators working together to improve their own practices. Action research is developing reflection about our teaching. Action research is collaborative, that is, it is educators talking and working with other educators in empowering relationships. Action research is an emphasis on a particular aspect. Action research is a cycle of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. Action research is working in small groups of educators. Action research is a justification of our teaching practices.

What Action Research Is Not

Action research is not the usual thing that teachers do when thinking about teaching. It is more systematic and more collaborative. Action research is not simply problem solving. It involves problem posing, the search for the questions beneath the questions that we typically ask about our educational practices. Action research is not done 'to" other people. Action research is research by particular educators on their 'own' work, and it is done with the help of other practitioners. Action research is not a way to implement predetermined answers to educational questions. Action research explores, discovers, and works to create contextually specific solutions to educational problems.

Kepentingan AR
Pengamal mendapati mereka boleh memain peranan sebagai ketua bila mereka merancang, menjalankan dan menilai kajian amalan mereka Bergantung kepada kajian orang lain tidak semestinya relevan dalam tempat kerja kita Menurunkan kuasa kepada pengamal

 AR gives educators new opportunities to reflect on and assess their teaching; To explore and test new ideas, methods, and materials; To assess how effective the new approaches were; To share feedback with fellow team members; To make decisions about which new approaches to include in the practice. It is from within and not from an external Experts eye Very real presences can emerge in the dynamically unfolding relations which can teach us new ways of conducting our practice Sometimes , it does not make sense to go to an outsider ,with often shaky or no knowledge of the given situation, thinking that with a few questions, he/she can get enlightening answers. It is difficult to grasp the issues of a group or community by an outsider who has limited interaction with the group

Tugasan ISL
Bentukkan satu kumpulan. Layari internet dan muat turun maklumat tentang kajain tradisional dan kajain penyelidikan. Ringkaskan nota kuliah dan bahan rujukan dalam peta konsep/ penyusun grafik dan simpan dalam portfolio. Muat turun maklumat tentang model AR berikut Kemmis Elliot Ebbut Whiteheads Mc Niff Lewin

THE END