Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Imperialism,
the Highest Stage of
Capitalism

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ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kd0g'jzef@csda&;XmerS Tusrf;&if;pmtkyf
xkwfa0jcif;ESifh ywfoufonftrSm (15/ 3/ 1990)
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Preface
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Preface To The Franch And German Edition
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Imperialism, The Highest Stage Of Capitalism
1? xkwfvkyfr_ pk+yHKjcif;ESifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfrsrsm;
Concentration Of Production And Monopolies
2? b%frsm;ESifh ‚wkd@. tcef;opf
Banks And Their Nwe Role
3? b¾mt&if;ESifh b¾ma&; oufOD;qHykdifpepf
Finance Capital And The Financial Oligarchy
4? t&if;wifykd@r_
Export Of Capital
5? urBm}uD;tm; t&if;&SifuGefbkdif;rsm; cGJa0,l=ujcif;
Division Of The World Among Capitalist Association
6? tiftm;}uD; EkdifiHrsm;t=um; urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0=ujcif;
Division Of The World Among The Great Powers
7? t&if;&Sifpepf. txl;tqifhjzpfaom e,f
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Imperialism As A Special Stage Of Capitalism
8? t&if;&Sifpepf. uyfyg;vuQ%mESifh aqG;ajr@ysufqD;r_
Parasitism And Decay Of Capitalism
9? e,fcsJ@pepftay: a0zefcsuf
Critique Of Imperialism
10? orkdif;&Sd e,fcsJ@pepf. tqif
tqifhae&m
The Place Of Imperialism In History

3
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7
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1917/ {+yD 26

·
1904-
1904- 10 ±k&Sm; *syef ppfyGJwGif ±k&Sm;u ppf±H_;xm;+yD; *syefonf 1911 ckESpfwGif ukd&D;,m;ukd odrf;ykdufcJhonf?
(bmomjyefol)

8
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jyefvnf wnf;jzwfxkwfa0Ekdifjcif; r&Sdacs? vkyfvnf; vkyfoifhonf[k rxifay? ta=umif;rSm T
pmtkyfukd a&;om;cJhaom t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm ESpfq,f&mpktpykdif; yxrurBmppf. t}uKdykdif;&Sd
urBmht&if;&Sifpepftm; EkdifiHwum qufpyfr_rsm;ESifhtwl tcsuftvuf&SdpGmjzihf ykHazmf wifjyxm;
aoma=umifh jzpfonf? wifjy&mwGif rjiif;uG,fEkdifaom "e&Sifpm&if;Z,m;rsm;tm; ed*kH;csKyf okH;
oyfxm;csufESifh EkdifiHtm;vkH;&Sd "e&Sifynm&Sifrsm;. 0efcHcsufrsm;ay:wGif tajcjyKxm;ayonf? Zm
bk&if.qifqmt& w&m;0ifaom Tpmwrff;onf a&S@wef;a&mufaom t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;&Sd uGefjrL
epftrsm;tjym;twGuf &&Sdxm;aom w&m;Oya' tºuif;tusefuav; enf;enf;ukdyif tokH;jyK
Ekdifa=umif;ESifh tokH;jyKoifha=umif; oabmaygufapEkdifayvdrfhrnf? Oyrm- r=umrDurS uGefjrLepf
rsm;ukd tkHESifhusif;ESifh zrf;qD;cJhaom tar&duefEkdifiHESifh jyifopfEkdifiHwkd@vkd ae&mrsm;wGif vlr_ajy+idrf;
a&;tjrifrsm;ESifh “urBmh'Drkdua&pD” ukd ar#mfvifhaer_rsm; vkH;0r[kwfrSefa=umif;ukd &Sif;jy&mwGif T
enf;ukd okH;Ekdifayvdrfhrnf? Tqifqmwnf;jzwfxm;aom pmwrf;wGif rnfonfhta&;ygqHk;aom t
csufrsm; jznfhoifhonfqkdonfukd TtrSmpmwGif xyfjznfh&ef }uKd;pm;oGm;ygrnf?

(2)
1914-18 ckESpf ppfyGJwGif ESpfzufpvkH;rSm e,fcsJ@vuQ%maqmifa=umif;(qkdvkdwmu odrf;
ykdufr_/ tEkdifusifhr_/ vk,ufr_ppfyGJjzpfa=umif;)/ urBm}uD;ukdcGJa0a&;/ b¾mt&if;tESD;ponfwkd@ “ =o
Zm oufa&muf&me,fy,f” jzpfonfh ukdvkdeDrsm;ukd cGJa0a&;ESifh jyefvnfcGJa0a&;ppfyGJ jzpfa=umif;
pmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;onf?
ppf. wu,fhvlr_a&;vuQ%m okd@r[kwf wu,fhvlwef;pm;vuQ%mukd ppfyGJ. oHwref
a&;orkdif;wGif awG@&rnfr[kwfbJ obm0uspGmyif ppfjzpfaeaom EkdifiHtm;vkH;&Sd tkyfpkd;ol vlwef;
pm;rsm;. yuwdt ajctaeukd cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;wGif awG@&rnfjzpfonf? Tyuwdtaetxm;ukd
ykHazmfzkd@qkdv#if Oyrmrsm; okd@r[kwf woD;wjcm; pm&if;Z,m;rsm;(vlr_b0. tvGef&_yfaxG;vSaom
ed,mrw&m;wGif tqkdwckukd twnfjyK&eftwGuf Oyrmta&twGuf }uKdufoavmufESifh oD;jcm;
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd a&G;xkwfI &ayonf?) ukd tokH;jyKI rjzpfacs? ppfjzpfaeaom EkdifiHtm;vkH;ESifh
urBmwckvkH;. pD;yGm;a&;b0 tajccHqkdif&m pm&if;Z,m;wckvkH;ukd tokH;jyK&ayrnf?
u|Efkyftaejzifh 1876 ckESpfESifh 1914 cku urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0jcif;(tcef; 6) 1890 ckESifh
1913 cku wurBmvkH;wGif rD;&xm;vrf;rsm; jzef@=uufr_ta=umif; azmfjy&mY rjiif;uG,fEkdifaom
ed*kH;csKyfokH;oyf+yD; pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd ukd;um;cJhonf? rD;&xm;vrf;qkdonfrSm t&if;&Sifpepf. tajc
cHpufr_vkyfief;jzpfaom ausmufrD;aoG;/ oHESifh oHr%dvkyfief;wkd@tm; aygif;csKyfxm;jcif;/ urBmhukef
oG,fr_ESifh "e&Sif'Drkdua&pD ,Ofaus;r_wkd@. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ukd xif&Sm;pGm xif[yfjcif;rsm;tm; aygif;
csKyfxm;jcif; jzpfayonf? rD;&xm;oHvrf;rsm;onf t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyf vkyfief;
rsm;/ qif'Dudwfrsm;/ x&yfpfrsm;/ b%frsm;ESifh b¾ma&;avmu. xdyfoD;}uD;rsm;ESifh rnfokd@quf
pyfaeykHukd Tpmtkyf a&S@ykdif;tcef;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onf? rD;&xm;vrf;tm; rnDrr# jzef@cGJr_/

9
‚wkd@. rnDnmaom jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_wkd@ukd t&Sdtwkdif; aygif;csKyfvkdufv#if urBmhtwkdif;twmESifh
nDaom acwfopfvuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifpepf jzpfvmawmhonf? xkwfvkyfr_ypPnf;rsm;wGif yk*~vdu
ykdifqkdifr_ypPnf;[lI &Sdaeoa&G@ e,fcsJ@ppfyGJrsm;tm; vkH;0yif ra&Smifv$JEkdifa=umif; Taygif;csKyfokH;oyf
csufu oufaojyaeayonf?
rD&xm;vrf;rsm; azmufvkyfjcif;onf omrefobm0usaom 'Drkdua&pDESihf ,Ofaus;r_ vuQ
%maqmifonfh vkyfief;w&yf[k xifrSwfp&m &Sdonf? TonfrSm t&if;&Sifu|efpepfukd aq;a&mif
vSvS jc,foay;&ef vcay;xm;onfh "e&SifygarmuQrsm;.tjrifESifh "e&Sifaygufp evAdef;wkH;rsm;.
tjrif jzpfonf? okd@aomf vufawG@wGifrl xkwfvkyfr_ypPnf;tykdif;wGif yk*~vdu ykdifqkdifr_u a,bk,s
v$rf;aeaom Tvkyfief;rsm;tm; t}udrfaygif; axmifESifhcsD+yD; &pfywfxm;onfh t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;
onf rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfr_ukd oef;axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolrsm;(ukdvkdeDESifh ukdvkdeDwykdif;
EkdifiHrsm;&Sd) tay: zdESdyfonfh ud&d,mw&yftjzpf ajymif;vJypfvkdufay+yD? TonfrSm rSDckdolEkdifiHrsm;
wGif aexkdif=uonfh urBmhvlOD;a&. w0ufausmf ausmfESifh “,Ofaus;aom” EkdifiHrsm;&Sd t&if;tESD;.
vcpm;aus;u|efrsm;ukdyg qkdvkdayonf?
t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh olwkd@.pme,fZif;rsm;/ tvkyform;/ v,form;rsm;ukd vSnfhpm;avh &Sd
onfh vkyfief;&Sifuav;rsm;. vkyftm;tay:wGif tajcjyKxm;onfh yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_/ vGwfvyfpGm
+yKdifqkdifr_/ 'Drkdua&pD paom zrf;pm;p&mpum;vkH;rsm;onf twdwfut&mrsm; jzpfoGm;acs+yD? t&if;
&Sifpepfonf ukdvkdeDzdESdyfr_ESifh urBmhvlOD;a&. {&mrtrsm;pk}uD;tm; vufwqkyfpm“a&S@wef;a&muf”
EkdifiHrsm;u vnfrsKdn‡pfonfh urBmhpepfw&yftjzpf }uD;xGm;oGm;+yD jzpfonf? aemuf+yD; urBm}uD;
wckvkH;tm; ‚wkd@.“wkduf&mygypPnf;” cGJa0r_wGif yg0ifywfoufaponfh ajcqkH;acgif;qkH; vufeuf
wyfqifxm;aom urBmhtiftm;}uD; "m;jy}uD;rsm; (tar&duef/ +AdwdefESifh *syef) u wkduf&mygypPnf;
ukd cGJa0,l=uonf?

(3)

*smr%D bk&ifhorRwEkdifiHu csKyfckdif;ojzifh csKyfqkdcJh&aom b&ufpf-vpfawmhzf(Brest-

Litovsk) +idrf;csrf;a&;pmcsKyf/ tJ'DaemufrSm “'Drkdua&pD” orRwEkdifiHrsm; jzpf=uonfh tar&duef/
jyifopfESifh “vGwfvyfaom”t*Fvefwkd@u csKyfckdif;ojzifh csKyfqkdcJh&aom ykdrkd&ufpuf+yD; pufqkwfzG,f
&maumif;onfh Amaq;pmcsKyfwkd@onf vlom;rsm;tm; taumif;qkH; tusKd;jyKcJhonf? tusKd;jyKykH jyK
enf;rSm ukd,fhukd,fukd ajy+idrf;a&;0g'Drsm;/ qkd&S,fvpfrsm;[k qkd+yD;“0Dvfqif0g'”· ukd bkef;awmfbGJ@
oDusL;aeum e,fcsJ@pepfatmufwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rsm; jzpfEkdifonf[k qkdae=u
onfh e,fcsJ@pepfESifh "e&Sifaygufp azmufjyef a&;orm;rsm;. uavmifeJ@ tcpm;ulvDrsm;ukd zGifhcs
jcif;yif jzpfonf?
+Adwdefavm/ *smr%Davm/ rnfonfhb¾ma&; "m;jytpku wkduf&mygypPnf; trsm;qkH;ukd
&oifha=umif; qkH;jzwfonfhppfyGJu csefxm;cJhaom aoqkH;ol/ 'kuQdw ukaËaygif;rsm;pGmeJ@ tqkdyg
“+idrf;csrf;a&; pmcsKyf” wkd@onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. eif;acsr_/ zdESdyfr_/ vdrfnmr_/ vSnfhjzm;r_wkd@ukd r}uKH
·
1913 rS 1921 ckESpftxd tar&duefEdkifiH orRw jzpfcJhaom awmrwfpf0k'f±kd; 0Dvqif. oabmxm;ukd
&nfn$ef;jcif; jzpfonf? ‚onf yxrurBmppfwGif vleyfcsrf;omvkyfum a&Smifae+yD; aemufwGifrS pdwfrygh wygjzif
zifh
*smr%Dukd ppfa=unmcJh&onf? (bmomjyefol)

10
pzl;aom vsifjrefr_jzifhjrifvm&ef ukaËaygif;rsm;pGmaom vlrsm;ukd em;rsufpd zGifhay;cJhonf? okd@
a=umifh ppfa=umifh jzpfay:vmaom wavmuvkH; ysufpD;,kd,Gif;r_xJrSaeI urBmESifht0ef; awmfvSef
a&;tajctae}uD; ay:aygufvmcJhonf? ,if;onf rnfr# &Snf=umcufcJvifhupm; ypPnf;rJh awmfvSef
a&; atmifyGJcHr_wkd@ESifh tqkH;owfjcif;rSwyg; tjcm; rjzpfEkdifacs?

(4)

Tpmwrf;wGif “aumufpuD0g'”“tausmf=um;qkH;aom oabmw&m;a&;q&mrsm;”.

urBmay:&Sd EkdifiHtm;vkH;wGif ‚wkd@ukd ukd,fpm;jyKaom EkdifiHwumhoabmw&m; t,ltqESifh 'kwd
, tifwmae&Sife,f. acgif;aqmifrsm;(=op}wD;,m;wGif atmhwkdabm0g;(Otto Bouer)ESifh taygif;
ygrsm;/ t*FvefwGif &rf;aq; rufa':(Ramsay MacDonald) e,fESifh tjcm;vlyk*~Kdvfrsm;/ jyifopf
wGif tJvfbwfawmrwfpf (Albert Thomas) ponfponfwkd@tjyif qkd&S,fvpf0g'D/ jyKjyif a&;0g'D/
ajy+idrf;a&;0g'D/ "e&Sif'Drkdu&uf/ bmoma&; w&m;a[mq&m ponfh oAŠeHaygif;pkHwkd@ukd txl;*±kjyK
a0zefwkdufckdufxm;onf?)
Toabmw&m; t,ltqonf wzufwGif 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f +yKduGJr_ESifh aqG;ajr@r_
wkd@. &v'f jzpf+yD; wzufwGifrl "e&Sifaygufpt,ltq. ra&Smifrv$JEkdifaom toD;tyGifh jzpfonf?
T"e&Sif aygufpvlwef;pm;rSm olwkd@. b0tajctaewckvkH;t& "e&SifESifh 'Drkdu&ufwpf tpGJt
vrf;rsm; pGJuyfae=uonf?
aumufpuD (Kautsky) ESifh ol@vkdyk*~Kdvfrsm; ukdifpGJaomtjrifrsm;rSm q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
aumufpuD u|rf;usifykdifEkdifcJhaom txl;ojzifh (bef;pwdef; (Bernstein) rDvm&ef;(Millerand) [if
'ref (Hyndman) *Grfyg (Gomper) polwkd@.) qkd&S,fvpftacsmif0g'ukd wkdufckdufonfh vrf;
a=umif;ay:wGif ol u|rf;usifykdifEkdifcJhaom rmhufpf0g'. awmfvSefa&;rlrsm;udkyif vkH;0 jiif;y,fypfjcif;
jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh ,cktcgY wurBmvkH;&Sd “aumufpuD0g'Drsm;” onf tvGeftu|H tacsmif0g'D
rsm;('kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f(0g) t0ga&mif tifwmae&Sife,frSwqifh) "e&Siftpkkd;&rsm; (qkd&S,fvpf
rsm; yg0ifaom "e&Sifyl;aygif;a&; tpkd;&rsm;rSwqifh) ESifh vufwGJ+yD; vufawG@EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;wGif yg
0ifae=uonf?
}uD;xGm;vmaeaom urBmhypPnf;rJhawmfvSefa&;wckvkH; txl;ojzifh uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_wGif
“aumufpuD0g'”. oabmw&m;a&;trSm;rsm;ukd cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;/ zGifhcsjcif;wkd@ rygIrjzpfacs?
aumufpuDESifh taygif;ygrsm;wkd@vkd vlawGu e,fcsJ@pepf&J@ yËdyuQrsm;euf±_dif;r_/ ,if;rSaeI rvGJraoG
yif ay:aygufvmrnfh awmfvSefa&;tajctaewkd@ukd zkH;uG,f&ef }uKd;pm;=uovkdyif rmhufpf0g'ESifh
rnfokd@r# rywfoufaom ajy+idrf;a&;0g'ESifh a,bk,s“'Drkdua&pD” wkd@ wurBmvkH;wGif tvGeftrif;
us,fjyef@vmr_a=umifhyif txufyguJhokd@ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;/ zGihfcsjcif;rsm; ykdIjyKvkyfoifhayonf?
vSnfhjzm;jcif;cH&aom vkyfief;&Sifuav;rsm;ESifh tenf;eJ@trsm;qkdovkd "e&Sifaygufpb0 tajctae
rsKd;atmufwGif xm;&Sdjcif;cHae&onfh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom vkyfom;rsm;. axmufcHr_ukd &,lrnf
jzpfonfh ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;tzkd@ ,if;wdrf;nGwf r_ukd wkdufyGJ0if&efrSm b0ay;wm0efyif jzpfonf?

11
 (5)

“t&if;&Sifpepf. uyfyg;vuQ%maqmifr_ESifh ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;r_” [k acgif;pOfwyfxm;onfh

tcef;(8) ESifh ywfouf+yD; tenf;i,f ajymvkdonf? ,cktcgwGif aumufpuD. &Jabmf&JbufESifh
vGwfvyfaom *smr%D qkd&S,f'Drkdua&pDygwD. "e&SifjyKjyifa&;ay:vpDukd t"du wifoGif;olwOD;
jzpfonfh rmhufpf0g'D jzpfcJhzl;ol [Dvfzm'if; (Hilferding) onf pmukd,fwGif axmufjyxm;ouJh
okd@yif ajAmifusaom ajy+idrf;a&;0g'DESifh jyKjyifa&;orm; jzpfol t*FvdyfvlrsKd; a[mhbfqif (Hobson)
ESifh E_dif;pmv#if Tjy\emwGif ajcwvSrf; aemufokd@ykdqkwfoGm;ayonf? urBmhtvkyform;vlwef;
pm; v_yf&Sm;r_wckvkH; uGJawmhrnfqkdonfrSm ,cktcg tawmf&Sif;aeay+yD? ('kwd,ESifh wwd, tif
wmae&Sife,f)? Tt,ltqESpfckt=um; vufeufukdifwkdufyGJESifh jynfwGif;ppf jzpfae+yD qkdonfrSm
vnf; jrifomae+yD? qkdvkdonfrSm ±k&Sm;EkdifiHwGif rif&SDApfrsm;ESifh “qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;”
u aumvfcswf (Kolchak) ESifh 'ifeDuif (Denikin) wkd@tm; abmf&SDApfrsm;ukd wkdufckduf&mwGif
ulnDjcif;/ *smr%DEkdifiHwGif pygwuyfpf ygwD0ifrsm;tm; wkdufckduf&ef ±_dif;'ref; (Scheidemanns)
aemhu (Noskes)ESifh taygif;tygrsm;u "e&Sifrsm;ESifh qufoG,fvkyfaqmifjcif;/ zifvef/ ykdvef/
[efa*&D/ wkd@wGif tvm;wludpPrsm; ponfwkd@ jzpfonf? TurBmhorkdif;vuQ%maqmifaom ed,m
rw&m;. pD;yGm;a&; tajccHrSm tb,fenf;?
twdtusajym&v#if t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. tjrifhrm;qkH;tqifh qkdvkdonfrSm e,f
csJ@pepfwGif ay:vGifxif&Sm;onfh vuQ%mjzpfonfh uyfyg;vuQ%maqmifr_ESifh ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;r_yif
jzpfonf? Tpmwrf;wGif oufaojycJhouJhokd@yif t&if;&Sifpepfonf wurBmvkH; tm;“ulyGefjzwf
jcif;”·jzifhomv#if vk,ufaom vufwqkyfpm(urBmhvlOD;a&. 10 ykH 1 yHkxufyif enf;onf?)
tvGeftrif;csrf;om+yD; tm;}uD;aomEkdifiHwkd@ukd a&G;cs,fazmfxkwfcJhonf? ppfrjzpfrDu "e&Sifpm&if;
Z,m;rsm;t& t&if;wifykd@r_onf ESpfpOf z&ef@aiG ukaË(800) rS (1000) txd 0ifaiG&&Sdayonf?
,ckqkdv#if onfhxuf ykdayawmhrnf?
xif&Sm;pGmyif Trsm;jym;vSaom txl;tjrwftpGef;rsm;(TtjrwftpGef;rsm;ukd t&if;&Sif
rsm;onf “ukd,fh” EkdifiH&Sd tvkyform;rsm;tm; n‡pfxkwf,lxm;aom tjrwftpGef;rsm;tjyif
&&Sdjcif; okd@r[kwf xyfqifh&&Sdxm;jcif; jzpfonf?) rSaeI vkyfom;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh vkyfom;rif;
nDrif;om; txufv$mukd vmbfxkd;EkdifapcJhonf? “a&S@wef;a&mufaom”EkdifiHrsm;rS t&if;&Sifrsm;u
vnf; vmbfxkd;ae=uonf? wkduf±kduf okd@r[kwf oG,f0kdufI/ ajAmif okd@r[kwf v#Kd@0SufI enf;rsKd;
aygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmifjzifh vmbfxkd;aeayonf? olwkd@. aexkdifykHpHt&/ 0ifaiGt&/ avmut
jrifwckvkH;t& evAdef;wkH;EkdifvSaom T"e&Sif ykHoGif;xm;onfh tvkyform;rsm; okd@r[kwf
“vkyfom;rif;nDrif;om;rsm;” onf 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,f. t"du a'gufwkdifjzpfonf? aemuf+yD;
u|Ekfyfwkd@acwfwGif "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. t"duusaom vlr_a&; (ppfa&;r[kwf) a'gufwkdifjzpfonf?
ta=umif;rSm ‚wkd@onf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;. wu,fh
olv#Kdrsm;/ t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm;. vkyfom;vufaxmufrsm;/ jyKjyifa&;0g'ESifh a&SmfAif0g'wkd@twGuf
·
pawmh&S,f,m a&mif;0,fr_ukd qkdvkdonf? (bmomjyefol)

12
wu,fhvrf;a=umif;rsm; jzpfaoma=umifhyif? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ESifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;wkd@=um;rS jynf
wGif;ppfwGif rkcsyif olwkd@onf renf;vSaomta&twGufjzifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;bufu &yfwnf=u
onf? “uGefjrL;emh'f”Communards) rsm;tm; wkdufckdufaom“Amqkdif;vf” +rdK@om;;· awG jzpfcJh=u
onf?
Ted,mrw&m;. pD;yGm;a&;Zmpfjrpfrsm;ukd em;rvnfbl;/ ,if;.EkdifiHa&;ESifh vlr_a&;t&
ta&;ygr_ukd rokH;oyfEkdifbl;qkdv#if uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_ESifh eD;uyfaeaom vlr_awmfvSefa&;wkd@. vuf
awG@jy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;a&;twGuf ajcwvSrf;rS vSrf;Ekdifrnfr[kwfacs?
e,fcsJ@pepfonf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; vlr_awmfvSefa&;. t}uKdjzpfonf? Tonfukd 1917
ckESpfrS pI urBmhtwkdif;twmt& twnfjyKcJhay+yD?
tifefvDeif? 1920 *sLvkdif 6

··
1871 ckESpf yJ&pfbkHtzGJ@ awmfvSefa&;wGif awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tm; uGefjrL;emh'f(bkHtzGJ@0g'D[k ac:=uI
TonfESifihf qef@usifbuf&Sd azmufjyefaomwyf
omwyfrsm;tm;“Amqkdif;+rKd@om;rsm;”(Amqk
;”(Amqkdif;+rKd@ukd tajccH+yD; jyefwdkufjcif;
jzpfojzifh) [k ac: =uonf? (bmomjyefol)

13
 AGD ² tkdif² vDeif
t&if;&Sifpepf. tjrifhqkH;tqifhjzpfaom
e,fcsJ@pepf

+yD;cJhonfh q,fhig;ESpf tESpfESpfq,f txl;ojzifh pydef-tar&duefppfyGJ (1898) ckESifh t*Fvdyf

bkd;0g;ppfyGJ(1899-1912) ckwkd@ aemufykdif;Y urBmhajrmufjcrf;a&m awmifjcrf;a&mrS pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiH
a&;pmaywkd@rSm rsufarSmufacwftm; azmfjy&mwGif “e,fcsJ@pepf” qkdaom tokH;tE_ef;ukd ykdIykdI
okH;pGJvm=uonf? 1902 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyfabm*aA'ynm&Sif a*s/ at a[mhbfqif.“e,fcsJ@pepf”
pmtkyfukd vef'efESihf e,l;a,mufwGif xkwfa0cJhonf? Tpma&;q&m.=unfhjrifr_onf rmhufpf0g'D
jzpfcJhzl;ol um;vfaumufpuD (Karl Kautsky) . =unfhjrifr_ESifh tESpfom&t& xyfwljzpfaom
"e&Sifqkd&S,fjyKjyifa&;ESifh ajy+idrf;a&;0g' jzpfonf? olonf e,fcsJ@pepf&J@ t"duusaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
EkdifiHa&;wkd@. wu,fhoGifjyifvuQ%mrsm;ukd tifrwef aumif;rGefpGm +cKHikH+yD; o±kyfazmfjycJhayonf?
1910 ckESpfwGif AD,ifem+rKd@awmfY =op}wD;,m;EkdifiHom; rmhufpf0g'Djzpfonfh ±l;a'ghzf [Dvfzm;'if;
(Rudolf Hilferding) . b¾mt&if;(1912 ckESpfwGif armfpukdY ±k&Sm;bmomjzifh xkwfa0cJh) usrf;
xGufvmonf? xkdpma&;oltaejzifh tojymESifhywfoufaom oabmw&m;wGif rSm;,Gif;jcif;/
rmhufpf0g'ESifh tacsmif0g'wkd@udk aphpyfvkdr_ wpkHw&m&Sdjcif;/ ponfwkd@ &Sdaevifhupm; Tusrf;onf
pmtkyf.'kwd,acgif;pD;jzpfonfh “t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. aemufqkH;ay: tqifh”ESifh ywfouf
+yD; tzkd;wefaom oabmw&m;t& cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_rsm; yg&SdcJhonf? trSefyJ +yD;cJhonfh ESpf tenf;i,f
twGif; e,fcsJ@pepfESifhywfouf+yD; ajymqkda&;om;r_rsm; txl;ojzifh rsm;jym;vSaom r*~Zif;ESifh
owif;pmaqmif;yg;rsm;/ 1912 ck aqmif;OD;wGif usif;ycJhaom &SrfeZ…uGef*&ufESifh bmq,fvf
uGef*&uf (Chemnitz and Basle congress) wkd@rS qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf txufazmfjyyg pma&;
q&mESpfOD;. zGifhqkdcsuf/ ykdIwduspGmqkd&v#if aygif;±kH;ed*kH;csKyfcsufxuf omcJvSayonf?æ
aemufykdif;wGif e,fcsJ@pepf. t"du pD;yGm;a&;toGifvuQ%mrsm;t=um; qufoG,fr/_ quf
pyfr_ ta=umif;wkd@ukd tusOf;±kH;+yD; vG,fulEkdifor# vG,fulatmif jyooGm;rnf? Tjy\em.
pD;yGm;a&;r[kwfaom bufrsm;ukdrl ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef tifrwefvkdtyfvifhupm; ukdifwG,fajz
&Sif;Ekdifawmhrnf r[kwfacs? pmzwfoltm;vkH;tm; pdwf0ifpm;aumif;rS pdwf0ifpm;aprnfjzpfonfh
pmtkyfn¸ef;rsm;ESifh tjcm;rSwfpkrsm;ukd Tpmwrf;.tqkH;okd@ ykd@vkdufygonf? ·

·
TpmapmifwGifrl atmufajcrSwfpkrsm;jzifh azmfjyxm;onf
yxm;onf?

14
 1? xkwfvkyfr_ pk+yKHjcif;ESifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfrsm;
pufr_vkyfief; tvGeftrif;}uD;xGm;vmjcif;ESifh ykdrkd}uD;rm;vmaeaom vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;
wGif xkwfvkyfr_pk+yKHvmjcif;wkd@onf t&if;&Sifpepf. todomtxif&Sm;qkH;aom vuQ%mrsm;t
eufrS wckjzpfonf? TjzpfpOfESifhywfouf+yD; acwfopfxkwfvkyfr_ udef;*%ef;rsm;u tjynfhpkHqkH;ESifh
twdusqkH;aom pm&if;Z,m;rsm; xkwfay;cJhonf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh *smr%DEkdifiHwGif pufr_vkyfief; 1000 teuf vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;(tvkyform;
50 t xuf&Sdaom) aygif;rSm 1882 ckESpfwGif 3 ck&Sd&mrS 1895 ckESpfwGif 6 ckESifh 1907 ckESpfwGif 9 ck
&SdvmcJhonf? aemuf+yD; tvkyfay;xm;aom tvkyform; 100 teuf Tvkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;u
ay;xm;onfh ta&twGufrSm 1882 ckwGif 22 OD;/ 1895 ckESpfwGif 30 OD;ESifh 1907 ckESpfwGif 37 OD;
&Sdonf? okd@aomf xkwfvkyfr_pk+yKHr_rSm tvkyform;pk+yKHr_xuf ykd+yD; odyfonf;onf? ta=umif;rSm
vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;&Sd vkyfom;rSm ykdrkdxkwfvkyfEkdifpGrf;&Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf? Tonfukd a&aEG;
aiG@pufacgif;ESifh v#yfppfarmfwm ta&twGuf udef;*%ef;rsm;u jyoonf? *smr%DrS ukefoG,fa&;/
o,f,lykd@aqmifa&; ponfwkd@yg0ifaom ykdrkd t"dy`m,fus,fjyefhonfh pufr_vkyfief;ukd =unfh=uygpkd@?
vkyfief;pkpkaygif; 3˜265˜623 ckteuf t}uD;pm; vkyfief;ukdifief;aygif;rSm 30˜588 &Sdonf? 0² 9 µ
jzpfonf? cef@xm;aom tvkyform;aygif; 14˜401˜000 teuf Tvkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;wGif
5˜700˜000 &Sdonf? 39²4 µ jzpfonf? ‚wkd@onf pkpkaygif; okH;pGJonfh a&aEG;aiG@ jrif;aumifa&tm;
8˜000˜000 teuf 6˜600˜000 ukd okH;onf? 75²3µ jzpfonf? v#yfppftm; pkpkaygif; uDvkd0yf
1˜500˜000 teuf uDvkd0yf 1˜200˜000 ukd okH;onf? 77²2µ jzpfonf?
vkyfief;ukdifief;tm;vkH;. w&mykHwykHxufenf;aom vkyfief;awGu a&aEG;aiG@ESifh v#yfppf
pGrf;tif pkpkaygif;. av;ykHokH;ykHausmfukd tokH;jyKjcif;ygwum;? 91µ r#aom (tvkyform; ig;a,muf
ESifhatmuf&Sd) onfh vkyfief;uav;aygif; 2˜970˜000 wkd@u a&aEG;aiG@ESifh v#yfppfpGrf;tifpkpkaygif;.
7µ ukdom tokH;jyKjcif;ygwum;? aomif;*%ef;r#aom vkyfief;}uD;rsm;u t&m&mukd pkd;rkd;ae+yD;
oef;ESifhcsDaom vkyfief;uav;rsm;rSm yrmrxm;avmufawmhacs?
1907 ckESpfu *smr%DwGif tvkyform;waxmifESifhtxuf&Sdaom vkyfief;}uD;aygif; 586 &Sd
+yD; ‚wkd@onf pufr_vkyfief;wGifyg0ifaom tvkyform;tm;vkH;. q,fykHwykHeD;yg;(1˜380˜000)ESifh
nDr#+yD; a&aEG;aiG@ESifh v#yfppfpGrf;tifpkpkaygif;. okH;ykHwykHeD;yg;r# (32µ) ukd tokH;jyKonf?· tojym
t&if;ESifh b%fwkdufrsm;onf Tvufwqkyfpmr#aom t}uD;qkH;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;. omvGefr_ukd ydkrkd
rsm;jym;us,fjyef@vmEkdifapa=umif; twdtusyif u|Efkyfwkd@awG@=u&ayrnf? qkdvkdonfrSm wu,fhw
u,fusawmh oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom ti,fpm;/ tvwfpm; vkyfief;rsm;omru “q&m}uD; rsm;”
onfyifv#if &m*%ef;r#aom oef;ºu,fb¾mya*;}uD;rsm;. vkH;0csKyfukdifr_ukd cHae=u&ayonf?
acwfopft&if;&Sif0g'. aemufxyfa&S@wef;a&muf EkdifiHwckjzpfonfh tar&duefwGif xkwf
vkyfr_pk+yKHjcif; }uD;xGm;r_rSm ykdIyif t&Sdeft[kef }uD;rm;ayao;onf? Tae&mwGif pm&if;Z,m;rsm;
onf pufr_vkyfief;qkdonfukd usOf;ajrmif;aomt"dy`m,fjzifh teufzGifhxm;+yD; vkyfief;rsm;ukd ,if;wkd@
. ESpfpOfxkwfvkyfr_wefzkd;tvkduf ykdif;jcm;xm;onf? 1904 ckESpfwGif xkwfukefwefzkd; a':vm woef;
ESifhtxuf &Sdonfh t}uD;pm;vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;. ta&twGufrSm 1900 (pkpkaygif; 216˜180
xJrS jzpfonf? 0³9µ &Sdonf?) &Sdonf? Tvkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;u tvkyform; 1˜400˜000
·
*smreDv$wfawmfESpfcsKyf(1911 ck) xJrS udef;*%ef;rsm; jzpfonf?

15
(pkpkaygif; 5˜500˜000 xJrS jzpfonf? 25³6µ &dSonf?) ukd tvkyfay;xm;+yD; xkwfukefwefzkd;rSm a':
vm 5˜500˜000˜000(pkpkaygif; a':vm 14˜800˜000˜000 xJrS jzpfonf? 38µ &Sdonf?) jzpfonf?
ig;ESpf=umaom 1909 ckESpfY txufyg udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm Tokd@jzpfvmonf? vkyfief;ukdif ief;}uD;
ta&twGufrSm 3˜060 ck(pkpkaygif; 268˜491 xJrS jzpf+yD; 1³1µ &Sdonf?) tvkyform; OD;a&rSm
2˜000˜000 (pkpkaygif; 6˜600˜000 xJrS jzpf+yD; 30³5µ &Sdonf?) xkwfukefwefzkd;rSm a':vm
9˜000˜000˜ 000(pkpkaygif; a':vm 20˜700˜000˜000 jzpf+yD; 43³8µ &Sdonf?)·
vkyfief;ukdifief;tm;vkH;. pkpkaygif;xkwfvkyfr_xJrSm w0ufcef@ukd w&mykHwykHr#aom vkyfief;
rsm;u xkwfvkyfjcif;ygwum;? T{&mrvkyfief;ukdifief;}uD; 3˜000 wkd@u pufr_vkyfief;cGJaygif; 258
ckukd v$rf;+cKHxm;onf? TtcsufrSawG@EkdifonfrSm pk+yKHr_ukd,fwkdifyifv#if tqifhwqifhokd@ a&muf
aomtcgwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_qDokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;awmhonf? ta=umif;rSm {&mrvkyfief; ukdifief;
}uD; ESpfq,ftpdwfqkdonfrSm tvG,fwulyif oabmwlnDcsuf&&SdEkdif=u+yD; wzufwGifrl ,SOfòyifr_t
wGuf twm;tqD;jzpfonfh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_qDokd@ wdrf;nGwfr_rSmrl vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;. t&G,fyrm
%t&yif ay:aygufvmayonf? òyifqkdifr_rS vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_okd@ ul;ajymif;r_qkdonfrSm acwfopft
&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;ed,mr. ta&;}uD;qkH;tcsufwcsuf (wckwnf;aom ta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsuf[k rqkd
Ekdifapumrl) jzpf+yD; Tta=umif;t&mESifh ywfouf+yD; ykdrkdtao;pdwfuspGm okH;oyfavhvm&rnf?
okd@aomf OD;pGmtm;jzifh ay:aygufavh&Sdaom em;vnfcsufrSm;,Gif;r_ wckukd &Sif;ypf=uygOD;pkd@?
tar&duefpm&if;Z,m;rsm;u pufr_vkyfief;cGJ 258 wGif vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD; 3000 u
vkyfaeonf[k qkdonf? vkyfief;cGJwckpDtwGuf vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD; w'gZifpDuom vkyfukdifaeo
a,mifa,mifyif?
okd@aomf trSefrSm Tokd@r[kwfacs? pufr_vkyfief;cGJwkdif;wGif vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm; vkyfae
onf r[kwfay? xkd@jyif t&if;&Sifpepf. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_tjrifhqkH;tqifhokd@ a&mufcsdefwGif tvGeft
a&;ygaom vuQ%mwckrSm xkwfvkyfr_aygif;pnf;jcif; qkdaom t&myif jzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm vkyf
ief;wckwnf;wGif pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;ukd pkxm;vkdufjcif; jzpfonf? ,if;onf ukef=urf;rsm;ukd ukef
acsmjyKvkyfonfh wqifh+yD;wqifh vkyfief;rsm; (Oyrm - oH±kdif;rS oHwkH;rsm;vkyfjcif;/ oHwkH;rS oHr%d
tjzpf ajymif;,ljcif;/ aemufjzpfEkdifwmu oHr%dypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif;) okd@r[kwf tjyeftvSef t
axmuftuljyKonfhvkyfief;rsm; (Oyrm - oHwkdoHprsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;/ okd@r[kwf tykdxGufypPnf;
rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif;/ xkyfykd;ypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif; ponf) jzpfonf?
[Dvfzm'if;u“aygif;pnf;jcif;onf ukefoG,fa&;. twuftusrsm;ukd n‡dypfvkdufonf?
xkd@a=umifh aygif;pnf;xm;aom vkyfief;rsm;. tjrwfE_ef;ukd ykd+yD; wnf+idrfaponf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh
aygif;pnf;jcif;onf a&mif;0,fr_. tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ukd yaysmufaponf? wwd,tm;jzifh
,if;onf enf;ynmwkd;wufr_rsm; &&SdapEkdifonfh tusKd;oufa&mufr_ &Sdonf? xkd@a=umifh ±kd;±kd; (qkd
vkdwmu aygif;pnf;xm;jcif;r[kwfonfh) vkyfief;rsm;xufykdaom/ aemuf+yD; xkdvkyfief;rsm; r&Ekdif
aom txl;tjrwftpGef;rsm; &&Sdaponf? pwkwˆtm;jzifh “±kd;±kd;” vkyfief;rsm;ESifhpmv#if aygif;pnf;
xm;onfh vkyfief;rsm;. taetxm;ukd ykdI }uHhckdifaponf? ukef=urf;ypPnf; aps;usqif;r_E_ef;u
ukefacsmypPnf; aps;usqif;r_E_ef;ukd rvkdufEkdifonfh qkd;0g;aom pD;yGm;a&;uyf jzpfay:aom umvrsm;
&Sd +ydKifqkdifr_wkdufyGJwGif ykdI }uHhckdifapayonf? ”··
·
tar&duefEkdifiH. pm&if;Z,m; ykHum;csyf/ 1912 ck/ pmrsufESm 202?
··
[Dvfzm'if;a&;“tojymt&if;” ±k&Sm;bmomxkwfa0jcif;/ pmrsufESm 286- 286- 87

16
 *smr%Djynf oHpufr_vkyfief;.“a&m,Sufxm;onfh” qkdvkdonfrSm aygif;pnf;xm;onfh
vkyfief;rsm;ukd txl;jyKa&;xm;onfh *smref"e&Sifabm*aA'orm; a[;ref; (Heymann) u “±kd;±kd;
vkyfief;rsm; aysmufuG,foGm;=uonf? ,if;wkd@onf ukef=urf;ypPnf; aps;E_ef;}uD;jrifhr_ESifh ukefacsm
ypPnf; aps;E_ef;usqif;r_t=um; yGwfacsjcif;cHvkduf&.” [k a&;cJhonf? okd@jzifh atmufygtwkdif; ykH
ay:vmawmhonf? “wzufwGif ESpfpOf wefcsdefoef;aygif;rsm;pGm xkwfvkyf+yD; qif'Dudwftjzpf ckdifrm
pGm zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh ausmufrD;aoG;ukr`%D}uD;rsm;&Sd+yD; wzufwGif ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;ESifh eD;uyf
pGm qufoG,fae+yD; ukd,fykdifqif'Dudwf&Sdonfh oHr%dpuf±kH}uD;rsm; &Sdonf? ESpfpOf oHr%dwefcsdef
400˜000 xkwfvkyfaom oH±kdif;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;xGufukef tifrwefrSrsm;um oHr%dypPnf;rsm;
xkwfvkyfaom ukr`%D. wef;vsm;rsm;wGif tvkyform; 10˜000 ukd ae&mxkdifcif;ay;xm;aom/
wcgw&H ukd,fykdifrD;&xm;ESifh oabFmqdyfrsm;yif &Sdaom T{&mr vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;onf *smr
%DEkdifiH oHESifhoHr%dvkyfief;tm; pHuspGm ukd,fpm;jyKaeolrsm;yif jzpfawmhonf? aemuf+yD; pk+yKHr_ukd
vnf; ykdIykdIyif vkyfvmonf? vkyfief;ukdifief;wckcsif;rSm }uD;xGm;oxuf }uD;xGm;vmonf? pufr_
vkyfief;wck okd@r[kwf rwluGJjym;aom pufr_vkyfief;trsm;tjym;wkd@wGif ykdIykdIrsm;jym;aom vkyf
ief;ukdifief;rsm;onf 'gZif0ufr#aom bmvifb%fwkduf. ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKr_jzifh {&mrvkyf
ief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;tjzpf pkaygif;xm;=uonf? *smr%DEkdifiHowWKwGif;vkyfief;ESifhywfoufv#if um;vf
rmhufpfu pk+yKHr_ta=umif; oif=um;xm;csufrsm; rSefuefr_ukd obm0uspGmyif oufaojy+yD;jzpf
onf? TtqkdrSm tcGeftaumufESifh o,f,lykd@aqmifr_E_ef;xm;wkd@jzifh umuG,fxm;aom EkdifiH
wEkdifiH twGuf trSefyif tokH;wnfhvSonf? *smr%DEkdifiH. owWKwGif;vkyfief;rSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
odrf;ykdufcH&r_twGuf &ifhrSnfhae+yD?” ·
tod&Sdaom "e&Sif abm*aA'orm;wOD;taejzifh Ted*kH;csKyfcsufESifh Tokd@aom ¹cif;csuf
wkd@ukdom &&Sdayvdrfhrnf? olonf }uD;jrifhonfh tcGeftaumufrsm;. umuG,fr_ukd ta=umif;jyK+yD;
*smr%DEkdifiHtm; oD;oef@u¾wGif xnfhoGif;[ef&Sdonfukd owdjyK&ayrnf? okd@aomf Ttcsuft
vufonf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf xkwfvkyfolrsm;. uGefbkdif;rsm;/ umw,frsm;/ qif'Dudwfrsm; ponfwkd@
tjzpf pk+yKHjcif;ESifh zGJ@pnf;jcif;ukdom ykdrkdvsifjrefapEkdifayonf? tvGefta&;}uD;onfh tcsufwcsufrSm
vGwfvyfpGm ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_&Sdonfh t*FvefEkdifiHwGif pk+yKHr_onfvnf; tcsdefaemufusIaomf
vnf;aumif;/ tjcm;o¿mefw&yftjzpfaomfvnf;aumif; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_qDokd@ a&muf&SdoGm;ap
onf? ygarmuQ [mref;v,fADu (Hermann Levy) +Adwdo#pD;yGm;a&; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_qkdif&m pm&if;
Z,m;rsm;tay: tajccHaom ol. vuf0g;}uD;tkyfrsm;/ umw,frsm;ESifh x&yfpfrsm; [k trnfay;
xm;onfh txl;okawoe jyKcsufwapmifwGif atmufygtwkdif; a&;xm;onf?
“+AdwdefEkdifiHwGif vkyfief;ukdifief;. t&G,fyrm%ESifh enf;ynmtqifhjrifhr_wkd@u vuf0g;}uD;
tkyf pdwf"mwfrsm; jzpfay:aponf? Tokd@jzpf&onfh ta=umif;&if;wckrSm vkyfief;ukdifief;wckpDwGif
&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_}uD;rm;jcif;/ xkdrSaeI t&if;tESD;opfESifh vkyfief;ukdifief;opfrsm; awmif;qkdvm+yD; okd@jzifh
taumiftxnfazmf&ef ykdrkd cufcJvmapawmhonf? 'gomrubJ (aemuf+yD; TtcsufrSm u|Ekfyfwkd@
twGuf ykd+yD; ta&;}uD; [ef&Sdonf?) pk+yKHr_jzifh ay:aygufvmaom {&mr vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;ESifh
tnD vkdufygvkdaom vkyfief;ukdifief;opfwkdif;onf ta&twGuf tifrwefrsm;jym;aom ykdv#Hukef
ypPnf;rsm;ukd xkwfvkyfayvdrfhrnf? TukefypPnf;rsm;ukd 0,fvkdtm; t}uD;tus,f wkd;rsm;vmr_
a=umifh tjrwftpGef;&Sd&Sd a&mif;csonfh enf;jzifhom ajz&Sif;Ekdifayrnf? okd@r[kwfygu Tykdv#Hr_onf
·
[ef;pf'D,Gef a[;ref;a&; (Hans Gideon Heymann) *sm *smr%DEkdifiH oHpufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;&Sd
aygif;pnf;xm;onfh vkyfief;rsm; / pwk0wf/ 1904 ck/ pmrsufESm 256 -278

17
vkyfief;ukdifief;opf ta&twGufa&m/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyf uGefbkdif;rsm;twGufyg tusKd;tjrwfrJhaponfh
tqifhxd aps;E_ef;rsm; usqif;oGm;ayvdrfhrnf?” tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ESifhrwlbJ ukd,fusKd;pD;yGm;umuG,f
aom tcGeftaumufrS umw,frsm;ukd jzpfay:aponfh t*FvefEkdifiHwGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;/
umw,frsm;ESifh x&yfpfrsm;wkd@. vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr[mrdwfzGJ@r_qkdonfrSm t"du òyifbufvkyfief;rsm;
. ta&twGuf “ESpfq,f tpdwf” txd av#mhusoGm;onfh udpPrsKd;wGifom trsm;tm;jzifh jzpfay:
wwfayonf? “pufr_vkyfief;e,fy,fwckvkH;&Sd }uD;rm;aom pufr_vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
ay:aygufr_tay: pk+yKHjcif;jzpf&yf. =oZm*,ufonf &Sif;vif;xif&Sm;aeayonf?” ·
vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpf w0ufcef@/ rmhufpfu “t&if;usrf;” ukd a&;aecsdefwGif abm*aA'orm;
{&mr trsm;pk}uD;tzkd@ vGwfvyfpGmòyifqkdifr_qkdonfrSm “obm0w&m;” wcktoGif ay:aeonf?
w&m;0if0dZ…mynmu rmhufpf.usrf;rsm;ukd rodusKd;u|efjyKjcif;jzifh owfypfzkd@ }uKd;pm;cJhonf? rmhufpf
u t&if;&Sif0g'tm; oabmw&m;t&ESifh orkdif;a&;t& cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmum vGwfvyfpGm òyifqkdifr_
onf xkwfvkyfr_pk+yKHjcif;ukd jzpfay:aponf? Tonfuwzef wpkHwckaom jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ tqifh
wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ukd jzpfay:apa=umif; oufaojycJhonf? ,ae@tcgwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_onf
vufawG@jzpf&yfwck jzpfaeay+yD? abm*aA'orm;rsm;onf pmtkyfrsm; awmifvkdykHatmif a&;+yD;
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_. o¿meftrsKd;rsKd;aom azmfjyr_rsm;ukd ajymum “rmhufpf0g'ukd acszsufvkduf+yD”
[k oHòyif[pfaºu;ae=uayonf? okd@aomf t*Fvdyfpum;ykHwGif qkdxm;ouJhokd@yif vufawG@jzpf&yf
rsm;rSm acgif;rmvSacsonf? ukd,foabmusonfjzpfap/ rusonfjzpfap/ ,if;wkd@ukd todtrSwf jyK
=u&onf? t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;=um; jcm;em;r_rsm; - Oyrmtm;jzifh ukd,fusKd;pD;yGm; umuG,fr_vm;/
vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fr_vm;-onf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_o¿mef okd@r[kwf ay:aygufonfhtcsdef umv
[laom rajymyavmufonfh jcm;em;r_rsm;ukdom jzpfay:aponfqkdjcif;ukd vufawG@jzpf&yfrsm;u jy
oaeonf? xkd@twl vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf xkwfvkyfr_pk+yKHjcif;&J@ &v'ftjzpf ay:
ayguf&.qkdonfrSm t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ vuf&Sdtqifh. a,bk,sESifh tajccHw&m; jzpf
onfqkdjcif;ukdvnf; vufawG@jzpf&yfrsm;u jyoaeayonf?
Oa&mywGifrl t&if;&Sifpepftopfu t&if;&Sifpepfa[mif;tm; twdtusqufcHvkdufaom
tcsdefukd tawmfav;wdusatmif ajymEkdifonf? ESpfq,f&mpkESpftpwGif jzpfonf? “vuf0g;}uD;
tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; jzpfay:vmr_” orkdif;ta=umif; aemufqkH;jyKpkcsufwapmifwGif ,ckuJhokd@ zwf=u
&onf?
“oD;jcm;pD jzpfay:aeaom t&if;&Sifvuf0g;}uD;tkyf Oyrmrsm;ukd 1860 ckESpf rwkdifrD um
vuyif awG@&SdEkdifonf? xkdOyrmrsm;wGif ,ae@tcg tifrwef tawG@&rsm;aom o¿mefrsm;.
oaE<om;ukd jrifEkdifonf? okd@aomf Tt&mtm;vkH;onf umw,frsm;. orkdif;OD;ukd ukd,fpm;jyK
a=umif; oHo,&Sdp&mrvkday? acwfopf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. wu,fhtprSm tapmqkH;
tm;jzifh ajcmufq,fpkESpfrsm;wGif awG@=u&ayonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepf jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. yxrOD;
qkH;aom ta&;ygonfhumvrSm ckepfq,f pkESpfrsm;wGif pwifcJh+yD; ukd;q,fckESpfrsm;txd wnf&SdcJh
aom EkdifiHwumvufr_vkyfief; pD;yGm;ysufr_}uD;ESifh pwifcJhonf?” “Tjy\emukd Oa&mytwkdif;
twmjzifh pl;prf;=unfhrnfqkdygu vGwfvyfpGmòyifqkdifr_rSm 60pkESpfrsm;ESifh 70 pkESpfrsm;wGif txGwf
txdyfokd@ a&muf&SdcJhonf? ,if;umvrSm t*FvefEkdifiHu ol.a&S;qefaom t&if;&SifpepftzGJ@
tpnf; wnfaqmufr_ +yD;qkH;aomtcsdef jzpfonf? *smr%DEkdifiHwGif TtzGJ@tpnf;rSm vufr_vkyf
·
[mref;v,fADa&; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf umw,fESihfx&yfpfrsm;? 1909 ck/ ESm- 286/ 290/ 298

18
ief;/ tdrfwGif;pufr_vkyfief;wkd@ESifh jyif;jyif;xefxef wkdufyGJqifae+yDjzpf+yD; ukd,fhtwGuf ukd,fh&J@ wnf&Sd
r_o¿mefukdvnf; pwifzefwD;ae+yDjzpfonf?”
“r[mawmfvSefa&;}uD;rSm 1873ckESpf pD;yGm;a&;xkd;usvmr_}uD;ESifh pcJhonf? okd@wnf;r[kwf
xkdrSqufvmaom pD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;u pcJhonf? &Spfq,fpkESpfrsm;tapmykdif;wGif taotcsm od
jrifEkdif&ef cufcJaom jywfawmif;jywfawmif;jzpfr_rsm;ESifh 1889 ESpfqDwGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm; t&Sdeft
[kefjrifh+yD; oufwrf;wkdaom/ pD;yGm;a&;pef;yGifhr_}uD;wkd@ &SdcJhaom TpD;yGm;ysufr_}uD;onf Oa&my pD;
yGm;a&;orkdif;. 22 ESpfwmukd ur`nf;xkd;cJhayonf?”“1889- 90ckESpfu pD;yGm;a&;pef;yGifhr_ umvwkd
uav;wGif tcGifhtvrf;omaeaom tvkyftukdiftajctaersm;ukd tcGifhaumif;,lum umw,f
pepfudk tus,ftjyef@ usifhokH;cJh=uayonf? wGufcsufr_rSm;,Gif;aom ay:vpDrsm;onf umw,f
rsm;r&Sdaom tajctaexufyif ykdqkd;pGm ukefaps;E_ef;rsm;ukd tvsiftjref}uD; usqif;apcJhonf? ,if;
umw,frsm;tm;vkH;vkdvkdonfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;xkd;usaomtcg ysufpD;oGm;awmhonf? aemuf xyf
ig;ESpfr# ukefoG,fa&;xkdif;r_dif;um aps;E_ef;rsm; edrfhaecJhonf? okd@aomf pufr_vkyfief;wGif pdwf"mwft
opfwck v$rf;rkd;aeay+yD? pD;yGm;a&;ysufuyfqkdonfrSm qEN&Sd&Sd r&Sd&Sd jzwfoef;&aom udpP[k oabm
rxm;awmhacs? ,if;onf aemufwcg pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_rwkdifrD &yfem;jcif;wck jzpfoGm;ay+yD?”
“umw,fv_yf&Sm;r_onf 'kwd,tqifhokd@ a&muf&Sdvmonf? umw,frsm;onf ul;ajymif;
umv. ed,mrw&m;qkdonfxuf pD;yGm;a&;b0. tkwfjrpfwck jzpfvmonf? ,if;wkd@onf pufr_
e,fy,f wck+yD;wckukd pD;rdvm=uonf? OD;pGmtm;jzifhawmh ukef=urf;pufr_vkyfief;ukd pD;rdonf? 90 pk
ESpfrsm;tpykdif;wGif umw,fpepftaejzifh onfhxufykdaumif;atmif vkyfvkd@r&awmh[k qkdEkdif
avmufonfh umw,fenf;ynmukd &&Sd+yD;aeav+yD? Tonfukd aemiftcgY ausmufrD;aoG;pif'D
udwftjzpf twk,lzGJ@pnf;cJhonfh ukwfrD;aoG;pif'Dudwf zGJ@pnf;r_wGif &&SdcJhjcif;jzpfonf? umw,frsm;
. OD;pD;r_atmufwGif yxrOD;qkH;t}udrftjzpf 19 &mpkESpftukef pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_}uD;ESifh 1900-
03 ckESpf pD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;wkd@ ay:aygufcJhonf? tenf;qkH; owWKwGif;ESihf ywfoufaom oHpufr_vkyf
ief;rsm;wGif ay:aygufcJhonf? vGwfvyfpGmòyifqkdifr_qkdonfrSm ay:pwkef;uawmh topftqef;av;
vkd jzpfaeonf? ,ckrl pD;yGm;a&;b0. us,fjyef@aom e,fy,frsm;ukd vGwfvyfpG òyifqkdifr_cGifxJrS
z,f&Sm;ypfvkduf+yD[k a,bk,svlxku tvG,fwul =unfhjrifae=uay+yD?” ?”·
okd@jzifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;.orkdif;wGif t"duusaomtqifhrsm;rSm atmuf
ygtwkdif; jzpfvmonf? (1) 1860- 70/ tjrifhqkH;tqifh/ vGwfvyfpGmòyifqkdifr_. txGwftxdyf jzpf
onf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_rSm aumif;aumif;yif rjrif&ao;aom oaE<om;tqifhwGifom &Sdonf? (2)
1873 ckESpf pD;yGm;ysufuyf}uD;aemufykdif; umw,frsm; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;aom umv&Snf}uD; jzpfonf?
okd@aomf umw,frsm;rSm ¹cif;csuftjcif;t&mom jzpfaeao;onf? wnfwHhEkdifpGrf;r&Sdao;? pyful;
ryful; tjcif;t&mr#om jzpfao;onf? (3) 19 &mpktukefu pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_ESifh 1900- 03
pD;yGm;ysufuyf/ umw,frsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;b0. tcef;wckjzpfvmav+yD; t&if;&Sifpepftm; e,fcsJ@
pepftjzpfokd@ ajymif;ypfvkdufav+yD?
umw,frsm;taejzifh a&mif;csa&;tajctae/ aiGacs&efenf;em ponfwkd@ESifh ywfouf+yD;
oabmwlnDcsuf &&SdcJhonf? olwkd@tcsif;csif;t=um; aps;uGufrsm; cGJa0,l=uonf? xkwfvkyfrnfh
ukefpnf ta&twGufukd owfrSwf=uonf? aps;E_ef;owfrSwf=uonf? vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;t=um;
·
Akd*,f
*,fpwdef;a&; (Vogelstein) t&if;&Sifpufr_vkyfief;. tojymzGJ@pnf;r_ESihf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
jzpfay:vmjcif; vlr_abm*aA' ykH=urf;/ t*FvefESifh tar&duefw@dk &Sd oHESif&uUef; pufr_vkyfief;wk@d . zGJ@pnf;r_
ykHo¿mefrsm; pmtkyfwkd@rS?

19
tjrwfcGJa0jcif;/ ponfwkd@ukd vkyf=uonf?
*smr%DEkdifiH&Sd umw,fta&twGufrSm 1896 ckESpfwGif 250 cef@ESifh 1905 ckESpfwGif 385
ckcef@[k cef@rSef;&onf? TtxJwGif ukr`%Daygif; 12˜000 cef@ yg0ifonf?· okd@aomf Tudef;*%ef;
rsm;rSm av#mhwGufxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k a,bk,stm;jzifh todtrSwfjyKxm;=uonf? txufYukd;
um;cJhaom 1907 ck ESpfu *smr%DEkdifiH. pufr_vkyfief;pm&if;Z,m;t& Tvkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;
12˜000 wkd@onf EkdifiHtwGif;okH;pGJaeaom a&aEG;aiG@ESifhv#yfppfpGrf;tif w0ufausmfukd tokH;jyKonf?
tar&duefEkdifiHwGif &Sdaom x&yfpfta&twGufrSm 1900 ckESpfwGif 185 ck &Sd+yD; 1907 ckESpfwGif 250
&Sdonf? tar&duefEkdifiHrS pm&if;Z,m;rsm;onf pufr_vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd wOD;csif;ykdif/
aumfykda&;&Sif;ykdif pojzifh cGJjcm;jyonf? aumfykda&;&Sif;ykdifta&twGufrSm 1904 ckESpfwGif 23²6 µ
&Sd+yD; 1909 ckESpfwGif 25²9 µ? TonfrSm wjynfvkH;&Sd pufr_vkyfief;ukdifief;ta&twGuf. av;ykH
wykHausmf jzpfonf? ‚wkd@onf tvkyform; ta&twGuftaejzifh 1904 ckESpfwGif 70²6 µ ESifh
1909 ckESpfwGif 75²6 µ? wjynfvkH;&Sd tvkyform;ta&twGuf. av;ykHokH;ykHausmfukd tvkyfcdkif;
xm;onf? ‚wdk@. xkwfvkyfr_rSm 1904 ckESpf wGif a':vm 10˜900˜000˜000 / &mE_ef;tm;jzifh 37²7
ESifh 1909 ckESpfwGif a':vm 16˜300˜000˜000/ &mE_ef;tm;jzifh 79²0 jzpfonf?
umw,fESifh x&yfpfrsm;.vufwGif pufr_vkyfief;cGJ wckck. xkwfvkyfr_pkpkaygif;&J@q,fykH ckepf
ykH (okd@r[kwf) 8 ykHcef@ pk+yKHaeonfrSm r=umc%qkdovkdyif jzpfonf? ±kdif;0ufpf ygvD,ef ausmufrD;
aoG; pif'Dudwfonf pwifwnfaxmifonfh 1893 ckESpfwGif ,if;a'o ausmufrD;aoG;txGuf pkpk
aygif;. 86²7 µ ukd pk+yKHv$rf;rkd;xm;+yD; 1910 ckESpfwGifrl 95²4 µukd pk+yKHv$rf;rkd;xm;av+yD?·· xkduJhokd@
zefwD;,lvkdufaom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_onf tvGefrsm;jym;aom tjrwfukd tmrcH+yD; rao;vSaom
twkdif;twm&Sdonfh enf;ynmxkwfvkyfr_tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; jzpfwnfr_qDokd@ a&muf&Sdaponf? tar&d
uefEkdifiH&Sd emrnf}uD; pwif; 'wf a&eHukr`%Dukd 1900 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJhonf? “Tukr`%DwGif
tmrcHxm;aom t&if;tESD;rSm a':vm 150˜000˜000 &Sdonf? omrefpawmh&S,f&m a':vm 100˜
000˜000 zkd;ESifh oD;oef@&S,f,m a':vm 106˜000˜000 zkd; xkwfa&mif;cJhonf? 1900 ckESpfESifh 1907
ckESpftwGif; OD;pm;ay;&S,f,m··· rsm; twGuf 48 µ/ 48µ / 45 µ/ 44µ / 36µ / 40 µ/ 40 µ/ 40µ
pDjzifh ESpftvkduf tjrwfawG cGJay;cJhonf? pkpkaygif; a':vm 367˜000˜000 &Sdonf? 1882 ckESpfrS
1907 ckESpftxd tjrwfoufoufrSm a':vm 889˜ 000˜000 &SdcJhonf? ,if;teuf a':vm
606˜000˜ 00 ukd pawmh&S,f,m ykdif&Sifrsm;tm; tjrwftjzpf cGJa0+yD; usefwmukd t&eft&if;tjzpf
csefxm;onf? 1907 ckESpfwGif tar&duef oHr%daumfykda&;&Sif;onf tvkyform;ESifh useftr_xrf;
pkpkaygif; 210˜180 OD;xufrenf; tvkyfay;xm;onf? *smr%DEkdifiH. owWKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;teuf
t}uD;qkH;jzpfonfh *,fvfqifumcsyif owWKwGif;ukr`%DwGif 1908 ckESpfu tvkyform;ESifh tr_xrf;
pkpkaygif; 46˜048 OD; &SdcJhonf? 1907 ckESpfwGif tar&duef oHr%daumfydka&;&Sif;onf tvkyform;
ESifh useftr_xrf;pkpkaygif; 210˜180 OD;xufrenf; tvkyfay;xm;onf? *smr%DEkdifiH.owWKwGif; vkyf

·
a'gufwm ±kdufqm (Dr. Risser) a&; *smr%DEkdifiH. taxGaxG pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ESihfqufpyfaeaom *smref
b%f }uD;rsm;ESifh ‚wkd@. pk+yKHr_r/_ 1912
1912 ck/ ESm- 149? a&mbwfvkdufzfref; (Robert Liefmann) a&; umw,frsm;/
x&yfpfrsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGJ@pnf;r_. a&S@qufjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_/ 1910 ck/ ESm - 25?
··
a'gufwm z&ufZfuufpem (Dr. Fritz Kestner) a&; rygrjzpf tzGJ@tpnf;/ umw,frsm;ESihf ‚wk@d . jyify&Sd
tiftm;rsm;. wkdufyGJtm; pkH prf;avhvmcsuf? bmvif/ 1912 ck pmrsufESm - 11?
···
ukr`%D. owfrSwfxm;aom tjrwfrsm;twGuf OD;pm;ay;cGJa0ay;&onfh &S,f,mrsm;(bmomjyef)

20
ief;rsm;teuf t}uD;qkH;jzpfonfh *,fvfqifumcsif owWKwGif;ukr`%DwGif 1908 ckESpfu tvkyfo
rm;ESifh tr_xrf;pkpkaygif; 46˜048 OD; &SdcJhonf?· 1902 ESpfwGif tar&duefoHr%daumfykda&;&Sif;onf
oHr%d 9˜000˜000 xkwfvkyfae+yD jzpfonf?·· ‚.xGufukefrSm tar&duefwEkdifiHvkH; oHr%d
xGuf&Sdr_ESifh E_dif;pmv#if 1901 ckESpfwGif 66²3µ/ 1908 ckESpfwGif 56²1µ &Sdonf?··· oH±kdif;t
xGufrSmvnf; tvm;wlESpf rsm;twGuf 43² 9 µESifh 46² 3 µ toD;oD; &Sdonf?
x&yfpfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tar&dueftpdk;&. avhvma&;aumfr&Sif. tpD&ifcHpmwGif
“,SOf+ydKifbufrsm;tay: ‚wkd@.omvGefr_rSm olwkd@vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;&J@ twkdif;twmESifh tifr
wefaumif;rGefaom enf;ynmypPnf;rsm;yif jzpfonf? Am*sD;eD;,m;aq; x&yfpfonf pwifwnf
axmifuwnf;uyif vl@vkyftm;ukd pufjzifh tpm;xkd;&ef }uD;rm;aomtwkdif;twmjzifh tpGrf;ukef
}uKd;pm;cJhonf? ‚onf T&nf&G,fcsufjzifh Am*sD;eD;,m;aq; xkwfvkyfr_ESihfywfoufonfh wDxGif
csuf rSwfykHwifrSefor#ukd 0,f,lvkduf+yD; TudpPtwGuf aiGwykHwacgif;}uD; okH;pGJawmhonf? tprSm
awmh ,if;wDxGifcsufrsm;rSm tokH;r0ifbJ jzpfae+yD; x&yfpfu iSm;&rf;xm;aom tif*sifeD,mrsm;u
xyfrHrGrf;rH=u&onf? 1906 ckESpf tukefwGifrl wDxGifcsufrSwfykHwifrsm; &SmazG0,f,l&eftwGuf
oufouf vufatmufcH ukr`%D 2 ck zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? T&nfrSef;csuft&yif ukd,fydkifoHvkyfief;
puf±kHrsm;/ wGifckHrsm;ESifh pufjyif±kHrsm;wnfaqmufcJhonf? Tokd@aom puf±kHtvkyf±kHrsm;xJrS wckjzpf
onfh b&Gwfuvif;&Sd puf±kHwGif tvkyform; 300 &Sdonf? Tpuf±kHwGif pD;u&uf/ aq;vdyf/ ESm±SL
aq;/ bl;xnfh&ef oHjzLjym;/ aowWm ponfwkd@ESifh ywfoufaom wDxGifprf;oyfr_rsm; vkyfaqmif
onf? TrSmwGifvnf; wDxGifr_ukd csKyfukdif=uonf? tjcm;aom x&yfpfrsm;onfvnf; xkwfvkyfr_
enf;opfrsm; wDxGif&efESifh enf;ynmjzpfxGef;r_rsm;ukd prf;oyfr_rsm;jyKvkyfonfh jzpfay:wkd;yGm;a&; tif
*sifeD,mqkdonfrsm;ukd cef@xm;=uonf? tar&duef oHr%daumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;onf enf;ynmt
usKd;oufa&mufr_ESifh jr‡ifhwifa&; okd@r[kwf xkwfvkyfr_p&dwfoufoma&;wkd@twGuf wDxGifr_rSefor#
ukd jyKvkyfonfh ‚wkd@.tvkyform;ESifhtif*sifeD,mrsm;tm; bkd;ewfpf tajrmuftjrm;ay;onf?···· ····

Oyrmtm;jzifh +yD;cJhonfh q,fpkESpftenf;i,ftwGif; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ tifrwef}uD;rm;cJh

aom *smr%DEkdifiH t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;qkdv#if enf;ynmwkd;wufr_ukd wGef;wif&ef tvm;wlyif
pnf;±kH;vkyfukdifcJhonf? 1908 ckESpfwGif xkwfvkyfr_pk+yKHjcif;jzpfpOfrSm t"du “tkyfpk}uD;”ESpfcktjzpf
uGJjym;oGm;onf? ESpfckpvkH;yif udk,fhykHpHESifhukd,f vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; jzpf=uonf? yxr
wGif Ttpkrsm;onf wwGJv#if t&if;tESD; rwfaiGESpfukaËrS ESpfq,fhwpfukaËpDygaom puf±kH}uD;
rsm;onf twGJvkduf “ESpfzGJ@r[mrdwf” zGJ@pnf;=uonf? wzufwGif [kd@csf&Sd ,cif rkdufpwmpuf±kHESifh
z&ifhzwfwkd@rS ump,fvmpuf±kHwkd@ yg+yD; usefwzufwGif vk'f0pf&Sm;zif;&Sd "mwkaA'ypPnf;eJ@ qkd'gpuf±kH
ESifh t,fvfbmzJvf&Sd ,cif ab,mpuf±kHwkd@ yg=uonf? okd@jzifh 1905 ckESpfwGif Ttpkrsm;xJrS
wckESifh 1908 ckESpfwGif tjcm;tpkxJrS wckwkd@u tjcm; puf±Hk}uD;wckESifh oabmwlnDcsuf &&Sd=ujyef
onf? tajzrSm t&if;tESD;rwfaiG av;ukaËrS ig;ukaËpD&Sdaom “okH;zGJ@r[mrdwf” rsm; jzpfay:vm
·
tm&f vkdufzfref;a&; OD;ykdifESEiS fh b¾ma&;ukr`%Drsm;/ acwfopft&if;&Sif0g'ESihf tmrcHpmcsKyfrsm;tm; avh vmcsuf?
*sifem/ 1909 ck pmrsufESm 12?
··
a'gufwm tufpfcsD,m;puD;(Dr. S. Tschierschky) a&; umw,fESifhx&yf x&yfpf? *kdwif*sif 1903 ck pmrsufESm- 13
···
Akd*,f
*,fpwdef;a&; zGJ@pnf;r_ykHo¿mefrsm;/ pmrsufESm 275
····
a'gufwm ayg aygvf/ wmz,fvf (Dr. Paul. Tafel) a&; ajrmuftar&duwkdufrS x&yfpfrsm;ESihf
enf;ynmwkd;wufr_tay: ‚wkd@. tusKd;oufa&muf a&mufr_ pwl;0wf? 1913 pmrsufESm- 48 wGif ukd;um;xm;onf
um;xm;onfh
Am*sD;eD;,m;aq;vkyfief; aumfykydak &;&Sif;rsm;qkdif&m rif;}uD;. tpD&ifcHpm? 0g&Sifwef/ 1909 ck/ pmrsufESm 266 rS

21
awmhonf? aemuf+yD; T“r[mrdwf”rsm;onf wckESifhwck ykdrkd“eD;pyf”vm=u+yD; aps;E_ef;ponf
wkd@twGuf “em;vnfr_w&yf” &&Sdvm=uonf? ·
,SOfòyifr_rSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyftjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;acs+yD? &&SdcsufrSm xkwfvkyfr_tm; vl@tzGJ@
tpnf;vuQ%maqmifap&mwGif t}uD;tus,fwkd;wufcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh enf;ynm
wDxGifr_ESifh ykdrkd aumif;rGefatmif vkyfr_wkd@. jzpfpOfonf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vuQ%maqmifvmonf?
TonfrSm usJuGJae+yD; wckESifhwck tquftpyfrJhum b,frSmrSef;rod&aom aps;uGuft
wGuf xkwfvkyfae&onfh vGwfvyfpGmòyifqkdifr_a[mif;ESifhpmv#if trsm;}uD; jcm;em;onf?
pk+yKHr_rSm EkdifiHwum/ okd@r[kwf a&S@rSmawG@&rnfhtwkdif; EkdifiHtrsm;tjym; okd@r[kwf urBm
wckvkH;&Sd ukef=urf;t&if;tjrpfrsm; (Oyrm oH±kdif;okdufrsm;) wkd@ukdyif t=urf;zsif; cef@rSef;Ekdifonfh
tqifhokd@ a&muf&SdcJhonf? Tt&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd cef@rSef;wGufcsuf=uonfomru {&mrvuf0g;
}uD;tkyfuGefbkdif;}uD;rsm;u ,if;wkd@ukd &,l=uonf? aps;uGufrsm;.tiftm;ukdvnf; t=urf;zsif; cef@
rSef;wGufcsuf=u+yD; uGefbkdif;}uD;rsm;u olwkd@tcsif;csif; oabmwlnDcsufrsm; jyKvkyfum cGJa0,l=u
onf? u|rf;usifol tvkyform;ukd vuf 0g;}uD;tkyf=uonf? tawmfqkH;aom tif*sifeD,mrsm;ukd
iSm;&rf;=uonf? o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;enf;vrf;rsm;ukd odrf;ykduf=uonf? tar&dum;wkduf&Sd rD;&xm;
vkyfief;/ Oa&mywkdufESifh tar&dum;wkduf&Sd oabFmukr`%Drsm; tukefodrf;ykduf=uonf? e,fcsJ@pepf
wGif t&if;&Sifpepfonf xkwfvkyfr_ukd tus,fjyef@qkH;v$rf;+cKHonfh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vuQ%maqmif
jcif;qDokd@ o,faqmifoGm;onf? ajym&rnfqkdv#if ,if;onf t&if;&Sifrsm;tm; ‚wkd@.qENESifh
todwkd@ukd qef@usifum vlr_b0topfvkd[mrsKd; wckqDokd@ twif;qGJac:oGm;onf? vkH;0vGwf
vyfaom òyifqkdifr_rS vkH;0vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vuQ%maqmifr_qDokd@ pyful;rwful;b0yif jzpfonf?
xkwfvkyfr_uawmh vl@tzGJ@tpnf; vuQ%maqmifonf? okd@aomf ykdifqkdif&,lr_rSmawmh
yk*~vduykdifvuQ%maqmifaeao;onf? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;vuQ%maqmifonfh xkwfvkyfr_ypPnf;rsm;
rSm tenf;pk. ukd,fykdifjzpfaeao;onf? w&m;0iftodtrSwfjyKxm;aom vGwfvyfpGmòyifqkdifr_.
a,bk,sabmifrSm &Sdaeao;onf? okd@aomf Tvlxk}uD;tay:wGif wifxm;aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
t&if;&Sifrsm;. xrf;ykd;r_rSm tqw&m ykdrkdav;vH/ ykdrkd0efyd/ ykdrdkrcHr&yfEkdifp&m jzpfvmcJhonf?
*smrefabm*aA'ynm&Sif uufpem (Kestner) u “umw,frsm;ESifh ‚wkd@. jyify&Sd tif
tm;rsm;.wkdufyGJ” qkdvkdonfrSm umw,frsm;. jyify&Sd t&if;&Sifrsm;. wkdufyGJukd txl;tav;xm;
azmfjyxm;aom pmtkyfwtkyf a&;om;cJhonf? olu ol@pmtkyfukd rjzpfraetzGJ@tpnf;[k trnf
ay;xm;onf? wu,fawmh t&if;&Sifpepfukd yuwdtwkdif; wifjyvkdonfqkdv#if trSefyif vuf0g;
}uD;tkyfuGefbkdif;rsm; rjzpfrae tav#mhay;&jcif;ta=umif; a&;cJhoifhonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyf uGefbkdif;
rsm;taejzifh ,ae@umv aemufqkH;ay:jzpfonfh“zGJ@pnf;r_”twGuf ,Ofaus;pGm wkdufyGJqif=uonfh
enf;emrsm;.pm&if;ukdawmh tenf;qkH; wcsufavmuf =unfhvkdufoifhonf? (1) ukef=urf;jzwf
awmufjcif;(--“umw,fpepfukd ukdifpGJ&ef wGef;ykd@onfh ta&;}uD;qkH;enf;emrsm;xJrS wck jzpfonf?)
(2) “r[mrdwfzGJ@r_”enf;jzifh vkyftm;jzwfawmufjcif;(qkdvkdonfrSm t&if;&Sifrsm;ESifhor*~rsm; t
=um; oabmwlnDr_ &atmifvkyf+yD; or*~rsm;u ‚wkd@.or*~0ifrsm;ukd umw,fzGJ@xm;onfh vkyf
ief;ukdifief;rsm;wGifom vkyfapjcif;?)(3) o,f,lykd@aqmifr_ jzwfawmufjcif;? (4) ukefoG,fa&; xGuf
aygufrsm; ydwfqkd@jcif;? (5) 0,folrsm;taejzifh umw,frsm;ESifh ukefoG,f&eftwGuf 0,folrsm;ESifh
·
a'gufwm ±kdufqm. a&S@ykdif;wGif ukd;um;cJhonfhusrf;? *smr%DEdkifiH. "mwkaA'vkyfief;ukd aygif;pnf;vkdufaom
{&mr x&yfpf topf}uD;wck zGJ@pnf;vkdufa=umif; owif;pmrsm;(1916
;(1916 ck/ *|ef) wGif azmfjyxm;csuf?

22
oabmwlnDr_ &,ljcif;? (6) pepfwus aps;E_ef;av#mhjcif;/ (“jyify”ukr`%Drsm;qkdvkdonfrSm vuf0g;
}uD;tkyform;rsm;ukd tav#mhay;&ef jiif;qefolrsm;ukd ysufpD;atmifjyKvkyfjcif;/ ukefrsm;ukd ukefusp
&dwfxuf av#mh+yD; umvwck a&mif;cs&eftwGuf aiGoef;eJ@csD+yD; okH;pGJcJh=uonf? 'DvkdeJ@ bifZif;
"mwf&nf.aps;ukd rwf- 40 rS rwf 22 txd av#mhcscJonfh om"ursm; &Sdonf? acgufcsKd;eD;yg;r#
ygwum;?) (7) taºu;ray;bJxm;jcif;? (8) oydwfarSmufjcif;?
Tae&mwGif vkyfief;ukdifief; t}uD;ESifhti,f/ enf;ynmjzpfxGef;olESifh rjzpfolwkd@t=um;
+yfdKifqkdifr_qkdwm r&Sdawmh? Tae&mwGif awG@&onfrSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifrsm;u rdrdwkd@xH t
av#mhray;ol/ rdrdwkd@.xrf;ykd;atmuf r0ifol/ rdrdwkd@.trdef@remcHolrsm;tm; vnfyif;n‡pfaeonf
ukdom awG@=u&onf? "e&Sifabm*aA'ynm&SifwOD;. OD;aESmufxJwGif ,if;jzpfpOfukd ,ckuJhokd@
xif[yfcJhonf?
uufpemu“abm*aA'e,fy,foufoufrSmwGifyif teuft"dy`m,fa[mif;jzifhajym&aom
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm tzGJ@tpnf;tvkduf {&mrtjrwftpGef;twGuf pGef@pm;r_qDokd@
ajymif;vJr_ wpkHw&m jzpfay:aeonf? pD;yGm;a&;t& t}uD;rm;qkH; atmifjrifr_qkdonfrSm ukd,fht
wwfynmESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;tawG@t}uKHt& 0,fol.vkdtyfcsufrsm;ukd cef@rSef;wwf+yD; ikyf
v#Kd;aeaom0,fvkdtm;w&yfukd &SmazGwwf/ ajym&v#if “v_yfE_d;”wwfonfh ukefonftwGuf r[kwf
awmh? tzGJ@tpnf;t& jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_tjyif vkyfief;ukdifieff;rsm; wckcsif;ESifh b%frsm;.t=um;rS
qufoG,fr_tcsKd@. jzpfEkdifajcwkd@ukd cef@rSef;wwf/ okd@r[kwf }uKdwif&dyfrdonfh tjrwftwGuf pGef@pm;
olyk*~Kdvfxl;rsm;twGuf jzpfoGm;acs+yD” [k a&;xm;onf?
Tonfukd omrefvlpum;tjzpf bmomjyef&v#if ,ckuJhokd@ t"dy`m,f&onf? t&if;&Sifp
epf. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_onf ukefpnfxkwfvkyfr_rSm “pkd;rkd;”aeao;+yD; ,if;ukd pD;yGm;a&;b0. tajc
cHtjzpf qufvuf oabmxm;ae=uaomfvnf; vufawG@wGif ,if;rSm tzsufqD;cH&+yD; tjrwft
rsm;pk}uD;rSm aiGa=u;ukd v_yf&Sm;upm;ol “yk*~Kdvfxl;rsm;”xH a&muf&onfhtqifhokd@ a&mufoGm;+yD[k
t"dy`m,f&onf? Tv_yf&Sm;upm;jcif;rsm;ESifh vdrfvnfr_rsm;. atmufajcwGif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;
vuQ%maqmifonfh xkwfvkyfr_ &Sdonf? okd@aomf Tvl@tzGJ@tpnf;vuQ%maqmifjcif;ukd &&SdcJh
onfhvlom;wkd@.}uD;rm;aomwkd;wufr_}uD;&J@tusKd;tjrwfrSm tjrwftwGufpGef@pm;olrsm;u upm;
oGm;=uonf? t&if;&Sife,fcsJ@pepfukd a0zefaom azmufjyefonfh "e&Sifaygufp a0zefa&;q&mrsm;
onf “TtajccHay:wGif”/ “vGwfvyf”/ “at;csrf;+yD;”/ ”±kd;om;”aom òyifqkdifr_qDokd@ jyef
oGm;a&;ukd rnfokd@ pdwful;,Of=ua=umif; aemifwGif u|Ekfyfwkd@ awG@=u&ygrnf?
uufpemu“umw,frsm; zGJ@pnf;r_rS xGufay:vmonfh ukef;aps;E_ef;rsm; umv&Snf=umpGm
jr‡ifhwifjcif;ukd ,cktxdqkdv#if ta&;t}uD;qkH;aom xkwfvkyfa&;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh qufpyfIom awG@&Sd
&onf? txl;ojzifh ausmufrD;aoG;/ oHESifh ykdwufpD,Hwkd@wGif jzpfonf? okd@aomf puf±kHxGufukef
rsm;ESifh qufpyfIum; rawG@&ay? tvm;wlyif Tokd@aps;E_ef;jr‡ifhwifjcif;rS xGufay:vmaomtjrwf
rsm; wkd;rsm;vmr_ukd xkwfvkyfr_ypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGifom uef@owfxm;
onf? TavhvmawG@&Sdr_wGif atmufygtcsufukdvnf; jznfhpGufoifhonf? ukef=urf; (puf±kHxGuf
wykdif;r[kwfaom)rsm;tm; tokH;jyKaom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf umw,frsm;zGJ@pnf;r_rSaeI ukef
acsmxkwf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tm; xdckdufapum rsm;jym;aomtjrwfrsm;toGifjzifh omvGefcsuf &&SdcJh
onf? xkd@jyif vGwfvyfpGm òyifqkdifr_wGif rwnf&SdcJhaom ukefacsmxkwfpufr_vkyfief;rsm;tay:wGif
}uD;pkd;aomtaetxm;ukdvnf; &&SdcJhonf?” ·
·
uufpema&; txufygusrf; pmrsufESm 254

23
 txufwGif u|Ekfyfwkd@rsOf;om;xm;onfrsm;rSm "e&Sifabm*aA'ynm&Sifrsm;taejzifh r
wwfombJ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;0efcHonfh ,ckudpP. tESpfom&yifjzpfonf? um;vfaumufpuDacgif;
aqmifonfh ,ae@acwf tacsmif0g'ukd umuG,folrsm;u ZGJebJjzifh acgif;a&Smif&ef/ acsmifxkd;&ef }uKd;
pm;ae=uonfrSmvnf; Ttcsufyif jzpfonf? TonfESifh wGJzufygvmavh&Sdonfh pkd;rkd;r_ESifh t=urf;
zufr_wkd@rSm “t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ aemufqkH;tqifh”. pHusaom qufqHa&;jzpfonf? T
onfrSm bufpkHtpGrf;wufaeaom pD;yGm;a&;vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm; zGJ@pnf;r_uae rvGJ
raoG jzpfay:vmrnfh/ jzpfay:cJhonfh &v'fyif jzpfonf?
umw,frsm; usifhokH;aom enf;wenf;ukd Oyrm xyfjyygOD;rnf? ukef=urf;rsm;tm;vkH; okd@r
[kwf ‚wkd@.t"dut&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufEkdifaomae&mrsm;wGif umw,frsm; xlaxmifjcif;
ESifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfrsm; ay:aygufr_rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;yif vG,fulonf? okd@aomf ukef=urf;t&if; t
jrpfrsm;ukd tykdfifrcsKyfukdifEkdifonfh tjcm;aompufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif umw,frsm;ray:ayguf[k ,lq
v#ifrl rSm;ayvdrfhrnf? Oyrm bdvyfajrpuf±kHqkdv#if ukef=urf;rsm;ukd ae&mwumwGifyif &SmazG&&SdEkdif
cJhonf? okd@wkdifatmif *smr%DEkdifiHwGif Tpufr_vkyfief;rSmvnf; umw,frsm;u ckdifrmpGmxdef;csKyf
xm;onf? bdvyfajrxkwfvkyfolrsm;onf *smr%Dawmifykdif; ±kdif;ESifh 0ufpfzmvD,H pojzifh a'ot
vkduf pif'Dudwfrsm; zGJ@pnf;xm;=uonf? owfrSwfxm;aom aps;E_ef;rsm;rSmrl vuf0g;}uD;tkyfaps;
E_ef;rsm; jzpfonf? um;wpD;pmv#if ukefusp&dwf rwf 180 &Sdonfukd rwf - 230 rS 280 txd
aps;owfrSwfxm;=uyguvm;? Tvkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;u &S,f,mykdif&Sifrsm;ukd tjrwfaiG 12 µ rS
16µtxd cGJay;onf? aemuf+yD; acwfopftjrwftpGef; pGef@pm;a&;yk*~Kdvfxl;rsm;onf cGJay;aom
tjrwftjyif tjrwf}uD;jrwfatmif }uHaqmifwwfa=umif;ukdvnf; rarhtyfay? TuJhokd@aom
tjrwfE_ef;aumif;onfh pufr_vkyfief;rsKd;wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifrsm;onf vufaygufpdyfonfh
enf;y&d,m,frsm;ukdyif usifhokH;=uonf? olwkd@onf olwkd@.vkyfief; tajctaeraumif;a=umif;
aumvm[vrsm; v$ifhvkdufonf? owif;pmrsm;xJwGifvnf; “t&if;&Siftaygif;wkd@/ bdvyfajr vkyf
ief;wGif t&if;jr‡KyfESHjcif; rjyK=uvifh” ponfh a&;oltrnf razmfjyaom owday;csufrsm; a&;=u
onf? aemufqkH;wGifrS“jyifyrSvlrsm;” (qif'Dudwfrsm;. jyifyrSvlrsm;) . vkyfief;rsm;ukd 0,f,l+yD;
rwfaiG 60˜000/ 80˜000 ESifh 150˜000 txdyif ESpfodrfha=u;rsm; ay;cJh=uonf?· vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
pepfonf enf;emESifh ywfoufv#if rwkH@qkdif; rawGa0bJ vrf;azmufwwfonf? “+ydKifbufrsm;ukd”
oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm “ay;+yD; 0,f,lonfhenf;rSpI tar&duefenf;jzpfonfh 'kdif;erkduf tokH;jyK”
onfhenf;txd yg0ifonf?
umw,frsm;onf pD;yGm;ysufuyfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;Ekdif.qkdonfrSm wefzkd;rnfr#yif ay;&yap/
t&if;&Sifpepfukd tvSjc,fay;vkdonfh "e&Sifabm*aA'orm;rsm;u jzef@v$ifhaom '¾m&DykHjyifom
jzpfonf? TonfESifhajymif;jyef ,if;okd@ tcsKd@aompuffr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;wGif ay:aygufvmaom vuf
0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;onf t&if;&Sifxkwfvkyfr_wckvkH;.twGif;ykdif;wGif yg&Sdaom rif;rJhjzpfr_ukd
ykdrkdrsm;jym; onf;oefapayonf? t&if;&Sifpepf. xl;jcm;csufjzpfaom v,f,mjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ESifh
pufr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. jcm;em;csufrSm ykdrkduGmjcm;vmonf? *smrefb%f}uD;rsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;wkd@
.qufqHa&;ta=umif; taumif;qkH;pmtkyfwtkyfukd a&;om;ol a*s',fvfu Tokd@0efcHxm;onf?
tqifhtjrifhqkH; umw,frsm; zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh/ txl;ojzifh ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh oHwkd@vkd tav;pm;

·
t,fvf/ tufpf 0ufcsf (L. Eschwege) a&; bdvyfajrb%f
jrb%frsm;/;/ 1909/ yxrwGJ/ pmrsufESm 115?

24
pufr_vkyfief;qkdonfrsm;.tcGifhxl;cHtaetxm;onf tjcm;aompufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm; twGif;“quf
pyf vkyfaqmifr_ ykdrkdavsmhenf;” vmaponf? ·
t&if;&Sifpepf. t&Sufr&Sdaoma&S@ae vkdufzfref;u“pD;yGm;a&;pepfw&yf ykdrkdzGH@òz;av t±_H;
tjrwf ra&&maom vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm; okd@r[kwf jynfy&Sdvkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;/ zGH@òz;&ef tcsdeft
rsm;}uD;vkdonfhvkyfief;rsm; okd@wnf;r[kwf a'otvkdufom ta&;ygonfh vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;ukd
vkyfukdifav jzpfonf”[k a&;cJhonf?·· ra&&mr_ ykdrkd}uD;rm;vmjcif;rSm a&&SnfwGif tvGeftrif;
}uD;rm;vmrnfht&if;tESD;ESifh qufpyfaeonf? Tt&if;tESD;onf yef;uefE_wfcrf;rS v#Husvmonf?
jynfyokd@ v#Husvmonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif enf;ynmwkd;wufr_ tifrwef jrefqefvmjcif;rSm trsKd;
om; pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif rnDr#onfhtcsufrsm; wkd;rsm;vmap+yD; rif;rJhjzpfr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;
uyfwkd@ukd jzpfay:aponf? vkdufzfref;taejzifh “vlom;rsm;taejzifh r=umvSaom tem*wfwGif
pD;yGm;a&;pepfzGJ@pnf;r_tm; *,uf±kdufaprnfh ta&;}uD;aom enf;ynmawmfvSefa&;rsm;ukd tao
tcsmyif aemufxyfawG@=u&OD;rnf? “v#yfppfESifhava=umif;buf ponfæ? “a,bk,sw&m;t ae
jzifhqkdv#if ,if;uJhokd@aomtajccHt& pD;yGm;a&;tajymif;tvJrsm;wGif tjrwftpGef;twGuf pGef@pm;
r_rSm ykdrkdus,fjyef@aom twkdif;twmjzifh jzpfay:wkd;yGm;vmonf?”··· ···
[lI 0efcH vkduf&ayonf?
wzef uyffqkdufr_rsKd;pkHonf pk+yKHr_ESifhvuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_qDokd@ wdrf;nGwfr_ukd ododomom jzpf
ay:aponf? TonfrSm trsm;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;uyfqkdufr_jzpfaomfvnf; TwrsKd;wnf; r[kwf
acs? TtcsufESifhywfoufI u|Ekfyfwkd@awG@+yD;cJh=uovkdyif acwfopfvuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepf orkdif;ukd
rSwfwkdifjyKonfh 1900 ckESpf uyf. ta&;ygykHukd a*s',fvfu atmufygtwkdif; xif[yfjyxm;onf
rSm tvGefynm&zG,f jzpfonf?
1900 ckESpfuyfwGif tajccH pufr_vkyfief;rsm;&Sd {&mrpufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;ESifhtwl ,ae@t
cgwGif acwfukef+yD[kqkd=urnfh ykHpHjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh “±kd;±kd;” pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;(rnfolESifhr#
uGefbkdif; jyKvkyfxm;jcif;r&Sdonfh) ukd awG@ae&ao;onf? ,if;pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;rSm pufr_vkyfief;
pD;yGm;a&;pef;yGifhr_. txGwftxdyfumvwGif wnfcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf? {&mrvkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;
tm; vkH;0yif rxdckduf okd@r[kwf umvwkdav;r#om xdckdufapEkdifaom aps;E_ef;usqif;r_ESifh 0,fvkd
tm;usqif;r_wkd@onf T“±kd;±kd;” vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;tm; pkd;&drfzG,f&mtaetxm;okd@ a&muf&SdapcJh
onf? Tonf.aemufqufwGJtaejzifh 1900 ckESpfuyfrSm 1873 ckESpfuyfxuf pufr_vkyfief; pk+yKHr_
ukd ykdrkd jzpfay:apcJhonf? 'kwd,uyfonf wyfqifr_taumif;qkH; vufa&G;pif vkyfief;udkifief;qkd
onfrsKd;ukdvnf; azmfxkwfay;cJhonf? okd@aomf xkdpOfu wnf&Sdaeaom enf;ynmzGH@òz;r_a&csdeft&
Ta&G;cs,fr_onf uyfxJrSaeI atmifjrifpGmvGwfajrmufvmaom ukr`%Drsm;tm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
taetxm;okd@ ykd@ray;EkdifcJhay? ,if;okd@ awmifhwif;}uHhckdifonfh vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;ukd
±_yfaxG;aomenf;ynm/ us,fjyef@aomzGJ@pnf;r_ESifh twkdif;twm}uD;rm;aom t&if;tESD;wkd@&Sdonfh
acwfopf oHESifhoHr%dvkyfief;ESifh v#yfppfvkyfief;wkd@wGif tifrwef tqifhjrifhpGm awG@=u&onf? tif

·
a*s',fvf (Jeidels) a&; *smrefb%f}uD;rsm;ESihfpufr_vkyfief;/ txl;ojzifh oHvkyfief;wk@d .qufpyfr_?vkdfufyfZpf/
1905 ck/ pmrsufESm 271?
··
tm&f/ vkdufzfref;a&; OD;ykdifrsm;ESifhb¾mukr`%Drsm;/ pmrsufESm 434
···
···
tm&f/ vkdufzfref;a&; txufygpmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 465- 465-466

25
*sifeD,mvkyfief;/ owWKvkyfief;rS tcsKd@vkyfief;cGJrsm;ESifh o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;vkyfief; ponfwkd@wGif
txufuxuf edrfhonfhtqifhjzifh awG@&onf? ·
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepf? “Tonf t&if;&Sifjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. aemufqkH;ay:tqifh”rS aemuf
qkH; ay:xGufvmonfh pum;vkH; jzpfonf? okd@aomf u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh b%frsm;.tcef;ukd xnfh
oGif;pOf;pm;jcif;rjyKv#if acwfopfvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. wu,fhpGrf;tm;ESifh xl;jcm;csuf
ukd tifrwef rvkHravmuf/ rjynfhrpkH/ enf;yg;pGm od&Sdjcif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf?

·
a*s',fvf. a&S@ykdif;wGif ukd;um;cJhaom pmtkyf? pmrsufESm - 108

26
 2? b%frsm;ESifh ‚wkd@. tcef;opf

b%frsm;. t"duESifhrlvvkyfief;rSm aiGay;acs&mwGif =um;vltjzpf aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpf

onf? okd@aqmif&Guf&mwGif olwkd@onf toufrJhaom aiGt&if;tESD;ukd toufoGif;ay;onf? qkdvkd
onfrSm tjrwf&aom t&if;tESD;tjzpf ajymif;vJay;onf? olwkd@onf aiGom;jzifh 0ifaiGrSefor#ukd
pkpnf;+yD; t&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; tokH;jyKEkdif&ef toifhxm;ay;onf?
b%fvkyfief;onf jzpfay:wkd;yGm;vm+yD; vkyfief;taqmufttkH tenf;i,ftwGif; pk+yKHvm
aomtcg b%frsm;rSm ESdrfhcsaom =um;vlwef;pm;b0rSae tm;}uD;aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@t
pnf;}uD;rsm; jzpfvm=uonf? ‚wkd@.vufatmufwGif t&if;&Siftm;vkH;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;orm;uav;
rsm;. b¾mt&if;tESD;tm;vkH;/ xkd@jyif xkwfvkyfr_ypPnf;rsm;.trsm;pkESifh EkdifiHwck okd@r[kwf EkdifiH
trsm;tjym;rS ukef=urf;t&if;tjrpfwkd@ukd csKyfukdifxm;=uonf? ESdrfhcsaom =um;vltajrmuftjrm;
rS vufwqkyfpm vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJoGm;r_rSm t&if;&Sifpepftaejzifh e,f
csJ@t&if;&Sifpepftjzpfokd@ }uD;xGm;vmonfh tajccHjzpfpOfrsm;teuf wckyifjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifhyif
u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh yxrOD;qkH; b%frsm;.pk+yKHr_ukd ajz&Sif;=u&ayrnf?
1907 - 08 ckESpfwGif t&if;tESD; rwfaiGwoef;pDtxuf&Sdaom *smr%Dyl;wGJ pawmhb%f
rsm;xH tyfESHaiG pkpkaygif;rSm rwf 7˜000˜000˜000 &Sdonf? 1912-13 wGifrl TtyfaiG. wefzkd;rSm
rwf 9˜800˜ 000˜000 jzpfvmonf? ig;ESpftwGif; 40 &mE_ef; wkd;vmjcif;yif? wkd;vmaom rwf
2˜800˜000˜000 teuf 2˜750˜000˜000 ukd rwf 10˜000˜000 txuf t&if;tESD;&Sd=uaom b%f
57 ckwkd@u cGJ,l=ujcif; jzpfonf? b%f}uD;rsm;ESifh b%fi,frsm;t=um; tyfESHaiG taetxm;rSm
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf?·
tyfESHaiGpkpkaygif;. &mckdifE_ef;

bmvifb%f}uD; 9 ck t&if;tESD;rwfaiG 10 oef; t&if;tESD;rwfaiG 1 t&if;tESD;rwfaiGiG 1

xufykdaom tjcm;b%f 48 oef; rS 10 oef;=um;&Sd oef;xufenf; aom
ck b%f 115 ck b%fi,f rsm;

1907 -08 47 32 ‡ 5 16 ‡ 5 4

1912-
1912-13 49 36 12 3

·
tJvfz&uf vif;pbmh
pbmh*f*f (Alfred Lansburg) / *smrefb%frsm;. 5 ESpfwm/
m/ 1913 ck? pmrsufESm 728

27
b%fi,fuav;rsm;ukd b%f}uD;rsm;u yxkwfcJhonf? ,if;wkd@teuf b%f}uD; 9 ckxJu tyfESHaiG
pkpkaygif;.w0ufeD;yg;ukd olwkd@vufxJwGif pk+yKHxm;=uonf? okd@aomf u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh ta&;}uD;
aom tao;pdwftcsuftvuf trsm;tjym;ukd csefxm;cJhonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh b%fi,ftajrmuf
tjrm;wkd@ b%f}uD;rsm;. b%fcGJrsm;tjzpf vufawG@yif ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;/ Tta=umif;ukd aemuf
rS ajymawmhrnf?
1913 cktukefwGif b%f}uD; 9 ckwkd@Y tyfESHaiGonf rwf 5˜000˜000˜000 &Sdonf[k ±_vfZf
*Am;eZ… (Schulze-GaeVernitz) u cef@rSef;cJhonf? b%frsm;tm;vkH;&Sd tyfESHaiG pkpkaygif;rSm rwf
10˜000˜000˜000 &Sdonf? tyfESHaiGukdomrubJ t&if;tESD;ukdyg xnfhoGif;wGufcsufygv#if pma&;
olu TuJhokd@ a&;xm;onf? “1909 ckESpftukefwGif bmvifb%f}uD; 9 ckY ‚wkd@. wGJbuf
b%frsm;ESifhtwl rwf 10˜300˜000˜000 ukd csKyfukdifxm;=uonf? TonfrSm *smrefb%ft&if;
tESD; pkpkaygif;. 83 &mckdifE_ef; &Sdonf? 'GKdufcsf b%fonf ‚wkd@. wGJbufb%frsm;ESifhtwl rwf
3˜000˜000˜000 eD;yg; csKyfukdifxmonf? TonfrSm y&yf&Sm; EkdifiHawmf rD;&xm;vkyfief;ESifh twlwl
avmufjzpf+yD; urBma[mif;&Sd t&if;tESD;pkaqmif;r_wGif t}uD;qkH;ESifh pkpnf;csKyfukdifr_ tavsmhenf;
qkH;yif jzpfonf?”·
u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh “wGJbuf” b%frsm;ukd txl;jyK &nfn$ef;cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm Tonf
acwfopft&if;&Sifpepfpk+yKHr_. ta&;}uD;qkH; xif&Sm;onfhvuQ%m jzpfaoma=umifhyif? vkyfief;ukdif
ief;}uD;rsm;ESifh txl;ojzifh b%frsm;onf ti,fpm;av;rsm;ukd pkyf,lvkdufonfomru ,if;wkd@ukd
“wGJzuf” vkdufjcif;/ vufatmufcHjyKvkdufjcif;wkd@omru ‚wkd@. t&if;tESD;xJwGif “OD;ykdif” rsm;
&atmifvkyfjcif;/ &S,f,mrsm;0,f,ljcif;/ okd@r[kwf vJvS,fjcif;/ aiGacs;ay;onfh pepfwcsKd@ ponfhp
onfhenf;rsm;jzifh “ukd,fh”tpk okd@r[kwf (twwfynmtokH;tE_ef;twkdif;qkdv#if) “uGefpef;” rsm;
txJokd@ ac:oGif;cJh=uonf? ygarmuQvkdufzfref;onf acwfopf“OD;ykdifESifhaiGa=u;ukr`%Drsm;”·· t
a=umif; pmrsufESm 500 cef@&Sdaom {&mr“usrf;” }uD;wapmif jyKpkcJhonf? uHqkd;csifawmh r=um
c%qkdovkdyif tpmra=uaomukef=urf;ozG,f tifrweft&nftcsif;nhHaom“oabmw&m;a&;”
a&mifjyef[yfcsufrsm; xnfhoGif;xm;onf? pk+yKHr_a=umifh “OD;ykdif” pepfonf rnfonfhtajcokd@
qkdufa&mufapa=umif;ukd ukd,fwkdifu “b%fvkyfief;orm;” wOD;jzpfonfh ±kdufqma&;cJhonfh *sm
refb%f}uD;rsm;ta=umif; pmtkyfxJwGif taumif;qkH; ykHazmfxm;onf? okd@aomf ol.pm&if;Z,m;
ukd rppfaq;rD “OD;ykdif” pepfESifh ywfouf+yD; tckdiftrm Oyrmwckukd ukd;um;jyygrnf?
'GKdufcsfb%f“tpk”onf b%fvkyfief;tpk}uD;rsm;xJwGif t}uD;qkH;r[kwfawmif t}uD;qkH;
wck jzpfonf? TtpkxJwGifyg0ifaom b%ftm;vkH;ukd qufoG,fxm;aom t"du}uKd;r#ifrsm;tm;
ajc&mcHEkdif&eftwGuf yxrtqifh/ 'kwd,tqifhESifh wwd,tqifh “OD;ykdifrsm;” okd@r[kwf(
'GKdufcsfb%ftay: b%fi,frsm;.) rSDckdr_qkdonfESifh twlwlvkd&Sdonfh yxrtqifh/ 'kwd,tqifhESifh
wwd,tqifh rSDckdjcif;wkd@ukd cGJjcm;avhvm&ef vkdonf? TwGif atmufyg ykHum;csyfukd &&Sdonf? ···

·
±_vf
vZf f*Am;
*Am;eZ…/ vlr_pD;yGm;a&; rl=urf;&Sd *smref+rD&Sifb%f
*Am %f/ wlbif*if/ 1915 ck/ pmrsufESm 12 ESihf 137?
··
tm&f/ vkdufzfref;? OD;ykdifESifh aiGa=u;ukr`%D
%rD sm;/ acwfopft&if;&SifpepfESihf ftmrcHpepfrsm;tay: avhvmcsuf?
*sifem? 1909 ck/ pmrsufESm 212?
···
tJvf z&uf vif;pfbmh*f*?f *smrefb%fvkyfief;rS OD;ykdifpepf
epf/ 1910 ck/ pmrsufESm 500?

28
 'GKdufcsf yxrtqifh 'kwd,tqifh rSDckd&r_
wwd
b%frS rSDckd&r_ ,t
OD;ykdif&&Sd qifh
xm;r_ rSDckd&r_
t+rJwrf; b%f 17 ckwGif b%f 34 ckteuf 9 b%f
ckwGif 7ck
t
euf
4
ckwGif
umvtuef@towfr&Sd b%f 5 ckwGif -
-
tcgtm;avsmfpGm b%f 8 ckwGif b%f 14 ckteuf 5 b%f
ckwGif 2ckt
euf
2
ckwGif
pkpkaygif; b%f 30 ckwGif b%f 48 ckteuf 14 b%f
ckwGif 9
ckt
euf
6
ckwGif

'GKdufcsfb%ftay:wGif “tcgtm;avsmfpGm” “yxrtqifh” rSDckd&r_pm&if;wGif yg&Sdaom

ol@ukd,fykdifa&m/ olu csKyfukdifxm;onfrsm;yg wGufv#if rwfaiG bDvsH 200 rS 300 cef@ &Sdrnf[k
cef@rSef;&onf?
,if;okd@aom tpk.xdyfwGif&Sd ar#mxm;onfhEkdifiHawmfacs;aiGuJhokd@aom xl;xl;jcm;jcm; }uD;
rm;+yD; tjrwftpGef;}uD;rm;onfh aiGa&;a=u;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;ukd vkyfukdifEkdfifpGrf;&Sd&eftwGuf ukd,fh
xuf a,mifa,mifav;r#om i,faom b%faygif; 'gZif0ufavmufESifh oabmwlnDcsuf ,lxm;
onfhb%frsKd;rSm “=um;vl”tqifhukd ausmfvGefoGm;acs+yD? vufwqkyfpm vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sif
rsm;. uGefbkdif;yif jzpfawmhonf? ±kdufqmxHrS tusOf;csKyf+yD; ,liifukd;um;xm;onfh atmufygZ
,m;onf 19 &mpkESpftukef 20 &mpkESpftpY *smr%DEkdifiHwGif b%fvkyfief;rsm;pk+yKHr_ rnfr#
jrefqefpGm jzpfay:a=umif;ukd jyoaeonf?

29
 bmvif b%f}uD; ajcmufck
vkyfief;
*smr%D&Sd aiGoGif;b%fESifh aiGvJ *smrefyl;wGJpawmhb%frsm;&Sd pkpkaygif;
b%f cGJ OD;a& vS,fa&; ±Hk;OD;a& yHkao OD;ykdifta&twGuf
ckESpf

16 14 1 42
1895
21 40 8 80
1900
104 276 63 450
1911
wwkdif;jynfvkH;ukd v$rf;+cKHaom tuGufaphvSonfh ykdufuGef}uD;wck tvsiftjref}uD;
xGm;vmykHukd u|Ekfyfwkd@ awG@jrif=u&onf? ,if;onf t&if;tESD;tm;vkH;ESifh 0ifaiGtm;vkH;wkd@ukd csKyf
ukdifum axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom usJuGJaeonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;ukd wckwnf;aom EkdifiH
t&if;&Sif}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ xkdrSwqifh urBmht&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;tjzpfokd@ ajymif;vJypfvkduf
onf? ±_*Am;eZ…onf ,ae@acwf "e&SifpD;yGm;a&;ukd azmfxkwfolwOD;tjzpfjzifh txufY ukd;um;cJh
aomtykd'fwGif qkdxm;onfh “pkpnf;csKyfukdifr_av#mhcsjcif;” qkdonfrSm wu,fusawmh ,cifu E_dif;
pmjcif;tm;jzifh “vGwfvyfaom” okd@r[kwf a'otvkduf oufoufjzpfonfh pD;yGm;a&;,lepfrsm;ukd
wckwnf;aomA[kd. vufatmufcHtjzpf ykdIykdI jyKvkdufjcif;[k t"dy`m,f&ayonf? vufawG@wGif
TonfrSm pkpnf;csKyfukdifjcif;/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfbDvl;}uD;rsm;. tcef;u¾ ta&;ygr_ESifh tcGifhtm
%mwkd@ukd wkd;jr‡ifhvkdufjcif; jzpfonf?
t&if;&SifEkdifiHa[mif;rsm;wGif T“b%fvkyfief;ykdufuGef”rSm ykdI pdyfonf? 1910 ckESpfY
+AdwdefESifh tkdif,mvefwkd@wGif pkpkaygif;b%fcGJ 7˜151 ck &Sdonf? b%f}uD; 4 ckwkd@wGif b%fcGJaygif;
400 ausmfpD &Sd onf? (447 ckrS 689 cktxd)? 4 ckwGif b%fcGJaygif; 200 ausmfpD &Sd+yD; aemufxyf 11
ckwGif b%fcGJaygif; 100 ausmfpD &Sdonf?
jyifopfEkdifiHwGif {&mrb%f}uD; okH;ckjzpfonfh ca&;'DvD,GefEkdif;(Credit Lyonnais)/
uGrfwGKdifem p,Gefem (Comptoir Nationals) ESifh qkdpDa,;aw; a,ae&m;vf (Societe Generale)
wkd@onf ‚wkd@. vkyfief;vnfywfr_ESifh b%fcGJykdufuGefwkd@ukd atmufygtwkdif; jzef@=uufxm;onf?·

·
,ll*sif;aummhzfref; (Eugen Kaufman)/ jyifopfb%fvkyfief;/ wlbifudef;/ 1911/ pmrsufESm 356 ESihf 362

30
 b%fcGJESifh ±kH;rsm;. ta&twGuf t&if;tESD; (z&ef@aiG oef;aygif;)
jynfe,ffrsm;Y yJ&pfY pkpkaygif; ukd,fykdift&if; acs;,lxm;onfht&if;
1870 47 17 64 200 427
1890 192 66 258 265 1˜ 245
1909 1˜ 033 196 1˜ 229 887 4˜ 363

acwfrDb%f}uD;rsm;.“tquftoG,frsm;”ukd azmfjy&eftwGuf ±kdufqmu *smr%DEkdifiHESifh

urBmay:wGif t}uD;qkH;b%f}uD;wckjzpfonfh (1914 ckESpfu ,if;.t&if;tESD;rSm rwf 300˜000˜
000 &Sdonf?) 'pPuGefwkd*,fq,f&Syfzf. pmay;pm,lta&twGufukd atmufygudef;*%ef;rsm;jzifh
azmfjyxm;onf?
pm0if pmxGuf
1852 6˜135 6˜292
1870 85˜800 87˜513
1900 533˜102 626˜043

ca&;'DvD,GefEkdif;qkdaom yJ&pfb%f}uD;. aiGpm&if;aygif;rSm 1875 ckESpfwGif 28˜535 &Sd&mrS

1912 ckESpfwGif 633˜539 &Sdvmonf?· ,if;pk+yKHr_ESifh b%ftjrwfaiGrsm;onf b%frsm;. ta&;ygr_
tm; tajccHrSaeI rnfuJhokd@ ajymif;vJaeapa=umif;ukd Tomrefudef;*%ef;rsm;onf &Snfvsm;
aomusrf;*efrsm;xuf ykdrkdaumif;rGefpGm jyoEkdifonf? usJuGJaeaom t&if;&Sifrsm;tm; wckwnf;
aom pkaygif;t&if;&Siftjzpf ajymif;vJypfcJhonf? b%fwcktaejzifh t&if;&Siftenf;i,f. pm&if;&Sif
rsm;ukd vnfywfap&mwGif tvGwfoabmoufoufESifh taxmuftulvkyfief;tjzpfESifhom aqmif
&Gufay;onf? okd@aomf Tvkyfief;onf {&mrtwkdif;twmokd@ }uD;xGm;vmaomtcgwGifrl vuf0g;
}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifvufwqkyfpmu t&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkH;. ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh pufr_
vkyfief;tygt0if vkyfief;rSefor#ukd olwkd@xifovkd ukd,fhatmuf qGJoGif;vkduf=uonf? ta=umif;
rSm ‚wkd@onf ‚wkd@. b%ftqufrsm;rSwqifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ aiGpm&if;&Sifrsm;ESifh tjcm;
aom aiGa&;a=u;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSwqifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ OD;pGmtm;jzifh t&if;&SiftoD;oD;. aiG
a=u;tajctaeukd twdtus odcGifh&=uonf? xkd@aemuf csKyfukdifcGifh&=uonf? aiGacs;ay;jcif;ukd
uef@owfjcif; okd@r[kwf wkd;csJ@jcif; vG,fulapjcif; okd@r[kwf taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;rsm; vkyfcGifh&
onf? aemufqkH;wGif olwdk@.uH=urRmukd vkH;0tqkH;tjzwfay;cGifh &=uonf? xkdt&if;&Sifrsm;. 0if
aiGukd jyÏmef;jcif;/ t&if;r&Sdatmif vkyfypfjcif;/ okd@wnf;r[kwf olwkd@.t&if;tESD;rsm;ukd vsifjrefpGm
ESifh {&mrtwkdif;twmtxd }uD;xGm;cGifhay;jcif;rsm;txd vkyfcGifh&vm=uonf?
u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh tckeuyJ bmvifrS 'pPuGefwkd*,fq,f&Syfzf. t&if;aiG rwf 300˜
000˜000 ta=umif; ajymzl;cJh+yD; Tb%f.t&if;tESD;wkd;rsm;vmjcif;rSm t}uD;qkH;'GKdufcsfb%fESifh
'pPuGefwkdb%f[l aom bmvifb%f}uD; ESpfckwkd@. v$rf;rkd;a&;wkdufyGJ. jzpfpOfrsm;xJrS wckjzpfonf?
·
,D;efvufpu,l; (Jean Lescure)/ jyifopfEkdifiHaiGacs;b%fvkyfief;? yJ&pf/ 1914/ pmrsufESm 52

31
1870 ckESpfwkef;u 'GKdufcsfb%frSm topfuav;r#omjzpf+yD; t&if;rSmvnf; rwf 15˜000˜000 r#om
&Sdonf? 'pPuGefwkduawmh t&if;aiG rwf 30˜000˜000 &Sdaeonf? 1908 ckESpfwGif 'GKdufcsfb%f.
t&if;rSm rwf 200˜000˜000 jzpf vm+yD; 'pPuGefwkdrSm 170˜000˜000 jzpfvmonf? 1914 ckESpfwGif
'GKdufcsfb%fonf t&if;udk rwf 250˜000˜000 txdwkd;jr‡ifhvkduf+yD; 'pPuGefwkdrSmrl &Syfzfa[mfqif&Sm
qkdaom yxrwef;pm;b%f}uD;wckESifh yl;aygif;vkdufjcif;jzifh t&if;ukd 300˜000˜000 okd@ wkd;jr‡ifhvkduf
onf? trSefyJ Tv$rf;rkd;a&;wkdufyGJESifhtwl b%f ESpfckt=um; ykdIykdI cHEkdif&nfvuQ%m&Sdvmonfh
“oabmwlnDcsufrsm;” t}udrf ykdIykdI csKyfqkdjcif;rsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf? abm*aA'jy\emrsm;ESifh
ywfoufv#if oabmxm;rjyif;xefqkH;ESifh owdt}uD;qkH; "e&SifjyKjyifa&;0g'xuf enf;enf;rSrykd
aom b%fvkyfief;u|rf;usifolrsm;u b%ftiftm;pk jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ESihf ywfouf+yD; atmufygt
wkdif; aumufcsufqGJ,l=uonf?
'pPuGefwkd*,fq,f&Syfzfb%f}uD;. t&if;tESD; rwfaiG 300˜000˜000 jzpfvmjcif;ESifh ywf
ouf+yD; rSwfcsufcs&mwGif b%f[laom *smref*sme,fu ,ckuJhokd@ a&;xm;onf? “tjcm;b%frsm;
onfvnf; Tvrf;twkdif;om vkduf=uvdrfhrnf? *smr%Djynftm; ,ae@tcg pkd;rkd;xm;ol 300 onf
tcsdefwck=umaomtcg wjznf;jznf;ESifh 50/ 25 okd@r[kwf xkd@xufenf;onftxd av#musoGm;
rnf? pk+yKHr_qDokd@ OD;wnfoGm;aom TaemufqkH;a&G@vsm;r_onf b%fvkyfief;wGifom uef@owfxm;
vdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;Ir&acs? b%fwckcsif;. t=um;wGif&Sd eD;uyfpGmqufoG,fr_onf ‚wkd@ESifh
y%m&aom pufr_pif'Dudwfrsm;tcsif;csif; eD;uyfoGm;aprnfjzpfonf?æ æ æom,maom eHeuf
cif;wckwGif u|Ekfyfwkd@tdyf&mrSx+yD; =unfhvkdufaomtcgY rsufpdatmufwGif x&yfpfrsm;rSwyg; t
jcm;bmr#r&Sdonfukd awG@=u&ayvdrfhrnf? aemuf+yD; EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyfrsm;tm; yk*~vduvuf
0g;}uD;tkyfrsm;ESifh tpm;xkd;&rnfhudef;ESifh }uKHaeonfukdvnf; awG@=u&ayvdrfhrnf? okd@aomf tajct
aeawGukd ol@vrf;a=umif;twkdif; jzpfoGm;apjcif;ESifh pawmh&S,f,mrsm;ukd upm;jcif;jzifh tcsdef enf;
?” ·
enf; ykdjrefoGm;apjcif;rSvGJv#if u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh ukd,fhukd,fukd tjypfwifp&m bmr#r&Sd ay?”
Tonf "e&Sifpme,fZif;rsm;. tpGrf;r&Sdr_ukd azmfjyaom Oyrmwck jzpfonf? ,if;ESifh
"e&SifodyH̀ynmwkd@. jcm;em;r_rSm "e&SifodyH̀ynmu av;eufr_ykdenf;+yD; jy\em.tESpfom&ukd
ykd+yD;zkH;uG,fapvkdonfh oabmrsKd;&Sdonf? opfwyifjzifh opfawmwawmvkH;ukd zkH;uG,fvkdonfh pk+yKH
r_.&v'frsm;ukd “tHh=ojcif;”/ t&if;&Sif*smr%DEkdifiH.tpkd;& okd@r[kwf “t&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;”
(“ukd,fhukd,fukd,f”) tm; tjypfwif jcif;/ *smr%DrS “umw,f” qkdif&m u|rf;usifol csD,m;puD;u
tar&duefx&yfpfrsm;tm; pkd;&GH@ouJhokd@ pawmhESifh&S,f,mrsm; jyKvkyfvmjcif;onf pk+yKHr_“t&Sdefjrifh
vm” apvdrfhrnf[k pkd;&GH@jcif;? x&yfpfrsm;uJhokd@ enf;ynmESifh pD;yGm;a&;wkd;wufr_ukd tvGeftrif;
vsifjrefapvdrfhrnfr[kwf” [kqkdum *smr%DrS x&yfpf rsm;ukd “a&G;cs,fjcif;”·· ? Tonfwkd@rSm
tpGrf;r&Sdr_yif r[kwfavm?
okd@aomf tjzpfrSefrSm tjzpfrSefyif jzpfaeayonf? *smr%DwGif x&yfpf[lI r&Sdacs? umw,f
rsm;“om”&Sdonf? *smr%DEkdifiHtm; okH;&mxufrykdaom t&if;tESD;olºu,f}uD;rsm;u pkd;rkd;xm;=u
onf? aemuf+yD; Tta&twGufrSmvnf; rjywf avsmhenf;vkdufaeonf? t&if;&SifEkdifiHtm;vkH;wGif
wEkdifiHESifhwEkdifiH b%fOya' jcm;em;r_rsm;&Sdvifhupm; rnfonfhudpPwGifrqkd b%frsm;onf t&if;t
ESD;pk+yKHr_ESifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyf jzpfay:r_ukd t}uD;tus,f odyfonf;ap/ jrefqefapavonf?
vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpfw0ufwkef;u rmhufpfonf t&if;usrf;wGif b%fpepfonf “tu,fyif
·
atvif;pfbmh*f/ b%f *sme,fwGif ygaom oef; 300 b%f b%f/ 1914/ pmrsufESm 426
··
tufpf csD;,m;puD;/ a&S@ykdif;wGif ukd;um;cJhaom pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 128?

32
bkHpm&if;ukdifynmo¿mefESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twkdif;twmt& xkwfvkyfr_ypPnf;cGJa0r_wkd@ukd azmf
xkwfcJhonf? okd@aomf o¿mefukd,fr#om azmfxkwfjcif;jzpfonf?” [ka&;om;cJhonf? (±k&Sm;bm
omjyef/ twGJ -3/ tcef;2 / pmrsufESm 144?) b%ft&if;tESD;wkd;yGm;r_/ t}uD;qkH;b%f}uD;rsm;.
b%fcGJESifh±kH;rsm; wkd;rsm;vmr_/ ‚wkd@.pm&if;rsm; wkd;rsm;vmr_/ ponfhudef;*%ef;rsm;onf t&if;&Sif
vlwef;pm;wckvkH;. “bkHpm&if;ukdifynm”&J@ yuwd±kyfykHukd azmfjycJhonf? t&if;&Sifrsm;omru
b%frsm;onf ,m,DyifjzpfapOD;awmh vkyfief;&Sifuav;rsm;/ ±kH;pma&;rsm;ESifh tvkyform; vlwef;
pm;xJrSm txufv$menf;enf;av;wkd@. 0ifaiGrSefor#ukdyg aumuf,lcJhojzihf xkdolwkd@. yuwd±kyf
ykHukdyg azmfjyaeayonf? ta&twGuftm;jzifh jyifopfwGif okH;ckrSajcmufck/ *smr%DwGif ajcmufckrS
&Spfck&Sd+yD; aiGukaËaygif;rsm;pGmukd csKyfukdifxm;aom acwfopfb%frsm;rSaeI w&m;0ifo¿meft&
ajymrnfqkdv#if “xkwfvkyfr_ypPnf; bkHcGJa0r_” ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf? tESpfom&t& qkdv#ifrl
xkwfvkyfr_ypPnf;cGJa0r_onf “bkH” r[kwfacs? yk*~vdu jzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm ‚onf t&if;tESD;
}uD;rsm;.tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh ukdufnDonf? t&if;cHtm;jzifh }uD;rm;aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;tESD;
rsm;. tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh ukdufnDonf? Tt&if;tESD;rsm;onf vlOD;a&trsm;pkwkd@ qif;&JrGJawpGm ae
xkdif&jcif;/ v,f,mjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_u pufr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. aemufwGif usef&pfcJhjcif;/ pufr_rSm
awmifrS “tav;pm;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;”u tjcm;aom pufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;xHrS tcGefb¾m&,l
jcif; ponfh tajct aersm;wGif v_yf&Sm;vnfywfae=ujcif; jzpfonf?
t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;tm; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;vuQ%maqmifatmif jyKvkyf&mwGif aiGpkb%frsm;
ESifh pmwkdufrsm;onf b%frsm;ukd ,SOfòyifpjyKvsuf&Sdonf? ‚wkd@onf ykd+yD; “pkpnf;csKyfukdifr_ avsmh
enf;”onf? qkdvkdonfrSm ‚wkd@. *,uf=oZmonf ykdrkdrsm;jym;aoma'orsm;/ ykdrkda0;oDaom
ae&mrsm;/ ykdrkdus,fjyef@aom vl@tv$mrsm;xH a&muf&Sdonf? b%frsm;onf aiGpkb%frsm;&Sd tyfaiG
rsm; E_dif;pmjcif;tm;jzifh }uD;xGm;vmr_ESifhywfouf+yD; tar&duefaumfr&SifwckrS aumuf,l&&Sdaom
Z,m;wck·k ukd ,ck azmfjyvkdufonf?
tyfESHaiGrsm; (rwf bDvsHaygif;)
t*Fvef jyifopf *smr%D
b%frsm; aiGpkb b%frsm; aiGpkb%fr b%frsm; aiGacs;a&; aiGpkb%frs
%f sm; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm m;
rsm; ;
1880 8² 4 1² 6 ´ 0² 9 0² 5 0² 4 2² 6
1888 12² 4 2² 0 1² 5 2² 1 1² 1 0² 4 4² 5
1908 23² 2 4² 2 3² 7 4² 2 7² 1 2² 2 13² 9

pkaiGb%frsm;onf tyfESHaiGrsm;twGuf twkd;ukd 4 µ ESifh 4¼ µ ay;&onfjzpf&m ‚wkd@

taejzifh “tjrwf&aom” &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; jyK&ayonf? aiGv$JaiGajymif;vufrSwfrsm;/ taygifcHjcif;
ponfrsm; vkyf&ayrnf? b%frsm;ESifh aiGpkb%frsm;t=um; cGJjcm;r_rSm “aysmufuG,foxuf aysmuf
uG,f” vmonf? yrmtm;jzifh bkdcsrfESifh tmzwf&Sd ukefoG,fa&;toif;}uD;u aiGpkb%frsm;tm;
twkd;jzifh aiGacs;jcif;uJhokd@aom “±kd;±kd;” b%fvkyfief;rsKd;rsm; rvkyf&ef “wm;jrpf”ay;zkd@ awmif;qkd=u
onf? pmwkduf. “b%fvkyfief;”vkyfukdifr_ukdvnf; uef@owf&ef awmif;qkd=uonf?·· b%fxdyf
·
trsKd;om;aiGa=u;aumfr&Sif. pm&if;Z,m;rsm;/;/ b%f*sme,f? 1910/ trSwf - 1/ pmrsufESm 1200?
··
b%f*s*sme,f/ 1913/ pmrsufESm 811/ 1022/? 1914 pmrsufESm 713?

33
 oD;rsm;taejzifh ‚wkd@tay: EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfu rar#mfvifhonfhaxmifhrS a=umoGm;
rnfukd pkd;&drf=uonf? okd@aomf Tpkd;&drfr_rSm òyifbufvuQ%mazmfjyr_om jzpfa=umif; ajymp&myif
rvkdtyfay? ±kH;w±kH;xJ&Sd Xmerefae*smESpfOD;wkd@. òyifbufvuQ%mykHrsKd;om jzpfonf? wzufu ajym
&v#if aiGpkb%frsm;wGif tyfESHxm;aom aiGukaËaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@tm; wu,fwrf;aemufqkH; owWKcs
=unfhvkdufaomtcg Tb%fxdyfoD;}uD;rsm;uom csKyfukdifxm;a=umif; awG@&onf? wzufwGifrl
t&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&Sd EkdifiHawmf vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;tESD;qkdonfrSm a'0gvDcH&vkeD;yg; jzpfae
onf? pufr_vkyfief;cGJ wckr[kwfwckrS oef;ºu,folaX;rsm;. 0ifaiGwkd;rsm;a&;ESifh tmrcHa&;twGuf
enf;emoufoufom jzpfayonf?
vGwfvyfpGm òyifqkdifr_v$rf;rkd;onfh ykHpHa[mif;t&if;&SifpepfrSaeI vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_pkd;rkd;aom
t&if;&SifpepfqDokd@ ul;ajymif;&mwGif azmfjycsufrsm;teuf pawmha&mif;0,fr_. ta&;ygr_ usqif;
oGm;jcif;vnf; yg0ifonf? “b%frsm;u aiGpuULopfwykHwyifukd ol@azmufonfrsm;twGuf xkwfr
ay;EkdifrDumvu pawmha&mif;0,fa&;rSm r&Sdrjzpfaom =um;cHjzpfcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcgwGif =um;cH
tjzpfrS &yfpJoGm;onfrSm =umvSay+yD?”·
b%fwkdif;onf pawmha&mif;0,fa&;Xme jzpfonf? “b%fykd}uD;av/ b%f.pk+yKHr_ atmif
jrifav Tacwfopfqkd±kd;pum;rSm ykd+yD;rSefuefav jzpfonf?”·· ,cif ckepfq,fpkESpfrsm;qDwkef;u
pawmha&mif;0,fr_onf vli,fwkd@.EkysKdr_”(1873 ckqDu pawmha&mif;0,fr_ +yKdusr_}uD;/ ukr`%DudpP
emrnfysufr_rsm; ponfwkd@ukd ynmygpGm oG,f0kduf&nfn¸ef;xm;jcif;)”onf *smr%DEkdifiH. pufr_
wyfqifr_acwfukd zGifhvSpfay;cJhonf? ,cktcgwGifrl b%frsm;ESifhpufr_vkyfief;rsm;onf Tonfukd
“wOD;wnf;vkyf” Ekdif=uay+yD? u|Ekfyfwkd@.b%f}uD;rsm;u pawmha&mif;0,fr_tay: v$rf;rkd;r_rSmæ
*smrefEkdifiHawmf. vkH;0pnf;vkH;r_&Sdaom pufr_vkyfief;taetxm;ukd azmfjyjcif;rSwyg; tjcm;r&Sday?
tu,fIom tvkdtavsmuf vnfywfaeaom abm*aA'Oya'orsm;ukd ,ckuJhod@k uef@owf
vkdufv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ b%frsm;. tod&Sd&SdvSnfhywfr_u v$rf;rkd;jcif;ukd ododomom wkd;csJ@
vkdufv#ifaomfvnf;aumif; trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;ukd OD;aqmifaeonfh OD;aESmuftenf;i,fwkd@rSm wm
0ef trsm;}uD; ykd}uD;oGm;ayrnf?··· [k *smrefygarmuQ ±_vfZf *AmeZ…qkdaom *smrefe,fcsJ@0g'.
a&S@ae}uD;u a&;om;cJhonf? ol@tm; EkdifiHtm;vkH;rS e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;u tcGifhtm%m&SdolwOD;[k
oabmxm;=uonf? b%frsm;u pD;yGm;a&;b0ukd “tod&Sd&Sd vSnfhywf”onfqkdjcif;rSm “vkH;0 pnf;
vkH;r_&Sdonfh” vufwqkyfpmvuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;u vlxktm; aoG;pkyfjcif;jzpfonfqkd
aom “tao;pdwf” tcsuftvufukd olonf ausmfv$m;&ef }uKd;pm;cJhonf? "e&SifygarmuQwOD;.
wm0efrSm vnfywfr_wckvkH;ukd zGifhjy&ef okd@wnf;r[kwf b%fvuf0g;}uD;tkyfrsm;. ,E©&m;wckvkH;
ukd zGifhcs&ef r[kwfay? ‚wkd@ukd =unfhaumif;±_aumif;atmif yGJxkwf&efom jzpfonf?
tvm;wlyif ol@xuf tcGifhtm%m ykdrkd&Sd+yD; ukd,fwkdifuvnf; “b%fvkyfief; orm;”wOD;
jzpfonfh ±kdufqmuvnf; rjiif;uG,fEkdifaom tcsuftvufrsm;ukd t"dy`m,fr&Sdonfhpum;rsm;jzifh
vSnfhxGuf&ef }uKd;pm;cJhonf? “æ æ pawmha&mif;0,fr_onf trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;wckvkH;/ txl;o
jzifh tmrcHpmcsKyfrsm; vnfywfa&;twGuf vkH;0r&Sdrjzpfaomt&m qkdonfhvuQ%mrSm wjznf;
jznf; arS;rSdefvkdufvmaeonf? twdusqkH;wkdif;wmonfh aywHqkdonfomru ‚tay:wGif A[kdjyK
aeaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; tvkdt avsmufeD;yg; vSnfhywfay;olqkdaom vuQ%mrSmvnf;
·
b%f*sme,f/ 1914 ck/ trSwf - 1/ pmrsufESm 316?
··
a'gufwmatmpum pwD;vpf ( Dr. Oscar Stillich) ESifh b%fvkyfief;/ bmvif/ 1907 ck/ pmrsufESm - 169?
···
±_vfZf*AmeZ…? vlr_pD;yGm;a&;ykH=urf;&Sd *smref+rD&Sifb%f/ wlbif*if/ 1915/ pmrsufESm 101?

34
wjznf;jznf; arS;rSdefvkdufvmaeonf?·
wenf;ajym&v#if vGwfvyfpGmòyifqkdifr_&Sdonfh t&if;&Sifpepfa[mif;ESifh ‚. r&Sdrjzpf vSnfh
ywfay;ol pawmha&mif;0,fr_wkd@rSm csKyf+idrf;aeav+yD? vGwfvyfpGmòyifqkdifr_ESifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfwkd@
a&m,Sufaejcif;[laom pyful;ryful;umv. xif&Sm;onfhvuQ%mrsm; yg&Sdonfh t&if;&Sifpepf
opfwcku tpm;xkd;vmaeonf? TwGif obm0uspGmyif ar;cGef;wck ay:vmonf? Te,fcsJ@pepf
opfonf rnfonfhqDokd@ OD;wnf “oGm;ae”oenf;? okd@aomf "e&Sifynm&Sifrsm;url Tar;cGef;ukd
ar;&ef a=umufvef@ae=uonf?
“vGefcJhonfh tESpf 30 u pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf ‚wkd@tcsif;csif; vGwfvyfpGm òyifqkdif
um ‚wkd@. pD;yGm;a&;ESifhywfoufaeonfh um,vkyfief;r[kwfaom vkyfief;tm;vkH;. 10 ykH 9
ykHukd vkyfaqmiffcJh=uonf? ,cktcgYrl T“^m%vkyfief;” . 10 ykH 9 ykHukd t&m&Sdrsm;u vkyf
aqmif=uonf? Twpwp jzpfay:ajymif;vJr_.a&S@wef;wGif b%fvkyfief; yg0ifonf?”··±_vfZf *Am;
eZ…. T0efcHcsufonf u|Ekfyfwkd@tm; atmufygar;cGef;qDokd@ ac:aqmifcJhjyefonf? e,fcsJ@tqifh.
t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfaom Tt&if; &Sifpepfopf onf rnfonfhqDokd@ OD;wnfoGm;aeoenf;? æ æ æ
pk+yKHr_jzpfpOf&J@&v'fa=umifh t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;.acgif;ykdif;wGif usef&Sdaeaom b%ftenf;
i,f=um;Y vuf0g;}uD;tkyf oabmwlnDcsufrsm;/ b%fx&yfpfrsm;qDokd@ ykdrkdwdrf;nGwfvmonfukd
obm0uspGmyif awG@jrif=u&onf? tar&duefEkdifiHwGif oef;aygif; axmifESifhcsD+yD;ykdifqkdifaom {&mr
b%f}uD; 2 ck ( 9 ck r[kwf) onf rwfaiG 11 bDvsHukd csKyfudkifxm;=uonf?··· ···
*smr%DwGif
u|Ekfyfwkd@ txufYajymcJh=uonfh &Syfzfa[mfpif*smb%ftm; 'pPuGefwkd*,fq,f&Syfzfu odrf;oGif;,l
vkdufjcif;ukd pawmha&mif;0,fr_. tusKd;pD;yGm;&J@tmabmfjzpfonfh z&ifhzGwfowif;pm}uD;wGif ,ckuJh
okd@ aumufcsufcsxm;onf?
“b%frsm;. pk+yKHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf acs;,l&&SdEkdifaom vkyfief;t0ef;t0kdif;ukd usOf;ajrmif;
vkdufvmaeaponf? tusKd;quftm;jzifh pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;onf b%ftpk tenf;i,fav;ay:
rSDckd&r_ ykdrkdwkd;rsm;vmaponf? pufr_vkyfief;ESifh b¾ma&;avmuwkd@t=um; eD;uyfpGm qufoG,fae
r_t&ajym&v#if b%f.t&if;tESD;ukd vkdtyfaom pufr_ukr`%Drsm;. vGwfvyfpGmv_yf&Sm;r_rSm uef@
owfcHxm;&onf? Tta=umif;a=umifhyif pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;onf b%frsm; x&yfpfzGJ@vmr_ ykdrkd
rsm;jym;vmjcif;ukd 0rf;enf;0rf;omjzifh apmifh=unfhaeonf? trSefyif òyifqkdifr_ukduef@owf&ef &nf
&G,faom b%fvkyfief;}uD; wckcsif;t=um; tcsKd@aomoabmwlnDr_rsm; pwif&&Sdvm=uonfukd
txyfxyfawG@cJh=u&onf?”···· ····

xyfjyefwvJvJqkdovkdyif b%fvkyfief; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. aemufqkH;pum;rSm vuf0g;}uD;

tkyfr_ jzpf onf?
b%frsm;ESifhpufr_vkyfief;wkd@. eD;uyfpGmqufoG,fr_ESifh ywfoufIajym&v#if b%frsm;.
tcef;opfukd Te,fy,fwGifyif awG@&jcif;jzpfonf? todomqkH; }uKHawG@&jcif;[k qkdEkdifrnfxif
onf? b%fwcku ukr`%Dvkyfief;wck. aiGay;aiG,ljcif;twGuf twkd;,lonf? aiGpm&if;&Sif zGifh
onf?-- qkd&mY b%f. tcef;onf ESdrfhcsaom =um;vlqkdonfxuf rykdacs? okd@aomf Tokd@ aqmif
·
&kdufqm/ a&S@ykdif;wGif ukd;um;cJhaom pmtkyf/ pwkwˆt}udrf xkwfa0jcif;/ pmrsufESm 629?
··
±_vfZf*Am;eZ… / txufygpmtkyf/ 1915/ pmrsufESEmS 151?
···
b%f*s*sme,f/ 1912/ trSwf - 1/ pmrsufESm 435?
····
±_vfZf*AmeZ…/ txufygpmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 155?

35
 &Gufr_awG rsm;vm+yD; usifhxkH;wckjzpfvm+yDqkdv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ b%f.vufxJwGif {&mrt
&if;tESD;ukd “pkaqmif;rd”+yD[kqkdv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ wckaom ukr`%Dvkyfief;twGuf pm&if;&Sif
zGifhay;jcif;onf b%ftm;('Dtwkdif;vnf; jzpfonf?) ol@azmufonf.pD;yGm;a&;taetxm;ukd
ykdrkdjynfhpkH/ ykdrkdtao;pdwfuspGm odvmaponfqkdv#ifaomfvnf;aumif; tajzrSm tqkdygpufr_ t&if;
&Siftaejzifh b%ftay:wGif vkH;0rSDckdvm&jcif;yif jzpfonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif b%frsm;ESifh t}uD;qkH;pufr_vkyfief;/ ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;=um;
(ajym=uygpkd@) yk*~Kdvfa&;t& aygif;pnf;r_rsm;vnf; xlaxmifrdvmcJh=uonf? &S,f,mrsm; 0,f,ljcif;
jzifh wckESifhwck aygif;pyfrdjcif;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;. tkyfcsKyfr_
bkwftzGJ@rsm; (okd@r[kwf 'g±kdufwmbkwftzGJ@rsm;) wGif b%f'g±kdufwmrsm;tm; cef@xm;jcif;/ okd@r
[kwf tjyeftvSef cef@xm;jcif;wkd@rSwqifhvnf; yk*~Kdvfa&;aygif;pnf;r_rsm; xlaxmifrdvm=uonf?
Tokd@aom t&if;tESD;ESifh vkyfief;ukdifief; pk+yKHr_o¿mefESifh ywfouf+yD; tao;pdwftusqkH;Z,m;
ukd *smrefabm*aA'ynm&Sif a*s',fvfu pkaqmif;jyKpkcJhonf? t}uD;qkH; bmvifb%f}uD; 6 ckwkd@.
'g±kdufwmrsm;onf ukr`%Daygif; (344) ckwGif ukd,fpm;jyK yg0ifae=uonf? bkwftzGJ@0ifrsm;onf
vnf; ukr`%Daygif;(407) ckwGif yg0ifae=uonf? pkpkaygif; ukr`%D (751) ckyif &Sdonf? Tukr`
%Drsm;teuf (289) ckwkd@. tkyfcsKyfr_bkwftzGJ@rsm;wGif b%frsm;. ukd,fpm;vnf ESpfOD;pD okd@r[kwf
OuUÏrsm;tjzpf yg0ifae=uonf? Tpufr_vkyfief;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;ukr`%Drsm;. trsKd;trnfrsm;rSm
vnf; axGjym;vSonf? tmrcHvkyfief;/ o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;/ pm;aomufqdkif/ Zmwf±kHrsm;/ tEkynm
pufr_vkyfief; pojzifh jzpfonf? wzuftaejzifhrl Tb%f}uD; 6 ck. tkyfcsKyf r_bkwftzGJ@rsm;rSm
(1910) ckESpfwGif t}uD;qkH;pufr_vkyfief;(51) ckrS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; yg&Sdaeonf? TtxJwGif c&ufrS
'g±kdufwm/ tm;}uD;vSaom “[ufyfz*f” ([rf;buf-tar&duefvkdif;) ponf ponfwkd@ yg0ifonf?
1895 ckESpfrS 1910 ckESpf umvtwGif; Tb%f 6 ckxJrS wckpDonf &maygif;rsm;pGmaom pufr_
ukr`%Drsm; (281ckrS 419 cktxd) T&S,f,mrsm;ESifh bGef;pmcsKyfvufrSwfrsm; ykdifqkdifr_wGif yg0if
ae=uonf?· b%f rsm;ESifh pufr_ vkyfief;wkd@=um;&Sd “yk*~Kdvfa&;aygif;pnf;r_” ukd ‚wkd@ESpfOD;pvkH;ESifh
tpkd;&wkd@. “yk*~Kdvfa&;aygif; pnf;r_” jzifh xyfjznfhcJhonf? “tkyfcsKyfr_bkwftzGJ@rsm;wGif bGJ@xl;&Sdaom
yk*~Kdvfrsm;tm; aygaygrsm;rsm;yif ae&may;cJh=uonf? vkyfief;vnfywf&ef trsm;}uD; pGrf;aqmifEkdif
aom tpkd;&tr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;ukdvnf; ay;cJhonf?” “tm%mykdifrsm;ESifh qufoG,fr_rsm;”ææ æ
“b%f}uD;rsm;. tkyfcsKyfr_bkwftzGJ@wGif ygvDreftrwfwOD; okd@r[kwf bmvifòr@awmf aumifpD0ifw
OD;OD; yg0ifaeavh&Sdonf” [k a*s',fvfu a&;xm;onf?
ajym=upkd@qkdv#if {&mrvuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. taqmufttkHrSm “obm0us
pGm”a&m/ “obm0vGef”enf;rsm;t&yg a&S@ukd t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGm csDwufvsuf&Sdonf? acwfopft
&if;&Sif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;ukd tkyfpkd;aom b¾mbk&if &mtcsKd@twGif;wGif tvkyfcGJa0r_qefqefrsKd;
pepfwus wnfaqmuf +yD;av+yD?
“tcsKd@aom {&mrpufr_vkyfief;&Sif}uD;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_e,fy,f us,fjyef@vmr_”(b%frsm;.
bkwftzGJ@rsm;ESifh qufpyfr_ ponf) “aemuf+yD; wdusaom pufr_a'orsm;wGif jynfe,fqkdif&m b%f
refae*smrsm;tm; cef@xm;jcif;ESifh wcsdefwnf;wGif b%f}uD;rsm;. 'g±kdufwmrsm;=um; txl;jyKjcif;
rsm; wkd;rsm;vmvsuf &Sdonf? a,bk,sajym&v#if Ttxl;jyKjcif;rsm;rSm b%fvkyfief;ukd us,fjyef@
aom qufoG,fr_rsm; &Sdaom tcgrSyif awG@&Sd&ayonf? TtvkyfcGJa0r_udk ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm; awG@&onf?
·
a*s',fvf/ a&S@ykdif;wGif ukd;um;cJhaom pmtkyf/ ±kdufqm/ a&S
a&S@ykdif;wGif ukd;um;cJhaom pmtkyf

36
wzufwGif pufr_vkyfief;ESifh qufoG,fr_rsm;ukd 'g±kdufwm wOD;OD;tm; ol.txl;wm0eftjzpf ay;
tyfxm;vkdufonf? wzufwGifrl 'g±kdufwmwOD;pDonf rwluGJjym;aomvkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;/okd@r[kwf
wlnDaompufr_vkyfief;cGJ okd@r[kwf tvm;wl tusKd;wlonfh vkyfief;ukdifief; tpkwckukd }uD;=uyf&ef
wm0ef,lonf?”æ æ æ(t&if;&Sifpepfonf vkyfief;udkifief;wckpDtm; pnf;±kH;r_&Sd&Sd }uD;=uyfaom
tqifhokd@ a&mufoGm;av+yD?) æ æ æ “ wOD;u *smrefpufr_vkyfief;/ wcgw&HwGif *smr%D taemuf
ykdif;. pufr_vkyfief;ukdom txl;jyKonf?” (taemufykdif;onf *smr%D.pufr_vkyfief; trsm;qkH;
tykdif; jzpfonf?) “tjcm;vlrsm;u jynfyEkdifiHrsm;ESifh jynfypufr_vkyfief;wkd@ESifh qufqHr_/ pufr_vkyf
ief;&Sifrsm;ESifh tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;rS vkyfief;&Sifrsm;. yk*~Kdvfa&;ta=umif;rsm;/ pawmha&mif;0,fa&;
jy\emrsm; ponfwkd@ukd txl;jyK=uonf? xkd@jyif b%f'g±kdufwm wOD;pDtm; oD;oef@a'owck
okd@r[kwf oD;oef@pufr_vkyfief;cGJwckwGif wm0efay;wwfonf? wOD;u v#yfppfukr`%Drsm;. tkyfcsKyf
r_tzGJ@wGif yg0ifonf? aemufwOD;u "mwkvkyfief;/ t&ufcsufjcif; okd@r[kwf rkHvmOo=um;pufrsm;
/wGif yg0ifonf? wwd,wOD;u oD;jcm;pufr_vkyfief;ukdifief; tenf;i,fwGif yg0ifonf? okd@aomf
wcsdefwnf;wGif tmrcHukr`%Drsm;. tkyfcsKyfa&;bkwftzGJ@rsm;wGifvnf; yg0ifvkyfukdifjyefonf? ææ
csKyf+yD;ajym&v#if b%f}uD;rsm;.vkyfief;awG twkdif;twm}uD;rm;+yD; trsKd;trnf axGjym;vmonf
ESifhtr# ‚wkd@. 'g±kdufwmrsm;twGif; tvkyfcGJa0r_onf ±kd;±kd;b%fvkyfief;xJrS jr‡ifhwif&ef/ ykdrkdu|rf;
usifolrsm; jzpfvmap&ef/ pufr_vkyfief;.taxGaxGjy\emrsm;ukd ykdrkdtuJjzwfwwfolrsm; jzpfvm
ap&ef[laom OD;wnfcsuf(&v'fvnf; jzpfonf) yl;wGJygvmawmhonf? okd@jzifh ‚wkd@tm; oufqkdif
&mb%f. pufr_vkyfief; =oZmt0ef; t0kdif;twGif; ykdrkdvkyfaqmifvmEkdifapawmhonf? TpepfwGif
pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;uJhokd@aom pufr_bufwGif u|rf;usifolrsm;/ t&m&Sda[mif;rsm;/ txl;ojzifh
,cifu rD;&xm;vkyfief; okd@r[kwf owˆKwGif;vkyfief;rS yk*~Kdvfrsm;ukd b%ftkyfcsKyfr_tzGJ@rsm;wGif a&G;
cs,fwifajr‡muf&ef }uKd;pm;jcif;udk xyfjznfhpGufcJhayonf?·
Tpepfukdyif jyifopfb%fvkyfief;Y tenf;i,fr# jcm;em;aomo¿mefjzifh awG@=u&onf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh t}uD;qkH; jyifopfb%f}uD;okH;ckteufrS wckjzpfaom ca&'DvD,GefEkdif;onf tif*sifeD
,m/ pm&if;tif; u|rf;usifolrsm;/ abm*aA'ynm&Sifrsm;/ a&S@aersm; pol ig;q,fausmfyg0ifaom
b¾ma&;okawoevkyfief;ukd xlaxmifxm;onf? TtwGuf ESpfpOf z&ef@ 6 odef;rS 7 odef; ukefus
onf? Tvkyfief;udk Xme(8) ck cGJxm;onf? wOD;u pufr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tcsuft
vufpkpnf;jcif;ukd txl;jyKjcif;/ aemufwOD;u taxGaxGpm&if;tif;/ wwd,wOD;u rD;&xm;ESifh o
abFmvkyfief;/ pwkwˆu tmrcHvkyfief;/ yOPru b¾ma&;tpD&ifcHpm pojzifh txl;jyKcJh=uonf?··
&v'frSm wzufwGif yl;aygif;r_rsm; }uD;xGm;oxuf }uD;xGm;vmjcif;/ okd@r[kwf tefif tkdif
blcg&if. tajymykdifvSaom pum;twkdif;qkdv#if b%ft&if;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;t&if;wkd@. aygif;pnf;
r_jzpf+yD; wzufwGif b%frsm;taejzifh wu,fh“urBmvkH;qkdif&mvuQ%m”aqmifaom taqmuf
ttkHrsm;tjzpf }uD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf? Tjy\emESifhywfouf+yD; Tta=umif;t&mukd t
aumif;qkH;avhvmxm;aom a*s ',fvfu tokH;jyKcJhonfh pum;vkH;twdtustm; ukd;um;&ef vkd
onf[k xifrdonf?
“pufr_vkyfief;rsm;.qufoG,fr_rsm;tm; pkpnf;aygif;csKyfxm;jcif;ukd avhvmvkdufv#if puf
·
a*s',fvf. a&S@ykdif;wGif ukd;um;cJhaom pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm - 157?
··
,l*sif; a[mhzfref;/ b%f*sme,fwGif ygaom jyifopfb%frsm;ta=umif;aqmif;yg;/ 1909 ck/ trSwf -2/ pmrsufESm
- 851?

37
r_vkyfief;twGuf vkyfukdifaeaom b¾ma&;taqmufttkHrsm;. urBmvkH;qkdif&mvuQ%m aqmif
r_ ay:xGufvmavonf? tjcm;b%frsm;ESifh rwljcm;em;pGmtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;/ b%frsm;taejzifh
pmapmifpmwrf;rsm;xJwGif wcgw&H azmfjyawmif;qdkxm;ouJhokd@ vufr+rJajc+rJatmifqkdovkd pD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;wckck okd@r[kwf pufr_vkyfief;cGJwckckwGif txl;jyK&ef[lonfh awmif;qkdcsufESifh qef@usif
pGmyif ‚b%f}uD;rsm;onf pufr_vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;ESifh tquftoG,fukd trsKd;trnf pkHoxufpkH
atmif vkH;yef;ae=uonf? TonfrSm a'ot&a&m vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;t&yg pkHatmif vkH;yef;jcif;
jzpf+yD; vkyfief;ukdifief;wckpD. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_orkdif;a=umifh jzpf&aom a'owckESifhwckt=um;/ puf
r_vkyfief;cGJ wckESifhwckt=um; t&if;tESD;jzef@cGJjcif; rnDr#r_ukd y,fazsmufypf&ef vkH;yef;aeayonf?”
“wdrf;nGwfr_wckrSm pufr_vkyfief;ESifhqufoG,fr_ukd a,bk,sw&m;jzpfatmif vkyfa&;jzpfonf?
aemufwdrf;nGwfr_wckrSm ,if;qufoG,fr_wkd@ukd cHEkdif&nf&SdatmifESifh ykdrkdeD;uyfatmif vkyfa&;jzpf
onf? b%f}uD; ajcmufckpvkH;wGif Twdrf;nGwfr_ESpfckpvkH;ukd taumiftxnfazmfcJhay+yD? tjynfh
t0 r[kwfao;? okd@aomf tawmfus,fjyef@aom/ xda&mufaom twkdid;twmtxd taumift
xnf azmf+yD;avjyD?”
r=umc%qkdovkdyif pufr_ESifhukefoG,fa&; tokdif;t0kdif;wkd@u b%frsm;.“t=urf;zufr_”
ta=umif; jypfwifwkdif=um;=uonf? ,if;okd@ jypfwifwkdif=um;onfrSmvnf; qef;awmhrqef;vSacs?
ta=umif;rSm atmufwGifazmfjyrnfh OyrmrSm awG@&ouJhokd@yif b%f}uD;rsm;onf “trdef@ay;” =u
avonf? 1901 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv 19 &ufae@wkef;u bmvifrS“'D”b%frsm; pm&if;0ifaom
(t}uD;qkH; b%f}uD; 4 ckwkd@. trnfpmvkH;aygif;rSm 'Djzifhponf) b%f}uD;rsm;xJrS wcku *smref
tv,fykdif;ESifh taemufajrmuf bdvyfajrqif'Dudwfokd@ atmufygtokH;tE_ef;rsm;jzifh pma&;cJhonf?
“,ckv 18 &ufae@xkwf wckaomowif;pmwGif azmfjycJhonfh oifwkd@. Ekd@wpfpmt&qkdv#if ,ckv
30 &ufae@wGif usif;yrnfh oifwkd@qif'Dudwf. taxGaxGnDvmcHrS qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf u|Ekfyfwkd@
vufrcHEkdifaom oifwkd@bufrS wm0ef,lr_rsm; jzpfvmEkdifonf-qkdonfhtcsufukd u|Ekfyfwdk@ owdjyK&
ayrnf? Tta=umif;rsm;a=umifhyif u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh oifwkd@tm; cGifhjyKxm;aom acs;aiGrsm;tm;
0rf;enf;pGmjzifh ±kyfodrf;&ayawmhrnf? ææ okd@aomf vmrnhftaxGaxGnDvmcHonf u|Ekfyfwkd@ vuf
rcHEkdifaomtcsufrsm;ukd rqkH;jzwfbl;qkdygu aemuf+yD; TudpPESifhywfouf+yD; aemifwGif oifhawmf
aom tmrcHcsufrsm; &&Sdrnffqkdygu aºu;opfxkwfacs;ay;a&;twGuf n‡dE_dif;vkdaomqENrsm; u|Ekfyf
wkd@wGif &Sdayonf?” ·
wu,fawmh TonfrSm t&if;tESD;}uD;olu t&if;tESD;ao;i,folukd zdESdyfygonf [l
aom jypfwifwkdif=um;r_a[mif;rsKd;yif jzpfonf? okd@aomf TudpPwGif “ao;i,f” aom t&if;tESD;
pm&if;0ifoGm;onffrSm qif'DudwfwckvkH; jzpfaeacsawmhonf? t&if;tESD;}uD;olESifh t&if;tESD;ao;
i,folwkd@.t=um;rS wkdufyGJa[mif;rSm E_dif;pmIr&atmifjrifhaom jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_tqifhopfwGif
qufvufjzpfay:aeavonf? ukaËaygif;rsm;pGmwefaom b%fvkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;u twdwfu
ESifh E_dif;pmIr&aomenf;rsm;jzifh enf;ynmwkd;wufr_ukd t&Sdefjr‡ifhEkdifjcif;rSm usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfvS
ayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh b%frsm;onf enf;ynmokawoe txl;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; zGJ@xm;=uonf?
"rRwmbJ/ Tvkyfief;rS“&if;ESD;aom”pufr_vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;om tusKd;cHpm;=u&onf? TtrsKd;
tpm;xJwGif v#yfppfrD;&xm;okawoetoif;/ odyH̀ESifh enf; ynm okawoeA[kdAsL±kd ponfwkd@
yg0ifonf?
·
a'gufwm atmfpumpwD;vpf/ æ æ æ ESifh b%f
b%fvkyfief;/ bmvif/ 1907/ pmrsufESm 148?

38
 b%f}uD;rsm;. 'g±kdufwmrsm;ukd,fwkdifvnf; trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;twGuf tajctaeopf
rsm; zefwD;+yDjzpfa=umif; rodbJrae=uacs? okd@aomf olwkd@onf Tta=umif;jcif;&m. a&S@arSmuf
wGif tpGrf;rJhae=uonf?
a*s',fvfu“+yD;cJhonfh ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; b%f}uD;rsm;. 'g±kdufwmESihf tkyfcsKyfr_bkwf
tzGJ@wkd@. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm; ajymif;vJr_ukd jrifawG@cJh&olwOD;taejzifh pufr_vkyfief;. taxGaxG
jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_wGif b%f}uD;rsm;. wufºuaompGufzufr_rSm vkdvnf;vkdtyf/ ykdIvnf; ta&;ygvm
aeonf[k ,lqolrsm;.vufokd@ tm%m wpwp v$Jajymif;oGm;a=umif; owdrjyKbJr&ay? Tt
a=umif;t&mESifhywfouf+yD; vlopfrsm;ESifh b%f'g±kdufwma[mif;rsm;t=um;wGif vkyfief;qefaom/
wcgw&H yk*~Kdvfa&;qefaom oabmuGJvGJr_rsm; ay:aygufvsuf&Sdonf? uGJvGJ=uonfrSm pufr_vkyf
ief;wGif Tokd@0ifa&mufpGufzufr_a=umifh aiGacs;ay;aom taqmufttkHrsm;jzpfonfh b%frsm;t
aejzifh xdckdufr_ &Sdr&Sd/ aiGacs;ay;&mwGif =um;vltcef;u¾ qkdonfESifh bmr#rqkdifaom vkyfief;wGif
yg0ifjcif;tjyif b%frsm;ukd ukefoG,fa&;twuftus. rjrif&aomtiftm;rsm;. a&S@arSmufokd@
ykd@v$wfjcif;jzifh prf;oyfcH+yD;om;rlrsm;ESifh tmrcHcsuf&Sdaom tjrwftpGef;rsm;ukd pGef@v$wfjcif; [kwf r
[kwf qkdonfyif jzpfonf? TonfrSm touft&G,f}uD;&ifhaom b%f'g±kdufwm}uD;rsm;.tjrif
jzpfonf? vli,frsm;url wufºupGmpGufzufr_onf acwfopft}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;ESifh wòyifeuf
wnf;wGif b%f}uD;rsm;ESifh acwfopfpufr_b%fvkyfief;wkd@ukd jzpfay:apouJhokd@yif }uD;us,faom
rjzpfraevkdtyfr_[lI oabmxm;=uonf? ‚wkd@ESpfzufonf tcsufwcsufwGifom oabmwl
nDr_ &&Sd=uonf? b%f}uD;rsm;. aqmif&Gufr_topfrsm;wGif ckdifrmaom rlvnf;r&Sd/ wdusaom
&nf&G,fcsufvnf;r&Sd qkdonfhtcsufyif jzpfonf?”·
t&if;&Sifpepfa[mif;onf ol@acwfaumif;ESifhol &SdcJhonf? t&if;&Sifpepfopfonf wckpDokd@
ajymif;vJr_tm; ukd,fpm;jyKaeonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ESifh vGwfvyfpGmòyifqkdifr_wkd@tm; “aphpyfay;”
&ef [laom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh “ckdifrmaomrlrsm;ESifh wdusaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;” ukd &SmazGaejcif;rSm
trSefyif ar#mfvifhcsuf uif;rJhayonf? vufawG@usolrsm;.0efcHr_rSm “pnf;±kH;r_&Sdaom t&if;&Sif
pepf. a&S@aersm;jzpfaom ±_vfZf*Am;eZ…/ vkdufzfref;ESifh tvm;wl” “oabmw&m;a&;q&mrsm;”
. Tpepf&J@tvStyrsm;tm; w&m;0ifaxmrem jyKr_rsm;ESifh tykH}uD; jcm;em;vSayonf?
b%f}uD;rsm;. “aqmif&Gufr_topfrsm;”rSm rnfonfhumvwGif aemufqkH;tom; usoGm;
oenf;? Tta&;ygaomar;cGef;ESifh ywfouf+yD; a*s',fvfu tawmfav;wdusonfh tajzw&yfukd
ay;cJhonf? “tESpfom&topf/ o¿meftopfESifh tpdwftykdif;topfrsm;/ qkdvkdonfrSm pkpnf;csKyf
ukdifr_ &Sdjcif;ESifhr&Sdjcif; tajccHay:wGif zGJ@pnf;xm;aom pufr_vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;rsm;ESifh b%frsm;t
=um; qufoG,fr_rSm 90 pkESpfrsm; rwkdifrDuqkdv#if &Sm;yg;vSaom abm*aA'ed,mrwck jzpfonf?
tjcm;t"dy`m,ft& ajym&v#if ta&;}uD;aom “yl;aygif;r_rsm;” ay:aygufonfhtcsdef/ b%frsm;.
pufr_vkyfief;ay:vpDESifh avsmfnDatmif pkpnf;csKyfudkifr_rJhaom pnf;±kH;r_o¿mefopfukd pwifazmf
xkwfaom tcsdefjzpfonfh TtpjyKonfhae@pGJukd trSefyif 1897 ckokd@ xm;ay;&ayrnf? T
tpjyKcsufukd onfhxufaemufusaom&ufpGJokd@ ajymif;ay;v#ifyif &aumif;&ayvdrfhrnf? ta=umif;
rSm pufr_vkyfief;ESifh b%fvkyfief;wkd@.pk+yKHr_jzpfpOfukd tvGeftifrwef vsifjrefonf;oefapjcif;/
,if;jzpfpOfukd awmifhwif;apjcif;/ pufr_vkyfief;ESifh qufoG,fr_ukd yxrqkH;t}udrftjzpf b%f}uD;
·
a*s',fvf. a&S@ykdif;wGif ukd;um;cJhaom pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 183-
183- 84?

39
rsm;. wu,fhvuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_tjzpf yxrqkH;t}udrf ajymif;vJypfjcif;/ TqufoG,fr_ukd ykdrkdeD;uyf/
ykdrkdtoufygapjcif;wkd@rSm 1900 ckESpf pD;yGm;ysufuyfa=umifh jzpfjcif;a=umifhyif?” ·
okd@jzifh ESpfq,f&mpkESpfonf t&if;&Sifpepfa[mif;rS topfokd@/ a,bk,st&if;. pkd;rkd;r_rS
b¾mt&if;. pkd;rkd;r_qDokd@ ajymif;vJjcif;ukd ur`nf;xkd;tyfayonf?

·
txufygpmtkyf pmrsufESm 181?

40
 3? b¾mt&if;ESifh b¾ma&;ouf
b¾ma&;oufOD;qHykdifpepf
[Dzm'if;u rSefrSefwkd;rsm;vmaeaom (pufr_vkyfief;&Sd t&if;tESD;tcsdK;tpm;) onf t&if;
pkdufxm;aom pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;ykdifqkdifaom t&if;r[kwfawmhacs? ‚wkd@taejzifh tqkdygt&if;
ukd b%frsm;rSwqifhom toHk;jyKEkdifawmhonf? pufr_vkyfief;&Sifrsm;eSifh E_dif;pmv#if b%frsm;onf
tqkdyg t&if; tESD;rsm;ukd ykdifqkdif&mrSm ykdI ukd,fpm;jyKaeonf? wzufwGifrl b%frsm;rSmvnf;
pufr_vkyfief;. t&iftESD;wGif &S,f,mawG ykdIykdIjr‡KyfESH&ef zdtm;ay;cHae&onf? okd@jzifh b%fvkyf
ief;&Sifonf pufr_t&if;&Siftjzpfokd@ wkd;Iwkd;I ajymif;vJjcif;cHae&onf? ,ckuJhokd@ pufr_t&if;
tjzpfokd@ wu,fyif ajymif;vJjcif;cH&aom b%ft&if;/ qkdvkdwmu aiGo¿mefjzifh t&if;tESD;ukd
u|Ekfyftaejzifh ‘b¾mt&if;’[k ac:onf? “b¾mt&if;qkdonfrSm b%frsm;u csKyfukdif+yD; pufr_
vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u toHk;csaom t&if;tESD;yifjzpfonf”·[k a&;om;cJhonf?
TteufzGifhqkdcsufonf tifrwefta&;}uD;aom tcsufwcsufESifhywfoufI E_wfydwf+yD;
aeoa&G@ rjynfhpHkbJ &Sdayrnf? xkwfvkyfr_ESifh t&if;tESD;wkd@.pk+yHKr_ wkd;rsm;vmr_onf pk+yHKr_rS vuf0g;
}uD;tkyfr_okd@ o,faqmifoGm;onfh/ a&muf&SdapcJhonfh twkdif;twmtxdyif jzpfonfqkdaom t
csufyif? okd@aomf ol@usrf;wapmifvHk;wGif txl;ojzifh TzGifhqkdcsufukd xkwfEkwf,lxm;aom tcef;
.a&S@&Sd tcef;ESpfcef;wGif [Dvfzm'if;onf vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifrsm;yg0ifonfhu¾ukd tav;
xm; azmfjyxm;onf?
xkwfvkyfr_pk+yHKjcif;? ,if;rSaeI vuf0g;}uD;tkyfrsm; ay:xGufjcif;/ b%frsm;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;
rsm; aygif;pnf;r_ ay:aygufvmjcif;? Tonf b¾mt&if;ay:aygufvmr_orkdif;ESifh Ta0g[m&.
twGif;oabmyif jzpfavonf?
taxGaxGxkwfvkyfr_ESifh yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_wkd@. a,bk,stajctaeatmufwGif vuf0g;}uD;
tkyft&if;&Sifrsm;. “pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;”rnfokd@rnfyHkjzifh b¾moufOD;qHykdifpepf. pkd;rkd;jcif;cH&yHk
ukd ,ck &Sif;jy&ayawmhrnf? ±kdufqm/ ±_vfZf*AmeZ…/ vkdufzfref;ESifh tjcm;aomyk*~dKvfrsm;uJhokd@ *smref
(*smrefvlrsdK;wifruyg) "e&SifodyH̀ynmukd ukd,fpm;jyKoltm;vHk;onf e,fcsJ@pepfESifh b¾mt&if;
wkd@. a&S@aersm; jzpfonf qdkjcif;ukd owdjyKoifhonf? oufOD;qHykdifpepf ay:aygufvmonfh “ruUif;
epfw&m;”/ ‚.enf;em “tjypfrJhaom/ tjypf&Sdaom” tcGefyÀmrsm;.yrm%/ ygvDrefrsm;ESifh ‚
wdk@.qufoG,fr_rsm; ponfponfwkd@ukd azmfxkwf&rnfhtpm; ,if;wkd@ukd r_ef0g;atmifvkyf/ tvS
jc,fay;=uonf? olwkd@onf T“tjyif;txef jiif;cHkae=uaom jy\emrsm;ukd }uD;us,f+yD; a00g;
onfh pum;vHk;rsm;oHk;um b%f'g±kdfufwmrsm;tm; “wm0ef,lr_”&Sd&ef arwWm&yfcH=uonf? xdkokd@
jyKvkyf&mwGif y&yf&Sm;t&m&Sdrsm;. “0wW&m;pdwf"mwf”ukd csD;usL;jcif;/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;rsm;
tm;“}uD;=uyf&ef”ESifh“yHkrSefvnfywfap&ef”twGuf tifrwefa=umifaom ygvDrefOya'rsm;. EkyfvS
aom tao;pdwfrsm;ukd tav;teufxm; avhvmjcif;ESifh atmufwGifOyrmay;xm;onfh ygarmuQ
vkdufzfref;. “odyH̀enf;us”teufzGifhqkdcsufuJhokd@aom oabmw&m;rsm;ESifh a=umifa&csdK;jcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfae=uayonf? “ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qkdonfrSm ukefypPnf;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;/ okdavSmifjcif;
ESifh 0,f,lEkdif&ef pDpOfjcif;jzpfonf?” ·· (ygarmuQ}uD; rsOf;om;xm;jcif; jzpfonf?)
æ TonfrSaeI ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qkdonfrSm zvS,fr_ta=umif; bmrSrodonfh a&S;OD;vl
om;wkd@ vufxufuwnf;u &SdcJh+yD; qkd&S,fvpfpepfwGifvnf; &Sdaevdrfhrnf[k jzpfvmayvdrfhwum;?
·
tm&f/ [Dvfzm'if;/ b¾mt&if; ? armfpukd/ 1912 ck/ pmrsufESm 338 - 39?
39?
··
tm&f/ vkdufzfref;/ txufwGifukd;um;cJhaompmtkyf? pmrsufESm 476

41
 odk@aomf Tb¾moufOD;qHykdif;pepf. a=umufrufzG,ftkyfpkd;r_ESifhywfoufaom a=umuf
rufzG,f tcsuftvufrsm;rSm tar&duef/ jyifopfESifh *smr%D- t&if;&SifEkdifiHtm;vHk;wGif tvGefyif
xif&Sm;ay:vGifaeay&m a&;om;csufw+yHKwacgif;}uD; ay:xGufvmawmhonf? ,if;wkd@ukd "e&Sif t
jrifjzifh a&;om;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; rnfokd@yifjzpfyap ToufOD;qHykdifpepftm; tawmfav; rSefuef
aom ±kyfyHkum;csyfESifh a0zefr_ (obm0uspGmyJ "e&Sifaygufp a0zefr_) rsm;jzifh jc,fr_ef;jyxm;onf?
txufwGif tusOf;csKyf n¸ef;qdkcJh+yDjzpfaom “OD;ykdifpepf”tm; tkwfjrpftjzpf xm;&ayrnf?
TudpPtay: tm±Hkpkdufvmatmif yxrqHk;v_H@aqmfcJholjzpf[ef&Sdol a[;ref;u tESpfom&
ukd Tokd@ a&;jyxm;onf?
“uGefpef;. xdyfykdif;u t"duukr`%D}uD;ukd csKyfukdifonf?”(twdtusajym&v#if “rdcifuk
r`%D” jzpfonf?) “,if;ukr`%D}uD;u vufatmufcHukr`%Dtay: tkyfpkd;onf?” (“orD;ukr`%Drsm;”
tay:jzpf)? “olwkd@uwzef tjcm;vufatmufcHrsm;ponfwkd@ukd csKyfukdifjyefonf? (“ajr;ukr`%D
rsm;”)? “Tenf;jzifh E_dif;pmjcif;tm;jzifh ao;i,faomt&if;tESD;jzifh us,fjyef@aom xkwfvkyfr_e,f
y,frsm;ukd v$rf;rkd;Ekdifayonf? ukr`%Dwcktm; csKyfukdif&ef t&if;. 50 &mckdifE_ef;ukd ykdifqkdifv#if
vHkavmuf+yD[kqkdygu uGefpef;acgif;aqmiftaejzifh 'kwd,vufatmufcHukr`%Drsm;. aiG&Spfoef;ukd
csKyfukdif&ef aiGwoef;r#om vkdayvdrfhrnf? tu,fI T‘csdwfpufr_’ukd wkd;csJ@vkdufrnfqkdv#if aiGw
oef;taejzifh wq,fhajcmufoef;/ oHk;q,fhESpf oef;pojzifh csKyfudkifEkdifayvdrfhrnf?” ·
wu,fhwu,fwGifrl ukr`%Dwck.ta&;udpPrsm;ukd n¸ef=um;&ef ,if;ukr`%D. &S,f,mrsm;
xJrS 40 µ ykdifqkdifv#ifyif vHkavmufa=umif; tawG@t}uHKu jyoaeayonf?·· ta=umif;rSm vuf
awG@wGif ao;i,f+yD; usJuGJaeaom &S,f,mykdif&Sifrsm;taejzifh taxGaxGnDvmcH paomudpPrsdK;ukd
rwwfEkdifaoma=umifh jzpfonf? "e&SifqkdzD0g'Drsm;ESifh tacsmifqefonfh “qdk&S,f'Drkdu&uf” qdkol
rsm;onf &S,f,mykdifqkdifr_ukd “'Drkdua&pDqefapjcif;”rSm “t&if;tESD;wGif 'Drkdua&pDqef apjcif;”jzpf
onf? tao;pm; xkwfvkyfr_vkyfief;. tcef;u¾ESifhxl;jcm;r_ukd tm;aumif;apjcif;jzpfonf p
ojzifh ar#mfvifh=u (okd@r[kwf ar#mfvifhonf[k qkd=u.)onf wu,fawmh TonfrSm b¾m
oufOD;qHykdifpepftm; ykdrkdtm;aumif;aponfh enf;wenf;omjzpfonf? wkdufqkdifpGmyif ykda&S@wef;
a&mufaom okd@r[kwf ykdtouff}uD;+yD; ykd“tawG@t}uHK&Sdaom t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;wGif wefzdk;enf;
onfh&S,f,mrsm; owfrSwfa&mif;csjcif;ukd Oya'u cGifhjyKxm;onfrSm Tta=umif;a=umifhjzpfonf?
*smr%DEkdifiHwGif rwfaiG waxmifxufenf;aom &S,f,mrsm; owfrSwfa&mif;csjcif;ukd Oya'u cGifh
rjyKacs? xdk@a=umifh *smr%D b¾ma&;xdyfoD;}uD;rsm;onf waygifwef (rwf 20/ ±lb,f 10 cef@ESifh
nDr#onf) &S,f,mrsm;ukd cGifhjyKxm;onfh t*FvefEkdifiHukd tm;usvsuf&Sd=uonf? *smr%DEkdifiHrS
t}uD;qHk;pufr_vkyfief;&Sif}uD;wOD;ESifh “b¾mbk&if}uD;”wyg;jzpfaom pDref;pfu 1900 ckESpf/ ZGefv
7 &ufae@Y ±kdufcsfpwufv$wfawmfwGif “waygifwef &S,f,m[m +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@pepf&J@ tajccHjzpf
w,f”··· [k ajymcJhonf? ±k±Sm;EkdifiH.rmhufpf0g'tm; xlaxmifolwOD;[k ,lqcH&olvnf;jzpf/
e,fcsJ@pepfqkdonfrSm EkdifiHtcsdK@.tusifhqkd;omjzpfonfæ[k ,Hk=unfolvnf;jzpfaom pm;p&mr&Sd
onfh pma&;olwOD;xufyif e,fcsJ@pepfESifh ywfoufaom Tukefonf. em;vnfr_rSm ykdIeuf±_dif;+yD;
ykdI “rmhufpf0g'” qefayonf?
·
zvkdif;rif; (Hans Gideon Fleymann)*smr%DoHxnf pufr_vkyfief;}uD;rsm;&Sd yl;aygif;puf±kHrsm;/
[ef;pf'D,Gefzvk
pwl;*wf 1904 ck/ pmrsufESm 268- 268- 69?
··
vkdufzfref;/ OD;ykdifukr`%Drsm;ponfh ? yxrt}udrfyHkESdyfjcif;/ pmrsufESm 258?
···
±_vfZf *Am;
*Am;eZ…/ txufwGif ukd;um;cJhaompmtk
ompmtkyf? twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm 110?

42
 okd@aomf “OD;ykdifpepf”onf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;}uD;rsm;. tcGifhtm%mukd wkd;yGm;ap&ef
tvGeftrif; aus;Z;ljyK±Hkomruay? ‚onf vlxktm;vSnfhpm;&eftwGuf ckd;a=umifckd;0SufEkdif+yD;
npfywfonfh enf;emrsm;ukd twm;tqD;r&Sd vkyfukdifEkdifaponf? ta=umif;rSm “rdcifukr`%Drsm;”.
'g±kdufwmrsm;taejzifh “vGwfvyfonf”[k ,lq&aom “orD;ukr`%Drsm;”twGuf w&m;Oya't&
wm0efr&Sday? ‚wkd@taejzifh T=um;cHrSwqifh bmukdrqkd “qGJxkwf”oGm;Ekdif=uayonf? atmuf
ygOyrmrSm 1914 ckESpf/ arvxkwf b%f*sme,fxJrS jzpfonf?
“vGefcJhonfhESpftenf;i,fwkef;u umq,fvf&Sd aEGOD;oHr%dukr`%Dukd *smr%DEkdifiH&Sd tjrwf
t&qHk; ukr`%Dwck[k oabmxm;cJh=uonf? pDpOftkyfcsKyfr_ nHhzsif;jcif;a=umifh tjrwfcGJa0r_&mE_ef;rSm
15 rS oknokd@ usoGm;cJhonf? bkwftzGJ@0ifrsm;taejzifh &S,f,mykdif&Sifrsm;ESifh rwkdifyifbJ t&if;tESD;
owfrSwfcsuf rwfaiGodef;tcsdK@om&Sdaom [mpD,mvDrdwufqkdonfh“orD;ukr`%Dwcktm; rwf
ajcmufoef; acs;ay;vkdufonf? rdcifukr`%D. t&if;&J@oHk;qeD;yg;&Sdaom TaiGv$Jajymif;r_ukd aiGpm
&if;rsm;xJwGif razmfjycJhacs? Tokd@csefvSyfxm;jcif;rSm w&m;0ifonf? ,if;onf ukr`%D. rnfonfh
Oya'ukdr# azmufzsufjcif;r&Sdojzifh 2 ESpfwdwd zHk;tkyfxm;Ivnf; &ayonf? rrSefuefaom aiGpm
&if;&Sif;wrf;rsm;tm; wm0efcHwOD;taejzifh vufrSwfxkd;cJholrSm }uD;=uyfr_bkwftzGJ@. OuUÏjzpf+yD;
umqvfukefoG,fa&;toif;. OuUÏjzpfcJhol/ qufjzpfaeolyif jzpfonf? okd@jzifh tcsdeft=um}uD;ae
vdk@ rSm;+yDjzpfa=umif; (pma&;olonf Tpum;vHk;rsm;ukd rsufawmiftzGifhtydwf xnfhay;cJhoifh.)
ay:xGufvm+yD; ta=umif;odolrsm;u &S,f,mrsm;ukd a&mif;xkwfypfojzifh TaEGOD;oHr%dukr`%D.
&S,f,mrsm;. wefzkd;rSm 100 &mckdifE_ef;eD;yg; usqif;cJh&onf? &S,f,mykdif&Sifrsm;taejzifh [mpD,m
vDrdwufokd@ aiGacs;ay;onfh TudpPukd xkdpOfusrS od&avonf æ æ ? ”
yl;wGJpawmhukr`%Drsm;wGif tifrwefawG@&avh&Sdonfh TpHusaom pm&if;&Sif;wrf;rsuf
vSnfhjyr_onf 'g±kdufwmbkwftzGJ@taejzifh tb,fa=umifh wOD;csif;pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;xuf ykd+yD;
t±_H;tjrwf ra&&maom ta&mif;t0,frsm;ukd pdwfvufayghyg;pGmjzifh vkyfukdifvkd=ua=umif;ukd &Sif;
jyaeayonf? acwf opfaiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf; a&;qGJenf;rsm;onf omref&S,f,mykdif&Sifrsm; rodatmif
oHo,jzpfzG,f aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd zHk;uG,fxm;Ekdif±Hkru wm0eft&SdqHk;yk*~dKvfrsm;tm; ratmifjrif
aom a&mif;0,fr_rsm;rS vGwfatmifvnf; aqmif=uOf;ay;ayonf? ‚wkd@taejzifh ‚wdk@. &S,f
,mrsm;ukd tcsdefrD a&mif;xkwfEkdif+yD; wOD;csif;pD;yGm;a&;orm;rSmrl ajcvSrf;wkdif;wGif tE©&m,f&Sdae
ayonf? æ æ
“yl;wGJpawmhukr`%D tajrmuftjrm;. aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;rsm;onf u|Efkyfwkd@tm; tv,f
acwfu om;a&oifykef;rsm;ukd owd&aponf? xkdoifykef;rsm;tm; zwf&mwGif pmwrf;. wu,fh
t"dy`m,fukd azmfjyonfhpmrsm; ay:vm&ef jrifae&aompmom;rsm;ukd t&ifzsufypf&avonf (om;
a&oifykef;qdkonfrSm rl&if;pmom;ukd arS;r_efap+yD; tjcm;pmom;rsm; xyfa&;xm;onfh om;a&csyf
pmwrf;rsm;jzpfonff?)
“xkd@a=umifh aiGpm&if;&Sifwrf;rsm;tm; t"dy`m,fazmfr&&ef tvG,fulqHk;ESifh toHk;rsm;qHk;
aomenf;rSm vkyfief;wckukd ‘orD;ukr`%Drsm;’wnfaxmifjcif;uJhokd@ wpdwfwykdif;pD cGJypfvkdufjcif;
okd@r[kwf ,if;okd@aom ukr`%Drsm;ukd wGJzuf,lvkdufjcif;yifjzpfonf? w&m;0ifjzpfap/ w&m;r0if
jzpfap &nf&G,fcsuftrsdK;rsdK;twGuf Tpepf.omvGefcsufrsm;rSm xif&Sm;vSojzifh Tpepfukd toHk;
rjyKaom ukr`%DqkdonfrSm ¹cif;csufyif jzpfaeonf?”·
·
t,fvf/ tufpf0ufcsuf (L.Eschwege)/ b%f*sme,f? 1914 ck/ trSwf 1/ ESm 545 wGif ygonfh
vufatmufcHukr`%D rsm; aqmif;yg;?

43
 pma&;olu emrnfausmf *sDtD;pDac: taxGaxGv#yfppfukr`%D}uD; (aemifwGif ol@tm; xyfrH
ukd;um;ygOD;rnf) tm; Tpepfukd tus,ftjyef@toHk;jyKonfh {&mrvuf0g;}uD;tkyfukr`%D}uD; wck
tjzpf Oyrm ay;cJhonf? 1912 ckESpfwGif Tukr`%Donf tjcm;aom ukr`%Daygif; 175 ckrS 200 wGif
&S,f,mrsm; 0ifxm;onf[k wGufcsufod&onf? trSefyif ,if;ukr`%Drsm;wGif pkd;rkd;onfh taet
xm;Y&Sd+yD; t&if; pkpkaygif; rwf 1˜500˜000˜000 ukd csKyfukdifxm;ayonf? ·
&nf&G,fcsufaumif;rGefaom ygarmuQrsm;ESifh t&m&Sdrsm; (t&if;&Sifpepftm;umuG,f&efESifh
tr$ef;wif&efwnf;[laom &nf&G,fcsufaumif;rsm; tjynfh&Sdolrsm;) u jynfolvlxktm; av&Snf
}uD;jzifh ajym=um;avh&Sdonfh aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf; xkwfjyefjcif;/ owfrSwfxm;aomyHkpHwckESifhtnD aiG
pm&if;&Sif;wrf;rsm; a&;qGJjcif;/ vlod&Sif=um; pm&if;ppfjcif;ponfh csKyfukdifr_Oya'rsm;rSmvnf; bmr#
jzpfrvmay? ta=umif;rSm yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_qkdonfrSm txGwftjrwfypPnf;r[kwfygvm;? aemuf+yD;
rnfol@r#ukdvnf; r0,f&/ ra&mif;&/ rvJvS,f&/ raygifESH&[k rwm;jrpfxm;bl;av?
±k&Sm;b%f}uD;rsm;wGif “OD;ykdifpepf” rnfr#txd xGef;um;aea=umif;ukd tD;/ t*gh'f
(E.Agalid) xkwfazmfaom udef;*%ef;rsm;jzifh qHk;jzwfEkdifonf? olonf ±k&Sm; - w±kwf b%fwGif
t&m&Sdtjzpf 15 ESpfvkyfcJh+yD; 1914 arvwGif emrnfay;r_ odyfrrSefuefaom b%f}uD;rsm;ESifh urBmh
aps;uGuf qkdaompmtkyfukd xkwfcJhonf? pma&;olonf ±k&Sm;b%f}uD;rsm;tm; t"du ESpfrsdK;cGJjcm;
vkdufonf? (u) “OD;ykdifpepf” xm;aomb%frsm; (c) “vGwfvyf”onfh b%frsm;/ “vGwfvyfonf”
qkdjcif;rSm jynfyb%frsm;rS vGwfvyfjcif;[k tvG,fwul t"dy`m,fzGifhxm;jcif;jzpfonf? pma&;olu
yxrtpktm; tpkcGJ 3 ck cGJvkdufonf? (1) *smrefOD;ykdif;rsm; (2) +Adwdo#OD;ykdifrsm;ESifh (3) jyifopfOD;ykdif
rsm;? wkdif;jynfemrnfazmfjyxm;aom jynfyb%f}uD;rsm;. “OD;ykdif”r_ESifh pkd;rkd;r_qkdaom tjrifjzifh cGJ
xm;jcif;jzpfonf? pma&;olu b%frsm;. t&if;tESD;ukd “xkwfvkyf&ef” jr‡KyfESHxm;onfh t&if;tESD;
(pufr_ESifhukefoG,fa&;vkyfief;rsm;)ESifh “t±_H; tjrwfpGef@pm;&ef”jr‡KyfESHxm;onfh t&if;tESD;[lI cGJjcm;
xm;onf? TonfrSm t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif yxr&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_yHkpHESifh 'kwd, &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_yHkpHukd
cGJjcm;Ekdifonf? 'kwd,yHkpHukd zsufodrf;ypfEkdifonf [laom ol. "e&Sifaygufp jyKjyifa&;tjrifjzifh a&;
om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
olay;aom udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm wzufygZ,m;twkdif;jzpfonf? (pmrsufESm 42 &SdZ,m;)
Tudef;*%ef;rsm;t&qkdv#if b%f}uD;rsm;. t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh ±lb,foef; 4,000 cef@&Sd
aom “tvkyfvkyfaeonfh” t&if;tESD;teuf 4 yHk 3 yHkausmf onfh ±lb,foef; 3,000 ausmfonf
wu,fhwu,fwGif jynfyb%frsm;/ t"dutm;jzifh yJ&pfb%frsm; (emrnfausmf ,leD,Gefyg&DpD,ef;/
yg&D atykdif;-bm;ESifhqkdpDa,;aw;a,ae&m;vf)wkd@jzpfonf? bmvifb%frsm; (txl;ojzifh 'GdKufcsf
b%fESifh 'pPuGefwkd *,fq,f&Syfzf). “orD;ukr`%D”rsm;om jzpfonf? t}uD;qHk; ±k&Sm;b%f}uD; ESpfck
jzpfonfh ±k&Sm;b%f (jynfyukefoG,fa&; ±k&Sm;b%f)ESifh EkdifiHwumb%f (pdef@yDwmpbwf - EkdifiH
wum ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%f) wkd@onf 1906 ckESpf 1912 ckESpft=um;wGif “*smreft&if;tESD;
4 yHk 3 yHkukd toHk;jyK+yD;” ‚wdk@.t&if;tESD;ukd ±lb,f 44,000,000 rS 98,000,000 okd@vnf;
aumif;/ t&efaiGukd 15,000,000 rS 39,000,000 okd@vnf;aumif; wkd;jr‡ifhay;cJh=uonf? ,if;wkd@
ESpfOD;teuf yxrb%fonf bmvif'GdKufcsfb%f“uGefpef;”xJwGif tusKH;0if+yD; 'kwd,b%frSm bm
vif 'pPuGefwkd *,fq,f&SyfzfxJwGif tusHK;0ifonf? av;pm;tyfaom t*gh'fonf &S,f,m trsm;
·
uwf/ a[;e
a[;epf
;epf (Kurt Heinig)/ acwfopfpfr*~Zif;/ 1912/ Zefe0g&D2/ pmrsufESm 484 wGifygonfh v#yfppfx&yfpf}uD;
rsm;. vrf;a=umif;rS?

44
 b%fykdifqkdifr_rsm;
(1913 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbm - Ekd0ifbm tpD&ifcHpmrsm;t&jzpf) ±lb,foef;aygif;
jr‡KyfESHxm;onfh t&if;tESD;
±k&Sm; b%ftpkrsm;
xkwfvkyf&ef t±_H;tjrwfpGef@pm;&ef pkpkaygif;
u (1) b%f 4 ck? qkdufab;&D;,m;
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%f/±k&sm;b%f/ 413 ² 7 859 ² 1 1˜272
EkdifiHwumb%f/ txl;E_ef;b%f .8
u (2) b%f 2 ck?
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh pufr_ b%f/ 239 ² 5 169 ²1
±k&Sm; - +Adwdefb%f 408 ²
u (3) b%f 5 ck? ±k&Sm; - tm&Sb%f/ 713 ² 8 661 ² 2 4
pdef@yDwmpb*fyk*~vdub%f/ taZmhAf-
'Gefb%f/ ,leD,Harmfpukdb%f/ ±k&Sm; - 1˜373 ²
jyifopful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; b%f 0
(b%faygif; 11 ck) pkpkaygif; æ æ æ (u) 1˜364 ² 8 1˜689 ² 4 3˜054 ²
2
c b%f 8 ck? armfpukd
ukefonfrsm;b%f/ aAmfv*g-
umrmb%f/ *sefumESifhtzGJ@b%f/ 514 ² 2 391 ² 1
pdef@yDwmpb*ful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%f 895 ²
(,cif0g0,fvfbmh*f b%f)/ 3
armfpukdb%f
(,cif&,mbl&SifpuD;b%f)
armfpukdtxl;E_ef;b%f/
armfpukdul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;b%f/
armfpukd yk*~vdub%f
(b%f 19 ck ) pkpkaygif; æ æ æ 1˜869 ² 0 2˜080 ² 5 3˜945 ²
5

pkukd bmvifb%frsm;u ykdifqkdifxm;r_ESifh ,if;a=umifhrkd@ ±k&Sm;&S,f,mykdif&Sifrsm; tcGifhtm%m rJhae&

r_wkd@tay: tvGefrcHr&yfEkdif jzpfvsuf&Sdonf? obm0uspGmyif t&if;wifykd@aom wkdif;jynfonf
tnGef@ukd cl;ayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh bmvif'GKufcsfb%fonf qkdufab;&D;,m; ul;oef;a&mif;0,f
a&;b%f. &S,f,mrsm;tm; bmvifaps;uGufY wif&mwGif wESpfvHk;vHk; 'Dtwkdif;xm;vkdufonf?
onfhaemuf w&mwef&S,f,mrsm;ukd 193 E_ef;jzifh a&mif;ypfvkdufonf? TonfrSm rlvowf
rSwfonfh wefzdk;xuf wqeD;yg; wkd;a&mif;jcif;jzpf+yD; ±lb,f 6,000,000 eD;yg; tjrwf&&Sd vkdufonf?
Tonfukd [D;vfzm'if;u “yGJxkwfol.tjrwfrsm;”[k ac:qkdonf? u|Efkyfw@kd . pma&;ol uawmh
pdef@yDwmpbwf t"dub%frsm;. “pGrf;tm;”pkpk aygif;ukd ±lb,f 8,235,000,000/ 8 ¼ bDvD,H
&Sdonf[kqkd+yD; “OD;ykdif”okd@r[kwf jynfyb%frsm;u ,if;wkd@tay: pkd;rkd;onfhtwkdif;twmukdrl

45
jyifopfb%f rsm; 55 µ / t*Fvdyfb%frsm; 10 µ/ *smrefb%frsm; 35 µ [k cef@rSef;xm;onf? ,if;
pma&;olu vnfywfaeaom t&if;tESD; pkpkaygif;±lb,f 8,235,000,000 teuf ±lb,f 3,687,
000,000 okd@r[kwf 40 µ ausmfonf y±kd'l*kdvf (Produgol)ESifh y±kd'gruf (Prodomet)· qif'Dudwf
rsm;ESifh a&eH/ "mwfowWK/ bdvyfajrvkyfief;wkd@.qif'Dudwfrsm;xJrS &S,f,mjzpfonf? okd@jzifh vuf0g;
}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifrsm; jzpfay:r_a=umihf ±k&Sm;jynfwGifvnf; b%fESifh pufr_t&if;tESD;wkd@. aygif;pyfr_
rSm tawmf}uD; c&D;a&mufaeay+yD?
vltenf;i,f.vufwGifom pk+yHKxm;+yD; wu,fukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;onfh b¾mt&if;
tESD;onf ukr`%D&S,f,mwefzkd;rsm;ukd t&Sifxm;jcif;/ &S,f,mrsm;xkwfa0jcif;/ EkdifiHawmfacs;aiG
ponfwkd@rSm tvGefrsm;jym;+yD; rjywfwkd;rsm;vmaeonfh tjrwfrsm;ukd &&Sdonf? ,if;onf b¾m
oufOD;qHykdifpepfukd ckdif+rJap+yD; vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifrsm;. tusdK;twGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf; w&yf
vHk;tay: tcGefaumuf,lavonf? Oyrmtrsm;tjym;xJrS [Dvfzm'if; ukd;um;cJhaom tar&duef
x&yfpfrsm;. “pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;”enf;emukd Oyrmtjzpf xkwfjyvkduf&ayonf? 1887 ckESpfwGif
[,fADar;,m;onf ukr`%Duav; 15 ckukd aygif;um o=um;x&yfpf zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? ol@t&if;tESD;
pkpkaygif;rSm a':vm 6,500,000 &Sdonf? ,if;ukd tar&duefrsm; ajymavh&SdouJhokd@ oifhawmfpGm
“a&a&m”·· vkdufaomtcg Tx&yfpf.t&if;tESD;onf a':vm 50,000,000 jzpfvmonf? ,l
Ekdufwufpwdwfaumfykda&;&Sif;u &Ekdifor#aom oH±kdif;wGif;rsm;tm; 0,f,ljcif;jzifh tem*wf vuf0g;
}uD;tkyftjrwfrsm;tm; }udKwif&,louJhokd@yif T“t&if;tESD; tvGeftu|H jr‡KyfESHr_”onf vuf0g;
}uD;tkyftjrwfrsm;tm; }udKwif&,ljcif;yif jzpfayonf? wu,fusawmh To=um;x&yfpfonf
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfapsE_ef;rsm; owfrSwfcJhonf? odk@jzifh ckepfq “a&a&mxm;aom”t&if;tESD; okd@r[kwf
x&yfpfwnfaxmifpOfu trSefwu,f jr‡KyfESHcJhonfht&iftESD;. 70 µr#aom t&if;tESD; twGuf
&S,f,mtjrwfcHpm;cGifh 10 µay;Ekdifonftxd tjrwfrsm; &cJhayawmh.? 1909 ckESpfwGif To=um;
x&yfpf. t&if;tESD;rSm a':vm 90,000,000 jzpfvmonf? 22 ESpftwGif; t&if;tESD;ukd q,fq
r#wkd; csJ@cJhjcif;yif?
jyifopfEkdifiHwGif “b¾moufOD;qHykdifpepf”. pkd;rkd;r_ (vkdufppP (Lysis) . vlodrsm;aom
pmtkyftrnfjzpfonfh jyifopfEkdifiH. b¾moufOD;qHykdifpepftm; qef@usifvsuf 1908 ckESpfwGif yOP
rt}udrf ±kdufESdyfjcif;ukd xkwfa0cJhonf) .o¿mefrSm tenf;i,fr#om uGJjym;ayonf? tm;t}uD;
qHk; b%f}uD; 4 ckwkd@onf bGef;vufrSwfrsm; xkwfa&mif;&mwGif (E_dif;pmjcif;r[kwf)“ tºuif;rJh
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_” &&Sdxm;=uonf? wu,fawmh TonfrSm “b%f}uD;rsm;.x&yfpf”yifjzpfonf?
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfonf bGef;vufrSwfrsm; xkwfa&mif;&mrS vuf0g;}uD;tkyftjrwfrsm;&&ef tmrcH
csuf &Sdaponf? a,bk,stm;jzifh acs;,laomEkdifiHonf acs;aiG. 90 µ xuf ykdr&wwfay? usef
10µ rSm b%frsm;ESifh tjcm;=um;vlrsm;xH a&mufoGm;onf? z&ef@ 400,000,000 wefzkd;&Sdaom
±k&Sm;-w±kwf acs;iSm;r_rS b%frsm;onf 8 µ jrwfcJhonf? z&ef@ 800,000,000 wefzkd;&Sdaom (1904
ck) ±k&Sm; acs;iSm; r_rS &&Sdaom tjrwfonf 10 µ &Sdonf? z&ef@ 62,500,000 wefzkd;&Sdaom (1904
ck) armf±kdukdacs;iSm;r_rS tjrwfonf 18.75 µ &Sdonf? tao;;pm; twkd;}uD;pm;t&if;tESD;jzifh pwif
·
y±kd'l*kdvf - 1906 ckESpfwGif xlaxmifaom 'kdeufjrpf0Srf; owWKESihf avmifpma&mif;0,fa&; ukr`%D? y±kd'gruf -
1901 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifaom ±k&Sm;"mwfowWKxkwfukef a&mif;0,fa&;ukr`%D?
··
a&a&monf qdkjcif;rSm t&if;tESD;wkd;yGm;vmr_a=umifh ay:vmaom ykdifqkdifr_rsm;twGuf &S,f,mrsm;
xkwfa&mif;jcif; jzpf onf? (bmomjyefol)

46
jzpfxGef;cJhaom t&if;&Sifpepfonf rdrd.jzpfxGef;r_ukd {&mr twkd;}uD;pm;t&if;tESD;jzifh edÏdwH apav
+yD? vkdufppPu “jyifopfwkd@onf Oa&mywkduf. twkd;}uD;pm; aiGacs;olrsm;jzpfonf”[k a&;cJhonf?
Tt&if;&Sifpepfajymif;vJr_u pD;yGm;a&;b0 tajctaetm;vHk;ukd euf±d_if;pGm jyKjyifcJhonf? vlOD;a&
vnf; rajymif;vJ/ pufr_vkyfief;/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh oabFmvkyfief;wdk@ aoaeonfht=um;rSm
“EkdifiH”onf twdk; }uD;pm;aiG acs;ay;jcif;jzifh csrf;omEkdifayonf? “z&ef@aiG 8,000,000 tm; ukd,f
pm;jyKaom yk*~dKvfig;q,fwkd@onf b%fav;ckwGif tyfESHxm;aom z&ef@aiG 2,000,000,000 tm;
csKyfukdifEkdifonf?” u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh tu|rf;0ifae+yDjzpfonfh “OD;ykdifpepf”onf tvm;wltajz
rsdK;yif &&Sdaponf? Oyrmtm;jzifh t}uD;qHk;b%f}uD;rsm;teufrS wckjzpfonfh qkdpda,;aw; a,ae
&m;vfonf tD*spfo=um;csuf puf±Hkjzpfaom ‚. “orD;ukr`%D”twGuf bGef;vufrSwf 64,000
xkwfa&mif;cJhonf? bGef;vufrSwfrsm;tm; 150 &mckdifE_ef;jzifh xkwfa&mif;cJhonf? Tonf z&ef@
wusyftwGuf pifwD;rf 50 tjrwf&&Sdonf? Tukr`%Dtopf. tusdK;tjrwfcGJa0r_qkdonfrSm vdrf
nmwDxGifxm;jcif;om jzpfa=umif;awG@&+yD; “vlxk”taejzifh z&ef@oef; 90 rS 100 txd qHk;±_H;
cJh=u&onf? “qkdpDa,;aw;a,ae&m;vf. 'g±kdufwmwOD;rSm o=um;csufpuf. 'g±kdufwm bkwftzGJ@
0if jzpfaeonf?” pma&;oltm; “jyifopforRwEkdifiHonf b¾mbk&ifh EkdifiHjzpfonf” [laom
aumufcsufrsdK;qGJonfhtjzpfokd@ a&mufapjcif;rSm tHh=op&m r&Sday? “,if;onf b¾moufOD; qHykdif
pepf. vHk;0pkd;rkd;r_yif jzpfonf? ToufOD; qHykdifpepfu owif;pmESifh tpkd;&tay:pkd;rkd;ay onf”?·
b¾mt&if;. t"duaqmif&Gufcsufw&yfjzpfonfh tmrcHpmcsKyfrsm; xkwfa&mif;jcif;rS &&Sd
onfh w&m;vGeftjrwftpGef;onfvnf; b¾moufOD;qHykdifpepfjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ESifh }uHhckdifawmifh
wif;r_wGif tifrwefta&;ygaom tcef;rS yg0ifonf? b%fqkdaom *smref*sme,fu “jynfyrS acs;
aiGrsm;tm; E_ef;t&Sifxm;jcif;rS &&SdaomtjrwftpGef;ESifh ±kd;pGJvkdufonfh tjrwftpGef;rsdK;rSm jynf
wGif;Y wckr#yif r&Sdacs”··[k a&;om;xm;onf?
“tmrcHpmcsKyfxkwfa&mif;jcif;rS &&SdaomtjrwfE_ef;ESifh ,SOfEkdifaom tjrwfrsdK;ukd rnfokd@
aomb%fvkyfief;ur# r&&Sdyguvm;”? *smreftDaumaemrpf t&qkdv#if pufr_vkyfief;pawmh
rsm;rsm;ukd xkwf a&mif;jcif;rS &&Sdaom ESpfpOfysrf;r#tjrwfonf atmufygtwkdif; &Sdonf?
&mE_ef; &mE_ef;
1895 æ æ æ æ æ 38.6 1898 æ æ æ æ 67.8
1896 æ æ æ æ æ 36.1 1899 æ æ æ æ 66.9
1897 æ æ æ æ æ 66.7 1900 æ æ æ æ 55.2···
“1891 ckrS 1900 ckESpftxd q,fESpftwGif; *smrefpufr_vkyfief; pawmhrsm; xkwfa&mif;
jcif;rS 1 bDvD,Hausmf”&&SdcJhonf? pufr_vkyfief; pef;yGifhr_umvrsm;wkef;u b¾mt&if;.tjrwfrSm
rsm;jym;vSonf? okd@aomf pD;yGm;a&;ysufonfhumvrsm;wGifrl ao;i,f+yD; tajctae raumif;vS
aom vkyfief;rsm; aysmufxGufoGm;=uonf? b%f}uD;rsm;onf rjzpfpavmuf wefa=u;ay;+yD;
,if;wkd@ukd 0,f,lum “OD;ykdif” 0,f,l=uonf? okd@r[kwf ,if;vkyfief;rsm; “jyefvnfwnfaqmuf
·
pmrsuf
vkdufppP? jyifopfEkdifiH&Sd b¾moufOD;qHydkifpepftm; qef@usifvsuf? yJ&pf/ 1900 ck/ pmrs ufESm 1/ 12/ 26/ 39/ 40/
48
··
b%f *sme,f/ 1913 ck/ trSwf 7/ pmrsufESm 630
···
pwD;vpf/ txufwGif ukd;um;cJhaom pmtkyf? pmrsufESm 143ESihf 'AvsL/ qGef;bwf/ 19 &mpkESpf*sm reftrsdK;om;
pD;yGm;a&;?

47
a&;” jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf tjrwf&aom tpDtpOfrsm;wGif 0ifyg=uonf? t±_H;jyaeaom vkyf
,if;wkd@ukd 0,f,lum “OD;ykdif”0,f,l=uonf? okd@r[kwf ,if;vkyfief;rsm; “jyefvnfwnfaqmuf
a&;” jyefvnfzGJ@pnf;a&;twGuf tjrwf&aom tpDtpOfrsm;wGif 0ifyg=uonf? t±_H;jyaeaom vkyf
ief;rsm;ukd jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&mwGif “t&if;tESD;. &S,f,mwefzkd; csxm;onf? qkdvkdwmu t
jrwfrsm;ukd ,if;ao;i,faomt&if;tESD;twkdif; cGJa0ay;um ao;i,faomtajccHt&yif quf+yD;
wGufcsufonf? okd@wnf;r[kwf 0ifaiGrSm okntxd a&mufoGm;+yDqkdv#if t&if;tESD;opfrsm; oGif;
,lvmonf? Tt&if;tESD;opfonf 0ifaiGraumif;vSaom t&if;tESD;a[mif;ESifhaygif;+yD; 0ifaiGt
awmftoifh &&Sdvmaponf? wkdufqkdifpGmyif TjyefvnfzGJ@pnf;r_rsm;ESifh jyefvnfwnfaqmufr_rsm;
rSm b%frsm;twGuf ESpfrsdK;xl;jcm;r_&Sdonf? OD;pGmtm;jzifh tjrwf&Ekdifonfh ta&mif;t0,frsm; vkyf
Ekdifaponf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh 'kuQa&mufaeaom ukr`%Drsm;ukd csKyfukdifcGifh& atmif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;
&&Sdaponf” [k [Dvfzm'if;u a&;cJhonf? ·
Oyrmwck? a'ghwfref+rdK@rS ,leD,HowWKwl;azmfa&; ukr`%Dukd 1872 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJh
onf? t&if;tESD;tjzpf rwf40,000,000 zkd;r# &S,f,mrsm; xkwfa&mif;cJhonf?yxrESpftwGuf12µ
jzifh tjrwfa0pkay;+yD;aomtcg &S,f,mwefzkd;rSm 170 okd@ jrifhwufvmonf? b¾mt&if;u t
nGef@ukd pm;vkduf&+yD; rwf 28,000,000 qkdovkd rajymyavmufaom aiGuav;ukd &vkdufonf? T
ukr`%Dtm; t"du}uD;rSL;olrSm rwf300˜000˜000 t&if;tESD;ukd atmifjrifpGm&&Sdvkdufonfh *smr%D
rS 'pPuGefwkd*,fq,fvf&Syfzf}uD;yif jzpfavonf? aemufykdif;wGif ,leD,Hukr`%D. tjrwfa0pkcGJa0ay;
r_rSm oknokd@ qif;vmonf? &S,f,mykdif&Sifrsm;taejzifh t&if;tESD;ukd “aps;cs&ef” oabmwl&
awmhonf? TonfrSm tukeft±_H;cHrnfhtpm; tcsdK@ukd t±_H;cHjcif;jzpfonf? “jyefvnfwnfaqmuf
r_”awG woD}uD;vkyf&if; tESpf 30 umvtwGif; ,leD,Hukr`%D.t&if;tESD;xJrSm rwf 73˜000˜000
ukd t±H_;jyvkduf&awmhonf? “avmavmq,fwGif ukr`%Drlv&S,f,mykdif&Sifrsm;onf olwkd@&S,f,m
rsm;. owfrSwfwefzkd; 7.5µ r#ukdom ykdifqkdif=uonf?”··okd@aomf b%frsm;rSmrl “jyefvnfwnf
aqmufr_wkdif;rS” “wckckawmh &&Sdvkduf onfcsnf;yif?
tvsiftjref}uF;xGm;aeaom +rdK@}uD;rsm;. qifajczHk;&yfuGufrsm;&Sdajrwkd@udk pGef@pm;+yD;a&mif;
0,fjcif;rSmvnf; b¾mt&if;twGuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm;jrwfaom vkyfief;jzpfonf? Tae&mwGif vuf
0g;}uD;tkyfb%frsm;onf ajrtiSm;csvuf0g;}uD;vkyfief;rsm;/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyf qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;
rsm;ESifh aygif;rd=uonf? ta=umif;u ajrwefzkd;jrifhwufr_/ tjrwftpGef;&Sd&Sd tykdif;vkduftykdif;vkduf
a&mif;csEkdifr_ ponfwkd@rSm +rdK@v,facgifESifh qufoG,fr_aumif;raumif;qdkonfhtay: rlwnfaeaom
a=umifhjzpfonf? aemuf+yD; TqufoG,fa&;ukr`%Drsm;rSm OD;ykdifpepft&vnf;aumif;/ 'g±kdufwmvl
}udD;rsm; jzef@cGJxm;r_t&vnf;aumif;/ pdwfyg0ifpm;onfh b%frsm;ESifh qufpyfae=uonf? &v'frSm
tdk;tdrfvkyfief;rsm;ESifh aygifESHr_rsm;ponfwkd@ukd txl;jyKavhvmxm;onfh b%f*sme,fwGif a&;aeus
*smrefpma&;q&m t,f/tufpf0ufcsf (L.Eschwege) ajymonfh EGHtkdif}uD;jzpfvmonf? qifajczHk;
taqmufttHkrsm;tm; t}uD;tus,fpGef@pm; a&mif;0,f,l=ujcif;/ taqmufttHk vkyfief;ukdifief;
}uD;rsm;+ydKuGJjcif; (“}uHhckdifawmifhwif;onfh 'GdKufcsfb%f}uD;. tultnD jzifh rwf 100,000,000
txd tdwfxJxnfhEkdifcJhonfh bmvifrS abmhpfa0:ESifh aemftmukr`%Dvkd[mrsdK; +ydKuGJ jcif;jzpfonf?
'GdKufcsfb%frSmrl OD;ykdifpepfrSwqifh vkyfaqmifjcif;/ qkdvkdwmu aemufuG,frS wdwfwdwfvkyfukdifjcif;
·
b¾mt&if;/ pmrs
pmrsufESm 172?
··
pwD;vpf/ txufwGif ukd;um;cJhaom pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 138 ESifh vkdufzfref;/ pmrsufESm 51?

48
jzpfojzifh rwf 12,000,000“om”yJ t±_H;cH+yD; ±kef;xGufoGm;cJhonf?) xkd@aemuf wnfaqmufa&;
uGufvyfwif'grsm;/ taqmuftOD;ykdif;ponfponfwkd@ &&Sda&;twGuf “±kd;om;aom” bmvifykvdyf
eJ@ tkyfcsKyfr_tykdif;wkd@eJ@wGJum wu,fr&Sdaom wnfaqmufa&;ukr`%Drsm;/ pmcsKyfvdrfrsm;wkd@rS w
jym;rS jyefr&aom vkyfief;&Sifuav;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;rSmvnf; 'kuQvSvSawG@=u&jcif;? ·
Oa&myygarmuQrsm;ESifh &nf&G,fcsufaumif;aom "e&Sifrsm;u [efaqmifyefaqmifESifh tif
rwef w˜o=uaom “tar&duefusifh0wf”onf b¾mt&if;acwfwGif trSefyif EkdifiHwkdif;. usifh
0wfjzpfvmcJh onf?
1914 ckESpf tpykdif;wGif bmvifY“o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;x&yfpf”wck zGJ@pnf;a&;ta=umif;
ajymcJh=uonf? qdkvdkonfrSm +rdK@awmf v#yfppfrD;&xm;/ "mwf&xm;ukr`%DESifh bwfpfum; ukr`%Dqkd
aom bmvifo,f,lykd@aqmifa&;vkyfief; 3 ckt=um; “tusdK;wltzGJ@tpnf;”w&yf azmfxkwfa&;
jzpfonf? “bwfpfum;ukr`%D. &S,f,mtrsm;pkukd tjcm;o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;ukr`%D 2 cku &&Sd
xm;a=umif; od=u+yD;uwnf;u TtpDtpOfukd pOf;pm;cJh=ua=umif; u|Efkyfwkd@ odcJhonf? æ æ æ
o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk aygif;pnf;vkdufjcif;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;rsm;ukd tmrcHcsuf&Sd
aprnf? okd@jzifh trsm;jynfoltm;vnf; tcsdefrDtusdK;&Sdaprnf[k T&nf&G,fcsufudk taumift
xnf azmfae=uolrsm;u ajymaomtcg u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh tjynfht0 ,Hk=unfaumif; ,Hk=unfay
rnf? okd@aomf ,ckzGJ@pnf;vkdufaom To,f,lykd@aqmifa&; x&yfpf.aemufwGif b%frsm;&Sdaeonf
qkdaomtcsufu tajctaersm;ukd ±_yfaxG;oGm;apayonf? b%frsm;onf ‚wkd@. tdrf&mpD;yGm;
a&;vkyfief;. tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf ‚wdk@qEN&Sdv#if ‚wkd@vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;Ekdif+yDjzpfaom o,f,l
ykd@aqmifa&;ukd vufatmufcHjyKEkdifapayonf? Tokd@pOf;pm;=unfhjcif;rSm usdK;a=umif;qDavsmf
a=umif;jyzkd@qkdv#if rD;&xm;ukr`%D zGJ@pnf;csdefwGif xkdokd@zGJ@pnf;&ef tm;ay;aomb%f}uD;rsm;. t
usdK;pD;yGm;rsm;rSm xdktxJY yg&Sdae+yD;jzpfonfqkdaomtcsufukd jyef=unfhvkdufv#if odEkdifayonf?
qkdvkdonfrSm o,f,lykd@aqmifa&;vkyfief;. tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;rSm tdrf&mvkyfief;tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh a&m
axG;aeonfqkdjcif;yif jzpfonf? aomhcsufu TrD;&xm;vkyfief;u ta&S@bufvrf;ukd azmufaom
tcg jzwfazmuf&rnfhajrrsm;ukd b%fu rdrdtwGufa&m ta&mif;t0,fwGifyg0ifonfh tjcm;olrsm;
twGufyg tjrwftrsm;}uD;&atmif a&mif;cscJhavonf? ·· æ æ æ
vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;w&yfqkdonfrSm wnfaxmifvkduf+yD;aemuf oef;axmifaygif;rsm;
pGmukd csKyfukdif+yDqkdonfESifh rnfokd@aomtpkd;&yHko¿mefyJjzpfjzpf tjcm;rnfonfh “tao;pdwf
tcsufawG”yJ&Sd&Sd vlxkb0.e,fy,ftm;vHk;ukd xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufawmhonf? *smr%Djynf. abm
*aA'ESifhywfoufaom a&;om;csufrsm;wGif y&yf&Sm;AsL±kdua&pD,E©&m;. +yD;jynfhpHkr_ta=umif;
atmufusaemufuscH+yD; csD;usL;csufrsm;/ jyifopf.yemrmemrnfysufr_ESifh tar&duefEkdifiH&Sd EkdifiHa&;
ykdif; jcpm;ysufpD;r_wkd@ta=umif; oG,f0kdufa&;om;csufrsm;ukd }uHKawG@&avh&Sdonf? okd@aomf ajym
p&mtcsufrSm *smr%DEkdifiH. b%fudpPrsm;ukd tm±Hkpkdufa&;om;aom "e&Sifta&;tom;rsm;yifv#if
t+rJqkdovdk ±kd;±kd;b%fvkyfief;qkdonfhe,fy,fukd trsm;}uD;ausmfvGefum “b%frsm;. qGJaqmif
r_”qkdonfrsdK;ta=umif; a&muf&SdoGm;wwfjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;rSm tpdk;&tr_xrf;rsm; b%frsm;wGif
0ifa&mufvkyfudkfifjcif; ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmr_ukd &nfn¸ef;jcif;jzpf+yD; atmufygtwkdif; azmfjyxm;onf?
“bm&ifpx&yfpf ('GdKufcsfb%f±Hk;csKyfwnf&Sdaom bmvif+rdK@rSvrf;) wGif oufomaom tvkyfwckck
·
b%f*sme,f? 1913 ck/ pmrsufESm 952/ t,fvftufpf0ufcsfa&;?
··
b%f*sme,f/ 1914 ck/ trSwf 1 pmrsufESm 89 yg x&yfpfrsm;. qufpyfr_aqmif;yg;

49
&&ef pdwfxJrSawmifhwaeaom tpkd;&t&m&Sdwa,muf. ajzmifhrwfr_rSm rnfokd@&Sdrnfenf;”?·
1989 ckESpfwGif b%f*sme,fukd xkwfa0ol tJz&ufvif;pfbmh*fu “bkdifZifwif;0g'. pD;yGm;a&; xl;
jcm;r_”qkdaom aqmif;yg;wyk'fukd a&;cJhonf? wkdufwkdufqkdifqkdifyif xkdaqmif;yg;xJwGif olu 'kwd,
ajrmuf 0Dvf[kdifrfbk&if. ygvufpwkdif;c&D;ESifh “,if;c&D;. vwfwavmjcif;&v'f/ buf'uf rD;&
xm;vrf;azmufvkyfr_/ 0kdif;0ef;xm;r_twGuf u|Ekfyfwkd@.EkdifiHa&;trSm;rsm; tm;vHk;aygif;xm;onf
xuf ykdrkdwm0ef&Sdaom “*smrefvkyfief;ukdif;ief;}uD;rsm;. r[mxkwfvkyfr_}uD;”wkd@ukd &nfn¸ef;xm;
onf? (0kdif;0ef;xm;r_qdkonfrSm owWrajrmuf tuf'0yfbk&if.*smr%Dtm; txD;usefjzpfapa&;
twGuf *smrefqef@usifa&; e,fcsJ@r[mrdwftzGJ@ESifh 0kdif;xm;a&;ay:vpDudk qkdvkdonf?) 1911 ckESpf
wGif ,if;*sme,fxJrSmyif a&;om;avh&Sd+yD; txufwGif ukd;um;cJhzl;+yDjzpfol tufpf0ufcsfu “yvlwkd
ua&pD”··ESifh AsL±kdua&pDqdkaom aqmif;yg;wyk'fukd a&;cJhonf? ,if;aqmif;yg;xJwGif olu Akd;vfum
qkdol *smreft&m&SdwOD;ta=umif; zGifhcsxm;onf? xkdolonf umw,faumfrwD. tifrwefwuf
ºuaom tzGJ@0ifwOD;jzpf+yD; tcsdeftwef=umaomtcg oHr%dqif'Dudwfqkdaom t}uD;qHk;umw,f
}uD;wGif vcaumif;aom tvkyfwck &&SdoGm;onf? rawmfwqr[kwfaom tvm;wludpPrsm;u
tqkdyg "e&Sifpma&;olukd ,ckuJhokd@ 0efcHapcJhonf? “*smr%D zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'wGif tm
rcHxm;aom pD;yGm;a&;vGwfvyfr_qkdonfrSm pD;yGm;a&;b0. tpdwftykdif;rsm;pGmwGif t"dy`m,f
rJhaom pum;pk jzpfoGm;acs+yD “æ aemuf+yD; vuf&Sd yvlwkdua&pDpepf. tkyfpkd;r_atmufwGif twm;
tqD;r&SdqHk;EkdifiHa&; vGwfvyfr_uyif u|Ekfyfwkd@ trsdK;om;rsm;tm; rvGwfvyfaom jynfolrsm;tjzpf
ajymif;ypfjcif;rS u,fwifEkdifrnfr[kwfacs? ”···
±k&Sm;EkdifiHESifh ywfoufIrl OyrmwckwGifom uef@owfxm;ygawmhrnf? vGefcJhonfh
ESpftenf; i,fu tpkd;&aiGwkdufacs;aiGXmerS 'g±kdufwmjzpfol 'gADa'ghAfonf tvkyfrS E_wfxGuf+yD;
b%f}uD;wckwGif tvkyfvufcHcJhonf? &rnfhvpmrSm pmcsKyft&qkdv#if ESpftcsdK@twGif;
±lb,fwoef;ausmf&aprnf jzpf onf? acs;aiGXmeqdkonfrSm taqmufttHkwckjzpf+yD;
ol@vkyfief;rSm “wdkif;jynf&Sd acs;aiGtaqmuft tHktm;vHk;. vkyfief;&yfrsm;ukd
xdef;n‡day;jcif;”jzpf+yD; pdef@yDwmpb*fESifh armfpukd&Sdb%frsm;tm; ±lb,f oef;aygif; 800 ESifh 1000
t=um;&Sd yHhykd;aiGrsm; xkwfay;cJhonf? ····
····
ææ
a,bk,s t&if;&Sifpepf. xl;jcm;csufrSm t&if;ykdifqdkifr_ukd xkwfvkyfr_wGif t&if;tm;
toHk;jyK jcif;ESifh cGJjcm;xm;onf? aiGom;t&if;tm; pufr_t&if; odk@r[kwf xkwfvkyfr_t&if;ESifh
cGJjcm;xm;onf? aiGom;t&if;ay:rS tjrwfukd pm;oltm; vkyfief;vnfywfolESifh ‚t&if;tm;
wu,fwrf; pDrHcef@cGJcGJr_wGif wkduf±kdufyg0ifoltm;vHk;ESifhvnf;aumif; cGJjcm;xm;onf? e,fcsJ@pepf
okd@r[kwf b¾mt&if;. pkd;rkd;r_rSm TcGJjcm;r_rsm;t}uD;rm;qHk;twkdif;twmokd@ a&muf&Sdonfh
t&if;&Sifpepf. tjrifhqHk;tqifhjzpfonf? t&if;.tjcm;aom o¿meftm;vHk;tay:/ b¾mtm;
vHk;tay: b¾mt&if;. pkd;rkd;r_qkdonfrSm aiGom;t&if;tay:rS tjrwfukdpm;olESifh b¾moufOD;
qHykdifpepfwkd@. pkd;rkd;r_yifjzpfonf? t"dy`m,frSm usefEkdifiHtm;vHk;xJrS b¾ma&;t&“tm;}uD;
aom” EkdifiHtenf;i,fukd a&G;xkwfvkdufjcif;yif jzpfonf? TjzpfpOf rnfonfhtwkdif;twmtxd
a&mufaeonfqkdjcif;ukd aiGxkwfr_pm&if;Z,m;rsm;/ qkdvkdwmu tmrcHpmcsKyftrsdK;tm;vHk; xkwf
·
b%f*sme,f/ 1909 ck/ twGJ 1/ pmrsufESm 79yg b%frsm;. qGJaqmifcsufr_aqmif;yg;?
··
yvlwkdua&pDqkdonfrSm csrf;omaomolrsm;u tkyfpdk;aom pepfjzpfonf? (bmomjyefol)
···
txufwGifukd;um;+yD;pmtkyf/ 1911ck/ twGJ2 pmrsufESm962?
····
tD;/ t*gh'f/ txufwGif ukd;um;+yD;pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm202?

50
a0r_ pm&if;Z,m;rsmay:rS qHk;jzwf&rnfjzpfonf?
at/ ae;rwfcf (A. Neymarck)u EkdifiHwum pm&if;Z,m;tzGJ@tpnf;owif;pOf·wGif
wurBmvHk;rS tmrcHpmcsKyfrsm; xkwfa0r_ESifhywfoufI tus,fjyef@qHk;/ tjynfhpHkqHk;ESifh E_dif;,SOfxm;
aom udef;*%ef;rsm;ukd azmfjyxm;+yD; ,if;wkd@ukd pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m a&;om;csufrsm;wGif tpdwfykdif;
tvkduf r=umc% ukd;um;cJh=uonf? atmufygwkd@rSm q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGuf olazmfjyaom
pkpkaygif;wefzkd;rsm;jzpfonf?
z&ef@aiGbDvD,Hjzifh jyxm;aom xkwfa0r_ pkpkaygif; (q,fpkESpfrsm;)
1871 - 1880 æ æ æ æ 76. 1
1881 - 1890 æ æ æ æ 64. 5
1891 - 1900 æ æ æ æ 100. 4
1901 - 1910 æ æ æ æ 197. 8
1870 pkESpfrsm;wGif wurBmvHk;twGuf xkwfa0r_wefzkd;rSm rsm;vSonf? ta=umif;rSm t
xl;ojzifh jyifopf - y&yf&Sm;ppfyGJESifh quf+yD; taºu;rsm;ukd ar#mxm;jcif;ESifh ,if;ppfyGJt+yD; *smr%D
wGif ay:xGufvmaom ukr`%Drsm;ukd wGef;wifonfh pef;yGifhr_a=umifh jzpfonf? wckvHk;+cHKvkdufv#if
19&mpkESpf.aemufqkH;q,fpkESpf 3 ckwGif E_dif;pmjcif;tm;jzifh wkd;rsm;r_rSm odyfrrsm;vSacs? 20 &mpk.
yxrq,fESpfwGifrS 100 &mckdifE_ef;eD;yg;&Sdaom {&mrwkd;rsm;r_}uD;ukd awG@&jcif;jzpfonf? okd@jzifh 20
&mpk.tponf u|Ekfyfwkd@qkdcJh+yD;aom umw,f/ qif'Dudwf/ x&yfpf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzGJ@tpnf;
rsm;. }uD;xGm;r_bufrSomru b¾mt&if;}uD;xGm;r_bufrSvnf; auG@csdK;wcktjzpf azmfn¸ef;aeay
onf?
1910 ckESpf. wurBmvHk;wGif xkwfa0cJhaom tmrcHpmcsKyfpkpkaygif;. wefzkd;rSm z&ef@
815,000, 000,000 &Sdonf[k ae;rwfpfu cef@rSef;cJhonf? Tta&twGufxJrS xyfaeavmuf
onfhta&twGufukd Ekwfvkdufaomtcg pkpkaygif;wefzkd;rSm 575-600 bDvD,HjzpfoGm;onf? ,if;ukd
EkdifiHtoD;oD;t& atmufygtwkdif; cGJEkdifonf? (600,000,000,000 [k ,lvkdufrnf)

·
EkdifiHwum pm&if;Z,m;tzGJ@tpnf; owif;pOf? twGJ 19/ tkyf 2/ vma[;/ 1912 ck? 'kwd, Z,m;wGifygaom
EkdifiHi,frsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm 1902 ckESpf udef;*%ef;rsm;ukd 20 &mckdifE_ef; xnfhaygif;+yD;
t=urf;zsif;wGufxm;jcif;jzpfonf?

51
 1910 ckESpf&Sd b¾ma&;tmrcHpmcsKyfrsm;
(z&ef@aiG bDvD,Haygif;)
+Adwdef æææææ 142
tar&duef æ æ æ æ æ 132
jyifopf æ æ æ æ æ 110
*smr%D æææææ 95
±k&Sm; æææææ 31
=op}wD;,m; -[efa*&D æ 24
tDwvD æ æ æ æ æ 14
*syef æææææ 12
a[mfvef æ æ æ æ æ 12.5
b,fvf*sD,ef æ æ æ æ 7.5
pydef ææææ 7.5
qGpfZmvef æ æ æ æ 6.25
'def;rwf ææææ 3.75
qGD'if/ aemfa0/ ±lar;eD;,m;ponf 2.5
-----------------------------------
pkpkaygif; ææææ 600

Tudef;*%ef;rsm;t& wEkdifiHv#if tmrcHpmcsKyf t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh z&ef@bDvD,H

100 rS 150 bDvD,Htxd ykdifqkdif=uaom tcsrf;omqHk; t&if;&SifEkdifiH}uD; 4 ckwkd@ukd ododomom
}uD; pGef;xGufaeonfukd csufcsif;yif awG@&ayonf? Tav;EkdifiHteuf t*FvefESifh jyifopfqdkaom
EkdifiH 2 ckrSm a&S;tusqHk; t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;jzpf+yD; ukdvkdeDtrsm;qHk; ykdifqkdifolrsm;jzpfonfukdvnf;
awG@=u&ayrnf? tjcm; 2 ckjzpfaom tar&duefESifh *smr%Dwkd@rSm wkd;wufr_jrefqefjcif;ESifh pufr_vkyf
ief;Y t&if;&Sifvuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ jzef@usufr_twkdif;twmwkd@wGif a&S@aqmifaeaom t&if;&SifEkdifiH
rsm;jzpfonf? TEkdifiH 4 ck pkpkaygif;v#if z&ef@ 479˜000˜000˜000? qkdvdkonfrSm urBmhb¾m
t&if;. 80 &mckdifE_ef;eD;yg; ykdifqkdif=uonf? TurBmwckvHk;rSm urBmhb¾mt&if;. “r¾dKif”}uD; 4
ck[k qkd&rnfh TEkdifiHwum b%fEkdifiHrsm;. tenf;ESifhtrsm;qkdovkd +rDpm; okd@r[kwf ‚wkd@tm;
tcGefqufae&olrsm;jzpfavonf? EkdifiHwumrSDcdkr_ykdufuGef}uD;ESifh b¾mt&if;. tquftoG,f
rsm; zefwD;&mwGif t&if;wifykd@r_yg0ifaom tcef;u¾ukd avhvm&ef txl;ta&;}uD;vSayonf?

52
 4? t&if;wifykd@r_
vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_u twkr&Sdpkd;rkd;aeaom t&if;&Sifpepfa[mif;. pHusaomtcsufrSm
ukefypPnf;wifykd@r_yif jzpfonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; rif;rlcsdefjzpfonfh t&if;&Sifpepf.
aemufqHk;tqifhwGif pHusaomtcsufrSm t&if; wifykd@r_jzpfonf?
t&if;&SifpepfqkdonfrSm jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ tjrifhqHk;tqifhokd@ a&muf&Sdaeaom ukefpnfxkwf
vkyfr_ jzpfonf? TtqifhwGif vkyftm;onfyifv#if ukefpnfjzpfaeonf? t&if;&Sifpepftm; tjcm;
t&mwdk@ESifhcGJjcm;aom xl;jcm;csufrSm jynfwGif;zvS,fr_ESifh (txl;ojzifh)EkdifiHwumzvS,fr_ }uD;xGm;
vmjcif;jzpfonf? t&if;&Sif;pepfatmufwGif wOD;csif;vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;ESifh EkdifiH
wckpDwkd@. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ rnDr#jcif;ESifh jywfawmif;jywfawmif;jzpfr_wkd@rSm ra&Smifrv$Jomacs? t*F
vefEkdifiHonf olrsm;t&if t&if;&SifEkdifiHwEkdifiH jzpfvmcJhonf? 19 &mpk tv,fykdif;ta&mufwGif
vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_ukd csrSwfusifhoHk;+yD; “urBmh0yfa&Smh”tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHtm;vHk;okd@ t
acsmukdif+yD;ypPnf;rsm; wifykd@oltjzpfvnf;aumif; a=unmcJh+yD; xkdEkdifiHrsm;u ol@tm; ukef=urf;rsm;
zvS,fay;oGif;cJh=uonf? okd@aomf 19 &mpkESpf. aemufqHk; tESpftpdwfwGif Tvuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzGJ@
tpnf;}uD;rSm ysufpD;pjyKaeav+yD? ta=umif;rSm tjcm;aomEkdifiHrsm;onf rdrdukd,frdrd “ukd,fusdK;pD;
yGm; umuG,fa&;”tcGeftaumufrsm;jzifh umuG,f&if; vGwfvyfaom t&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;tjzpfokd@
jzpfay:wkd;yGm;vm=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf? 20 &mpkESpfokd@ ta&mufwGif yHkpHopf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf w
&yf jzpfay:vmonfukd awG@=u&onf? OD;pGmtm;jzifh t&if;&Sifpepft& zGH@+zdK;+yD;aom EkdifiHtm;vHk;
wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&SifuGefbkdif;rsm;/ 'kwd,tm;jzifh t&if;tESD;pkpnf;r_rSm tifrwef}uD;rm;
aom twkdif;twmokd@ a&muf&Sdvmonfh tvGeftrif;csrf;omonfh EkdifiHtenf;i,f. vuf0g;}uD;
tkyfr_taetxm;wkd@ukd awG@=u&onf? a&S@wef;a&mufaomEkdifiHrsm;wGif “t&if; tvGefw&m ayg
rsm;r_” }uD; ay:aygufcJhonf?
tu,fI t&if;&Sifpepfonf tHh=ozG,f&m enf;ynmwkd;wufr_rsm;t=um;0,f ,ae@tcg
ae&mwumY pufr_vkyfief;.aemufwGif a=umufrufzG,f&m aemufususef&pfaom v,f,mvkyf
ief;tm; zGH@+zdK;apEkdifv#if/ xrif;r0w0ESifh qif;&JwGif;eufaom vlxkrsm;. aexkdifr_tqifhukd jr‡ifhwif
Ekdifv#if t&if; tvGefw&maygrsm;jcif;qkdaomjy\em r&SdEkdifawmhacs? t&if;&Sifpepf. "e&Sifaygufp
a0zefa&;orsm;u T“acs ycsuf”ukd r=umc%yif azmfxkwfvm=uonf? xkdt&if;&Sifpepfonf
Ttcsufrsm;ukd pGrf;aqmifEkdifygu t&if;&Sifpepfyif rjzpfEkdifawmhacs? ta=umif;rSm rnDr#aom
jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ESifh jynfolvlxk. riwfwiwf aexkdifr_tqifhqkdonfrSm Txkwfvkyfr_enf;em. t
ajccHESifh rv$Jra&Smifomaom tajctaersm;/ twkdif;twmabmifrsm; jzpfayonf? t&if;&Sifpepf
onf t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfaeao;or#umvywfvHk; ykdv#Haomt&if;ukd wkdif;jynfwjynf. jynfolvlxk
aexkdifr_tqifhtwef; wkd;wufa&;twGuf toHk;csrnfr[kwfay? ta=umif;rSm xkdokd@toHk;csv#if
t&if;&Sifrsm;twGuf tjrwfusqif;aprnfjzpf+yD; acwfaemufusaomEkdifiHrsm;okd@ t&if;wifydk@jcif;
jzifh tjrwfwkd;rsm;ap&eftwGufom toHk;jyKayvdrfhrnf? ,if;acwfaemufusaomEkdifiHrsm;wGif t
&if;u &Sm;/ ajraps;u E_dif;pmjcif;tm;jzifhayg/ vkyfcu enf;/ ukef=urf;rsm;u aps;aygojzifh tjrwfrSm
rsm;avh&Sdonf? aemufusaomEkdifiHtajrmuftjrm; urBmht&if;&Sif tjyeftvSefqufoG,fr_xJ yg0if
vmjcif;qkdonfhtcsufu t&if;wifykd@r_jzpfEkdif&ef tajctae zefwD;ay;ayonf? t"du rD;&xm;
vrf; azmufvkyf+yD; okd@r[kwf azmufvkyfaejcif;/ pufr_jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_twGuf tajccHtcsuftvuf

53
rsm; zefwD;+yD;aejcif; ponfwkd@jzpfonf? t&if;wifykd@&ef vkdtyfvm&jcif;rSm EkdifiHtenf;i,fwGif t
&if;&SifpepfrSm “trSnfhvGef”+yD; (v,f,macwfaemufusonfhtqifhESifh vlxk.qif;&JrGJawr_a=umifh)
t&if;rSm “tjrwf&Ekdif aom”&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_jyKp&m ae&mr&SdbJ jzpfaejcif;qdkaom tcsufa=umihf
jzpfonf?
t"duEkdifiH}uD; 3 EkdifiHwkd@u jynfywGif&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;onfh t&if;.wefzkd;ukd atmufyg
t=urf; zsif; udef;*%ef;rsm;jzifh azmfjyxm;onf? ·
jynfywGifjr‡KyfESHxm;aom t&if;tESD;
(z&ef@aiG
@aiG bDvD,Haygif;)

ckESpf +Adwdef jyifopf *smr%D

1862 3² 6 -
1872 15² 0 10(1869) -
1882 22² 0 15(1880) ´
1893 42² 0 20(1890) ´
1912 62² 0 27-37 12² 5
1914 75-100² 0 60 44² 0

t&if;wifykd@r_rSm 20 &mpkESpf tpykdif;wGifrSm a=umufrufzG,ftwkdif;twmokd@ a&muf&Sd

vma=umif; TZ,m;u jyqkdaeonf? ppfrjzpfrDu t"duEkdifiH}uD; 3 ckwd@k . jynfywGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH
xm;aom t&if;rSm z&ef@ 175˜000˜000˜000 ESifh 200˜000˜000˜000 t=um;&Sdonf? 5 &mckdif
E_ef;qkdaom av#mhav#mhayghaygh wGufxm;onfhE_ef;t& Tta&twGufrS0ifaiGonf wESpfv#if z&ef@
aiG 8 bDvD,HrS 15 bDvD,Htxd &Sdayrnf? urBmay:&Sd EkdifiHESifhtrsdK;om;trsm;pktm; zdESdyfaoG;pkyf&ef/
ºu,f0aomEkdifiH vufwqkyfpmtwGuf t&if;&Sif uyfyg;aoG;pkyf&ef awmifhwif;aom tajccHay
wum;?
jynfywGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;aom Tt&if;tESD;tm; EkdifiHtoD;oD;wGif rnfokd@jzef@cGJxm;
oenf;? rnfonfhae&mwGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;oenf;? Tar;cGef;twGuf t=urf;zsif;tajzom ay;Ekdif
onf? okd@aomf acwfopfe,fcsJ@pepf. tcsdK@aomtaxGaxGqufpyfr_ESifh tquftoG,frsm;ukd
rD;armif;xkd;jy&eftwGufawmh vHkavmufonf? (Z,m;ukd wzufpmrsufESm wGif=unfhyg)?

·
a[mhbfqif/ e,fcsJ@pepf/ vef'ef/ 1902 ck/ pmrsufESm 58? ±kdufqm/ txufwGif ukd;um;+yD; pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 395
ESifh 404? urBmhpD;yGm;a&;rSwfwrf;rsm;wG ;wGif yg&SdaomyD/tef@ (P.Arndt) . aqmif;yg;/ 1916 ck? owif owif;pOfwG
wiG f
ygaomae;rwfpf. aqmif;yg;? [Dvfzm'if;a&; b¾mt&if; pmrsufESm 492? 1915 ck/ arvxkwf
a';vD;w,fvD*&yfzfwG wiG f yg&Sdonfh vGKdufa*smh (Lloyd George) . atmufv$wfawmfrde@f cGef;? bD/ [rfpf
(B.Harms)/ urBmhpD;yGm;a&;jy\
;a&;jy\emrsm;? *sifem (Jena)/ 1912ck/ a'gufwmqkdufref&SDvf'g (Dr.Siegmund
Schildar)/ urBmh pD;yGm;a&;zGH@+zdK;r_vrf;a=umif;rsm;/;/ bmvif 1912 ck? a*smhydkuf&fS (George Paish)/
awmf0ifpm&if;tif;tzGJ@*sme,fwG wiG fygaom +Adwdef. &if;ESD; jr‡KyfEHSr_ponfhaqmif;yg;/ 1910-
1910-11/ pmrsufESm 167?
a*smh'D,kd&pf (George Diouritch)/ *smr%DEkdifiH pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ESihf qufpyf vsuf&dSaom*smref
b%frsm;. wkd;csJ@r_/ yJ&pf/ 1909 ck/ pmrsufESm 84?

54
 +Adwdo# t&if;tESD;. t"dujr‡KyfESH&me,fy,frSm +Adwdo#ukdvkdeDrsm;wGif jzpfonf? ,if;ukdvkd
eDrsm;rSm tm&Swkdufponfwkd@ rygbJESifhyifv#if tar&duwkduf (Oyrm uae'g) wGifvnf; tvGef
us,fjyef@onf? Tae&mwGif t&if;tESD;wifykd@r_tajrmuftjrm;rSm aemifwGif u|Ekfyfwkd@azmfjyrnfh t
a&;ygr_a=umifh us,fjyef@aomukdvkdeDrsm;ESifh teD;uyfqHk;qufpyfaeayonf? jyifopfEkdifiH.tajct
aerSmrl rwljcm;em;onf?

EkdifiHjcm;t&if;tESD; jzef@cGJxm;r_ t=urf;zsif;Z,m;

(1910 ckESpfcef@)
rwf bDvD,Haygif;
+Adwdef jyifopf *smr%D pkpkaygif;
Oa&my 4 23 18 45
tar&du 37 4 10 51
tm&S/ tmz&duESifh 29 8 7 44
=opa=w;vsm;
pkpkaygif; 70 35 35 140

jyifopf. t&if;wifykd@r_rsm;ukd t"dutm;jzifh Oa&mywGif txl;ojzifh ±k&Sm;wGif (tenf;

qHk; z&ef@ 10 bDvD,H) &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;onf? Tonf t"dutm;jzifh acs;aiG t&if;tESD;jzpfonf?
tpkd;&acs;aiGrsm;jzpf+yD; pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_r[kwfacs? +Adwdo#udkvkdeDe,fcsJ@pepfeJ@ rwl
bJ/ jyifopfe,fcsJ@pepfukd twkd;}uD;pm;e,fcsJ@pepf[k uifyGef;wyf&ayrnf? *smr%DEkdifiHurl wwd,
yHkpHjzpfonf? ukdvkdeDykdifqkdifr_rSm rajymyavmufbJ jr‡KyfESHxm;aomt&if;tESD;rSm Oa&myESifh tar&d
ueft=um; nDr#pGmcGJjzef@xm;onf? t&if;wifykd@r_onf wifykd@cH&aomEkdifiHrsm;Y t&if;&Sifpepf jzpf
ay:wkd;yGm;r_tay: tusdK;oufa&mufr_&Sd+yD; E_ef;xm;vnf; tvGefjrefqefaponf? xkd@a=umifh t&if;
wifykd@r_onf wifykd@aomEkdifiHrsm;. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ukd wpHkwckaomtwkdif;twmtxd csKyfxdef;xm;
wwfaomfvnf; urBmwcGifvHk;wGif t&if;&Sifpepf xyfrHjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ukd wkd;csJ@/ euf±_dif;apjcif;jzifh
omv#if wifykd@Ekdifonf? t&if;wifykd@aomEkdifiHrsm;taejzifh t+rJvkdvkdyif tcsdK@aom“tm;omcsuf
rsm;” &&SdEkdif=uonf? TvuQ%muyif b¾mt&if;ESifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfwkd@acwf. xl;jcm;csuf
rsm;ukd jyoaeayonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh 1913 ck/ atmufwkdbmvxkwf b%f*sme,fwGif atmufyg
pmykd'f yg&Sdvmonf?
“r=umrDu EkdifiHwumht&if;aps;uGufwGif t&pPwkdzdef;. uavmifrsdK;ESifhom wefaom
jyZmwfwxkyf ujyoGm;onf? pydefrSonf abmfvfuefEkdifiHrsm;/ ±k&Sm;rS tm*sifwD;em;/ b&mZD;vfESifh
w±kwf/ jynfyEkdifiHtrsm;tjym;onf acs;aiG&zkd@twGuf tojymaps;uGuf}uD;qDokd@ awmif;qdkcsuf
rsm;jzifh ajAmif odk@r[kwf v#dK@0Sufa&muf&Sdvm=uonf? tcsdK@rsm;qdkv#if twif;awmif;qkdae=uonf?
vuf&SdtcsdefwGif tojymaps;uGufrSm xGef;vif;awmufyr_ odyfr&SdvSbJ EkdifiHa&;tvm; tvmrSm
vnf; tmrcHcsufr&SdvSacs? okd@aomf rnfonfh tojymaps;uGufurS jynfyrS acs;iSm;r_ukd rjiif;0Hh=u
acs? ta=umif;rSm ukd,fhtdrfab;rSvlu vufOD;oGm;+yD; acs;ay;zkd@ oabmwlum tJ'Du&&Sdrnfh
tusdK;qufrsm;ukd &,loGm;rnfpkd;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? TEkdifiHwumh aiGay;acs;r_rsm;wGif +rD&Sift
aejzifh t+rJvkdvdkyif tykdtcGifhta&;rsm; &&Sdwwfonf? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;pmcsKyfwGif ukd,fht
wGuf tusdK;&Sdonfh0guswck/ ausmufrD;aoG; wifykd@onfh Xmewck/ qdyfurf; wnfaqmufa&; uef

55
x±kdufwck/ tawmfyGaom tav#mhay;r_w&yf odk@r[kwf vufeufrSm,ljcif;ponfwkd@jzpfonf?” ·
b¾mt&if;onf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;acwfukd zefwD;cJh+yD; Tvuf0g;}uD;tkyf
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u ae&mwumwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepf tajccHw&m;rsm;ukd wifoGif;cJh=uonf?
ajAmifaps;uGufwGif +ydKifqkdifr_tpm; tjrwf&Ekdifaom aiGay;acsr_rsm;twGuf “tquftoG,frsm;”
toHk;csa&;u tpm;0ifa&mufcJhonf? trsm;qHk;vkyfavh&SdonfrSm acs;iSm;aomaiG.wpdwfwykdif;ukd
+rD&SifEkdifiHrS 0,f,ljcif;/ txl;ojzifh ppfypPnf;odk@r[kwf oabFm0,f,ljcif;ponfwkd@twGuf toHk;jyK
&rnf[k pmcsKyfwGif jyÏmef;xm;jcif; jzpfonf? +yD;cJhonfhq,fpkESpf 2 cktwGif; (1890 - 1910 ckESpf)
jyifopfonf Tenf;ukd r=umc% usifhoHk;cJhonf? okd@jzifh jynfyokd@ t&if;wifykd@r_onf ukefpnf wif
ykd@r_twGuf tm;ay;onfhenf;emw&yf jzpfvmcJhonf? TqufoG,fr_wGif ukr`%D}uD;rsm;t=um;
ta&mif;t0,fvkyfr_rSm &SDvf'g·· u “n‡mn‡mwmwm” a&;cJhovkd “tusifhysufr_ tem;pGef;”wGif
&Sdaom yHkpHrsdK;jzpfonf? *smr%DrS c&yf/ jyifopfrS &Sae'g/ t*FvefrS trf;pxa&mif;wkd@rSm =oZm}uD;
aomb%f}uD;rsm;/ tpdk;&rsm;ESifh eD;uyfaom qufoG,fr_rsm;&Sd+yD; acs;aiGw&yfay;awmhrnfqkdv#if
tvG,fwul “OyuQmrjyK”Ekdifaom ukr`%DwcsdK@. om"uyifjzpfonf?
jyifopfEkdifiHonf ±k&Sm;ekdifiHtm; aiGacs;ay;&mwGif 1905 ck/ pufwifbm 16 &ufae@ pD;yGm;
a&;pmcsKyfukd csKyf&if; ±k&Sm;ukd “npf,l”cJhonf? xkdpmcsKyfwGif tcsdK@aom tav#mhay;r_rsm;ukd 1917
ckESpftxd owfrSwfxm;avonf? jyifopfonf 1911 ck/ =o*kwfv 19 &ufae@u jyifopf-
*syeful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;pmcsKyf csKyfqkd&mwGifvnf; tvm;wljyKusifhcJhonf? 1906 ckESpfeJ@ 1911
ckESpft=um; 7 vom &yfem;cJhaom =op}wD;,m;ESifh qmbD;,m;wkd@. tcGeftaumufppfyGJ jzpf&jcif;
rSmvnf; qmbD;,m;EkdifiHtm; ppfypPnf;rsm;a&mif;cs&ef =op}wD;,m;ESifh jyifopfwkd@ +ydKifqkdifr_a=umifh
wpdwfwa'o yg0ifonf? 1912 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif aygvf'uf&SfeJvfu 1908 ckESifh 1911 cktwGif;
jyifopfukr`%Drsm;onf qmbD;,m;EkdifiHokd@ z&ef@ 45˜000˜000 wefzkd;&Sdaom ppfypPnf;rsm;ay;ykd@cJh
onf[k v$wfawmfwGif ajym=um;cJhonf?
aqmfykdvkd (b&mZD;vfEkdifiH) &Sd =op}wD;,m;-[efa*&Daumifppf0ef±Hk;u ,ckuJhokd@a=unmcJh
onf? “b&mZD;vf rD;&xm;vkyfief;ukd t"dutm;jzifh jyifopf/ b,fvf*sD,H/ +AdwdefESifh *smreft&if;
tESD;wkd@jzifh wnfaqmufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? TrD;&xm;vkyfief;wnfaqmufjcif;ESifh qufpyfaeonfh b
¾ma&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd yg0ifywfoufaeaomEkdifiHrsm;u vkdtyfaomrD;&xm;ypPnf;rsm; 0,f
,l&ef pmcsKyfwGif owfrSwf jyÏmef;=uonf? ”
okd@jzifh b¾mt&if;onf wurBmvHk;&Sd EkdifiHtm;vHk;tay: ‚.ykdufuGefukd jzef@=uufvkduf
onf[k trSefwu,fqdkEkdifayonf? TudpPwGif ukdvkdeDEkdifiHrsm;Y wnfaxmifxm;aom b%frsm;ESifh
‚wdk@. b%fcGJrsm;u ta&;}uD;aomtcef;rS yg0ifcJhonf? TonfhbufwGif ukd,fhtwGufukd,f &
,l&mY txl; “atmifjrif”ae=uaom ukdvkdeDykdif&SifEkdifiH“a[mif;”rsm;ukd *smrefe,fcsJ@orm;onf
tm;usvsuf&Sdonf? 1904 ckESpfwGif +AdwdefekdifiHonf ukdvkdeDb%f 50 ESifh b%fcGJ 2˜279 &Sdonf?
(1910 ckESpfwGif b%f 72 ck/ b%fcGJ 5˜449 &Sdonf?) jyifopfonf b%f 20 ESifh b%fcGJ 136 &Sdonf?
a[mfvefonf b%f 16 ckESifh b%fcGJ 68 ck&Sdonf? *smr%Dtzdk@rl b%f 13 ck “r#”ESifh b%fcGJ 70
&Sdonf?··· wzef tar&duef t&if; &Sifrsm;uvnf; t*FvefESifh *smr%Dwdk@ukd remvkdvsuf&Sdonf?
·
b%f *sme,f/ 1913 ck/ twGJ 2/ pmrsufESm 1024?
··
&SDvf'g/ txufwGif ukd;um;+yD;pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 346/ 350/ 371?
···
±kdufqm/ txufwGif ukd;um;+yD;pmtkyf/ pwkwÎt}udrfykHEdSyf/ pmrsufESm 375/ 'D,kd&pfcsf/ ESm 283?

56
olwdk@u awmiftar&duwkdufwGif *smref b%f 5 cku b%fcGJ 70 &Sdonf? æ æ +yD;cJhonfh 25 ESpf
twGif; t*FvefESifh *smr%Dwdk@onf tm*sifwD;em;/ b&mZD;vfESifh O±ka*G;wkd@wGif t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh
a':vmoef;aygif; av;axmifzdk;r# &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHcJhonf? ,if;. &v'ftaejzifh TEkdifiH 3 ckwkd@. ukef
oG,fr_wefzdk; pkpkaygif;&J@ 46 &mckdifE_ef;ukd ‚wkd@ESpfEkdifiH cHpm;=u&onf?· [k rausreyf ajymqkdcJh
onf?
t&if;wifykd@onfhEkdifiHrsm;onf olwkd@tcsif;csif;t=um; urBm}uD;tm; udef;*%ef;oabm
t& cGJa0,l=u+yD;av+yD? okd@aomf b¾mt&if;onf urBm}uD;tm; wu,fcGJa0,ljcif;okd@ jzpfay:
oGm;aponf?

·
tar&duef EkdifiHa&;odyH̀ESifh vlr_a&;odyH̀wuUodkvfw@dk . rSwfwrf;rsm;/ twGJ 59/ ar 1915/ pmrsufESm 301?
,if;twGJ. pmrsufESm 331 wGif vlodrsrsm;aom pm&if pm&if;Z,m; ynm&Sif ykduf&fSu pwufwpPpPqkdaom
b¾ma&;r*~Zif;. aemufqHk;pmapmifY t*Fvef/ *smr%D/ jyifopf/ b,f*sD,HESif a[mfvefwkd@. t&if; wifykd@r_ukd
a':vm 40˜000˜000˜000? qdkvkdwmz&ef@ 200˜000˜000˜000 [k cef@rSef;xm;onf?

57
 5? urBm}uD;tm;
tm; t&if;&SifuGefbkdif;rs
;rsm; cGJa0,l=ujcif;

vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&SifuGefbkdif;rsm;/ umw,frsm;/ qif'Dudwfrsm;ESifh x&yfpfrsm;onf OD;

pGmtm;jzifh jynfwGif;aps;uGufukd cGJa0,l=uonf? EkdifiHwEkdifiH. pufr_vkyfief;rsm; tenf;ESifhtrsm;
qkdovdk vHk;0ykdifqkdifr_&atmif vk,l=uonf? okd@aomf t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif jynfwGif;aps;uGuf
onf rkcsyif jynfyaps;uGufESifh qufpyfvsuf&Sdonf? t&if;wifykd@r_ wkd;rsm;vmonfESifhtr#/ aemuf
+yD; jynfytquftoG,frsm;/ ukdvkdeDtquftoG,frsm;ESifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfuGefbkdif;}uD;rsm;. “=o
ZmcHe,fy,f”rsm; bufaygif;pHkokd@ csJ@um;vmonfESifhtr# “obm0uspGmyif” TuGefbkdif;}uD;rsm;
t=um; EkdifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufrsm;ESifh EkdifiHwumumw,frsm; xlaxmif&ef jzpfvmawmhonf?
TonfrSm ,ciftqifhrsm;ESifh rE_dif;,SOfomavmufatmifjrifhonfh urBmht&if;pk+yHKr_ESifh
xkwfvkyfr_pk+yHKr_ tqifhopfjzpfonf? Ttqifhwef;vGef vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepf rnfokd@jzpfay:wkd;yGm;
onf qkdonfukd =unhf=uygpkd@?
aemufqHk;ay: enf;ynm &&Sdcsufrsm;teuf v#yfppfpufr_vkyfief;onf pHtusqHk;jzpfonf?
19 &mpkESpftukefESifh 20 &mpkESpftp&Sd t&if;&Sifpepf. pHtusqHk;t&m jzpfonf? Tpufr_vkyfief;
onf t&if;&SifEkdifiHopfrsm;xJrS a&S@wef;ta&mufqHk; EkdifiH 2 ckjzpfaom tar&duefESifh *smr%Dwdk@
wGif txGef;um;qHk; jzpfonf? *smr%DEkdifiHwGif 1901 ckESpf pD;yGm;a&;uyfu v#yfppfpufr_vkyfief;
pk+yHKr_jzpfap&ef txl;yiftm;}uD;aom wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? pufr_vkyfief;ESifh tawmfav;aygif;pnf;
rdae+yDjzpfaom b%frsm;onf TpD;yGm;a&;uyftwGif;wGif E_dif;pmjcif;tm;jzifh ao;i,faom ukr`%D
av;rsm; ysufpD;jcif;ESifh ‚wkd@ukd }uD;rm;aomukr`%Drsm;u 0g;rsKdypfjcif;wkd@ukd tvGefjrefqefaponf?
odyfonf;rsm;jym;apcJhonf? “b%frsm;onf t&if;tESD; tifrwefvkdtyfaeaom ,if;ukr`%Drsm;ukd
tultnDray;bJ xm;&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh tpyxrwGif t±l;trl;pef;yGifhr_}uD; jzpfay:ap+yD; aemufykdif;
wGif ‚wdk@ESifhvHkavmufatmif eD;eD;uyfuyf wGJzufrxm;onfh ukr`%Drsm;ukd ar#mfvifhcsufuif;
rJhatmif qHk;±_H;r_jzpfay:aponf”[k a*s',fu a&;cJhonf?
&v'ftaejzifh 1900 ck aemufykdif;wGif *smr%DEkdifiHY pk+yHKr_rSm {&mrajcvSrf;}uJ}uD;rsm;jzifh
wkd;wufvmcJhawmhonf? 1900 ckESpftxd v#yfppfpufr_vkyfief;wGif “tkyfpk”8 ck/ 7 ckavmuf&Sdonf?
tpkwckpDwGif ukr`%DtcsdK@ (pkpkaygif; 28 ck) pD yg&Sd+yD;/ ‚wdk@udk b%f 2 ckrS 10 ckwkd@u ausmaxmuf
aemufcHjyKxm;onf? 1908 ckESifh 1912 ckESpftwGif; Ttpktm;vHk;ukd tpk 2 pk okd@r[kwf
wpkwnf;tjzpf aygif;pnf;ypfcJhonf? atmufazmfjyyg Z,m;onf ,if;jzpfpOfukd azmfjyaeonf?

58
 z,fvwef vmar,m ,leD,H qD;ref;pf ±_;uwf bmh*f - uGrfrm;
ESifh *GDavmfrD attD;*sD ESifh[mvpf ESifhukr`%D ref;
1900
jynfhESpf z,fvwefESifh vmar,m attD;*sD(taxGaxG qD;ref;pfESifh ref; 1900jynfh
rwkdifrD v#yfppfukr`%D [mhvfpf&SL;uwf ESpfwGif
&SLH;oGm;onf
1912 ckESpf attD;*sD qD;ref;pfESifh [mvfpf-
wGif (taxGaxG v#yfppf ukr`%D) ±_;uwf

(1908 ck rSp+yD; eD;uyfpGm yl;wGJvkyfukdifonf?)

Tenf;jzifh }uD;xGm;vmcJhaom emrnfausmf attD;*sD (taxGaxG v#yfppfukr`%Donf ukr`
%Daygif; 175 ckrS 200 (“OD;ykdif”pepfrSwqifh) ESifh t=urf;zsif;tm;jzifh t&if;tESD;pkpkaygif; rwf
1˜500˜000˜000 cef@ukd csKyfukdifxm;onf? jynfy&Sd wkduf±kdufXmecGJoufouftaejzifhyifv#if EkdifiH
aygif; 10 ckausmfY 34 ck ausmf &Sd+yD; ‚wdk@teuf 12 ckrSm zufpyfpawmhukr`%Drsm;jzpfonf? 1904
ckESpfuwnf;uyif *smref v#yfppfpufr_vkyfief;u jynfywGif jr‡KyfESHxm;aom t&if;tESD;rsm; rwf
233˜000˜000 &Sdonf[k cef@rSef;&onf? ‚wdk@teuf rwf 62˜000˜000 ukd ±k&Sm;jynfwGif &if;ESD;
jr‡KyfESHxm;onf? attD;*sDrSm {&mr “uGefbkdif;”}uD;wck jzpfa=umif; ajymaep&myif rvkday? ol@wGif
puf±Hkukr`%Daygif;ukdu 16 ckxuf renf;&Sd+yD; 0g,m}udK;ESifh v#yfppfypPnf;rStp armfawmfum;ESifh
av,mOfysHtxd rsdK;pHkaeatmif xkwfvkyfonf?
okd@aomf Oa&mywkdufY pk+yHKr_rSmvnf; tar&duwkduf pk+yHKr_. tpdwftykdif;wckjzpf+yD;
atmufygtwkdif; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;cJhonf?
taxGaxG v#yfppfukr`%D

tar&duef oGrfqif - [lpwif t,f'Dqifukr`%Du Oa&mywGif

jyifopft,f'Dqifukr`%Dukd
ukr`%Du Oa&my ukd wnfaxmifonf? ,if;urSwqifh
wDxGifcsufykdifqkdifcGifh
wGif ukr`%Dwck rsm;ukd *smr%D ukr`%Dokd@ v$Jay;onf?
wnfaxmif?
*smr%D ,leD,Hv#yfppf taxGaxG v#yfppfukr`%D ( attD;*sD )
ukr`%D

taxGaxG v#yfppfukr`%D(attD;*sD)

59
 okd@jzifh v#yfppf “tiftm;}uD;” ESpf&yfay:xGufvmawmhonf? “‚wkd@ESifh vHk;0oD;jcm;uif;
vGwfaom v#yfppfukr`%D[lI urBmay:wGif wckr#r&Sdawmh”[k a[;ESpfu “v#yfppfx&yfpf. vrf;
a=umif;” aqmif;yg;wGif a&;cJhonf? T“x&yfpf”2 ckwkd@.0ifaiGESifh vkyfief;twkdif;twmukd wzuf
yg udef;rsm;tm; =unfhjcif;taejzifh tjynfhtpHkjzpf&ef tawmfvdkao;aomfvnf; pOf;pm;Ekdifayonf?
(a*s',f/ txufwGif ukd;um;+yD;pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 232)

0ifaiG 0efxrf;OD;a& tjrwf

(rwfoef;aygif;)
(rwfoef;aygif;)
tar&duef taxGaxG 1907 252 28˜000 35 ² 4
v#yfppf 1910 298 32˜000 45 ² 6
ukr`%D (*sDtD;pD)
*smreD taxGaxG v#yfppf 1907 216 30˜800 14 ² 5
ukr`%D (attD;*sD) 1911 362 60˜800 21 ² 7

trSefyJ? 1907 ckESpfwGif *smreDESifh tar&duefx&yfpfwkd@onf urBm}uD;tm; ‚wdk@t=um;

cGJa0,lonfh oabmwlnDcsufwckukd csKyfqkdcJh=uonf? olwkd@ESpfOD;=um;rS +ydKifqkdifr_rSm &yfoGm;onf?
tar&duef taxGaxGv#yfppfukr`%D (*sDtD;pD) u tar&duefESifh uae'gwkd@ukd “&&Sd”oGm;onf?
*smr%D taxGaxGv#yfppfukr`%D (attD;*sD) u *smr%D/ =op}wD;,m;/ ±k&Sm;/ a[mfvef/ 'def;rwf/
qGpfZmvef/ wl&uDESifh abmfvfuefEkdifiHrsm;ukd “&&Sd”oGm;onf? “orD;ukr`%Drsm;”taejzifh pufr_
vkyfief;cGJ topfrsm;/ cGJwrf;rcs&ao;aom EkdifiHopfrsm;twGif;xkd;azmufa&;wkd@ESifhywfoufI txl;
oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (obm0uspGmyif v#dK@0SufoabmwlnDcsuf) ukdvnf; csKyfqkdcJh=uonf? x&yfpf
2 ck wkd@taejzifh ‚wkd@t=um;Y wDxGifcsufrsm;ESifh prf;oyf&&Sdcsufrsm;ukd zvS,f=urnfjzpfonf? ·
vufawG@wGif urBmhtESH@wnf&Sd+yD; t&if;tESD;uvnf; bDvD,Haygif;rsm;pGm&Sdum urBmh
axmifhwkdif;wGif “ukr`%DcGJ”/ XmecGJ/ ukd,fpm;vS,f/ tquftoG,fponfwkd@&Sdaom Tukr`%DESifh
,Of+ydKif&aom tcuftcJrSm jrifomvSonf? okd@aomf rnDrnmaom jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_/ ppfyGJ/ a'0gvD
cHr_ponfwdk@a=umifhrkd@ Ttm;aumif;aom x&yfpf}uD; 2 ckt=um;rS tiftm;qufpyfr_rSm ajymif;vJ
oGm;onfqkdv#if ‚wdk@ t=um;rS urBm}uD;tm;cGJa0r_onf xyfrHcGJa0,lr_ ukd rxm;qD;Ekdifay?
,if;odk@ xyfrHcGJa0,l&ef }udK;pm;r_/ xyfrHcGJa0,l&ef wkdufyGJwkd@ta=umif; ynm&aponfh
om"uw&yfukd a&eHvkyfief;u jyoaeonf?
1905 ckESpfwGif a*s',fvfu ,ckuJhokd@ a&;cJhonf? ,ae@txdyifv#if urBmha&eHaps;uGufukd
{&mr b¾ma&;tpk}uD; 2 ckjzpfonfh a&mhzJvm;. tar&duefpwef;'wf a&eHukr`%DESifh a&mhof
csdKif;vfESifh Ekdb,fwkd@t=um; cGJa0,lxm;=uonf? ,if;teuf 'kwd,tpkonf bmul;&Sd ±k&Sm;a&eH
ajr. tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;ukd csKyfukdifxm;onf? TESpfpkrSm eD;uyfpGm qufoG,faeonf? okd@aomf ESpft
·
±kdufqm/ txufwGifukd;um;cJhaompmtk
aompmtkyf? 'Dtkd&pfcsf/ twufwGifukd;um;cJhaompmtkyf pmrsufESm 239?
uwfa[;epf/ (Kurt Heinig)txufwGifukd;um;cJhaompmtkyf?

60
awmfrsm;rsm;twGif; ‚wkd@. vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ukd &efolig;OD;u +cdrf;ajcmufvsuf&SdcJhonf?· (1)
tar&duefa&eHwGif;rsm; cef;ajcmufr_ (2) bmul;&Sd refwm&SufAfukr`%D.+ydKifqkdifr_ (3) =op}wD;
,m;a&eHajr (4) ±lar;eD;,m;a&eHajr (5) yifv,f&yfjcm;a&eHajrrsm; txl;ojzifh 'yfcsfukdvkdeD a'o
rsm; (tvGefºu,f0aom ukr`%Drsm;jzpfonfh qifjrL&,fESifh &SJvfwkd@&Sd+yD; +Adwdo#t&if;tESD;ESifhvnf;
qufpyfvsuf&Sdonf?) txufygteufrS aemufqHk;tpk 3 pkonf 'GdKufcsfb%f}uD;u acgif;aqmif
onfh *smrefb%f}uD;rsm;ESifh qufpyfvsuf&Sdonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh Tb%frsm;onf ‚wdk@. “ukd,f
ykdif”ajcukyf&,l&ef ±lar;eD;,m;a&eHvkyfief;ukd vGwfvyfpGmESifhpepfuspGm xGef;um;apcJhonf? 1907
ckESpfwGif ±lar;eD;,m;a&eHvkyfief;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHxm;aom t&if;tESD;wefzkd;rSm z&ef@ 185˜000˜000
[kcef@rSef;&+yD; ‚teuf z&ef@ 74˜000˜000 rSm *smreft&if;tESD;jzpfonf?··
abm*aA'a&;om;csufrsm;wGif oHk;E_ef;avh&Sdonfhtwkdif; “urBm}uD;tm;cGJa0,l&ef wkdufyGJ
w&yf pwifcJhawmhonf? bufwbufwGif a&mhzJvm;“a&eHx&yfpf”onf t&m&mukd &&Sdvkdaom
qEN&Sd+yD; a[mfvefEkdifiHxJYyif “orD;ukr`%D” wck wnfaxmifcJhonf? ‚. t"du&efoljzpfaom
t*FvdyfESifh'yfcsf (a[mfvef) ykdif &SJvfx&yfpftm; xkd;ESuf&ef 'yfcsfykdif ta&S@awmiftm&S&Sd a&eHajrrsm;
ukd 0,f,lawmhonf? tjcm;wzufwGif 'yfcsfb%fESifh tjcm;*smrefb%frsm;onf a&mhzJvm;ESifh
pif+ydKif ±l;ar;eD;,m;ukd “ukd,fhtwGuf xdef;odrf;”um ±k&Sm;ESifhaoG;pnf;&ef &nfrSef;=uonf? a&mhzJ
vm;wGif t&if;tESD;ykdifqkdifr_ykdrsm;+yD; tvGefaumif;rGefaom a&eHo,f,lykd@aqmifa&;ESifh jzef@a0a&;
pepfrsm; &Sdonf? TwkdufyGJrSm tqHk;wkdifwkdufrS jzpfrnf? 1907 ckESpfwGif wu,fvnf; tqHk;wkdif
cJhonf? 'GdKufcsfb%fu vHk;0±_H;edrfh+yD; aiGoef;aygif;rsm;pGm tqHk;cHum “a&eHtusdK;pD;yGm;”rsm;ukd zsuf
odrf;rvm;? odk@wnf;r[kwf ol@atmufrSm v#dK0ifrvm;qkdaom a&G;p&m vrf;ESpfoG,fukd &ifqkdif&
awmhonf? olonf v#dK0ifonfhvrf;ukd a&G;cJh+yD; ol@twGuf tifrwefepfemaom oabmwlnDcsuf
rsm;ukd csKyfqkdcJh&onf? “tar&duef tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;tm; xdckdufaprnfh rnfonfhudpPukdr# r}udK;pm;
&ef” 'GdKufcsfb%fu oabmwlcJhonf? okd@aomf *smr%DEkdifiHtaejzifh EkdifiHawmf a&eHvuf0g;}uD;tkyf
vkyfief;w&yf xlaxmifonfqkdygu ToabmwlnDcsufukd zsufodrf;&efqkdonfh tykd'fwykd'fukdrl
xnfhoGif;xm;onf?
xdk@aemuf “a&eHZmwfxkyf}uD;”ukd pcif;awmhonf? *smrefb¾mbk&ifrsm;xJrS wOD;jzpf
aom 'GdKufcsfb%f'g±kdufwmwOD;jzpfonfh AGef*Gifemonf ol.twGif;a&;rSL;pawmhpfrSwqifh EkdifiH
awmf a&eHvuf0g; }uD;tkyfvkyfief;w&yf azmfxkwf&ef pDrHudef;ukd pwifcJhonf? T*smrefb%f}uD;.
{&mr,E©&m;}uD;ESifh ‚.us,fjyef@vSaom“tquftoG,frsm;”ukd v_yf&Sm;apcJhonf? pme,fZif;
rsm;wGif tar&duefx&yfpf. “xrf;ykd;”tm;“jynfcspfpdwfjzifh”em=unf;a'goxGufr_rsm; &$ef;&$ef;a0
aeonf? xkd@aemuf 1911 ck rwfv 15 &ufae@wGif ±kdufcsfpwuf v$wfawmfonf a&eHvuf0g;}uD;
tkyfvkyfief;w&yf xlaxmifonfh Oya'w&yf wifoGif;&ef tpkd;&tm;arwWm&yfcHa=umif;tqkdukd
wnDwnGwfwnf;eD;yg; oabmwl qkH;jzwfcJhonf? tpkd;&u T“vl}udKufrsm;”aom t}uH^m%fukd
zrf;qkyfcJhonf? rdrd. vkyfukdifzufjzpfol tar&dueftm; wywf±kduf+yD; EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf
vkyfief;rSwqifh rdrd. pD;yGm;a&;tm; wkd;wufaumif;rGefap&ef qkdonfh 'GdKufcsf b%f.t,ltqrSm
tEkdif&&SdoGm;ouJhodk@ &Sdonf? *smref a&eHolºu,f}uD;rsm;taejzifh ±k&Sm;o=um;csufolrsm;xuf
·
a*s',fvf/ txufwGif ukd;um;cJhaompmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 193?
··
'Dtkd&pfcsf/ txufwGif ukd;um;cJhaompmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 245

61
 ravsmhenf;aom {&mr tjrwfrsm;ukdyif jrifa,mifvsuf&Sd=uav+yD? æææ okd@aomf OD;pGmtm;jzifh
*smrefb%f}uD;rsm;onf ‚wkd@tcsif;csif; wkduf&mygypPnf; cGJ,la&;twGuf pum;rsm;=uonf?
'pPuGefwkd*,fq,f&Syfzfu 'GdKufcsfb%f. avmb&rufukd zGifhcsonf? 'kwd,tm;jzifh tpkd;&onf
a&mhzfvm;ESifh wkdufyGJay:rnfhtvm;tvmukd pkd;&drfaeonf? ta=umif;rSm *smr%Dtaejzifh tjcm;ae
&mrsm;rS a&eH&Ekdifyghrvm;qkdonfrSm ra&&maoma=umifhjzpfonf? (±lareD;,m;rS a&eHtxGufrSm
enf;onf)? wwd,tm;jzifh xkdtcsdefrSmyif *smr%DEkdifiH. ppfjyifqifr_twGuf 1913 ckESpf acs;aiG
rwfoef; 1000 ukd owfrSwf+yD; jzpfaeonf? a&eHvuf0g;}uD;tkyf vkyfief;pDrHudef;ukd a&$@qkdif;vkduf
onf? a&mhzJvm;“a&eHx&yfpf”onf TwkdufyGJ twGif;Y umvwck atmifyGJcHcJhonf?
TonfESifhywfouf+yD; bmvifrSxkwfa0aom b%f*sme,fu *smr%Dtaejzifh v#yfppf
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;&SdrS/ a&tm;ukd aps;aygonfhv#yfppftm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfEkdifrS Ta&eH
x&yfpfukd wkdufEkdifrnf[k a&;cJhonf? “okd@aomf v#yfppfvuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;onf xkwfvkyfolrsm;
u vkdtyfaomtcgwGif ay:vmrnfjzpfonf? qkdvkdwmu v#yfppfvkyfief;. wHcg;aygufY pD;yGm;ysuf
uyf}uD; a&mufaeaomtcgwGif jzpfrnf? aemuf+yD;yk*~vdu v#yfppf‘uGefpef;’rsm;u ae&mwumrSm
wnfaxmifxm;aom +rdK@/ jynfe,fp onfwkd@rS wpdwfwykdif; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ukd &&Sdae=uaom
}uD;rm;+yD; ukefusp&dwf}uD;rm;vSonfh v#yfppf"mwftm;ay;puf±Hkrsm;rSm tjrwfr&aomtcgrsdK;wGif
jzpfrnf? xdktcgwGif a&tm;ukd toHk;jyKvdrfhrnf? okd@aomf ,if;ukd EkdifiHawmfp&dwfjzifh aps;aygonfh
v#yfppf"mwftm;tjzpf ajymif;vJa&;rSmrl rjzpfEkdifacs? aemuf+yD; yk*~vdupufr_vkyfief;rSm uefx±kduf
pmcsKyf tawmfrsm;rsm; csKyfqkdxm;+yD; avsmfa=u;tajrmuftjrm;ay;&ef owfrSwfxm;onfjzpfojzifh
,if;ukd ‘EkdifiHawmfu csKyfukdifaom yk*~vduvuf0g; }uD;tkyfvkyfief;’ vufokd@ v$Jajymif;ay;&ay
vdrfhrnf? Ekdifx±kdufvuf0g;}uD;tkyfonfvnf;aumif;/ a&eHvuf0g;}uD;tkyf vkyfief;onfvnfaumif;
,if;okd@omjzpfcJhonf? v#yfppf"mwftm;vkyfief;onfvnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfayvdrfhrnf? *smr%DEkdif
iHwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;rsm;onf xkd&nf&G,fcsufaemufokd@ rvkdufcJha=umif;/ pm;oHk;oltm;
tusdK;&SdapcJhonfh &v'frsdK; r&&SdEkdifcJha=umif;/ okd@wnf;r[kwf tjrwftcsdK@ukd EkdifiHawmftm; ay;jcif;
rsdK;yif r&Sda=umif;ukd vSyaom rlw&yfjzifh rsufpdydwfzHk;jcif;cHcJhaom u|Ekfyfwkd@. EkdifiHawmfqkd&S,fvpf
rsm;taejzifh aemufqHk;wGif em;vnfcsdefwkdifyg+yD? ‚wkd@onf EkdifiHawmf.p&dwfjzifh vnfywf&ef/
a'0gvDcHvk eD;yg;jzpfaeaom yk*~vdupufr_vkyfief;rsm;ukd jyefvnfemvefxlap&efwkd@twGufom vkyf
ukdifcJh=uonfukd em;vnfcsdefwkdifyg+yD[k a&;om;xm;onf? ·
Tonfwkd@rSm *smref"e&Sifabm*aA'orm;rsm; rwwfomI 0efcHcJh&aom tzdk;wef0efcH
csufrsm; jzpfayonf? b¾mt&if;acwfwGif yk*~vduvuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ESifh EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyf
r_wkd@ rnfokd@rnfyHk axG;,Sufaea=umif; Tae&mwGif &Sif;vif;pGmawG@&onf? TESpfrsdK;pvHk;onf
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;. urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0,la&;twGuf e,fcsJ@onfh wkdufyGJrS *kd%f;uGJ
rsm;om jzpfa=umif; jrifomayonf?
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fr_oabFmvkyfief;wGif pk+yHKr_t}uD;tus,fjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_onfvnf; urBm
}uD;tm; cGJa0,ljcif;jzifh tqHk;owfcJh&onf? *smr%DwGif tm;aumif;aom ukr`%D}uD; 2 ckwdk@ a&S@
wef; a&mufvm=uonf? [rf;bwf - tar&duESifh aemh'dGKufcsmvGdKufwkd@ jzpf+yD; t&if;tESD;tm;
jzifh rwf -- -----200˜000˜000 pD (pawmhESifh bGef;pmcsKyfrsm;t&) &Sd=u+yD; oabFmwefcsdef
wefzkd;rSm rwfoef;aygif; 185 rS 189 txd&Sd=uonf? twWvE©dwfork'N&m wzufurf;wGifrl tar&d
·
b%f*s*sme,f/ 1912 ck/ trSwf 1/ pmrsufESm 1036/ trSwf 2/ pmrsufESm 629/ 1913 ck/ trSwf 1/ pmrsufESm 388?

62
uefEkdifiHY 1903 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufae@Y armf*efx&yfpfqkdaom EkdifiHwum ul;oef;a&mif;0,f
a&; a&a=umif;ukr`%D}uD;ukd wnfaxmifcJh=uonf? tar&duefESifh +Adwdefukr`%D 9 ckukd pkpnf;xm;
onfh Tukr`%D}uD;onf t&if;tESD;tm;jzifh a':vm 120˜000˜000 (rwf 480˜000˜000) &Sdonf?
1903 ckuwnf;uyif *smrefukr`%D}uD;rsm;ESifh Ttar&duef-+Adwdo# x&yfpfwkd@onf tjrwfcGJ
a0r_ESifh qufpyf+yD; urBm}uD;tm;cGJa0,l&ef oabmwlnDcsuf &&Sd+yD;jzpfaeonf? *smrefukr`%Drsm;
taejzifh t*Fvdyf-tar&duefvrf;a=umif;wGif 0ifr+ydKif&ef wm0ef,lxm;jcif;/ wOD;pDtwGuf rnf
onfh qdyfurf;rsm;tm; “cGJwrf;cs”ay;rnfqkdonfukd twdtus owfrSwfxm;jcif;/ uGyfuJa&; yl;wGJ
aumfrwDwckukd wnfaxmifxm;jcif;ponfwkd@ yg&Sdonf? ToabmwlnDcsufukd tESpf 20 twGuf
om twnfjyKxm;onf? ppfjzpfvmv#if oabmwlnDcsufukd zsufodrf;&efqkdaom tykd'fwykd'fukd
pOf;pOf;pm;pm; xnfhoGif;xm;onf?·
EkdifiHwum rD;&xm;umw,fukd zGJ@pnf;xm;yHkrSmvnf; tvGefyif ynm&aponf? +Adwdef/
b,fvf*sD,HESifh *smrefrD;&xm;vrf;xkwfvkyfolrsm;taejzifh xkduJhokd@aom umw,frsdK;ukd yxrqHk;
t}udrf zGJ@pnf;&eftwGuf pufr_pD;yGm;a&;usqif;r_}uD; tonf;toefjzpfaeonfh 1884 ckESpfuwnf;
u }udK;yrf;cJh=uonf? ‚wkd@taejzifh ukd,fhjynfwGif;aps;uGufrsm;wGif wOD;ESifhwOD; r+ydKifqkdif&ef
oabmwl=u+yD; jynfyaps;uGufukdrl atmufygtwkdif; cGJwrf;cscJhonf? +Adwdefu 66%/ *smr%Du
27%/ b,f*sD,Hu 7 %/ tdENd,ukdrl +AdwdeftwGuf vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; z,fxm;onf? Tumw,f.
jyifywGif&Sdaeaom +Adwdo#ukr`%Dwckukd yl;wGJppfa=unm=u+yD; ,if;twGuf a&mif;&aiGxJrS &mE_ef;
jzifh owfrSwfaumufcH+yD; tukeftuscHrnfjzpfonf? odk@aomf 1886 ckESpfa&mufaomtcgwGif +Adwd
o#ukr`%D2 ck tem;,loGm;ojzifh Tumw,frSm ysufoGm; onf? aemufrSm jzpfay:vmonfh pD;yGm;
a&;pef;yGifhr_umvrsm;wGif TpmcsKyfukd rcsKyfqkdEkdifjcif;rS xl;jcm;csufyifjzpfonf?
1904 ckESpftpwGif *smrefoHr%dqif'Dudwfukd zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? 1904 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmvwGif
EkdifiHwum rD;&xm;vrf;umw,fukd atmufygcGJwrf; owfrSwfcsufrsm;jzifh jyefazmfxkwfcJhonf?
t*Fvefu 53 ²5 µ/ *smr%Du 28 ² 83 µ/ b,f*sD,Hu 17 ² 67µ / jyifopfonf aemufykdif;wGif
yg0ifvm+yD; yxrESpfwGif 4 ² 8 µ/ 'kwd,ESpfwGif 5 ² 8µ / wwd,ESpfwGif 6 ² 4 µpojzifh 100
&mckdifE_ef;owfrSwfcsuf txufwGif &&SdcJhonf? qkdvkdonfrSm pkpkaygif; 104² 8 &mckdifE_ef; ponfh
owfrSwfcsufrsdK;tay:wGif &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? 1905 ckESpfwGif Tumw,fxJokd@ tar&duefoHr%d
aumfykda&;&Sif; yg0ifvm+yD;aemufwGif =op}wD;,m;ESifhpydefwkd@ yg0ifvm=uonf? “rsufarSmuftcgwGif
urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0r_ +yD;qHk;oGm;av+yD? {&mr pm;oHk;olrsm; txl;ojzifh EkdifiHawmf rD;&xm;vkyfief;
wkd@taejzifh *sLyDwm.bHkAdrmef&Sd uAsmq&muJhokd@ aeoGm;Ekdifay+yD? ta=umif;rSm ‚wkd@.tusdK;pD;
yGm;rsm;tm; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&SdbJ urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0+yD;pD;oGm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf”[k 1910
ckESpfwGif Akd*,fpwdef;u a&;cJhonf?··
1909 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmif+yD; ‚wkd@. puf±Hktpk 5 cktm; wu,fukd xkwfvkyfr_cGJwrf;
csxm;onfh EkdifiHwumh oGyfqif'Dudwf}uD;ta=umif;ukdvnf; ajym&OD;rnf? tpk 5 pkrSm *smr%D/
b,f*sD,H/ jyifopf/ pydefESifh +Adwdefwkd@jzpfonf? aemuf+yD; ekdifiHwum 'kdif;erkdufx&yfpf}uD;
ta=umif;ukdvnf; ajym& OD;rnf jzpfonf? ,if;ESifhywfoufI vkdufzfref;u “jyifopf/ tar&duef
'kdif;erdkfufxkwfvkyfolrsm;ESifhvnf; tvm;wl zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; olwkd@tcsif;csif; urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0,l
·
±kdufqm txufwGif ukd;um;xm;+yD;pmtkyf/ pmrsufESm 12 ?
··
Akd*,fpwdef;/ zGJ@pnf;r_o¿mefrsm;/ pmrsufESm 100

63
xm;onf[k qkd&rnfh tawmfacwfrDaom *smref azmufcGJa&;ypPnf; xkwfvkyfolrsm;. &if;ESD;aom
r[mrdwftzGJ@wzGJ@ jzpfonf?”··
1897 ckESpfwGif *smr%DrS &S,f,myg0ifaom EkdifiHwumh umw,fpkpkaygif; 40 cef@&Sd+yD;
1910 ckESpf wGif w&mcef@ &Sdonf[k vkdufzfref;u wGufcsufxm;onf?
tcsdK@aom "e&Sifpma&;olrsm; (rdrd. rmhufpf0g'&yfwnfr_ukd vHk;0pGef@v$wfvkduf+yDjzpfaom
ol(Oyrm - au/ aumufpuDu 1909 ckESpfwGif yl;aygif;cJholrsm;) u t&if;. EkdifiHwumvuQ%m
aqmifr_ txl;jcm;qHk;aom azmfjycsufjzpfaom EkdifiHwumhumw,frsm;onf t&if;&SifpepfatmufY
trsdK;om;rsm;t=um; +idrf;csrf;a&;ar#mfvifhcsufudk ay;onfqkdaom tjrifukd azmfxkwfcJh=uonf? o
abmw&m;t&qkdv#if TtjrifrSm t"dy`m,f vHk;0r&Sday? vufawG@t&rl Tonf [dwf[efxkwf
r_ESifh tqkd;qHk;aom tacsmif0g'ukd r±kd;rom; umuG,fjcif;om jzpfonf? EkdifiHwumh umw,frsm;
onf t&if;&Sifvuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;rsm; rnfonfhtqifhtxd xGef;um;ae+yD/ aemuf+yD; e,fcsJ@uGef
bkdif;trsdK;rsdK;t=um; wkdufyGJ.&nf&G,fcsufukd jyoaeayonf? TaemufqHk;tcsufrSm ta&;}uD;qHk;
jzpfonf? Twcsufwnf;uyif bmawGjzpfaeonfqkdjcif;. orkdif;a&;ESifh abm*aA'a&;t& t"d
y`m,fukd jyoaeonf? ta=umif;rSm wkdufyGJo¿mefqkdonfrSm ajymif;vJaeaom/ E_dif;pmjcif;tm;jzifh
wdusaom/ ,m,Dta=umif;&if;rsm;ESifhtnD rjywfajymif;vJaeaomfvnf; wkdufyGJ.tESpfom&/
,if;.vlwef;pm;vuQ%mwkd@rSm vlwef;pm;rsm;wnf&Sdaeoa&G@ b,fvkdrSrajymif;vJEkdifaoma=umifh
jzpfonf? obm0uspGmyif vuf&SdpD;yGm;a&;wkdufyGJ (urBm=uD;tm; cGJa0,ljcif;). tESpfom&ukd r_H0g;
atmifvkyfa&;ESifh wkdufyGJo¿mefukd tckwrsdK;/ tckwrsdK; tav;xm; axmufjya&;wdk@rSm Oyrm
tm;jzifh *smref"e&Sifvlwef;pm;. tusdK;pD;yGm;yifjzpfonf? aumufpuDrSm ol. oabmw&m;a&;
jiif;cHkcsufrsm;t& ‚wkd@bufokd@ vufawG@wGif ygoGm;acs+yD? (Tta=umif;ukd aemufwGif a&;ygOD;
rnf?) aumufpuDonf TtrSm;ukdyif rSm;cJhonf? trSefyif u|Ekfyfwkd@.acgif;xJwGif *smref"e&Sif
vlwef;pm;omru wurBmvHk;rS "e&Sifvlwef;pm; &Sdaeayonf? t&if;&Sifrsm;u urBm}uD;ukd cGJa0,l
=ujcif;rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; rp>&d,pdwf &Sdaoma=umifh r[kwfacs? odk@aomf xkdtcsdefxkdtcgwGif a&muf
&Sdaeaom pk+yHKr_a&csdefu ‚wkd@tm; tjrwf&zdk@twGuf Tenf;ukdusifhoHk;&ef wGef;ydk@aoma=umifh
jzpfonf? okd@jzifh ‚wkd@onf “t&if;tESD;tcsdK;tpm;t&”/ “tiftm;tcsdK;tpm;t&”cGJa0,l=u
onf? ta=umif;rSm ukefpnfxkwfvkyfr_ESifh t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif cGJa0&ef tjcm;enf;vrf; r&Sd
aoma=umifhjzpfonf? okd@aomf tiftm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_t& uGJjym;=uonf?
bmawGjzpfaeonfqkdjcif;ukd em;vnfzkd@qkdv#if tiftm;ajymif;vJr_a=umifh b,fjy\emawG ajz&Sif;
cJhonf qkdjcif;ukd od&ayrnf? Tajymif;vJr_rsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;“oufouf”vm;/ okd@wnf;r[kwf
pD;yGm;a&;r[kwfaom (Oyrm ppfa&;) udpPvm;qkdonf rSm 'kwd, jy\emom jzpfonf? ,if;onf
t&if;&Sifpepf. aemufqHk;acwfESifh ywfoufonfh tajccH tjrifrsm;ukd enf;enf;rS *,ufr±kdufacs?
t&if;&SifuGefbkdif;rsm;t=um;rS wkdufyGJESifh oabmwlnDcsufrsm;. tESpfom& jy\emtm; ‚wkd@.
o¿mefjy\em (,ae@ at;at;csrf;csrf;/ reufjzefusawmh ppfjzpfrnfhtvm;/ wcg aemufwae@
usvnf; ppfjzpfrnfhtvm;yJ) jzifh tpm;xkd;jcif;rsm; qkdzDrsm;tqifhokd@ av#musoGm;jcif;yif jzpfay
onf?

··
vkdufzfref;/ umw,fESifh x&yfpfrsm;/ trSwf 2 at/ pmrsufESm 161?

64
 t&if;&SifuGefbkdif;rsm;t=um;rS tcsdK@aomqufpyfr_rsm; wkd;yGm;r_rSm urBm}uD;tm; pD;yGm;
a&;t& cGJa0,lr_tay: tajccHonfqkdjcif;ukd t&if;&Sifpepf. aemufqHk;tqifhacwfu jyoaeay
onf? wcsdefwnf;wGif ,if;ESifh ,SOf+ydKifqufpyfvsuf EkdifiHa&;uGefbkdif;rsm;/ EkdifiHawmfrsm;t=um;wGif
urBm}uD;tm; e,fajra'ot& cGJa0,la&;twGuf ukdvkdeDe,fy,f&&Sda&;wkdufyGJtwGuf/ “pD;yGm;a&;
e,fy,f &&Sda&; wkdufyGJtwGuf” tcsdK@aomqufoG,fr_rsm; }uD;xGm;vmcJhayonf?

65
 6? tiftm;}uD; EkdifiHrsm; t=um; urB
urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0=ujcif;?

yx0Dq&m at-plyef (A.Supan)·u ol. “Oa&myukdvkdeDrsm;. e,fajrjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_”

qkdaom pmtkyfxJwGif 19 &mpkESpftukefykdif; Tjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ESifhywfouf+yD; atmufygtusOf;&kH;
okH;oyfcsufukd wifjyxm;onf?

Oa&my ukdvdkeD tiftm;&Sifrsm; (tar&duef tygt0if ) .

e,fajrykdifqkdifr_ &mckdifE_ef;

1876 19000 wkd;jcif;(okd@)avsmhjcif;

tmz&duwkduf 10³8µ 90³4µ š79³6µ
ykdvDeD;&Sm;u|ef;pk 56³8µ 98³9µ š42³1µ
tm&Swkduf 51³5µ 56³6µ š5³1
= opa=w;vsm;wkduf 100³0µ 100³0µ -
tar&duwkduf 27³5µ 27³2µ - 0³3µ

“xkd@a=umifh Tumv.xl;jcm;csufrSm tmz&duESifhykdvDeD;&Sm;wkd@ukd cGJa0jcif;yif”[k olu

okH;oyfxm;onf? tm&SwkdufESifh tar&duwkdufwkd@wGif rodrf;ykduf&ao;aom e,fajrrsm;/ qkdvkd
onfrSm rnfonf@ekdifiHur# rykdifaome,fajrrsm;[lI r&Sdav&m plyef.okH;oyfcsuftm; ,ckuJ@okd@
xyfrHjznfhpGufzkd@ vkdaeayonf/ ,ck okH;oyfaeaomumv. xl;jcm;csufrSm urBm}uD;tm; aemufqkH;
cGJa0=ujcif;jzpfonf? aemufqkH;qkd&mY jyefvnfcGJa0r_rsm;rSm rjzpfEkdifawmh[k qkdvkdjcif;r[kwf/ T
onfESifhajymif;jyef jyefvnfcGJa0r_rsm;rSm jzpfEkdif/ rkcsvnf; jzpfOD;rnfjzpfonf? okd@aomf t&if;&SifEkdifiH
rsm;. ukdvkdeDay:vpDonf u|Ekfyfwkd@.+*dK[fay:&Sd rodrf;ykduf&ao;aome,fajrrsm;tm; vk,lr_ t+yD;
owfcJ@+yD[laom t"dy`m,fjzihf qkdvkdjcif;jzpfonf? yxrOD;qkH;t=udrftjzpf urBm}uD;tm; tjynfht0
cGJa0,l+yD;oGm;=uay+yD? xdk@a=umifhaemifwGif jyefvnfcGJa0jcif;om jzpfEdkifayawmhrnf? qkdvdkwmu
ykdif&SifrJ@e,fajrrsm; ‘ykdif&Sif’ vufokd@a&muf&Sdjcif;r[kwfbJ ‘ykdif&Sif’ wOD;xHrS wOD;xHokd@ vufajymif;
jcif;om jzpfEkdifayawmhonf? xkd@a=umifh u|Ekfyfwkd@onf ‘t&if;&Sifpepfukd jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ aemufqkH;
tqifh’ jzpfaom b¾mt&if;ESifh eD;uyfpGmqufoG,faeonfh urBmhukdvkdeD ay:vpD. xl;jcm;aom
acwfwacwfukd jzwfoef;ae=u&jcif;jzpfonf/ Tta=umif;a=umifhyif Tacwftm; ol@t&ifacwf
rsm;ESifh rnfokd@cGJjcm;onf/ vuf&SdtajctaerSm rnfokd@&Sdonfwdk@ukd twwfEkdifqkH; twnf jyKEkdif&ef
twGuf OD;pGm;tm;jzihf tcsuftvufrsm;ukd ykdrkd tao;pdwfusus avhvm&ayrnf? yxrtaejzifh
Tae&mwGif tcsuftvufqkdif&m jy\emESpfck ay:vmonf/ ukdvdkeDay:vpD ykdrkdonf;oef jyif;jy
vmjcif;/ ukdvdkeDrsm;twGuf wkdufyGJjyif;xefvmjcif;wkd@rSm wu,fyif Tb¾mt&if;acwfwGifrS awG@
·
at-
at-plyef
yef/ txufygacgif;pOfygpmtkyf / 1906b ck/ pmrsufESm 253

66
awG@&jcif;jzpfoavm? aemuf+yD; TrSmbufwGif ,cktcg urBm}uD;tm; rnfokd@cGJa0,lxm;=uo
enf;?
tar&duef pma&;q&m arm&pPu ol. ukdvdkeDjyKjcif;orkdif;ESifh ywfoufaomtvkyf· wGif
+Adwdef/ jyifopfESifh*smr%Dwkd@. 19&mpkESpftwGif; rwlaomumvrsm;Y ukdvkdeDykdifqkdifr_rsm;eSifh ywf
ouf+yD; ed*kH;csKyfokH;oyfaom Z,m;wck a&;qGJ&ef}udK;yrf;cJhonf/ atmufygZ,m;rSm ol&&SdcJ@aom
&v'frsm;. tusOf; &kH;okH;oyfcsuf jzpfonf/
ukdvkdeD ykdifqkdifr_rsm;
ckESpf +Adwdef jyifopf *smr%D
{&d,m(pwk&ef;rkdif vlOD;a& {&d,m vlOD;a& {&d,m vlOD;a&
oef;aygif;) (oef;aygif;) (pwk&ef;rkdif (oef;aygif;) (pwk&ef;rkdifoef; (oef;
oef;aygif;) aygif;) aygif;)

1815- 126³4 0³02 - - -

30
1860 2³5 145³1 0³2 3³4 - -
1880 7³7 267³9 0³7 7³5 - -

+AdweftwGuf ukdvkdeDe,fajrrsm; t}uD;tus,fus,fjyef@vmaom umvrSm 1860ESifh1880

t=um; jzpf+yD; 19&mpk ESpftukef aemufqkH; tESpf 20 wGifvnf; tawmftwefrsm;ayonf? jyifopf
ESifh *smr%Dwkd@twGufrl Tokd@aomumvrSm TtESpf 20 twGif;rSmyif usa&mufjcif;jzpfonf/ t
xufu Z,m;ukd=unfhjcif;tm;jzihf vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_ v$rf;rkd;onfh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfacwfrwkdifrD
t&if;&SifpepfrSm 1860 ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1870 ckESpfrsm;wGif tqkH;owfoGm;onfudk awG@&onf?
twdtustm;jzifh ,if;umv +yD;aemufrSyif udkvkdeDodrf;ykdufr_ ‘pef;yGihfr_’ }uD; pwifjcif;jzpf+yD; urBm
}uD;tm; e,fajrt&cGJa0,la&; wkdufyGJrSmvn;f tvGeftu|H onf;oefvmjcif; jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh
t&if;&Sifpepf. vuf0g;}uD;tkyftqifhokd@/ b¾mt&if;okd@ ajymif;vJr_rSm urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0&ef
wkdufyGJ onf;oefvmjcif;ESifh qufpyfaea=umif;rSm oHo, &Sdp&m rvkdacs/
a[mhbfqifu e,fcsJ@pepfESifhywfoufaom ol.usrf;xJwGif 1884 ckESpfrS 1900jynfhESpf
txd ESpfrsm;onf t"du Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;. ‘wkd;cJs@r_’onf;oefvmaomESpfrsm;[k owfrSwfcJhonf?
ol. cef@rSef;csuft&qkdv#if TumvtwGif; +Adwdefonf e,fajra'o pwk&ef;rkdifaygif; 3700˜000
ESifhvlOD;a& - - - 57000˜000 ukdvnf;aumif;/ jyifopfu pwk&ef;rkdif 3˜600˜000 ESifh vlOD;a&
36˜500˜000 ukdvnf;aumif;/ *smr%Du pwk&ef;rkdif 1˜000˜000 ESifhvlOD;a& 14˜700˜000 ukdvnf;
aumif;/ b,fvf*sD,Hu pwk&ef;rkdif 900˜000ESifhvlOD;a& 30˜000˜000ukdvnf;aumif;/ ay:wl*Du
pwk&ef;rkdif 800˜000ESifh vlOD;a& 9˜000˜000 ukdvnf;aumif;&&SdcJh=uonf? 19 &mpk tukefykdif;ESifh
txl;ojzihf 1880 ckESpfrsm;twGif; t&if;&SifEkdifiHtm;vkH;wkd@ ukdvkdeD&&Sd&ef }udK;yrf;=ur_rSm oHwref
qufqH &;ESifh jynfya&;&mEkdifiHa&;wGif tm;vkH;odae=uonfh tcsufjzpfonf?

·
[ife&D /pD/arm&pP (Henery C. Morris)‘ukdvkdeDjyKjcif
yKjcif;orkdif; ’ e,l;a&muf?

67
 +AdwdefEkdifiHwGif vGwfvyfpGm +ydKifqkdifr_ txGef;um;qkH;umvjzpfonfh 1840 ckESpfESifh 1860
ckeSpft=um;wGif +Adwdo#xdyfwef;"e&SifEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf ukdvkdeDjyKonfhay:vpDukd qef@usif=u
onf/ ukdvkdeDrsm;vGwfajrmufa&; +AdwdefESifhvkH;0cGJypfa&;wkd@rSm ra&SmifvGJEkdifbJ vkdtyfonf [k,lq
=uonf/ rpPwmbD,m (M. Beer) u 1898 ckESpfu xkwfa0aom ‘acwfopf+Adwdo# e,fcsJ@pepf’
qkdaomaqmif;yg;xJY e,fcsJ@0g'ukd vkdvm;avh&Sdonfh EkdifiHa&;orm;}uD; 'pPa&vD (Disraeli) u
1852 ckeSpfwGif ‘ukdvkdeDrsm;[m u|efawmfwkd@twGuf jA[Rm}uD;OD;acgif;yJ’ [ka=unmcJha=umif; azmf
jycJhonf? okd@aomf 19 &mpk ESpftukefykdif;wGifrl xkdumv. ol&Jaumif;rsm;rSm e,fcsJ@pepfukd ajAmif
umuG,f+yD; e,fcsJ@ay:vpDukd t±l;trl;tEkdifqkH; usifhokH;cJhonf@ pDpDvf&kd'fpf (Cecil Rhodes) ESifh *sdK;
Zuf csdefbmvdef (Joseph Chamberlain) wkd@yif jzpfawmhonf?
xkdtcsdeftcgYyif +Adwdo# xdyfwef;"e&SifEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;taejzihf acwfopfe,fcsJ@pepf.
pD;yGm;a&;oufouf[kqkd&rnfh a&aomufjrpfrsm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;/ vlr_a&; a&aomufjrpfrsm;. quf
oG,fr_ukd jrifawG@cJhonfqkdaomtcsufrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;vSonf? csdefbmvdefu e,fcsJ@pepf
onf ‘ppfrSef/ ^m%fynmESifhjynfhpkH+yD; pD;yGm;a&;qefaom ay:vpDjzpfonf’[k umuG,fcJh+yD; urBm@
aps;uGufwGif +AdwdefEkdifiH &ifqkdifae&aom *smrmef/ tar&duefESifh b,fvf*sD,Hwkd@ +ydKifqkdifr_udk
axmufjycJhonf? t&if;&Sifrsm;onf umw,f/ qif'DudwfESifh x&yfpfrsm; wnfaxmifpOfu vuf0g;
}uD;tkyfvkyfief;rsm;uom u,fwifEkdifonf[kqkdcJh=uonf? cGJa0jcif;rjyK&ao;onfh urBm@tpdwf
tydkif;rsm; odrf;ykdufa&;ukd v_H@aqmfonfhtaejzifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;.EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf;
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfvkyfief;rsm;uom u,fwifEkdifonf[k yJhwifxyf ajymqkdcJh=uonf? aemuf+yD; pDpDvf
±kd'fpf. ol@rdwfaqG owif;pmq&mpwuf.ajymjycsuft&qkdv#if ±kd'fpfu ol.e,fcsJ@tjrifrsm;tm;
1895 ckESpfwGif ol@tm; atmufygtwkdif;ajymjycJhonf? “rae@wkef;u vef'efta&S@zsm;” (tvkyfo
rm;vlwef;pm;&yfuGuf) ukd a&mufoGm;+yD; tvkyfvufrJhawG&J@ tpnf;ta0;wckudk wufcJh&w,f?
“aygifrkef@ay;” “aygifrkef@ay;” qdkwJh oabmom oufa&mufwJh txdef;tcsKyfrJh rdef@cGef;awGukd em;
axmifcJh&w,f? 'DvkdeJ@ tdrftjyefvrf;rSm tJ'DjrifuGif;ukd u|efawmf pOf;pm;rd&if; e,fcsJ@pepf&J@ ta&;
ygr_ukd b,ftcgxufrqkd ykd+yD;oabmaygufcJhw,f? u|efawmfhacgif;xJrSm t+rJ udef;atmif;cJhwJh t}uH
wckuawmh vlr_jy\emtwGuf ajz&Sif;csufyJ? tJ'guawmh t*FvefEkdifiH&J@ aexkdifol 40˜000˜000
ukd aoG;xGufoH,dk jynfwGif;ppfu umuG,fzkd@qkd&if u|efawmfwkd@ ukdvkdeDEkdifiHa&;orm;awGtaeeJ@
ykdv#HwJh vlOD;a&ukd ae&mcsxm;a&;eJ@ puf±kHeJ@owWKwGif;rsm;u xkwfvkyfvkdufwJh ukefawGtwGuf
aps;uGuf&a&;twGuf ajropfawG &,l&r,f qkdwmjzpfw,f? u|efawmf t+rJajymcJhovkdyJ tifyg
,m ykdifqkdifr_qkdwm[m aygifrkef@eJ@axmywf jy\emyJ? jynfwGif;ppfudk a&Smif=uOfcsifw,fqkd&if e,f
·
csJ@orm; vkyf&r,f” TonfrSm t*Fvdyf bdk;0g;ppfyJGtwGuf t"duwm0ef&Sdaom b¾mbk&if oef;
ºu,folaX;}uD; wOD;jzpfol pDpDvf±kd'fpfu 1895 ckESpf wGifajymcJhjcif;jzpfonf? trSefyJ e,fcsJ@pepftm;
olumuG,fykHrSm ajAmifus+yD; t&l;trl;Ekdifonf? okd@aomf tESpfom&t&qkdv#if TonfrSm rmp
avmhAf (Maslov)/ pl'DuGef (Sudekum)/ ykdx&ufaqmhAf (Potresov) a';Apf (David)ESifh &k&Sm;jynf
rmhufpf0g' xlaxmifoleJ@ tjcm;aomyk*~dKvfrsm; wifjycJh=uaom ‘oabmw&m;’ ESifh rjcm;em;ay?
pDpDvf±kd'fpfurS ykdI ±kd;om;aom qkd&S,fvpf a&SmfAif0g'DwOD;[k qkd&r vkdvkd ------?
urBm}uD;tm; e,fajrt&cGJa0,lr_ESifh +yD;cJhonfhq,fpkESpfrsm;twGuf TudpPwGif jzpfysufcJh
aom tajymif;tvJrsm;ESifh ywfouf+yD; twwfEkdifqkH;wdusaom ykHum;csyfwcsyfukd &&eftwGuf
·
txufygusrf;/ pmrsufESm 304

68
plyefwifjycJhonfh a&S@wGifukd;um;cJh+yD;aom urBm@tiftm;&SifEkdifiHrsm;. ukdvkdeDykdifqkdifr_ta=umif;
pm&if;Z,m;ukdom tokH;jyKoGm;ygrnf? plyefu 1876 ckESpfESifh 1900 jynfhESpfwkd@ukd ,lcJhonf? u|Ekfyf
wkd@url 1876 ckESpfudk ,lrnf? TtcsdefwGif taemufOa&my t&if;&Sifpepf. vuf0g;}uD;tkyftqifh
rwkdifrD jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_rSm t"dutm;jzihf +yD;qkH;+yD[k qkd&rnfjzpfjcif;a=umifh TouU&mZfukd xkduf
oifhpGm a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? aemuf+yD; 1914 ckESpf plyef.udef;*%ef;rsm;tpm; ykdrkd avmavm
vwfvwfusaom [lbem. yx0DESifhpm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd ukd;um;oGm;ygrnf? plyef.udef;*%ef;
rsm;rSm ukdvdkeDrsm;twGufom jzpfonf? urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0,ljcif;twGuf jynfhpkHaom ykHum;csyf
wcsyf wifjyzkd@qkdv#if udkvkdeDr[kwfonfESifh udkvkdeDwydkif;EkdifiHrsm;ta=umif; udef;*%ef;tenf;
i,fukd jznfhv#if tusdK;&Sdrnf[kxifonf? TtrsdK;tpm;xJwGif yg&Sm;/ w±kwfESifh wl&uDEkdifiHwkd@
ukdvnf; xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf? ‚wkd@teuf yxrEkdifiHonf udkvdkeDEkdifiH vkH;0eD;yg; jzpfae+yDjzpfI
'kwd,ESifhwwd,EkdifiHwkd@rSm xkdtwkdif; jzpfvmaeonf? atmufygokH;oyfcsuf xGufvmygonf?
tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm; . udkfvkdeD ykdifqkdifr_

ukdvdkeDEkdifiHrsm; +rdK@jyEkdifiHrsm; pkpkaygif;

1876 1914 1914 1914
{&d,m {&d,m vlOD;a& {&d,m vlOD;& {&d,m vlOD;a& {&d,m vlOD;a&
jAdwdef 22³5 251³9 33³5 393³5 0³3 46³5 33³8 4440²
&k&Sm; 17³0 15³9 17³4 33³2 1³4 136³2 22³8 169³4
jyifopf 0³9 6³0 10³6 55³5 0³5 39³6 11³1 95³1
*smr%D - - 2³9 12³3 0³5 64³9 3³4 77³2
tar&duef - - 0³3 9³7 9³4 97³0 9³7 106³7
*syef - - 0³3 19³2 0³4 53³0 0³7 72³2
tiftm;}uD; 40³4 273³8 65³0 523³4 16³5 437³2 81³5 960³6
(6)ckwkd@.
pkpkaygif;

tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;. ukdvkdeDrsm;( b,fvf*sD,H/ a[mfvef vef ponf] 9³ 9 45³ 3

ukdvkdeDwykdif;EkdifiHrsm;/ tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;(yg&Sm;/ w±kwf/ wl&uD) 14³ 5 361³2
28³ 0 289³ 9

wurBmvkH;pkpkayg
aygif; 133³9 1˜6570

txufyg *%ef;rsm;ukd =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh 19 &mpkESpf 20 &mpkESpfwkd@wGif urBm}uD;tm; cGJ

a0r_rSm rnfr#‘jynfhpkH’oGm;a=umif; &Sif;vif;pGm jrif=u&ayonf/ 1876 ckESpfaemufwGif udkvkdeDykdif
qkdifr_ {&mrtwkdif;twmjzihf }uD;xGm;vmcJhonfh tiftm;t}uD;qkH;EkdifiH 6 cktwGuf pwk&ef;
uDvkdrDwm 40˜000˜000 rS 65˜000˜000 txd 50µ ausmfr# wkd;rsm;vmcJhonf? wkd;rsm;vmjcif;rSm
pwk&ef; uDvkdrDwm 25˜000˜000 r#&Sd&m +rdK@jyEkdifiHrsm; {&d,m (pwk&ef; uDvkdrDwm 16˜500˜000)
xuf 50µ r#ydkrsm;ayonf? 1876 ckESpfwGif tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHokH;ckwGif udkvkdeDEkdifiHr&Sdao;bJ
jyifopfEkdifiHvnf; &Sdonfqkd±kHr#omjzpfonf? 1914 ckESpf a&mufaomtcgwGif Ttiftm;}uD;EkdifiH
4ck wkd@onf {&d,m pwk&ef;uDvkdrDwm 14˜000˜000 r#&Sdaom ukdvkdeDEkdifiHrsm;ukd &&SdcJh=uonf? T
onf Oa&mywkdufxuf 50µykd}uD;+yD; vlOD;a& 100˜000˜000 &Sd.? udkvkdeDrsm; ykdifqkdifr_}uD;xGm;&mY

69
rnDr#r_rSm tifrwefodomonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh {&d,m tus,ft0ef;ESifh vlOD;a& ruGmjcm;vSaom
jyifopf/ *smr%DESifh*syefwkd@ukd Ed_if;,SOf=unfhrnfqkdygu jyifopfonf tjcm;EkdifiH ESpfckaygif;onfxuf
ukdvkdeDe,fy,fokH;qr# &&Sdxm;onfukd awG@ayrnf? b¾mt&if;ESifhywfoufv#if ,ckajymaeaom
tcsdefumv.tpykdif;wGif jyifopfonf *smr%DESifh*syefwkd@ ESpfEkdifiHaygif;onfxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm
csrf;omonf? pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeoufouftjyif ,if;tajccHay:wGifyif yx0Dqkdif&mESifh tjcm;t
ajctaersm;onfvnf; ukdvkdeDykdifqkdifr_twkdif;twmukd *,uf±kdufayonf? +yD;cJhonfh q,fpkESpf
rsm;twGif; t}uD;pm; pufr_vkyfief;/ zvS,fr_eSifh b¾mt&if;wkd@. zdtm;ay;r_a=umifh urBm}uD;tm;
wajy;nDaponfh rwlaomEkdifiHrsm;wGifpD;yGm;a&;ESifh aexkdifr_tajctaersm; wajy;nDaponfhjzpfpOf
rSm rnfr#tm;aumif;onfjzpfapumrl tawmf}uD;rm;aom jcm;em;r_rsm; usef+rJusefao;onf? ajym
cJhaom tiftm;}uD; EkdifiH 6 ck twGif;rSmyif atmufygtwkdif; awG@&onf? OD;pGmtm;jzifh wkd;wufr_
tvGeftrif;jrefqefaom EkysdKonfht&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm; (tar&duef/ *smr%DESifh *syef) 'kwd,tm;jzihf
,if;EkdifiHrsm;xuf ,ckaemufykdif;wGif wkd;wufr_aES;auG;aom t&if;&Sifjzpfy:wkd;yGm;r_ta[mif; &Sd
onfhEkdifiHrsm; (jyifopfESifh+Adwdef) wwd,tm;jzihfajymv#if txl;tuGufpdyfonfh t&if;&Sifpepfr
wkdifrD qufqHr_ykdufuGefESifh acwfopft&if;&Sife,fcsJ@pepfwkd@ +idwG,f±_yfaxG;aeonfh pD;yGm;a&;t&
aemuftusqkH;jzpfonfh EkdifiHwck (&k&Sm;) wkd@jzpfonf? tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;. ukdvkdeDykdifqkdifr_ESifh t
wl EkdifiHi,frsm;.ukdvkdeDi,frsm;udkvnf; xnfhoGif;xm;onf? Te,fajrrsm;onf jzpfEkdif+yD; tvm;
tvm&Sdaom ukdvkdeDrsm; ‘jyefvnfcGJa0r_’. aemufxyfypfuGif;rsm; jzpfonf? TEkdifiHi,f trsm;pk
taejzihf olwkd@.ukdvkdeDrsm;ukd &xm;EkdifonfrSm tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;t=um; wkduf&mygypPnf;rsm; cGJ
a0,la&;twGuf twm;tqD; jzpfaponfh tusdK;pD;yGm;uGJvGJr_/ yGwfwkdufr_ ponfwkd@&Sdaejcif;a=umifh
jzpfonf? ‘ukdvkdeDwykdif;.’EkdifiHrsm;rSm obm0avmuESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wkdif;wGif awG@&Ekdifonfh
pyful;ryful;o¿mefrsm;. Oyrmyif jzpfonf? ajym&v#if b¾mt&if; onf pD;yGm;a&;qufqHr_ESifh
EkdifiHwumqufqHr_ tm;vkH;wGif tifrweftm;aumif;+yD; tqkH;tjzwf tiftm;w&yf jzpfaeay&m
EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_ tjynfh0qkH;cHpm;ae&onfh EkdifiHrsm;ukdyif vufatmufcH jyKEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf? jyK
vnf; jyKcJhonf? vufatmufcHjyKcH&aom EkdifiHrsm;ESifhjynfolrsm;taejzihf EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_ qkH;±_H;
jcif;yg yg0ifaom vufatmufcHjyKr_rsdK;rSm b¾mt&if; tjrwftrsm;qkH;&Ekdif+yD; ‘toufom’ qkH;
vnf; jzpfayonf? TrSmbufwGif ukdvkdeDwydkif;EdkifiHrsm;rSm ‘tv,fqifh’. pHusaom Oyrmyif
jzpfonf? usefurBmwckvkH;tm; cGJa0,l+yD;+yDjzpfonfh b¾mt&if;vufxufwGif Twydkif;vGwfvyf
aom EkdifiHrsm;twGuf wkdufyGJ txl;jyif; xefvmonfrSm obm0usvSonf?
ukdvdkeDay:vpDESifhe,fcsJ@0g'wkd@rSm Tt&if;&Sifpepf. aemufqkH;tqifh rwkdifrDuyif wnf&SdcJh
onf? t&if;&Sifpepf rwkdifrDuyif wnf&SdcJhonf? aus;u|efpepfay:wGif wnfaxmifcJhaom a&mr
EkdifiHonf ukdvkdeDay:vpD usihfokH;+yD; e,fcsJ@0g'twkdif; taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf? okd@aomf vlr_
pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;t=um; tajccHjcm;em;csufukd vspfvsL±_aom okd@r[kwf aemufwef;okd@ykd@ypfaom
e,fcsJ@pepfESifhywfoufonfh ‘a,bk,s’usaom usrf;jyKcsufrsm;rSm ‘r[ma&mrESifhr[m+Adwdef’ [l
onfh Ekdif;,SOfcsufrsm;uJ@okd@aom xda&mufr_r&SdqkH; taygpm;pmay okd@r[kwf avyef;r_rsm;tjzpfokd@
rvGJraoG usqif;oGm;awmhonf? t&if;&Sifpepf&J@ a&S@ykdif;tqifhrsm;. t&if;&SifudkvkdeD ay:vpD
onfyifv#if b¾mt&if;.ukdvkdeDay:vpDESifh tESpfom&t& jcm;em;ayonf? t&if;&Sifpepf aemuf
qkH;tqifh. t"duvuQ%mrSm t&if;&Sif}uD;rsm;&J@ vuf0g;}uD;tkyf uGefbkdif;rsm; pkd;rdk;r_yifjzpfonf?
ukef=urf;a&aomufjrpfrsm;tm; tpkwpku tkyfpD;rdaomtcg Tvuf0g;}uD;tkyf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm
t+rJ+rHqkH; wnfaxmif+yD;+yDjzpf+yD; EkdifiHwum t&if;&SifuGefbkdif;rsm;onf oHwGif;rsm;/ a&eHwGif;rsm;

70
ponfwkd@ukd 0,fypfum ‚wkd@.+ydKifbufrsm;taejzifh ‚wkd@ukd r,SOfjydKifEkdif&ef rnfr# oJ}uD;rJ}uD;
}udK;yrf;=ua=umif; awG@jrifcJh=uay+yD? vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; ukdvkdeDykdifqkdifr_uomv#if
+ydKifyGJrsm;ESifhwkdufyGJwGif ra&&mr_rsm;ab;&efrS vkH;0tmrcHcsufay;Ekdifayonf? Tra&r&mr_wGif +ydKif
bufrsm;u EkdifiHawmfvuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepf xlaxmifonfhOya' a=unm+yD; ukd,fhudk,fukd,f umuG,f
onfhvlrsdK;vnf; yg0ifonf? t&if;&Sifpepf ykdrkdzGH@+zdK;vmonfeSifhtr# ukef=urf;jywfvyfr_rsm; ykdrkdod
omvmonf? urBmwckvkH;wGif ukef=urf;t&if;tjrpfrsm;twGuf ,SOf+ydKifr_ESihf &SmazGr_ ydkrkdonf;oef
vmonf? udkvdk eDrsm;&&Sd&ef wkdufyGJvnf; ykdrkd aoG;±l;aoG;wef; Ekdifvmayonf?
&SDvf'gu ‘tcsdK@vlrsm;twGuf a&S@aemufrnD[k xifrSwfp&m &SdEkdifaomfvnf; tenf;ESifh t
rsm;qkdovkd ar#mfrSef;Ekdifaom a&S@tem*wfwGif +rdK@jyESifhpufr_ vlOD;a&}uD;xGm;r_rSm pm;eyf&duQm jywf
vyfr_xuf ukef=urf;jywfvyfr_u twm;tqD;jyKrnfhoabm &Sdaeayonf’ [ka&;om;cJhonf? Oy
rmtm;jzifh aps;E_ef; wwdwdwufaeaom opf/ om;a&ESifh txnftvdyfvkyfief;twGuf ukef=urf;
rsm;rSm ykdIydkIjywfvyfvmaeonf?‘puf±Hkykdif&Sifrsm;toif;wkd@onf urBm@pD;yGm;a&;wckvkH;wGif v,f
,mvkyfief;ESifh pufr_vkyfief;wkd@t=um; nDr#&ef }udK;yrf;vsuf&Sdayonf? TtwGuf Oyrmtaejzihf
ajym&v#if ta&;ygqkH;pufr_EkdifiHrsm; trsm;tjym;wGif 1904 ckESpfY wnfaxmifcJhonfh &ufvkyfol
rsm;toif;/ EkdifiHwumtzGJ@csKyfESifh ,if;ykHpHtwkdif; 1910 ckESpfwGif wnfaxmifcJhaom Oa&my av#mf
r#if &ufvkyfolrsm;toif; Oa&mytzGJ@csKyfwkd@ jzpfonf?’·
"e&Sifðyjyifa&;orm;rsm;ESifh txl;ojzihhf ‚wkd@txJrS ,ae@acwf aumufpuD aemufvkduf
rsm;onf ‘wefzdk;}uD;+yD; tE©&m,frsm;aom’ ukdvkdeDay:vpDukd rusihfokH;bJ ajAmifaps;uGufwGif ukef
=urf;rsm; &&Sd‘Ekdifvdrhfrnf’[k ta=umif;jyum txufwGifqkdcJ@aom tcsufrsdK;rsm;.ta&;ygr_ukd
ao;odrfatmif vkyf=uonf? aemuf+yD; v,f,mvkyfief;.tajctae taxGaxGukd aumif;rGef
atmif vkyf±Hk‘r#’jzifh ukef=urf;&&Sdr_ukd {&mrtwkdif;twmtxd wkd;csJ@Ekdifonf[k qkd=uonf? okd@
aomf Tokd@aom ta=umif;jycsufrsm;rSm e,fcsJ@pepftwGuf av#mufvJcsuf/ tr$rf;wif&ef }udK;yrf;
csufom jzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm ‚wkd@onf e,fcsJ@pepfaemufqkH;tqifh. t"duvuQ%mjzpfonfh
vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd OayuQmjyKaoma=umifh jzpfonf? vGwfvyfonfh aps;uGufrsm;qkd
onfrSm twdwfut&m jzpfoxufjzpfvmay+yD? vuf0g;}uD;tkyf qif'DudwfESifhx&yfpfrsm;onf ‚
wkd@tm; uef@owfoxufuef@owfvmaeonf? aemuf+yD; v,f,mvkyfief;tajctaersm; ykdrkd
aumif;rGefatmifvkyf±Hk‘r#’qkdonfrSm vpmwkd;jr‡ifhjcif;/ tjrwfav#mhcsjcif; ponfh vlxk.b0tm;
ydkrkdaumif;rGefatmifvkyfjcif; rnfayonf? ukdvkdeDodrf;ykdufa&;xuf vlxk.tajctaeukd ykdrkd pdwf0if
pm;aom x&yfpfrsm;qkdonfrSm pdwful;,Ofaom jyKjyifa&;orm;.pdwful;rsm;xJrSvGJv#if tb,frSm
rsm; &SdEkdifygoenf;?
b¾mt&if;onf awG@&Sd+yD;om; ukef=urf;t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukdom pdwf0ifpm;onfr[kwf? t
vm;tvm&Sdaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukdvnf; pdwf0ifpm;ayonf? ta=umif;rSm ,ae@acwf enf;ynm
jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_rSm jrefqefvSaoma=umifhjzpfonf? ,ae@ tokH;rusaomajrrsm;tm; eufjzefwGif
enf;emopfrsm; tokH;jyKjcif;jzifh (Tenf;emopfrsm;tokH;jyKEkdif&eftwGuf b%f}uD;wckonf tif*sif
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&SDvf'g ? a&@SwGif ukd;um;cJh+yD;aompmtkyfpmrsufESm 38-
38-42

71
 eD,mrsm;/ v,f,myg&*lrsm;ponfwkd@ yg0ifonfh txl;tzGJ@wzGJ@ ykd@ay;Ekdifonf?) ajraumif;rsm; jzpf
oGm;apEkdifonf? Tonf "mwfowWK &SmazGr_/ ukef=urf;rsm;tm; &SmazGr_ESifh tokH;csr_ ponfhponfh
e,fy,frsm;ESifhvnf; oufqkdifonf? xkd@a=umifh b¾mt&if;onf ‚.pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,f a,bk
,se,fukdyif rkcsraoG wkd;csJ@awmhonf? x&yfpfrsm;taejzihf tjrwftvm;tvmrsm; (vuf&Sd r
[kwf)ESifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_.aemufxyf&v'frsm;ukd xnfhwGuf+yD; ‚wkd@.vkyfief;ukd wefzkd;xuf ESpf
qokH;qr# &if;ESD;jrKyfESHouJhokd@yif b¾mt&if;onfvnf; ae&mwkdif;wGif &Sdor#enf;emjzihf trsm;
qkH;aomajrwkd@ukd vk,l&ef }udK;yrf;onf? xkdokd@}udK;yrf;&mwGif ukef=urf;t&if;tjrpf tvm;tvm
rsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ rcGJa0&ao;aom aemufqkH;e,fajr tptetwGuf jyif;xefvSonfhwkdufyGJwGif
aemufrusef&pf&ef okd@r[kwf cGJa0+yD;om;rsm;tm; xyfrHcGJa0a&;ukdvnf;aumif; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;
cJh=uonf? +Adwdo#t&if;&Sifrsm;onf ‚wkd@.ukdvkdeD tD*spfEkdifiHwGif 0gcsnfpkdufysdK;r_ wkd;wuf&ef t
pGrf;ukef tm;xkwfvsuf&Sdonf?(1904ckESpfwGif pkdufysdK;onfhajr[ufwm2˜300˜000teuf [ufwm
600˜000 okd@r[kwf av;ykHwyHkausmfukd 0gcsnfpkdufysdK;&ef tokH;jyKcJhonf?) &k&Sm;wkd@onfvnf; ‚wkd@
.ukdvkdeD wmupPwefwGif tvm;wljyKvkyfvsuf&Sdonf? ta=umif;rSm Tokd@vkyfjcif;jzifh jynfy +ydKif
bufrsm;ukd ykdrdktEkdif&Ekdifrnf? ukef=urf;t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyfEkdifrnf? aemuf+yD; 0gcsnf
xkwfvkyfr_ESifhtokH;csr_ jzpfpOftm;vkH;ukd‘aygif;pnf;’+yD; ykdif&Sifwpk.vufxJwGif pkpnf;xm;Edkif/ ykdrkd
ac|wm/ ykdrkdtjrwf&&Sdonfh txnfvkyfief;x&yfpfwck wnfaxmifEkdifrnfjzpfaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
t&if;tESD;wifykd@r_rS tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;onfvnf; ukdvkdeDrsm; odrf;ykdufr_ukd wGef;tm;jzpfap
onf? ta=umif;rSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyfenf;emrsm; tokH;ðy&ef (wcgw&HwGif Tenf;wenf;wnf;ukd
om tokH;jyKEkdifonf?) +ydKifqkdifr_ukd z,f&Sm;&ef uefx±kdufrsm; tykdif&&efvkdtyfaom ‘tquft
oG,frsm;’&&Sd&ef ponfwkd@ twGuf ukdvkdeDaps;uGufrsm;rSm ykdrkdvG,fulaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
b¾mt&if;tajccHay:wGif }uD;xGm;aom pD;yGm;a&;r[kwfonfh txufxyftaqmuf t
tkH ‚.EkdifiHa&;ESifhtawG;tac:wkd@onf ukdvkdeDodrf;ykduf&ef aphaqmfonf? [Dvfzm'if;u rSefuef
pGm ajymcJhovkdyif “b¾mt&if;onf vGwfvyfa&;udk vkdvm;onfr[kwf/ pkd;rkd;r_ukd vkdvm;ay
onf?” jyifopf "e&Sifpma&;olwOD;u txufwGif ukd;um;cJhaom pDpDvf&dk'fpf.t,ltqrsm;ukd wkd;
yGm;jznfhpGufum acwfopfukdvkdeD0g'. pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;&if;rsm;wGif vlr_a&;ta=umif;&if;rsm;ukd
vnf; xyfjznfh&rnf[k a&;om;cJhonf? “tvkyform;xktay:rSmomru tvwfwef;pm;rsm; t
ay:rSmyg zdpD;aeaom b0t±_yftaxG;ESifh tcuftcJrsm; wkd;rsm;vmr_a=umifh ,Ofaus;r_a[mif; Ekdif
iHtm;vkH;wGif onf;rcHr_/pdwfwkdr_ESifhrkef;wD;r_rsm; pkykHvmae+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; tE©&m,fay;onf
xuf ay;vmaeonf? udk,fhtdrfwGif;rSaygufuGJr_ukd vrf;v$Jypf&eftwGuf wdusaomvlwef;pm; vrf;
a=umif;twkdif; xGufvmaomcGeftm;ukd jynfywGif tvkyftudkif&Smay;&rnf?”·
u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh t&if;&Sife,fcsJ@pepftqifh&Sd ukdvkdeD0g'ta=umif; ajymae=uonfjzpf&m
urBm}uD;tm; pD;yGm;a&;ESifhEkdifiHa&;t& cGJa0a&;twGuf tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;.wkdufyGJtjzpfokd@
a&mufoGm;apaom b¾mt&if;ESifh ‚. oufqkdif&mEkdifiHjcm;a&;0g'wkd@onf EkdifiHawmfrSDckdr_ pyf
ul;ryful;o¿mef tawmfrsm;rsm; jzpfaponfqkdjcif;ukd owdjyK&rnf? Tacwf. pHusaom tcsuf
rSm ukdvkdeDykdifqkdifolESifh ukdvdkeDrsm;[laom t"duEdkifiHtkyfpk ESpfpkwnf;omrubJ w&m;0iftm;jzihf
vGwfvyfaomfvnf; wu,fwGif b¾ma&;t&ESifh oHwrefa&;t& rSDckdr_ ykdufuGefxJwGif +idaxG;ae
·
[ife&D &kqD,m (Henri Russier) a&; tkd&Sif;eD;,m;a'otm; cGJa0,ljcif;/ pmtkyfxJYukd;um;cJhonfh a0gvf
(Wahl) a&; ukdvkdeDrsm;&Sd jyifopf EkdifiHaqmif;yg;/ yJ&pf? 1905 /pmrsufESm 165?

72
onfh rDSckdolEkdifiH o¿meftrsdK;rsdK;wkd@vnf; yg&Sdonf? ukdvkdeDwykdif;qkdaom rDSckdr_o¿mefwrsdK;ukd t
xufwGif !¸ef;qkdcJh+yD;ay+yD? tjcm;o¿mef OyrmwckrSm tm*sifwD;em; jzpfonf?
±_vfZf*Am;eZ…u +Adwdo#t&if;&SifpepfESifhywfoufaom ol.pmtkyfxJY ‘awmiftar&du/
txl;ojzihf tm*sifwD;em;EkdifiHonf vef'eftay:wGif b¾ma&;t& rSDckdvkduf&orS ,if;ukd +Adwdo#
. ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; ukdvkdeD[lIom ac:qkdxkdufawmhonf?’· [k a&;om;cJhonf? jALEkdat&D
+rdK@&Sd =op}wD;,m;/ [efa*&D aumifppf0ef&kH;. 1909 ckESpftwGuf tpD&ifcHpmtay:wGif tajccHum
&SDvfcgu tm*sifwD;em;wGif jr‡KyfESHxm;aom +Adwdo#t&if;tESD;wefzkd;rSm z&ef@aiG 8˜750˜000˜000 [k
cef@rSef;cJhonf? +Adwdo#b¾mt&if;taejzihf (‚.opPm&Sdaom ‘rdwfaqG’jzpfol oHwrefa&;ESifh
twl) tm*sifwD;em; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;/wkdif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;ESifhEkdifiHa&; b0wckvkH;ukd csKyfudkifonfh
t0ef;t0kdif;rsm;ESifh rnfokd@aom ckdif+rJonfh tquftoG,frsm; &SdrnfqkdonfrSm pOf;pm;&rcufay?
EkdifiHa&;vGwfvyfr_ wGJzufxm;aom b¾ma&;ESifh oHwrefa&;t& rSDckd&r_wGif wpkHw&m
rwlnDonfh o¿mefwrsdK;rSm ay:wl*DEkdifiHyifjzpfonf? ay:wl*DEkdifiHonf vGwfvyfaom tcsKyft
jcm tm%mykdifwck jzpfaomfvnf; pydefqufcHr_ppfyGJ (1701-14 ckESpf) rSp+yD; +Adwdo# tapmihf
ta&SmufcH EkdifiHwck jzpfaecJhonf? +Adwdefonf ol.+ydKifbufrsm;jzpfonfh pydef/ jyifopfwkd@ESifh wkduf
ckduf&mwGif ukd,fhtaetxm;ukd ckdifrmap&eftwGuf ay:wl*DEkdifiHESifhol.ukdvkdeDrsm;ukd umuG,fcJh
onf? twkH@tvS,ftm;jzihf +Adwdefonf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; tcGifhxl;rsm; ay:wl*DEkdifiHESifh ay:
wl*DukdvkdeDrsm;okd@ oGif;ukefykd@cGifh txl;ojzihf t&if;tESD; wifoGif;&ef OD;pm;ay;tpD;tpOfrsm;/ ay:
wl*Du|ef;rsm;&Sd qdyfurf;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKcGifh/ ay:wl*Da=u;eef;vkdif;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKcGifhponfrsm; cHpm;
cJh&onf?·· EkdifiH}uD;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHi,frsm;t=um; Tok@daom qufqHa&;rsdK;rSm t+rJyif &SdcJhonf? okd@
aomf t&if;&Sife,fcsJ@pepfacwfwGifrl ‚wkd@onf a,bk,spepfwck jzpfvmonf? ‘urBm }uD;tm;
cGJa0,la&;’ qufqHr_pkpkaygif;wGif tpdwftykdif;/ urBm@b¾mt&if;vnfywfr_ csdef;}udK;wGif uGif;
qufrsm;jzpfvmonf? urBm}uD;tm; cGJ,lr_jy\emudpP tqkH;owf&eftwGuf atmufygjznfhpGuf
avhvmcsufudkvnf; xnfhoGif;&ayrnf? Tjy\emESifhywfouf+yD; pydef - tar&duef ppfyGJt+yD;
tar&duef pmay/ xkd@aemuf t*Fvdyf bkd;0g;ppfyGJt+yD;ESifh 19 &mpkESpftukefykdif;eJ@ 20 &mpkESpf tpykdif;
t*Fvdyfpmaywkd@wGifom ar;cGef;xkwfcJhonfr[kwfacs? TtcsufESifhywfouf+yD; ‘+Adwdo#e,fcJs@
pepf’tm; ‘remvkd0efwkdr_ trsm;qkH;’jzihf apmihf=unfhcJhonfh *smrefpmayuom okH;oyfcJhonf r[kwf
acs? jyifopf"e&SifpmaywGifvnf; "e&Sif±_axmifhrSaeI twwfEkdifqkH; us,fjyef@wdusaom tokH;t
E_ef;rsm;jzifh Tjy\emukd azmfxkwfcJhonf? 19 &mpkESpftukefykdif; EkdifiHa&;ESifhvlr_a&; jy\emrsm;
pmtkyfxJrS ‘tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh urBmukdcGJa0,lr_’qkdaomtcef;wGif atmufygtwkdif; a&;xm;
onfh orkdif;ynm&Sif '&Da,mhvf (J.E. Driault) ukd ukd;um;oGm;ygrnf? ‘+yD;cJhonfh ESpftenf;i,f
twGif; w±kwfjynfrSwyg; urBmay:&Sd vGwfvyf onfh e,fajrtm;vkH;ukd Oa&myESifhajrmuftar&du&Sd
tiftm;rsm;u odrf;ykdufcJh=uav+yD? TudpPESifhywf ouf+yD; yËdyuQrsm;eSifh =oZmt0ef;0kdif;
a&$@ajymif;r_rsm;vn;fay:aygufcJh+yD? Tonf r=umawmhonfh tem *wftwGif; a=umufp&m
tkHºur_}uD;rsm; xyfrHay:aygufEkdifa=umif; !¸efjyaeonf? wufokwf±kdufrS jzpfrnf? “ukd,fhtwGuf
·
&_vfZf *Am;eZ…
*Am;eZ?… 20 &mpkESpf tpykdif; +Adwdo# e,fcsJ@pepfESEifSiht
f *Fvdyf vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fr_? vkdufyfZpf 1906 ck
pmrsufESm 381? 381? pmwkd;&D;,m; a0:wma&Smfqif (Sartorius v. Waltershausen) uvnf uvnf; jyify
t&if;tESD;jr‡jrKyf
‡KyfESHr_rsm;. trsdL;om; pD;yGm;a&;pepfxJwGif tvm;wl a&;xm;onf? bmvif/ 1907? pmrsufESm 46?
·
&SDvf'g ? txufwGif ukd;um;cJhaompmtkyf pmrsudESm 160- 160- 61

73
r&ao;aom EkdifiHrsm;taejzihf a0pkr&vkdufjcif;/ vmrnfh&mpkESpf (20 &mpkESpf). ta&;ygqkH; vuQ
%mwck jzpfvmrnfh urBm}uD;tm; t}uD;tus,f aoG;pkyfyGJ}uD;wGif rygvkduf&jcif;rsm; jzpfoGm;Ekdif
ayonf? xkd@a=umifhvnf; Oa&mywkdufESifh tar&duwkdufwckvkH;onf ukdvkdeDwkd;csJ@r_ESifh 19 &mpkESpf
tukefykdif;. rSwfom;zG,ftaumif;qkH; vuQ%mjzpfonfh ‘e,fcsJ@0g'’ a&m*gwufaejcif;jzpfonf?”
pma&;olu qufvufI‘TurBm}uD;tm; cGJa0r_/ urBmay:&Sd &wemrsm;ESifhaps;uGuf}uD;rsm;ukd t±l;
trl;&SmazGr_wGif T 19 &mpkESpftwGif; wnfaxmifcJhaom {u&mZfEkdifiHrsm;. tiftm;E_dif;,SOfcsuf
rSm xkdOa&mywkduf&Sd wnfaxmifolrsm;. taetxm;ESifh vkH;0 tcsKdK;tpm;rnD jzpfaeayonf?
Oa&mywkduf.uH=urRmtm; tqkH;tjzwfay;onfh v$rf;rkd;xm;onfh tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;onf urBm
wckvkH;wGif tnDtr# vGrf;rkd;aeonfr[kwfacs? rwGufcsuf&ao;aom"etm; xdef;csKyf&ef[laom
ar#mfvifhcsuft& udkvkdeDtiftm;}uD;rsm;onf Oa&mytiftm;}uD;rsm;. Ed_if;,SOfcsufpGrf;tm; t
ay:wGif rkcsyif tusdK;oufa&mufayvdrhfrnf? Oa&mywkduf. EkdifiHa&;tajctaersm;tm; ukd,fwkdif
jyKjyifajymif;vJcJhaom ukdvkdeDjy\emjzpfonfh ‘e,fcsJ@0g'’ onf ,if;tajctaersm;ukd ykdI jyKjyif
ajymif;vJayvdrfhOD;rnf?

74
 (7) t&if;&Sifpepf. txl;tqifhjzpfaom e,fcsJ@pepf

t&if;&Sifpepfta=umif;ESifhywfouf+yD; txufwGifqkdcJh+yD;onfwkd@ukd jyefvnfaygif;csKyf=u&

ayrnf? e,fcsJ@pepfonf a,bk,stm;jzihf t&if;&Sifpepf. tajccH0daoovuQ%mrsm; jzpfy:wkd;
yGm;r_ESifh wkduf&kduftquftjzpf ay:xGufvmjcif;jzppfonf? okd@aomf t&if;&Sifpepfonf jzpfay:wkd;
yGm;r_ tvGefjrihfonfh tqifhjzpfaom wdusonfhtqifhwqifhwGifrS t&if;&Sife,fcsJ@pepf jzpfvm
onf? xkdtqifhrSm ‚. tcsdK@aomtajccH0daoovuQ%mrsm;u qef@usifbufokd@ ajymif;vJpjyK
onfhtcsdef/ t&if;&Sifpepfonf ykdjrifhaom vlr_a&;ESifhEkdifiHa&;pepfokd@ ajymif;vJonfhumvrSm ykHay:
vm+yD; xkdvrf;a=umif;twkdif; azmfjyvmaomtcsdefjzpfonf? pD;yGm;a&;t&qkdv#if TjzpfpOftwGif;
t"duudpPrSm t&if;&Sif vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_tm; t&if;&Sif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfu tpm;xkd;jcif;jzpf
onf? vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_onf t&if;&SifpepfESifh a,bk,stm;jzifh ukefpnfxkwfvkyfr_. tajccH
0daoovuQ%m jzpfonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfrSm vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_. wkduf&kdufqef@usifbuf
yif? okd@aomf u|Ekfyfwkd@.rsufpdatmufrSmyif vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_rSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepftjzpfokd@
ajymif;vJoGm;onfukd awG@=u&onf? pufr_vkyfief;tao;pm;rsm;ukd z,fxkwf+yD; t}uD;pm;pufr_
vkyfief;rsm;jzifh tpm;xkd;onf? t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief;tm; ykdI}uD;rm;aom pufr_vkyfief;jzifh t
pm;xkd;onf? TjzpfpOfwGif xkwfvkyfr_ESifh t&if;pk+yKHjcif;ukd umw,f/ qif'Dudwf/ x&yfpfqkdonfh
vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ay:xGufvmonftxd ðyvkyfcJh+yD; ‚wkd@u aiGukaË &maygif;rsm;pGm
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onf? okd@jzihf tifrwef jyif;xefonf;oefaom yËdyuQ/ yGwfwkdufr_ESifh tcsif;yGm;r_rsm; jzpfay:apcJh
onf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_onf t&if;&SifpepfrS ykdrkdjrihfrm;aompepfokd@ ul;ajymif;jcif; jzpfonf?
e,fcsJ@pepftm; twkdqkH;zGifhqkd&rnfqkdv#if e,fcsJ@pepfonf t&if;&Sifpepf. vuf0g;}uD;
tkyfpepf[k qkd&rnfjzpfonf? Tokd@aomzGifhqkdcsufwGif ta&;t}uD;qkH;tcsuf yg0if+yD;jzpfonf?
ta=umif;rSm wzufwGif b¾mt&if;rSm pufr_vkyfief;&Sif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfuGefbkdif;}uD;rsm;. t&if;
ESifh yl;aygif;xm;aom tifrwef}uD;rm;onfh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfb%f}uD;tenf;i,f. b%ft&if;
jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf? tjcm;wzufwGif urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0,lr_rSm rnfonfht&if;&Sif tiftm;
}uD;urS rvk,l&ao;onfh e,fajrrsm;qDokd@ twm;tqD;r&Sd wkd;csJ@oGm;aom ukdvkdeDay:vpD/ urBm
}uD;tm; vkH;0cGJa0,l+yD;wJhtxd vuf0g;}uD;tkyfe,fajrykdifqkdifonfh ukdvdkeDay:vpDyif jzpfaoma=umifh
jzpfonf?
okd@aomf tifrwefwdkaomzGifhqkdcsufqkdonfrSm t"dutcsufrsm;ukd aygif;&kH;xm;jcif;jzpf
ojzifh tqifajyvG,fulonfrSefaomfvnf; ed,mrw&m;. azmfjy&rnfh tifrwefta&;}uD;aom
vuQ%mrsm;rSm txl;jyKaumufcsufqGJ&jcif;jzpfojzihf rnfokd@r#rjynfhpkHEkdifay? xkd@a=umifh ed,mr
w&m;wck. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ukd qufpyfr_tm;vkH;ESifhtwl tjynfhtpkHtwkdif; v$rf;+cKHEkdifpGrf;r&Sdojzihf
zGifhqkdcsuftm;vkH;rSm a,bk,stm;jzihf tajctaetay: rlwnfonf? Ed_if;,SOfcsufwefzkd;om &Sdonf
qkdonfhtcsufukd rarhbJ t&if;&SifpepfESifhywfouf+yD; atmufyg tajccHvuQ%m 5 ckyg&Sdonfh
zGifhqkdcsufukd wifjy&ayrnf?

75
 1? xkwfvkyfr_ESifht&if;.pkpnf;r_rSm pD;yGm;a&;b0wGif tqkH;tjzwftcef;u yg0ifaom
vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; zefwD;onfh jrifhrm;aomtqifhtxd jzpfay:wkd;yGm;vmcJhjcif;?
2? b%ft&if;ESifhpufr_t&if;wkd@ yl;aygif;jcif;ESifh T‘b¾mt&if;’tajccHay:wGif b¾mt
&Sifocifpepf ay:xGufvmjcif;?
3? ukefpnfwifykd@r_eSifh rwljcm;em;onfh t&if;wifykd@r_rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ta&;ygvmjcif;?
4? urBm}uD;tm; ‚wkd@tcsif;csif; cGJa0,l=uonfh EkdifiHwumvuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&Sif
uGefbkdif;}uD;rsm; zGJ@pnf;vmjcif;?
5? t}uD;qkH; t&if;&Siftiftm;}uD; EdkifiHrsm;t=um; urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0,lr_+yD;qkH;oGm;jcif;?
wkd@jzpfonf?
e,fcJs@pepfqkdonfrSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;eSifh b¾mt&if;wkd@. v$rf;rkd;r_ukd ‚
wkd@bmom wnfaxmif+yD;aom/ t&if;wifykd@r_rSm xl;jcm;pGm ta&;ygvmaom/ EkdifiHwum x&yfpf
rsm;t=um; urBm}uD;tm;cGJa0,lr_ pwifaom/ t}uD;qkH;t&if;&Siftiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;t=um; urBm
}uD;tm; e,fajrt& cGJa0r_ +yD;qkH;oGm;aom t&if;&Sifpepf. jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_tqifhyif jzpfonf?
t&if;&Sifpepftm; zGifhqkd&mwGif txufygzGifhqkdcsufY uef@owfxm;aom tajccHpD;yGm;a&;
oabmw&m;oufouft&omrubJ rwljcm;em;pGm zGifhqkdEdkif/ zGifhqdkoifha=umif; a&S@wGif awG@&yg
vdrfhrnf? ,if;rSm taxGaxGt&if;&SifpepfESifh qufpyfaeaom Ttqifht&if;&Sifpepf. orkdif;a&;
&m tcef;u¾ okd@r[kwf e,fcsJ@pepfESifh tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd t"dut,ltq ESpf&yf
wkd@t=um; qufpyfr_wkd@yifjzpfonf? Tae&mwGif owdjyKtyfonfrSm txufwGif t"dy`m,fzGifh
onfhtwkdif;qkdv#if e,fcsJ@pepfrSm t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. txl;tqifhukd ukd,fpm;jyKonf
qkdaomtcsufyif jzpfonf? pmzwfoltaejzihf t&if;&SifpepfESifhywfouf+yD; twwfEkdifqkH; ckdifvkH
onfht,ltqrsm; &&Sdap&eftwGuf t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepf. txl;tqifhESifhywfouf+yD; tjiif;
yGm;zG,f&m r&Sdaomtcsufrsm;tm; 0efcH&onfh "e&Sifabm*aA'orm;rsm;tm; ukd;um;&ef wrif
}udK;pm;cJhonf? tvm;wl&nf&G,fcsufjzifhyif b%ft&if;ponfwkd@rSm rnfonfhtqifhtxd }uD;xGm;
vm+yDjzpfa=umif;/ t&if;&Sifpepftaejzihf e,fcsJ@pepfqDokd@ rnfonfhta&twGufrS t&nftcsif;
ajymif;vJr_jzihf ajymif;vJcJha=umif; jrifEkdif&ef tao;pdwfpm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd ukd;um;cJhygonf? trSef
yif obm0avmuESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd e,fedrdwfowfrSwfcsufrSefor#rSm tajctaeay:
rlwnfonf// ajymif;vJEkdifonfqkdjcif;ukd Oyrmtm;jzihf e,fcsJ@pepftm; ‘twdtustm;jzihf’ rnf
onfhouU&mZf rnfonfhq,fpkESpfwGif xlaxmifonfqkdjcif;ukd jiif;ckHae&efrSm t"dy`m,fr&Sda=umif;
ajymaep&mrvkdacs?
okd@aomf t&if;&Sifpepftm; zGifhqdk&mwGifrl u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzihf tjiif;yGm;&awmhonf? t"du
tm;jzifh 1889 ckESpfrS 1914 ckESpftxd 25 ESpfr#aom 'kwd,tifwmae&Sife,fqkdonfhacwf. t"du
rmhufpf0g' oabmw&m;q&mjzpfol aumufpuD;ESifh jiif;&jcif; jzpfonf? e,fcsJ@pepfESifhywfouf+yD;
u|Ekfyfwkd@.zGifhqkdcsufwGif azmfjycJhonfh tajccHt,ltqrsm;tm; aumufpuDu 1915 ckESpfwGif
jywfjywfom;om; wkdufckdufcJhonf? 1914 ckESpfrSmyif olu e,fcsJ@pepftm; pD;yGm;a&; ‘ckvwf’wck
okd@r[kwf tqifhwqifh[k oabmrxm;bJ b¾mt&if;u ‘a&G;cs,fcJh’onfh rl0g'w&yf/ wdusonfh
rl0g'w&yf[k oabmxm;oifha=umif;/ e,fcsJ@pepftm; ‘,ae@acwft&if;&Sifpepf’[k ‘ykHazmfjcif;’
rjyKoifha=umif;/ e,fcsJ@pepfrSm ‘,ae@acwf t&if;&Sifpepf. ed,mrw&m;tm;vkH;’jzpfaom um
w,frsm;/ ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;umuG,fr_/ b¾mcsKyfukdifolrsm;. v$rf;rdk;r_eSifh ukdvkdeD0g'[k t"dy`m,f
aygufonf[k em;vnfcJhv#if e,fcsJ@pepfonf t&if;&SifpepftwGuf vkdtyfovm;[laom ar;cGef;rSm

76
‘twdrfqkH; pum;Ekdifvkjcif;’om jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfa=umif;/ ta=umif;rSm Tokd@omqkdygu ‘e,fcsJ@
pepfrSm obm0uspGmyif t&if;&SifpepftwGuf aoa&;&Sifa&;wr# vkdtyfcsufwck jzpfaea=umif;’
ponfjzihfajymcJhonf? aumufpuD.t,ltqtm; wifjy&ef tumif;qkH;enf;vrf;rSm u|Ekfyfwkd@
csrSwfcJhaom t,ltqrsm;.tESpfom&ESifh ajzmifhajzmifh}uD;qef@usifaeaom e,fcsJ@pepftay: ukd,f
wkdifzGifhqkdcsuftm; ukd;um;jcif;yifjzpfonf? (ta=umif;rSm tvm;wlt,ltqrsdK;rsm;ukd ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGmuyif azmfxkwfae=uonfh *smrefrmhufpf0g'tkyfpkrS xGufay:vmaom Tuef@uGufcsufrsm;
rSm rmhufpf0g'twGif;&Sd wdusaom t,ltqtpkwckrS uef@uGufcsufrsm;jzpfa=umif; aumufpuD
taejzihf =umjrihfpGmuwnf;uyif od&Sdaeaoma=umifhyif? )
aumufpuD. zGifhqkdcsufrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?
‘e,fcsJ@pepfqkdonfrSm tvGefzGH@+zdK;aom pufr_t&if;&Sifpepf. xkwfvkyfr_wck jzpfonf? T
pepft& pufr_t&if;&SifEkdfifiHwkdif;onf {&d,m ykdIykdI us,fjyef@aomv,f,m e,fajra'orsm;tm;
rnfonfhtrsdK;om;rsm;aexkdifonfukd *±krxm;bJ rdrd.vufatmufY csKyfudkif&ef okd@r[kwf odrf;
ykduf&ef vkH;yef;&onf?’· (aumufpuDrsOf;om;csufjzpfonf?)
TzGifhqkdcsufrSm wefzkd;vkH;0r&Sdacs? ta=umif;rSm ‚onf trdsL;om;a&;jy\em (TudpP
rSm ol@csnf;yifv#if tvGefta&;}uD;+yD; e,fcsJ@pepfESifh qufpyfr_wGifvnf; tvGefta&;}uD;onf rSef
aomfvnf;) wckwnf;ukd wzufowf/ t&rf;uma&m qGJxkwfwifjyvmcJhonf? Tjy\emukd
tjcm;aom trsdK;om;EkdifiHrsm;tm; odrf;ykdufonfhEkdifiHrsm;&Sd pufr_t&if;ESifhom t&rf;uma&m rwd
uspGm qGJpyfcJhonf? aemuf+yD; tvm;wl t&rf;uma&m rwdusaom ykHpHjzifhyif v,f,ma'orsm;
vk,lr_ukd a&S@wef;wifvmcJhonf?
aumufpuD.zGifhqkdcsuf&J@ ekdifiHa&;tykdif;t& e,fcsJ@pepfqkdonfrSm odrf;ykduf&ef }udK;pm;r_[l
Iom t"dy`m,fxGufonf? rSefonf? okd@aomftifrwefrSyif rjynfhpkHacs? ta=umif;rSm e,fcsJ@pepf
onf a,bk,stm;jzihf &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfr_ESifhazmufjyefr_qDokd@ OD;wnfvkH;yef;aoma=umifh jzpf
onf? okd@aomf avmavmq,fwGifrl u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzihf aumufpuDukd,fwdkifu ol. zGifhqkdcsufxJ
wGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom Tjy\em. pD;yGm;a&;bufukdom pdwf0ifpm;ygonf? aumufpuD.
zGifhqkdcsufwGifyg&Sdaom rwdusr_rsm;rSm xif;aeonf? e,fcsJ@pepf.0daoovuQ%mrSm pufr_t&if;
r[kwf? b¾mt&if;jzpfonf? jyifopfEkdifiHwGif b¾mt&if; tvGeftrif; vsifjrefpGmzGH@+zdK;jcif;eSifh
pufr_t&if; tm;enf;oGm;jzif;a=umifhyif 80 ckESpfrsm;aemufykdif;wGif odrf;ykdufa&; (udkvkdeD)0g' onf;
oefvm&jcif;jzpfonf? t&if;&Sifpepf.0daoovuQ%mrSm v,f,me,fajrrsm;ukdom odrf;ykduf&ef
vkH;yef;onfr[kwf? pufr_txGef;um;qkH;aom a'orsm; (b,fv*sD,Htm; *smr%Du wyfrufr_/
avm&def;tm;jyifopfu wyfrufr_) ukd odrf;ykduf&efvkH;yef;r_yifjzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm (1) urBm
}uD;tm; cGJa0,l+yD;+yD qkdaomtcsufu jyefvnfcGJa0,l&ef pdwful;ae=uolrsm;tm; rnfonfh e,fajr
trsdK;tpm;ukdrqkd vufvSrf;aponf? (2) e,fcsJ@pepf. ta&;ygaomtcsufwcsufrSm r[mtif
tm;}uD;EkdifiHwkd@taejzihf Adkvfusv$rf;rkd;&ef qkdvkdonfrSm ukd,fhtwGufwkduf±kdufr[kwfbJ rdrd.+ydKif
bufudk tm;enf;ap&efESifh ,if;.Akdvfusv$rf;rkd;r_ukd zsufqD;&eftwGuf e,fajrodrf;ykdufzkd@ }udK;pm;
&mwGif +ydKifqkdif=ujcif;jzpfonf? (*smr%Dtzkd@ t*Fveftm; wkdufckduf&eftwGuf b,fvf*sD,HrSm ajc
ukwftjzpf txl;ta&;yg+yD; t*Fveftzkd@ *smr%D udkwkdufckduf&eftwGuf ajcukwfjyK&ef buf'uf
udk vdktyfonf?)
·
acwfopf*sme,f twGJ 32? 1914 pufwifbm 15?

77
 aumufpuDonf txl;ojzihf/ aemuf+yD;t}udrf}udrfyif t*FvdyfvlrsdK;rsm;ukd !¸ef;qkdcJhonf?
xkdolrsm;onf ‘e,fcsJ@pepf’ESifhywfouf+yD; ol aumufpuD-em;vnfonfhtwkdif; EkdifiHa&;oufouf
t"dy`m,f ay;cJhonf[k olu qkdonf? u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzihf 1902 ckeSpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom t*Fvdyf
vlrsdK; a[mwfqif. ‘e,fcsJ@pepf’ pmtkyfukd =unfh=uygrnf? xkdtxJwGif atmufygtwkdif; zwf&
onf?
‘e,fcsJ@pepfonf atmufygwkd@a=umifh pepfa[mif;ESifh jcm;em;onf? yxrtm;jzifh }uD;xGm;
aeaom wckwnf;aom {u&mZfEkdifiHqkdonfh &nfrSef;csufae&mwGif tvm;wl EkdifiHa&;t& =oZm
}uD;rm;&efESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;t& tjrwf&&ef tmom&rufjzihf +ydKifqkdifae=uaom {u&mZf
EkdifiHrsm;qkdonfh oabmw&m;ESifhvufawG@wkd@ukd tpm;xkd;cJhonf? 'kwd,tm;jzihf ul;oef;a&mif;
0,fa&; tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;tay:wGif b¾ma&; okd@r[kwf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHa&; tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;u v$rf;rdk;cJh
onf? ·
t*FvdyfvlrsdK;rsm;[k (±kef@&if;=urf;wrf;aom t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;/ okd@r[kwf e,fcsJ@pepf
twGuf av#mufvJ&ef opPmcHxm;olrsm;ukdom &nf!¸ef;jcif;r[kwfv#if a,bk,s&nf!¸ef;jcif;rSm
aumufpuD rSm;a=umif; awG@=u&onf? olonf rmhufpf0g'ukd qufvuf&yfcHaeygonf[k qkdae
aomfvnf; wu,fwrf;wGif aumufpuDonf qkd&S,fvpfb&,f a[mhwfqifESifh Ed_if;pmvkdufv#if
aemufwvSrf;yif qkwfoGm;onf? a[mhbfqifonf acwfopfe,fcsJ@pepfopf. ‘orkdif;t& yuwd
bm0usaom’ (aumufpuD.zGifq h kdcsufrSm orkdif;t& yuwdbm0usr_ukd avSmifajymifjcif;ygw
um;) vuQ%mESpf&yfukd ykdrkdrSefuefpGm xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;cJhonf? (1) e,fcsJ@pepf trsm;tjym;
t=um; +ydKifqkdifr_? (2) ukefonftay:Y aiGxkwfay;olu v$rf;rkd;r_? tu,fI Tonf pufr_EkdifiH
rsm;u v,f,mEkdifiHrsm;tm; odrf;ykdufonfh jy\emoufoufom jzpfcJhv#if ukefonf. tcef;
u¾ukd a&S@wef;wifayvdrfhrnf?
aumufpuD.zGifhqkdcsufrSm rSm;,Gif;±Hk/ rmhufpf0g' rqef±Hkr[kwfacs? ,if;onf rmhufpf0g'
oabmw&m;/ rmhufpf0g'vufawG@wkd@rS wav#mufvkH;cGJxGufjcif;ukdazmfjyonfh tjrifwpkHvkH; t
wGuf tajccH jzpfayonf? TonfESifhywfoufI aemifwGifrS ajymoGm;ygrnf? t&if;&Sifpepf.
aemufqkH;tqifhtm; ‘e,fcsJ@pepf’[k ac:rnfavm? ‘b¾mt&if;tqifh’[k ac:rnfavm [laom
a0g[m& tokH;tE_ef;rsm;ESifh ywfouf+yD; aumufpuD.qifajcuefcsufrSm vkH;0yif ao;EkyfvSonf?
rnfokd@yifac:ygap/ bmrSrjcm;em;yg? jy\em.tESpfom&rSm aumufpuDu e,fcsJ@pepf. EkdifiHa&;
tm; ‚.pD;yGm;a&;ESifh cGJjcm;ypfjcif;/ odrf;ykdufr_rsm;rSm b¾mt&if;u ‘a&G;cs,f’aom ay:vpDjzpf
onf[k pGyfpGJjcif;/ aemuf+yD; b¾mt&if;qkdaom tajccHay:rSmyif jzpfwnfEkdifonf[k olu pGyfpGJ
aom aemuf"e&Sifay:vpDw&yfESifh Tonfudk qef@usifjcif;wkd@yif jzpfonf? okd@qkdygu pD;yGm;a&;wGif
vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm EkdifiHa&;&Sd vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr[kwfaom/ t=urf;rzufaom/ rodrf;
ykdufaomenf;emrsm;ESifh vkdufavsmnDaxG&Sdonf[k t"dy`m,fxGufvmawmhonf? o@kdqkdygu b¾m
t&if;acwfrSmyif +yD;qkH;aom/ aemuf+yD; t}uD;qkH;t&if;&SifEkdifiH}uD;rsm; t=um; +ydKifqkdifr_rsm;.
vuf&Sd xl;jcm;aomo¿mefrsm;twGuf tajccHjzpfaom urBm}uD;tm; e,fajrt&cGJa0,lr_onf
e,fcsJ@r[kwfaom ay:vpDESifh vkdufavsmnDaxG&Sdonf[k t"dy`m,fxGufvmayonf? tajzrSm
t&if;&Sifpepf aemufqkH;tqifh. teuf±_dif;qkH;aomyËdyuQrsm;ukd ol@twkdif; zGifhcs&rnfhtpm; wrif
·
a[mhbfqif/ e,fcsJ@pepf/ vef'ef? 1902 ck/ pmrsufESm 324?
324?

78
AvkH;AaxG;jyKjcif;ESifh arS;rSdefatmifvkyfjcif;yif jzpfonf? tajzrSm rmhufpf0g'tpm; "e&SifjyKjyifa&;yif
jzpfonf?
aumufpuDonf e,fcsJ@pepfESifh odrf;ykdufr_.a&S@ae *smrefvlrsdK; umEdk (Cunow)ESifhvnf;
jiif;ckHvkdufao;onf? umEkdu e,fcsJ@pepfrSm ,ae@acwf t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfonf? t&if;&Sifpepf jzpf
ay:wkd;yGm;r_rSm rvGJraoG jzpf&rnfjzpf+yD; wkd;wufonf? xkda=umifh e,fcsJ@pepfonf wkd;csJ@onf?
xkd@a=umifh u|Ekfyfwkd@onf e,fcsJ@pepfa&S@arSmuf 0yfwGm;+yD; *k%fjyK&rnf[k ykHrusyef;rusESifh t±l;trl;
jiif;ckHcJhonf? TonfrSm 1894-95 ckESpfqDu ema&mh'fepfrsm; a&;qGJcJhaom ±k&Sm;rmhufpf0g'Drsm;.
&kyfajymifESifh wlaeayonf? ‚wkd@u Tokd@ qifajcay;cJhonf? rmhufpf0g'Dwkd@taejzihf ±k&Sm;jynfwGif
t&if;&SifpepfrSm rvGJraoG jzpfay:vmrnf? ‚onf wkd;wufonf? xkd@a=umifh ‚wkd@taejzihf vuf
zuf&nfqkdifwqkdifzGifh+yD; t&if;&Sifpepfukd pwif+yD; vkyfjyoifhonf? umEkdtm; aumufpuDu ,ck
uJhokd@ acsycJhonf? e,fcsJ@pepfonf ,ae@acwft&if;&Sifpepfr[kwf? ,if;onf ,ae@acwft&if;
&Sifpepf. ay:vpDo¿mefrsm;xJrS wckom jzpfonf? Tay:vpDukd u|Ekfyfwd@k taejzifh wkdufEkdifpGrf;
&Sd+yD; wkdufoifhonf? e,fcsJ@pepf/ odrf;ykdufr_ ponfwkd@ukd wkdufoifhonf?
Tjyef=um;csufrSm usdK;a=umif;qDavsmf[ef &Sdonf? okd@aomf vufawG@wGifrl Tonf
e,fcsJ@pepfESifh aphpyfa&;tm; ykdIodrfarG@+yD; ykdIzkH;uG,fxm; (xkd@a=umifh ykdItE©&m,f}uD;onf?)
aom av#mufvJcsufjzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm x&yfpfESifhb%frsm;. tajccHukd rxdyg;bJ ‚wkd@.
ay:vpDukd ‘wkduf’jcif;qkdonfrSm "e&SifjyKjyifa&;ESifh ajyat;a&;0g'/ bmoma&;ukdif;±_dif;aom qEN
rsm;ukd apwemA&yGESifh ±kd;om;pGmazmfjyjcif;xuf rykdaoma=umifh jzpfayonf? wnf&Sdaeaom yËd
yuQrsm;tm; tjynfht0 zGifhcsjcif;rjyKbJ vDS;vGJjcif;/ ‚wkd@xJrS ta&;ygqkH;rsm;tm; arhypfjcif;wkd@rSm
b,fae&mwGifrS rmhufpf0g'ESifhrwlnDaom aumufpuD.oabmw&m;yif jzpfonf? obm0uspGm
yif Tvdk‘oabmw&m;’rsdK;rSm umEkdvkdvlrsm;ESifh aoG;pnf;a&;ukd wifjy&eftwGufom tokH;0if
ayonf? ‘pD;yGm;a&;±_axmifhoufoufrS =unfhrnfqkdv#if t&if;&Sifpepfonf aemufxyf tqifhopf
wckukd jzwfoef;Ekdifayao;onf? ,if;rS umw,frsm;.ay:vpDtm; EkdifiHjcm;a&;0g'qDokd@ wkd;csJ@onfh
acwf/ e,fcsJ@vGefpepf (ultraimaperialism) . acwfyif jzpfonff?· qkdvkdonfrSm txl;e,fcsJ@ pepf
.acwf(super imperialism) e,fcsJ@orm;tcsif;csif; wkdufckdufjcif;r[kwfbJ e,fcsJ@pepfor*~}uD;
acwf/ e,fcsJ@pepfatmufwGif ppfyGJrsm;&yfpJaomacwf? ‘urBm}uD;tm; EkdifiHwumt& pkaygif;xm;
aom b¾mt&if;u yl;aygif;aoG;pkyfaom’·· acwfqkdonfyif jzpfonf?
T‘e,fcsJ@vGefpepf’ oabmw&m;onf rmhufpf0g'ESifh rnfokd@ twdtvif;vkH;0cGJxGufjcif;
jzpfonf qkdjcif;ukd azmfjy&ef a&S@wGifa&;jyygOD;rnf? avmavmq,fwGif Tpmtkyf. a,bk,s tpD
tpOfESifhtnD TjyoemESifh ywfoufaom wdusonfh pD;yGm;a&;pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd pl;prf;&ayrnf?
‘pD;yGm;a&;±_axmifhoufoufrS=unfhv#if e,fcsJ@vGef’ qkdonfrSm jzpfEkdifygoavm? okd@wnf;r[kwf
Tonf tvGeftu|H t"dy`m,frJhjcif;avm?
pD;yGm;a&;±_axmifhoufoufrSqkdv#if w&m;‘oufouf’qkdonfukdajymvkd@&or#rSm atmuf
ygt"dy`m,f xGufaeayawmhonf? jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_onf vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;qDokd@ jzpfay:
aeonf? xkd@a=umifh urBm@ wckwnf;aomvuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;/ wckwnf;aom x&yfpfqDokd@
jzpfay:aeonf? TonfrSm uGJvGJp&m r&Sd? okd@aomf ‘jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_onf’ pm;aomufp&mrsm;ukd
·
acwfopf*sme,f twGJ 31? 1914 ?pufwifbmv
··
acwfopf *sme,f 1915 ? {+yD30

79
"mwfcGJcef;rsm;xJY jyKvkyfjcif;okd@ ‘jzpfay:aeonf’qkdaom pum;uJhokd@yif TonfrSm vkH;0t"dy`m,f
r&Sday? Tt"dy`m,ft&yif e,fcsJ@vGef‘oabmw&m;’onf t"dy`m,fr&Sd&mwGif ‘v,f,mvGef
oabmw&m;’xuf avsmhvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs?
okd@aomf u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh b¾mt&if;acwftm; 20 &mpk tpwGif zGifhvSpfvkdufaom
orkdif;0if tcdkiftrmacwftwGuf ‘pD;yGm;a&;oufouf’ ta=umif;tcsufrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;aeonf
qkdv#if TtoufrJhaom ‘e,fcsJ@vGef0g'’ w&m;xlaxmifjcif;twGuf (,if;onf wnf&Sdaeaom
0da&m"drsm;rS tm±Hkv$Jypf&efvkdaom tazmufjyefqkH;&nf&G,fcsufoufoufudkom tusdK;jyKonf?)
taumif;qkH;ta=umif;jyefcsufrSm ,ae@acwfurBm@pD;yGm;a&;. tckdiftrmpD;yGm;a&;vufawG@ jzpf&yf
rsm;ESifh Ed_if;,SOfjyvkdufjcif;om jzpfonf? aumufpuD. vkH;0t"dy`m,fr&Sdaom e,fcsJ@vGef0g't
a=umif; ajym=um;csufonf tjcm;aomudpPrsm;tjyif e,fcsJ@pepftwGuf a&S@aevkdufaeolrsm;t
wGuf avmifpmjznfhay;aom tvGefrSm;,Gif;onfh t,ltqukdom tm;ay;&musayonf? ,if;t
,ltqrSm b¾mt&if;.pkd;rkd;r_onf urBm@pD;yGm;a&;twGif;Y rnDnmr_ESihfyËdyuQrsm;tm; avsmhyg;
aponf[k qkdjcif;jzpfonf? wu,fawmh ykdIyif wkd;rsm;vmapayonf?
tm&faumf0g (R-colwer) u ‚. urBm@pD;yGm;a&;rdwfquf··· qkdaom pmtkyfi,fuav;
xJwGif 19 &mpkESifh 20 &mpk tpyf&Sd urBm@pD;yGm;a&; twGif;ykdif;qufoG,fr_rsm;ukd od&SdEkdifapaom
pD;yGm;a&;oufouf t"dupm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd aygif;±Hk;okH;oyf&ef }udK;pm;cJhonf? olu urBm}uD;ukd
t"du ‘pD;yGm;a&; a'o}uD; ig;ck’tjzpf cGJjcm;vkdufonf? (1) tv,fOa&my (±k&Sm;ESifh +Adwdefwkd@rS
ty Oa&mywkdufwckvHk;) (2) +Adwdef (3) ±k&Sm; (4) ta&S@tm&S (5) tar&duwkduf wkd@jzpfonf?
olu ukdvdkeDrsm;ukd oufqkdif&mEkdifiHrsm;. ‘a'orsm;’xJwGif xnfhoGif;+yD; txufygowfrSwfcsuf
rsm;xJwGif rxnfhoGif;aom EkdifiHtcsdK@ Oyrm tm&SrS yg&Sm;? tmz*efepPwefESifh tma&As? tmz&du
rS armf&kdudk/ tbDqD;eD;,m;wkd@ukd‘csefxm;’ vkdufonf?

···
tm&f/ aumfvm/ urBmhpD;yGm;a&;rdwfquf? bmvif/ 1906 ck?

80
 Ta'orsm; twGuf olukd;um;cJhaom pD;yGm;a&; pm&if;Z,m;rsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;
jzpfonf?

t"dupD; {&d,m vlOD; o,f,ly@dk ukefoG,fa&; pufr_vkyfief;

yGm;a&; a& aqmifa&;
a'orsm; pwk&ef; oef; rD;&xm; ukefo oGif;ukefxkwfuk txGuf txGuf
uDvkdrDwm aygif; vrf; abFm ef
oef;aygif; uDvkdrDwm wefcsdef rwfaiG ausmufrD; oH±dkif; csnf
axmifaygif; oef;aygif; ukaËaygif; aoG; wefcsdef r#if
wefcsdef oef; &pfwdkif
oef; aygif; oef;
aygif; aygif;
1? 27² 6 388 204 8 4101 251 15 26
tv,f · (146
(23²6)
Oa&my )
2?+Adwdef 28² 9 398 140 11 2500 249 9 51
(28²6) 355
3 3? ±k&Sm; 22 131 63 1 300 16 3 7
4? ta&S@ 12 389 8 0 200 8 0²02 2
tm&S
5? 31 148 379 6 1400 ² 245 14 19
tar&du
wkduf

tv,fOa&my/ +AdwdefESifh tar&duwkduf[laom t&if;&Sifpepf tvGefzGH@+zdK;aom (o,f,l

ykd@aqmifa&;/ ukefoG,fa&;ESifh pufr_vkyfief; zGH@+zdK;jcif;)a'ookH;ckukd awG@=u&onf? TtxJwGif
urBmtm; pkd;rdk;aeaom EkdifiHokH;ckjzpfonfh *smr%D/ +AdwdefESifh tar&duefwkd@ yg0ifonf? ‚wkd@t
=um;&Sd wkdufyGJrSm tvGefyif jyif;xefvmaeonf? ta=umif;rSm *smr%DwGif rajymyavmufaom
a'oESifh ukdvdkeDe,fajrom &Sdaoma=umifh jzpfonf? ‘tv,fOa&my’[k zefwD;xm;jcif;rSm tem
*wftwGuf jzpfonf? ,if;onf tonf;toef wkdufyGJwcktwGif;rS ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf?
vuf&SdtcsdefwGif Oa&mywkdufwckvkH;.xif&Sm;aomvuQ%mrSm EkdifiHa&;t&rnD!Gwfjcif; jzpfonf?
tjcm;wzufwGifrl +Adwdo#ESifh tar&duwkdufa'orsm;wGif ekdifiHa&;t&pkpnf;r_rSm tvGef zGH@+zdK;onf?
okd@aomf ukdvkdeD tajrmuftjrm; ykdifqkdifr_ESifh rajymavmuf&kHomykdifqkdifr_[laom }uD;rm;vSonfh
jcm;em;csuf}uD; &Sdaeonf? ukdvkdeDrsm;wGifrl t&if;&SifpepfrSm jzpfay:wkd;yGm;vmpom &Sdao;onf?
awmiftar&duukd &&Sda&;wkdufyGJrSm jyif;xefoxufjyif;xefvmaeonf?
t&if;&Sifpepf tenf;i,fomzGH@+zdK;aom a'oESpfck yg0ifonf? ±k&Sm;ESifh ta&S@tm&Swkd@ jzpf
onf? ±k&Sm;wGif vlOD;a&odyfonf;r_E_ef;xm;rSm tifrwefedrfh+yD; ta&S@tm&SwGifrl tvGefjrihfonf?
&k&Sm;wGif EkdifiHa&;t& pkpnf;r_rSm jrifh+yD; ta&S@tm&SwGifrl &Sdyifr&Sdacs? w±kwfjynftm; cGJa0,lr_rSm
pwifumpom &Sdao;+yD; TtwGuf *syef/ tar&duef ponfwkd@.wkdufyGJrSm tqufrjywf onf;
oefvmaeonf?
·
uGif;puGif;ydwftwGif;rS udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm ukdvdkeDrsm;. {&d,mtus,ft0ef;ESifh vlODO;D a& jzpfonf?

81
 atmufyg wu,fhjzpf&yfukd Ed_if;,SOf=unfhyg? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;ta=umif;tcsufrsm;
tvGeftrif; uGJjym;jcm;em;r_/ EkdifiHtoD;oD;&Sd jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_E_ef; ponfwkd@rSm tvGeftu|H uGJjym;
jcm;em;r_/ aemuf+yD; e,fcsJ@EdkifiHrsm;t=um;&Sd jyif;xefaomwkdufyGJrsm;qkdonfukd aumufpuD. ‘+idrf;
csrf;aom‘e,fcsJ@vGefpepf’ qkdonfh ±l;rkdufonfhykHjyifav;ESifh ,SOf=unfhyg? TonfrSm jywfom;vS
aom trSefw&m;ukd ykef;a&Smif&eftwGuf ta=umufvGefaeaom evAdef;wkH;wa,muf. azmuf
jyefonfh }udK;yrf;csufw&yf r[kwfygavm? aumufpuDu ‘e,fcsJ@vGefpepf’. oaE<om;rsm;[k ,lq
cJhaom EkdifiHwumhumw,frsm; (xkdenf;wlpGmyif "mwfcGJcef;xJY pmwrf;i,frsm;xkwfvkyfjcif;ukd
v,f,mvGefpepf. oaE<om;[k ac:qkd‘Ekdif’onf?) onf urBm}uD;tm;cGJa0r_ESifh jyefvnfcGJa0r_/
+idrf;csrf;pGmcGJa0r_rS +idrf;csrf;pGmr[kwfaomcGJa0r_qDokd@ ul;ajymif;jcif;? aemuf+yD; tjyeftvSef ul;
ajymif;jcif;wkd@. Oyrmyif r[kwfavm? tar&duefESifh tjcm;aomb¾mt&if;rsm;onf *smr%Dyg
yg0ifvsuf EkdifiHwum rD;&xm;vrf;qif'Dudwf/ EkdifiHwum ukeful;oabFmvkyfief; x&yfpfwkd@uJhokd@
aom vkyfief;rsm;tygt0if urBmwckvkH;udk +idrf;csrf;pGm cGJa0,lcJhonf? ,cktcg ‚wkd@onf tif
tm;opfrsm;. quf qHa&;taetxm; tajccHay:wGif r+idrf;csrf;aomenf;rsm;jzifh urBm}uD;tm;
jyefvnfcGJa0,lae=uonfr[kwfavm?
b¾mt&if;ESifhx&yfpfrsm;onf urBmhpD;yGm;a&;. e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif&Sdaom wkd;wufr_
E_ef; jcm;em;r_ukd avsmhyg;oGm;apjcif;r&SdbJ ykdIom uGmjcm;vmapayonf? tiftm;qufpyfr_rsm;
ajymif;vJoGm;+yDqkdrSjzihf e,fcsJ@pepfatmufY yËdyuQrsm;ukdajz&Sif;&ef tiftm;tokH;jyKonfhenf;rSw
yg; tjcm;bmrsm; &Sdygao;oenf;? rD;&xm;vrf; pm&if;Z,m;rsm;u· urBmhpD;yGm;a&;&Sd t&if;&Sif
pepfESifh b¾mt&if;wkd@. wkd;wufr_E_ef; jcm;em;csufudk rSwfom;avmufatmif wdusonfh udef;*
%ef;rsm;jzifh jyoaeayonf? t&if;&Sifpepf jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. aemufqkH;q,fpkESpfrsm;twGif; rD;&
xm;vrf;t&Snf pkpkaygif;rSm atmufygtwkdif; ajymif;vJcJhonf?
rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;(uDvkdrDwmaxmifaygif; )

EdkifiH 1890 1913 š

Oa&my 224 346 š122
tar&duef 260 410 š143
ukdvkdeDtm;vkH; 82 210 š128
43 137 š94
pkpkaygif; 607 1˜104

okdjzifh rD;&xm;vrf;zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_rSm udkvdkeDrsm;ESifh tm&SESifh tar&duwkdufwkd@&Sd vGwfvyf

onfhEkdifiHrsm; (ESifhwpdwfwykdif;vGwfvyfonfhEdkifiHrsm;) wGif tvsiftjrefqkH; jzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwkd@od=u
onfhtwkdif;yif Tae&mY t}uD;qkH;t&if;&SifEkdifiH}uD; 4-5 ck wkd@. b¾mt&if;u 0d0g'uGJp&m
rvkdatmifyif tkyfpkd;xm;onf? ukdvkdeDrsm;ESifh tm&SeJ@tar&duwkduf&Sd tjcm;aomEkdifiHrsm;Y wkd;vm
aom rD;&xmvrf; uDvkdrDwmESpfodef;qkdonfrSm t&iftESD;tm;jzihf rwfaiG 40˜000˜000 ukd ukd,f
pm;jyKonf? tusdK;tjrwf aumif;aumif;&zkd@ txl;tmrcHcsufrsm;/ tjrwf&Ekdifonfh oHr%dypPnf;
rSm,lr_ ponfhponfh txl;tmrcH csufrsm;jzifh ,if;wkd@ukd topf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHcJhjcif; jzpfonf?
·
*smref tifyg,m. pm&if;Z,m; ESpfcsKyf /1915 ckESpf / rD;&xm; vrf;pm&if; / 1892 ? 1890 ckESpftwGufEkdifiH
toD;oD; &Sd ukdvdkeD rsm;. rD;&xm; vrf;&Sdr_ tao;pd
tao;pdwf
wuav;rs
fuav;rsm;ukd t=urf;zsi
zsif; cef@rSef; &ygonf?

82
 t&if;&Sifpepfonf ukdvkdeDrsm;ESifh yifv,f&yfjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif tvsiftjrefqkH;E_ef;jzihf }uD;
xGm;aeonf? 'kwd,trsdK;tpm;wGif e,fcsJ@tiftm;topfrsm; ay:aygufvmaeonf/ (Oyrm *syef)
urBmhe,fcsJ@pepfrsm;t=um;rS wkdufyGJonf ykdIjyif;xefvmaeonf? b¾mt&if;taejzihf tjrwft
rsm;qkH; &Ekdifonfh ukdvkdeDESifh yifv,f&yfjcm;vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;rS tcGefyÀmonf wkd;rsm;vmae
onf? ‘wkduf&mygypPnf;’ cGJa0&mwGif xkwfvkyfr_pGrf;tm; jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_E_ef; tjrihfqkH;EkdifiHrsm;
pm&if;wGif t+rJwrf;xdyfqkH;Y yg0ifaeolr[kwfonfh EkdifiHrsm;u txl;rsm;jym;pGm &&Sd=uonf? ukdvkd
eDykdifqkdifr_t& tiftm;t}uD;qkH; EkdifiH}uD; 6ck . rD;&xm;vrf;pkpkaygif;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf?
uDvkdrDwmaxmifaygif;

EdkifiH 1890 1913

tar&duef 268 413 š140
+Adwdo#tifyg,m 107 208 š101
&k&Sm; 32 78 š46
*smr%D 43 68 š25
jyifopf 41 63 š22
pkpkaygif; 491 830 š339

&Sdaeaom rD;&xm;vrf; pkpkaygif;. 80µ avmufrSm tiftm;t}uD;qkH; EkdifiH}uD; 5 ck.

vufxJwGif pk+yKHaeonf? okd@aomf b¾mt&if;. pk+yKHr_jzpfaom TrD;&xm;vrf;rsm;tm; ykdifqkdifr_
pk+yKHr_onf rwkdif;wmEkdifavmufatmif ydkI }uD;rm;ayonf? ta=umif;rSm Oyrmtm;jzihf jyifopfESifh
t*Fvdyf oef;ºu,folaX;rsm;onf tar&duwkduf/ ±k&Sm;eSifh tjcm;rD;&xm;vrf;vkyfief;wkd@wGif &S,f
,mESifhbGef;pmcsKyfrsm;ukd {&mr twdkif;twmjzihf ykdifqkdifxm;=uonf?
ukdvdkeDrsm;.aus;Zl;a=umifh +Adwdefonf ‘ol.’ rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;rSm uDvkdrDwmwodef;r#
wkd;vmonf? *smr%D.av;qr# jzpfonf? aemuf+yD; TumvtwGif; *smr%D. xkwfvkyfa&; pGrf;
tm;pkrsm; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ txl;ojzihf ausmufrD;aoG;ESifh oHpufr_vkyfief;rsm; zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_rSm jyif
opfESifh ±k&Sm; rqkdxm;ESifh t*Fvefxufyif rE_dif;,SOfEkdifavmufatmif ykdIrsm;onf qkdjcif;rSmvnf;
tm;vkH;todyif jzpfonf? 1892 ckESpfwGif *smr%Donf oH&kdif;wefcsdef 4˜900˜000 xkwfvkyfcJh+yD;
+Adwdefu wefcsdef 6˜800˜000 xkwfvkyfcJhonf? 1912 ckESpfwGif *smr%Du wefcsdef 17˜600˜000
xkwfvkyf+yD; +Adwdefu wefcsdef 9˜000˜000 xkwfvkyfcJhonf? xkd@a=umifh Te,fy,fwGif *smr%Du
+Adwdefxuf tjywftowf omaeonf?· atmufyg r;cGef; ay:vmonf? wzufwGif xkwfvkyfa&;
pGrf;tm;pkrsm;ESifh t&if;tEDS;pkaqmif;r_ zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_ jcm;em;csufukd z,f&Sm;&efESifh tjcm;wzuf
wGif ukdvdkeDESifh b¾mt&if;. ‘=oZmt0ef;t0kdif;’ cGJa0a&;wkd@ukd t&if;&SifpepfatmufrSm ppfuvGJ
I rnfonfhenf;jzihf ajz&Sif;Ekdifygrnfenf;?

·
awmf0ifpm&if;Z,m; toif;}uD
}uD. *smek,f / 1914 ck/ Zlvdkif v/ pmrsufESm 777wGifyg&dSonfh t*~gc&ifrGef (Edgar
Crammond) a&;om;aom ‘+Adwdef ESifh *smreftifyg, rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;qufqHr_?

83
 (8) t&if;&Sif;pepf
pepf. uyfyg;vuQ%mES
mESifh aqG;ajr@ ysufpD;r_

,cku|Ekfyfwkd@taejzifh e,fcsJ@pepf. tifrwefta&;ygaom aemufxyfwzufudk qef;ppf&

ayOD;rnf? Tpepfta=umif;ukd aqG;aEG;=uwkdif; Tta=umif;t&mESifhywfouf+yD; tav;xm;r_rSm
vkHavmufavhr&Sdacs? rmhufpf0g'D [Dvfzm&if;. tm;enf;csufrsm;teuf wckrSm olonf rmhufpf0g'D
r[kwfol a[mhbfqifxuf aemufokd@ wvSrf;qkwfjcif;yif jzpfonf? u|EkfyfqdkvkdonfrSm e,fcsJ@pepf.
xl;jcm;csufjzpfaom uyfyg;vuQ%myif jzpfonf?
u|Efkyfwkd@awG@cJh=uonfhtwkdif;yif e,fcsJ@pepf. pD;yGm;a&;t& teuf±_dif;qkH;tkwfjrpfrSm vuf
0g;}uD;tkyfpepf jzpfonf? Tonf t&if;&Sifvuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfyif jzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm t&if;
&SifpepfxJrS aygufzGm;vm+yD; t&if;&Sifpepf/ ukefpnfxkwfvkyfr_ESifh +ydKifqkdifr_qkdaom taxGaxG
ywf0ef;usifwGif wnf&Sdum TtaxGaxGywf0ef;usifESifh wav#mufvkH; rajyvnfwrf; yËdyuQ jzpf
aeaom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepfyif? rnfokd@yifjzpfap vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_tm;vkH;uJhokd@yif ‚onfvnf;
rpD;qif;r_ESifh aqG;ajr@ysufpD;r_ wdrf;!$wfr_ukd ay:aygufapayonf? vuf0g;}uD;tkyfaps;E_ef;rsm;ukd
(,m,DyifjzpfapOD;awmh)owfrSwf+yD;jzpfav&m enf;ynmwkd;wufr_ESifh aemufqufwGJtm;jzihf wkd;
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tar&duefwGif tkd0ifqkdolwOD;u ykvif;xkwfvkyfenf;ukd awmfvSefvkdufaom pufwck wDxGifvkduf
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rsm;/ tcsdK@aomtcsdefrsm;wGif T wdrf;!$wfr_rSm tay:pD;yif&onf?
tifrwef us,fjyef@ºu,f0+yD; wnfae&maumif;rGefaom ukdvkdeDrsm;wGifvnf; Tvrf;
a=umif; twkdif;yif jzpfayonf?
wqifhxyfajym&v#if e,fcJs@pepfqkdonfrSm u|Efkyfwkd@awG@cJh&ovkd EkdifiHtenf;i,f. vuf
xJwGif tmrcHpmcsKyf z&ef@aiG ukaË10˜000 rS 15˜000 txd wefzkd;&Sdonfh aiGt&if;tEDS; tajrmuf
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ykdrSefrnfxifonf? qkdvkdonfrSm ‘ulyGefjzwfjcif;’jzifhom b0&yfwnfonfh rnfokd@aom vkyfief;ukdif
ief;wGifrS yg0ifjcif;rjyKonfh/ bmtvkyfrS r&Sdjcif;onfomv#if toufarG;0rf;a=umif;r_jzpfaomol

84
rsm; tvGeftrif; wkd;yGm;vmcJhonf? e,fcsJ@pepf. ta&;ygqkH; pD;yGm;a&;tajccHwckjzpfonfh t&if;
tEDS; wifykd@r_onf twkd;tjrwfpm;olrsm;tm; xkwfvkyfr_ESifh ykdIyif vkH;0tqufjzwfvkduf+yD; yif
v,f&yfjcm;wkdif;jynfESifh ukdvkdeD trsm;tjym;wkd@rS vkyftm;udk aoG;pkyfjcif;jzifhom b0&yfwnfonfh
uyfyg;vuQ%maqmifr_ wHqdyfwkH;ukd EkdifiHwckvkH;wGif cyfESdyfvkdufawmhonf?
‘1893ckESpfwGif jynfywGifjr‡KyfESHxm;aom +Adwdef.t&if;rSm +Adwdef.ºu,f0r_ pkpkaygif;&J@ 15
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µ cef@&Sdonff [k a[mhbfqifu a&;cJhonf? 1915 ckESpfwGif Tt&if;onf ESpfqcGJr# wkd;rsm;
vma=umif; pmzwfoltm; today;vkdygonf? qufvufI a[mhbfqifu ‘tcGefaqmif&oltm;
tzkd;tc}uD;ap+yD; puf&kHykdif&SifESifh ukefonftwGufrl wefzkd;rajymyavmufaom oJ}uD;rJ}uD;Ekdifonfh
e,fcJs@pepfonf &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHoltwGuf {&mr tjrwfrsm;&&m t&if;tjrpfwck jzpfonf? - - - - -
+Adwdeftaejzifh ‚. jynfyESifh ukdvkdeDe,fy,frsm; ukefoG,fr_rS ESpfpOf0ifaiGrSm 1899 ckESpftwGuf
aygifaiG 18˜000˜000&Sdonf [k qmtm&f*pfzif cef@rSef;xm;onf? TonfrSm 0ifaiGaygif; 800˜
000˜000 tay:wGif 2 ½ µ jzihf wGufxm;jcif;jzpfonf?’ [k a&;cJhonf? T*%ef;onf }uD;rm;onf
rSefaomfvnf; +Adwdef. oJ}uD;rJ}uD;EkdifvSaom e,fcsJ@pepftm; &Sif;rjyEkdifay? twkd;pm; tjrwfpm;
olrsm;. 0ifaiGjzpfaom ‘jr‡KyfESH’xm;onfht&if;rS 0ifaiGjzpfonfh pwmvifaygif oef; 90 rS 100
uom &Sif;jyEkdifayonf?
twkd;tjrwfpm;olrsm;.0ifaiGonf urBmay:&Sd t}uD;qkH;‘ukefoG,fa&;’EkdifiH. jynfyukef
oG,fa&;rS &&Sdaom0ifaiGxuf ig;qykdrsm;onf? Tonf e,fcsJ@pepf. e,fcsJ@uyfyg; vuQ%m
aqmifr_. tESpfom&yif jzpfonf?
,if;ta=umif;a=umifhyif e,fcsJ@pepfESifhywfoufaom abm*aA'a&;om;csufrsm;wGif ‘t
wdk;tjrwfpm;onfhEkdifiH’okd@r[kwf aiGwkd;ay;pmonfhEkdifiHqkdaom a0g[m&ukd tokH;rsm;vmae
=uonf? urBm}uD;rSm vufwqkyfpm aiGwkd;ay;pmolEkdifiHrsm;ESifh rsm;jym;vSaom +rDpm;EkdifiHrsm; [lI
uGJjym;oGm;av+yD? ±_yfZf*Am;eZ…u ‘jynfy&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_pm&if;.xdyfqkH;wGif yg&SdonfrSm EkdifiHa&;t&
rSDckd&aom okd@r[kwf r[mrdwfzGJ@xm;onfhEkdifiHrsm; jzpfonf? +Adwdefonf tD*spf/ *syef/ w±kwfESifh
awmiftar&duwkd@ukd acs;aiGrsm; xkwfay;onf? vkdtyfvmv#if ol.a&wyfonf ajr&Sifhpma&; t
cef;u yg0ifonf? +Adwdef. EkdifiHa&;=oZmtm%mu ‚.+rDpm;rsm; rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfvmrnfh tE©&m,f
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wkd;&D;,yfpf AGefa0gvfwma&Smfqif (Sartorious von Waltershausen) u a[mfvefEkdifiHtm; ‘twkd;
tjrwfpm;EkdifiH’wcktjzpf Oyrmay;xm;+yD; +AdwdefESifh jyifopfwdk@onfvnf; xdktwdkif;jzpfvmaeonf
[k axmufjyxm;onf? +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ *smr%D/ b,fvf*sD,HESifh qGpfZmvefqkdaom EkdifiHig;ckrSm
‘twdtusay:vGifaom +rD&SifEkdifiHrsm;’ jzpfonf[k ,lqonf? Tpm&if;xJwGif olu a[mfvef
EkdifiHukd xnfhoGif;rxm;jcif;rSm a[mfvefonf ‘pufr_t& tenf;i,fom zG@H +zdK;’aoma=umifhom jzpf
onf? ··· tar&duefEkdifiHonf tar&duwkdufEkdifiHrsm;. +rD&Sifom jzpfonf?
±_vfZf*Am;eZ…u ‘+Adwdefonf pufr_EkdifiHtjzpfrS +rDpm;EkdifiHtjzpfokd@ wjznf;jznf;csif; ajymif;
vJvmaeonf? trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;wckvkH;wGif pufr_xkwfvkyfr_ESifh puf&kHxGufukefrsm; jynfywifykd@r_
vHk;0wkd;rsm;vmonfht=um;rSyif twkd;ESifh tjrwfa0pkrsm;rS 0ifaiG/ tmrcHpmcsKyf xkwfa0jcif;/ aumf
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85
r&SifyGJcESifh aiGupm;r_rS &&Sdaom0ifaiGonf rsm;oxufrsm;vmaeonf? u|Ekfyf.tjrifwGifrl T
onfyif e,fcsJ@pepfaxmifwufvmjcif;. pD;yGm;a&;tajccHyif jzpfonf[k,lrdygonf? +rD&SifESifhjrDpm;
wGJzufr_rSm a&mif;olESifh0,folwkd@ wGJzufr_xuf ykdI +rJ+rHonf?· *smr%DEkdifiHESifhywfoufIrl 1911
ckESpfwGif b%f*sme,fukdxkwfa0ol atvif;pfbmh*fu ‘twkd;tjrwfpm; EkdifiHwckjzpfonfh *smr%D’
qkdaomaqmif;yg;xJwGif atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;onf? ‘jyifopfjynfrSvlawGrSm awG@&ovkd
twkd;tjrwfpm;olawGjzpfzkd@ ar#mfrSef;jcif;ukd *smr%DrSvlrsm;u ESmacgif;±_H@=uonf? okd@aomf "e&Sif
vlwef;pm;tm;ajym&v#if *smr%Djynf.taetxm;rSm jyifopfEkdifiHESihf ykdIydkI wlvmaeonf
qkdjcif;ukd olwkd@arhae=uonf’··
twkd;tjrwfpm;EkdifiHqkdonfrSm uyfyg;vuQ%maqmif+yD; aqG;ajr@ysufpD;aeaom t&if;&Sif
EkdifiH jzpfonf? Ttcsufonf a,bk,stm;jzihf *,uf±kdufcHaomEkdifiHrsm;. vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;
tajctaersm;ukd *,ufr±kdufbJraeay? txl;ojzihf tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;rS
tajccHt,ltqESpf&yfukd *,uf±kdufayonf? Ttcsufukd &Sif;jyekdif&eftwGuf ‘rmhufpf0g'pGJvrf;r_’
tay:wGif wdrf;!$wfonf[k oHo,jzpfp&mr&Sdaom‘pdwftcs&qkH;’oufao a[mhbfqifukd ukd;
um;ygrnf? wzufwGifrl olonf ukdvkdeDrsm; b¾mt&if;ESifh e,fcsJ@onfhtawG@t}uHKwkd@ t&ifh
usufqkH;jzpfonfh EkdifiHta=umif; aumif;pGmod&Sdonfh t*FvdyfvlrsdK; wa,muf jzpfygonf?
o@lacgif;xJrSm t*Fvdyfbdk;0g;ppfyGJukd avmavmvwfvwfjzpfcJhovkd trSwf&aeonfh
a[mhbfqifonf e,fcsJ@pepfESifh ‘b¾mt&Sifocifrsm;’.qufpyfr_ uefx±kdufrsm;rS &aomtjrwf
ponfwkd@ukd azmfjy&if; Tokd@a&;xm;onf? ‘uyfyg;vuQ%maqmifonf[k wduspGmajymEkdifaom
Tay:vpD.'g±kdufwmrsm;rSm t&if;&Sifrsm;jzpfonfrSefaomfvnf; tvkyform;. txl;vlwef;pm;
rsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wl aphaqmfr_rsm; &Sdonf? +rdK@aygif;rsm;pGmwGif ta&;ygqkH;ukefoG,fr_rsm;rSm
tpkd;&uay;aomtvkyf okd@r[kwf uefx±kdufrsm;ay:wGif rlwnfonf? "gwfowWKESifh oabmF wnf
aqmufa&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;. e,fcsJ@pepfonf Ttcsufukd rao;aomtwkdif;twmjzifh jyoae
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pma&;ol.tjrifwGifrl tifyg,ma[mif;rsm;ukd tm;enf;apcJhaomta=umif;&if; ESpfck
&Sdonf? (1) ‘pD;yGm;a&;t& uyfyg;vuQ%maqmifjcif;’ (2) todrf;ykdufcHEkdifiHrsm;rS jynfolrsm;
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jzpfonf? tkyfpkd;onfhEkdifiHonf Ttusifht& ol.jynfe,frsm;/ ukdvkdeDrsm;ESifh rDSckdolrsm;ukd tokH;
ðy+yD; ol. tkyfpkd;olvlwef;pm;ukd ºu,f0apum ol@atmufuvlwef;pm;ukd ol@xHwGif }udK;EGH&ef
vmbfxkd;onf?’ Tokd@aom vmbfay;&eftwGuf pD;yGm;a&;t&jzpfEkdifzkd@rSm rnfonfhvuQ%myif
aqmifapumrl tifrwefrsm;jym;aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyftjrwfrsm;vkdonf qkdaomtcsufukd jznfhpGuf
vkdygonf?
'kwd,ta=umif;&if;ESifhywfoufI a[mhbfqifu ,ckuJhokd@ a&;xm;onf? ‘e,fcsJ@pepf.
rsufpduef;r_xJrS tqef;jym;qkH;vuQ%mwckrSm +Adwdef/ jyifopfESifh tjcm;aom imperial EdkifiHrsm;
taejzifh T tE©&m,frsm;vSaomrSDckdr_tay: earmferJhEkdifpGm rodusdK;u|ef ðyxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
+AdwdefrSm tvGeftu|HqkH; jzpfonf? tdEdN,tifyg,mtm; u|Ekfyfwkd@&&SdcJhaomwkdufyGJtrsm;pkukd a'o
cHwkd@u wkdufay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? r=umrDu tD*spfEkdifiHrSmuJhokd@yif tdEdN,rSmvnf; {&mrt+rJwrf;wyf
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86
 }uD;rsm;ukd +Adwdo#wyfrSL;rsm;atmufwGif xm;&SdcJhonf? tmz&duwkduf&Sdodrf;ykdufr_rsm;ESifh ywfouf
aomwkdufyGJrsm;teuf awmifykdif;rSvGJI tm;vkH;vkdvkdudkyif a'ocHrsm;uwkdufay;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?’
w±kwfjynftm;cGJa0,la&; tvm;tvmESifhywfouf+yD; a[mhbfqifu pD;yGm;a&;t& atmufyg
twkdif; okH;oyfjyxm;onf? ‘xkdtcgwGif Oa&mywkduf.trsm;ykdif;rSm t*Fvefawmifykdif; ±kdifAD;&D;,m;
ESifh/ tDwvDESifh qGpfZmvef&Sd urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm; jynfhESufaeaom okd@r[kwf vlaea'orsm;
uJhokd@ jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf? ta&S@zsm;rS tjrwfa0pk okd@r[kwf yifpifvpmxkwf,laeaom csrf;omonfh
rif;pkd;&mZmtpkta0;av;rsm;/ 'Dxufykd}uD;wJh twkd;tjrwfpm;aeoleJ@ ukefonftpkrsm;ESifh tifr
wefrsm;onfh tdrfaprsm;/ukefoG,fykd@aqmifa&;ESifh ydkrkdysufpD;vG,faom ukefypPnf;rsm;twGuf aemuf
qkH;tqifh xkwfvkyfr_tvkyform;rsm; &Sdaernf? toufaoG;a=umpufr_vkyfief;tm;vkH; aysmufuG,f
oGm;+yD; pm;e;yf&duQmESifh pufr_xGufukefrsm;rSm tm&SESifhtmz&duwkdufrS tcGefqufouJhokd@ pD;0ifvm
ayvdrfhrnf?’ ‘u|Efkyfwkd@taejzihf atmufyg jzpfEkdifajcukd cef@rSef;cJhonf? taemufwkdif;EkdifiHrsm;. ykdrkd
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wkdif;. uyfyg;vuQ%mqkdaom {&mruyf}uD;ukd o,faqmifvmEkdifonfh Oa&mywkduftiftm;}uD;
EkdifiHrsm;. tzGJ@csKyf}uD;wck/ tm&SESifh tmz&duwkdufrS rsm;jym;vSaom tcGefyÀmrsm;ukd pm;aom
txufv$mw&yf &Sdonfh a&S@wef;a&mufpufr_EkdifiH tpkwpk/ Ttpkonf v,f,mESifh pufr_rS
ykHrSefxkwfvkyfr_wGif ryg0ifawmhbJ b¾mrif;pkd;&mZm tv$mopfwck. csKyfudkifr_atmufwGif yk*~dKvf
a&; okd@r[kwf tao;pm;pufr_0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyfukdifaeaom ,Ofaeonfh twkd;tjrwf
pm;ol xk}uD;ukd tqkdygtcGefyÀmrsm;jzihf axmufyHhxm;onf? Tokd@aom oabmw&m;rsdK;ukd a&S@
aqmifvrf;jy&ef (vrf;opf&Sm&ef[kqkdv#if ykdaumif;rnf) pOf;pm;zkd@rvkd[k ,lqolrsm;tm; Tt
ajctaeokd@ qkdufa&mufae+yDjzpfonfh t*Fvefawmifykdif;rS c±kdifrsm;ukd pkHprf;avhvmapcsifygonf?
+yD;v#if Oa&mywkdufwGifpm;okH;&eftwGuf urBmht}uD;qkH; tjrwftpGef; tvm;tvm&Sdoljzpfaom
w±kwfjynfukd cef;ajcmufap&if; tvm;wl b¾ma&;avmuom;rsm;/ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;t&m&Sdrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;csKyfukdifr_atmufwGif xm;&Sdjcif;jzihf ay:aygufvmrnfh us,fjyef@onfh
pepfwckay:wGif a&mifjyef[yfygap? tajctaerSm ±_yfaxG;vGef;vSonf? urBmhtiftm;pkrsm;. a&$@
uGufrSm rcef@rSef;Ekdifacs/ tem*wfESifhywfouf+yD; rnfonfhwGufcsufr_rqkd jzpfEkdifajc &Sdonf? okd@
aomf ,ae@ taemufOa&my. e,fcsJ@pepfukd pkd;rkd;aom =oZm*,ufrsm;rSm TOD;wnfcsuftwkdif;
oGm;aeonf? Tonfukd wefjyefjcif; okd@r[kwf vrf;v$Jjcif; rjyKygu xkdokd@aom pm;okH;r_qDokd@
a&muf&SdoGm;ayvdrfhrnf?·
pma&;olrSm rSefonf? e,fcsJ@tiftm;pkrsm;tm; wefjyefjcif;rjyKcJhv#if olajymonfhtwkdif;
twdtus jzpfoGm;ayrnf? rsufarSmufe,fcsJ@tajctaewGif ‘Oa&myjynfaxmifpk’qkdonf. xl;
jcm;csufukd rSefuefpGm tuJjzwfEkdifcJhonf? okd@aomf ol@taejzihf tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;
r_twGif;rSmvnf ekdifiHtrsm;pkY ,cktcg tEkdif&aeaom tacsmiform;rsm;onf TOD;wnfcsuf
twkdif;yif pepfwusESifh r,drf;r,kdif ‘vkyfukdif’ ae=uonfqkdjcif;ukd jznfhpGufcJhoifhonf? urBm}uD;
tm; cGJa0,lr_ESifh w±kwfjynfrSvGJI tjcm;aomEkdifiHrsm;tm; aoG;pkyfjcif;/ tifrwefcsrf;omaom
vufwqkyfpmEkdifiHrsm;twGuf rsm;jym;vSaom vuf0g;}uD;tkyftjrwfrsm;[k t"dy`m,f&onfh e,fcsJ@
pepfonf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;.txufv$mtm; vmbfxkd;Ekdifaom pD;yGm;a&;tajctaeukd zefwD;,l
onf? okd@jzifh tacsmiform;0g'tm; jzpfay:ap/ ykHay:vmap+yD; tm;jznfhcJhonf?
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a[mhbfqif /txufwGif ukd;um; cJhonfhpmtkyfpmrsufESm 103? 205? 144?335?386?

87
 e,fcsJ@pepftm; umuG,fojzihf ygwDrSxkwfypfjcif;cH&ol/ ,ae@tcgwGif *smr%DEdkifiH ‘qkd&S,f
'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD’ qkdonf. acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfEkdifonfh *smreftacsmif0g'D *g;[wf[Dvf'f b&ef;
onf ‘taemufOa&myjynfaxmifpk’(±k&Sm;ryg) qkdonfukdwifjyjcif;jzihf a[mhbfqiftm; jznfhqnf;
cJhayonf? ol.wifjycsufrSm tmz&duwdkufrS eD;*±kd;rsm;ESifh ‘tpPvrfv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;’wkd@tm; ‘yl;wGJ’
ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef/ ‘w±kwf- *syef r[mrdwfzGJ@r_’ tm; qef@usifz@kd twGuf ‘tm;aumif;aom
=unf;wyfESifh a&wyf’ wkd@ukd xm;&Sd&ef·f ponfwkd@ yg0ifonf?
±_vfZf*AmeZ….pmtkyfxJwGif ‘+Adwdo#e,fcsJ@pepf’ta=umif; o±kyfazmf&mwGifvnf; tvm;
wl uyfyg;qefaom t&nftaoG;rsm;ukd zGifhjyxm;onf? 1865 ckESpfrS 1898 ckESpftwGif; +Adwdef
EkdifiH. trsdK;om;0ifaiGrSm t=urf;zsif;tm;jzihf ESpfqcef@jzpfvmaomfvnf; xkdumvtwGif; ‘jynfy’
0ifaiGonf ukd;qr# wkd;rsm;vmcJhonf? e,fcsJ@pepf. ‘aumif;usdK;ðyr_’rSm ‚onf‘eD;*±kd;rsm;ukd puf
r_vkyfief;. tavhtxrsm; avhusihfay;jcif;’ (twif;tusyfawmhr[kwfbl;aygh) jzpf+yD; e,fcsJ@pepf.
‘tE©&m,f’rSm Oa&mytaejzihf yxrwGif v,f,mESifh owWKwGif;wl;jcif; onfhaemufwGif pufr_vkyf
ief;twGif;rS ykdrkd=urf;aomtvkyfrsm;qkdonfh um,tvkyf0efxkyf0efykd;}uD;ukd tom;ta&mif&Sdaom
vlrsdK;rsm;. yckH;ay:okd@ v$Jay;vdrfhrnf? olukd,fwkdifurl twkd;tjrwfpm;b0ESifh auseyfaernf? okd@
jzifh tom;ta&mif&SdaomvlrsdK;rsm;. pD;yGm;a&;vGwfajrmufr_ aemifwGif EkdifiHa&;vGwfajrmufr_ukd
vrf;azmufaumif; azmufay;ayvdrhfrnf?’ [lIjzpfonf?
+AdwdefEkdifiH&Sd ajrrsm;teuf taysmftm;upm;r_twGuf csrf;omolrsm; tyef;ajz&eftwGuf
ydkIydkIrsm;aom ajrta&twGufudk pdkufysdK;jcif;rS zhJxkwfcJh=uonf? urBmay:wGif rif;pkd;&mZm tqef
qkH; tm;upm;uGif;jzpfonfh paumhwvefonf ‘twdwfESifh rpPwmume,f*sDtay:wGif rSDckd&onf’
[lI ajymprSwfjyK=uavonf? jrif;+ydKifyGJESifh ajracG;vkdufjcif; oufouftwGufyifv#if +AdwdefEkdifiHwGif
ESpfpOf aygif 14˜000˜000 okH;pGJ=uonf? t*Fvef&Sd twkd;tjrwfpm;ol ta&twGufrSm woef;cef@
&Sdonf? pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&ESifh xkwf vkyfa&;wGif yg0ifolOD;a& tcsdK;tpm;rSm avsmhusvmaeonf?
ckESpf vlOD;a&oef;aygif; tajccHpufr_vkyfief;rsm;&Sdtvkyform;OD;a&(oef;aygif; pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&µ
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1851 17³9 4³1 23µ
1901 32³5 4³9 15µ

+Adwdo#tvkyform;vlwef;pm;ta=umif; ajym&mwGif 20&mpkESpftp +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@pepfukd

avhvmonfh "e&Sifausmif;om;tzkd@ tvkyform;‘txufv$m’ESifh ‘ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. atmuf
v$m’wkd@ukd pepfwus cGJjcm;&ayrnf? or0g,rtzGJ@rsm;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ tm;upm;orm;
rsm;ESifh bmoma&;*kd%f;trsm;tjym;twGuf toif;tzGJ@0ifxk}uD;rSm txufv$mrSvmjcif;jzpfonf?
TonfudkrS a&G;aumufyGJpepftm; vkdufavsmnDaxG jyKxm;vkdufonf? +AdwdefwGif Tpepfonf
‘yifrypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. atmufv$mtm; vkHavmufpGm uef@owf yxkwfxm;qJyguvm;’ tvkyf
orm;vlwef;pm;.tajctaeudk wifjy&mwGif tvSjc,fay;Ekdif&eftwGuf ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;. t
enf;pkuav;r#omjzpfaom Ttxufv$mukdom a,bk,stm;jzihf ukd;um;avh&Sdayonf? Oyrm

·
*g;[wf[Dvf'fb&ef; (Gerhard Hildebrand)/pufr_0g' ESifhpufr_ qkd&S,fvpf 0g'wkd@ +ydKuGJ jcif; 1903?
pmrsufESm229?

88
tm;jzifh‘tvkyfvufrJhjy\emrSm t"dutm;jzihf vef'efu jy\em/ aemuf+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u
tenf;i,fr#om tav;xm;aom ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;atmufv$m. jy\emom jzpfonf?’· "e
&SifEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh ‘qkd&S,fvpf’tacsmiform;rsm;u tenf;i,fr#om tav;xm;aom [lI
qkdcJhoifhonf?
u|Ekfyfwkd@ykHazmfaeaom e,fcsJ@pepf. xl;jcm;aomvuQ%mwckrSm e,fcsJ@EkdifiHrsm;rS xGufcGm
ajymif;a&$@oGm;olOD;a& usqif;vm+yD; vpmenf;aom ykdrkdacwfaemufusonfhEkdifiHrsm;rS e,fcsJ@EkdifiH
rsm;okd@ ajymif;a&@$0ifa&mufvmolOD;a& wkd;rsm;vmaejcif; jzpfonf? a[mhbfqif.awG@&Sdcsuftwkdif;
qkdv#if +AdwdefEkdifiHrS xGufcGmoGm;olOD;a&rSm 1884ckESpfup+yD; usqif;vmaeonf? xkdESpfwGif xGuf
cGmoGm;olOD;a&rSm 242˜000 jzpf+yD; 1901 ckESpfwGifrl 169˜000om &Sdonf? *smr%DrS xGufcGmoGm;
olOD;a&rSm 1881 ckESpfESifh 1890 ckESpf t=um;wGif trsm;qkH; jzpf+yD; pkpkaygif; 1˜453˜000 OD; &Sdonf?
tJ'Daemuf qufvmaom q,fpkESpf 2 ckwGif rl 544˜000 rS 341˜000okd@ usqif;oGm;onf?
wzufwGifrl *smr%DEkdifiHwGif;okd@ =op}wD;,m;/ tDwvD/ &k&Sm;/ ESifhtjcm;EkdifiHrsm;rS 0ifvmol tvkyf
orm;OD;a&rSm wkd;rsm;vmvsuf &Sdonf? 1907 ckESpf oef;acgifpm&if;t&qkdv#if *smr%DwGif EkdifiH
jcm;om; 1˜342˜294 OD; &Sdonf? ‚wkd@teuf 440˜800 rSm pufr_tvkyform; rsm;jzpf+yD; 207˜329
rSm v,f,mtvkyform;rsm; jzpfonf? ··
jyifopfEkdifiHwGif owWKwGif;vkyfief;wGif vkyfae=uaom tvkyform;‘trsm;pk’rSm ykdvefvl
rsdK;/ tDwvDvlrsdK;/ pydefvlrsdK;rsm; pojzihf EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm; jzpf=uonf?······
tar&duefEkdifiHwGif O
a&myta&S@ykdif;ESifh awmifykdif;rS ul;ajymif;vmolrsm;rSm vpmtenf;qkH;tvkyfrsm;ukd vkyfae=u+yD;
tar&dueftvkyform;rsm;rSm tvkyform;acgif; okd@r[kwf vcaumif;aom tvkyform;rsm;xJ
wGif &mckdifE_ef;trsm;qkH; jzpfonf?···· ····
e,fcJs@pepfonf tvkyform;rsm;t=um;wGifvnf; tcGifhxl;cH
vlwef;pm;rsm; zefwD;+yD; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;xk}uD;xJrS cGJypfaom wdrf;!$wfr_ &Sdonf?
+AdwdefEkdifiHwGif e,fcsJ@orm;taejzifh tvkyform;rsm;ukd +zdKcGJ/ ‚wkd@xJwGif tacsmif0g'ukd
tm;jznfh+yD; tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGif; ,m,D,kd,Gif;ysufpD;r_ zefwD;aom wdrf;!$wfr_ukd 19
&mpkESpftukefESifh 20&mpk ESpftprwkdifrDuyif azmfjycJhonf? ta=umif;rSm +AdwdefwGif e,fcsJ@pepftm;
tjcm;pepfrsm;ESifhcGJjcm;aom vuQ%mESpf&yfjzpfonfh us,fajymaomukdvkdeDykdifqkdifr_ESifh urBmhaps;
uGufwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyftaetxm;wkd@ukd 19 &mpkESpftv,fykdif;wGifyif jrifawG@ae&+yD;jzpfonf?
rmhufpfESifhtdef*,fwkd@onf q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGmaom umvtwGif;wGif tacsmif0g'eJ@ tvkyform;
vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_wkd@ qufpyfykHESifh +Adwdo#t&if;&Sifpepf. e,fcJs@vuQ%mrsm;ukd pepfwus ajc&m
cH vkdufcJh=uonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf 1858 ckESpf atmufwkdbmv 7&ufae@wGif tdef*,fu rmhufpfxH
Tokd@a&;cJhonf? ‘t*FvdyfypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf ykdIydkI "e&Sifqefvmonf? TEkdifiHtm;vkH;xJ
wGif "e&SiftqefqkH;olrsm;onf tqkH;pGeftm;jzifh "e&Sifrif;pdk;&mZmwdk@. ydkifqdkifr_ aemuf+yD; "e&Sif
ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;ESifh "e&Sifvlwef;pm;b0ukdvnf; &nfrSef;vsuf&Sd[efwlonf? wurBmvkH;tm;
aoG;pkyfonfh EkdifiHwcktzkd@awmh TtcsufrSm trSefyJ twkdif;twmwcktxd w&m;onf[k ajym
Ekdifonf?’ &mpk ESpftpdwfavmuf=umaomtcg 1881 ckESpf =o*kwfv 11 &ufae@ ae@pGJyg pmxJrSm
·
&_vfZf *Am;
Am;eZ…
eZ/… +Adwdo# e,fcsJ@pepf/ pmrsufESm 301?
301?
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jrKyf
‡KyfESHr_rsm;/;/ pwuf*wf 1913ck?
····
a[m0g;0pfcsf (Hourwich) /ul;ajymif;aexkdifr_ESihfvkyfom; ? e,l;a,muf ;a,muf 1913 ck?

89
tdef*,fu ‘"e&Sifvlwef;pm;u 0,f,lxm;aom tenf;qkH;vpm ay;xm;aomolrsm;ukd acgif;
aqmifcGifhjyKxm;onfh t*Fvdyftvkyform;or*~ trsdK;tpm;awG’ [k a&;cJhonf? aumufpuDxH
a&;aom 1882 ckESpf/ pufwifbm 12 &ufae@pGJyg pmxJY tdef*,fu ,ckuJhokd@ a&;xm;onf?
‘udkvkdeDay:vpDtay: t*Fvdyftvkyform;awGu rnfokd@oabmxm;a=umif; u|efawmfhukdar;onf?
aumif;+yD/ a,bk,s EkdifiHa&;wckvkH;tay: oabmxm;ovkdyif xm;ygonf? Tae&mwGif tvkyf
orm;rsm;.ygwD r&Sdyg? uGefqmaA;wpfrsm;ESifh vpfb&,f&uf'Du,frsm;om &Sdygonf? tvkyform;
rsm;rSm t*FvefEkdifiH.ukdvkdeDrsm;ESifh urBmhaps;uGufay: vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ay:wGif aysmfaysmf}uD; a0pk
,lae=uygonf?· (tdef*,fonf 1892 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aom t*Fveftvkyform; vlwef;pm;
.tajctae pmtkyf/ 'kwd,ESdyfjcif;. trSmpmwGifvnf; tvm;wl t,ltqrsdK;ukd azmfjycJhonf?)
Tonfu ta=umif;&if;ESifh tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;ukd &Sif;vif;jyoaeonf? ta=umif;
&if;rsm;rSm (1) TEkdifiHu urBmwckvkH;tm; aoG;pkyfr_ (2) urBmhaps;uGuf&Sd ‚. vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
taetxm; (3) ‚. ukdvkdeDykdifqkdifr_wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_wkd@ jzpfonf? tusdK;oufa&mufr_
rsm;rSm (1) +Adwdo#ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm; tpdwftykdif;wckrSm "e&Sifvlwef;pm; jzpfvmjcif;? (2) rdrd
ukd,frdrd "e&Sifvlwef;pm;u 0,f,lxm;ol tenf;qkH;vpm ay;xm;olrsm;tm; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;
pm;. tpdwftykdif;wcku acgif;aqmifcGifh jyKxm;jcif;wkd@jzpfonf? 20-&mpkESpf tpykdif;. e,fcsJ@pepf
onf urBm}uD;tm; vufwqkyfpmEkdifiHrsm;twGif; cGJa0,ljcif;tm; t+yD;owfcJh=uonf? ‚wkd@xJrS
wEkdifiHpDonf ,ae@tcgY 1858 ckESpfqDu t*Fvef aoG;pkyfcJhonfh tpdwftykdif;xuf tenf;i,f
r#om i,faomtykdif;ukd aoG;pkyfae=u(qkdvdkwmu txl;tjrwftpGef;rsm; xkwf,ljcif;)onf? ,if;
wEkdifiHpDonf x&yfpf/ umw,f/ b¾mt&if;ESifh +rD&Sif+rDpm; qufqHr_rsm; tusdK;a=umifh urBmh
aps;uGufwGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyftaetxm;ukd &&Sdxm;=uonf? ,if;wEdkifiHpDonf twkdif;twm
wcktxd ukdvkdeDykdifqkdifr_wGif vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;Ekdif=uonf? pwk&ef;uDvkdrDwm 75˜000˜000
us,fjyef@aom urBmhudkvkdeDe,fy,fwckvkH;teuf pwk&ef;uDvkdrDwm 65˜000˜000 okd@r[kwf 86 µ
ukd tiftm}uD; 6 EkdifiHu ykdifqkdif=uonf? pwk&ef;uDvkdrDwm 61˜000˜000 okd@r[kwf 81µukd
tiftm;}uD; okH;EkdifiHwkd@u ykdifqkdif=uonf?
rsufarSmuftaetxm;. xif&Sm;aomvuQ%mrSm tvkyform;vlwef;pm;v_yf&Sm;r_. t
axGaxGESifh ta&;tygqkH; tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;eJ@ tacsmif0g'wkd@t=um; aphpyfr&Ekdifr_ukd ydkIom jzpfay:
apaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm; v$rf;rkd;aejcif;jzpfonf? e,fcsJ@pepfonf oaE<om;
tjzpfrS v$rf;rdk;aeaom pepf}uD;wck jzpfoGm;ay+yD? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;wGif t&if;&Sifvuf0g;}uD;

·
rmhufpf ESifhtdef*,f ay;pmrsm; twGJ 2? 2? pmrsufESm 290 ESihf twGJ 4? pmrsufESm 453? um;vfaumufpuD
qkd&S,fvpf pepfESifh udkvkdeDEkdifiHa&;/ bmvif 1907 ck/ pmrsufESm 79? Tpmapmifukd aumufpuDonf
olrmhufpf0g'DwOD;jzpf aeao; onfhumv twDtawwGif a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?

90
tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u yxrae&m ,lxm;=uonf? urBm}uD;tm;cGJa0,lr_ t+yD;owfoGm;+yD? wzuf
wGifrl +AdwdefEkdifiH. +zdKcGJr&aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_tpm; e,fcsJ@tiftm;tenf;i,fu Tvuf0g;}uD;
tkyfxJwGif &S,f,mykdifqkdifEkdif&ef wk+ydKifvm=uonf? TwkdufyGJonf 20 &mpkESpf tpykdif;umv.
0daoovuQ%myif jzpfonfukd awG@=u&onf? tacsmif0g'taejzihf 19 &mpkESpf 'kwd,tykdif;
t*FvefEkdifiHrSmuJhokd@ EkdifiHwEkdifiH. tvkyform;vlwef;pm; v_yf&Sm;r_xJwGif vkH;0atmifyGJcHonfrsdK;
rjzpfEkdifawmh? okd@aomf EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif Ttacsmif0g'onf &ifhrSnhf/ trSnfhvGef/ ykyfokd;um
‘qkd&S,fvpfa&SmfAif0g'’·toGifjzihf "e&Sifay:vpDESifh vkH;0a&m,SufoGm;av+yD?

·
&k&Sm; qkd&S,fvpfe,fcsJ@0g'tm; ykdx&ufaqmhAf (Potresov)/ csuifcpP (Chkenkelis)/ rmpavmhpf (Maslov)
ponfhyk*~dKvfrsm; ajAmifa=unm
=unm ukd,fpm;jyK=u+yD
=u m;jyK=u+yD; csuvJh (Chkeidze)/ pukdbvufAf (Skobelev)/ tuUp,fa&mh'f/
(Axelrod) rm;awmhAf (Martov) polwkd@u xkwfrajymbJ ukd,fpm;=u onf? Tt,l0g'onf
zsufodrf;a&;0g'qkdaom &k&Sm;trsdK;tpm; tacsmif0g'rS ay:xGufvmjcif;vnf; jzpfonf?

91
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wzufwGif ti,fpm;ESifh tvwfpm;t&if;&SifESifh ykdif&Sifrsm;ukdomru tifrwefi,faom t&if;&Sif
ESifhykdif&Sifrsm;ukdyif vufatmufcHjyKaom tvGefus,fjyef@+yD; vufaygufpdyfonfhqufqHr_ESifh quf
oG,fr_uGef,uf}uD; zefwD;xm;I tjcm;wzufwGif urBm}uD;tm; cGJa0,la&;ESifh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;tm;
pkd;rkd;&eftwGuf tjcm;aomEkdifiHrS b¾ma&;tpkrsm;tm; wkdufckdufaomwkdufyGJ ykdrkdonf;oefvmjcif;
wkd@onf ypPnf;&Sdvlwef;pm;rsm;tm; e,fcsJ@pepfbufokd@ vkH;0ygoGm;aponf? e,fcsJ@pepf. tvm;t
vmtwGuf ‘taxGaxG’wufºur_/ ,if;ukd t±l;trl;tumtuG,fay;jcif;ESifh tvSyqkH; eH@omjc,f
ay;jcif; ponfwkd@rSm Tacwf.vuQ%mrsm;yif jzpfonf? tvkyform;vlwef;pm;twGif;okd@ e,fcsJ@
awG;ac:r_uvnf; xkd;azmuf0ifa&mufonf? ‚ESifh tjcm;aomvlwef;pm;rsm;t=um; r[mwHwkdif;
}uD; jcm;aeonfr[kwfacs? ,ae@acwf *smr%DEkdifiH ‘qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD’ qkdonf. acgif;
aqmifrsm;tm; ‘qkd&S,fe,fcsJ@orm;rsm;’[k ac:jcif;rSm rSefvSonf? qkdvkdonfrSm pum;t& qkd&S,f
vpf/ vkyf&yft& e,fcsJ@orm; qkdonfyif jzpfonf? okd@aomf 1902 ckESpf uwnf;uyif t*FvefY
azbD,Htacsmif0g'twGif;wGif yg&Sdonfh ‘azbD,He,fcsJ@orm;rsm;’&Sda=umif; a[mhbfqifu owdjyK
rdcJhonf?
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tao;pdwfrsm;ESifh 'kwd,wef;pm;tao;pdwfrsm;ukd a&S@wef;wif=uonf? t±l;trl;Ekdif+yD; ajAmifus
aome,fcsJ@orm;rsm;url Tr#avmuf t}udrfrrsm;aomfvnf; e,fcsJ@pepf. tajccHvuQ%mrsm;ukd
jyKjyifa&;qkdaom t,ltqrSm t"dy`m,fr&Sda=umif; 0efcH&J=uayonf?
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r*~Zif;xJY ukdvkdeDrsm;. trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;r_ukd avhvmxm;onf? txl;
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wufa&mufaom uGefz&ifhwckESifh ywfoufaom t*Fvdyfvkd tpD&ifcHpmwapmifta=umif; a&;&mY
uGefz&ifhY ajym=um;onfhrdef@cGef;rsm;ta=umif; wa,mufu ,ckuJhokd@ a&;xm;onf? ‘e,fcsJ@pepfukd
wkduf&rnf/ tkyfpkd;olEkdifiHrsm;taejzihf tkyfpkd;cHjynfolrsm;. vGwfvyfcGifhukd todtrSwfðy=u&rnf?
tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh tm;enf;aomjynfolrsm;t=um; csKyfqkdaompmcsKyfrsm; taumiftxnf

92
azmfjcif;ukd EkdifiHwumhckH±kH;rsm;u }uD;=uyfay;&rnf pojzihf usKyfwkd@ukd ajym=uonf? okd@aomf T
pmrSvGJI a&S@okd@rwkd;awmhacs? e,fcsJ@pepfonf t&if;&Sifpepf. vuf&Sdo¿mefESifh cGJcGmr&atmif wGJ
zufrdaeonf qkdaomtcsufukd em;vnf[ef vkH;0rawG@&ay? aemuf+yD; xkd@a=umifh - - - e,fcsJ@
pepftm; ajAmifzGifhwkdufjcif;rSm ar#mfvifhcsuf vkH;0r&Sd? =unfh&wmu wkdufyGJonf e,fcsJ@pepf. puf
qkwfzG,f&m tvGeftu|Hjzpfr_rsm;tm; uef@uGufr_rsm;wGifom abmifcwfxm;[ef wlonf?· e,fcsJ@
pepf.tajccHtm; ðyjyifa&;qkdonfrSm vSnfhpm;r_w&yf ‘apwem’ wckomjzpf+yD; tzdESdyf cHEkdifiHrsm;rS
"e&Sifukd,fpm;vS,frsm;onf 'Dxufa&S@okd@ ‘xyf’rwkd;awmhav&m tzdESdyfcHEkdifiHwckrS "e&Sif udk,f
pm;vS,fwOD;onf aemufokd@yif ‘xyf’qkwfoGm;um e,fcsJ@pepfonf ‘odyH̀enf;usonf’ [laom
ajymqkdcsuf. tumtuG,faemufY atmufusKd@oGm;awmhonf?’ ‘avm*spf’ ygwum;?
e,fcsJ@pepf.tajccHtm; jyKjyifvkd@&Ekdifoavm? ‚u arG;xkwfay;cJhaom 0da&m"drsm; ydkrdk
onf;oefeuf±_dif;vm&ef a&S@okd@ xyfwkd;&rnfavm? okd@r[kwf T0da&m"drsm;ukd tm;avsmhaponfh
aemufqkwfjcif; jyK&rnfavm qkdonfwkd@rSm e,fcsJ@pepfa0zefcsufwGif tajccHjy\emrsm;yif jzpf
onf? e,fcsJ@pepf. wdusaomEkdifiHa&;vuQ%mrsm;rSm wav#mufvkH;azmufjyef+yD; b¾mt&Sif
ocifrsm;. zdESdyfr_ESifh vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_ukd zsufodrf;r_a=umifh ay:xGufvmonfh trsdK;om;zdESdyfr_
ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmjcif;a=umifh e,fcsJ@EkdifiHtm;vkH;vkdvkdrSmyif 20 &mpkESpftpY e,fcsJ@pepftm; "e&Sif
aygufp 'Drkdu&ufwpfqef@usifr_w&yf ay:aygufvmcJhonf? aumufpuDESifh us,fjyef@aom EkdifiHw
um aumufpuDtEG,frsm; rmhufpf0g'tm; pGef@cGmoGm;jcif;onf aumufpuDtaejzihf pD;yGm;a&;
tajccHwGif wu,fazmufjyefaom T"e&Sifaygufpwkd@. ðyjyifa&;qef@usifr_ukd qef@usif&ef 'kuQ
vnf; rcH/ tpGrf;vnf;r&Sd±Hkru vufawG@wGif ,if;ESihfaygif;yif aygif;pnf;rdvmcJhjcif;ukd twdtus
jyqkdaeayonf?
tar&duefEkdifiHwGif 1898ckESpfY/ pydeftay: e,fcsJ@ppfyGJ qifEGJaomtcgY "e&Sif'Drkdua&pD.
tºuif;tusefol&Jaumif;rsm;jzpfonfh ‘e,fcsJ@pepfqef@usifa&;orm;rsm;’. qef@usifr_ukd v_yfE_d;
vkdufonf? olwkd@u TppfyGJrSm ‘&mZ0wfr_’ jzpfonf? jynfye,fajrrsm;tm; odrf;ykdufr_rSm zGJ@pnf;ykH
tajccHOya'ukd csdK;azmufjcif; jzpfonf? zdvpfykdif a'ocHacgif;aqmif t*DGemvf'kd (Aguinaldo)
tay: jyKusihfykHrSm ‘*sif*kd’·· opPmazmufr_ jzpfonf? (tar&duefrsm;u ol@tm; olwkd@EkdifiHukd vGwf
vyfa&;ay;rnf[k uwdjyKcJhonf? okd@aomf aemufykdif;wGif wyfrsm;ykd@+yD; odrf;ykdufypfvkdufonf?) vif
uGef;. atmufygpmrsm;ukd ukd;um;=uonf? ‘vljzLwa,mufu ol@ukd,foltkyfcsKyfv#if ukd,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfonf? okd@aomf ol@ukd,folomru tjcm;olrsm;ukdyg tkyfcsKyfv#if Tonf ukd,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfa&; r[kwfawmh? TonfrSm Akdvfusa&;0g' jzpfonf?···
okd@aomf Ta0zefr_tm;vkH;onf e,fcsJ@pepfESifh x&yfpfrsm;t=um;&Sd cGJr&onfh taESmift
wnf;wdk@a=umifh e,fcsJ@pepfESifh t&if;&Sifpepf. tkwfjrpfwkd@=um;rS taESmiftwnf;udk a0zefjcif; rðy
bJ t}uD;pm;e,fcsJ@pepfESifh ‚.jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_wkd@u arG;xkwfay;cJhaom tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh yl;aygif
;jcif; rðyaomfvnf; Tonf ‘apwem’om jzpf+rJjzpfaeonf?

·
urBmh pD;yGm;a&;rSwfwrf;rsm;/;/ twGJ 2? pmrsufESm 193?
··
tifrwefjyif;xefaom usOf;ajrmif;aom trd trdsK;om;a&;pdwf"gwf (bmomjyefol)
···
a*s ygxlav (J. Patouillet) ? tar&duef e,fcsJ@pepf 1904? pmrsufESm 272?

93
 Tonf a[mhbfqif. e,fcsJ@pepfa0zefcsufwGif yg&Sdaom t"duoabmxm;vnf; jzpf
onf? ‘ra&Smifrv$JEkdifonfhe,fcsJ@pepf’qkdonfh acsycsufudk uef@uGuf&efvnf;aumif;/ jynfol
vlxk. ‘pm;okH;EkdifpGrf; wkd;jr‡ifh&ef (e,fcsJ@pepfatmufrSmqkdygvm;) vkdtyfr_ukd wkdufwGef;ay;&ef
vnf;aumif;/ a[mhbfqifonf aumufpuDtay: ar#mfvihfcJhonf? e,fcsJ@pepf/ b%frsm;. t&m&m
ay:v$rf;rkd;r_/ b¾moufOD;qHykdifpepf ponfwkd@tay: a0zefcsufESifhywfoufonfh "e&Sifaygufp
tjrifukd xlaxmifolrsm;xJwGif t*gh'f/ vif;pbmh*f/ tufpf0ufcsf ponfh u|Ekfyf r=umc% ukd;um;cJh
olrsm;ESifh jyifopfpma&;q&mrsm;xJrSqkdv#if 1900 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhaom tay:,Hqefonfh
‘t*FvefESifh e,fcsJ@pepf’pmtkyfukd a&;cJhol Apfwmab;&m'fh (Victor Berard) wkd@ yg0ifonf? ukd,fh
ukd,fukd rmhufpf0g'D [k vkH;0rajymaom Tpma&;olrsm;onf e,fcsJ@pepftm; vGwfvyfpGm +ydKifqkdifr_
'Drkdua&pDwkd@ESifh Ed_if;,SOfjycJhjcif;/ buf'ufrD;&xm;vrf;pDrHudef;onf yËdyuQESifhppfyGJqDokd@ OD;wnfap
onf[k uef@uGufjcif;/ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ‘apwemrsm;’ukd xkwfajymjcif; ponfrsm; jyKcJh=uonf?
Ttcsufonf EkdifiHwum pawmhESifh&S,f,mxkwfa0r_ pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd pkaqmif;ol at;ae;
rwfcf (A.Neymarck) ESifhvnf; oufqkdifonf? olonf ‘EdkifiHwum’ tmrcHpmcsKyfrsm;ukd ukd,fpm;
ðyonfh z&ef@aiG ukaËukËmukd wGufcsuf+yD;aemuf 1912 ckESpfwGif ‘+idrf;csrf;a&;ukd taESmifht,Suf
jyKvdrfhrnf [k ,Hk=unfEkdifp&m &Sdygovm; ² ² ² ² Tr#}uD;rm;aom udef;*%ef;rsm; a&S@arSmufwGif
rnfolu ppfukd pwif0hHygrvJ’· [kqkdcJhonf?
"e&Sifabm*aA'orm;rsm;. Tokd@aom pOf;pm;ykH ±kd;pif;vGef;r_rSm tHh=op&mr&Sday? xkd@jyif
Tokd@ ±kd;t[efaqmifjcif;ESifh e,fcsJ@pepfatmufwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ta=umif; ‘tav;teuf’ ajym
jcif;wkd@rSm ‚wkd@. tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifhruif;acs/ okd@aomf 1914- ck/ 1915 ckESifh 1916 ckESpfwkd@wGif
aumufpuDonf T"e&Sif jyKjyifa&;tjrifukdyif aumufukdifum +idrf;csrf;a&;udpPESifhywfouf+yD;
‘tm;vkH;oabmwl=uonf?’(e,fcsJ@orm;rsm;/ twkta,mifqkd&S,fvpfrsm;ESifh qkd&S,fajyat;a&;
0g'Drsm;) [k twnfjyKajym=um;vkdufaomtcgwGif aumufpuD. rmhufpf0g'rSm bmrsm;usefygao;
wmhoenf;? e,fcsJ@pepftm; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjcif;ESifh ‚.yËdyuQrsm; euf±_dif;r_ukd zGifhcsjcif;tpm; ‚
wkd@ukd ab;z,fxm;zkd@/ a&Smifv$Jzkd@[laom ‘apwem’u vGJI bmrSrawG@&ay?
e,fcsJ@pepftay: aumufpuD. pD;yGm;a&;t&a0zefcsuf OyrmwckrSm Tokd@jzpfonf? ol
u +Adwdo#ESifh tD*spfwkd@. 1872 ckESpfESifh 1912 wkd@rS ykd@ukefoGif;ukef ukefoG,fr_pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd
aumufukdifvkdufonf? TukefoG,fr_rSm +Adwdo# jynfyukefoG,fa&;wckvkH;xuf wkd;wufr_E_ef; aES;
auG;onf[k ay:vmonf? TonfrS aumufpuDu Tokd@ed*kH;csKyfvkdufonf? ‘+Adwdo#. tD*spfESifh
ukefoG,fr_ wkd;wufE_ef;rSm ppfa&;t&odrf;ykdufr_rygbJ pD;yGm;a&;ta=umif;csufrsm; oufoufa=umifh
qkdv#if avsmhenf;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqp&m ta=umif;r&Sdacs’‘t&if;. wkd;csJ@vkdaomqENukd ²² ²²
taumif;qkH; xGef;um;apzkd@qkdv#if e,fcsJ@pepf. t=urf;zufenf;emrsm;jzifh r&/ +idrf;csrf;aom 'Drkd
ua&pDenf;jzihfomv#if &Ekdifonf?’··aumufpuD. ±k&Sm;rStvHukdif (±k&Sm;rS qkd&S,fa&SmfAif0g'ukd
umuG,fol rpPwmpyufawwm Mr.Spectator) u toHrsdK;pkHjzihf oHa,mifvkdufxm;aom aumuf
puD. Tta=umif;jycsufrSm e,fcsJ@pepftay: aumufpuD. a0zefcsuftajccHukd ukd,fpm;jyK
jcif;jzpfojzihf u|Efkyfwkd@taejzihf ykdI tao;pdwfusus ukdifwG,f&ayrnf? [Dvfzm'if;tm; ukd;
um;csufrS tpcsDygrnf? ol. ed*kH;csKyfcsufrsm;tm; aumufpuDu }udrfzefrsm;pGm txl;ojzihf 1915
·
EkdifiHwumpm&if
umpm&if;Z,m; odyH̀ .xkwfjyefcsuf/ twGJ 29 / tkyf 2/ pmrsufESm 225?
··
aumufpuD/ trsdK;om;Ek
;om;EkdifiHawmf /e,fcsJ@pepfEdkifiHawmfESihf EkdifiHrsm;.jynfaxmifpk/ Ek&ifbwf/ 1915ck/ pmrsufESm 72
ESifh 70?
70?

94
 ckESpf {+yDvwGif ‘qkd&S,fvpfoabmw&m;a&;q&mrsm;u wnDw!$wfwnf; csrSwfcJh=uonf’ [k
a=unmcJh=uonf?
[Dvfzm'if;u ‘ykdrkdwkd;wufaom t&if;&Sifay:vpDtm; vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_ESifh EkdifiH
awmftm; &efvkdr_[laom ,cktcgwGif ukefvGefoGm;+yDjzpfonfhacwfESifh Ed_if;,SOfjcif;rSm ypPnf;rJhvl
wef;pm;. tvkyf r[kwfacs? b¾mt&if; e,fcsJ@pepfwkd@. pD;yGm;a&;rkom0g'tm; ypPnf;rJhvlwef;
pm;u wkH@jyef&efrSm vGwf vyfpGmukefoG,fr_ r[kwf/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfom jzpfonf? ypPnf;rJhrl0g'.
&nf&G,fcsufrSm ,cktcg azmufjyefaom ar#mfrSef;csufw&yf jzpfae+yD;jzpfaom vGwfvyfpGm +ydKifqkdifr_
ukd jyefvnfxm;&Sda&; rjzpfEkdifacs? t&if;&Sifpepftm; zsufodrf;jcif;jzihf +ydKifqkdifr_tm; tjynfht0
y,fzsufa&;yif jzpfonf?·
b¾mt&if;acwfwGif ‘azmufjyefaomar#mfrSef;csuf’ ‘+idrf;csrf;aom'Drkdua&pD’‘pD;yGm;a&;
ta=umif;tcsufrsm;oufoufa=umifh’ qkdonfwkd@ukd ajymqkdjcif;jzihf aumufpuDonf rmhufpf0g'ESifh
vrf;cGJoGm;cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm yuwdbm0ususajym&v#if Tar#mfrSef;csufrSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
t&if;&SifpepfrS vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr[kwfaom t&if;&SifpepfqDokd@ jyefqGJac:oGm;onf? ðyjyifa&;
vdrfnmr_wckyif jzpfonf?
tD*spf (okd@r[kwf rnfonfh tjcm;ukdvkdeD okd@r[kwf ukdvkdeDwykdif;rqkd) ESifh ukefoG,fr_rSm ppf
a&;t& odrf;ydkufr_rygbJ/ e,fcsJ@pepfrygbJ/ b¾mt&if;rygbJ ykdrkd}uD;xGm;vmvdrfhrnf? 'gbm
t"dy`m,fvJ? vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_tm; a,bk,s vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;uaomfvnf;
aumif;/ b¾mt&if;. ‘tquftoG,frsm;’ xrf;ykd; (Tonfvnf; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfyifjzpfonf?)
uaomfvnf;aumif;/ tcsKd@aomEkdifiHrsm;. vuf0g;}uD;tkyf ukdvkdeDykdifqkdifr_uaomfvnf;aumif;/
csKyfcs,fuef@owfjcif;r&Sdv#if t&if;&SifpepfrSm ykdrkd vsifjrefpGm zGH@+zdK;vdrfhrnf [k qkdvdkoavm?
aumufpuD.ta=umif;jycsufrSm tjcm;t"dy`m,f rxGufEkdifacs? Tt"dy`m,frSmvnf; t"d
y`m,f r&Sdacs? vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_onf rnfonfh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_rsdK;rS rygbJ t&if;&SifpepfESifh
ukefoG,fr_udk ykdrkd vsifjrefpGm zHG@+zdK;}uD;xGm;aprnfqkd=uygpkd@/ okd@aomf ukefoG,fr_ESifh t&if;&Sifpepf ykdrkd
zGH@+zdK;}uD;xGm;vmav xkwfvkyfr_ESifht&if;wkd@ pk+yKHr_ ykdrkd}uD;rm;avjzpf+yD; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_rsm; ay:
aygufvmaponf? aemuf+yD; vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm ay:yifay:aygufvmcJhav+yD?- wdus
pGmajym&v#if vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_twGif;rS ay:aygufvmcJhjcif;ygwum;? ,cktcg vuf0g;}uD;tkyf
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u wkd;wufr_ukd qkwf,kwfaponfqkdOD;awmh Tonf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ ay:ayguf+yD;
onfhaemufwGif rjzpfEkdifawmh+yDjzpfonfh vGwfvyfpGm +ydKifqkdifr_bufu ta=umif;jycsufr[kwfacs?
aumufpuD.ta=umif;jycsuftm; rnfonfhbufu=unfh=unfh azmufjyefr_ESifh "e&SifjyKjyif
a&;rSwyg; bmrSrawG@&acs?
tu,fI u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzihf Tta=umif;jycsufudk jyifay;+yD; pyufawvmwGif a&;xm;
onfhtwkdif; +Adwdo#ukdvkdeDrsm;ESifh t*Fvefwkd@. ukefoG,fr_rSm tjcm;aomEkdifiHrsm;ESifh ukefoG,fr_
xuf jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ aES;auG;onf[kqkdonfhwkdif aumufpuDudkawmh ru,fwifEkdifay? ta=umif;
rSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_onfvnf;aumif;/ e,fcsJ@pepfonfvnf;aumif;/ +AdwdefEkdifiHtm; tEkdif,lae
jcif; jzpfonf? wckyJ ,if;onf tjcm;EkdifiHwck (tar&duef/ *smr%D).vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ESifh e,f
csJ@pepf jzpfaeonf? umw,frsm;onf ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;umuG,fr_ tcGeftaumuf xl;jcm;onfh
o¿mefopfwckukd jzpfay:apa=umif; odcJh+yD; jzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm jyifywifykd@Ekdifaom ukefypPnf;
·
b¾m t&if; pmrsufESm 567

95
rsm;ukd umuG,fjcif;jzpfonf? (t&if;usrf; twGJxJwGif tdef*,fu TonfudkaxmufjycJhonf?)
umw,fESifhb¾mt&if;wkd@wGifvnf; olwkd@[mESifholwkd@ xl;jcm;onfhpepfwck &Sdonfqkdjcif;ukdvnf;
od+yD;jzpfonf? tdef*,fu TonfrSm ‘av#mhaps;jzihf ukefypPnf; wifykd@jcif;’ okd@r[kwf t*Fvdyf
awGajymovkd ‘pkykHjcif;’jzpfonf? wkdif;jynfwckwGif umw,frsm;onf ukefypPnf;rsm;ukd }uD;jrifh
aom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfaps;E_ef;rsm;jzihf a&mif;csonf? okd@aomf jynfywGif a&mif;csaomtcgY +ydKif
bufukd tEkdif,l&ef rdrd.xkwfvkyfr_ukd tpGrf;ukefwkd;csJ@&ef ponfwkd@twGuf ykdI edrfhaomaps;E_ef;jzihf
a&mif;csonf? tu,fI +Adwdo#ukdvkdeDrsm;ESifh ukefoG,fa&;wGif *smr%Du +Adwdefxuf jzpfay:wkd;
yGm;r_jrefonfqkdv#if TonfrSm *smr%De,fcsJ@pepfu +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@pepfxuf ykdrkdEkysdKtm;aumif;+yD;
pnf;&kH;r_&Sda=umif;ESifh omvGefa=umif; azmfjyjcif;om jzpfonf? okd@aomf vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_u
‘omvGef’a=umif; az:jyjcif;r[kwfacs? ta=umif;rSm Tonf vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_uwzuf ukd,f
usdK;pD;yGm;umuG,fr_eSifh ukdvkdeDrSDckd&r_wkd@uwzuf jzpfyGm;aeaom wkdufyGJw&yfr[kwfbJ +yKdifbuf
e,fcsJ@pepf 2 ck/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyf2 zGJ@/ b¾mt&if; tkyfpk 2 ckwkd@t=um;rS wkdufyGJjzpfaoma=umifh
jzpfonf? *smrefe,fcsJ@pepfu +Adwdo#e,fcJs@pepfxuf omvGefr_rSm ukdvdkeDe,fpyfwHwkdif;rsm; okd@r
[kwf udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;umuG,fa&;wHwkdif;wkd@xuf tpGrf;xufaoma=umifh jzpfonf? Tonfukd
vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_ESifh ‘+idrf;csrf;aom'Drkdua&pD’wkd@twGuf taxmuftuljzpfonfh ta=umif;jy
csufw&yftaejzihf tokH;jyKv#if tESpfrJhpum;om jzpfacsrnf? Tonf e,fcsJ@pepf. ta&;ygaom
vuQ%mrsm;ESifh xl;jcm;csufrsm;ukd arhypfjcif;/ rmhufpf0g'.ae&mwGif "e&Sifaygufpðyjyifa&;ESifh
tpm;xkd;jcif;om rnfayonf?
e,fcsJ@pepftm; a0zef&mwGif aumufpuDwr#yif "e&Sifaygufpqefaom "e&Sifabm*aA'
orm; atvif;pbmh*furS rnfokd@yifqkdap ukefoG,fa&;pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd avhvm&mwGif
ykdrkdIodyH̀enf;usao;onf qkdaomtcsufrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;vSonf? olonf EkdifiHwckwnf;
ukdvkdeDwckwnf;ukdom vufwef;aumuf+yD; tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh ,SOfxkd;vkdufonfr[kwfacs? olonf
e,fcsJ@EkdifiHwck. ykd@ukefwifykd@r_ukd (1) ‚tay:wGif b¾a&;t& rSDckdae&aomEkdifiHrsm;/ ‚xHrS
aiGacs;&onfhEkdifiHrsm; (2) b¾ma&;t& trSDckduif;onfh EkdifiHrsm;wkd@ESifh E_dif;,SOfcJhonf? atmufyg
wkdif; &&SdcJhonf?

96
 *smr%D. ykd@ukefwifykd@r_ (rwfaiG oef;aygif;)
b¾ma&;t& *smr%Dtay: rSDckd&onfh EkdifiHJrsm;
EkdifiH 1889 1900 wkd;vmonfh &mckdifE_ef;
&lar;eD;,m; 48²2 70²8 47µ
ay:wl*D 19²0 32²8 73µ
tm*sifwD;em; 60²7 147²0 143µ
b&mZD; 48²7 84²5 73µ
csDvD 28²3 52²4 85µ
wl&uD 29²9 64²0 114µ
pkpkaygif; 234²8 450²5 92µ
(b¾ma&;t& *smr%Dtay:rrSDckd&onfh EkdifiHrsm;)
+Adwdef 651²8 997²4 53µ
jyifopf 210²2 437²6 108µ
b,fvf*sD,H 137²2 322²8 135µ
qGZfZmvef 177²4 401²1 127µ
=opa=w;vsm; 21²2 64²5 205µ
'yfcsfta&S@tif'D;pf 8²8 40²7 363µ

pkpkaygif; 1˜206˜
206˜6 2˜264²
264²4 87µ
87µ

vif;pbmh*f u rnfokd@r# aumufcsufrqGJcJh/ xkda=umifh xl;qef;pGmyif tu,fI Tudef;

%ef;rsm;u tajzwckck xkwfay;cJv#if xkdtajzonf olrSm;a=umif;om jzpfrnfqkdonfukd awG@=u
onf? ta=umif;rSm *smr%DEkdifiHtay:wGif b¾ma&;t& rSDckdae&aomEkdifiHrsm;xH wifykd@r_rSm rrDSkd
aomEkdifiHrsm;xH wifykd@onfxuf tenf;i,fyifjzpfapOD;awmh ykdrkdv#ifjrefpGm }uD;xGm;jcif;ajumifhf
jzpfonf? (vif;pbmh*f. udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm rjynfhpkHojzihf ‘tu,fI’qkdonfukd tav; teuf
jyKcJhygonf)
jynfyykd@ukefESifh acs;aiGwkd@. qufpyfr_ukd ajc&mcH+yD; vif;pbmh*fu ,ckuJhokd@ a&;cJhonf?
· 1890-91 ckESpfwGif ±lar;eD;,m;. acs;aiGwckukd *smrefb%frsm;rSwqihf vJvS,fE_ef;
ar#mxm;cJhonf? ,if;b%frsm;onf onfht&ifESpfrsm;u Tacs;aiGtwGuf twkd;E_ef;rsm; wkd;ay;cJh
nf? ,if;aiGjzihf t"dutm;jzihf *smr%DrS rD;&xm;vrf;ypPnf;rsm; 0,f,lcJhonf? 1891 ckESpfwGif
±lar;eD;,m;okd@ *smr%D. wifykd@r_wefzkd;rSm rwfaiG 55˜000˜000 &SdcJhonf? aemufwESpfwGif rwfaiG
39˜4000˜000okd@ usqif;oGm;+yD; 1900jynhfESpfwGif twuftusrsm;ESifhtwl rwfaiG 25˜400˜000
okd@ &mufoGm;onf? odyfr=umao;onfhESpfrsm;twGif;urS acs;aiGtopfESpf&yf. aus;Zl;a=umihf
2891 ckESpftqifhokd@ jyefa&mufvmonf?
· 1888-89 ckESpf acs;aiGrsm;aemufwGif ay:wl*DEkdifiHokd@ *smr%D.wifykd@r_rSm rwfaiG
21˜100˜000 (1890 ckESpf) okd@ wufvmonf? onfhaemuf 2 ESpfwGif rwfaiG 16˜200˜000 ESifh
7˜400˜000okd@ usqif; oGm;onf? 1903 ckESpfwGifrS ,ciftqifhokd@ jyefa&mufvmonf?
*smr%DESifh tm*sifwD;em;wkd@. ukefoG,fr_udef;*%ef;rsm;rSm ykdI xif&Sm;ayao;onf?
1888 ckESpfESifh 1890ckeSpfwkd@wGif acs;aiGrsm;. aiGvJvS,fE_ef;udk ar#mxm;vkduf+yD;onfhaemuf

97
tm*sifwD;em;EkdifiHokd@ *smr%DEkdifiH. ykd@ukefwefzkd;rSm 1889 ckESpfwGif rwfaiG 60˜700˜000okd@ a&muf
monf? aemuf 2ESpf =umaomtcg ykd@ukefwefzkd;rSm rwfaiG 18˜600˜000 om &Sdawmh+yD; ,cif
udef;*%ef;.ok;ykHwykHxufyif enf;aeao;awmhonf? 1900ckESpfwGifrS 1889 ckESpfpHcsdefukd jyefausmf
vGefcJhonf? TonfrSm "gwftm;ay;&kHrsm; wnfaqmuf&ef aiGwif}udKay;jcif;ESifh tjcm;acs;aiG vkyf
ief;rsm;twGuf EkdifiHawmfESifhjrLeDpDy,ftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u acs;aiGopfrsm;ukd vJvS,fE_ef; ar#mypfcJh
aoma=umifh jzpfonf?
‘csDvDokd@ ykd@ukefrsm;rSm 1889 ckESpf acs;aiG. aemufqufwGJtjzpf (1892 ckESpfwGif) rwfaiG
45˜201 ˜000 okd@ wufvmonf? aemufwESpfwGif rwfaiG 22˜500˜000 okd@ usqif;oGm;onf?
1906 ckESpfwGif *smrefb%frsm;u aiGvJvS,fE_ef; ar#mypfvkdufaom acs;aiGtopfrsm;a=umihf 1907
ckESpfwGif ykd@ukefrSm rwf aiG 84˜700˜000 qDokd@ wufvm+yD; 1908 ckESpfwGif rwfaiG 52˜400˜000 okd@
jyefusoGm;jyefawmhonf?· Ttcsufrsm;rSaeI vif;pbmh*fonf tifrwef&,fp&maumif;aom
"e&Sifoifcef;pmw&yf qGJxkwfcJhonf? acs;aiGrsm;ESifh,SufEG,faev#if ykd@ukefrSm rnfr# rwnf+idrf/
rSefwrf;rusa=umif;/ t&if;ukd jynfwGif;pufr_vkyfief;wGif ‘obm0uspGm’ESifh ‘acsmarmajyjypf
pGm’jr‡KyfESHjcif;xuf jyifywGifjr‡KyfESH&onfrSm rnfr#raumif;a=umif;/ jynfyacs;aiGrsm;tm; vJvS,fE_ef;
ar#mxm;vkdufjcif;a=umifh c&yftaejzifh rnfokd@ oef;ESifhcsDaom wefzkd;}uD;ay;cJh&a=umif; ponfwkd@
jzpfonf? okd@aomf wu,fhjzpf&yfrsm;u &Sif;vif;pGm jyqkdaeonf? ykd@ukefwkd;jr‡ifhjcif;onf wduspGm
ajym&v#if "e&Sifukd,fusifhw&m;ukd vkH;0 yrmrxm;aom b¾mt&if;. vdrfvnfr_yif jzpfonf/
EGm;waumifwnf;ukd ESpf}udrfta&cGmjcif; jzpfonf? yxrtm;jzihf acs;aiGrsm;rS tjrwf&vkdufonf?
xkd@aemuf ,if;acs;aiGESifhyif acs;,loltaejzifh c&yfxHrS 0,f,ljcif;/ okd@r[kwf oHr%d qif'Dudwf}uD;
xHrS &xm;vrf;ypPnf; 0,f,ljcif;jzihf aemufxyf tjrwfrsm;&jyefonf?
u|Ekfyfwkd@taejzihf vif;pbmh*f.udef;*%ef;rsm;tm; jynfhpkHaumif;rGefonf[k oabmrxm;
a=umif; xyfrHajymvkdygonf? okd@aomf Tudef;*%ef;rsm;rSm aumufpuDESifh pyufawwmxuf ykdrkd
odyH̀enf;us+yD;vif;pbmh*fu Tjyoemukd csOf;uyf&ef vrf;rSefjyaoma=umifh Tudef;*%ef;rsm;ukd
ukd;um;jcif;jzpfygonf? ykd@ukefponfwkd@ESifhywfouf+yD; b¾mt&if;. ta&;ygaom vuQ%m t
a=umif; aqG;aEG;&mwGif txl;ojzihf ykd@ukefESifh aiGa=u;&Sifrsm;.qufqHr_ wckwnf;ukdom a&G;xkwf
Ekdif&rnf? aemuf+yD; txl;ojzihf ykd@ukefESifh umw,f ponfwkd@. ukefypPnf;a&mif;csjcif; qufqHr_
wckwnf;ukdom a&G;xkwfEkdif&ayrnf? ukdvkdeDESifh ukdvkdeDr[kwfolrsm;/ e,fcJs@eJ@ aemufe,fcsJ@pepfwck/
ukdvkdeDwykdif; okd@r[kwf ukdvkdeD (tD*spf) wckESifh tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;tm; Ed_if;,SOf±Hkr#onf jy\em.
wu,fhtESpfom&ukd a&SmifvGJjcif;/ r_ef0g;atmifjyKvkyfjcif;om jzpfonf?
e,fcsJ@pepftay: aumufpuD. oabmw&m;t& a0zefcsufrSm rmhufpf0g'ESifhbmrSrqkdifbJ/
t acsmif0g'Drsm;/ qkd&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm;ESifh +idrf;csrf;nD!$wf&ef 0g'jzef@csda&;twGuf ed'gef;tjzpfom
tusdK;jyKayonf? Tta=umif;a=umifhyif ol@a0zefcsufonf e,fcsJ@pepf. tifrwefeuf&d_if;+yD; t
ajccHusaom yËdyuQrsm;ukd a&SmifvGJ+yD; r_ef0g;atmifjyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;yËdyuQrsm;rSm
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfb¾mt&if;. {&mr‘vkyfief;rsm;’(ESifh {&mrtjrwfrsm;)eJ@ vGwfvyfaom aps;uGuf
twGif;&Sd ‘±kd;om;aom’ukefoG,fr_rsm;t=um;rS yËdyuQ/ umw,fESifhx&yfpfrsm;uwzuf umw,f
zGJ@rxm;aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;uwzuf jzpfyGm;aom yËdyuQ ponfwkd@ jzpfygonf?

·
b%f*sme,f/ 1909ck/ twGJ 2? pmrsufESm 819

98
 aumufpuD wDxGifcJhaom ‘e,fcsJ@vGef0g'’ qkdonfrSm tvm;wlyif azmufjyefayonf?
1915 ckESpfwGif ‚.ajymqkdcsufrsm;ESihf a[mhbfqif. 1902 ckESpfwGif ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd E_dif;,SOf
=unfhyg?
aumufpuD² ² ²‘tjyeftvSef wk+ydKifae=uaom trsdK;om;b¾mt&if;rsm;ae&mwGif EkdifiH
wum yl;aygif;b¾mt&if; yl;wGJaoG;pkyfjcif;udk azmfxkwfay;rnfh e,fcsJ@vGefrl0g'topfjzifh vuf&Sd
e,fcsJ@0g'ukd tpm;rxkd;Ekdifaybl;vm;/ e,fcsJ@pepf. Tokd@aom tqifhopfukd rnfonfhenf;ESifhrqkd
awG@jrifEkdifayonf? jzpfaumjzpfEkdifoavm? Tar;cGef;ukdajzEkdif&ef vkHavmufaom w&m;tcsuft
vufrsm; vkdaeao;onf?’·
a[mhbfqif² ² ²‘okd@jzihf r,Ofaus;onfh rSDckdolaemufvkdufrsm; ukd,fpD&Sdaom zuf'&,f tif
yg,m}uD; tenf;i,fwGif c&pf,mefavmuukd xlaxmifvkdufonf? TonfrSm rsufarSmuf wdrf;
!$wfr_rsm;teuf w&m;Oya'ESifh tavsmfnDqkH;aom jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ jzpfonf? e,fcsJ@trsm;tjym;
qkdaom tmrcHcsuf&Sdonfh tajccHay:wGif xm0&+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ar#mfvifhcsuf taumif;qkH;ay;
rnfht&mjzpfonf [k vl trsm;tjym;u rSwf=uavonf?’
vGefcJhaom 13 ESpfwGif a[mhbfqifu e,fcsJ@trsm;tjym;pepf[k azmfjycJhonfukd aumufp
uDu e,fcsJ@vGefpepf okd@r[kwf txl;e,fcsJ@pepf[k uifyGef;wyfcJhonf? zrf;pm;Ekdifaom pum;vkH;
opfwckukd zefwD;jcif;/ vufwifpum;vkH; wckESifhwck tpm;xkd;jcif;rSty ‘odyH̀enf;us’ awG;ac:r_
e,fy,fwGif aumufpuD jyKcJhonfh wckwnf;aomwdk;wufr_rSm a[mhbfqifu wu,fhwu,fwGif
t*Fvdyfc&pf,mef w&m;a[mq&mrsm;. tvdrftnmw&m;rsm;[k azmfjycJhonfrsm;ukd rmhufpf0g'
[k xkwfay;jcif;om jzpfonf? t*Fvdyf-bkd;0g;ppfyGJ aemufykdif;wGif Ttifrwefjrifhjrwfaom yk*~dKvf
rsm;taejzifh awmiftmz&du ppfajrjyifwGif rdrdwkd@. +Adwdo#aiGa=u;&Sifrsm;twGuf ykdrdkrsm;aom
tjrwfrsm; tmrcHcsuf&Sdap&ef tcGefawGykday;ae&aom +Adwdo#tv,ftvwfvlwef;pm;ESifh tvkyf
orm;rsm;tm; ESpfodrfhonfhtvkyfukd t"dutm±Hkpkduf vkyfcJh=uonfrSm obm0usvSonf? aemuf
+yD; e,fcsJ@pepf[m odyfrqkd;vSygbl;/ xm0&+idrf;csrf;a&;ukd tmrcHEkdifaom e,fcsJ@ (vGef) trsm;t
jym;pepfESifh eD;uyfyg+yDqkdaom oabmw&m;xuf aumif;rGefonfh ESpfodrfhr_ &SdEkdifygao;ovm;? t*F
vdyf w&m;a[mq&mrsm; okd@r[kwf cHpm;csuf jyif;xefaom aumufpuD. &nf &G,fcsufaumif;
rsm;rSm rnfokd@yifjzpfyap wckwnf;aom OD;wnfcsuf/ qkdvkdonfrSm aumufpuD ‘oabmw&m;’.
wu,fhvlr_a&;xl;jcm;csufrSm Tokd@om jzpfEkdifonf? rsufarSmufumv. jyif;xefonfh 0da&m"d
rsm;ESifh jy\emrsm;rS tm±Hkv$Jypf+yD; pdwful;;xJY&Sdonfh tem*wfrS ‘e,fcsJ@vGefpepf’qkdaom roJuGJ
onfhtvm;tvmqDokd@ vufndK;!¸efjyum e,fcsJ@pepfatmufwGif xm0&+idrf;csrf;a&; &Ekdifonf[l
aom ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;jzihf ESpfodrfhaom tazmufjyefqkH;enf;yif jzpfonf? vlxkrsm;tm; vSnfhpm;
jcif; ² ² ² aumufpuD . rmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;xJwGif TonfrSvGJI tjcm;r&Sdacs?
trSefyif *smreftvkyform;rsm; (ESifh a'otm;vkH;rS tvkyform;rsm;) .a&S@wGif aumuf
puD wifjyaom ar#mfrSef;csufrsm; vkH;0rrSefuefa=umif;ukd oabmayguf&eftwGuf tm;vkH;od+yD; jzpf
+yD; 0d0g'ruGJEkdifaom tcsuftvufrsm;jzihf Ed_if;,SOfjyv#ifyif vkHavmufonf? tdEdN,/ tif'kdcsdKif;
em;ESifh w±kwfjynfwkd@ukdyif =unfhygpkd@? vlOD;a& oef; 600 rS 700 &Sdaom TukdvkdeDESifh ukdvkdeDwydkif;
EkdifiHokH;ckwkd@rSm +Adwdef/ jyifopf/ *syef/ tar&duponfh e,fcsJ@tiftm;tajrmuftjrm;rS b¾mt&if;

·
Die Neue Zelit A pril 30,1915/p144

99
.aoG;pkyfr_ukd cHae&onfqkdjcif;rSm vltrsm; odxm;+yD;aomtcsuf jzpfonf? tu,fI Te,fcsJ@
EkdifiHrsm;u ,if;tm&SEkdifiHrsm;wGif ‚wkd@. ykdifqkdifr_tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;ESifh ‘=oZmt0ef;t0kdif;’ukd um
uG,f&ef okd@r[kwf wkd;csJ@&eftwGuf r[mrdwftzGJ@rsm; t+ydKiftqkdif zGJ@=uonfqkd=uygpkd@? Tr[m
rdwftzGJ@rsm;onf ‘e,fcsJ@trsm;tjym;’ okd@r[kwf ‘e,fcsJ@ vGef’r[mrdwftzGJ@rsm;om jzpfayvdrfh
rnf? tu,fI tm&Swkduf. Ttykdif;rsm;tm; ‘+idrf;csrf;pGm’ cGJa0,l&eftwGuf e,fcsJ@EkdifiHtm;vkH;
wkd@ r[mrdwfzGJ@=uonfqkd=uygpkd@? Tr[mrdwfzGJ@r_onfh ‘EkdifiHwum pkpnf;xm;aom b¾mt&if;’
om jzpfayvdrfhrnf? 20 &mpkESpforkdif;wGif Tokd@aom r[mrdwfzGJ@r_. wu,fhom"ursm; &Sdonf?
Oyrm w±kwfjynftay:xm;&Sdonfh tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;.oabmxm;/ u|Ekfyfwkd@uar;rnf-- t
&if;&Sifpepfonf r+yKdrysuf qufvufwnf&SdaeonfyJ qkd=uygpkd@?
- aumufpuD,lqonfrSmvnf; Ttwkdif; twdtusyif jzpfonf? xkdokd@aom r[mrdwf
zGJ@r_rsm;rSm ,m,Dxuf ykdrnf[k ,lqEkdifyg.avm? ,if;wkd@onf yGwfwkdufr_/ tcsif;yGm;r_ESihf wkdufyGJykH
pH tm;vkH;ukd zsufodrf;ypfygrnfavm?
Tar;cGef;tm; ‘bl;’[laom tajzrSwyg; tjcm;tajzukd ray;Ekdif&eftwGuf aocsm&Sif;
vif;atmif ar;zkd@vkdygonf? ta=umif;rSm t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif =oZmcHt0ef;t0kdif; tusdK;pD;
yGm;/ ukdvkdeD ponfwkd@ukd cGJa0,l&eftwGuftajccHrSm cGJa0,lr_wGif yg0ifolrsm;. tiftm;/ ‚wkd@.
a,bk,s pD;yGm;a&;/ b¾ma&;/ ppfa&;tiftm;rsm;tm; wGufqjcif;rSwyg; tjcm;rjzpfEkdifaom
a=umifh jzpfonf? aemuf+yD; cGJa0,lr_wGif yg0ifolrsm;.tiftm;rSm wlnDaomtwkdif;twmjzihf
ajymif;vJ=uonfr[kwfacs? tb,fha=umifhqkdaomf t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif rwluGJjym;aom vkyf
ief;rsm;/ x&yfpfrsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;cGJrsm;/ okd@r[kwf EkdifiHrsm;. nDnmaom wkd;yGm;r_qkdonfrSm rjzpf
Ekdifaoma=umifh jzpfonf? vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpf0ufwkef;u xkdpOfu t*Fvef.tiftm;ESifh E_dif;pmvkduf
v#if *smr%DrSm t&if;&Siftiftm;t& ajym&v#if qif;&J+yD; rajymyavmufaom EkdifiHom jzpfonf?
±k&Sm;ESifhE_dif;pmv#if *syefonfvnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfonf? vmrnfh 10-ESpf/ tESpf 20 wGif e,fcsJ@
tiftm;}uD;rsm;. Ed_if;pmr_tiftm;rSm rajymif;vJbJ&Sdrnf[k ‘qkdEkdif ’rnf avm? vkH;0 rqkdEkdifay?
xkd@a=umifh t*Fvdyfw&m;a[mq&mrsm; okd@r[kwf *smref ‘rmhufpf0g'D’aumufpuDwkd@.
odrfzsif;aom evAdef;wkH;pdwful;,Ofr_rsm;t& r[kwfbJ e,fcsJ@pepf. wu,fhvufawG@ taetxm;
rsm;t& ajym&v#if ‘e,fcJs@EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;pepf’ okd@r[kwf ‘e,fcsJ@vGefpepf’wdk@. r[mrdwfzGJ@r_
qkdonfrSm rnfonfho¿mefyJaqmifaqmif /e,fcsJ@r[mrdwfzGJ@r_wckukd &ifqdkif&eftwGuf zGJ@onfh
e,fcsJ@r[mrdwftzGJ@yJ jzpfap/ e,fcsJ@tiftm; tm;vkH;yg0ifaom taxGaxGr[mrdwfzGJ@r_yJjzpfap
tm;vkH;rSm rvGJraoG ppfyGJrsm;t=um;rS ajyat;r_om jzpfonf? +idrf;csrf;aom r[mrdwfzGJ@r_rsm;rSm
ppfjzpf&ef tajctae zefwD;ay;onf? xkdrSwzef ppfxJrS r[mrdwftzGJ@rsm; ay:xGufvmonf? wck
onf aemufwck. ta=umif;tcsuf jzpfonf? urBmhpD;yGm;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;twGif;&Sd e,fcsJ@ tquf
toG,fESifh qufpyfr_qkdaom wckwnf;aom tajccHay:wGif +idrf;csrf;aomwkdufyGJESifh r+idrf;csrf;aom
wkdufyGJwkd@ukd wvSnfhpD jzpfay:apayonf? okd@aomf tvkyform;rsm;tm; ausat;ap&efESifh ‚wkd@
tm; "e&Sifvlwef;pm;buf ul;ajymif;oGm;aom qkd&S,fa&SmfAif0g'Drsm;ESifh aphpyfay;&eftwGuf ynm
&Sd aumufpuDonf oH}udK;uGif;qufwckESifhwcktm; cGJjcm;xm;vkdufonf? w±kwfjynftm; (abmuf
qmykefuefr_tm; ESdrfeif;r_ukd owd&=uyg?) ‘ausat;’ap&eftwGuf tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHtm;vkH;.
vuf&Sd +idrf;csrf;pGm (aemuf+yD; e,fcsJ@vGefvnf;jzpf/ r[kwfbl;/ e,fcsJ@vGefjzpfwJh) r[mrdwfzGJ@r_tm;
reufzef r+idrf;csrf;aom tcsif;yGm;r_eSifh cGJjcm;xm;vkdufonf? ,if;tcsif;yGm;r_onf obufcgwGif
qkdygpkd@/ wl&uDEkdifiHtm; cGJa0,la&;twGuf aemufxyf‘+idrf;csrf;aom’ taxGaxG r[mrdwfzGJ@r_}uD;

100
twGuf tajctae zefwD;ay;ayvdrfhrnf- ponfponfwkd@yif jzpf.? e,fcsJ@+idrf;csrf;a&;umvESifh
e,fcsJ@ppfyGJumvwkd@t=um;rS toufygaomqufoG,fr_tpm; aumufpuDonf tvkyform;rsm;
tm; toufrJhaom acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh aphpyfay;&eftwGuf toufrJhaom w&m;rsm;ukdom ay;
avonf?
tar&duefpma&;q&mwOD;jzpfol [D;vf (Hill)u ol. Oa&mywdkuf EkdifiHwum jzpfay:
wkd;yGm;r_. oHwref qufqHa&;ordkif; pmtkyftrSmwGif r=umao;aom oHwrefqufqHa&;ordkif;ukd
atmufygtwkdif; umv cGJjcm;xm;onf? (1) awmfvSefa&;acwf (2) zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'
v_yf&Sm;r_ (3) vuf&Sd ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; t&if;&Sifpepf’acwfwkd@ jzpfonf?· aemufpma&;ol wOD;
u 1870 ckESpfaemufykdif; +Adwdef. ‘urBmhay:vpD’ ukd acwfav;acwf cGJvkdufonf? (1) yxr tm&S
acwf (tm&Stv,fykdif;wGif &k&Sm;u tdEdN,buf wkd;csJ@vmjcif;ukd qef@usifonfhwkdufyGJ (2) tmz&d
uacwf (t=urf;zsif;tm;jzihf 1885-ckESpfrS 1902 ckESpf) tmz&duukd cGJa0,la&;twGuf jyifopfESifh
wkdufyGJ (jyifopfESifh ppfjzpf&ef vufwvkH;wnf;omvkdonfh tajctae qkdufcJh&onf? 1898 ckESpf
‘zm&_d'gta&;tcif;)ESifh t"dutm;jzifh *smr%Dqef@usifa&;jzpfaom ‘Oa&my’umv ·· ‘b%fvkyf
ief;vkyfol’&kdufqmu 1905 ckESpfwGif ‘ppfpcef;rsm;twGuf EkdifiHa&;wkdufyGJrSm b¾ma&;e,fy,f
wGif jzpfyGm;onf’ [ka&;cJh+yD; tDwvDEkdifiHwGif vnfywfaeaom jyifopft&if;u T wkdif;jynfrsm;.
EkdifiHa&;r[mrdwfzGJ@r_twGuf rnfokd@ vrf;cif;aea=umif;/ aemuf+yD; yg&Sm;twGuf *smr%DESifh +Adwdef
wkd@ rnfokd@ tcsif;yGm;ae=uy/kH w&kwfjynfacs;aiGrsm;twGuf Oa&myt&if;&SifEkdifiHrsm;tm;vkH; rnfokd@
tcsif;yGm;ae=uykHwkd@ukd jyocJhonf? ¡zm&d zm&d_'g -1905 ckESpfwGif ukd'kwf[k trnfajymif;vkdufaom ql'efEkdifiH
ta&S@ykdif;rS +rdK@w+rdK@ jzpfonf? ¢ +Adwdo#ESifh jyifopfwkd@. ukdvkdeDwyfrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;aom zm&_d'g ppfyGJ
(19-9-1898) onf EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;rsm;wGif jy\em t}uD;tus,f jzpfcJhonf? TppfyGJonf
ql'eftwGuf t*FvdyfESifhjyifopfwkd@. wkdufyGJESifh tmz&dutm; t+yD;owf jyefvnfcGJa0,la&;ukd
azmfjyaeonf? jyifopfonf +Adwdo#ESifhppfjzpfv#if &k&Sm;.axmufcHr_uvnf; pdwfrcs&/ *smr%Du
wkdufrnfukdvnf; pdk;&drfojzihf jyefqkwf+yD; zm&_d'grS xGufcGmoGm;onf? Tonf tmz&duwkdufwGif
rjywfawmufaom ukdvkdeDcg;ywf}uD;wck &Sda&;ESifh tD*spfukdcsKyfukdif&efqkdaom ol.pDrHudef;ukd jyif
opfu vufv$wfvkdufa=umif; a=unmjcif;yif jzpfonf? (21-3- 1889) ae@wGif +AdwdefESifhjyifopf
wkd@onf tylydkif;tmz&duwGif ‚wkd@. =oZmcHe,fy,frsm;ukd uef@owfonfh pmcsKyfw&yf csKyfcJh
onf? Tonf 1904 ckESpf t*Fvdyf jyifopf oabmwlnDcsuftwGuf vrf;cif;vkdufjcif; jzpfonf?
=unfhyg/ +idrf;csrf;aom‘e,fcsJ@vGef’r[mrdwfzGJ@r_rsm;ESifh omref t&if;&Siftcsif;yGm;r_wkd@. cGJjcm;r&
onfh vuf&Sd vufawG@jzpf&yfrsm;ygwum;?
e,fcsJ@pepftm; wefqmqifay;r_tjzpfokd@ rv$Jra&Smifom jzpfvmaom aumufpuD. e,f
csJ@pepf&J@ teuf&d_if;qkH;aomyËdyuQrsm;ukd r_ef0g;oGm;atmif vkyfjcif;onf Tpma&;ol. e,fcsJ@pepf
&J@ EkdifiHa&;vuQ%mrsm;tay: a0zefcsufwGif vufpvufersm;ukd csefxm;cJhonf? e,fcJs@pepfonf
ae&mwumwGif vGwfvyfr_r[kwfbJ pkd;rkd;&ef }udK;yrf;r_ukd jzpfay:aponfh b¾t&if;ESifh vuf0g;
}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. acwf jzpfonf? Twdrf;!$wfr_rsm;rS &v'frSm rnfonfhEkdifiHa&;pepfyif
jzpfap/ wav#mufvHk; azmufjyefr_ESifh T e,fy,fwGifygwnf&Sdaeaom 0da&m"drsm; tvGeftrif;
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178?

101
onf;oefjcif; jzpfonf? txl; onf;oefjyif;xef vmaomtcg Tonf trsdK;om;zdESdyfr_ xrf;ykd;ESifh
odrf;ykdufa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;r_/ qkdvkdonfrSm trsdK;om;vGwfvyfr_ukd csdK;zsufjcif; (odrf;ykdufr_rSm t
rsdK;om;EkdifiHrsm;. ukd,fykdifjyÏmef;r_tm; csdK;zsufjcif;rSwyg; bmr#r[kwfaoma=umifhyif) jzpfvm
onf? [Dvfzm'if;u e,fcsJ@pepfESifh trsdK;om;zdESdyfr_ jyif;xefvmjcif;wkd@t=um; qufoG,fr_ukd rSef
uefpGm axmufjycJhonf? ‘topfzGifhvSpfvkdufaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif wifoGif;,lvmaom t&if;onf
0da&m"drsm;ukd onf;oefap+yD; trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwf Ekd;=um;vmaeaom jynfolrsm;. rjywf}uD;
xGm;vmaeaom usL;ausmfr_ckcHa&;rsm;ukd v_H@aqmfay;avonf? TckcHr_onf jynfyt&if;tm; qef@
usifaom tE©&m,f}uD;vSonfh vkyf&yfrsm;tjzpfokd@ tvG,fwuljzpfay:wkd;yGm;oGm;apEkdifonf? vlr_
qufqHa&;ta[mif;tm;vkH;ukd awmfvSef/ umvtwDaw=umcJhaom ajr,mtxD;usefr_ jzpfonfh
‘orkdif;r&Sdonfh trsdK;om;EkdifiHrsm;’rSm zsufqD;cH&+yD; t&if;&Sifpepf0J=oC}uD;xJ qGJ,ljcif;cHcJh&onf?
t&if;&Sifpepfudk,fwkdifuyif vufatmufjyKcH&aom EkdifiHrsm;tm; ‚wk@d vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
enf;emESifh tiftm;rsm;ay;cJh+yD; ‚wkd@onf wcsdefu Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;twGuf tjrifhrm;qkH;[k xifcJh&
onfh &nfrSef;csufukd &&Sd&ef ajcvSrf;=uawmhonf? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh,Ofaus;r_ vGwfvyfr_twGuf nD
!Gwfaom trsdK;om;EkdifiHwck zefwD;jcif;yif jzpfonf? TtrsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf v_yf&Sm;
r_rSm Oa&myt&if;tESD;tm; ‚.wefzkd;t&SdqkH;ESifh tvm;tvmtaumif;qkH; aoG;pkyfr_e,fy,f
rsm;wGif +cdrf;ajcmufvkdufjcif;jzpf+yD; Oa&myt&if;taejzihf ‚.ppfwyfrsm; rjywfwkd;jznfhjcif;om
v#if pkd;rkd;r_ukd xm;Ekdifayonf?’·
topfzGifhvSpfcJhaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifomru EkdifiHa[mif;rsm;wGifyg e,fcsJ@pepfonf odrf;ykdufr_/
trsdK;om;zdESdyfr_ jr‡ifhwifjcif;ESifh wqufwnf; ckcHr_jr‡ifhwifjcif;wkd@ukd jzpfay:aponf qkdaom tcsuf
udkvnf; jznfh&OD;rnf? aumufpuDonf e,fcsJ@pepf. EkdifiHa&;t& azmufjyefr_ukd tuJcwf&if;rSmyif
tvGef tylwjyif;ta&;ygaom jy\emwckukd arSmif&dyfwGif csefxm;cJhonf? ,if;rSm e,fcsJ@pepf
acwfwGif tacsmiform;rsm;ESifh nD!$wfIr&Ekdif qkdonfyif jzpfonf? odrf;ykdufr_rsm;tm; uef@uGuf
&mwGif olonf tacsmiform;rsm;twGuf vufcHEkdifqkH;ESifh pdwfruGufqkH; o¿mefwckjzifhom ol@
uef@uGufcsufrsm;ukd wifjycJhonf? olonf *smrefy&dowfa&S@wGif rdef@cGef;ajymonf? okd@aomf ol
onf Oyrm *smr%D. t,fvfaqhpfESifh avmf&def;tm; odrf;ykdufr_wkd@ukd xdyfwef;ta&mufqkH;ESifh t
a&;}uD;qkH;tcsufukd rSdefxm;vkdufonf? aumufpuD. T‘pdwfuwdrf;uyg;’jzpfr_ukd okH;oyf&ef t
wGuf atmufyg Oyrmukd =unhf=uygrnf? zdvdykdiftm; tar&duefwkd@u odrf;ykdufjcif;ukd *syefrsm;u
±_wfcsaeonf[kyJ qkd=uygpkd@? jy\emu *syefonf Tokd@aom odrf;ykdufr_rsm;ukd pufqkyfjcif;a=umifh
±_wfcsjcif;jzpf+yD; olukd,fwkdifu zdvdykdifukd odrf;ykdufvkdaoma=umifhr[kwf[k vltrsm;u ,kH=unf=u
ygrnfavm? *syefwkd@taejzifh ukd&D;,m;tm; *syefu odrf;ykdufjcif;udk qef@usifwkdufyGJ0if+yD; *syef
atmufrS cGJxGuf&ef ukd&D;,m;vGwfvyfa&;ukd wkdufwGef;onfhtcgwGifrS *syef. T odrf;ykdufr_
qef@usifa&; ‘wkdufyGJ’rSm av;euf+yD; EkdifiHa&;t& ±kd;om;onf[k qkd=uygpkd@vm;?
aumufpuD. e,fcsJ@pepftm; oabmw&m;t& cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_a&m e,fcsJ@pepftm; pD;yGm;
a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;t& a0zefr_wkd@ukdyg rmhufpf0g'ESifh vkH;0aphpyfr&aom pdwf"mwfrsm; tjynfht0 pkd&$Jae
onf? ,if;pdwf"mwfonf e,fcsJ@pepf. tajccHyËdyuQrsm;tm; r_ef0g;oGm;atmifvkyf/ ausmfv$m;
oGm;+yD; Oa&mywkduf tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd tacsmiform;wkd@. +ydKuGJaeaom nD!$wfr_ukd
rnfr# wefzkd;ay;&ay;& xdef;odrf;&ef }udK;pm;a&;yif jzpfonf?
·
b¾mt&if;/ pmrsufESm 487?

102
 (10) orkdif;&Sd e,fcsJ@pepf. tqifhae&m

pD;yGm;a&;tESpfom& oabmt&qkdv#if e,fcsJpepfrSm vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifpepf jzpf

a=umif; awG@cJh=u&ay+yD? Ttcsufuyif orkdif;&Sd ,if;.tqihfae&mukd jyÏmef;ayonf? ta=umif;
rSm vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_pkdufysdK;ajrrS wduspGmyif vGwfvyfpGm+ydKifqkdifr_rS ay:xGufvmaom vuf0g;
}uD;tkyfr_onf t&if;&SifpepfrS ykdrkdjrifhrm;aom vlr_pD;yGm;a&;b0okd@ ul;ajymif;jcif; jzpfonf? u|Ekfyf
wkd@taejzifh ,ckavhvmaeaomacwf. 0daoovuQ%mjzpfaom vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_ t"duykHpH av;
rsdK; okd@r[kwf vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;&Sifpepf. t"du azmfjycsufrsm;ukd txl;rSwfom;xm;&rnf?
yxrtm;jzihf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_onf xkwfvkyfr_pk+yKHjcif; jzpfay:wkd;wufr_ tifrwefjrifhrm;
aom tqifhrS ay:xGufjcif; jzpfonf? Tonf vuf0g;}uD;tkyf t&if;&SifuGefbkdif;rsm;/ umw,frsm;
qif'Dudwfrsm;ESifh x&yfpfrsm;ukd qkdvkdonf? ,ae@acwf pD;yGm;a&;b0wGif ‚wkd@yg0ifonfh ta&;yg
aomtcef;ukd u|Ekfyfwkd@ awG@cJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? 20 &mpkESpftpwGif a&S@wef;a&mufEkdifiHrsm;Y vuf0g;
}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf vkH;0 tay:pD;&ae+yDjzpfonf? umw,frsm; zGJ@pnf;jcif;ukd jrihfrm;aom
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aomfvnf; +Adwdefonfvnf; tcsdeftenf;i,fvGefaomtcgY ,if;. vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_ pepf
jzihfyif tvm;wl tajccHed,mrw&m;ukd azmfjyvmonf? qkdvkdonfrSm xkwfvkyfr_pk+yKHjcif;rS vuf0g;
}uD;tkyfr_ arG;zGm;vmjcif; jzpfonf?
'kwd,tm;jzifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf ta&;t}uD;qkH; ukef=urf;t&if;tjrpf
rsm;tm; vk,ufr_udk wGef;aqmfcJhonf? txl;ojzihf t&if;&Sifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd tajccHus+yD;
tqifhjrihfqkH; umw,fzGJ@pnf;r_&Sdaom ausmufrD;aoG;ESifhoH pufr_vkyfief;rsm;twGuf jzpfonf? t
a&;t}uD;qkH; ukef=urf;t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif;onf }uD;rm;aomt&if;. tm%m
ukd trsm;}uD; wkd;jznfhay;cJh+yD; umw,fzGJ@+yD;ESifh rzGJ@&ao;aom pufr_vkyfief;rsm;t=um;&Sd 0da&m"d
ukd jyif;xefapcJhayonf?
wwd,tm;jzihf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_rSm b%frsm;rS ay:xGufjcif;jzpfonf? b%frsm;onf ESdrhfcs
aom=um;vl vkyfief;ukdifief;rsm;tjzpfrS b¾mt&if;tm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfolrsm;tjzpfokd@ a&muf&Sd
vmcJhonf? a&S@wef;ta&mufqkH; t&if;&SifEkdifiHwkdif;. t}uD;qkH; b%f}uD; 3 ck rS 5 ck wkd@onf
pufr_vkyfief;ESifh b%ft&if;t=um; ‘yk*~dKvfa&;aygif;pnf;r_’&&SdcJh+yD; ‚wkd@.vufxJwGif EkdifiHwck
vkH;. t&if;ESifh0ifaiG trsm;ykdif;jzpfaom aiGukaËukËmukd pkpnf;cJh=uayonf? rsufarSmuf "e&Sif vl@
tzGJ@tpnf;wGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ekdifiHa&; taqmufttkHrSefor#ukd ¹cif;csufrxm;bJ rDSckdol qufqHa&;
ykdufuGef}uD; jzef@=uufxm;aom b¾moufOD;qHykdifpepf Tonf ,if;vuf0g;}uD;tkyfpepf. txif
&Sm;qkH; azmfjycsufyif jzpfawmhonf?
pwkwˆtm;jzifh vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_onf ukdvkdeDrl0g'rS ay:xGufcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ukdvdkeDay:vpD.
rsm;jym;vSaom wGef;aqmfr_a[mif;rsm;wGif b¾mt&if;u ukef=urf;t&if;tjrpfrsm;twGuf wkduf

103
yGJ/ t&if;wifykd@r_twGuf wkdufyGJ/ ‘=oZmcHe,fy,f’ twGuf wdkufyGJ/ qkdvkdonfrSm tjrwf&Ekdifaom
pmcsKyfrsm;/ tpkd;&w&yfu csay;aomtvkyfrsm;/ vuf0g;}uD;tkyftjrwf ponfwkd@twGuf e,fy,f
rsm;twGufwkdufyGJESifh aemufqkH;tm;jzihf a,bk,spD;yGm;a&;e,fajrtwGuf wkdufyGJwkd@ukd wkd;jznfh
vkdufonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf tmz&duwkduf&Sd Oa&mytiftm;}uD;rsm;. ukdvkdeDrSm xkda'o. 10ykH wykH
om &SdcsdefwGif (1876 ckESpf wkef;uvkd) ukdvkdeDrl0g'onf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr[kwfonfh enf;rsm;jzihf
ajym&v#if e,fajrrsm;ukd ‘tcrJh’ vk,ljcif;jzifh jzpfay:wkd;yGm;cJhonf? okd@aomf tmz&duwkduf. 10
ykH 9 ykH ukd odrf;ykdufcH&+yD;aomtcg (1900 jynfhESpfY) urBm}uD;wckvkH;ukd cGJa0,l+yD;aomtcg rkcsyif
ukdvkdeDrsm;ukd vuf0g;}uD;tkyfykdifonfh acwfwacwf ay:xGef;vm+yD; wqufwnf;wGif urBm}uD;tm;
cGJa0,la&;ESifh jyefvnfcGJa0,la&;twGuf txl;onf;oefaom wkdufyGJ ay:xGef;vmawmhonf?
vuf0g;}uD;tkyft&if;a=umifhrkd@ jyif;xefonf;oefcJh&aom t&if;&Sifpepf. yËdyuQrsm; t
wkdif;twmukd a,bk,stm;jzihf od=u+yD; jzpfonf? vlaer_p&dwf jrifhrm;r_eSifh umw,frsm;. &uf
pufr_ukd ajymvkdufv#if vkHavmufonf? Tokd@ yËdyuQrsm; onf;oefvmjcif;onf urBm@b¾m
t&if;u aemufqkH;atmifyGJcHcJhonfrSpaom orkdif;tul;tajymif;umv. tm;taumif;qkH; wGef;
tm;yif jzpfonf?
vuf0g;}uD;tkyfr_/ oufOD;qHykdifqHr/_ vGwfvyfr_twGuf }udK;yrf;jcif;tpm; pkd;rkd;&ef }udK;yrf;
jcif;/ vufwqkyfpm tcsrf;omqkH;ESifh tiftm;t}uD;qkH;EdkifiHwkd@u ykdIykdIrsm;vmaom ao;i,f
onfh okd@r[kwf tm;enf;onfh EkdifiHrsm;tm; aoG;pkyfjcif;/ Ttcsuftm;vkH;onf uyfyg;vuQ%m
aqmifaom okd@r[kwf aqG;ajrhysufpD;aeaom t&if;&Sifpepf[lI owfrSwfaponfh xl;jcm;csuf vuQ
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aomenf;ESifhomrubJ vk,l&rnfjzpfaom ukdvkdeDrsm;ukd ‘at;csrf;pGm’ykdifqkdifvdkpdwfr&Sd[k rqkdEkdif
ay? tar&duefEkdifiHwGifqkdv#if +yD;cJhonfhq,fpkESpfrsm;twGif;rS pD;yGm;a&;jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_rSm *smr%D
rSmxufyif ykdjrefayao;onf? aemuf+yD; Tta=umif;a=umifhyif tar&duef t&if;&Sifpepf.
uyfyg;vuQ%maqmifr_rSm ykdIyifxif&Sm;pGm ay:vGifaeonf? wzufwGifrl &DywfAvDuif tar&duef

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"e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESifh *syef okd@r[kwf *smr%Dbk&ifpepf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;wkd@ukd E_dif; ,SOfonfqkdv#if
e,fcsJ@pepfacwfwGif txift&Sm;qkH;aom EkdifiHa&;uGJjym;r_rSm tqkH;pGeftwkdif;twmtxd aysmuf
uG,foGm;awmhonf? ta=umif;rSm TuGJjym;r_onf a,bk,stm;jzihf ta&;rygaoma=umifh r[kwf
ay? okd@aomf TudpPtm;vkH;wGif u|Ekfyfwkd@aqG;aEG;ae=uonfrSm uyfyg;vuQ%mrsm; twdtus &Sd
onfh "e&Sifvlwef;pm; w&yfta=umif; jzpfaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
pufr_vkyfief;cGJ tajrmuftjrm;xJrS vkyfief;cGJwck/ EkdifiHtajrmuftjrm;xJrS wEkdifiH ponf
wkd@wGif t&if;&Sifrsm;u vuf0g;}uD;tkyftjrwftrsm; &&Sdjcif;onf tvkyform;rsm;xJrS tcsdK@aom
tpdwftykdif;rsm;ESifh umvwckwGif ‚wkd@xJrS twkdif;twmwckaom tenf;pkukd vmbfxkd;&ef pD;
yGm;a&;t& jzpfay:ap+yD; tqkdyg pufr_vkyfief; okd@r[kwf EkdifiH&dS "e&Sifvlwef;pm;bufokd@ qGJ,lcJh
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Tokd@ ykd+yD; vkyfvmaponf? xkd@a=umihf e,fcsJ@pepfESifh tacsmif0g't=um; taESmiftwnf; jzpfay:
aponf? Tonfukd OD;pGmtm;jzihf t*FvefwGif yxrqkH;ESifht&Sif;vif;qkH; awG@=u&onf? ta=umif;
rSm TEkdifiHwGif tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;xufapmpGm e,fcsJ@pepf jzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_. tcsdK@aomvuQ%mrsm;ukd
awG@&aoma=umifh jzpfonf? t,fvfrm;awmhAfwkd@vkd tcsdK@aompma&;q&mrsm;onf xkdpOfu txl;
xif&Sm;aeaom tcsufwcsufjzpfonfh e,fcJs@pepfESifh tvkyform;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;&Sd tacsmif0g
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(aumufpuDESifh a[G;ref;wkd@. rltwkdif;) ukd atmufyguJhokd@ ukdifpJ=G uonf? tu,fI tacsmif0g'
ykdrkd wkd;yGm;aponfrSm wkd;wufaomt&if;&Sifpepfom jzpfonf[kqkdv#if/ okd@wnf;r[kwf tacsmif0g
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&if;&Sifpepfukd qef@usifolrsm;. ta&;awmfykHrSm ar#mfvifhcsufr&Sd jzpfayvdrhfrnf? u|Efkyfwkd@taejzihf
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vdrfnmr_om jzpfa=umif; rjrifcsifolrsm;yif jzpfonf?
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v#if u|Ekyf fwkd@taejzihf ,if;onf ,m,Dtm;jzihf ykdrkdwdusatmifqkd&v#if aovkqJqJ t&if;&Sif
pepfyif jzpfonf[k qkd&ayrnf? TonfESifh ywfoufI "e&Sifabm*aA'orm;rsm;u acwfopft
&if;&Sifpepfta=umif; ajym&mwGif r=umc%qkdovkdyif ‘tjyeftvSef csdwfqufaeaom’ ‘txD;
usefjzpfr_ r&Sdjcif;’ ponfh zrf;pm;Ekdifonfh pum;vkH;rsm;ukd tokH;jyKavh&Sd=uonf? b%frsm;onf
‘‚wkd@. vnfywfr_eSifhjzpfay:wkd;yGm;r_ vrf;a=umif;t&qkdv#if yk*~vdupD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;ukdifief;
rsm; oufoufr[kwfacs? ‚wkd@onf yk*~uvdu pD;yGm;a&;vnfywfr_abmifxuf ykdIykdI }uD;xGm;
vmaeonf’ [k qkd=uonf? tckyJ ukd;um;cJhonfh pum;rsm;ukd ajymxGufcJhaom T&kdufqmuyif
rmhufpf0g'Drsm;. ‘trsm;ykdifqkdifr_’ESifhywfoufaom ‘a[mpmwrf;’rSm ‘taumiftxnfay:rvm
bl;’ [k tav;teufyif a=unmcJhonf?

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 okd@qkdygv#if ‘tjyeftvSefcsdwfqufr_’ [lonf bmukdqkdoenf;? ,if;pum;onf u|Ekfyf
wkd@. rsufpdatmufwGif jzpfyGm;aeaomjzpfpOf. tay:vGifqkH;vuQ%mukd qkdvkdjcif;omjzpfonf?
=unfh&_olonf opfyifawGukd wyifcsif;awmh a&wGufyg&J@/ wawmvkH;ukdawmh rjrifa=umif; jyae
onf? ,if;onf tay:,Husonfh/ rawmfwqjzpfonfh/ pepfwusr[kwfonfh t&mwkd@ukd ausm&kd;
rJhpGm ul;csonf? =unfh&_olonf ukef=urf;awG rsm;vmjcif;ukd oabmus+yD; Tonf.t"dy`m,fESihf
ta&;ygr_ukd em;vnfEkdifa=umif; ,if;pum;u jyaeonf? &S,f,mrsm;ykdifqkdifr_/ yk*~vduypPnf;
ykdifqkdifolrsm;t=um; qufqHr_rsm;rSm ‘uaomif;ueif; tjyeftvSef csdwfqufae=uonf?’ okd@
aomf TtjyeftvSef csdwfqufr_atmufwGif ,if;. wu,fhtajccHrSm xkwfvkyfr_qufqHa&;rsm;
ajymif;vJaejcif;yif jzpfonf? vkyfief;ukdifief;}uD;wcku t&G,ftpm; tvGef}uD;rm;aom t&G,ft
pm;okd@ a&muf+yDqkdv#if/ aemuf+yD; tajrmuftjrm;&xm;aom pm&if;Z,m;rsm;ukd twdtus wGuf
csufonfh tajccHay:Y ukaËrsm;pGmaomvlrsm;twGuf vkdtyfonfh tajccHukef=urf;rsm;. okH;ykH
ESpfykH okd@r[kwf av;ykHokH;ykH wkd@. a&mif;0,fr_ukd pDrHudef;ESifhtnD zGJ@pnf;,lonfqkdv#ifvnf;aumif;/
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txd pepfwusESifh pnf;&kH;r_&Sd&Sd wifykd@+yD; ukefacsmypPnf; trsdK;trnfaygif;rsm;pGm xGuf&Sdvmonf
txd wckwnf;aom XmecsKyfrSaeI vkyfief;tqihfqifhukd !¸ef=um;+yDqkdv#ifaomfvnf;aumif;/ T
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awmhaom tumtcGHwckjzpfonfudkvnf; &Sif;vmayawmhonf? TtumtcGHrSm obm0t&
r[kwfaom jzpfonfhenf;jzihfz,f&Sm;jcif;rjyKbJ tcsdefaESmifhaES;oGm;ygu rkcsyif aqG;ajrhysufpD;oGm;
rnf jzpfonf? TtumcGHonf aqG;ajrhysufpD;aomb0wGif umvtwef=um wnf&SdaeOD;rnfjzpf
aomfvnf; (tu,fI tacsmif0g'tempdrf;ukd uko&onfrSm =umoGm;v#if) rkcsyif z,f&Sm;cH&rnf
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pufr_vkyfief; ya*;}uD;rsm;ESifh twkd;tjrwfpm;olrsm;. ‘tjyeftvSefcsdwfqufr_’ukd at;at;aq;
aq;yif arhxm;vkdufonf ) [k ajymcJhonf?² ² ² ²u|Ekfyfwkd@ajymcJhaom tqkdygwdrf;!$wfr_rsm;.
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‘pD;yGm;a&;qufqHr_rsm;rSm wnDwnmwnf;aom vnfywfr_jzihf jzpfay:wkd;yGm;aeonfr[kwf [l
aomtcsufESifh ukdufnDaom vuf&Sdxkwfvkyfr_ rif;rJhqefjcif;onf xkwfvkyfr_ pnf;&kH;r_&Sdjcif;twGuf
ae&mz,fay;&ayrnf? xkwfvkyfr_ukd wa,mufESifhwa,muf bmrSrqkdifbJ vlawG&J@ pD;yGm;a&; vkd
tyfcsufudk rodaom woD;wjcm;pDwnf&Sd=uonfh xkwfvkyfolrsm;u !$ef=um;awmhrnfr[kwfacs?
vlxktzGJ@tpnf;}uD; wckcku !¸ef=um;ayvdrfhrnf? ykdrkdjrifhrm;aom =unfhEkdifonfhae&mrSaeI us,f
jyef@vSaom pD;yGm;;a&;ukd jrifawG@Ekdifonfh pDrHtkyfcsKyfr_ A[kdaumfrwDwcku ,if;ukd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;

106
wckvkH; tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf vnfywfapayvdrfhrnf? xkwfvkyfr_ypPnf;rsm;ukd oifhawmfolwkd@ vuf
okd@ tyfayvdrhfrnf? aemuf+yD; +cKHvkdufv#if xkwfvkyfr_ESihf pm;okH;r_t=um; t+rJo[Zmw jzpfae&ef
*&kpkdufayvdrfhrnf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyftm;tzGJ@wcktjzpf ‚wkd@. vkyfief;wpdwfwa'ou toGifaqmif
ae+yD;jzpfaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; &Sdyif&Sdaeay+yD?(--- b%frsm;) pdef@qkdifrGef. }udKwifwGufqcsufESifh
qkdv#if u|Ekfyfwkd@wawG ta0;}uD; vkdao;onf? okd@aomf ,if;qDukdawmh OD;wnfoGm;ae+yDjzpfonf?
rmhufpf pdwful;cJhonfESifh jcm;em;aom/ o¿mefomjcm;em;aom/ rmhufpf0g'yif’?·
rmhufpftm; xda&mufpGm ‘jiif;y,fvkdufjcif;’yif? rmufhpf. wdusaom/ odyH̀enf;usaom
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmr_rS pdef@qkdifrGef.rSef;qcsufokd@ wvSrf;qkwfjcif; jzpfonf? xl;c|efaom yk*~dKvf}uD;wOD;.
rSef;qcsufawmh [kwfygonf? okd@aomfrSef;qcsufr#om jzpfonf? ?

·
vlr_pD;yGm;a&; tajccHrlrsm;/pmrsufESm 146?

TpmtkyfrSm Vladimir Ilyich Lenin .

Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
A POPULAR OUTLINE
ukd bmomjyefxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

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