Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ta=umif;t&m -
1? vl@tzGJ@tpnf; ESifh rwluGJjymjcm;em;aom vlaer_ qkdonfrSmtb,fenf;?
2? vlwef;pm;qkdonfrSmtb,fenf;?
3? jynfe,fqkdonfrSmtb,fenf;?
4? EkdifiHqkdonfrSm tb,fenf;?
5? ta&S›awmiftm&S&Sd vuf&Sdjynfe,frsm; rnfodk@jzpfay:vmoenf;?
6? EdkifiHa&;0g'oabmw&m;rsm;/
7? pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;/
8? 'Drdkua&pDpwifyHk/
9? tpdk;&qdkonfrSmtb,fenf;?
10? EdkifiHa&;a0g[m&rsm;/
11? 'Drdkua&pDqdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?
12? 'Drdkua&pDenf;ustkyfcsKyfjcif;. tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;/
13? vuf&Sdtpkd;& (De facto) ESifh w&m;0iftpkd;& (De jure)
14? tm%m&Sif 'Drdkua&pD
15? tpdk;&. wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;/
16? tm%mrsm;ukd ykdif;jcm;cGJa0xm;jcif;/
17? orRwtkyfcsKyfa&; ESifh ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&; pepfrsm;/
tar&dueforRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf/
t*FvefygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf/
wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmifrsm;§tpdk;&acgif;aqmifrsm;/
18? a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;/
19? rwluGJjym;aomvlr_yHkpH/ vlrsm;pktkyfpkd;jcif;ESifh vlenf;pkwdk@twGufudk,fpm;ðyjcif;/
20? !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&rsm;/
21? Oya'rsm;udk rnfuJhokd@ ðyvkyfoenf;/
22? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'/
23? wjynfaxmifpepf ESifh jynfe,faygif;pkpepf/
24? zuf'&,frl0g' ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH
25? 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;jcif;/
26? tul;tajymif;umv w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;/
27? ckdifrmawmifhwif;aom 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&opfw&yf wnfaxmifjcif;/
0efcHpum; -
1
Curriculum Project (CP) . System of Democracy pmpOf/ / Earthrights .
Government pmpOf/ DEP . Community and Nation State pmpOf ESifh PDP . Democracy
and Political Transitions wkd@rSa&;om;azmfjycsuf tcsdK@w@kd ukdpkpnf;+yD; TpmpOfudk ðypkxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
rwluG
uJjG ym;aomvlaer_
aer_rsm; (Social Diversity)
todkif;t0dkif;qdkonfrSm wlnDaomae&mwcktwGif;Y wlnDaomvltkyfpkwpfckaexdkifjcif;jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh
wlnDaomt&mudk vufcHxm;aom vltkyfpkwpk[kvnf; qkdEdkifonf? Oyrm - Ak'<bmomtodkif;t0dkif; (wurBmvHk;
Yjyef@ESH@vsuf&Sdonf?) jzpfonf? wcgw&H rdrd.vlrsdK;pk (wdkif;&if;om;) udktajccH+yD; udk,hfukdudk,f azmfjy=uonf?
2
wcgw&HYtodkif;t0dkif;wcktwGif;wGif wlnDaomolrsm;jzifhz@JG pnf;xm;+yD; TonfudktoGifwltkyfpk (homo-
geneous) [kac:onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh todkif;wGif;&Sdolrsm;tm;vHk; v,form;rsm;jzpf+yD; ¶dk;&m (ewfpm;)
,Hk=unfol rsm;jzpf=uonf?
1? atmufygta=umif;t&mwdk@.t"dy`g,fukd oifem;vnfovdka&;jyyg?
3
tqifhtwef;§tv$m______________________________________________________
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pD;yGm;a&;tqifh_________________________________________________________
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vlr_yHkpHajymif;vJjcif;_______________________________________________________
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vlwef;pm;rajymif;vJEkdifjcif;__________________________________________________
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2? oifaexdkifaom vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf;Y rnfo@kd aomolrsm;ydkIta&;ygonf[k,lqoenf;?
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3? txufwef;v$mESifh tajccHvlwef;pm;tv$m&Sdolrsm;. vlaer_b0yHkpHrnfodk@uGJjym;=uoenf;?
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4? tb,fa=umifh tajccHvlwef;pm;v$mrsm; EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m&ydkifcGifhenf;yg;a=umif; oifxifjrif,lqoenf;?
(EdkifiHa&;Y yg0ifEdkifonfhtcGifhtvrf;enf;yg;jcif;?)
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vlwef
wef;pm; (Zmwf) cGJjcm;jcif;pepf (Cast System)
vlwef;pm;rajymif;vJjcif;. OyrmwpfckrSm tdENd,EkdifiH&Sd ZmwfcGJjcm;jcif;pepfjzpfonf? Tpepfonf a&S;a[mif;
[dENL¶dk;&mrS qif;oufvmcJh+yD; BC 1200 cef@upwifcJhonf? tdENd,Y axmifESihfcsDaom vlwef;pm;rsm;&Sd+yD;
tjcm;aomvlwef;pm; cGJrsm;pGmvnf;&Sd.?
4
ZmwfcGJjcm;r_rSaeI vlwa,muf. tvkyftukdif/ pm;0wfaer_ykHpHESifh tjcm;aomZmwftwGif;rS vlwkd@ESifh qufqHr_yHkpH
wkd@ukd oufrSwfxm;onf? Zmwfedrfhwa,mufonf tvkyf=urf;tvkyfudk vkyfukdifae&pOfwGif/ Zmwfjrifh
wa,mufonf aiGa=u;OpPmESifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd ykdrdk&&Sdavonf?
ukvor*~.cef@rSef;csuft& tdENd,EkdifiHY uav;tvkyform;OD;a& 115 oef; ESihf oef; 300 cef@ aom vlOD;a& wdk@rSm
tpma&pmiwfrGwfacgif;yg;v#uf&Sda=umif;od&onf? ‚if;wd@k xJrStrsm;pkrSm ty,fcHrsm;jzpf=uonf? ,cktcg
tpdk;&onf ty,fcHwdk@. b0tajctaewdk;wufjrifhrm;vmatmif pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwfaqmif¶Gufv#uf&Sdonf?
5
3? jynfe,fqdkonfrSmtb,fenf;?
jynfe,fqkdonfrSm e,fedrdwf (ykdifeufe,fajr) wpfckjzpf+yD; xkde,fajrtm;tkyfcsKyfaom udk,fydkfiftpdk;&&Sdonf?
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4? EkdifiHqkdonfrSm tb,fenf;?
EkdifiHqkdonfrSm }uD;rm;vl@tokdif;t0dkif;}uD; (od@k ) vl@tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;twGif; aexdkifaeaom jynfolvlxkukd
&nf!ïef;onf?
EkdifiH (Nation) qkdaom pum;vkH;ukd t"dy`g,f ESpfrsdK;jzifh em;vnfEdkifonf?
7
5? ta&S›awmiftm&SwG
wiG f acwfopfwd
wkid f;jynfrsm; rnfodk@jzpfay:vmoenf;´
8
vuf&Sdta&S›awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;onf Oa&myEdkifiH}uD;rsm;a=umifh (Oyrm - jrefrm ESifh rav;&Sm;) aomfvnf;aumif;/
a'otwGif; }uD;xGm;vmaomOa&my. =oZmoufa&mufr_ukdwke@f jyefjcif; (Oyrm - xdkif;EdkifiH) tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
jzpfay:vmonf?
trsdK;om;a&;0g'
1918 (yxrurBmppf+yD;qHk;csdef) rS 1941 ('kwd,urBmppfpwifcsdef) xd ta&S›awmiftm&Sa'owGif;Y trsdK;om;a&;
0g'}uD;xGm;vmonfESifhtr# e,fcsJ@wdk@tm;ckcHqef@usifr_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjrifhrm;vmcJhonf? trsdK;om;a&;0g'onf
EkdifiHom;wkd@ tm; udk,fhudkudk,f vGwfvyfa&; vdktyfaeaom EkdifiHwEkdifiHtjzpf pdwf"gwfjr‡ifhwifay;cJhavonf?
9
'kwd,urBmppftwGif;ESifh ppft+yD; r=umrSDumvtwGif;/ ta&S›awmiftm&SY trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"gwfrsm; ydkrdkjyif;xef
vmcJhonf? ppf}uD;+yD;qkH;jcif; ESifh *syefwdk@.usL;ausmfr_rsm;a=umifh udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm;ukd aumif;pGmrxdef;xm;Edkifawmh
acs? udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm;twGif; ckcHwdkufcdkufr_rsm;/ vufeufpJGukdif awmfvSefa&;ppfyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf? 1950 vGef
ESpfrsm; a&mufaomtcg ta&S›awmiftm&SEdkifiHtm;vHk;eD;yg; vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJh=uonf?
• 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;aemuf/ zdvpfydkifonf tar&duefxHrS ‚if;wd@k .vGwfvyfa&;udk&&SdchJonf?
• jrefrmjynfonf 1948 ckESpfwGif +Adwdo#w@kd xHrS vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJhonf?
• aemufwESpft=um 1949 wGif/ 'wfcsfwdk@xHrS tif'dkeD;&Sm; vGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJhonf?
• jyifopfwkd@onf tif'dkcsdKif;em;rS 1954 ckESpfwGif xGufcGmoGm;cJh&onf?
• 1957 ckESpfwGif/ +Adwdo#wdk@ rav;&Sm;rS xGufcGmcJh&onf?
6? EdkifiHa&;0g'
&;0g'oabmw&m;
0g'oabmw&m;rs
oabmw&m;rsm;
urBmw0Srf;vHk;&Sd vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@onf yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;jzifhzGJ@pnf; wnf&Sdxm;=uonf? vlr_tzG@J tpnf;udk zG@J pnf;wnf
aqmufxm;onfhykHo¿eftm; trnfwyfjcif;udk EdkifiHa&;oabmw&m;[kac:onf? tcsdK@aom EdkifiHa&;
oabmw&m;rsm;rSm rusifhoHk;rD a&;om;aqG;aEG;xm;cJh+yD;jzpfI/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; vlwkd@ rnfokd@wnfaqmuf
oifhonf qkdonfudkvnf; azmfjy xm;onf? t&if;&Sif0g'uJhokd@aom tjcm;aomoabmw&m;rsm;rSm wnf&SdqJ
vl@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif;rS zGH@òzdl;vmjcif;jzpfonf?
rwluGJjym;aom EdkfifiHa&;oabmw&m;rs
&;oabmw&m;rsm; ESESifh pHpepf
Hepfrsm;pGm&Sdavonf
avonf?
av
1? vpfb&,ft&if;&Sif0g0g' - tpdk;&rS 0ifa&mufpGufzuf/ xdef;csKyfr_r&SdbJ/ udk,fydkifpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;udk vGwfvyfpGm
vkyfydkifcGifh ay;xm;jcif;jzifh vlrsm;uHkvHkºuG,f0vmrnf[k ,Hk=unfaompHepfjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
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rsm;rSm tpdk;&ydkif r[kwfbJ/ yk*~vduydkifrsm;jzpf=uonf? tqkdygoabmw&m;rSm vkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf trsm;jynfol
tvkd&Sdonfht&mukd jznfhqnf;ay;&rnf jzpfonf? rjznfhqnf;Edkifygu a'0gvD (vkHavmufaom tjrwftpGef;ukd
rvkyfaqmifEkdifygu vkyfief;udk&yfqdkif;vdkuf&jcif;) cHoGm;rnfjzpf.? acwfopf vpfb&,ft&if;&Sifpepfudk
vpfb&,f0g' vufopf [kvnf;ac: onf? ‚if;wkd@rS ,kH=uonfrSm ukr`%Donf urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhae&mukdrqkd
ukefpnf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fEdkfif+yD;/ oGif;ukefxkwfukefrsm;twGuf tcGefaiGay;aqmifp&m rvdktyfay? vpf
b&,ft&if;&Sifpepfudk a0zefxm;aomtcsufrSm csrf;omonfholrsm;udk ydkIcsrf;om;vmap+yD;/ qif;&Jom;rsm; rSmrl
qif;&J+rJtwdkif; qif;&Jae&jcif;yifjzpfonf?
2? qkd&S,f'D'rD dkua&pD0g'
0g' - qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;rSm t&if;&Sifpepfonfaumif;aompepfwckjzpfaomfvnf; xdef;csKyf&ef
vdktyfonf[k,kH=unfonf? tpdk;&onfpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;csrSwfxm;&Sd&efvdktyf+yD; pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;rS tcGefaiGay;aqmif&efvdktyfonf[k ‚if;wk@d rS ,kH=unfonf? odk@rSom tpdk;&onf ,if;tcGefaiGrsm;udk
toHk;ðy+yD; tvkyfvufrJhrsm;/ vltdk (odk@) vlemrsm;/ (odk@) uav;i,frsm;tm; =unfh¶ª@apmifha&SmufEdkifrnf jzpfonf?
usef;rma&; ESifh ynma&; wkd@ukd tpkd;&rS wm0ef,laqmif&Gufoifhonf[k qkd&S,f'Drkdu&ufrsm;rS ,lq=uonf?
okd@rSom vlwkdif;onf (qif;&Jonfjzpfap/ csrf;omonfjzpfap) tusdK;cHpm;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf? tvkyform;rsm; ESifh
pm;oHk;olrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif vkdufem&rnfh pnf;rsOf;
Oya'rsm; &Sdoifhonf[kvnf; ‚if;wkd@rS ,Hk=unf=uonf?
Oyrm - jyifopf/ qGpfZmvef/ *syef/ *smreD?
3? uGefjrLepf
rLepf0g' - uGefjrLepf0g'Dwdk@ ,Hk=unfonfrSm vltcsKd@onf ajr,mESifh puf¶Hkrsm;udkydkifqdkfif+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@twGuf
tvkyfvkyfay;olwdk@xHrS aiGa=u;tjrwftpGef;rsm; xkwf,laejcif;wkd@rSm rw&m;[k ,kH=unfonf? touf&Sif
&yfwnfEdkifa&;twGuf vdktyfaomt&mrsm;udk vltm;vHk;rSydkifqdkifoifhonf[k olw@kd u,Hk=unf=uonf? uGefjrLepf
0g'Drsm;u vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufxJrSaeI ajr,m/ puf¶Hk tvkyf¶Hkrsm;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk rykdifqdkiftyf/ EkdifiHawmf
(vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yfvkH;) rS xdef;csKyfoifhonf[k ,Hk=unfvufcHonf? uGefjrLepfrsm;u vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd
vlwkdif;onf wef;wlnDr#r_&Sd&rnfjzpf+yD;/ vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf;udk tvkyform;rsm;rS vnfywfaeonfhtwGuf
tpdk;&w&yf rvdktyf[k,Hk=unf=uonf? tu,fI ta,mufpDwdkif;onf nDr#r_&dS+yD;/ twlwuG r#a0cHpm;=uygu/
vlwkd@. vkdtyfcsufrsm; ESifh qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_ jy\emrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnf[k ,Hk=unf=uonf? okd@aomf vufawG@wGif
wcgr# taumiftxnfay:rvmcJhacs?
Oyrm - w¶kwf/ AD,uferf/ usLbm;/ vmtkd/ ajrmufudk&D;,m;?
11
vGwfvyfcGifhudktm;ay;onf? vl@todkif;t0dkif;onf tjcm;olwdk@ESifh yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh tusKd;&Sdrnf
[k,lqygu xkdokd@ vkyfaqmifrnfjzpfonf? rif;rJh0g'udk tcsdefumvtenf;i,fom usifhoHk;EkdifcJhonf?
EdkfifiHa&;0g'oabmw&m;wdk@udkaocsmpGmzwfyg?
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7? pD;yGm;a&;pepf
;a&;pepfrsm;
t&if;&Sifpepf - ukefxkwfvkyfr_tm;vHk;onf yk*~vduydkifjzpf+yD;&&Sdaom tjrwftpGef;rSwqifh ukefxkwfvkyfr_tm;
quf vufvnfywfapaom pD;yGm;a&;pepfjzpfonf? ukefxkwfvkyfjcif;/ jzef@csDjcif; ESSifh wefzkd;(aps;E_H;)owfrSwfjcif;
wdk@udk vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;Y òydifqdkifr_ðyjcif;jzifh qkH;jzwfaponf?
taemufwdkif;EkdifiHrsm;. pD;yGm;a&;tm;vHk;onf t&if;&Sifpepf twdkif;twmteJ ESifh trsm;yg0ifavonf?
uGefjrLepfpD;yGm;a&;pepf
;a&;pep - ukefxkwfvkyfr_tm;vkH;ukd / wOD;wa,mufwnf;rS r[kwfbJ/ trsm;jynfolrSykdifqkdifonfh
pD;yGg;a&;oabmw&m;wckjzpfonf? jynfolvlxk.vdktyfcsufwdk@tay:rlwnf+yD; ukefpnf ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;wkd@ukd
jzef@a0onfhpepfjzpf.? ,if;udk “vufaqmifpD;yGm;a&;pepf”[kvnf;ac:onf? qkdvkdonfrSm ukefpnf ESifh
0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; ,laqmifa&mif;csjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJvl@tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm;udk a&mif;0,fr_ðyjcif;rS r[kwf
bJ&&SdcHpm;&aoma=umifhjzpfonf? oDtdk&Dt& Tpepfonf vlwef;pm;uGJjym;r_udkrjzpfay:apEkdifay?
qdk&S,fvpfpepf
ep - rnfonfhvlr_zlvkHa&;oabmw&m;wGifrqkd ukefxkwfvkyfjzef@csDa&;tm;vHk; (okd@r[kwf) trsm;pkudk
yk*~vduydkifrðybJ tpdk;&uomvHk;0ydkifqdkifapjcif;jzpfonf?
udk,fydkifzlvHka&;pD;yGm;a&;pepf
;a&;pep - jyifyurBmESifh ul;oef;a&mif;0,fjcif;rðybJ jynfwGif;xGufukefrsm;ESihfom rdrdudk,fudk
&yfwnfEdkifonfhpepfjzpfonf? ao;i,faom pD;yGm;a&;pepfrsdK;jzpf+yD;/ xkdpepfrsKd;vGefpGm&Sm;yg;onf?
oDtdk&Dt&aiGa=u;oHk;pGJjcif;r&SdbJ rnfonfhpD;yGm;a&;pepfrsm;&Sifoef&yfwnfEdkifoenf;?
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8? 'Drdkua&pDpwif
pwifyHk
‘'Drdkua&pD’ onf *&da0g[m&rSqif;oufvm+yD;/ ,if;.t"dy`g,frSm ‘jynfolvlxk rS tkyfcsKyfjcif;’ jzpfonf?
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tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf tr_xrf;&eftwGuf xifay:ausmf=um;/ ºuG,f0r_&Sdonfjzpfap/ r&SdonfjzpfapEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;
wlnDaom tcGifhta&;&&Sd=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkcsuftcsKd@ -
tpdk;& (emrf)
1? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd pnf;&kH;zGJ@pnf;apaom EkdifiHa&;taqmufttkHrsm;/ Oya'rsm; ESihf "avhxHk;pHrsm;/
2? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf/ EkdifiH (okd@r[kwf) wdkif;jynfwckudk pDrHtkyfcsKyfonfhpepf/
3? vl@tzGJ@tpnf;w&yf/ wkdif;jynf (okd@r[kwf) EkdifiHwck twGif;Y aexkdifae=uaom vltrsm;tm; EkdifiHa&;t&
vrf;!ïefjcif;/ xkdvlrsm;tm; xdef;csKyfjcif;/
4? vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m&Sdaom tkyfpk/ tzGJ@tpnf; (ok@d r[kwf) wOD;wa,muf rS xkdvrf;!$efcsufrsm;ukd
taumiftxnfazmfjcif; ESifh xdef;csKyfjcif;/
5? Oya'rsm;udk}uD;=uyf&ef vkyfykdifcGifhtm%m&Sdaomol wpfOD; (0g) olrsm;/
6? tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%m/
7? xdef;csKyfa&; ESifh wm;jrpfa&;/
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‘tpdk;&’ (Govern) qdkonfrSm/ vltkyfpkwck/ toif;tzGJ@wck/ e,fajra'owpfcktay:wGif pDrHcef@cGJtkyfcsKyfEkdifaom
tcGifhtm%m&Sdol jzpfonf?
10? EdkifiHa&;a0g[m&rs
m&rsm; - atmufazmfjyyga0g[m&wpfckcsif;pDukd aemufydkfif;Y qufvufavh
avhvmoGm;&rnf jzpfonf?
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tuG,fay;&rnf? tm%mr&Sdaomolrsm;vnf; pnf;¶Hk;ajymqdkykdifcGihf&Sd&rnf?
EkdifiHom;rsm;onf tjcm;aomolrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_/ ,Hk=unfudk;uG,fr_ESifh EkdifiHa&;tjrifudk
em;vnf vufcHEkdif&rnf?
wm0ef,lEkdifr_r_ - 'Drdkua&pDpepfY tpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;onf jynfo@l tay:wm0efodwwf&rnf? qdkvdkonfrSm
olwdk@. wm0efrsm;udkjynfo@l qENt&om vkyfaqmif&rnfjzpf+yD; rdrdw@dk .oabmtwdkif;
vkyfaqmif&rnfr[kwfacs?
yGifhvif;jrifomr_
mr_ - wdkif;jynfYbmawGjzpfaeonfukdvltrsm;od&rnf? ¶dk;om;yGihfvif;aomtpdk;&onf jynfo@l
tpnf; ta0;rsm;udkusif;y+yD; jynfolrsm;udkwufa&mufcGifhay;onf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfYrnfol
ubma=umifhrnfonfhqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ðyvkyfonfukdowif;ÏmeESifhvltrsm;&,lod&SdEkdifonf?
tcGifhta&;qkdif&mOya' - tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;ðyjcif;udk tumtuG,fay;aom Oya'jzpfonf? wdkif;jynftwGif;
aexdkifolrsm;Y&Sd&rnfh tcGihfta&;/ vGwfvyfr_ESifh 0wW&m;rsm;udk wpfckcsif; azmfjyxm;onf?
wdkif;jynf. zGJ@pnf;yHktkyfcsKyfykH tajccHOya'. tpdyftydkif;wpfckvnf;jzpfonf?
ygwDpHkpepf - rnfonfhygwDrqkd a¶G;aumufyGJY yg0if,SOfòydifEkdif+yD;/ tpdk;&§tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efrsm;udk
xrf;aqmifEdki .? Todk@ vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh tpdk;&taejzifhjy\em tcuftcJwdk@udk
¶_@axmifhtrsdK;rsdK;rS odjrifEdkifonf? twdwforkdif;t& wdkif;jynfwpfjynfYygwDwpfckom&Sdygu
tusKd;&v'frSm tm%m&SifpepfjzpfoGm;wwfonf?
pnf;rsOf; Oya' - EkdifiHawmf 0ef}uD;csKyf (odk@) orRw tygt0if rnfolrqkd Oya'udkav;pm;vdkufem& rnf?
'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif Oya'onf wef;wlnDr#I w&m;r#wr_&Sd&rnf?
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' - jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tpdk;&tm;rnfo@kd rnfykHz@JG pnf;&rnfESifh rnfodk@a¶G;aumuf
wifajr‡muf&rnf tp&Sdonfw@kd ukdazmfjyxm;aom a&;om;azmfjyxm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf?
Tazmfjycsuftm;jzifh tpdk;&. vkyfykdifcGihfOya'wd@k ukd uef@owfxm;onf?
xdef;n‡d ppfaq;jcif; - tm%mudkvlwpfOD;wpfa,muf (od@k ) vlwpfpkwnf;uom ydkifqdkifr_r&Sdap&eftwGuf
ðyvkyfxm;onf? zuf'&,fpepfESihf tm%mcGJjcm;xm;a&;wdk@onf Check and
Balance jzpfonf?
tm%mcGJjcm;xm;
cm;xm;jcifjcif; - qdkvdkonfrSmtpdk;&wGif; XmaetoD;oD;&Sdolwdk@Y vkyfaqmif&rnfhtvkyfrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;pGm
jyXef;xm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@t=um; vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mrsm;ukd cGJjcm;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
vGwfvyfaomw&m;pD&ifa&; - qdkdvdkonfrSm w&m;pD&ifa&;udk tpdk;&rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;/ v$rf;rdk; jc,fvS,fjcif;/
+cdrf;ajcmufjcif; r&Sdaom w&m;pD;&ifa&;jzpfonf?
11? 'Drdkua&pDqkdonfrSm tb,fenf;?
'Drdkua&pDonf EdkifiHa&;pepfwpfckjzpf+yD; vlom;. vGwfvyfr_ESifh*k%foduQmay:wGif tajccHxm;aom pepfjzpfonf?
17
vlom;. vGwfvyfr_ESifh touftkd;tdrfukd umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;&ef[laom &nf&G,fcsufwcktwGuf
tpkd;& tm%monf wnf&Sdae&jcif;jzpfonf?
vl@*k%foduQmudkoifem;vnfovdk&Sif;jyyg?
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vl@*k%foduQmudkrnfodk@umuG,fxm;oenf;?
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wdkuf¶dkufESifh udk,fpm;ðy'D
m;ðy'Drdkua&pD
wdkuf¶dkuf'Drdkua&pDY jynfol@qENcH,lyJGwGif EdkifiHom;wdkif;yg0ifEkdif.? qdkdvdkonfrSm EdkifiHom;wdkif;tpnf;ta0;
rsm;Ywufa&mufaqG;aEG;Edkfif+yD; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udkðyvkyfEkdif.? TyHkpHonf a&S;*&dvlrsdK;rsm;usihfokH;aom 'Drdkua&pDyHkpH
jzpf+yD; qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk ðyvkyf&efvdktyfygu wdkif;oljynfom;tm;vHk;yg0ifonfhpepfjzpfonf?
wkduf¶dkuf'Drdkua&pDudk vltenf;pktwGif;/ todkif;t0dkif;tzG@J tpnf;twGif; (odk@) vlrsdK;pktzG@J tpnf;i,f
(tribal council) twGif;Yom vufawG@usususihfokH;Edkifonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf
tcuftcJrsm;aqG;aEG;&efESifh trsm;. qENudk cH,ljcif;jzifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tcef;wckwGif;Y wvHk;w0wnf;
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;Edkfifaoma=umifhjzpf onf? vlOD;a&}uD;rm;ygu ‚if;udkrnfodk@r#ðyvkyfI&rnfr[kwfyg?
jrefrmwEkdifiHvHk;&Sdvlrsm;udk tcef;wcktwGif;Y pkpnf;I jy\emrsm;udk oHk;oyfaqG;aEG; Edkifrnfr[kwfacs?
acwfopfvl@tzGJ@tpnf;onf vlOD;a& tvGef}uD;rm;onf/ xkd@a=umifh wdkuf¶dkuf'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhoHk;&ef
rjzpfEkdif acs? ,ae@ toHk;rsm;aom 'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm udk,fpm;ðy'Drkdua&pDpepfjzpfonf? TpepfY jynfolwdk@onf
EdkfifiHa&;/ Oya'ESifh pDrHcef@cGJr_wdk@udk aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfEdkif&eftwGuf/ ‚if;wdk@udkudk,fpm;ðyonfh wm0ef&Sdolwdk@udk
a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=uonf? udk,fpm; ðy'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif jynfo@l ukd,fpm;vS,fukda¶G;cs,f&mY jynfolwdk@.tjrifESihf
vdktyfcsufwdk@udk wifjyaqG;aEG; Edkifrnf[k ,Hk=unf&aomoludk vltrsm;ua¶G;cs,fwifajr‡muf=uonf?
wdkuf¶dkuf'Drdkua&pDESifh udk,fpm;ðy'Drdkua&pDrnfodk@uGmjcm;oenf;?
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wdkuf¶kduf'Drdkua&pD. jy\emrSmtb,fenf;? udk,fpm;ðy'Drdkua&pDpepftm;jzifh rnfonfhtcuftcJ jy\emrsm;
&SdEdkfifonf [koif,lqygoenf;?
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EkdifiHom;rsm;yg0ifr_&SdonfhpepfyHkaqmifaom'Drkdua&pD
ua&pD
'Drdkua&pDESifh 'Drdkua&pDrusaom tkyfcsKyfolrsm;. uGmjcm;csufwpfckrSm ‚if;wkd@tm%m&&SdvmonfhyHkpHjzpf
onf? 'Drdkua&pDY tkyfcsKyfrnfholukd jynfolvlxku a&G;cs,ftm%mtyfESif;onf?
tjcm;aomuGmjcm;csufwpfcsufrSm 'Drkdua&pDenf;us tkyfcsKyfolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@. vkyfaqmifr_tay:
wm0ef,ljcif; jzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tpdk;&ESihf EdfkifiHa&;orm;rsm;. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;wGif jynfolvlxku ‚if;wkd@.
axmufcHr_ (odk@) uef@uGufr_ukd xkwfazmfjyoEkdifjcif;jzpfonf? tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;wd@k onf jynfolvlxkudk
udk,fpm;ðy&+yD;/ jynfol@ oabmxm;twdkif; vkyfaqmif&onf?
'Drdkua&pDrusaompepfatmufY jynfolrsm;taejzifh a0zefajymqdkcGifhr&Sdojzifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk
pwifusifhoHk;aom tcg tpdk;&taejzifh rdrdw@kd .vkyf&yfwkdif;tay:wm0ef&Sdr_udk vufcH&eftcufñuH&onf?
rdrd.vkyf&yftay:Ywm0ef&Sdjcif;qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;?
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vuf&Sd'Drdkua&pD
a&pDpepf
,ae@tcsdefxdvltrsm;pkwdk@onf 'Drkdua&pDrusaompepfatmufY usifvnfae=u&onf? 'Drkdua&pDrus
aompepf&SdtkyfcsKyfolrsm;.ta=umif;jycsufrSm vltrsm;pkwdk@ wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;Y t&nftcsif;rjynfhrDSaoma=umifh
rdrdwdk@uomtkyfcsKyf&jcif;jzpfonf[l.? ¶ªyfaxG;ayGvDvSaomEdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;&mudk jynfolrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@xuf
Om%fynmºuG,f0aomynm&Sdrsm; (acgif;aqmifrsm;) vufwGif;tyfEHSjcif;jzifh om,m0ajymr_udk jzpfapvdrfhrnf[l.?
20 &mpkESpf tv,fydkif;Y EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;pGmjzpfay:cJh.? 'Drdkua&pDpepfonfydkI xifay:vm+yD;
bk&if tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh a=u;&wufrsm;om rif;ðytkyfcsKyfaom pepfa[mif;rsm; wdrfjr‡Kyfukef.? a=u;&wufrsm;.
vufwGif;Yom tm%m&Sd&rnfudk vlwkd@r,Hk=unfawmhay?
20 &mpktwGif; 'Drdkua&pDudkqef@usifaomEdkifiHrsm; - uGefjrLepf/ zufqpf/ emZD (0g) qdkAD,ufuJhodk@aomEdkifiH
wdk@wdrfjr‡KyfaysmufuG,fum òyduGJcJh&onf? ppftm%m&SifpepfrSm vufcHEdkifzG,f&mr&Sdawmhay?
odk@aomf urBmay:wGif&Sdaomolrsm;tm;vHk; 'Drdkua&pDpepfukd raxmufcH=uao;ay? 'Drdkua&pD tpdk;&pepf
udkusifhoHk;aom EdkfifiHrsm;onf urBmay:&SdEdkifiHpkpkaygif;. xuf0ufcef@r#yif r&Sdao;bJ/ urBmhvlOD;a& pkpkaygif;.
w0ufatmuf vnf;enf;ao;onf? urBmhvlOD;a& ig;yHkwpfyHkrSm w¶kwfjynfujzpf+yD; ESpfav;axmiftwGif;
'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfr_ atmufY wcgr#raecJh&zl;aom olrsm;jzpfonf? ¶k&Sm;Y'Drkdua&pDo@kd tul;tajymif;udk/
20 &mpk. aemufqHk;ydkif;/ q,fpkESpf usrSom jzpfay:cJh+yD; 'Drdkua&pDpepftm; axmufydk@r_rSm vGefpGmtm;enf;vSonf?
'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ESpfumv &Snf=umpGm usifhoHk;vmcJhaomEdkifiHrsm;wGifawmifrS jy\emrsm; &Sdaeao;onf?
20 &mpkESpftwGif;tb,fa=umifh 'Drdkua&pDpepfydkrdkxGef;um;vm&oenf;?
19
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20
wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? vltrsm;pku vlenf;pk. tcGifha&;udk jiif;y,fvmaomf/ ‚if;wkd@onfvnf;
'Drdkua&pDpepfukd zsufqD;jcif;yifjzpfonf?
wm0ef,lwwfr_ - 'Drdkua&pDpepfY a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aomolrsm;onf jynfol@twGufwm0ef,lr_&Sd&rnf?
‚if;wkd@. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;twGuf ‚if;wdk@wGifwm0ef&Sdonf? wm0ef&dSolrsm;onf trsm;.qENtwdkif; qHk;jzwf+yD;
wm0efxrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@twGufrjzpfap&?
yGifhvif;jrifom&Sdr_r_ - tpdk;&tm;,Hk=unfpdwfcs&eftwGuf wdkif;jynfwGif;Y jzpfysufaeonfrsm;udk jynfolvlxkrS
od&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? okd@rSom tpdk;&udk ,Hk=unfpdwfcsI&.? ,if;ukd yGifhvif;jrifomr_&dSaom tpkd;&w&yftjzpf
&nf!ïef;onf? ,Hk=unfpdwfcs&aomtpdk;&onf jynfo@l tpnf;ta0;rsm;udk ac:,lusif;y+yD; wdkfif;oljynfom;rsm;udk
wufa&mufaponf? 'Drdkua&pDY tpkd;&rS rnfonfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd rnfolu ðyvkyf+yD;/ rnfonfhtwGufa=umifh
ðyvkyfonfqkdonfudk owif;ÏmeESifh vltrsm;rS od&SdEkdif&rnfjzpfonf?
vGwfvyfI w&m;r# w&m;r#waom yHkrSefa¶G;aumufyGJrsm; - EkdifiHom;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@.qENudk xkwfazmfonfh
enf;vrf;wpfckrSm/ tpdk;&twGif;Y ‚if;wkd@udk udk,fpm;ðyonfh wm0ef&Sdoludk rJay;a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif; jzpfonf?
a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom wm0ef&Sdolrsm;onf/ tpkd;&tzGJ@twGif;wGif &mxl;ae&m&a&;ESifh at;csrf;pGm
z,f&Sm;jcif;wkd@twGuf/ vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;r#wr_ &Sdap&ef 'Drdkua&pDpepfu jyÏmef;ay;xm;onf? pm&dwWysufjym;r_ ESifh
EdkfifiHom;wdk@tm; +cdrf;ajcmuft=uyfukdifr_rsm;udk/ a¶G;aumufyGJrwdkifrDaomfvnf;aumif;/ a¶G;aumufyGJ+yD;rSaomf
vnf;aumif; jzpfay:vmygu 'Drdkua&pD. oabmw&m;rsm;udk qef@usifjcif;yifjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfY yHkrSef
a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;udk ESpfrsm;pGm=um+yD;/ aemufwpfcgusif;yonf? a¶G;aumufyGJY yg0if,SOfòydifolwdk@onf ‚if;.uHkvHk
ºuG,f0r_tay: tajcrðy&? xdk@tjyif jynfolrsm; rJqENay;jcif;udk cufcJaESmifhaES;=uef@=umaprnfh rnfonfht&mr#
r&Sdap&?
21
vl@tcGifhta&;qk
a&;qkdif&mOya' - tm%mudktvGJokH;pm;vkyfI jynfolw@dk . tcGihfta&;csK@d azmufcH&r_rsm;ukdumuG,f&ef
twGuf/ 'Drdku&ufwpfwdkif;jynf tawmfrsm;rsm;Y vl@tcGifhta&;umuG,fr_qdkif&m Oya'rsm; (Bill of Rights)
xm;&Sd=uonf? ,if;onf jynfolvlxk. vGwfvyfr_ ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd tumtuG,fay;/ tmrcHxm;csufrsm;ukd
wpfckcsif;a&;om; azmfjyxm;onf? vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mtmrcHxm;r_ Oya'onf wkdif;jynfwjynfwGif &Sdaom
zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'. tpdwftydkif;jzpfvmaomf w&m;¶Hk;rsm;u xkdOya'rsm;ukd vkdufem&eftwGuf azmfjyyg
vl@tcGifhta&;twdkif; w&m;pD&ifydkifcGifh &Sd.? vl@tcGifhta&;qkdif&mOya'rsm;onf/ tpdk;&.vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk
uef@owfxm;+yD;/ ‚if;onf vlwOD;wa,mufESihf/ tzG@J tpnf;wkd@. wm0ef&Sdr_rsm;udkvnf; jzpfay: aponf?
a¶G;aumufyGJ&v'ftm;vufcHjcif; - 'Drdkua&pDa¶G;aumufyGJrsm;Y EdkfifolESifh ¶ªH;ol[lI&Sd.? wcgw&HwGif a¶G;aumufyGJ
¶ªH;olrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.ygwDESifh udk,fpm;vS,frsm;omv#iftaumif;qHk;jzpfonf[k cdkifrmpGm,Hk=unfxm;onfhtwGuf
a¶G;aumufyGJ&v'fudkjiif;y,fwwf=uonf? ,if;onf 'Drdkua&pD.rl0g'rsm;udkqef@usifjcif;jzpfonf?
vl@tcGifhta&; - 'Drdkua&pDpepfwdk@onf EdkifiHom;wdkif;.tcGihfta&;wk@d ukdumuG,fav;pm;onf? vl@tcGifhta&; qdk
&mY vl@toufESifh vl@*k%foa&tm; av;pm;jcif;udk xif[yfapaom vl@wefzdk;§ta=umif;t&mwdk@jzpf.? vlwdkif;
wefzdk;&Sd=uonf udk 'Drdkua&pDuaxmufjyxm;onf? vl@tcGifhta&;om"ursm;rSm - vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh/
vGwfvyfpGmyl;aygif; yg0ifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmpk¶Hk;cGifh/ wef;wlnDr_tcGifhta&;ESihf ynmoif,lr_tcGihfta&;wd@k jzpfonf?
ygwDpHkpepf - ygwDpHkpepfwnf&Sd&eftwGuf wpfckxufykdaomygwDtzG@J rsm;onf a¶G;aumufyGJY yg0if,SOfòydif&+yD; tpdk;&
tzGJ@xJYyg0if&rnf? ygwDpHkwGif;Y rJEdkifaomtwdkufcHygwDvnf; yg0ifcGifh&onf? xdk@a=umifhtpdk;&tm;jy\emt&yf&yf
wdk@udk ¶ªaxmifhtrsdK;rsdK;rSodjrifaponf? xdk@tjyifygwDpHkpepfonf rJay;olw@kd tm; rnfonfhukd,fpm;vS,f/ ygwD ESifh rl
wdk@tm; rJxnfh &rnfudka¶G;cs,fcGifhay;onf? orkdif;tpOftvmt& wdkif;jynfwjynfY wpfygwDpepfudkomusifhoHk;ygu
aemufqHk;wGif ppftm%m&SifpepfjzpfoGm;onfudkawG@&dS&onf?
pnf;rsOf;Oya' (Rule of Law) - 'Drdkua&pDpepft& a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&aom orRwtygt0if/
rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufr# Oya'.txufwGifr&Sdap&? qdkvdkonfrSm rnfolrqkd Oya'udkav;pm;vdkufem&rnfjzpf+yD;/
,if;udkcsdK;azmufygu jypf'g%fukdcH,l&rnfjzpfonf? Oya'onf nDr#jcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif; ESihf ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;/
&Sd&rnf[k 'Drkdua&pDpepfrS awmif;qkdxm;onf? ,if;udkwcgw&H Oya'.tvkdt& (due process of law)
[kac:onf?
13? 'Dzuf
ufwdkESifh 'D*sL;&D
;&D (De facto and De jure)
'DzufwdkESifh 'D*sL;wdk@onf tpdk;&udkazmfjyaomenf;vrf;ESpfrsdK;jzpfonf? vufwifbmomrSqif;oufvmonf? De
jure onf “Oya't&” [kt"dy`g,f&+yD; De facto rSm “t&Sdw&m;” [kt"dy`g,f&onf?
22
atmufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;udk=unfhyg? atmufazmfjyygOyrmrsm;onf “'D*sL;&Dtpdk;&” vm;/
“'Dzufwdktpdk;&” vm; (odk@) ESpfckpvHk;vm;´
14? tm%m&Sif'Drdkua&pD
ta&S›awmiftm&S&Sd a,bl,stpdk;&zGJ@pnf;yHkw&yfudk oHk;oyf&v#if &Sif;vif;jywfom;aomoabmw&m;aemufokd@
rvkduf av#mufacs? ,if;udk ‘tm%m&Sif'Drdkua&pD’ [kac:onf? xkd wdkif;jynfrsm;onf uGefjrLepfEkdifiHrsm;ESifh
qifwlonf? ‚if;wkd@onf a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;ðyvkyfaomfvnf;/ vuf&Sd tm%m&ygwDrSvGJI tjcm;ygwDrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;
yg0ifcGifhrðyacs?
rav;&Sm;ESifhpuFmyluJhodk@ tm%m&Sif 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHwdk@u tjcm;ygwDrsm;udkzGJ@pnf;cGifhðyxm;aomfvnf;/
Oya'u xkdygwDrsm;. trsm;pkaom EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk w&m;Oya'jzifhuef@owfxm;ojzifh/
tjcm;ygwDwcktwGuf tm%m& ygwDuJhokd@ r[kwfbJ a¶G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&&Sd&ef rjzpfEkdifoavmufyifjzpfonf?
tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;tm;/ jyif;xefpGma0zefjcif;udk &mZ0wfr_tjzpf owfrSwfonf?
tm%m&ygwDonf &Jrsm;/ w&m;ol}uD;rsm;/ owif;pmrsm;/ ¶kyfjrifoH=um;Ïmersm;ESifh
eD;uyfpGmqufoG,fr_rsm;&Sdaeojzifh/ jynfolvlxkxH owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ydwfyifr_ukd tvG,fwulðyvkyfEkdifonf?
23
tm%m&ygwDtaejzifh tpkd;&. b¾maiGrsm;ukd ‚if;wd@k tm; axmufcHolrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;ukd jzpfxGef;ap&eftwGuf
tvG,fwultoHk;ðyEkdifonf?
xkdokd@aomtpdk;&rsm;. ajymaeuspum;wkd@rSm -
• wkdif;jynfonf pD;ygG;a&;t& zGH@òzd;wkd;wuf+yD;rSom jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDonf jzpfay:vmEkdifrnfjzpfonf?
• EdkfifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk cGifhay;jcif;jzifh/ EkdifiHa&; r+idrfroufr_rsm;jzpfay:ap+yD;/ EkdifiHukd ysufpD;ap&ef vlwkdif;tm;
cGifhðyjcif;yifjzpfonf?
• jynfh0aom 'Drkdua&pDonf Oa&mywkdif;jynfrsm;.tawG;tac:jzpf+yD;/ tm&Swkdif;jynfrsm;twGuf roifhavsmfay?
tm&SEkdifiHrsm;tm; taemufEkdifiHrsm;. 'Drdkua&pDudk vufcHusifhokH;&efwkdufwGef;jcif;onf ukdvkdeDe,fcs@J 0g'opf
wrsKd;yifjzpf onf?
uarBm'D;,m;onf tm%m&Sif'Drdkua&pDpepf. om"uwpfckyifjzpfonf? uarBm'D;,m;tpdk;&onf
twdkuftcHygwD rsm;ukd zGJ@pnf;cGifhay;xm;aomfvnf;/ twkduftcHygwD. ygvDreftrwfrsm;ESifh
EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;udk r=umce qkdovkd zrf;qD;/ axmifcsr_rsm; ðyvkyfwwfonf? uarBm'D;,m;
owif;pmq&mtrsm;pkonf tpdk;&udk a0zefojzifh axmifoGif;tusOf;cscH=u&zl;onf?
tm%m&Sif'Drdkua&pDpepftay: a0zefaxmufjyxm;onfhtcsufrsm; -
• ppfrSefaom'Drdkua&pDpepfY OD;aqmifr_nhHzsif;aomtpkd;&tm; qENrJay;I tv#iftjref ðzwfcsypfEkdif
aomfvnf;/ tm%m&Sif 'Drdkua&pDpepfY raumif;aomEdfkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypf&efcufcJonf?
• tu,fI EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh (odk@) ‚if;wdk@. taygif;tygrsm;onf owif;jzef@csDr_pepfudk xdef;csKyfxm;ygu
vmbfpm;r_rsm;udk azmfxkwf&efcufcJonf? yGihfvif;pGmxkwfazmfajym=um;oludk zrf;qD;&rnf[laom Oya'
jyÏmef;csufa=umifhvnf; EdkifiHa&;orm;wd@k . trSm;udk ,dk;pGyfazmfxkwf&mY tEW&m,f}uD;rm;vSonf?
• tu,fI jynfolwdk@onf EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf tvkyform;or*~w@kd udk xlaxmifcGifhr&&Sdygu zGH@òzd;
wdk;wufr_. tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk tenf;pkaomvluHkxHw@kd uom cHpm;&rnf?
atmufazmfjyygZ,m;twGif;odk@ 'Drdkua&pDpepfESihf tm%m&Sif 'Drkdua&pDwdk@. uGJjym;r_ESifh wlnDr_rsm;udk a&;jznfhyg?
'Drdkua&pD tm%m&Sif'Drdkua&pD
15? tpdk;&.wm0ef0wW&m;
m;rsm;
1? vlwpfOD;csif;.vGwfvyfr_udkumuG,f&ef
qdkvdkonfrSm jynfolvlxktwGuf wdkuf¶kduftusdK;pD;ygG;ESihf ywfoufonfh Oya'rsm;udk jyXmef;+yD;/ jynfolwdk@.
vGwfvyfr_udk umuG,fay;xm;onf?
2? vlwpfOD;csif;.vGwfvyfr_udkuef@owf&ef (bHkt&if;tjrpfukdumuG,f&ef)
24
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkH; o[Zmwjzpfa&;ESifh pkaygif;toHk;ðy&aom bHkt&if;tjrpfwdk@udk umuG,f&eftwGuf/ wcg w&H
tpdk;&taejzifh vlwpfOD;csif;. vGwfvyfr_udk uef@owf&efvdktyfonf? xkdOya'rsm;onf u|Ekfyfwdk@. ukd,fykdif
tusdK;pD;yGg;udk qef@usif&ma&mufaomfvnf;/ a&&SnfwGif tusdK;aus;Zl; jzpfap.?
Oyrm -
16? tm%mrs
tm%mrsm;ukd ykdif;jcm;cG
jcm;cGJa0xm;jcif
a0xm;jcif;
25
tm%mykdif;jcm;xm;a&;[laom ywfoufI ta&;}uD;onfhpum;vkH; (3) ckrSm - Oya'ðya&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&; ESifh
tkyfcsKyfa&;
'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m;. cH,lcsufwpfckrSm ‘tm%mrsm;ykdif;jcm;uef@owfxm;a&;’ jzpfonf? vlwOD;wa,muf
(okd@r[kwf) vlwpftkyfpkwnf;rSaeI tm%mtm;vkH;ukd csKyfukdif rxm;&efjzpfonf?
tpdk;&.u¾tpdyftydkif;toD;oD;wGif&Sdaomolrsm;wGif vkyfykdifcGihftm%mrsm; ESihf tvkyfrsm;ukdcGJjcm;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf? ‚if;wkd@onf tjcm;aom tpdk;&Xme&Sd wm0ef&Sdolwdk@.vkyfief;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;ðy&ef
róud;pm;oifhay? Todk@jzifh tpdk;& tpdyftydkif;wpfckck. tiftm;tvGeftrif;}uD;xGm;vmr_udk [ef@wm;xm;onf?
tpdk;&. tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfonfh Oya'ðyvkyfaomtydkif;udk Oya'ðyv$wfawmf[k (Legislature) ac:onf?
xkdae&mXmeudk wdkif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ygvDref[kac:I/ tar&duefEkdifiHwGif uGef*&uf [kac:onf?
w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESifh w&m;&kH; t&m&Sdrsm;&Sdonfh/ tpdk;&tydkif;udk w&m;pD&ifa&;tykdif; (Judiciary) [kac:onf?
olwdk@onf jyXmef;xm;onfh Oya'rsm;tm; ukdifwG,ftaumiftxnfazmf&mY wm0ef&Sdonf?
odk@aomfygvDreftm;rnfodk@aom Oya'wdk@ukdðyvkyf&rnfukdawmh ajymydkifcGifhr&Sday?
0ef}uD;csKyf§orRwESifh ol.t=uHay;rsm;ESifh 0ef}uD;rsm;yg0ifonfh tpdk;&tydkif;udk tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif; (Executive)
[kac:onf? olwdk@onf wdkif;jynf. pD;yGm;a&;ESifh tpdk;&. tjcm;aomtpdyftydkif;rsm;udk OD;pD;OD;¶Gufðy&onf? odk@aomf
w&m;pD&ifa&;tm; rnfonfh Oya'rsm;ukd tokH;ðy&rnf/ ESifh Oya'ðya&;tm; rnfo@kd aomOya'rsm;udkxkwfjyef&rnf
[lI 0ifa&mufajymqkdydkifcGifhr&Sday?
OyrmyHkpH - tpd
tpdk;&
26
tb,fha=umifhwdkif;jynfwpfjynfY vlwpfOD; (odk@) tkyfpkwpfpkuom tm%mydkifpkd;v#if raumif;a=umif; oifxifjrif
oenf;?
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17? orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf ESifh ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf
orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf
1? jynfolu tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;udk oD;oef@a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf?
2? tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'ðya&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;wd@k onf tpdk;&.oD;jcm;tpdwftydkif;wd@k jzpfonf?
w&m;pD&ifa&;
(w&m;¶Hk;rsm;)
tkyfcsKyfa&;
(orRwrSOD;aqmifonf) Oya'ðya&;
a¶G;aumufyGJrsm; a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;
jynfolvlxk
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ygvDrefpepf
1? jynfolu Oya'ðya&;udk a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonf? jynfolonf 0ef}uD;csKyf (tkyfcsKyfa&;)ukd ra¶G;cs,fyg? Oya'ðy
a&;u tkyfcsKyfa&;udk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;jzpfonf?
2? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh Oya'ðya&;wdk@onf oD;jcm;r[kwfyg?
tkyfcsKyfa&;
(0ef}uD;csKyfrSrOS D;aqmifonf)
w&m;pD&ifa&;
a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;
(w&m;¶Hk;rsm;)
Oya'ðya&;
(yHkrSeftm;jzifhygvDref[kac:.)
c:.)
27
a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;
jynfolvlxk
tar&dueforRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf
tar&duefonf orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudkusifhoHk;onf? orRw(tkyfcsKyfa&;) udk Oya'ðya&;ESifh oD;jcm;pGma¶G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? Oya'ðya&;udkuGefu&uf[kvnf;ac:onf? uGefu&ufudk ESpfydkif;cGJxm;onf? txufv$wf
awmf (Senate) ESifh atmufv$wfawmf (House of Representative) wdk@jzpfonf? txufv$wfawmfwGif
v$wf awmftrwf 100 OD; &Sd+yD;/ jynfe,fwpfckudk trwfESpfOD;udk,fpm;ðyonf? txufv$wfawmftrwfrsm;twGuf 6
ESpf wpf}udrfa¶G;aumufyGJ &Sd+yD;/ wpf}udrfv#iftxufv$wfawmftrwfoHk;yHkwyHkudk a¶G;aumufonf? (xdk@a=umifh 2
ESpfv#if wpf}udrf txufv$wfawmftrwf oHk;yHkwpfykHtajymif;tvJ&dS.?) atmufv$wfawmfY trwf 435 OD;&Sdonf?
atmufv$wfawmftrwf udk,fpm;vS,f ta&twGufonf jynfe,ftoD;oD;&SdvlOD;a&tay:tajccHonf? atmuf
v$wfawmftrwfrsm;twGuf 2 ESpfv#if wpf}udrf a¶G;aumufyGJ&Sdonf? 10 ESpfv#ifwpf}udrfvlOD;a&pm&if;udk aumuf
,lonf?
t*FvefygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf
+Adwdo#onf ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudkusihfokH;onf? 0ef}uD;csKyf (tkyfcsKyfa&;) ukd Oya'ðya&;ESifh oD;oef@
a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufjcif; r&Sdacs? jynfolu Oya'ðya&;tzGJ@udk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡muf+yD; tEdkif&&SdaomygwDu
0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmonf? Oya'ðya&;udk ygvDref [kvnf;ac:onf? txufygvDref (House of Lord) ESifh
atmufygvDref (House of Commons) [lI 2 &yf&Sdonf? txufygvDrefudk
a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;jcif;r[kwf Church of England ESifh rif;bk&m;tEG,f0if Lord rsm;rS
0g&ifhbmoma&;acgif;aqmifwdk@ESifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? atmufygvDrefudk trwfwdk@jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;+yD; jynfolu
av;ESpfwpf}udrfa¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf?
wdkif;jynf OD;ao#mif
wdkif;jynfOD;ao#mifonf wkdif;jynfwjynf&Sd jynfolvlxkukd udk,fpm;ðyonfh t}uD;tuJjzpfonf? wdkif;jynf OD;ao#mifY
tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mr&SdbJ olwkd@. tcef;u¾onf wdkif;jynf. txdrftrSwfjy,k*ftwGufomjzpfonf? bk&ifpepf
wGif/ Oyrm - t*Fvef/ bk&if§bk&ifronf wdkif;jynf. OD;ao#mif jzpfonf? jynfol@orRw pepfY/ Oyrm - tar&duef/
wdkif;jynf OD;ao#mifrSm orRwyifjzpfonf? *syefEkdifiH. wdkif;jynf OD;ao#mifrSm *syef{u&mZfrif;jrwfjzpf+yD;/ AmwDuef.
OD;ao#mifrSm ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;jzpfonf?
tpdk;&acgif;aqmif
28
tpdk;&acgif;aqmif.wm0efonf EdkifiHha&;&mrsm;udk ykHrSefvnfywfaeap&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyf&aomt}uD;tuJ jzpfonf?
wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;/ tm%m&SdolrSm yHkrSeftm;jzifh 0ef }uD;csKyf (odk@) orRwjzpfonf?
rSwfcsuf
ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&; pepfY wdkif;jynfOD;ao#mifESifh tpdk;&acgif;aqmifw@kd rwl=uay? Oyrm - t*FvefY bk&if§ bk&ifr
ESifh 0ef}uD;csKyfwdk@&Sd+yD;/ tdENd,Y orRwESifh 0ef}uD;csKyfw@kd &dSonf? orRw tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwGif wdkif;jynfOD;ao#mif ESifh
tpdk;& acgifa;qmifrSm wpfOD;wnf;omjzpfonf? tar&duefY orRwonf wdkif;jynfOD;ao#mifjzpfovdk tpdk;&
acgif;aqmifvnf; jzpfonf?
29
orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfY Oya'ðya&;u orRwudk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;rðyay? xkdtpm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
Oya'ðya&;wdk@ukd oD;jcm;a¶G;aumufyGJðyvkyf=uonf? orRwESifh uGef*&uftrwfwdk@udk owfrSwfxm;aom umvrsm;Y
oD;jcm;pD jynfolwdk@u wdkuf¶dkufa¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? xdk@a=umifh orRwESihf uGef*&uftzGJ@0ifwdk@onf
oD;jcm;ygwD wckpDrSjzpfEdkif.?
rsm;aomtm;jzifh ygvDrefpepfwGif tpdk;&wdk@udk tcsKd;us ukd,fpm;ðypepfjzifh a¶G;aumufwifajr‡muf=uonf?
qdkvdkonfrSm v$wfawmfwGif ygwDwck. xkdifckHta&twGuf &&Sdr_tcsKd;tpm;onf a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&aom
ygwD. rJta&twGufay:wGif rlwnfonf? odk@twGufa=umifh ygwDi,frsm;onfyifv#if Oya'ðya&;Y trwfae&mrsm;
&&SdEdkif.? Tae&mYawG@&aom tm;omcsufrSm vlenf;pkrsm;yifv#ifEkdifiHa&;&mrsm;Y tjrifhqHk;aomtpdk;&tzG@J twGif;
yg0ifyl;aygif; cGifh&Sdonf? ,if;onf ygwDrsm;t=um; aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;/ tav#mhtwif;rsm;&&Sdatmifvnf;
ðyvkyftm;ay;onf?
orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf. tm;omcsufwpfckrSm wkduf&kduf wm0ef&Sdr_jzpfonf? orRwudkOya'ðya&;u a¶G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufjcif;r[kwfbJ jynfolwdk@uwdkuf¶dkufa¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
Oya'ðya&;wdk@onf tpdk;&. rwlnDaom oD;jcm;tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf/ ‚if;wdk@wpfOD;udkwpfOD; tjyeftvSef
xdef;nd‡ qef;ppfr_rsm; ðyvkyfEkdifonf?
orRwESifh Oya'ðya&;udk oD;jcm;pD a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;a=umifh ‚if;.tm;enf;csufwpfckrSm
‚if;wdk@t=um; oabmxm;uGJvGJr_rsm;&Sdvmygu vkyfief;pOfrsm; a&S@okd@ rwufEdkifbJ &yfwef@aejcif;wdk@jzpfonf?
tu,fI uGef*&ufonf orRw. ygwD0ifr[kwfbJ/ tjcm;ygwD0ifrsm;jzpfygu tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh uGef*&uft=um;
tcuftcJESifh wif;rmr_rsm; &SdvmEdkif onf?
orRwrsm;onf jynfoluwdkuf¶dkufa¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;jcif;cH&ojzifh/ 0ef}uD;csKyfxuf ykdItm%m&Sd
ovkdjzpfaeonf? odk@aomfOya'ðya&;Y tjcm;ygwD0ifw@kd xdef;csKyfr_ tm;rsm;onfjzpfap/ enf;onfjzpfap/
orRwyg0ifr_r&SdbJ Oya'ðya&;udk jynfolwkd@u oD;jcm;a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;wd@k udkawmh vufcHxm;&rnfom
jzpfonf? orRwonf ygwDwdk@tay: xdef;csKyfxm;Edkifr_tm;enf;onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfonf twdkuftcHðyvmaom
ygwD0ifrsm;udk ESdyfuGyfEdkifaomfvnf;/ orRwurl xdkodk@rðyvkyfEkdifacs?
orRwtkyfcsKyfya&;ES
fa&;ESifh ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;'Drdkua&pDvkyfief;jypmwrf
jypmwrf;
atmufazmfjyygpepfwdk@onf ‘orRwtkyfcsKyfa&;’
&;’ pepfvm;/ ‘ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;’ pepfvm; (odk@) tjcm;pepf vm;?
tu,fI ‘tjcm;pepf’ jzpfygurnfonfhpepfjzpfonfukdazmfjyyg?
30
4? u|Ekfyfwdk@¶GmwGif ¶Gmol}uD;ðy&ef twGuf/ vl 5 OD;udk qENrJay; a¶G;aumufonf? xdkol 5 OD;urS wzef acgif;aqmif
(¶Gmol}uD;) udk a¶G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonf? xdktxJrS usef 2 OD;udk ¶GmtkyfcsKyfa&;Y ¶Gmol}uD;tm; taxmuftul
ay;&ef a¶G;cs,fwif ajr‡mufonf?
5? òrd@vlxktpnf;ta0;yGJwpfckY ðrd@olòrd@om;tm;vHk;onf òrd@twGuf pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;a&;qGJ=uonf? +yD;aemuf
xdkESpf tpdk;&twGuf vl5OD;udk tm;vHk;u qENrJay;a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf?
6? wdkif;jynf. Oya'tm;vHk;udk orRwuðyvkyfonf? olonf w&m;a&;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&udkvnf; xdef;csKyfxm;onf?
7? abmvDabmòydifyGJudkOD;pD;&eftwGuf OuUÏudk ausmif;olausmif;om;wd@k u a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf?
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;uyif òydifyGJpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udka&;qGJ&eftwGuf aumfrDwDw&yfukda¶G;aumufwif
ajr‡mufonf?
8? orRwonfwdkif;jynf OD;ao#mifjzpf+yD; jynfolu a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? ol§r u (7ESpf) =um wm0ef
xrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfonf? ygvDreftrwf udk jynfolu av;ESpfwpf}udrfa¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufonf? orRwonf
ygvDreftrwfrsm;u axmufcHaomoludk 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf cef@tyf&onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfonf AsL¶dkua&pD,EW&m;udk
wm0ef,l&onf?
18? a¶G;aumufyGJrsm;
'Drdkua&pDudk a&S;,cif*&drSpwifcJhonf[k,Hk=unf&onf? odk@aomf xdkumvY *&dvlrsdK;trsm;pkwdk@ qENrJay;ydkifcGihfr&Sd
acs? òrd@wGif;YarG;zGm;aomol r[kwfolrsm;/ trsdK;orD;rsm; ESifh u|efrsm; qENrJay;ydkifcGifhr&Sdacs?
31
1? ul0dwf - ta&S›tv,fydkif;ujzpf+yD; trsdK;om;rsm;omESihf/ 1920 ckESpf rwdkifrSDu TEdkifiHwGif;YarG;zGm;cJhaom
trsdK;om;rdom;pk0ifwpfOD;OD;&SdrSom rJay;ydkifcGifh&dSonf? xdk@a=umifh ul0dwfY 8 &mcdkifE_ef;aom
jynfolvlxkom rJ ay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
2? qGpfZmvef Y 1971 ckESpftxd/ trsdK;orD;rsm; wdkif;ðyjynfðya¶G;aumufyJGrsm;Y yg0ifrJay;ydkifcGifhr&Sdacs?
3? twdwfu *syef/ t*FvefESifh tar&duefuhJo@kd aomEdkifiHrsm;u csrf;omºuG,f0olrsm;ESifh ajrydkif&Sifrsm;udkom
rJay;ydkifcGifhðyonf?
4? =opa=w;vs . yxrqHk;a¶G;aumufyGJudk 1842 ckESpfu usif;ycJhaomfvnf;/ rJay;cGifh&Sdolrsm;om trsKd;om;
rsm;omjzpf+yD; ‚if;wkd@. rdom;pk0ifrsm;onfvnf; +AdwdefESifh tjcm;wdkif;jynfrS vmaomrdom;pkrsm;rSom
jzpf&rnfjzpfonf? 1902 aemufydkif;Y trsdK;orD;wdk@rJxnfhcGihf&onf? (Xmaewkdif;&if;om;) =opa=w;vs
a'ocHrsm;rSm rdrdwdk@. wdkif;jynfwGif;rSmawmifrS 1967 ESpftxd rJay;ydkifcGifhr&&Sd cJhay?
wcgw&H 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;pEdkifiHrsm;Y vlwdkif;rJay;ydkifcGifhr&Sday? tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;Y - touf/ usm;§r/ tqifh twef;/
vlrsdK;/ pmwwfajrmufr_/ ypPnf;OpPmydkifqkdifr_/ tcGefay;Edkifr_E_ef; tp&Sdonfh OD;pm;ay;csufwdk@tay:rlwnf+yD;rS
rJay;ydkifcGifh &Sdonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;Y vltm;vHk;xJrSmrS tenf;pkr#avmufom rJay;Edkif (odk@) yg0ifEdkifonf?
32
a¶G;aumufyGJtm;usif;yðyvkyf&efenf;vrf;rsm;
ygvDreftrwftrsm;qHk;&SdonfhygwDonf tpdk;&jzpfvm+yD;
,if;ygwDacgif;aqmifu 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmonf?
a¶G;aumufyGJ jy\
jy\emtcuftcJrsm;
jy
(u) aiG
csrf;omaomygwDrsm;onf a=ujimrsm;ESifh rJqG,fpnf;¶Hk;a&;wk@d Y aiGydkIoHk;pGJEdkif=uonf? odk@aomftcsdK@aom
wdkif;jynfrsm;Y ygwDwpfckcsif; rJqG,fpnf;¶Hk;a&;yGJwdk@Y oHk;pGJ&rnfhaiGa=u;yrm%udk uef@owfonfh Oya'&Sdonf? Oyrm
- +AdwdefESifh tar&duefuJhodk@aom taemufEdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;Y EdkifiHa&;ygwD}uD; 2 ck (odk@) 3 ckonfygvDrefudktkyfpD;
xm;onf? olwdk@ay:vpDrsm;onfqifwl+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;xHrS aiGajrmufrsm;pGm&&Sdonf? olwdk@udkygwDi,frsm;
taejzifh ,SOfòydif&efcufcJvSonf?
(c) owif;Ïmersm;ydkifqdkifr_
EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;Y owif;Ïmersm; (owif;pm/ a&'D,kdESihf ¶kyfjrifoH=um;Ïmersm;) udk tpdk;& (odk@)
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;}uD;wdk@u ydkifqdkifxm;=uonf? xdk@a=umifh tpdk;&taejzifh rdrdwdk@.ay:vpDrsm;udk trsm;jynfoltm;
vG,fvifhwula=ujimEdkif&ef rdrdwdk@tm; axmufcHtm;ay;aomolukd owif;Ïmersm;wGif tvG,fwul&mxl;}uD;
ay;cef@tyfEdkifonf? Oyrm -jrefrmjynfY tpdk;&onf owif;Ïmeudk csKyfudkifxm;onf?
(*) vmbfpm;r_
m;r_
ukd,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;aomEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf tpdk;&ESifh tjcm;t&if;tjrpfw@kd ukd toHk;ðy+yD; ‚if;wkd@.
rJqG,fpnf;¶Hk;a&;yGJrsm;Y toHk;ðyonf (odk@) olwdk@ay:vpDrsm;. atmifjrifr_wdk@udk a=umfjimonf? ‚if;wdk@udk rJay;&ef
vlrsm;udk aiGay;rnf (odk@) uGefjrLewD acgif;aqmifrsm;udk ‚if;wkd@. &yf&Gmvl@tzG@J tpnf;xHrS rJrsm;xnfh0if&eftwGuf
vmbfxdk;rnf? (rJ0,fjcif;jzpfonf?) Oyrm - tmz&duwdkuf&Sd ZifbmabGEdkifiHY/ rdk;acgifa&&Sm; uyfab;oifhpOf orRw
rl*gbDonf ol@tm; rJay;onfh a'orsm;odk@ u,fq,fa&;&duQmrsm; ay;ydk@cJhonf? ol@ygwD0ifr[kwfaom olrsm;udk
&duQmxkwfray;acs?
33
(C) vlvdrfEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
rdrdESpfoufonfht&mudk a[majymonfh EdkifiHa&;orm;wdk@udk vlrsm;u a&G;cs,f rJay;=uonf? odk@aomf
EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf r=umc%qkdovkd rJqG,fpOftwGif; vdrfvnfajymqdk uwday;+yD; ta¶G;cH&+yD;aemuf uwd
rwnf=uawmhay? EdkifiHa&;orm;wdk@onf uwdwnf&ef vGefpGmcufcJonf? +yD;aemufajymonfhtwdkif; uwd
rwnfrdygu qifajcudk vG,fvG,fav; ay;wwf=uonf?
Oyrm - a¶G;aumufyGJrwdkifrSu 0ef}uD;csKyf oufqifonf/ xdkif;EdkifiH. v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&;pepfukd wdk;wufatmif
ðyvkyfrnf[k uwday;cJhonf? ta¶G;cH&+yD;aemuf ajymonfhtwdkif; ol rvkyfaqmifcJhonfhtwGuf 2002 ckESpfY
v,form;rsm; qENjycJh=uonf?
i) trsm;pkrS Akdvfus}uD;pkd;jcif;
a¶G;aumufyGJEdkifaomacgif;aqmiftrsm;pkonf rJtrsm;qHk;&&Sdolrsm;jzpfonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tEdkif&olonf
rJtrsm;qHk;&&Sdol jzpfonfhtwGuf vltrsm;pk. t=uHOm%fudk=um;odcGihf&onf? odk@aomfvlenf;pk. t=uHOm%fwdk@rSm
rnfodk@&Sdrnfenf;?
rJay;olwdk@onf rJay;EkdifcGifhr&Sdaom a&$@ajymif;a&muf&Sdvmonfh vlopfrsm;ESifh 'kuQonfwdk@uJhodk@aom
vlenf;pktay:r#waom ay:vpDrcsrSwfonfh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufaumif; wifajr‡mufrdrnf
jzpfonf?
34
'Drdku&ufwpfusaoma¶G;aumufyGyJw
G dk@rnfonf tm;vkH;yg0if&rnf
&rnf/ r#w&rnf/ v#dK@0Suf&rnf/ vGwfvyf&rnf
&rnf?
tm;vkH;yg0if&rnf&rnf
tjynfjynfqkdif&mowfrSwfcsuftwkdif; rJay;ykdifcGifh - qdkvdkonfrSmEdkifiHom;wdkif; owfrSwfxm;aom toufjynfhygu
rJxnfhEdkif+yD;/ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf yg0ifta¶G;cHydkifcGifh&Sdonf? tom;ta&mif/ vdif/ bmompum;/ 0ifaiG/ ypPnf;OpPm/
tvkyftudkif/ vlr_a&;tajctae/ vlwef;pm;/ ynma&;/ udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ESifh EdkifiHa&;cH,lcsuf tp&Sdonfw@kd ukd
xnfhrwGuf&? vlwdkif;rJay;ydkifcGifh &Sdonf?
r#w&rnf
vlwpfOD;/ rJwpfrJ - qdkvdkonfrSm rJwpfrJcsif;pD.pGrf;tm;onf wlnD=uonf? xd@k a=umifh vpm}uD;olxnfhonfhrJonf
0ifaiGenf;olxnfhonfhrJxufpGrf;tm;ydk}uD;onf paom rr#wr_rsdK;udk rjzpfay:ap&?
v#dK@0Suf&rnf
v#dK@0SufrJ - v#dK@0SufrJay;&mY rdrdu rnfol@tm; rnfodk@rnfykH rJay;onfudk tjcm;rnfolr# rodap&yg? rJxnfh&mY
wpkHwckaom zdtm;wpfckckatmufrS rJay;&onfhtajctaersdK; rjzpfatmif umuG,fay;xm;onfhtwGuf ,if;onf
tvGefta&;}uD;onf?
,if;.qef@usifzufrSm trsm;oda¶G;aumufjcif;jzpfonf? rnfolu rnfol@udk a¶G;aumufonfudk tm;vHk;u
odjrifEkdifonf? Oyrm - tpnf;ta0;Y vufaxmif+yD; wpfOD;OD;udk a¶G;aumufwifajr‡muf=uonf?
vGwfvyf&rnf
vGwfvyfpGmrJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf - qdkvdkonfrSm EdkifiHom;wdkif;/ olwdk@taejzifh a&G;aumufyJGY yg0ifrJay;rnf/ ray;rnfudk
olwdk@ bmom olwdk@ vGwfvyfpGmqHk;jzwfydkifcGihf&dSonf? rJay;olw@kd tm; zdtm;ay;jcif;rsdK;wdk@udk umuG,fwm;qD;&ef
vGefpGmta&;}uD;onf?
35
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tcsdK;ustEdkif&pepf
pep - 'Drdkua&pDpepftawmfrsm;rsm;Y TpepfukdtoHk;ðyonf? ygwDwpfck. rJ&&Sdr_E_ef; tcsdK;tpm;ay:
rlwnf+yD; Oya'ðya&;Y tcsdK;usustrwfae&mrsm; &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh a¶G;aumufyJGY rJ 53 &mcdkifE_ef;&&Sd
aomygwDonf trwfae&m 53 &mcdkifE_ef;&&Sdonf?
36
wu,fwrf;Y wdkif;jynfwGif;&Sd jynfolwdk@onf TuJhodk@jyef@usJaernfr[kwfyg? tcsdK@aomae&ma'orsm;Y wdkif;jynf.
vlenf;pkwdk@onf vlrsm;pk taejzifhwnf&Sd+yD; Todk@aomtajctaersdK; 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHY wnf&Sdu ‘rJydk&ol
tEdkif&pepf’ rsdK;udk usifhoHk;rnfhyHk ray:yg?
37
wpfckcsif;pD&Sd vlrsm;pkwdk@.a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufr_ukd cH&onf? tu,fI vlrsdK;pki,frsm;onf a'owpfckwGif;Y wpk
wpnf;wnf;aexkdifygu ,if;vlrsdK;pki,frsm;onf wpfjynfvkH;twdkif;twmt& vlenf;pkjzpfaomfvnf;/ xdka'o
wGif;Yrl vlrsm;pkjzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh xdka'o. udk,fpm;vS,fonf vkenf;pkrS a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufaom udk,fpm;
vS,fjzpfonf?
38
wcgw&H !Gef@aygif;tpdk;&Y tjcm;ygwDwdk@xuftm;}uD;aom ygwDwpfckvnf; yg0ifwwfonf? wcgw&H ygwDi,frsm;udk
pkpnf;Ivnf; !Gef@aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;wwfonf? !Gef@aygif;uufbdeufwpfckukd tm;}uD;aomygwDwpfckudk tajccH+yD;
yg0ifzGJ@pnf;xm;ygu/ ygwDi,frsm; !Gef@aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;aom uufbdeufxuf ykdrkdcdkifrm+yD; oufwrf;ydk&Snfonf?
!Gef@aygif;tpdk;&wGif;Y ygwDrsm;tcsif;csif; oabmxm;uGJvGJr_wdk@a=umifh r=umc% jy\emwuf&wwfonf?
39
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21?
21? Oya'rsm;rnfodk@ðyvkyfoenf
oenf;?
1? yxrygvDreftzGJ@0ifrsm;u Oya'udktqdkwifjyonf?
40
atmufazmfjyyg tqifhwdk@rSm tar&duefY Oya'ðyyHk tqifhqififhjzpfonf?
22? zGJ@pnf
pnf;yHktajccH
ajccHOya'wck qdkonfrSmtb,fenf;´
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkonfrSm wdkif;jynf.tjcm;aom Oya'rsm;ESifhrwlbJ/ oD;jcm;Oya'wpf&yfjzpf+yD;/ wdkif;jynfudk
rnfodk@ tkyfcsKyf&rnfqkdonfudk azmfjyxm;onf? tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;Y zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;
&Sd=uonf?
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf tcsufoHk;csufukd axmufjyonf? yxrtcsufrSm A[kdtpdk;&.tcef;u¾ESifh tm%mudk
azmfjyxm;onf? 'kwd,tcsufrSm tpdk;&tqifhwqifhxufydkI&Sda=umif;udk azmfjyxm;onf? aemufqHk; tcsufrSm
EdkifiHom;wdk@. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf?
wdkif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;Y zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'&Sdaomfvnf; tcsdK@wdkif;jynfrsm;Yr&Sday? zGJ@pnf;yHktajccH Oya'onf
ðypkxm;aom Oya'pmwrf;wckjzpf+yD;/ wdkif;jynfwjynf&Sd EkdifiHom;wk@d .tcGifhta&;rsm; ESifh tpkd;&tm;
rnfodk@zGJ@pnf;&rnfESifh rnfodk@a¶G;aumufwifajr‡muf&rnfudk azmfjyxm;onf? tpdk;&u Oya'twnfðyEdkifa&;udk uef@
owfxm;aom pnf;rsOf;wdk@udkvnf; csrSwfxm;onf?
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'wdk@udk omref¶dk;¶dk; Oya'ESifhrwlbJ vG,fulpGmajymif;vJIr&atmif ðyvkyfxm;onf? tu,fI
tpdk;&u vG,fulpGm ajymif;vJEdkifaom zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf tcsnf;ESD;omjzpf+yD;/ zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'&Sd&jcif;.
ta&;t}uD;qHk;aomta=umif;t&if;rSm raumif;aomtpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfr_atmuf&Sd jynfolrsm;udk umuG,f&ef
jzpfonf?
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf vlenf;pkrsm;udkvnf; umuG,fay;xm;onf? vlenf;pk. tcGifhta&;udk jznfhqnf;
ay;xm;+yD;/ ,if;tcGifhta&;wdk@ukd wdkif;jynfwGif;&Sd vlrsm;pkw@kd tygt0if rnfolr# xdyg;cGifhr&Sday? xd@k a=umifhvlrsm;pk.
Edkifxuf pD;eif;ðyr_rS umuG,fay;xm;onf? Oyrm - zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'Y vlwkdif;vGwfvyfpGm,Hk=unfudk;uG,fcGifh
&Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@a=umifh tjcm;bmomudk,Hk=unfaom tpdk;&ESihf tjcm;olw@kd . aESmifh,SufpGufzufjcif;
rsdK;rS umuG,fay;xm;onf?
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf tpdk;&u b,favmuf=um=umtkyfcsKyfcGihf&dS+yD;/ rnfonfhtcsdefumvY a¶G;aumufyGJtm;
usif;y&rnfudk azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@tjyif ygvDreftrwfOD;a& rnfIrnfr#&Sd&rnf/ rnfolu olw@kd tm; a¶G;aumuf
wifajr‡mufEdkifonf wdk@udkvnf; azmfjyay;xm;onf?
41
+AdwdefESifh qGpfZmvefuJhodk@aom EdkifiHrsm;Y a&;qGJxm;onfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'r&Sdacs? jynfolw@dk . tcGifhta&;rsm;
udk omrefOya'rsm;Yom jyÏmef;xm;onf? tar&duefwGifrl zG@J pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk vGefpGmta&;}uD;onfht&m
tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf?
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'onf jynfolvlxkudk vG,fvG,fav;ESifh Oya'csdK;azmufwwfaomtpdk;&rS t+rJwrf;umuG,fr_
ray;Edkifacs? Todk@aomtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr_atmuf&dS jynfolw@kd tm;umuG,fr_ay;Edkifonfht&mrSm tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS
zdtm;ay;r_wdk@a=umifh tpdk;&u pdk;&drfvm&jcif; (odk@) wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;rS tpdk;&udkzdtm;ay;jcif; (od@k ) ykefuefxºuG
jcif;wdk@jzpfonf?
zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'u bmvkyfay;Edkifoenf;´ vkyfay;Edkifonf (odk@) rvkyfay;Ekdifyg [ka&;csyg?
wjynfaxmifEkdifiHrsrsm;
wdkif;jynfwjynfY/ wjynfaxmifpepfudkusihfokH;ygu ,if;wdkif;jynf. tjrifhqHk;aomtm%mudk A[dktpdk;&u xdef;csKyf
xm;onf? wjynfaxmifpepfudk usifhoHk;aom wdkif;jynftrsm;pkYvnf; jynfe,f ESifh c¶dkiftpdk;&rsm;&Sdonf? xdk@a=umifh
twdkif;twm wpfcktxd ,if;tpdk;&wdk@Ytm%m&Sdonf? od@k aomf ,if;wdk@udk A[dktpdk;&u owfrSwfay;xm;onf?
A[dktpdk;&onf jynfe,f ESifh c&kdiftpkd;&wk@d . tkyfcsKyfa&;wdk@udkvnf; xdef;csKyfxm;onf? jynfe,f§c&kdiftkyfcsKyfa&;
rªrsm;udkvnf; cef@tyfydkifcGifh &Sdonf?
42
tcsdK@wjynfaxmifEkdifiHrsm;Y jynfe,frsm;/ c¶dkifESifh a'oEW& tpdk;&wdk@tm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihfay;xm;onf? +yD;aemuf
A[dktpdk;&u 0efxrf;wpfOD;OD;udkcef@tyf+yD; c¶dkifESihf a'oEW& tpdk;&wdk@. tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk ppfaq;aponf?
odk@aomf c¶dkifESifh a'o toD;oD;wdk@rS a¶G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom c¶dkifESihf a'otpdk;&wdk@vnf;&Sdao;onf?
tcsdK@aomolrsm;u cdkifrmaom A[dktpdk;&pepfudk ESpfouf=uonf? ta=umif;rSm wwdkif;jynfvHk;twGuf wlnDaom
pepfwckudk jznfhqnf;ay;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh A[dktpdk;&u ‚if;wkd@,kH=unfpdwfcs&+yD; c¶dkifa'orsm;udk
oifhav#mfpGm pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifonf[k xif&aomolukd a¶G;Ekwfcef@tyfEdkif.? od@k aomf tcsdK@aom olrsm;u a'oEW&
udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;udk ydkIESpfouf=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf 'Drkdu&ufwpfqef+yD; a'ocHrsm;rS ydkrdkyl;aygif;
yg0ifcGifh&aoma=umifhjzpfonf?
43
24? zuf'&,f0g' ESifh jrefrmEk
rmEkdifiH
rm
jrefrmEkdifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;& uwnf;u A[dkxdef;csKyfaom wjynfaxmiftpdk;&pepfudk usifhoHk;onf? odk@aomf
jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd wdkfif;&if;om;rsm;u jrefrmjynfudk wef;wlnDr#a&;udk tajccHaom zuf'&,fpepfodk@ul;ajymif;&ef
vGefcJhaomESpfaygif; rsm;pGmuwnf;u qEN&SdcJh=uonf?
vlenf;pk wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf zuf'&,fpepfukd xlaxmifrnfqdkonfh &nfrSef;csufjzifh 1990 a¶G;aumufyGJY
yg0ifcJhonf? a¶G;aumufyGJY NLD (trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG@J csKyf) +yD;aemuf UNLD (wdkif;&if;om; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwf
a&;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf/ jrefrmjynf&Sd wdkif;&if;om;ygwDpHk r[mrdwftzGJ@) u 'kwd,rJtrsm;qHk;&&SdchJonf? zuf'&,fpepf
ESifh twl wdkfif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pki,frsm;onf udk,fykdifjyÏmef;csufESifh udk,fydkif¶kyfodrf;cGifh/ cGJxGufydkifcGifh wd@k ukdvnf;
vdkvm;onf? ,ae@jrefrmjynftwdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf wdkif;&if;om;jy\emaygif;pHkudk ajy+idrf;apEdkifzG,f
&Sdaom zuf'&,fpepfudk óud;pm;wnfaqmuf&ef tqifoifh&dS=uonf?
44
zuf'&,fpepfxlaxmifa&;jy\emonf jrefrmjynf. t"duEdkifiHa&;jy\em jzpfvm&jcif; ta=umif;rSm tm%m&
ppftpdk;&onf Tjy\emudk r#wav#mfnDpGm rnfonfhtcgr# ajz&Sif;ray;cJhaoma=umifhjzpfonf? ppftpdk;&u
zuf'&,fpepfonf wdkif;jynfudk òyduGJaprnf[kom aºuG;a=umfaecJhonf? ,if;aºuG;a=umfr_ukd jynfoltrsm;uvnf;
,Hk=unf=uonf? xdk@a=umifh zuf'&,f.tESpfom&ESihf ,if;.ppfrSefaomta=umif;&if;udkod&Sd&ef jynfolwdk@tm;
ynmay;&ef cufcJvSonf?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pki,frsm;taejzifh A[dktpdk;&u jynfe,ftpdk;&tay: tkyfpD;r_rsdK;r&SdbJ twlwuG vkyfazmfudkifzuf
tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmif&aom zuf'&,fpepfukd vdkvm;onf? olwdk@taejzifh,kH=unfxm;onfrSm zuf'&,ftpdk;&.
vkyfydkifcGifhtm%mudk uef@owfxm;&efvdktyf+yD; jynfe,fwkdif; vGwfvyfpGm ¶kwfodrf;ydkifcGifh§cGJxGuf ydkifcGifh&Sdonf?
zuf'&,fpepfudkenf;vrf;ESpfoG,fjzifhzGJ@pnf;I&onf?
• yxrtaejzifh vGwfvyfaomjynfe,frsm; tvHwpfckatmuftwlaexdkif+yD;/ yl;aygif;vkyfudkifrnf[k oabmwl
aomf zuf'&,fpepfudk wnfaqmufI&onf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf jynftoD;oD;u wef;wlnDaom vkyfazmf
udkifzuftjzpf yl;aygif;rnf[k oabmwlvufcHonfhtwGuf bHk§trsm;. vdktyfcsufudk udkifwG,f jznfhqnf;ay;
&rnfh tpdk;&vdktyfonf? xdk@a=umifh Tzuf'&,f (odk@) trsdK;om;tpdk;&udk jynfe,ftzGJ@0ifwdk@u tm%m
tcsKd@udk ay;tyfxm;onf? odk@aomfzuf'&,f (0g) trsdK;om;tpdk;&u tm%mtm;vHk;udk ydkifoonfh ydkI
=oZm}uD;rm;aomtpdk;& r[kwfbJ jynfe,ftpdk;&tzG@J rsm;ESihf zuf'&,f(0g) trsdK;om;tpdk;&t=um; r#waom
tm%mcGJa0r_&Sdonf? jynfe,ftpdk;&ESihf zuf'&,ftpdk;&wdk@Y&Sdaom tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mwdk@udk zuf'&,f
tpdk;&ESifh jynfe,f wpfckcsif;pD. tajccH zGJ@pnf;yHk Oya'wdk@Y &Sif;vif;pGmazmfjyxm;onf?
wdkif;(7) ckESifh jynfe,f (7) ck&Sd+yD; tm;vHk;YwlnDaom tcGihfta&;ESifh &ydkfifcGifh&Sd.? ppftpdk;&rSwifjyaom zGJ@pnf;tkyf
csKyfyHk tajccHOya'oabmw&m;t& Armr[kwfaomwdkif&if;om;jynfe,f (7) [lIaomfvnf;aumif;/ wdkif; (7) ckukd
ZHk tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;tydkowfrSwfcsufwpfcsufrSm jynfaxmifpke,fedrdwfrsm; [lIaomfvnf;aumif;
todtrSwfðyxm;onf? wdkif;&if;om;jynfe,frsm;wnfaqmufyHk tajccHoabmw&m;rSm ae&mwpfae&mY
wdkfif;&if;om; vlrsdK;wpfpkpku vlrsm;pk tjzpftwlwuGaexdkifu xdkae&mudk ,if;wdkfif;&if;om;wdk@. jynfe,ftjzpf
owfrSwf&ef jzpfonf? odk@aomf jrefrmjynfwGif;Y wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK; wpkpkuvlrsm;pktaejzifh tajcrcsaom
a'orsm;&Sdonf? Oyrm - awmifydkif;&Sd weoFm&DESifh taemufawmifbuf&dS {&m0wDjrpf0u|ef;ay: a'owdk@jzpfonf?
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tjcm;wbufYrl NCUB . zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'rl=urf;t& wifjyxm;aomacgif;pD;opfrSm
wdkif;&if;om;wpk xufydkI aexdkiftajccsaom a'oudk ‘wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pHkjynfe,f’ [kowfrSwf&efjzpfonf?
a0g[m&
wjynfaxmif§A[dkxdef;csKyfa&; - wdkif;jynf.tm%mudkA[dktpdk;&uxdef;csKyfxm;onf? (Unitary/
centralized)
wppDòyduGJjcif; - cGJxGufjcif;/ uGJjym;jcif;? (Disintegration)
udk,fydkifjyÏmef;cGifh - tkyfcsKyfa&;§tkyfcsKyfykHukd vlwpfpkuqHk;jzwfEdkifonfhtcGihfta&;/ (Self-
determination)
cGJxGufjcif; - vGwfvyfvm&jcif;/ (Secession)
e,fedrdwfowfrSwfjcif; - e,fjcm;pnf;owfrSwfjcif;/ (Demarcation)
wjynfaxmifpepfESifh zuf'&,fpepfudkoifem;vnfovdk&Sif;jyyg?
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25? 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;
1974 ESifh 1990 t=um;wGif/ tenf;qHk;EdkifiH 30 wkd@onf 'Drdkua&pDtoGifodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;jzifh wurBmvHk;&Sd
'Drdkua&pD wdkif;jynfta&twGuf 2 qwdk;vmcJhavonf?
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'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;jcif;. tajccHvkyfxkH;rsm;
EdkifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_wpfckjzpfaom tm%m&SifpepfrS 'Drkdua&pDpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;a&;Y vkyfxHk;oHk;&yf&Sdonf? ‚if;wd@k rSm
• tm%mðzwfcsjcif;/
• ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;/
• ESpfOD;ESpfbufoabmwljcif;/ wdk@jzpfonf?
tm%mðzwfcsjcif;
tm%m&Siftpdk;&u ‚if;.vrf;pOfudkrajymif;vJu tm%mðzwfcscH&Edkfif.? Ttcsif;t&mY twdkuftcH tpkd;&wd@k .
tiftm;onf }uD;oxuf}uD;vm+yD; tm%m&Siftm;ðzwfcsEkdifonfhtxdyifjzpfonf? twdkuftcHrsm;. EdkifiHa&; tif
tm;awmifhwif;vmav tm%m&Sif.tiftm;qkwf,kwfvmavjzpfonf? 'Drkdua&pDonf tm%m&Sif òyduGJ+yD; (0g)
ðzwfcscH&+yD; twdkufcHrsm;tm%m&vm+yD;aemuf pwifxGef;um;vmonf?
ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;
ðyjyifajymif;vJjcif;Y vuf&Sdtm%m&tpdk;&a[mif;onf 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@toGiful;ajymif;atmifvkyf&mY t"du
tcef;u¾rSyg0ifonf? xdkodk@jzpfay:u twdkuftcHrsm;u tm;enf;+yD; tm%m&tpkd;&a[mif;u ðyjyifajymif;vJr_
yHkpHESifh ajymif;vJr_jzpfay:rnfhtcsdfeftaES;tjrefukdqkH;jzwfonf? wcgw&H tm%m&SiftkyfpkwGif;rS vlwpfpkua&S›xGuf
vm+yD; pepfa[mif;csKyf+idrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDpepf jzpfay:xGef;um;a&;twGuf OD;pD;aqmif¶Gufonf?
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ESpfOD;ESpfzufoabmwljcif;
ESpfOD;ESpfzufoabmwlnDr_ +yD;rSomajymif;vJr_ukd jzpfay:aponfh wdkfif;jynfY vuf&Sdtm%mtpdk;&ESihf twdkuftcHwdk@
t=um;wlnDaom pGrf;tm;rsm;&Sd+yD;/ ,if;wd@k ESpfpkonf wpkudkwpktrDSo[Jrðyygu 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;udk
b,fawmhrStaumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnfr[kwfyg? awmiftmz&duudk Oyrm,lI&onf? odk@twGufa=umifh tm%m&
tpdk;&a[mif;ESifh twdkuftcHwdk@yl;aygif;+yD;rSom 'Drkdua&pDpepfudk xlaxmif=uonf? ESpfzufoabmwljcif;Y tm%m
&Sif.tm%m qkwf,kwfvmygu olwdk@tm;tjypfay;jcif;rS umuG,fay;&eftwGuf olwdk@uwifjyaqG;aEG;vmvdrfh
rnf?
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3? tpdk;&a[mif;rS wdkif;jynfwGif;odk@ 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk wjznf;jznf;,laqmifvmonf? Tod@k vkyfaqmif&mwGif
twdkufcHrsm;bufrS bmr#yg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;r&Sdyg?
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• tcsdK@u atmufazmfjyygtcsufrsm;a=umifh rormr_udk usL;vGefcJhaomolrsm;tm; tjypfay;okwfoif&ef
vdktyfonf[k qdk.?
(1) Oya'ESifhtrSefw&m;t&m - tpdk;&onfvlom;w&yfvkH;tm;xdcdkufapaom rormr_w@kd ukdusL;vGefcJhaomol
tm; tjypfay;&ef wm0ef&Sdonf?
(2) "m;pmcHrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk@.rdom;pkwdk@twGuf w&m;cHtm; okwfoifjcif;onf w&m;r#w.?
(3) 'Drdkua&pDudkOya'ESifhtnDwnfaqmufxm;onfhtwGuf rnfonfht&m&SdESifh &Jt&m&Sdwdk@rqdk
Oya'udkausmfvGef+yD; aexdkifoGm;vmvkyfydkifcGifhr&Sd?
(4) tem*wfY vHkðcHa&;t&m&Sdrsm; vl@tcGihfta&;csdK;azmufr_rsdK;wdk@rS umuG,fr_ay;Edkif&eftwGuf okwfoifr_onf
vdktyf.?
(5) atmifjrifaom'Drdkua&pDpepfudk jyo&eftwGuf &Sif;vif;okwfoifr_onf r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfonf?
(6) vltrsm;'Drdkua&pD. wefzdk;ESifh cH,lcsufudkod&Sd&efESifh jynfolvlxku ,if;wdk@tm; ,Hk=unf&eftwGuf okwfoif
&Sif;vif;r_onf vdktyfonf?
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tjcm;aom &nf¶G,fcsufwdk@jzpfonfh ‘*vJhpm;wke@f jyefjcif;’uJho@dk aomvkyf&yfonf tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'jyÏmef;csuf
t& w&m;r0ifacs?
twdwfutm%m&Sifacgif;aqmifrsm; rnfonfhtwGufa=umifhtjypfay;ta&;,lrcH&onf[koifxifoenf;?
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wdkif;jynfwpfjynf&Sdvl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_trSefjzpfpOfw@kd udk trsm;odazmfxkwfjcif;onf vGefpGmta&;}uD;onf[k
bma=umifhoifxifjrif,lqoenf;?
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26? toGiful;ajymif;a&;umv w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; enf;AsL[mrsm;
zdEdSyftkyfcsKyfaomtm%m&Siftpdk;&vufxufrS 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ ul;ajymif;aomEdkifiHrsm; twdwfrSjzpfchJonfh tusKd;
w&m;rsm;udk enf;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh udkifwG,fajz&Sif;=uonf? ,if;udkudkifwG,fajz&Sif;&ef csrSwfxm;aomrlY t"duaomh
csuf ESpfcsuf&Sdonf? ,if;wdk@rSm zdESdyfr_rsm;udk jyefajymif;owd,+yD; arhypfvdkuf&efESifh ,if;zdESdyfr_rsm;tay: wm0ef&Sd
onfhol wpfOD;csif;udk tjypfay;&efwdk@ jzpfonf?
csrSwfxm;&Sdonfhrlwdk@Y tcsKd@aomenf;AsL[mrsm;yg0ifEkdifonf?
cGifhv$wfjcif;w&m; - vHk;0cGifhv$wfjcif;udkqkdvkdonf? ,if;tm;jzifhtm%m&Sifa[mif;wdk@udkcGifhv$wfEkdif.? wcgw&H
acgif;aqmif a[mif;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&;rpwifrSD rdrdwdk@twGufcGifhv$wfjcif;w&m;udkcsrSwfxm; =u
onf? aemufwenf; rSm tjypfay;ta&;r,ljcif;onf acgif;aqmiftopfESifh ta[mif;wd@k t=um;ðyvkyfaom aphpyf
n‡dE_dif;r_. &v'f jzpfonf? wwd,enf;rSm 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkonf jypfr_usL;vGefchJaomolwpfOD;csif;udk tjypfay;
ta&;r,l&jcif;rSm ‚if;wdk@onf tm%m&Sifa[mif;udk ckcHwGef;vSef&if; ,if;jypfr_w@kd ukd usL;vGefrdcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k
ta=umif;jyEdkif aoma=umifhjzpfonf?
trSefw&m;rSwfwrf;rsm; - cGifhv$wfaomfvnf; rarhaysmufjcif;§owd,jcif;onf 'kwd, t"durljzpfonf? yHkrSeftm;
jzifh jynfwGif;ESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&mtrSefw&m;rSwfwrf;wd@k taejzifh wnf&Sdonf? aumfrDwD. yxr&nfrSef;csufyef;
wdkifrSm vGefcJhonfhtpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif; olwpfOD;csif;ESihf wpfEdkifiHvkH;&ifqdkifcJh&aom =urRmqdk;rsm;udk pHkprf;azmf
xkwf&efjzpfonf? xdkodk@ðyvkyf&jcif;rSm okwfoiftjypfay;&eftwGufr[kwf/ trSefw&m;udkazmfxkwf&efjzpfonf?
aq;a=um&Sif;vif;a&; - v#Kd@0Suf&JwyfzGJ@rsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .w&m;ol}uD;rsm;ESifh q&m§q&mrrsm;/ tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;ESifh
ppfwyftr_xrf;rsm;. &mxl;tm;¶kwfodrf;jcif;onf twdwfrStrSm;wd@k tm;udkifwG,fajz&Sif;jcif;. wwd,enf;vrf;
jzpfonf? tm;vHk;udktvkyfðzwfypf&efr[kwf/ +yD;cJhonfhtpdk;&tkyfcsKyfpOftwGif; vlom;xktm;xdcdkfufepfemaponfh
jypfr_udk usL;vGefol wdk@udkomjzpfonf?
w&m;cHtm;o m;okkwfoiftjypfay;jcif; - ‘todtrSwfðyr_ESifh wm0efodwwfr_t& w&m;cHtm;okwfoiftjypfay;jcif;’
udktjyif;xefqHk; t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&v#if jypfr_usL;vGefoltm;uGyfrsufokwfoifjcif;jzpfonf? ,l*dkqvm;AD;,m;EdkifiH
a[mif;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;cH cHk¶Hk;wifouJhodk@ Todk@aomudpP&yfrsKd;udk tjynfjynfqdkif&mu wm0ef,lay;I
&onf? jynfwGif;ESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;¶Hk;rsm;u Ttydkif;udkwm0ef,lay;I&onf?
epfema=u;ay;jcif; - wdkif;jynfrS (aiG/ tcrJhaq;ukocGihfESihf pdwfykdif;qdkif&mukor_rsm;/ ynma&;ESifh tdrf,maqmuf
vkyfa&;/ acs;aiGwdk@.twdk;ay;aqmif&r_udkav#mhcsjcif;) tp&Sdonfwdk@udk jznfhqnf;ay;+yD;/ twdwfut&mudk xm0pOf
trSwf&aprnfh ausmufwdkif/ jywdkuf/ tpdk;&¶Hk;ydwf&ufESihf yGJrsm;tp&Sdonfwdk@udkvnf; wnfaqmufcsrSwfI &onf?
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rdrdwdk@usL;vGefcJhaom rormr_wdk@a=umifh uGyfrsufokwfoifjcif;cH&rnfukd tm%m&Sifrsm; a=umufonfhtwGuf
tm%mudk vufvGwfcH&eftwGuf wGef@qkwfaumif;wGe@f qkwfaernf? tu,fIwkdif;jynfudk 'Drdkua&pDtoGif
ul;ajymif;a&;odk@ v#ifjrefpGm taumiftxnfazmfaqmifEkdifrnfqkdu ,if;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk vHk;0cGifhv$wfjcif;
cGifhðyoifhygovm;?
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oifhxifjrif,lqcsuft& vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufaomacgif;aqmifa[mif;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@.jynfwGif;w&m;¶Hk; (odk@)
tjynfjynfqdkif&mw&m;¶Hk; odk@wifoifhygovm;? bma=umifhvJ?
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yGifhvif;r_Ytpdk;&ESifh jynfolt=um;tjyeftvSef wifjyaqG;aEG;=u&efvdktyfonf? Tod@k jzifhjynfol. wifjycsufwdk@udk
tpdk;&u vufcH&&Sd+yD; Tt&monftpdk;&bufrS udk,hfukd,fukd ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;Y r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonf? tpdk;&wGif;
tusifhpm&dwWazmufjym;r_wdk@ jzpfay:wnf&SdrSmudk jynfolw@kd u pdk;&drf=uonf? ¶dk;om;yGifhvif;r_&Sdjcif;jzifh tusifhpm&dwW
azmufjym;r_udk umuG,fonf? ta=umif;rSmyGifhvif;aomtpdk;&taejzifh tvG,fwukltusifhpm&dwWrazmufjym;=u
ay?
wm0efodwwfr_qdk&mY Oya'ESifh jynfolvlxkw@kd tm;tpdk;&u ajz=um;ay;Edkifr_jzpfonf? EdkifiHrsm;onf
tpdk;&.wdk;wufr_ udkavhvmapmifh=unfhI&aom/ EdkifiHom;wdk@.ðyrlaqmif¶Gufr_wdk@udk
qef;ppfoHk;oyfwifjyI&aomae&mY Ïmersm;udk zGifhvSpf Edkif.? ,if;Ïmersm;onf
tvG,fwulvkyfief;rsm;ajy;qGJEdkif&ef ESifh a0zefr_rsm;udk av;av;eufeuf vufcHpOf;pm;Edkif&eftwGuf
vGwfvyfpGmvkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkifEdkifcGifh&Sd&rnf?
tvGefta&;}uD;qHk;aomtcsufrSm vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;&Sd&efvdktyfonf? ,if;onftpdk;&udka0zef&eftwGuf
&SdoifhaomtcGifhta&;ESifh pGrf;&nfudkxdef;odrf;ay;xm;onfomru vdktyfaompnf;=uyfr_w@kd ukd jznfhpGufay;+yD; Oya'
vrf;a=umif;twdkif;aqmif¶Gufonf? 'Drdkua&pDpepfY tpdk;&tzG@J 0ifrsm;tygt0if rnfolr#Oya'jyifyYaexdkifcGifhr&Sdyg?
yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufjcif;qdk&mY pepfwpfckY rdrdwdk@vnf;yg0ifa=umif; jynfolrsm;cHpm;&jcif;jzpf+yD; ,if;pepf acsmarG@pGm
vnfywfapEdkifa&;Y wwyfwtm;wm0ef,laqmif¶Guf=uonf? yl;aygif;aqmif¶Gufr_tm; t"duawG@&onfh ae&mrSm
jynfol@todkif;t0dkif; (Civil Society) wGif;Yjzpfonf? jynfo@l todkif;t0dkif;qdkonfrSm vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wGif;&Sd
tpdk;&. xdef;csKyfr_atmufY r[kwfbJ vGwfvyfpGmjzifhjynfolvlxk.vdkvm;csuf§vdktyfr_rsm;udk jznfhqnf;
aqmif¶Gufay;aom tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh toif;tzG@J rsm;jzpfonf?
jynfol@todkif;t0dkif;Y 0g'jzef@ ulnDaqmif¶Gufay;aomtzGJ@rsm;/ bmoma&;*dk%f;rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/
tm;upm; toif;tzGJ@rsm;/ tvkyform;or*~rsm;/ NGO rsm;/ u|rf;usifaomvkyfief;toif;tzG@J rsm;/ ukefxkwfvkyf
a&;tzGJ@rsm;ESifh tjcm;aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yg0if+yD; ‚if;wdk@onfjynfolrsm;t=um; tpdk;&.xdef;csKyfr_rS uif;vGwfpGm
ae&m,lv_yf&Sm;=uonf? ppfrSefaomjynfol@todkif;t0dkif;r&SdygbJESihf 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHopfudkpkpnf;wnfaqmuf&ef vGef
pGm cJ,Of;vSonf? jynfol@todkif;t0ef;onf tpdk;&ESifh jynfolrsm;t=um;tcsdwftqufvkyfay;onf? odk@twGuf
a=umifh ,if;wdk@onfjynfolrsm;yl;aygif;yg0ifa&;/ oHk;oyfwifjya&;/ vdktyfygutpdk;&udk a0zeft=uHðya&; tp&Sdonfh
ta&;wdk@ jzpfay:atmif ta&;}uD;aomtcef;u¾rS yg0ifaqmif¶Gufay;onf?
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