Tomas m.

magstadti

gavigoT politika
ideebi, institutebi
da problemebi

pirveli qarTuli
gamocema

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

Tbilisi _ 2009
wignis Targmani dafinansda saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis
saministros programiT _ `sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloebis
ganviTareba~. wigns gamosacemad amzadebs ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo
universiteti.

redaqtorebi: gia nodia

daviT afrasiZe

qarTuli gamocemis saavtoro ufleba

© ssip ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti

ISBN 978-9941-0-0223-6
s a r G e vi

Sesavali

msoflio ruka

I Sesavali: politikis Seswavla .............................................................................19

politika da yoveldRiuri cxovreba

politikis ZiriTadi cnebebi

wesrigi Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi samarTlianoba

rogor swavloben politikas?

ra mizniT? ra meTodebiT? ra perspeqtividan?

ratom swavloben politikas?

piradi interesi sazogadoebrivi interesi

nawili I SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

II utopia: sanimuSo saxelmwifoebi........................................................................47

platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi filosofiaa
samarTliani qalaqi keTilSobili tyuili

frensis bekonis `axali atlantida~: pasuxi mecnierebaa

stabiluroba da mecniereba samomavlo nimuSi

karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba: pasuxi ekonomikaa

ekonomikis wamyvani roli proletariatis diqtatura
uklaso sazogadoeba

utopiisaken dabruneba
utopiiT STagoneba gza utopiisaken utopiis praqtikuloba
utopia da adamianis buneba utopia da politikis ugulebelyofa

distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde

oruelis samyaro utopia da terorizmi

daskvniTi mosazrebani

III konstituciuri demokratia: warmomadgenlobis revolucia .......67

demokratiuli konstituciebi

demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare xelisufleba

umravlesobis mmarTveloba umravlesobis tirania
demokratia, rogorc SezRuduli xelisufleba
umciresobis uflebebi kanonis uzenaesoba konstitucionalizmi, ro-
gorc marTebuli procedura federalizmi

demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani xelisufleba

stabilurobis aucilebloba qmediTobis aucilebloba

xelisuflebis xelaxla gamogoneba: ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea

Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba saprezidento sistema Zalauflebis dan-
awileba SezRudvebi umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze rodisaa Zalaufleba
marTebuli?

IV avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi: tradiciuli mmarTveloba .............96

avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi
avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi
avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi
avtoritaruli politika

avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria

avtoritarizmis Teoria: miTi da realoba

avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia
avtoritaruli reJimi aralegitimuria avtoritaruli reJimi arapopu-
larulia avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv interesebs ugulebelyofs
avtoritarizmi yvelaze cudi mmarTvelobaa

avtoritarizmis aRsasruli?

V tota lita ruli saxelmwifoebi: warumatebeli utopiebi ......... 118

totalitarizmis arsi

totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi

lideroba ideologia organizacia propaganda Zaladoba

Zalauflebis konsolidacia
opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi
metoqeebisgan gawmenda monoliTuri sazogadoebis Seqmna

sazogadoebis transformacia
stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri hitleris germania maos CineTi

totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi

totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni

totalitaruli reJimebis sicocxlisunarianoba

nawili II Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

VI saparlamento demokratia ................................................................................. 160

didi britaneTi: nimuSi

Sereuli wyoba ZalauflebaTa Serwyma xelisuflebaSi yofnis ganusazRv-
reli vadebi `disciplinebuli~ partiebi ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara britanuli institutebis `gadanergva~?

demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva

safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis winaaRmdeg.

mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli politikuri partiebi konstitu-
cia zewolis qveS: balansis gamocda sasamarTlo sistema muSaobs Tu ara
demokratia safrangeTSi?

germania: federalizmi militarizmis winaaRmdeg.

vaimaris respublika gayofili germania: civi omis mini modeli gaer-
Tianebuli germania: demokratiis triumfi germanuli federalizmi aR-
masrulebeli xelisufleba sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba politikuri
partiebi sasamarTlo xelisufleba ZiriTadi kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavi-
suflebebi muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi?

iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba konsensusis qveyanaSi.

istoriuli wanamZRvrebi axali konstitucia saparlamento demokra-
tia: garegnuli da realuri partiuli sistema politikur cvlilebaTa
Semaferxebeli faqtorebi sasamarTlo xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura
muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi?

saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel garemoSi

indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli israeli: omis respublika

prezidentebi da parlamentebi: SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba.

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sasamarT-
lo xelisufleba ori sistemis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi konsti-
tuciebi da konteqstebi

VII saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi:

axali demokratiebi da aRmocenebadi bazrebi ............................................ 222

komunizmis kraxi

ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia (Tu mxolod areuloba?)

gorbaCovis tranzicia reformis marcxi: sistemis dezintegracia
Tanamedrove sirTuleebi bolosdabolos, gamoCnda lideri?
samomavlo perspeqtivebi
aRmosavleTi evropa gzagasayarze: (mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi)
CineTi: gadasvla marTvad kapitalizmze (ra iqneba Semdeg)
mao xelisuflebaSi xelisufalTa cvla dominanti partia ideolo-
giis Sesusteba bazarze orientirebuli reformebi gazrdili pirovnuli
Tavisufleba axali saxelmwifoebrivi problemebi politikuri da re-
ligiuri represiebi politikuri fragmentaciis safrTxe amomavali
saxelmwifoebi

azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia (da Tavisuflebac?)

samxreT korea taivani aziis vefxvebi

laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia (da keTildReobac?)

reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Cile) meqsika

VIII ganviTarebadi qveynebi: demokratia Tu diqtatura.................... 267

ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia

ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla
kolonializmis memkvidreoba

politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi gamowveva

demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi

demokratiis korelatebi demokratiuli strategiebi demokratia
ganviTarebad qveynebSi: tendencia Tu iluzia?

ganviTarebis Tavsatexi
ganviTarebis motivebi ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi barierebi ganvi-
Tarebis fsiqologiuri barierebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabrkolebebi
ganviTarebis marcxi

disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi:
somali iugoslavia siera leone avRaneTi

ganviTarebis Teoria: tendenciuri msjeloba?

WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara binZuri saidumlo

nawili III politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

IX politikuri socializacia: moqalaqis Camoyalibeba ......................311

kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba

sapirispiro ganmartebebi klasikuri xedva

politikuri socializacia
ojaxi Tanatolebi masmedia kanoni
ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi: rogor vipovvoT oqros Sualedi?
 Sesavali 7
politikuri socializaciis marcxi

X politikuri monawileoba: gavlenis safasuri ......................................337

monawileobis formebi
samarTlebrivi formebi arasamarTlebrivi formebi

moqalaqeTa monawileobis gansazRvreba

sazogadoebrivi azri gamokiTxvebi arCevnebi saarCevno sistemebi
pirdapiri demokratia

monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT xma?

xmis micema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi monawileobis tendenciebi
individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi monawileoba politikuri apaTia:
amerikuli daavadeba?

monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician amomrCevlebma?

monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari

elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis kanonebi da demokratiis ironia
pluralistebi da elitistebi

politikuri monawileoba avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi

politikuri partiebi
istoriuli winamZRvrebi ZiriTadi miznebi erTpartiuli sistema
orpartiuli sistema mravalpartiuli sistema partiuli sistemebis
ganmsazRvrelebi perspeqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba?

interesTa jgufebi
interesTa jgufebis tipebi zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi inte-
resTa jgufebis bumi interesTa jgufebi demokratiebSi iklebs Tu ara
sazogadoebis interesi? interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi

XI politikuri lideroba: Zalauflebis mravalsaxeoba .........................392

namdvili liderebi
marTvis xelovnebis arsi didebis xibli lideris oTxi tipi liderobis
daknineba?

demagogebi

politikosebi
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi
politikanebi damSoSmineblebi

samoqalaqo liderebi
8
XII ra aris sajaro sikeTe? ideologiebi da izmebi.....................................423

politikis miznebi da saSualebebi

ideologiebi da sajaro interesi

antisamTavrobo ideologiebi memarjvene ideologiebi memarcxene ide-
ologiebi

izmebi da amerikuli politika

iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi saerTo Temebi konservatorebi: eko-
nomikuri uflebebis primati liberalebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis primati
arsebiTi gansxvavebebi konservatorebi, liberalebi da sajaro politika

XIII sajaro sikeTis problemebi: principebi,

prioritetebi da praqtikebi....................................................................................447

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa
gare mtrebisgan dacva Sida mtrebisgan dacva socialuri dacva sa-
kuTar qmedebaTagan dacva

keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa
sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo vali saganmanaTleblo krizisi Se-
mosavlebis ganawileba

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa
rasobrivi diskriminacia pozitiuri qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskrimina-
cia vis sWirdeba dacva?

Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa
Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio Ses-
woreba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba

samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa
danaSauli da sasjeli marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli procedura
samarTlebrivi dacvis sazRvrebi

mizanTa konfliqti

nawili IV politika Zaladobis gziT

XIV revolucia: samarTlianobis saxeliT .........................................................489

revoluciis kvlavdabruneba Tanamedrove revoluciebi: ori tradicia

amerikuli revolucia franguli revolucia ori revoluciis Sedareba

revoluciis sasurveloba: berki, peini da loki

berkis pozicia peinis kritika lokiseuli perspeqtiva

revoluciis mizezebi
 Sesavali 9
tradiciuli axsna revoluciis socialuri fsiqologia revoluciis Ta-
namedrove Teoriebi

XV terorizmi: sustis iaraRi..................................................................................516

ra aris terorizmi?
terorizmis warmoSoba terorizmis logika teroristuli taqtika ter-
oristuli aqti da omi teroristuli jgufebis maxasiaTeblebi terorizmi
alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi.

vin aris teroristi?

teroristebis klasifikacia: kriminalebi, partizanebi Tu revolucionerebi?
teroristis identificireba

terorizmi da sazogadoeba
axalgazrda rekrutebi terorizmis fsiqologia terorizmi da masmedia

terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola

Sida kanonmdebloba qveynebs Soris TanamSromloba unilateraluri
zomebi terorizmis winaaRmdeg ra SeuZlia pirovnebas

SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Sekaveba?

XVI omi: politika sxva saSualebebiT...................................................................553

omis mizezebi
adamianis buneba sazogadoeba garemo

omis Teoriebi: kritika politikis miRma

totaluri omi: omi, romelSic yvela ibrZvis

SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs

birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac veravin igebs

aris Tu ara omi odesme moralurad gamarTlebuli?

samarTliani omis doqtrina samarTliani omis doqtrinis Sefaseba niu-
rnbergis procesi

nawili V politika mTavrobis gareSe

XVII saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: brZola.......................................................591

iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgenTau

klasikuri evropuli sistema

sistemuri winapirobebi evropuli konsensusis marcxi
10
Tanamedrove globaluri sistema
evrocentrizmis dasasruli bipolarobis dasawyisi ideologiis primati
birTvuli omis safrTxe urTierT Sekaveba

amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da dRes

ra aris erovnuli interesi? erovnuli interesis dacva

didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi

bumerangis efeqti axali sagareo politikis ZiebaSi idealizmi, rogorc
egoizmi: zneobis Zala axali samyaro, Zveli Cvevebi axali tendenciebi, Zveli
problemebi ra xdeba civi omis Semdeg? globaluri ekonomika regional-
izmis aRzeveba eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla aRsasrulis axleburad: `mdu-
mare gazafxulis~ Tavidan acileba aRsasruli Zveleburad: birTvuli iaraRis
gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia

apokalifsuri xedvebi: civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba da anarqia?

XVIII saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi: brZola wesrigisTvis....................637

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi msoflio asparezze
mravalerovnuli korporaciebi saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da samTav-
robo oranizaciebi

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)

istoriuli foni: erTa liga gaeros daarseba gaero civi omis dros
gaero civi omis Semdeg didi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis problemebi

saerTaSoriso samarTali
sargeblianoba Sesruleba da iZuleba saerTaSoriso samarTali Taname-
drove epoqaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRuduloba
saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefaseba

mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisaken

Sesavali

dRes politikuri da ekonomikuri aramdgradoba msoflios nebismier adg-

ilze mcxovreb adamianze axdens gavlenas. teroristuli aqtebi, samxedro Seta-
kebebi, samoqalaqo omebi, eTnikuri konfliqtebi, ekonomikuri vardna, safinanso
krizisi da cvalebadi safondo birJa yoveldRiuri movlenebia. iseT fundamen-
tur movlenebs, rogoric 2001 wlis Semodgomaze SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRm-
deg ganxorcielebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi iyo, iseve mravalgvarad Seu-
Zlia imoqmedos Cvens cxovrebaze, rogorc SedarebiT naklebad dramatul aqts,
magaliTad, kongresis mier 2002 wlis gazafxulze miRebul axal kanons safinanso
samarTlis an korporaciuli gigantebis transerovnuli Serwymis Sesaxeb.
movlenebi TvalismomWreli siCqariT icvleba, Tumca politikis ZiriTadi
buneba ucvleli rCeba. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola grZeldeba, iseve rogorc
brZola wesrigisa da samarTlianobisaTvis mTel msoflioSi. Zalauflebis saz-
Rvrebi TviT yvelaze koncentrirebul formebSic ki, gamomwvevad aSkaraa – da-
wyebuli axlo aRmosavleTSi mdebare palestinisa da centralur aziaSi mdebare
avRaneTis msgavsi ZvelisZveli adgilebidan, damTavrebuli SedarebiT mokle is-
toriisa da aseve mokle mexsierebis mqone amerikis SeerTebuli StatebiT.
Zalze aSkaraa warumatebeli an damaxinjebuli politikis, cinikuri an
ubralod arakompetentuli liderobis Sedegebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi. arc
moqalaqeobriobis xarisxi gvaZlevs siamayis saSualebas. es ormagi deficiti,
politikuri sazogadoebis rogorc zeda, aseve qveda safexurebze, erTgvari uxi-
lavi krizisia, ro-melic sakuTari arsebobis uTvalav samxils gvitovebs, magram,
amave dros, garkveulwilad SeumCnevlad arsebobas ganagrZobs. amave dros, arc
usamarTloba, Seuwynarebloba, arasworad gagebuli idealizmi, fanatizmi da
adamianTa tanjva aris ucxo xili, romlis arseboba gvidasturebs, rom Cveni,
kidev ufro dabinZurebuli da gadatvirTuli planeta, ukeTesobisaken ar icv-
leba, miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleTis ramdenime iRblian qveyanaSi adamianebi
Tavs ufro daculad da komfortulad grZnoben, vidre adamianTa umravlesoba
dedamiwis e.w. ganviTarebad regionebSi.
wignis `gavigoT politika~ debiuti 1984 wels Sedga. mas Semdeg Cemi rwmena
politikis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ar Seryeula. uwindeburad mjera, rom studen-
tebs elementaruli codna mainc sWirdebaT msoflioSi arsebuli politikuri
da ekonomikuri Zalebis Sesaxeb, raTa Tavisuflebis sikeTesa da demokratiul
respublikaSi moqalaqeobriv pasuxismgeblobas Caswvdnen. paradoqsulia, rom
rac ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba codna, siaxle da informacia (raSic didi wvli-
li personalur kompiutersa da msoflio masStabiT interner-qsels miuZRvis,
amerikelTa monawileoba politikur procesebSi sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba.
es samwuxaro faqtia, radgan politikuri ganswavlulobis amaRleba pirveli
nabijia moqalaqeTa momavali Taobebis ganaTlebisa da uflebamosilebisaken
_ maT unda miscen xma arCevnebSi, gadaixadon gadasaxadebi da maT xelSi unda
gadalaxos qveyanam rTuli aTwleulebi.
politikis Seswavla erTgvari WiSkaria adamianuri bunebis, sazogadoebisa da
12
samyaros ufro farTod da Rrmad gasagebad. Tavdapirvelad swore es rwmena gaxda
ori axalgazrda profesorisaTvis am wignis pirveli gamocemis Seqmnis stimuli.
es rwmena dRemde wignis mravali gamocemis STagonebis wyaroa da mas emateba is
gancda, rom Cveni Sroma mudam ganaxlebadi procesi iqneba.
politikis kargi Sesavali ori ZiriTad mizans unda emsaxurebodes: (1) gaaqar-
wylos politikis, rogorc mecnierebis gagebis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebuli ner-
viuloba, gansakuTrebiT damwyebTaTvis da (2) uzrunvelyos dRevandeli kole-
jis studentis gamosawvevad aucilebeli inteleqtualuri stimuli. es wigni imis
dadasturebaa, rom politika rogorc mecniereba da filosofia pirdapir erwy-
mis mecnierebis liberalur tradiciebs. fraza `politika rogorc mecniereba da
filosofia~ disciplinaSi erT yvelaze Rrma ganxeTqilebaze mianiSnebs: analiti-
kosebi, romlebic politikas mecnierebis kuTxiT udgebian, xSirad Zalauflebis
mniSvnelobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas, xolo isini, vinc politikas filoso-
fiis mravalmxrivi obieqtiviT ganixilaven, xazs samarTlianobis mniSvnelobas
usvamen. Zalauflebasa da samarTlianobas Soris gansxvaveba, iseve, rogorc mec-
nierebasa da filosofias Soris gansxvaveba xSirad gadaWarbebulia.
realur cxovrebaSi zneobrivi da politikuri sakiTxebi arsebiTad ganuyo-
felia. es imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba TavisTavad qmedebas politikur elfers
ar aZlevs; Zalauflebis marTebul da aramarTebul gamoyenebasa da gamoyenebis
Sedegad mogebulTa da dazaralebulTa Sesaxeb debatebi aqcevs Zalauflebas
politikur kategoriad. amrigad, rodesac sajaro politikis sferoSi samar-
Tlianobis sakiTxi dgeba (magaliTad, abortisa da sikvdiliT dasjis aRkveTa,
policiisa da samxedroebis mier Zalis gamoyeneba), saxeze gvaqvs politikis ar-
sebiTi komponentebi. Zalauflebis an zneobis koncefciisadmi gadaWarbebuli
yuradReba aferxebs politikis gaazrebisa da mtkivneuli da ganxeTqilebis Camom-
gdebi problemebis gadaWris mcdelobas. amrigad, yovelTvis saWiroa tolobis ba-
lansi _ politikuri realizmis Serbileba samarTlianobis siyvaruliT.
swored aseve macduria diqotomia faqtebsa da faseulobebs Soris. racio-
naluri msjeloba dasabuTebuli mosazrebiT kargisa da samarTlianis Taobaze
xSirad ufro mniSvnelovania (an naklebad efemeruli), vidre faqtebi (gancxade-
ba `adolf hitlerma da nacistebma Selaxes adamianTa uflebebi~ amgvari daskv-
nis safuZvelia). faseulobis matarebeli gancxadebebi SesaZloa varaudis maRal
xarisxs Seicavdes, magram ara absolutur utyuarobas (magaliTad, `Tu Zalado-
brivi danaSaulis Semcireba gvsurs, siRaribe unda SevamciroT~). sxva amgvari
sakiTxebi SesaZloa, abortis Taobaze debatebis msgavsad, Zalze rTuli iyos.
magaliTad, SeiZleba Tu ara qalis biologiuri TviTgansazRvris uflebam ga-
daswonos nayofis sicocxlis ufleba? uazroba iqneboda umniSvnelovanesi
sakiTxebis ugulebelyofa maTze pasuxis gacemis sirTulis mizeziT. maSinac
ki, roca swori pasuxebi bundovania, xSirad mcdari pasuxebis gansazRvrac Ta-
visTavad mniSvnelovania.
wigni Sesabamis yuradRebas uTmobs Tanamedrove politikur sakiTxebs da
amave dros, ar ugulebelyofs maT safuZvelSi arsebul maradiul kiTxvebs. mag-
aliTad, xmis mimcemTa winaSe arsebuli dilema, vin iqneboda saukeTeso meri, gu-
bernatori an prezidenti ufro seriozul kiTxvebs wamoswevs xolme. ra kvalifi-
kacia aris aucilebeli saxelmwifo dawesebulebisaTvis? ra xinji aqvs sistemas,
 Sesavali 13
romelic ver iZleva mravalferovani arCevanis saSualebas? aseve, konfliqtebi
eri-saxelmwifoebsa an socialur jgufebs Soris aCens zogad kiTxvebs imis Tao-
baze, ra aiZulebs adamianebs ebrZolon da masobrivad daxocon erTmaneTi.
miuxedavad Cemi mcdelobisa, minimumamde Sememcirebina saxelebisa da TariRe-
bisgamoyeneba, politikur sakiTxebze warmatebuli msjeloba SeuZlebelia
istoriul vakuumSi. istoriuli magaliTebis SerCevisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT
politikis calkeuli sakiTxebis gagebis motiviT. meoce saukunis istoriis zo-
gierTi epizodi (maT Soris, ruseTSi oqtombris revolucia, hitleris germani-
aSi nacional-socialistebis mmarTveloba, koloniuri imperiebis ngreva meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, SeerTebul StatebSi moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebaTa dac-
vis moTxovniT da evropaSi komunizmis damxoba) imdenad mniSvnelovania da iseT
fundamentur kiTxvebs wamos-wevs, rom is, vinc liberalur ganaTlebaze debs Tavs,
maTi mniSvneloba unda icodes.
ra Tqma unda, zogierTi Tema da movlena ramdenime TavSia ganxiluli: poli-
tikis samyaro unakero qsels ufro hgavs, vidre ujrebian karadas. politikaSi,
iseve rogorc bunebaSi, konkretul movlenas an fenomens xSirad mravali mniSvn-
eloba aqvs da sxva movlenebTan da fenomenebTan aSkarad dakavSirebuli rodia.
ZiriTad politikur ideebs, institutebsa da problemebs Soris xazis gavleba
damwyeb students politikuri Tavsatexis erTi SexedviT daukavSirebel nawi-
lebSi azris danaxvaSi exmareba. politikis gasagebad aucilebeli nabijia sx-
vadasxva nawilebs Soris kavSirebis danaxva.
`gavigoT politika~ politikisa da xelisuflebis Seswavlisas qvemodan ze-
moT midgomas iyenebs. is iwyeba studentTaTvis saintereso politikuri fenome-
nis gansazRvriT (magaliTad, omisa da terorizmis) da Semdeg cdilobs maT aRw-
erasa da axsnas. mindoda, rom wigni studentis Cveul cnobismoyvareobaze amego
da amito vecade Tavidan amecilebina ufro Tanamedrove literaturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli mravali Jargoni, teqnikuri Tu bundovani disputi.
konkretuli disciplinis siRrmeebis ganxilvis garda, wigni iseT discip-
linebsac mimoixilavs, rogoricaa istoria da filosofia. xelisuflebisa da
politikis Seswavlisas, is miznad isaxavs liberaluri ganaTlebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebel midgomas. mizani ambiciuria: gamoiwvios studentebSi swavlis iseTi in-
teresi, romelic mTeli cxovreba gahyvebaT. amas ki Sedegad kargad informire-
bul, aqtiurad CarTul, sakuTar TavSi darwmunebul da moazrovne moqalaqeTa
Taobis Camoyalibeba mohyveba, romelic SeZlebs aRSfoTeba gamoxatos sazoga-
doebrivi mliqvnelobis, TaRliTobis, sibriyvis Tu zogadi uunarobis gamo.
I TavSi `Sesavali: politikis Seswavla~ gansazRvrulia politikis ZiriTadi
koncefciebi da yuradReba maxvildeba imaze, Tu rogor da ratom unda Seviswav-
loT es sagani. es Tavi Semdegi Tavebis erTgvari safuZvelia.
I nawilSi (`SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi~) gaanalizebulia rogorc xe-
lisuflebis utopiuri, demokratiuli da avtoritaruli formebi, aseve poli-
tikur sistemaTa sirTuleebi avtoritaruli institutebidan demokratiul
institutebze gadasvlis periodSi. am nawilSi (me-2-dan me-5 Tavis CaTvliT),
romelic aseve erTgvari safuZvelia, Teoriul aspeqtSia ganxiluli sxvadasxva
politikuri reJimebi.
II nawili (`Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi~) sami Tavisagan
14
(6-8 Tavebi) Sedgeba da warmodgenilia Camoyalibebuli demokratiis mqone qvey-
nebi (me-6 Tavi), gardamaval periodSi myofi saxelmwifoebi (me-7 Tavi) da ganviTa-
rebadi qveynebi (me-8 Tavi). msoflios faqtobrivad yvela qveynis xelisufleba
miiswrafis demokratiisaken an `demokratiulobaze~ debs Tavs. es, TavisTavad,
demokratiis ideis Zlevamosilebis saintereso dadasturebaa. miuxedavad xSiri
Tavdasxmisa, demokratiis idea or saukuneze metia mravali adamianis warmosax-
vas STaagonebs. epoqaSi, roca cudi ambebi sisxliT iwereba da moklulebSi Sei-
araRebul meomrebs udanaSaulo moqalaqeebi sWarboben, kargi iqneba gvaxsovdes,
rom demokratiuli idealebi arasdros yofila ase Tbilad miRebuli an farTod
(Tu arasrulyofilad) institucionalizebuli, rogorc dRes.
III nawili `politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba~ (me-9-dan me-13 Tavis CaTv-
liT), koncentrirebulia politikur procesebze. am nawilSi warmodgenilia
SeerTebuli Statebi, ganxilulia moqalaqeoba da socializacia, politikuri
monawileoba (sazogadoebrivi azris Seswavlisa da amomrCevelTa qcevis CaTv-
liT), politikuri organizacia (partiebi da interesTa jgufebi), politikuri
lideroba, politikuri ideologiebi (anu gansxvavebuli `midgoma sajaro sik-
eTis mimarT~) da Tanamedrove sajaro politikis sakiTxebi.
IV nawilSi `politika Zaladobis gziT~ ganxilulia konfliqti, rogorc gan-
sakuTrebuli da universaluri problema politikaSi. masSi problemaTa sami
kategoriaa asaxuli: revolucia, terorizmi da omi (Sesabamisad me-14, me-15 da
me-16 Tavebi). es nawili stimuls miscems studentTa cnobismoyvareobas da gaaR-
viZebs saklaso diskusiaTa survils.
dabolos, V nawili `politika mTvrobis gareSe~ studentebs acnobs msoflio
politikis sakiTxTa ZiriTad koncefciebs, aRwers ZiriTad sqemebs da warmoad-
gens msjelobas mudmivi problemebis Sesaxeb. me-17 Tavi aerTianebs wina gamoce-
mis ori Tavis masalas. masSi ganxilulia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ZiriTa-
di principebi da koncefciebi, msoflio politikis evoluciuri struqtura da
konteqsti da yuradReba eTmoba msoflio problemaTa mTel rigs. me-18 TavSi
ganxilulia saerTaSoriso samarTali da organizaciebi da msoflio wesrigis
Zieba, es ki kursis kargi dasasrulia.
am axal, me-6 gamocemaSi SenarCunebulia wignis wina xuTi gamocemis pedagogiu-
ri Taviseburebebi. yoveli Tavi iwyeba mokle SinaarsiT da mTavrdeba SejamebiT,
muqi daxrili SriftiT aris gamoyofili terminebi, warmodgenilia kiTxvebi
gameorebisaTvis. amas garda, wigni mdidaria mravalferovani masaliT _ fotoe-
biT, cxrilebiT, rukebiT, sqemebiTa da CanarTebiT, romelTagan umravlesoba
ganaxlda an Seicvala.

avtorisagan

wigni `gavigoT politika~ mWidro profesiuli da pirovnuli kavSirebis Sede-

gad Seiqmna. am gamocemis pativi mxolod me mxvda wilad. Cemi Zveli TanamSrom-
eli, doqtori piter skoteni (Dr. Peter Schotten) ukve aRar aris pasuxismgebeli
am gamocemaSi Setanili cvlilebebis, logikuri Secdomebisa Tu faqtebis gamo,
magram misi mondomebisa da inteleqtis kvali, ra Tqma unda, ar waiSleba, sanam
wignis axali gamocemebi daibeWdeba.
 Sesavali 15
madlierebis niSnad

TiTqmis ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi am saxelmZRvanelos eqvsi gamocemis

warmatebaSi sxvadasxva gamomcemlobasa da universitetSi momuSave mraval ada-
mians miuZRvis wvlili. im mecnierTa da pedagogTa Soris, romlebmac saxelmZR-
vanelos am gamocemis xelnaweri kritikulad waikiTxa da mravali fasdaudebeli
SeniSvna momca, iyvnen: piter longo (Peter Longo) _ qalaq karnis nebraskas univer-
siteti; donald, g. beikeri (Donald G. Baker) sauThemptonis koleji, long ailen-
dis universiteti; henri steki (Henry Steck) _ niu iorkis Statis universiteti,
kortlendi; ruT en striklendi (Ruth Ann Strickland) _ apalaCis Statis univer-
siteti da iraj peidari (Iraj Paydar) _ belvius adgilobrivi koleji. minda aseve
madloba vuTxra devid atkinsonsa (David Atkinson) da deil niumans (Dale Neuman)
_ megobrebsa da kolegebs, romlebmac Tavazianad waikiTxes xelnaweris calkeu-
li nawilebi da sasargeblo rCevebi momces.
valSi var Wadsworth-is gamomcemlobis ramdenime redaqtorTan, gansakuTrebiT,
steisi simsTan (Stacey Sims). karolin krolei (Caroline Croley), margaret parksi
(Margaret Parks) da braian Cafi (Brian Chaffee) damexmarnen marketingSi da marketin-
gul komunikaciebSi. minda aseve madloba vuTxra wina gamocemaTa redaqtorebs,
gamsakuTrebiT maikl vebersa (Michael Weber) da dou bels (Doug Bell) yofili St. Mar-
tin’s Press gamomcemlobidan da jeims hedlis (James Headley) im xanmokle periodis
ganmavlobaSi TanamSromlobisaTvis, roca wigni St. Martin’s/Worth Publishers-is sa-
kuTreba iyo. wignis warmatebas dRemde maTi da bevri sxva adamianis wvlili ganapi-
robebs. gamomcemloba Bedford/St. Martin’s-is TanamSromlebma emi makkonaltim (Amy
McConathy) da mariela folk freidma (Marilea Polk Fried) gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes
am gamocemis momzadebaSi.
nadia nedelskim (Nadya Nedelsky) `maswavleblis gzamkvlevi~ kvlav keTilsin-
disierad da mimzidvelad moamzada. winaswar mxiblavs Wadsworth-is redaqtorebT-
an axlo da xangrZlivi urTierToba, romlebmac 2001 wels es wigni Bedford/St. Mar-
tin’s-is mier politologiaze gamocemuli wignebis siis nawilad aRiares.
dabolos, mudam valSi viqnebi Cemi ojaxis _ (meri jos 1990 wels gardaicvala),
devidis, amis, maiklis, barbarasa da rebekas winaSe.

avtoris Sesaxeb

tomas m. magstadtma doqtoris xarisxi Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso kvlevaTa

jon hopkinsis skolaSi (SAIS) moipova. is ramdenime kolejsa da universitetSi as-
wavlis, maT Soris: avgustanas kolejSi, karnis nabraskas universitetsa da samx-
edro-sahaero kolejSi. orjer xelmZRvanelobda politikis mecnierebaTa kaT-
edris. is aseve muSaobda sagareo saqmeTa specialistad federaluri mTavrobis
aRmasrulebel StoSi. wignis gamocemis dros magstadti adiunqt-profesori iyo
qalaq kanzasis rokharstis universitetSi. igi aris avtori wignisa `qveynebi da
mTavrobebi: SedarebiTi politi-ka regionul WrilSi~, me-4 gamocema (Bedford/St.
Martin’s/Wadsworth, 2002).
.
T aavv i I

Sesavali

po li ti kis S es
e sw
wav
avl
laa

politika da yoveldRiuri
cxovreba ZiriTadi koncefciebi
wesrigi
Zalaufleba da masTan
dakavSirebuli cnebebi
samarTlianoba
rogor swavloben politikas?
ra mizniT?
ra meTodebiT?
ra perspeqtividan
ratom swavloben politikas?
piradi interesi
sazogadoebrivi interesi

19
20
adamianTa umravlesoba Cveulebrivad vcxovrobT. samarTlianad vzru-
navT yoveldRiurobis Cveul, Tumca arsebiT detalebze – gadasaxadebze
(maT Soris, swavlis!), ojaxis an SeyvarebulTa winsvlasa da usafrTxoebaze,
imaze, Tu ra modelis manqana viyidoT (an daiqoqeba Tu ara arsebuli man-
qana!) da a. S. raRac doneze vxvdebiT, rom individualuri da ekonomikuri
usafrTxoebisa da pirovnuli bednierebis es Cveulebrivi, magram arcTu
umniSvnelo sazrunavebi ara mxolod Cvens Zalisxmevaze, aramed sazogadoe-
brivi azris xasiaTsa da Sedegebzec, anu politikaze aris damokidebuli. sxva
rom araferi, yvelgan myofi politika Tavs saRamos axali ambebis mosmenis an
yurebisas gvaxsenebs, roca Cvens saxlebSi afrikis Soreul saxelmwifoebSi
mZvinvare umowyalo eTnikuri konfliqtebi, axlo aRmosavleTis Zalado-
brivi Sexla-Semoxlis scenebi da politikuri teroris aqtebi iWreba.
politika mniSvnelovania. swored am mizeziT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
pasuxismgebel moqalaqes politikis Semadgeneli ideebis, institutebisa da
problemebis safuZvlebis codna sWirdeba.

politika da yoveldRiuri cxovreba

politika aris mecniereba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor marTaven da imarTebi-

an adamianebi. qvemoT mocemuli ori hipoTeturi magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom
politika aTasgvar gavlenas axdens Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaze.

magaliTi # 1
kaci, romlis kiserze ori gaupatiureba, mravali SedarebiT
umniSvnelo seqsualuri Zaladoba da ramdenime SeiaraRebuli
Zarcva da Tavdasxmaa, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT cixidan ga-
mouSves. is fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi mkurnalobis periodSi
presas ucxadebs, rom Seicvala, religia daexmara da imedi aqvs,
rom mSobliur qalaqSi dabrundeba da normalur cxovrebas dai-
wyebs. qalaqSi misi dabrunebis pirvelive kviras ramdenime sastiki
gaupatiureba xdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am kacis dadanaSaulebis
aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs, adgilobrivi mcxovrebni aRS-
foTebulebi arian. gaupatiurebis SemTxvevebi amyarebs maT mosaz-
rebas, rom (1) saSiSi damnaSaveebi maT Soris arian; (2) Zalze Znelia
maTi daWera, miuxedavad maTi Tavxeduri da xSiri Tavdasxmebisa;
da (3) daWeris SemTxvevaSic, is qurdebi, mkvlelebi da moZaladee-
bi, romlebmac danaSauli aRiares, zogjer sasamarTlo siste-
mis arasrulyofilebis gamo Tavs iZvrenen xolme. moqalaqeebi
mosamarTleebsa da politikosebs akisreben pasuxismgeblobas im
SiSisaTvis, romelic RamiT maT qalaqs mosvenebis saSualebas ar
aZlevs. `rogorc Cans, kanonmdeblobaSi raRac xarvezi arsebobs,
raki aseTi danaSauli xdeba~, _ acxadeben isini.
 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 21
magaliTi # 2
xandazmuli qalbatoni meri, romelsac axlaxan Seusrulda oTx-
mocdaaTi weli, marto cxovrobs im saxlSi, romelic man da misma
meuRlem patara qalaqSi aiSenes daaxloebiT samocdaxuTi wlis
win. meris sakuTar Tavze zrunva SeuZlia da moxucebulTa saxlSi
gadasvla ar surs. asakis Sesaferisi moTxovnilebebis dakmayo-
filebas Tavisi mokrZalebuli pensiiT is metnaklebad axerxebs,
vidre saxlis gasaTbobad saWiro sawvavis fasi katastrofulad ar
gaizrdeba; amis Semdeg, misi danazogi sxva xandazmuli moqalaqee-
bis danazogTa msgavsad, yovelwliurad iklebs. gasulma orma
zamTarma, romelic gansakuTrebiT mkacri iyo, TiTqmis amowura
meris piradi finansebi. meris imedi sagazeTo statiam daubruna,
romelic ityobineboda, rom mTavrobam SemoiRo kanoni, raTa saw-
vavis subsidiebT uzrunvelyos xandazmulebi. miuxedavad amisa,
cxel xazze darekviT man Seityo, rom bankSi mis angariSze Tanxis
arsebobamde, is subsidias ver miiRebs. meri sasowarkveTilia: `ra
xdeba Cems Tavs? Cans, mTavroba ver moisvenebs, sanam ufulo da
usaxlkaro ar viqnebi. sad aris am qveynad samarTali?~

damnaSavisa da moxuci qalbatonis SemTxveva TvalsaCinos xdis, rom

yoveldRiuri politikis praqtikuli problemebi, romlebic, erTi Sexed-
viT, mxolod calkeul individebze axdens gavlenas, samarTlianobis an
sazogadoebrivi interesis dacvis mudmivi Ziebis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba.
sxva sityvebiT, sakiTxebi met-naklebad politikuria im zomiT, ra zomiTac
saxelmwifo Zalaufleba gavlenas axdens calkeul moqalaqeTa cxovrebasa
da keTildReobaze.

politikis ZiriTadi cnebebi

politikas sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven _ rogorc `SesaZleblis

xelovnebas~, moZRvrebas `vin ras, rodis da sad iRebs~, `faseulobebis av-
toritetul ganawilebas~ da a. S. SeiZlebadefiniciaze verc SevTanxmdeT,
magram zogadad vxvdebiT, rodis gvaqvs saqme plitikasTan. iseve, rogorc
adamianis codnis nebismier sxva sferos, politikur mecnierebasac _ poli-
tikis sistemur Seswavlas _ aqvs sakuTari terminebi da ena. am enis Seswav-
las mniSvelovani politikuri wonis mqone `sami patara sityviT~ _ wesrigi,
Zalaufleba da samarTlianoba _ daviwyebT.

wesrigi

arsebobs ramodenime donis wesrigi. politikuri gagebiT, wesrigi aRniS-

navs im struqturebs, wesebs, ritualebs, procedurebsa da Cveulebebs,
22
romlebic politikur sistemas Seadgenen. igi dafuZnebulia sazogadoe-
brivi wyobilebis (an martivad rom vTqvaT `sazogadoebis~) saZirkvelze.
zustad ra aris sazogadoeba? sazogadoeba, rogorc mas Tanamedrove kon-
teqstSi viyenebT, mWidro kavSirSia sityva TemTan an erTobasTan, romelic
saerTo identobis pirTa gaerTianebaa. Cveulebriv, identoba, nawilobriv
mainc, gansazRvrulia geografiiT, radgan adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTis
axlos cxovroben, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs icnoben, laparakoben erTsa da
imave enaze, aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi, interesebi da gamocdileba. xandax-
an, saerTo miznis gancdis an politikuri erTgulebis safuZvelze, gansx-
vavebuli jgufebi qmnian axal Tems, magram rogorc 1990-iani wlebis dasawy-
isSi sabWoTa kavSirisa da iugoslaviis daSlam gvaCvena, axali socialuri
wyobis Seqmna, kargad stuqturirebuli politikuri sistemis pirobebSic
ki, advili araa.
mTavroba, (xelisufleba) qmnis savaldebulo wesebs, romelTa saSuale-
biT marTavs sazogadoebas. rogor SeiZleba msoflioSi mmarTvelobis mra-
valgvari formebis kategoriebad dayofa? tradiciulad, saxelmwifoebi
iyofa respublikebad (sadac suvereniteti sabolood xalxis xelSia) da
saxelmwifoebad, sadac suvereniteti mmarTvelTa xelSia _ monarqiad an
tiraniad. dReisaTvis, TiTqmis yvela respublika demokratiuli (anu war-
momadgenlobiTi) respublikaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba arCeuli
warmomadgenlebis xelSia, romlebic xalxis winaSe arian pasuxismgebelni.1
zogierTi politologi erTmaneTisgan ubralod ganasxvavebs demokra-
tiul, sadac tardeba Tavisufali arCevnebi, da diqtaturul saxelmwifo-
ebs, sadac aseTi ram ar xdeba. sxvebi, vinc met yuradRebas aqcevs ekonomikas,
ganasxvaveben kapitalisturi anu bazarze dafuZnebuli sistemebis mqone da
socialistur anu saxelmwifos mier regulirebuli sistemebis mqone saxelm-
wifoebs. dabolos, ganviTarebad qveynebSi mTavrobas iseTi saxis gamowvevebT-
an, problemebTan, sirTuleebTan uxdeba gamklaveba, romlebTan brZola
ganviTarebul qveynebs ar sWirdeba; amitom gasakviri araa, rom msoflios
mdidar da Rarib regionebSi sakmaod gansxvavebuli mmarTvelobebis formebi
gvxvdeba.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, saxelmwifo aris suverenitetis erTaderTi
adgilsamyofeli. suverenuli saxelmwifo aris sazRvrebiT mkafiod Semo-
fargluli mTlianoba, romelsac erTi xelisufleba ganagebs. politikis
enaze, saxelmwifo igivea, rac qveyana (ingliisur enaSi state aRniSnavs sax-
elmwifosac da Statsac. mTargm. SeniSvna). magaliTad, SegviZlia safrangeTi
movixsenioT rogorc `saxelmwifo~ an `qveyana~.
eri Sedgeba adamianTa gansxvavebuli jgufebisagan, romelTac aer-
Tianebs saerTo warsuli da Semdeg niSan-TvisebaTagan yvela an erTi mainc:
geografiuli mdebareoba, istoria, rasobrivi an eTnikuri kuTvnileba, re-
ligia, ena, kultura da saerTo politikuri ideebis rwmena. am CamonaTvalis
saTaveSi geografiuli mdebareoba im mizeziT moxvda, rom erTi eris war-
momadgenlebs, rogorc wesi, axasiaTebT kuTvnilebis Zlieri koleqtiuri
grZnoba, romelic dakavSirebulia konkretul geografiul teritoriasTan,
romlisTvis sabrZolvelad, saWiro-ebis SemTxvevaSi ki misTvis sikvdilisT-
 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 23
visac mzad arian xolme.
erebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian warsulisa da homogenurobis (erT-
gvarovnebis anu wevrTa msgavsebis) mixedviT. qveynebi, romlebsac SedarebiT
erTgvarovani mosaxleoba hyavs, ZiriTadad evropaSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad,
poloneTi Zalian homogenuri eria, iseve rogorc skandinaviuri qveynebi
(dania, SvedeTi da norvegia), fineTi, safrangeTi, avstria, portugalia da sa-
berZneTi. ufro araerTgvarovania didi britaneTi, germania, niderlandebi,
espaneTi da italia, magram aqac erT saxelmwifo enaze laparakoben (Tumca
qveynis sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva dialeqtzec saubroben). belgia konti-
nentze im mcirericxovan qveynebs ganekuTvneba, romlebic mkafiodaa gayo-
fili kulturuli da lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT (frangulad molaparake
valonebad da holandiurad molaparake flamandielebad). misgan gansxaveve-
biT, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc imigrantebis saxelmwifo, gansa-
kuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. magram `sadnobi qvabi~ sabolood
yvela axalCamosuls amerikuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad nakadSi aqcevs (asi-
milirebas axdens), riTac amkvidrebs saerTo erovnulobas. 2
aSkaraa, rom eri-saxelmwifos, rogorc ideis da rogorc idealis fes-
vebi, konkretul droSi da adgilas unda veZioT: es axali drois evropis,
gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT evropis istoriaa. igi naklebad miesadageba
msoflios sxva regionebs, sadac suverenuli saxelmwifoebis (romelTagan
bevri meore msoflio omamde evropuli qveynebis kolonia iyo) politikuri
sazRvrebi xSirad ar emTxveva eTnikur Tu kulturul sazRvrebs. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu tomobrivi dajgufebebi, romlebic
tradiciulad erTmaneTs Zlier emterebodnen, aRmoCndnen axal `saxelm-
wifoSi~, ris Sedegadac miviReT arastabilurobisa da samoqalaqo omebis
maRali riskis mqone sazogadoebebi.
meore msoflio omis Semdgomma dekolonizaciam dasabami misca bevr
erTbaSad Seqmnil mravalerovnul saxelmwifos, romlebSic bevri erovnu-
li jgufi (eTnikuri Tu tomobrivi) axal sazogadoebriv wyobaSi asimili-
rebuli ar iyo. mravali aTwleulis Semdegac es problemad rCeba; am axal
saxelmwifoebSi erad Camoyalibeba Soreuli perspeqtivaa. argumentis gasa-
Zliereblad ramdenime magaliTs moviyvanT. 1967 wels, nigeria gaafTrebul
samoqalaqo omSi CaiZira, romlis drosac erTi didi eTnikuri jgufi (ibo)
warumateblad Seecada qveyanas gamoyofoda da damoukidebeli saxelmwifo
Seeqmna. 1994 wels, ruandaSi mowme gavxdiT Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi
yvelaze didi xocva-Jletisa, romelSic hutus ufro mravalricxovani to-
mis warmomadgenlebi tutsis tomis asiaTasobiT adamians, qalebisa da bavS-
vebis CaTvliT, sastikad gauswordnen. sruliad uadgilo da gaumarTle-
belia indoeTis eri-saxelmwifod miCneva, radganac aq aseulobiT enasa da
dialeqtze laparakoben, xSiria Setakebebi indusebsa da muslimebs Soris,
agreTve penjabSi Zaladobis talRis sporaduli agoreba meomari sinxebis
monawileobiT. Sri-lankaze (yofili ceiloni) indusi Tamilebi didi xania
awarmoeben partizanul oms sinhalelebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic budistebi
arian da mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgenen.
saxelmwifoebi daiSala evropis slavur nawilSic, ZvelisZveli eTnikuri
24
dapirispirebebis gamo. sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da Cexoslovakia im
saxelmwifoTa magaliTia, romlebic 1990-ian wlebSi Signidan daiSalnen.
dabolos, arseboben saxelmwifos armqone erebi, magaliTad, palesti-
nelebi da qurTebi. maT saerTo identobis (an Temis) grZnoba aqvT, magram
samSoblo ar gaaCniaT. saxelmwifos gareSe maTi arseboba qmnis Zalze aram-
dgrad situacias, rac yvelaze aSkarad axlo aRmosavleTSi Cans.

Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi

mTavrobebisa da maTi liderebis unari _ SeimuSavon, miiRon da cxovre-

baSi gaataron wesebi, waxalisebisa an sasjelis meSveobiT gavlena iqonion
individebisa Tu jgufebis qcevaze, Seadgens Zalauflebas. mis gareSe xe-
lisufleba ver SeinarCunebs mSvidobas, ver uzrunvelyofs usafrTxoebas,
ver miscems stimuls ekonomikur zrdas da ver gaatarebs efeqtian politi-
kas. Tumca, politikuri Zalauflebis Sedegiani gamoyeneba gacilebiT mets
gulisxmobs, vidre fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis unars. marTlac, arsebobs
Zalauflebis mravali da gansxvavebuli wyaro. damajerebeli saarCevno man-
dati, oratoruli niWi, simdidre an represiuli saidumlo policia _ yvela
es Zalauflebis gansxvavebuli wyaroa. ra Tqma unda, rac ufro meti Zalauf-
lebis wyaro (an resursi) arsebobs, miT metia mTavrobis SesaZleblobebi.
sust mTavrobas xSirad didi zianis motana ar xelewifeba (yovel SemTxveva-
Si, pirdapir mainc), magram kargis gakeTebis SesaZleblobac iSviaTad aqvs.
nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZlebelia Zalauflebis Ta-
nabrad gadanawileba. magram, ramdenime adamianis xelSi Zalauflebis koncen-
trirebis saWiroeba moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi kiTxvebs da eWvebs badebs.
vis xelSia Zalaufleba da gamoiyeneben Tu ara Zalauflebas efeqtianad? _
es saerTo keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia. amitom, kiTxva `vin
marTavs?~ SeiZleba Zalze sakamaTo politikuri sakiTxi iyos. xandaxan pa-
suxi Zalze martivia, sakmarisia Caixedo qveynis konstituciaSi da gaecno
misi xelisuflebis qmedebebs. magram, Tuki xelisufleba saidumlo burus-
Sia gaxveuli an, rogorc es xSirad xdeba, Zalauflebis araformaluri mo-
deli mkveTrad gansxvavdeba qveynis mTavar kanonSi gawerili formaluri
struqturebisagan, SesaZloa rTuli iyos imis gamovlena, realurad vin
marTavs. nebismier saxelmwifoSi, politikuri Tanamdebobebisa da Zalau-
flebis mqone pirTa ricxvi Zalze mcirea mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobas-
Tan SedarebiT. `vin marTavs~ da `ramdenad efeqtianad~ _ am kiTxvebTan er-
Tad, aranakleb mniSvelovania kiTxva: upyria Tu ara mmarTvels politikuri
Zalaufleba kanonierad.
am mxriv mniSvnelovania erTmaneTs davukavSiroT ori cneba: Zalaufleba
da avtoriteti. inglisur enaSi Sesabamisi terminebi (power da authority) xan-
daxan sinonimuradac ki ixmareba, anu sityva authority zog konteqstSi Sei-
Zleba vTargmnoT rogor “xelisufleba”, zogan ki – rogorc “avtoriteti”.
Zalaufleba da avtoriteti politikuri xelisuflebis or sxvadasxva gan-
zomilebas aRniSnavs. mao Zedunma, CineTis komunistma liderma, erTxel
 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 25
Tqva, rom Zalaufleba Tofis lulidan momdinareobs. es sworia, magram
amasTanave Zalze gadaWarbebulic. politikuri Zalaufleba nawilobriv
marTlac gamomdinareobs iZulebis instrumentebis (policia, uSiSroebis
samsaxuri, SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi, jari) flobidan, magram ara mxolod
aqedan. is SeiZleba emyarebodes simdidres, pirovnul qarizmas, ideologias,
religias, an Tundac kerZo piris Tu jgufis moralur avtoritets mocemul
sazogadoebaSi.
amdenad, xelisuflebis realuri ganxorcielebisTvis Tofis lula ar
kmara: mis garda, da SesaZloa masze ufro metad, mas sWirdeba normebi, rom-
lebic sazogadoebis did umravlesobas aRiarebuli da gaTavisebuli aqvs.
es normebi sxvadasxva zomiT fesvgadgmulia qcevis zneobriv, religiur da
samarTlebriv kodeqsebSi. xelisufleba rogorc avtoritetiT aRWurvili
Zalaufleba (anu authority, rogorc mas inglisurad eZaxian) gulisxmobs legi-
timurobas – mdgomareobas, roca Zalauflebis gamoyeneba misdevs garkveul
institutebs da wesebs, xolo adamianebi maT iZulebis gareSe emorCilebian
da samarTlianad da sworad miiCneven. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom es gansaz-
Rvreba sulac ar gulisxmobs, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis erTaderTi
legitimuri formaa. piriqiT, monarqia an diqtaturis sxva nairsaxeobac Sei-
Zleba legitimuri iyos. Tu gvinda gavigoT, gvaqvs Tu ara saqme legitimur
xelisuflebasTan, is ki ar unda vikiTxoT, aqvT Tu ara adamianebs arCevneb-
Si monawileobis, gaficvis an ukmayofilebis sajarod gamoxatvis ufleba,
aramed is, Tu ramdenad uRirT maT es uflebebi (an romelime maTgani). Tu
xalxi kmayofilia arsebuli politikuri wesrigiT (imis miuxedavad, aqvs Tu
ara arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba), mmarTveloba legitimuri yofila. ese
igi, Zalaufleba avtoritetiTac yofila aRWurvili, risi bunebrivi Sedegic
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis stabilurobaa. istoriam sakmarisad bevri mag-
aliTi mogvca imisa, rom SesaZlebelia Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba (uzur-
pacia) da saxalxo mandatis an sazogadoebis mxardaWeris, moraluri, relig-
iuri Tu samarTlebrivi dasayrdenis gareSe qveynis marTva. am SemTxvevaSi
gvaqvs xelisufleba avtoritetis anu legitimurobis gareSe. Zalauflebis
amgvari uzurpaciis magaliTebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi
mravlad moiZebneba axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi, aziaSi da
sxvagan; 1980-ian wlebamde msgavsi ram xSiri iyo laTinur amerikaSic.
avtoritets Tu legitimurobas ZaliT xelSi ver Caigdeb: igi SeiZleba
daimkvidro, an masze pretenzia gamoTqva. Tumca, cariel legitimurobasac
azri ara aqvs, Tu mmarTvelobis realuri berketebi ar gagaCnia. legitimu-
robis xarisxze didwilad aris damokidebuli is, problemad xom ar eqceva
mmarTvel gunds Zalauflebis SenarCuneba da ramdenad dasWirdeba mas saa-
misod Zalis gamoyeneba. Tu xalxi ar cnobs xelisuflebis avtoritets, ara-
legitimuri mmarTvelebi arCevanis winaSe dgebian: an uari Tqvan Zalaufle-
baze, an CaaxSon TavianTi mowinaaRmdegeebi. Tavis mxriv, is, gaamarTlebs Tu
ara samTavrobo represiebi, or ramezea damokidebuli: erTis mxriv, ramde-
nad farTo da mtkicea opozicia, meorec, gaaCnia Tu ara mTavrobas sakmarisi
finansuri resursebi da iZulebis meqanizmebi, rom oponentebi daamarcxos
da Semdgomi gamowvevebi Tavidan aicilos.
26
zogadad, mmarTvelebisTvis yovelTvis jobia, hqondeT sazogadoebis
mxardaWera, vidre ar hqondeT. es principi mieyeneba ara mxolod demokra-
tiebs, aramed diqtaturebsac, Tundac imitom, rom xangrZlivi represiebi
sakmaod Zviri jdeba. cxadia, rom Tu xalxi pativs scems Tavis mmarTvelebs
da iZulebis an Zalis gamoyenebis muqaris gareSe emorCileba dadgenil we-
sebs, sazogadoebaSi wesrigis da stabilurobis SenarCuneba gacilebiT ad-
vildeba. metic, daTrgunuli, ukmayofilo da daCagruli adamianebi sak-
marisad motivirebuli da nayofieri muSakebic ver iqnebian – wina saukuneSi
swored es aRmoCnda bevri diqtaturis aqilevis qusli. aRmosavleT evro-
pasa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi komunisturi wyobis damxoba didwilad am
faqtormac ganapiroba.

samarTlianoba

imis gamo, rom marTulebi yovelTvis mmarTvelebze metni arian, war-

moiqmneba gansxvavebuli, arcTu iSviaTad dapirispirebuli mosazrebebi
xelisuflebis politikis da programebis samarTlianobis Sesaxeb. xSir-
ad amtkiceben, rom moqalaqeTa erTi nawilis danarCen nawilze batonoba
(mmarTveloba) misaRebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sazogadoebrivi
interesebisTvis xelsayrelia. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalauflebis ganxor-
cieleba samarTlianobis sakiTxis meSveobiT unda iqnas gawonasworebuli:
Zalaufleba samarTlianad, marTulTa interesebis dacviT xorcieldeba Tu
mxolod mmarTvelTa sasargeblod gamoiyeneba? 2000 welze meti xnis ganmav-
lobaSi, politikis damkvirveblebi ganasxvaveben politikuri Zalauflebis
gamoyenebas, erTi mxriv sajaro, xolo, meore mxriv, piradi interesebisaT-
vis. es adasturebs, ramdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs samarTlianobas poli-
tikur cxovrebaSi.
samarTlianobis sakiTxis dasmis saSualebas yvela saxelmwifo ar iZ-
le va; marTlac, Tuki istorias gadavavlebT Tvals, saxelmwifoTa umrav-
lesoba swored ase iqceoda. dResac ki, zogierTi mTavroba sastikad da
Tanamimdevrulad devnis politikur diskusiebsa da debatebs, radgan
eSinia, rom Tuki sazogadoebis yuradReba samarTlianobis da sazogadi
sikeTis ZiriTad sakiTxebze SeCerdeba, arsebuli politikuri wyobis le-
gitimuroba SeiZleba safrTxeSi aRmoCndes. Zalian xSirad xelisuflebis
mmarTvelobis meTodis kritikam SeiZleba kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos xe-
lisuflebis zneobrivi da kano nieri ufleba, marTos qveyana. es erT-erTi
mizezia imisa, ratomaa politikuri Tavisufleba ase mniSvnelovani. samarT-
lianobas xSirad imis mixedviT gansazRvraven, ramdenad icavs mTavroba
individis uflebebs (esaa, bunebiTi, adamianisa da samoqalaqo uflebebi).
amaTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani is uflebebia, romelic saSualebas aZlevs
moqalaqes, eWvi Seitanos mTavrobis qmedebis samarT lianobaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia sazogado sikeTis sakiTxebis miCu-
maTeba, maTi sabolood CaxSoba SeuZlebelia. kiTxvebi, romeli mmarTve-
lia kanonieri an romeli politikuri kursia sasurveli, TavisTavad Cndeba
 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 27
yoveldRiur saubrebSi. es, rogorc Cans, adamianis bunebaSi Zevs. berZeni fi-
losofosi aristotele (384-322 Zv. w.) SeniSnavda, rom cxovelebisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, romlebsac mxolod siamovnebis da tkivilis gamomxatveli xmebis
gamocema SeuZliaT, adamiani gamoiyenebs gonebas da enas `raTa gamoxatos,
ra aris sasargeblo da ra aris samarTliani da usamarTlo~. amitom, gansx-
vavebiT sxva cxovelebisagan, `mxolod adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli sik-
eTisa da borotebis, samarTlianobis da usamarTlobis gancda...~3 aqedan ga-
momdinare, adamianis unari ganapirobebs zneobrivi gansjis SesaZleblobis
da politikuri diskusiis aucileblobasac.

moqalaqeebs politikuri usamarTlobis Sesaxeb sakuTari moTxovnebis gacxadeba

mravali gziT, maT Soris demonstraciebisa da saprotesto aqciebis saSualebiT,
SeuZliaT. 1995 wlis oqtomberSi luis faraxanis momxreTa-is milioniani sapro-
testo aqciis erT-erTi mizani iyo imis garkveva, samarTlianad epyrobodnen Tu
ara afro-amerikel moqalaqeebs SeerTebul StatebSi.

rogor swavloben politikas

berZeni filosofosi aristotele iTvleba politikuri mecnierebis ma-

mamTavrad.4 is ara marto werda politikasa da eTikaze, aramed aRwera sx-
vadasxva politikuri wyoba da maTi klasifikaciisa da Sefasebis sqemac
dagvitova. aristotelesaTvis politikuri mecniereba ubralod politi-
kur Ziebas niSnavda. amitom, am dargis mecnieri misTvis aris is, vinc siste-
maturi Ziebis gziT politikis WeSmariti bunebis amoxsnas cdilobs. am Tval-
sazrisiT, politikis Seswavlisadmi aristoteleseul, 2000-ze meti wlis
winandel midgomas, bevri saerTo aqvs imasTan, ras akeTeben Tanamedrove
28
politologebi. Tumca, aristoteles Semdeg am disciplinam mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi ganicada.
dRes ar arsebobs konsensusi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelia politikis Seswav-
lis saukeTeso saSualeba. amis gamo, saxezea mravalwaxnagovani disciplina,
romelSic sxvadasxva mecnieri sxvadasxva midgomas irCevs, svams gansxvave-
bul SekiTxvebs da sxvadasxva auditorias mimarTavs. miRebuli nazavi sulac
araa urigo. ufro metic, igi asaxavs disciplinis mravalferovnebasa da mniS-
vnelobas, iseve rogorc adamianis aqtivobis im usazRvro sivrces, romelic
politikurma mecnierebam unda moicvas. Semdeg gverdebze ganvixilavT imas,
ratom da rogor Seiswavlian Tanamedrove politologebi politikas.

ra mizniT?

garkveuli gagebiT, politikuri mecniereba arafriT ar gansxvavdeba bio-

logiis, istoriis an fsiqologiisagan. iseve rogorc sxva mecnierebaTa Sem-
swavleli mkvlevarebi eZieben WeSmaritebas Sesabamis sferoSi, politikuri
mecnierebis mimdevrebic cdiloben Caswvdnen WeSmaritebas politikisa da
xelisuflebis Sesaxeb.
codnis miRebis garda, politikis gegmazomier Seswavlas praqtikuli
upiratesobebic aqvs. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis interesTa jgufebis
Seswavla ara mxolod mdidar informacias gvaZlevs maTi raodenobis, Semad-
genlobisa da gavlenis Sesaxeb, aramed am ukanasknelT aCvenebs im gzebs, rom-
lebiTac maT SeuZliaT ufro efeqtianad imoqmedon. garda amisa, sazogadoe-
brivi azris gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs amomrCevels, Tu ra Sedegebs unda elodnen
arCevnebisgan, aseve exmareba kandidatebs saarCevno kampaniis dagegmvasa da
ama Tu im regionsa an StatSi saarCevno taqtikis daxvewaSi (ix. Tavi X). analo-
giurad, sagareo politikis an saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis eqsperti ara
mxolod flobs informacias amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier bolo 25
weliwadSi xelmowerili da ratificirebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb, ar-
amed SeuZlia Camoayalibos rekomendaciebi imis Taobaze, ra garTulebebsa
da grZelvadian Sedegebs gamoiRebs axal aliansSi Sesvla an sakuTar Tavze
msoflio masStabis axali valdebulebebis aReba (ix. Tavi XVIII).
Tumca, xSirad eqspertebi da specialistebi ver pouloben saerTo enas.
politikur mecnierebaSi, es SeuTanxmeloba scildeba konkre tul Temebs
da moicavs Zireul sakiTxebs, magaliTad, iseTs rogoricaa politikis Ses-
axeb `WeSmariti~ mecnierebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba an SeuZlebloba;
unda cdilobdes Tu ara politikuri mecniereba iwinaswarmetyvelos mov-
lenebi ise zustad, rogorc amas qimikosebi da fizikosebi akeTeben? unda
wavuyenoT, mivusadagoT Tu ara politikis mecnierebs igive standartebi,
rac vTqvaT, meteorologebs? imi saTvis, rom gavigoT politologebs So-
ris arsebuli mravalferovneba, Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT is, rasac
Cveulebriv `meTodolo gias~ uwodeben.
 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 29

ra meTodebiT?

politologTa klasifikaciis araerTi principi arsebobs. Tumca, Sev-

CerdebiT Tanamedrove politikur mecnierebaSi arsebul or mimarTulebaze:
tradicionalistebi bihevioralistebis, xolo politikuri ekonomistebi _
marqsistebis winaaRmdeg. gaiTvaliswineT, rom es kategoriebi erTmaneTs ar
gamoricxavs da mecnierebi xSirad sxvadasxva midgomas aerTianeben.

tradiciuli midgoma. politikis ZiriTadi elementebis codnasTan erTad,

tradicionalistebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben Sefasebas. isini cdiloben
Seafason ara mxolod is, rogor muSaobs esa Tu is politika, procesi an in-
stituti, aramed isic, ramdenad kargad muSaobs igi garkveuli zneobrivi Tu
kanonieri standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, kongresis sakomiteto
sistemis, birTvuli safrTxis, an gaerTianebuli erebis qmediTunarianobis
ganxilvisas, isini sakiTxs ase dasvamdnen: `arsebobs ukeTesi alternativa?~
msgavsi SefasebisTvis arsebobs mravalgvari kriteriumi _ es SeiZleba
iyos filosofia da formaluri logika, konstituciebi, xelSekrulebebi,
oficialur dokumentTa teqstebi, sasamarTlo saqmeebi, eqspertTa az-
rebi da sxv. amas garda, kvlevis Tematikisa da meTodebis SerCeva xSirad
imis mixedviT xdeba, ra miaCnia konkretul mkvlevars yvelaze ufro mniS-
vnelovnad. magaliTad, naSromi xelisuflebis (aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeb-
lo da sasamarTlo Stoebs Soris) danawilebis Sesaxeb, konstituciis mimox-
ilviT daiwyeboda, raSic udavod jeims medisonis `federalistSi~ (1787-88
ww.) gamoqveynebuli cnobili komentarebic Sevidoda. an, kvleva SeiZleba
yuradRebas amaxvilebdes im ekonomikur interesebze, romlebsac damfuZne-
blebi gamoxatavdnen, an im socialur klasze, romlis warmomadgenelic
praqtikulad yvela damfuZnebeli iyo _ magram aseTi midgoma mkvlevars
ukve tradiciuli politikuri mecnierebis sazRvrebs miRma gaiyvanda bi-
hevioralizmis, politikuri ekonomikis an gamoricxuli araa, marqsistuli
analizis sferoSi. modiT, axla bihevioralizmi ganvixiloT.

bihevioralistuli midgoma, tradicionalisturisagan gansxvavebiT,

romelic aqcents politikis normatiul sakiTxebze akeTebs, met yurad-
Rebas mecnierul meTods uTmobs. es msoflmxedveloba, romelic meore
msoflio omis Semdeg gavrcelda, politikuri qcevisa da politikuri
procesebis di na mikisa da Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebis ufro
konkretul amocanas isa xavs miznad. tradicionalisti politologebi-
sagan gansxvavebiT, bihevio ralistebi, Cveulebriv, eridebian politikis
Sesaxeb moralur Tu filosofiur Sefasebebs (daskvnebs), radgan miaCni-
aT, rom aseTi Sefasebebi araferia, Tu ara spekulacia da maTi mecnieru-
lad dasa buTeba SeuZlebelia.
bihevioralisti mecnierebi arad agdeben `Rirebulebebs~, mis magier upi-
ratesobas `faqtebze~ dayrdnobas aniWeben (arsebobs Tu ara politikur
cxovrebaSi aSkara gansxvaveba Rirebulebebsa da faqtebs Soris, is sakiTxia,
romelsac saTanado yuradReba iSviaTad eqceva). bihevioralistebi iyene-
30
ben mecnierul meTods, romelic kargadaa nacnobi iseTi dargebis mkvlev-
arTaTvis, rogoricaa biologia, fizika da qimia da svamen iseT SekiTxvebs,
romlebzec pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia mxolod kvleviTi proeqtis Sedge-
nis, empiriuli monacemebis Segrovebis, statistikuri analizis meTodebis
gamoyenebisa da hipoTezis dasabuTebisaTvis saWiro eqsperimentebis Ca-
tarebis gziT. zogierTi bihevioralisti deduqciur meTodebs ufro mimar-
Tavs vidre induqciurs, qmnis rTul maTematikur modelebs, raTa axsna
mouZebnos amomrCevelTa, politikur partiaTa, gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa,
koaliciis wevrTa da sxvaTa qcevas. am suliskveTebiT, ukve naxevar sauku-
neze metia, rTuli statistikuri da maTematikuri kvlevebi tardeboda omis
korelatebisa (dakavSirebuli cnebebis) da mizezebis dasadgenad.
bihevioralistuli midgomis erTi magaliTi dagvexmareba misi meTo-
debis aRweraSi. 1996 wlis dekemberSi, erT cnobil samecniero JurnalSi
gamoqveynda kvlevis _ `arCevnebSi monawileobis maCveneblebis (amomr-
CevelTa aqtiurobis) gavlena senatis da sagubernatoro arCevnebze~,
Sedegebi.5 kvleva svamda Semdeg konkretul kiTxvas, romelze pasuxis
gacema Teoriulad, raodenobrivi meTodis saSualebiT iyo SesaZlebeli:
marTalia Tu ara, rogorc es bevrs sjera, rom amomrCevelTa maRali
aqtiurobademokratiuli partiisTvisaa xelsayreli? gavrcelebuli
mosazreba, rom amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiuroba exmareboda demokratebs
gamarjvebebis mopovebaSi, gulisxmobda: (1) SedarebiT dabali socialur-
ekonomikuri statusis mqone adamianebi ufro iSviaTad iRebdnen
monawileobas arCevnebSi, vidre maRali socialur-ekonomi kuri statusis
mqo neni; (2) rodesac izrdeboda amomrCevel Ta aqtiuroba, xmis misacemad
arCevneb ze modioda ufro meti dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis
mqo ne adamiani da (3) dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis mqoneni ufro
im partias miscemdnen xmas, romelic, maTi azriT, ufro Sedegianad daicavda
muSaTa klasis interesebs, kerZod, demokratiul partias. bevri politikuri
eqpertisaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda es Teoria, romlis mixedviT, ukanasknel
arCevnebze respublikelTa gamarjvebebi amomrCevelTa dabal aqtiurobas
SeiZleba dabraleboda. politikosebmac daijeres, rom amomrCevelTa
maRali aqtiuroba demokratebs exmareboda, rac erT-erTi mizezi gaxda imisa,
ratom uWerdnen, rogorc wesi, demokratebi mxars (xolo respublikelebi
ewinaaRmdegebodnen) 1995 wlis amomrCevelTa registraciis erovnul aqts
(kanonma ioli gaxada amomrCevelTa registraciis procedurebi).
mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes statistikuri monacemebi dawyebuli 1928 wlidan
da Seiswavles 1 842 Statebis donis, senatoris _ 983 da gubernatoris 859 arCev-
nebi. kvlevaSi ar Sevida ori tipis arCevnebi _ (1) samxreTis StatebSi 1928 da
1965 wlebs Soris Catarebuli arCevnebi, romlebSic, faqtobrivad, gamarjvebis
realuri Sansis mqone mxolod erTi partia (demokratiuli partia) monawileob-
da da (2) arCevnebi, romlebSic mesame partiis kandidatebma miiRes xmaTa 5 pro-
centze meti. maTematikuri testis saSualebiT mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom 1928
wlidan 1964 wlamde amomrCevelTa maRali aqtiuroba marTlac exmareboda de-
mokratiul partias, magram 1964 wlis Semdeg Sedegebi sagrZnoblad gansxvavde-
boda. senatorebis arCevnebSi, arCevnebis dRes amomrCevelTa aqtiurobasa
 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 31
da demokratebisaTvis micemul xmebis raodenobas Soris araviTari kavSiri
ar arsebobda; gubernatorebis arCevnebSi, respublikelebi demokratebze
odnav win iyvnen, Tumca statistikurad sxvaoba umniSvnelo iyo.
ratom gaqarwylda1964 wlis Semdeg amomrCevelTa aqtiurobis sayov-
elTaod miRebuli Teoria? miuxedavad imisa, rom es kiTxva kvlevis horiz-
onts scildeboda, masze pasuxi exmaureboda kidev erT kompleqsur Teorias
amerikeli amomrCevlis qcevis Sesaxeb. 1964 wlis Semdeg damoukidebel kan-
didatTa raodenobis zrdis Sedegad (Semcirda partiuli identifikacia da
xmis winaswargansazRvruli micema), sul ufro rTuli gaxda imis gaangariSe-
ba, romel partias moutans mogebas amomrCevelTa aqtiurobis mateba.
es rTuli kvleviTi proeqti moicavs im meTodologias, romelsac bihevio-
ralisti politologebi iyeneben. bihevioralistebi, iseve rogorc sxva
mkvlevari mecnierebi, codnis gzaze gakeTebuli patara nabijebiTac kmayo-
fildebian. yovel axal nabijs momaval kvlevasTan mivyavarT.
adamianis qcevis Seswavla sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba airebis an labo-
ratoriuli Tagvebis qcevis Seswavlisagan. adamianis qcevas TiTqmis yo-
velTvis mravalgvari axsna moeZebneba. uaRresad rTulia qcevis erTi ro-
melime mizezi gamoarCio da gamoyo, ganasxvavo WeSmariti mizezi ubralo
sta tistikuri korelaciisagan. magaliTad, ramdenime kvlevis Tanaxmad,
damnaSaveebi, rogorc wesi, kanonmorCil moqalaqeebze naklebad Wkvi-
anebi arian. Tuki asea, iqneb dabali inteleqtia danaSaulis mizezi (iqneb
bevr damnaSaves ar esmis kanonis darRvevis Sedegebi an jildo, romelsac
sazogadoeba survilebis `myisier~ dakmayofilebaze uaris TqmisaTvis
iZleva)? rogor mimarTebaSia dabali inteleqti danaSaulis sxva kore-
latebTan (da mizezebTan), rogoricaa asaki, sqesi, pirovnuli tipi, bavS-
vobaSi gadata nili abuCad agdeba Tu uaryofa, an narkotikebsa da alko-
holze damokidebuleba? ra SeiZleba iTqvas Tavisufal nebaze? unda
vivaraudoT Tu ara, rom pasu xismgebeli sazogadoebaa da ara danaSaulis
Camdeni individi?
bihevioralisti da tradicionalisti politologebi xSirad ver Tanxmde-
bian ara marto imaze, rogor unda moxdes politikis Seswavla, aramed imazec,
ra kiTxvebi unda daisvas. bihevioralistebi upiratesobas aniWeben konkre-
tuli da viwrod gansazRvruli sakiTxebis ganxilvas, romlebzec pasuxs ra-
odenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT scemen. msgavsi kvlevebis Tvalsawieris
miRma rCeba politikis bevri, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki samarTlianobasTan dakavSirebuli. iseTi kiTxvebi, rogoricaa
`ra aris samarTlianoba?~ an `romelia saukeTeso politikuri sistema?~ _
ukugdebulia, radgan maTze pasuxebi, rogorc amtkiceben, Seicavs politika-
ze subieqtur Sexedulebebs da RirebulebiT Sefasebebs. amis pasuxad, tradi-
cionalistebi amtkiceben, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki msgavsi sakiTxebis
mecnierulad axsna SeuZlebelia, yvela RirebulebiTi Sefaseba rodia TviT-
neburi (piraduli) an ubralo crurwmenaze dafuZnebuli. maTi mtkicebiT,
politikis Seswavlis mxolod im kiTxvebiT Semofargvla, romlebsac raode-
nobrivi pasuxebi moeZebnebaT, politikuri mecnierebis akademiur TamaSad
gadaqcevis safrTxes Seicavs.
32
adamianis qcevis sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sulac araa gasakviri, rom
eqspertebi meTodologiaze kamaToben. kamaTi or mimarTulebas _ tradi-
cionalistebsa da bihevioralistebs Soris, dRes naklebad intensiuria,
vidre adre iyo xolme. orivem SesamCnevi wvlili Seitana politikisa da
mmarTvelobis SeswavlaSi. politikis SeswavlaSi aseve mniSvnelovani wv-
lili Seitana politikurma ekonomikam da marqsizmma. axla am or, urTi-
erTsawinaaRmdego midgomas ganvixilavT.

politikuri ekonomia. bevri politologi politikas politikuri eko-

nomikis prizmaSi ganixilavs. es gulisxmobs politikisa da makroekonomikis
ara or gansxvavebul disciplinad, aramed erTi monetis or sxvadasxva mx-
ared danaxvas. am gadasaxedidan, politikuri analizi, romelic ignorire-
bas ukeTebs ekonomikas, ugulvebelyofs realobas. aseve, politikisagan da-
clili ekonomikuri analizi mxolod fuWi Teoriuli savarjiSoa. realur
samyaroSi, politika da ekonomika imdenad mWidrodaa erTmaneTze damokide-
buli, rom maTi erTmaneTisagan daSoreba mzis Suqisa da dRis sinaTlis erT-
maneTisagan daSorebis tolfasia.
kiTxvebi, romlebic politekonomistebs awuxebT, momdinareobs po-
litikis am gafarToebuli definiciisgan. ekonomika politikisagan gansxvave-
bul cnebebze akeTebs aqcents _ konfliqtis magier konkurenciaze, Zalau-
flebis nacvlad _ simdidreze, amomrCevlis nebis nacvlad _ momxmareblis
arCevanze da a.S. amas garda, ekonomistebi politologebze metad arian ori-
entirebuli fiskalur da fulad-sakredito politikaze _ gadasaxadebis
da saxelmwifo xarjebis, saprocento ganakveTebisa da fuladi masis, ta-
rifebisa da vaWrobis CaTvliT, _ rogorc gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa
xelSi mZlavr politikur instrumentze. politologebi, meore mxriv, met
yuradRebas uTmoben interesTa jgufebis gavlenas sajaro politikaze an
iseTi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis politikur mniSvnelobas, rogoricaa
saprocento ganakveTis cvlileba, xarjva deficitis dros, gadasaxadebis
Semcireba, vaWrobis liberalizacia.
politekonomistebi cdiloben orive sferos, politikisa da ekonomi-
kis, saukeTeso mxareebi gaaerTianon, raTa miiRon maRali donis analizi,
ganmartebisa da prognozis ufro maRali xarisxiT. politekonomikis meTo-
debi SedarebiTi da saerTaSoriso politikis, aseve, romelime erTi qveynis
politikis, Seswavlis nayofieri saSualebaa. warmogidgenT politikuri
ekonomikis pesrpeqtividan danaxuli samyaros mokle aRweras:
1. msoflios materialuri simdidre cudadaa (araTanabradaa) ganawilebuli.
RaribTa oTx mexuTedze meti cxovrobs or regionSi: afrikaSi _ saharis samx-
reTiT da samxreT aziaSi. 1998 wels CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evro-
paSi mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) erT sul mosaxleze ormocdaaTjer
meti iyo, vidre saharis samxreTiT afrikaSi da ocdaTxuTmetjer meti vi-
dre aziasa da wynari okeanis regionSi (sadac iseTi mdidari qveynebic Se-
dian, rogoric iaponia, samxreTi korea da taivania).
2. ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi bevr qveyanaSi ekonomikuri
zrdis maCveneblebma iklo, rac yvelaze mZimed swored Rarib regionebze
 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 33
aisaxa. ganviTarebad qveynebze zrdis tempis klebis gavlena yvelaze naT-
lad SeiZleba Sefasdes, Tuki zrdis temps SevadarebT mosaxleobis matebis
temps, rac mTliani ekonomikisaTvis erT sul mosaxleze wliuri zrdis
temps mogvcems. am sazomiT, bevri ganviTarebadi qveynis ekonomikas, gansa-
kuTrebiT afrikaSi saharis samxreTiT, aseve zogierT arabul qveyanasa da
samxreT aziaSi, yovelwliurad ecleba niadagi.
3. simdidris ganawileba ganviTarebad (Rarib) qveynebsa da regionebSi ufro
araTanabaria, vidre ganviTarebul (mdidar) qveynebsa da regionebSi. maga-
liTad, braziliaSi mosaxleobis 10 procentis mflobelobaSia qveynis sim-
didris 50 procenti, xolo keniaSi, zambiaSi, perusa da meqsikaSi es maCvene-
beli 40 procentia. amis sapirispirod, aSS-sa da iaponiaSi, zeda 10 procenti
flobs simdidris 25 procentze naklebs.

zemomoyvanili aRwera naTlad aCvenebs, rogor gansazRvravs Cvens mier

arCeuli midgoma an perspeqtiva imas, rasac davinaxavT an miviCnevT mniS-
vnelovnad.mkvlevris mier arCeuli Temebic da analizis meTodebic mniS-
vnelovanwiladaa gansazRvruli im midgomiT, romelsac upiratesobas mivani-
WebT. im midgomaTa Soris, romlebmac arsebiTi gavlena iqonies politikur
mecnierebaze (da msoflio politikaze), sayuradReboa marqsistuli anal-
izic, miuxedavad imisa, mogvwons igi Tu ara.

marqsistuli midgoma. marqsizmi, rogorc ideologia, ganxilulia winam-

debare naSromis me-5 da me-12 TavebSi. rogorc ideologia, marqsizmi samu-
damodaa dakavSirebuli memarcxene totalitarizmTan, yofil sabWoTa
kavSirSi stalinisturi xanisa da msoflios sxva qveynebSi komunisturi re-
Jimebis nairsaxeobebTan (dRemde SemorCenil, komunistebis mier marTul
saxelmwifoTa Sorisaa CineTi, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba). magram arsebobs
marqsis ideebis gamoyenebis gansxvavebuli gzac. mecnierebi komunistur
qveynebSi iZulebuli arian marqsizmis oficialuri versia sajarod aRia-
ron, miuxedavad imisa, eTanxmebian Tu ara mas piradad. bevri mecnieri ara-
komunistur qveynebSi (aSS-is CaTvliT) miiCnevs, rom analizis marqsiseuli
kategoriebi sasargebloa politikur-ekonomikuri procesebis axsnisas. am
mecnierTagan zogierTs SeiZleba hqondes piradi politikuri dRis wesrigi
_ anu ideologiuri motivebi _ magram ukiduresad aramecnieruli iqneboda,
yovelive socialisturis mimarT brma rwmenis gamo, demokratiuli kapital-
izmis marqsiseuli kritikis ignorireba.
aSS-Si, marqsizms mokrZalebuli akademiuri (da politikuri) mimzidveloba
hqonda, nawilobriv civi omis da marqsizmsa da sabWouri stilis komunizms
Soris aSkara kavSiris gamo. Tumca, bevr sxva qveyanaSi, marqsizmma rogorc
saSinao, aseve sagareo doneze, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina politikis,
ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis Seswavlaze.
magaliTad, ganviTarebadi qveynebiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTa mier
Camoyalibebulma skolam aitaca marqsistuli analizis erT-erTi for-
ma, romelsac daqvemdebarebis Teoria ewodeba. iziareben ra im azrs, rom
dedamiwis bunebrivi resursebis maragi SezRudulia (ulevi araa), daqvem-
34
debarebis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtkiceben, rom msoflio (anu globaluri
sazogadoeba) dayofilia sam ZiriTadad klasad: industriuli birTvi (aSS,
dasavleTi evropa da iaponia), naxevradperiferia (axali industriuli
qveynebi, rogorebicaa samxreTi korea, taivani, singapuri, Cile da brazi-
lia) da periferia (aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis yofil kolon-
iur regionebSi ganlagebuli qveynebis didi umravlesoba). periferiis da
naxevradperiferiis qveynebi bazriT, kapitaliT da teqnologiiT daqvemde-
barebulni arian industriul birTvze. industriuli qveynebis interesebs
warmoadgens am daqvemdebarebis samudamod SenarCuneba.
daqvemdebarebis sistema msoflio uTanasworobis mudmiv SenarCunebas
ramdenime gziT uzrunvelyofs. jer erTi, birTvis saxelmwifoebi awarmoe-
ben ZviradRirebul saqonels, xolo periferiis qveynebi maT iaf nedleuls
(sursaT-sanovagesa da mineralur nedleuls) awvdian. fasebiT manipuli-
reba wamyvani ekonomikuri Zalebis xelSia _ Sedegad, vaWrobis pirobe-
bi (samrewvelo saqonlis momsaxurebisa da produqtebis fasebi) birTvis
saxelmwifoebisTvis ufro xelsayrelia. moxmarebis sagnebze fasebi wli-
dan wlamde mniSvelovan cvlilebas ganicdis; bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana
damokidebulia erTi an ori saxis moxmarebis sagnis eqsportze (rogoricaa
Saqari, yava, banani, juTi). moxmarebis sagnebis eqsportidan miRebuli Semo-
savali (mogeba) Zalze mgrZnobiarea fasebis ryevis mimarT, rac eqsporti-
ori qveynebis kontrols ar eqvemdebareba. magram ganviTarebadi qveynebi
iZulebulni arian gaagrZelon importi da importisTvis gadaixadon kon-
vertirebadi valuta (rogoricaa dolari). xSirad es qveynebi iZulebulni
arian fuli ucxoeTSi isesxon, arCevani ara aqvT da ixdian im saprocento ga-
nakveTs, romelsac saerTaSoriso finansistebi birTvis qveynebSi moiTxoven.
amas garda, nebismieri ucxouri daxmareba gulisxmobs pirobebsac. dabolos,
krizisis dros, maT sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT, garda imisa, rom daTanaxmdnen
aSS-is marTuli saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (IMF) mier moklevadian ses-
xebze dawesebul pirobebs.
daqvemdebarebis Teoriis mimdevarTa Tanaxmad, mTeli am sistemis gansa-
kuTrebiT usamarTlo aspeqti birTvis saxelmwofoebis kapitalistTa da pe-
riferiuli qveynebis ekonomikur elitas Soris arsebuli SeTanxmebaa. elita
did mogebas naxulobs am SeTanxmebiT, magram garigeba ormxrivad momgebiania:
birTvis saxelmwifoebi exmarebian mTavrobebs Zalauflebis (xSirad diqta-
turis) SenarCunebaSi, isini ki, Tavis mxriv, inarCuneben wesrigs da stabulu-
robas, Tanac, Sida bazars uxsnian saerTaSoriso bizness. samxedro da
ekonomikuri daxmarebis subsidiebi, Tuki am kuTxiT SevxedavT, qrTamia,
romlebsac dono ri qveynebisaTvis ufro didi di videndebi moaqvs, vid-
re mimRebi qveynebisaTvis, nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom korumpirebuli
mmarTvelebi Tanxebis did nawils iTviseben.
dasavlel politekonomistTa umravlesoba uaryofs daqvemdebare bis
Teorias. isini xazs usvamen, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobis
ubedureba susti institutebi, korumpirebuli da ara kompetenturi li-
derebi an qronikuli socialur-politikuri arastabilurobaa. ekonomi-
kuri ganviTare bis gza politikuri xasiaTisaa. ekonomikuri ganviTarebi-
 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 35
saken mimarTul go nivrul kanonebsa da politikas SeuZlia ganviTarebis
karibWis gaxsna _ sxva SemTxevevaSi es karibWe daxSuli darCeba. miuxeda-
vad amisa, marqsistuli ana lizi jer kidev rCeba damajerebel Zalad ara mx-
olod msoflios akademiur wre ebSi, aramed amerikel politologTa erT-
erT mcirericxovan, mag ram nayofier jgufSic.

ra perspeqtividan?

politikuri ekonomika politikuri mecnierebis mxolod erTi qvedar-

gia. sxva cnobili qvedargebia politikis Teoria, amerikis mmarTveloba (ig-
ulisxmeba calkeuli qveynebi, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo. mTarg. Sen.),
SedarebiTi politika, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da sajaro mmarTvelo-
ba. aRsaniSnavia aseve politikuri mecnierebis kidev ramdenime, ufro spe-
cializebuli sfero. imisda mixedviT, rogor Seiswavlian maT, es sferoebi
SeiZleba ukve CamoTvlil erT an ramdenime qvedargSi moeqces. magaliTad,
sakonstitucio samarTali tradiciuli specialobaa, romlis yuradRebis
centrSi mmarTvelobis erTi konkretuli aspeqtia. sajaro politika, ro-
melic exeba Tanamedrove menejmentis xerxebs, magaliTad, nulovani biu-
jeti, angariSebis warmoeba da sistemuri analizi, Sedis rogorc (amerikis)
mmarTvelobaSi, agreTve sajaro mmarTvelobaSic. politikuri partiebi da
interesTa jgufebi (rogorc kvlevisa da swavlebis calke sfero) jdeba
mmarTvelobis an SedarebiTi politikis CarCoSi. modiT, axla ufro axlos
gavecnoT im eqvs qvedargs, romlebsac politikuri mecnierebis programeb-
Si xSirad gamohyofen xolme.

politikuri Teoria. normatiuli politikuri Teoria anu politikis fi-

losofia platonidan (daaxl. Zv. w. 400 w.) iRebs saTaves. WeSmaritebis Ziebis
platoniseuli meTodi mniSvnelovani kiTxvebis dasmaSi mdgomareobda, mag-
aliTad: rogoria kargi cxovreba? rogoria kargi mmarTveloba? ramdenad
moitans kargi mmarTveloba karg cxovrebas? SeiZleba ki kargi mmarTvelo-
bis miRweva? rogoria adamianis buneba? adamianebi upiratesad keTili Tu
boroti? advilad icvleba Tu ara adamianis buneba? saxelmwifos romeli
forma uwevs yvelaze metad angariSs adamianis bunebas saerTo interesis (sa-
jaro sikeTis) xelyofis gareSe? wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis garda, aris Tu
ara saxelmwifos umTavresi amocana zneobrivad daxvewos adamianebi, aqcios
isini Tanasworad, uzrunvelyos individualuri Tavisuflebebi da a.S. Tuki
am miznebs daisaxavs, rogori unda iyo saxelmwifo: Zlieri da fxizeli, Tu
susti da damTmobi? rodisaa gamarTlebuli revolucia? rogor SeiZleba
davicvaT politikuri stabiluroba?
politikis Teoria cdilobs upasuxos am SekiTxvebs gansjiT da logikiT,
romelic iseT politikur moazrovneTa naSromebs efuZneba, rogorebic
sxvebTan erTad iyvnen aristotele, Jan-Jak ruso, jon loki da jon-stiuart
mili. msgavsi Ziebis amocanaa gamoitanos daskvnebi sworis da arasworis an
keTilis da borotis Sesaxeb. vinaidan yvela, vinc cvlilebebs emxroba da
36
ewinaaRmdegeba, darwmunebulia Tavis moralur marTebulobaSi, politikis
gageba moiTxovs im kriteriumebis codnas, romelTa mixedviTac politika
da programebi karg an cud Sefasebas iRebs.6 normatiuli Teoriis mimdevre-
bi amtkiceben, rom politikis zneobrivi fasisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb
codnis gareSe, verc moqalaqeebs da verc liderebs sakmarisad cxadad ver
eqnebaT gansazRvruli zusti orientiri da mizani.

SedarebiTi politika. SedarebiTi politika cdilobs erTmaneTs Sea daros

da Seafasos mmarTveloba da politikuri sistema. mmarTvelobis for mebis,
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis safexurebis, saSinao da sagareo politikisa da
politikuri tradiciebis SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas aZlevs poli-
tologebs Camoayalibon mniSvnelovani ganzogadebebi. Sedare biTi poli-
tikis zogierTi mimdevari specializdeba msoflios romelime konkret-
uli regionis sakiTxebze an intensiurad swavlobs romelime konkretul
ers. sxvebi Seiswavlian romelime kerZo politikur movlenas, magaliTad,
rogoricaa arastabiluroba an saarCevno qceva.

g a r e mo
da n a x a r je b i

moTxovnebi

Se de ge b i
gadawyveti-
p olit ik u r i lebebi
sist e ma
da qmedebebi
mxardaWera

g a r e mo

sqema 1-1. politikuri sistemis gamartivebuli modeli

wyaro: saavtoro ufleba Devid Easton-1965, 1979.

yvela politikur sistemas aqvs garkveuli saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi. 1-1

sqemaze gamosaxulia cnobili modeli, romelic pirvelad politologma
devid istonma Seqmna 1965 wels. mis mixedviT, yvela politikuri sistema
moqmedebs garkveuli politikuri kulturis konteqstSi, romelic Sedgeba
tradiciebis, faseulobebisa da saerTo codnisagan. garda amisa, igi gulisx-
mobs, rom moqalaqeebs niadag aqvT molodini da moTxovnebi politikuri
sistemis mimarT, magram amasTanave sxvadasxva gziT mxars uWeren sistemas.
isini SeiZleba monawileobdnen mmarTvelobaSi, arCevnebSi, an, ubralod,
iyvnen kanonmorCilni. moqalaqeTa moTxovnebi da mxardaWera, romlebzec
gavlenas axdens sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, ra xdeba da ra
 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 37
unda xdebodes sazogadoebaSi, Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdens politikuri
sistemis unarze _ miiRos gadawyvetilebebi. es procesi ganapirobebs saxe-
lisuflebo gadawyvetilebebsa da qmedebebs, Cveulebriv, brZanebulebebis,
kanonebisa da brZanebebis saxiT.
qveynebi, ra Tqma unda, mravalgvarad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. zo-
gi politologis azriT, es gansxvavebebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vid re
msgavsebebi. Sesabamisad, isini politikur sistemebsac sxvadasxvanairad an-
sxvaveben erTmaneTisagan. am wignSi, magaliTad, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia
imaze, riT gansxvavdeba demokratiuli, avtoritaruli da totalitaruli
saxelmwifoebi. zogi mecnieri ar emxroba totalitaruli saxelmwifos cne-
bas da amitom ubralod ganas xvavebs demokratiul da arademokratiul
saxelmwifoebs. sxvebi xazs usvamen politikis ekonomikur konteqsts
msof lios sxvadasxva regionSi: postindustriul samyaroSi (Crdiloe-
Ti amerika, dasavleTi evropa, avstralia da iaponia) da aRmosavleT aziis
swrafad mzard saxelwifoebSi (CineTi, samxreTi korea, taivani da singapu-
ri); komunisturi samyaros gaRatakebul nangrevebSi (vietnami, CrdiloeT
korea da kuba) da e.w. `naklebad ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi~. bolo dros
aqtualuri gaxda gansxvaveba liberaluri demokratiis mqone da `tran-
ziciul saxelmwifoebs~ Soris (ix. Tavi VII). sxva mecnierebi, rogorc zemoT
ukve aRvniSneT, miuTiTeben msoflio simdidris araTanabar ganawilebaze da
politikurad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis xazs avleben (amas `CrdiloeTis da
samxreTis konfliqtsac~ uwodeben) ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT mdebare ufro
mdidar da ekvatoris samxreTiT ganlagebul Rarib qveynebs Soris. dabo-
los, zogierTi damkvirvebeli ganasxvavebs sicocxlisunarian da arSemdgar
saxelmwifoebs (ix. 8 Tavi).

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa specialis-

tebi Seiswavlian, rogori urTierTobaa qveynebs Soris. ratomaa, rom sax-
elmwifoebi xandaxan mSvidobianad Tanaarseboben da sxva dros eomebian
erTmaneTs? rogoria diplomatiis, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis,
gaeros da birTvuli Sekavebis gavlena mSvidobis SenarCunebis mcdelobe-
bze? birTvuli xanis dadgomam, ra Tqma unda, moitana saerTaSoriso urT-
ierTobebis Seswavlis gansakuTrebuli aucileblobac.
omi da mSvidoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis yvelaze mwvave sferoa,
magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi. sxva sakiTxebi sruliad gansxvave-
bulia, vaWrobidan da turizmidan _ terorizmamde, sagareo politikidan _
agrarul politikamde, ekonomikuri politikidan _ emigraciamde. es da sxva
sakiTxebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistTa saqmianobis sagania,
magram aravis unda hqondes imedi, rom yvela maTganis labirinTebs bolomde
Caswvdeba. amitom, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebic, rogorc politikuri mec-
nierebis sxva qvedargebi, mravalwaxnagovania.
zneobriobis roli sagareo politikaSi kvlavac rCeba mwvave debatebis
Temad. zogierTi mecnieri (maT, Cveulebriv, realistebs uwodeben xol-
me) amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo interesebis dacva yovelTvis iyo da iqneba
umTavresi principi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.7 sxva mecnierebi (maT
38

xandaxan idealistebs uwodeben) amis sapirispirod amtkiceben, rom zneob-

riobis mimarT yuradRebis gazrda migviyvans msoflio mSvidobamde da bo-
los mouRebs `omis sistemas~, romelsac realistebi fatalisturad iReben.
sxvebis azriT, erovnul interesebsa da saerTaSoriso zneobriobas Soris
gansxvavebis xazgasma mcdaria; magaliTad, demokratiuli qveyana SeiZleba
daexmaros sxva qveyanaSi demokratias da amiT emsaxuros rogorc sakuTar
interess, ise msoflio mSvidobasa da keTildReobas.8

sajaro mmarTveloba. ukanasknel wlebSi sajaro mmarTveloba zogan iswav-

leba ara rogorc politikuri mecnierebis erT-erTi qvedargi, aramed
rogorc damoukidebeli disciplina, romelic mowodebulia gawvrTnas,
moamzados adamianebi sajaro samsaxurSi karierisaTvis. arsebiTad, sa-
jaro mmarTveloba ZiriTad yuradRebas aqcevs imas, rogor axorcielebs
biurokratia saxelmwifo politikas. rogorc wesi, ZiriTadi aqcenti keT-
deba erovnul (centralur) mTavrobaze, magram sajaro mmarTveloba aseve
interesdeba Statebisa (regionisa, mTarg. Sen.) da adgilobriv xelisufle-
bebs Soris urTierTobebiT. mkvlevarebi cdiloben gaigon, ra exmareba da
ra uSlis xels sajaro mmarTvelobisas biurokratias masze dakisrebuli
funqciebis SesrulebaSi. biurokratiuli struqturebis, procedurebisa
da procesebis Seswavla xdeba imisaTvis, rom gaizardos efeqtianoba da
Semcirdes zedmeti xarji (gaflangva) da dublireba. gansakuTrebiT sayu-
radReboa, rogor da ratom ayalibebs biurokratia sakuTar politikur in-
teresebs im samTavrobo politikis miRma, romlis cxovrebaSi gasatarebla-
dacaa is mowodebuli.
politologebi, sajaro mmarTvelobis Seswavlas, xSirad calkeul SemTx-
vevebsac Seiswavlian (case studies), yuradRebas miapyroben ara marto imas, ra
saSualebebiT xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xelisufleba, aramed imasac, gamoi-
yeneba Tu ara Zalaufleba sazogadoebriv interesebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, sa-
jaro mmarTvelobis sfero mTlianad emTxveva politologTa sazrunavs.

ratom swavloben politikas?

is, Tu rogor Seiswavlian profesionali politologebi politikas, bevr

informacias gvawvdis TviT disciplinis Sesaxeb, magram cota rames eubneba
studentebs politologiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. politikis sawyisi codna
mniSvnelovania bakalavriatis studentis ganaTlebisaTvis im mizezTa gamo,
romlebzec saubari Semdeg gveqneba. Tumca, politikis Seswavlisagan gamom-
dinare dadebiTi Sedegebi rom gaiazron, studentebma swavla guliT unda
moindomon da goneba siaxles miapyron.

piradi interesi

vinaidan pirovnuli bedniereba bevradaa damokidebuli imaze, ras akeTebs

 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 39
an ar akeTebs xelisufleba, yvela Cvenganis interesSia gaverkveT, rogor muSa-
obs an ratom ver muSaobs igi. magaliTad, kolejis studentebisaTvis didi
mniSvnelobis mqone politikuri sakiTxebia: federaluri programebi `muSao-
ba-swavla~, Statebis subsidiebi sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebisaTvis, dabalpro-
centiani sesxebi, federaluri grantebi da studentTa interesebis dasacavad
(an ardasacavad) gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi. politikis Ses-
wavlis gziT, ukeT verkveviT politikuri sistemis mimarT damokidebulebaSi
da viZenT codnas, romelic gvexmareba gavacnobieroT, rodis davuWiroT mx-
ari da rodis davupirispirdeT cvlilebebs. amave dros, politikis Seswavla
gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad SegviZlia dadebiTi zegavlena movaxdi-
noT masze. yovelTvis gvafxizlebs imis gaazreba, rom TiToeuli Cvengani mx-
olod erTi pirovnebaa mravalmilionian erSi (da mravalmiliardian msofli-
oSi), romelTa umravlesobas Cvenze aranakleb aqvs Sesisxlxorcebuli Tavisi
mosazrebebi da crurwmenebi.

sazogadoebrivi interesi

ra SeiZleba sazogadeobrivi interesisaTvis imaze ufro mniSvne-

lovani iyos, vidre moqalaqeTa moraluri xasiaTi da qcevaa? samoqa-
laqo sazogadoebaze aisaxeba ubralo xalxis mier miRebuli yoveldRi-
uri ga dawyvetilebebi da arCevani. amave dros, samoqalaqo sazogadeoba
da politikis gabatonebuli kultura da klimati, mniSvnelovan gavle-
nas axdens xalxze. msgavsi SesaZleb lobebisa da survilebis mqone ada-
mianebs, garemoebaTa mixedviT, SeiZleba Zalze gansxvavebuli zneobrivi
ganwyobilebebi ganuviTardeT. politika am garemoebaTa CamoyalibebaSi
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs da sazogadoebrivi interesi, Zalze farTo
gagebiT, bewvze hkidia xolme.

uaryofiTi magaliTi. nacisturi germaniis aRzeveba da dacema (1933-1945)

naTlad gviCvenebs, ra uzarmazari gavlena SeuZlia politikurma reJimma
iqonios moqalaqeTa zneobriv xasiaTze. adolf hitleris meTaurobiT na-
cizmis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da gasaocari aspeqtebi misi principebi iyo.
nacizmis politikuri doqtrina calsaxad efuZneboda rasobrivi upirate-
sobis doqtrinas. hitleri mZvinvarebda e.w. ariuli rasis upiratesobis
gamo, TiTqosda, germaneli eris siwmindes emuqreboda ucxo rasebisa da Un-
termenschen-ebis (qveadamianebis) mier Seryvna. aseT msoflmxedvelobaze da-
fuZnebuli politikis Sedegi iyo milionobiT udanaSaulo kacis, qalis da
bavSvis sistematuri xocva. daaxloebiT 6 milioni ebraeli da milionobiT
sxva adamiani, polonelebis, boSebis, seqsualuri umciresobebisa da Sez-
Ruduli unarebis mqoneTa CaTvliT, daundoblad gaanadgures. rasobrivi
`dabinZurebis~ gamogonili problemis bolomde mogvarebas nacistebi ise-
Ti mondomebiT ekidebodnen, rom meore msoflio omis ukanasknel TveebSi
sikvdilis banakebis muSaoba samxedro kampaniebis xarjzec ki grZeldeboda.
holokosti _ gazis kamerebisa da masobriv mkvlelobaTa Semzaravi
40
sanaxaoba _ gvaiZulebs davsvaT kiTxva, rogor SeiZleba aseTi masStabis
saSineleba momxdariyo viTomcda civilizebul qveyanaSi. rogor SeeZlo ST-
ambeWdavi humanisturi tradiciebis mqone ers, romelmac Sva amdeni msofli-
oSi saukeTeso kompozitori, mwerali da moazrovne, daeSva aseTi rame?
nacizmis xanaSi, germaneli eri, erTi SexedviT, warmogvidgeba rogorc
hitleris nebis danamati; sxva sityvebiT, holokostisaTvis saSineli mora-
luri pasuxismgebloba erT adamians _ adolf hitle rs ekisreba. mag ram
zo gierTisaTvis es interpretacia saeWvoa, raki miaCnia, rom hitleri ver
moaxerxebda masobrivi mkvlelobebis miseuli programis ganxorcielebas
TanamoazreTa jgufis ga reSe. ra vuyoT maT, vinc mas politikis dagegm-
vaSi, koordinirebasa da marTvaSi exmareboda? erTi mkvlevaris, irving
kristolis sityvebiT:

rodesac nacistebis saqmes ecnobi, geufleba saSineli sicari-

elis SegrZneba da sagonebelSi vardebi. nuTu sul esaa? gansxvave-
ba danaSaulsa da damnaSaves Soris warmoudgenlad didia.
Cven veliT, rom aRmovaCenT borot adamianebs, borotebis gan-
saxierebebs, dorblian, maniak mxecebs; mzad varT SeviswavloT
TiToeuli nacistis saxis Tavisebureba, raTa davadginoT nacis-
tis xasiaTis ganuyofeli niSnebi. magram nacizmis liderebi ar
iyvnen eSmakiseulni, isini ar eTayvanebodnen borotebas. radgan
nacistebs– raoden ironiuladac ar unda JRerdes es _ rogorc
adams da evas codvis Cadenamde, araferi gaegebodaT keTilisa da
borotis Sesaxeb da swored zneobrivi gulgrilobis elferi aris,
maT rom aseT wvrilman, uferul da zedapirul adamianebad war-
mogvidgens.9

kristoli araa erTaderTi, romelic fiqrobda, rom yvela nacisti im-

denad zneobrivad dacemuli ar iyo, ramdenadac zneobrivad gulgrili.
zustad aseT adamianad warmogvidgens zogierTi mkvlevari albert Speers,
hitleris SeiaraRebisa da samxedro momaragebis ministrs.10 politikuri
Teoretikosis hana arendtis mixedviT, aseTi iyo, adolf aixmanic, nacisti
funqcioneri, romelic sikvdilis banakebis programis did nawils xelmZR-
vanelobda. arendtis azriT, aixmani ar iyo maincdamainc gansakuTrebuli,
uCveulo adamiani.11 mas Zalian undoda win wasuliyo, cxovrebaSi warmatebi-
saTvis mieRwia, gansakuTrebiT eamayeboda, rom SeeZlo saqme Sedegianad
ekeTebina. miuxedavad imisa, rom gansakuTrebulad gamWriaxi an dakvirve-
buli ar yofila, mainc Wkviani iyo. arendtis aRweriT, igi iyo meryevi, ma-
gram ara bevr sxva, `normalur~ adamianze metad. aixmani irwmuneboda, rom
ebraelebis mimarT akviatebuli zizRi ar amoZravebda (Tumca, rogorc Cans,
is ar iyo sakmarisad skeptikurad ganwyobili an damoukideblad moazrovne,
rom SewinaaRmdegeboda maSindel germaniaSi farTod gavrcelebul anti-
semitizms). mokled, aixmani iyo zneobrivad gulgrili; kristolis sityve-
biT, `mas araferi gaegeboda keTilisa da borotisa~.
es mkvlevarebi mogviTxroben rigiT adamianebze, romlebic mona wi leob-
 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 41
d nen gansakuTrebuli borotebis aqtebSi. isini gvagoneben CvenTvis nacnob
adamia nebs, SeiZleba sakuTar Tavsac ki. rTuli ar iqneba warmovidginoT
aixmani CvenTvis ufro nacnob garemoSi, Tundac imedismomcem, pativ-
moyvare xelmZRvanel muSakad did amerikul korporaciaSi an axal gazrda,
dawinaurebaze meocnebe TanamSromlad sagareo uwyebaSi. aseTi pirovneba,
albaT, `muSaobiT daavadebuli~ (vorkoholiki), kompanisaTvis an qveyni-
saTvis Tavgadakluli, dawinaurebaze mofiqrali da xelmZRvanelis maame-
beli iqneba. SeiZ leba, sulac ar iyos moklebuli wesier adamianur Tvise-
bebs da erTguli meuRle da moyvaruli mSobelic iyos (nacistebis Tvis
ucxo ar iyo sakuTari ojaxebis mimarT siyvarulis, erTgulebis gamovle-
na). ZiriTadi am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom es fariseveli pirovneba imdenadaa
Cabmuli `realur samyaroSi~, viwro karieristuli miznebis terminolo-
giiT rom vTqvaT, mas `abstraqtuli~ moraluri sakiTxebisaTvis dro da
interesi ar gaaCnia.
Tuki marTalia, rom aixmani rigiTi adamiani iyo, ratom arseboben ase cota
aixmanebi? amis pasuxi ZiriTadad isaa, rom, sabednierod, adamianebis umrav-
lesobas iseT politikur reJimSi uxdeba cxovreba, romelsac nacistur
germanias verc ki Seadareb. nacizmi iyo gadamwyveti faqtori or msoflio
oms Soris germaniaSi yvela aixmanis pirovnebisa da xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi.
iseve, rogorc yovelma Segnebulma sursaTis maRaziis mepatronem icis, rom
misi mizani mogebaa, aseve aixmansa da mis msgavsT esmodaT, rom maTi mizani
gazis kamerebSi rac SeiZleba meti adamianis ganadgureba iyo. amas garda, igi
imaSic darwmunebuli iyo, rom mis warmatebas, iseve rogorc maRaziis mepa-
tronisas, ZiriTadad erTi kriteriumiT _ efeqtianobiT gansazRvravdnen.
aixmanisaTvis mniSvneloba imas ki ar hqonda, ras akeTebda, aramed imas, ram-
denad kargad akeTebda. savaraudod, is aseTive mondomebiT Seasrulebda
dakisrebul movaleobas, parkebis dagegmvaze an yvavilebis dargvaze rom
yofiliyo pasuxismgebeli. am borotmoqmedis banaluroba da misi borotebis
mniSvneloba (sidide) erTdroulad saSinelicaa da Wkuis saswavlebelic, vi-
naidan zustad asaxavs maSindel germaniaSi gabatonebul politikas.12
germaniis xelmZRvaneloba adamianebis masobriv ganadgurebas aigivebda
patriotizmsa da sazogadoebriv interesTan. inteleqtualuri damoukide-
blobisa da zneobrivi gambedaobis iSviaTi erToblioba iyo saWiro, am ga-
batonebul azrs rom ar ahyolodi. samwuxarod, zustad es Tvisebebi aklda
ase Zalian aixmanisnair uamrav adamians. imis gaazreba, rom sazogadoebri-
vi interesisaTvis arasdros kargi araa xelisuflebis brma morCileba,
gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania politikis gageba.

daskvna

politikis Seswavla sam ZiriTad cnebas efuZneba. esaa wesrigi, Zalaufle-

ba da samarTlianoba. politikuri cxovrebis gageba iwyeba imis aRiarebiT,
rom adamianis cxovreba mowesrigebulia. kerZod, politikuri wesrigi asax-
42
ulia TemebSi (sazogadoebebSi), romlebSic adamianebi cxovroben da saerTo
identoba aqvT. Temis mowyoba, SenarCuneba da damkvidreba mmarTvelobis
saSualebiT xdeba. yvelaze warCinebul da TviTkmar TemebSi mmarTvelobis
gziT Seqmnilma struqturam warmoSva Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifoebi.
Zalaufleba, romelic ramdenime wyarodan SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes,
aris mTavrobis unari _ Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli movaleobebi. Tuki
mTavroba ar gamoiyenebs Zalauflebas sazogadeobrivi interesebis Ses-
abamisad, dgeba xolme samarTlianobis sakiTxi. amgvarad, politikas yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani da yovlismomcveli adgili ukavia, radgan
adamianis mier samarTlianobis dauokebeli Zieba mWidrodaa gadajaWvuli
Zalauflebis gamoyenebasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom zneobrivi sakiTxebi
SeiZleba xandaxan sazogadoebisaTvis SeumCneveli rCebodes.
politologebi Seiswavlian TavianT disciplinas imisaTvis, rom miakv-
lion WeSmaritebas politikuri institutebis, Zalebis, moZraobebisa da
procesebis Sesaxeb. tradicionalisti politologebi dainteresebulni
arian mTavrobis moqmedebebis SefasebiT, bihevioralistebi ki mecnierul
meTodebs mimarTaven politikis Sedegebis aRwerisa da prognozirebisaT-
vis. TiTqmis yvela politologs aqvs specializacia; disciplinis yvelaze
farTo qvedargia politikuri Teoria (an filosofia), amerikis mmarTv-
eloba, SedarebiTi politologia, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da sajaro
mmarTveloba.
politikis Seswavlis mraval damajerebel mizezTagan gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia ori: (1) politikis gageba pirovnuli interesis saqmea da (2)
politikis kvlevis Sedegad, individs ufro zusti warmodgena uyalibdeba
imaze, ra aris da ra ar aris sazogadoebrivi interesebis sagani. rigiT mo-
qalaqeTaTvis am warmodgenis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba naCvenebi iyo germa-
niaSi nacizmis aRzevebis tragikuli maga liTiT.

sakvanZo sityvebi

politika Zalaufleba
Temi, erToba avtoriteti
mTavroba legitimuroba
respublika legitimuri xelisufleba
saxelmwifo samarTlianoba
suvereniteti tradicionalistebi
qveyana bihevioralistebi
eri marqsistebi
eri-saxelmwifo daqvemdebarebis Teoria
mravalerovani saxelmwifo vaWrobis pirobebi
saxelmwifos armqone erebi
 Sesavali: politikis Seswavla 43

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. romel sam ZiriTad cnebas efuZneba politikis Seswavla?

2. rogor SeiZleba politikuri problemis dadgena? aris Tu ara zogi-
erTi konfliqti sxvebze metad politikuri xasiaTis? axseniT.
3. riT ganasxvaveben politologebi?
4. ra dadebiTi Sedegi SeiZleba moutanos adamians politikis da mmarTve-
lobis Seswavlam?

SeniSvnebi

1. yvelaze didi gavlena iqonia baron de monteskies `kanonTa gonis~ II

wignSi mocemulma politikuri mmarTvelobebis klasifikaciam. mon-
teskie ganasxvavebda respublikebs, monarqiebs da despotur mmarTv-
elobebs, xolo Semdeg dayofas axdenda demokratiul respublikebad,
romlebic mTeli xalxis mier imarTeba da aristokratul demokra-
tiebad, romlebsac xalxis nawili marTavs (gansakuTrebiT mdidarTa
klasi). respublikebs istoriulad ganasxvaveben pirdapiri demokra-
tiebisagan. amgvarad, jeims medisoni (albaT wamyvani figura SeerTe-
buli Statebis damfuZnebelTagan) mmarTvelobebs, romlebSic xalxi
pirdapir monawileobda marTvaSi (da warmomadgenlobis imedze
ar iyvnen) pirdapir demokratiebs uwodebda. radgan SeerTebuli
Statebis mmarTveloba warmomadgenlobas iTvaliswinebda, mas re-
spublika ewoda.
2. ix. aseve Arthur Schlesinger Jr.-is The Disuniting of America: Reflections on
a Multicultural Society (New York: Norton, 1993).
3. Aristotle, The Politics mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford Uni-
versity Press, 1962), 4.
4. platonisgan gansxvavebiT, romelsac politikuri filosofiis mamad
moixsenieben xolme.
5. Jack H. Nagel da John E. McNulty “Partisan Effects of Voter Turnout in Senato-
rial and Gubernatorial Elections”, American Political Science Review 90 (dekem-
beri 1996): 780-793.
6. ix. Leo Strauss-is What is Political Philosophy? da sxva kvlevebi (New York:
Free Press, 1959), 10-12.
7. arsebobs am midgomis sxvadasxva variacia: magaliTad, tradiciuli
realizmis Teoria ganaviTares (Tumca garkveuli winaaRmdegobebis
fonze) politologebma, romlebsac neorealistebad an struqturul
realistebad moixsenieben. maTi ZiriTadi Sromaa Kenneth Waltz-is The-
ory of International Politics, (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979). ix. imave
avtoris “Realist Thought and Neo-Realist Theory”, Journal of International
Affairs XLIV (gazafxuli/zafxuli 1990): 21-37.
44
8. am ori midgomis mecnieruli Serwymis mcdelobad ix. Robert O. Keohane-
is International Institutions and State Power (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press,
1989), kioheinis Teorias zogjer moixsenieben, rogorc neoliberalur
institucionalizms.
9. Irving Kristol “The Nature of Nazism~ in The Commentary Reader, red. Nor-
man Pohoretz (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 16.
10. ix. Albert Speer-is Inside the Third Reich, Targm: R. Winston da C. Winston
(New York: Avon, 1971). SeadareT Stanley Haverwas da David Burrell-is,
“Self-deception and Autobiography: Reflections on Speer’s Inside the Third
Reich”, wignSi Truthfulness and Tragedy: Further Investigations in Christian
Ethics, red. Stanley Haverwas da sxvebi (South Bend, Ind.: University of
Notre Dame Press, 1977), 82-97.
11. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New
York, Penguin Books, 1964). SeadareT Gideon Hausner-is, Justice in Jerusa-
lem (New York: Schocken Bokks, 1968). 465.
12. yvela germaneli an evropeli rodi iyo borotebisadmi aixmaniviT
gulgrili da egoisti. aRsaniSnavi, Tumca aratipuri magaliTia os-
kar Sindleri(romlis saxeli mxatvruli filmis _ `Sindleris sia~
wyalobiT gaxda yvelasaTvis cnobili). Sindleri germaneli biznes-
meni, nacisturi partiis wevri iyo. man jer amuSava, Semdeg ki sakuTari
saqmiani da partiuli kavSirebis gamoyenebiT gadaarCina Tavisi ebrae-
li muSebi. Sindlerisa da sxva keTili qristianis mamacuri qmedebebi
aRwerilia Eva Fogelman-is wignSi Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of
Jews during the Holocaust (New York: Doubelday, 1994). ix. aseve Samuel P.
Oliner da Pearl M. Oliner, The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi
Europe (New York: Free Press, 1988). eWvgareSea, rom mkiTxvelTa umrav-
lesoba am mxsnelebTan da SindlerTan ufro gaaigivebs sakuTar Tavs,
vidre aixmanTan, magram SemaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom gacilebiT
ufro meti germaneli (`hitleriugendis~ aTeuloboT aTasi wevris
CaTvliT) hitleris siZulvilis propagandiT monusxuli, aixmaniviT
ufro iqceoda, vidre SindleriviT.
nawili I

SedarebiTi
politikuri
sistemebi

Tavi II
utopia: sanimuSo
saxelmwifoebi

Tavi III
konstituciuri
demokratia: warmomad-
genlobis revolucia

Tavi IV
avtoritaruli saxelm-
wifoebi: tradiciuli
mmarTveloba

Tavi V
totalitaruli saxelm-
wifoebi: warumatebeli
utopiebi

45
46
T aavv i I I

utopia

sa n im
i muS
uS o
sa x eel
lmmwi
w i f o ebi
ebi

platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi

filosofiaa
samarTliani qalaqi
keTilSobili tyuili
frensis bekonis `axali atlantida~:
pasuxi mecnierebaa
stabiluroba da mecniereba
samomavlo gegma
karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba:
pasuxi ekonomikaa
ekonomikis wamyvani roli
proletariatis diqtatura
uklaso sazogadoeba
utopiisaken dabruneba
utopiiT STagoneba
gza utopiisaken
utopiis praqtikuloba
utopia da adamianis buneba
utopia da politikis
ugulebelyofa
distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde
oruelis samyaro
utopia da terorizmi
daskvniTi mosazrebani

47
48 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

rogorc moqalaqeebi, xSirad mxars vuWerT (an vewinaaRmdegebiT) poli-

tikas da liderebs, radgan gvjera, rom isini dagvexmarebian, sazogadoeba
ukeTesi an ufro samarTliani gavxadoT. bevri Cveni politikuri arCevanis
ukan garkveulwilad imaleba sajaro sikeTisa da kargi sazogadoebis idea.
rogorc wesi, es Sexeduleba gauazrebelia _ miuxedavad imisa, rom gvjera ama
Tu im politikuri wyobisa, xSirad ver vaxerxebT davasabuToT amis mizezebi.1
miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovania SegveZlos Cveni politikuri ideebisa
da idealebis safuZvelSi mdebare warmodgenebis gamoxatva da analizi.
Tu gvinda politikuri sistemebis gaazrebuli Sedareba SevZloT (rac am
teqstis I nawilis mizania), unda ganvsazRvroT, ra aris sazogadoebrivi
sikeTe da ra ara. ideebi utopiis Sesaxeb, romlebic mocemulia ama Tu
im filosofosis, Teologisa da sxvaTa nawerebSi, SeiZleba dagvexmaros
politikis SesaZleblobebisa da SezRudvebis ukeTesad gagebaSi. rogori
iqneboda saukeTeso politikuri wyoba? ratom amboben xSirad, rom saukeTeso
kargis mteria? ra ufro saSiSia politikisTvis, mcirediT dakmayofileba
Tu metismetisken swrafva?
sityva utopia saTaves iRebs ser tomas moris (1478-1535) wignis saTau-
ridan. igi mefe henri VIII-is dros inglisis lord-kancleri da gavleniani
humanisti iyo. termini ou topos berZnulad `ararsebul adgils~ aRniSnavs,
xolo `eutopos~adgils, sadac yvelaferi kargad aris. yoveldRiur xmarebaSi,
utopia, rogorc wesi, orive mniSvnelobas erTad moicavs. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom utopia aris ararsebuli adgili, sadac xalxi
cxovrobs sruliad janmrTelad, harmoniulad da bednierad.
dasavluri politikis filosofiis literatura moicavs kargad damu-
Savebuli utopiuri gegmebis garkveul raodenobas. yoveli maTgani avtoris
mier srulyofili politikuri wyobis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaa. utopiuri
modelebi erTmaneTisagan specifikuri niSnebiT gansxvavdeba, Tumca yvela
msgavs miznebs emsaxureba. uklebliv yvela utopisti cdilobda politikuri
cxovrebis logika mis saboloo Sedegebamde mieyvana. am procesSi isini xSir-
ad mimarTavdnen arsebuli politikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri piro-
bebis farul da aSkara kritikas. am funqciis gamo, utopiuri konstruqciebi
xSirad gamoiyeneboda politikuri sazomebis standartad an politikuri
sistemebis ganxorcielebis Sefasebis kriteriumad. srulyofili sazoga-
doebis abstraqtuli modelebi xandaxan politikuri qmedebis praqtikuli
saxelmZRvanelos rolsac asrulebda. amgvarad, miuxedavad misi garegnuli
arapraqtikulobisa, utopiuri azrebi emsaxureba mniSvnelovan miznebs da
pirdapir Tu arapirdapir gavlenas axdens politikur saqmianobaze.
cnobili utopiebis kvlevas viwyebT platonis `saxelmwifoTi~, romelsac
utopiis or, mogvianebiT warmoSobil versias SevadarebT _ frensis beko-
nis `axal atlantidas~ da karl marqsis naSromebs, romelSic igi `uklaso
sazogadoebis~ Rirsebebs gamoyofs. utopiuri Sromebi, romelic aRwerilia
am TavSi, arCeulia im niSniT, Tu ra sferoSi poulobs pasuxs TiToeuli maT-
gani. platoni pasuxs filosofiis sferoSi poulobs, bekoni _ mecnierebaSi,
marqsi ki _ ekonomikaSi.
utopiuri literaturis mravali sxva mniSvnelovani nimuSic arsebobs.
 utopia 49
magaliTad, tomas moris `utopia ~(1516) dRemde mniSvnelovan nawarmoebad
rCeba, iseve rogoc tomazo kampanelas `mzis qalaqi~, jeims heringtonis
`okeaneTis Tanamegobroba~ (1656), frangi utopist-socialistebis _ Carls
furies, sen-simonis nawerebi, aseve amerikeli mwerali edvard belami (1850-
1898), romelmac ramdenime msgavsi idea asaxa wignSi: `xedva ukan: 2000-1887~
(1888) asaxa. am da bevrma sxva Sexedulebam xeli Seuwyo utopiis ideisa da
misi idealis SenarCunebas.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania literatura distopiaze _ politikuri
eqsperimentebze, romlebic sazogadoebaSi srulyofili samarTlianobis
miRwevas isaxavdnen miznad da sruli kraxi ganicades. am nawarmoebTa miza-
nia warmoaCinos is saSiSroebebi, romlebic arasrulyofil samyaroSi srul-
yofili wyobis aSenebis mcdelobas axlavs.

platonis `saxelmwifo~: pasuxi filosofiaa

platonis `saxelmwifo~ aris xangrZlivi dialogi sokratesa da mosaub-

reebs Soris. sokrates (469-399 Zv.w.), romelic pirvel dasavlel politikis
filosofosad iTvleba, miaCnda, rom `gauazrebeli cxovreba cxovrebad ar
Rirs~. es idea gadaiqca dasavluri civilizaciis qvakuTxedad. sokrates
brwyinvale moswavlis, platonis mier Semonaxuli da damuSavebuli sokrates
filosofia fundamenturi alternativaa homerosis sokratemdeli naS-
romebisa, romelSic igi simamacesa da Rirsebas adidebda da sokrates Sem-
dgomi iesos moZRvrebebisa, romlis mixedviTac RmerTis rwmena da RvTis
sityvis Sesabamisi moraluri qceva keTilSobili cxovrebis safuZvelia.
siRrmiseul filosofiur kiTxvebze pasuxebis mudmivi Ziebis gamo, aTe-
nis mmarTvelebi sokrates eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen. sabolood sasamarT-
lom igi RmerTebis Seuracxyofasa da aTenis axalgazrdobis garyvnaSi
daadanaSaula. igi gaasamarTles da miusajes sikvdili. sokratesTvis way-
enebuli sasjelis sisruleSi moyvana (sawamlavis sakuTari xeliT miReba)
rCeba inteleqtualur Tavisuflebasa da politikur wyobas Soris arsebu-
li dapirispirebulobis naTel magaliTad.
platonis `saxelmwifo~ sokrates mier samarTlianobis cnebis gamokv-
leviT iwyeba. Semdeg is gadadis saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweraze:
sazogadoeba, romelic moklebulia yovelgvar dapirispirebas filosofo-
sebsa da mmarTvelebs Soris2 (aseT sazogadoebaSi sokrates winaaRmdeg waye-
nebuli braldebebi usafuZvlo iqneboda. ar iarsebebda SiSi imisa, rom mas-
wavleblebi axalgazrdebs moRalateebad aqcevdnen, vinaidan SesaZlebeli
iqneboda erTdroulad filosofosic da patriotic yofiliyavi). aseTi
qalaqis dafuZneba da aSeneba sxva araferi iqneboda, Tu ara politikuri az-
rebis srulyofa.
50 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

samarTliani qalaqi

dasawyisSi, skeptikuri msmeneli sokrates maqsimaluri politikuri sike-

Tis koncefciis ganviTarebisken ubiZgebs da cdilobs aaxsnevinos, ratom aris
ukeTesi iyo samarTliani, vidre usamarTlo. gana marTali ar aris, ekiTxebian
mas, rom warmatebuli adamini, romelic usamarTlo qmedebiT mopovebuli Za-
lauflebiTa da gavleniT sargeblobs, ufro bednieria, vidre sokratesaviT
samarTliani kaci, romelsac arc Zalaufleba aqvs da arc gavlena? radgan
samarTlis gamovlena qalaqSi ufro iolia, vidre adamianSi, iwyeba samar-
Tliani qalaqis Zebna.3
Tavdapirvelad sokrate varaudobs, rom politikuri cxovreba im faqti-
dan gamomdinareobs, rom arc erT individs ar SeuZlia iyos damoukidebeli.
Semdeg igi aRwers Zalian martiv sazogadoebas mTavrobisa da gaWirvebis
gareSe, romlis fermerebi, mejadageebi da sxva xelosnebi mxolod imdens
gamoimuSaveben, ramdenic ubralo da mSvidi cxovrebis SesanarCuneblad
aris sakmarisi. am sazogadoebaSi, romelic cdilobs daikmayofilos fizi-
kuri moTxovnilebebi (sakvebi, sasmeli, TavSesafari da a.S.), TiToeuli
pirovneba asrulebs erT gansazRvrul funqcias.
erTferovnebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa samkaulebi. mag ram fu-
funebis Seqmna aTavisuflebs survils da sulis daumorCileblobas uyris
safuZvels. Sedegad, qalaqi `mSfoTvare~ xdeba da gafarToeba sWir deba.
kerZod, mas da, Wirdeba ufro meti miwis aTviseba, xolo am miznisaTvis ja-
riskacebi xdebian saWiro. jariskacebi respublikaSi meore klasis warmo-
madgenlebi arian da maT Tadapirvelad mcvelebs uwodebdnen. dialogis
msvlelobisas maTi movaleobebi sul ufro naTeli xdeba: maT unda daic-
van polisi, rogorc mecxvaris ZaRlebi icaven faras.

antikuri saberZneTis erT-erTi yve-

laze didi filosofosi, platoni
(428-348ww. Zv. w.) miiCnevda, rom ide-
aluri saxelmwifos Zalaufleba
filosofosi mefeebis xelSi unda
yofiliyo: `sanam filosofosebi ar
gamefdebian, qalaqebi verasdros
moisveneben maTi mtrebisagan~.
 utopia 51
rogorc `saxelmwifoSi~ aris aRwerili, mcvelTa ganaTleba mraval ada-
mianur saqmianobas moicavs, rogoricaa cxovrebis esTetikuri, inteleqtua-
luri, moraluri da fizikuri aspeqtebi. sokrate Tvlis, rom ganaTlebis
mizani simarTlis swavlebaa. amis gamo, saWiro xdeba mcdar da saSiS ideeb-
ze cenzuris SemoReba. amgvari aRzrdis mTeli kursis ganmavlobaSi mkacri
disciplinaa daculi. yvelaferi saerToa, maT Soris piradi nivTebic da
meuRleebic. Temis siyvaruli anacvlebs ubralo adamianur siyvaruls.
oci wlis asakisTvis studentebi iyofian or jgufad: zogierTi maTgani
iniSneba SeiaraRebul qvedanayofSi da qalaqis damcvelis rolSi gvevlineba,
isini saxelmwifo jariskacebi xdebian; isini, vinc mcvelis statuss inarCuneben,
swavlas ganagrZoben. Semdgomi SerCevis dros ganisazRvreba samsaxuri, romel-
sac mcvelTa klasis es warmomadgenlebi sabolood miiReben. yvela arCevani
ganisazRvreba damsaxurebis mixedviT. xangrZlivi swavlis bolos, WeSmaritebis
gagebis Semdeg, mcvelebi SeiZleba gaxdnen filosofosebi. umaRlesi donis
brZen-filosofosebi mzad arian daikavon umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi. amgvarad,
respublikas marTavan filosofosi-mefeebi.
platoniseuli `saxelmwifo~ Sedgeba miwaTmoqmedTa da xelosanTa, me-
brZolebisa da filosofos-mcvelTa klasebisgan. es samwaxnagovani dayo-
fa asaxavs platonis azrs, rom adamianis suli iyofa sam nawilad: miwieri
nawili, romelic gamomdinareobs fizikuri moTxovnilebebidan; keTilSo-
bili nawili, romlis Sedegia risxva da aRSfoTeba, rodesac rame emuqreba
CvenTvis Zvirfass; da racionaluri nawili, romelic WeSmaritebis dadgenas
cdilobs. TiToeuli klasi ganasaxierebs erT ZiriTad Tvisebas. muSebi da
xelosnebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen qalaqis fizikuri moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebas, TavSekavebulobiT gamoirCevian. maTi cxovreba organize-
buli da zomieria. miuxedavad imisa, rom mebrZolebic TavSekavebulni arian,
maTi mTavari Rirseba simamacea, romelic sulis keTilSobili nawilis srul-
yofilebaa. racionaluri nawilis srulyofileba _ sibrZne, filosofo-
sebis kuTvnilebaa (romlebsac, ra Tqma unda, aqvT agreTve danarCeni ori
Rirsebac). mxolod filosofosebs aqvT srulyofili suli; maTi arsebis
yvela nawili srulyofilia, rogorc maTi sulis nawilebis urTierTkavSiri.
maTi yovlismomcveli srulyofilebis gamo, mxolod filosofosebs Seu-
ZliaT samarTalis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani Rirsebis srulad aRqma. metic,
vinaidan respublikis TiToeuli komponenti masze dakisrebul samuSaos
kargad asrulebs (mosavlis moyvana da sagnebis Seqmna, qalaqis dacva an mar-
Tva) da, amavdroulad, erT-erT mniSvnelovan Rirsebas warmoaCens (TavSeka-
veba, simamace an sibrZne), es warmosaxviTi qalaqi samarTlianadac iTvleba.
qalaqi da Tanac rogori! erT-erTi komentatoris azriT, `yvela dasavleli
kacis miswrafeba samarTlianobisa da kargi cxovrebisaken, sokrates SemoTava-
zebebSi aris gadmocemuli da ganxoricielebuli~.4 es aris qalaqi, sadac

adamianTa niWis gamoyeneba ar aris SezRuduli siRaribis, dabadebis

an sqesis mixedviT da SemTxveviTi ojaxuri kuTvnileba da qalaqi ar
zRudavs adamianis Semecnebisa da sikeTisaken swrafvas; es aris re-
Jimi, sadac Wkviani, moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis mqone adamianebi marTaven
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisTvis.5
52 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

TiToeuli moqalaqe im saqmes asrulebs, romelic yvelaze kargad SeuZ-

lia. isini sazogadoebisaTvis gaweuli samsaxuris Sesabamis aRiarebas,
didebasa da pativiscemas moipoveben. es qalaqi pasuxobs kiTxvaze, romelic
sokrates dausves Tavdapirvelad. swored filosofosebi arian samarTliani
da yvelaze bednieri adamianebi (namvilad ufro bednieri, vidre usamarT-
loni), magram maTi bedniereba ar aris damokidebuli usamarTlod miRebul
Zalauflebaze. cxadia, respublikaSi filosofosebi ar idevnebian; isini
mmarTveli pirebi arian da maT arasdros asamarTleben.
rom ara filosofosebis mmarTveloba, da rom ara maTi samarTlianoba
da sibrZne, sxvadasxva arasasurveli movlena ganviTardeba. magaliTad, imi-
saTvis, rom saxelmwifo moxelisaTvis sazogadoebrivi interesebi kerZo
interesebze maRla idges, jariskacTa da mcvelTa klasebs Soris naTesau-
ri kavSiri akrZalulia. sazogadoebaSi niWieri da Wkviani adamianebis mud-
mivad arsebobas evgenikuri programa uzrunvelyofs, romelic adamianTa
seqsualur kavSirebze saxelmwifo kontrols axorcielebs. mcvelTa klasi
mxolod harmoniulad Sexamebuli `qorwinebis festivalis~ sistemiT mravl-
deba, romlis erTaderTi mizani koleqtiuri (da SerCeviTi) gamravlebaa
garkveuli miznebisaTvis. araferi unda miendos SemTxveviTobas.

keTilSobili tyuili

qveda fenis wevrTa dasamSvideblad (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom isini

savaraudod verc gaigebdnen da arc daTanxmdebodnen maT dabal statuss)
filosofosi-mefeebi valdebulni arian mudmivad mimarTon keTilSobil
tyuils _ oficialur miTs, romelzec samarTliani qalaqi aris damyare-
buli. amgvarad, yvela moqalaqes (filosofosebis garda) eubnebian, rom
maTi warsuli cxovrebis mogonebebi mxolod sizmrebia da rom isini adre
cxovrobdnen miwisqveSeTSi, sadac maT qmnidnen da wvrTnidnen. rodesac saa-
misod mzad iyvnen, maTi deda _ dedamiwa, gzavnida maT zedapirze. amasTanave,
formirebis procesSi maT miecaT suli, romelic iyo Seqmnili oqrosgan (fi-
losofosebis), vercxlisgan (mebrZolebis), an rkinisa da brinjaosagan (mi-
waTmoqmedebisa da xelosnebis). am miTis mizania saxelwifos mcxovrebTa
darwmuneba, rom yvelani debi da Zmebi arian, agreTve imisaTvis, rom klaso-
brivi sistema, romelic saxelwifos arsebobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia, yov-
elTvis popularuli iyos.
saukeTeso politikuri saxelmwifos aRweris dros sokrate aseve saubrobs
im sirTuleebze, romelic axlavs mis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebas. respublikis
ara mxolod zogadi koncefciaa arapraqtikuli, aramed misi ganxorcielebac
SeuZlebeli Cans. sokrate naTlad gviCvenebs, ra safasuris gadaxda iqneboda
aucilebeli aseTi politikuri wyobis SeqmnisaTvis. rogorc davinaxeT, sa-
fasuri, romelic aseTi wyobis danergvisTvis iqneboda saWiro, aris ojaxebis
aRmofxvra, cenzuris daweseba, sicruis farTod gavrceleba reJimis moral-
uri safuZvlis SesanarCuneblad da im xalxis mmarTveloba, romelsac ar surs
marTva.
 utopia 53
miuxedavad imisa, rom platonis saxelmwifo SeiZleba ar iyos romelime
momavali politikuri reJimis sqema, igi sasargebloa sxva kuTxiTac. pirvel
rigSi, igi siRrmiseulad ikvlevs iseT saWiro politikur ideebs, rogoricaa
samarTlianoba, tirania da ganaTleba. igi gvTavazobs saukeTeso politikuri
wyobis gaazrebul ideas da amasTanave gviCvenebs misi danergvis praqtikul
xarvezebs. sabolood, platonis saxelmwifo unda miviRoT ara rogorc poli-
tikuri miTiTeba, aramed rogorc filosofiuri savarjiSo. sokrates eqskur-
sia utopiaSi warmogvidgens adamianis azris srulyofis mcdelobas da ara
adamianis qcevis srulyofis formulas.

frensis bekonis axali atlantida:

pasuxi mecnierebaa

idea imis Sesaxeb, rom utopia realurad miiRweva `aq~ da `axla~, meTxuT-
mete saukunis Semdeg gaxda popularuli. frensis bekoni (1561-1626) iyo
pirveli da yvelaze gavleniani gamavrcelebeli utopiuri ideisa, romlis
mi xedviTac mecnierebas SeuZlia adamianebs misces yvelaze sasurveli
sikeTe _ komfortuli TviTSenarCuneba. isini, visac dRes sjeraT an
adideben adamianis progresis, mecnieruli miRwevebis, teqnologiuri
siaxleebis an msoflio politikuri modernizaciisa da ganviTarebis brwyin-
valebas (ix. Tavi IX), ZiriTadad iseTive politikuri reJimis sisworeSi arian
darwmunebulebi, romelic bekonis sqemasTanaa axlos.
axal atlantidaSi (1627) bekoni aRwers mogzaurTa warmosaxviT voiaJs,
romlebmac aRmoaCines kunZuli bensalemi. isini daitanjnen wynar okeaneSi
xangrZlivi mgzavrobiT da sWirdebodaT sakvebi da dasveneba. Tavdapirve-
lad, kunZulis mkvidrebma gaafrTxiles, ar gadasuliyvnen kunZulze, magram
molaparakebebis Semdeg mainc darTes neba. stumarTa pirveli uaryofiTi
STabeWdileba gaqra, rogorc ki naxes kunZuli iseTi, rogoric is namdvilad
aris: dalocvili, bednieri adgili.

stabiluroba da mecniereba

bensalemis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis praqtikuli detalebis ume tesoba

bekons mxolod zedapirulad aqvs aRwerili. miuxedavad imisa, rom kun-
Zulis wargzavnilebma evropaSi saidumlo eqspedicia Caatares mecnier-
uli miRwe vebis Sesaswavlad, sxva mxriv kunZuli mowyvetilia msoflios.
amgvari geografiuli izolaciis gamo, Tavdacvis saWiroeba ar arsebobs.
kunZuli ekonomikuradac TviTkmaria. mdidari bunebrivi resursebis xar-
jze bekoni qmnis yovelmxriv uzrunvel yofil qveynas.
bensalemi qristianuli sazogadoebaa, magram aRiarebs religiur Tavi-
suflebas. sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobis wevrebs ukaviaT maRali Tana-
mdebobebi, aq tolerantoba normaa. religiuri disputebi, romlebmac ganxeT-
qileba Camoagdo bevr evropul qveyanas Soris, utopiur kunZulze ar arsebobs.
54 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

frensis bekoni (1561-1626) – ingliseli filoso-

fosi, mecnieri, eseisti da saxelmwifo moxele
– im mosazrebas uWerda mxars, rom mecniere-
ba kacobriobis TviTSenarCunebis gasaRebia:
`bunebaze rom ibatono, mas unda daemorCilo~,
ambobda igi.

bensalemis socialuri safuZveli ojaxia; qorwineba aris sazogadoe-

bis fuZe. dResaswaulebis dros, romelic ojaxis zeimad aris cnobili da
daarsebuli da dafinansebulia saxelmwifos mier, gansakuTrebul pativs
didi ojaxis ufrosebs miageben. ojaxi da moraluri saqcieli urTierTda-
kavSirebuli da stabiluri Temuri cxovrebis qvakuTxedad aris miCneuli.
Temis stabilurobas aZlierebs is faqtic, rom 2000 wlis win didsulovanma
mmarTvelma solomonma Seqmna imdenad srulyofili kanonebi, romelTa ga-
naxleba mas mere saWiro aRar gamxdara.
bensalemi Zalian progresuli sazogadoebaa. misi saukeTeso moazrov-
neebi ikribebian kolejSi, romelsac Sesabamisad solomonis saxli ewo-
deba; aq mecnierebis kanonebi eqsperimentebisa da dakvirvebis gziT `sa-
gnebis mizezebis da idumali bunebis garkvevis; yvela SesaZ lo saSualebiT
adamianis imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebis~ aRmosaCenad gamoiyeneba.
platonis ` saxelmwifosgan~ gansxvavebiT, bensalemSi codnas ara mxolod
sakuTari keTildReobisTvis iZenen, aramed bunebaze batonobisaTvisac.
mecniereba unda iyos gamoye nebuli `adamianis yofis SemsubuqebisaTvis~.
bekoniseuli meCvidmete saukunis Sexeduleba bevr sakiTxSi winaswar-
metyvelurad JRers. magaliTad, kunZulze mecnierebis meSveobiT cxovrebis
saSualo xangrZlivoba SesamCnevad izrdeba, vinaidan avadmyofobis mTeli
simZime aRmofxvrilia, Seqmnilia xilisa da yvavilebis axali jiSebi, zogi-
erT maTgans samkurnalo Tvisebebi aqvs, mkurnalobis sferoSi teqnolo-
giuri revolucia moxda. bensalemis mkvidrT bunebrivi katastrofebis
Tavidan acileba SeuZliaT, vinaidan maTi mecniereba bunebis umkacres said-
umloebasac ki xsnis.
 utopia 55

samomavlo gegma

miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebi ver Tanxmdebian, raSi mdgomareobs

bekonis axali atlantidis namdvili mizani, naSromi Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia. erTi cnobili da avtoritetuli moazrovne bekonSi `pirvel realur,
Tanamedrove utopists~ xedavs, vinaidan bekons egona, rom misi idealuri
sazogadoeba arsebobas SeZlebda.6 axali atlantida ar moiazreboda rogorc
momavlis zusti gegma; Tumca, bekonma SemogvTavaza sazogadoebis erTi Sesa-
Zlo forma, romelSic mecnieruli progresi SeuzRudavad iqneboda nebad-
arTuli. bekonis teqnologiuri utopiis xedva miznad ar isaxavda arsebuli
sazogadoebisadmi protests, es iyo adamianis mdgomareobis radikaluri
gaumjobesebis gegma.

karl marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba:

pasuxi ekonomikaa

karl marqsic (1818-1883) utopisti iyo, magram platonisa da bekonisagan

gansxvavdeboda. marqsis winamorbedni iwyebdnen Tavisi samoTxis detal-
uri aRweriT da rodesac socialuri realobis kritikaze gadadiodnen, es
ufro farulad xdeboda, vidre aSkarad. maTgan gansxvavebiT, marqsma dai-
wyo arsebuli sazogadoebis aSkara kritikiT da miseuli utopiis mxolod
zogadi monaxazi Seqmna. is sakuTar Tavs praqtikos-realistad miiCnevda da
ara meocnebe idealistad. igi Tavis msoflmxedvelobas istoriuli da so-
cialur-ekonomikuri realobis swor empiriul aRqmad ganixilavda da amiT
uaryofda, rom misi ideebi warmosaxviT azrovnebas efuZneboda.

karl marqss (1818-1883) _ germanel filoso-

foss, ekonomistsa da revolucioners _ mi-
aCnda, rom samarTliani samyaro mxolod ka-
cobriobis kapitalisturidan socialistur
ekonomikaze gadasvliTa da sazogadoebis
evoluciiT miiRweva: `aqamde arsebuli yvela
sazogadoebis istoria klasTa brZolis is-
toriaa~.

miuxedavad amisa, marqsizmSi utopiuri elementi aSkaraa. winamorbedi

utopistebisagan gansxvavebiT marqss sjeroda, rom misi idealuri sazoga-
doeba ara mxolod SesaZlebeli, aramed gardauvali iyo. klasebs Soris mwva-
ve brZola, romelsac igi winaswarmetyvelebda (ix. Tavi XIV), mxolod im Sem-
56 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

TxvevaSi SeiZle-ba iqnes sworad gagebuli, Tu es brZola aRiqmeba, rogorc

mSvidobisa da siuxvis aRTqmul qveyanaSi utopiuri cxovrebis aucilebeli
Sesavali. es winaswarmetyveleba, marqsis azriT, iyo dauZleveli Zalis
saboloo Sedegi, romelic kacobriobis istorias misi gardauvali bediswe-
risken _ uklaso sazogadoebisken _ miaqanebda.

ekonomikis wamyvani roli

marqsis galaSqreba ekonomikuri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg, mecx-

ramete saukunis Sua periodSi kapitalizmTan asocirebuli Sromis mZime
pirobebiT da farTod gavrcelebuli tanjviT iyo gamowveuli. mdidari
komerciuli da industriuli elita (burJua kapitalistTa klasi) ewi-
naaRmdegeboda reformebs, romlebic gaRaribebuli muSaTa klasis (pro-
letariatis) cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaken iyo mimarTuli.
marqsis kapitalSi naTlad aris aRwerili dasaqmebis sferodan motanili
iseTi magaliTebi, romlebmac misi risxva gamo iwvia, magaliTad:

meri en voklim imuSava Sesvenebis gareSe 26.5 saaTi 60 sxva gogosTan er-
Tad, 30 gogo erT oTaxSi, ris gamoc saWiro raodenobis Jangbadis nacv-
lad mxolod erT mesamed kubur futs SeisunTqvdnen... meri en vokli
cudad gaxda paraskevs [da] mokvda kviras... eqimma keisma, romelic dagvi-
anebiT gamoiZaxes, sasamarTloSi ganacxada, rom `meri en vokli mokvda
xalxiT gadatvirTul oTaxSi xangrZlivi muSaobis Sedegad~.7

marqsisaTvis meri en voklis da sxva misnairebis sikvdili ubralo SemTx-

veviToba ar yofila. mas swamda, rom ekonomika _ materialur saWiroebaTa
warmoeba da ganawileba _ adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelia da
rom istoriulad adamianTa sazogadoebebi iqmneboda da ingreoda ekonomi-
kuri faqtorebis mkacri dinamikis Sesabamisad. mas sjeroda isic, rom meri
en vokli, raki kapitalizmis epoqaSi daibada, ganwiruli iyo xanmokle da
xelmokle cxovrebisaTvis da saarsebo minimumisTvis samuSaod. warmoebis
mepatroneebs _ kapitalistebis klass ki _ SeeZlo sul ufro metad gam-
didrebuliyo. en voklis cxovreba da adreuli sikvdili gamowveuli iyo
mecxramete saukunis Sua periodis Semosavalze orientirebuli ekonomikiT.
Tumca, marqsis azriT, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis logikam, gardauvali
gaxada siZunwesa da eqspluataciaze agebuli Zalauflebis zestruqturebis
ngreva da marqsis sayvareli proletariatis _ Raribi da gariyuli muSaTa
klasis didi socialuri aRmasvla.

proletariatis diqtatura

marqsi revoluciuri procesis pirvel stadias, romelic dauyovnebliv

mohyveba kapitalizmis gadavardnas, proletariatis diqtaturas uwodebs.
 utopia 57
marqsis mtkicebiT, es istoriuli epoqa komunizmis pirveli stadia unda
yofiliyo da kacobriobis istoriaSi socialisturi aTaswleulis dasawyisi
ganesaxierebina. proletariatis diqtatura, rogorc droebiTi fenomeni,
iarsebebda mxolod im dromde, sanam iarsebebda kontrrevoluciisagan dac-
vis aucilebloba. am drois ganmavlobaSi Seiqmneboda axali revoluciuri
programebi `yvelasgan SesaZleblobebis mixedviT, yvelasTvis saWiroebaTa
mixedviT~ principiT. amgvari politika gulisxmobda kerZo sakuTrebis gau-
qmebas, mudmivad mzard saSemosavlo gadasaxads, memkvidreobis uflebis
gauqmebas, saxelmwifos mier yvela sakredito dawesebulebis, agreTve komu-
nikaciisa da transportis saSualebebis centralizacias, yvela bavSvisaT-
vis ufaso ganaTlebis SemoRebas, bavSvTa Sromis gauqmebas, saxelmwifos sa-
kuTrebaSi arsebuli qarxnebisa da warmoebis saSualebebis gafarToebas da
`gamouyenebeli miwebis kultivaciasa da miwis gaumjobesebas zogadi gegmis
Sesabamisad.~8
am stadiebis Tanmimdevrulad Sesrulebis Sedegad xelisufleba ub-
ralod TavisTavad gaqreboda. roca (marqsis kolegis, fridrix engel-
sis azriT) klasobrivi gansxvaveba da antagonizmi bunebrivad qreba, sax-
elmwifo Zalauflebis CarTva socialur urTierTobebSi zedmeti xdeba
da `adamianTa mmarTve loba icvleba sagnebis da warmoebis procesis
administ rirebiT~. sa boloo jamSi `saxelmwifo ar `nadgurdeba,~ igi ga-
daSendeba.~ 9
arsebiTad, marqsi, proletariatis diqtaturas (komunizmis socia-
listur safexurs), uklaso utopiis aucilebel Sualedur rgolad ganixi-
lavda. marqss swamda, rom adamianebi sufTa gonebiT ibadebian da is, rac
mogvianebiT maT gonebaSi aRibeWdeba, ufro metad sazogadoebis bunebiT ga-
nisazRvreba, vidre individualuri genetikuri memkvidreobiT. metic, mar-
qsi ver xedavda pirovnebis WeSmarit interesebsa da sazogadoebis intere-
sebs Soris SesaZlo daZabulobas. Sesabamisad, socialistur xanaSi xalxi
bunebrivad SeiTvisebda socialistur Rirebulebebs. kapitalisturi sax-
elmwifoebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac, TiTqos, konkurentuli moqalaqeebis
Camoyalibebas uwyoben xels, romlebic sinamdvileSi degradirebulni arian
da eqspluatacias uweven erTmaneTs, socialisturi saxelmwifo ayalibebda
kooperatiul moqalaqeebs, romlebic pativs scemdnen da exmarebodnen erT-
maneTs. klasobrivi konfliqti TavisTavad aRmoifxvreboda da interesTa
bunebrivi harmoniiT iqneboda Canacvlebuli.
saxelmwifoTa gaqrobis marqsistuli rwmena interesTa mTlianobis
erTgvar logikaze iyo dafuZnebuli: kerZo sakuTrebis SemcirebiTa da
Sromis danawilebiT socialuri uTanasworoba mcirdeba, xolo socia-
luri uTanasworobis SemcirebiT _ SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis mizezebi.
TavisTavad, klasebis ararsebobis SemTxvaSi klasobrivi brZolac SeuZle-
beli xdeba. dabolos, SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis SemcirebiT saxelmwifos
saWiroebac mcirdeba. warsuli sazogadoebebi iyo mxolod adamianTa
gamogoneba klasobrivi dominantobis SesanarCuneblad. marqsis Tanaxmad,
socialuri klasebis gaqrobasTan erTad ufunqciod darCenili mTavro-
bac mokvdeba.
58 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

uklaso sazogadoeba

rogorc marqsi winaswarmetyvelebda, mTavrobis arsebobis bunebrivi

da sasruli komunizmis meore safexurze _ uklaso sazogadoebaSi unda
momxdariyo. am komunistur utopiaSi namdvili adamianuri survilebis
dak mayofileba SesaZlebeli iqneboda. kapitalizmSi, werda marqsi, `yve-
las konkretuli, gansazRvruli saqmianobis Tavsmoxveuli sfero aqvs,
romelsac Tavs ver daaRwevs. monadirea is meTevze, mwyemsi Tu `kritikuli
kritikosi~, aseTad unda darCes, Tu ar unda, rom arsebobis saSualeba da-
kargos.~10 amis sapirispirod, komunizmSi,

sadac aravis aqvs saqmianobis gansazRvruli sfero, magram Seu-

Zlia moamzados sakuTari Tavi mis mier arCeul dargisaTvis, saerTo
produqciis regulirebis gziT sazogadoeba SesaZlebels xdis CemT-
vis gavakeTo erTi saqme dRes da meore xval. vinadiro diliT, viTev-
zao SuadRes, vmwyemso naxiri saRamos, agreTve gavakritiko vaxSami _
zustad ise, rogorc me minda _ monadired, meTevzed, mwyemsad an kri-
tikosad gadaqcevis gareSe.11

individualuri TviTrealizaciis paralelurad, ganviTardeboda bed-

nierebis momtani socializmi, romlis drosac adamianebi iqnebodnen `loia-
luri, brZeni da arakorumpirebuli amxanagebi, romlebic erTmaneTs sru-
liad araegoisturi keTilganwyobiT moepyrobodnen.~12 marqsis uklaso
sazogadeba am mxriv virtualurad yvela danarCen utopias mogvagonebs.
erT-erTi mecnieri marqsistuli utopizmis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom komu-
nisturi sazogadoebis marqsiseuli aRwera bevr sxva utopiur SromasTan
`saerTo eTikur safuZvels~ iziarebs, romlis mTavari maxasiaTeblebicaa
`saerTo da ara konkurentuli Sroma, sazogadoebisTvis sasikeTo miznebi
da ara TviTkmayofileba da hedonizmi _ TiToeul wevrze socialuri pasux-
ismgeblobis eTika da ara yvelaze ZlierTa gadarCenisaTvis brZola.~13
momavlis suraTi, romelic marqsma da engelsma msoflios SesTava zes,
namdvilad mimzidveli d a utopiuri iyo:

danaSauli aRmoifxvreboda, cxovrebis xangrZlivoba gaizrdeboda,

Zmoba da TanamSromloba axal moralur wesebs daamkvidrebda, mecni-
eruli progresi swrafi tempiT ganviTardeboda. yvelaferTan erTad,
socializmis mTel msoflioSi gavrcelebiT, kacobriobis udides daa-
vadebas _ omsa da mis tyup Zmas, nacionalizms _ adgili aRar eqneboda.
amas saerTaSoriso megobroba mohyveboda ... socialuri revoluciiT
kacobrioba daasrulebda mis `preistoriul~ xanas da pirvelad Sea-
bijebda iq, rasac SeiZleba misi sakuTari istoria ewodos.
...revoluciis Semdgom gaerTianebul uklaso sazogadoebas pirve-
lad SeeZleba gadawyvitos, romeli gziT wavides da rogor gamoiyenos
sakuTari resursebi da SesaZleblobebi. pirvelad Cven Tavad SevqmniT
sakuTar istorias! es aris `naxtomi monobidan damoukideblobisaken,
sibnelidan sinaTlisaken.~14
 utopia 59

utopiisaken dabruneba

arc erT utopiaSi, romelic ganvixileT, ar arsebobs konfliqti, Suri,

winaaRmdegoba, mtruli disputebi an piradi imedgacrueba. aranairi Rrmad
fesvgadgmuli dapirispireba ar yofs individebs da ar arsebobs didi antago-
nizmi sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris. Tumca, yvela es idealuri sa-
xelmwifo sxvadasxva xedviT aris inspirirebuli da wesrigis gegmac sxva-
dsxvagvari aqvs.

utopiiT STagoneba

rogorc vnaxeT, politikuri moazrovneebi utopias sxvadasxva mizezis

gamo qmnian. `saxemwifoSi~ platonma adamianis srulyofilebis sazRvrebi
gamoikvlia; igi ara marto saukeTeso politikuri wyobis aRweras cdilobda,
aramed surda naTeli moefina im problemebisaTvis, romlebic SesaZloa mo-
hyoloda aseTi politikuri wyobis danergvis mcdelobas. misgan gansxvave-
biT, bekonma `axali atlantida~ dawera ara imisaTvis, rom adamianuri Sesa-
Zleblobebis zRvari eCvenebina, aramed warmoeCina, Tu risi miRweva SeuZlia
Tanamedrove mecnierebaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebas. bekons ainteresebda
ara adamianTa SezRudvebi, aramed maTi SesaZleblobebi. misi naSromi damai-
medebelia da adamianis keTildReobis SesamCnev gaumjobesebas gvpirdeba.
marqsis utopiuri Sexedulebac imedismomcemia; metic, igi Sedgeba
misi msoflmxedvelobis logikuri da aucilebeli nawilisgan. gzis bolos
uklaso sazogadoebis dapirebis gareSe, Zaladoba da tanjva, romelic
marqsis rwmeniT, aucileblad Tan unda axldes kapitalizmis dasasruls,
sabolood azrs moklebuli iqneba. marqsis utopia imedis naperwkals saxavs
revoluciisa da brZolis uimedo perspeqtivaSi.

gza utopiisaken

imisaTvis, rom Seiqmnas sruliad bednieri da harmoniuli msoflio, av-

torma unda warmoadginos sazogadoebis konstruirebis axleburi xedva.
platoni filosofiaSi xedavda gasaRebs. miseuli saxelmwifo ver iarse-
bebda, sanam mis mmarTvelobaSi yvelaze Wkviani filosofosebi ar movi-
dodnen; sxvagvarad aris bekonTan, romlisTvisac naTeli momavali aris ara
adamianTa abstraqtuli codnis Sedegi, aramed mecnieruli meTodebis teq-
nikuri ganviTareba. misi `solomonebi~ ar iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebic
ideebis sulier sferoze wuxdnen; isini iyvnen mecnierebi, romlebic ada-
mianTa SesaZleblobebis ganmtkicebis mizniT aanalizebdnen, ikvlevdnen,
sistematizacias ukeTebdnen, iwerdnen da amowmebdnen bunebis sxvadasxva
fenomens. marqsisaTvis filosofia da mecniereba ekonomikam daCrdila: misi
azriT, araeqspluataciuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi mSvidobiani da mdi-
dari qveynis garantiaa.
60 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

utopiis praqtikuloba

Tanamedrove mecnierul da teqnologiur ganviTarebasTan erTad,

zogierTi politikuri moazrovne ufro seriozulad dafiqrda utopiis
miRwevis praqtikul SesaZleblobaze. axali utopistebi, raki SeiaraRdnen
ufro metad ganviTarebuli instrumentebiT _ axali mecnierebiT, axali
ekonomikiT _ dedamiwaze samoTxis arsebobas sul ufro xSirad ganixilaven
rogorc realur SesaZleblobas da ara ubralod ausrulebel ocnebas.
es tendencia naTlad aris asaxuli zemoT ganxilul utopiur naSromeb-
Si. magaliTad, platoni gviCvenebda, rom misi utopiis Seqmna da SenarCune-
ba, sruliad SeuZ lebeli Tu ara, Zalian rTuli iqneboda. misgan gansxvave-
biT, bekonma aRwera sazogadoeba, romelic Tanamedrove mecnierebis yvela
SesaZ loblobis srulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia gamxdari-
yo adamianis keTildReobis ganmtkicebis safuZveli. ra Tqma unda, bekoni
utopias momavlis Sesa Z leblobad ganixilavda, Tumca miaCnda, rom misi
miRweva adamians xelewifeba. marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba araTu SesaZle-
beli, aramed gardauvalic iyo _ proletariatis saboloo gamarjvebis
damtkiceba da jildo.
sabolood, utopiebma samomavlo gegmis saxe miiRo. am gegmebis saerTo
safuZvelia zogadi xedvebi adamianTa modgmisa da imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris
adamianisTvis saukeTeso.

utopia da adamianis buneba

`saxemwifoSi~, idealuri qalaqis aRwerasTan erTad, aRwerilia misi

daRupvac. naSromis erT-erTi interpretaciis mixedviT, platoni xvde-
boda, rom adamianTa srulyofili Temis daarsebis SemTxvevaSic ki, misi
gadagvareba gardauvali gaxdeboda. amgvarad, platonma dasva kiTxva, ro-
melic gadamdebi aRmoCnda yvela Semdgomi utopiisaTvis: rogor SeiZleba
Tavidan aviciloT cvlileba? ganmartebis mixedviT, utopia aris saukeTeso
politikuri wyoba; aqedan gamomdinare, masSi ganxorcielebuli yvela mniSv-
nelovani cvlileba uaresobisken aris mimarTuli. amgvarad, paradoqsulad,
cvlileba am novatoruli sazogadoebebis momakvdinebeli mteri xdeba.
cvlilebebisagan dasacavad utopistma avtorma idealur sazogadoe-
baSi araferi unda datovos Sesacvleli, gansakuTrebiT is, rac adamianis
bunebas exeba. xalxis mSvidad da harmoniulad cxovrebisaTvis aucilebe-
lia aRmoifxvras an mkacrad gakontroldes adamianis iseTi fundamentu-
ri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa uzneoba, boroteba da araprognozirebadoba.
bednieri saxelmwifos ZiebaSi utopiebi, rogorc wesi, moicaven evgeni-
kur programebs, iZulebiT ganaTlebasa da kerZo sakuTrebis akrZalvas.
eugeniuri programis mizania gaakontrolos xalxis memkvidreobiTi
Tvisebebi seleqciuri gamravlebis gziT, xolo iZulebiTi ganaTleba
ganixileboda, rogorc saWiro meTodi saukeTeso adamianuri Tvisebebis
SenarCunebisa da arasasurveli Tvisebebis aRmofxvrisaTvis. utopiurma
 utopia 61
moazrovneebma imave mizniT dauWires mxari kerZo sakuTrebis aRmofxvras,
raTa ganidevnos egoizmi, sixarbe da siZunwe adamianis bunebidan.
utopistebis umetesobis azriT, adamianis egoizmi gamowveulia socialur-
ekonomikuri institutebiT, romlebic icaven, mxars uWeren da samudamod
inarCuneben uTanasworobas da es institutebi SeiZleba gauqmdes mxolod
sazogadoebis fundamenturi reorganizaciiT. amis gamo, bevr utopiaSi
saerTo saTemo aqtivoba, saerTo sacxovrebeli da sazogadoebrivi kveba
anacvlebs qonebis kerZo mesakuTreobas im imediT, rom TanamSromloba
gaimarjvebs konkurenciaze.
sazogadoebis radikaluri reorganizaciis gegmaTa umetesobas safuZv-lad
udevs adamianis bunebis specifikuri xedva. am TvalsazrisiT, adamianTa Soris
konfliqti warmoiSoba cudad organizebul an korumpirebul sazogadoebaSi,
rasac xSirad, ubralod `sistema~ ewodeba. Tu fundamenturad arakoreqtu-
li institutebis negatiuri gavlena aRmoifxvreba, adamianis qceva poziti-
urisken Seicvleba. utopiuri Sexedulebis mTavari rwmena isaa, rom adamianis
buneba kargi Tu ara, damjeri mainc aris (da amis gamo potenciurad kargia).

utopia da politikis ugulebelyofa

utopiuri rwmena, rom adamianis buneba unda da SeiZleba advilad

Seicvalos, seriozul kiTxvebs badebs. Tu garemos marTlac SeuZlia serio-
zuli gavlena iqonios individze, maSin adamiani ara marto moraluri sru-
lyofilebis, aramed moraluri gaxrwnis kandidati xdeba. aqedan gamomdin-
are, utopiis dros nebismierma naklma SeiZleba ocneba koSmarad aqcios.
TiTqmis yvela utopiaSi (marqsis proletariatis diqtaturis etapis
CaTvliT) politikuri Zalaufleba centralizebulia. Sesabamisad, uto-
piur mTavrobebs gankargulebaSi aqvT Zlieri instrumentebi, romlebiTac
akontroleben adamianTa qcevas. TavisTavad es instrumentebi neitralu-
ria; yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, rogor iyeneben maT _ brZnulad Tu
sulelurad, racionalurad Tu mflangvelurad, moralurad Tu amoralu-
rad. xSirad, utopistebi Tvlian, rom es instrumentebi yovelTvis sasike-
Tod iqneba gamoyenebuli. magram Tanamedrove teqnokratiuli saxelmwifos
Zalauflebisa da damyoli adamianuri bunebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es varaudi,
rbilad rom vTqvaT, ususuria. utopiuri sqemebis kritikosebs awuxebdaT
ara ubralod Zalauflebis erT adgilas Tavmoyra, rasac isini xSir SemTx-
vevaSi dadebiTad afasebdnen kidec, aramed Zalauflebis ganxorcielebisas
Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sruli ararseboba.
utopiis mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, politikisa da mTavrobisadmi mci re
interess iCenen. isini ver xedaven Zalauflebasa da samarTlianobas Soris
konfliqturi urTierTobis daregulirebis aucileblobas. materialuri
simdi dris, samoqalaqo suliskveTebiT ganmsWvaluli moqalaqeebisa da ada-
mianis survilebsa da keTildReobas (an socioekonomikur Tanasworobasa
da pirovnul aRmatebulebas) Soris mcire an ararsebuli konfliqtis Sem-
TxvevaSi, socialu ri samarTlianobis miRweva gaxdeba ufro teqnikuri, vi-
62 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

dre politikuri saxis problema. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavrobis muSaobis

ZiriTadi meqanizmi _ ZalauflebaTa gamijvna, Sekaveba da gawonasworeba,
sasamarTlo zedamxedve loba da a.S. _ utopistaTa umetesobis Tvis inte-
resmoklebuli iyo.

distopia: ocnebidan koSmaramde

ukontrolo politikuri Zalauflebis saSiSroebani da koSmarad gadaq-

ceuli utopiis Tema TvalsaCinod aris ganxiluli iseT cnobil naSromebSi,
rogorebicaa jorj oruelis `aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi~ (1961) da oldos
haqslis `mamaci axali samyaro~ (1932). orive wigni distopiis grafikuli
aRweraa _ sazogadoeba, romlis Semqmnelebic apirebdnen srulyofili
politikuri wyobis aSenebas, aRmoaCens, rom SeuZlebels dahpirdnen. isini
xelisuflebaSi darCenas mxolod Zaladobisa da komunikaciis sistemis
meSveobiT damyarebuli mkacri monopoliis gziT axerxeben.

oruelis samyaro

`aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxSi~ totalitari mmarTvelebi (romelTac ga-

nasaxierebs bundovani figura, romelsac did Zmas uwodeben) inarCuneben
Zalauflebas ara marto adamianTa moqmedebebisa da qcevis formebis, ar-
amed maTi azrovnebis wyarosa da meTodebis manipulirebiT. daarsebulia
simarTlis saministro, romelsac aqvs mxolod erTi mizani _ sistematurad
moatyuos moqalaqeebi; gamogonilia axali ena (`Newspeak~) _ yvela im sity-
vis, ideis da gamoTqmis aRmosafxvrelad, romelic mTavrobis mier saSiSad
aris miCneuli; garda amisa, SemoRebulia urTierTsawinaaRmdego logika
(ormagi azrovneba), romlis mizanicaa moqalaqeTa gonebisaTvis misaRebi
gaxados oficialuri propagandis uprincipoba.
oficialuri ideologiis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo teroris, mkacri cenzu-
risa da mudmivi meTvalyureobis mizania revoluciis mtrebs ar mieceT saSua-
leba, daarRvion marSi sruli komunizmisken _ mSromelTa samoTxisken, sa-
dac yvela iqneba bednieri, daculi, warmatebuli da Tanaswori. Teoriulad,
masebi sakuTar beds Tavad ganageben, praqtikulad ki isini monebis axal kla-
sad gadaiqcevian. maT beds gankargavs yvelaze umowyalo tirani (an tirane-
bi), rogoric ki SeiZleba warmovidginoT, an SesaZloa, verc warmovidginoT
(oruelis daxmarebis gareSe).

utopia da terorizmi

XV TavSi ganvixilavT terorizmis bunebas da gavlenas Sida da saerTa-

Soriso politikaze Tanamedrove msoflioSi. teroristuli aqtebi xSirad
asocirdeba religiur an ideologiur fanatizmTan, gansakuTrebiT, Tu aseTi
 utopia 63
aqtebi xorcieldeba sruli TavganwirviT, rogorc es xdeba TviTmkvleli te-
roristebis SemTxvevaSi. normalur xalxs ukvirs, ra SeiZleba iyos adamianis
motivacia Seasrulos misia, romelic erTdroulad barbarosulicaa da TviT-
gamanadgurebelic. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris SemTxveva _ koordinirebuli
Seteva msoflio savaWro centrze niu-iorkSi da pentagonze vaSingtonSi,
romelSic mravali adamiani monawileobda da iaraRad gatacebuli komerci-
uli avialainerebi gamoiyenes, Sokis momgvreli da Znelad gasagebia. ra aris
saTave aseTi siZulvilisa, ras SeuZlia ara erTi piris, aramed pirTa jgufebis
motivireba, raTa dagegmon, xangrZlivad moamzadon da sabolood ganaxor-
cielon erTobliv TviTmkvlelobaze dafuZnebuli masobrivi mkvleloba?
am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs. iqneb kargicaa, rom umravles
CvenTagans ar SeuZlia gaigos, rogor poulobs vinme `karg~ mizezs, udana-
Saulo xalxisaTvis aseTi zianis misayeneblad. magram savsebiT SesaZlebe-
lia _ (da albaT asec aris) _ rom zogierTi tero risti motivirebulia im
damaxinjebuli ideiT, rogori SeiZleba iyos samyaro borotebis, rogorc
mas isini uwodeben, saTaveebis ganadgurebis Semdeg. 15 meorexarisxova-
nia, ra azriT es `boroteba~: kapitalizmi, materializmi, israeli, ameri-
kis SeerTebuli Sta tebi Tu sxva ram. eqstremistebi warmoidgenen dros,
rodesac, magaliTad, islamuri sazogado eba wminda da Seuryvneli iyo,
sanam dasavluri ideebi, faseulobebi, musika, fuli da SeiaraRebuli in-
tervencia wabilwavdnen morwmuneebs da Zalian iolad asruleben mizezs _
mters. isini damaxinjebulad xedaven warsuls, awm yosa da momavls. SemaS-
foTebelia, rom Tanamedrove is toriaSi swrafva utopiisken, dedamiwis
im adgilisken, sadac bednierebas ar aqvs sazRvari, xSirad asocirdeba Za-
ladobasTan, romelsac aseve ar aqvs sazRvari.

daskvniTi mosazrebani

SesaZloa, zogierTi, SedarebiTi mokrZalebuli instituti zogadi

mmarTvelobis rigiani muSaobisTvis ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs,
vidre mas utopistebi uTmoben. rogorc vnaxeT, utopiuri gegmebi savsea
faruli safrTxeebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom utopiuri sqemebi xSirad
saukeTeso survilebiTaa motivirebuli da maRali idealebiT ganmtkicebuli,
rogorc platonma aRmoaCina, sxva adamianur swrafvaTa umetesobis msgavsad,
mainc warumateblobisTvis aris ganwiruli. realur samyaroSi, utopiuri
ocnebebis msxvreva mTlianad sazogadoebis ngrevas iwvevs, rac naTlad aCvena
meoce saukunis totalitarizmma, romelic metwilad utopistur idealebs
emyareboda.

daskvna

tomas morma termin utopiaSi srulyofili harmoniisa da bednierebis

warmosaxviTi sazogadoeba igulisxma. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi moris utopia
64 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

iyo Semparavi Seteva henri VIII-is mmarTvelobis droindeli inglisis sazoga-

doebis mankierebebze. Tumca, `srulyofili~ politikuri wyobis gansazRvr-
is pirveli mniSvnelovani mcdeloba platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ gvxvdeba.
saxelmwifoSi platoni filosofiuri gamokvlevebis gziT samarTlian
sazogadoebas eZebda. meCvidmete saukuneSi frensis bekonis axalma atlan-
tidam gviCvena, rogor SeiZleba, Tanamedrove mecnierebis meSveobiT, gaiz-
ardos adamianis SesaZleblobebi. mogvianebiT, karl marqsma SemogvTavaza
Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac mxolod sazogadoebis SigniT ekonomikur
urTierTobaTa radikaluri reorganizaciis gziT aris SesaZlebeli WeS-
mariti samarTlianobis miRweva da adamianTa tanjvis dasruleba. marqsis
sazogadoebrivi transformaciis Teoriis saboloo mizani uklaso sazoga-
doebis Seqmnaa.
zogadad, utopiuri azrebi idealizmiTa da socialuri usamarTlobis
SeuwynareblobiT iyo STagonebuli. Tumca, utopiis savaraudo sasurveloba
xSirad ewinaaRmdegeba mis praqtikul SesaZleblobas. utopiuri sazogadoe-
bis principuli dabrkoleba aris adamianis bunebis udavo araprognozireba-
doba da egoizmi, romlis kontrolsac utopisti moazrovneni evgenikuri
programebis, savaldebulo ganaTlebis sistemiT da kerZo sakuTrebis gau-
qmebiT cdilobdnen.
utopistebi xSirad adanaSauleben politikosebs, rom maT ver gaaum-
jobeses sazogadoebis yofa. Sedegad, bevr utopiur gegmaSi, sasurvel cvl-
ilebaTa gatarebis dros, politikosebis roli an mniSvnelovnad SezRudu-
lia, an saerTod gauqmebuli. politikis ugulvebelyofa utopiuri sqemebis
umetesobas kritikis samizned xdis, vinaidan isini advilad SeiZleba iqcnen
totalitarizmis gegmad. aseTi gegmebi asaxulia naSromebSi, romlebSic
utopia Ramis koSmarad gadaqceul distopiad iqceva.

sakvanZo sityvebi

utopia komunizmis meore stadia

filosofosi-mefeebi adamianis buneba
proletariatis diqtatura evgenika
komunizmis pirveli stadia distopia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. saidan warmoiSva da ras niSnavs sityva `utopia~?

2. azrTa rogori sxvadasxvaoba iyo utopist mweralTa Soris utopiis praq-
tikulobis Taobaze?
3. utopisti mwerlebi xSirad garkveul varauds gamoTqvamen adamianis
 utopia 65
bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb. ganmarteT.
4. risi swavla SegviZlia utopiuri Sexedulebebidan Tanamedrove msoflios
politikasTan mimarTebaSi?
5. meoce saukuneSi totalitarizmma didi gavlena moaxdina calkeul mwer-
lebze, romelTa moTxrobebSi utopia `Tavdayiraa~ warmodgenili. ganmar-
teT.

SeniSvnebi

1. ix. eo Strauss, What Is Political Philosophy? and Other Studies (New York: Free Press,
1959), 10.
2. Allan Bloom, “Interpretive Essay,” in The Republic of Plato, trans. Allan Bloom (New
York: Basic Books, 1968), 308-310.
3. platoniseuli politikuri wesrigis ideals yvelaze zustad asaxavs
`city~. berZnuli sityva gulisxmobs mcirericxovan TviTkmar sazogadoe-
bas, romelic uzrunvelyofs yvela adamianur urTierTobas. Tanamedrove
gansxvaveba, magaliTad, sazogadoebasa da mTavrobas an eklesiasa da sax-
elmwifos Soris sakmaod ucxoa am cnebisaTvis.
4. Bloom, The Republic of Plato, 410.
5. iqve.
6. Howard White, Peace among the Willows: The Political Philosophy of Francis Bacon (The
Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1968), 97,102.
7. arl Marx, “Capital: Selections,” in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker
(New York: Norton, 1972), 259.
8. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in The Marx-
Engels Reader, ed. Robert C. Tucker (New York: Norton, 1972), 352.
9. Friedrich Engels, “Socialism: Utopian and Scientific,” in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed.
Robert C. Tucker (New York: Norton, 1972), 635.
10. Karl Marx, “Outlines of a Future Society, from ‘The Germany Ideology,’” in Capital,
Communist Manifesto, and Other Writings, ed. Max Eastman (New York: Modern Li-
brary, 1932), 1.
11. iqve.
12. Joseph Cropsey, “Karl Marx,” in History of Political Philosophy, ed. Leo Strauss and
Joseph Cropsey (Skokie, 111.: Rand McNally, 1969), 717.
13. Jerome Gilison, The Soviet Image of Utopia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1975), 110.
14. Roy Macrides, Contemporary Political Ideologies (Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop, 1980),
180.
15. B. F. Skinner, Walden Two (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 159.
16. iqve, 161.
17. iqve, 104-105.
18. iqve, 262.
19. iqve, 193.
66 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

20. iqve, 272.

21. iqve, 295.
22. magaliTisaTvis ix. Daniel Pipes-is naSromebi, gansakuTrebiT The Hid-
den Hand: Middle East Theories of Conspiracy (New York: Free Press, 1997)
and Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From
(New York: Free Press, 1998); ix. aseve, Fouad Ajami, The Dream Pal-
ace of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey (New York: Pantheon, 1998).
T aavv i I II
II

konstituciuri
demokratia

warmomadgenlobis
revolucia

demokratiuli konstituciebi
demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare xeli-
sufleba
umravlesobis mmarTveloba
umravlesobis tirania
demokratia, rogorc SezRuduli
xelisufleba
umciresobisuflebebi
kanonis uzenaesoba
konstitucionalizmi, rogorc mar-
Tebuli procedura
federalizmi
demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani
xelisufleba
stabilurobis aucilebloba
qmediTobis aucilebloba
xelisuflebis xelaxla gamogoneba:
ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea
Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba
saprezidento sistema
Zalauflebis danawileba
SezRudvebi umravlesobis mmarTve-
lobaze
rodisaa Zalaufleba gadametebuli?

67
68 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

konstituciuri demokratiis principiT moqmedebs mTavroba, romelic

pirdapiraa arCeuli anu romelic, amerikis damfuZnebel mamaTa TqmiT,
`warmomadgenlobiT struqturas~ moicavs. respublikaSi (efuZneba arapir-
dapiri demokratiuli mmarTvelobis princips) politikur procesSi xalxi
monawileobs rogorc pirdapir, ise arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT.
iseTi mravalferovani qveynebi, rogoricaa safrangeTi, poloneTi, indoeTi,
samxreTi afrika, brazilia da meqsika, iTvleba konstituciuri demokratiis
magaliTebad. iseTi oficialuri saxelebi, rogorebicaa germaniis feder-
aciuli demokratiuli respublika an samxreT koreis respublika, asaxavs
imas, rom Tanamedrove demokratiis arsi warmomadgenlobaa. Sesabamisad, re-
spublikis politikuri cxovrebisTvis araferia sasicocxlod imaze ufro
mniSvnelovani, rogorc regularuli arCevnebi, rac sayovelTao saarCevno
uflebisa da xmis farulad micemis principebs efuZneba. advilia imis da-
viwyeba, rom am uflebebisTvis dedamiwis mraval adgilze uamravi adamiani
ibrZoda da iRupeboda msoflio istoriis bolo ori saukunis ganmavloba-
Si. dReisaTvis gacilebiT meti adamiani gacilebiT met adgilas sargeb-
lobs xmis micemis uflebiT, vidre odesme. retrospeqtiulad rom SevxedoT,
amerikisa da safrangeTis revoluciebis Semdgomi orsaukunovani istoria
ZiriTadad swored adamianis Rirsebisa da saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobisTvis
brZolis gamoxatvaa (es ori termini, bevri adamianis gonebaSi arsebiTad
erTsa da imaves niSnavs).
iqac, sadac xalxi politikuri Zalauflebis ZiriTadi wyaroa, yvelafris
gakeTeba masac ar SeuZlia. nebismieri arsebuli demokratia SezRudvebs uwe-
sebs umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. es SezRudvebi xSirad umciresobis ufle-
bebSi gamoixateba _ es is uflebebia, romlebic garantirebulia Tundac im
moqalaqeTaTvis, romlebic saerTod ver ewyobian umravlesobas. gamomdinare
aqedan, gamomuSavebulia im procedurebis ganmsazRvreli regulaciis stand-
artuli wesebi, romlis farglebSic mTavroba moqmedebs.

demokratiuli konstituciebi

saxelmwifos konstitucia qmnis xelisuflebis mowyobisa da moqmedebis

sqemas, Sesabamisad gansazRvravs, rogorc mis uflebamosilebaTa, ise am
uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis CarCoebs (SezRudvebs). Tanamedrove
demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesobas dawerili konstitucia aqvs, ma-
gram isini arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, ZiriTadad istoriisa
da moculobis mixedviT. zogi maTgani, magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebisa da safrangeTisa, lakonurobis magaliTebia, sxvebisa, vTqvaT,
indoeTisa da keniisa _ grZeli da detalurad gawerili. indoeTis konsti-
tucia federaluri kontrolis sakiTxebs oTxmocdaCvidmet muxls uZRvnis,
samocdaeqvss _ Statebis iurisdiqcias da ormocdaSvids _ federalur
da Statebis xelisuflebaTa saerTo kontrolis (anu paraleluri Zalau-
flebis) sakiTxebs. keniis konstitucia imdenad detaluria centralur da
regionul xelisuflebaTa kompetenciebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT, rom
 konstituciuri demokratia 69
exeba iseT sakiTxebsac ki, rogoricaa cxovelTa daavadebebis kontroli,
dalaqTa saqmianobis regulacia da macxovrebelTa mier sacxovrebeli far-
Tobis araorganizebulad dakavebis sakiTxebi.
didi britaneTi da israeli aris ori demokratia, romlebsac formaluri
(dawerili) konstitucia arc aqvT. britanuli konstitucia gawerilia brita-
neli xalxis gulebsa da gonebaSi. igi sazogadoebaSi Rrmad gamjdari da say-
ovelTaod gaziarebuli sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebaa, romelic emyareba
tradicias da Cveulebas, aseve istoriul dokumentebSi, samefo gankargule-
bebSi, parlamentis aqtebsa da sasamarTlo precedentebSi asaxul konsti-
tuciur principebs, romlebic saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi gansazRvraven bri-
taneTis politikur cxovrebas.
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom demokratiuli konstitucia iqmne-
ba garkveuli ZiriTadi Rirebulebebis safuZvelze. es Rirebulebebia:
Tavisuf leba, garkveuli saxis Tanasworoba, da sayovelTao, miukerZoebe-
li samarTlianoba kanonis farglebSi. bolo wlebSi dasavluri demokrati-
isaTvis saerTaSoriso terorizmis safrTxe ufro mzardi gaxda, vidre
SesaZlo sagareo samxedro agresia an saraketo muqara. es safrTxe demokra-
tias seriozuli di lemis winaSe ayenebs: rogor SenarCundes SezRuduli
mmarT velobis Se sabami si samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi, Tuki aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebasa da samarTaldamcav institutebs efeqtiani mmarTvelobis-
Tvis eZleva meti uflebamosilebebi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, aucilebelia
im pirobebSi, rodesac boroteba sazogadoebaSi aRwevs, Cumad vrceldeba
da gaufrTxile b lad esxmis mas Tavs.
konstituciuri demokratia unda akmayofilebdes sam konkurentul,
xSirad konfliqtur moTxovnas. pirveli isaa, rom raki demokratiulia, igi
mgrZnobiare unda iyos xalxis mimarT. meore _ raki igi imarTeba gansazRvru-
li wesebisa da procedurebis Sesabamisad, SezRudulia dasaxuli miznebis
ganxorcielebasa da im gzebis gamoyenebaSi, romlebiTac am miznebis ganxor-
cielebas eswrafvian. bolos, rogorc yvela mTavroba, konstituciuri de-
mokratiac ar SeiZleba xangrZlivi iyos an didxans SemorCes sazogadoebas,
Tu efeqtianad ver uzrunvelyofs kanonsa da wesrigs, kompleqsuri araa eko-
nomikis marTvasa da gare safrTxeTagan moqalaqeebis dacvaSi (aq igulisx-
meba ara marto ucxo qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semoseva Tu SemoWra, ar-
amed organizebuli danaSauli, bunebrivi katastrofebi da terorizmi).
gamomdinare konstituciuri demokratiis arsobrivi koncefciidan, xe-
lisufleba idealuria im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTdroulad mgrZnobiarec aris,
SezRudulic da efeqtianic. am ZiriTad moTxovnebs Soris saTanado bala-
nsis SenarCuneba erT-erTi gzaa nebismieri demokratiis warmatebis xarisxis
gansazRvrisaTvis. am balansis SenarCuneba krizisis pirobebSi demokratiis
erT-erTi yvelaze didi da mudmivad ganmeorebadi gamowvevaa.

demokratia, rogorc mgrZnobiare xelisufleba

konstituciuri demokratia saxalxo kontrols umravlesobis mmarT-

70 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

velobis principis Sesabamisad iyenebs. Tavisufali arCevnebis (da xandaxan

pirdapiri monawileobis) saSualebiT moqalaqeebi mniSvnelovan rols as-
ruleben mmarTvelobaSi, kerZod, irCeven maRali donis gadawyvetilebis
mimReb pirebs da Sesabamisad, maTi meSveobiT iReben kanonebs, ayalibeben
politikas da marTaven programebs, romlebzec damokidebulia kargad or-
ganizebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. es principi imdenad TvalnaTelia Se-
erTebul StatebSi, kanadasa da sxva dasavlur demokratiul qveynebSi, rom
misi qmediToba eWvgareSea.

umravlesobis mmarTveloba

Tavad demokratiis qmediToba SeiZleba saeWvoc ki iyos. rogorc ocdaxu-

Ti saukunis winaT sokratem SeniSna, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis
gadasaWrelad, bunebrivia, xalxi eqspertebs eZebs. magaliTad, Tu avad varT,
mivmarTavT eqims _ samedicino eqsperts. Tuki kargi mmarTveloba gvsurs,
ratom unda mivmarToT adamianebs, romelTa umetesoba politikurad apa-
Tiuri an uvicia? Tanamedrove avtorma aRniSna, rom `Tuki ewvieT eqims da
sTxoveT rCeva, rogor imkurnaloT, albaT aRSfoTdebiT Tu igi gipasuxebT,
rom amis Taobaze SemTxveviT gamvlelebs daekiTxeba da umravlesobis nebis
mixedviT imoqmeds.~1 miuxedavad amisa, es swored is gzaa, riTac demokra-
tiebi moqmedeben.
SesaZloa, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis yvelaze pirdapiri dacva aleq-
sis de tokvilma mogvca Tavis naSromSi `demokratia amerikaSi~ (1835 w.):
`umravlesobis moraluri Zalaufleba nawilobriv efuZneba ganmartebas,
romlis mixedviTac meti gansjis unari da sibrZne upiratesad mocemulia
didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad Sekrebil jgufSi, vidre calke aRebul
individSi~. tokvils swamda, rom adamianuri gonebis daaxloebiTi Tanas-
woroba demokratiis ZiriTadi winapirobaa. damatebiT igi Tvlida, rom
`umravlesobis moraluri Zalauf leba aseve emyareba princips, rom bevris
interesi aRemateba cotasas~. tokvilTan demokratiis amgvari ganmarteba
sa bolood aseve emyareba adamianTa Tanasworobis rwmenas.2
maSin, rodesac sokratem xazi gausva adamianTa Soris gansxvavebas sibrZ-
nis, gonis, siqvelis mixedviT, tokvilma yuradReba gaamaxvila adamianTa So-
ris moralur Tanasworobaze, rogorc umravlesobis Zalauflebis miseuli
Tezisis dacvis safuZvelze. ufro metic, radgan umravlesoba mudmivad
icvleba da dRevandeli umciresobebi xvalindel umravlesobad SeiZleba
mogvevlinon, umravlesobis principi yvelas exeba da erTi konkretuli
jgufis gansazRvraze araa mibmuli. tokvilis mixedviT, SeerTebul Stateb-
Si `yvela partias surs scnos umravlesobis uflebebi, radgan isini imedov-
neben, rom es uflebebi maT upiratesobad iqceva momavalSi~.3
Sesabamisad, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis politikuri principi mxardaW-
eras poulobs rogorc Tanasworobis ideaSi, ise TviTinteresSi. miuxedavad
amisa, umravlesobis mmarTvelobis miRweva arc ise iolia da yovelTvis arcaa
didad dafasebuli, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba gvegonos. SeerTebul
 konstituciuri demokratia 71
StatebSi, sadac orpartiuli sistema myaradaa damkvidrebuli, arCevnebi,
Cveulebriv, gamokveTs umravlesobas rogorc Statebis, ise erovnuli do-
nis sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. arCevnebi aseve ganapirobebs umravlesobis
gamovlinebas saprezidento arCevnebis umetes SemTxvevaSi. magram rogorc
2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma cxadyo, kandidati, romelic moipovebs
xalxis xmebis umravlesobas, SeiZleba avtomaturad ar gaxdes prezidenti.
(`yvelaferi gamarjvebuls~ sistema (winner-takes-all), sadac xmebis umravleso-
bis mimRebi kandidati Statis mTeli eleqtoratis xmebs iRebs VI da X TavebSia
ganxiluli).
saparlamento sistemebSi umravlesobis mmarTvelobis problema sakma-
od gansxvavebulad dgas. saparlamento sistemebis umetesobas aqvs qvey-
nis sakanonmdeblo organoSi mravalpartiuli warmomadgenlobis sistema
(ratom aris es ase, qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli). Cveulebriv, mravalpartiuli
sistemebi ar qmnis umravlesobas romelime erTi partiisTvis sakanonmdeblo
organoSi. ori an meti partia iZulebulia koaliciaSi gaerTiandes, raTa Ca-
moayalibos mTavroba da moipovos saparlamento xmebis umravlesoba Tavisi
programebisa da politikis gansaxorcieleblad. Sesabamisad, umravlesobis
mmarTvelobis nebismieri SesaZlebloba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. rodesac
xmis mimcemni iyofian ara or, aramed, vTqvaT, xuT an eqvs jgufad, SeuZle-
belia gamoTvalo, sad, an ra poziciazea umravlesoba. aseve, SeuZlebelia
romelime erTma partiam koaliciur mTavrobaSi Tanmimdevrulad daicvas
Tavisi platforma da koaliciuri partniorebis survilebisa da poziciebis
ignorireba moaxdinos. amas Sedegad mohyveba viwro partiuli poziciebis
waSla da, Sesabamisad, mTavrobis muSaoba daeyrdnoba ufro mcire saerTo
niSnuls da ara umravlesobis mmarTvelobas. Sesabamisad, xmis mimcemni
xSirad imedgacrulebulni rCebian da maT aRqmaSi araefeqtiani mTavroba
cinizmis obieqti xdeba.
did britaneTSicc ki, msoflios wamyvan orpartiul saparlamento siste-
maSi, umravlesobis mmarTveloba problemuria. britanuli arCevnebi TiTqmis
yovelTvis warmoSobs gamokveTil umravlesobas parlamentSi (ix. VI Tavi),
magram gamarjvebuli partia iSviaTad Tu agrovebs saerTo xmebis odenobis
45%-ze mets (xSirad amaze gacilebiT naklebsac ki). sxva sityvebiT rom vTq-
vaT, britanuli demokratia ufro zustad daxasiaTdeba, mas xmosanTa Sedar-
ebiTi umravlesobis sistemas (Plurality vote system) Tu davarqmevT. igive, Tumca
gacilebiT naklebi xarisxiT, exeba SeerTebuli Statebis demokratiasac,
radgan kongresis wevrebs erTmandatian saarCevno olqebSi irCeven da vinc
yvelaze met xmas iRebs, is imarjvebs (ara aqvs mniSvneloba, amomrCevlebis
saerTo raodenobasTan Tanafardobas, mTavaria, mocemulma kandidatma mi-
iRos meti xma konkurentTan SedarebiT).
xmis micemis or tips _ umravlesobasa (majority) da SedarebiT umravle-
sobas (plurality) _ Soris gansxvaveba Teoriul problemas qmnis. Tuki kandida-
ti an mTavroba arCeulia SedarebiTi umravlesobis da ara xmebis saerTo ode-
nobis umravlesobis safuZvelze, maSin gamodis, rom amomrCevelTa ufro did
nawils am kandidatisTvis Tu mTavrobisTvis xma ar miucia. es saSiSia, radgan
SesaZloa am analizis logikam iolad miiRos mcdari mimarTuleba. saqme isaa,
72 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

rom Tuki msgavs SemTxvevebSi vambobT, rom umravlesoba ar marTavs, imas ki

ar vgulisxmobT , rom umciresobam Zalauflebis uzurpacia moaxdina, aramed
imas, rom umravlesoba, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, laparaki
umravlesobis miTis Sesaxeb, ar gulisxmobs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis
principis gacamtverebas, am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba ufro im sirTulis
aRiarebas, rac Tan axlavs am principis praqtikaSi danergvas.
umravlesobis mmarTveloba saTqmelad ufro iolia, vidre gasaxorcie-
lebeli. is faqti, rom umravlesoba xSirad efemerulia, problemas qmnis
demokratiis TeoriisTvis, xolo umravlesobis tiranuloba _ demokratiis
praqtikisaTvis. qvemoT yuradRebas davuTmobT swored am problemebs da
imas, rogor cdiloben demokratiebi maT gadaWras.

umravlesobis tirania

pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone xelisuflebis yolis survili aSkaraa,

magram msgavsi xelisuflebis arseboba araa imis garantia, rom seriozuli
sa xis usamarTloba ar iCens Tavs. am mosazrebis ilust rirebisTvis, warmo-
vidginoT veluri dasavleTis situacia, rodesac udanaSaulo mawanwala
veragulad dadanaSaulebulia qalaqis erT-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili mo-
qalaqis civsisxlian mkvlelobaSi, Camwyvdeulia sapatimroSi da elo deba
mosamarTlisa da nafici msajulebis ganaCens. qalaqSi TiTqmis yvela an
aRSfoTebulia, an mTvralia (an orive erTad) da ganrisxebuli brbo mka-
crad iTxovs samarTlis swraf aRsrulebas. am masis winaaRmdeg dgas ori
pirovneba, mamaci Serifi da misive jiuti moxuci TanaSemwe. mTeli am ambis
gardauvali finali xdeba quCaSi, Serifis ofisis win. `mkvlelis~ linCis
wesiT gasamarTlebis moTxovniT mosul brbos win uZRvian qala qis meri da
qalaqis sabWos wevrebi (maT Soris pirovneba, romelmac realurad Caidina
danaSauli). sabolood, mxo lod Serifis gmirul saqciels SeuZlia ixsnas
udanaSaulo adamiani saknidan gamoTrevisa da uaxloes xeze dakidebisagan.
es banaluri ambavi realurad warmoaCens politikuri mecnierebis erT-
erT gakveTils, imis cocxal magaliTs, rogoria mgrZnobiare mTavroba mo-
qmedebaSi. qalaqis mosaxleobis umravlesobam TvalnaTliv daanaxa Tavisi
survilebi Serifs, romelic Zalauflebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis simbo-
loa. yvelaze ioli gamosavali SerifisTvis iqneboda is, rom dahyoloda um-
ravlesobis nebas da udanaSaulo adamiani ganrisxebuli brbosTvis miegdo.
amis garda, SesaZlebeli iyo rame iseTi moqmedeba, romelic ufro metad
iqneboda SesabamisobaSi umravlesobis marTvis principTan da naklebad _
elementaruli samarTlianobis moTxovnasTan. demokratiuli mmarTveloba,
rodesac igi umravlesobis SeuzRudav Zalauflebas gulisxmobs, SeiZleba
brbos mmarTvelobis sinonimuric ki gaxdes. is, rac Cveulebriv tiraniisgan
dacvad, anu umravlesobis mmarTvelobad, aRiqmeba, ragind ironiuladac
unda JRerdes, SeiZleba iqces imad, rasac tokvili umravlesobis tiranias
uwodebda.4 imis SiSiT, rom erT dominantur klasze, religiasa an politi-
kur mrwamsze dafuZnebuli umravlesoba fexqveS gaTelavda umciresobis
 konstituciuri demokratia 73
uflebebs, politikuri moazrovneebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi xSirad uars
ambobdnen demokratiaze.
brbos mmarTvelobis safrTxis mowmeebi amerikelebi 2001 wlis bolos
gaxdnen, im krizisis dros, rodesac teroristulma aqtebma aTasobiT niu-
iorkelis sicocxle Seiwira da aTasobiT maTganis janmrTeloba daaziana.
rodesac damnaSaveebi muslimi eqstremistebi aRmoCndnen, danaSaulis
masStabiT damfrTxali bevri amerikeli SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi
arabuli da muslimuri umciresobebis winaaRmdeg ganewyo. vnebaTaRelva ax-
lo aRmosavleTidan Casuli migrantebis mimarT mxolod mas Semdeg dacxra,
rac prezidentma jorj buSma STambeWdavi gancxadeba gaakeTa, romliTac
amerikelebs tolerantobisa da gonierebisken mouwoda. dasavleT evropaSi
umravlesobis mier umciresobaTa uflebebze zewolam seriozuli xasiaTi
miiRo bolo wlebSi, mas Semdeg, rac imigraciis sakiTxebze daiwyo msjeloba.
magaliTad, safrangeTSi partia erovnuli fronti momentalurad moeqca
sazogadoebrivi yuradRebis centrSi da adgilobrivi da saxelmwifo donis
arCevnebSi uamravi momxre SeiZina. am partiis swrafma aRmasvlam bevri damk-
virvebeli sagonebelSi Caagdo, radgan sazogadoebrivi azris gamokvlevebma
cxadyo, rom bevri maTgani, vinc am partias mxars ar uWerda, aseve iziarebda
da TanaugrZnobda mis miznebs. erovnuli frontis kandidatis Jan-mari le
penis mier 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebSi meore adgilis dakavebam gaa-
oca safrangeTi da evropa. marTali, arCevnebis bolo etapze le penma waa-
go xelisuflebaSi myofi Jak Sirakis momxreTa xmebis aSkara upiratesobis
gamo, magram is, rom man seriozulad daamarcxa socialistebis kandidati,
premier-ministri lionel Jospeni, realurad gamofxizlebisken mowodeba
iyo imaTTvis, vinc jerovnad ver afasebda antiimigraciuli moZraobis Za-
las evropaSi.
msoflioSi bevri demokratiuli qveyanaa, sadac umravlesoba SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnas, rogorc umciresobis mCagvreli. magaliTad, germaniaSi
cxovrobs mravalricxovani Turquli umciresoba, romelsac dResac ki ar
gaaCnia umravlesobis Tanaswori uflebebi. CexeTis respublikaSi (da, saer-
Tod, aRmosavleT evropaSi) umravlesoba sistematurad eweva boSaTa umci-
resobis diskriminacias. israelSi arabuli umciresoba (igulisxmebian pal-
estineli arabebi, romlebic israelis moqalaqeebi arian da ara dasavleT
sanapiros an Razas seqtoris macxovreblebi) ar sargeblobs sruli poli-
tikuri da socialuri TanasworobiT ebraul umravlesobasTan. TurqeTSi
qurTuli umciresobis uflebebi xSirad ewireba Turquli umravlesobis
SiSsa da stereotipebs.
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli msoflioSi arsebuli umravlesobis tiraniis maga-
liTebis mxolod nawilobriv CamoTvlaa. SemaSfoTeblad iolia demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi umciresobaTa uflebebis rutinuli da sistematuri xelyofis
magaliTebis povna. am faqtze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, SeiZleba, arasworad
gavigoT an demokratiaze Tavdasxmis interpretaciad miviCnioT, magram simarT-
le sruliad sapirispiro ganzraxvaSi devs. TviTkritikisaTvis mzadyofna da
amisgan gamomdinare SesaZlo sikeTeebi, romlebic axasiaTebs demokratias,
misi, rogorc politikuri sistemis upiratesobis argumentebia.
74 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

dausviT sakuTar Tavs Semdegi kiTxvebi: rodesac aravin saubrobs de-

mokratiaSi umravlesobis tiraniaze, raze miuTiTebs es? niSnavs Tu ara es,
rom araviTari tirania ar arsebobs ? niSnavs Tu ara es, rom umravlesoba
ar arsebobs an rom mdumare umravlesobam neba darTo Tavis politikur
warmomadgenlebs, gaTelon umciresobaTa uflebebi? axla mivubrundebiT
sakiTxebs imis Sesaxeb, rogor cdilobs demokratia daicvas Tavisi moqa-
laqeebis uflebebi, rogorc xelisuflebisagan, ise Tanamoqalaqeebisagan.

demokratia rogogrc SezRuduli xelisufleba

SezRuduli xelisufleba niSnavs imas, rom umravlesobis mmarTveloba

garkveul CarCoebSia moqceuli. SezRuduli mmarTvelobis aucilebloba
cxadi gaxda veluri dasavleTis linCis momxre brbos Cveneuli magali-
Tidanac. adamianis CamoxrCoba, romlis danaSauli damtkicebuli araa da
romelic arc gasamarTlebulia, danaSaulia, da umravlesobasac ar aqvs
ufleba mkvleloba Caidinos. aSkaraa, rom moralurad Seucdomeli umravle-
sobis cneba absurdia. yoveli umravlesoba Sedgeba individebis erTobisgan,
romelTagan bevri SeiZleba cdebodes, arasworad msjelobdes an arasworad
informirebuli iyos romelime konkretul sakiTxze. amitom imisTvis, rom
Tavidan iqnes acilebuli samarTlebrivi gadacdoma (magaliTad, rogori-
caa linCis wesiT gasamarTleba), saWiroa xalxis mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis
daweseba. es SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva saxiT gamoixatos. SeerTebul StatebSi
xelisufleba SezRudulia im aspeqtSi, rogor miiRos kanonebi an dasajos am
kanonebis damrRvevi adamianebi. konstituciis mixedviT (muxli 1, nawili 9
da10) mTavrobas ar SeuZlia miiRos ex post facto kanoni, romelic retrospeq-
tiulad, ukana TariRiT sjis qmedebebs, an bill of attainder _ parlamentis aqti,
romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida damnaSavis dasjas sasamarTlos gareSe.

miuxedavad imisa, rom `Tavisuflebis

didi qartia~ (Magna Carta) 800 wlisaa,
man drois gamocdas gauZlo da pirve-
li da umniSvnelovanesi dokumentia,
romelic im ideis damkvidrebas uwyobs
xels, rom xelisufleba kanonis uzen-
aesobasa da moqalaqeTa uflebebis pa-
tiviscemas unda uzrunvelyofdes.

konstitucia zRudavs saxelmwifo Zalauflebas aseve sxva mniSvnelovan

aspeqtSi. uflebaTa bili (Sedgeba konstituciis pirveli aTi Casworebisgan)
ukrZalavs mTavrobas uari uTxras moqalaqeebs sityvis, presis, Sekrebis,
piradi cxovrebis Tavisuflebaze da samarTliani sasamarTlos garantias
 konstituciuri demokratia 75
aZlevs kanonis darRvevaSi eWvmitanil moqalaqeebs.

umciresobis uflebebi

xelisuflebaze dawesebuli konstituciuri SezRudvebi mkacrad gan-

sazRvravs umravlesobis mmarTvelobis principis CarCoebs amerikis Se-
erTebul StatebSi. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramden adamians surs waarTvas
konkretul individs Tavisufali sityvis ufleba, da arc imas, ramdenad
mizanmimarTulni arian isini Tavis ganzraxvaSi, arc erTi xma CaxSobili ar
iqneba.
imisaTvis, rom SezRuduli mmarTveloba iyos imaze meti, vidre, ub-
ralod, carieli koncefcia, sul mcire, mTavrobam unda SeZlos umcireso-
bis dacva mzardi umravlesobis muqarisagan. miuxedavad amisa, zRvari umrav-
lesobis mmarTvelobasa da umciresobis uflebebs Soris realurad xSirad
dauzustebeli da sakamaToa. Sesabamisad, konstituciuri uflebebi araa
TviTgansazRvradi. moqalaqeebs eniWebaT TviTgamoxatvis ufleba, magram
igi araa absoluturi. magaliTad, sityvis Tavisufleba ar iZleva uflebas
vinmes telefonis saSualebiT Seuracxyofa miayenoT an fostiT sicocxlis
xelyofis muqara gaugzavnoT. amitom yovelTvis rTulia mkafio sazRvr-
is gavleba erTi pirovnebis `azris gamoxatvasa~ da sxvebis uflebebisa da
usafrTxoebis riskqveS dayenebas Soris.
SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebi gacilebiT Sorsaa wasuli samoqa-
laqo uflebebisa da pirovnuli Tavisuflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, vi-
dre sxva demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesoba. magaliTad, bevri evropeli
gaocebulia SeerTebuli Statebis mier kvotebis gamoyenebiT `kompensaci-
uri diskriminaciis~ (Affirmative Action) farTo programis farglebSi, riTac
Tavis moqalaqeebs Tanabar saSualebas aZlevs ganaTlebisa da samuSao adg-
ilebis xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT. msgavsad amisa, feministuri moZraoba
imdenad gamokveTili ar aris msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi, maT Soris iqac
ki, sadac demokratiuli tradiciebi, Ria sazogadoeba da sekularuli kul-
tura ukve damkvidrebulia, rogorc StatebSi. danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa
uflebebis dacvis praqtikis kuTxiTac Statebi ufro winaa, vidre sxva de-
mokratiuli qveynebi. maT umetesobaSi, sadac nafici msajulebis insti-
tuti ar arsebobs, sasamarTlo darbazi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba imisTvis, rom
samarTalSi micemuli piris sawinaaRmdego Cvenebebi gabaTildes. amis gar-
da, demokratiul saxelmwifoTa umetesoba gacilebiT nakleb Tavisufle-
bas aZlevs moqalaqeebs samoqalaqo sarCelis aRZvraze, vidre SeerTebuli
Statebi, romelic samoqalaqo davebis sasamarTlo wesiT gadaWris sixSiris
TvalsazrisiT msoflioSi wamyvania.

kanonis uzenaesoba

idea miukerZoebeli da sayovelTaod savaldebulo kanonebiT saxelmwi-

76 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

fos marTvis Sesaxeb siaxle ar aris. aristotele amtkicebda, rom kanonis

uzenaesoba TiTqmis yovelTvis upiratesia konkretuli pirebis SeuzRudav
Zalauflebaze. am arguments igi samarTlianobis koncefciaze afuZnebda da
amtkicebda, rom radgan adamianebi damokidebulni arian fizikuri, materi-
aluri da fsiqologiuri impulsebis dakmayofilebis vnebebze, kanoni aris
`goni, romelic Tavisufalia yvela vnebisagan~.5 amitom kanonis mmarTvelo-
ba upiratesia, vidre erTeuli individisa, Tumca kanonebi interpretirebu-
li da gatarebuli unda iqnes individebis mier (kanonmdeblebi da samarTlis
aRmsruleblebi).
ori aTasi wlis wlis Semdeg, ingliselma filosofosma jon lokma (1632-
1704 ww.) kanonis uzenaesobis principi individualuri Tavisuflebis prin-
cipTan axlo kavSiris safuZvelze daicva. loks swamda, rom Tavisufleba
ver iarsebebda dawerili kanonis gareSe da rom kargi xelisufleba garkveu-
li winaswargansazRvruli wesebiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes (magaliTad, ga-
dasaxadebi ar unda wesdebodes xalxis Tanxmobis gareSe).
lokisTvis es wesebi umaRlesi Tanrigis `kanonebia~, radganac isini mo-
icaven yovelive imas, razec samoqalaqo sazogadoebaa damyarebuli. isini
`kanonTa kanonebia,~ romlebic aucileblad da samarTlianad aweseben
SezRudvebs kanonmdeblebze amasTan, mniSvne loba ara aqvs imas, ramdenad
di dia umravlesoba, romelic am kanonmdeblebs eqvemdebareba. `maRali
rangis kano nis~ lokiseuli koncefciidan warmoiSva konstitucionalizmis
idea. rogorc lokma SeniSna (da rogorc vaSingtonSi, kolumbiis olqSi,
iusticiis departamentis Senobis Sesasvlelze amotvifruli warwera me-
tyvelebs) `sadac mTavrdeba kanoni, iq iwyeba tirania~.6
loki im saamayo inglisuri tradiciis gamgrZelebelia, romelic 1215
wlidan moyolebuli mmarTvelobaze SezRudvis dawesebas eZiebda. 1215
wels amboxebulma baronebma inglisis mefe joni aiZules, xeli moewera
cnobili magna kartasTvis (`TavisuflebaTa didi qartia~). Tavdapirvelad
es dokumenti SeRavaTebs mxolod feodaluri aristokratiisTvis aweseb-
da, magram misi muxlebis farTo interpretaciis saSualeba mogvianebiT
moqnilad iqna morgebuli da gafarToebuli inglisuri sazogadoebis sxva
socialur fenebze da TandaTanobiT xalxis mzardi raodenoba moicva. sab-
olood, magna karta britanul TavisuflebaTa safuZveli gaxda. es doku-
menti, romelic 63 muxls moicavda, monarqiis absoluturi Zalauflebis
SezRudvisaTvis dawesebuli Sekavebis da gawonasworebis sistemis sawyisi
monaxazi iyo. magaliTad, igi acxadebda, rom mefis vasalebi ikribebian sab-
Wod, raTa rCeva da Tanxmoba miscen samefos mniSvnelovani saqmeebis Tao-
baze da rom gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadebis daweseba unda moxdes mxolod
maTi dasturis SemTxvevaSi. SesaZloa yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo 39-e muxli,
romelic gamoxatavda valdebulebis pirobas kanonis aRsrulebis procesSi
_ is, vinc braldebuli iqneboda danaSaulis CadenaSi, daeqvemdebareboda
miukerZoebel sasamarTlos da daculi iqneboda TviTneburi patimrobi-
sa da sasjelisagan. am TvalsazrisiT, dokumenti amtkicebda, rom `aravin
iqneba dapatimrebuli, datyvevebuli an kanongareSed gamocxadebuli, an
gaZevebuli, an mokluli... misi Tanasworebis mier ganxorcielebuli kanon-
 konstituciuri demokratia 77
ieri sasamarTlosa da samefos kanonebis gareSe~.
meCvidmete saukunis ganmavlobaSi, lokis dros, didi nabijebi gadaidga
kanonis safuZvelze xelisuflebis SezRudvis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad,
uflebaTa peticiam (Petition of Rights, 1628) wamoayena savaldebulo samarT-
lebrivi procedurebis idea, riTac SeizRuda monarqis sagadasaxdo Zalau-
fleba. amasTan, saSineli varskvlaveTa palatis gauqmebam (1641) daasrula
periodi, rodesac sasamarTlos hqonda Zalaufleba, wamebis gziT mieRo
aRiarebiTi Cveneba da samefos qveSevrdomebze sasjeli taxtis moTxovniT
daewesebina. sabolood, (habeas korpusis 1679)) safuZvelze SeizRuda xe-
lisuflebis ufleba, sakuTari mosazrebebis safuZvelze daepatimrebina
adamiani. man aseve mZime sasjeli daawesa im mosamarTleebisaTvis, romlebic
ver axerxebdnen droulad gamoeqveynebinaT Habeas Corpus Act-is instruqci-
ebi da, Sesabamisad, eCvenebinaT, rom braldebuli kanonieradaa dakavebuli
da mis mimarT gamoiyeneba Cadenili danaSaulis Sesabamisi kanonebi.
meCvidmete saukuneSive Seiqmna samarTlebrivi precedenti, romelmac
mogvianebiT uzarmazari gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul Statebzec. gamoCe-
nili ingliseli iuristi ser edvard kouki `doqtor bonemis saqmeze~ (1610)
gamoTqmul mosazrebaSi amtkicebda, rom inglisuri zogadi samarTali (com-
mon law), maT Soris magna karta, unda iyos is standarti, romlis Sesabamisic
iqneba rogorc saparlamento aqtebi, ise monarqis brZanebebi. koukis sityve-
biT rom vTqvaT:

Cveni wignebidan Cans, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi zogadi samarTali akon-

trolebs parlamentis aqtebs da xandaxan maT arafrismTqmelad mi-
iCnevs; rodesac saparlamento aqti saerTo uflebebis an gonierebis
sawinaaRmdegoa, Seusabamoa maTTan an SeuZlebelia misi aRsruleba,
zogadi samarTali akontrolebs da gansjis mas.7

`maRali rangis kanonis~ Teoriam fexi ver moikida inglisSi, sadac par-
lamentis upiratesoba wesad iqca, magram sabolood SeerTebul StatebSi
damkvidrda. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia da uflebaTa bili
(didwilad inglisuri zogadi samarTlidan gamomdinareobs) iqca im stan-
dartebad, romelTa mimarTebaSic fasdeba xalxis mier miRebuli kanonebi.

konstitucionalizmi, rogorc marTebuli procedura

konstitucionalizmi marTebuli proceduris anu kanonis uzenaesobis

sinonimuria. magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos
ganmartebiT, konstitucia kongresis Tanxmobis gareSe qveynis prezidents
ukrZalavs samrewvelo sawarmoebis nacionalizacias an CamorTmevas omis
pirobebSic ki.8 msgavsad amisa, kanonis uzenaesoba da marTebuli samarTlebrivi
procesi (due process) iTvaliswinebs, rom danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piri unda
daicvas advokatma, ufleba unda hqondes daupirispirdes Tavis sawinaaRmdego
Cvenebas, informirebul iqnes braldebis Sesaxeb da ase Semdeg. igive
78 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

mosazrebidan gamomdinare, administraciuli organoebi emorCileba kanons,

_ miawodon sajaro informacia dainteresebul pirebs.
yovel am SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi procedurebis arsi erTi da igivea:
arc erTi gadawyvetileba ar SeiZleba miRebul iqnes rogorc saboloo an
samarTliani, sanam dadasturebuli araa, rom ganxilvisas `TamaSis wesebi~
mkacrad iyo daculi. Sesabamisad, konstituciur demokratiaSi Tu gairkve-
va, rom, magaliTad, arCevnebSi gamarjvebulma icrua, anu `TamaSis wesebis~
mixedviT ar imoqmeda, Sedegi iqneba is, rom misi Sedegebi legitimurobas da-
kargavs. faqtobrivad es swored isaa, rac moxda SeerTebul StatebSi 1974
wels, rodesac uotergeitis skandalma prezidenti niqsoni aiZula (impiC-
mentis safrTxis gamo) postidan gadamdgariyo.
miuxedavad amisa, SeerTebul StatebSi marTebuli samarTlebrivi pro-
cesi samarTal-warmoebaSi gare damkvirveblis mier gadametebulad aRiqme-
ba. magaliTad, policiam aucileblad dakavebisTanave unda waukiTxos da-
naSaulSi eWvmitanils Tavisi uflebebi da Seaxsenos, rom dumilis ufleba
aqvs (konstituciis mexuTe Sesworeba, romelic icavs moqalaqes TviTdada-
naSaulebisagan). Tuki eWvmitanili aRiarebs danaSauls imis gareSe, rom mas
es ufleba ar Seaxsenes (aseve sxva uflebebic), msgavsi aRiareba miuRebeli
iqneba sasamarTlosTvis. faqtobrivad, yvela sxva liberaluri demokrati-
isTvis msoflioSi, maT Soris gaerTianebuli samefosTvis, safrangeTisTvis,
kanadisa da avstraliisTvisac, aRiareba aRiarebaa da igi ar miiReba mxolod
im SemTxevvaSi, Tu mopovebulia moraluri Tu fizikuri zewolis sxvadasxva
formis Sedegad.
demokratiisTvis sakmarisi araa ubralod gamoacxados kanonis uzenaeso-
ba, rogorc principi; sityvebi da qmedebebi erTmaneTs unda emTxveodes.
magaliTad, afroamerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi
diskriminaciis msxverplad rCebodnen mas Semdegac ki, rac samoqalaqo omi
dasrulda da miRebuli iqna konstituciis meToTxmete Sesworeba, romelic
araorazrovnad ganmartavs `kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas~. msagavsad amisa,
qalebs saarCevno uflebebi 1920 wlamde ar miuRiaT da bolo dromde saxlis
da ojaxis gareT saqmianobis mciredi SesaZleblobebiT sargeblobdnen.
sabolood, amerikis cixeebSi tusaRTa umravlesoba axalgazrda Savkaniani
amerikelebi arian, sikvdiliT dasjis molodinSi myof tusaRTa umetesobac
aseve afroamerikelia, rac, miuxedavad sasamarTloebis mier kanonisa
(Cvenebebis miRebis wesi) da samarTlebrivi procedurebis mkacrad dacvisa,
mainc aRZravs kiTxvebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis iusticiis sistemis
samarTlianobis Sesaxeb.
marTebuli procedura arsebiTia samarTlis Tanaswori xelmisawvdomo-
bis T vis, rac, Tavis mxriv, arsebiTia demokratiisTvis. amavdroulad, igi
ar iZleva imis garantias, rom myari jav Sani iqneba seriozuli usamarT-
lobis winaaRmdeg. msgavsi garantiis moTxovna, SesaZloa, zedmeti iyos
nebismieri politikur-samarTlebrivi sistemis mimarT. rogorc wina TavSi
aRvniSneT, utopia araa gamosavalis momcemi alternativa.
 konstituciuri demokratia 79

federalizmi

konstituciuri xelisuflebis SezRudvis sxva gzaa federalizmad wo-

debuli ZalauflebaTa dayofa. Tanamedrove federaluri respublikebia:
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, meqsika, germania, kanada, indoeTi, brazilia
da nigeria.
Teoriulad, federalizmi Zalauflebis danawilebaa saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebasa da regionul erTeulebs Soris. am erTeulebs inglisur
enaze xSirad states uwodeben, magram radgan inglisur enaSi Tavad saxelm-
wifoc state-ad JRers, igi ar unda agverios suverenul sa xelmwifoSi, ro-
melic samecniero literaturaSi ufro xSirad nation-state (eri-saxelmwifo)
terminiT gvxvdeba. (saxelmwifos politikur-teritoriuli erTeuli state
TargmanSi Stats niSnavs. mTarg. Sen.) SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs Zalau-
flebis konstituciuri danawileba saxelmwifo anu federalur xelisuf-
lebasa da Statis xelisuf lebas Soris. konstituciis pirveli muxlis
merve nawili, magaliTad, ganmartavs im sferoebs, romlis farglebSic
erovnuli kongresi uflebamosilia awarmoos kanonmdebloba. amavdrou-
lad, konstituciis meaTe Sesworeba uzrunvelyofs imas, rom is kompe-
tenciebi, romlebic konstituciis ZaliT miniWebuli ar aqvs saxelmwifo
xelisuflebas, Statis uflebamosilebebad darCes. tradiciulad, Statis
centralur xelisuflebis funqciebSi Sedioda Sida wesrigisa da mSvido-
bis SenarCuneba, ganaTlebis, sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvisa da
usafrTxoebis, aseve keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa (e.w. Statebis sapoli-
cio Zalaufleba anu saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi wesrigi). erT dros am
Zalauflebas TiTqmis eqskluziurad Tavad Stati axorcielebda, magram
1930-iani wlebidan saxelmwifo mTavrobis roli warmoudgenlad gaizarda,
rodesac prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma (1933-1945) Tavisi axa-
li kursi (New Deal) politikis farglebSi farTomasStabiani federaluri
programebi wamoiwyo didi depresiis socialur-ekonomikuri efeqtebis
aRmosafxv relad, kerZod, ekonomikis stimulirebisa da axali samuSao adg-
ilebis Seqmnis mizniT.
prezidentma riCard niqsonma (1968-1973) scada sapirispiro mimarTule-
biT waremarTa erovnuli xelisuflebis rolis zrdis procesi da axali
federalizmis (new federalism) politika SeimuSava, romelic miznad isaxavda
Statebis xelisuflebis rolis gazrdas, rogorc misi qmediTobis, ise Sede-
gis TvalsazrisiT. am politikis ori ZiriTadi elementi StatebisTvis e.w.
erTdrouli subsidiebis micema da saerTo Semosavlis ganawileba iyo. Sem-
dgomSi, sxva prezidentebma, kerZod, konservatorma respublikelma ron-
ald reiganma (1980-1988) da demokratma bil klintonma (1992-2000) aseve
gaagrZeles StatebisTvis kompetenciisa da uflebamosilebis ukan dab-
runebis politika. SeerTebul StatebSi msgavs politikas devolucia (Za-
lauflebis gadacema) hqvia.
ra aris Zalauflebis danawilebis msgavsi formis sazrisi? SeerTebuli
Statebis istoriaSi isini, visac swamda, rom Tavisuflebis dacvis saukeTeso
saSualeba xalxTan xelisuflebis maqsimalurad daaxloeba iyo, federalizms
80 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

qadagebdnen. xalxis ganwyobisa da adgilobrivi interesebisgan Sors mdgari

erTiani centraluri xelisuflebis tiraniaSi gadazrdis SiSiT, 1787 wels
gamarTuli konstituciuri konventis zogierTi delegati warmatebulad
amtkicebda, rom Statis arseboba axali saxelmwifo xelisuflebis tiranu-
li Zalauflebis SemzRudvel meqanizmebs Seqmnida. Sedegad, konstituciam
calkeul Stats Tanabari warmomadgenloba dauwesa axlad dafuZnebul sen-
atSi da prezidentis federaluri wesiT arCevac SemoiRo (saarCevno kolegi-
is saSualebiT). amasTan, damatebiT ganisazRvra Statis mniSvneloba konsti-
tuciis Sesworebis SemTxvevaSi. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirveli kongresi
daTmobaze wavida da konstituciis meaTe Sesworebis miRebisas Statebis mo-
sazrebebi da SeTavazebebi gaiTvaliswina.
SeerTebul StatebSi federalizmis funqciebi dRes mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba saxelmwifos ganviTarebis adreul periodSi arsebulisagan.
Tavdapirvelad, didi winaaRmdegobebi wamoiWra sakiTxze, ramdenad SeeZlo
Stats (virjinia da kentuki 1798-1799 ww. samxreTi ka rolina 1830-ian ww.)
an regions (samxreTis Statebi 1860-ian ww.) gamoeyenebina Tavisi uflebebi
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebul specifikur politikas-
Tan uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi. rodesac interesisa da principis sakiTxebma
saxelmwifoSi azrTa sxva dasxvaoba gamoiwvia (kanonebi ucxoelebisa da am-
boxis waxalisebis Sesaxeb, 1798 w., gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb, 1830-iani ww., mono-
bis Sesaxeb 1860-iani ww.), politikuri dapirispirebebi gaiSala mTavrobis
konkretuli qmedebisa da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis konstituciuro-
bis sakiTxze, romelTa arsi imaze dadioda, vis hqonda legitimurad saboloo
gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba _ Stats Tu erovnul xelisuflebas.
sakiTxebi, romlebic konstituciis meeqvse muxlma ver gadawyvita, samo-
qalaqo omma moagvara. marTalia, garkveulwilad mniSvnelovani dapirispire-
bebi federalur da Statis xelisuflebas Soris SenarCunda, gansakuTrebiT
samxreTSi 1950-1960-ian ww. skolebis desegregaciis Taobaze, magram dRei-
saTvis sajaro politikis mraval sakiTxSi, dawyebuli gzebis mSeneblobi-
dan, dasrulebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZoliT, maT Soris urTierToba
ufro TanamSromlobis princips emyareba, vidre konfliqts.9
miuxedavad amisa, bolo wlebSi seriozuli Sejibri SeiniSneboda xelisuf-
lebis am or dones Soris. magaliTad, 1990-ian wlebSi zogierTi Statis xe-
lisuflebam ganaTlebis sferoSi reformebis gatareba (skolebisTvis iu-
ridiuli da finansuri avtonomiis miniWeba swavlebis vauCerebis principiT
dafinanseba, religiis swavlebis danergva da gaRrmaveba) da antikriminaluri
RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba scada (sasjelis savaldebulo daweseba, sami
gaficvis kanoni, msxverplTa kompensaciis kanoni). zogierTma Statma aseve
scada, uari eTqva kompensaciuri qmedebis (affirmative action) politikaze.
msgavsi tendenciebi adasturebs, rom federalizmi amerikis SeerTe-
bul StatebSi xasiaTdeba, rogorc Statisa da federalur xelisufle-
bebs Soris TanamSromlobiT, ise maT Soris SejibriTac. kons titucia ki
iSviaTad ganixileba, rogorc barieri sxvadasxva donis mTavrobaTa So-
ris regularuli TanamSromlobisTvis, riTac gamsWvalulia amerikuli
politikuri sistema.
 konstituciuri demokratia 81
federalizmi da Tavisufleba zedmeti centralizaciis safrTxisagan
dacvis gziT federalizmi Tavisuflebasac icavs, radgan zRudavs cen-
traluri xelisuflebis Zalauflebas. am gziT federalizmi individebs
icavs potenciurad mbrZaneblobisken midrekili centraluri mTavrobisa-
gan.10 administraciuli decentralizaciis sistemebis msgavsad, romelic
mniSvnelovani samTavrobo amocanebis ganxorcielebaSi adgilobriv bi-
urokratias efuZneba, amerikuli stilis federalizmi indivi dualur Ta-
visuflebebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis uflebamosilebaTa arealis Sez-
Rudvis gziT icavs. Sesa bamisad Tanamedrove federalizmis miza ni igivea,
rac politikuri decentralizaciisa, romelic

adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvis funqciebis gadacemiT axdens

centraluri administraciuli aparatis Semcirebas da, Sesabamisad,
naklebad saSiSs xdis mas TavisuflebisaTvis. amavdroulad, decen-
tralizacia ganapirobebs sazogadoebrivi masebis CarTvas politikur
cxovrebaSi maTTvis xelisuflebis xelmisawvdomi doneebis gamartive-
biTa da gamravalferovnebiT, rac aaqtiurebs samoqalaqo erTianobas
da aCvevs mas TviTmmarTvelobas. Sedegad, adgilobrivi xelisufleba
organizebul struqturebad yalibdeba, romelsac saWiroebis Sem-
TxvevaSi centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva an
misi Warbi Zalis Serbileba SeuZlia. sabolood, decentralizacia
saSualebas aZlevs xelisuflebas, moergos adgilobriv saWiroebebs
da garemoebebs, aseve saSualebas aZlevs eqsperimentebis saSualebiT
problemebis gadaWris gzebis mravali varianti moZebnos. ase rom,
decentralizacia Tavisuflebis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani mcve-
lia da saukeTeso saSualeba energiuli da kompetenturi samoqalaqo
erTianobis Camosayalibeblad.11

federalizmsa da Tavisuflebas Soris kavSiri gansakuTrebiT aRsa niSna-

via germaniis SemTxvevaSi. germaniaSi demokratia xelaxla daibada meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac omisagan gamofituli saxelmwifo, damarcxe-
buli da okupirebuli iyo ucxo jarebis mier. mokavSire sa xelmwifoebi
Se erTebuli Statebis meTaurobiT Tvlidnen, rom ar unda daeSvaT axali
germa nuli saxelmwifos xelaxali militarizacia da mis mier axali samx-
edro kampaniis ganxorcieleba evropaSi. amis saukeTeso saSualeba, maTi
azriT, germaniis diqtatorul virusze `acra~ iyo. `vaqcina~, romlis gamo-
yenebac gadawyvites, demokratiuli federalizmi iyo.
rogor SeeZlo federalizms ar daeSva axali hitleris SesaZlo aRzeve-
ba? amis pasuxi germaniis xelisuflebis decentralizebul struqturaSi
unda veZioT. germanuli politikur-teritoriuli erTeulebi, rasac ger-
manulad Land anu miwa ewodeba, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben mmarTvelo-
baSi, rogorc regionul, ise saxelmwifo doneze. germaniis Teqvsmeti miwis
mTavrobebis mier daniSnuli delegatebi germanuli parlamentis zeda pala-
tis anu bundesratis wevrebi arian. zeda palatas ufleba aqvs veto daados
yvela im kanons (axali gadasaxadebis CaTvliT), romelic miwas pirdapir exe-
82 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

ba da gavlenas axdens masze. amasTan, germanuli biurokratiis didi nawili

miwebis xelisuflebis pirdapiri kontrolis qveS aris.

alternativa: unitaruli sistemebi. Tanamedrove msoflios xelisuf-

lebaTa umetesoba ar efuZneba federalur sistemas. mmarTvelobis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli forma unitaruli sistemaa, iseTi, rogoric did britaneTSia.
mas unitaruli hqvia imis gamo, rom politikur sistemas mTavrobis mxolod
erTi, ZiriTadi erTeuli aqvs. esaa centraluri xelisufleba, romelic
sxvadasxva sakiTxis Taobaze xSirad mimarTavs adgilobriv xelisuflebas,
magram, rogorc wesi, es mas ar moeTxoveba. Sesabamisad, is, rac am sistemas fe-
deralurisgan gansxvavebiT aklia, centralur da adgilobriv politikur-
administraciul erTeulebs Soris arsebuli zemoT xsenebuli Statis an
miwis ekvivalenturi Sualeduri fenaa.
zogi unitaruli sistema, magaliTad, safrangeTsa da italiaSi, ufro
meti mondomebiT icavs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Zalauflebasa da prero-
gativebs adgilobrivi magistratebis, merebisa da politikosebis mxridan
SesaZlo daumorCileblobisagan, vidre britaneTSi. safrangeTSi, prefeq-
tebi (centraluri xelisuflebis mier daniSnulni) aSualeben urTierTobebs
centralur xelisuflebasa da adgilobriv departamentebs Soris. manam,
sanam fransua miteranis socialisturi mTavroba instituciur reformebs
wamoiwyebda 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, prefeqtebi valdebulni iyvnen ad-
gilobrivi departamentebis mTavrobebisTvis zedamxedveloba gaewiaT da
imis uflebac hqondaT, rom maT miRebul garkveul gadawyvetilebebze veto
daedoT. am sistemis momxreebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi msgavs politikur-
administraciul mowyobas, romelic tutelaJis (meurveobis) saxeliT iyo
cnobili, racionaluri politikuri marTvis modelad miiCnevdnen. tute-
laJis sistema imdenad centralizebuli da sistematizebuli iyo, rom gaT-
viTcnobierebul damkvirvebels saaTze ubralo SexedviT iolad SeeZlo
eTqva, ra sagans gadiodnen mocemul momentSi skolaSi moswavleebi mTel
safrangeTSi. bevr amerikels, romlebic miCveulni arian ganaTlebis siste-
mis Tavisuflebas, skolebis, saganmanaTleblo programebis, saakreditacio
moTxovnebis da akademiuri standartebis mravalgvarovnebas, mTavrobis
dawesebuli msgavsi erTgvarovneba uTuod ucnaurad moeCveneboda.

demokratia, rogorc efeqtiani xelisufleba

vamtkicebdiT, rom demokratias ar SeuZlia Tavisi moqalaqeebis (rom-

lebic monawileoben arCevnebSi, ixdian gadasaxadebs, msaxuroben SeiaraRe-
bul ZalebSi) azrebisa da rwmenis ugulebelyofa, magram aseve ar SeuZlia
ubralod asaxos umravlesobis momentaluri ganwyoba da survilebi, Tuki
isini azaraleben umciresobis interesebsa da uflebebs. demokratiuli xe-
lisufleba, romelic mgrZnobiarecaa da SezRudulic, savaldebulo araa
sicocxlisunariani aRmoCndes. imisTvis rom warmatebuli iyos da xSir
SemTxvevaSi, ubralod, gadarCes, demokratiuli mTavroba, iseve rogorc
 konstituciuri demokratia 83
xelisuflebis mowyobis sxva formebi, efeqtiani unda iyos. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, mas unda hqondes imis SesaZleblobebi, rom ganaxorcielos is
miznebi, risTvisac is Seiqmna. Tu demokratias ar ZaluZs daicvas Tavisi
moqalaqeebi, uzrunvelyos keTildReoba da sxva arsebiTi sferoebi (ga-
naTleba, samarTlis dacva, da elementarulad wylis miwodebis sistemis an
xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuris gamarTuli muSaoba), maSin ra sargebelia
masSi? am sakiTxis wamoweva miuTiTebs imis albaTobaze, rom demokratiuli
xelisufleba, SesaZloa, zedmetad mgrZnobiare, an zedmetad SezRuduli
aRmoCndes xalxis sakeTildReo qmedebebSi.
SezRuduli da mgrZnobiare mTavroba, romelsac ZaluZs imoqmedos swra-
fad da moqnilad, unda eyrdnobodes Zalauflebis Sekavebisa da gawonaswore-
bis struqturebs, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom garkveul garemoebebSi
mTavrobas energiuli moqmedebis unari unda dausustdes. am Tvalsaz-
risiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia jeims medisonis moswrebuli naTqvami pirveli
konstituciuri konventis Sesaxeb: `im sirTuleTa Soris, romlebsac kon-
venti Seejaxa, Zalian mniSvnelovani is unda iyos, rom moxdes mTavrobaSi
aucilebeli stabilurobisa da energiulobis Serwyma Tavisuflebisa da
respublikuri formis xelSeuxeblobasTan~.12 medisoni amtkicebda, rom xe-
lisuflebis stabiluroba aucilebelia Sida simSvidisa da wesrigisaTvis,
erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi TviTrwmenisTvis, qmediToba
ki aucilebelia Sida da gare gamowvevebis gadaWrisaTvis. misi sityvebiT,
qmediTunarianoba da stabiluroba erTad efeqtiani xelisuflebis ZiriTa-
di sazrisia.

stabilurobis aucilebloba

stabiluroba efeqtiani mTavrobis arsebiTi atributia. politikuri da

sitemuri stabiluroba SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad mwvave problema iyos ax-
lad aRmocenebuli demokratiisa da ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis, magram es
araa msoflios mxolod konkretulad am tipis romelime qveynis an region-
isTvis damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, italia ganviTarebuli demokratiaa, ma-
gram igi cnobilia mTavrobaTa xSiri cvalebadobiT.
stabiluroba SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnes sxvadasxva gziT. arCeul
warmomadgenlebs sakmarisi dro da vada unda mieceT imisTvis, rom gana-
xorcielon an miaRwion rame Rirebuls. unda arsebobdes garkveuli saxis
politikuri disputebisa da socialuri konfliqtebis mogvarebis insti-
tuciuri gzebi, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli qveynis nawilebad daxleCisa
da destabilizaciis albaToba (SeerTebul StatebSi umaRlesi sasamarTlo
xSirad asrulebs am funqcias, magram politikur partiebsa da saknonmdeblo
organosac mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT). liderebis Secvlis
instituciuri procedurebi iseTi regulirebuli meTodebis saSualebiT,
rogoricaa arCevnebi da daniSvnebi, Zalian mniSvnelovania da demokratiis
erT-erTi principuli upiratesobaa Tanamedrove diqtaturebTan Sedar-
ebiT. monarqia, Cveulebriv, am problemas memkvidreobis principis SenarCu-
84 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

nebiT Wris, mefis Tu dedoflis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi taxti mis ufros

Svils gadaecema.
istoria da tradicia, iseve, rogorc simbolizmi da rituali, aZlierebs
gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebas mTavrobebSi (gaviTvaliswinoT Tundac is zar-
zeimi da gansakuTrebuli garemo, romelic Tan axlavs SeerTebuli Statebis
prezidentis inauguracias an britaneTis samefo ojaxis wevrebis daqor-
winebas). msgavsi gangrZobiTobis SegrZnebis aucileblobaze saubrisas
jeims medisoni daupirispirda Tomas jefersonis winadadebas konstituci-
uri konventebis periodulobis sixSiris gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT imis
safuZvelze, rom `xalxisadmi yoveli mimarTva mTavrobaSi raRac defeqtis
arsebobis maniSnebeli iqneba, xSiri mimarTvebi ki didwilad moaxdens imas,
rom mTavrobas moakldeba sazogadoebis mxridan mowiweba da Tayvaniscema,
ris gareSec SesaZloa yvelaze Wkvian da yvelaze Tavisufal mTavrobasac
ki ar hqondes esoden saWiro stabiluroba~, ufro metic `yvelaze Wkviani
mTavrobac ki ar CaTvlis zedmet upiratesobad imas, rom sazogadoebrivi
stereotipebi da crurwmenebi Tavis mxardamWerad ixilos~.13

qmediTobis aucilebloba

imisTvis, rom efeqtiani iyos, xelisufleba qmediTic unda iyos. qmedi-

Tobis Tezisis mimarT damfuZnebel mamaTa mxardaWera SeerTebul StatebSi
naTlad iqna asaxuli konstituciaSi, romelmac ara marto gadasca mTavro-
bas, rogorc erTs, sakmarisi Zalaufleba, aramed Seqmna Zlieri aRmasrule-
beli xelisufleba, romelsac sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan Widilis
SesaZleblobebi misca. konstituciam kongress uflebamosileba mianiWa
`miiRos yvela kanoni, romelic aucilebelia da Sesabamisia Zalauflebis
aRsrulebisTvis~ (muxli1-2). es naTelyofs damfuZnebel mamaTa ganzrax-
vas, rom xelisuflebisaTvis SeeqmnaT SesaZlebloba, saWiroebebis SemTx-
vevaSi gadaedga gadamwyveti nabijebi. am TvalsazrisiT, aleqsander ham-
iltoni aRniSnavda, rom `mTavroba Tavis TavSi unda moicavdes yovelgvar
Zalauflebas, romelic aucilebelia masze gadacemuli sazogadoebrivi
miznebis misaRwevad... Tavisufali unda iyos yoveli saxis kontrolisagan,
magram unda iTvaliswinebdes sazogadoebrivi sikeTis principsa da xalxis
azrs~.14
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, erovnuli mTavrobis Zalaufleba
droTa ganmavlobaSi erTmniSvnelovnad gaizarda, Statis xelisufalTa
uflebamosilebebi ki SedarebiT meryevia: xan izrdeba, xan klebulobs. zoga-
dad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1789 wlidan dRemde yvela donis xelisuflebis Za-
laufleba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. SeerTebul StatebSi mTavrobis rolis
amgvari zrda pasuxia sazogadoebaSi, ekonomikaSi da, ra Tqma unda, amerikis
sazRvrebs miRma arsebul samyaroSi momxdar cvlilebebze. am tendenciis
Sedegi, kargia Tu cudi, isaa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba dRes ufro
qmediTia, vidre erTi saukunis winaT iyo, da gacilebiT qmediTia, vidre ori
saukunis win. Tuki vinme fiqrobs, rom SeerTebuli Statebi msoflios mowi-
 konstituciuri demokratia 85
nave samxedro da ekonomikuri Zalaa, erTaderTi WeSmariti zesaxelmwifoa
XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, misTvis iolia dainaxos, rom demokratiam ameri-
kis SeerTebul StatebSi amisTvis sakmaod kargad imuSava. erTia, rom aSS-is
sistema SeiZleba gaakritiko imisTvis, rom is araa sakmarisad mgrZnobiare
an amtkico, rom igi zedmetad eqspansiuria anu araa sakmarisad SezRuduli,
magram vin Seitans eWvs mis efeqtianobaSi?
mogvianebiT, VI TavSi vixilavT, rom safrangeTis meoTxe respublikisTvis
(1945-1958) efeqtiani mTavroba naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli. safrangeTma
sabolood am problemis daZleva Zveli konstituciis axliT SecvliTa da
Zalauflebis simZimis centris parlamentidan prezidentze gadanacvlebiT
SeZlo. am qveyanas aseve hyavs premier-ministri, romelic mTavrobas xelmZ-
Rvanelobs, magram prezidents, romelic pirdapiri arCevnebiT xuTi wlis
vadiT irCeva, ufleba aqvs daakompleqtos an gadaayenos mTavroba. Zlieri
saprezidento Zalauflebis SeqmniT, mexuTe respublikis konstituciam
franguli demokratiis istoriaSi axal periods daudo saTave, romelmac
iseTi stabiluroba da ayvaveba moutana safrangeTs, rogoric mas bolo ori
aswleulis ganmavlobaSi ar axsovs.
safrangeTisgan gansxvavebiT, italias jerjerobiT ar gadauWria efeqtia-
ni demokratiuli mmarTvelobis amocana. nebismieri sxva dasavluri saparla-
mento demokratiisgan gansxvavebiT, igi samTavrobo arastabilurobis nimu-
Sia. radgan aq saparlamento sistemaa, mTavrobas premier-ministri marTavs,
da imis gamo, rom italias qaosuri partiuli sistema aqvs, premiers iSviaTad
aqvs xangrZlivi an masze damokidebuli Tu misdami daqvemdebarebuli par-
tiuli koaliciis (saparlamneto umravlesobas gacilebiT mcire Zala aqvs)
mxardaWera. Sedegi isaa, rom meore msoflio omis Semdgomi or aTwleulze
meti xnis ganmavlobaSi italiaSi mTavrobebi saSualod eqvs TveSi erTxel
icvleboda. bolo wlebSi italiis saarCevno sistemis reformirebis mcdelo-
bam am problemis mogvarebis TvalsazrisiT Sedegi ar gamoiRo. sabednierod,
meore msoflio omis Semdgomi italia, miuxedavad politikuri stabiluro-
bis TvalsazrisiT saamayo miRwevebis naklebobisa, ekonomikis ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT warmatebuli qveynis magaliTia. rTuli warmosadgeni araa,
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ra simaRleebs miaRwevda italia bolo naxevari
saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTavrobas efeqtianad rom emarTa.
es sami magaliTi adasturebs, rom demokratiuli mTavroba SeiZleba iyos
efeqtiani, magram amis garantia ar arsebobs. warmatebuli demokratiis am
TavSi ganxilul sam TvisebaTagan, efeqtianoba erTaderTia, romelic mx-
olod da mxolod demokratiuli mTavrobisTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli.
diqtatura, Cveulebriv, ar cdilobs iyos mgrZnobiare an SezRuduli, magram
aqvs erTaderTi mizani _ efeqtiani. arcerT demokratiul xelisuflebas ar
ZaluZs Seasrulos danapirebi, Tuki mgrZnobiare araa, da arcerTi maTganis
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi ar dgeba amocanebis Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi
SezRuduli araa. bolo dromde Zalze mwvaved idga sakiTxi imis Taobaze,
ramdenad ZaluZs demokratias ajobos diqtaturas, rogorc mmarTvelobis
efeqtianma formam. bolo drois istoriulma cvlilebebma es sakiTxi moxsna
dRis wesrigidan.
86 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

xelisuflebis axlidan gamogoneba:

ganmanaTlebloba da amerikis idea

SeerTebuli Statebi warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis Tanamedrove Te-

oriis praqtikaSi danergvis samSobloa. dasawyisSi igi ar iyo srulyofili,
magram namdvilad iyo warsulidan uyoymanod gadmodgmuli nabiji da momav-
lis dagegmvis ga beduli mcdeloba. im ideis triumfi, rom respublika,
monarqiisa da avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis sxva formebisgan gansxvavebiT,
politikuri mowyobis ufro gonivruli da umjobesi alternativaa, Tanamed-
rove msoflio istoriis ganmsazRvreli momenti gaxda. moxda ise, rom es
triumfi ganxorcielda adgilze, romelsac amerika erqva. dRes amerikis
idea mTeli msoflios xalxTa warmodgenaSi Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis
ideebis sinonimuria (es idea gacilebiT metia, vidre realoba, romelmac
daamtkica, rom igi Tanamedroveobis didi Zalaa).
amerikis idea, rom dawerili konstituciis farglebSi xalxs sakuTari
Tavis marTva Tavad ZaluZdes, pirdapiri gagebiT produqtia XVIII saukunis
ganmanaTleblobisa, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saTaves gviani XV saukunis ital-
iuri renesansis inteleqtualuri duRilidan iRebs. mniSvnelovania gaviT-
valiswinoT, rom amerikuli revolucia ubralod jorj vaSingtonis, Tomas
jefersonis Tu sxva revoluciuri liderebis gonebaSi ar momwifebula.
politikuri Teoria, romelic amerikis mamebis ideebSi gamoixata, myarad
iyo dafuZnebuli gamoCenili moazrovneebis _ nikolo makiavelis, Tomas
hobsis, jon lokis, baron de monteskies da sxvaTa inteleqtualur Rvawlze.
yoveli maTgani, arsitotelesgan gansxvavebiT, amtkicebda, rom mTavrobis
mizani aris ara siqvelis danergva, aramed borotebis da mankierebis winaaR-
mdeg brZola. adamianis bunebidan, marTebulad xedvam, es moazrovneebi re-
alisturi miznebis, magaliTad, Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis Ziebamde
miiyvana, rac politikurad miRwevadia, siqvele ki aseTi araa.

Tavisuflebis arqiteqtura

am qveTavSi politikis universaluri problemaa dasmuli: Tuki xalxi Ta-

visi bunebiT araa qveli, da amave dros Tavadaa mmarTveli, maSin rogoraa
SesaZlebeli, rom marTvis nebismieri sistema ar gadagvardes da tiraniad ar
iqces? amerikis mamebma am Tavsatexis gadaWra iseTi midgomis ganviTarebiT
scades, rasac politikis axali gageba uwodes. es axali gageba politikuri
institutebis manam ucnobi da axleburi mowyobis irgvliv gaiSala, ramac
Tavisuflebis praqtikis meti SesaZlebloba dabada da xelisuflebis fun-
qciebis danawilebis saSualebiT, Zalauflebis despoturi gamoyenebisgan
(tiraniis) misi dacva da, Sesabamisad, Zalauflebis koncentraciis safrTx-
is Tavidan acileba uzrunvelyo. swored ise, rogorc ser isaak niutonma
revoluciuri gadatrialeba moaxdina Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo mec-
nierebaSi, damfuZnebel mamebsac sjerodaT, rom maT socialur mecnierebaSi
axali safuZvlebis danergviT politikis revoluciuri gageba Semoitanes.
 konstituciuri demokratia 87
hamiltoni am aRmoCenis arss federalistSi [( amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis konstituciis ratificirebis da calke arsebuli Statebis gaer-
Tianebis safuZvelze federaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnis momxre inteleqtu-
alTa da politikur moRvaweTa 85 statiis krebulia. avtorebi aleqsander
hamiltoni (51 statiis avtoria), jeims medisoni (29 statiis avtoria) da jon
jei (5 statiis avtoria) arian. statiebi 1787-1788 ww. seriulad ibeWdebod-
nen niu-iorkis gazeTebSi. 1788 wels statiebi krebulis saxiT iqna gamoce-
muli da mas The Federalist Papers ewoda. (mTarg. Sen.)] naTelyofs. amtkicebda ra,
rom amerikis konstitucia Tavidan aicilebda `tiraniis da anarqiis uki-
dures gamovlinebebs~, romlebmac adre arsebuli respublikebi daRupes,
hamiltoni Tavis mkiTxvelebs mouwodebda, ar SeCerebuliyvnen warsulis
magaliTebze: `politikis mecniereba, msgavsad nebismieri sxva mecnierebisa,
didad gaumjobesda... sxvadasxva principis Zala, romlebic manam an sruliad
ucnobi iyo, an cudad gagebuli Zvelebis mier, axla ukeTaa Secnobili~. ham-
iltonma aRbeWda is progresuli struqturuli cvlilebebi, romlebic Ca-
debuli iyo konstituciaSi am politikis axali gagebis SemqmnelTa mier:

gansazRvrul departamentebze (saministroebze) Zalauflebis regu-

laruli ganawileba; Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis kanonmdeblobiTi
meqanizmebis danergva; iseTi sasamarTloebis Seqmna, romlebic Sedge-
bian kargi qcevisa da kompetenciis safuZvelze SerCeuli mosamarTlee-
bisagan; sakanonmdeblo organoSi xalxis warmomadgenloba arCeuli
deputatebis meSveobiT _ yovelive es an sruliad axali aRmoCenebia,
an Tanamdroveobis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad principuli progresis
gziT srulyofili. es aris saSualebebi, Zlieri saSualebebi, imisTvis,
rom respublikuri mmrTvelobis upiratesoba SenarCundes da misi nak-
lovanebebi an Semcirdes, an Tavidan iqnes acilebuli.15

jeims medisonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, damfuZneblebi xvdebodnen, rom

`ganaTlebuli politikosebi yovelTvis ar iqnebian Zalauflebis sadavee-
bTan~.16 gonieri xelisufalis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mxolod Tavad swo-
rad agebul saxelmwifos SeuZlia gaakontrolos maTi ambiciebi, vinc misi
saxeliT marTvaze acxadebs pretenzias. arCevnebi aseTi kontrolis erT-erT
saxes uzrunvelyofs, aRniSnavda medisoni, magram `gamocdilebam kacobrio-
bas damatebiTi garantiebis aucilebloba ukarnaxa~.17 upirvelesi garantia
xelisuflebis ZiriTad komponentebs Soris mudmivi Widilis danergva iyo:
`xelisuflebis erTsa da imave StoSi Zalauflebis Tanmimdevruli koncen-
traciis saSiSroebis Tavidan acilebis kargi saSualeba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom yoveli departamentis (saministros) xelmZRvanelobas mieces saWiro
konstituciuri mxardaWera, piradi motivaciis gasazrdelad winaaRmdegoba
gauwios sxvebis mxridan mis kompetenciebSi SemoWras~. mokled rom vTqvaT,
`saWiroa ambiciam gaaneitralos ambicia~.18
88 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

Sekaveba da gawonasworeba

am miznis misaRwevad damfuZneblebma scades xelisuflebis Stoebi erT-

maneTisagan damoukidebel organoebad CamoeyalibebinaT. Sesabamisad, yove-
li Stos Zalaufleba konstituciis specifikuri muxlidan gamomdinareobs
(pirveli muxli exeba sakanonmdeblo organos, meore _ aRmasrulebels,
mesame _ sasamarTlos). xelisuflebis yovel Stos mieniWa konstituciuri
Zalaufleba masze dakisrebuli specifikuri movaleobebis gansaxorciele-
blad da yovel maTgans mieca saimiso meqanizmebi, rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios
sxva Stos mxridan aralegitimuri saSualebebiT zemoqmedebis mcdelobebs.
es meqanizmebi, romlebsac uwodeben Sekavebas da gawonasworebas, Sedgeba,
rogorc Cveulebrivi (prezidentis mier vetos gamoyenebis ufleba), ise gan-
sakuTrebuli (kongresis mier prezidentis impiCmentis procedura) prerog-
ativebisagan.
isini erToblivad TiToeuli Stos wevrebisaTvis `aucilebeli kon-
stituciuri saSualebebia~ sxva Stoebis mier mis kompetenciebSi eqspan-
siisTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. `kerZo interesi unda daukavSirdes
institutis konstituciur uflebebs~.19 damfuZneblebi grZnobdnen, rom
institucionalizebuli TviTinteresi Zalauflebis grZnobiT aRWurvil
Tanamdebobis pirebs, maTi konkretuli institutis mniSvnelobisa da aR-
matebulobis grZnobas gauZlierebda da gazrdida maT mondomebas TavianTi
samsaxuris prestiJis SesanarCuneblad (Sesabamisad, sakuTari karieruli
winsvlis uzrunvelsayofad). amgvarad, kongresis mier 1974 wels prezi-
dent niqsonis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli impiCmentis erT-erTi mizezi is iyo,
rom igi, rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo politikaSi, aSkara upativcemulobas
iCenda sakanonmdeblo organos Zalauflebis mimarT (Zalauflebis gadame-
teba, uotergeitis saqmis CaTvliT, niqsonis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli pro-
cesis mTavari Tema iyo). 1998 wels prezident klintonis (demokratiuli
partiidan) winaaRmdeg impiCmentis procesis mcdeloba imas ukavSirdeboda,
rom man winaaRmdegoba gauwia kongress (respublikelebi umravlesobas war-
moadgendnen), gamoeZiebina misi qcevis Sesabamisoba zneobriv normebTan
samsaxureobrivi valdebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi oponentebi mas aseve
bralad sdebdnen sasamarTlo xelisuflebis upativcemulobas, rac cru
Cvenebebis micemaSi gamoixata.
afuZnebdnen ra demokratiul institutebs pirad interesze (self-interest),
damfuZneblebi adamianis bunebis sikeTisa da zneobrivi srulyofisadmi misi
midrekilebis mimarT erTgvar skepticizms gamoxatavdnen. hamiltonis mixed-
viT, `adamianebi ambiciurebi, SurismaZiebelni da xarbebi~20 arian. medisoni
eTanxmeboda da ufro mkveTradac ki gamoxatavda am azrs:

SesaZloa adamianis bunebaze msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, rom amgvari

meqanizmebi (Sekaveba da gawonasworeba) aucilebelia Zalauflebis ga-
dametebis gasakontroleblad. raa Tavad mTavroba, Tu ara adamianis
bunebaze fiqris yvelaze didi gamoxatuleba? adamianebi angelozebi
rom iyvnen, araviTari mTavroba saWiro ar iqneboda. angelozebi rom
 konstituciuri demokratia 89
marTavdnen adamianebs, mTavrobaze kontrolis arc gare da arc Sida
meqanizmebi ar iqneboda saWiro~.21

kargad awyobil respublikaSi ganaTlebuli, piradi interesis mqone ada-

miani sayovelTao sikeTisTvis iRvawebs. politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom pira-
di interesebis (magaliTad, ganmeorebiT arCeva) ganxorcielebis saukeTeso
gza sazogadoebrivi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaa da ara Zalauflebis ga-
dameteba an borotad gamoyeneba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, medisonis siste-
ma, iseve rogorc adam smitis `uxilavi xeli~, avtomaturad moawesrigebs
procesis mimdinareobas, raTa instituciuri Zalauflebis wonasworoba ar
dairRves. amgvarad, SeerTebuli Statebis politikis axali gageba Tavis ar-
gumentebs maRalfardovan da zedapirul zneobriobaze an religiur grZno-
bebze ki ar afuZnebda, aramed realobaze myarad mdgar institucinalize-
buli piradi interesis principze.
damfuZnebelTa naazrevze fokusirdeba yvelaferi `amerikulis~ gan-
didebis, da Sesabamisad, eTnocentrizmisa da SezRudulobaSi braldebis
risks qmnis. am SemTxvevaSi mainc aris gamamarTlebeli argumenti, romelic
logikasa da istorias eyrdnoba. ubralod, ise moxda, rom Tanamedrove is-
toriis pirveli warmatebuli demokratiuli eqsperimenti CrdiloeT ameri-
kaSi XVIII saukunis dasasruls ganxorcielda, da revolucionerebi, romleb-
mac igi wamoiwyes, politikis filosofosebi iyvnen (im periodSi politikuri
mecniereba, rogorc aseTi, arc arsebobda). politikis mecnierebis SeqmniT,
maT SeimuSaves demokratiis praqtikuli Teoria, romelsac konkretuli
istoriuli konteqstidan daSorebuli Sinaarsi da gamoyeneba aRmoaCnda.
rogorc dasawyisSi aRiniSna, misi gamoyeneba scildeba msoflios romelime
konkretuli saxelmwifosa Tu regionis farglebs.

saprezidento sistema

SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTvelobas xSirad saprezidento sistemas uwo-

deben, vinaidan aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri kongresis wevrebi-
sagan damoukideblad da calke irCeva. sistema Zalauflebis danawilebiT
xasiaTdeba, romlis farglebSic sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sa-
samarTlo Stoebi Sesabamisi uflebamosilebebis da valdebulebebis ganx-
orcielebisTvis cal-calke arian pasuxismgebelni amomrCevelTa sxvadasx-
va jgufis winaSe. mmarTveloba formalurad sxvadasxva funqciuri CarCos
mixedviTaa Camoyalibebuli. vinaidan yoveli mmarTvelobisTvis savalde-
buloa kanonebis formulireba, aRsruleba da interpretireba, logikuria,
rom amaTgan pirveli funqciis Sesasruleblad saWiroa Seiqmnas sakanon-
mdeblo organo (wesebis SemuSaveba), meore funqciisTvis _ aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba (wesebis gamoyeneba da danergva) da mesame, zedamxedvelobis
funqciisaTvis _ sasamarTlo xelisufleba (wesebis ganmarteba da inter-
pretacia).
msgavsi mowyobis logikam ar icis arc politikuri da arc geografiuli
90 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

sazRvrebi, dReisaTvis igi gvxvdeba msoflios yvela regionis mravali de-

mokratiis struqturaSi. saprezidento demokratia amJamad gansakuTrebiT
Cveulebrivi gaxda laTinuri amerikis qveynebisTvis, magram xelisuflebis
demokratiuli mowyobis msgavsi forma sxvadasxva saxiT iseT qveynebSic gvx-
vdeba, rogoricaa ruseTi, safrangeTi, nigeria, samxreTi afrika, indonezia,
filipinebi.

Zalauflebis danawileba

SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia xelisuflebis yovel Stos spe ci fi-

kur amocanebs akisrebs. magaliTad, kongress miniWebuli aqvs e. w. xazina-
daris Zalaufleba. prezidenti waradgens wliuri biujetis proeqts da
cdilobs miznobrivi dafinansebis Sesaxeb kongresis gadawyvetilebebze
gavlena moaxdinos, magram saxelisuflebo xarjebze saboloo sityvis
ufleba mainc kongress rCeba. aRmasrule bel xelisuflebaze aseTi mZlavri
SezRudvis meqanizmi sxva saprezidento demokratiebSi farTod araa dan-
ergili, da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cveulebriv, biujetis xarjviTi nawilis
dagegmvasa da damtkicebaSi saboloo sityva xelisuflebis aRmasrule bel
Stos ekuTvnis, Semosavlebisa da begara-mosakreblebis Sesaxeb gadawy-
vetilebebis saboloo instanciad ki sakanonmdeblo organo rCeba.
Zalauflebis danawilebis amerikul modelSi aris garkveuli sferoe-
bi, romlsac Zalauflebas sxvadasxva Sto erToblivad axorcielebas. mag-
aliTad, msgavsi gamWoli da urTierTgadamkveTi pasuxismgeblobebiT `omis
gamocxadebis~ ufleba xasiaTdeba. kongress aqvs imis ufleba, rom Sekribos
da Seinaxos armia (Tumca, konstitucia am uflebis gamoyenebas kongress or-
wliani vadiT ganusazRvravs), saWiro resursebiT uzrunvelyos da zedamxed-
veloba gauwios samxedro flots, Seqmnas SeiaraRebuli Zalebis maregu-
lirebeli wesebi da, rac mTavaria, gamoacxados omi. Tumca, amavdroulad,
konstitucia SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad prezidents acxadebs.
Sesabamisad, gamocxadebuli Tu gamoucxadebeli nebismieri mniSvnelovani
samxedro aqcia xelisuflebis orive Stos TanamSromlobas moiTxovs. zoga-
dad, urTierTqmedebis es tipi msgavsi institutebis mqone sxva qveynebSicaa
gadaRebuli, magram SeiaraRebul Zalebze samoqalaqo kontroli, rogorc
principis, ise praqtikis saxiT, arsad ise myarad araa dafuZnebuli, rogorc
SeerTebul StatebSi. Sesabamisad, bevr saprezidento sistemaSi krizisis
periodSi samxedro gadatrialebis albaToba demokratiisTvis principul
safrTxes qmnis.
garda imisa, rom sami Stos wevrebi sxvadasxva amocanis Sesrulebas emsax-
urebian da sxvadasxva gziT Wrian maT, isini sxvadasxva vadiTa da sxvadasxva
amomrCevlis mier arian arCeulni. konstituciisa da misi Sesabamisi Ses-
worebis mixedviT, prezidenti yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel unda irCeodes
da erTsa da imave pirs or vadaze metad Tanamdebobis dakaveba ar SeuZlia.
mxolod prezidenti da vice-prezidenti arian mTavrobis umaRlesi Tanam-
debobis pirebi, romelTac Zalauflebis mandati sruliad saxelmwifo
 konstituciuri demokratia 91
eleqtoratis mier gadaecemaT. amis sapirispirod, kongresSi arCeuli war-
momadgenlebi konkretuli olqis (Statis Sida erTeulis) eleqtoratisgan
iReben mandats ori wliT. senatorebi warmoadgenen Stats da Tanamdebobas
eqvsi wlis vadiT ikaveben. umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi (da yvela
sxva federaluri mosamarTle) ar arian arCeulni, maT niSnavs prezidenti
senatis Tanxmobis safuZvelze. damfuZneblebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelo-
bas aniWebdnen daniSvnis am saxes, vinaidan miaCndaT, rom miukerZoebeli
samarTlis aRsrulebisTvis saWiroa sasamarTlo Tavisufali iyos poli-
tikuri zewolisgan. mosamarTlis Tanamdeboba arCeviTi rom yofiliyo,
misi mopovebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis kandidatebi politikur jgufebTan
aliansebSi an farul garigebebSi Sevidodnen, rac kanonis interpretacia-
Si garkveuli jgufuri da kerZo interesebis asaxvis gamo, samarTlianobis
princips daazaralebda.
ama Tu im Tanamdebobis dakavebis vada sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagva-
radaa gansazRvruli, Tumca oTxwliani vada TiTqmis yvelgan standartia.
magaliTad, ruseTsa da braziliaSi am TvalsazrisiT SeerTebuli Statebis
analogiuri suraTia: prezidents oTxi wliT irCeven da mas SeuZlia vadis
gasvlisTanave isev iyaros kenWi am Tanamdebobaze. amis sapirispirod, meqsi-
kasa da nigeriaSi prezidentebs eqvswliani vadiT irCeven, magram xelmeored
arCevis ufleba ar aqvT. bolo dromde, safrangeTis prezidents, xelmeored
arCevis SesaZleblobiT, Svidwliani vadiT irCevdnen (2000 wels vada xuT
wlamde Semcirda, ix. VI Tavi). bevr saprezidento sistemaSi qveynis mTavro-
bis umaRles Tanamdebobis pirs gacilebiT meti Zalaufleba aqvs sakanon-
mdeblo organosTan mimarTebaSi, vidre es SeerTebul StatebSia.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis mixed-
viT, xelisuflebis arc erT Stos ara aqvs ufleba dominirebdes sxvaze.
Zalaufleba ganawilebulia da garkveulwilad misi erTianad mocva
SeuZlebelicaa. msgav-si politikuri mowyobis pirobebSi gasakviri araa,
rom SeerTebuli Statebis politika politikuri kamaTiTa da gavlenisaTvis
brZoliT xasiaTdeba, gansakuTrebiT prezidentsa da kongress Soris
urTierTobaSi. msgavsi politi-kuri urTierTobebis tipi SeiniSneba sxva
qveynebis prezidentebsa da parlamentebs Sorisac. Tumca, sxva qveynebis
prezidentebs partiebTan da parlamentebTan brZolisTvis aqvT iseTi
`iaraRi~, rac SeerTebuli Statebis prezidents aSkarad ar gaaCnia.

SezRudvebi umravlesobis mmarTvelobaze

amerikis politikuri sistemis damfuZneblebi umravlesobis tiraniis

(umravlesobis midrekileba, gaTelos umciresobaTa uflebebi) SesaZlo
safrTxiT erTnairad iyvnen SeSfoTebulni. umravlesobis Zalis Sesarbile-
blad, garkveulwilad, mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo sakanonmdeblo organos
orpalatian principze mowyoba (or palatad _ warmomadgenelTa palatad
da senatad dayofa). Sesabamisi mniSvneloba hqonda Zalauflebis danawile-
basac. saprezidento veto, sasamrTlos damoukidebloba da federalizmi
92 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

aseve Cafiqrebuli iyo umravlesobis mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

potenciuri safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad.
kvlav aRvniSnavT, rom msgavsi politikur-instituciuri modeli sxva
qveynebSic aris. sakanonmdeblo organos orpalatiani mowyoba TiTqmis
yvelgan wesad iqca. umravles SemTxvevaSi prezidentebs kanonebis mimarT
vetos gamoyenebis ufleba aqvT, magram erTian da gabedul sakanonmdeblo
organos SeuZlia saprezidento vetos daZleva. Cveulebriv, sasamarTloebi
isea mowyobili, rom damoukidebeli iyos, magram is sakiTxi, ramdenad arian
konkretuli mosamarTleebi politikurad neitralurni da samarTlebrivad
miukerZoeblebi, xSirad problemuria. msoflios bevri federaluri siste-
ma aseve saprezidentoa. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba ruseTi, meqsika, brazilia
da nigeria (amis sapirispirod kanada, germania da indoeTi saparlamento
federalizmis magaliTebia).

rodisaa Zalaufleba gadametebuli?

amerikuli sistema Seqmnili iyo ara marto imisTvis, rom xeli SeeSala
tiraniis damkvidrebis SesaZleblobisTvis, aramed imisTvisac, rom uzrun-
veleyo Zlieri da qmediTi mmarTveloba. am miznisTvis, damfuZneblebma sca-
des SeeqmnaT Zlieri aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, romelsac SeeZleboda
rogorc kongresis mxridan Carevis mcdelobebis, ise Statebis gankerZoebis
survilis moTokva. maT swamdaT, rom memkvidreobiTi monarqis ararsebobis
pirobebSi, regularuli arCevnebi da impiCmentis SesaZlebloba efeqtianad
gaawonasworebda aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas.22
miuxedavad amisa, realurad, amerikis prezidents kongresTan brZolaSi
gacilebiT naklebi konstituciuri saSualeba aqvs, vidre prezidentebs
sxva msgavsi respublikebis sistemebSi. kargia es Tu cudi, SeerTebul
StatebSi kongress iolad SeuZlia winaaRmdegoba gauwios arapopularul
prezidentebs. opoziciur partias kongresSi SeuZlia TviT popularul
prezidentebsac ki Seuqmnas usiamovnebebi da sirTuleebi, rogorc es
prezidentma klintonma gamoscada. rodesac prezidentma niqsonma scada
gamoeyenebina gamoZiebis federaluri biuro da sagadasaxado samsaxuri
Tavisi oponentebis dasaSineblad, es, sabednierod, masve moubrunda cudad.
magaliTad, ruseTis prezidenti, Cveulebriv, msgavs sakiTxebs aseTive
uxeSi meTodebiT uproblemod wyvets (ix. VII Tavi). sad gadis an sad unda
gadiodes uflebamosilebebsa da SezRudvebs Soris gamyofi xazi, didadaa
damokidebuli politikur kulturasa da garemoebebze.

daskvna

konstituciuri demokratiis qveynebSi xelisufleba saxalxoa, magram

 konstituciuri demokratia 93
amave dros SezRudulic. marTalia, is sxvadasxva qveynebSi formatiTa da
detalebiT gansxvavebul konstituciaTa safuZvelze arsebobs, magram
gamonaklisis gareSe swored konstitucia sazRvravs mis mierve `Seqmnili~
xelisuflebis Zalauflebasa da sazRvrebs.
konstituciuri demokratiis dedaazri imis rwmenaa, rom mTavroba unda
iyos saxalxo, SezRuduli da efeqtiani. umravlesobis mmarTvelobis sa-
SualebiT saxalxo kontrolis koncefcia centraluri ideaa mgrZnobiare
mTavrobis Sesaqmnelad. umravlesobis mmarTvelobis ideis arsi isaa, rom
umravlesobis codna da interesebi upiratesia umciresobis codnasa da
gamocdilebaze. miuxedavad amisa, radgan umravlesoba yovelTvis marTali
araa da SeiZleba xandaxan tiranulic ki iyos, konstituciuri demokratia
SezRudvebs awesebs mTavrobis Zalauflebaze. individualuri uflebebis,
kanonis uzenaesobisa (konstitucionalizmi) da federalizmis dacva umrav-
lesobis tiraniis Tavidan acilebis principuli strategiebia. dabolos,
demokratiulma xelisuflebam efeqtianad unda imoqmedos. efeqtiani xe-
lisuflebisagan erT-erTi mTavari moTxovna stabilurobaa, meore ki _
qmediToba anu moqmedebis, iniciativisa da xelmZRvanelobis unari.
amerikis idea msoflios xalxebis warmodgenaSi warmomadgenlobiTi de-
mokratiis sinonimuria. SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZnebelTa ideebis fun-
damenti im politikuri moazrovneebis nawerebia, romlebic cxovrobdnen
da moRvaweobdnen renesansis periodidan ganmanaTleblobamde da, Tavis mxriv,
STagonebas klasikuri politikuri filosofiidan, kerZod, Zveli saberZne-
Tis filosofosebis _ platonisa da aristoteles naSromebidan iRebdnen.
is, rasac avtori Tavisuflebis arqiteqturas uwodebs, saTaves iRebs poli-
tikis axali gagebidan, romelic SeerTebuli Statebis damfuZneblebma ga-
naviTares. igi Zalauflebis danawilebis gziT tiraniisgan gadarCenis miz-
niT Seiqmna da uzrunvelyofs imas, rom Zalauflebis yoveli Sto saTanado
legitimuri iaraRiTaa aRWurvili sxva Stoebisgan dominirebis safrTxis
Tavidan asacileblad (Sekaveba da gawonasworeba).

sakvanZo sityvebi

respublika SesaZlebels xdis damnaSavis

konstituciuri demokratia
konstitucia
umravlesobis mmarTveloba
umravlesobis tirania
SezRuduli xelisufleba
kanoni Ex post facto
saxelSelaxulTa bili ( Bill of attain-
der) _ parlamentis aqti, romelic
dasjas sasamarTlos gareSe
kanonis uzenaesoba
magna karta
peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb
varskvlaviani palata
habeas korpusi (Habeas Corpus Act)
doqtor bonemis saqme
konstitucionalizmi
94 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

federalizmi cutelaJi
politikuri Zalaufleba politikis axali gageba
devolucia Sekaveba da gawonasworeba
administraciuli decentrali- saprezidento sistema
zacia Zalauflebis danawileba
unitaruli sistema orpalatiani sistema (bikameraliz-
prefeqti mi)

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ra aris respublika?
2. ra maxasiaTeblebi unda hqondes konstituciur demokratias imisTvis,
rom sajaro sikeTes emsaxuros?
3. ra aris federalizmi? ra upiratesobebi axasiaTebs mmarTvelobis amgvar
mowyobas?
4. ratom aris efeqtiani mmarTveloba energiisa da stabilurobis erTob-
lioba? rogor miiRweva TiToeuli maTgani?
5. ra aris konstitucionalizmi? ratom aris igi mniSvnelovani?
6. ra filosofia dgas politikis axali mecnierebis ukan?
7. amerikis dafuZnebis konteqstSi ra Sinaarsi devs frazaSi _ Tavisuflebis
arqiteqtura?

SeniSvnebi

1. Stephen Cahn, Education and the Democratic Ideal (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979), 3.
2. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1 (New York: Schocken Books,
1961),
299-300.
3. iqve, 301.
4. iqve, 304-308.
5. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford Univer-
sity Press, 1962), 1287a, 146.
6. John Locke, Second Treatise on Civil Government (New York: New American Li-
brary, 1965), sec. 202, 448.
7. 8 Co. Rep. 114a (1610).
8. ix. Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952 w.), gansa-
kuTrebiT mosamarTle jeqsonis mosazreba.
9. ix. Morton Grodzins, “The Federal System”, wignSi Goals for Americans: The Re-
port of the Presidential Commission on National Goals (New York: American As-
sembly, Columbia University, 1960).
 konstituciuri demokratia 95
10. miuxedavad amisa, federalizmi ar icavs individebs adgilobrivi da Statis
xelisuflebebis mier Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebisagan, rasac naTlad
aCvenebs afro-amerikelebis gamocdileba samxreTis zogierT StatSi.
11. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic:
An Introduction to American National Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally,
1970), 136.
12. Hamilton, Jay, and Madison, The Federalist (New York: Modern Library, 1964), no.
31, 226-227.
13. iqve, no. 49, gv. 329.
14. iqve, no. 31, gv. 190.
15. iqve, no.9, 48-49.
16. iqve, no. 10, 57.
17. iqve.
18. iqve.
19. iqve.
20. iqve, no. 6, 27.
21. iqve, no. 51, 337.
22. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic:
An Introduction to American National Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally,
1970), 136.
 T aavi
vi IV

avtoritaruli
saxelmwifoebi

tradiciuli
mmarTveloba

avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi
avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi
avtoritaruli saxelmwifos
niSnebi
avtoritaruli politika
avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria
avtoritarizmis Teoria: miTi da re-
aloba
avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fe-
nomenia
avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia
avtoritaruli reJimi aralegi-
timuria
avtoritaruli reJimi arapopu-
larulia
avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoe-
briv
interesebs ugulebelyofs
avtoritarizmi yvelaze cudi
mmarTvelobaa
avtoritarizmis aRsasruli?

96
 avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi 97
istoriulad yvelaze metad avtoritaruli mmarTvelobaa gavrcelebu-
li. marTlac, 1980-ian wlebSi laTinur amerikaSi demokratiis aRzevebamde
da imave aTwleulis bolos aRmosavleT evropaSi socializmis dacemamde
demokratia gamonaklisad, xolo avtoritarizmi Cveulebriv movlenad rCe-
boda. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi masStabebiTa da xasiaTiT erTmaneTi-
sagan gansxvavdebian. isini gvxvdeba mmarTvelobis uZveles (monarqiebi,
Teokratiebi) da Tanamedrove formebSi (diqtatura, samxedro xunta). av-
toritarizmis erT-erT Tanamedrove gamovlinebas, misi ukiduresi xasiaTi-
dan gamomdinare, totalitarizmi ewoda. avtoritarizmis farTo speqtrs
jer kidev amSvenebs tradiciuli monarqiebi, romlebic ZiriTadad axlo
aRmosavleTis arabuli qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTbeli. magaliTad SegviZlia
moviyvanoT maroko, saudis arabeTi, iordania, quveiTi, omani, bahreini, ka-
tari da arabeTis gaerTianebuli saamiroebi.
masStabebisa da xasiaTis nairgvarobis miuxedavad, avtoritaruli sax-
elmwifoebi garkveuli saerTo TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. Cveulebriv, msgavs
sistemas saTaveSi TviTgamocxadebuli mmarTveli udgas, xolo politikuri
Zalaufleba mxolod erTi an ramdenime adamianis xelSia moqceuli. avto-
ritarul mmarTvelTa umravlesoba realistur miznebs saxavs, Tumca, uki-
dures SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa uxeSi da sastiki qmedebebis gasamarTleblad
utopiuri ideologia gamoiyenos.
Cveulebisamebr, avtoritari mmarTvelebi ar cdiloben sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebisa Tu ekonomikis yvela sferos gakontrolebas. maTi Zalisxmeva
ZiriTadad Zalauflebisa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis arsebuli struqtu-
ris SenarCunebisken aris mimarTuli. avtoritaruli reJimi dRemde rCeba
konstituciuri demokratiis ZiriTad alternativad da piriqiT. isini ukeT
Seswavlas saWiroebs.

avtoritarizmis Rirsebebi

ramdenime, SedarebiT mokle istoriul periods _ klasikuri saber-

ZneTisa da romis, Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis epoqis italiis, agreTve
uaxles istorias Tu ar CavTvliT, monarqia, rogorc politikuri sistema,
seriozuli safrTxis winaSe arasodes damdgara (Tavad monarqebs am Tvalsaz-
risiT naklebad umarTlebdaT). TviT `ganmanaTleblur~ epoqebSic ki monar-
qia mmarTvelobis upirates formad rCeboda. berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifo-
ebis oqros xanaSic monarqiis ZiriTadi alternativa avtoritarizmis kidev
erTi forma _ oligarqia iyo da ara respublikuri mmarTveloba.
ratom aris avtoritarizmi istoriaSi mmarTvelobis yvelaze gavrcele-
buli forma? es ramdenime mizeziT aris ganpirobebuli: pirveli, igi mar-
tivia da ar moiTxovs rTuli kompleqsuri struqturebis, procedurebis
da kanonebis SemuSavebas; meore _ xistia da amdenad (Teoriulad) efeq-
tiani: gamoricxavs azrTa sxvadasxvaobas da, Sesabamisad, mxareTa Soris ga-
rigebis, SeTanxmebisa da konsensusis aucileblobas. biurokratia arsebuli
reJimisadmi loialuri adamianebiTaa dakompleqtebuli: samsaxurSi ayvana
98 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

nepotizmisa da mfarvelobis principiT xdeba da ara damsaxurebis mixed-

viT; mesame _ sazogadoebas ar ZaluZs win aRudges xelisuflebis nebas: arc
calkeul interesTa jgufebs da arc sazogadoebriv azrs ar SeuZlia saxelm-
wifos qmedebaTa blokireba. msgavs mcdelobas Zaladobrivi reaqcia mohyveba.
opozicia da represiebi erTi medlis or sxvadasxva mxarea. meoTxe _ iq, sadac
usafrTxoeba mWidro kavSirSia gare safrTxeebisagan TavdacvasTan, Zlieri
lideris unari, Seagrovos gadasaxadebi, aSenos gzebi komunikaciisa da vaWro-
bis xelSewyobis mizniT, Seqmnas jari da darazmos xalxi, TviTgadarCenis um-
Tavresi faqtoria; mexuTe _ demokratia mxolod ekonomikuri keTildReo-
bis, Zlieri saSualo fenis arsebobis pirobebSi yvavis.
demokratiuli sistemis Seqmnis realuri kandidatebi arian qveynebi,
romelTac SeuZliaT, sakuTar Tavs skolebisa da sxva socialuri infrastruq-
turis Seqmnis ufleba miscen, rac zrdis sazogadoebis informirebulobis
xarisxs. Rarib, naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki adamianebi mxolod ga-
darCenisTvis yoveldRiur brZolaSi arian CarTulni. rogorc politikur
procesebSi kargad Caxedulma erTma pirovnebam aRniSna, `Zalaufleba ryv-
nis, xolo absoluturi Zalaufleba ryvnis absoluturad~. Zalaufleba
narkotikiviTaa _ igi adamians Sxamavs da imonebs. sakmarisia gemo gaugo da
iseTi mada giCndeba, romlis dakmayofileba Znelia (andazac xom gveubneba:
mada WamaSi modiso).

avtoritarizmis naklovanebebi

avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs saTaveSi an erTpirovnuli lideri udgas,

an elitaruli mmarTveli jgufi. erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba avtokratiis,
xolo jgufuri mmarTveloba oligarqiis saxeliTaa cnobili (aseT jgufebs
zogjer xuntasac uwodeben). maTi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada arCevnebiT
(xalxis aqtiuri nebiT) ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramed miTisa da Zalauflebis
sinTezzea dafuZnebuli. erTi mxriv, xalxs mudmivad unergaven, rom xelisu-
flebisadmi utyvi morCileba maTi wmidaTawmida movaleobaa, meore mxriv,
mmarTvelebi mudmiv mzadyofnaSi arian, gamoiyenon Zala yovelgvari aja-
nyebis winaaRmdeg da nebismier fasad SeinarCunon TavianTi mdgomareoba.
tradiciulad avtoritaruli xelisuflebis saTaveSi diqtatori dgas.
yvelaze ufro saxelganTqmulni im diqtatorTa Soris, romlebic xelisu-
flebaSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg movidnen, am droisaTvis an gardacv-
lilni arian, an xelisuflebas CamoSordnen. maT Sorisaa idi amini (uganda),
imperatori bokasa I (centraluri afrikis respublika), rafael truxilio
(dominikis respublika), fransua `papa dok~ duvalie da misi vaJi `beibi dok~
duvalie (haiti), ferdinand markosi (filipinebi), anastasio somoza (nikara-
gua), manuel noriega (panama), Sahi reza fehlevi (irani), generali suharto
(indonezia), sadam huseini (erayi).
dRemde inarCunebs xelisuflebas muamar kadafi (libia). kidev sami
diqtatori: hafez al-asadi (siria), mobutu sese seko (kongo, yofili zairi)
da generali sani abaCa (nigeria) 1990-iani wlebis miwuruls gardaicvalnen.
 avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi 99
dRes sirias asadis vaJi marTavs, kongo anarqiis pirasaa, xolo demokrati-
uli mmarTvelobis damyarebis frTxili nigeriuli eqsperimenti seriozul
safrTxeSi rCeba mudmivi Sida eTnikuri da religiuri konfliqtebis fonze.
1980-iani wlebidan laTinurma amerikam gezi demokratiisaken aiRo, manam-
de ki aq samxedro xelisufleba xangrZlivad gamgeblobda. Tumca, es regioni
am TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisi ar yofila. meore msoflio omis Semdeg analo-
giuri situacia iyo umetes regionebSi, maT Soris aziaSi, axlo aRmosav-
leTSi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi (e.w. arabul nawilSi) da afrikis samxreTSi. bevr
maTganSi diqtatura dasrulda, Tumca zogierTSi jer kidev arsebobs. TviT
laTinur amerikaSic ki, sadac amJamad demokratia normadaa qceuli, samx-
edro kontrolis damyarebis safrTxe gamoricxuli bolomde ver iqneba.
iq, sadac samxedro Zalaufleba dominirebs politikur sistemebze, kont-
rols axorcieleben samxedro institutebi da ara calkeuli pirovnebebi. gen-
erlebisgan Semdgari mmarTveli komiteti (an xunta), romelsac saTaveSi pre-
zidenti an generali udgas, aseTi sistemebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa.
samxedro reJimi Tavis legitimurobas samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis korumpire-
bulobiT xsnis da imiT asabuTebs, rom mxolod mas ZaluZs wesrigisa da stabi-
lurobis SenarCuneba.

hafez al-asadi: diqtatori

1971 wlidan 2000 wlamde hafez al-

asadi sirias rkinis xeliT marTav-
da. asadis mosvla xelisuflebaSi
da misi mmarTveloba makiavelis
moZRvrebis erT-erT Tezas adas-
turebs imis Sesaxeb, rom mmarTve-
lis sjobs eSinodeT, vidre uyvar-
deT. asadi Siiti alavitebis Rarib
ojaxSi daibada (Siiti muslimebi
siriaSi umciresobas warmoad-
genen, mosaxleobis 65% suniti
muslimebi maT eretikosebad miiC-
neven). 16 wlis asadi baasis partias SeurTda, romelsac mogvianebiT saTave-
Sic Caudga. baasis partia nacionalizmisa da arabTa erTianobis lozunge-
biT gamodioda. mogvianebiT asadma samxedro akademia daamTavra mfrinavis
specialobiT. Tumca misi interesis sferod mainc politika rCeboda da misi
qmedebebic politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebis surviliT iyo motivirebu-
li.
asads siriasTan mimarTebaSi kargad Camoyalibebuli mizani hqonda _ mas
surda, rom siriis absoluturi mmarTveli yofiliyo da Tavisi saxelmwifo
regionSi politikuri da samxedro Zlierebis simbolod eqcia. man warmatebas
100 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

miaRwia, Tumca garkveuli marcxic ganicada. aqedan yvelaze mniSvnelovani

1967 wels, misi Tavdacvis ministrobis periodSi strategiuli mniSvnelobis
golanis simaRlis daTmoba iyo israelTan eqvswliani omis Semdeg. siriam am
teritoriis dabruneba 1973 welsac ver moaxerxa, rodesac egviptesTan er-
Tad israelis winaaRmdeg omi wamoiwyo, magram damarcxda. es faqti asadis
politikuri ambiciebis kraxis simbolod rCeba.
Tumca, asadi saxelmwifo saxsrebs xalxis ukiduresi siRaribis dasa-
Zlevad xarjavda da qveynis infrastruqturis, saganmanaTleblo dawese-
bulebebis, samedicini momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba SeZlo, misi es miRweve-
bi politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mizniT warmoebulma farulma
brZolam daCrdila. asadi periodulad arCevnebsac atarebda, arCevnebSi misi
warmatebis indikatori ki mudmivad 99%-s Seadgenda, rac logikuri Sedegi
iyo asadis qmedebisa: axlo aRmosavleTSi Tavisi politikuri oponentebis
gasanadgureblad igi mkvlelebsa da teroristebs iyenebda, Sida mtrebs
ki muxabarati (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis samsaxuri, romelic eleqtronuli
zedamxedvelobis, terorisa da wamebis gavrcelebuli meTodebis gamoy-
enebiTaa cnobili) daupirispira. asadis mier oponentebis winaaRmdeg Zalis
gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoyenebam 1982 wels piks miaRwia. man muslimTa
saZmos wevrebze (radikaluri sunituri islamuri organizacia) eWvi miitana,
rom isini misi reJimis damxobas cdilobdnen da amitom qalaq hamas, muslim-
Ta saZmos ZiriTadi koncentraciis adgilis, aTasobiT mcxovrebi daaxocvi-
na (sxvadasxva Sefasebis mixedviT, 5000-dan 30 000-mde sirieli). dRes sirias
asadis vaJi, profesiiT ofTalmologi baSar asadi marTavs (igi siriaSi
didi britaneTidan dabrunda, sadac didxans cxovrobda). mas Semdeg, rac
misi ufrosi Zma 1994 wels avtokatastrofaSi daiRupa, baSari polkovnikis
Cinidan generlobamde dauyovnebliv daawinaures da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
umaRles mTavarsardladac daniSnes. 2000 wels mamis sikvdilis Semdeg man
xelisufleba yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe gadaibara. amis Semdeg ga-
sakviri aRar unda iyos, rom siriis samxedro diqtatura dRemde ucvleli
da ualternativoa.

yofili samxedro maRalCinosnebi dResac mniSvnelovan rols asruleben

laTinuri amerikis axladaRmocenebul demokratiul sistemebSi, romelTa
saTaveSic mosaxleobis mier arCeuli prezidentebi _ samoqalaqo pirebi
dganan. afrikis bevr qveyanaSi samxedro liderebi kvlav dominireben da
arCeul samoqalaqo xelisuflebas saxelmwifo gadatrialebis safrTxe kv-
lav emuqreba. avtoritari mmarTvelebi individualur uflebebs uaryofen,
rodesac es uflebebi maT xelisuflebas an saxelmwifo politikas ewinaaR-
mdegeba. avtoritaruli reJimi mmarTvelTa interesebs rigiT moqalaqeTa
interesebze maRla ayenebs da, avtoritarizmis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, maT
amaSi xels veraferi SeuSlis. avtoritaruli sistema aris garemo, sadac
despoturi neba-survili ZaladobiT aris ganmtkicebuli.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoritari mmarTvelebi mniSvnelovnad gan-
sxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. es gansxvaveba ki imazea damokidebuli, ra doziT
 avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi 101
axveven isini TavianT nebas xalxs da ra xarisxiT axSoben inteleqtualur da
SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas. sxvadasxva avtoritari mmarTveli represiebsa
da Zaladobas marTlac gansxvavebuli intensivobiT iyenebs. erTni mxolod
nawilobriv mimarTaven iZulebas, xolo meoreni gansakuTrebuli mondome-
biT uswordebian TavianT oponentebs. maSin, roca avtoritari marTvelebis
umetesoba TviTgandidebiT aris dakavebuli, arian iseTebic, romlebic Za-
lauflebas saxelmwifo interesebis sasargeblodac iyenebdnen (iosef broz
tito iugoslaviaSi da anvar sadaTi egvipteSi). ambiciuri saxelmwifo pro-
gramebi, romlebic warmoebis ganviTarebis, reformirebisa da ekonomikis
modernizaciiskenaa mimarTuli, keTili nebis diqtatorebis arsebobaze
miuTiTebs. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, verc keTili nebis diqtatorebi eguebian
organizebuli politikuri opoziciis arsebobas.
es praqtikuli niuansebi, romlebic xSirad Znelad SesamCnevia, politi-
kuri TvalsazrisiT radikalurad gansxvavebul Sedegs iZleva. avtorita-
ruli saxelmwifoebi iseTi reJimebia, romlebic Zalauflebis mcireoden
SezRudvasac ar cnoben. maTi umravlesoba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mxolod
zedapirulad (formalurad) interesdeba moqalaqeTa keTildReobiT.
amgvarad, Tavneba diqtatorebic xSirad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erT-
maneTisgan. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela tirani diqtatoria,
magram yvela diqtatori tirani ar aris (ix. sqema 4-1).

avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi xasiaT-

deba Zalauflebis koncentraciiT da ar
cnobs politikur opozicias

avtokratiuli da oli-
avtokratiuli oligarquli
garquli mmarTveloba
(mefe, xalifa, a.S.) (samxedro xunta da a.S.)
mxolod mmarTvelTa
raodenobiT gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan

keTili nebisa da diqtatoruli

reJimebi ki Zalauflebas
sxvadasxva mizniT iyeneben

keTili nebis diqtatoruli keTili nebis diqtatoruli

tiranuli aratiranuli tiranuli aratiranuli

tiranuli da aratiranuli diqtatura

marTvis gansxvavebul meTods iyenebs

sqema 4-1 . avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis tipebi

102 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

avtoritaruli saxelmwifos niSnebi

avtoritari mmarTvelebi xelisuflebaSi ZiriTadad Zaladobrivi gziT

modian. wina xelisuflebas jer Zirs uTxrian, xolo Semdeg saxelmwifo ga-
datrialebis meSveobiT amxoben. uaxloes warsulSi swored ase moxda aziis,
laTinuri amerikis, axlo aRmosavleTis, saharis samxreTiT mdebare afri-
kul qveynebSi, sadac diqtatorebi modian da midian ise, rom araferi icv-
leba im xalxisaTvis, TiTqosda visi saxeliTac (da visi gulisTvisac) isini
moqmedeben.
Zalauflebaze monopoliis SenarCuneba avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis
mTavari mizania. amdenad, avtoritari mmarTvelebi cdiloben SeinarCunon
kontroli im saSualebebze, romliTac TavianT politikur oponentebs
daaSineben, Seaviwroeben, daapatimreben, gadaasaxleben an sikvdiliT das-
jian. jari da policia iZulebis mTavari iaraRia, aqedan gamomdinare, did-
ia samxedro reJimis damyarebis albaToba. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis
meTaurTa umravlesoba iwyebs rogorc samxedro piri da Semdeg, ZiriTadad
mxolod iersaxisTvis, samoqalaqo statuss irgebs. magaliTad, egviptis
mmarTvelebi gamal abdel naseri, anvar sadaTi da amJamad hosni mubaraqi
samxedro maRalCinosnebi iyvnen, sanam prezidentebi gaxdebodnen.
moqmedi Tu potenciuri opoziciis gasaneitraleblad avtoritari
mmarTvelebi xSirad mimarTaven cenzuras presaze, ukanonod acxadeben
opoziciur partiebs da sasamarTlo sistemaze mkacr kontrols aweseben,
rasac Semdeg politikuri oponentebis devnis iaraRad iyeneben. monopo-
lia masmediasa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze absolutur mmarTvelebs
maTi Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis saSualebas aZlevs da Zalauflebis gada-
Warbebis SeniRbvisa da samarTlebriv CarCoSi moqcevis meqanizmia. repre-
siuli politika da institutebi wesrigisa da stabilurobis saxeliT aris
gamarTlebuli. am SemTxvevaSi magaliTad mohyavT iseTi problemebi, rom-
lebsac Cveulebisamebr awydebian ganviTarebadi qveynebi (gareSe mtrebi,
Sida eTnikuri da religiuri ganxeTqilebebi, ekonomikuri krizisi da Rrma
klasobrivi gansxvavebebi).
Tumca marTalia, zogierTi avtoritaruli saxelmwifo socialuri da
ekonomikuri reformebis iniciatorad gvevlineba (mag., TurqeTi, samxreT
korea da taivani uaxloes warsulSi), umetesoba mainc ganuviTarebel agra-
rul ekonomikasa da mosaxleobis mdidar da Rarib fenebs Soris mkveTr gan-
sxvavebas inarCunebs. avtoritari mmarTvelebi ekonomikas mxolod gansaz-
Rvrul doneze akontroleben. ZiriTadad isini gadasaxadebis amoRebis gziT
cdiloben samxedro da ekonomikuri programebis ganxorcielebas da ufro
xSirad saxsrebs aramiznobrivad _ piradi interesebisaTvis xarjaven.
gadasaxadebis gadaxda da xelisuflebisadmi Tayvaniscema aris ZiriTadi,
rasac avtokratiuli reJimebi rigiTi moqalaqeebisgan moiTxoven. amdenad,
mTavroba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikur eqspluatacias uwevs Tavis moqalaqeebs,
meore mxriv, sruliad gulgrilia maT mimarT, sanam es ukanasknelni politi-
kis miRma rCebian. saxelmwifos mier Tavisi moqalaqeebis pirad cxovrebaSi
Carevis mcdeloba erTgvari testia, romelic gviCvenebs, gadalaxa Tu ara
 avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi 103
mmarTvelma avtoritarizmisa da totalitarizmis gamyofi xazi.
avtoritari mmarTvelebi xalxis cxovrebas iSviaTad aumjobeseben, xSir-
ad piriqiT xdeba. maT umetesobas ubralo moqalaqeebi arc axsovs. zogadad,
avtoritarizmi `qveyanaSi arsebuli jgufebisa da klasebis mospobas an
gardaqmnas ar cdilobs, igi maT sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcielebel iara-
Rad aqcevs~.1

avtoritaruli politika

avtoritari mmarTvelebi naklebad arian motivirebulni xalxis sasike-

Tod imoqmedon. aristotele amtkicebda, rom avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis
yvela forma, miuxedavad maT Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobisa, kargi xelisu-
flebis damaxinjebuli saxea. saxelmwifo mowyoba, romelic sazogado in-
teress emsaxureba, absoluturi samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinare,
swor mowyobas ganasaxierebs, acxadebda igi, xolo saxelmwifo mowyoba, ro-
melic mxolod mmarTvelis pirad interesebzea orientirebuli _ araswor
mowyobas ganasaxierebs anu swori formebis damaxinjebuli saxea. aseTi max-
inji formebi despoturia.2 aristotele aseve amtkicebda, rom swori mmarT-
veloba erTi pirovnebis an privilegirebuli umciresobis interesebze ki
ara, moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze unda iyos orientirebuli. diqtatorebisa
da tiranebisTvis sazogado interesebze maRla piradi interesi dgas. TaR-
liTi mkurnalis msgavsad, romelic imiT mdidrdeba, rom yalb samkurnalo
saSualebebs saswaulmoqmedad asaRebs, avtoritari mmarTvelebic Zalau-
flebas imiT moipoveben, rom keTildReobas hpirdebian xalxs, romelsac
sinamdvileSi eqspluatacias uweven.
mizani amarTlebs saSualebas _ TavianT egocentrul politikas av-
toritari mmarTvelebi wesrigsa da Tavdacvaze mudmivi zrunviT xsnian.
usafrTxoebis sakiTxze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba saxifaToc ki aris,
radgan mmarTvelebma SesaZloa (xSir SemTxvevaSi isini swored ase iqcevian)
gadaWarbebul Zaladobas mimarTon Sida areulobis mosagvareblad, ro-
melic maTive araswori politikis Sedegia.
istoriulad yvelaze xSirad avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs
TavianTi politikuri oponentebisadmi sastiki mopyrobisaTvis kicxaven.
rogorc wesi, aseT saxelmwifoebSi Tavad politikis mimarT negatiuri
damokidebuleba arsebobs: mmarTveli an politikaze maRla dgas, an poli-
tikuri moRvaweoba saerTod akrZalulia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom sajarod
sakiTxis dasmac ki ikrZaleba imis Sesaxeb, vin an rogor unda marTos; saxelm-
wifos meTauris mimarT gamoTqmuli yovelgvari saxis kritika orgulobad
da Ralatad aRiqmeba.

avtoritarizmis magaliTi _ nigeria

nigeriis magaliTi gviCvenebs, ratom iqmneba avtoritaruli sistemebi ase

advilad da ratom xdeba isini sayovelTaod saZulveli. afrikis erT-erTi
104 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

potenciurad yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo, nigeria naTeli ilustraciaa imi-

sa, rogor funqcionireben da ra zianis motana SeuZliaT avtoritarul siste-
mebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom nigerias afrikis teritoriis mxolod 3% ukavia, 120
milioniani mosaxleobiT (2008 wlisaTvis 150 mln. mTargm. Sen.)kontinentis
samxreTis 20%-s Seadgens. marTalia, nigeria Sida erovnuli produqtiT kon-
tinentze samxreT afrikis respublikis Semdeg meore adgilzea da eqsporti-
saTvis sakmarisi navTobis maragi aqvs, misi ekonomika jer kidev ganviTarebis
yvelaze dabal safexurzea, xolo Sida erovnuli produqti erT mosaxleze
300 aSS dolars Seadgens (2008 wlisTvis 1450 $ _ mTargm. Sen.). nigeriis eko-
nomikur ganviTarebas tomobriv, da eTnikur mravalferovnebasTan erTad,
xelisuflebaSi araefeqtiani da korumpirebuli samxedro liderebis uwyve-
tad yofna aferxebs. nigeria britaneTis kolonia iyo da damoukidebel sax-
elmwifod 1960 wels Camoyalibda. sxva afrikuli saxelmwifoebis msgavsad,
misi sazRvrebi ise iqna dadgenili, rom koloniuri mmarTvelebisaTvis ad-
ministraciulad xelsayreli yofiliyo. am sazRvrebSi ki sxvadasxva regio-
nis, religiis, eTnosisa da kulturis warmomadgeneli moeqca. 250 sxvadasxva
enasa da dialeqtze molaparake xalxi sakmarisia am qveynis gasaocar mra-
valferovnebaze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad.
nigeria noyieri niadagia socialuri konfliqtebisaTvis. pirveli,
qveyana religiuri niSniT aris gaxleCili: CrdiloeTSi muslimebi arian
umravlesobaSi, samxreTSi _ qristianebi. meore, qveynis sxvadasxva re-
gionSi dominireben msxvili eTnikuri jgufebi (tomebi): hausa-fulani
CrdiloeTSi, ioruba _ dasavleTSi, igbosebi _ aRmosavleTSi. mesame,
qveynis sxvadasxva nawils urTTierTkonkurenciisa da politikuri Za-
lauflebis gansxvavebuli resursebi aqvs. magaliTad, CrdiloeTi yvelaze
ufro dasaxlebuli regionia, samxreTSi navTobis udidesi maragia, xolo
aRmosavleTi _ diplomatebisa da administratorebis samSobloa.
swored arsebuli realobiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom nigeria damoukideb-
lobis mopovebis Semdeg Rrma socialurma qaosma moicva. magaliTad, 1967
wels aRmosavleT nigeriaSi igbos tomma calke saxelmwifod gamoyofa scada.
Sedegad samoqalaqo omi gaCaRda, romelmac sam wels gastana da milionobiT
adamianis sicocxle Seiwira, separatizmis mcdeloba ki marcxiT damTavrda.
xSiri religiuri konfliqtebi, Sedegad aTasobiT daRupuli qristiani da
muslimi moqalaqe, lokaluri socialuri arastabilurobis kidev erTi maga-
liTia.
amgvarad, nigeria mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifoa, mravalricxovani da
mravalferovani jgufebisgan Semdgari, romelTa warmomadgenlebsac er-
Tiani erovnuli TviTSegneba naklebad aqvT Camoyalibebuli. msgavsi gan-
xeTqilebiT aixsneba is, ratom ar gaamarTla nigeriulma eqsperimentma
demokratiisa da arCeuli xelisuflebis Sesaxeb. aseT qaosur fonze politi-
kuri wesrigis damyareba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania da Zlieri xelisu-
fleba, romelsac Sida konfliqtebis CaxSoba SeuZlia, farTo mxardaWeriT
sargeblobs. magram 1983-1999 wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobam qveyanaSi mx-
olod vardna, undobloba da ganxeTqileba moitana.
nigeriis politikur cxovrebaSi korufciis nakleboba arc manamde SeimC-
 avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi 105
neoda, piks ki swored aRniSnul periodSi miaRwia. samxedro diqtatorebi
da mmarTveli gundi urcxvad mdidrdeboda da srulad ugulebelyofda
qveynis ekonomikur da socialur interesebs. erT-erTi Sefasebis mixedviT,
1999 wlamde nigerias msoflioSi yvelaze korumpirebuli mTavroba hyavda.
meqrTameoba da gamoZalva cxovrebis wesi iyo, xolo patronaJis sistemam,
sadac samxedro mmarTvelebi Tanamdebobebsa da sxva privilegiebs mxolod
reJimis mxardamWerebs aZlevdnen, gaberili, araefeqtiani, upasuxismgeblo
biurokratiis Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli.
nigeriis samxedro mmarTvelebi momavalSi samarTliani arCevnebis Cata-
rebasac hpirdebodnen xalxs, magram piroba pirobad darCa. 1993 wlis arCev-
nebis SedegebiT xelisufleba ukmayofilo iyo. sapasuxod, nigeriis samxe-
dro meTaurma generalma ibrahim babangidam Sedegebi gaauqma, gamarjvebuli
kandidati daaWerina da RalatSi daadanaSaula. mogvianebiT samxedro reJi-
mis sxva mowinaaRmdegeebis devna da dapatimrebac daiwyo, ramdenime maTgani
sikvdiliTac dasajes.

cxrili 4.1

korumpirebul saxelmwifoTa reitingi *

1. nigeria 19. bolivia 37. hong kongi

2. pakistani 20. argentina 38. iaponia
3. kenia 21. italia 39. avstria
4. bangladeSi 22. TurqeTi 40. aSS
5. CineTi 23. espaneTi 41. israeli
6. kameruni 24. ungreTi 42. germania
7. venesuela 25. iordania 43. britaneTi
8. ruseTi 26. taivani 44. irlandia
9. indoeTi 27. saberZneTi 45. avstralia
10. indonezia 28. samxreTi korea 46. niderlandebi
11. filipinebi 29. malaizia 47. Sveicaria
12. uganda 30. CexeTi 48. singapuri
13. kolumbia 31. poloneTi 49. norvegia
14. egvipte 32. samxreTi afrika 50. kanada
15. brazilia 33. portugalia 51. fineTi
16. ekvadori 34. Cile 52. SvedeTi
17. meqsika 35. belgia 53. dania
18. tailandi 36. safrangeTi 54. axali zelandia

* 1996 w. korufciis done qveyanaSi mravalerovnuli korporaciebisa da dawesebule-

bebis TanamSromelTa SefasebiT (1=yvelaze metad korumpirebuli; 54=yvelaze nak-
lebad korumpirebuli)
wyaro: saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba, berlini.

sabolood, 1999 wels, mravalwliani warumatebeli samxedro mmarTvelo-

bisa da nigeriis Zlevamosili meTuris _ general sani abaCas moulodneli
gardacvalebis Semdeg, qveyanas kvlav mieca samarTliani arCevnebis Cat-
106 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

arebis SesaZlebloba. yofili samxedro lideri olusegun obasanio 1983

wlis Semdeg nigeriis pirveli demokratiuli gziT arCeuli prezidenti gax-
da. obasanio gamonaklisia nigeriaSi: sazogado moRvawe samxedro warsuliTa
da zneobrivi pirovnebis reputaciiT. SeZlebs Tu ara igi nigeriis sabolood
dayenebas demokratiisa da keTildReobis gzaze, amas momavali gviCvenebs.
(2007 wlidan qveyanas marTavs umaru iaradea. mis arCevnebze saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobrobam araerTi darRveva daafiqsira. mTargmn. SeniSvna.) rogorc
ar unda iyos, samxedro generlebis mmarTveloba nigeriaSi Semdeg poli-
tikur WeSmaritebas adasturebs: pirveli, avtoritari mmarTvelebis upi-
ratesi mizani xelisuflebis SenarCunebaa nebismier fasad; meore, yvelaze
sastiki diqtaturac ki ver gaeqceva Tavisive araswori mmarTvelobis dam-
Rupvel Sedegebs.

avtoritarizmis Teoria:
miTi da realoa

xSirad xdeba avtoritarizmis ukiduresi formebis ganzogadeba, rac

araswori Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. damRa, romelic avtori-
tarizms mudam Tan sdevs da risi arsebobac gasagebia da gamarTlebuli, ram-
denime popularuli mcdari mosazrebis Camoyalibebas ganapirobebs. qvemoT
ganvixilavT eqvs aseT mosazrebas, romlebic realobisa da miTis sinTezzea
damyarebuli.

avtoritarizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia

es hipoTeza erTi SexedviT WeSmarits hgavs, Tumca mcire kritikasac ver

uZlebs. Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebisa da SenarCunebis fundamenturi meTo-
debi or aTaswleulze metia arsebobs.
aristotele `politikaSi~ STambeWdavad aRwers politikur strategias,
romelsac adreuli xanis avtokrati mmarTvelebi iyenebdnen. es meTodebi
arc axlandeli diqtatorebisTvisaa ucxo. aristotele gonivrulad SeniS-
navs, rom am taqtikis mizania xeli SeuSalos calkeul individTa SeTanxme-
bul politikur moqmedebas maTi sulierad gatexvisa da erTmaneTis mimarT
undoblobis daTesvis gziT. igi anadgurebs nebismier pirovnebas, rom-
lisganac raime saxis politikur safrTxes elis. Sekrebebis, kulturuli
RonisZiebebisa da sxva sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis akrZalviT individTa
erTmaneTisgan izolacia xdeba. aseTi qmedebebi safrTxisa da undoblobis
grZnobas amyarebs da xels uSlis iatakqveSa politikuri moZraobebis war-
moqmnas. saidumlo policia da jaSuSebi xalxSi SiSisa da daZabulobis sin-
droms kidev ufro aZliereben.
siRaribe, maRali gadasaxadebi da mZime Sroma xalxis drosa da yuradRebas
mTlianad ikavebs (aristoteles magaliTis saxiT egviptis piramidebis mSe-
nebloba mohyavs). bolos, omis gaCaRebis mcdeloba avtokrati mmarTvelebis
 avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi 107
yuradRebis gadatanis kidev erTi saSualebaa, `riTac isini xalxis gonebas
ipyroben da lideris aucileblobas mudmivad Seaxseneben~.3
avtokratuli politikuri taqtika ufro ganavrco ita lielma moaz-
rovne nikolo makiavelim. misi naSromi politikuri Zalauflebis mop-
ovebisa da SenarCunebis strategias eZRvneba. `mTavari~ (1513) warmate-
buli avtoritari mmarTvelis samagido wignad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
makiaveli amtkicebda, rom mmarTveli zneobriv pirovnebad unda
aCvenebdes Tavs maSinac ki, rodesac amoralur saqciels Cadis. warmate-
buli mmarTveli sicruis nam dvili didostati unda iyos, amoraluri
saqcieli ki xSirad Tavis gadarCenis erTaderTi gzaa. liderma dadebiT
pirovnebad unda aCvenos Tavi maSin, roca `cudad iqceva~.

nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) naSromSi

`mTavari~ asabuTebs, rom mmarTvelebs
Zalauflebis SenarCuneba mxolod
uzneo taqtikisa da strategiis gamo-
yenebiT SeuZliaT.

makiaveli momaval mmarTvelebs imasac urCevs, rom danapirebi ar Seas-

rulon, Tu es maT interesebSi aRar Sedis, SeniRbon TavianTi WeSmariti mis-
wrafebebi, daTeson SiSi siyvarulis nacvlad da uangarobis ieriT Seimoson,
rodesac mxolod sakuTar interesebze zrunaven. keTilSobileba am SemTx-
vevaSi sakuTar interesebze zrunvasa da xalxis interesebis ugulebelyo-
fasTanaa gaigivebuli. rodesac qonebis CamorTmevaze, oponentebis dapatim-
rebasa Tu moRalateTa dasjaze midgeba saqme _ es yvelaferi dauyovnebliv
da erTdroulad unda moxdes. sisxlian saqmeebs rac ufro adre daasruleb,
miT ufro swrafad daaviwydebaT. rac Seexeba keTildReobas, Zunwad, nawil-
nawil unda daurigo xalxs, raTa gemo kargad gaugon da mudam axsovdeT, visi
wyalobaa igi. dabolos, sasjeli umkacresi unda iyos: msubuqma sasjelma Sei-
Zleba ajanyebis survili gaaRvivos da susti da meryevi pirovnebis reputa-
cia Seuqmnas xelisufals.
zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom cneba `maki-
avelizmi~ sastik da uzneo qmedebebTan asocirdeba. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, es
108 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

meTodebi makiavelis gamogonili ar aris. man mxolod me-16 saukunis itali-

is qalaqi-saxelmwifoebis marTvis arsebuli gamocdilebis sistematizacia
moaxdina. rogorc masze bevrad ufro adre aristotelem, makiavelim av-
tokrati mmarTvelebis mier politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebis teqnika
da meTodebi daamuSava, romlebic dRemde gamoiyeneba.

avtoritaruli reJimi tiranulia

avtoritari mmarTvelebis mier Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis saSuale-

bebi sxvadasxvagvaria. aristotele avtoritarizmis or formas ganasxvaveb-
da. misi azriT, yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma damyarebulia politikuri
kontrolis iseT tradiciul meTodebze, rogoricaa absoluturi sisas-
tike da represiebi. aseT politikas aqvs erTi mizani _ samudamod CaaxSos
amboxis survili. avtoritari mmarTvelebis meore tipi ki xalxis motyue-
bas cdilobs. isini xalxze mzrunvelis STabeWdilebas toveben, sakuTari
simdidris warmoCenas eridebian, wesierebis farglebs arasodes cdebian,
Rirseul moqalaqeebs pativs miageben, Zeglebs dgamen da a.S. mokled, Tavi-
anTi xelqveiTebis winaSe ara despotis, aramed rCeulis saxiT wardgebian.4
ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSic uzenaesi kvlav mmarTvelis piradi interesia.
is mxolod STabeWdilebis moxdenas cdilobs, raTa xalxSi buntis yovel-
gvari survili da motivacia gaaqros. aseTi mmarTveli, aristoteles azriT,
`naxevrad kargia~. Tumca, cxadia, aseTi `naxevrad kargi~ mmarTvelis xelSi
cxovreba sjobs, vidre `tradiciuli~ diqtatorisa.
mniSvneloba eniWeba ara mxolod masStabebs, romliTac avtoritari mmar-
Tveli individTa cxovrebaze zemoqmedebs, aramed meTodebs, romelsac igi
am miznis misaRwevad iyenebs. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, zogierTi maTgani dap-
atimrebiTa da sikvdiliT uswordeba arsebul da potenciur mtrebs, zogi-
erTi ki Zalas iSviaTad iyenebs. avtoritari mmarTvelebi sxva TvalsazrisiT-
ac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan _ erTni qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
mimarT gulgrilni arian da mxolod politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCuneba-
ze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebas
dauRalavad cdiloben. magaliTad, Sahi muhamed reza fehlevi (1929-1980)
garda imisa, rom Tavisi politikur mtrebs sdevnida, iranis kulturuli,
ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis modernizebasac cdilobda. misi
drois iranSi pirovnuli Tavisufleba garkveuli xarisxiT mainc arsebobda.
Tanamedrove taivansa da singapur-Sic demokratiisa da diqtaturis aseve
ucnauri sinTezi SeiniSneba. am or qveyanas wlebis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri
zrdis swrafi tempi da cxovrebis maRali done axasiaTebT, rac maT mesame
msoflios qveynebis Suris obieqtad xdis.

avtoritaruli reJimi aralegitimuria

amerikelTa umetesoba gaiziarebda jon lokis Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb,

 avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi 109
rom erTaderTi legitimuri xelisufleba aris is, romelic xalxis nebasa da
sayovelTao Tanxmobazea dafuZnebuli. Tumca, es piroba legitimurobis
erTaderTi sazomi arc arasodes yofila _ istoriaSi arsebobda sakmaod xan-
grZlivi periodebi, rodesac sayovelTao neba legitimurobis kriteriumi
saerTod ar yofila.
Sua saukuneebis bolo periodidan me-18 saukunis miwurulamde, evropaSi
mmarTvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma monarqia iyo, romelic reli-
giasa (saRvTo kanoni) da memkvidreobiTobaze (samefo warmomavloba) iyo
dafuZnebuli. analogiurad, imperiul CineTSi dinastiuri principi impera-
toris legitimurobis erTaderTi wyaro iyo, magram religiac mniSvnelo-
van rols asrulebda _ CineTis imperatori `zeciuri mandatiT~ marTavda.
istoriulad, swored tradiciebi da religia gaxldaT xelisuflebis legi-
timurobis ori ZiriTadi wyaro.

frangi xalxis mxardaWeriT napoleon

bonapartem (1769-1821) 1804 wels Tavi saf-
rangeTis imperatorad gamoacxada: `me var
saxelmwifo _ me erTaderTi var aq xalxis
warmomadgeneli~.

Tanamedrove diqtatura legitimurobis pirovnul da naklebad forma-

lur wyaroebzea dafuZnebuli. am fenomens qarizmatul liders uwode-
ben. qarizma xSirad pirovnul mimzidvelobaze, oratorul xelovnebaze
an erovnuli gmiris mier omebsa da revoluciebSi mopovebul gamarjvebe-
bzea dafuZnebuli. meore msoflio omis Semdeg qarizmatuli lideris mag-
aliTebia naseri egvipteSi, sukarno indoneziaSi da kadafi _ libiaSi. mesa-
me msoflios postkoloniuri diqtatura mTlianad ganmaTavisuflebeli
gmiris Tayvaniscemazea damyarebu-li _ pirovnebisa, romelic adgilobriv
mosaxleobas evropis koloniuri mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg warmatebul
brZolebSi miuZRoda.
sarwmunoeba, tradiciebi, qarizma _ avtokratuli mmarTvelobis isto-
riuli sayrdenia. rogorc wesi, isini amarTleben ideas, rom mmarTvelebs
ufleba aqvT, marTon xalxis nebis winaaRmdeg. magram marTvis ufleba jer
kidev ar niSnavs sworad marTvas. samwuxarod, diqtatorebi da tiranebi am
uflebis gamoyenebisas xSirad uSveben seriozul Secdomebs.
110 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

avtoritaruli reJimi popularobiT ar sargeblobs

isini, vinc demokratiul saxelmwifoSi cxovroben, bunebrivia, darwmune-

bulni arian, rom arCevanis SemTxvevaSi sxvebic upiratesobas swored de-
mokratiul sistemebs mianiWeben. rogorc aRmoCnda, es Sexeduleba mcdaria.
udavoa, rom diqtatorebi ara marto SiSs Tesaven xalxSi, aramed _ pativis-
cemas, rwmenas, nebayoflobiT morCilebasa da siyvarulsac ki da radganac
avtoritari liderebi zogjer politikur stabilurobasa da ekonomikur
zrdas uzrunvelyofen, Tayvaniscemis obieqtebic xdebian.
pirovnuli qarizma popularobis kidev erTi wyaroa. qarizmatuli `mxed-
ris~ prototips napoleon bonaparti ganasaxierebs. napoleonma xelSi revo-
luciiT ZirgamoTxrili saxelmwifos xelisufleba Caigdo da safrangeTi
mniSvnelovani gamarjvebebisaken waiyvana. man TiTqmis mTeli kontinenti
daipyro, Tavisi warmatebis pikze igi safrangeTSi absoluturi popularo-
biT sargeblobda. hitlermac germaneli xalxis sruli mxardaWera moipova
(Tumca, ra Tqma unda, hitleris totalitaruli saxelmwifo Tavisi politi-
kuri gavleniT bevrad aRemateboda napoleonis reJims). rogorc erTi mkvl-
evari aRniSnavda:

sazogadod miCneulia, rom is, vinc umravlesobis mxardaWeriT

sargeblobs, SeuZlebelia tirani iyos. napoleonsa da hitlers _ Ta-
vianTi drois am or udides tirans, mmarTvelobis ZiriTad periodSi
umravlesobis sruli mxardaWra hqondaT. frangebis umetesoba napo-
leonis agresiuli politikis momxre iyo da arc hitleris antisemi-
tur politikas hqonia raime saxis winaaRmdegoba germaneli xalxis
mxridan, magram maTi mmarTveloba amis gamo naklebad tiranuli ar
gamxdara.
warmovidginoT, rom demokratiulad arCeuli premier-ministri
msgavs kampanias iwyebs da is tiraniviT unda moiqces. savaraudod,
umciresobis mxridan mas iseTi Zlieri winaaRmdegoba Sexvdeba, rom
iZulebuli gaxdeba tiranuli meTodebiT CaaxSos igi. maSasadame, misi
xelisufleba amomrCevelTa nebaze aRar aris dafuZnebuli da igi ab-
soluturi tirani xdeba. aseTi tirani SesaZloa garkveulwilad xalx-
is mxardaWeriT sargeblobdes, magram misi Zalaufleba am mxardaWer-
aze aRar iqneba dafuZnebuli.5

cudi mmarTveli, rogori daudevari da daundobelic unda iyos, iSvia-

Tad awydeba winaaRmdegobas maTi mxridan, visac misi gansjis unari Seswevs.
am TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove tiranebi me-19 saukunis rusi klasikosis
dostoevskis mier gamoTqmul WeSmaritebas adastureben: Tanasworobis ep-
oqaSi masebi, uwinares yovlisa, eswrafvian ra usafrTxoebas, siamovnebiT
miiReben despotizms, raTa pasuxismgeblobis im tvirTs gaeqcnen, romelic
Tavisuflebas axlavs Tan.6 WeSmariteba isaa, rom despoturi xelisufleba
imaze ufro popularulia, vidre Cven gvinda gvjerodes.
 avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi 111

avtoritaruli reJimi sazogadoebriv

interesebs ugulebelyofs

verc es ganzogadebuli mosazreba uZlebs kritikas. yvelaze uares ti-

ransac ki ZaluZs qveynis politikuri qaosidan da ekonomikuri stagnaciidan
gamoyvana da wesrigisa da keTildReobis gzaze dayeneba. adolf hitleris
damsaxurebaa, germaniam rom ekonomikuri krizisi daZlia. imave epoqis ital-
iis faSisti diqtatoris _ benito musolinis apologetebi aRniSnavdnen,
rom misi wyalobiT, sul cota, matareblebi aRar igvianebdnen. warmatebuli
saxelmwifo politikis es magaliTebi, ra Tqma unda, ar amarTlebs zRvarga-
dasul tiranias, magram sakuTar qveyanaSi hitlerisa da musolinis popu-
larobis asaxsnelad namdvilad gamodgeba.
yvelaze STambeWdavi magaliTi imisa, rogor moaxerxa avtokratulma
reJimma mdgradi socialuri da ekonomikuri progresis miRweva, aris ara ev-
ropa, aramed CineTi. amas monteskie, adam smiti da karl marqsic ki aRniSnavd-
nen. am TvalsazrisiT CineTi dRemde rCeba mkvlevarTa interesis sagnad.7
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kaSxlebis, jebirebisa da wyalsadenebis vrceli
sistema, romelic CineTis uzarmazar samefos mTlianad moicavda.8 mTeli
es hidrosistema aris niSandoblivi miRweva, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobi-
Ta da masStabebiT aRemateboda Zveli drois dasavleTSi ganxorcielebul
nebismier saerTo saxalxo saxelmwifo proeqts. sainteresoa, romelma civi-
lizaciam SeZlo aseTi moculobis samuSaos warmatebiT ganxorcieleba?
Tanamedrove mkvlevarma, karl vitfogelma Teoriulad Seiswavla Cin-
uri sistema, romelsac man `aRmosavluri despotizmi~ uwoda da daas-
kvna, rom misi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi mkacr da gausaZlis pirobebSi mra-
valricxovani mosaxleobis gadarCenis aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.9
Cinelebis ZiriTadi sakvebi produqti yovelTvis brinji iyo, xolo brinjis
moyvana didi raodenobiT wyals da misi kontrolis saTanado sistemas sa-
Wiroebs. ase rom, sakvebis mudmivi problemis mosagvareblad jer wylis mud-
mivi problemis mogvareba iyo aucilebeli. es ki wylis nakadis kontrolis,
irigaciisa da drenaJis sakmaod rTuli sqemis Seqmnas gulisxmobda. CineTSi
Seiqmna permanentuli meurneobis sistema, romelmac qveyanas saSualeba mis-
ca erTi da igive miwebi saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi daemuSavebina ise, rom maTi
nayofiereba SenarCunebuliyo.
amgvari sistemis Seqmna ki mxolod Zlieri centraluri xelisuflebis
pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli. iseTi ambiciuri proeqtis ganxorcieleba,
rogoricaa uZveles xanaSi bunebrivi garemos gardaqmna, politikuri uw-
yvetobisa da stabilurobis, socialuri erTobis, swori mecnieruli gaTv-
lebis, arnaxuli masStabis adamianuri da materialuri resursebis sruli
mobilizebisa da koordinirebis gareSe, warmoudgeneli iqneboda. swored
mudmivi meurneobis Cinuri sistemis teqnologiurma da organizaciulma
mowyobam Seuwyo xeli uzarmazari biurokratiuli aparatisa da evropuli
standartebisaTvis uCveulo radikaluri imperiuli diqtaturis damyare-
bas. rogorc Zveli drois mogzaurebi da vaWrebi aRniSnavdnen, CineTis mTv-
roba yvelaze didi miwaTmflobeli iyo (kerZo sakuTreba mkacrad iyo akrZa-
112 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

luli). ufro metic, samTavrobo politikasa da programebs gansazRvravda

da axorcielebda centralizebuli biurokratia, romlis warmomadgenle-
bic kargi administratorebi iyvnen. am klasSi miReba xdeboda ara memkvi-
dreobiTobis, sakuTrebis flobis an simdidris mixedviT (rogorc es evro-
paSi xdeboda), aramed gamocdebiT, romliTac mowmdeboda kandidatis mier
konfucis moZRvrebis, Sesabamisad ki qcevis swori normebisa da urTulesi
Cinuri damwerlobis codna. piramidis kenweroSi imperatori imyofeboda,
romelsac `zeciuri mandati~ da absoluturi Zalaufleba hqonda.
rogori iyo saSualo Cineli moqalaqis xvedri am uaRresad centralize-
buli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi? saSualo adamiani sakvebi produqtebiT
vaWrobda da mmarTveli ZalisTvis mxolod da mxolod warmoebis faqtori
iyo. garda imisa, rom ubralo adamianebs mkacr samuSao disciplinas uweseb-
da, biurokratia am xalxiT ar interesdeboda. xelisufleba saxalxo revo-
luciis mudmivi SiSiT ar iyo Sepyrobili. imperiuli CineTi gansakuTrebiT
stabiluri sazogadoeba iyo. religiisa da xelisuflebis Serwyma, is, rom
masebi brinjis moyvaniTa da farTomasStabiani samuSaoebiT iyvnen dakave-
bulni, Tanamedrove sabrZolo da sakomunikacio saSualebebis ararseboba,
gansakuTrebuli privilegebi mxolod swavlulTa maRali klasisTvis _
yvela es faqtori erTad potenciur politikur opozicias zRudavda. `hi-
dravlikurma despotizmma~ dRemde arsebuli mmarTvelobis yvela formaze
didxans iarseba.
aziuri despotizmi erTgvari paradoqsiia. erTi mxriv, igi aris politi-
kuri reJimis magaliTi, romelic tradiciuli dasavluri avtoritarizmis
formebze bevrad ufro despoturia:

aRmosavluri despotizmi ufro Zlieri da Rrmaa, vidre XVI-XIX sauku-

neebis evropuli avtokratia an Tundac romis imperia misi aRzevebis
periodSi. umciresoba akontrolebda da eqsploatacias uwevda xalx-
is gacilebiT did masas da bevrad ufro efeqtiani biurokratiuli
aparati hqonda, vidre qalaq-saxelmwifoTa tiraniebs.10

meore mxriv, imperiuli CineTis ekonomikuri Tu teqnologiuri miR-

wevebi mis xelovnebasTan, enasTan da literaturasTan erTad, marTlac
gansacvifrebelia. aseve mniSvnelovani winsvla aRiniSna CineTis ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis adreul etapze. miuxedavad imisa, rom imperatorebi
da swavluli-moxeleebi arc liberalebi iyvnen da arc politikuri gana-
Tleba hqondaT miRebuli, `hidravlikuri despotizmis~ Cinurma sistemam
xeli Seuwyo sakvebis uzarmazari maragis dagrovebas, romelic mraval-
ricxovani da mzardi mosaxleobisaTvis saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi sakmarisi
aRmoCnda (Tumca, drodadro iyo SimSilobis periodebic). im siZneleebsac
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rasac mesame msoflios qveynebi TavianTi xalxis
sacxovrebliTa da sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi dRemde awydebian, im-
periuli CineTis agraruli miRwevebi kidev ufro RirsSesaniSnavad unda
CaiTvalos.
naklebad gansacvifrebeli, magram garkveulwilad analogiuri Tanamed-
 avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi 113
rove fenomenia `aziis vefxvebi~ (hon kongi, samx. korea, singapuri, taivani).
dasavleTis xelSewyobiT dRes es qveynebi demokratizaciis procesSi arian.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom uaxloes warsulSi maT, rogorc av-
toritarulma saxelmwifoebma, mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwies cxovrebis
donis gaumjobesebisa da Sida erovnuli produqtis zrdis TvalsazrisiT.
xelisuflebisa da kerZo biznesis TanamSromloba aziuri korporatizmis
qvakuTxedia. amis Sedegad ganxorcielda farTomasStabiani industrial-
izacia da samrewvelo da teqnologiuri progresi, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda
eqsporti. xelisuflebam adgilobrivi sawarmoebi SeinarCuna sxvadasxva pro-
teqcionistuli strategiis meSveobiT, savaWro SezRudvebisa da valutis
regulirebis gziT. am qveynebis amJamindeli ekonomikuri miRwevebi avto-
ritaruli mmarTvelobis memkvidreobis Sedegia. es imis maniSnebelia, rom
saxelmwifo politika sazogadoebriv interesebs Tavisuflebisa da de-
mokratiis ararsebobis pirobebSic SeiZleba emsaxurebodes.

avtoritarizmi yvelaze cudi mmarTvelobaa

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom totalitarul saxelmwifoSi

(ix. V Tavi) pirovnebis Tavisufleba gacilebiT ufro SezRudulia, vidre
tradiciuli avtokratiis pirobebSi. meore, rogorc ukve vTqviT, erTmane-
Tisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba is masStabebi, romliTac sxvadasaxva avtokra-
ti mmarTveli Tavis moqalaqeebs eqsploatacias uwevs. erTni ekonomikur zr-
dasa da socialur reformebze arian orientirebulni, meoreni ki _ ara.
zogierTi maTgani cxovrebis saTanado pirobebs uqmnis Tavis moqalaqeebs,
zogic maT mimarT sruliad gulgrilia. ramdenime maTgani nayofieri re-
formatori da socialur ganviTarebaze orientirebuli mmarTvelia. mesame,
zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi avtoritarizmi mmarTvelobis yvelaze op-
timaluri formaa. dabolos, aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebsa da yofil
sabWoTa respublikebSi saTanado pirobebis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi, avtori-
tarul xelisuflebas konstituciur demokratiad gardaqmnis bevrad ufro
meti Sansi aqvs, vidre totalitaruls.
rodesac qveyana arCevanis winaSe dgeba: erTi mxriv, anarqia, ekonomikuri
kraxi Tu socialuri qaosi, xolo meore mxriv _ avtoritaruli mmarTvelo-
ba, Cndeba dilema. aseT pirobebSi diqtaturis raime forma aucilebelia,
droebiT mainc. Tanamedrove msoflioSi diqtatura mmarTvelobis mxolod
gardamaval formad yalibdeba.

avtoritarizmis aRsasruli?

miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritaruli xelisufleba politikuri wesrigis

damyarebis yvelaze sworxazovani da martivi gzaa, politologebi ukve avto-
ritarizmis epoqis dasasrulze alaparakdnen. 1974-1990 wlebSi laTinuri ame-
rikis, aziisa da aRmosavleT evropis 30-ze meti qveyana arademokratiulidan
114 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

demokratiul mmarTvelobaze gadavida.11 am fenomens xSirad komunisturi sis-

temis kraxiT xsnian. Tumca, aRmosavleT evropaSi socializmis dasrulebamde
ufro adrec, arademokratiuli sistemebi erTi meoris miyolebiT daemxo,
gansakuTrebiT laTinur amerikaSi. 1980-ian wlebSi ekvadorSi, boli-viaSi,
peruSi, braziliaSi, urugvaiSi, argentinaSi, Cilesa da paragvaiSi samxedro
mmarTveloba ufro demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala. maT centraluri
amerikis qveynebmac mibaZes. ukanasknel wlebSi demokratiam saharis
samxreTiT mdebare afrikul qveynebSi SeaRwia. mxolod 1990 wels, sul cota 9
afrikulma qveyanam Caatara mravalpartiuli arCevnebi da kidev ufro meti am
arCevnebis CatarebisaTvis aucilebeli reformebis gatarebas Seudga.12 odnav
mogvianebiT, samxreT afrikis respublikis represiuli aparteidis sistema,
romelic TeTrkanianTa upiratesobis rasistul modelze iyo dafuZnebuli,
gauqmda da bevrad ufro demokratiuli mmarTvelobiT Seicvala.
ramdenad mdgradi (Tu efemeruli) aRmoCndeba avtoritarizmze uaris Tq-
mis aRniSnuli mcdeloba, am SekiTxvaze pasuxi jer kidev gaucemeli rCeba.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara momavalSi, pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi, demokra-
tia Cveulebrivi movlena iyos, xolo arademokratiuli reJimi _ iSviaTi gam-
onaklisi?
Tanamedrove msoflioSi mravladaa warmatebuli demokratiisa da waru-
matebeli diqtaturis magaliTebi. ufro metic, keTildReoba, romelic
demokratiul qveynebTan asocirdeba, bevrs aRfrTovanebisa da mibaZvisken
ubiZgebs. bolo xanebSi demokratiuli modeli ufro da ufro did warmate-
bas aRwevs.
Tumca, demokratizaciis procesis Seuqcevadad gamocxadeba jerac naad-
revia. warsulSi demokratiam ukuqceviTi procesebi ramdenjerme ganica-
da.13 amitom danamdvilebiT Tqma, ra moxdeba amjerad, Znelia. miuxedavad
sakmaod damaimedebeli niSnebisa 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, demokratiam
afrikis qveynebSi ver gaamarTla. 1990-ian wlebSi zambiam am TvalsazrisiT
yvelaze met warmatebas miaRwia. 1991 wels arCevnebi Catarda da kenet kaun-
da, romelic zambias 25 welze met xans marTavda, frederik CilubasTan da-
marcxda. Tumca 1996 wels, rodesac axali arCevnebis dro dadga, Cilubam
kaundas arCevnebSi monawileoba aukrZala. rogorc avtoritetuli britan-
uli yovelkvireuli gamocema aRniSnvda, `es Cveulebriv movlenad iqca af-
rikuli qveynebisaTvis~.

afrikuli arCevnebi axla naklebad gamoxatavs xalxis nebas. erTi- ori

gamonaklisis garda, romelic ZiriTadad afrikis samxreTSi gvxvdeba,
afrikis qveynebSi demokratiis parodia ufroa. mTeli Zalaufleba
erTi pirovnebis _ prezidentis xelSia Tavmoyrili. xelisufleba ar-
Cevnebs niSnavs, opozicia boikots ucxadebs an mis Sedegebs ar aRiarebs,
xelisufleba ignorirebas ukeTebs opozicias. problemaa isaa, rom
tiranebma ician, rogor akontrolon arCevnebi: [saarCevno olqebis]
sazRvrebs, medias, ekonomikasa da saarCevno siebs survilisamebr mar-
Taven. oponentebi Seviwroebulni arian. TamaSis wesebi jariskacebmac
iswavles. dasavleTi da centraluri afrikis qveynebis umetesobas ar-
 avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebi 115
Ceuli yofili samxedroebi marTaven, maT Soris arian gambiisa da nige-
riis meTaurebi, romlebic saxelmwifos saTaveSi mas Semdeg movidnen,
rac demokratiulad arCeuli xelisufleba daamxes.14

afrika ar aris avtoritaruli warsulis mqone erTaderTi regioni, sadac

axalgazrda demokratia safrTxeSia. laTinur amerikaSi demokratiam bevr
qveyanaSi SeaRwia, Tumca igi jer kidev sustia. ramdenime qveyanas _ kolum-
bias, perusa da meqsikas seriozuli safrTxe emuqreba sxvadasxva teror-
istuli jgufebisagan. saerTo saxalxo mRelvareba sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxvis SedegebSi aisaxa. laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi gamokiTxulTa
70% acxadebda, rom isini `ar arian kmayofili~ an `srulebiT ukmayofiloni
arian~ demokratiuli sistemebiT.15
riTi aixsneba avtoritarizmis uwyvetoba postmodernul msoflioSi?
am kiTxvaze pasuxi, upirveles yovlisa, im Rrma gansxvavebaSi unda veZeboT,
romelic msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebs Soris arsebobs. aRmosavleT evro-
paSi, aziaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da saharis samxreTiT
mdebare afrikul qveynebSi jer kidev ar arsebobs Tanamedrove ekonomika.
droTa ganmavlobaSi gansxvavebebi, ekonomikisa da ganaTlebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, kidev ufro Rrmavdeba. uzarmazari sagareo valebi da resursebis
deficiti mZime tvirTad awveba am qveynebis ekonomikas. eTnikuri ganxeTq-
ilebebi ganviTarebad sazogadeobas arastabilurs xdis. im qveynebSic ki,
sadac samxedro mmarTveloba Seicvala, samxedro maRalCinosnebi samoqa-
laqo xelisuflebas farulad mainc akontroleben. maSin,roca demokratia
farTo nabijebiT miiwevs win danarCen msoflioSi, axladaRmocenebuli de-
mokratiuli sistemebi jer kidev aramya-ria. aseT pirobebSi avtoritariz-
mis aRsasrulis gamocxadeba naadrevia.

daskvna

rodesac erTi an ramdenime TviTgamocxadebuli mmarTveli politi-

kur Zalauflebas yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe axorcielebs, saqme gvaqvs
diqtaturasTan. keTili nebis avtokratebi (romlebic garkveulwilad
xalxis keTildReobaze zrunaven), tradiciuli diqtatorebi (romlebic
mxolod sakuTar interesebze zrunaven) an tiranebi (romlebic gan-
sakuTrebuli enTuziazmiT aCaReben sisxlisRvrasa da Zaladobas) _ yvelani
erTad diqtatorebs warmoadgenen. maT Soris mcireodeni gansxvaveba ki
sxvadasxva masStabiT aisaxeba im adamianTa cxovrebaze, romlebic marTvaSi
raime saxiT monawileobis SesaZleblobas moklebulni arian. istoriulad
yvelaze xSirad avtoritari mmarTvelebi gvxvdebian. miuxedavad amisa,
avtoritarizmi swori mmarTvelobis damaxinjebul saxed miiCneva, radganac
is pirad interesebs sazogadoebrivze maRla ayenebs. nigeria avtoritaruli
mmarTvelobis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens.
avtoritarizmis irgvliv bevri mcdari mosazrebac arsebobs. sinamdvi-
116 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

les ar Seesabameba mtkiceba imisa, rom avtoritarizmi Tana medrove feno-

menia an yvela avtoritaruli saxelmwifo identuria, aralegitimuria an
arapopularulia Tavisive moqalaqeebs Soris. garda amisa, avtoritari
mmarTvelebi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan moraluri TvalsazrisiTac ganvasx-
vavoT: erTni sazogadoebriv interesebze arian orientirebulni, meoreni
ki ara. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoritaruli reJimebi ar warmoadgens
mmarTvelobis yve la ze cud formas.
dabolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom avtoritarizmi gzas TandaTanobiT de-
mokratias uTmobs, saboloo daskvnebis gakeTeba jerjerobiT naadrevia.

sakvanZo sityvebi

avtoritarizmi xunta
avtokratia saxelmwifo gadatrialeba
oligarqia qarizmatuli lideri

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. romelia arademokratiuli xelisuflebis ori ZiriTadi tipi? naklebad

gavrcelebuli xdeba Tu ara avtoritaruli xelisufleba? sad vxvdebiT
dRes amgvar xelisuflebas?
2. rogoria avtoritaruli xelisuflebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi?
3. yvela avtokratia tiranulia Tu ara? axseniT.
4. rogori `rCeva~ misca makiavelim im xelisufalT, romlebic Zalauflebis
SenarCunebas cdiloben?
5. SeajameT avtoritaruli xelisuflebis eqvsi miTi. ra winaaRmdegobebi
asocirdeba am miTebTan?

SeniSvnebi

1. Bernard Crick, Basic Forms of Government: A Sketch and a model (London: Macmillan,
1980), 53.
2. Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1962), 1279a, 112 [xazgasma Cvenia].
3. iqve, 1313b, 245.
4. iqve, 1312b, 240.
5. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 115.
6. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, red. Ernest Rhys (London: Dent, 1927),
259.
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 117
7. Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 35.
8. ix. Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power (New York:
Random House, 1981).
9. iqve.
10. Crick, Basic Forms of Government, 36.
11. Samuel P. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, Political Science Quarterly 106,
no. 4 (1991-92): 579.
12. Robert M. Press, “Africa’s Struggle for Democracy”, Christian Science Monitor, March 21,
1991, 4.
13. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, 579.
14. “Polls to Nowhere”, Economist, November 23, 1996, 20-21.
15. “The Backlash in Latin America”, Economist, November 30, 1996, 19.
 T aavv i V

totalitaruli
saxelmwifoebi

g aanux
n ux o rc
r c iiee le b e li
utopp i eb
uto ebi

totalitarizmis arsi
totalitarizmis revoluciuri
etapi
lideroba ideologia
organizacia propaganda
Zaladoba
Zalauflebis konsolidacia
opoziciuri partiebis
ganadgureba
partiis realuri an warmo-
saxviTi metoqeebisgan gawmenda
monoliTuri sazogadoebis
Seqmna
sazogadoebis transformacia
stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri
hitleris germania
maos CineTi
totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi
totalitarizmis usaxelo
msxverplni
totalitaruli reJimebis sicocx-
liunarianoba

118
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 119
TiTqmis yvela arademokratiul (avtoritarul) saxelmwifos diqtatori
an avtokrati xelmZRvanelobs, romelic xSirad yvelafris fasad cdilobs
politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas (ix. Tavi IV). meoce saukuneSi tira-
niis axali da eqstremaluri forma _ totalitarizmi gaCnda. termini gu-
lisxmobs sazogadoebasa da mis wevrebze tirani mmarTvelebisa da Tavsmox-
veuli Sexedulebebis srul batonobas.
kontrolis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azri sazogadoebriv sferos scdeba da
moqalaqeebis pirad cxovrebazec vrceldeba. mTavrobis Zalaufleba im-
denad farToa, rom reJimi misi qveSevrdomebis mxolod kontrols ki ara,
adamianis bunebis gardaqmnasac cdilobs. totalitari tiranisaTvis abso-
luturad yvelafers politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, maT Soris samuSaos, ga-
naTlebas, religias, sports, sazogadoebriv organizaciebs da ojaxsac ki
(radgan adamianebi TavianT mezoblebze jaSuSoben da bavSvebs `araloial-
uri~ mSoblebis Sesaxeb informaciis mitanisaken ubiZgeben). radgan es re-
Jimebi cdiloben sazogadoebis gardaqmnas ideologiuri moTxovnebis Se-
sabamisad, isini TavisTavad anadgureben `xalxis yvela mters~. mtrebi
xdebian sazogadoebis mTeli jgufebi da kategoriebi, romlebic, rogorc
wesi, moicaven aseulobiT aTass da milionobiT udanaSaulo adamians, visac,
umravles SemTxvevaSi, arc erTi obieqturi standartiT araferi aqvs saer-
To `politikasTan~. am ori umniSvnelovanesi TvalsazrisiT, totalitaruli
reJimebi gansxvavdeba ufro tradiciuli, arademokratiuli avtoritaruli
saxelmwifoebisagan. avtoritaruli mTavrobebi Cveulebrivad cdiloben
politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas (da ara sazogadoebis gardaqmnas)
da mtrebis wres gansazRvraven, rogorc calkeul individebs (ara jgufebs),
romlebic aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegebian arsebul saxelmwifos.
totalitarizmma Zirfesvianad Secvala meoce saukunis msvleloba, mag-
ram 1989 wels aRmosavleT evropaSi sabWoTa yaidis komunizmisa da ramdenime
weliwadSi Tavad sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis Semdeg, tiraniis es eqstrem-
aluri forma mkveTrad dakninda. maS, ratomRa unda SeviswavloT totali-
taruli saxelmwifoebi? sul cota oTxi mizezi gvaxsenebs Tavs. pirveli,
komunizmi totalitaruli saxelmwifos erTaderTi SesaZlebeli forma
araa. nacisturi germaniisa da faSisturi italiis magaliTebi Segvaxsenebs,
rom totalitarizmi erTi ideologiis, reJimis an mmarTvelis moRvaweobis
Sedegi araa. meore, totalitarizmi Tanamedrove istoriis Semadgeneli
nawilia da aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi modis politikosebis, profesorebis,
Teologebisa da sxva mravalTa gancxadebebTan, visac adamianuri progre-
sis optimisturad sjeroda. mravali adamiani, romelic uSualod itanje-
boda totalitari diqtatorebis xelSi an dakarga axloblebi hitleris
holokostis, stalinuri teroris, maos sazareli wmendebis an sxva ufro
gviandeli totalitaruli sisastikis dros, kvlav cocxalia. msxverplTa
fizikuri Tu emociuri iarebi ar gamqrala im tiranTa wasvlis Semdegac
ki, romlebmac maT es Wrilobebi miayenes da usamarTloba Caidines. mesame,
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi warmoaCens idealizmis arasworad gagebis
risks. kerZod, igi eyrdnoboda aTaswleulobiT damkvidrebul Sexedulebas,
romlis mixedviTac sazogadoebrivi progresisa da srulyofilebis miRweva
120 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

barbarosuli meTodebis gamouyeneblad SeuZlebelia. sabolood, yvela es

Sexeduleba sastikad damarcxda, rogorc saxelmwifos mSeneblobis utopi-
uri eqsperimenti. meoTxe, totalitarizmis gaCenis SesaZlebloba kvlavac
arsebobs iq, sadac didi siRaribe, usamarTloba da, Sesabamisad, Zaladobisa
da areulobis potenciaa; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli msofli-
os did nawilSi.
saxifaToa daskvna, rom msofliom ukanaskneli totalitari tiranebi
istorias Caabara. marTlac, 2001 wlis Semodgomaze amerikis SeerTebul
Statebze teroristuli Tavdasxma mwvave SekiTxvas badebs: SesaZlebelia Tu
ara, rom mSvidobasa da Tavisuflebas momavali totalitaruli safrTxeebi
maincdamainc mTavrobis meTaurisgan an saxelmwifos mmarTvelisgan dae-
muqros? warmoadgenen ki usama bin ladeni da al qaidas qseli amgvar safrTx-
es? bolos da bolos, avRaneTSi Talibebis reJims, romelic bin ladensa da
mis organizacias mfarvelobdnen, totalitaruli saxelmwifos mravali
maxasiaTebeli hqonda. Cven am sakiTxs araerTxel davubrundebiT qvemoT.
2001 wlis 11 seqtemberi erT-erTi gakveTilia imisa, rom civilizebul xalxs
yvelgan sWirdeba eqstremizmis Seswavla misi yvela politikuri gamoxat-
ulebiT, raTa Tavidan aviciloT Zlieri masobrivi moZraobebis aRorZineba
oportunisti liderebis meTaurobiT, romelTaTvisac civilizacias ara-
nairi mniSvneloba ar aqvs.

totalitarizmis arsi

Zaladoba yvela totalitaruli saxelmwifos safuZvelia _ kontroli-

rebadi, sistematuri, saxelmwifos mier Tavsmoxveuli Zaladoba. es Zaladoba
xSirad ganurCeveli masobrivi teroris da genocidis saxes iRebs, romelic
xalxis mTeli jgufebis, kategoriebis an klasebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTu-
li, romelTac mtrebis, kontrrevolucionerebis, jaSuSebis an sabotaJis
momwyobTa iarliyebs akraven. Cveulebriv moqalaqeebsac ki sxvadasxva saxiT
reJimis mimarT upirobo erTgulebis demonstrireba moeTxovebaT da isini
mkacri meTvalyureobis qveS arian. politikuri da ekonomikuri miznebisT-
vis masobrivi mobilizeba xorcieldeba ukiduresad centralizebuli da
disciplinirebuli erTpartiuli sistemis mier, romelic erTi, yovlismom-
cveli ideologiis mimdevaria. am ideologiis gasavrceleblad, saxelmwifo
propagandasa da cenzuris aparats iyenebs, romelic gacilebiT daxvewili
da efeqtiania, vidre tipur avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi.

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis mizania totaluri politikuri,

sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri kontrolis damyareba: totalitaru-
li diqtatura moicavs totalur batonobas, romelic arc miRebuli ka-
nonebiTa an kodeqsebiT (rogorc tradiciuli avtoritarizmis dros)
da arc mTavrobis funqciiT (rogorc klasikuri tiranul saxelmwi-
foSi) aris SezRuduli, ramdenadac isini saxelmwifosa da sazogadoe-
bas Soris gansxvavebas spoben... totalitarizmi SezRudulia mxolod
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 121
im saWiroebiT, rom xalxis didi raodenoba mudmivi moqmedebis mdgo-
mareobaSi amyofos, rasac elitebi akontroleben.1

sazogadoebis sruli kontroli saWiroa, radgan totalitaruli ide-

ologiebi axali sazogadoebrivi wyobis damyarebis pirobas deben, iqneba es
rasobrivad sufTa ariuli superrasa, romlis Seqmnasac adolf hitleris
nacisturi reJimi apirebda germaniaSi, Tu daCagruli da gawamebuli muSebis
proletaruli Zmobis Seqmna, rasac sabWoTa liderebi v.i. lenini da ioseb
stalini pirdebodnen xalxs, Tu egoisturi interesebis arqmone glexebis
axali, masobrivi sazogadoeba, romelic mao Zedunis poetur warmosaxvaSi
iZerweboda. detalebis miuxedavad, totalitaruli ideologiebis zogadi
Sexedulebebi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb _ bolodroindeli avRaneTis sastiki
Talibi mmarTvelebis CaTvliT _ aSkarad erTmaneTs hgavs. yvela totali-
tarulma mociqulma `gamoamJRavna erTmaneTTan mimarT msgavseba... TavianT
ganzraxvaSi, rom Seqmnan ufro maRali da uprecedento saxis adamianuri yo-
fiereba~.2
totalitari lideris pretenzia legitimurobaze swored axali sazo-
gadoebis Seqmnis TviTneburi miznidan gamomdinareobs. erTi eqspertis
TqmiT, `totalitaruli mmarTvelobis maxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosa da sazo-
gadoebis erTad damorCileba utopiuri, mmarTvelobaze arapolitikuri moT-
xovniT.~3 sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, totalitari liderebi amtkiceben, rom
srulyofili sazogadoebrivi wyoba mxolod TviTgamocxadebuli liderebis
gabeduli moqmedebebis Sedegad damyardeba. amgvarad, sazogadoebaze
rwmenebis Zalismieri Tavsmoxveva gamarTlebulia, rac liderebs
kvazireligiur sazogadoebad aqcevs Sesabamisad, totalitaruli ideologia
SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc `ideaTa logikuri wyeba, romelic im
praqtikul saSualebebs exeba, romlis meSveobiTac mTlianad unda Seicvalos
da reformireba ganicados sazogadoebam Zalis an Zaladobis gziT da emyareba
wina an amJamindeli sazogadoebis yovlismomcvel kritikas~.4
totalitaruli moZraobebis mier naqadagebi idealuri sazogadoebebi,
Cveulebriv, iseT Rirebulebebs aRmerTeben, rogoricaa Tanasworoba da
erToba. isini maT Tavisuflebasa da individualizmze win ayeneben. rogorc
meore avtoritetulma mkvlevarma aRniSna:

revolucioneris namdvili sazogadoeba yovlismomcveli da egali-

tarulia: aranairi socialuri gansxvaveba ar iarsebebs, TviT avto-
riteti da gamocdileba, mecnieruli Tu saxelovnebo, gaqreba. amgvari
radikaluri egalitarizmi aucileblobiT uaryofs yovelgvar indi-
vidualizms. individis ufleba koleqtivisagan Tavdacvaze qreba da
Cveulebrivi konstituciuri uflebebi interpretirebulia, rogorc
ufleba, raTa jgufs Seeguo. jgufisadmi moTxovnebis wayeneba _ ma-
terialur saqonelze, adamianuri urTierTobebis SezRudul ufleba-
ze, rogoricaa siyvaruli da piradi cxovreba _ dagmobilia, rogorc
Seusabamo saqcieli. Tanasworobis saxeliT, sazogadoebaSi imgvari
solidarobaa gamocxadebuli, romelsac TiTqos Tavisi cnobiereba
122 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

gaaCndes, xolo individualuri cnobiereba saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi

antisocialu-ri gadaxra xdeba.5

am harmoniuli sazogadoebis safuZvels adamianuri bunebis Secvlis kon-

cefcia warmoadgens. totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi pirovnebis erTbaSad
gadakeTeba is aucilebeli pirobaa, romelic oficialuri ideologiis mier
aRTqmul utopiur sazogadoebaSi mosaxvedrad aris saWiro. adamianuri sru-
lyofisken swrafva aisaxa leninis mier araerTxel gakeTebul gancxadebeb-
Si `axali sabWoTa adamianis~ Seqmnis Sesaxeb da nacistebis mtkicebaSi, rom
partiuli muSakebi da liderebi adamianis axal tips an `rasobrivad sufTa~
mmarTvelebis axal modgmas warmoadgendnen. mao Zeduni lamis akviatebul
azrs hyavda Sepyrobili rektifikaciis (ganwmendis) Sesaxeb, rac Cinuri
sazogadoebis yvela doneze kapitalistu-ri elementebis (magaliTad, ma-
terializmi da individualizmi) radikalur wmendas niSnavda. sakvirvelia,
rom meoce saukunis yvela totalitaruli moZraoba cdilobda, ara marto
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis garegnuli mxaris, aramed
sazogadoebis wevrebis piradi da zneobrivi normebis Secvlasac.
yvelaze represiulma totalitarulma reJimebmac ki ver moaxerxes am
gardaqmnebis bolomde miyvana. yvela totalitarul saxelmwifoSi arse-
bobda `gancalkevebuli kunZulebi~6 _ ojaxi, eklesia da sxva socialuri
institutebi, romlis meSveobiTac gabatonebuli mTavrobis mimarT Sinagani
winaaRmdego-ba narCundeboda. gamogonili qveynis _ okeaneTis _ gansa-
kuTrebiT totalitarulma mTavrobamac ki, romelic cnobil britanel mw-
erals aqvs aRwerili romanSi aTas cxraas oTxmocdaoTxi weli, ver moaxerxa
Tavisi moqalaqeebis sruli kontroli.
imis miuxedavad, rom totalitarulma saxelmwifoebma ver SeZles ada-
mianis bunebis gadakeTeba an utopiis ganxorcieleba, maT xSirad gasaoca-
ri miRwevebi hqondaT oponentebis gaCumebis TvalsazrisiT maSin, rodesac
isini radikalur (da saboloo jamSi damangrevel) sazogadoebrivi gardaqm-
nebis programebs atarebdnen. totalitar mmarTvelebs kargad esmodaT,
rom maTi TanamebrZolebis mier Seqmnili axali sazogadoeba sxvagvarad
moazrovneTa, deviantTa, skeptikosTa da mterTa Soris ver gadarCeboda.
im faqts, rom maTi miznebi da saSualebebi saR azrs ewinaaRmdegebda, mniS-
vneloba ar hqonda. isini aseve ar cnobdnen politikuri Zalis gamoyenebi-
sas raime saxis zneobriv SezRudvas. dRevandeli amomavali varskvlavi xval,
SesaZloa, xalxis mtrad gadaiqces imisda mixedviT, ra aris mizanSewonili
mocemul momentSi. rodesac gamocxadebuli mizani ubralod xelisuflebis
mopoveba da misi SenarCuneba ki ara, msoflios Secvlaa, gansakuTrebuli
politikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba advili gasamarTlebelia, gacilebiT
advili. roca liders aRqmuli miwisken mihyvebi, arc erTi msxverpli araa
Zalian didi, aranairi fasi araa maRali.
amgvari utopiuri politikuri wyobis yvelaze naTeli magaliTebia: na-
cisturi germania, sabWoTa kavSiri (gansakuTrebiT stalinuri teroris
dros) da maoisturi CineTi. Tumca, totalitarizmi mxolod am qveynebiT ar
Semoifargleboda. amgvari saxelmwifoebi jer kidev ar gamqrala msoflios
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 123
politikuri rukidan. dabolos, iq, sadac amgvari reJimebi gaqra, totalita-
ruli tiraniis datovebuli kvali Rrmaa da kvlav uaryofiT gavlenas axdens
im qveynebis politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri institutebis
muSaobaze, post-totalitarul eraSi.

totalitarizmis revoluciuri etapi

rogor iwyeba totalitaruli moZraobebi? Cveulebriv, isini Caisaxebian

xolme ZaladobaSi da amoizrdebian daSlili an daSlis piras myofi saxelm-
wifoebis nangrevebidan. aseT areul droSi xSirad qarizmatuli lideri
Cndeba. liderebi nebismieri revoluciis warmatebaSi gadamwyvet rols as-
ruleben. totaluri revoluciis SemTxvevaSi, lideris garda kidev oTx
elements aqvs mniSvneloba, romelTagan TiToeuli dawvrilebiT Seswavlas
saWiroebs. esaa: ideologia, organizacia, propaganda da Zaladoba.

lideroba

totaluri revoluciebis albaT yvelaze ufro aSkara maxasiaTebeli

lideris kultze damokidebulebaa. faqtobrivad, yvela amgvari revolu-
cia gaigivebuli, personificirebuli iyo konkretul figurasTan. ruseTis
revolucias Tavisi lenini hyavda, mesame raixs _ Tavisi hitleri, CineTis
revolucias _ Tavisi mao, kubas _ Tavisi kastro da ase Semdeg. TiToeuli
maTgani gaRmerTebuli hyavdaT. erik hoferi liderobis mniSvnelobas Ta-
namedrove masobriv moZraobebSi Semdegnairad afasebs:

rogorc ki scena momzaddeba, gamoCenili lideris arseboba saWiro

xdeba. mis gareSe moZraoba ver iarsebebs. drois simwife avtomaturad
masobriv moZraobas ar warmoSobs, iseve rogorc arCevnebi, kanonebi da
administraciuli organoebi ver Sobs mas.
swored lenini iyo is adamiani, romelmac movlenebi bolSevikuri
revoluciisken warmarTa. is rom SveicariaSi an 1917 wels ruseTisken
mimaval gzaze momkvdariyo, TiTqmis danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom sxva cnobili bolSevikebi koaliciur mTavrobas SeuerTdebodnen.
Sedegi ki met-naklebad liberaluri respublika iqneboda, romlis mar-
Tvas burJuazia ganaxorcielebda. musolinis an hitleris SemTxvevebi
kidev ufro naTelia: maT gareSe arc faSisturi da arc nacisturi moZ-
raoba ar iarsebebda.7

marTalia, yvela revolucia masebis saxeliT iqna dawyebuli, magram ini-

ciativa yovelTvis zemodan modioda. revoluciur liderebs instinqtu-
rad esmodaT, rom msoflios Sesacvlelad saWiro potenciuri Zala mxolod
masebs hqondaT, magram maT neba da mimarTuleba akldaT (bolSevikebis azriT,
maT akldaT `klasobrivi cnobiereba~; nacistebis azriT, _ Volksgeist anu `sax-
124 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

alxo eris suliskveTeba~). revoluciur masobriv moZraobaSi aRmafrenisa

da fanatikuri Tavdadebis mqone adamianebis Serwyma egoisturi interesebis
mqone didi raodenobis xalxTan ver moxerxdeboda iseTi usisxlo abstraq-
ciis gareSe, rogoricaa `partia~. Tumca, is mxolod qarizmatuli lideris
pirovnuli dinamizmidan warmoiSveba, romelsac SeuZlia masebis gulisTq-
mas Caswvdes, yuradReba miipyros da maTi guli moigos (ironiaa, rom yvela
Tanamedrove masobrivi moZraoba xazs usvamda lideris pirovnebas da amav-
droulad akninebda mimdevarTa individualobas). liderebi, rogorebic le-
nini an mao iyvnen, masobrivi moZraobebisTvis imave funqcias asrulebdnen,
rasac bombisaTvis _ detonatori: mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad Zlieri (an
momakvdinebeli) asafeTqebeli nivTierebaa bombis SigniT, is umoqmedo da
uwyinaria manam, vidre asafeTqebeli mowyobiloba ar dauyendeba.

ideologia

xelmZRvanelobis xarisxis miuxedavad, totaluri revoluciebi

damokidebulia didi raodenobis xalxis survilze _ miznis misaRwevad saku-
Tari Tavi gawiron da moZraobaSi CaerTon. amgvari gauazrebeli Tavdadebis
gamowveva racionaluri mowodebebiT ver moxdeba. is unda gamomdinareob-
des absoluturi WeSmaritebis brma rwmenidan, romelsac yovlismomcveli
politikuri doqtrina iZleva.

gantevebis vacis saWiroeba: warsulis xelaxali interpretacia. rogorc

warsulis kritikosi, ideologia zogadad fokusirebulia absoluturi
borotebis raime formaze, romelsac yvela erovnul (an msoflio masStabis)
Secdomasa da socialur usamarTlobas miaweren. revoluciuri ideologiisa-
Tvis ekonomikuri vardna, inflacia, samxedro damarcxeba, saxelmwifo ko-
rufcia, erovnuli damcireba, zneobrivi gadagvareba da sxva problemebi
momdinareobs uaryofili warsulis misticizmidan da SeTqmulebebidan.
absoluturi boroteba iSviaTad aris sxeulis armqone Zala. is TiTq-
mis yovelTvis advilad Sesacnobi mtris saxes iRebs. Tu amgvari mteri ar
arsebobs, maSin is unda Seiqmnas. Cveulebiv, amgvar rols romelime adami-
ani an jgufi asrulebs, romlis aqamdec eSinodaT, ezizRebodaT an SurdaT.
lenini muSebis gaWirvebul mdgomareobas fulismomxveWel kapitalistebs
abralebda, hitleri pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebas da mis
xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde dawyebul ekonomikur kriziss _ ebraelebsa da
komunistebs. maom mtrebi mdidar miwaTmflobelebSi ipova. aSkaraa, rom
amgvari gadawyvetilebebis mizani masebis yuradRebis gamzadebul, advil-
adamosacnob gantevebis vacebze fokusireba iyo, romlebsac saxelmwifos
mTeli ubedureba unda dakisrebodaT.
erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris TqmiT, `masobrivi moZraobebi SeiZleba
daiwyos da gavrceldes RmerTis rwmenis gareSe, magram arasodes eSmakis
gareSe~.8 saerTo miznisaTvis xalxis gasaerTianeblad yvelaze ufro efeq-
tian Zalas zizRi da stereotipebi warmoadgenen da ara siyvaruli da diadi
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 125
principebi. zizRis obieqtis ganzrax Seqmna ara mxolod imas emsaxureba,
rom warsulSi momxdari usamarTlobebi mas moewyos, aramed, amavdroulad,
es xels uwyobs dRes arsebuli gaWirvebis mizezis winaaRmdeg masebis mobi-
lizebas.

revoluciuri brZola: Tanamedroveobis axsna. rogorc Tanamedroveo-

baSi megzuri, ideologia WeSmarit morwmunes saSualebas aZlevs Taname-
drove sazogadoebaSi moqmedi Zalebis `swori~ analizi moaxdinos. iseTi
koncefciebi, rogorebicaa klasobrivi brZola marqsizm-leninizmisaTvis,
Herrenvolk (`gabatonebuli rasa~) nacistebisaTvis da `winaaRmdegobebi~ maos
mimdevrebisaTvis, instrumentebad gamoiyeneboda, raTa socialuri realo-
ba aexsnaT da prognozi gaekeTebinaT. guSin mteri iyo gamarjvebuli; dRes
mteri damarcxdeboda.
totaluri revoluciis momxreebs sjeraT, rom brZola politikis arsia.
marqsizm-leninizmis momxreebisaTvis klasobrivi brZola progresis gamom-
wvevi iyo istoriaSi. maoistebisaTvis Tavad brZola iyo sasurveli mizani.
maT sjerodaT, rom mxolod revoluciuri brZolis uSualo gamocdile-
biT SeeZloT masebs (gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdobas) Tavganwirvis namdvili
mniSvnelobis gageba. hitleri ZalauflebisTvis brZolas adidebda, man omi
saxelmwifos sidiadis udides gamocdad gamoacxada (niSandoblivia, rom
hitlerma Tavis wigns, sadac politikaSi Tavis gza gansazRvra, Mein Kampf _
`Cemi brZola,~ uwoda.) imis miuxedavad, mizani kapitalistebis monopoliis
dasrulebaa Tu rasis gawmenda, revoluciuri brZola yovelTvis aRiwereba,
rogor keTilis borotis winaaRmdeg brZola. nacistTa liderebi ebraelebs
ubralod saxelmwifos mtrebad ki ar saxavdnen, aramed Untermenschen-ad [qve-
adamiani, arasrulyofili rasis warmomadgeneli. mTargmn. Sen.] da xSirad,
araraobebad an tilebad.9 ra Tqma unda, amgvari damamcirebeli daxasiaTebis
mravaljeradi gamoyeneba sabolood masobriv cnobierebaSi gantevebis
vacad gamoyenebuli jgufis dehumanizacias isaxavs miznad _ ufro advilia
mwerebis gawyveta daasabuTo, vidre _ adamianebisa.

utopia: momavlis winaswarmetyveleba. ideologia aRTqmul momavals

srulyofili samarTlianobisa da samaradJamo mSvidobis naTel sura-
Tad warmoaCens. marqsist-leninistebi am utopias ganixilavdnen, rogorc
uklaso sazogadoebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, yvela socialur da eko-
nomikur usamarTlobas aRmofxvrida. nacisturi utopia iyo rasobrivi
`dabinZurebis~ gareSe arsebuli sazogadoeba, romelic rasobrivi Tval-
sazrisiT `CamorCenilebis~ gawyvetas da an damonebas iTvaliswinebda. imis
miuxedavad, rogori iyo ama Tu im ideologiis konkretuli buneba, amgvari
motivaciis momcemi xedva Seicavda materialuri siuxvis dapirebas, ro-
melic mqonebelTagan uqonelTa sasargeblod qonebis gadanawilebas iT-
valiswinebda. marqsizm-leninizmi pirobas iZleoda, rom mdidrebs (burJu-
azias) waarTmevda da Raribebs (proletariats) daurigebda. sainteresoa,
rom hitlerma msgavsi piroba dado, rodesac ganacxada, rom miznad isaxavda
aRmosavleTiT Lebensraum-is (`sasicocxlo sivrce~) Seqmnas: is miwiT mdidar,
126 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

magram zant slavebs miwas waarTmevda da mciremiwian, magram Sromismoyvare

germanelebs daurigebda.
am utopiuri msoflmxedvelobebs TiTqmis yovelTvis Tan axlda maT mi-
saRwevad gamarTul brZolaSi warmatebis garantia. maSasadame, marqsizmi deter-
ministul msoflmxedvelobazea dafuZnebuli (im TvalsazrisiT, rom prole-
taruli revoluciis gamarjveba nakarnaxevia istoriis udreki `kanonebiT~).
hitleric aseve gamousworebeli deterministi iyo. Mein Kampf-Si is werda:
`adamianma unda gaiazros, rom aucileblobis fundamenturi kanoni bunebis
yvela sferoze batonobs~.10 mTeli Tavisi karieris ganmavlobaSi, is xSirad
laparakobda `Cveni istoriuli ganviTarebis rkinis kanonze~, `istoriis aR-
lumsa~ da `movlenebis Sinagan logikaze~. hitleri, iseve rogorc lenini,
stalini an mao, acxadebda, rom mas (da germanel volk-s) msoflios gardaqm-
nis misia hqonda gansaxorcielebeli da rom warmateba gardauvali iyo.
man aRniSnuli koncefcia Tavis albaT yvelaze ufro cnobil gancxadebaSi
Camoayaliba: `me mTvareuliviT im gzas vadgavar, romelsac gangeba mkarn-
axobs~.

ideologia da WeSmariteba. mocemuli revoluciuri ideologiis mier aR-

werili warsuli, awmyo da momavali, SesaZloa, dauinteresebel damkvirveb-
els arabunebrivad an sasacilodac ki moeCvenos. magaliTad, nacistebis mier
Camoyalibebuli rasobrivi Teoria istoriul, sociologiur, genetikur da
moralur safuZvels absoluturad moklebuli iyo. amave TvalsazrisiT,
hitleris ideologiis ekonomikuri aspeqti _ `socializmi~ nacional-so-
cializmSi _ realur Sinaarss moklebuli iyo. socializmis hitleriseuli
gageba imdenad gaufasurebuli iyo, rom erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris
azriT, `nebismieri, romelsac xalxis bedi namdvilad aRelvebda, hitleris
TvalSi socialisti iyo.~11
ratom aRiqvamda vinme aseT ideologias seriozulad? upirveles yov-
lisa, imitom, rom is popularul stereotipebze apelirebda da maT respeq-
tabelurobas sZenda. meore, gzavnilze metad gzavnilis mTqmeli fasobda
anu lideris pirovnul momxibvlelobas ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda,
vidre _ sityvebis azrs. mesamec, erTguleba gacilebiT seriozulad aRiqme-
boda, vidre _ simarTle.
mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT yvelaferi, rac warmatebulma ideologiam
calkeul mimdevars unda misces:

mas mecnierul avtoritetulobaze unda hqondes pretenzia, ro-

melic morwmunes yovelgvari codnis eqskluziuri gasaRebis rwmenas
aZlevs; man unda aRuTqvas aTaswlovani raixi, romelsac rCeul rasas
an klass am gasaRebis mflobeli, maT mier arCeuli lideri moutans;
man unda daasaxelos tiranebisa da demonebis krebuli, romelzec
unda gaimarjvos manamde, vidre bednieri saxelmwifo damkvidrdeba; is
unda Seerwyas (klasis an rasis) siZulvilis, eWvis, SiSis dinamikas da
gaamarTlos es mdabali vnebebi misi miznebis sidiadiT; mowinaaRmdegis
damarcxebis mizniT yovelgvari saSualeba da danaSauli gamarTlebu-
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 127
lia, mtris Rirseba SeiZleba gadaiqces mis naklovanebad misTvis mar-
tivi iarliyis _ `burJuis~ mikerebiT; saxeldobr, WeSmariteba is aris,
rasac rCeuli rasisa Tu klasisTvis sargebeli moaqvs, mcdaroba ki is
_ rac maT interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba; radgan es WeSmariteba mecnieru-
lad damtkicebadia da radgan ar arsebobs ori adamianic ki, romelic,
savaraudod, mas daeTanxmeba, amisaTvis saWiroa, arsebobdes erTader-
Ti interpretatori, romelic kanoniT ixelmZRvanelebs, Tu ideolo-
gias surs sruliad qmediTi iyos; rogorc yovelgvari WeSmaritebis
matarebels, liders ufleba aqvs Tavisi mimdevrebisgan religiur
Tayvaniscemas, msxverplSewirvasa da danaSaulis Cadenas elodebodes,
Tu isini mas sargeblobas moutanen.12

saboloo analiziT, ideologiebi xSirad TviT yvelaze absurduli

gancxadebebiTa da tyuilebiT SeiZleba iyos warmatebuli, Tu isini exebia
Cveulebrivi adamianis winaSe mdgom realur problemebs. bevri germaneli
acnobierebda nacistebis rasobrivi Teoriebis eqstremalur xasiaTs, Tum-
ca maT, albaT, sjerodaT, rom aseT absurdebs hitleri aRar gahyveboda,
rogorc ki qveynis gaerTianebis, ekonomikis aRmasvlis da eris dakarguli
didebis aRdgenis samuSao dasruldeboda. imave TvalsazrisiT, saeWvoa, rom
yvelaze Tavdadebuli bolSevikebis garda vinmes muSaTa samoTxis moaxloe-
ba daejerebina, Tumca rus xalxs, savaraudod, marTlac sjeroda, rom miwis
reforma moxdeboda, rom damTavrdeboda ruseTis saSineli Sedegebis mqone
Careva pirvel msoflio omSi, rom bolo moeReboda SimSils, ganviTarde-
boda jandacva da ganaTleba, rasac lenini maT hpirdeboda.

organizacia

ideologia yovlismomcvel revoluciebSi myari organizaciis gareSe

ver ganxorcieldeba. meoce sukunemdel ajanyebebs organizebuloba ak-
ldaT. aseTi uecari afeTqebebis umravlesoba spontanur xasiaTs atarebda.
moZraoba agordeboda, iSviaTad farTodac gavrceledeboda, magram TiTq-
mis yovelTvis, bolos sakuTar Tavs diskreditirebas uwevda.
sxvadasxva revoluciis liderebi politikuri ZalauflebisTvis brZo-
lisas formaluri organizebis gansxvavebul meTodebze akeTebdnen aq-
cents. miuxedavad imisa, rom bolSevikurma partiam ruseTSi realurad 1917
wlis oqtombramde ver moipova Zalaufleba, lenins partia ToTxmeti wlis
win hqonda daarsebuli. leninma partiaSi gulqva revolucionerebi miiRo.
is fiqrobda, rom ruseTis mefis damarcxeba mxolod grZelvadiani, iat-
akqveSa brZoliT SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo. amgvarad, patara, magram
mtkiced SekavSirebuli profesional revolucionerTa jgufi ufro metad
efeqtiani iqneboda, vidre didi, ukontrolo da ukmayofilo adamianebis
uformo masa.
konspiraciis, disciplinisa da centralizebuli kontrolis uzrunvel-
sayofad, leninma bolSevikuri partia patara ujredebad dahyo, romlebsac
128 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

SemdgomSi ewodaT ZiriTadi partiuli organizaciebi. TiToeul ujreds

sakuTari lideri hyavda, metsaxelad mdivani, romelic miTiTebebsa da in-
struqciebs zemodan iRebda. sabolood, strategiis, taqtikisa da `partiu-
li xazis~ Sesaxeb yvela mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebas Tavad lenini iRebda
(TumcaRa, is amtkicebda, rom partiis centraluri komitetis saxeliT
laparakobda). sankt-peterburgSi arsebuli Stabis garda, sxva qalaqebSi
warmomadgenlobebisa da momxreebis ricxvis zrdis kvaldakval, saxelisu-
flo struqturebis Seqmnis aucilebloba warmoiSva, magram mkacri parti-
uli disciplinisa da zemdgomebis mimarT qvemdgomebis sruli morCilebis
principebi ar Secvlila.
mas Semdeg, rac sakuTari fraqcia Camoayaliba, leninma sabolood forma-
lurad akrZala fraqciebis Seqmna. nebismier bolSeviks, vinc partiul xazs
SeewinaaRmdegeboda, fraqcioneris iarliyis miwebeba emuqreboda. 1917 wlis
oqtomberSi realuri Zalauflebis xelSi aRebamde, urCobisaTvis sasjeli
xSirad partiis rigebidan garicxva iyo. 1917 wlis Semdeg revoluciuri
samarTali xSirad naklebad Semwynarebeli iyo. fraqciebad dayofas aravis
patiobdnen. partiis wevrebs moeTxovebodaT, partiuli interesebi yovelT-
vis pirad interesebze maRla daeyenebinaT. Tavganwirvasa da partiis srul
erTgulebas specialuri saxeli hqonda miniWebuli _ partiuloba, termi-
ni, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneboda yofil sabWoTa kavSiriSi, raTa uxilavi
Tvisebebis erToblioba aReniSna (rogoricaa, erTguleba, TviTdisciplina
da revoluciuri suliskveTeba), romlis gamovlenac partiis yvela wevrs
evaleboda.
leninTan SedarebiT, maos revolucias warmatebis misaRwevad oc welze
meti dasWirda da masSi gacilebiT meti adamiani monawileobda. ruseTi-
sagan gansxvavebiT, CineTis revolucia, ZiriTadad, soflebidan dawyebu-
li ukmayofilo glexebis masobrivi moZraoba iyo. am viTarebaSi maosTvis
yvelaze ufro did organizaciul problemas glexebis efeqtian samxedro
Zalad gadaqceva warmoadgenda, romelsac xangrZlivi partizanuli omis
warmoebis unari eqneboda. glexTa amorfuli masis efeqtian sabrZolo Za-
lad gadaqcevaSi miRweuli warmateba damajerebel arguments warmoadgenda
imisa, rom organizebuli Raribebi da Cagrulebi, erTi SexedviT gadaulaxav
winaaRmdegobebs daZlevdnen. amitomac, maos glexobaze dafuZnebuli revo-
luciis Teoria da praqtika bevrma radikalma (gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad
saxelmwifoebSi) revoluciuri organizebis magaliTad miiCnia.
politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad maos xangrZlivi, koordinire-
buli brZolisagan gansxvavebiT, hitleris mcdeloba, germaniaSi Zalaufle-
ba moepovebina, arastabilur gzas warmoadgenda. igi 1920-ian wlebSi CaxSo-
bili Zaladobrivi saxelmwifo gadatrialebidan daiwyo da 1930-ian wlebSi
qveynis konstituciuri sistemis warmatebuli manipulaciiT dasrulda.
hitleris saboloo warmatebisaTvis gadamwyveti iyo morCili organizacia
nacisturi partiis saxiT.
xelisuflebaSi aRzevebis dros hitlerma opoziciis dasaSineblad uxeSi
Zala farTod gamoiyena, magram amavdroulad man partiis mier kontrolireba-
di uamravi klubi da asociacia Seqmna. hitlerulma axalgazrdobam, nacisti
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 129
qalebis ligam, nacisti muSebis organizaciam, nacisti studentebis ligam
da kidev araerTma akademiurma da sazogadoebrivma organizaciam nacistebs
mniSvnelovani politikuri Zalaufleba SesZina manamde, vidre Tavad hit-
leri aiRebda xelSi marTvis sadaveebs (ix. cxrili 9-3). mogvianebiT, Glei-
chschaltung-is (unifikacia) politikis meSveobiT, man TiTqmis yvela manamde
arsebuli sazogadoebrivi organizacia gaanadgura da isini nacisturi aso-
ciaciebiT Caanacvla. nawilobriv amis gamo, hitleris dapirebas da muqaras
mTel germanul sazogadoebaSi didi wona hqonda. yvela Tanamedrove revo-
lucioneris msgavsad, hitlers kargad Camoyalibebuli revoluciuri or-
ganizaciis fasi esmoda.

propaganda

ramdenadac Tanamedrove politika sul ufro meti adamianis cxovrebas

exeba, propaganda _ ideebisa da informaciis farTod gavrceleba, romelic
sagangebod isea agebuli, rom konkretuli politikuri miznebis ganxor-
cielebas Seuwyos xeli _ mZlavri politikuri iaraRi gaxda. warmatebis
misaRwevad, rogorc hitlerma SeniSna, propaganda mxolod masebisken unda
iyos mimarTuli. Sesabamisad, `misi moqmedebis ZiriTadi samizne emociebi
unda iyos da naklebi xarisxiT e.w. inteleqti~.13

propagandis usazRvrod farTo kam-

paniisa da nacisturi ideologiis
STagonebis kombinaciiT adolf hit-
lerma (1889-1945) SeZlo germaneli
xalxi ebraelTa devnis, saboloo
omisa da germanuli sazogadoebis
radikaluri gardaqmnis aucile-
blobaSi daerwmunebina.

propagandis mecnierebis erTgulma mimdevarma hitlerma ramdenime Teo-

rema Camoayaliba, romelic dResac inarCunebs aqtualobas. pirvelad unda
aRiniSnos misi naTqvami, rom `yvela propaganda saxalxo unda iyos da misi
inteleqtualuri done auditoriis yvelaze SezRudul nawilze unda iyos
misadagebuli~. aqedan gamomdinare, `rac ufro didia xalxis masa, romelic
man unda moicvas, miT ufro dabali unda iyos misi inteleqtualuri done...
efeqtiani propaganda SezRuduli unda iyos mcire odenobis mosazrebebiT
da lozunge-bis meSveobiT isini unda ismodes manamde, vidre sazogadoebis
ukanaskneli wevri ar gaigebs imas, rac Sen ginda, rom man gaigos~. zemoTqmu-
130 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

lis gaTvaliswinebiT, `yvela propagandistuli saqmianobis upirvelesi

aqsiomaa, rom mas ZiriTadad subieqturi da calmxrivi damokidebuleba unda
hqondes yvela sakiTxis mimarT, romelsac is exeba.~14 amas garda, rac ufro
didia tyuili, miT ukeTesi.
hitleri amtkicebda, rom nebismieri propagandistuli kampaniis wa-
rmateba damokidebulia propagandistis mier saxalxo masebis `primitiuli
grZnobebis~ gagebaze. propagandas ver eqneba ramdenime Sre: koncefciebi da
faqtebi sazogadoebas unda waredginos, rogorc marTali an tyuili, swori
an araswori, Savi an TeTri. hitleri Mein Kampf-Si maRal Sefasebas aZlevda
pirveli msoflio omis dros britanuli propagandis mcdelobebs da zizRs
gamoxatavda germanuli propagandis mimarT, romelmac msoflio mkveTrad,
Sav da TeTr ferebSi ver daxata.
hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde didi xniT adre, leninma ganavi-
Tara da daxvewa masobrivi propagandis miseuli teqnika. leninma daiwyo
propagandi-sa da agitaciis erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba. am ors Soris gansx-
vavebis miseuli axsna hitleris Teoremis fonze unda ganvixiloT:

rodesac umuSevrobas ganixilavs, propagandistma krizisis kapita-

listur bunebaze unda ilaparakos; man unda aCvenos Tanamedro-ve
sazogadoebaSi misi gardauvalobis mizezi; man unda daanaxos social-
istur bazaze sazogadoebis xelaxla Senebis saWiroeba da a.S. erTi
sityviT, man bevri idea erTbaSad, koncentrirebulad unda gadasces,
imdenad bevri, rom saSualo adamianma yvela maTgani ver gaigos da
mTlianobaSi mxolod mcire nawilma aRiqvas isini.
agitatori, meore mxriv, aiRebs problemis erT nacnob da konkre-
tul aspeqts. vTqvaT, SimSilis Sedegad umuSevari muSis sikvdils. misi
mcdeloba am faqtze iqneba koncentrirebuli, raTa masebs erTi idea
CauWedos _ simdidris zrdisa da siRaribis zrdis uazro dapirispi-
rebis idea. is Seecdeba masebs Soris am didi usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg
ukmayofileba da janyi gaaRvivos da am dapirispirebis srul ganmar-
tebas is propagandists dauTmobs.15

hitlerisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic Zalze efeqtiani oratori gaxldaT,

lenini pamfletebis didostati da polemisti iyo, romelic didwilad dawe-
ril sityvas eyrdnoboda. Tavisi moZraobis dasawyisSi leninis mTavari iara-
Ri miwisqveSa gazeTi iyo. kontrabanduli gazeTebi, rogorebic iyo iskra
(`naperwkali~), vperiod (`win~) da proletari (`proletarebi~), xSirad qvey-
nis Soreul kuTxeebSi an ucxo qveyanaSic ki ibeWdeboda, xolo Semdeg maTi
Semotana aralegalurad xdeboda sankt-peterburgSi ormagi Ziris mqone
CanTis saidumlo ganyofilebiT an sxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT.

Zaladoba

totalitaruli revoluciis bolo, mexuTe maxasiaTebelia Zaladobis

gamoyeneba da terori, rogorc politikis miRebuli instrumenti. revo-
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 131
lucionerebisaTvis Zaladoba gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa propagandis
efeqtis gaZlierebis TvalsazrisiT. Tanamedrove totalitaruli tirani-
ebis erT-erTma mkvlevarma daaskvna, rom `terori propagandis gareSe da-
kargavs misi fsiqologiuri efeqtis did nawils, maSin rodesac propagandas
teroris gareSe Zlieri dartymis unari ekargeba.~16 nacisti Teoretikosis
eugen hadamovskis TqmiT, `propaganda da Zaladoba arasodes ewinaaRmdegeba
erTmaneTs. Zaladobis gamoyeneba SeiZleba propagandis nawili iyos.~17
terorizmTan asocirebuli Zaladoba gulisxmobs qmedebebs, dawyebu-
li SerCeviTi mkvlelobebiTa da gatacebebiT, damTavrebuli ganurCeveli
dabombvebiTa da sabotaJiT, romelTa Sedegia udanaSaulo gamvlelebis
sikvdili da daSaveba. sabotaJis daniSnulebaa warmoebis, transportisa da
sakomunikacio sistemebis da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos politikuri stabi-
lurobis darRveva. teroris mizani ki piradi usafrTxoebis fsiqologiur
SegrZnebaze Setevaa, romlis arseboba socialuri stabilurobis winapiro-
bas warmoadgens.
propagandis mxardasaWerad teroris gamoyenebam gadamwyveti roli Sea-
srula memarjveneebisa da memarcxeneebis masobriv moZraobebSi. erT-erTi
yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia italiis faSisturi partiis lideris benito
musolinis mier pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli fasci di combat-
timento (`mebrZoli jgufebi~). mas Semdeg, rac socialisturi partiidan muSa-
Ta klasis Camocilebis mcdelobam ar gaamarTla, musolinim daiwyo saSualo
fenaze aqcentis gakeTeba da mdidari mewarmeebisa da msxvili miwaTmflo-
belebisagan fulis moZieba. is darwmunebuli iyo, rom italiis mTavrobaze
kontrolis mopovebas kanonieri gziT ver SeZlebda da 1920-iani wlebis da-
sawyisSi sul ufro xSirad daiwyo teroris gamoyeneba politikuri oponen-
tebis winaaRmdeg. misma momxreebma politikuri konkurenciis normaluri,
araZaladobrivi saSualebebi mkvelobebiT da xanZris gaCeniT Caanacvles.
faSistebis mier gamogonebuli teroris erT-erTi axali forma iyo sad-
amsjelo operaciebi, romlis drosac SeiaraRebuli bandebi daucveli da
moumzadebeli Temebis winaaRmdeg Tavdasxmebs axorcielebdnen. adgilo-
brivi policia xSirad maTTan TanamSromlobda, rac umoqmedobaSi gamoix-
ateboda.
italieli faSistebis mier farTod gamoyenebuli sadamsjelo operaciebi
ganasaxierebda terors, rogorc totaluri revoluciis strategiasa da taq-
tikas. Tu Wkvianurad iqna gamoyenebuli, terorizmi sruli daucvelobis Seg-
rZnebas qmnis. teroristebi sam mizans isaxaven: (1) xelovnuri krizisis atmos-
feros Seqmnas; (2) imis Cvenebas, rom saxelmwifos kanonmorCili, gadasaxadis
gadamxdeli moqalaqeebis axloblebisa da qonebis Tavdasxmisagan dacva aRar
SeuZlia; da (3) ubiZgebs SeSinebul, sasowarkveTil da araorganizebul moqa-
laqeebs, saSvelad swored im politikur moZraobas mimarTon, romelmac Rrma
socialuri degeneracia gamoiwvia da romlis Sesaxeb umravlesobam araferi
uwyis.
hana arendti gvaZlevs nacistebis mier analogiuri mizniT ganxorciele-
buli teroris gansakuTrebiT naTel ganmartebas:
132 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

nacistebi Tavs ar esxmodnen gamoCenil moRvaweebs, rogorc es po-

litikuri danaSaulis adrindeli talRis dros xdeboda germaniaSi
(raTenausa da ercbergeris mkvlelobebi). amis nacvlad, wvrilmani so-
cialisti funqcionerebis an opoziciuri partiebis gavleniani wevrebis
mokvliT, isini Seecadnen mosaxleobisaTvis daemtkicebinaT, rom safr-
Txes [sazogadoebis] ubralo wevrobac ki warmoadgenda. amgvari masobri-
vi terori, romelic Semdgom SedarebiT mcire masStabiT ganagrZobda
moqmedebas, mudmivad izrdeboda, radgan arc policia da arc sasamarT-
loebi politikur moZaladeebs seriozulad ar asamarTlebdnen. erTma
nacistma publicistma mas moswrebulad `Zalis propaganda~ uwoda: mo-
saxleobisaTvis metwilad naTeli iyo, rom nacistebis Zalaufleba uf-
ro didi iyo, vidre xelisuflebisa da rom ufro usafrTxo iyo nacistu-
ri naxevradgasamxedroebuli organizaciis wevroba, vidre _ erTguli
respublikeloba. es STabeWdileba gaaZliera nacistebis mier politiku-
ri danaSaulis specifikurma gamoyenebam. isini mas yovelTvis sajarod
aRiarebdnen, arasodes ixdidnen bodiSs `qveda donis moxeleebis mier
Zalis gadaWarbebis gamo~ _ amgvar bodiSs mxolod nacistebis momxree-
bi mimarTavdnen xolme _ da mosaxleobas uCendnen gancdas, rom isini
gansxvavdebian sxva partiebis `molaybeebisgan~.
msgavseba amgvar terorsa da ubralo gangsterizms Soris Zalze
aSkaraa, rom masze specialurad mivuTiToT. es imas ar niSnavs, rom
nacistebi gangsterebi iyvnen, rogorc es zogjer miuCneviaT, aramed
imas, rom nacistebma, amis aRiarebis gareSe, iswavles imdeni, ramdenic
SeeZloT amerikuli gangsteruli organizaciebidan eswavlaT iseve,
rogorc maTma propagandam iswavla bevri ram amerikuli biznesis
mier gamoyenebuli reklamidan~.18

Zalauflebis konsolidacia

Zveli wesrigis dangrevis anu misi fataluri diskreditaciis Semdeg,

totalitaruli reJimis xelmZRvanelobas kontrolis ganxorcieleba ukve
mtkice saxelisuflebo sayrdenidan SeuZlia. mis winaSe mdgomi Semdegi amo-
canaa, gaanadguros nebismieri mowinaaRmdege politikuri partia Tu fraq-
cia. Semdeg, partiis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi unda ganawildnen qveynis
yvela regionSi da daekisroT samTavrobo funqciebi, gansakuTrebiT ki im
provinciebSi, romlebic revoluciis adreul safexurze mis suliskveTebas
ar iziarebdnen. konsolidaciis procesis saboloo nabijia partiis SigniT
yvela iseTi piris ganadgureba, romelic realurad an potenciurad total-
itari liderisTvis safrTxis matareblia.
yvela am stadiaze, totalitari lideri iseve, rogorc nebismieri av-
toritaruli mmarTveli, ZiriTadad Zalauflebis mopovebiTa da SenarCu-
nebiT aris dainteresebuli. lideris gankargulebaSi igive meTodebi da
saSualebebi figurirebs, rac moZraobis revoluciur safexurze gamoiy-
eneboda. ideologia da propaganda lideris moqmedebebis gasamarTleblad
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 133
da popularizebisTvis gamoiyeneba, Zaladoba _ oponentebis SesaSineblad
da gasaCumeblad. partiuli organizacia liders popularobisa (erTgul
mimdevarTa jgufi) da Zalauflebis (partiis erTguli xdeba yovlis SemZle
saxelmwifos Tvali da yuri) TvalsaCino mtkicebulebas sZens.
am etapze momavali totalitari liderebis mTavar saSualebas maTive
unarebi warmoadgens. bevri swori gadawyvetileba unda iqnas miRebuli, Tu
maT warmatebis miRweva surT. maT zustad unda icodnen, ra surT da ar Seiz-
Rudon mis ganxorcielebaSi. maTi megzuri unda iyos frTxili gaTvla da ara
sindisi. am TvalsazrisiT, makiavelis rCeva dasafasebelia: `adamianma meore
adamians, visi mokvlac mas surs, ar unda uTxras, `momeci Seni iaraRi, roml-
iTac mogklav~, aramed `momeci Seni iaraRi~, da roca ukve iaraRs xelSi Caig-
debs, survilic maSin unda aisrulos~.19 aseTi rCevis Sesaferisoba maSinve
gaxdeba naTeli, rogorc ki Cven im meTodebs ganvixilavT, romlebsac moma-
vali totalitari liderebi Zalauflebis konsolodaciisTvis iyenebdnen.

opoziciuri partiebis ganadgureba

politikuri konsolidaciis pirveli safexuria mowinaaRmdege partiebi-

sa da damoukidebeli fraqciebis ganadgureba. ori mizezis gamo, mmarTveli
partia erTaderTi legitimuri organizacia unda iyos saxelmwifoSi. pirve-
li, arsebobs tradiciuli SiSi, romelic yvela erTpirovnul mmarTvels
awuxebs: nebismieri opoziciuri jgufi, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramdenad patara
an qmeduunaro moCans igi, mmarTvelisTvis potenciurad safrTxis matare-
belia. meore, politikur oponentTa ubralo arsebobac ki zRudavs saSinao
da sagareo politikaSi mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs, romlebic moZraobis ide-
ologiis mieraa sanqcirebuli. amitom, politikuri opozicia yvela SesaZlo
saSualebiT unda iqnes amoZirkvuli.
leninma metoqe partiebis problema Zveli taqtikis _ gaTiSe da iba-
tones brwyinvale gamoyenebiT gadawyvita, miuxedavad imisa, rom erT-erTi
mowinaaRmdege partia (socialisti revolucionerebi) mis partiaze (bol-
Sevikebze) ufro didi popularobiT sargeblobda (erT-erTi damkvirvebe-
li leninis taqtikas moixseniebs, rogorc saliamis taqtikas 20, radgan is
flobda gansakuTrebul unars, patara, magram potenciurad saSiSi jgufebi
nawil-nawil daeyo da ise gaenadgurebina). mas Semdeg, rac axali revolu-
ciuri sakanonmdeblo organo _ asamblea iqna arCeuli, leninma dominant
socialist-revolucionerTa partiaSi ukve arsebuli ganxeTqileba imiT
gazarda, rom mis marcxena frTasTan aliansi Seqmna. am aliansma lenins sa-
Sualeba misca, erTi mxriv, partiis SedarebiT zomieri frTisa da aseve sxva
memarjvene partiebis winaaRmdeg ieriSze gadasuliyo, meore mxriv ki, sak-
marisi samarTlebrivi mxardaWera Seeqmna, raTa Semdeg erTbaSad daexura
asamblea. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, socialist-revolucionerebis marcx-
ena frTasTan aliansi maSinve gawyda, rogorc ki is leninis interesebs aRar
Seesabameboda.
leninis strategia opoziciuri politikuri partiebis daSliT ar Semoi-
134 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

fargleboda. meore samiznes sabWoTa kavSiris glexobis mravalricxovani

fena warmoadgenda, romelSic bolSevikTa liders Tavdapirvelad cota
mxardamWeri hyavda. glexTa mxardaWeris nakleboba gansakuTrebiT mwvave
problema samoqalaqo omis dros (1918-20 ww.) gaxda, rodesac sakvebisa da
sxva ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilebeli saSualebebis gansa-
kuTrebuli simwire iyo. amis sapasuxod, leninma `soflebSi samoqalaqo omis
dros Raribi glexebis ufro metad Raribebze gadamterebis gziT kidev erTi
samoqalaqo omi gaaCaRa~21, riTac Ziri gamouTxara politikur opozicias.
leninis saliamis taqtika warmoadgenda mxolod erT-erT meTods, rom-
lis meSveobiT totalitarulma moZraobam oponentebi da mowinaaRmdege
partiebi gaanadgura. misgan gansxvavebiT, mao Zeduns, garemoebaTa gamo, Ta-
vis mTavar metoqesTan _ gomindanTan anu Can kai-Sis mTavrobasTan _ xan-
grZliv partizanul omSi Cabma mouxda. hitlerma ki sruliad sxva strategia
airCia. arCevnebSi nacisturi partiis mzardi warmatebebis, momxreTa didi
odenobis, pirvelxarisxovani oratoruli unarebisa da Tavzardamcemi
specrazmebis meSveobiT gaZlierebis fonze, man lodini arCia. 1933 wlisT-
vis xelisuflebaSi myofi adamianebis SiSisa da politikuri SezRudvebis
moxerxebuli gamoyenebiT hitler-ma germaniis kanclerad gaxdoma moax-
erxa. rogorc ki Tanamdeboba daikava, man TandaTanobiT gazarda Tavisi
Zalaufleba: pirvelad, sagangebo viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli uflebebis
miniWebiT, Semdeg samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis aRkveTiT, dabolos, germani-
aSi realuri demokratiis aRmofxvriT.
mxolod amis Semdeg, Zlieris poziciidan daiwyo man opoziciuri parti-
ebis daxurva. maosgan gansxvavebiT, romelic opoziciuri Zalebs samxedro
ZaliT ebrZoda, hitlerma gaiZverobisa da kanonebis manipulirebis meSveo-
biT misi mowinaaRmdegeebi politikurad gaanadgura, xolo Semdeg ki sax-
elmwifos Zala maTi fizikuri ganadgurebis dasawyebad gamoiyena.

partiis realuri an warmosaxviTi

metoqeebisgan gawmenda

wmenda absoluturi Zalauflebis gzaze bolo nabijia. politikuri wmendis

gatarebisas totalitaruli mTavrobebi TiTqmis erTnair brals deben Ta-
vianT mowinaaRmdegeebs: saxelmwifosa da mmarTveli moZraobis winaaRmdeg
ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba. marTebulia Tu ara braldeba, amas arsebiTi
mniSvneloba ar aqvs: isini ubralod `oficialuri~ mizezia totalitarul
mmarTvelisaTvis, raTa gaanadguros is pirovnebebi, romlebic safrTxed an
minimum politikur balastad aRiqmebian. amgvari `opozicionerebis~ kari-
eruli daqveiTeba an ucabedi sikvdili sxvagvarad moazrovneebs uCvenebs,
rom uzenaesi lideris winaaRmdeg wasvla Zalian Zviri jdeba.
erTi avtoris dakvirveba, rom mao Zeduni `arasodes yoymanobda, misi
mtrebi, [maT Soris] metoqe komunistebi, gomindanis aqtivistebi da miwaT-
mflobelebi gaenadgurebina,~22 SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoviyenoT sxva
totalitari mmarTvelebis dasaxasiaTeblad. Tumca, amgvari wmendebis
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 135
masStabi da sisastike sxvadasxva mmarTvelis SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisagan
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda. hitleri, magaliTad, partiaSi mowinaaRm-
degeebs TiTqmis qirurgiuli sizustiT Catarebuli operaciebis Sedegad
iSorebda. 1934 wlisTvis hitlers aRelvebda ramdenime misi momxris ganw-
yoba da qmedebebi, gansakuTrebiT ernst romis. rogorc SA-s (Sturmabteilung
anu `moieriSe Zalebis~) xelmZRvaneli da kunTmagari adamianebis jgufis
ufrosi, romlis mTavar mizans hitleris xelisuflebaSi aRzevebisas poli-
tikuri oponentebis daSineba warmoadgenda, romi agrZelebda Zaladobrivi
qmedebebis gatarebas maSinac ki, rodesac mTavrobaze fiureris sruli `le-
galuri~ kontrolis daweseba TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo. amas garda, hit-
lers surda SA-s Secvla SS-is (Schutzstaffel anu `uSiSroebis eSeloni~) ufro
disciplinirebuli da sando legionebiT. yvela mcdeloba, rom romi da misi
mxardamWerebi gegmas mihyolodnen, Caflavda. ase rom, hitleri romsa da
partiis sxva wevrebs daupirispirda, romlebmac nacistebis xelisufleba-
Si mosvlis saqmeSi sakvanZo roli Seasrules. fiureris brZanebiT, romis
fraqcia 1934 ganadgurda. hitlerma mTeli incidenti Tavis politikur
mtrebs gadaabrala da romis mkvlelobis faqtic Tavis sasargeblod gamoi-
yena, germaniaSi mxar daWera gaimyara da saxelmwifos winaSe mdgar (misi mt-
kicebiT) uzarmazar safrTxeebze moaxdina koncentrireba.
leninis mier ganxorcielebuli wmendebi ufro masStaburi iyo. 1921 wels
yvela konkurenti partiis ganadgurebis Semdeg, man yuradReba im xalxze
gadaitana, romlebic Tavad moZraobis SigniT mis liderobas eWvqveS ay-
enebdnen. profkavSirebis aTasobiT wevri da mravali mezRvauri, romelic
adre bolSevikebis mxardamWerTa xerxemals Seadgenda, saidumlo policiam
mokla, radgan maT Tavisufali profkavSirebi da arCevnebi moiTxoves. amis
Semdeg, lenini bolSevikur partiaSi e.w. muSaTa opoziciur fraqcias gaus-
worda, romelic moiTxovda, rom partias politika Seecvala da muSebisT-
vis TavianTi sawarmoebis kontrolis ufleba mieca. leninma jgufs brali
dasdo `fraqcionalizmSi~ da partiisa da revoluciis safrTxeSi CagdebaSi
daadanaSaula. muSaTa opoziciuri jgufis wevrebi garicxul iqnen parti-
idan, magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, rom isini ar dauxocavT.
amgvari, SedarebiT rbili aqciebi leninis memkvidres, ioseb stalins
ar axa siaTebda, romelic, rogorc sabWoTa komunisturi partiis xelmZR-
vaneli (1924-53 ww.) politikuri mtrebis likvidaciaze ar yoymanobda. poli-
tikur mtrebze stalinis saboloo gamarjveba or faqtorze iyo damokide-
buli. pirveli, man ostaturad aiTvisa leninis saliamis taqtika, romelsac
lenini misi mowinaaRmdege partiebis gasaCumeblad iyenebda, stalini ki
Sidapartiuli metoqeebis winaaRmdeg. meore, stalinma Sidapolitikuri
brZolebis gamorCeuli talanti gamoamJRavna. igi leninis viwro wreSi
yvelaze ufro aqtiuri, mizandasaxuli da rkiniseburi nebisyofis mqone aR-
moCnda. es faqtori 1924 wels leninis sikvdilis Semdeg atexil memkvidreo-
bisaTvis brZolaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamodga.
136 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

monoliTuri sazogadoebis Seqmna

totalitaruli mmarTveloba sazogadoebis uzarmazar organizaciul

kontrols moiTxovs, radgan is sazogadoebis srul gardaqmnas cdilobs.
Sesabamisad, man kontroli unda moipovos ekonomikaze, xelovnebaze, jarze,
skolaze, mTavrobaze, mokled rom vTqvaT, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela
aspeqtze. kontrolis miRma arafris datoveba da am kontrolis SesanarCune-
blad arc erTi meTodis gamoricxva ar SeiZleba. rogorc nacisturi propa-
gandis Sefma iozef gebelsma SeniSna, `Cven mier moxdenili revolucia tota-
luri revoluciaa...~23 sazogadoebis arc erTma aspeqtma _ arc politikurma
partiebma, arc religiam, arc xelovnebam, arc ganaTlebam an akademiurma Ta-
visuflebam _ ar SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos axali sazogadoebis Seqmnas. amgvar
viTarebaSi totalitari lideris neba uzenaesia. kidev erTi nacisti maRali
Tanamdebobis piris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `yvela universitetis profesor-
Ta tvinebi rom sasworis erT pinaze davdoT, xolo meoreze _ fiurerisa,
romeli gadawonis Tqveni azriT?~24
totaluri kontrolis programis gansaxorcieleblad yvela qalaqsa da
regionSi mTavrobisa da sazogadoebis yvela elementi erTgul momxreebs
unda Cabardes. es procesi dokumenturad gansakuTrebiT kargad iyo aRwerili
hitleris germaniaSi.25 xelisuflebas CamoaSores momcro qalaqebis Tanamde-
bobis pirebic, romlebic manamde sajarod mxars ar uWerdnen nacistebs, . ama-
vdroulad, `xalxis uamravi mteri~ iqna `aRmoCenili~ da gestapos (saidumlo
policia) mier dauyovnebliv sastikad dasjili. sasjelis simkacres, gesta-
pos yovlisSemZleobas da nacistebis mimarT gamovlenil mxardaWeras gan-
sakuTrebul reklamas uwevdnen da mediiT da xalxSi xmebis gavrcelebiT az-
viadebdnen. moqalaqeebi darwmunebulebi iyvnen TavianT sastik xvedrSi, Tuki
nacistebs SeewinaaRmdegebodnen. amdenad, daSineba da iZuleba nacistebis
warmatebas didwilad uwyobda xels.
teroris am taqtikis efeqturoba gvexmareba gavigoT, ratom gauwies mci-
re winaaRmdegoba nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, magram es srul suraTs
mainc ar gvaZlevs.
nacistebma Zalauflebis mopoveba daSinebis gziT SeZles, magram maT war-
matebaSi Tavisi roli moralurma apaTiam da egoisturma interesebmac Seas-
rula. es azri, albaT, yvelaze kargad warmoaCina germaneli ltolvilis mier
moTxrobilma namdvilma ambavma, romelic prestiJul frankfurtis univer-
sitetSi aswavlida. nacistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis dros universitets
samagaliTo (da liberaluri) akademiuri dawesebulebis reputacia hqonda,
sadac profesura mecnierebis, sindisis Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis
erTguli iyo.26 gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, Tu nacistebi SeZlebdnen
frankfurtis universitetze seriozuli incidentebis gareSe kontrolis
damyarebas, maSin isini daSinebis meTodiT sxva germanuli universitetebis
damorCilebasac moaxerxebdnen. nacistebis oponentebi gansakuTrebiT im-
edovnebdnen, rom partias gauWirdeboda cnobili bioqimikos-fiziologis
winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva, romelic frankfurtis universitetSi aswavlida
da romlis akademiuri reputacia da humanizmi msoflio masStabiT iyo cno-
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 137
bili. universitetSi nacisti komisris daniSvnis Semdeg, yvela profesori da
studenti mniSvnelovan krebaze daibares:

axal nacist komisars dro ar daukargavs zrdilobian mimarTveb-

ze. man dauyovnebliv gamoacxada, rom ebraelebs universitetis
teritoriaze Sesvla aekrZalebodaT da xelfasis gacemis gareSe 15
marts daTxovnilebi iqnebodnen. nacistebis xmamaRali antisemituri
gancxadebebis miuxedavad, amas mainc aravin eloda. Semdeg man daiwyo
Seuracxyofis, uwmawuri sityvebisa da samasoiani sityvebis tirada,
romelsac barakebSic ki iSviaTad gaigonebdiT da akademiur samyaroSi
_ verasodes. man rigrigobiT TiTi gaiSvira kaTedrebis gamgeebisaken
da Tqva: `Tqven an imas gaakeTebT, rasac me getyviT, an sakoncentracio
banakSi moxvdebiT~. misi laparakis Semdeg siCumem daisadgura. yvelani
cnobil bioqimikos-fiziologs elodnen.
didi liberali fexze wamodga, xma Caiwminda da Tqva: `Zalian sain-
teresoa es yvelaferi, batono komisaro, da, garkveuli aspeqtiT,
mravlismTqmeli, magram erTi ram mTlad kargad ver gavige. `fiziolo-
giaSi kvlevebisaTvis ufro meti fuli gamoiyofa?~ amis Semdeg kreba
Zalian male damTavrda, komisarma mecnierebs aRuTqva, rom sakmao
fuli gamoiyofoda `rasobrivad sufTa mecnierebebisaTvis~. mxolod
mcireodens eyo gambedaoba oTaxi TavianT ebrael kolegebTan erTad
daetovebina, magram umravlesobam arCia distanciaze yofiliyo am
adamianebisgan, romlebTanac sul ramdenime saaTis win megobroba
akavSirebda~.27

amgvari adamianuri sisusteebi _ unebisyofoba, moraluri sibrmave da

yvelaferze maRla mdgomi egoisturi interesebi _ daSinebis sastik taqti-
kasTan erTad nacistebs SedarebiT uiolebda politikur xelisuflebaSi
sakuTari partiis wevrebis moyvanas.

sazogadoebis transformacia

politikuri Zalis konsolidacia mxolod preludiaa totalitaruli sa-

xelmwifos arsebobis ufro gansakuTrebul safexurze gadasasvlelad _ sa-
xelmwifoSi wamyvani politikuri doqtrinis mixedviT sazogadoebis trans-
formirebis mcdelobis dasawyebad. es safexuri, zogadad, reJimis mier
ekonomikis kontrolsa da saxelmwifos aqtiur dagegmvasa da intervencias
moiTxovs.28 imisTvis, rom gaamarTlos axali sazogadoebrivi wesrigis Seqm-
nis ganzraxva, reJimi xSirad miuTiTebs saqveynod gavrcelebul socialur
usamarTlobaze, romelic yoveli revoluciis Semaferxebelia da ambobs,
rom yovelgvari arastabiluroba qveyanaSi kontrrevolucionerebis, ja-
SuSebisa da diversantebis mieraa mowyobili.
am TvalsazrisiT, totalitaruli reJimebi naTlad avlenen TavianT
idumal maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic erTmniSvnelovnad gamosaxaven im revo-
138 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

luciur moZraobebs, romlidanac Tavad iReben saTaves. karl fridrixma

da zbigniev bJezinskim, am sakiTxebis gamoCenilma mkvlevarebma, totali-
taruli saxelmwifoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eqvsi Tviseba gamoyves.29
TiToeul saxelmwifos gaaCnia sakuTari ideologia, anu politikuri ideebis
wyoba, romelic realobas uaryofs da saxelmwifos qmedebebs gamarTlebas
uZebnis momavali bednieri cxovrebis saxeliT. yvela totalitarul sax-
elmwifos hyavs erTaderTi, ierarqiuli partia, romelic an xelisufle-
bazea gadaxlarTuli, an masze maRla dgas. yvela maTgani endoba saidumlo
policias, romelsac surs da SeuZlia saxelmwifos mtrebis winaaRmdeg
teroris kampania awarmoos. yvela totalitaruli saxelmwifo inarCunebs
mWidro kavSirs SeiaraRebul ZalebTan da organizebuli Zaladobis sxva sa-
SualebebTan. aseve, yvela cdilobs ganaxorcielos monopolia masobrivi
komunikaciis saSualebebze, romelic gamoiyeneba oficialuri propagandis
gasavrceleblad. dabolos, yvela totalitaruli sazogadoeba ekonomikis
centralizebul kontrols axorcielebs, romlis saSualebiTac cdilobs
radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebi gaataros. arsebiTad, totalitaruli
saxelmwifos es maxasiaTeblebi saTaves iRebs revoluciuri moZraobebidan
(lideroba, ideologia, organizacia, propaganda, Zaladoba), romelic axla
ukve saxelmwifos yoveldRiuri administraciisa da transformaciis Semad-
geneli nawili xdeba.
sazogadod, saxelmwifos transformirebis mcdeloba winaswar dadge-
nil ideologiur instruqciebs mihyveba da iSviaTad ganicdis ufro prag-
matuli mosazrebebis gavlenas. am safexurze totalitaruli reJimebi
TavianTi ideologiis erTgulni rCebian da naklebad cdiloben, upasuxon
praqtikul saWiroebebs. stalinis, hitleris, mao Zedunis politikuri kari-
eridan aRebuli magaliTebi am Tvalsazrisis saukeTeso gamoxatulebaa.

stalinis sabWoTa kavSiri

politikuri mtrebis damarcxebis Semdeg, 1928 wels stalinma sabWoTa

ekonomikis koleqtivizaciasa da industrializacias Cauyara safuZveli.
ekonomikaSi misi pirveli xuTwliani gegmiT (1928-1932 ww.) sabWoTa kavSiris
istoriaSi kataklizmebis periodi daiwyo. Semdegi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
milionobiT udanaSaulo adamiani gaagzavnes an daxoces muSaTa banakebSi.
SedarebiT SeZlebul miwaTmflobelTa, e.w. kulakTa mTelma klasma arse-
boba Sewyvita. amas garda, sabWoTa kavSiris soflis meurneobis produqciis
mTeli struqtura radikalurad Seicvala.
imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ratom daatexa stalinma sabWoTa regionebs
aseTi kataklizmebi Tavs, upirveles yovlisa, kargad unda gaviazroT
totalitarul saxelmwifoSi ideologiis gansakuTrebuli roli. stali-
nis pirveli xuTwliani gegma Zalian centralizebuli ekonomikuri sistemis
Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda, raTa sabWoTa ekonomika swrafad ganviTarebuliyo
da mniSvnelovanwilad Zalauflebis politikiT iyo motivirebuli. Tumca,
faqtebi gveubneba, rom stalini amave dros ganviTarebuli industriuli
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 139
sazogadoebis Seqmnis ideologiuri miznis WeSmaritad erTguli gaxldaT,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, marqsizm-leninizmis principebze iyo dafuZnebuli.
am miznis ganxorcieleba marqsizms danarCeni msofliosTvis ara mxolod
saCvenebel magaliTad gaxdida, aramed, agreTve, axladfexadgmul revolu-
cias mtruli `kapitalisturi garemocvisagan~ daicavda. stalinma gadaw-
yvita, rom erTaderTi saSualeba am sagmiro saqmis misaRwevad mZime mrewv-
elobaSi masiuri investireba iqneboda. amavdroulad, mogeba maqsimalurad
unda gamowuruliyo soflis meurneobidan, ruseTis ekonomikis tradici-
uli dasayrdenidan. aq marqsiszm-leninizmis dogma batonobda: fermebis,
cxovelebisa da sawarmoo saSualebebis kerZo mflobeloba unda ganadgure-
buliyo da miwaTmflobeloba `koleqtivizebuli~ gamxdariyo. stalinis
koleqtivizaciis gegmis mixedviT, soflis meurneobis warmoebis didi
nawili did kooperatiul erTeulebSi ganaTavses, romlebsac kolxozebs
(koleqtiur fermebs) eZaxdnen. maTi wevrebi mogebis danatovars iyofdnen
mas Semdeg, rac mosavlis savaldebulo nawils Caabarebdnen saxelmwifos.
savxozebSi (saxelmwifo meurneobebSi), glexebi xelfass iRebdnen.
stalins sjeroda, rom am strategiiT industriis warmoeba gaormag-
debo-da an pirveli xuTwledis ganmavlobaSi sulac samjer gaizrdeboda.
Sedegad, sabWoTa soflis meurneobam koleqtivizacia gaiara, raTa sabWoTa
industrializacia daecva. soflad yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis aRmofxvr-
iTa da koleqtiur fermebSi glexebis SerekviT, saxelmwifos SeeZlo poli-
tikuri kontrolis gazrda da drakonuli sagadasaxado sistemis danergva.
`gadasaxadebi~ am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos sakvebis mwir maragSi Senatanebs
niSnavda, romelic industriuli muSebis mzardi armiis gamosakvebad da im-
portirebuli kapitaluri saqonlis gasastumreblad gamoiyeneboda.
am yvelafris fonze, stalinis koleqtivizaciam, imis miuxedavad, ramde-
nad Zviri jdeboda igi adamianuri sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, kidev ufro civi,
gaTvlili da maxinji ganzomileba SeiZina, sadac moraluri SezRudvebi ar
arsebobda. rodesac gegma ganviTarda, stalini ara imdenad imiT Sewuxda, rom
is bevri adamianis sicocxlis fasad jdeboda, aramed ufro imiT, rom gegmis
Sesrulebas piri ar uCanda. erT-erTi mizezi, Tu ratom ver imuSava am gegmam,
iyo is, rom stalinma gadaWarbebuli zomis ganurCeveli Zaladoba da sisas-
tike gamoiCina. daxoces an gadaasaxles ara mxolod kulakebi, aramed mTeli
glexoba aRgaves miwisagan pirisa. vrceldeboda istoriebi, rogor dalies
stalinis agentebma uzomo raodenobiT arayi da Semdgom mTeli soflebi ga-
dacxriles, raTa qveyanas daundobeli rusuli zamTrisTvis gaeZlo. bevrma
rusma glexma amjobina, nebayoflobiT gadaewva Tavisi mosavali da daexoca
saqoneli, vidre stalinis agentebis miTiTebebi Seesrulebina da maTTan eTa-
namSromla. Sedegi mosalodneli iyo. miuxedavad saxelmwifos yovelgvari
mcdelobisa, industriuli warmoeba Zalian nela viTardeboda, Tu amas saer-
Tod ganviTareba erqva. amasobaSi SimSilma mTeli soflebi gawyvita.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, stalinma ar aRiara piradi damarcxeba. man ub-
ralod ugulebelyo SimSili da ukusvla, romelic misi ekonomikuri poli-
tikiT iyo gamowveuli da imis `dasamtkiceblad,~ rom realurad progresi
mimdinareobda, statistika gaayalba. veravin bedavda es monacemebi kiTxvis
140 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

niSnis qveS daeyenebina. erT-erTi eqspertis TqmiT, `stalinis reJimi daun-

dobeli da Tanmimdevruli iyo: yvela faqti, romelic ar eTanxmeboda an nak-
lebad eTanxmeboda mis Tvalsazriss _ monacemebi marcvleulis mosavalze,
kriminalur viTarebebze, `kontrrevolucionerebis~ namdvil qmedebebze...
ararsebul faqtebad iTvleboda.~30
Tumca, stalini, romelic imaze wuxda, rom misi politika mas axal da
farul mtrebs sZenda, ufro da ufro paranoiduli xdeboda. 1934 wels,
rodesac pirveli xuTwliani gegma arcTu saxarbielo SedegebiT dasrul-
da, sabWoTa diqtatorma gamoacxada, rom man Sors mimavali miznebis mqone
SeTqmuleba aRmoaCina, romelsac ucxoeTis agentebi da kontrrevolucio-
nerebi axorcielebdnen, raTa sabWoTa ruseTSi kapitalizmi aeRorZinebinaT.
am SeTqmulebis Teorias damajerebloba Seemata, rodesac sergei kirovi,
leningradis partiuli organizaciis dinamiuri axalgazrda lideri, 1934
wlis dekemberSi mokles. am incidents sastiki represiebi, uamravi Tavdasx-
ma, moCvenebiTi sasamarTloebi, sikvdiliT dasja da masStaburi gadasaxle-
bebi mohyva. gakvriT iqna naTqvami, rom msxverplTa umetesoba e.w. leningra-
dis centris wevrebi iyvnen.
ra Tqma unda, `leningradis centrs~ arasodes uarsebia da arc stalinis
Camosagdebad gamiznuli gegma moumzadebia vinmes (komunisturi partiis
pirvelma [generalurma _ mTargmn. Sen.] mdivanma nikita xruSCovma 1956 wels
mianiSna, rom stalini Tavad idga kirovis mkvlelobis ukan). Tumca, am `geg-
mam~ stalins uzarmazari Sansi misca imisaTvis, raTa `moRalateebis~, albaT,
yvelaze didi, sisxliani wmenda moewyo istoriaSi. daakaves da daapatimres
leninis Tavdapirveli wris gamoCenili liderebi, e.w. Zveli bolSevikebi.
pirveli fazis dros, romelsac Semdeg didi terori uwodes (1934 wlis ian-
vridan 1936 wlis aprilamde), komunisturi partiis wevrTa raodenoba daax-
loebiT 800 000 kaciT, anu 25 procentiT Semcirda. sabWoTa presa maT kicxav-
da, rogorc `mavneblebs, jaSuSebs, diversantebsa da mkvlelebs, romlebic
partiuli baraTs efarebodnen da bolSevikebad iniRbebodnen~.31
stalinuri wmendebis meore faza (1936-38) gamoirCeoda cnobili saCvene-
beli sasamarTloebiT, sadac Zvel bolSevikebs, partiis maRalCinosan li-
derebs saxalxod asamarTlebdnen da aiZulebdnen aRmaSfoTebeli `aRiare-
bebi~ miecaT. Tumca, sasamarTloebi mxolod aisbergis wveri iyo. 1934 wlis
meCvidmete partiuli yrilobis daaxloebiT 2000 delegatidan 1100-ze meti
(daaxloebiT 56 procenti) 1934-1938 wlebSi daxvrites. yrilobaze damswre
1827 Tanamdebobis mqone delegatidan mxolod 35 procenti daeswro Semd-
gom yrilobas, romelic xuTi wlis Tavze gaimarTa. 1934 wels arCeuli par-
tiis centraluri komitetis 139 wevris samocdaaTi procenti 1938 wlisT-
vis likvidirebuli iyo. 1939 wlisTvis partiis aparati saguldagulod iyo
gawmendili.
wiTel armiaSi igive movlenebi xdeboda. didma terorma Seiwira sabWoTa
kavSiris 5-dan 3 marSali, 16-idan 14 sardali, rvave admirali, 67-dan 60 Sen-
aerTis meTauri da 397 brigadis meTauris daaxloebiT naxevari. amas garda,
81 umaRlesi rangis politikuri komisaridan mxolod 5 gadaurCa wmendas.
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 141

meoce saukunis erT-erTma yvelaze daun-

dobelma diqtatorma ioseb stalinma
(1879-1953) saerTaSoriso komunisturi
revoluciis marqsisa da leniniseul sab-
WoTa models `gadauxvia~, raTa `erT qveya-
naSi daemyarebina socializmi~. miznebisak-
en saval gzaze man masStaburi sikvdiliT
dasja gamoiyena da milionobiT adamiani
monad aqcia gulagebSi (iZulebiTi Sromis
banakSi).

aseve ar daundiaT dawinaurebuli muSebi. 1930-iani wlebis ganmav-

lobaSi stalinma gaatara politika, romelic estafetis saxeliTaa cno-
bili, rodesac sabWoTa muSebis koleqtivizacia samuSao Zalis iZulebiT
gawvevis gziT moxda. samuSao erTeulebi samxedro analogiiT iqmneboda
da muSebi diviziebis msgavsad iyvnen organizebuli. am politikis Sedegad
daibada e.w. gulagis arqipelagi , ukacriel adgilebSi aSenebuli monuri
Sromis banakebi, romelsac sabWoTa saidumlo policia icavda da marTavda,
sadac sazogadoebrivi da politikuri TvalsazrisiT arasasurvel pirebs
cxovrebas aiZulebdnen. gulagis sistemis meSveobiT rkinigzas, arxebsa
da kaSxlebs aSenebdnen moSorebul da Znelad mi sadgom adgilebSi, sadac
muSebi nebiT ar wavidodnen. gamoCenili rusi mwerlis, aleqsandre solJen-
icinis SefasebiT, romelmac banakSi arsebuli cxovreba aRwera, yovel mo-
cemul momentSi am banakebSi daaxloebiT 12 milioni adamiani hyavdaT dap-
atimrebuli, romelTa naxevari politikuri patimari iyo. `zogierTebis
gardacvalebis paralelurad~, SeniSnavs igi, `manqanas maTi Semcvlelebi
moh yavda~.32
dabolos, meore msoflio omis dawyebis win stalini mwvervalze marto
idga. mrewveloba ayvavebuli iyo, magram sabWoTa kavSiri yvelaferi iyo mu-
SaTa samoTxis garda. terorma didi politikuri cvlilebebi moitana, rom-
lis drosac sabWoTa komunisturi partiis istoriis furclebze aRbeWdili
mravali gamoCenili adamiani moRalated gamocxadda da saxalxo sasamarT-
loze warsdga. braldebulTa sia oqtombris revoluciis sapatio monawile-
Ta reestrs hgavda. umaRlesi samxedro xelmZRvaneloba daTxovnil iqna,
partiaSi Tanamdebobis pirTa wmenda moxda da `umweo masebi~ samrewvelo
monobis doneze daiyvanes. marTalia, stalini 1953 wlamde _ sakuTar sikv-
dilamde marTavda qveyanas, magram misi saxeli, pirvelyovlisa, 1930-iani
wlebis sisxlian wmendebTan asocirdeba.
142 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

hitleris germania

mesame raixis dros (1933-45 ww.) nacional-socialisturi (nacisturi)

partiis ideologiis wamyvani Tema ebraelebisa da sxva `sazogadoebrivad
arasasurveli~ pirebis ganadgureba iyo da amis Semdeg `rasobrivad sufTa~
ariuli sazogadoebis Seqmna, romelsac misi damaarsebeli adolf hitleri
ganasaxierebda. rasizmma, romelic hitlers mTeli Tavisi karieris ganmav-
lobaSi akviatebuli hqonda, mas ubiZga germaniis cxovreba mTlianad Seecv-
ala. mis mier nebadarTuli saSualebebi axla ukve cnobilia: sazogadoebis
nacisturi ideologiis safuZvlebiT masobrivi indoqtrinacia; nacisturi
partiis mkacri kontrolis qveS yola. germaniis cxovrebis wamyvan Zalad
gadaqceva da sazogadoebis morCilebis uzrunvelsayofad saidumlo poli-
ciis anu gestapos intensiuri gamoyeneba da ekonomikaze, jarsa da masmedi-
aze centralizebuli kontrolis daweseba.
nacisturi ideologiisa da propagandis meSveobiT germanel xalxs Cau-
nerges ebraelebis dasjis, omis saWiroebisa da sazogadoebis radikaluri
transformaciis idea. germanuli cxovrebis yvela aspeqti politizirebul
iqna gestaposa da SS-is teroris taqtikiTa da saxelmwifos mier mxardaWer-
ili `kulturuli revoluciis~ meSveobiT, romelic gulisxmobda yvela
im xelovanis, Jurnalistisa da mecnieris likvidacias, romelTa politi-
kuri azris ndoba ar SeiZleboda. axali samTavrobo uwyebebi, maT Soris
raixis literaturis, presis, mauwyeblobis, Teatris, musikisa da saxviTi
xelovnebis palatebi erTaderT mizans emsaxureboda, moexdina `saxifaTo~
werilobiTi an mxatvruli gamovlinebebis cenzura-gafiltvra.
musikis sferoSi germanuli xalxuri musika Caenacvla `dekadentur~ Ta-
namedrove da klasikur musikas, romelTa avtorebi iyvnen ebrauli warmo-
Sobis kompozitorebi, magaliTad, feliqs mendelsoni da gustav maleri.
aseve dagmobil iqna Tanamedrove mxatvrobac. nacistebis mmarTvelobisas
arc li teratura iyo ukeTes dReSi. mesame raixis erT-erTi istorikosis
karl ditrih braxeris TqmiT:

dausruleblad dgeboda Savi siebi da istoria Tavidan iwereboda...

biblioTekebisa da wignebis maRaziebis `gawmenda~ garkveul prob-
lemebs qmnida, magram germanuli literaturis ganadgureba da TviT-
ganadgureba ramdenime TveSi iqna miRweuli pirvelxarisxovani mw-
erlebis meore da mesame xarisxovani mjRabnelebiT CanacvlebiTa da
saukeTeso mwerlebis garesamyarosTan kavSiris xelis SeSliT.33

xelovnebaze nacistebis Seteva imis maCvenebeli iyo, sadamde SeeZlo

hitlers wasvla, raTa nacisturi Rirebulebebis propaganda momxdariyo.
Tumca, germanuli cxovrebis verc erTma sferom ver gamoxata hitleris
Tavdadeba axali momavlisadmi ise, rogorc es saskolo sistemaSi moxda.
rogorc braxerma aRniSna, `nacional-socializmis mcdeloba Tavidanve
mimarTuli iyo totalitaruli politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani instru-
mentebis _ propagandisa da ganaTlebis mimarTulebiT~.34
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 143

nacisturi partiis ideologiis wamyvani Tema iyo ebraelTa da sxva `sazogadoe-

brivad arasasurvelTa~ ganadgureba da Semdgom `rasobrivad gawmendili~ ariu-
li eris Seqmna. 1933-1945 ww. nacistur sikvdilis banakebSi daaxloebiT 6 milioni
evropeli ebraeli daiRupa.

nacisturi saganmanaTlebo politika sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT ganx-

orcielda. Tavdapirvelad, skolis administratorebi da maswavleblebi,
romlebic eWvmitanilebi iyvnen hitleris, nacizmis an nacisturi `reformis~
mimarT winaaRmdegobis gawevaSi, dauyovnebliv gaTavisufldnen dakavebuli
Tanamdebobebidan. amis Semde, yvela akademiuri sagani gaiJRenTa ideolo-
giuri SinaarsiT. istoria gadaiqca `rasobriv istoriad~, biologia gardai-
qmna `rasobriv biologiad~ da a.S. yvela sagani ise Seicvala, rom maTSi hit-
leris antisemituri rasobrivi Teoriebi asaxuliyo. dRe ar gaivlida, rom
moswavleebisaTvis is sazareli rasobrivi Teoriebi ar eqadagaT, romlebic
nacistur politikur wyobilebas amarTlebdnen. xSirad es Teoriebi gada-
jaWvuli iyo samxedro Zlierebis istoriebTan. faqtobrivad, yvela akademi-
uri sagans laitmotivad gasdevda ari elebis CamorCenil rasebze triumfis
idea. dabolos, nacistebma daaarses specialuri skolebi, sadac partiis mo-
maval elitas wvrTnidnen, maT Soris samxedro liderebs, partiul muSakebsa
da saxelmwifo moxeleebs. moswavleebi am skolebSi asakobrivi jgufisa da
karieruli interesebis mixedviT iricxebodnen. magaliTad, adolf hitler-
is skolebSi swavlobdnen Tormetidan Tvramet wlamde axalgazrdebi, visac
partiuli funqcioneroba surda. zogadad rom vTqvaT, yvela specskola
garkveuli saxis ZiriTad kursebs aswavlida (magaliTad, rasobriv istoria-
sa da biologias) da aqcents samxedro varjiSebze akeTebda (amis magaliTia
`saxelganTqmuli~ hitleruli axalgazrdoba).
nacisturi saganmanaTleblo programa Zalze warmatebuli gamodga.
erTi avtoritetuli pirovnebis azriT, `reJimis winaSe maswavleblebisa
da mSoblebis kapitulaciis paralelurad axalgazrdebis indoqtrinaciac
144 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

warmatebulad midioda. axalgazrdobas, romelic heroikul legendebsa da

Sav-TeTr ferebad gamartivebul samyaros suraTs advilad ijerebda, re-
Jimis gansacvifrebel xatebas gadascemdnen.~35 axalgazrdebis ganaTlebas
aZlierebda kargad dagegmili zar-zeimebi da ceremoniebi: `adreuli bavS-
vobidan maT aswavlidnen droSis awevas, aRlumebSi monawileobis miRebas,
qveynis masStabiT xorcieldeboda skolebze mauwyebloba, bavSvebi dahya-
vdaT salaSqrod.~36 STagoneba, propaganda da ara terori gaxda is instru-
mentebi, romlis meSveobiT mesame raixis bavSvebs axal wyobas aziarebdnen.
savaraudod, yvelaze metad amgvari masobrivi STagonebis programam Se-
saZlebeli gaxada is, rom hitleri atarebda sastik rasobriv politikas,
romlis kulminaciac holokosti iyo. Zalauflebis mopovebis Semdeg, hitl-
erma antiebrauli politika etapebad ganaxorciela, romelTagan TiToeuli
winaze ufro radikaluri iyo.37 pirvelad daiwyo imis gansazRvra, vin iyo
ebraeli. amis Semdeg reJimma daiwyo ebraelebis germanuli cxovrebidan
izolaciis kampania da maTi qonebis eqspropriacia. Semdgom, yvela ebraeli,
romelmac qveyana 1933-1938 wlebSi ar datova, germanuli sazogadoebidan
ZaliT gamoacalkeves da cnobil sakoncentracio banakebSi gaagzavnes. maso-
brivi deportacia win uswrebda meoTxe da saboloo etaps: yvela ebraeli ka-
cis, qalisa da bavSvis ganadgurebas, viszec xeli miuwvdeboda mesame raixs.
im dros, rodesac 1930-ian wlebSi antiebrauli politika Zalas ikref-
da germaniaSi, hitlerma germanuli sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela elementi
Tavisi mkvlelobebis sqemaSi CarTo. biurokratia antiebraul brZanebebs
adgenda da ganadgurebis procesisTvis aucilebel logistikur process
gegmavda. germanuli biznesi sargeblobda ebrauli qonebiTa da sakoncen-
tracio banakebSi iZulebiTi muSaxeliT. maSin, rodesac germania aRmosavle-
TiT miwebs ipyrobda, armiis specdanayofebi mTlianad CaerTvnen mkvlelo-
bis operaciebis yvela aspeqtSi. dabolos, Tavad nacisturi partiis ierarqia
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda ganadgurebis mTliani programis dagegmvasa
da warmarTvaSi. partiis naxevrad gasamxedroebuli organo SS-i realurad
xelmZRvanelobda sasikvdilo banakebSi daxocvis operaciebs.
hitlerisTvis meore msoflio omi iyo SesaZlebloba, rom mTel evropa-
Si gaevrcelebina misi xedva wminda ariuli germaniis Sesaxeb. adrindeli
tiranebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic oms teritoriis, Zalauflebis an
didebis siyvarulis gamo awarmoebdnen, hitleris motivacias radikalu-
rad axal da revoluciur sazogadoebaze ocneba warmoadgenda. ase rom,
maSinac ki, rodesac germaniis armia da mesame raixi damarcxebis piras iyo,
hitleri kidev ufro Sors wavida ebraelebis ganadgurebis TvalsazrisiT.
sabolood, daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraeli iqna mokluli. adre ar-
sebuli rasobrivad motivirebuli politikuri mkvlelobebi daCrdila ho-
lokostis barbarosobam, romlis Semoqmedi adolf hitleri `gabatonebuli
rasis~ Camoyalibebas da Tavis warmosaxva-Si arsebuli groteskuli samyaros
Seqmnas cdilobda.
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 145

maos GineTi

CineTSi mao Zedunis xelisuflebaSi mosvla revoluciuri brZolis epi-

kuri magaliTia _ WeSmaritad masobrivi moZraoba Rarib sazogadoebaSi,
sadac glexoba did umravlesobas Seadgenda. oc welze met xans (1927-49)
mao sastik `erovnuli gaTavisuflebis oms~ awarmoebda gomindanis CineTis
erovnuli partia _ mTargmn. Sen.) winaaRmdeg, romelsac Can kai-Si xelmZR-
vanelobda, xolo meore msoflio omis dros _ iaponiis winaaRmdeg. 1930-
iani wlebis Sua xanebSi mao iyo legendaruli Setevis lideri, romlis dro-
sac partizanebis cudad gawvrTnilma razmma 6000 milis manZilze daipyro,
daatyveva an gaanadgura Canis mravalricxovani da ukeT aRWurvili naciona-
luri armia. 1949 wlisTvis, rodesac man sabolood moigo ukanaskneli gad-
amwyveti brZola da CineTis xelmZRvaneli gaxda, mao Zedunis `klasobrivi
brZola~ CineTis masebis saxeliT or aTwleulze mets iTvlida.
mao ara marto Tavisi revoluciuri gmirobiT amayobda, aramed Tavisi
politikuri azrovnebiTac. im droisTvis mis `wiTel wignSi~ Setanilma
`Tavmjdomare maos azrebma~ Cinur sazogadoebaSi wminda werilis statusi
SeiZina. misma xedvam axali, uklaso saxelmwifosa da samagaliTo komunisti
kadrebisa da amxanagebis Sesaxeb, romelTac zneobrivad gadaxalisebuli
sazogadoeba unda ganesaxierebinaT, dasabami misca radikalur politikas,
romelsac icnoben saerTo saxeliT _ maoizmi.
marTalia, maos msoflmxedveloba marqsizmis ZiriTadma postulatebma
Camoayaliba, magram 1920-ian wlebSi CineTi preindustriuli sazogadoeba
iyo realuri proletariatis (sawarmoSi momuSave) an `monopolisti kapi-
talistis~ gareSe, romelic marqsma `kapitalSi” aRwera. Cineli glexobis
ubedureba fabrikebis bosebi ki ar iyvnen, aramed xarbi miwaTmflobelebi
da biurokratebi, romelTac statusk vos, TavianTi Zalauflebisa da privi-
legiebis SenarCuneba aRelvebdaT. Cagruli umravlesobis gasaTavisufle-
blad xelisuflebaSi myofni unda CamoegdoT. maos sjeroda, rom amgvari
istoriuli misiis gansaxorcieleblad, aucilebeli iyo `qvemodan~ Zalado-
brivi revoluciis mowyoba. `politikuri Zalaufleba~, werda igi, `Tofis
lulidan amodis.~38
marqsizmis Cinur realobasTan adaptirebisas (anu `sinifikaciisas~) mao
adidebda didi xnis manZilze Cagrul Cinel glexobas, romelsac komunistu-
ri Rirsebebis matarebel modelad ganixilavda. misi azriT, Cineli glexebi
`Raribebi da sufTebi~ iyvnen. maos sjeroda, rom vinaidan isini arasodes
garyvnilan `burJuaziuli materializmiT~ da didi qalaqebis dekadansiT,
maTi samagaliTo komunistebad gardaqmna ufro advili iyo, vidre maTi qa-
laqeli daxvewili TanamoZmeebisa. amgvarad, maom glexebi utopiuri, uklaso
sazogadoebis qvakuTxedad aqcia, sadac eqspluatacia arasodes moxdeba da
masebi harmoniasa da TanasworobaSi mdidrad icxovreben.
am didebuli xedviT aRWurvilma maom 1949 wlis Semdeg CineTi erTgvar
socialur laboratoriad aqcia. postrevoluciur wlebSi CineTis komu-
nisturi partia da CineTis armia bihevioristul da biologiur inJineriaSi
grandiozul eqsperimentebs atarebdnen. pirveli nabiji moicavda masobrivi
146 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

kampaniis warmoebas specifikuri borotebebis aRmosafxvrelad an imgvari

arasasurveli socialuri elementebis gasanadgureblad, rogorebic iyvnen
miwaTmflobelebi, kontrrevolucionerebi da e.w. banditebi. am `gadasamza-
debel kampaniebs~ Tan axlda yovlismomcveli miwis reformis programa,
romelic sabolood CineTis soflis meurneobis mTliani koleqtivizaciiT
dasrulda. rogorc wesi, rTulad gasatarebeli miwis reforma masobrivi
propagandisa da fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis TanxlebiT ganxorcielda.
1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi daiwyo stalinuri gegmis msgavsi indus-
trializacia.
maos mmarTvelobaSi erTmaneTs enacvleboda Tavisuflebisa da repre-
siebis periodebi. 1956 wels, magaliTad, man gamoacxada asi yvavilis kampan-
ia, romelic mkacri socialuri wesrigis Serbilebas hpirdeboda mosaxleo-
bas. rogorc partiis maRalCinosanma maSin ganacxada, `CineTis komunisturi
partia cdilobs, rom asi yvavili ayvavdes ganaTlebuli muSebisaTvis da
Seecdeba asi skola waaxalisos samecniero sferoSi... damoukidebeli az-
rovneba, Tavisufali debatebi, Tavisufali Semoqmedeba da kritika, adami-
anis mier sakuTari azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis ufleba~.39 ise Canda, rom
TviT partiis xelmZRvanelobis SezRuduli doziT kritikac nebadarTuli
iqneboda.

Can kai-Sis kgomindanis winaaRmdeg erovnuli gaTavisuflebis warmatebuli

omis garda, maos mmarTveloba 1949-1976ww. rogorc socialuri eqsperiment-
ebis siuxvis, aseve politikuri represiebis periodebiT xasiaTdeboda.

Sedegma, mao gaakvirva. mTeli qveynis masStabiT oficialur politikas

akritikebdnen. saxalxo protesti da antipartiuli demonstraciebi gamor-
Ceulad kritikuli iyo pekinis universitetsa da sxva umaRles saswavlo
dawesebulebebSi mTeli CineTis masStabiT. daiwyo gaficvebi da mcire aja-
nyebebi. Tavdapirvelad frTxilad gamoTqmuli gansxvavebuli azrebi ufro
xmamaRali gaxda. partiis Tanamdebobis pirebze calkeuli Tavdasxmebic
moxda. asi yvavilis nacvlad, aTasobiT `sarevelam~ gaixara CineTis baRSi.
maT amosaZirkvad mZlavri kampania daiwyo. partiis oficialurma saxalxo
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 147
yoveldRiurma gazeTma saxis SesanarCuneblad ganmarteba gaavrcela, rom
asi yvavilis mTeli kampania saxelmwifos mtrebis gareT gamosatyueblad
Catarda.
retroperspeqtivaSi asi yvavilis kampania ubralo moTelva iyo maos
didi naxtomis win (1957-60ww.). didi naxtomi atyorcnis gamorCeuli mcd-
eloba iyo _ CineTi, masobrivi mobilizaciis saSualebiT, `sruli komuniz-
mis~ safexurze unda aetyorcnaT.
maom wamoiwyo ssazogadoebrivi transformaciis programa, romelic im
rwmenaze iyo dafuZnebuli, rom adamianis nebisyofas SeuZlia obieqtur mov-
lenebze gaimarjvos, rac, Tavis mxriv, CineTSi gavrcelebuli siRaribidan,
gaunaTleblobisa da garemoze damokidebulebidan iRebda saTaves.
CineTis cnobili amerikeli mkvlevaris jon king ferbenkis Tvalsaz-
risiT:

1958 wels didi naxtomis strategiis ganviTareba iyo is, risi mofiqre-
bac partizanebs SeeZloT. maT iswavles kampaniis warmoeba da xalxis
mobilizeba, raTa im konkretuli socialuri miznebisTvis mieRwiaT,
romlebic omSi poziciebis dakavebas waagavda _ samxedro terminolo-
giis gamoyeneba aq swored rom upriania. kampaniis mTeli meqanizmi axla
ukve ekonomikuri transformaciisken, soflis meurneobisa da warmoe-
bis erTdrouli ganviTarebisken, dualizmis strategiis anu rogorc
mao ambobda `or fexze siarulisken~ iyo mimarTuli, raTa daenergaT
Tanamedrove warmoebis procesebi da mieRwiaT ganviTarebisTvis... Ci-
neTis komunistur partias surda CineTis soflebis CamorCenilobiTa
da damatebiTi muSaxeliT sargebloba. maoistebs swamdaT, rom ide-
ologiuri motivacia ekonomikur Sedegebs moitanda, rom axali su-
liskveTeba materialuri waxalisebis gareSe gamoiyenebda adamianuri
energiis aqamde auTvisebel resursebs.40

didi naxtomis yvelaze ufro naTeli da dramatuli simbolo uTvalavi

komunis daarseba iyo, romlebic SedarebiT did, damoukidebel da TviTk-
mar socialur, ekonomikur da administraciul erTeulebs warmoadgendnen.
komunalurma miwebma STanTqa kerZo sakuTreba, magaliTad, qvabi, tafa da
sxva saojaxo nivTebi saerTo moxmarebis nivTebad gadaiqca. amas garda, fer-
benki SeniSnavs:

bevri glexi garkveul dros uzarmazar mouwesrigebel derefanSi Wam-

da saWmels. yvela muSa kontroldeboda. yvela valdebuli iyo TveSi
28 dRe emuSava, bavSvebs dRisiT ZiZebTan tovebdnen. es yvelaferi Za-
lian efeqtiani unda yofiliyo soflisTvis, mTeli muSaxeli, maT So-
ris qalebi, mzad unda yofiliyvnen sruli datvirTviT emuSavaT.41

ratom damkvidrda gansakuTrebuli sazomebi, romlebic maos grandio-

zul koncefciasTan asocirdeboda? ferbenkis TqmiT: `imedi hqondaT, rom
Sedegad aSendeboda soflis meurneobaze dafuZnebuli qalaqebi, sadac
148 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

is gaproletarebuli glexebi icxovrebdnen, romlebic sakuTari miwidan

iyvnen amoZirkvulni~ _ amasTan, arsebobda zogadi Sexeduleba, rom saxelm-
wifos unda gaezarda muSaxelze kontroli da Seecvala glexebis damokide-
bulebebi.42
swrafi naxtomi gadaiqca totalur saSinelebad, radgan Tavadac cu-
dad mofiqrebuli iyo da bunebac, rogorc Canda, xels ar uwyobda. 1950-iani
wlebis bolos da 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, CineTma sakvebis didi naklebo-
ba da mousavlianoba ganicada. mxolod 1960 wels qveynis mTliani erovnuli
produqti erTi mesamediT Semcirda. momdevno aTwleulis pirvel xanebSi
maos Zalaufleba da gavlena SedarebiT Sesustda. Tumca, es amosunTqvis mx-
olod mcire periodi iyo.
1966-1969 wlebSi diadma proletarulma kulturulma revoluciam
CineTis sazogadoeba Zirfesviand Searyia. danarCeni samyarosTvis es rev-
olucia saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze araordinaluri movlena iyo. is maos
yvelaze ambiciuri mcdeloba gaxldaT, romlis mizanic revuliciuri su-
liskveTebis gacocxlebaSi, burJuaziuli kapitalizmisa da CineTis relig-
iur-kulturuli tradiciis Zirfesvianad aRmofxvraSi mdgomareobda.
kulturuli revolucia ori etapad warimarTa: pirvel etapze CineTis
cxovrebaSi arsebuli yovelgvari `dekadenturis~ Camorecxva moxda. am
mizniT, maom yvela skola daxura da Tavis axalgazrda mimdevrebs, romelT-
ac wiTel gvardias uwodebdnen, mouwoda biurokratiuli xelisuflebisa
da damkvidrebuli privilegiebis bastionze ieriSi mietanaT. mTeli qveynis
masStabiT milionobiT maoisti axalgazrdis mier mowyobili gamosvlebi
mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi aSinebda da arTobda garesamyaros. Tumca, im
droisTvis, rodesac qaosi da dabneuloba dasrulda, revoluciis am fazam
miaRwia imas, rac maos ganzraxuli hqonda: wiTelma gvardiam `respublikis
biurokratiuli institutebis umravlesoba daangria da maT xelisuflebasa
da gamocdilebas Zala daukarga~.43 wmendebma, sajaro damcirebebma, dasjam
da marTulma anarqiam xalxi gatanja. taZrebi da istoriuli simdidreebi ga-
nadgurebuli iyo, iseve, rogorc partia, mTavroba da SeiraRebuli Zalebi.
mosalodneli iyo, rom kulturuli revoluciis meore etapi nakleb
warmatebuli iqneboda, vidre pirveli. meore etapisagan gansxvavebiT,
pirveli metwilad negatiuri iyo im gagebiT, rom mis mizans arsebul sazoga-
doebriv da politikur wesrigSi erTgvari arasasurvili elementebis ga-
nadgureba warmoadgen-da. meore etapi pozitiuri qmedebisaken mouwodebda,
raTa warsuli wyoba axliTa da ukeTesiT Secvliliyo. samwuxarod, ekonomi-
ka, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi, Zlier Seryeuli iyo. skolebi, romelic maos
axali revoluciuri wyobisaTvis daixura, aRar gaxsnila Tveebis an wlebis
ganmavlobaSi. Sedegad, Cineli axalgazrdobis mTelma Taobam ver SeiZina
is codna da unarebi, romlebic qveynis ganviTarebad ekonomikas aserigad
sWirdeboda.
kulturuli revoluciis saboloo fasis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. Tum-
ca erTi faqti naTelia: maos dauRalavi mcdeloba, daemtkicebina, rom ada-
mianis buneba ukiduresad moqnili iyo da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis sru-
lyofac dausruleblad SeiZleboda, politikuri realobis kldovan napirs
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 149
Seejaxa. 1976 wels misi sikvdiliT Tanamedrove samyaros politikuri isto-
riis unikaluri Tavi dasrulda.

totalitarizmis nairsaxeobebi

stalinuri ruseTis, hitleruli germaniisa da maos CineTis garda, arse-

boben sxva totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa dasaxeleba da Seswavla
upriania. marTalia, am naklebtotalitaruli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba
gaqra an reJimebis mmarTveloba ufro Serbilda, magram maTi saqmianobis
Sedegad saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi Rrma Wrilobebi da rTuli memkvidreoba
darCa.
pol poti kambojas (saxeli gadaerqva da kampuCia ewoda) 1975-dan 1979
wlamde marTavda. is da misi momxreebi cdilobdnen radikalurad gansxvavebu-
li sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelic glexobidan SerCeuli kadrebis sada da
spartanul cxovrebaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. Zveli wyobilebis yvela na-
kvalevi, dawyebuli kalendridan da dasrulebuli ojaxiT, ganadgurda.
pol potma 1978 weli `nulovan wlad~ gamoacxada, rac absurdi iyo, magram
erTgvarad Seesabameboda im Sedegs, rac misi xanmokle mmarTvelobis bolos
miiRo qveyanam: am wlebSi daixoca 2 milioni kambojeli (7.5 milioniani mo-
saxleobidan). isini wmendebis, SimSilis an gasamarTlebis msxverplni gaxd-
nen.
totalitari mmarTvelis meore magaliTia eTiopieli mengistu haile ma-
riami, romelic qveyanas 1970-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan 1991 wlis maisamde
meTaurobda. mengistu saxelmwifos reorganizacias xalxis diviziebSi
gaerTianebiTa da ltolvilTa banakebSi ganTavsebiT Seecada, raTa mTav-
robas maTi intensiu-ri TvalTvalis, propagandis da STagonebis saSualeba
miscemoda. misma mcdelobebma qveynis soflis meurneoba daangria da SimSi-
li gamoiwvia. marTalia, dasavleTma scada eTiopiaSi bavSvebs sakvebiT dax-
mareboda, magram Tavad eTiopiis mTavroba am sakiTxiT aSkarad naklebad iyo
dainteresebuli. maSin, rodesac misi xalxi SimSilobda, mengistu pompezur
samxedro aRlumebs atarebda, xorbals mezobel saxelmwifoebze yidda da
miRebul Semosavals iaraRis Sesyidvaze xarjavda. 1991 wlis maisSi, roca
misi mTvroba ajanyebulebis koaliciurma Zalebma alyaSi moamwyvdies, men-
gistu qveynidan gaiqca.
totalitari mmarTvelebi mTel msoflioSi modiodnen xelisuflebis sa-
TaveSi. fidel kastro, romelic 1959 wlidan kubis lideria, yvelaze xangrZ-
livadaa am Tanamdebobaze. [2008 wels, janmrTelobis gauaresebis gamo, fi-
del kastrom qveynis prezidentis posti Tavis Zmas raul kastros gadasca.
mTargmn. SeniSvna.] 1994 wlamde CrdiloT koreas rkiniseburi xeliT mar-
Tavda kim ir seni da misi sikvdilis Semdeg es qveyana kvlav totalitarul
saxelmwifod darCa. aziaSi bevrgan, magaliTad CineTsa da vietnamSi, kvlav
iyeneben arademokratiul, adreuli totalitaruli reJimebis meTodebs.
150 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

1979 wlis ianvris revoluciis Semdeg aia-

Tola ruhola xomeinis (1900-1989) xelmZR-
vanelobiT irani Teokratiad gardaiqmna,
romelic funda-mentalisturi Siituri mus-
limuri principebiT imarTeboda.

rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi ukve aRiniSna, totalitaruli reJimebi sxv-

adasxva formas iReben, amis magaliTia iranis fanatikuri memarjvene fun-
damentalisti lideri aiaTola ruhola xomeini (1979-89). xomeinim irani
Teokratiad gardaqmna, mmarTvelobad, romelic religiazea dafuZnebuli da
romelsac sasuliero pirebi xelmZRvaneloben. sabolood iranSi cxovrebis
arc erTi aspeqti ar darCenila mTavrobis kontrols miRma. maswavleble-
bi, saxelmZRvaneloebi, ganaTleba, garToba, samarTlebrivi sistema, arSi-
yoba da seqsualuri qcevac ki fundamentalistur islamur Sexedulebebs
daumorCiles. reJimma omi gamoucxada sajaro moxeleebs, inteleqtualebs,
saSualo klasis profesionalebsa da mewarmeebs da yvela maT, vinc Tanam-
drove dasavluri cxovrebis wess da kulturas aRiarebda.
xomeneis iranma totalitarul mmarTvelobasTan asocirebuli mravali
Tviseba gamoamJRavna: sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcdeloba, diqtatura, ro-
melic usityvo erTgulebas, morCilebasa da Tavganwirvas moiTxovda, yov-
lismomcveli kredo, romelic awesrigebda, xsnida da asabuTebda saxelmwifos
qmedebebs, presis cenzura da saidumlo policia, saCvenebli sasamarTloebi,
dasja da wminda omebi. iranis magaliTi kargad aCvenebs, rom totalitarulma
reJimebma, demokratiulisa da tradiciuli diqtatorulis msgavsad, SeiZle-
ba msoflios sxvadasx-va wertilSi sxvadasxva saxe miiRon, magram amavdrou-
lad hqondeT saerTo arsi.

totalitarizmis usaxelo msxverplni

totalitarul reJimebs erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli

miznebi da saSualebebi aqvT. Tuki amgvari saxelmwifoebis miznebi xSirad
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 151
RvTivkurTxeulad aris warmodgenili, am miznebis misaRwevad gamoyenebuli
saSualebebi _ institucionalizebuli dasja, wmenda da genocidebi _ eS-
makiseulia. mravali damkvirveblis azriT, nacisturi germaniis sasikvdilo
banakebi da stalinuri ruseTis samuSao banakebi meoce saukunis totalita-
rizmis arss ganasaxiereben. es faqtebi gviCvenebs, rogori warmoudgeneli
saSinelebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes totalitaruli diqtaturis mmarTv-
elobisas, radgan mTavrobas araferi upirispirdeba Zaladobisa da Tundac
TviTganadgurebis ukiduresi formebis gzaze.
totalitarul represiebis adamianuri msxverplis mokrZalebul Sefase-
bebs gvTavazobs politologi s.u. kasineli hitleris, stalinisa da maos
miseul SedarebiT analizSi. kasinelis TqmiT, `sami revoluciis saxeliT,
daaxloebiT, 110 milioni adamiani daiRupa, xolo fizikuri da fsiqologi-
uri tanjva, romelic maT gamoiwvies, adamianur warmodgenas scildeba.~44
kasinelis TqmiT, es cifri, romelic meore msoflio omis msxverplsac
moicavs, SesaZloa, realurad naklebi iyos.45 Semdgom mopovebulma mtkice-
bulebebma misi eWvebi daadastura. Tumca, kasinelis mier dasaxelebuli ra-
odenoba orzec rom gavyoT, monacemebi mainc gansacvifrebelia.
omSi daRupulTa ricxvma `germaniasa da avstriaSi 6 milions miaRwia,
xolo sabWoTa kavSirSi _ 20 milions da erTad aRebul danarCen evropul
saxelmwifoebSi _ 10 milions, rac jamSi 36 milioni gamodis.~46 hitleris
politikam daaxloebiT 6 milioni evropeli ebraelis daxocva gamoiwvia,
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT araebraelebze, romelTac hitleri `sazogadoe-
brivad arasasurvelad~ miiCnevda. mTlianobaSi, pirdapir Tu iribad adolf
hitleris politikas daaxloebiT 42 milioni adamiani Seewira.
1917 wlis ruseTis revolucia da misi Semdgomi periodi aranaklebi
msxverpliT gamoirCeoda. 1918-1923 wlebSi daaxloebiT 3 milioni sabWoTa
moqalaqe daiRupa tifis, dizinteriisa da qoleris Sedegad, daaxloebiT
9 milionze meti ugzoukvlod daikarga. mravali maTgani 1921 wels Zlieri
gvalvebis gamoc daiRupa, magram umravlesobis sikvdilis mizezi pirdapir
Tu iribad, politika iyo.
1920-iani wlebis bolos stalinis titanuri industrializaciis peri-
odSi kulakebi, rogorc klasi, ganadgurda. amas garda, meore damRupveli
SimSilobis periodi daiwyo 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. Tu koleqtiviza-
ciis adreuli etapis msxverplT SimSiliT gardacvlilebs davamatebT,
1929-1934 wlebSi daRupulTa ricxvi ramdenime mi lions aRwevs.
Tumca, yvelaze didi saSineleba jer kidev win iyo. 1934 wlis Semdeg, stali-
nis masobrivi wmendebi _ istoriis, albaT, yvelaze sisxliani terori _ gadaiz-
arda 1 milioni sabWoTa moqalaqis mkvlelobaSi da damatebiT 2 milionma `kla-
sobrivma mterma~ suli dalia cimbirSi arsebul iZulebiT samuSao banakebSi. arc
1938 wlis didi wmendebis Semdeg dasrulebula politikuri angariSsworebebi,
ramac meore msoflio omTan erTad, sabWoTa sazogadoebas uzarmazari Zala
daakargvina. kasinelis gamoTvlebiT, 1938-dan 1950 wlamde iZulebiT samuSao
banakebsa da cixeebSi, savaraudod, 12 milioni adamiani mokvda. mTlianobaSi
stalini (da SedarebiT naklebi xarisxiT lenini) pasuxismgebelia milionobiT
udanaSaulo daucveli moqalaqis sikvdilSi, romelTaTvisac `revoluciuri
152 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

samarTali~ samuSao banakebSi nel sikvdils an sadamsjelo aTeulis mier nas-

rol tyvias niSnavda.
maoisturi revolucia, msxverplTa raodenobis mixedviT, ufro `mokrZa-
lebulad~ gamoiyureba, vidre nacisturi an sabWoTa revoluciebi, Tumca,
1927-1949 wlebSi, CineTSi daaxloebiT 50 000 adamiani daiRupa. maTi sikvdi-
lis faqtebi, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebuli iyo komunisturi kontrolis
qveS moqceul teritoriebze miwis mflobelebisa da mdidari glexebis ga-
nadgurebasTan.
1949 wels komunistebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan 1957 wlis `didi
naxto-mis~ programamde araerTi masobrivi kampania daiwyo kontrrevolu-
ciuri ZalebTan sabrZolvelad. kasinelis TqmiT:

1949 wlidan 1952 wlamde mimdinare miwis reformis programam ueWve-

lia, rom ramdenime milioni `miwismflobeli~ da msgavsi kategoriis
adamiani Seiwira. kontrrevolucionerebis winaaRmdeg 1951-52 wlebSi
warmoebuli kampaniis gamo, damatebiT milionnaxevari adamiani daiRu-
pa; banditebis ganadgurebis kampaniis dros, romlis mizans fizikuri
winaaRmdegobis saboloo gatexva warmoadgenda, 1949-dan 1956 wlamde
uamravi adamiani daiRupa. 1951-53 wlebSi `sami anti~ da `xuTi anti~ kam-
paniebis da 1958-59 wlebSi anti-memarjvene kampaniis Sedegad uamravi
mkvleloba moxda. dabolos, 1957-dan 1967 wlamde soflis meurneobis
koleqtivizacias Tan axlda mniSvnelovani danakargebi. zusti infor-
macia ar arsebobs da saxalxo respublikis pirvel aTwleulSi adami-
anuri danakargebis Sesaxeb xSirad informirebuli pirebis varaudebic
naklebia. daaxloebiT 12 milioni sicocxle mokrZalebuli, magram re-
alisturi Sefasebaa.47

es monacemebi ar exeba gaWirvebisa da qonebis dakargviT gamowveul sikv-

dilianobas, romelic yvelaze xSiri iyo 1950-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli
`didi naxtomis~ dros xalxis sacxovrebeli adgilidan ayrisas.
`kulturuli revolucia~ (1966-69) CineTis istoriis kidev erTi sis-
xliani epizodi iyo, Tumca, daRupulTa zusti monacemebis mopoveba Seu-
Zlebelia. gacilebiT didi iyo CineTis gulagis sistemis Sedegad gamowveu-
li danakargi. savaraudod, 15 milioni adamiani daiRupa iZulebiT samuSao
banakebSi araadamianuri mopyrobis Sedegad. roca kasineli politikur mkv-
lelobebs ajamebs da mas `sxvadasxva mizeziT gardacvlil 1 milions am-
atebs~, is gansacvifrebel monacemamde midis: `daaxloebiT 33.5 milioni.~48
marTalia, am ricxvis Semowmeba SeuZlebelia, magram is arsebul faqtebs See-
sabameba. TviT is faqti, rom aRniSnuli ricxvi daujerebeli ar Cans, metyve-
lebs amgvari mkvlelobebis masStabebze.
rogorc wesi, totalitarul reJimebs ar surT imis aRiareba, rom nebis-
mieri mizani _ zneobrivi Tu uzneo _ politikurad miuRwevelia. SesaZloa,
swored am Zalze mcdari koncefciebis Semowmebis surviliT aixsnas is paTo-
logiuri Zaladoba, romliTac totalitaruli mmarTveloba gamoirCeva.
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 153

totalitaruli reJimebis sicocxlisunarianoba

adgili ar gveyofa imisaTvis, rom srulad aRvweroT meoce saukunis yve-

la totalitaruli reJimis mier Cadenili Zaladoba da despotizmi. Tumca,
mniSvnelovania gaviazroT, rom omebSi, revoluciebsa da sistematur sa-
xelmwifo terorSi monawileobiT, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi pirda-
pir Tu iribad pasuxismgeblebi arian adamianTa uzarmazari raodenobis
sikvdilsa da wamebaSi.
totalitaruli reJimebi xSirad xmamaRla acxadebdnen pretenzias Ta-
vianTi arsebobis xangrZlivobasa da sicocxlisunarianobaze. magaliTad,
hitleri Tavis imperias aTaswlovans eZaxda. ufro da ufro meti samxili ar-
sebobs imis savaraudod, rom totalitaruli reJimebis arseboba xanmoklea.
isini scenaze dramatulad Cndebian, Semdeg Zalian maleve sakuTar Tavs
amowuraven xolme. yvelaze didxans, totalitaruli reJimebi maTi revo-
luciuri liderebis sikvdilis Semdeg ramdenime aTwleuls Zleben. ratom
xdeba ase?
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis uecari aRsasruli SeiZleba gamoiwvios
sxva erebTan fatalurma omebma, magaliTad gamodgeba meore msoflio omSi
mokavSire saxelmwifoebis mier hitleris damarcxeba. agreTve, konkretuli
qarizmatuli da warmatebuli lideris sikvdilma _ magaliTad, stalinis
an maosi _ SeiZleba daaCqaros spiraliseburi daRmasvla. uRimRamo
memkvidreebma, romlebic saxelmwifos marTaven Zalisa da teroris meSveobiT
da ara SeTanxmebiT, SeiZleba is ekonomika, moraluri Zala da politikuri
idealizmi daasuston, romlebsac legitimuri politikuri Zalaufleba
realurad efuZneba. amdenad, sabWoTa kavSiris dangreva gamowveuli
iyo, upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom xangrZlivad gagrZelda ekonomikuri
daRmavloba da xalxSi reJimisa da politikuri ideebisadmi rwmena mTeli
qveynis masStabiT daikarga. es iyo `totalitarizmis daRmasvlis~ periodi.49
oficialuri ideologiisadmi (komunizmis) rwmenis Sesabamis dakargvas
dRes, rogorc Cans, adgili aqvs CineTSic.
miuxedavad imisa, rom totalitarizmis mmarTveloba sabWoTa kavSirSi
sul raRac samocdaaTi weli gagrZelda, xolo CineTis saxalxo respub-
likaSi ki TiTqmis xuTi aTeuli wlis Semdegac xeluxlebelia, istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT es periodebi mainc xanmoklea. samwuxarod, gamocdileba
gviCvenebs, rom totalitaruli diqtaturis mcire xniT arsebobac ki didi
zianis momtania.

daskvna

totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi utopiuri xedvis realizebasa da axali

politikuri wesrigis Seqmnas cdiloben. avtoritaruli saxelmwifoebis
msgavsad, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi arademokratiulebi arian. reJimis
es ori forma mniSvnelovani TvisebebiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. ker-
154 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

Zod, totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi mosaxleobis cxovrebis yvela aspeqtis

totalur gakontrolebas eswrafvian da amomrCevlisagan moiTxoven aqtiur
monawileobas da ara pasiur Tanxmobas.
gasuli saukunis samma totalitarulma saxelmwifom (sabWoTa ruseTi,
nacisturi germania, maoisturi CineTi) ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexuri
gaiara. pirveli etapi Zaladobrivi revoluciebis periodia. warmatebuli
revoluciisTvis xuTi arsebiTi elementia saWiro: qarizmatuli lideri,
ideologia, organizeba, propaganda da Zaladoba. meore safexurze, romelic
totalitaruli lideris xelSi Zalauflebis konsolidacias gulisxmobs,
opoziciuri partiebi nadgurdeba, partiis erTguli pirebi sakvanZo adgi-
lebs ikaveben da spoben partiis realur an warmosaxul mtrebs. mesame etapze
xdeba sazogadoebis sruli transformaciis mcdeloba. 1928 wels sabWoTa ka-
vSirSi stalinma pirveli xuTwliani gegmis ganxorcieleba daiwyo. nacistur
germaniaSi hitleris mizanma, moexdina `rasobrivi wmenda~, gaamarTla to-
talitaruli Zalis gamoyeneba, romelmac kulminacias meore msoflio omsa
da holokostSi miaRwia. maoistur CineTSi sazogadoebis transformirebis
pirveli mcdeloba `didi naxtomi~ gvian 1950-ian wlebSi damarcxda, Tumca mas
`kulturuli revolucia~ (1966-69) mohyva.
totalitarizmis mier gamowveuli adamianuri danakargi yovelgvar
sa zRvrebs scildeba. arsebuli statistikis gadamowmeba xSirad ar xer-
xdeba, Tumca yvelaze uxeSi gaangariSebiTac rom vimsjeloT, meoce sau-
kunis totalitarulma eqsperimentebma milionobiT adamians moutana
wameba da sikvdili.
totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi mravalgvari formiT Cndebian da aranairi
garantia ar arsebobs, rom amgvari saxelmwifoebi momavalSi aRar gamovlen
asparezze. realurad, axlaxan avRaneTSi xelisuflebidan CamoSorebuli
Talibebis reJimi kvalificirdeba, rogorc totalitarizmis axali forma,
romelmac masobrivi religiis (islamis) damaxinjebuli forma politikur
ideologiad gamoiyena.

sakvanZo sityvebi

totalitarizmi wmenda
masobrivi moZraoba gestapo
rektifikacia kulakebi
gancalkevebis kunZulebi koleqtivizacia
WeSmariti morwmune partiis yriloba
ujredebi gulagis arqipelagi
centraluri komiteti asi yvavilis kampania
partiuloba didi naxtomi
propaganda diadi proletaruli kulturuli
saliamis taqtika revolucia
momindani Teokratia
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 155

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ra ganasxvavebs totalitarizms mmarTvelobis sxva arademokratiuli

formebisagan?
2. ra aris saWiro warmatebuli sayovelTao revoluciebisTvis?
3. rogor axerxeben totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi Zalauflebis konsoli-
dacias?
4. ra aris totalitaruli mmarTvelobis sistemis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi?
5. ra iyo stalinis mTavari mizani sabWoTa sazogadoebis gardaqmnis mcde-
lobisas 1930-ian wlebSi? ra meTodebs iyenebda amisTvis?
6. rogor da ratom cdilobda hitleri germanuli sazogadoebis
gardaqmnas?
7. ra motivacia arsebobda didi naxtomisa da kulturuli revoluciis ukan?
ra meTodebs iyenebdnen maoistebi? rogori sazogadoeba warmoedginaT
maT?
8. adamianuri sicocxlis TvalsazrisiT, ra `Rirs~totalitarizmi?
9. `totalitarizmi dasrulda hitleris, stalinisa da maos sikvdiliT~. ax-
seniT es fraza.

SeniSvnebi

1. William Kornhauser, The Politics of Mass Society (New York: Free Press, 1959),
123.
2. C.W. Cassinelli, Total Revolution: A Comperative Study of Germany, the Soviet
Union under Stalin and China under Mao (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Clio Books, 1976),
225.
3. gansazRvreba ekuTvnis hans buqheims, citirebulia Leonard Shapiro, Totali-
tarianism (New York: Praeger, 1972), 104.
4. Carl Friedrich da Zbigniew Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy,
me-2 gamocema (New York: Praeger: 1966), 88.
5. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 231.
6. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 279-339.
7. Eric Hoffer, The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements (New
York: Harper & Row, 1951), 104-105.
8. iqve, 86.
9. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper& Row,1961),
12.
10. citirebulia Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 16.
11. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship (New York: Holt, 1972), 181.
12. Maurice Latey, Patterns of Tyranny (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 172.
13. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, mTargm. R. Manheim
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971), 179-180.
156 SedarebiTi politikuri sistemebi

14. iqve, 182.

15. citirebulia David Shub, Lenin (Baltimore: Pelican, 1966), 62.
16. E.Kohr Bramstedt, citirebulia Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism
(New York: Harcourt,1951), 333.
17. iqve.
18. iqve, 335-336.
19. citirebulia Leo Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli (Seattle: University of Wash-
ington Press,1968), 9.
20. Latey, Patterns of Tyranny, 100.
21. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 103.
22. iqve, 186.
23. citirebulia Bracher, German Dictatorship, 257.
24. iqve, 187.
25. W.S. Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The experience of a Single German Town,
1930-1935 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1965).
26. Peter Drucker, “The Monster and the Lamb” Atlantic (December 1978): 84.
27. iqve.
28. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship, 374.
29. iqve, 9-10.
30. Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism (Orlando: Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), xiv.
31. ix. Stalin, Mastering Bolshevism, 10; citirebulia Merle Fainsod, How Russia Is
Ruled, ganaxlebuli gamocema (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964),
435.
32. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956 (New York: Harper &
Row, 1974), 595.
33. Bracher, German Dictatorship, 258.
34. iqve, 259-260.
35. iqve, 262.
36. iqve.
37. Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews, 31.
38. Mao Zedong, Selected Works (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press,1960-1965), 224.
39. Franz Michaels and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World (New York:
Holt, 1964), 479.
40. John King Fairbank, The United States and China, me-4 gamocema (Cambridge,
Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), 409.
41. iqve, 413.
42. iqve.
43. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 195.
44. iqve, 243. rasakvirvelia, monacemebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gan-
sxvavdeba. magaliTad, rumeli, romelic sxva kriteriumebs iyenebs, hit-
leris, lenin-stalinis da maosTvis sagrZnoblad gansxvavebul ricxvebs
asaxelebs. Tumca mis mier dasaxelebuli mTliani monacemi 105.5 mil-
ioni mokluli adamiani sakmaod axlosaa kasinelis gamoTvlebTan. ix. R.
J.Rummel, Death by Government. (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1996 ), 8.
45. magaliTad, manamade gasaidumloebuli dokumentebis 1.5 milioni gverdi
 totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi 157
(britaneTis mier meore msoflio omis dros gadaWerili germanuli Setyo-
binebebi, iseve, rogorc axladgamomzeurebuli rusuli dokumentebi)
cxadyofs, rom hitlerma savaraudod 7 milionamde ebraeli gawyvita (gan-
sxvavebiT xuTi-eqvsi milionisa, rogorc amas kasineli da sxvebi varau-
dobdnen). ix. aseve 47-e SeniSvnis komentari.
46. Cassinelli, Total Revolution, 46.
47 iqve, 186. kasinelis wignis gamosvlis Semdeg aRmoCenili axali faqtebi
cxadyofs, rom es monacemebi mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeboda aRniSnul
periodSi moklul adamianTa ricxvs. erTi avtoritetuli mkvlevaris az-
riT, 1959-1962 wlebSi, mxolod SimSilobis Sedegad, sul mcire 30 milioni
Cineli daiRupa. SimSilobis ZiriTadi mizezi maos politika iyo, romlis
mixedviT Cinel glexebs sakuTreba waarTves da komunebad daasaxles. ix.
Jasper Becker, Hungry Goasts: Mao’s Secret Famine (New York: Free Press, 1997).
48. iqve, 187.
49. lakori am koncefcias sabWoTa kavSirs argebs, gansakuTrebiT totalita-
rizmis Sesaxeb TavSi. ix. Walter Laqueur, The Dream That Failed, Reflections on
the Soviet Union (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 77-95, 84.
158
nawili II

Camoyalibebuli
da ganviTarebadi
demokratiebi

Tavi VI
s a pa
parlam
mee n t
too d e m ok
okrat
tia
ia

Tavi VII
s a x e l m w ifo
if o e b i g a r da
damaval
pe rriio
o d S i: a x a l i d e mo
mokra-
ti e b i d a a R mo
tie m o c e n eb
ebadi
bazrebi

Tavi VIII
g a n v iTa
i Ta r e b aad
d i qv
q v e y n e bi:
b i:
d e m o k r a tia Tu d iq t
taa tu r a ?

159
 T aavi
vi VI

saparlamento
demokratia
didi britaneTi: nimuSi
Sereuli wyoba ZalauflebaTa Ser-
wyma
xelisuflebaSi yofnis ganusazRvreli
vadebi `disciplinebuli~ partiebi
ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi? SesaZle-
belia Tu ara britanuli institutebis
`gadanergva~?
demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTx-
veva
safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis
winaaRmdeg
mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli
politikuri partiebi konstitucia
qveS: balansis gamocda sasamarTlo
sistema muSaobs Tu ara demokratia
safrangeTSi?
germania: federalizmi militarizmis
winaaRmdeg
vaimaris respublika gayofili ger-
mania: civi omis mini modeli gaerTianeb-
uli germania: demokratiis triumfi
germanuli federalizmi aRmasrule-
beli xelisufleba sakanonmdeblo xe-
lisufleba politikuri partiebi
sasamarTlo xelisufleba ZiriTadi
kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi
muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi?
iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba
konsensusis qveyanaSi.
istoriuli wanamZRvrebi axali
konstitucia saparlamento demokra-
tia: garegnuli da realuri partiu-
li sistema politikur cvlilebaTa
Semaferxebeli faqtorebi sasamarTlo xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura
muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi?
saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel adgilebSi
indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli israeli: omis respublika
prezidentebi da parlamentebi: SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sasamarTlo
xelisufleba ori sistemis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi konstituc-
iebi da konteqstebi

160
 saparlamento demokratia 161
konstitucionalizmis cneba (igive kanonis uzenaesoba) Rrmad aris fesv-
gadgmuli britanul istoriaSi. Tumca, amerikis `dawerili~ konstitucia
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba britaneTis `dauwereli~ konstituciisagan, romelic
efuZneba precedentebs, kanonebs, tradiciebs, da aseve saparlamento uzenae-
sobis princips.
maSin roca amerikuli saprezidento sistema racionaluri gansjisa da
azrovnebis Sedegad Seqmnil da furcelze gadatanil erTgvari `wesdebis~
praqtikul ganxorcielebas warmoadgens, britanuli saparlamento sistema
britaneTis politikuri cxovrebis mdidar gamocdilebas efuZneba. brita-
neTis politikuri institutebi ganviTarda da TandaTan Camoyalibda samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis erTgvar `laboratoriaSi,~ am ukanasknelis evoluciis
paralelurad. amrigad, britanul `konstitucias~ aqvs sakmaod Rrma isto-
riuli fesvebi. britanuli saparlamento sistemis organuli bunebidan ga-
momdinare, ismis logikuri kiTxva _ ramdenad SesaZlebelia misi gadanergva
da adaptireba sxva sazogadoebebSi? Tumca, vidre am sakiTxs gavarkvevT,
ufro detalurad ganvixiloT warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis britanuli
formis Taviseburebebi.

didi britaneTi: nimuSi

konstituciuri demokratiis amerikuli eqsperimenti warmoadgenda ev-

ropul avtokratiul tradiciasTan mkveTr gamijvnas, ramac axali politi-
kuri Teoriebis SemuSavebis aucilebloba warmoSva. magaliTisaTvis, `fed-
eralists~ ar gaaCnia britanuli analogi. Tumca, britanuli demokratiis
erTgvari Teoria SesaZloa amoikribos da Seikras edmund berkis (1729-1797)
werilobiTi naSromebisa da gamosvlebis Sesabamisi fragmentebisagan. berk-
ma detalurad daaxasiaTa britaneTis politikuri ganviTarebis uwyveti
jaWvi, romlis drosac ekonomikuri Tanasworobisken gadadgmul nabijebs
Tan axlda politikur TavisuflebaTa sferos gafarToeba. monarqiis Ses-
ustebis paralelurad, britaneTis xelisufleba TandaTan ufro demokra-
tiuli gaxda da saparlamento sistemisken gadaixara. aseve TandaTanobiT
damkvidrda is tradicia, rom britaneTis monarqi avtomaturad amtkicebda
parlamentis mier arCeul premier-ministrs. droTa ganmavlobaSi, premier-
ministrma, rogorc xelisuflebis qmediTma meTaurma, Caanacvla monarqi.
dReisaTvis, britaneTis premier- ministri aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
eqskluziuri ganmkargavia, maSin roca monarqi mxolod nominaluri figu-
raa.

Sereuli wyoba

me-17 saukunidan britaneTis saparlamento sistema iqca pirvel magali-

Tad aristoteles mier daxasiaTebuli Sereuli reJimisa, sadac sxvadasxva
klasebs sxvadasxva institutebi warmoadgenen. me-19 saukuneSi parlamentis
162 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

mzardi upiratesoba samefo xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT, miuTiTebda im

faqtze, rom parlamentis ori palata warmoadgenda britanuli sazogadoe-
bis sxvadasxva klasis interesebs. lordTa palata warmoadgenda tradici-
uli mmarTveli klasebis interesebs, maSin roca TemTa palata, Tavisufali
arCevnebis gziT, TandaTanobiT iqca amomrCevelTa sul ufro farTo wree-
bis interesebis gamomxatvelad.
didi britaneTis Sereulma reJimma, sxvadasxva klasTa Soris garkveu-
li politikuri wonasworobis uzrunvelyofiT, istoriulad Seuwyo xeli
stabilurobas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, es klasebi SesaZloa Riad dapirispirebod-
nen erTmaneTs da safrTxe SeeqmnaT mTlianad politikuri sistemisaTvis.
dReisaTvis bevri ram Seicvala. is, rasac xSirad britanul `keTildReobis
saxelmwifos~ uwodeben, faqtobrivad SemosavalTa gadanawilebis kargad
gamarTuli sistemaa, romelic miznad isaxavs farTo saSualo klasis Camo-
yalibebas. Zlieri da mravalricxovani saSualo klasis ganviTarebam azric
ki daukarga ekonomikurad gancalkevebuli klasebis interesTa tradiciul
warmomadgenlobas, Tumca, konservatuli da leiboristuli partiebi mainc
agrZeleben `maRali~ da `dabali~ socialuri jgufebis interesTa lobire-
bas. am tendencias TvalsaCinod asaxavs ufro farTo warmomadgenlobiTi
mandatis mqone TemTa palatis istoriulad mzardi upiratesoba aristokra-
tiul lordTa palatasTan SedarebiT. lordTa palata Sedgeba 1100 war-
momadgenlisagan, romelTac gaaCniaT aristokratiuli titulebi (romelic
ZiriTadad memkvidreobiT gadaecemaT), magram maTgan mxolod 300-mde
monawileobs aqtiurad palatis muSaobaSi.1 lordTa palatam faqtobrivad
aRiara TemTa palatis upiratesoba 1911 da 1949 wlebis saparlamento
aqtebis damtkicebiT, romelTa mixedviTac lordTa palatas ar ZaluZs
TemTa palatis mier miRebul kanonebze vetos gavrceleba (mas SeuZlia
maqsimum erTi wlis vadiT mxolod gaaWianuros kanonis ZalaSi Sesvla).

ZalauflebaTa Serwyma

britanuli saparlamento sistemis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli xelisu-

fleba, anu premier-ministri da kabineti, dakompleqtebulia TemTa pala-
taSi xmaTa umravlesobiT gamarjvebuli partiis liderebiT. arCevnebis
Semdeg, gamarjve-buli partia asaxelebs axali kabinetis wevrebs (ministrebs),
romelTac amtkicebs parlamenti da niSnavs dedofali. amgvarad yalibdeba
axali mTavroba. mTavroba pasuxismgebelia sakanonmdeblo iniciativebis
Camoyalibebasa da wardgenaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom parlamentis yvela
wevrs, maT Soris opoziciuri partiis warmomadgenlebs gaaCniaT sruli
ufleba gaakritikon an sulac saeWvo gaxadon sakanonmdeblo iniciativis
marTebuloba, mTavrobas faqtobrivad garantirebuli aqvs sakanonmdeblo
programis damtkiceba, radganac britanul sistemaSi yovelTvis aris erT-
gvarovani umravlesoba.
saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba moqmedebs britanuli sistemis
msgavsad, Tumca, umetes SemTxvevebSi, mTavrobas ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos
 saparlamento demokratia 163
erTgvarovan umravlesobas sakanonmdeblo organoSi. amis mizezi gaxlavT
is, rom saparlamento mmarTvelobis qveynebSi sakanonmdeblo struqtura
dakompleqtebulia xuTi-eqvsi sxvadasxva konkurenti politikuri partiiT,
gansxvavebiT britaneTisagan, sadac mxolod ori ZiriTadi partiaa warmod-
genili. Tavis mxriv, mravalpartiul parlamentebSi, xSirad arc erT partias
ar aqvs xmaTa aSkara umravlesoba imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos mTavroba. am
SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli xdeba koaliciis Seqmna (ori an meti partiis SeTanx-
mebiT da ZalTa gaerTianebiT). zogierT SemTxvevaSi koaliciuri mTavroba
sakmaod warmatebulad muSaobs, zogjer _ ver amarTlebs. uares SemTxveva-
Si, ise rogorc es, magaliTad, italiaSia, saparlameto mmarTveloba Sesa-
Zloa iyos arastabiluri da qaosuric ki.

xelisuflebaSi yofnis ganusazRvreli vadebi

rodesac 1997 wlis maisSi britaneTis premier-ministri leiboristi toni

bleri gaxda, igulisxmeboda, rom igi am funqcias momdevno xuTi wlis vadiT
an ufro naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi Seasrulebda. am mimarTebaSic, britanu-
li da amerikuli sistemebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. aSS-Si saprezidento
arCevnebi yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel tardeba, xolo kongresis (sakanon-
mdeblo organo) warmomadgenelTa palata yovel or weliwadSi erTxel
mTlianad gadairCeva, iseve rogorc senatis erTi mesamedi (rotaciulad).
britanul sistemaSi xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadebi faqtobrivad ganusaz-
Rvrelia. parlamenti savaldebulod yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel unda ga-
dairCes, Tumca premier-ministri uflebamosilia daniSnos vadamdeli arCev-
nebi, Tu miiCnevs, rom mocemul momentSi eleqtoratis ganwyoba mmarTveli
partiisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia. amis msgavsad, sakanonmdeblo
organosac SeuZlia iZulebiT daiTxovos mTavroba, misTvis `undoblobis~
gamocxadebis gziT. am SemTxvevaSi, an axali mTavroba yalibdeba Sesabamisad
axali SemadgenlobiT, an dedofali daiTxovs parlaments da daniSnavs axal
arCevnebs.
axali arCevnebis daniSvnis uflebamosileba britanul sistemaSi mniS-
vnelovani prerogativaa, radgan is zrdis mmarTveli partiis Sansebs gai-
xangrZlivos xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadebi dadgenil xuT weliwadze meti
xniT. premier-ministrma margaret tetCerma zedmiwevniT kargad gamoiyena
amgvari SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, 1983 wels _ premier-ministrobis meo-
Txe weliwads _ britanuli partiotizmis erTgvari aRzevebis fonze, rac
provocirebuli iyo folklendis kunZulebis krizisiTa da misi Tanmdevi
xanmokle omiT argentinasTan, man warmatebiT moaxerxa mmarTveli konser-
vatiuli partiis mandatis gaxangrZliveba damatebiT xuTi wlis vadiT. Sem-
dgom, 1987 wels _ isev xelisuflebaSi meore vadiT yofnis oTxi wlis Tavze
_ man gamoacxada vadamdeli arCevnebi da mmarTveloba kidev damatebiT xuTi
wlis vadiT gaixangrZliva. premier-ministris funqciis vadaze adre Sew-
yveta SesaZloa sxva mizeziTac iyos gamowveuli. kerZod, Tu politikuri
zewola an daZabuloba matulobs, politikuri liderebis Secvla SesaZloa
164 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

arsebuli situaciidan optimaluri gamosavli gaxdes. 1992 wels premier-

ministr margaret tetCeris reitingi mkveTrad daeca qveyanaSi mis mier Za-
lze arapopularuli da, bevris azriT, regresuli da usamarTlo individu-
aluri gadasaxadis mxardaWeris gamo. tetCeri sakuTari partiis SigniTac
mwvave kritikis obieqtad iqca. man arCevnebSi damarcxebas partiis liderisa
da premier-ministris postis datoveba arCia, mmarTvelobis sadaveebi ki
mis mierve xeldasxmul jon meijors gadasca. margaret tetCers britane-
Tis premier-ministris Tanamdeboba uwyvetad aT weliwadze met xans ekava,
rac am postze yofnis yvelaze xangrZlivi vadaa. konservatorTa (`torTa~)
partiam meijoris TaosnobiT bevris gasaocrad moigo momdevno arCevnebi,
Tumca mcire _ cxra saparlamento mandatis upiratesobiT, ramac `torTa~
mTavrobas SeunarCuna da gauxangrZliva xelisuflebaSi yofnis vada 1997
wlis gazafxulamde, roca `tetCeris epoqa~ leiboristTa STambeWdavma
gamarjvebam daasrula.
margaret tetCeris gadadgoma partiis lideris postidan ar yofila uprece-
dento. 1940 wels konservatori premier-ministri nevil Cemberleni gadadga,
miuxedavad imisa, rom misi partia kvlavac warmoadgenda aSkara umravlesobas
TemTa palataSi. magram, miunxenSi adolf hitlerTan daTmobebze wasvlis gamo,
misi popularoba da reitingi xalxSi imdenad daeca da imdenad Seirya misTvis
miniWebuli `ndobis~ mandati partiis SigniT, rom premieri iZulebuli gaxda
ganze gamdgariyo da posti daetovebina. Tumca, amis Semdgom axali arCevnebi ar
daniSnula, radgan konservatorebs parlamentSi myari umravlesoba hqondaT
da partiis erT-erTma gamorCeulma warmomadgenelma TemTa palataSi, uinston
CerCilma, warmatebiT SeZlo britanelTa mobilizeba misi pirovnuli qarizmis
irgvliv.
arsebobs sxva garemoebebic, ramac vadamde, anu dadgenil xuT wlamde,
mTavrobis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta SeiZleba gamoiwvios. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu umravlesobis partia gansakuTrebiT arapopularuli xdeba, an mTavroba
gaexveva raime skandalSi, opozicias SeuZlia isargeblos zemoT naxsenebi
undoblobis votumis uflebiT. am uflebis ganxorcieleba, Cveulebriv,
moiTxovs umravlesobis rigebidan ramdenime ukmayofilo an mTavrobis
politikiT gaRizianebuli wevris gadmobirebas da maTi xmebis daxmarebiT,
SesaZlebeli xdeba mTavrobis iZulebiT daTxovna. rogorc wesi, roca kabi-
neti gadadgeba, premier-ministri mimarTavs dedofals, daiTxovos parla-
menti da daniSnos axali arCevnebi. amgvari ram xSiria mravalpartiul sapar-
lamento sistemebSi, Tumca did britaneTSi axlo warsulSi es ar momxdara.
dabolos, aris kidev erTi mizezi, ramac SesaZloa mTavrobis vadaze adre
daSla gamoiwvios. amgvari viTareba SeiZleba Seiqmnas maSin, roca umravle-
sobas Zalze umniSvnelo upiretesoba aqvs parlamentSi da mesame partiis
mcire warmomadgeloba or ZiriTad partias Soris balansisaTvis kritikul
mniSvnelobas iZens. magaliTad, germaniaSi msgavsi viTareba grZeldeba ukve
ocdaaT weliwadze met xans. mTavrobas SesaZloa seriozuli problemebi
Seeqmnas xelisuflebis stabilurobis TvalsazrisiT an sulac daiSalos,
Tu misi `umcrosi partniori~ meryeobs, icvlis mxareebs an mniSvnelovani
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas uars acxadebs mxardaWeraze.
 saparlamento demokratia 165

`disciplinebuli~ partiebi

britanuli saparlamento sistemis kidev erTi maxasiaTebelia e.w. dis-

ciplinebuli partiebis arseboba. amgvari partiebi, midrekilni arian
koordinirebuli qmedebebis, erTsulovani xmis micemis principebisken da
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba amerikuli partiebisagan, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, ufro decentralizebulni, naklebad mkacrad struqturizebulni da
individebze orientirebulni arian. amrigad, britaneTSi konservatuli da
leiboristuli partiebi inarCuneben mdgrad partiul platformebs, rom-
lebic gansxvavebul filosofiur da tradiciur wanamZRvrebs efuZneba:
kerZod, erTi _ konservatul Rirebulebebsa da biznesze, xolo meore so-
cialistur ideebsa da muSaTa klasze orientirebul tradiciul politi-
kur Zalas warmoadgens.
parlamentSi arCevnebis Sedegad mosuli umravlesoba, iRebs ra qveynis
marTvis sadaveebs xelSi, Tavisi wevrebisagan moiTxovs erTsulovan mx-
ardaWeras saarCevno programis ganxorcielebaSi. parlamentis im wevrebs
(umravlesobidan), romlebic mTavrobis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan kanon-
proeqts mxars ar dauWeren, partiis ukmayofileba emuqrebaT, rac ZiriTa-
dad gamoixateba momdevno arCevnebSi am pirebis partiuli siidan amoRebaSi.
`ukompromisoTa~ mxolod Zalze mcire ricxvi axerxebs am riskis Tavidan
acilebas.
Tumca, mkacri partiuli disciplina sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom par-
lamentis wevrebi arasdros gadadian dawesebul zRvars iqiT da sakuTar
xmas ar iyeneben opoziciuri gadawyvetilebebis mxardasaWerad, an kidev
imas, rom naklebad pompezurma wevrebma yovelTvis uyoymanod Tavi unda
uqnion kolegebs ama Tu im sakiTxis kenWisyrisas da xma miscen mis sasarge-
blod. magaliTisaTvis, maT SeuZliaT Zalze mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebSic
ki, warmatebiT gamoiyenon xmis micemisagan Tavis Sekavebis SesaZlebloba.
gansakuTrebiT ukmayofilo wevrebs ki SeuZliaT sruladac ganudgnen par-
tias da Seqmnan axali politikuri organizacia. es praqtikaSi iSviaTad
xdeba, Tumca SesaZloa gamoiwvios mniSvnelovani politikuri gadajgufe-
bebi da cvlilebebi. meoce saukunis dasaw yisSi amgvar SemTxvevas hqonda
adgili. kerZod, tradiciuli liberalu ri partia (vigebi) daCrdila da
faqtobrivad Caanacvla mzardi popularobis mqone leiboristulma par-
tiam, romelmac warmatebiT SeZlo britaneTis muSaTa klasis angariSgas-
awev politikur Zalad mobilizeba. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, parlamen-
tis zogierTma imedgacruebulma leiboristma wevrma datova partia da
Camoayaliba social-demokratiuli partia, romelic 1987 wlis zafxulSi
SeuerTda Zvel liberalur partias (da Seqmna e.w. aliansi), romelic poli-
tikuri centris dakavebas Seecada. 1990 wels social-demokratiuli par-
tia sakuTari gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze daiSala.
Cndeba logikuri kiTxva: ra rols asrulebs am saparlamento sistemaSi
e.w. `misi aRmatebulebis /dedoflis/ erTguli opozicia~, rogorc mas xSir-
ad uwodeben did britaneTSi? imdenad, ramdenadac umravlesobis partias
xelewifeba sasurveli sakanonmdeblo programis `gatana~ parlamentSi sa-
166 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

kuTari xmebis meSveobiT, opoziciur partiebs, anu umciresobas, limitire-

buli, Tumca ara umniSvnelo funqciis Sesruleba uwevs. isini akritikeben
umravlesobis mier warmodgenil iniciativebs da calkeul SemTxvevebSi, gav-
lenasac axdenen Sesabamis gadawyvetilebebze. maSinac ki, rodesac opozici-
uri partiis gavlena umniSvneloa, misi kritika ZiriTadad safuZvliania da
pasuxismgeblobiT ganmsWvaluli, radgan oponentebi `sakuTar Tavze fiqro-
ben, rogorc momdevno xelisuflebaze, da `keTilgonieri opozicia~ moq-
medebs im farglebSi, romelsac imedovnebs, rom aseve ar gadaaWarbeben misi
momavali oponentebi, roca ZalTa ganlageba Seicvleba.~2 aRsaniSnavia, rom
britanul saparlamento tradiciaSi opoziciis cneba aranair stigmas ar
ukavSirdeba. rogorc loialur opozicias, umciresobis wevrebs miaCniaT,
rom maTi movaleobaa mTavrobis kritika. rogorc erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs:

britanul politikur cxovrebaSi ukve tradiciad iqca, rom unda ar-

sebobdes partia, romelic ayalibebs mTavrobas, iseve rogorc partia,
romelic ayalibebs opozicias da romelic faqtobrivad warmoadgens
alternatiul mTavrobas. organizebuli opozicia axla ar iTvleba
sabotaJur an moRalateobriv Zalad. 1973 wlidan, opoziciis lideri
iRebs specialur gasamrjelos sajaro fondidan da xalxi xSirad sau-
brobs `misi aRmatebulebis opoziciaze~, radgan opoziciis arseboba
moiazreba, rogorc dedoflis xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani nawili.3

ori meTauri sjobs Tu erTi?

aSS-sagan gansxvavebiT, sadac erTi umaRlesi xelisuflebis piri (prezi-

denti) erTdroulad aris saxelmwifos meTauri da mTavrobis meTauri, didi
britaneTi inarCunebs gaorebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis tradi-
cias, romelic yofs am or funqcias. britaneTis saxelmwifos meTauri aris
gvirgvinosani monarqi. dedofali elisabed II-s, `savaraudod msoflios
yvelaze cnobil adamians,~ ukve xuT aTwleulze metia britaneTis samefo
taxti uWiravs. rogorc saxelmwifos nominaluri meTauri, monarqi ZiriTa-
dad ceremoniul rols asrulebs saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi, uZRveba erovnul
dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebul saxalxo zeimebsa da ceremoniebs, awyobs
diplomatiur miRebebs elCebisa da sxva qveynebis meTaurTaTvis, garkveul
saerTaSoriso RonisZiebebze warmoadgens saxelmwifos. monarqi nacional-
uri simbolo da erTianobis wyaroa, romelic warmoadgens saxelmwifos da
ara xelisuflebas.
britaneTis xelisuflebis realuri meTauria saparlamento sistemis
sayrdeni figura _ premier-ministri, romelic kabinetis ZiriTad wevrebTan
erTad (xSirad uwodeben Sida kabinets), gansazRvravs qveynis saSinao da saga-
reo politikas. erovnuli politika muSavdeba mTavrobis ZiriTadi gundis
mier, romelic Semdgom waredgineba mTlianad kabinets. kabinetis is wevrebi,
romlebic kritikul sakiTxebsa Tu sakvanZo gadawyvetilebebSi ar eTanxmebi-
an mTavrobas, rogorc wesi, xmauris gareSe TviTonve toveben Tanamdebobas.
 saparlamento demokratia 167

didi britaneTis ormagi aRmasrulebeli sistema warmodgenilia dedoflis elisa-

bed II-is (marcxniv) – saxelmwifos meTauris erovnuli simbolosa da premier minis-
tris, toni bleris (marjvniv) – qveynis xelisuflebis realuri meTauris saxiT (2007
wlidan didi britaneTis premier-ministri gordon braunia _ mTargmn. Sen.).

bunebrivia, yvela saparlamento sistema ar funqcionirebs britanu-

lis msgavsad. umetesobas ar gaaCnia saparlamento mmarTvelobis xan-
grZlivi istoria da Zlieri tradicia, rac britanuli sistemisaTvis myar
saZirkvels qmnis. amdenad, msgavsi politikuri kulturis arqonis piro-
bebSi, britanuli stilis demokratiuli institutebis mqone sxva qvey-
nebis umravlesoba daweril konstitucias eyrdnoba. samwuxarod, dawer-
ili konstituciebis umravlesobasac ara aqvs iseTi `xangrZlivi istoria
da Zlieri tradicia,~ rogoric amerikul saprezidento sistemas. aqedan
gamomdinare, am ori politikuri sistemis magaliTad gamoyeneba Seicavs
safrTxes, rom mkiTxvelma moaxdinos mcdari gaigiveba demokratiasa da xe-
lisuflebis stabilurobas Soris. sinamdvileSi, saprezidento Tu sapar-
lamento demokratiebis umravlesobas xSirad uxdeba arastabilurobis
xanmokle `ryevebTan~ gamklaveba.

SesaZlebelia Tu ara britanuli institutebis `gadanergva~?

saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba evropaSi Camoyalibda britanu-

li nimuSis msgavsad. italia saparlamento mmarTvelobaze meore msoflio
omis Semdeg gadavida. safrangeTSi saparlamento sistema arsebobda 1876
wli dan (mesame respublikis dasawyisi) 1958 wlamde (meoTxe respublikis
dasasruli). orive qveyanas amgvari mmarTvelobis gansxvavebuli gamoc-
dileba gaaCnia.
safrangeTsa da italiaSi politikuri partiebi da parlamenti iqca wam-
168 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

yvan politikur Zalad. britaneTis konstituciur sistemaSi arsebuli pre-

mier-minitrisa da kabinetis, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi marTvis institutis
roli, am or qveyanaSi Semcirda. tradiciulobiT, TavdaWerilobiTa da
pragmatulobiT gamorCeuli britaneli xalxisagan gansxvavebiT, franguli
da italiuri sazogadoebebi ufro Rrma socialuri dapirispirebebiTa da
radikaluri politikuri partiebis mxardaWerisken midrekilebiT xasiaT-
deba. orive qveyanaSi politizebis maRalma donem xeli Seuwyo mravalpar-
tiulobis ganviTarebasa da mcire politikuri dajgufebebis warmoqmnas.
amgvar viTarebaSi, partiuli sistema danawevrda, Sidapartiuli discip-
lina faqtobrivad moiSala da mTavroba iqca dausrulebeli sakanonmdeblo
qiSpobis mZevlad. ganzogadebulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rac ufro aqtiuri
da rTulad samarTavia sazogadoeba da ramdenadac ufro danawevrebulia
politikuri speqtri, miT ufro qaosuri da aramyari xdeba xelisufleba.
amgvar sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovania Zlieri da energiuli aRmasrulebeli
Stos arseboba, romelic safrangeTSi 1958 wlamde ar arsebobda, xolo it-
aliaSi, faqtobrivad, dRemde ar arsebobs.
amgvarma situaciam politikuri Cixis mdgomareobamde miiyvana orive
qveyana sxvadasxva dros. safrangeTSi, mesame da meoTxe respublikis mmarT-
velobis ganmavlobaSi, verc erTma partiam ver SeZlo adgilebis umravel-
sobis mopoveba nacionalur asambleaSi. imave periodSi, safrangeTma 119
mTavroba gamoicvala, romelTa saSualo sicocxlisunarianoba mxolod
weliwads Seadgenda. calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki mTavrobaTa xelisuflebaSi
yofna mxolod ramdenime Tve an kvira grZeldeboda. aseTive meryeobiT xas-
iaTdeboda politikuri mmarTveloba italiaSic, sadac 1945-dan 1986 wlamde
40 premier-ministri Seicvala, (saSualod TiToeulis mmarTvelobis weli-
wadze naklebi xangrZlivobiT).

britanuli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi

ekonomika da eleqtorati

meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis mdgomareoba did britaneTSi

mTavari politikuri sakiTxi iyo. germaniis, italiis da safrangeTis mud-
mivad ukeTesi maCveneblebi SeSfoTebas iwvevda. leiboristTa xelmZRvan-
elobiT XX saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi britaneTi ganviTarda keTildReobis
saxelmwifos modelad, rogorc mas keTilganwyobili damkvirveblebi uwo-
debdnen. 1970-ian wlebSi britaneTis daRmavali ekonomika `stagflaciam~
(inflaciisa da recesiis yvelaze cudma kombinaciam) daasusta.
konservatori lideri margaret tetCeri didi, Zlieri mTavrobis mkac-
ri oponenti iyo. 1979 wels, premier ministrad gaxdomis Semdeg tetCerma
saxelmwifo sawarmoebis xelaxali privatizacia da britaneTis ekonomi-
kis sistematuri dabalanseba daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1980-ian wleb-
Si tetCeris xelmZRvanelobiT, ekonomikis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda, did
 saparlamento demokratia 169
britaneTSi SedarebiT kvlav maRalia umuSevroba, arasaxarbieloa zrda da
pasiuria sawarmoo seqtori. 1992 wels tetCeri sakuTari survilis sawi-
naaRmdegod gadadga. konservatorebma arCevnebSi rogorRac kidev erTi
gamarjveba moipoves da jon meijorma, tetCeris memkvidrem, qveyanas igive
ekonomikuri kursi SeunarCuna. meijoris xelmZRvanelobiT britaneTis eko-
nomikam winsvla daiwyo _ 1996 wels 2.2%, xolo 1997 wels – 3.2%-iT gaizarda.
inflacia zomieri iyo, daaxloebiT 2.5%. 1997 wlis dasawyisSi umuSevrobis
donec ki Semcirda 6.2%-mde (SeadareT safrangeTis umuSevrobis dones, ro-
melic 12%-s Seadgenda).
britaneli amomrCevlebi jer isev cud gunebaze iyvnen da 1997 wlis
maisSi, pirvelad Tvrameti wlis manZilze, konservatorebs xelisufle-
bidan iSorebdnen. amis erTi mizezi is iyo, rom statistikuri monacemebis
miuxedavad, britaneTis saSualo klasis mravali warmomadgeneli cxovrebis
xarisxis dacemas grZnobda. axlad arCeuli premier ministris toni bleris
winaSe mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da politikuri kiTxva dadga evropis eko-
nomikur kavSirSi gaerTianebasTan dakavSirebiT.

gadasaxadebi da saxelmwifo xarjebi

1979 wels, konservatorebis arCevnebSi gamarjvebis dros, leiboris-

tuli partiis danatovari gadasaxadebi mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) daax-
loebiT 40% Seadgenda. premier-ministrma margaret tetCerma gadasaxadebis
tvirTis Semcirebis Sesaxeb danapirebi Seasrula da 1990-iani wlebis da-
sawyisSi gadasaxadebi mSp-s 34%-s Seadgenda. magram am uSedego statisti-
kam muSaTa klass gadasaxadebis tvirTi ver Seumsubuqa. 1994 wels finansTa
saministros monacemebma aCvena, rom jon meijoris konservatorTa mier
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad gadasaxadebis saSualo gadamxdeli
1994-95 wlebSi, 1978-79 (leiboristTa xelisuflebaSi yofnis bolo weli)
wlebTan SedarebiT, sakuTari Semosavlis ufro met wils Tmobda. arCevne-
bamde sociologiurma gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom amomrCevlebi axali leibor-
istuli xelisuflebisagan gadasaxadebis gazrdas moelodnen, Tumca bevri
ise iyo ganrisxebuli jon meijorze, rom yvelafris miuxedavad leibor-
istebisTvis apirebda xmis micemas. Tavis mxriv, toni bleri amomrCevlebs
dahpirda, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi ar gaizrdeboda da gaT-
bobaze damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxads (dRg) Sekvecda.

terorizmi da GrdiloeT irlandia

1969 wlidan moyolebuli kaTolike da protestanti eqstremistebis

mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladobrivi qmedebebis Sedegad daaxloebiT 3
aTasi adamiani daiRupa. 1994 wlis cecxlis Sewyvetamde irlandiis respub-
likurma armiam teroristuli Setevebi ganaxorciela, raTa britanelebs
CrdiloeT irlandia daetovebinaT: scades rogorc tetCeris, aseve meijo-
ris mokvla. 1990 wels armiis teroristebma ian gou _ parlamentis konser-
vatori wevri da tetCeris mesaidumle mokles. problemis gadaWrisas unda
170 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

gaeTvaliswinebinaT im protestantTa moTxovnebi, romelTac britaneTis

mxardaWera hqondaT da ricxobrivad aWarbebdnen CrdiloeT irlandiaSi
mcxovreb kaTolikeebs, aseve kaTolikeTa moTxovnebi, romlebic irlan-
diis respublikis umravlesobas Seadgendnen. problemis mogvarebis imedi
1998 wlis aprilSi Caisaxa, rodesac dainteresebuli mxareebi mravalmxriv
xelSekrulebaze SeTanxmdnen. xelSekrulebiT CrdiloeT irlandiaSi TviT-
mmarTveloba aRdga. mis safuZvelze Seiqmna axali politikuri institute-
bi, romelTa mizani kaTolike umciresobaTaTvis meti politikuri xmis mini-
Weba da imavdroulad, CrdiloeT irlandiis britaneTis nawilad darCenis
Taobaze protestantTa moTxovnis gaTvaliswineba iyo. miuxedavad yvelaf-
risa, daZabulobis Sedegad 2001 wels konfliqti isev gaCaRda da momavali
gaurkveveli gaxada.

Tumca, mcdari iqneboda im daskvnis gamotana, rom saparlamento

sistema arsad muSaobs britaneTis garda. naxevar saukuneze metia es wy-
oba dominirebs TiTqmis mTels evropul kontinentze CrdiloeTidan _
skandinaviidan dawyebuli (SvedeTi, norvegia, dania), samxeTiT _ iberiis
naxevarkunZulamde (espaneTi da portugalia), iseve rogorc germaniaSi,
avstriaSi, belgiaSi, niderlandebsa da SveicariaSi. saparlameto demokra-
tiebis ricxvs miekuTvneba aseve fineTi, irlandia, saberZneTi, poloneTi,
CexeTis respublika, ungreTi, slovakeTi da slovenia, iseve rogorc sxva
ramdenime post-komunisturi qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi. SeiZleba iTq-
vas, rom saparlamento wyoba aris didi britaneTis saCuqari mTlianad ev-
ropisaTvis.

demokratiis Seguebadoba: xuTi SemTxveva

rogor muSaobs saparlamento mmarTvelobis forma sxva qveynebSi? imuSa-

vebs Tu ara amgvari forma avtoritaruli tradiciebis qveynebSi? risi Tqma
SeiZleba im qveynebze, sadac adgili aqvs politikur arastabilurobas da
revoluciebsac ki? SesaZloa Tu ara gansxvavebuli politikuri kulturis
pirobebSi demokratiam moikidos fexi?
safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, indoeTisa da israelis magaliTeb-
ma cxadyo, rom demokratia gacilebiT ufro Seguebadia, vidre es Teo-
retikosTa umetesobas warmoedgina. es mniSvnelovania, radganac demokra-
tia TiTqmis yvelgan savaldebulo qebis obieqtad gadaiqca. msoflios
TiTqmis yvela qveyana, raoden tiranuli xasiaTisac unda iyos igi, gareg-
nulad iZens konstituciurobis elfers da sakuTar Tavs demokratiulad
acxadebs. im qveynebSi, sadac media xelisuflebis mier kontrolirdeba, sa-
dac ucxoelebisaTvis gadaadgileba da kontaqtebis damyareba SezRudulia,
sadac Cveulebriv moqalaqeebs gamudmebiT policiuri represiebis SiSis
gancda awuxebT, mTavrobas realurad araferi zRudavs imaSi, rom demokra-
tiuloulobasa da liberaluri Rirebulebebis erTgulebaze isaubros da
 saparlamento demokratia 171
imavdroulad, devnides, amcirebdes da aSinebdes sakuTar moqalaqeebs.
eWvgareSea, rom demokratiis mzardi popularoba arnaxul masStabebs iZens
(Tumca, ar aris universaluri) _ CrdiloeT afrikis muslimuri qveynebi,
axlo aRmosavleTisa da samxreTi aziis zogierTi saxelmwifo am mxriv gam-
onaklisia. yvelaze mkacri diqtatoruli reJimebic ki demokratiulobaze
acxadeben pretenzias. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis
saukeTeso formaa da amas aRiareben kidec?
am kiTxvaze pasuxi ar aris martivi. zogierT ers aqvs tradiciebi _ maga-
liTad, avtoritaruli politikuri tradiciebi _ romelic demokratias
arabunebrivad da arasasurveladac ki warmoaCens. sxvebis Cveulebebi da
kulturuli memkvidreoba, sruliad SeuTavsebelia demokratiis ideisaTvis
umniSvnelovanes individualizmisa da egalitarianizmis principebTan. dabo-
los, im qveynebSi, romelebsac awuxebs Warbi mosaxleobisa da sakvebze perma-
nentuli deficitis problemebi, konstitucionalizmi sruliad usargeblo
da abstraqtul cnebad miaCniaT. xalxisaTvis, romelic SimSilis zRvarzea,
nebismieri xelisufleba, romelic SeZlebs maTi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis
problemis Semsubuqebas, ukve TavisTavad kargi xelisuflebaa.
bevr qveyanas mouxda sakmaod rTuli kulturuli, socialuri Tu eT-
nikuri winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxva warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis
Camoyalibebis gzaze. sakmaod axlo warsulSi, eqstremalurma individual-
izmma da samoqalaqo TviTSegnebis naklebobam saeWvo gaxada demokratiis
mizanSewoniloba safrangeTSi. miuxedavad amisa, mexuTe respublika ager
ukve meoTxe aTwleulia funqcionirebs, rac swrafi politikuri cvlile-
bebis istoriis mqone erisaTvis mniSvnelovani miRwevaa. bevri analitikosi
pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom daarsebuli germaniis vaimaris respublikis
dacemas ukavSirebda germanelTa antidemokratiul miswrafebebs, rac ger-
manul sazogadoebaSi zedmiwevniTi wesrigisa da disciplinis Camoyalibebis
survils gulisxmobs. magram dasavleT germaniis Semdgomma warmatebam am
Teorias safuZveli gamoacala. aseve, iaponiasac demokratiuli cxovrebis
gamocdileba ar hqonia meore msoflio omamde da misi konsensusis prin-
cipze damyarebuli da patron-klienteluri tipis urTierTobebze agebuli
sazogadoeba sruliad winaaRmdegobrivi Canda demokratiis ganviTarebi-
saTvis. Tumca, iaponia ukve naxevari saukunea demokratiul mmarTvelobas
axorcielebs. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT, indoeTi da israeli aseve qmediT
demokratiebs warmoadgenen pirvel SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis mkveTri si-
Wrelis, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mudmivi dapirispirebebis pirobebSi.
sainteresoa gavarkvioT, es magaliTebi gamonaklisia, Tu marTlac adas-
turebs, rom arasworia ganzogadebiTi daskvna demokratiis zogierT sazoga-
doebaSi ararelevanturobis Sesaxeb? safrangeTis, germaniis, iaponiis, in-
doeTisa da israelis magaliTebi cxadyofen, rom demokratia mmarTvelobis
saocrad moqnili da adaptirebadi formaa.
172 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

safrangeTi: prezidenti parlamentis winaaRmdeg

amerikis saprezidento da brinateTis saparlamento sistemebi warmoad-

gens demokratiuli mmarTvelobis or gansxvavebul formas. mexuTe respub-
likis periodSi safrangeTi warmatebulad iTavsebs orive sistemisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel elementebs.

mexuTe respublika: hibriduli sistema

1958 wels mexuTe respublikis Seqmna misi winamorbedebis naklovanebebis

gamosworebis mcdeloba iyo. misma damfuZnebelma Sarl de golma (1890-1970)
am nakls franguli politikis fataluri kvanZi uwoda_ uZluri aRmas-
ruleblebi imarTebodnen ficxi kanonmdeblebis mier. xelisuflebis qron-
ikuli paralizeba da saxalxo imedebis gacrueba konstituciuri wesrigis
sistematuri damxobis provocirebas axdenda. rogorc de goli xSirad
aRniSnavda, respublikuri mmarTvelobis damyarebis pirveli sami mcdeloba
safrangeTSi diqtaturiT damTavrda. safrangeTis istoria 1878 wlidan 1958
wlamde imis mSvenieri ilustraciaa, rac `federalistis~ avtorebs kargad
esmodaT: xelmZRvanelobas moklebuli xelisuflebas sakuTar Tavze uaresi
mteri ar hyavs.
meoTxe respublikis periodSi (1946-58) mTavroba saSualod eqvs TveSi
icvleboda. politikuri partiebis arnaxulma siWarbem, romelTa nawilis
sicocxlisunarianoba Zalian xanmokle iyo, safrangeTis saparlamento
sistema parodiad aqcia. metic, politikuri speqtris sxvadasxva polusze
mdebare partiebi _ memarjvene golistebi da memarcxene komunistebi _
cdilobdnen Ziri gamoeTxaraT meoTxe resublikis konstituciisaTvis.
erTaderTi sakiTxi, razec es ori partia Tanxmdeboda, iyo is, rom meoTxe
respublika anaTemaa, da amitom periodulad TanamSromlobdnen mTavrobis
damxobis mizniT. am or eqstremistul partias erToblivad hqonda sakmari-
si Zala nacionalur asambleaSi, rom daebrkolebinaT arasasurveli sakanon-
mdeblo iniciativebi daam gziT gadaeyenebinaT susti koaliciuri mTavro-
bebi (aseT qmedebas uaryofiTi veto ewodeba).
safrangeTSi bevrs imedi hqonda, rom 1958 wlis konstitucia qveyanaSi
gamefebul politikur arastabilurobas daasrulebda. axali konstitucia
SedarebiT mokled da gasagebi eniT iyo dawerili. misi debulebebi de golis
politikur Sexedulebebs efuZneboda, risi ZiriTadi principebi man Tavis
cnobil gamosvlaSi konstituciis miRebamde 12 wliT adre ase Camoayaliba:

aSkaraa, rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ar unda iyos damokideb-

uli parlamentze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, orpalatiania da warmoadgens
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, adgili eqneba
pasuxismgeblobebis aRrevas, sadac mTavroba sxva araferi iqneba Tu
ara partiuli delegaciebis dajgufeba... safrangeTis xelisuflebis
erTianoba, koordinirebuloba da Sida wesrigi unda iqces mTavar
 saparlamento demokratia 173
amocanad, Torem qveynis mmarTveloba iqceva uunarod da sneulad.
maS rogor unda iqnas miRweuli amgvari erTianoba, koordinirebu-
loba da wesrigi, Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gamomdinarobs sxva
organodan, romelic wesiT mis dabalansebas unda axdendes da mTav-
robis TiToeuli wevri, romelic qveynis warmomadgenlobiTi organos
winaSe koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas unda iziarebdes, araferia, Tu
ara sakuTari partiis emisari? amitomac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
unda iyos warmodgenili saxelmwifos meTauris saxiT, romelic iqneba
partiebisagan damoukidebeli da airCeva im organos mier, romelic
moicavs parlamentsac, magram masze ufro farToa...
saxelmwifos meTauris prerogativaa sazogado interesebis gan-
xilva mis mier SerCeul pirebTan erTad da aseve, parlamentis orien-
taciis gaTvaliswinebiT. misive uflebaa ministrTa nominireba da maT
Soris, pirvel rigSi premier-ministris dasaxeleba, romelmac unda
war marTos mTavrobis politika da muSaoba. misi movaleobaa kanonis
propaganda da gancxadebebis gakeTeba, radganac isini vrceldeba
mTeli saxelmwifos moqalaqeebze. aseve, is unda xelmZRvanelobdes
kabinets da am funqciiT daicvas erovnuli gangrZobiToba. man unda
Seasrulos arbitris funqciac, romelic yoveldRiur politikur
garemoebebze maRla dgas da uzrunvelyofs kabinetis normalur muS-
aobas, an gansakuTrebuli areulobis periodSi, daniSnos arCevnebi,
raTa xalxma gamoavlinos misi suverenuli gadawyvetileba am gziT.
man, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyana raime safrTxis winaSe dadgeba, unda
aiRos qveynis usafrTxoebis garantiebisa da yvela im xelSekrulebis
Sesrulebis valdebuleba, rasac safrangeTi SeuerTdeba.4

saerTo jamSi, mTavari konstituciuri sistemis sqemaSi, rasac de goli

daJinebiT moiTxovda, iyo Zlieri aRmasruleblis arseboba, romelsac unda
gaewonasworebina gamudmebiT danawevrebuli parlamenti; aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis centralur figurad ki moiazreboda saxelmwifos meTauri
(prezidenti) da ara premier-ministri.

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

sajaro xelisuflebis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebuli de golis kon-

cefciis ZiriTadi elementebi 1958 wlis konstituciis TiTqmis yvela
debulebaSia asaxuli. saparlamento modelis Sesabamisad, safrangeTis
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebac dayofilia. konstituciis mixedviT, pre-
mier-ministri aris mTavrobis meTauri, xolo prezidenti ki saxelmwifos
meTauria. britaneli monarqisagan gansxvavebiT, bunebrivia, safrangeTis
prezidenti arCeulia demokratiuli wesiT da gacilebiT meti politikuri
Zalauflebac aqvs. safrangeTis prezidenti, romlis farTo uflebebi Ta-
vad de golis ambiciebs moarges, qveynis wamyvani politikuri figuraa. igi
damoukidebelia saknonamdeblo Stosagan, gaaCnia Zalauflebis mravali
174 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

berketi da saprezidento posts gansazRvruli vadiT ikavebs (Svidi weli

1962-dan 2000 ww., amJamad xuTi weli).
konstituciam prezident de gols konfliqturi interesebisa da kon-
kurenti politikuri partiebis momrigeblis funqciac SeuTavsa. konsti-
tuciam aseve mianiWa de gols da mis memkvidreebs sagareo politikis sferoSi
upiratesi uflebebi. prezidents SeuZlia daniSnos da gaaTavisuflos pre-
mier-ministri, daiTxovos sakanonmdeblo organo, daniSnos axali arCevnebi,
gamoacxados sagangebo mdgomareoba, gamosces kanonis Zalis mqone brZaneb-
ulebebi da uxelmZRvanelos kabinetis sxdomebs. garda amisa, prezidentma
SeiZleba Caataros erovnuli referendumi qveynisaTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze.
1958 wlis konstitucia Tavdapirvelad iTvaliswinebda, rom prezidenti
arCeuli unda yofiliyo amomrCevelTa kolegiis mier, romelSic Sevidod-
nen adgilobrivi da cetraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, raTa am
 saparlamento demokratia 175
gziT prezidenti yoveldRiur politikaze maRla damdgariyo. 1962 wels de
golma TviTneburad daniSna referendumi, sadac frang xalxs prezidentis
pirdapiri wesiT arCevis sakiTxi unda gadaewyvita (`TviTneburad~ imdenad,
ramdenadac mas konstitucia cvlilebebis Setanis procesSi nacionaluri
asambleis gverdis avlis uflebas ar aZlevda). referendumma, absoluturi
umravlesobis gadawyvetilebiT, safrangeTis prezidentis mmarTvelobas
saxalxo mandati mianiWa. de golma kargad icoda, rom demokratiuli mmarT-
velobis pirobebSi araferi aZlevs politikur liders imxela Zalauflebas
da legitimurobas, rogorc amomCevelTa pirdapiri mxardaWera.
safrangeTSi premier-ministrs prezidentTan SedarebiT naklebi Zalauf-
leba da gavlena aqvs, Tumca ukanasknel periodSi am or instituts Soris
gacilebiT meti balansia, vidre de golis mmarTvelobis dros iyo. prem-
ieri prezidentis mier irCeva da emsaxureba mis nebas. rogorc mTavrobis
meTauri, premieri marTavs ministrTa kabinets da sakanonmdeblo organos
winaSe pasuxismgebelia sajaro politikasa da erovnul Tavdacvaze. pre-
mieri da misi kabineti Tvalyurs adevnebs da akontrolebs mTavrobisa da
biurokratiis muSaobas. Tumca, mexuTe respublikis konstitucia zustad
arc gansazRvravs ra uflebamosilebani da funqciebi aqvs prezidents, da
ra _ premier-ministrs. de gols, frangul politikaSi misi mniSvnelobidan
gamomdinare, moswonda konstituciis miseburi interpretirebis SesaZle-
blobis arseboba. amitom, de golis mmarTvelobis periodSi, saprezidento
Zalaufleba Zalze moqnili iyo da mocemul momentSi yvela saWiro resur-
sisa da berketis gamosayenebis SesaZleblobas uqmnida.
de golis Semdgom, arcerTi prezidenti ar yofila ase dominanturi
frangul politikaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialist fransua miterans
safrangeTis prezidentis posti 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekava (1981-1995), misi
reputacia verasdros miuaxlovda de golis reitings. Tumca, miteranis
mmarTvelobis umetes periodSi ZalTa balansi mainc prezidentis sasarge-
blod ixreboda premieris sapirispirod. safrangeTs, mexuTe respublikis
daarsebidan 1988 wlamde, ar hyolia iseTi premieri, romelic prezidentis
Zalauflebas daabalansebda an daCrdilavda. 1986 wlis erovnul arCevnebSi
miteranis socialistur partiaze centristul-memarjvene partiis gamar-
jvebis Semdgom or weliwadSi safrangeTis premieri am ukanasknelis war-
momadgeneli Jak Siraki gaxda. 1997 wels ki lionel Jospeni gaxda premier-
ministri mas Semdeg, rac misma socialisturma partiam erovnul arCevnebSi
daamarcxa ori wlis win prezidentad arCeuli Sirakis momxreebi nacionalur
asambleaSi. orive SemTxvevaSi, prezidentis partiis warumatebloba parla-
mentSi saprezidento gavlenis Sesustebasa da axali premieris (da mTavari
opoziciuri partiis lideris) Tundac droebiT politikur upiratesobaSi
gamoixata.

erovnuli asambleis SezRuduli roli

Tuki saprezidento instituti mexuTe respublikis realuri poli-

176 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

tikuri monapovaria, garkveulwilad Sesustda saparlamento Sto. igi

or palatad: se natad da erovnul asamblead aris gayofili. safrangeTis
senati, romelsac SezRuduli uflebamosileba gaaCnia, irCeva arapirda-
piri gziT, xolo erovnuli asamblea irCeva pirdapiri wesiT mravalman-
datiani raionebidan ormagi xmis micemiT (oretapiani arCevnebis Sedegad).
erovnulma asambleam unda daamtkicos yvela wardgenili kanonproeqti da
amdenad aRasrulos misi ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo uflebamosileba. Tumca,
1958 wlis konstituciaSi kanonis cneba sakmaod viwrod aris ganmartebuli.
bevri naxevrad sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetileba aRmasruleblis kompeten-
ciaSi rCeba, romelsac, sxvaTa Soris, `brZanebulebiTi kanonis~ gamocemis
ufleba aqvs.
erovnuli asamblea ufro saintresoa im uflebamosilebebis ganxilvis
TvalsazrisiT, romelic mas ar gaaCnia, nacvlad imis CamoTvlisa, rac mis
kompetenciaSi Sedis. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba gansazRvravs safran-
geTis parlamentis dRis wesrigs. parlaments gaaCnia mxolod komitetebis
SezRuduli raodenoba, mas SeuZlia imuSaos weliwadSi mxolod eqvsi Tvis
ganmavlobaSi da ara aqvs finansuri kanonproeqtebis wardgenis ufleba.
Tuki is raime mizeziT ver moaxerxebs aRmasruleblis mier wardgenili
biujetis damtkicebas mocemul vadamde, maSin biujeti ZalaSi Sedis aRmas-
ruleblis dekretis safuZvelze. metic, SesaZloa aRmasrulebelma mosTxo-
vos parlaments kanonproeqtTa mTel pakets erTdroulad uyaros kenWi.
dabolos, mTavrobas SeuZlia raime konkretul qmedebaze moiTxovos parla-
mentisagan ndobis xma. Tu amgvar SemTxvevaSi parlamentis gadawyvetileba
iqneba uaryofiTi, maSin erovnuli asamblea faqtobrivad iTxovs mTavro-
bis gadayenebas da prezidents aniWebs arCevanis uflebas, daakompleqtos
alternatiuli mTavroba an daniSnos axali arCevnebi. magram, rogorc wesi,
kanonmdeblebs arcTu ise xiblavT axali arCevnebis idea, miT umetes, Tu maT
mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebiT gavleniani prezidentis ukmayo-
fileba gamoiwvies.
de goli imdenad Sors wavida parlamentze kidev ufro didi upiratesobis
mosapoveblad, rom man sakmaod sainteresod SeakavSira ramdenime calkeu-
li konstituciuri debuleba. misi miTiTebiT, mTavrobas SeeZlo moeTxova
sakiTxTa paketze kanonmdebelTa mxardaWera erTiani kenWisyris gziT da
Semdgom es mxardaWera sulac ndobis upirobo gamocxadebad eqcia. mas Sem-
deg, rac 1969 wels de golma datova politika, safrangeTis prezidentebi
erovnul asambleas SedarebiT ufro meti pativiscemiT epyrobian.

politikuri partiebi

safrangeTSi politikuri partiebis sakmaod didi speqtria. evropis sxva

mravalpartiul sistemaTa msgavsad, safrangeTSic politikuri partiebi
klasificirebulni arian memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebad. umniSvnelova-
nesi memarcxene partiebi arian komunisturi da socialisturi (Sesabamisad,
radikaluri da liberaluri orientaciis).
 saparlamento demokratia 177

Jak Sirakma, neogolistma premier-ministrma 1995 wlis maisSi socialisti prezi-

denti fransua miterani Secvala. 1997 wlis ivnisSi prezidentma Sirakma axali sapar-
lamento arCevnebi moiTxova da iZulebuli gaxda socialisti lionel Jospeni dae-
saxelebina axal premier-ministrad, mas mere rac centristuli partiebi memarcxene
partiebTan damarcxdnen. 2002 wlis gazafxulze Jospeni saprezidento arCevnebSi
marcxis Semdeg gadadga.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1970 wlamde komunisturi partia saSualod

xmaTa 20 procents iRebda erovnul arCevnebSi. Tumca, bolo ori aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi misi poziciebi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda. socialisturi partia
iqca memarcxeneTa mxardaWeris ZiriTad mimRebad. 1981 wels socialisturma
partiam STambeWdavi gamarjveba moipova arCevnebSi, xolo misi kandidati, fran-
sua miterani safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1986 wlis
arCevnebSi partiis mimarT mxardaWeram iklo, socialistebma poziciebi 1988
wels miteranis xelmeored arCevisas aRidgines da kvlavac wamyvan politikur
Zalad iqcnen parlamentSi (Tumca, maT ar hqondaT mandatebis umravlesoba).
1990-iani wlebSi saxalxo mxardaWera centristul-memarjvene Zalebisak-
en gadaixara. 1993 wels ki maT absoluturi gamarjveba izeimes da erovnul
asambleaSi daibrunes dominanturi pozicia. ori wlis Semdeg, neogolisti
kandida-ti _ Jak Siraki arCeuli iqna qveynis prezidentad. Sirakis arCe-
vam, romelsac daemata imave wels centristuli-memarjvene Zalebis tri-
umfi senatis arCevnebSic, konservatiuli Zalebs marTvis sruli sadaveebi
Caugdo xelT, Tumca ara xangrZlivi vadiT. 1997 wels prezident Sirakis
mierve vadaze adre daniSnulma saparlamento arCevnebma yvela gaakvirva,
gansakuTrebiT TviTon Siraki, romelic mniSvnelovani saxalxo mxardaWer-
is mopovebas eloda misi seriozuli ekonomikuri programis gamo. magram
memarcxene Zalebma, isev socialistTa xelmZRvanelobiT, damajerebeli
gamarjveba moipoves. Siraks aRar hqonda sxva arCevani, garda socialisti
lionel Jospenis axal premier-ministrad gamocxadebisa.
TavisTavad is faqti, rom Jan mari le penis ultra memarjvene naciona-
178 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

listurma partiam 1997 wlis arCevnebSi mxolod erTi saparlamento mandati

miiRo, safrangeTis oretapiani saarCevno proceduris ucnauri Sedegia.
gamarjvebulis gamosavlenad saWiroa arCevnebis meore turis Catareba im
saarCevno olqebSi, sadac pirvel etapze verc erTi kandidati ver miiRebs
gadamwyvet umravlesobas (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom 2002 wlis arCevnebSi
le penis STambeWdavma poziciebma saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi
ultramemarjveneebs gaZlierebisaTvis damatebiTi biZgi misca). xSirad,
urTierTmsgavsi politikuri Sexedulebebis mqone partiebi arCevnebis
pirvel da meore turs Soris ayalibeben aliansebs, sxvadasxva olqSi erTma-
neTis kandidatebis mxardaWeris pirobiT, riTac parlamentSi marginaluri
da radikaluri partiebis gavlena mcirdeba.

konstitucia zewolis qveS: balansis gamocda

1964 wels, premier-ministrma JorJ pompidum (romelic mogvianebiT saf-

rangeTis prezidenti gaxda, 1969-1974) mexuTe respublikis rTuli institu-
cionaluri balansi imgvarad aRwera, rom is dReisTvisac adekvaturia:

safrangeTma airCia Sualeduri mmarTvelobis forma amerikul sapre-

zidento sistemasa da britanul saparlamento sistemas Soris, sadac
saxelmwifos meTauris (romelic gansazRvravs saerTo politikur
kurss) Zalaufleba saxalxo mxardaWeridan momdinareobs, magram am
Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba mxolod mTavrobasTan erTad SeuZlia,
romelsac Tavadve airCevs da waradgens, Tumca am ukanasknelma, saku-
Tari Tavis gadasarCenad, unda SeinarCunos asambleis ndoba.5

mexuTe respublikam safrangeTs stabiluri demokratia moutana naxeva-

ri saukunis ganmavlobaSi. 1958 wlis konstituciaze dafuZnebulma siste-
mam ufro kargad imuSava, vidre misma winamorbedebma, ukve oTxjer metxans
gastana vidre meoTxe respublika da gacilebiT ufro nakleb meryevi aR-
moCnda vidre mesame respublika. de golis gavlenam misi prezidentobis Sem-
degac did xans gastana. misma memkvidreebma ganagrZes erovnul Rirsebasa da
damoukideblobaze orientirebuli politika, romelic emyareboda swrafad
ganviTarebad evropaSi safrangeTis wamyvani rolis degoliseul xedvas, mis
survils, kidev ufro aemaRlebina saerTaSoriso asparezze qveynis prestiJi
(maT Soris, rogorc erT-erTi birTvuli saxelmwifosi). de golis memkvi-
dreobis kidev erT ilustracias warmoadgens Zlieri erovnuli ekonomikis
modeli, sadac, franguli tradiciiT, aRiarebulia saxelmwifos didi roli
da aseve, gaTvaliswinebulia sabazro ekonomikis principebi.
mTeli am periodis ganmavlobaSi erovnuli asambleac mxars uWerda
am politikas. mxolod erTi xanmokle gamonaklisi dadga 1981 wlis Sede-
gebTan erTad, romelmac socialistebs aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo
arCevnebSi gamarjveba moutana. warmatebiT STagonebulma socialistebma,
xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave gaaZlieres socialuri programebi da fran-
 saparlamento demokratia 179
guli industriis didi nawilis nacionalizacia moaxdines. Tumca, rogorc
ki sabazro ekonomikis sapirispirod gatarebuli memarcxene politikis
Sedegad qveynis ekonomikam stagnacia daiwyo, amomrCevelma socialistebi
dasaja da1986 wlis arCevnebSi Zalauflebis sadaveebi isev memarjvene-cen-
tristebs daubruna. gzavnili aSkara iyo: sakmarisia, Tavi dagvanebeT.
zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, rac ufro moSorebulia prezidenti
sazogadoebrivi azrisagan, miT ufro metad demokratiuli xdeba franguli
sistema im sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac igi emsaxureba. iqidan gamomdin-
are, rom prezidenti 2000 wlamde Svid weliwadSi erTxel, xolo axali par-
lamenti xuT weliwadSi erTxel mainc irCeva, arCevnebis sixSire da masTan
dakavSirebuli mzadeba franguli politikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawils
warmoadgens. marTlac, 1962-dan 1997 wlamde ToTxmetjer Catarda arCev-
nebi. erT-erTi avtoris TqmiT, `saarCevno taqtikis logikidan gamomdinare,
grZelvadian programebs momentalur Sedegebze gaTvlili politika da par-
tiuli aliansebi sWarbobs~.6 (arCevnebi kidev ufro meti sixSiriT tardeba
aSS-Si, magram warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebi yovel or weliwadSi an
senatis mesamedis ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi, rogorc wesi,
didi eleqtoraluri interesiT da aqtivobiT ar gamoirCeva).
mexuTe respublikis dasawyisSi arsebobda imis potenciuri safrTxe,
rom safrangeTis gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba mniSvnelovan
winaaRmdegobebs Seqmnida im SemTvevaSi, Tu prezidenti da premieri sxvadasx-
va politikuri Zalebis warmomadgenlebi iqnebodnen, sxvadasxva politikur
ideologias gaatarebdnen da gansxvavebuli politikuri xedva eqnebodaT.
dRemde sami amgvari precedenti iyo, Tumca amas raime mniSvnelovani prob-
lema namdvilad ar gamouwvevia. 1986 wels, roca memarjvene Zalebma gaimar-
jves erovnul arCevnebSi, socialisti prezidenti fransua miterani iZule-
buli iyo moewvia parizis neogolisti meri Jak Siraki premierad, romelsac
unda Camoeyalibebina axali mTavroba. 1993 wels, roca socialistebi gan-
meorebiT damarcxdnen saparlamento arCevnebSi memarjvene-centristuli
koaliciis mier, miterani isev iZulebuli gaxda moewvia gamarjvebuli Zalis
warmomadgeneli eduard baladuri premier-ministrad. dabolos, 1997 wlis
ivnisSi prezidentma Jak Sirakma analogiuri garemoebebis gamo (mxolod am-
jerad konservatorebze memarcxeneebis gamarjvebis mizeziT), premier-min-
istrad socialisti lionel Jospeni daniSna, romelmac, sxvaTa Soris, 2002
wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvelive turSi samarcxvino damarcxeba
iwvnia Sirakis kanidaturasTan dapirispirebis gamo.
gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis problemam dRis wesrigSi
Tanaarsebobis aucilebloba daayena, roca gayofili aRmasrulebeli
xelisufle-ba sxvadasxva partiebis mier kontroldeba. ramdenad kargad
muSaoben erTad prezidenti da premier-ministri sxva sakiTxia. rogorc
aRvniSneT, am or aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas Soris Zalauflebis formal-
uri gayofa xSirad samarcxvino formas iRebs da xelisuflebas CixSi aqcevs.
miuxedavad amisa, `Tanaarsebobis~ xanmokle gamocdilebam aCvena, rom Tavad
sistemas safrTxe ar eqmneba.
180 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

franguli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi

evropa da msoflio vaWroba

safrangeTi frTxilad agrZelebs evrokavSiris farglebSi gafarToebul

savaWro SesaZleblobebaTa mxardaWeras. miuxedavad amisa, bolodroindeli
gamokvlevebi cxadad adasturebs frangebis umravlesobis Sexedulebas,
rom evrokavSirTan mWidro urTierToba `Zalze bevr msxverpls~ moiTxovs.
prezident miteranis xelmZRvanelobiT safrangeTma mxari dauWira ekonomi-
kuri integraciis mimarTulebiT svlas. Tumca, safrangeTis bevr tradiciul
produqcuas germaneli da sxva evropeli qveynebis konkurentebis mxridan
safrTxe daemuqra. frangi fermerebi gansakuTrebuli simkacriT moiTxovd-
nen proteqcionisturi zomebis miRebas zogjer gaafTrebuli protestebisa
da demonstraciebis (magaliTad, traqtorebiT ZiriTadi quCebisa da gzebis
gadaketva) gamarTviT. evropul savaluto kavSirSi gawevrianebas azrTa
didi sxvadasxvaoba mohyva, radgan franguli sazogadoebis didi seqtori
nebismier supranacionalur da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi
yovelTvis gaafTrebiT icavda erovnuli suverenitetis ideas. amas garda,
unificirebuli evropuli valutis SemoReba damokidebuli iyo erovnuli
biujetis deficitis mTliani Sida produqciis 3%-mde Semcirebaze – stan-
darti, ramac prezident Sirakis biujetis Sekvecis zomebis mxardaWera ai-
Zula. es arapopularuli RonisZiebebi, Tavis mxriv, socialistebisa da sxva
memarcxene partiebis xelSi 1997 wlis ivnisis arCevnebSi Sirakis partiis
damarcxebis iaraRad iqca.

umuSevroba da ekonomika

Tanamedrove frangul sazogdoebaSi farTod gavrcelebuli imedga-

cruebis mizezebis gamocnoba Zneli ar aris. 1996 wels gadasaxadebma da
umuSevrobam rekordul maCvenebels miaRwia, xelfasebi gaiyina, sazoga-
doebrivi danaxarjebi da seqtori Seikveca; erovnuli vali 1993 wlis mSp-
s 45.4%-dan 1997 wels daaxloebiT 58%-mde gaizarda. franguli ekonomika
1996 wels neli tempiT 0.9%-iT, xolo 1997 wels daaxloebiT 2.6%-iT gaiz-
arda. safrangeTi umuSevrobis maRali doniT - 12%-iT, evrokavSirSi espane-
Tis Semdeg meore adgilze iyo. es mudmivi problema kidev ufro amZafrebs
daZabul urTierTobebs profkavSirebSi gaerTianebul muSebsa da xelisu-
flebas Soris im qveyanaSi, sadac muSebi xSirad awyoben gaficvebsa da demon-
straciebs. bevri frangi xedavs mWidro kavSirs umuSevrobasa da emigracias
Soris – emigrantebi Tanaxma arian dabal xelfasad imuSaon, qalaqebSi iyr-
ian Tavs da SezRuduli samuSao adgilebisaTvis konkurenciaSi ebmebian.

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis dabalanseba

umuSevrobis Sesamcireblad frangebs ekonomikuri zrda sWirdebaT. pre-

 saparlamento demokratia 181
mier-ministrma lionel Jospenma 1997 wels Tavisi saarCveno kampaniis dros
350 aTasi samoqalaqo mosamsaxuris dasaqmebisa da samuSao kviris 39 saaTi-
dan 35 saaTamde Semcirebis piroba dado xelfasis Semcirebis gareSe. gasage-
bi mizezebis gamo am zomaTa popularobis miuxedavad, safrangeTi msoflio
ekonomikur konkurenciaSi arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda _ fran-
guli ekonomikisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebel grZelvadian ekonomikur
zrdas safrTxe Seeqmna.

emigracia da sazogadoeba

ukiduresi memarjvene erovnuli fronti Jan mari le penis xelmZRvanelo-

biT yvelaze seriozulad moekida emigraciis sakiTxs. amJamad safrangeTSi
ZiriTadad CrdiloeT afrikidan Camosuli 3 milionze meti arabi da af-
rikisa da aziis yofili koloniebidan emigrirebuli mravali adamiani cxov-
robs. umuSevrobam da qalaqebis saxis dakargvam politikuri devnilebis,
ltolvilebis da TavSesafris maZebarTa mimarT tradiciuli franguli
stumarTmoyvareoba Seasusta. sazogadoebis mxridan zewolisa da uki-
duresi memarjveneebis pretenziebis sapasuxod xelisuflebam gaaZliera
moTxovnebi aralegaluri emigrantebis mimarT da politikuri devnilebis
mier TavSesafris Ziebas meti skepticizmiT moekida. ucxoelebi, turistebis
CaTvliT xSirad Civian, rom maT safrangeTSi gulRiad ar xvdebian. le penis
meore adgilma 2002 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis pirvel turSi safrange-
Ti (da mTeli evropa) SokSi Caagdo; miuxedavad imisa, rom Sirakma sabolood
sruli gamarjveba moipova, le peni da misi mimdevrebi wamyvani partiebisaT-
vis seriozul safrTxes warmoadgenen.

sasamarTlo sistema
safrangeTis sasamarTlo sistema dayofilia ori umTavresi tipis sasamar-
Tlod: Cveulebrivi sasamarTlo da administraciuli sasamarTlo. miuxeda-
vad am sakmaod rutinuli klasifikaciisa, safrangeTis iuridiuli sistema
ramdenime sakmaod saintereso da uCveulo inovacias Seicavs. magaliTad,
iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo respublikis prezidentis TavmjdomareobiT ga-
nixilavs sasamarTlo dawinaurebebisa da disciplinur sakiTxebs. uzenaesi
sasamarTlo uflebamosilia gaasamarTlos respublikis prezidenti qvey-
nis RalatisaTvis da xelisuflebis wevrebi sajaro valdebulebebis Ses-
rulebisas kriminaluri danaSaulis CadenisaTvis.
sakonstitucio sabWo Sedgeba cxra mosamarTlisa (romelTaganac sami
respublikis prezidentis, sami _ nacionaluri asambleis prezidentis,
xolo danarCeni sami ki _ senatis prezidentis mier aris dasaxelebuli) da
aseve qveynis yvela yofili prezidentisagan. mas sasamarTlo meTvalyure-
obis funqciac aqvs, rac sakmaod mniSvnelovania frangul sistemaSi. igi
zedamxedvelobs prezidentis arCevnebs da aseve ZaluZs winaaRmdegobrivi
182 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

sakanonmdeblo davebis gamoZieba da gadawyveta. garkveul SemTxvevebSi, mas

SeuZlia moamzados daskvnebi momavali kanonmdeblobis an ukve ZalaSi Sesu-
li kanonebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb. sabWosaTvis gadacemuli saqmeebi
ar atarebs individualuri davebis an mimarTvis xasiaTs (rogorc es aSS-Sia).
es saqmeebi sabWoSi xelisuflebis danarCeni ori Stos specialuri mimarT-
vis safuZvelze SeiZleba moxvdes. aqedan gamomdinare, sakiTxebi, romelsac
sabWo ganixilavs, ZiriTadad politikuria da pirdapir exeba konstituci-
uri uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebas xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stosa
Tu struqturis mier.

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia safrangeTSi?

safrangeTi msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze xandazmuli demokratiuli

tradiciebis matarebeli qveyanaa. safrangeTis revolucia amerikis revolu-
ciidan mxolod ramdenime wlis Semdeg moxda da TiTqmis swored im istori-
ul momentSi, roca amerikeli damfuZneblebi filadelfiaSi ganixilavdnen
msoflioSi pirveli konstituciuri demokratiis modelis Seqmnis sakiTxs.
orive revoluciam Tavisufleba aRiara umTavres principad da orivem mi-
iCnia politikuri Tanasworoba (igive demokratia) Tavisuflebis dacvis
saukeTeso, Tu ara erTaderT saSualebad. magram safrangeTis gza demokra-
tiamde amerikasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro grZeli da rTuli aRmoCnda.
xuTjer scades frangebma am sistemis warmatebiT awyoba da marTebulad
gaTaviseba da marTlac miaRwies amas. dResdReobiT safrangeTs aqvs Zlieri
ekonomika (romelic xandaxan mainc awydeba problemebs), Zlieri samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba (romelic drodadro studentebis, fermerebisa Tu muSaTa
jgufebis saprtotesto aqtivobiTac gamoixateba) da mravalferovani kul-
tura. safrangeTi axali evropis lideria (evrokavSiri), misi SedarebiT didi
mezoblis (da istoriuli mowinaaRmdegis) germaniis Tanaswori partniori da
Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis (natos) erT-erTi wamyvani wevri. qsenofo-
biuri politikis uaryofa umravlesobis mier, rac 2002 wlis saprezidento
arCevnebis meore turSi Jan mari le penis damarcxebam cxadyo, safrangeTis
eleqtoratis samoqalaqo simwifeze miuTiTebs. safrangeTSi, yvela Sesabam-
isi parametris mixedviT, demokratia funqcionirebs kargad (ramdenadac es
saerTod SesaZlebelia idealurisgan Sors myof msoflioSi).

germania: federalizmi militarizmis winaaRmdeg

Tanamedove germaniam Camoyalibeba daiwyo me-19 saukunis bolo period-

Si, roca ori STambeWdavi samxedro gamarjvebis (1866 wels avstriaze, xolo
1871 wels safrangeTze) Sedegad aRzevda evropul asparezze. meoce sauku-
nis ganmavlobaSi germaniis mSfoTvare istoriis gasagebad, aucilebelia
misi warumatebeli demokratiuli eqsperimentis ganxilvac.
 saparlamento demokratia 183

vaimaris respublika

hitleris mesame raixi aRmocenda vaimaris respublikaSi, romelic Tavis

mxriv germaniaSi konstituciuri demokratiis Camoyalibebis pirveli eqs-
perimenti iyo. bevri eqsperti miiCnevs, rom problema iyo ara vaimaris re-
spublikis warumatebloba TavisTavad, aramed warmatebis Sansis ararseboba.
daarsebisTanave, 1919 wels igi asocirebuli iyo germaniis samarcxvino dam-
arcxebasTan pirvel msoflio omSi da SezRuduli iyo versalis samSvidobo
xelSekrulebiT dadgenili mkacri pirobebiT. respublikas dakisrebuli
hqonda mZime kompensacia gamarjvebulTa aliansis mxridan, ramac gamoiwvia
mwvave ekonomikuri problemebi, umuSevrobis maRali done, biznesis Cavard-
na, swrafi inflacia da Sedegad, vaimaris respublikis Sesusteba. amgvari
daZabuli viTarebis fonze, germanulma sazogadoebam polarizeba ganicada
ukidures memarjvene da ukidures memarcxene mimdinareobebad. eqstremiz-
mis aRmocenebam ki TavisTavad xelisuflebis krizisi ganapiroba. erT-erTi
eqspertis SefasebiT: `stabiluri demokratiuli mmarTveloba vaimaris re-
spublikis arsebobis periodSi mudmivad safrTxis qveS imyofeboda. qveyana
imarTeboda... arapopularuli umciresobaTa kabinetebis, Signidan susti
`didi koaliciebis~, an kidev, parlaments miRma avtoritaruli sapreziden-
to kabinetebis mier.~7
Tu warsuls gadavavlebT Tvals, aSkaraa, rom vaimaris respublikis dace-
ma gardauvali iyo. rogorc varaudoben, Zalian cota demokratia Tu SeZleb-
da amgvari winaaRmdegobebis daZlevas. Znelia imis warmodgenac, Sedgeboda
Tu ara demokratia pirveli msoflio omis Semdgom germaniaSi ufro ukeTes
politikur da ekonomikur pirobebSi. bolos da bolos, kancler oto fon
bismarkisa (1871-1890) da vilhelm II-is mmarTvelobis (1888-1891) periodSi
germania demokratiulobis ideisagan namdvilad Zalian Sors idga. am avto-
ritari mmarTvelebis dros, sityvis Tavisufleba, politikuri monawileoba
da partiuli politika akrZaluli iyo. metic, mmarTvelisadmi morCileba
germanul Taviseburebad iqca. amdenad, germanuli sazogadoeba 1919 wels,
rogorc Cans, moumzadebeli iyo demokratiisaTvis. Tumca amavdroulad, ver-
salis SeTanxmebiT dawesebulma araSorsmWvretelma sadamsjelo politikam
kidev ufro daamZima demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis isedac araxelsayreli
garemo. am gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, 1949 wels erTi ZiriTadi kiTxva
gaCnda: saerTod, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara demokratiis muSaoba odesme im
qveyanaSi, romelic cota xnis win Tavs uxrida sastik tirans (hitlers), em-
saxureboda totalitarul mTavrobas (nacistur reJims) da Tvals xuWavda,
roca milionobiT udanaSaulo adamians (maT Soris bavSvebs) gazis kamereb-
Si xocavdnen?

gayofili germania: civi omis minimodeli

germaniis federaciuli respublikis (dasavleTi germaniis) safuZv-

lebis gaanalizeba mniSvnelovania misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesafase-
184 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

blad. meore msoflio omma daangria germania. qveyana da misi dedaqalaqi

berlini gayofili iqna aliansis wevrebs (aSS, didi britaneTi, safran-
geTi da sabWoTa kavSiri) Soris. Tavdapirveli ganzraxva iyo saokupacio
zonebis gaerTianeba da maTi TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis Semzadeba, magram
sabWoTa kavSirma uari ganacxada mis kontrols qveS myofi segmentis daT-
mobaze. es ukanaskneli gamocxadda germaniis demokratiul respublikad
(aRmosavleTi germania), maSin roca dasavleT germaniam danarCeni seqtorebi
gaaerTiana. 1949 wlidan 1990 wlamde germaneli eri gayofili iyo. berlini,
istoriuli dedaqalaqi, iqca aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris civi omis Ria
placdarmad. orad gayofili germania msoflios dasavleTisa da aRmosavle-
Tis mkveTr politikur dayofas Seaxsenebda, igi safrTxes uqmnida mTlianad
msoflios momavals.
miuxedevad imisa, rom aRmosavleT germania aRmosavleT evropis yvelaze
ganviTarebul komunistur saxelmwifos warmoadgenda, dasavleT germaniis
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba masTan SedarebiT bevrad warmatebuli iyo. dasav-
leT germaniis ekonomikuri ganviTareba da misi aRmasvlis daujereblad
swrafi tempi meore msoflio omis damangreveli efeqtis fonze, saswaula-
dac ki monaTles. 1960 wels dasavleT germania evropis axladCamoyalibe-
buli saerTo bazris dasayrdenad iqca, rac Semdgom msoflios umsxviles
savaWro gaerTianebad da TandaTan erTian evropul ekonomikad Camoyalibda.
Cven mas dRes evrokavSiris saxeliT vicnobT. imavdroulad, dasavleT ger-
maniis ekonomika kvlavac rCeba evropis yvelaze dinamiur Zalad.
aseve STambeWdavi aRmoCnda demokratiis warmateba dasavleT germani-
aSi, misi aRmosavleli komunisti mezoblisagan, germaniis demokratiuli
respublikisagan gansxvavebiT. uzarmazari gansxvaveba or germanias Soris
gaxda mizezi 1961 wels berlinis kedlis aSenebisa, romelsac aRmosavleT
germanelebis (da sxva aRmosavleT evropelebis) izolireba unda moexdina
dasavleTisagan da dasavleT berlinis gziT maTi dasavleTSi gaqcevis Sesa-
Zlebloba aRekveTa. berlinis kedeli ara mxolod dasavleT da aRmosavleT
berlinis wyalgamyofs warmoadgenda, aramed simbolurad gamoxatavda maT
Soris arsebul politikur da ekonomikur gansxvavebebs.
30 wlis Semdeg germania isev gaerTianda. Tumca, manamde, cxovrebis gaci-
lebiT dabali standartebis mqone aRmosavleT germanelebs ekrZalebodaT
dasavleT germaniaSi emigrireba da vizitic ki. sabWoTa kavSiris liderma,
mixeil gorbaCovma (1985-1991) axali realiebi Semoitana sabWoTa kavSiris
mier. meore msoflio omis Semdeg aRmosavleT evropaSi damyarebuli ara-
popularuli da warumatebeli komunisturi reJimebi TandaTan dauZlevel
problemad iqca. gorbaCovis periodSi, sabWoTa kavSirs aRar Seswevda am
warumatebeli ekonomikuri sistemebisa da dangrevis piras myofi saxelmwi-
foebis aRorZinebis unari. aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis aRsasruli dadga
maSin, roca aRmosavleT evropaSi erovnuli winaaRmdegobis talRa pikSi
iyo: poloneTsa da ungreTs ukve gadadgmuli hqonda mniSvnelovani nabije-
bi komunisturi reJimis rRvevis mimarTulebiT. maT didad ar CamorCeboda
Cexoslovakia, rumineTi da bulgareTic.
aRmosavleT germaniis komunizmis rRveva daiwyo masobrivi emigraciebiT.
 saparlamento demokratia 185
asobiT aTasi adamiani gaiqca ungreTis, poloneTisa da Cexoslovakiis
mimarTulebiT, sadac iqauri komunisti liderebi uSedegod cdilobdnen
azvirTebu li talRis Sekavebas. imavdroulad, adgilze darCenili aTaso-
biT aRmosav leT germaneli masobriv demonstraciebSi iRebda monawileobas
berlinSi, laifcigsa da sxva qalaqebSi. amas mohyva berlinis kedlis ngrevis
emociuri epizodebi da aRmosavleT germaniis reJimis rRveva 1989 wels.

gaerTianebuli germania: demokratiis triumfi

sul ramdenime kviraSi saxalxo zewolis Sedegad daemxo erix honekeris

[aRmosavleT germaniis komunisti lideris _ mTargmn. Sen.] reJimi, ramac gza
gauxsna ori germanuli saxelmwifos gaerTianebas. es gaerTianeba ufro swra-
fad moxda, vidre eqspertTa umravlesoba varaudobda. 1990 wlis gazafxulze
germaniis demokratiul respublikaSi Catarebul demokratiul arCevnebSi
umravlesobam mxari ar dauWira aRmosavleT germaniis komunistur partias.
1990 wlis oqtomberSi, ori germania gaerTianda saerTo saxelmwifo sivrceSi
da berlini aRdgenili iqna rogorc axali germaniis dedaqalaqi. sabWoTa kav-
Siris daSlis Semdgom ki germania evropis wamyvan saxelmwifod iqca.
Tumca, germaniis gaerTianeba pirdapiri gagebiT Zalian Zviri aRmoCnda
da weliwadSi aTobiT miliardi dolari `dajda.~ aRmosavleT germaniis eko-
nomikis reabilitaciisTvis dasavleT germanelebs mouxdaT 7,5 procentiT
gazrdili saSemosavlo da aseve momatebuli brunvis gadasaxadis gadaxda.
gaerTianebas aseve Tan axlda socialuri daZabuloba _ muSaTa gaficvebi,
politikuri demonstraciebi, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Seneleba, umuSev-
robis maRali done, imigrant muSaxelTan dapirispireba da aseve, ultra-
memarjvene da neonacisti eqstremistebis aRzeveba. 1990-iani wlebis miwu-
ruls germaniis aRmosavleTSi umuSevrobis done kvlavac maRal niSnuls, 21
procents utoldeboda _ anu orjer meti iyo, vidre dasavleTSi. germani-
aSi erTiani ekonomikisa da erTiani sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas kidev didi
dro dasWirdeba.

germanuli federalizmi

demokratia namdvilad yvavis germaniaSi. 1989 wlamde germaniis federa-

ciuli respublika 10 federalur miwas (Länder, mxolobiTSi Land) da ber-
linis dasavleT nawils moicavda. mas daaxloebiT aSS-is oregonis Statis
Tanazomadi teritoria ekava. gaerTianebam ki federaluri respublikis
struqtura eqvsi axali miwiTa da, Sesabamisad, damatebiTi mosaxleobiTa
da teritoriiT gaafarTova. sainteresoa imis aRniSvna, rom gaerTianebu-
li germaniis analogiuri teritoriuli farTobis mqone 25 saxelmwifoc
ki Tavisuflad `daeteoda~ aSS-is kuTvnil teritoriul farTobze. Tumca,
germaniis federalizmi, romelic centralur xelisuflebaze mudmiv kon-
trols uzrunvelyofs, ufro politikuri movlenaa, vidre geografiuli.
186 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

meore msoflio omis Semdgom mokavSireebma daadgines germanuli miwebis

sazRvrebi, romlebic faqtobrivad maT istoriul sazRvrebs emTxveoda.
miuxedvad imisa, rom germaniis geografiuli kompaqturoba erTi Sexed-
viT gamoricxavs regionul mravalferovnebas, mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi
CveulebebSi, midgomebSi, dialeqtSi da a.S. mainc TvalSisacemia. TumcaRa,
amgvari regionuli Tu adgilobrivi mravalferovneba sulac ar axasiaTebs
zogierT miwas da amitomac gasakviri ar aris, rom germaniis federaluri
sistemis SigniT am federaluri erTeulebis standartizaciis done ufro
maRalia, vidre aSS-is Statebis SemTxvevaSi.

miwebi warmoadgens qvakuTxedebs germanuli sistemisa, romelic Seiqmna

politikuri decentralizaciis maRali donis uzrunvelsayofad. miwebis
xelisuflebis ZiriTad uflebamosilebas ganekuTvneba adgilze kanonebis
amoqmedeba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa ganaTleba an kultura. mxolod
maT gaaCniaT Sesabamisi berketebi federalur doneze miRebuli kanonebis
aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad, maT Soris adgilobriv administraciebSi
Sesabamisi gankargulebebis gacemisa da saganmanaTleblo sistemis marTvis
 saparlamento demokratia 187
ufleba, iseve rogorc sapolicio Zalaufleba. dabolos, mxolod maT gaaC-
niaT presaze limitirebuli, magram mainc garkveuli SezRudvebis dawesebis
ufleba.
miuxedavad amisa, federaluri xelisufleba namdvilad ar warmoadgens
germanuli sistemis sust rgols. berlinSi ganlagebul mTavrobas aqvs
eqskluziuri sakanonmdeblo uflebebi sagareo, savaluto da fiskaluri
politikis, moqalaqeobis miniWebis, sarkinigzo komunikaciis, safosto mom-
saxurebisa da telekomunikaciis, agreTve saavtoro uflebebis sferoebSi.
zogierTi sxva sakiTxi, kerZod ki samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanon-
mdebloba da ekonomikuri regulaciebi centraluri da regonuli xelisu-
flebis saerTo kompetenciebis sferos ganekuTvneba.
germania ufro federaluria vidre aSS; federaluri miwebi aRWurvil-
ni arian ufro meti ZalauflebiT da gadasaxadebis proporciulad ufro
didi wilic adgilobriv biujetSi miemarTeba. magaliTisaTvis, kerZo da
korporatiuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi centrsa da miwebs Soris Tanabrad
nawildeba da TiToeuli 40 procents iRebs, danarCen 20 procenti ki qa-
laqebis biujetSi midis. miwebi aseve iReben damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxa-
dis (dRg) erT mesameds, rac evropaSi udides, magram xSirad dafarul brunvis
gadasaxads warmoadgens. Sedegad, maSin roca berlinidan kidev garkveuli
damatebiTi Tanxebis gadaricxva xdeba federaluri erTeulebisa da qa-
laqebis biujetSi, maT ar uwevT ganmeorebiTi mimarTvebis gzavna centrSi
aSS-is Statebisa da qalaqebis msgavsad, romlebic cdiloben am gziT miiRon
saWiro dafinanseba vaSingtonidan.8

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

germania warmoadgens saparlamento mmarTvelobis formas danawevre-

buli aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT. centraluri samTavrobo figura aris
kancleri, romelic parlamentis TanxmobiT niSnavs da aTavisuflebs kabi-
netis wev-rebs. sagangebo mgomareobis SemTxvevaSi, kancleri xdeba armiis
mTavarsardali da sajaro politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaze
pasuxismgebeli piri.
saxelmwifos meTauria prezidenti, romelsac metwilad mxolod sim-
boluri funqcia aqvs, garda im gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisa, Tu parlamenti
politikur CixSi moeqceva.
did britaneTSi mefisa Tu dedoflis msgavsad, germaniaSi prezidents
partiuli politikis miuxedavad SeuZlia SeinarCunos Zalaufleba da amde-
nad ganasaxierebdes sistemis gangrZobiTobasa da stabilurobas. prezi-
denti irCeva arapirdapiri arCevnebis gziT xuTi wlis vadiT. parmalentis
qveda palataSi umravlesobis partiis lideri xdeba qveynis kancleri. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu vercerTi partia ver moipovebs umravlesobas, da xSirad asec
xdeba praqtikaSi, maSin kanclers irCevs ramdenime partiisagan Semdgari
mmarTveli koalicia.
188 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba

germaniaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba orad aris gayofili: bundestagi

warmoadgens parlamentis qveda palatas da bundesrati _ zeda palatas. iseve
rogorc safrangeTsa da did britaneTSi, germaniis orpalatian parlamentSic,
qveda palata ufro mniSvnelovania. Tumca, am ori qveynisagan gansxvavebiT,
zeda palata (bundesrati) germaniaSi gacilebiT ufro qmediTia da funqciu-
rad datvirTuli.

bundestagi. bundestagis Tavmjdomare yovelTvis irCeva umravlesobis

partiis liderTagan. proceduruli sakiTxebi mowesrigebulia im norme-
biT, romlebic raixstagidan (sakanonmdeblo organo omamde) momdinareobs.
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi, rogorc aris sakomiteto davalebebis, de-
batebis dRis wesrigis da saparlamento muSaobis sxva yoveldRiuri sakiTxe-
bis gansazRvra, xdeba uxucesTa sabWos mier. es organo Sedgeba bundestagis
prezidentis (Tavmjdomaris), misi moadgileebis da ramdenime sxva wevrisagan,
romelTac irCevs TiToeuli partia.
bundestagis wevrebi demokratiulad irCevian oTxi wlis vadiT, Tumca,
rogorc sxva saparlamento sistemebSi, maTi funqcionirebis vada SesaZloa
Semcirebuli iqnes mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi.
amgvar viTarebaSi, kancleri unda gadadges da prezidentma unda daiTxovos
parlamenti. Tumca, germaniaSi, sxva saparlamento sistemebisagan gansxvave-
biT, ZiriTadi kanoni moiTxovs `undoblobis xmis konstruqciul~ gamoyene-
bas, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom kancleri ar SeiZleba daTxovnili iqnas bund-
estagis mier `undoblobis xmiT,~ Tu imavdroulad wardgenili da arCeuli
ar aris misi Semcvlelis, axali kancleris kandidatura.
bundestagis yvelaze mniSvnelovan komponentebs wamoadgens fraqciebi.
imisaTvis, rom Camoayalibos fraqcia, politikurma partiam sul mcire 15 ad-
gili unda moipovos parlamentSi. bundestagis procedurebiTa da ganawesiT,
mxolod am saparlamento organizaciis meSveobiT SeiZleba deputatebis
wardgena komitetebSi da partiebis formaluri aRiareba parlamentSi. imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo samuSao mimdinareobs swored
komitetebis SigniT, partiebisaTvis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania parlamen-
tSi adgilebis sakmarisi raodenobis mopoveba da Sesabamisad fraqciis Camo-
yalibeba.

bundesrati. zeda palatis kompetencias miekuTvneba yvela is sakiTxi, rac

centralur da regionul (miwebis) ZalauflebaTa balansis dacvas Tu
Secvlas gulisxmobs. bundesratis wevrebi arian miwebis xelisuflebis mier
daniSnuli da ara arCeuli deputatebi da blokuri xmis micemis princips
iye neben. amrigad, germanul miwebs gaaCniaT qmediTi da efeqtiani berketi,
raTa Tavi daicvan fede raluri xelisuflebis mxridan SesaZlo Seviwroe-
bisagan. Sedegad, bundesrati msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro qmediTi
da mniSvnelovani zeda saparlamento palataa. germaniis miwebi umTavres
rols asruleben federaluri politikis ganxorcielebaSi, iseve rogorc
 saparlamento demokratia 189
saerTo an gamijnuli kompetenciis sferoebisTvis Sesabamisi politikis
gansazRvraSi, rogorc es ZiriTadi kanoniT aris gansazRvruli.

politikuri partiebi

politikuri partiebis sistema imgvarad iqna Camoyalibebuli, rom par-

tiebis raodenoba garkveul zRvars ar gascileboda da mcire eqstremis-
tur dajgufebebs qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis
Sesrulebis Sansi ar hqonodaT. partiebma unda gadalaxon xuTprocentiani
barieri saerTo arCevnebSi da sul mcire sam saarCevno raionSi moipovon
adgilebi imisaTvis, rom bundestagSi iqnan warmodgenilni.
kidev erTi faqtori, rac ZiriTadi partiebis gaZlierebas kidev ufro
uwyobs xels, aris bundestagis arCevnebis principi. TiToeuli amomrCeveli
orjer aZlevs xmas: erTs _ konkretul kandidats, meores _ partiis mier
gansazRvrul sias. arCevnebis es Tavisebureba saSualebas aZlevs ZiriTad
partiebs gadamwyveti roli Seasrulon politikuri da sajaro karieris mo-
surneTa momavlis gansazRvraSi, radganac bundestagis Semadgenlobis nax-
evari proporciuli arCevnebis, anu saarCevno regionebis partiuli siidan
xvdeba parlamentSi. (proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemaSi politi-
kuri partia ara mxolod gansazRvravs siaSi Casmuli kandidatebis vinaobas,
aramed maT ranJirebasac: siaSi pirvels prioritetulad yvelaze didi Sansi
aqvs parlamentSi moxvedrisa, ukanasknels ki _ yvelaze naklebi).
1949 wlidan germaniis federalur respublikaSi mxolod ori ZiriTadi
partia arsebobda: social-demokratiuli partia (SPD) da konservatiuli
qristian-demokratiuli kavSiri / qristian-socialisturi kavSiri (CDU/
CSU). garda amisa, SedarebiT ufro momcro Tavisufal-demokratiuli partia
(FDP) axerxebda Zalauflebis SenarCunebas, gaaCnda mniSvnelovani strategi-
uli funqcia da asrulebda gadamwyvet rols mmarTveli Zalis gansazRvraSi
Tanabari Zalis mqone or partias Sors erT-erTTan koaliciuri erTobis
CamoyalibebiT. TiTqmis Tanabari xmebis mqone ori msxvili partiisaTvis Ta-
visufal-demokratebis xmebs xSirad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda bund-
estagSi. amitomac, SedarebiT mcire partiis didi gavlena xSirad arapro-
porciulic ki iyo mis masStabTan mimarTebaSi. igi koaliciur mTavrobaTa
umravlesobaSi umcrosi partnioris statusiT warmatebiT sargeblobda.
axlo warsulSi kidev erTi, mwvaneTa partia damkvidrda rogorc mci-
re, magram angariSgasawevi Zala. aRniSnuli partia saTaves iRebs garemos
dacvis sakiTxebze aRzevebuli socialuri moZraobidan. 1998 wels, rode-
sac social-demokratebma daamarcxes qristian-demokratebi arCevnebSi,
magram ver daag roves xmaTa (da Sesabamisad adgilebis) umravlesoba par-
lamentSi, maT Seqmnes koalicia mwvaneTa partiasTan mTavrobis Camosaya-
libeblad, Sedegad gerhard Sroderi, social-demokratebis lideri, gax-
da germaniis kancleri, xolo ioSka fiSeri, mwvaneTa lideri _ germaniis
sagareo saqmeTa ministri. garda amisa, mwvaneebma ramdenime sxva postic
daikaves kabinetSi. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, roca mwvaneTa partia germa-
190 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

niis xelisuflebaSi aRmoCnda.

amavdroulad, arsebobs ramdenime mcire, magram sakmaod aqtiuri ul-
tra-memarjvene politikuri gaerTianeba, romlebic germanuli naciona-
lizmis aRzevebisaken miiswrafvian, miuxedavad qveynis mosaxleobis eTni-
kuri, rasobrivi Tu religiuri mravalferovnebisa, maT Soris muslimuri
da ebrauli umciresobiT. amgvar partiebs ganekuTvneba: nacionalur-de-
mokratiuli partia (NPD), germaniis saxalxo kavSiri (GVU) da respublikuri
partia. jerjerobiT es ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebi mxolod mcireodeni
mxardaWeriT sargeblobs Tumca, germaniaSi ultramemarjvene eqstremizmis
gaZliereba TavisTavad SemaSfoTebelia qveynis politikuri warsulis gamo,
romelic hitleris reJimsa da holokostTan aris dakavSirebuli.

sasamarTlo xelisufleba

germaniis sxva federaluri institutebis msgavsad, sasamarTlo siste-

mac imgvarad iqna Camoyalibebuli, rom Seekavebina centraluri xelisu-
flebis mier Zalauflebis koncentrirebis safrTxe. sasamarTlo sistema,
romlis zemgdom instancias federaluri uzenaesi sasamarTlo warmoad-
gens, muSaobs oTxi specializebuli tribunalis irgvliv. esenia: Sromis
federaluri sasamarTlo, federaluri socialuri sasamarTlo, federal-
uri finansuri sasamarTlo da federaluri administraciuli sasamarTlo.
politikuri TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze mniSvnelovan sasamarTlo struqturas
federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo warmoadgens, romelic eqskluzi-
urad konstituciur sakiTxebze muSaobs da uflebamosilia gamoacxados
federaluri Tu miwis sakanonmdeblo aqtebi arakonstituciurad.
aSS-Si federalur mosamarTleTa arCevis procedurisagan gansxvavebiT,
germaniaSi umaRlesi rangis mosamarTleebi (anu federaluri sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi) airCevian sakanonmdeblo organos mier. bundes-
tagi irCevs am mosamarTleTa erT naxevars, xolo bundesrati _ meores. Tum-
ca, mosamarTleTa umravlesoba airCeva sakonkurso sajaro samsaxuris tipis
testirebis safuZvelze da mtkicdeba mTeli sicocxlis vadiT iusticiis
minis t ris mier, romelic Sesabamis daxmarebas Tavis mxriv iRebs federal-
uri da miwebis kanonmdebelTa mier arCeuli nominirebis komitetebisagan.
sasamarTloSi ierarqiuli aRmasvlisaTvis, mosamarTle unda dawinaurdes
ukve sistemis SigniT, msgavsad saxelmwifo samsaxurSi myofi Cveulebrivi sa-
jaro moxelisa. sasamarTlo damoukidebloba garantirebulia mosamarTle-
Ta sicocxlis xangrZlivobis vadiT daniSvniT. zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom sasamarTlo xelisufleba adekvaturad aris aRWurvili imisaTvis, rom
efeqtianad daabalansos sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
Zalaufleba da daicvas samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi.

ZiriTadi kanoni da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi

samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa sferoSi, rogorc germanuli politikis

 saparlamento demokratia 191
erTma mkvlevarma ganacxada `Sesabamisi istoriuli gamocdileba miRebu-
li iqna mesame raixis dros, roca represiuli reJimis pirobebSi adamianis
yvela Tavisuflebebi SezRuduli da uxeSad darRveuli iyo.~9 ZiriTadi kan-
onis pirveli cxrameti muxli detalurad aRwers yoveli germaneli moqa-
laqis ganuyofel uflebebs. diskriminaciis yvela forma, maT Soris religi-
uri da rasobrivi, calsaxad akrZalulia. sityvis, gadaadgilebis, Sekrebisa
da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba garantirebulia, im SemTxvevis gamoklebiT,
roca es uflebebi gamoyenebulia `Tavisufali demokratiuli wesrigis xe-
lyofisaTvis.~ es ukanaskneli Casworeba aSkarad ori radikaluri polusi-
saTvis _ erTi mxriv, ultramemarcxene komunizmisa da meore mxriv, ultra-
memarjvene nacizmisTvis, iyo gamiznuli, romelTa aRzevebam seriozuli kvali
daasva germaniis istorias meoce saukuneSi. udavod, es aris omisSemdgomi
periodis gamoZaxili, roca mTel atlantikur sivrces da, gansakuTrebuli
simZafriT, germaniis aRmosavleT nawils komunizmis seni moedo. Tumca,
arc ukiduresad memarjvene Zalebis isev gaZlierebis saSiSroebaa mxolod
moCvenebiTi. amitom, aRniSnuli SezRudva omisSemdgom periodSi `Tavisuf-
ali demokratiuli wesrigis~ winaaRmdeg mimarTul ZiriTad safrTxed neo-
nacizms gulisxmobs.

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia germaniaSi?

ZiriTadi kanonis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani iyo `axali germaniis~ insti-

tuciuri konstruireba ise, rom gamoricxuli yofiliyo `Zveli germaniis~
ganmeoreba. SezRuduli xelisufleba _ ZiriTadi kanonis Semqmnelebma
germanuli konstituciuri demokratiis mSeneblobisaTvis im saZirkvlad
moiazres, romelic yvela sxva meqanizmze ukeTesad uzrunvelyofda Za-
lauflebis centralizaciis potenciurad saSiSi tendenciis Sekavebas,
ramac germaniis axal istoriaSi Semzaravi Sedegebi moitana.

germanuli dRis wesrigi: magaliTi

yofili germaniis demokratiuli respublikis

ekonomika da rekonstruqcia

germaniis xelaxla gaerTianeba `Zviri dajda~. yofili aRmosavleT

germania dasavleTTan SedarebiT ekonomikurad dasustebuli iyo.
infrastruqtura cud mdgomareobaSi iyo, qarxnebi moZvelebuli manqana-
danadgarebiT muSaobda, muSebs mniSvnelovani unarebi ar hqondaT, sawarmoTa
daxurvis gamo umuSevrobis done maRali iyo da komunisturi epoqis wvrili
biurokratia, romelsac Tanamedrove menejmentis araferi gaegeboda, sakuTar
poziciebs ar Tmobda. ekonomikam winsvla daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac gaerTianebuli
xelisuflebis saTaveSi helmut koli movida. 1994 wlis oqtomberSi koli
192 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

meoTxe vadiT airCies kanclerad. marTalia, ekonomika 1992 wlidan 1994

wlamde weliwadSi 7-8%-iT izrdeboda, aRmosavleT germaniis ekonomika 1996
wels mxolod 3.5%-iT gaizarda, xolo 1997 wels mxolod 1.0%-iT zrdas elod-
nen. amrigad, unda vivaraudoT, rom germaniis ekonomika, sadac dasavleTi
qveynis mTlian erovnul Sida produqtSi 90%-s iTvlis, male ver Seicvleba.

ucxoeli muSebi, aralegaluri emigrantebi

da neofaSisturi reaqcia

maRali umuSevroba (aRmosavleT germaniaSi daaxloebiT 21%) gansa-

kuTrebiT mtkivneuli iyo aRmosavleT germanelebisaTvis, romlebic ko-
munisturi mmarTvelobis dros srul dasaqmebas, dasaqmebis garantiasa
da dabal samomxmareblo fasebs iyvnen miCveulni. amas garda, aRmosavleT
evropidan, yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan da axlo aRmosavleTidan mravali
droebiTi muSa da aralegaluri emigranti keTildReobis saZebnelad german-
iaSi wavida. aman politikuri uTanxmoeba, eTnikuri daZabuloba da qsenofo-
biac ki gamoiwvia _ germaneli moqalaqebi wuxdnen, rom maT ers ucxoelebis
mier ganadgureba eloda. qsenofobiis yvelaze usiamovno gamovlinebaa neo-
nacistebis (`sqinhedebis~ CaTvliT), moqmedeba da ucxoelebis mimarT ganx-
orcielebuli Zaladobis aqtebi.

evrokavSiris aRmavloba

kolis xelisufleba kvlav ucvlelad uWerda mxars evrokavSirs ax-

ali evropuli savaluto kavSiris Seqmnis CaTvliT. germaniisaTvis saerTo
evropis idea xelsayrelia, radgan amgvari legitimuri struqturis gareSe,
axali germanuli fanatizmis safrTxe dgeba dRis wesrigSi, romlis msgavss
1930-ian wlebSi hitlerma Cauyara safuZveli. meore mizezi is aris, rom ger-
maniam kargad uwyis gaerTianebul evropaSi Tavisi dominanturi Zalaufle-
bis Sesaxeb. misi Zlieri ekonomika imis garantias iZleva, rom mas sxva wevr
qveynebze politikuri gavlena da konkurentuli upiratesoba eqneba.

aRmosavleTSi investireba

miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT germaniis upirvelesi mizani aRmosav-

leTi nawilis aRorZinebaa, germanelebi istoriulad da geografiuladac
centralur evropaSi eZeben bazrebs, nedleuls da investirebis SesaZle-
blobebs. germania bunebrivi savaWro partnioria poloneTisa da CexeTis
respublikisaTvis, aseve didi interesi aqvs gaafarToos vaWroba yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebTan.

evropasa da msoflioSi sakuTari rolis xelaxla gansazRvra

Tanamedrove germania gardamaval periodSia. misi mniSvneloba da

dinamika gvkarnaxobs, rom evropasa da mis farglebs miRma is lideris rols
 saparlamento demokratia 193
iTamaSebs, Tumca am rolis zusti buneba bundovania. 1990-iani wlebis Sua
xanebSi bosniaSi gaerTianebuli erebis mSvidobis misiis Sesrulebisas ger-
maneli jariskacebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg pirvelad gagzavnes saz-
RvargareT. germania ar Seurigdeba naxevari saukunis winandel samxedro
SezRudvebs. jer ucnobia, kerZod rogori roli eqneba mas evropasa da
msoflioSi.

Tumca, federaluri respublikis demokratiuli cxovrebis naxevarsau-

kunovani gamocdileba namdvilad STambeWdavia. vaimaris istoriuli gan-
meoreba ar momxdara. Tu vaimaris respublika mZime ekonomikurma krizisma
CixSi moaqcia, 1949 wlis Semdgom dasavleT germaniis swrafi omisSemdgomi
reabilitacia da mgdradi industriuli ganviTareba xSirad ekonomikur
saswauladac ki moixsenieba. federaciuli respublika dasavleT evropis
wamyvan industriul saxelmwifod da `Tavisufali msoflios~ mesame udides
ekonomikur Zalad iqca, aSS-sa da iaponiis Semdeg. ekonomikuri warmateba
erT-erTi im ZiriTad mizezTagania, ris Sedegadac demokratia warmate-
bulad ganviTarda meore msoflio omis Semdeg, xolo vaimaris respublika
daemxo. swored dinamikuri ekonomikis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove germaneleb-
ma SeZles sicocxlisunariani da efeqtiani demokratiis Seqmna im miwaze,
sadac erT dros warmoudgeneli iyo demokratiis muSaoba. am warmatebam,
yvela sxva calkeul faqtorze ufro metad, daaCqara mezobel aRmosavleT
germaniaSi komunizmis marcxi.
jer adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, Tu ra grZelvadian Sede-
gebs moitans germaniis gaerTianeba evropisa da mTlianad msofliosaTvis.
Tanamedrove germania warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis erTgulia da misi
ekonomika mzardi evrokavSiris farglebSi viTardeba. eWvi TiTqmis aRara-
vis epareba, rom axali germania evropaSi nebismieri axali politikuri Tu
ekonomikuri formaciis wamyvani Zala iqneba. isic eWvgareSea, rom germaniis
demokratia kvlavac ganviTardeba im rTuli gamowvevis daZlevis Semdgom,
rasac aRmosavleT germaniis momakvdavi diqtaturidan srulfasovan de-
mokratiad gadaqceva warmoadgenda.

iaponia: saparlamento mmarTveloba

konsensusis qveyanaSi

msgavsad sxva aziuri sazogadoebebisa, iaponiasac ar hqonda demokrati-

uli cxovrebis gamocdileba 1947 wlamde. metic, misi istoria da kultura
zogjer dasavluri demokratiuli ideebs ewinaaRmdegeboda kidec. Tumca,
dReisaTvis, iaponia aziis erT-erTi yvelaze xandazmuli saparlamento de-
mokratiaa (meore amgvari tradiciis qveyana indoeTia, sadac saparlamento
demokratia imave periodSi Camoyalibda Zalian rTul pirobebSi). imisaTvis,
rom kargad gavigoT rogor moxda amgvari transformireba, pirvel rigSi,
unda mimovixiloT iaponiis istoria.10
194 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

istoriuli wanamZRvrebi

iaponiaSi feodaluri xana 1868 wels meiZis restavraciamde grZeldebo-

da. Zveli didebis dabrunebis fonze, taxtze axali imperatori (meiZis di-
nastiidan) avida da daiwyo iaponiis modernizacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
demokratiuli principebi marginalurad, magram mainc ukve Sesuli iyo
qveyanaSi, meiZis dinastiis iaponia kvlavac oligarqiad rCeboda. marTvis
sadaveebs uxuces saxelmwifo moRvaweTa sabWo, anu gerno, flobda. impera-
toris funqcia, rogorc es istorikosebs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi miaCndaT,
simboluri iyo. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amgvari Sefaseba
arasworia. marTlac, miiCnevdnen ra xorciel RvTaebad, imperators Tayvans
scemdnen da aRiqvamdnen, rogorc erovnuli erTianobis simbolos. Tumca,
amavdroulad, qveynisaTvis kritikul situaciaSi imperatori realurad aq-
tiur saxelmwifo figurad da gadawyvetilebis mimReb xelisuflad iqceoda
xolme.11
iaponiam am periodis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani Sida progresi gani-
cada. modernizebulma elitam waaxalisa ekonomikuri ganviTareba proteq-
cionizmisa da subsidirebis gziT. mxolod ZiriTadi an strategiuli mniSvn-
elobis industiuli dargebi darCa saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi. ekonomikuri
modernizaciis modeli didwilad dasavluris msgavsad Seiqmna. miuxedavad
miwismflobelTa perioduli winaaRmdegobisa, xelisuflebis ekonomikuri
politika kapitalis ganviTarebis programiT xelmZRvanelobda da miznad
isaxavda mZime mrewvelobis xelSewyobas. qveynis liderebma meiZis dinastiis
mmarTvelobis ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc erTi mkvleva-
ri aRniSnavs, `gaauqmes feodaluri institutebi, daakanones miwaze kerZo
sakuTreba, aamuSaves dasavluri tipis samarTlebrivi sistema, SemoiRes
savaldebulo ganaTleba, Camoayalibes centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarT-
velobis axleburi formebi da aRmofxvres legaluri barierebi socialur
klasebs Soris.~12
pirveli msoflio omisa da meiZis dinastiis mmarTvelobis dasrulebis
Semdeg, iaponia politikuri ganviTarebis axal fazaSi Sevida. nacionalizmi,
romelsac skolebSic aswavlidnen rogorc disciplinas, erTgvar religia-
dac ki iqca. xelisufalni Zalian swrafad da qaosurad icvlebodnen. Tumca,
iyo demokratiuli reformebis ganxorcilebis garkveuli mcdelobebi: mag-
aliTisaTvis, 1925 wels moixsna arCevnebSi monawileobisaTvis ekonomikuri
cenzi da xmis mice-mis uflebiT sargeblobis neba mieca 25 wels gadacile-
bul yvela mamakacs. magram, 1930-ian wlebSi militarizmis mzardma talRam
axladCamoyalibebuli demokratiuli Canasaxi gadafara. ultranacionali-
stebi acxadebdnen, rom demokratiis mesveuri politikosebi iaponiis Zl-
evamosilebas akninebdnen da qveyana msoflioSi misi sakadrisi adgilis mop-
ovebas mxolod Zlieri militaristuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi SeZlebda.
militaristebma gaimarjves, magram maTi gamarjveba iaponias meore msoflio
omSi samarcxvino damarcxebis fasad daujda.
 saparlamento demokratia 195

1930-ian wlebSi pirveladi demokratiuli reformebis sakmaod swrafi da

umtkivneulo CaSla cxadyofs, rom iaponiaSi realurad arc momxdara kon-
stituciuri mmarTvelobis ideis gatareba. zogadi rwmeniT, suvereniteti
gamomdinareobda imperatoris RvTaebriobisagan da ara xalxisgan. amdenad,
omamde periodis iaponia demokratiis ideas mxolod zedapirulad Se-
exo.

axali konstitucia

iaponiis 1947 wlis konstitucia, romelic meore msoflio omSi iaponiaze

gamarjvebuli aSS-is mier iqna SemoRebuli, miznad isaxavda qveynis politi-
kuri sistemis gardaqmnas. axali konstituciis mixedviT, suverenitetis wy-
aros ukve xalxi warmoadgenda da ara imperatori. amerikuli gavlena aSkaraa
iaponiis konstituciaze, gansakuTrebiT mis preambulaze:

Cven, iaponeli xalxi, vmoqmedebT ra erovnul parlamentSi Cven mier

arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT, viRebT gadavwyvetilebas,
CvenTvis da Cveni keTildReobisaTvis davamyaroT mSvidobiani Tanam-
196 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

Sromloba yvela erTan, davicvaT Tavisufleba am miwaze, aRarasdros

davuSvaT omis ganmeoreba da gamowveva xelisuflebis raime qmedebiT,
vacxadebT, rom Zalaufleba momdinareobs xalxisgan da vamtkicebT
am konstitucias... xelisufleba aRWurvilia xalxis ndobiT, xelisu-
flebis Zalaufleba momdinareobs xalxisgan da xelisufleba emsax-
ureba xalxs.

iaponiis 1947 wlis konstituciis avtorebi cdilobdnen warmomadgenlo-

biTi demokratiis detalurad gawerili sistema SeemuSavebinaT. im fundamen-
tur uflebebs Soris, romelTac konstitucia iTvaliswinebda, iyo moqa-
laqeTaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis Tanaswori ufleba da muSaTa Sekrebisa da
koleqtiuri SeTanxmebis ufleba. iaponiis konstituciis kidev erTi Tavise-
bureba gaxldaT isic, rom igi erTmniSvnelovnad gmobda oms da acxadebda,
rom qveyana arasdros iqoniebda `saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero Zalebs an
omis warmoebis sxva potencials~ (Tumca, am daTqmam iaponiis xelisufleba
mainc ver SeaCera, Seeqmna limitirebuli `TavdacviTi Zalebi~).

saparlamento demokratia: garegnuli da realuri mxareebi

konstituciis mixedviT iaponiaSi saparlamento mmarTvelobis forma dam-

kvidrda. imperatori qveynis formalur mmarTvelad rCeba, Tumca misi funq-
cia mxolod ceremoniulia. premier-ministri aris qveynis realuri meTauri.
konstituciis avtorebma formaluri xelisuflebis uzenaesoba axal orpa-
latian sakanonmdeblo organos mianiWes. es organo, romelsac asamblea ewo-
deba, Sedgeba 511 wevriani warmomadgenelTa palatisagan, romelic yovel oTx
weliwadSi erTxel irCeva (SesaZlebelia, arCevnebi ufro xSiradac Catardes
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu palata daTxovnili iqneba da SedarebiT naklebi gavlenis
mqone 252 wevriani mrCevelTa palatisagan, romelic eqvsi wlis vadiT irCeva
(misi naxevari sam weliwadSi erTxel axldeba) [es cifrebi SeiZleba icvle-
bodes _ mTargmn. Sen.].
Tavidan, orive palatis wevrebi kenWs iyridnen mravalmandatiani ubnebi-
dan sayovelTao arCevnebis wesiT, sadac amomrCeveli mxolod erT arCevans
akeTebda. am sistemam 1994 wlamde imuSava, anu vidre saarCevno reformis
mixedviT ar Seicvala saarCevno ubnebis sazRvrebi da saarCevno procedura
warmomadgenelTa palatisaTvis (kerZod, Camoyalibda 300 erTmandatiani saa-
rCevno erTeuli, xolo danarCeni 200 mandati proporciul warmomadgenlo-
baze gadanawilda).
konstitucia acxadebda, rom saxalxo suverenitetis matarebeli organo
aris asamblea, romelic erTaderTi kanonSemoqmedi saxelisuflo insti-
tutia. Tuki adre premier-ministri da kabineti angariSvaldebulni iyvnen
imperatoris winaSe, axla es valdebuleba parlamentis, `rogorc xelisu-
flebis umaRlesi organos~ winaSe daekisraT. iaponiis uzenaesi sasamarTlo
uflebamosili gaxda kanonebi arakonstituciurad gamoecxadebina (rac Za-
lian iSviaTad xdeba), mosamarTleebi ki maTi daniSvnis Semdgom yoveli aTi
 saparlamento demokratia 197
weliwadSi xelaxla unda yofiliyvnen damtkicebulni amomrCevelTa mier (am
procesma faqtobrivad avtomaturi xasiaTi SeiZina).
rogorc qvemoT gavigebT, iaponias mouxda dasavluri institutebis sa-
kuTar, sakmaod Zlier da Tavisebur kulturul tradiciebze morgeba. Sede-
gad, Camoyalibda unikaluri sistema, romelic axlis (demokratiuli poli-
tika da sabazro ekonomika) da Zvelis (politikuri ierarqia, ekonomikuri
centralizacia, sazogadoebrivi disciplina) saintereso kombinaciaa.

partiuli sistema

liberalur-demokratiuli partia dominirebda iaponur politikaSi

1955-dan 1993 wlamde. marTalia, arsebobda sxvadasxva, ufro mcire politi-
kuri partiebic, magram isini araefeqturni da naklebad gavlenianni iyvnen.
am opoziciur partiebs Soris, socialistebma da komunistebma ramdenjerme
SeZles xmaTa mniSvnelovani raodenobis dagroveba, magram maTi sakanonmde-
blo roli ZiriTadad saparlamento oponirebiT Semoifargleboda. daax-
loebiT oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, qveynis realuri marTvis sadaveebs
TiTqmis eqskluziurad flobda liberalur-demokratiuli partia.
Tu erTi partia xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs saparla-
mento adgilebis umravlesobas Tavisufali arCevnebis pirobebSi, es ro-
gorc wesi, imaze mianiSnebs, rom am partiam SeZlo socialuri interesebis
farTo speqtris dakmayofileba. liberal-demokratebis warmateba iaponi-
aSi ganapiroba iman, rom ldp-m viwro partiul interesebze maRla farTo
saxalxo moTxovnebi daayena, gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare iyo ramdenime
specifikuri da yvelaze aqtualuri interesis mimarT, gaaCnda Zalian didi
upiratesoba finansuri da organizaciuli resursebis TvalsazrisiT da
kargad sargeblobda politikuri inerciiT. ori mosazrebis Tanaxmad:

im mizezebis dadgena, Tu ram gamoiwvia konservatorebis xangrZlivi

dominireba, rTuli ar aris. pirvel rigSi, es ganapiroba konserva-
torebis mier ganxorcielebulma reformebma, romelTac sazogadoe-
bas daanaxes, rom ar xdeboda sruli wyveta warsulTan. damoukide-
blobis miiRebisTanave gaatares miwis reforma. is cvlilebebi, rac maT
ganaxorcieles ufro centralizebuli mmarTvelobis sasargeblod,
mimarTuli iyo okupaciuri mmarTvelobis mier daSvebuli aSkara Sec-
domebis gamosworebisaken. garda amisa, liberal-demokratebs gaaCn-
daT resursebis kontrolis mniSvnelovani berketi, rac maT saWiro
momentSi saWiro ekonomikuri da profesiuli kavSirebis mxadaWeris
mopovebaSi uwyobda xels. partia erTdroulad sargeblobda sameur-
neo da biznes-jgufebis umravlesobis mxardaWeriT, rac mis pozicias
kidec ufro aZlierebda. is biurokratiasTan Zalian axlos idga. Tum-
ca, sainteresoa isic, rom mWidrdo kavSirebi biurokratiasTan, bi-
znes-sazogadoebasTan an resursebis kontroli ar iyo sakmarisi. 1955
wels liberalur-demokratiulma partiam daiwyo farTo partiuli
198 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

aRmSenebloba wevrebis masobrivi mizidviT. partiam namdvilad rTul

amocanas gaarTva Tavi qveyanaSi, sadac Znelad warmosadgeni iyo re-
gionul partiul organizacias Caenacvlebina tradiciuli pirovnuli
kulti da gamxdariyo is faqtori, ris garSemoc SeiZleboda sazoga-
doebrivi konsolidacia.13

liberal-demokratebis, rogorc iaponiis umTavresi partiis mier damkvid-

rebuli konsensusis miRwevis principi qveynis politikis maxasiaTebel niSnad
iqca. partia ar warmoadgenda monoliTur politikur bloks, igi iyo sxvadasx-
va interes-jgufebis erTgvari Tavisufali koalicia, sadac Sida konsensusis
miRweva umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobda. 1993 wlamde partiis mier arCeuli
Tavmjdomare, sayovelTao arCevnebis Semdgom, avtomaturad xdeboda qveynis
premier- ministri. partiis lideris arCeva ki, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebuli
iyo sakmaod intensiur molaparakebebsa da garigebebTan partiis Semadgenel
gansxvavebul fraqciebs Soris, romelTac TavianTi liderebi, samoqmedo
programebi da mxardamWeri regionebi hyavdaT.
iaponiis stabiluri, erTi partiis mier dominirebuli sistema Seirya 1993
wlis istoriuli sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad. sinamdvileSi, liberalur-
demokratiulma partiam TviTon ganapiroba sakuTari damarcxeba. 1990-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi partia faqtobrivad daiSala: im gaxmaurebuli politikuri
skandalebis Semdeg, raSic partiis maRalCinosnebi iyvnen CarTuli da ra-
mac partiis imiji mkveTrad Selaxa, mas gamoeyo ramdenime fraqciis lideri.
politikuri skandalebi kiiCi miiaZavas mTavrobis damxobis katalizatorad
iqca. ufro Rrma da realur mizezs ki sazogadoebaSi uxvad dagrovili so-
cialuri problemebi warmoadgenda: dRiTidRe mzardi socialuri ukmayo-
fileba, maRali fasebi, grZeli samuSao dReebi da a.S.
Tumca, mmarTveli partiis damarcxebas ar gamouwvevia gamokveTili alter-
nativis gaCena: liberal-demokratebi aSkarad damarcxebulebi iyvnen, magram
ar Candnen aseTive aSkara gamarjvebulni. rva centristuli, memarcxene-cen-
tristuli da memarcxene partiis aramyarma koaliciam axalbeda politikosi
morihiro hosokava airCia premier-ministrad. hosokava manamde patara par-
tiis _ `axali iaponiis~ lideri iyo, romelmac mxolod 35 mandati moipova par-
lamentSi da am parametriT mexuTe adgili daikava liberal-demokratebis (223
mandati), social-demokratebis (70 mandati), iaponiis aRorZinebis partiisa
(55 mandati) da `sufTa mmarTvelobis~ partiis (51 mandati) Semdeg. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom rvave partia erTiandeboda koaliciaSi liberal-demokratebis
winaaRmdeg, es gaerTianeba ar iyo sakmarisad erTsulovani imisaTvis, rom xan-
grZlivad daeWira mxari hosokavas mmarTvelobisaTvis.
amrigad, hosokavas mmarTveloba erT weliwadsac ar gagrZelebula. mom-
devno mTavrobam cutoumo hatas xelmZRvanelobiT kidev ufro mokle xans,
sul raRac or Tves dahyo xelisuflebaSi. hosokavas msgavsad, hatac yofili
liberal-demokrati iyo, romelic gamoeyo partias imisaTvis, rom axali poli-
tikuri organizacia Seeqmna. mis mier Camoyalibebuli partia `axali fronti~
ar aRmoCnda politikurad dRegrZeli, hatam axali politikuri berketi _ na-
cionaluri partia Seqmna. am da sxva axali organizaciebis erTdrouli gamoCena
 saparlamento demokratia 199
arenaze iaponiaSi mniSvnelovan politikur transformacias moaswavebda. erT
dros Zalze stabiluri partiuli sistema mokle xanSi gadaiqca danawevrebul
da Znelad prognozirebad politikur speqtrad. iaponia partiuli Zalebis
gadajgufebisa da cvlilebebis procesSi aRmoCnda, romlis saboloo Sedegi
sakmaod bundovani iyo.
iaponiis politikuri meryeoba kvlav grZeldeboda. 1994 wlis ivnisSi, lib-
eral-demokratebis marTuli koaliciis mier iaponiis mTavrobis axal xelmZR-
vanelad arCeul iqna socialisturi partiis lideri. amgvari ram, Tundac erTi
wliT adre warmoudgeneli iqneboda. weliwadnaxevris Semdgom ki ruiuitaro
haSimoto, liberal-demokratebis Tavmjdomare gaxda bolo sami wlis ganma-
vlobaSi iaponiis ukve rigiT mexuTe premier-ministri. amavdroulad, 1996
wlis arCevnebis Sedegebma moaxdina liberal-demokratebis erTgvari poli-
tikuri reabilitaciac sakanonmdeblo organoSi, sadac maT gaimarjves, Tumca
aradamajereblad (xmebis umravlesobis mopoveba mainc ver SeZles). partia
rCeboda cvlilebebis mowinaaRmdege konservatori liderebis kontrolis
qveS da am mouqnelma politikam 1990-iani wlebis bolos ekonomikuri regresi
da Sesabamisad, eleqtoratis mxardaWeris Sesusteba gamoiwvia.
2001 wlis gazafxulze, sakmaod daZabuli politikuri brZolis Sedegad,
qarizmatuli reformisti, Ziunitiro koiZumi gaxda liberal-demokra-
tiuli partiis Tavmjdomare. koiZumi partiis uxucesTa da maTi mkacrad
konservatiuli midgomebis winaaRmdeg gamodioda. sainteresoa, rom mas ar
gaaCnda sakuTari partiis saparlamento warmomadgenlobis mxridan sakma-
risi mxardaWera, magram partiaSi garkveuli wreebi da aseve zogadad xalxi
enTuziazmiT Sexvda koiZumis pirovnul qarizmas, axlebur ideebsa da miza-
nmimarTulobas. misi xedva Zireul reformebs gulisxmobda, gansakuTrebiT
qveynis daxuruli da izolirebuli ekonomikuri sistemis reformirebas,
romelmac ganapiroba xangrZlivi ekonomikuri Cavardna, arcTu STambeWdavi
mdgomareoba safondo birJaze (kargad gamoixata Nikkei-s indeqsSi [tokios
safondo birJis indeqsi _ mTargmn. Sen.]), da uZrav qonebaze fasebis mkveTri
dacema (1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakuTrebis Rirebuleba zogierT SemTx-
vevaSi 80 procentiTac ki gaufasurda). Tumca, vidre iaponiis ekonomikur
`Semobrunebas~ uzrunvelyofda, koiZumis mouxda 1993 wlidan inicirebuli
da Semdgom Seferxebuli politikur-ekonomikuri reformebis bolomde mi-
yvana. tradiciebis erTgul iaponiaSi es udavod rTul da sapasuxismgeblo
amocanas warmoadgenda.

politikur cvlilebaTa Semaferxebeli faqtorebi

Tanamedrove iaponiis demokratia warmodgens adgilobrivi kulturisa

da importirebuli demokratiis unikalur kombinacias. kerZod, 1947 wels
iaponia-Si damyarebulma demokratiulma sistemam SeinarCuna tradiciuli
politikis maxasiaTebeli imgvari elementebi, rogoric iyo, magaliTad,
patron-klienteluri tipis urTierTobebi. es ukanaskneli kargad vlinde-
ba fraqciuli liderebisa da erTguli momxreebis damokidebulebebSi.
200 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

pirovnuli erTguleba da ndoba aris finansuri daxmarebis, Sidapartiuli

Zalauflebis da calkeuli partiuli lideris avtoritetis mopovebis wi-
napiroba. Tumca, Znelia imis zustad Tqma, Tu ramdenad Searyia am siste-
mis safuZveli liberal-demokratiuli partiis danawevrebam da 1994 wels
ganxorcielebulma saarCevno da antikorufciulma reformebma. aSkaraa,
rom fragmentirebuli partiuli sistemisa da naklebad stabiluri xelisu-
flebis pirobebSi, politikuri Zalauflebac ufro aramdgradi da advilad
warmavali gaxda. Tumca, ucnobia, am cvlilebebma ramdenad moaxdina gavlena
klienteluri tipis urTierTobebze xelisuflebas, biurokratiasa da bi-
znes-elitas Soris kuluarul garigebebSi.

liberalur-demokratiuli par-
tiis lideri, premier-ministri
Ziunitiro koiZumi 2001 wlis
zeda palatis arCevnebSi sakuTari
partiis STambeWdav gamarjvebas
zeimobs. koiZumim liberalur-
demokratiul partias iaponi-
is politikaSi wamyvani roli
daubruna.

kidev erTi tradicia, rac mniSvnelovan politikur cvlilebebs SeiZle-

ba emsxverplos, aris iaponiisaTvis maxasiaTebeli konsensusis principi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. erT-erTi eqspertis azriT:

es meTodi emyareba winapirobas, rom erTi jgufis _ magaliTad, soflis

sabWos wevrebma unda ganagrZon diskusia, molaparakeba da kompromis-
uli garigebebi manam, sanam konsensusi iqneba miRweuli... demokratiu-
li normebis gavrcelebis miuxedavad, konsensusiT marTvis tradicia
jer kidev aqtualuria da zogjer iwvevs `umravlesobis tiraniis~ wi-
naaRmdeg xmamaRal gamosvlebs _ magaliTisaTvis, maSin roca mmarTve-
li Zala axdens imgvari sakanonmdeblo iniciativis gatanas, romelsac
opozicia sastikad ewinaaRmdegeba.~14

iseve rogorc patron-klinteluri tipis urTierTobebi, konsensusis

principi Rrmad fesvgadgmulia iaponiis kulturasa da tradiciaSi da ami-
tom, naklebad mosalodnelia am Rirebulebebis Canacvleba axlo momaval-
Si. Tumca, arsebobs imis garkveuli molodinic, rom mravalpartiulobam
da politikuri arastabilurobis zrdam SesaZloa gaarTulos da moSalos
kidec sazogadoebrivi konsensusis miRwevis principi da gansxvavebul azrs,
politikur sistema-Si faruli TanamSromlobisa da Cumi garigebebis nacv-
lad, pirdapiri oponire-bisaken ubiZgos.
 saparlamento demokratia 201

sasamarTlo xelisufleba da iaponuri kultura

iaponiis sasamarTlo sistema amerikuli da evropuli gavlenis saintereso

magaliTs warmoadgens. amerikuli gavlena aSkaraa Tundac iaponiis umaRle-
si sasamarTlo organos, uzenaesi sasamarTlos dasaxelebaSi. umaRlesi mosa-
marTle, mTavrobis wardginebis Semdgom, iniSneba imperatoris mier. danarCeni
mosamarTleebi iniSnebian pirdapir kabinetis mier imperatoris yovelgvari
formaluri Carevis gareSe. uzenaesi sasamarTlo, misi amerikuli analogis
msgavsad, uflebamosilia iuridiuli revizia moaxdinos (anu SeuZlia gamo-
acxados esa Tu is sakanonmdeblo aqti arakonstituciurad). miuxedavad
imisa, rom amerikuli sistemisaTvis ucxo ar aris, mainc eqstraordinaluria
ramodenime daniSnuli pirisaTvis imgvari Zalauflebis miniWeba, riTac
SesaZlebelia 750 arCeuli piris gadawyvetilebis kanongareSed gamocxadeba
da gauqmeba. konstituciuri demokratiebis umravlesobaSi mosamarTleebi
kanonmdeblebze amgvari upiratesobiT ar arian aRWurvilni.
zogadad, sasamarTlo sistema ufro eropuli modelis mixedviT aris
agebuli, magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikul gavlenas ganicdis. kul-
turuli TvalsazrisiT ki iaponelebi amerikelebTan SedarebiT ufro nakleb
midrekilni arian sxvadasxva davebis sasamarTlo gziT gadawyvetisaken _ ama
Tu im samoqalaqo konfliqtis Tu msubuqi danaSaulis SemTxvevaSi, iuridiul
saSualebebze metad socialuri institutebsa da normebs mimarTaven. xSirad,
Temis pativsacemi piris, ojaxis ufrosis an samsaxurebrivi xelmZRvanelis
warmatebuli Careva amgvar SemTxvevebSi saqmis legaluri msvlelobis auci-
leblobas xsnis.

muSaobs Tu ara demokratia iaponiaSi?

miuxedavad ekonomikuri da politikuri ryevebisa ukanaskneli aTwleu-

lis ganmavlobaSi, demokratia iaponiaSi meore msoflio omis Semdgom peri-
odSi ZiriTadad stabiluri da myaria. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iaponias
manamde ar hqonia saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis raime gamocdileba, es miRweva
ufro STambe-Wdavia. iseve rogorc germaniis SemTxvevaSi, iaponiaSic sta-
biluri demokratiis CamoyalibebaSi ekonomikam Seasrula wamyvani roli.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomika Zalian swrafad da dinamiurad ganvi-
Tarda, xolo omis Sedegad ganadgurebuli qalaqebi (romelebsac simbolu-
rad ganasaxierebda hirosima da nagasaki), gadaiqca efeqtiani da inovaciuri
industriuli warmoebis modelebad. reformatori samewarmeo elitis mier
ekonomikuri zrdis mizanmimarTuli dagegmare-ba mniSvnelovani iyo iaponi-
is swrafi aRmasvlisaTvis. aranaklebi wvlili Seitana am saqmeSi msoflio
savaWro sistemaSi intensiurma da moculobiTma CarTvam, iseve rogorc ko-
reis omis dros (1950-53 ww.) masobrivma amerikulma Sesyidvebma. eqsportze
orientirebulma, merkantilisturma ekonomikurma strategiam momdevno
ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi uzarmazari winsvla ganapiroba mZime mrewve-
lobis dargSi _ kerZod manqanaTmSeneblobaSi, avtomatikisa da samomxmare-
202 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

blo eleqtronikis warmoebaSi. dResdReobiT iaponia msoflios erT-erT

wamyvan ekonomikas warmoadgens miuxedavad `omamde arsebuli teritoriebis
52 procentis dakargvis, kaliforniis Statis farTobis qveyanaSi 5 milionze
meti adamianis dabrunebis, sanaosno Zalebis 80%-ze metis ganadgurebisa da
sawarmoTa erTi mexuTedis da mravali didi qalaqis dangrevisa.~15
1980-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, iaponiis sabazro ekonomikis warmatebis
TvalsaCino niSani gaxda aSS-sTan mravalmiliardiani vaWrobidan miRebuli
STambeWdavi mogeba. aSS iaponuri eqsportis mesamedis momxmarebels war-
moadgenda. aman aSS-Si iaponiis savaWro strategiis mwvave kritika gamoiwvia.
iaponeli xelisufalni irwmunebodnen, rom amerikaSi arsebobda mzardi
moTxovna produqciaze iarliyiT `damzadebulia iaponiaSi~ (made in Japan),
radgan amerikuli produqcia xarisxiT Camouvardeboda mas. am tipis daZabu-
loba or ers Soris TiTqmis mTeli aTwleuli grZeldeboda da gamoixateboda
iaponiaSi nacionalizmis erTgvari zrdiT, xolo aSS-Si `antiiaponuri~, e.w.
`SeiZine amerikuli~ [produqcia] sentimentebis gaZlierebiT.
iaponia aRmocenda rogorc aziis pirveli, xolo msoflioSi rigiT meore
umZlavresi ekonomika, magram axlo warsulis gamocdileba gvarwmunebs, rom
amgvari jansaRi da Zlieri ekonomikac ki ar aris dazRveuli recesiisagan.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, iaponiaSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempi mkveTrad
daeca, ramac stagnacia gamoiwvia. Tavis mxriv es ukavSirdeboda bolo 12
wlis ganmavlobaSi oTxi ekonomikuri recesiis gavlenas. 1996 wlidan ia-
poniis sabanko sistema uzarmazari zewolis qveS aRmoCnda, radgan saxelm-
wifo Carevisa da daxmarebis moTxovnam kritikul zRvars miaRwia da amas-
Tanave, aziis mravali ekonomika daeca sabanko da kreditebis daudevari
politikisa da finansuri institutebis Zalze araadekvaturi regulirebis
gamo. axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi iaponiis ekonomika ganagrZobda ukus-
vlas, rasac Tan axlda qveynis sabanko sistemis CixSi Sesvla, mTavrobisagan
damoukidebelad gaformebuli msxvili biznes-garigebebis Sedegad ganviTa-
rebul dargebSi gaCenili problemebis gamo. kerZod, imgvari industriebi,
rogoricaa mSenebloba, uZravi qonebis biznesi da sacalo vaWoba, iqcnen
sabanko sistemidan miRebuli uzarmazari sesxebis nakleb gadaxdisunarian
mevaleebad.

iaponiis dRis wesrigi: magaliTi

xelisuflebis Tanmimdevrulobis aRdgena

1990-iani wlebSi iaponiis winaSe mdgari yvelaze mZime politikuri

sakiTxi bunebiT institucionaluri iyo: liberal-demokratiuli partiis
monopoliis mospobis Semdeg, SeZlebda Tu ara iaponia im politikuri sta-
bilurobis aRdgenas, romelic ldp-s mmarTvelobisas hqonda da romlis ga-
reSe meore msoflio omis Semdgomi `ekonomikuri saocreba~ iqneb arc momx-
dariyo? isev iqneboda Tu ara iaponur demokratiaze gavlena xelisuflebis
susti koaliciiebiT ganpirobebul ryevebs, farTo masebis mxardaWeris
 saparlamento demokratia 203
mopovebis an SeTanxmebis miRwevis uunarobas im sazogadoebaSi, sadac mudam
fasobda konsensusi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas?

konkurentuli upiratesobis SenarGuneba

ukanasknel periodSi aziam aramdgradoba daadastura. Tumca, didi

drois ganmavlobaSi iaponiis upiratesi savaWro mdgomareoba aziaSi ramden-
ime mimarTulebiT awydeboda sirTuleebs. sirTuleTa erTi jgufi e.w. axal
samrewvelo qveynebs _ samxreT koreas, taivans da singapurs, moicavs (hon-
kongi am jgufis wevri iyo 1997 wels CineTis kontrolis qveS xelmeored mo-
qcevamde. misi bedi, rogorc msoflio ekonomikis damoukidebeli aqtorisa
kvlav bundovania). ganviTarebadi aziuri qveynebis meore talRa, tailan-
disa da malaiziis winamZRolobiT, aseve ucvlis saxes aziis regionul eko-
nomikur urTierTobebs. grZelvadian periodSi iaponuri merkantilizmisaT-
vis gacilebiT did aziur safrTxes globalur ekonomikaSi CineTis swrafad
mzardi dominanturi roli warmoadgens.

SeerTebul StatebTan mWidro urTierTobebis SenarGuneba

SeerTebuli Statebi iaponiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mokavSire da

savaWro partnioria. SeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc udidesi bazari da inve-
stirebisaTvis upiratesi adgili iaponiisaTvis, sasicocxlod arsebiTia am
ukanasknelis ekonomikuri keTildReobisaTvis (da piriqiT). wynari okeanis
dasavleT auzSi SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro bazebis arsebobam da ameri-
kulma birTvulma dacvam (romelic Teoriulad ara mxolod SeerTebul
Statebs, aramed amerikis uaxloes samxedro mokavSireebsac icavs birTvu-
li Tavdasxmisagan) saSualeba misca iaponias, samomxmareblo mrewvelobis
maRali teqnologiebis ganviTarebasa da sagareo bazrebze gadarTuliyo da
mTliani Sida produqtis 1%-ze naklebi daexarja Tavdacvaze. miuxedavad
amisa, vaWrobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Zveli kamaTis gamo daZabulobam
da CrdiloeT koreis birTvuli iaraRis ganviTarebis programis irgvliv
azrTa sxvadasxvaobam mainc iCina Tavi ormxriv urTierTobebSi. SeerTe-
buli Statebis xelisuflebis azriT, iaponiasTan mimarTebaSi xangrZlivi
amerikuli savaWro deficitis mizezi iaponiis proteqcionisturi politi-
ka da Caketili kulturaa, romelic xSirad iaponias potenciuri ucxoeli
konkurentebisaTvis TiTqmis miuwvdomels xdis.

cxovrebis maRali donis SenarGuneba

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan moyolebuli xangrZlivi ekonomikuri

recesiis miuxedavad, iaponia mdidar sazogadoebad rCeba. is patara qvey-
anaa mravalricxovani mosaxleobiT; misi miwis udidesi nawili mTiania da
sacxovreblad gamousadegari. iaponiaSi WarbmosaxleobasTan dakavSire-
buli iseTi problemebia gavrcelebuli, rogoricaa haeris dabinZureba,
xmauri, sacobebi gzebze, miwis maRali fasi. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi ia-
poniasa Tu romelime sxva qveyanas jer ver sTavazobs ekonomikuri Warbgan-
204 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

viTarebis uaryofiT aspeqtebis mogvarebis gzebs.

tradiciisa da Tanamedroveobis balansi

iaponuri kultura dRemde did gavlenas axdens iaponuri sazogadoe-

bis iersaxeze. SemTxveviTi damkvirveblisaTvis iaponia Tanamedroveobis
gansaxierebaa. Tumca sinamdvileSi iaponelTa umravlesobaSi tradiciuli
faseulobebi da damokidebulebebia Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari da jiutad
ebRauWebian warsuls. amis gamo, ucxoelisTvis Zalze Znelia iaponiaSi saqmis
dawyeba da warmatebis miRweva. gauTavebeli debatebis Temaa tradicia da Ta-
namedroveoba. zogi amtkicebs, rom iaponiam kari unda gauRos sxva xalxebs,
sxvebi ki SiSoben, rom isedac mravalgvari ucxouri gavlena dauSves, rac
safrTxes uqmnis iaponur kulturas. iaponuri ekonomikis daRmavloba kidev
ufro aRrmavebs am arguments da zogs afiqrebinebs, rom iaponiis ekonomikas
saswrafod sWirdeba modernizacia da safuZvliani struqturuli reforma.

im `ekonomikuri saswaulis~ Semdgom, romelic iaponiaSi de-

mokratiis ganviTarebis sawyis aTwleulebs da 1980-iani wlebis eko-
nomikur bums daemTxva, da rasac STambeWdavi pikidan swrafi vardna
mohyva, sainteresoa, aRmoCnda Tu ara safrTxis qveS iaponiis saparla-
mento demokratia? pasuxia _ ara. miuxedavad 1990-iani wlebis Sefer-
xebebisa, sazogadoebrivi azri pozitiuria: iaponelTa 60 procenti
kvlavac kmayofilia arsebuli cxovrebis doniT, rac imaze miuTiTebs
rom es maCvenebeli sruliadac ar Secvlila im `Zveli kargi drois~
Semdgom, roca iaponia SesaSurad swrafad viTardeboda da aziisa da
mTeli msoflios mowinave qveynad iqca. amgvari optimizmis arseboba
qveynisaTvis sakmaod rTul etapze garkveulwilad iZleva im rwmenis
safuZvels, rom iaponiaSi demokratia myaria da mas mniSvnelovani
safrTxe ar emuqreba. metic, warmateba TavisTavad Sedegiania. Sem-
TxveviTi sulac ar aris, rom ekonomikurma warmatebam ganapiroba
imgvari politikuri sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic samoqalaqo Ta-
visuflebebs yovelgvar avtoritarul mmarTvelobasa Tu samxedro
eqspansionizmze maRla ayenebs.

saparlamento mmarTveloba moulodnel adgilebSi

Tuki saparlamento sistema muSaobs evropasa da iaponiaSi (sadac am

sistemis danergva iaponiis meore msoflio omSi damarcxebis Semdgom `gare-
dan~ moxda), sainteresoa, ramdenad unariania igi im regionebSi, sadac de-
mokratias ar gaaCnia adgilobrivi wanamZRvrebi an sulac im qveynebSi, rom-
lebic mezoblebTan mudmivi omis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian? indoeTisa da
israelis magaliTebi bevris mTqmelia, SeiZleba iTqvas, pasuxis Semcvelic:
pasuxi ki namdvilad sasiamovno moulodnelobas warmoadgens saparlamento
demokratiis momxreebisTvis.
 saparlamento demokratia 205

indoeTi: saparlamento saswauli

indoeTi uZvelesi civilizaciebisa da didi imperiebis, maT Soris mo-

golebis (muslimi dampyroblebis) istoriuli samSobloa. igi me-19 saukune-
Si didi britaneTis koloniad gadaiqca, Tumca meore msoflio omis Semdgom
damoukidebloba aRidgina. mosaxleoba or ZiriTad da gansxvavebul jgu-
fad iyofa: eseni arian indusebi (yvelaze mravalricxovani) da muslimebi,
romelebic meore msoflio omamde cxovrobdnen indoeTis istoriul teri-
toriaze. muslimTa yvelaze mWidro dasaxlebebi indoeTis Crdilo-dasav-
leT da aRmosavleT nawilebSia koncentrirebuli, maSin roca maT Soris
mdebare farTo teritoria (romelic britaneTis rajis mmarTvelobis qveS
imyofeboda) dasaxlebulia ZiriTadad indusTa TemebiT. am or religiurad
gansxvavebul jgufs Soris konfliqtis Tavidan asacileblad britanelebma
koloniis datovebisas teritoria gayves da ori saxelmwifo: indoeTi da
pakistani Camoayalibes. pakistanis dasavleT da aRmosavleT nawilebs erTma-
neTisagan maT Soris mdebare indoeTis teritoria aSoriSorebda.
es geografiuli anomalia, mxolod erT-erTia im mravalricxovan proble-
maTgan, romelic britanelebma gadauWreli datoves. garda amisa, arsebobda
aseve indusebisa da muslimebis dapirispireba Tavad indoeTSi. marTalia,
am ukanasknelTa umravlesoba pakistanSi iyo koncentrirebuli, magram sak-
maod didi muslimuri umciresoba darCa axlad Camoyalibebuli indoeTis
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos teritoriazec. kidev ufro problematur
Taviseburebas indoeTisaTvis, rogorc demokratiisaTvis, warmoadgenda
misi eTnikuri da kulturuli siWrele. qveyanaSi Zalian bevri lingvisturi
jgufia, romlebic sxvadasxva da erTmaneTisaTvis sruliad gaugebar enebze
saubroben, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT religiur mravalferovnebaze, siqizmis,
jainizmis, qristianobis, induizmisa Tu islamis saxiT.
dabolos, aucilebelia imis aRniSvnac, rom Tanamedrove indoeTi xasi-
aTdeba siRaribis maRali maCvenebeliTa da mosaxleobis feTqebadi zrdis
tempiT. es ori problema e.w. ganviTarebadi msoflios bevr qveyanaSi erT-
maneTTan kav SirSi da erTmaneTis paralelurad arsebobs. mosaxleobis ra-
odenobis mixedviT indoeTi iyo da kvlavac rCeba msoflioSi meore qvey-
anad (CineTis Semdgom). dResdReobiT indoeTSi miliardze meti adamiani
cxovrobs. aTobiT milioni wera-kiTxvis ucodinaria, asobiT milioni sof-
lis macxovrebeli ki (romlebic mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgnen)
_ Zalian Raribi.
indoeTma araerTi politikuri areuloba da konfliqti gamoiara, maT
Soris omebi mezoblebTan _ CineTTan da pakistanTan. gansakuTrebiT mw-
vavea konfliqti pakistanTan qaSmiris sadavo teritoriaze. amasTanave,
indoeTsac da pakistansac gaaCnia atomuri ganviTarebis programebi da,
savaraudod, moqmedi birTvuli iaraRic. or qveyanas Soris daZabulobam
ramdenimejer SeiaraRebuli konfliqtic gamoiwvia, maT Soris uaxles war-
sulSi, 2002 wels. erT-erTi yvelaze kritikuli epizodi Seiqmna 1970-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi, roca aRmosavleT pakistani gamoeyo qveynis danarCen
teritorias da damoukidebel saxelmwifod _ bangladeSad Camoyalibda.
206 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

garda amisa, Temebis dapirispireba (indusebis, muslimebis, siqhebis) da eT-

nikuri Zaladoba mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnida indoeTis saxelmwifoe-
briobasa da stabilurobas.
da mainc, saparlamento demokratia ager ukve naxevar saukuneze metia
funqcionirebs im sazogadoebaSi, romelic sxvadasxva tipis uamravi da
urTulesi problebis winaSe dgas da sadac erTiani saxelmwifos arseboba,
erTi xelisuflebis kontrolqveS _ ra formisac unda iyos es xelisufle-
ba _ ukve TavisTavad saocrebaa. erTi SemTxvevis garda (rodesac 1970-iani
wlebis bolos premier-ministrma indira gandim gamoacxada sagangebo mdo-
mareoba da SeiTavsa diqtatoruli Zalaufleba), indoeli liderebi (didi
javaharlar nerudan moyolebuli) britanuli stilis saparlamento de-
mokratiis CarCoebSi moqmedebdnen.
indoeTi federaluri sistemaa arapirdapiri wesiT arCeuli prezidentiT,
romelsac xelisuflebaSi metwilad ceremonialuri datvirTva aqvs. realur
Zalauflebas flobs xalxis mier arCeuli parlamenti da premier-ministri,
romelic arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli umravlesobis lideria (iseve rogorc sxva
saparlamento sistemebSi). premier-ministri akompleqtebs kabinets da da-
samtkiceblad warudgens parlamentis qveda palatas, romelsac lok sabha
ewodeba. parlamentis zeda palata (rajia sabha) arapirdapiri wesiT irCeva.
igi erTgvarad qveda palatis `meore xmas~ warmoadgens, Tumca ganixilavs da
SeuZlia gaaWianuros kidec kanonis miReba, riTac Tavis wevrebs kanonSemoq-
medebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze garkveuli gavlenis moxde-
nis saSualebas aZlevs.

israeli: omis respublika

indoeTis msgavsad, israeli meore msoflio omis Semdgom Seiqmna. Tum-
ca, indoeTisagan gansxvavebiT, israeli ara adgilobriv macxovrebelTa,
aramed axalCasaxlebulTa saxelmwifod Camoyalibda. indoeTisagan gan-
masxvavebeli kidev erTi mkveTri niSani isic aris, rom israelis problema
mosaxleobisa da teritoris ukiduresi simcirea, maSin roca indoeTisaTvis
problemaa am faqtorebis ukiduresi sidide. mtrulad ganwyobili arabuli
saxelmwifoebiT garSemortymuli israeli arsebobis dRidan dapirispire-
bebisa da winaaRmdegobebis arealad iqca. metic, TviTon israelis Seqm-
nac ZaladobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli _ xangrZliv da sastik brZolebTan,
romelsac israeli adgilobriv palestinel arabebTn awarmoebda.
israelis saxelmwifo sekularulia, magram sazogadoeba iudeuria. ebra-
elTa masobrivi migracia palestinaSi 1930-ian wlebSi germaniaSi hitleris
aRzevebasTan erTad daiwyo. Tumca, ebrauli saxemwifosaTvis brZola ufro
adre, 1890-ian wlebSi gaiSala. sionizmi (rogorc es moZraoba iwodeboda)
gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1917 wels (pirveli msoflio omis dros), cnobili
balfuris deklaraciis Sedegad, romelic britaneTis maSindeli sagareo
saqme-Ta ministris saxels ukavSirdeba da romelmac, Tavis mxriv, pirve-
 saparlamento demokratia 207
lad oficialurad gamoTqva ebrauli saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea (im dros,
palestina faqtobrivad didi britaneTis kolonias warmoadgenda). magram
realurad israelis saxelmwifo nacisturi germaniis mier 1939-1945 wlebSi
ganxorcielebuli holokostis (ix. V Tavi) pirmSoa. am Semzaravi tragediis
Semdgom, masobrivi lozungebis `aRarasodes ganmeordes~ fonze, da ori
wamyvani qveynis mxardaWeriT, israelis saxelmwifos damaarseblebma 1947
wels gamarjveba izeimes.
israeli omisa da cecxlis Sedegad Seiqmna, Tumca mis legitimurobas
sami wamyvani Zalis _ aSS-is, didi britaneTisa da gaerTianebuli erebis or-
ganizaciis (erTa ligis `STamomavali~) _ erToblivi mxardaWera uzrunve-
lyofda. Tavdapirvelad iyo idea, rom Seqmniliyo ori saxelmwifo: israeli
da palestina, xolo ierusalimi, rogorc sami religiis wminda adgili, yo-
filiyo saerTaSoriso qalaqi gaeros egidis qveS. am ideis ganxorcielebis
perspeqtiva CaiSala maSin, roca palestinelma arabebma uaryves amgvari wina-
dadeba (ebraelebma igi miiRes). amis Semdeg, palestinel arabTa umravlesoba
gaaZeves teritoriidan. gaZevebulebma Tavi ltolvilTa banakebs Seafares
Razas seqtorSi, mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapirosa da libanSi. nawili
ltolvilebisa sxva arabul qveynebSi gaiqca.
am movlenebma sasowarkveTiTa da SurisZiebiT aRsavse Zalian mZime mem-
kvidreoba datova, ramac waruSleli daRi daasva axlo aRmosavleTis isto-
rias. israelma sami omi awarmoa egviptesTan da samiveSi gamarjveba moipova:
1956 wlis suecis omi, 1967 wlis eqvsdRiani omi, 1973 wlis iom kipuris omi.
1967 wlis omis Sedegad israelma Tavisi kontrolis qveS moaqcia Razas se-
qtori da sinais udabno egvipteSi, mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiro
(iordania), siriis golanis maRlobebi. 1973 wlis omSi israelma moipova
imgvari upiratesoba, roca SeeZlo mTeli egviptis dapyroba, magram aSS-is
mxridan seriozuli diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad, gadaifiqra amis ganx-
orcieleba. 1978 wels aSS-is prezident jimi karteris ZalisxmeviTa da Sua-
mavlobiT gaformda kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba _ zavi israelsa da egviptes
Soris. es istoriuli garigeba aSS-is mxridan orive mxarisaTvis gamoyofil
seriozul subsidiebs ukavSirdeboda. samagierod, am SeTanxmebam realurad
imuSava: israelsa da egviptes 1973 wlis Semdgom, anu ukve sam aTeul weli-
wadze meti xania, aRar hqoniaT SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba.
miuxedavad amisa, samwuxarod, axlo aRmosavleTisa da gansakuTrebiT
israelis istoria 1978 wlidan arastabilurobisa da Zaladobis pirobebSi
viTardeba. umetes SemTxvevebSi amgvari movlenebis epicentrSi swored israe-
lia. daZabulobisa da konfrontaciebis am dausrulebel jaWvSi libani,
libia, siria, erayi da irani warmoadgenen israelis ZiriTad mowinaaRmde-
geebs. 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi, okupirebul teritoriebze xangrZlivma
palestinurma ajanyebam _ romelsac arabulad intifada ewodeba _ uamravi
sicocxle Seiwira da aunazRaurebeli tanjva da danakargi gamoiwvia orive
mxares. xSirad or amgvar ajanyebas moixsenieben, Tumca realurad es erTi
xangrZlivi procesia, romelic 1990-ian wlebSi samSvidobo garigebis imedad
droebiT Sewyda. magram mSvidobis molodini ar gamarTlda. axlac, israeli
okupirebul teritoriebis palestinelebTan SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi imy-
208 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

ofeba, xolo palestinelebi agrZeleben TviTmkvleli teroritebis mier

ganxorcielebuli afeTqebebs serias israelSi.
yvela am winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, israeli daarsebis dRidan Sefer-
xebis gareSe funqcionirebda rogorc saparlamento demokratia. didi
britaneTis msgavsad, israels ara aqvs dawerili konstitucia. konsti-
tuciuri principebis werilobiT gaformebas Tavi aari des im mize zis gamo,
rac saparlamento mmarTvelobis SenarCunebisaTvisac mniSvnelovania: ar-
sebobs imis gancda, rom aucilebelia usafrTxoebis eqstremaluri zomebis
gatareba, rac iwvevs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis garkveul SezRudvas da
faqtobrivad 600 000 palestineli arabis sistematiur diskreditacias
(SedarebisaTvis, ebrauli mosaxleoba daaxloebiT, 5,1 milionia). Tumca,
israelis moqalaqeebs Tavisufal arCevnebSi regularuli monawileobis
ufleba da SesaZlebloba aqvT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom israeli zogierT SemTxvevaSi zedmetad demokrati-
ulic ki aris: arCevnebi, romelic Ria sistemas eyrdnoba, Riaa yvelasaTvis
da saSualebas aZlevs Tundac axladCamoyalibebul patara partiebs man-
datebis garkveuli raodenoba moipovon qneseTSi (parlamenti), rac zogjer
qaosur siWrelesac ki qmnis. yalibdeba koaliciuri mTavrobebi, sadac xSir-
ad SesaZlebelia erTad vixiloT memarjvene da memarcxene Zalebi, gamom-
dinare qveyanaSi arsebuli viTarebidan, arab mezoblebTan urTierTobebis
mdgomareobidan da bunebrivia, arCevnebis Sedegebidan. krizisulma situa-
ciebma da safrTxeebis ganeitralebis mudmivma aucileblobam erTgvarad
gadaarCina kidec sazogadoeba winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri kulturis
aRzevebis, qaosuri partiuli sistemis Camoyalibebisa da Sedegad, xelisu-
flebis arastabilurobisagan.
Tumca, isreali rCeba erTgvarad saocar ekonomikur da politikur fe-
nomenad, romelic viTardeba daarsebis dRidan misTvis araxelsayrel,
xSirad mtrul garemoSi. da Tuki israels ZaluZs qmediTi saparlamento de-
mokratiis SenarCuneba, Tundac aSS-is uzarmazari saxelmwifo Tu sazoga-
doebrivi mxardaWeriT, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom nebismier sazoga-
doebas Sesabamisi kulturuli wanamZRvrebiT, SeuZlia igive.
dasavleTis (gansakuTrebiT didi britaneTis) gavlena garkveulwi lad,
Tumca ara srulfasovnad, gvexmareba avxsnaT, ra aris demokratiis war-
matebis mizezi indoeTSi. am ori qveynis magaliTi, sadac warmoudgenel pi-
robebSi mu Saobs saparlamento demokratia, ar amtkicebs imas, rom saxalxo
TviTmmarT veloba yvelgan iqneboda qmediTi, magram namdvilad cxadyofs,
rom igi mu-Saobs zogjer sruliad warmoudgenel adgilebSic ki.

prezidentebi da parlamentebi:
SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba

sainteresoa, rogor gamoiyureba saparlamento da saprezidento demok-

ratiis sistemebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi? SedarebiTi daxasiaTebis gamar-
tivebisaTvis aSS-sa da didi britaneTis modelebs gamoviyenebT.
 saparlamento demokratia 209

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba

sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis funqcia nebismier konstituciur demokra-

tiaSi kanonSemoqmdebeba da kanonis amoqmedebaa. am ZiriTadi saerTo niSnis
garda, britanuli da amerikuli sakanonmdeblo Stoebi mniSvnelovnad gan-
sxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. britanuli tradiciis mixedviT, parlamenti su-
verenuli organoa. cnobili britaneli iuristis, ser uiliam bleqstounis
(1723-1780 ww.) sityvebiT, parlaments SeuZlia `yvelafris keTeba, rac bune-
brivad SeuZlebeli ar aris~. kidev erTi cnobili avtoris Tanaxmad, `sapar-
lamento suverenitetis koncefcias udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs da gamoarCevs
britaneTs demokratiuli qveynebis umravlesobisagan. parlaments SeuZlia
miiRos nebismieri kanoni, romelsac is miiCnevs mizanSewonilad da arc erT
sxva organos ar ZaluZs am kanonis ugulebelyofa misi arakonstituciurad
gamocxadebis an arasasurvelad miCnevis motiviT.~16 amerikuli sistema kon-
stitucias kongresze maRlac ki ayenebs. 1803 wlis `marberi medisonis winaaR-
mdeg~ saqmis Semdgom, aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom warmatebiT daamkvidra
sakuTari ufleba da movaleoba kongresis mier damtkicebuli nebismier kano-
ni `daZiros,~ Tu mas arakonstituciurad miiCnevs.17
aRsaniSnavia, rom ori qveynis sakanonmdeblo Stos bevri msgavsi funqcia
aqvs. magaliTad, es arCeuli organo orive sistemaSi uflebamosilia miiRos
an `Caagdos~ esa Tu is kanoni, daamtkicos ministrebi aseve, orives gaaCnia
ufleba, moiTxovos an moikvlios informacia umaRlesi aRmasruleblis da
aseve kabinetis wevrebis Sesaxeb, Tumca es ufleba ufro aSkarad da masSta-
burad britanul sistemaSi gamoiyeneba, vidre amerikulSi. garda amisa, es
organoebi orive qveyanaSi warmoadgens forums qveynis yoveldRiurobaSi
yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxebis Ria ganxilvisaTvis.
Tumca, didi britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, sxva saparlamento demokra-
tiebs (garda israelisa) gaaCnia dawerili konstitucia. rogorc wesi, kon-
stituciis mierve Seqmnili parlamenti ar aris uflebamosili daarRvios
uzenaesi kanoni an misiT manipulireba moaxdinos. Sesworebebis Setana, ra
Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia, magram es procesi, rogorc wesi, Zalian rTuli da
winaaRmdegobrivia. konstitucia iTvaliswinebs specialuri sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlos Seqmnis SesaZleblobas, rogorc es, magaliTad, germani-
aSi, safrangeTsa da espaneTSia, mas miniWebuli aqvs ufleba gamoacxados esa
Tu is kanoni an samTavrobo aqti arakonstituciurad.

sakanonmdeblo Stos damoukidebloba. marTalia, kongresis Zalauf-leba

SezRudulia konstituciiT, magram aSS-is kanonmdeblebs damoukideblad
manevrirebisaTvis gacilebiT ufro farTo asparezi aqvT britanel ko-
legebTan SedarebiT, radgan amerikeli warmomadgenelTa palatis wevrebi-
sa da senatorebis arCevisas pirovnuli faqtori gacilebiT mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs, vidre `partiuli bileTi.~ kongresi faqtobrivad 500-ze
meti potenciuri popularuli lideris asambleas warmoadgens. politikur
partiebs udavod aqvT garkveuli gavlena, magram aSS-Si naklebad Zleva-
mosilni arian imisaTvis, rom mtkice da mkacri kontroli ganaxorcielon.
210 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

aseve, imis realuri SesaZlebloba, rom kongresis erT palataSi erTi par-
tia dominirebdes, xolo meoreSi ki sxva, kompromiss aucileblobadac ki
aqcevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, azrs ukargavs mkacri partiuli disciplinisa Tu
morCileba-erTgulebis raime saWiroebas. amave albaTobiT, SesaZlebelia
kongress akontrolebdnen, magaliTad, demokratebi, xolo TeTr saxls
_ respublikelebi (rac sakmaod xSirad xdeba), rasac igive efeqti aqvs.18
dabolos, kongresmenebi ZiriTadad konkretul da lokalur interesebze
ufro arian orientirebulni, vidre saqveyno masStabis saerTo sakiTxebze.
isini arCeulni arian swored konkretuli Statisa da saarCevno olqis mier
imisaTvis, rom adgilobrivi interesebis lobireba moaxdinon, maT Soris, im
gavleniani interes-jgufebisa, romelic TiTqmis yvela arCeul kandidats
sWirdeba winasaarCevno kampaniis mxardaWerisa da dafinansebisaTvis da ami-
tom gamarjvebis Semdgom `valSi~ arian maTTan. rogorc warmomadgenelTa
palatis yofilis spikeri tip o’nili xumrobiT aRniSnavda, `yvela politika
adgilobrivia,~ rac garkveulwilad simarTlis marcvalsac Seicavda erT
dros. Tumca, dResdReobiT vaSingtonSi nebismieri politika, ramdenad `ad-
gilobrivic~ unda iyos igi garegnulad, finansdeba politikur qmedebaTa
komitetis (PAC) [ix. Tavi X. mTargm. Sen.] mier, naclad nebismieri erTeuli
Statis Sida resursisa. amitomac, xSirad swored finansebi yovelgvar par-
tiul kuTvnilebaze metadac ki gansazRvravs kanonmdebelTa gadawyvetile-
bebs sakiTxebis umetesobis irgvliv.
saparlamento sistemebis umravlesoba, aSS-sTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT
ufro mkacr partiul disciplinas da wesrigs emyareba, gansakuTrebiT im
qveynebSi, sadac proporciuli saarCevno sistemaa. am SemTxvevaSi, sakanon-
mdeblo organos deputatebi airCevian mravalmandatian saarCevno olqeb-
Si partiuli siis mixedviT. imisaTvis, rom esa Tu is kandidati arCeuli
iqnas, saWiroa kargi urTierTobebi hqondes partiasTan da mis gavlenian
gundTan, romelic wyvets, Casvas Tu ara kandidati saarCevno siaSi da ra
nomrad (anu, siis dasawyisSi, bolos Tu Sua nawilSi). siis dasawyisSi myof
kandidatebs yvelaze didi Sansi aqvT iyvnen arCeulni.
struqturuli sirTule. gavlenisa da Zalauflebis dayofa kongresSi mis
struqturas britaneTis parlamentTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro kom-
pleqsurs xdis. aRsaniSnavia, rom britaneTis TemTa palataSi mxolod eqvsi
mudmivi komitetia, romelic 20-dan 50-mde deputats aerTianebs da ar gaaC-
nia specializacia, anu ganixilavs kanonproeqtebis mTel rigs Tematikis
miuxedavad. Sesabamisad, komitetebi ar arian uflebamosilni moiwvion spe-
cialuri mosmena an moiTxovon saeqsperto ganxilva da aseve ar SeuZliaT
Tavi aaridon ganxilvas. yvelaze meti, rac maT SeuZliaT, garkveuli teqni-
kuri da lingvisturi cvlilebebis Setanaa proeqtSi. sakomiteto muSaoba
amitom sakmaod mosawyeni da trivialuric ki SeiZleba iyos, Tumca is lim-
itirebul, magram mainc garkveul saSualebas iZleva lobizmisaTvis.
amdenad, britaneTis parlamentis sakomiteto sistema Zalian gansxvav-
deba aSS-is kongresisagan. warmomadgenelTa palataSi, iseve rogorc senatSi,
TxuTmetze meti specializebuli komitetia, romlebic qmnian politikur
landSafts. am komitetebs gaaCnia mravalricxovani qvekomitetebi kidev
 saparlamento demokratia 211
ufro viwro specializaciiT. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis programebisa
da saqmianobis gamoZiebis SemTxvevaSi, komitetebsa da qvekomitetebs Seu-
ZliaT specialuri mosmenis mowveva da mowmeebis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis
moTxovna. kargad struqturirebuli sakomiteto sistema didwilad gansaz-
Rvravs sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas qveyanaSi. imdenad, ramdenadac depu-
tatebi ver iqnebian erTdroulad yvela sakiTxis eqspertebi, isini irCeven
konkretul specializacias _ iqneba es soflis murneoba, sagareo politi-
ka, SromiTi urTierTobebi da a.S. amasTanave, amgvari specializacia sakmaod
did dros moiTxovs. politologebi xSirad saubroben erTgvar sakvalifi-
kacio sistemaze kongresis orive palataSi. zogadad, yvelaze gavleniani da
qmediTi kanonmdeblebi arian isini, vinc ukve garkveuli periodis ganmav-
lobaSi floben mandats da Sesabamisad, kargad erkvevian ama Tu im sakiTxSi.
maT mosazrebas da pozicias gansakuTrebuli wona aqvs.
kongresis mxridan mudmivi monitoringisa da kontrolis funqcia sxvada-
sxva formiT gamoixateba. Secdomebs SesaZloa adgili hqondes kanonSemoqmede-
biTi procesis ama Tu im etapze (magaliTad, sabiujeto procesis avtorizaciis
da asignebis fazaSi, an sakiTxis mokvlevisa da sakomiteto mosmenis dros).
is kanonmdeblebi, romelTac sakmarisi raodenobis profesionali kadrebi
hyavT, regularulad axorcieleben programis Sefasebasa da politikis
revizias. es kadrebi ki xSirad gavleniani funqcionerebi arian `kulisebidan~,
romelTa rCevebsa da eqspertizas eyrdnobian.
britanuli saparlamento sistema mkveTrad gansxvavdeba am kuTxiT. anga-
riSvaldebulebis gamoxatvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani meqanizmia SekiTxvebis
saaTi, romelic kviris ramdenime dRes tardeba da sadac calkeuli minis-
trebi parlamentarTa mier miRebul SekiTxvebs pasuxoben. SekiTxvebi Ta-
visTavad SeiZleba iyos rogorc mwvave xasiaTis, ise sakmaod trivialuri,
SesaZloa miznad isaxavdes mTavrobisaTvis misi pasuxismgeblobebis Sex-
senebas, sajaro yuradRebis miqcevas konkretul sakiTxze, da/an damatebiTi
informaciis miRebas. SedarebisaTvis, amerikuli kongresisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli specializacia TiTqmis srulad ignorirebulia angariSvalde-
bulebis saparlamento sistemaSi.

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebli funqciebis SekavSireba. kidev erTi

TvalSisacemi gansxvaveba or politikur sistemas Soris gaxlavT is, Tu ra
doziT monawileobs sakanonmdeblo organo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
dakompleqtebaSi. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, saparlamento sistemaSi parla-
menti gadamwyvet rols asrulebs axali administraciis (kabinetis) Camoya-
libebaSi. premier-ministri aris saparlamento umravlesobis partiis lideri
da kabinetis danarCeni wevrebis SerCevac partiis liderTa rigebidan xde-
ba. radganac saparlamento sistemaSi `wyalgamyofi xazi~ aRmasrulebel da
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas Soris arc ise mkafioa, Znelia imis zustad
Camoyalibeba, sad iwyeba erTis da mTavrdeba meoris Zalaufleba.
ZalTa amgvar gaerTianebas adgili ara aqvs saprezidento sistemaSi.
senatorebisa da warmomadgenlebisagan gansxvavebiT, prezidents gaaCnia
nacionaluri saxalxo mandati da misi Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs kon-
212 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

stituciis calke segmentidan. TumcaRa, kongress mainc gaaCnia garkveuli

gavlenis moxdenis berketi aRmasruleblis dakompleqtebaze, radgan misma
orive palatam unda daamtkicos warmodgenili Semadgenloba da aseve gadaw-
yvitos sxva maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis daniSvnis sakiTxi. Tu aRmasrule-
blis esa Tu is qmedeba winaaRmdegobrivia an eWvs iwvevs, sakanonmdeblo or-
ganos Sesabamis komitets, konstituciis mier miniWebuli makontroleblis
funqciis gamoyenebiT, SeuZlia moiTxovos aRmasrulebeli pirebis da/an sxva
mowmeebis sasamarTlo dakiTxva. amdenad, adgili aqvs mudmiv urTierTq-
medebas sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrule-bel Stoebs Soris. Tumca, britaneTis
parlamentisagan gansxvavebiT, aSS-is kongress ar SeuZlia aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis daTxovna `undoblobis gamocxadebis~ uflebiT. im SemTxveva-
Sic, Tu kongresi ar miiRebs TeTri saxlis mier warmodgenil raime sakvanZo
mniSvnelobis programas, prezidenti darCeba Tanamdebobaze sruli oTx-
wliani vadiT (eqstraordinaruli SemTxvevebis _ impiCmenti, gardacvaleba,
an gadadgoma _ gamoklebiT).

aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba

xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli Sto warmodgenilia mTavrobis meTau-

riT da saxelmwifos meTauriT, kabinetiT da biurokratiuli aparatiT.
Zalian bevr msgavsebasTan erTad, ori politikuri sistemis aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebas axasiaTebs zogierTi gansxvaveba, romlebsac Cven ganvixilavT.
upirvelesad, aSS prezidenti aris mTavrobis meTauri da saxelmwifos
meTauri, maSin roca britaneTSi es funqciebi gayofilia premier-ministrsa
da monarqs Soris. am ori uflebamosilebis SeTavseba aSS-is prezidentis
instituts ufro gavleniansa da prestiJuls xdis britanuli premier-
ministris institutTan SedarebiT. prezidenti ara mxolod uZRveba
mTavrobas da gamodis saxelmwifos saxeliT, aramed, britaneTis premierisgan
gansxvavebuiT, arCeulia personalurad saerTo erovnul arCevnebSi.
aSS-is prezidentis fiqsirebuli samoqmedo vadac sakmaod daculia.
bri taneTis premieris pozicia ki mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia imaze,
Tu ramdenad SeZlebs igi TemTa palataSi umravlesobis mxardaWerisa da
ndobis SenarCunebas. sakmaod xSirad yofila premier-ministris postidan
daTxovnis precedentebi, saxalxo ukmayofilebis an parlamentSi sakvanZo
umravlesobis dakargvis gamo.
mxolod amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT moqmedi prezidentis gadayeneba, Tu ar
CavTvliT aseve eqstraordinaruli garemoebebs. amerikis arc erTi preziden-
ti ar yofila impiCmentis wesiT gadayenebuli (endriu jonsons da uiliam
klintons kongresis warmomadgenelTa palatam gamoucxada impiCmenti, ma-
gram arc erT SemTxvevaSi senats ar daudasturebia es gadawyvetileba). didi
albaTobiT, riCard niqsoni SesaZloa realurad gamxdariyo prezidenti,
romelsac impiCmentis wesiT gadaayenebdnen, magram amgvari Sedegis dadgo-
mamde igi Tavad gadadga.
saprezidento postis kidev erTi upiratesoba meti avtonomiurobaa
 saparlamento demokratia 213
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. aSS-is kabinetis wevrebs ZiriTadad
administraciuli da sakonsultacio funqciebi aqvT da prezidents Sexed-
ulebisamebr SeuZlia gamoiyenos an ar gamoiyenos maTi rCeva ama Tu im gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebisas. britaneTis premier-ministri ki kabinetSi moqmedebs,
rogorc `pirveli TanasworTa Soris~. TumcaRa am tradiciam didwilad da-
karga Zala, premieri ZiriTadad mainc kolegialur gadawyvetilebebs iRebs
[kabinetis danarCen wevrebTan TanamSromlobiT]. imave logikiT moqmedebs
koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobis principic, romelic faqtobrivad gamor-
icxavs kabinetis wevrebis mxridan xelisuflebis politikis nebismieri
aspeqtis kritikas, an saerTo pasuxismgeblobis aridebas.
dabolos, prezidenti qveynis mxedarTmTavaria, aseve mTavari kanonmde-
beli (ara mxolod misi vetos uflebidan gamomdinare, aramed aseve mis mier
wardgenili mravalricxovani sakanonmdeblo proeqtebis gamo) da mTavari
diplomatic. aSS-is prezidents uWiravs posti, romelsac demokratiulad
arCeul mTavar aRmasruleblebs Soris faqtobrivad yvelaze meti Zalau-
fleba, uflebamosileba da avtoriteti gaaCnia.
Tumca, erT aspeqtSi britaneTis premier-ministris uflebamosilebebi
mainc aWarbebs aSS-is prezidentisas. marTalia, prezidenti imavdroulad
partiis lideric aris, magram es funqcia mniSvnelovanad SezRudulia par-
tiebis decentralizebuli, susti struqturis gamo. britaneTis premier-
ministri ki gacilebiT ufro metia, vidre mmarTveli partiis tituliani
lideri. did britaneTSi partiis xelmZRvaneloba udides rols asrulebs
partiuli programisa da politikis warmatebis saqmeSi. premieri swored
partiis meSveobiT axorcilebs marTvas. maSin, roca, amerikul sistemaSi
partiebs ZaluZT garkveuli gavlenis moxdena maT Tanapartiel konkretul
pirebze warmomadgenelTa palataSi an senatSi, britaneTis sistemaSi par-
tiebi orientirebulni arian TemTa palataSi kenWisyrisas maTi deputatebis
politikuri qcevis [xmis micemis] saerTo kontrolze. sxva demokratiuli
sistemebis umravlesoba am TvalsazrisiT britanul sistemasTan ufro ax-
los dgas, vidre amerikulTan.

sasamarTlo xelisufleba

miuxedavad mniSvnelovani struqturuli gansxvavebebisa amerikul da

britanul sasamarTlo sistemebs Soris, maT aerTianebT e.w. saerTo samar-
Tlis (common law) tradicia. saerTo samarTali emyareba mosamarTleTa
gadawyvetilebebs, nacvlad werilobiTi kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul
normebisa. es tradicia XII saukunidan iRebs saTaves, kerZod mefe henri II-
is mcdelobidan daemkvidrebina sistema, sadac mosamarTleebi valdebulni
iqnebodnen aResrulebinaT mefis kanoni adgilobrivi Cveulebebis gaTval-
iswinebiT. davebis gadawyvetisas, TiToeuli mosamarTle amzadebda moxsene-
bas sasamarTlo procesis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb da agzavnida londonSi.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi, msgavs saqmeTa Sesaxeb moxsenebebidan gamomdinare,
konkretuli midgomebi da iuridiuli principebi Camoyalibda. ramdenadac
214 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

precedentuli samarTali saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi formulirdeboda, ram-

denime cnobili da gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sedegad
moxda misi popularizacia. droTa ganmavlobaSi, iuridiulma komentator-
ebma (maT Soris yvelaze cnobili Carlz blakstouni gaxldaT) moaxdines am
gadawyvetilebebis precedentebis kodificireba. maTi meSveobiT, amgvari
normebi farTod gavrcelda, maT Soris amerikul koloniebSic.

prezidenti, rogorc mTavrobisa da saxelm-

wifo meTauri yovelwliur moxsenebas amza-
debs qveynis politikuri da ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kongresis wevrebisa
da amerikeli xalxisaTvis.

saerTo samarTlis wanamZRvrebs Soris msgavsebas Tu ar CavTvliT, bri-

tanuli da amerikuli sasamarTlo sistema bevri niSniT gansxvavdeba erT-
maneTisagan: mosamarTleTa SerCevis wesiT, sasamarTlos organizaciiT,
sasamarTlo kontrolis ganxorcielebiT da sxva sakvanZo struqturuli
aspeqtiT.

mosamarTleTa SerCeva. did birtaneTSi ori tipis samarTlis skola

arsebobs. qveda donis skolebSi xdeba studentis kvalificireba solisi-
torad, [iuriskonsulti], anu sasamarTlo moxeled, romelic amzadebs saq-
meebs sasamarTlo ganxilvisaTvis, konsultacias uwves klientebs, adgens
kontraq tebs, anderZebs da sxva samarTlebriv dokumentebs. eqskluziuri
skolebi ki amzadeben baristerebs [umaRlesi donis advokati], romelTac
SeuZliaT solisitoris yvela funqciis ganxorcieleba da amavdroulad,
aqvT sasamarTloSi gamosvlisa da saqmis warmoebis ufleba. mosamarTleebad
iniSnebian mxolod baristerTa rangis mqone pirebi. metic, imisaTvis, rom
baristeri daniSnuli iqnes mosamarTled (romelic aSS-is federaluri do-
nis msgavsad mTeli sicocxlis vadiTaa), mas unda hqondes umaRlesi kvali-
fikacia samarTlis skolidan da amasTanave gaaCndes warmatebuli iuridi-
uli praqtikis mravalwlia ni gamocdileba.
amerikaSi sasamarTlos dakompleqtebis principi ufro politikuria.
aqac, mosamarTled SeiZleba daniSnuli iyos piri prestiJuli iuridiuli
skolis warCinebiT damTavrebis an gamorCeuli da xangrZlivi praqtikuli
sasamarTlo gamocdilebiT, Tumca yovelTvis ara. ufro xSirad, feder-
alur doneze mosamarTleTa SerCeva aSkara politikuri gaTvlebiT aris
ganpirobebuli _ iqneba es konkretuli pirisaTvis garkveuli damsaxure-
 saparlamento demokratia 215
bebis gamo erTgvari jildo, gavleniani kongresmenis Tu adgilobrivi
partiuli xelmZRva nelis interesis dakmayofileba, Tu garkveuli geo-
grafiuli balansis miRweva mosamarTleTa wamomadgenlobaSi. Statisa da
adgilobriv doneebze mosamarTlis posti xSirad arCeviTia.

federaluri sasamarTloebi unitarulTan mimarTebaSi. amerikuli sasa-

marTlo sistema federalur safuZvelzea agebuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom
igi moicavs 51 sasamarTlo sistemas. federaluri sasamarTlo ganixilavs im
saqmeebs, sadac erT-erT mxares warmoadgens federaluri xelisufleba an
miesadageba federaluri kanoni. federaluri sasamarTlo iyofa qvesiste-
mad, romelic warmodgenilia saolqo sasamarTloebiT _ sadac ZiriTadad
iwyeba kidec saqmeTa ganxilva, saapelacio sasamarTloebiT _ romelic
apelaciis safuZvelze ganixilavs saolqo sasamarTloebis mier warmoebul
saqmeebs da uzenaesi sasamarTloTi _ romelic faqtobrivad funqcioni-
rebs rogorc umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlo, iRebs ra gadawyvetilebebs
im gansakuTrebul saqmeebze, sadac winaaRmdegobriv iuridiul interpreta-
cias an konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis dadgenis saWiroebas vawydebiT.
federalur sasamarTlo erTeulTan erTad funqcionirebs kidev ormoc-
daaTi Statis sasamarTlo, romelTa umravlesobas msgavsi samsafexuriani
struqtura gaaCnia. Statis sasamarTloebi federaluri sasamarTlosagan
srulad gancalkevebuli ar aris. aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo xSirad ganixi-
lavs Statis umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlodan wamosul saqmes im SemT-
vevaSi, Tu iuridiul sakiTxebs konstituciuri Sinaarsi aqvs.
aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, britanuli sasamarTlo sistema ufro sworxa-
zovania, rac britaneTis unitaruli wyobis gamoZaxilia. Statis sasamarT-
loebis analogis ararseboba britanul sistemas amerikuli sistemisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iurisdiqciuli da proceduruli sirTuleebisagan aTa-
visuflebs.

sasamarTlo kontroli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze mkveTri politikuri

gansxvaveba or sasamarTlo sistemas Soris sasamarTlo gadasinjvis (kon-
trolis) ganxorcielebas ukavSirdeba, anu sasamarTlos uflebas Tvalyuri
adevnos da kanongareSed gamoacxados aRmasrulebeli Tu sakanonmdeblo xe-
lisuflebis qmedeba/gadawyvetileba. aSS-Si orives, Statis da federalur
sasamarTlos aqvs xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis aqtebis ganxilvis ufleba,
pirvels _ Statis konstituciasTan, xolo meores _ federalur konstitu-
ciasTan mimarTebaSi.
sasamarTlo gadasinjvis mniSvnelobas kidev ufro zrdis dawerili kons-
tituciis arseboba, radgan igi wamoadgens mkveTr sazoms, ris mixedviTac
fasdeba Cveulebrivi (statuturi) kanonebi. garkveulwilad, federalur-
ma wyobam rogorc aseTma, TavisTavad ganapiroba sasamarTlo kontrolis
aucilebloba. Tu Statis sasamarTloebs eqnebodaT imis ufleba, moexdi-
naT federaluri kanonis survilisamebr interpretireba, iurisprudenciis
nacionaluri organos arseboba dakargavda yovelgvar mniSvnelobas.19 iu-
ridiuli erTgvarovnebis saWiroebisa da im saerTo kanonieri principebis
216 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

mniSvnelobis gaTaviseba, romelTac nebismier doneze warmodgenili xe-

lisuflebis qmedebebi unda daeqvemdebaros, warmoadgens sasamarTlo kon-
trolis arsebobis safuZvels ara mxolod aSS-Si, aramed konstituciuri
demokratiebis umravlesobaSi.
rac Seexeba britanel mosamarTleebs, isini mxolod marginalurad mona-
wileoben qveynis marTvaSi. maSin roca aSS-Si kanonmdeblisa da aRmasruleblis
nebismieri gadawyvetileba aqtiurad ganixileba konstituciasTan Sesabamiso-
bis kuTxiT, did britaneTSi sasamarTlos ar ZaluZs parlamentis mier miRe-
buli aqtebis gauqmeba. maT, amerikeli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gaaCniaT
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis `konstituciuri mcvelebis~ funqcia, maSin roca
amerikeli mosamarTleebi ama Tu im sakanonmdeblo aqtze individis uzenaesi
uflebebis mtkicebisas, xSirad swored am ampluaSi gvevlinebian. iSviaT Sem-
TxvevebSi, britaneli mosamarTleebi mxolod mianiSneben aRmasulebels Tu
igi gascdeba moqmedebis kanonier CarCoebs. erT-erTi SefasebiT:

britaneTis mTavrobis Zalaufleba SezRudulia samarTlis formaluri

institutebis miuxedavad da ara maT mier. ingliselebi ufro naklebad
asaCivreben samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis an kanonieri samarTlebrivi
procesis ugulvebelyofas, vidre im qveynebis moqalaqeebi, romelTac
gaaCniaT dawerili konstitucia, adamianis uflebaTa bili an mkveTrad
gansazRvruli sasamarTlo kontrolis procedura.20

aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlo damoukidebeli organoa, romelic gamiznu-

lad daculia politikuri cxovrebis gavlenisagan. britaneTis sasamarTlo
xelisuflebas ki saTaveSi udgas kabinetis wevri _ cnobili lordi kancler-
is statusiT, romelic amavdroulad aris lordTa palatis Tavmjdomare
da iZle-va rekomendaciebs sasamarTlo daniSvnebTan dakavSirebiT. Teori-
ulad, britaneTis umaRles sasamarTlos lordTa palata warmoadgens. praq-
tikulad ki es erToba warmodgenilia palatis mxolod ramdenime iuridi-
uli kvalifikaciis mqone gamorCeuli wevriT. ZalauflebaTa gaerTianeba,
romelic zogadad damaxasiaTebelia britaneTis saparlamento sistemisaT-
vis, am SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba parlamentis zeda palataSi sakanonmdeblo da
sasamarTlo xelisuflebebis SeTavsebiT, iseve rogorc es xdeba mis qveda
palataSi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel funqciebs Soris.

ori sistemis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi

erT-erTi amerikeli avtoris SefasebiT, `saparlamento sistema [avtomanqana]

`kadilakia~ saxelisuflo formebs Soris.~ igive avtori amerikul sapreziden-
to sistemas fordis `modeli T~-s adarebs.21 saparlamento sistemebi iTval-
iswinebs xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis maRal dones amomrCevlis winaSe.
politikuri partiebi saarCevno kampaniebs gansxvavebul da kargad Camoya-
libebul politikur platformebze ageben. Tu arCevnebis Sedegebi Zlieri
mandatiT aRWurvavs erT romelime partias, maSin am ukanasknels parlamen-
tis mxardaWeriT sakuTari programis ganxorcielebis didi Sansi aqvs. Tu
 saparlamento demokratia 217
mTavrobis politika arapopularuli, arapraqtikuli an winaaRmdegobrivi
aRmoCndeba, SesaZlebelia premier-ministris an mmarTveli partiis Secvla
mTeli politikuri sistemis ryevis gareSe. dabolos, zogierTi analitikosi
miiCnevs, rom britaneTis partiebis disciplinirebuloba ufro efeqtians xdis
mis saparlamento sistemas aSS-is saprezidento sistemasTan SedarebiT.
rogorc kritikosebi aRniSnaven, aSS-is saprezidento wyoba xSirad aw-
ydeba dilemebs, rac misi samganStoebiani stuqturis gawonasworebisa da
dabalanse-bis (checks and balances) principidan gamomdinareobs. Zalian xSirad,
erTi partia warmoadgens saprezidento xelisuflebas, xolo meore akon-
trolebs kongress. metic, Zalian rTulia arakompetenturi da Tundac ara-
popularuli prezidentis daTxovna. garda amisa, orpartiuli aramoqnili
sistema bevr gansxvavebul interesTa jgufs kongresSi warmomadgenlobis
saSualebas ar aZlevs. bolos, e.w. prezidentis saxalxo arCevnebi sakmaod
iluzorulia: saqme isaa, rom prezidents realurad irCevs aSS-is xmis mi-
cemis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis mxolod daaxloebiT 25 procenti. kri-
tikosTa mosazrebiT, maJoritarul principze (winner-takes-all) damyarebuli
amomrCevelTa kolegiis arCevis ukve dromoWmuli praqtika xSirad imgvar
suraTs qmnis, rom realuri umravlesobis neba ar sruldeba _ magaliTisaT-
vis gamodgeba 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi, sadac kandidatma al gorma
miiRo xmebis realuri umravlesoba, magram jorj buSi umcrosi gamocxad-
da gamarjvebulad.
saprezidento sistemis momxreebi ki aRniSnaven, rom namdvilad aris Sem-
Txvevebi, roca saWiro da mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebi swored vaSington-
Si miiReba da ara sxvagan (SegviZlia gavixsenoT lindon jonsonisa da ronald
reiganis sawyisi sakanonmdeblo warmatetebi). maTive azriT, legalurad
fiqsirebuli saprezidento vada swored rom uparatesobaa. miuxedavad
sirTuleebisa, rasac xandaxan prezidentis impiCmentis uaRresad rTuli
procesi qmnis (magaliTad, riCard niqsonis gadayenebis proceduruli
sirTule, miuxedavad mis mier Zalauflebis gadametebis faqtis TvalsaCi-
noobisa), prezidentisaTvis garantirebuli vadis arseboba pozitiur maxa-
siaTebels warmoadgens. magaliTad, hari trumani, romelic dResdReobiT
amerikis erT-erT udides prezidentad miiCneva, misi mmarTvelobis umetes
periodSi sakmaod arapopularuli iyo. aseve, prezidents gaaCnia krizisul
viTarebaSi qveynis marTvis efeqtiani konstituciuri berketebi, maSinac ki,
roca sazogadoebrivi interesi mas ubiZgebs arapopularuli nabijebis ga-
dadgmisaken. es SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc saprezidento sistemis
aSkara upiratesoba.

konstitucia da konteqsti

saparlamento mmarTvelobebis Sedegianobis empiriuli Seswavla, maTi

gansxvavebulobidan gamomdinare, kidev erTxel adasturebs jer kidev ar-
istoteles mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom politikuri swavlebebi Sesa-
Zloa Zalian abstraqtuli gaxdes. aristoteles mixedviT, mTavaria ara is,
218 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

Tu ra aris umjobesi, aramed is, ra aris SesaZlebeli arsebul garemoebebSi.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi saparlamento wyoba amarTlebs, zogan ki _ ver. amde-
nad, aristoteles mosazrebani dResac aqtualuria:

Cven ar unda vfiqrobdeT mxolod imaze, Tu rogori unda iyos idea-

luri konstitucia. Cven unda vifiqroT imazec, rac praqtikulia [anu,
saukeTeso mocemuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT] _ da amasTan erTad,
advilad ganxorcielebadi da zogadad ufro Sesaferisic... konsti-
tuciuri sistemis imgvari forma unda iqnas SerCeuli, rac xalxs ad-
vilad daarwmunebs ukve arsebuli sistemis nacvlad misi danergvis
aucileblobaSi da SeaZlebinebs kidec amis ganxorcielebas.22

daskvna

britanul saparlamento models axasiaTebs ZalauflebaTa Serevisa da

gaerTianebis principi, mmarTvelobis ganusazRvreli vadebi, disciplini-
rebuli partiebi, da ormagi aRmasrulebeli. konstituciuri demokratiis
es modeli ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi (garda laTinuri amerikisa),
vidre amerikuli modeli. igi gansakuTrebiT dominanturia evropaSi, sadac
britaneTis magaliTis mixedviT Camoyalibda amJamindeli konstituciuri
demokratiebis umrvalesoba.
safrangeTi konstituciuri demokratiis hibridul formas warmoad-
gens, romelic aerTianebs britanuli da amerikuli sistemebis maxasiaTe-
blebs. germania saparlamento demokratiaa, magram gansxvavdeba rogorc
britanuli, ise franguli sistemebisagan imiT, rom is ara unitaruli, ar-
amed federaciuli saxelmwifoa (da moicavs federalur miwebs). iaponiac
saparlamento demokratiaa, da evropisagan ara imdenad politikuri struq-
turiT, ramdenadac politikuri kulturiT gansxvavdeba. iaponiis konsen-
susis principze aRmocenebul sazogadoebas, araformalur da didwilad
pirovnul kavSirebze damyarebuli politikuri Zalauflebis mqone da pa-
tronaJul urTierTobebze agebuli politikuri struqturebi gaaCnia, rom-
lebic, zedapiruli ganxilvisas SesaZloa misi evropuli analogiebisTvis
migvemsgavsebina (Tumca, es institutebi realurad amerikaSi Seiqmna, aSS-is
mier meore msoflio omSi iaponiis damarcxebis Semdeg).
indoeTi da israeli is ori SemTxvevaa, sadac, erTi SexedviT, respubliku-
ri wyobis arseboba warmoudgenelic ki unda iyos, sinamdvileSi ki orive
qveyanaSi saparlamento demokratia ukve naxevari saukunea arsebobs. indoe-
Tisa da israelis magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom britanuli modeli moqnili
da adaptirebadia imgvar adgilebSic ki, sadac arCevnebis Catareba da sta-
biluri xelisuflebis SenarCuneba warmoudgenladac ki gveCveneba Zalze
rTul pirobebSi.
amerikuli da britanuli sistemebis Sedarebisas ikveTeba msgavsebebic
da sakmaod provokaciuli gansxvavebebic sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli
 saparlamento demokratia 219
da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis struqturirebisa da ganxorcielebis Tval-
sazrisiT. Tumca Znelia calsaxad imis Tqma, romeli sistemaa ukeTesi. amaze
pasuxi TiToeuli qveynis gansakuTrebuli konteqstisa da arsebuli gare-
moebebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganisazRvros.

sakvanZo sityvebi

saparlamento sistema britaneTis raji

Sereuli reJimi qaSmiri
undoblobis votumi lok sabha (qveda palata)
disciplinebuli partiebi raja sabha (zeda palata)
erTguli (loialuri) opozicia palestineli arabebi
gaormagbuli aRmasrulebeli palestina
xelisufleba (dual executive) sionizmi
nacionaluri asamblea balfuris deklaracia
gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisu- kemp devidis SeTanxmeba
fleba intifada
Tanaarseboba (kohabitocia) qneseTi
vaimaris respublika saparlamento suvereniteti
civi omi SekiTxvebis saaTi
bundestagi saerTo samarTali
bundesrati saapelacio sasamarTlo
meiZis dinastiis aRorZineba uzenaesi sasamarTlo
mogolebi sasamarTlo gadasinjva

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ratom ganixileba britanuli politikuri sistema xSirad saparlamento

demokratiis nimuSad?
2. rogoria saparlamento sistemis ZiriTadi samuSao principebi?
3. rogor cxovroben britanelebi dauwereli konstituciis gareSe?
4. rogor da ra garemoebebSi warmoiSva Tanamedrove franguli respublika?
5. ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa safrangeTis, SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi
britaneTis demokratiebs Soris? (mimaniSnebeli SekiTxva: romeli qveyana
gamoiyena safrangeTma sakuTari politikuri sistemis modelad?)
6. rodis da ra garemoebebSi SemoiRo iaponiam saparlamento sistema?
7. SeadareT iaponiis demokratia safrangeTisa da didi britaneTis demokra-
tiebs.
8. rogoria Tqveni mosazrebebi saparlamento demokratiis mniSvnelobaze
indoeTsa da israelSi.
220 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

9. SeadareT saparlamento da saprezidento xelisuflebis upiratesobebi

da naklovanebebi.

SeniSvnebi

1. 1958 wlis the Life Peerage Act (warCinebulTa titulis sasicocxlod miniWebis
aqti) mixedviT, monarqi uflebamosilia premier-ministrTan konsultaciis
safuZvelze, mianiWos araaristokratiuli warmoSobis pirebs warCinebu-
lis tituli mTeli sicocxlis vadiT, Tumca is memkvidreobiT ar gadaecema
mis STamomavals. am iniciativis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda partiebis
balansis SenarCuneba da lordTa palatis qmediTi wevrebis raodenobis
gazrda. lordTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi da lordTa palatis aqtiur wevrTa
procentulad kidev ufro didi Semadgenloba swored am gziT flobs war-
Cinebulis tituls.
2. Sidney Bailey, British Parliamentary Democracy, me-3 gamocema (Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood, 1978), 130.
3. iqve, 131.
4. Suzanne Berger, The French Political System, 3rd ed.
(New York, Random House, 1974), 368.
5. Berger, French Political System, 368.
6. Roy Macradis, red., Modern Political Systems: Europe, (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-
Hall, 1986), 120.
7. Karl Dietrich Bracher, The German Dictatorship, (New York: Holt, 1970), 75.
8. Michael Roskin, Countries and Concepts: An Introduction to Comparative Politics, (En-
glewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982), 190.
9. Guido Goldman, The German Political System (New York: Random House, 1974), 56.
10. ix. John W. Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II, (New York:
Norton, 2000).
11. ix. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
(New York: HarperCollins, 2000).
12. Franz Michael and George Taylor, The Far East in the Modern World,
(New York: Holt, 1964), 263.
13. iqve, 607.
14. Nobutaki Ike, Japanese Politics: Patron-Client Democracy, me-2 gamocema
(New York: Knopf, 1972),
15. Michael and Taylor, Far East in the Modern World, 603.
16. iqve, 5.
17. Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137 (1803).
18. ronald reiganis prezidentobis periodi (1981-1987 ww). kongresis or
palatis amgvari gaxleCvis magaliTia, roca respublikelebi senats, xolo
demokratebi warmomadgenelTa palatas akontrolebdnen; miuxedavad ami-
sa, ufro gavrcelebulia aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisufle-
bebis `gaxleCvis~ SemTxvevebi. rogorc wesi, demokratebi sakanonmdeblo
 saparlamento demokratia 221
Stos akontrolebdnen maSinac ki, roca prezidenti respublikeli iyo,
magram 1994 wlis Sualedur arCevnebSi respublikelebma kongresis orive
palataSi kontrolis ufleba demokrat bil klintonis prezidentad ar-
Cevidan ori wlis Semdeg moipoves.
19. ix. Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 14 U.S. 304 (1816).
20. Richard Rose, “Politics in England”, wignSi Comparative Politics Today: A World View,
red. Gabriel Almond (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 148.
21. Edward Courtier, Principles of Politics and Government (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1981),
84.
22. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1962), 1288b-89a, 155-56.
 T aavv i V I I

saxelmwifoebi
gardamaval
periodSi
axali demokratiebi da
aRmocenebadi bazrebi
komunizmis kraxi
ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia
(Tu mxolod areuloba?)
gorbaCovis tranzicia refor-
mis marcxi: sistemis dezintegra-
cia Tanamedrove sirTuleebi
bolosdabolos, gamoCnda li-
deri? samomavlo perspeqtivebi
aRmosavleTi evropa: tranziciuli
gzagasayarze: mokvdeba Tu ara odesme
Zveli Cvevebi
CineTi: gadasvla marTvad kapital-
izmze (ra iqneba Semdeg?)
mao xelisuflebaSi xelisuf-
alTa cvla dominanti partia
ideologiis Sesusteba bazarze
orientirebuli reformebi gaz-
rdili pirovnuli Tavisufleba
axali saxelmwifoebrivi problemebi
politikuri da religiuri repre-
siebi politikuri fragmentaciis
safrTxe amomavali saxelmwifoe-
bi
azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia (da
Tavisuflebac?)
samxreTi korea taivani
aziis vefxvebi
laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia (da keTildReobac?)
reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Cile) meqsika

222
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 223
1991 wlis dekembris bolo dRes, sabWoTa kavSirma, erT-erTma im or su-
per-saxelmwifoTagan, romlebic dominirebdnen msoflio politikaSi TiTq-
mis naxevari saukunis manZilze, arseboba Sewyvita. am komunisturi `mon-
stris~ sikvdili XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovan politikuri
movlenaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi aRsasruli sakmaod moulodnelad
dadga, es ar momxdara winapirobebis gareSe; piriqiT, 1985 wlidan moyole-
buli, sabWoTa kavSirs mimzidveli, Tumca mSfoTvare cvlilebebis periodi
daudga, rodesac mixeil gorbaCovma, qveynis axalma qarizmatulma liderma,
reformebis mTeli seria wamoiwyo.
sabWoTa wyobilebis dezintegraciam saTave daudo axal epoqas msoflio
a politikaSi. man aseve gamokveTa gardamavali periodis problemebi, rac
i aRmosavleT evropaSi disfunqciuri politikur-ekonomikuri sistemebis
winaSe idga. am qveynebSi tranziciis problemebi, nawilobriv, xelaxali
politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aucileblobiTaa gamowveuli.
tranzicia da ganviTareba (romelic am TavSi iqneba ganxiluli) erTmaneT-
Tan mWidro kavSirSia; tranziciis sakiTxebs gadakveTis mravali wertili
aqvs gardamaval procesSi myofi sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis sakiTxebTan.
ufro metic, rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, cneba `saxelmwifoebi tranziciis
(gardamaval) periodSi~ dRes bevr qveyanas miesadageba msoflios faqto-
brivad yvela regionSi. yofili komunisturi qveynebis problemebis gac-
nobis Semdeg, Cven mokled SevexebiT azii-sa da laTinuri amerikis sxvadasxva
saxelmwifoebs, romlebic sabazro liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT
gadasvlis sxvadasxva etapze imyofebian.

komunizmis kraxi

is, rasac erT dros `komunistur samyaros~ uwodebdnen, ukve aRar ar-
sebobs. komunizmma, rogorc politikurma Zalam, rogorc erovnul, aseve
saerTaSoriso doneebze, mcire gamonaklisebis garda, msoflioSi arseboba
Sewyvita. 1988 wels, civi omis dasrulebamde, TxuTmeti saxelmwifo kla-
sificirdeboda rogorc komunisturi. 2002 wlisTvis maTi raodenoba 5-6
saxelmwifomde Semcirda (CineTi, kuba, laosi, CrdiloeT korea, vietnami
da, savaraudod, kamboja); TiToeuli maTgani damoukidebel politikas ax-
orcielebs, Sesabamisad dRes `komunistur banakze~ saubari yovelgvar azrs
moklebulia. ra moxda? 1989 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT
adre, aRmosavleT evropam moulodnelad uaryo komunisturi mmarTveloba.
am droidan moyolebuli, demokratia da privatizacia (saxelmwifos mier
marTuli sawarmoebis gadasvla kerZo seqtorSi) poloneTSi, ungreTsa da
CexeTis respublikaSi. es procesebi, gansakuTrebiT poloneTsa da ungreT-
Si, garkveuli politikuri zigzagebiT xasiaTdeboda. am qveynebis amomrCev-
lebma xelisuflebaSi kvlav yofili komunistebi moiyvanes, Tumca, daiwyo
amavdroulad, uaryves centralizebuli, gegmiani ekonomika dasavluri,
sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT orientirebuli politikuri kursis
sasargeblod. rumineTSi, slovakeTSi, bulgareTsa da albaneTSi demokra-
224 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

tizaciis mimarTulebiT moZraoba bevrad neli iyo, Tumca mainc SeiniSne-

boda. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevas yofili aRmosavleT germania warmoadgens,
romelic 1990 wels dasavleT germaniasTan gaerTianda.
komunisturi reJimebi aziaSi ufro myari gamodga. 1976 wels, maos gardac-
valebis Semdeg, CineTis saxalxo respublikam Searbila totalitaruli re-
Jimi da ekonomikis garkveuli liberalizacia moaxdina, Tumca, igi mainc
rCeba represiul saxelmwifod. is agrZelebs reformebs sabazro ekonomikis
mimarTulebiT, ramac xeli Seuwyo swraf ekonomikur zrdas, gansakuTrebiT
mis samxreT sanapiro regionebSi. CrdiloeT korea, stalinisturi marTvis
meTodebis erTguli qveyana, amJRavnebs nacnob tendencias qsenofobiis,
yvelafris gasaidumloebisa da TviTdawesebuli izolaciis mimarTulebiT.
vietnami da laosi rCebian komunisturi mmarTvelobis qveS, magram Crdi-
loeT koreisagan gansxvavebiT, orive maTgani msubuq saerTaSoriso gavle-
nas ganicdis da ufro miRebulia saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi. dabolos,
kambojaSi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis xangrZlivi mcdeloba xeli
Seewyo am saxelmwifoSi demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, uSedego aRmoCnda
1997 wels han senis mier organizebuli gadatrialebisa da iq diqtatoruli
mTavrobis Camoyalibebis gamo.
kubaSi fidel kastro ebRauWeba politikur Zalauflebas [(2008 wli-
dan qveyanas oficialurad fidelis Zma raul kastro marTavs _ mTargm.
Sen.)]. igi cdilobda Caenacvlebina dakarguli sabWoTa daxmareba da amav-
droulad, gamklaveboda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier dawesebuli
ekonomikuri embargos Sedegebs. kubaSi, gansxvavebuli azrisadmi aratol-
erantuli policiuri saxelmwifos pirobebSic ki, gaxSirda perio duli sax-
alxo demonstraciebi, ramac kastros mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli sa xalxo
ukmayofilebis Zlieri nakadi gamoamJRavna. 1998 wels romis papis, ioane
pavle II-isa da 2002 wels amerikis yofili prezidentis, jimi karteris isto-
riuli vizitebi _ orive pirveli SemTxveva iyo kubis revoluciis Semdeg _
aRq muli iqna rogorc SesaZlo nabijebi religiuri da politikuri Tavi-
suflebis mimarTulebiT da rogorc niSani imisa, rom asakovani diqtatori
rbildeboda. Tumca, sxva eqspertebi eWvobdnen, rom am procesebs safuZv-
liani reformebi SeiZleboda mohyoloda da miiCnevdnen, rom erTaderTi
ram, rac kastros adardebda, dagrovili politikuri problemebis fonze
Zalauflebis SenarCuneba iyo.

ruseTi: areuloba da tranzicia

(Tu mxolod areuloba?)

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSiri msoflio imperiebs Soris

bolo imperias warmoadgenda. is batonobda dapyrobil xalxebsa da kul-
turebze, Tumca didi Sida daZabulobebis fonze. SeZleben Tu ara aseTi
imperiebi arsebobas im msoflioSi, sadac izrdeba nacionalizmis, egali-
tarizmis gavlena da TviTgamorkvevis rwmena? Tu yvela aseTi imperia samu-
damod ganwirulia?
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 225
stalinisturi saxelmwifo, romelic 1991 wlamde arsebobda, totalita-
ruli mmarTvelobis yvela Taviseburebas amJRavnebda, maT Soris: central-
izebuli kontroli samxedro Zalebze, masmediasa da ekonomikaze; gaba-
tonebuli monopolisti partia; oficialuri ideologia; sistemuri terori
saeWvo politikuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg da reJimisaTvis uvargisad an
saSiSad miCneuli udanaSaulo adamianebis masobrivi mkvlelobebi. sabWoTa
kavSiris totalitaruli warmomavloba arsebiTi safuZvelia dRevandeli
ruseTis politikis bunebis gasagebad.
1991 wels, Zveli sabWouri reJimis marcxis Sedegad, axali Semcirebuli
rusuli saxelmwifo aRmocenda. postsabWoTa mTavrobam boris elcinis me-
TaurobiT gawyvita kavSiri warsulTan da Tavdapirvelad konstituciuri
de mokratiis dafuZnebas Seecada. Semdeg man Seqmna Zalian susti konfed-
eracia, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT), romlis Semad-
genlobaSi Sevida ruseTi da yofili sabWoTa respublikebi, baltiispireTis
qveynebis _ litvis, latviisa da estoneTis gamoklebiT (ix. sqema 7-1).

sqema 7-1. ruseTi da respublikebi

wyaro: Based on Milton F. Goodman, Global Studies: Russia, Eurasia, and Central/Eastern Europe, 5th ed. Copyright
(c) 1994, the Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc., Guilford, Conn. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

gorbaGovis tranzicia

1985 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi komunisturi partiis erT-erTi

yvelaze axalgazrda generaluri mdivani gaxda 54 wlis mixeil gorbaCovi. mis
winaSe bevri politikuri da ekonomikuri problema idga. gorbaCovs swamda,
rom am problemebis mogvareba mniSvnelovani politikuri da ekonomikuri
reformebis gareSe ver moxerxdeboda da radganac politikuri sistema sxva
araferi iyo, Tu ara komunisturi partiis Zalauflebisa da gavlenis anarek-
li, man miiRo sabediswero da amavdroulad mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba:
gardaeqmna komunizmi da partia orive maTganis SenarCunebis mizniT. gor-
226 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

baCovma am mizniT ganaxorcie-la qmedebebi, rac dasavleTSi perestroikis,

glasnostis da demokratizaci-is saxelebiT gaxda cnobili.

ratom gariska gorbaCovma. leninis mier 1917 wels Zalauflebis mopovebis

Semdeg, ekonomika sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo gegmuri, an sxvanairad, mbrZanebluri,
sadac yvela mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba (ra da ramdeni unda
ewarmoebinaT da a.S.) komunisturi partiis zeda eSelonebSi miiReboda.
konkurencia, sargeblisaken swrafva da kerZo sakuTrebis umravlesi forme-
bi akrZaluli iyo, rogorc SeuTavsebeli komunistur principebTan.
centraluri dagegmvis am sistemam sabWoTa kavSiri pirveli xarisxis sam-
xedro Zalad aqcia, Tumca didi sabiujeto deficitis fasad. garda amisa,
1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi aSkarad gamoCnda, rom centralurma dagegmvam
ekonomikuri stagnacia gamoiwvia, ramac sabWoTa kavSiri konkurentunari-
anobis TvalsazrisiT arasaxarbielo pirobebSi Caayena iseT industriul, de-
mokratiul qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi,
iaponia da ramdenime evropuli saxelmwifo.1 1985 wlisTvis, qveynis ekonomi-
kuri zrdis tempi 2 procentamde daeca da Seadgina daaxloebiT naxevari imisa,
rac aTi wlis win iyo. cxra industriuli sawarmodan sul mcire erTi da sax-
elmwifo meurneobebis TiTqmis mesamedi kotrdeboda. sakvebi, sacxovrebeli
saxlebis mSenebloba, samkurnalo saSualebebi da transporti moTxovnebis
sruliad araadekvaturi iyo, rogorc xarisxobrivad, aseve raodenobrivad.
sabWoTa moqalaqeTa umetesobis cxovreba zogadad gausaZlisi iyo. rac
sabWoeTSi komfortad da xelsayrel pirobebad miiCneoda, dasavleTisTvis
Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. maRaziebi xSirad uxeirod an saerTod ar marag-
deboda. garkveuli saxis saTadarigo nawilebis Sovna xSirad SeuZlebeli
iyo. erT-erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, miRebul normas warmoadgenda is faqti,
rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, dReSi or saaTs, kviris Svidive dRis ganmavlobaSi
rigebSi atarebdnen.2 1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvis, sabWoTa kavSiris mo-
saxleobis 28 procenti oficialurad miCneul siRaribis zRvars qveviT
cxovrobda.3
soflis meurneobis sferoSi sakvebis warmoeba Zlivs uwyobda fexs
mosaxleobis zrdas da miuxedavad am sferoSi ganxorcielebuli uxvi in-
vesticiebisa, mTavroba bevrs xarjavda importirebul xorcsa da marcv-
leulSi. amasTanave, soflis meurneobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris sainvesticio
prioritetebi aSkarad asaxavda saSineli dagegmarebis arsebobas. produq-
ciis meurneobebidan bazrisaken gadaadgileba, sacavebad gankuTvnili
sawarmoebi, sakvebis gadamuSaveba, dafasoeba da sacalo gayidva absolu-
turad ugulebelyofili iyo. sabWoTa ekonomistebma daiangariSes, rom
marcvleulis mTeli mosavlis daaxloebiT erTi meoTxedi yovelwliurad
bazarze moxvedramde ikargeboda. gorbaCovma ganacxada, rom 1988 wels
danakargi daaxloebiT 4 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis im-
portirebuli marcvleulis raodenobas utoldeboda. amis Sedegad, Cveu-
lebrivi sabWoTa moqalaqis mier xorcisa da rZis produqtebis moxmareba,
or aTwleulze ufro mcire droSi, 30 procentiT Semcirda.4
sabWoTa ekonomikis daqveiTebisa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis da-
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 227
ce mis fonze, gauaresebulma socialurma problemebma safrTxe sabWoTa
sazogadoebis safuZvels Seuqmna. yvelaze did problemebs Soris iyo alko-
holizmi da korufcia. alkoholizmi didi xnis manZilze sabWoTa kavSiris
yvelaze myar da Zvir problemas warmoadgenda. alkoholis miReba mavne gav-
lenas axdenda adamianis janmrTelobasa da ojaxur cxovrebaze, amcirebda
produqtiulobas da Sromisunarianobas, zrdida Cvil bavSvTa sikvdiliano-
bas (fexmZimobisas alkoholis miRebis gamo), amcirebda cxovrebis xangrZ-
livobas da didwilad ganapirobebda axalgazrdebSi damnaSaveobis zrdas.
amasTanave, korufciac yvaoda. samomxmareblo saqonlis qronikuli ararse-
boba da saxelmwifos mier fasebis kontroli Savi bazris ayvavebas iwvev-
da. sabWoTa cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawili biurokratizirebuli iyo da
nebismier sakiTxze oficialur saxelmwi-fo Tanxmobas saWiroebda, ramac
gavlenebis araoficialuri sistemis ganviTareba gamoiwvia. imisaTvis, rom
daeCqarebinaT oficialuri Tanxmoba an biurokratiisgan sasurveli mopy-
robisaTvis mieRwiaT, sabWoTa moqalaqeebisaTvis nebismieri meTodis gamo-
yeneba Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda.
sxva kritikul problemas 1970-1980-ian wlebSi gaRrmavebuli teqnolo-
giuri CamorCeniloba warmoadgenda _ kompiuteruli revolucia ascda sab-
WoTa moqalaqeebs maSin, roca maTi ekonomikuri konkurentebi gardaqmna. am
sferoSi fulis dabandeba menejerebisTvis araxelsayreli iyo da partiac
SiSobda, rom misi farTo moxmareba politikur oponentebs gaaZlierebda.
amgvari damokidebu lebis Sedegad sabWoTa industriisa da infrastruq-
turis modernizacia SeuZlebeli xdeboda.
am problemaTa umetesi nawilis safuZvels centraluri dagegmva
warmoadgenda, romelic ar uwyobda xels axal iniciativebs, radganac
qarxnebis mmarTvelebi da saxelmwifos mier marTuli sawarmoebis
direqtorebi centralur gegmaze rCebodnen mibmulni, romelic qarxnisa da
meurneobebis warmoebaze mkacr kvotebs awesebda. gegmis Sesruleba sabWoTa
ekonomikis yvela administratoris umTavres prioritets warmoadgenda.
stalinisturma sistemam xarisxi Seswira raodenobas. garda amisa, zevidan
wamosuli instruqciebiT moqmedi menejmentisaTvis ar arsebobda sakmarisi
iniciativa Tu SesaZlebloba axali teqnologiebis dasanergad. masalebisa
da aRWurvilobebis miwodebis SewyvetiT gamowveulma problemebma moulod-
nelad Seaferxa aRmSeneblobiTi proeqtebi da qarxnisa da meurneobebis
warmoeba Seamcira. warmoebis ambiciur kvotebis miRwevis mizniT da
dausrulebeli zewolis gamo, direqtorebi arsebuli Cavardnebis dasafarad
xSirad sxvadasxva xrikebs iyenebdnen.
mmarTvelTa cinizmi erwymoda sabWoTa muSaxelis dabal morals. igi iyo
arasaTanadod dasaqmebuli, uxalisod muSaobda, an romelsac, ubralod sa-
muSao motivacia ar gaaCnda. sando da efeqtiani muSaxelis ararsebobis pir-
dapiri Sedegi iyo saSinlad dabali produqtiuloba. muSebis cinizmi kar-
gad Canda iseT popularul sabWoTa gamonaTqvamebSi, rogoricaa, `partia
Tavs ikatunebs, TiTqos gvixdis da Cvenc Tavs vikatunebT, rom vmuSaobT~.
es cinizmi ikvebeboda partiuli muSakebis TvalTmaqcobiT, romlebic mx-
ars uWerdnen egalitarul idealebs, magram cxovrobdnen simdidreSi, maSin
228 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

roca proletariati, romelsac isini adidebdnen, purisa da sxva pirveladi

moTxovnilebis nivTebis SesaZenad grZel rigebSi idga. moxda yvelaze ua-
resi: bevrma sabWoTa kavSirSi sakuTari politikuri sistemis mimarT
rwmena dakarga.5

reaqciuli Zalebi, nacionalistebi da nomenklatura. adamianebs, vinc

flobdnen Tanamdebobebs da gavlenas sabWoTa sistemaSi, nomenklaturas uwo-
debdnen. sabWoTa kavSirSi es adamianebi privilegirebul elitarul klass
Seadgendnen.6 maT SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen politikuri biurokratiis
wevrebi (e.w. aparatCikebi), ufrosi ekonomikuri mmarTvelebi da samecniero
administratorebi, aseve konkretuli mwerlebi, msaxiobebi, kosmonavtebi,
aTletebi da generlebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen sabWoTa saxelmwifos da
aZlierebdnen mis reputacias.
nomenklaturis arseboba ori mizeziT iyo mniSvnelovani. pirveli:
kargad ganviTarebuli, eqskluziuri da umeteswilad SeniRbuli keTilm-
owyobili binebis infrastruqtura, specialuri maRaziebi, sanatori-
umebi, saavadmyofo ebi, klinikebi, kurortebi da skolebi, am fenas ara
marto ganze ayenebda Cveulebrivi sabWoTa moqalaqisagan, aramed sru-
liad ewinaaRm degeboda Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis marqsistul da
komunistur ide alebs, romelsac komunistebi xSirad qadagebdnen. meore:
nomenklatura, ara efeqtiani iyo da ufro metad ainteresebda sakuTari
Zalauflebis SenarCunebiT, vidre saxelmwifo politikis Sesruleba. 1980-
iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis, aravin iyo ise Sefiqrianebuli politikuri
elitis mier ekonomikuri ganvi Tarebis Seferxebis perspeqtiviT, rogorc
sabWoTa kavSiris axali lideri, mi xeil gorbaCovi.

reformis politika. gorbaCovis sami reformistuli programis _ peres-

troikis, glasnostis da demokratizaciis mizans warmoadgenda komunizmis
gadarCena da ara misi dangreva. perestroikis mizani centraluri dagegm-
vis dogmaturi sistemis gamococxleba iyo. gorbaCovi am ambiciuri miznis
miRwevas qveynis ekonomikuri problemebis socialur da politikur sa-
Taveebze ieriSis mitaniT imedovnebda _ rac niSnavda nomenklaturisa da
aparatCikebis gavlenis Semcirebas da amavdroulad, sabWoTa muSaxelis
efeqtian omis zrdas. sabediswerod, verc gorbaCovi xvdeboda, an kidev
Tvals ar usworebda qveynis ekonomikur struqturaSi radikaluri cvlile-
bebis gatarebis aucileblobas. Sesabamisad, perestroikis idea ufro mim-
zidvel politikur slogans warmoadgenda, vidre Tanmimdevrul ekonomi-
kur politikas.
gorbaCovis damsaxureba iyo nawilobrivi reformebis gatarebis mcdeloba,
romelic miznad isaxavda individualuri iniciativis amaRlebas. xelfasebis
gamomuSavebis, ganawilebisa da faswarmoqmnis sistemis reformirebis, zeda
eSelonis biurokratebis Zalauflebis Semcirebas, adgilobrivi menejeru-
li Tavisuflebis xelSewyobis, saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da muSebis mflo-
belobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebisa da kooperativebis waxalisebis gziT. ga-
tarda aseve sxva saxis sabazro orientaciis reformebic, magram verc erTma
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 229
maTganma SeZlo fundamenturad Seecvala ekonomikuri sistema saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobaSi arsebuli warmoebis saSualebebisa da centraluri dagegm-
vidan kerZo sakuTrebisa da individualuri iniciativis mimarTulebiT.

fotoze mixeil gorbaCovisa da misi meuRlis raisas fineTSi vizitia asaxulia 1989
wels. gorbaCovma mmarTvelobis periodSi, 1985 wlis martidan 1991 wlis agvistomde,
komunizmisa da komunisturi partiis reformirebis radikaluri politikuri da ekono-
mikuri politika SeimuSava. saboloo jamSi am wamowyebebma stalinisturi saxelmwifos
erozia gaaRrmava da mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis damxobas Seuwyo xeli.

1989 wlisTvis, sabWoTa ekonomika swraf dezintegracias ganicdida da

or weliwadSi igi srul depresiaSi aRmoCnda; 1991 wlisTvis, sabWoTa kav-
Siris ekonomika yovelwliurad 10 procentiT mcirdeboda. daisva kiTxva,
ra unda moemoqmedaT? mmarTveli elita or nawilad iyo gayofili. radi-
kaluri reformis momxreebi mxars uWerdnen centraluri da mbrZanebluri
ekonomikidan mkveTr tranzicias sabazro sistemis mimarTulebiT. Zveli
kursis momxre konservatorebi (gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc samxedro da said-
umlo policiasTan asocirdebodnen) ewinaaRmdegebodnen aseT revoluciur
cvlilebebs. sabWoTa mmarTveli elita cdilobda gamklaveboda mzard eko-
nomikur kriziss, Tumca, gansxvavebiT den siaopinis droindeli CineTisagan,
mas arasodes Camouyalibebia momavlis zusti xedva da ar gaerTianebula kom-
pleqsuri reformebis aucileblobiT.
am areulobis fonzec ki, gorbaCovis ekonomikuri Sexedulebebi gaurkve-
veli rCeboda. Tanamdebobaze yofnis bolo TveebSi aSkara gaxda, rom pere-
stroikam (romelic miznad isaxavda gamoecocxlebina centraluri dagegmva
da komunizmi) ar gaamarTla da revoluciuri ekonomikuri cvlileba (ro-
230 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

melic sabediswerod Tavad perestroikis mier iyo wamowyebuli) Cqardeboda.

kerZo sakuTreba da ekonomikuri winapirobebi TandaTanobiT viTardeboda
maSin, roca ekonomikuri areuloba da uimedoba matulobda.

glasnosti. gorbaCovis ufro metad gaxmaurebulma `glasnostis~ (saja-

rooba) politikam gaaZliera perestroika da sabWoTa istoriaSi mediasa-
Sualebebze cenzura arnaxulad Seamcira. garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi,
am politikam gamoiwvia gorbaCovis mimarT didi simpaTia da warumatebeli
ekonomikuri reformebisgan mosaxleobis yuradRebis gadatana.
glastnosts aseve didi gamoZaxili hqonda sabWoTa sazRvrebs miRma; man
gorbaCovi msoflio presisaTvis Zvirfas pirovnebad da dasavleTis bevr
qveyanaSi popularul figurad aqcia.
miuxedavad misi sagareo politikuri warmatebebisa, glasnosti, pirvel
rigSi, Sida politikis instrumenti iyo. mis sawyis ganzraxvas oficialuri
korufciisa da arakompetenturobis gamoaSkaraveba warmoadgenda, rasac
gorbaCovi sabWoTa ekonomikis arasrulyofilebis erT-erT mizezad miiC-
nevda. mas surda masiuri cvlilebis mowinaaRmdege sabWoTa biurokratiis
Seryeva da muSaTa klasis gamococxleba. sabWoTa mSromelebs ar hqondaT,
erTi mxriv, muSaobis stimuli da, meore mxriv, gaficvis ufleba, ris gamoc
apaTiasa da alkoholizmSi Cafluliyvnen. realurad, es bolo, epidemiuri
xasiaTis problema _ gaxrwnili sazogadoebis tragikul simptoms warmoad-
genda.
glasnosti mWidro kavSirSi iyo perestroikasTan: is iyo im komunis-
turi sazogadoebis gamococxlebis saSualeba, romelsac mamoZravebeli
Zala gamoecala da romelmac arsebobis mizani dakarga. politikur lib-
eralizacias unda Seeqmna amaRlebuli ganwyoba, rac sazogadoebas ener-
giuls gaxdida, miecemoda ra mas Zveli, muSaobis araefeqtian maxasiaTe-
blebisa da mmarTvelobis kritikis uflebas. glasnostma swrafad SeiZina
sakuTari mimarTuleba, mas Semdeg, rac adre akrZaluli wignebi da filmebi
bevrisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda. Tumca, yvelaze gasaocar faqts sabWoTa
mediis saxelmwifo politikis moqnili instrumentidan sazogadoebrivi
kritikis meqaniz -mad gardaqmna warmoadgenda. popularuli axali satele-
vizio arxebi sabWoTa oficialuri korufciisa da Zalauflebis uzurpa-
ciis mxilebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, sabWoTa gazeTebi da Jurnalebi ki yav-
lgasuli politikuri principebisa da wesebis Sesaxeb kritikul statiebs
aqveynebdnen. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari Tavi realurad erTi Ramis ganma-
vlobaSi gardaqmna. qveyna, romelic ar uSvebda aranair kritikas, iqca im
qveynad, sadac kritika swrafad aclida legitimurobas komunistur par-
tiasa da politikur sistemas, rac didi xnis manZilze misi mmarTvelobis
instrumentebs warmoadgenda.

demokratizacia. iseve rogorc perestroikis SemTxvevaSi, zustad arc is

iyo cnobili, Tu ras gulisxmobda gorbaCovi rusul enaze demokratizaci-
is xsenebisas. demokratizacia, minimum, moiazreboda rogorc politikuri
sistema, sadac arCevnebi iqneboda nebadarTuli, Tumca ra doziT _ gaurkveve-
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 231
li rCeboda. es xedva asaxuli iyo 1989 wels mTeli saxelmwifos masStabiT
Catarebul sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebSi, romelic amomrCevels ufle-
bas aZlevda xma mieca opoziciisaTvis komunisturi partiis wevrebis winaRm-
deg, rac pirveli SemTxveva iyo sabWoTa istoriaSi. amavdroulad, gorbaCovi
marTavda rogorc sabWoTa prezidenti (arapirdapiri gziT arCeuli Tanam-
deboba, romelic man SemoiRo, rogorc misi politikuri reformis nawili)
da ara rogorc komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani. demokratizaciis
Sedegad gamowveuli politikuri cvlilebebi sakmaod gansacvifrebeli iyo
da mianiSnebda ufro demokratiuli momavlisaken. is moicavda:

. opoziciis, gavleniani arakomunisturi da antikomunisturi pirovne-

bebis da partiebis gaCenas, romelTaganac zogierTi centralur

. sakanonmdeblo organoSi airCies;

komunisturi partiis Sida disciplinis mniSvnelovnad Sesusteba
(ra sac mis rigebSi urTierTqiSpisa da azrTa sxvadasxvaobis zrda
sdevda Tan) sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT partiis wevrebis ricxvis

. Semcirebis fonze;
centraluri mTavrobis Zalauflebisa da prestiJis xarjze res-pub-

. likebis gavlenisa da Zalauflebis zrda;

reformebi mTavrobis SigniT, romelsac ara partiis generaluri mdi-
vani, aramed arCeuli oficialuri pirebi da prezidenti marTavdnen
da romelic SeZlebda komunisturi partiisagan realuri, damoukide-
beli Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas.

reformis marcxi: sistema iSleba

gorbaCovis mcdeloba _ moexdina sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri da eko-

nomikuri sistemebis cvlileba, marcxiT damTavrda. faqtobrivad, mis mier
Zalauflebis mopovebis sawyis etapze arsebuli yvela sazogadoebrivi,
politikuri da ekonomikuri problema gacilebiT gamwvavebuli iyo im droi-
saTvis, roca man, daaxloebiT 6 wlis Semdeg, Tanamdeboba datova. mosaxle-
obis molodinis zrdis paralelurad, dramatulad mcirdeboda cxovrebis
done, rac qmnida politikurad aramdgrad situacias. am yvelafers Tan dae-
rTo axali problema _ swrafi inflacia, ramac kidev ufro Seasusta mTav-
robisadmi ndoba. saxalxo mRelvareba gamoixata sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis is-
eTi axali fenomenis gaCeniT, rogoricaa muSaTa gaficvebi. sazogadoebrivi
mRelvarebis eskalaciasTan erTad, gorbaCovis popularuloba da misi gav-
lena partiuli da saxelmwifo biurokratiis rigebSi Semcirda.
sabWoTa reJimis ukanasknel dReebSi Sida aramdgradobis mTavari mizezi
iyo saukunovani erovnuli problema. ricxobrivad yvelaze didi Cvidmeti
erovneba sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis 90%-ze mets Seadgenda, maT Soris,
rusebi 50%-ze odnav meti, xolo ukrainelebi 16%-ze odnav naklebi wiliT
294 milioniani mosaxleobis 2/3-s Seadgendnen 1991 wels. garda amisa, sabWo-
Ta kavSir-Si daaxloebiT 20 erovnuli jgufi cxovrobda, romelic cal-cal-
ke 1 mln adamianze mets iTvlida. am msxvil jgufebs Soris iyo 15 erovneba,
232 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

romelTa saxelebi ewodeboda respublikebs; aseve, TaTrebi, polonelebi,

germanelebi, ebraelebi, CuvaSebi, baSkirebi da mordovelebi (ix. cxrili
7.1). sul yofil ssrk-Si 100-ze meti sxvadasxva erovneba cxovrobda da 130-
mde enaze saubrobdnen.

cxrili 7.1

ZiriTadi erovnebebi sabWoTa kavSirSi misi daSlis dros (1989)

erovnebebi procentuli erovnebebi procentuli

Semadgenlobaa Semadgenloba

rusebi 50.78 moldovelebi 1.17

ukrainelebi 15.47 litvelebi 1.07
uzbekebi 5.84 Turqebi 0.95
belorusebi 3.50 yirgizebi 0.85
yazaxebi 2.84 germanelebi 0.71
azerbaijanelebi 2.38 CuvaSebi 0.64
TaTrebi 2.32 latvielebi 0.51
somxebi 1.62 ebraelebi b 0.50
tajikebi 1.48 baSkirebi 0.50
qarTvelebi 1.39 polonelebi 0.39

a. monacemebi aRebulia sabWoTa kavSiris bolo oficialuri saxalxo aRweridan.

b. yofili sabWoTa kavSiri ebraelebs calke erad gamoyofda.
wyaro: Population Today, November 1991, Population Reference Bureau. ibeWdeba
nebarTviT.

istoriulad, sabWoTa mTavroba ararusi jgufebis asimilirebisaTvis

Zaladobas mimarTavda. amasTan erTad, saxelmwifo politikis erT-erT mTa-
var instruments ganaTlebis sistema warmoadgenda: sabWoTa kavSiris yvela
skolis yvela moswavle valdebuli iyo Seeswavla rusuli.
amis Sedegad, ori enis floba Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda sabWoTa respub-
li-kebSi _ ararusi mosaxleobis umravlesobas SeeZlo gamarTuli rusuliT
esaubra. magram sabWoTa kavSiris ulmobeli mcdeloba, daenerga rusebis
kulturuli dominantoba, xSirad sastik winaaRmdegobas awydeboda. komu-
nisturi partiis zeda eSelonebSi eTnikuri rusebi dominirebdnen, romle-
bic mmarTveli elitis daaxloebiT 70 procents Seadgendnen, rac, Tavis mxriv,
kidev ufro zrdida eTnikuri umciresobebis gaRizianebas. sabWoTa kavSiris
warumatebelma mcdelobam, moexdina eTnikuri umciresobebis sruli asi-
milireba, msoflios erT-erT ukanasknel imperias safuZveli gamoacala.
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 233
moskovs sakmaod kargi safuZveli hqonda efiqra, rom `erovnuli
sakiTxi~ adre Tu gvian sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis mizezi gaxdeboda. iro-
niulad, swored gorbaCovis reformebma Seqmna iseTi situacia, rodesac
ararusi erovnebis mosaxleobas SeeZlo gaebeda TviTgamorkvevisa da da-
moukideblobis moTxovniT moZraobis dawyeba. glasnostma, garkveul-
wilad, centraluri mTavrobisa da komunisturi partiis kritika waaxalisa.
gorbaCovis sabediswero gadawyvetilebam _ neba daerTo yofili `sateli-
ti saxelmwifoebisaTvis~ (poloneTi, aRmosavleT germania, Cexoslovakia,
ungreTi, bulgareTi da rumineTi) daetovebinaT sabWoTa gavlenis sfero,
aseve gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa. pirvelad damoukideblobisaTvis moZ-
raoba baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebSi daiwyo, sadac litvam, latviam da
estoneTma (romlebic damoukidebelni iyvnen 1939 wlamde, sanam stalinma
maTi xelSi Cagdeba ar moaxerxa hitlerTan samarcxvino paqtis dadebis
Semdeg) reformebs sul sxva simZafre da mimarTuleba misca, vidre gorba-
Covs hqonda ganzraxuli. baltiis saxelmwifoebi litvis winamZRolobiT,
pirvelebi gamoeyvnen sabWoTa kavSirs. erovnulma demonstraciebma da am-
boxebebma gadauara sabWoTa imperias, da respublikebi erTmaneTis miyole-
biT acxadebdnen damoukideblobas.
1991 wlis bolosTvis sabWoTa kavSiri TavisiT daiSala. gorbaCovis
yvela mcdeloba, gadaeWra sabWoTa kavSiris fundamenturi politikuri da
ekonomikuri problemebi, marcxiT dasrulda. 1991 wlis agvistoSi, gorba-
Covi Zalauflebad Camoacila komunisturi partiis rvakacianma jgufma,
romelsac samxedroebTan da e.w. suk-Tan (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti)
hqonda kavSiri, magram gadatrialeba marcxiT dasrulda: demokratiisa da
sabazro reformebisaTvis mebrZolma boris elcinma, romelic moskovSi aly-
aSemortymuli ruseTis parlamentis SenobaSi imyofeboda da STaagonebda
quCaSi gamosul uzarmazar masas ebrZola demokratiisaTvis, winaaRmdegoba
gauwia saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobas. elcinis daJinebiT, gorba-
Covma kvlav daikava Tavisi yofili Tanamdeboba, 1991 wlis bolos, sabWoTa
kavSiris formalur daSlamde, Tumca ruseTs ukve axali gmiri hyavda.

boris elcini: postsabWoTa ruseTis pirveli prezidenti

1991 wlis ivnisSi ruseTis respublikis saprezidento arCevnebSi gamarj-

vebis mopo-vebis Sedegad boris elcini pirveli saxalxod arCeuli prezi-
denti gaxda ruseTis istoria-Si. ori Tvis Semdeg, 1991 wlis agvistoSi, man
CaaCuma reaqciuli Zalebi, romelTac saxelmwi-fo gadatrialebis gziT
daamxes sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris prezidenti mixeil
gorbaCovi. dramatul momentSi, rodesac Sedegi jer kidev gaurkveveli rCe-
boda, elcini avida tankze da waikiTxa axla kargad cnobili manifesti, ro-
melic saxelmwifo gadatrialebas aralegitimurad acxadebda da moiTxovda
konstituciuri wesrigis aRdgenas, maT Soris prezident gorbaCovis xe-
lisuflebaSi dabrunebas.
234 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

es situacia sakmaod ironiuli iyo. boris elcini sabWoTa politikaSi

Tavis grandiozul aRmasvlas gorbaCovs umadloda.

1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi elcini

iyo ucnobi partiuli muSaki sverd-
lovskSi, rodesac gorbaCovma igi
moskovSi partiis adgilobrivi orga-
nizaciis xelmZRvanelad gadaiyvana.
magram elcini maleve daupirispirda
mas; brals sdebda gorbaCovs imaSi,
rom igi realuri reformebis
gatarebis saqmeSi fexs iTrevda, Tvi-
Ton ki ufro radikaluri libe-
ralizaciis politikas uWerda mxars. elcinis mkacri da saxalxo kritikiT
gaRizianebulma gorbaCovma gansxvavebuli mosazrebebis mqone es adamiani po-
litbiuros 1987 wels CamoaSora.
magram elcini ar danebda. igi brZolas agrZelebda da bevri momxrec
gaiCina mSobliur ruseTSi. 1991 wlis arCevnebSi gamarjvebiT elcinma
daCrdila gorbaCovi, romelic araso-des yofila saxalxod arCeuli da Se-
sabamisad, aklda ndobis is mandati, romelic elcins gaaCnda. elcinma gad-
amwyveti roli Seasrula gorbaCovis gaurkveveli, da, savaraudod, fatal-
uri momavlisagan gadarCenaSi, ramac sabolood elcini upirates poziciaSi
Caayena gorbaCovTan mimarTebaSi, romlis ndoba da prestiJi da, Sesabamisad,
Zalauflebac gaqra saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobis Semdeg. bolos,
gorbaCovi ara mxolod mixvda, rom daetovebina komunisturi partiis gener-
aluri mdivnis Tanamdeboba da ganecalkevebina partia mTavrobisagan, aramed
aseve saWirod CaTvala Segueboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas. gorbaCovma pre-
zidentis Tanamdeboba 1991 wlis 25 dekembers datova.
elcini darCa ruseTis mTavrobis saT-
aveSi, magram gaRrmavebuli socialuri da
ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi mas uwevda
saparlamento opoziciasTan gamklaveba.
elcinis Seusabamo da sastikma damokideb-
ulebam ruseTis separatistuli regionis,
CeCneTis mimarT ver gaaumjobesa misi Se-
laxuli imiji, verc qveynis SigniT da verc
mis gareT. misi popularoba, ramac igi uZ-
leveli gaxada 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,
1996 wlis ivnisSi, axali saprezidento ar-
Cevnebis win Zalian dacemuli iyo. elcins
mouxda Sejibreba prezidentobis komunist kandidat evgeni ziuganovTan,
da meore turSi mciredi upiratesobiT mainc gaimarjva. misi triumfi janmr-
TelobasTan dakavSirebulma problemebma gaafermkrTala. 1996 wlis bolos
elcinma gulis operacia gaikeTa. 1997 wlisTvis is gamojanmrTelda, Tumca
ar iyo iseTive qmediTi, rogorc wina wlebSi. 2000 wels vladimer putini air-
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 235
Cies mis memkvidred. putinis winaSec seriozuli problemebi idga, maT So-
ris: dasneulebuli ekonomika, korufciuli sazogadoeba, sastiki damna-
Saveoba da CeCneTSi aalebuli omi.

Tanamedrove sirTuleebi

moicavs ra yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriis 75, mosaxleobis 50 da

mTliani erovnuli produqtis daaxloebiT 60 procents, ruseTi rCeba evra-
zi-is gabatonebul Zalad. ruseTis uzarmazari gavlena dsT-s sivrceze bevr
fundamentur kiTxvas wamoWris: iqneba Tu ara dsT meqanizmi, romlis meSveo-
biTac axali damoukidebeli respublikebi ganimtkiceben TavianT damoukide-
blobas, Tu is iqneba struqtura, romliTac ruseTi daSlili imperiis aRdge-
nas Seecdeba? 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi aSkara niSnebi ikveTeboda meore
scenaris sasargeblod, radgan ruseTi Zveli ruseTis imperiisa da slavuri
evropis teritoriebze dakarguli gavlenis aRdgenas cdilobda.
rusuli jari ganlagebuli iyo bevr yofil sabWoTa respublikaSi, maT
Soris latviaSi, estoneTSi, moldovaSi, saqarTveloSi, azerbaijansa da
tajikeTSi. konfliqtur saxelmwifoebSi _ azerbaijanSi, tajikeTsa da
saqarTveloSi moskovma samxedro intervencia `samSvidobo~ safuZvlebze
gaamarTla, rodesac axal damoukidebel respublikebSi, an maT Soris, ro-
gorc Sida, aseve sagareo uTanxmoebebi warmoiSva.
danarCeni msoflio gansakuTrebulad Sefiqrianebuli iyo im faqtiT,
rom ruseTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi da belorusia maT teritoriebze ganTavse-
buli sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli iaraRis memkvidreebi iyvnen. amis Sedegad
msoflioSi moulodnelad gaCnda ramdenime axali birTvuli saxelmwifo da
es maSin, roca birTvuli iaraRi kidev ufro amwvavebda daZabulobas axal
damoukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris. politikuri motivebiT ruseTi yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris birTvuli iaraRis sakuTar arsenalSi moqcevas Seecada.
ukrainamac da yazaxeTmac piroba dades, gadaecaT es iaraRi ruseTisaTvis,
Tumca amavdroulad, am nabijis gadadgmamde, moskovisagan ekonomikur da
finansur daTmobebs moiTxovdnen, xolo dasavleTisgan _ usafrTxoebis
garantiebs. 1996 wlisTvis yvela birTvuli iaraRi, maT Soris belorusiaSi
arsebulic, ruseTSi iqna gadatanili. ruseTis uzarmazari masobrivi ga-
nadgurebis biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRis arsenalis usafrTxoebac dasav-
leTis didi Sefiqrianebis sagans warmoadgenda. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers
amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtebis
Semdeg es problema kidev ufro gamwvavda, ramdenadac arsebobda saSiSroe-
ba, rom zogierTi am momakvdinebel nivTierebaTagan (maT Soris antraqsi)
SeiZleboda avRaneTSi da sxvagan dabinavebul saerTaSoriso teroristul
dajgufebebs CaegdoT xelSi.
ruseTis ganviTarebis procesSi myof politikuri da ekonomikuri pro-
eqtia. Tumca, SeuZlebelia viwinaswarmetyveloT misi momavali perspeqtivebi.
is faqti, rom ruseTi rCeba mniSvnelovan da Zlevamosil saxelmwifod, eWvs
236 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

ar iwvevs. ruseTis warmateba damokidebuli iqneba mis unarze, gaumklavdes

sul mcire sam gamowvevas: ekonomikur vardnas, eTnikur fragmentacias da
saxelmwifo mSeneblobas.

ekonomikuri vardna. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg mudmivma ekonomi-

kurma problemebma did gasaWirSi Caagdo dsT-s saxelmwifoebi. arc ruseTi
warmoadgenda am mxriv gamonakliss: misi susti ekonomika ganapirobebs Cveu-
lebrivi moqalaqeebis yoveldRiur duxWir cxovrebas. 1991 wlis Semdeg,
dsT-is saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis msgavsad, ruseTma samrewvelo warmoe-
baSi, sacalo gayidvasa da erovnul SemosavalSi gansacvifrebeli vardna
ganicada. gaizarda sabiujeto deficiti. Tavdapirvelad am ekonomikur Ca-
vardnebs Tan axlda farTod gavrcelebuli inflacia.
am droidan moyolebuli ekonomikuri gamococxlebis niSnebi gamoCenas
agvianebda. ekonomikurma vardnam, romelic asocirdeboda sabWoTa Zalau-
flebis kolafsTan da elcinis mTavrobis mier Tanmimdevruli da energiu-
li ekonomikuri reformis gatarebis mcdelobisas gancdil marcxTan, war-
moebis masStabebi 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi erTi mesamediT Semcirda.7
magram aqve zogierTi dadebiTi simptomic SeimCneoda, maT Soris: fasebis
gaTavisuflebiT sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis mcdeloba, Tavdacvis
dafinansebis Semcireba, distribuciis Zveli centralizebuli sistemis
uaryofa, vauCeruli privatizaciis farTomasStabiani programis gatareba,
kerZo bankebis daarseba da sagareo vaWrobis demonopolizacia.
1996 wlisTvis elcinma inflaciis Semcirebisa da rublis stabilizirebis
TvalsazrisiTac warmatebas miaRwia. miuxedavad am nabijebisa, ekonomika kv-
lav daRmavlobas ganagrZobda. mTliani Sida produqti da samrewvelo war-
moebis moculoba 6 procentze metiT daeca.8 (Tumca, vardna ufro neli iyo
vidre ori wlis win, rodesac is 15 procents Seadgenda.) amaSi nawilobriv ru-
seTSi privatizaciis SedarebiT dabali done (CexeTis, poloneTisa da ungre-
Tis ufro warmatebul ekonomikebTan SedarebiT) SeiZleba davadanaSauloT,
magram sabazro ekonomikis xelSewyobisa da sagareo investiciebis waxal-
isebis mizniT myari samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis ganviTarebac ver moxerx-
da, rac ekonomikuri vardnis aseve mniSvnelovani gamomwvevi faqtoria. sxva
faqtorTa Soris iyo aqcionerTa zustad gansazRvruli uflebebis, miwis ba-
zrebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi kanonebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis qse-
lis ararseboba, rac sawarmoebs muSebisaTvis SeRavaTebis uzrunvelyofis
tvirTisagan gaaTavisuflebda.
mniSvnelovan ekonomikur problemas mudmivad aqvs mniSvnelovani soci-
aluri Sedegebi. dRes rusebis umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom maTi mdgomareoba
wlebTan erTad uaresdeba. farTod gavrcelebuli jandacvis problemebi
(nawilobriv gamowveuli mTavrobis uunarobiT, xeli Seewyo sazogadoebri-
vi jandacvis programisaTvis), arsebuli xelfasebis Semcireba (inflaciis
gamo), saxelfaso davalianebisa da umuSevrobis swrafi zrda kvlav rCeba
rusebis SeSfoTebis mTavar mizezebad. 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi, daax-
loebiT 36.6 milioni rusi, anu mosaxleobis erTi meoTxedi, siRaribis zR-
vars qvemoT cxovrobda. erTaderT naTel wertils inflaciis tempis Sem-
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 237
cireba warmoadgenda _ 1998 wlis dasawyisisaTvis 10.2 procentamde. 2001
wels, inflaciam kvlav imata (daaxloebiT 20 procenti), magram rusuli eko-
nomika, prezident vladimer putinis Zlieri xelmZRvanelobis wyalobiT,
aRorZinebis niSnebs amJRavnebda.9 [Semdeg wlebSi ruseTis ekonomikis gajan-
saRebas ganapirobebda navTobze maRali fasebi _ mTargmn. Sen.]

eTnikuri fragmentacia. 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas Zveli imperiis

bevr nawilSi samoqalaqo omi, religiuri devna da eTnikuri amboxebebi axl-
da Tan. ruseTi rCeba eTnikurad mravalferovan qveynad, romelic jer kidev
cdilobs gadalaxos konfliqturi eTnikuri jgufebis Zlieri centridan-
uli Zala, miT umetes, rom zogierT maTgans suverenuli damoukidebloba
surs. am jgufebis rusul saxelmwifoSi warmatebuli integracia daum-
Tavrebel saqmed darCa axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi.
1993 wlis konstituciiT eTnikuri jgufebi ruseTis federaciaSi 21
respublikis safuZvels qmnian. es federaluri erTobebi (msgavsi Statebis
mmarTvelobisa amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi) warmodgenilia, rogorc re-
spublikebi ruseTis sakanonmdeblo organos zeda palataSi. Tumca, verc
erTi konstitucia ver SeZlebs gadaWras eTnikuri daZabuloba ruseTis Sig-
niT _ dro, urTierTpativiscema da ekonomikuri warmateba dominantur ru-
sul da periferiebze mcxovreb erovnebebs Soris grZelvadiani stabiluri
urTierTobis nebismieri receptis aucilebeli ingredientebia (es exeba ro-
gorc ruseTis sazRvrebs SigniT, aseve mis gareT arsebul viTarebas).
politikur saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebuli erovnebebis integraciis prob-
lemis daZleva sxva sirTulesac ukavSirdeba. tradiciulad, sabWoTa kav-
Siri biurokratiulad moskovidan regionuli administraciuli erTobebis
(oblasti) da eTnikuri (an erovnuli) respublikebis meSveobiT imarTeboda.
ormagi iurisdiqciis es sistema ruseTSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg kv-
lav agrZelebda funqcionirebas. magram centraluri mTavrobis Zalaufle-
ba komunizmis marcxis Sedegad Semcirda, maSin roca regionebis Zalaufleba
gaizarda. daTrgunulma eTnikurma siamayem da rusuli dominantobis mimarT
protestis grZnobam respublikebSi gansxvavebul erovnul jgufebsa da
centralur xelisuflebas Soris dapirispirebis ali aanTo. amavdroulad,
respublikebi metoqeobas uwevdnen oblastebs ruseTis politikur siste-
maSi Zalauflebisa da gavlenis mopovebisaTvis.
ruseTis eTnikuri respublikebis mier gamowveulma politikurma prob-
lemebma wina planze 1994 wlis dekemberSi wamoiwia, rodesac ruseTma sam-
xedro Tavdasxma ganaxorciela mis SemadgenlobaSi arsebul, eTnikurad
muslimur respublikaze, CeCneTze, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, Sav da
kaspiis zRvebs Soris mdebareobs. adre CeCneTma ruseTisagan damoukide-
bloba gamoacxada. gadawyvita ra bolo moeRo CeCneTis daumorCileblobi-
saTvis, ruseTis prezidentma elcinma amboxebis CasaxSobad iq rusuli jari
gaagzavna. omis msvlelobisas ruseTis samxedro TviTmfrinavebma sastikad
dabombes CeCneTis dedaqalaqi _ grozno. CeCeni jariskacebi Zalian moti-
virebulebi iyvnen, maSin roca rusi jariskacebi, asaxavdnen ra farTod
gavrcelebul saxalxo skepticizms, naklebad mondomebulebi iyvnen brZo-
238 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

laSi Casabmelad (albaT, axsovdaT sastiki omi avRaneTSi 1980-ian wlebSi) da

did danakargebsac ganicdidnen.
gaWianurebuli `binZuri~ omis Sedegad dasjili ruseTi iswrafvoda mSvi-
dobisaken. 1996 wlis bolos xelmowerilma zavma faqtobrivad separatistu-
li meamboxeebis gamarjveba aRiara. man ruseTs misca saSualeba 2001 wlamde
gadaewyvita, rogor mopyroboda CeCneTis mier damoukideblobis moTxov-
nas. amavdroulad ZalaSi rCeboda pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebi:

.. SenarCundeba Tu ara cecxlis Sewyveta?

. miscems Tu ara ruseTi CeCneTs gamoyofis uflebas?

mosalodnelia Tu ara, rom ruseTSi arsebulma ramdenma sxva eTnikurma

. jgufma mibaZos CeCnebs da moiTxovos damoukidebloba?

Caefloba Tu ara uzarmazari birTvuli iaraRis mqone ruseTi
anarqiaSi?

eTnikurad mravalferovani ruseTis SenarCuneba da Sida marTva mxolod

erTi problemaa; Tumca, sxvadasxva eTnikuri dapirispireba, romelic gavle-
nas axdens sagareo politikur urTierTobebsa da politikur kavSirebze ru-
seTsa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris bevr axal damoukidebel respublikas So-
ris, gansxvavebuli saxis problemebs warmoSobs. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa,
rom ukraina da ruseTi damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis orga-
nizaciis wevrebi arian, maT Soris garkveulma uTanxmoebam mainc iCina Tavi. am
problemis erTi nawili istoriulia. ukraina (gansakuTrebiT kievi) ruseTis
istoriuli dabadebis adgilia (kievis ruseTi). is, 40 milioniani mosaxleo-
biT, aRmosavleT evropis erT-erTi yvelaze didi qveyanaa (uxeSad rom vTqvaT,
mezobeli poloneTis zomis). ukrainis kuTvnil strategiul naxevarkunZul-
ze, romelic yirimis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, aris Savi zRvis sanapiroze ar-
sebuli uZravi qonebis mniSvnelovani nawili. yirimis dRevandel mosaxleobas
didi rusebi [ukrainelebs mcirerusebs uwodeben _ mTargmn. Sen.] warmoad-
genen, romlebmac Caanacvles adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, yirimeli TaTrebi
mas Semdeg, rac stalinma isini cimbir Si gadaasaxla 1930-ian wlebSi. rode-
sac 1994 wlis ianvarSi prorusuli nacionalisti airCies yirimis preziden-
tad, igi imuqreboda, rom ukrainisagan gamoyofisa da ruseTTan SeerTebis
moTxovniT referendums Caatarebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom referendumi ar
Catarebula, ukrainis gayofis albaTobas dasavleT (ukrainul) da aRmosav-
leT (rusul) nawilebad, ver gamovricxavT.
krizisi warmatebiT mowesrigda 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi. dawesda
ormagi kontroli yofil sabWoTa sazRvao sawarmoebsa da samxedro Zalebze
samxreT ukrainis saporto qalaq sevastopolSi (yirimis naxevarkunZulze),
rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs momavali konfliqtis SesaZleblobaze ruseTsa
da ukrainas Soris. krizisi amoizarda am or yofil partniors Soris arsebu-
li ambiciuri da konfliqturi interesebidan yofili sabWoTa kavSiris Savi
zRvis sazRvao teqnikis mflobelobis sakiTxis garSemo. miuxedavad imisa,
rom uTanxmoeba mSvidobianad gadawyda 1997 wels (ruseTma miiRo flotis 80
procenti, Tumca daTanxmda, rom Tavad porti ukrainas ekuTvnoda), es kidev
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 239
erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom es ori didi slavuri saxelmwifo dRes ufro meto-
qeebi arian, vidre Zmebi (miuxedavad imisa, rom istoriisa da eTnikurobis
TvalsazrisiT isini SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc erTi da imave ojaxis xis
ori ganStoeba).
aseTive aqtiuri an potenciuri konfliqtis mravali sxva magaliTi ar-
sebobs. magaliTad, 1997 wels yazaxeTSi (romelic ruseTs esazRvreba) mo-
saxleobis 51 procenti iyo yazaxi da 32 procenti rusi. dapirispireba or
jgufs Soris yazaxeTis sazogadoebriv mSvidobas emuqreba imdenad, ram-
denadac aseT SemTxvevaSi ruseTis intervenciis SesaZlebloba izrdeba.
eTnikuri da politikuri dapirispireba moxda moldovaSi, saxelmwifoSi,
romelic esazRvreba rumineTs yofili sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleT sazRvar-
ze. ruseTis mier moldovaSi eTnikuri rusebis mier wamoyenebuli terito-
riuli moTxovnebis mxardaWeram (romlebic mTeli mosaxleobis 13 procents
Seadgenen), gamoiwvia uTanxmoebebi, erTi mxriv, moldovel rusebsa da adgil-
obriv moldovelebs (romlebic mosaxleobis 65 procentia) da meore mxriv,
ruseTisa da moldoveTis mTavrobebs Soris.

saxelmwifos mSenebloba. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, diskredi-

tirebu li komunisturi partiis Casanacvleblad axali samTavrobo struq-
turebi da mTavrobebi gaxda saWiro. axladSeqmnil saxelmwifoebs axali
samTavrobo struqturebi sWirdebodaT samarTavad, miT ufro araxel-
sayreli ekonomikuri garemosa da eTnikuri daZabulobis fonze.
ruseTma unda gadaWras saxelmwifo mSeneblobis seriozuli problemebi
imisaTvis, rom momavali politikuri stabiluroba uzrunvelyos. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom sakanonmdeblo arCevnebi Catarda 1993 da 1995 wlebSi, xolo
saprezidento arCevnebi gaimarTa 1996 da 2000 wlebSi [saparlamento arCev-
nebi aseve Catarda 1999, 2003, 2007 wlebSi,xolo saprezidento 2004 da 2008 ww.
_ mTargmn. Sen.], demokratia ruseTSi kvlav ganviTarebis sawyis etapze rCeba.
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis sirTuleebi, romelsac ruseTi politikuri stabi-

.
lurobis miRwevis mizniT unda gaumklavdes, Semdegia:
myife konstitucia: 1993 wels miRebulma ruseTis konstituciam gaaZ-
liera prezidenti parlamentTan mimarTebaSi, ramac elcins saparlamento
opoziciaze warmatebis mopovebis saSualeba misca. miuxedavad imisa, rom
igi sayovelTaod aRiarebuli politikuri dokumentia, jerjero-biT ar
warmoadgens sakadrisi pativiscemis obieqts, rasac, rogorc we-si, aseTi

. donis dokumentebi imsaxureben.

danawevrebuli partiuli sistema: ruseTis partiuli sistema Zalian da-
nawevrebulia. 1995 wlis dekemberSi dumis, ruseTis erovnul sakanonmdeblo
organos federaluri yrilobis qveda palatis arCevnebSi 42 partia dafiq-
sirda. es partiebi saucxood gamoxatavdnen profesiuli, ideologiuri da
eTnikuri interesis mTel speqtrs; maT Soris zogierTi gansakuTrebiT sain-
teresoa: ekologiuri partia, ruseTis qalebi, muslimuri moZraoba,
ruseTis advokatTa asociacia da TviT ludis msmelTa partiac ki. ru-
seTis wamyvani politikuri partiebi warmoadgens or politikur speqtrs _
nacionalistebs, romlebic mxars uWeren Zveli ruseTis imperiis aRorZine-
bas da komunistebs, romlebic ekonomikuri da demokratiuli reformebis
240 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

tempis Semcirebis an saerTod gauqmebis momxreebad gvevlinebian. aseTma

uTanxmoebam gamoiwvia politikur CixSi Sesvla da radikalizmi _ rac, Tavis

. mxriv, politikuri SeSfoTebis mizezia.

gaurkveveli federalizmi: ruseTis oficialuri saxelwodeba _ ruseTis
federacia, gamoxatavs Zalauflebis danawilebas centralur da adgilo-
briv mTavrobebs Soris. amasTan, konstitucia naTlad ver gamosaxavs cen-
trsa da federaciis wevrebs Soris arsebul uflebamosilebebs. zogierTi
damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom ZalTa balansi centraluri xelisuflebidan
adgilobrivi mTavrobebis sasargeblod inacvlebs. 1993 wlis konstitu-
ciis miRebam da Sesabamisma kanonmdeblobam, romelic federaciis sabWo-
Si (federaluri yrilobis zeda palata) msxdomi adgilobrivi liderebis
arCevnebs awesebda, gavleniani liderebis xelmZRvanelobiT regionuli
Zalis centrebis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. moskovi veRar SeZlebs gamodevnos
daumorCilebeli adgilobrivi mTavrobebi; axla mas mouwevs molaparake-
bebi gamarTos liderebTan qveda doneebze [putinis dros ganxorcielda
reforma, romelmac centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebas Seuwyo xeli

. da regionebis moskovis kontrols dauqvemdebara _ mTargmn. Sen] .11

organizebuli danaSaulis zrda. saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucileb-
lobas kvazisamTavrobo funqciis Sesrulebis msurveli mopaeqre orga-
nizaciebis gavlenisa da raodenobis zrdac asaxavs, romlebic am miznis
miRwevas damoukideblad an arsebuli samTavrobo struqturebis meSveo-
biT cdiloben. erT-erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, organizebul damnaSaveobaSi
dRes daaxloebiT 3 milioni adamiania CarTuli da man rogorc ruseTis, aseve
sxva respublikebis policiasa da biurokratiaSic ki SeaRwia. qurduli sa-
myaros gavlena yvelganaa: `dasavleTs aSfoTebs misi SeWra yvela sferoSi:
warmoSobis stadiaSi myof Tavisufal bazarze, privatizaciaSi, ganiara-
RebaSi, samxedro sferoSi, sagareo humanitarul Semweobasa da finansur
daxmarebaSi da TviT saxelmwifos savaluto da oqros rezervebSi.~12 1995
wlis martSi, mafiis mier cnobili Jurnalistis mkvlelobis Semdeg, elcinma
ganacxada, rom organizebuli damnaSaveoba seriozul safrTxes uqmnis ru-
seTis politikur stabilurobas. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebma
gamoxates SeSfoTeba, rom rusul mafias, agreTve im mecnierebs, inJinrebs
da teqnologebs, romlebic sakmaod dazaraldnen samsaxurebidan gaTavi-
suflebebiT da xelfasebis mkveT-ri SemcirebiT, SeiZleba moparuli birT-
vuli, qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRi Sav bazarze teroristuli dajgufe-
bebisa da urCi saxelmwifoebisaTvis mieyidaT (iaraRiTa da narkotikebiT

. saerTaSoriso aralegalu-ri vaWroba did bizness warmoadgens).

kanonis mimarT upativcemulobis zrda: organizebuli damnaSaveo-
bis zrda, adgilobrivi politikuri bosebis gaCena, korufciis farTod
gavrceleba da iseTi sazogadoebrivi problemebi, rogoricaa Cveu-
lebrivi damnaSaveoba, prostitucia da narkotikebis moxmareba, sazoga-
doebrivi struqturis xarjze ikvebeboda. farTod gavrcelebuli damna-
Saveobac asaxavs mTavrobis uunarobas _ daicvas kanoniereba da wesrigi.
am problemebis erTi Sedegi aris zogadad kanonis ideis upativcemuloba,
romelsac `ruseTis yvelaze did gasaWirs~ uwodebdnen.13
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 241

bolosdabolos, gamoGnda lideri?

1999 wlis agvistoSi, imdroindelma prezidentma boris elcinma vladi -

mer putini, yofili suk-is oficeri da politikurad ucnobi adamiani, axal
premier-ministrad daasaxela. elcinis oTx wina premier-ministrTagan
didi xniT arc erTi darCenila am Tanamdebobaze, Sesabamisad putinis mou-
lodneli da winaureba SesaZloa didi ambavi sulac ar yofiliyo. realu-
rad ki es marT-la didi garigeba aRmoCnda: rva Tvis Semdeg putini ruseTis
axlad arCeuli prezidenti gaxda.
Tu elcini saprezidento Tanamdebobaze putinis memkvidreobas gegmav-
da, maSin 1999 wlis saparlamento arCevnebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda.
putinma, Tavis mxriv, ori ram gaakeTa, ramac gaamyara misi poziciebi amom-
rCevlebSi. pirvel rigSi, CeCneTis omTan mimarTebaSi mkacri kursis aRebis
Sedegad, man swrafad moipova bevri rusis mxardaWera. misi winamorbedebi am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi veranair gadawyvetilebas
ver iRebdnen (winamorbedebSi, ra Tqma unda, prezidenti elcinic igulisxme-
ba). meore, man gabedulad dauWira mxari or moulodnelad gamoCenil partias
_ erTobas (mas aseve uwodebdnen medveds, rac daTvs niSnavs), romelic bolo
wuTis koalicias warmoadgenda da aravin icoda misi politikuri programa
da memarjvene ZalTa kavSirs, liberal-reformatorTa partias. erToba
lamis pirvel adgilze gavida da mcirediT CamorCeboda komunistebs, maSin
roca memarjvene ZalTa gaerTianeba meoTxe adgilze gavida. erTad am orive
partiam amomrCevelTa xmebis mTeli raodenobis erTi mesamedi moagrova da ko-
munistebTan SedarebiT odnav naklebi adgili miiRo dumaSi. ruseTis parla-
mentSi erTmaneTis pirispir pirvelad aRmoCnda ori bloki warmodgenili _
erTi centridan marcxniv, xolo meore centridan marjvniv. xdeboda Tu ara
ruseTis politikuri partiuli sistema bolos da bolos naklebad qaosuri,
SesaZloa, ufro normaluric?
mTlad asec ar iyo saqme. axlad arCeuli dumis pirvel Sekrebaze, ko-
munistebma da erTobam (ZiriTadma pro-putiniseulma partiam) ucnauri
aliansi Sekres, erTmaneTSi inawilebdnen ra mTavari komitetebis Tavmj-
domareebis Tanamdebobebs. komunistebi ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen:
maT SeinarCunes dumis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdeboba da miiRes cxra komitetis
Tavmjdomaris posti. samagierod, maT mxardaWera aRuTqves putinis mier
SeTavazebuli premier-ministris kandidaturas da axal mTavrobas, aseve
reformis programas. opoziciurma partiebma wesebis darRvevaze gamoTqves
ukmayofileba (yofilma premier-ministrma, evgeni primakovma, am garigebas
`wabilwva~ uwoda). miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ruseTis axalgazrda demokrati-
isaTvis es pirveli garigeba iyo: aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas arasdros
hyolia gamokveTili umravlesoba parlamentSi.
retrospeqtulad, elcinis gadawyvetileba gaexada putini premier-mi-
nistri 1999 wels, warmoadgenda pirvel scenas dramis saboloo aqtSi, ro-
melic daaxloebiT aTi wlis win daiwyo. xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg
putinma swrafad scada ruseTis Sida da sagareo politikisaTvis Tavisi
`xelwera~ daetyo. qveynis SigniT man wamoiwyo moZraoba organizebuli damna-
242 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

Saveobisa da ruseTis cnobili `oligarqebis~ (mdidari finansuri magnatebi,

romelTac elcinis dros moipoves kontroli sabWoTa ekonomikis uzarmazar
nawilze) winaaRmdeg; qveynis gareT, man ruseTis sagareo politikas axali
ieri misca, Seamcira ra Tavidan daZabuloba yofil sabWoTa respublikebTan,
daxura ruseTis mosasmeni posti vietnamSi da sazRvao baza kubaSi, ganaaxla
msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianebis moTxovna da myarad dauWira
mxari amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kampanias terorizmis winaaRmdeg 2001
wlis bolos.
putinma aseve jerovani yuradReba dauTmo ekonomikur reformebs, maT So-
ris cvlilebebs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi da fulis gaTeTrebis winaaRm-
deg sabrZolvelad finansuri dazvervis samsaxuris Seqmna. 1990-iani wlebis
bolos navTobze gazrdili fasebis wyalobiT amotivtivebuli ruseTis
ekonomika gamococxlebis niSnebs amJRavnebda. amaSi mas 1998 wels rublis
gaufasurebac daexmara. magram ruseTis proteqcionistuli, karteluri
ekonomikis struqtura ucvleli darCa, maT Soris misi mTavari seqtorebi:
sawarmoebi, bankebi da saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli dawesebulebebi.
arc politikuri landSafti Secvlila fundamenturad: regionebSi kvlav
gamefebulia intriga da korufcia, biurokratia aris imperiuli da SeuRw-
evadi, damoukidebeli pre-sa saxelmwifosagan TiTqmis daucvelia (muqarebi
Jurnalistebis misamarTiT romlebic Jurnalistur gamoZiebas awarmoeben,
ar warmoadgens uCveulo movlenas da ar SeiZleba amis ugulebelyofa).
sabolood, komunisturi mmarTvelobis safarvelis mocilebidan aTi
wlis Semdegac, dasavleTisa da msofliosaTvis ruseTi kvlav gamoca-
nas warmoadgens. putinis swrafi gaZliereba da myari mmarTveloba adas-
turebs or rames: rogorc araprognozirebadobas, aseve ruseTis mier de-
mokratiis sakuTari eqsperimentis dawyebas.

momavlis perspeqtiveb i

dRes ismis kiTxva: ruseTi daqveiTebis, daqucmacebisa da anarqiis pro-

ces-Si myofi didi imperiis narCenia Tu igi moaxerxebs stabilizacias da
msoflio mniSvnelobis saxelmwifod da imperiad xelmeored aRmocenebas?
rogor daas-rulebs ruseTi tranziciis process: rogorc demokratiuli Tu
rogorc avtoritaruli saxelmwifo? es ori kiTxva gansazRvravs nebismier
varauds ruseTis momavlis Sesaxeb.
ekonomikuri, eTnikuri da politikuri uwesrigobis pirobebSi, ruseTi
itanjeba identobis krizisiT. rwmenaTa romeli sistema miscems azrs mosaxle-
obis cxovrebas, gansakuTrebiT, arasaxarbielo politikur da ekonomikur pi-
robebSi? komunizmma, rogorc gavlenianma rwmenaTa sistemam, TandaTanobiT
dakarga ndoba stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg da sabolood, marcxi ganicada. ru-
suli marTlmadidebeli eklesia bevrs sTavazobs nugeSiscemas, Tumca miuxe-
davad komunizmis marcxisa, mainc ibrZvis farTod gavrcelebuli politi-
kuri gavlenisagan gaTavisuflebisaTvis. rogorc vnaxeT, zogierTs rusuli
mafia sTavazobs Zalauflebis sacdurs da gavlenis moxveWas. albaT, yvelaze
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 243
sanukvari xati aRdge-nili, Zlieri, imperialisturi ruseTia, romelic far-
Tod gavrcelebuli nostalgiiTa da ruseTis istoriaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli
samSoblos siyvaruliT aris motivirebuli. rogorc Cans, putini swored pa-
triotizmis am Tandayolil grZnobasa da erovnul siamayes mimarTavs dema-
gogiuri mowodebebisa Tu ukidures memarjveneTa gulis mogebis gareSe.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi despotizmisa da centralizebuli marTvis ga-
mo demokratia ruseTSi yovelTvis gaurkvevel perspeqtivas warmoadgenda.
jer kidev 1990-ian wlebSi optimistebs sjerodaT, rom ruseTi demokratiis da
Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT moZraobda. mogvianebiT imave
aTwleulSi, waawyda ra uamrav kulturul, politikur da ekonomikur dab-
rkolebas, politikuri da ekonomikuri liberalizacia Soreul imedad iqca.
sanam ruseTis momavali uwonadobis mdgomareobaSia, demokratia kvlav my-
ife rCeba sxvadasxva politikuri jgufebis arsebobis fonze, romelTaTvisac
eTnikuri aratolerantuloba da warsulis nostalgia saerTo maxasiaTeble-
bia. ruseTis liberalur-demokratiuli konstitucia qaRaldze sakmaod
damaimedeblad gamoiyureba. Tumca, mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu rogor gamoi-
yureba konstitucia qaRaldze, aramed is, Tu rogor muSaobs igi praqtikaSi.
aSkaraa, rom momaval wlebSi demokratias ruseTSi bevri mkacri gamocdis
Cabareba mouwevs. Tu ruseTs gadawyvetili aqvs daasrulos tranzicia Ria
da liberaluri sazogadoebis SeqmniT, es, erTi mxriv, ganpirobebuli una
iyos brZnuli da gabeduli mmarTvelobiT da, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis
uzarmazari SeupovrobiT.
Cven axla mokled gavecnobiT aRmosavleT evropas. es aris regioni tran-
ziciis procesSi myofi saxelmwifoebiT. Tqven ver naxavT or qveyanasac
ki, romlebsac gardaqmnis procesSi absoluturad msgavsi politikuri da
ekonomikuri problemebi hqondea. Sesabamisad, yvelaze warmatebul da waru-
matebel saxelmwifo-ebs Soris Zalian didia zRvari.

aRmosavleTi evropa gzagasayarze

(mokvdeba Tu ara odesme Zveli Cvevebi)
am regionis axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi oTx aTwleulze met
xans komunisturi mmarTvelobis qveS imyofeboda. sabWoTa `didi Zmis~ ms-
gavsad, maTac centralizebuli dagegmili ekonomikis uReli edga. central-
urma dagegmvam grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ver gaamarTla rogorc sabWoTa
kavSirSi, aseve sxvaganac. rodesac komunizmi sabolood gaqra, aRmosavleT
evropis didi xnis manZilze natanj xalxs ukeTesi momavlis imedi gauCnda.
ocnebebi TiTqmis yvelgan maleve daingra da eiforia imedgacruebam Secva-
la. es fenomeni universaluri iyo regionSi, magram imedgacruebis masStabi
da siRrme ekonomikuri ganviTarebis pirdapirproporciulad icvleboda.
dReisaTvis aRmosavleT evropaSi yvelaze dinamikuri ekonomikebis mqone
saxelmwifoebi, sadac yvelaze mkacri reformebi gatarda, aris poloneTi,
CexeTis respublika da ungreTi. poloneTi moulodnelad gadaeSva ekonomi-
kur reformebSi 1989 wlis Semdeg, rodesac iq `Sokuri Terapiis~ saxelwo-
244 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

debiT cnobili ekonomikuri politikis mTeli seria wamoiwyes, romelic

miznad isaxavda moqmedi bazrebis Seqmnas da komunisturi mmarTvelobis
danatovari araefeqtiani saxelmwifo sawarmoebis privatizacias. marTalia
poloneTs mcire ker-Zo seqtori komunizmis pirobebSic ki hqonda, magram
dRes iq or milionamde oficia-lurad registrirebuli biznesia.
poloneTis mtkice midgomam reformisadmi 1990-ian wlebSi STambeWdavi
Sedegebi gamoiRo. regionis bevri aRmocenebadi bazrisagan gansxvavebiT
(maT Soris ungreTisa da CexeTis respublikis CaTvliT), poloneTma aicila
vardnebi da savaluto krizisi. amavdroulad, poloneTis ekonomika ufro
swrafad viTardeboda, vidre misi yofili komunisturi mezoblebis: 1995
da 2000 wlebs Soris ekonomikuri zrda yovelwliurad saSualod xuT pro-
centze mets Seadgenda. poloneTma aseve moaxerxa daeZlia inflacia, ro-
melic regionis masStabiT socialuri da ekonomikuri stabilurobis mTavar
safrTxes warmoadgenda. gasul wlebSi am ekonomikurma nabijebma poloneTSi
didi raodenobiT sagareo investiciebis Sedineba gamoiwvia.
meore mxriv, mniSvnelovan problemas gazrdili umuSevroba warmoad-
genda, gansakuTrebiT im qveynisaTvis, sadac komunisturi mmarTvelobis
oTx aTwleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi samsaxuri yvela axalgazrdisaTvis
garantirebu-li iyo. mzardi uTanasworoba mdidar da Rarib, qalaqisa da sof-
lis mosaxleobas Soris aseve seriozul sakiTxs warmoadgenda, radganac ga-
Raribebuli soflis mosaxleoba ufro da ufro CamorCeboda qalaqis saSu-
alo fenis mosaxleobas. poloneTis mosaxleobis ukiduresad Raribi fenebi
dResac dasaqmebulia soflad arsebuli SinameurneobebSi.14 mniSvnelovania
aqve aRvniSnoT, rom poloneTis soflis meurneobas koleqtivizaciis proce-
si ar Sexebia.
poloneTSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan regionSi, aris SemaZrwunebeli urTi-
erTdamokidebuleba, erTi mxriv, uTanasworobasa da siRaribes, xolo meore
mxriv, damnaSaveobas Soris. gamokvlevam aCvena, rom polonelTa umetesoba po-
loneTs sacxovreblad usafrTxo adgilad aRar miiCnevs. garda amisa, oficia-
lurma korufciam mTavrobisadmi sazogadoebis ndobas Ziri gamouTxara. ar
aris gasaocari, rom oTxi poloneli amomrCevlidan da gadasaxadis gadamx-
delidan sami miiCnevs, rom qveyana araswori mimarTulebiT viTardeba.
CexeTis respublikaSi premier-ministri vaclav klausi qebas asxamda
sabazro ekonomikis Rirsebebs da vauCerizaciis ambiciuri gegma ganaxor-
ciela, rac CexeTis yvela moqalaqes Teoriulad axlad privatizirebuli
(adre saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli) sawarmoebis wilebis miRebis
uflebas aZlevda. magram ganawileba ganxorcielda adekvaturi garantiebis
gareSe da ver SeZlo uzrunveleyo misi erT-erTi mTavari mizani _ mieca
CexebisaTvis fsoni axal sabazro ekonomikaSi. realurad, biurokratebma mi-
isakuTres ZiriTdi saaqcio kapitali (romelTa umetesoba arasodes yofila
xelmisawvdomi sazogadoebisaTvis) da gamoiyenes kavSirebi, rom xelSi Cae-
gdoT yvelaze mniSvnelovani qoneba. sabediswerod, reformis gatarebis am
areul-dareulma mcdelobam, nacvlad imisa, rom ganemtkicebina sazogadoe-
brivi mxardaWera, rogorc es Tavidan iyo Cafiqrebuli, gamoiwvia Cexebis ap-
aTia demokratiisa da kapitalizmis mimarT. inflaciam, samsaxuris dakargvis
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 245
SiSma, korufciam maRal Tanamdebobebze, mzardma zRvarma mdidrebis jguf-
sa da umravlesobas Soris, imis mtkivneulma Segnebam, Tu rogor CamorCnen
dasavleTs aRmosavleT evropelebi da, kerZod, Cexebi, kidev ufro gaaR-
rmava imedgacrueba bneli mewarmeebisa da TviTgandidebuli politikosebis
mimarT, vinc xalxis TvalSi sistemasTan gaigivdnen.
farTod gavrcelebuli saxalxo ukmayofilebis miuxedavad cxovrebis
zogadi donis gaumjobesebis tempiT, CexeTi mainc Semdgari respublikaa
(Cexoslovakia Seiqmna I msoflio omis Semdeg, rogorc srulmasStabiani
saparlamento demokratia _ saxalxo TviTmmarTvelobis erTaderTi mag-
aliTi aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wlamde). garda amisa, CexeTis ekonomikam,
romlis ganviTareba TiTqmis aTwleulis manZilze iyo Seferxebuli, 1997-
1999 wlebis recesiis Semdeg aSkara ganaxleba moaxerxa. struqturulma re-
formebma (magaliTad, sabanko seqtorSi) xeli Seuwyo am Sedegebis miRwevas.
Tumca, rac zemoT iTqva poloneTis SemTxvevaSi, aseve vrceldeba Cex-
eTis respublikazec: Cexebis umravlesoba ukmayofiloa im mimarTulebiT,
rac dRes aqvs qveyanas arCeuli. amavdroulad, is arc imdenad didia, rom
mosaxleobis umravlesobas komunizmis, centraluri dagegmvis da totali-
taruli saxelmwifos nostalgia gauCndes.
ungreTi iyo pirveli qveyana aRmosavleT evropaSi, romelmac ekonomi-
kuri reformebi komunizmis marcxamde wamoiwyo. 1968 wels, CexoslovakiaSi
praRis xmauriani gazafxulis Tanadroulad, ungreTis komunisturma mTav-
robam Seqmna axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi, romelic miznad isaxavda eko-
nomikis SezRudul decentralizacias da sabazro mimarTulebis mqone sxva
reformebis gatarebas. axali ekonomikuri meqanizmis sawyis fazaSi zomieri
warmatebis miRweva gaxda SesaZlebeli. samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoeba
(rac, yovelTvis naklebad prioritetuli iyo sabWouri tipis ekonomikebSi)
gaizarda da ungrelebis cxovrebis done zogadad gaumjobesda. magram reaq-
cioneri komunistebi Sin da gareT (kerZod sabWoTa kavSirSi) am reformebs
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen. 1980–ian wlebSi axali ekonomikuri meqanizmi gaau-
qmes. marTlia ekonomikis ganviTareba am drois ganmavlobaSi swrafad Sem-
cirda, ungreTi maleve miubrunda dasavleTs savaWrod, daxmarebisa da inve-
stirebisaTvis. liberalizacia, romelic Tan sdevda am politikas, uSvebda
kerZo bizness da saerTaSoriso mravalerovnul kompaniebTan TanamSrom-
lobas. ase rom, ungreTis SezRudulma mcdelobam reformis mimarTulebiT
mas kargi sastarto mdgomareoba misca im droisaTvis, rodesac komunizmma
TviTon mouRo bolo sakuTar Tavs 1980-iani wlebis dasasruls.
1989 wlis Semdeg ungreTis axalma liberal-demokratiulma mTavrobam
daaCqara Tavisufali bazris reformebis tempi. kerZod, rogorc wamyvanma
aRmocenebadma bazarma regionSi, ungreTma aRmosavleT evropaSi ganxor-
cielebuli pirdapiri sagareo investiciebis naxevarze meti miizida, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom ungreTis mosaxleoba (daaxloebiT 10 milioni) wamoadgenda
poloneTis mosaxleobis (40 milioni) mxolod 25 procents da ruseTis 147
milionian mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT mxolod umniSvnelo nawils. postko-
munisturma ungreTma swrafad moaxdina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arseb-
uli sawarmoebis privatizacia: 1993 wlisaTvis kerZo seqtoris wilma mTlian
246 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

Sida produqtSi 50 procenti Seadgina. privatizaciis tempi TandaTan Sem-

cirda, rodesac socialistebma moipoves umravlesoba parlamentSi 1994
wels, magram momdevno wels imave parlamentma gamosca kanoni, romelsac
unda daeCqarebina saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis priva-
tizacia, agreTve moemzadebina gasayidad sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da fo-
ladisa da eleqtroenergiis strategiuli sawarmoebi. miuxedavad restruq-
turizaciis am seriozuli mcdelobebisa, ungreTi ganicdida inflaciisa da
umuSevrobis iseT maRal dones, romelic komunizmis dros ar arsebobda.
dadebiTi kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, dRes ungreTi myarad aris damkvidrebu-
li evropuli saxelmwifoebis liberalur-demokratiul kategoriaSi. 1989
wlidan pirvel sam Tavisufal arCevnebSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sxvadasx-
va partiam moipova kontroli mTavrobaze _ rac, Tavis mxriv, partiuli
konkurenciisa da politikuri pluralizmis arsebobis niSania. ufro metic,
am cvlilebebs ar gamouwvevia mkveTri gadaxrebi marcxniv an marjvniv da
arc politikuri sistemis destabilizaciis wyaro gamxdara. sabolood, un-
greTis ekonomika aCvenebs, rom igi stabiluri ganviTarebis gzaze dgas.
Tu am sam qveyanaSi tranziciis procesebi dausrulebelia, maSin sxva bev-
ri yofili komunisturi respublika, maT Soris ukraina, bulgareTi da ru-
mineTi ufro cud mdgomareobaSia. slovenia, adre yofili iugoslaviis fed-
eraciis nawili, aris erTi mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi, romelic Crdilavs
danarCen qveynebs (maT Soris poloneTs, ungreTs da CexeTis respublikas).
zogadi keTildReobiT slovenia aRemateba evropis kavSiris or wevrs, sa-
berZneTsa da portugalias da mcirediT CamorCeba evrokavSiris kidev erT
wevrs _ espaneTs. slovakeTi (adre Cexoslovakiis nawili) da xorvatia(aseve
iugoslaviis nawili mis daSlamde) axlos arian sam wamyvan qveyanasTan da
sakmaod win zozina qveynebTan SedarebiT. belorusia, moldova, makedonia
da albaneTi am regionSi warumatebel qveynebs Soris arian. rac Seexeba ser-
beTsa da montenegros, am saxelmwifoebs merve TavSi ganvixilavT.
am nawilSi aRmosavleT evropis ori subregioni imsaxurebs mokled aRniS-
vnas. baltiis saxelmwifoebi _ latvia, litva da estoneTi liderebsa da
CamorCenilebs Soris Tavsdebian. samxreT kavkasiis sami saxelmwifo _ saqa-
rTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani _ slavur aRmosavleT evropasa da Turqul
axlo aRmosavleTsa da centralur azias Soris bundovan geografiul da kul-
turul zonaSi mdebareoben. tranziciis SejibrSi isini bolo rigebis siax-
loves dganan, magram mdidari navTobis sabadoebi kaspiis zRvaSi am regions
strategiul Rirebulebas aniWebs, rac mas sxva SemTxvevaSi ar eqneboda.
jamSi, komunizmi gauCinarda evropis rukidan, Tumca komunisturi par-
tiebi (xSirad axali saxelebiT) kvlav arsebobs. Tavisufali da samarTliani
arCevnebi tardeba TiTqmis yvelgan da WeSmariti saparlamento demokra-
tiebi mTavrobis yvelaze gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens. magram yvela am
qveyanam aRmoaCina, rom bevrad martivia ganaxorcielo politikuri cvlile-
bebi institucionalur doneze, vidre Secvalo politikuri kultura. maT
aseve iswavles, rom arCevnebis Catareba ufro martivia, vidre inflaciisa
da deficitis moTokva da rom politikuri struqturebis Secvla bevrad
martivia, vidre ekonomikuris. iqac ki, sadac tranzicia politikuri plu-
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 247
ralizmisa da sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT yvelaze Sors wavida, xalxi
gamoxatavs zogad ukmayofilebas reformebis tempiTa da mimarTulebiT. ase
rom, komunizmis marcxis ambavi savsea moulodnelobebiT. dReisaTvis is kv-
lav sanaxevrod dawerilia, misi dasasruli saidumloebiTaa moculi manam,
sanam gardamavali epoqa sabolood ar dasruldeba _ sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, komunizmi mxolod mravali wlis Semdeg dasruldeba.

CineTi: marTvad kapitalizmze gadasvla

(ra iqneba Semdeg?)
axla, roca sabWoTa kavSiri da `msoflio socialisturi sistema~ (ro-
gorc mas moskovi uwodebda) istorias Cabarda, CineTi erTaderT mTavar
komunistur saxelmwifod rCeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom iaponiasTan, samxreT
koreasa da singapurTan SedarebiT CineTi Raribi qveyanaa, is iafi muSaxelis
(misi mosaxleoba 1.3 miliardia) udidesi mimwodebeli da Zlieri ekonomikis
mqone qveyanaa, rac windaxeduli optimizmis ori mizezia. mkvlevarTa umrav-
lesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom CineTma memkvidreobiT miiRo maoisturi to-
talitaruli mmarTveloba (ix. Tavi 5); mxolod zogierTisaTvis aris saka-
maTo, rom is represiul, avtoritarul saxelmwifod rCeba.
Zalauflebisaken gza, romelic mao Zedunis CineTis komunisturma par-
tiam airCia, mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda leninis bolSevikebiseuli gzisagan.
maos gamarjveba iaponiisa da Can kai-Sis CineTis erovnuli xelisuflebis wi-
naaRmdeg gaWianurebul partizanul oms mohyva. armiam gacilebiT didi roli
iTamaSa maoseuli revoluciis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi, vidre leniniseulSi.
roca Cineli komunistebi 1949 wels xelisuflebaSi movidnen, armia da par-
tia erT organizaciad iyo Serwymuli. virtualuri xelisuflebis rolSi
armias ara marto brZola, aramed administrirebac evaleboda, rac moicavda
kanonisa da wesrigis dacvas, mSeneblobasa da sazogadoebriv saqmianobas,
ekonomikis marTvas, ganaTlebasa da ideologiur muSaobas. arsebiTad armia
saxalxo respublikis birTvi gaxda, CineTis axali xelisufleba.

mao xelisuflebaSi

1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTis saxalxo respublika (Csr) mniSvnelo-

vanwilad iyo damokidebuli sabWoTa kavSiris politikur, ekonomikur da
samxedro daxmarebaze. es damokidebuleba kidev ufro gazarda koreis omma
(1950-53). ssrk, romelsac xandazmuli stalini marTavda, daJinebiT moiTxov-
da, rom pekinis axalbeda komunistur xelisuflebas staliniseuli modeli
gadaeRo. amrigad, CineTis saxelmwifos politikuri struqtura iseve, ro-
gorc misi ekonomikuri da sagareo politika Zalze hgavda sabWoTa kavSiri-
sas. yvelaferi, dawyebuli soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciiT, samrewve-
lo investiciebze calsaxa aqcentiT da damTavrebuli sabWoTa ganaTlebis
sistemiT, TiTqmis cvlilebis gareSe iqna gadaRebuli.
248 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

gardatexis momenti dadga, rodesac stalinis memkvidrem, nikita xr-

uSCovma 1956 wels moxseneba gaakeTa partiis XX yrilobaze, romelzec man
aRiara stalinis danaSaulebani da ganacxada dasavleTTan mSvidobiani Ta-
naarsebobis epoqis dasawyisis Sesaxeb. im droidan dawyebuli CineTis ko-
munistebma maos eqscentriuli mmarTvelobiT sakuTari uCveulo gziT
gaagrZeles svla.
1958 wels dawyebuli `didi naxtomis~ politika warmoadgenda maos
gancxadebas samrewvelo ganviTarebis sabWouri modelisagan damoukide-
blobis Sesaxeb. staliniseul mZime mrewvelobaze, gansakuTrebiT farTo-
masStabian mopovebiT da metalurgiul kompleqsebze aqcentis nacvlad
didma naxtomma xazi gausva decentralizebul samrewvelo warmoebas, raTa
warmatebiT gamoeyenebina CineTis udidesi bunebrivi resursi _ adamianuri
Sroma. uamravi mciremasStabiani moZvelebuli foladsadnobi Rumeli am
Sromatevadi midgomis simbolo xdeba.
maoseulma `masobrivi mobilizaciis~ midgomam, romlis mixedviT yvelaf-
ris miRweva SeiZleba glexTa masebis STagonebuli ZalisxmeviT, Caanacvla
sabWoTa partiis saxelmwifo biurokratia, rogorc sazogadoebis revolu-
ciuri gardaqmnis (transformaciis) mamoZravebeli Zala. didi proleta-
rul-kulturuli revolucia – maos mier STagonebuli reaqcia nebismieri
biurokratiis winaaRmdeg, am midgomis kulminacia iyo. CineTisaTvis sabWo-
Ta sistema kontrrevoluciis modeli gaxda.

xelisufalTa cvla

saxalxo rspublikis ori didi fuZemdeblis CJou enlaisa da mao Zedunis

gardacvalebam 1976 weli Tanamedrove CineTis istoriis wyalgamyofad aqcia.
erT-erTi Cineli mecnieris azriT, `maos sikvdili epoqis dasasruli iyo; bun-
dovani iyo, momaval eraSi vin gauZRveboda CineTs da ra mimarTulebiT~.15
Seferxebuli reformebidan ori wlis Semdeg qveyanas den siaopini marTav-
da (is maom orjer amxila moCvenebiTi revoluciuri suliskveTebis braldeb-
iT), romelmac wamoiwyo ZiriTadi kampania ideologiuri dogmis ukugdebisa
da pragmatizmis adaptirebis mizniT. am kampaniis simbolo iyo lozungebi:
`praqtika WeSmaritebis erTaderTi kriteriumia~ da `veZeboT WeSmariteba
faqtebSi~.16 ekonomikurma ganviTarebam Caanacvla klasTa brZola,mtavrobam
kari gauxsna investiciebisa da savaWro kavSirebis dasaleTidan. uaryves
masobrivi kampaniebi, damkvreluri programebi, gmiris (pirovnebis) kulti
da ideologiuri fanatizmi, rogorc maoizmis simboloebi.
vaWrobis gafarToeba, gansakuTrebiT samrewvelo demokratiis mqone
qveynebTan, pekinis diplomatiis principul miznad iqca. denis ekonomikuri
reformebi TandaTanobiT gatarda 1978-1982 wlebSi, roca man frTxilad da
moTminebiT moaxdina sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidacia mmarTveli po-
litbiuros farglebSi. 1982 wlis SemodgomisaTvis reformebis sulisCmdg-
mel dens sruli Zalaufleba hqonda.
deni sikvdilamde CineTis umaRlesi xelisufali iyo. is 92 wlisa garda-
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 249
icvala 1997 wlis 19 Tebervals. Tavdapirvelad misi adgili denis yofili
oTxi Tanapartielis koleqtiurma mmarTvelobam Secvala, romelTa Soris
Zian Zeminma gaimarjva da komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani da qvey-
nis prezidenti gaxda. profesiiT inJineri Ziani 1989 wels komunisturi par-
tiis liderobamde Sanhais meri iyo. qveynis liderad gaxdomis Semdeg Zianma
detaluri miTiTebebi gasca denis politikuri da ekonomikuri politiki-
sa da institutebis gagrZelebis Taobaze. am politikisa da institutebis
gamorCeuli Taviseburebebi Semdeg qveTavSia aRwerili.

dominanti partia

CineTs isev komunisturi partia marTavs. is daaxloebiT 57 milion wevrs

_ CineTis mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 5 procents aerTianebs. partiis
wevrebi politikur elitas Seadgenen, romelTac gansakuTrebuli privil-
egiebi aqvT. amas garda, maRali rangi partiaSi politikuri Zalauflebis wi-
napirobad rCeba.
mmarTvelobis mTel periodSi deni komunisturi partiis xelSewyobas
cdilobda. maosagan gansxvavebiT, romelic xSirad yuradRebis centrSi
yofnas cdilobda da romlis socialuri da politikuri aRmasvlebi Zirs
uTxrida CineTis komunistur partias, deni mSvidad idga scenis miRma da
Tavis ormag rols asrulebda _ qveynis didi stabilizatorisa da partiis
damcvelisa. misi memkvidre Zian Zemini denis cxovrebis wess agrZelebda.
amrigad, im dros, roca zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebda, rom CineTi
samarTavad ufro da ufro rTuli qveyana xdeba, komunistur partias Sesw-
evs Zala myarad eWiros CineTis politikis sadaveebi.17

ideologiis Sesusteba

1978 wlamde marqsizmis maoseuli adaptacia CineTis oficialuri ideo-

logia iyo. 1978 wlis Semdeg upiratesi gaxda denis pragmatuli xedva, rom
ekonomikuri zrda da ara klasTa brZola unda iyos rogorc partiis, ise
qveynis warmatebis sazomi. partias aRar sWirdeba marqsistuli ideologiis
moSvelieba sakuTari programebis an politikis gasamarTleblad an partiis
mmarTvelobis dasakanoneblad.18
marTlac rom saintereso movlenaa komunisturi partia, romelic sa-
kuTar Tavs komunizmisgan Sors iWers. utopiur dapirebebze moraluri
imedis nacvlad CineTis komunisturi partia sakuTar rols pragmatulad
gansazRvravs: myari politikuri wesrigis dacva da warmatebuli ekonomikis
xelSewyoba. politikuri legitimurobis da xSirad sastiki mmarTvelobis
gamarTlebis safuZvels dRes calkeuli tendenciebi ufro qmnis, vidre ko-
munikaciuri ideologiis koreqtivebi.
250 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

bazarze orientirebuli reformebi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, maos sikvdilis Semdeg denis orientireba eko-

nomikur ganviTarebaze arsebiTi cvlileba iyo, romelic radikalurad
gascilda marqsistul models. igi akeTebda aqcents SedarebiT Tavisufal
bazrebze, biznesis kerZo sakuTrebas da sabazro stimulebze, mogebis CaT-
vliT. am politikis gasatareblad pekini TavgamodebiT cdilobs ucxouri
sesxebisa da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mopovebas, upiratesad
dasavleTidan (da amrigad, arRvevs myar ideologiur tabus). dasavleTTan
urTierTobebisadmi CineTis axleburi `Ria karis~ midgomis mizani qveynis
ekonomikis (rogorc soflis meurneobis, aseve mrewvelobis) rac SeiZleba
swrafi modernizeba iyo. am midgomam gaamarTla, rogorc ki dasavluri in-
vesticiebi da sesxi Sevida qveyanaSi 1980-ian 1990-ian wlebSi da uzrunvelyo
CineTi modernizebisaTvis Zalze saWiro kapitaliT (ix. sqema 7-2).

ucxouri sesxi

pirdapiri ucxouri
investicia
ucxouri sesxi da
pirdapiri ucxouri investicia

sqema 7-2 ucxouri kapitalis Semodineba (mlrd dolari)

*1998 wels jamuri 42.6 mlrd dolari moicavs rogorc ucxour sesxebs, aseve pirda-
pir ucxour investiciebs.
wyaro: Economist, 22 Tebervali, 1997, gv. 22; 2000 World Bank Atlas (Washington, DC:
World Bank, 2000), gv. 56.

amave dros, mniSvnelovani transformacia moxda soflis meurneobaSic.

arsebiTi sityva iyo – dekoleqtivizacia – soflis meurneobaSi saxelmwifo
sakuTrebis uaryofa da saojaxo meurneobaze damyarebul fermerobaze mi-
bruneba. mravali eqsperimentis Semdeg reJimi SeCerda iseT sistemaze, sadac
saxelmwifo xelSekrulebebs debs individualur saojaxo meurneobebTan
gansazRvruli produqciis Sesyidvaze. reforma warmatebuli aRmoCnda,
radgan fermerebma rekorduli mosavali miiRes da kerZo bazarze gayides.
mrewvelobasa da vaWrobaSic CineTi win sabazro Zalebze dayrdnobiT miiw-
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 251
evda. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia erTi statistikuri monacemi: 1978 wels
CineTSi arc erTi kerZo biznesi ar arsebobda; daaxloebiT 20 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi mTeli biznesis erTi mesamedi kerZo sakuTrebaSi iyo (ix. sqema 7-3).
CineTis soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobaSi momxdari revoluciis
Sedegebi STambeWdavi iyo. maos mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli uwesrigobis aT-
wleulebis Semdeg CineTis ekonomika gamococxlda. faqtobrivad, dRes Ci-
neTs msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze swrafad mzardi ekonomika aqvs, Tumca is
kvlavindeburad Raribia erT sul mosaxleze simdidris mixedviT. magali-
Tad, CineTis mTliani Sida produqti germaniis naxevars udris, Tumca ger-
maniis mosaxleoba CineTis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT erTi meTeqvsmetedia.
am pirobebSic ki, zogierTi Sefasebis mixedviT daaxloebiT 150-200 milion-
ma adamianma (dasavleT evropis mosaxleobis naxevris toli) Tavi daaRwia
ukidures siRatakes. maSin roca umiwo CinelTa sami meoTxedi kvlav Raribi
rCeba, sasoflo sameurneo reformebis gatarebis kvaldakval fermebis Se-
mosavali mkveTrad izrdeba.19

saxelmwifo

kerZo

Sereuli

sqema 7-3 aRmocenebadi (ganviTarebadi) kerZo seqtori

biznesis kerZo mflobeloba CineTSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.

* nawilobriv saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli.

wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 27. gamokvleva ekuTvnis mo-
saxleobis fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmen-
ti da dante Cini.
© 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

maos sikvdilis Semdeg meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi gadadgmuli

uzarmazari nabijebis miuxedavad, CineTi Rarib qveynad rCeba (SedarebiTi
monacemebisaTvis ix. cxrili 7-2). miuxedavad imisa, rom CineTma 1990-ian wleb-
Si oficialurad aRiara siRatakeSi mcxovrebi 80-100 milioni adamiani, sxva
Sefasebebis mixedviT, magaliTad, msoflio bankis mier, es cifri 350 milions
udris.20 Semosavlebis indikatorebi umravlesobis, iseve rogorc moqalaqe-
Ta cxovrebis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis xarisxis indikatorTa mixed-
viT (rogoricaa CvilTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli), CineTi klasificirdeba
rogorc ganviTarebadi qveyana an rogorc aRmocenebadi bazari.
252 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

arsebobda sxva ekonomikuri sirTuleebic. maRali inflacia zogjer

aferxebs qveynis ekonomikas. amas garda, CineTSi Semosavlis mkveTri uTanas-
worobac arsebobs. TvalSisacemi uTanasworoba uamrav soflel Rarib
glexsa da mzardi raodenobis SedarebiT mdidar qalaqel Cinels (mdidari
mewarme elitis CaTvliT) Soris, romlebic CineTis swrafad mzard sanapiro
qalaqebSi cxovroben. mzardi axali klasi CineTis sezonur migrantebTan
Tanacxovrobs, romelic 100 milioni umuSevris an minimalurad dasaqmebu-
li adamianisagan Sedgeba. isini provinciebidan qalaqebSi Cadian samuSaosa
da ukeTesi cxovrebis ZiebaSi. aRmosavleTis sanapiro provinciebi gacile-
biT swrafad izrdeba, vidre centraluri da dasavleT CineTi. oficialuri
statistikis mixedviT maT amJamad Sida provinciebTan SedarebiT 2-4-jer
meti Semosavali aqvT.21
Sanxai ekonomikuri eqspansiis gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi magaliTia _
1997 wels mas, msoflios udides qalaqebTan SedarebiT, ekonomikuri zrdis
erT-erTi yvelze maRali tempi hqonda. uZvelesi saporto qalaqi mdinare
ianZis piras mdebareobs centralur aRmosavleT CineTSi. misi upirateso-
ba imaSia, rom pirdapiri kvSiri aqvs aziis sxva mniSvnelovan portebTan da
swrafad viTardeba msoflio mniSvnelobis safinanso da savaWro centrad.

cxrili 7.2
CineTi da SeerTebuli Statebi _ cxovrebis donis
SedarebiTi indikatorebi

cxovrebis donis indikatorebi CineTi SeerTebuli

Statebi
mosaxleoba 1,203,097,268 284,796,887
mosaxleobis wliuri zrda 1.04% 1.02%
qalaqis mosaxleoba 30% 76%
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba (wlebi) 68.08 75.99
CvilTa sikvdilianoba (1000 52.1 7.88
axalSobilze) 1.84 2.08
Sobadoba (bavSvi erT qalze) 3,051 aSS 29,240 aSS dol.
mSp erT sul mosaxleze (1998) dol. 13.451 tril. dol.
safondo birJis kapitalizacia (1998) 330 mlrd.
eleqtroenergiis moxmareba erT sulze dol. 11,822
kilovati (1998) 97%
wera-kiTxvis mcodne 714 1.3
erTi telefoni mosaxleobaze 78% 1.2
erTi televizori mosaxleobaze 36.4 458.6
personaluri kompiuteri 1000 adamianze 6.7
(1998) 8.9

wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 27. gamokvleva ekuTvnis heri-
tijis fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmenti
da dante Cini. © 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
2000 World Bank Atlas (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000), gv. 50-51; U.S. Census Bu-
reau, www.census.gov, 2002 wlis 13 maisi.
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 253
dabolos, Tavisufali bazris principebi da marTvadi kapitalizmi Tana-
medrove CineTSi rogorc Semosavlebis, aseve uTanasworobis stimuli gaxda.
mniSvnelovani kiTxva kiTxvad rCeba: ramdenad Sors SeiZleba wavides CineTis
Tavisufali mewarmeoba? CineTSi privatizacia neli tempiT mimdinareobs,
udidesi firmebi _ araefeqtiani, intensiurad subsidirebuli da valebSi
Cafluli _ isev saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia. saxelmwifo ar apirebs xelidan
gauSvas yvelaze strategiuli mrewveloba, maT Soris manqanaTmSenebloba
da iaraRis mwarmoebeli kompaniebis. CineTs arasrulyofili progresi aqvs
privatizaciis mimarTulebiT (ix. sqema 7-3). aTi wlis win warmoudgeneli
iyo, rom Cinur kompaniaTa aqciebi niu iorkis safondo birJaze gaiyideboda
(rogorc dRes iyideba). CineTis ufro liberaluri ekonomikisaken mibrune-
bas SeerTebulma Statebma imiT upasuxa, rom winaaRmdegoba aRar gauwia Ci-
neTis gawevrianebas msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi (mso); 2001 wels CineTi
formalurad gawevrianda mso-Si. Jurnal `ekonomistis~ mixedviT `CineTis
gawevrianeba mso-Si. . . qveynis udidesi nabijia ekonomikuri sistemis kapi-
talistur dasavleTTan integraciisaken mas Semdeg, rac 50 welze meti xnis
win daiwyo komunisturi mmarTveloba~.22

gazrdili pirovnuli Tavisufleba

CineTis saxalxo respublikaSi totalitarizmis dasasrulis erT-erTi

niSani is aris, rom CineTi `mravali adamianisaTvis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
TvalsazrisiT ufro Tavisufali xdeba~.23 adamianebs SeuZliaT samsaxuris
Secvla, qveynis erTi adgilidan meoreSi gadasvla, ufro meti individualo-
bis gamomJRavneba Cacmulobasa da sakuTari Tavis gamoxatvaSi, aqvT Tavisu-
fali arCevani iseT mniSvnelovan pirovnul sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa qorwine-
ba da gayra. aseTi individualuri Tavisuflebebi Znelad warmosadgeni iyo
maos CineTSi. es axali Tavisuflebebi jer kidev Zalze Sors aris dasavle-
TisTvis Cveuli konstituciuri uflebebisagan. magaliTad, xelisuflebis
SezRudviT wyvils mxolod erTi Svili unda hyavdes. rogorc vnaxavT, ar
arsebobs politikuri da religiuri Tavisuflebebi.

axali sazogadoebrivi problemebi

saocaria, magram CineTs zogierTi iseTi problemac awuxebs, romelic

gavlenas axdens dasavlur demokratiaze. erTi eqspertis azriT, `avtorite-
tis tradiciuli formebis Sesustebis Sedegad CineTSi danaSaulis talRa
gaizrda~.24 qalaqebSi gavrcelebuli qurdoba da yaCaRoba, narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli danaSaulisa da prostituciis zrda _ CineTis ekonomikuri
eqspansiis uaryofiTi Sedegebia.
korufcia CineTis cxovrebis wesi xdeba. saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebs
Soris zRvris waSlasa da CineTis mzard ekonomikaSi fulis udidesi masis mi-
moqcevasTan erTad biznesisa da politikisaTvis Cveuli xdeba meqrTameoba,
254 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

nepotizmi da `araoficialuri favoritizmi~.

politikuri da religiuri represiebi

ekonomikasa da sazogadoebriv sferoebSi liberalizaciis miuxedavad,

CineTSi ar wydeba politikuri da religiuri devna. CineTis amJamindeli xe-
lisufalni araviTar miniSnebas ar iZlevian am aSkarad Seusabamo kursisagan
Tavis daRwevis Taobaze, romelsac safuZveli den siapinma Cauyara.
dengis mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi iyo raRac momenti, roca TiTqos raRacis
Secvla SeiZleboda. 1978 wels demokratiis kedlis saxelwodebiT cnobilma
fenomenma msoflio yuradReba miipyro. am kedelze, romelic pekinis cen-
trSi idga, oficialuri kursis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi da Sexedulebebi,
arsebuli sistemisa da liderebis uxeSi kritikis CaTvliT, xelisuflebis
Cumi sanqciiT gamoCnda. demokratiis kedelTan presis am uprecedento Ta-
visuflebis garda sityvis axlad aRmoCenilma Tavisuflebamac gaSala frTa.
magram 1979 wels xelisuflebam gadawyvita gansxvavebuli azrisaTvis bolo
moeRo. Semdgomma dapatimrebebma, saCvenebelma sasamarTlo procesebma da
politikuri represiebis sxva sayovelTaod cnobilma formebma cxadyo, rom
CineTis komunisturi partia ar apirebda rkinis marwuxebis modunebas pol-
tikuri Zalauflebis berketebze.
aTi wlis Semdeg tiananmenis moedanze momxdarma Jletvam gamoaaSkarava
CineTis xelisuflebis mtroba adamianuri uflebebis winaaRmdeg. 1989 wels
studentebma da muSebma masobrivi gamosvla moawyes pekinSi partiis privi-
legiebisa da kopufciis gasaprotesteblad da demokratiuli reformebis
moTxovniT. protesti gamZafrda mas Semdeg, rac demonstratebi tiananmenis
moedanze dabanakda da sityviT gamosvlebi da lozungebis Zaxili daiwyes.
msoflio aRfrTovanebuli yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvalyurs movlenebs,
roca dasavleTis satelevizio kamerebis win drama ganviTarda. im faqtma,
rom mixeil gorbaCovi `komunizmis reformis~ mama pekins swored im TveSi
(sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi pirvel Cinur-sabWour samitze) stumrobda
drama kidev ufro gaamZafra. rodesac mRelvareba mTel CineTSi gavrcelda,
pekinma savsebiT usargeblo samxedro mdgomareoba gamoacxada.
3 ivniss CineTis dedaqalaqSi tankebiTa da iaraRiT Sevida armia. male
aSkara gaxda, rom Zalis demonstrireba blefi ar iyo. damsjelma RonisZie-
bebma demokratiuli moZraoba sisxlian dasasrulamde miiyvana. asobiT
(SesaZloa aTasobiT) protestanti daiRupa an daiWra, kidev ufro meti daap-
atimres. Semdeg usafrTxoebis Zalebma Tavi mouyares aTasobiT disidents
da sul mcire 31 awames da sikvdiliT dasajes. uiaraRo moqalaqeebis mimarT
sisastikem cxadyo, rom CineTi jer kidev represiuli saxelmwifo iyo.
tiananmenis movlenebi CineTSi kritikosebisa da disidentebis devnis sim-
bolo iyo, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi, vinc gabedavda da partiis umaRles liderebs
gaakritikebda. meore sakiTxi iyo, rogor epyrobodnen politikur patimrebs.
bevri maTgani monasaviT qancis gawyvetamde muSaobda fabrikebSi, sadac saeqs-
portod iaffasian saqonels awarmoebdnen sagareo vaWrobisaTvis.
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 255
kidev erTi problema iyo CineTis xelisuflebis mier religiuri jgufebis
gamudmebuli devna. garkveulwilad mTavrobis mier religiis mimdevarTa
dapatimreba religiis mimarT marqsizmis ideologiuri undoblobisa da
mtrobis naSTi iyo. ufro metad ki, is asaxavda partiis gamudmebul gancdas,
rom religia politikur safrTxes warmoadgenda reJimis mTlianobisa da si-
jansaRisaTvis.
mTavroba akontrolebs religias religiuri institutebis (ekle-
siebis, monastrebis, meCeTebis da sxv.) licenzirebisa da zedamxedvelobis
gziT. budistebs, muslimebsa da qristianebs lamis sakuTari rwmenisaTvis
apatimreben. Cinelebi gansakuTrebiT daundoblebi iyvnen tibetSi, sadac
maT daxures budisturi monastrebi, daapatimres da gaasamarTles morw-
muneebi da gadaasaxles tibetis religiuri lideri dalai lama. 1997 wlis
dasawyisSi antiCinuri masobrivi areulobebi tibetis Crdilo-dasavle-
TiT mdebare upiratesad muslimur provincia sinZianSi CineTis xelisu-
flebis mxridan represiebis mizezad iqva [igive ganmeorda 2009 wels _
mTargmn. Sen.].
CineTis mier adamianis uflebaTa Selaxva SeumCneveli ar darCa SeerTe-
bul Statebs. iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa qristianTa koalicia gansa-
kuTrebiT kritikuli iyo CineTSi qristianTa devnis mimarT. CineTis mier
adamianis uflebaTa Selaxva. is sakiTxi daisva SeerTebuli Statebis kon-
gresSi maT mier, vinc ewinaaRmdegeboda CineTisTvis upiratesi xelSewyobis
savaWro reJimis aRdgenas, rac gaafarToebda CineTis eqsports SeerTebul
StatebSi iseTive SedarebiT dabali tarifiT, romliTac amerikis savaWro
partniorebi sargeblobdnen.
cinikuria, rom statusis aRdgenis Taobaze debatebis centri
SeerTebul StatebSi idelistebsa da pragmatistebs Soris disputi iyo.
oponentebi amtkicebdnen, rom ekonomikuri zewola yvelaze naTlad gamox-
atavda moralur gakicxvas da imavdroulad CineTs realurad azRvevinebda
adamianis uflebaTa Selaxvis gamo. upiratesi xelSewyobis savaWro statusis
miniWebis momxreebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom amgvari poziciiT mxolod ameri-
kuli biznesi dazaraldeboda, maSin roca msoflios sxva qveynebi didi sia-
movnebiT daakavebdnen aSS-s bazris wils. mxardamWerebi aseve acxadebdnen,
rom grZelvadian periodSi vaWroba da ara ekonomikuri izolacia Sea-
sustebda politikur devnas CineTSi. 2000 wlis seqtemberSi SeerTebuli
Statebis kongresma CineTisTvis keTilsasurveli eris (MFN) statusis mini-
Weba damokidebuli gaxada. mas Semdeg Cinur imports aRar emuqreba satar-
ifo diskriminaciis gameoreba SeerTebuli Statebis uzarmazar bazarze.

politikuri fragmentaciis safrTxeSi

miuxedavad imisa, rom komunisturi partia kvlav mkacrad akontrolebs

sazogadoebas, Sida problemac uxvad aqvs.25 erT-erTi sirTule CineTis
Soreul regionebSi arsebuli daZabulobaa. meore _ vaWrobis pirobebis
Sesaxeb kamaTi bunebrivi resursebiT mdidar qveynis centrSi mdebare pro-
256 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

vinciebsa da sanapiro provinciebs Soris, romlebic mza produqcias awar-

moeben da hyidian. kidev erTi problemaa isic, rom CineTis provinciebi da
olqebi drodadro savaWro barierebsa da tarifebs aweseben konkurenciisa-
gan adgilobrivi mrewvelobis dacvis mizniT. magaliTad, 1997 wels Sanxais
municipalurma mTavrobam folksvagenis mwarmoebeli adgilobrivi manqa-
naTmSenebeli qarxanis sasargeblod axali standartebi daawesa (Zravis zoma,
sabargulis tevadoba da a.S.) im manqanebisaTvis, romlebic taqsis funqcias
asrulebdnen. CineTi kvlav agrZelebs adgilobrivi liderebis rotaciuli
wesiT moZraobas mTeli qveynis masStabiT, imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aicilos
maT mimarT adgilobrivi simpaTiebisa da loialurobis gaCena.

amomavali zesaxelmwifo

garda imisa, rom ukanaskneli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi CineTi regionis

dominanturi saxelmwifo xdeba, is aseve swrafad yalibdeba globaluri Za-
ladac. msoflioSi yvelaze mravalricxovani mosaxleobiT CineTis saxalxo
respublika Zalze advilad SeZlebs axalwveulebis moZebnas Tavisi Seiara-
Rebuli ZalebisaTvis, romelic isedac 3 milion jariskacs iTvlis. 1970-iani
wlebis miwurulidan CineTi sakuTari samxedro SesaZleblobebis moderni-
zebas cdilobs. dRes mas msoflios uZlieres saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT
SeiaraRebaze yvelaze mzardi xarjebi aqvs. CineTma msoflio yuradReba imi-
Tac miipyro, rom agrZelebs birTvuli iaraRis gamocdasa da uaxlesi Seai-
araRebis gayidvas saerTaSoriso bazarze (zogjer im momxmareblisaTvis,
romelsac SeerTebuli Statebis xelisufleba saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da
wesrigis safrTxed miiCnevs).

amerikis vaWroba CineTTan:

ineTTan: problema Tu SesaZlebloba?

SeerTebul Statebsa da CineTs Soris vaWroba diskusiis sagania. didi

xnis ganmavlobaSi amerikuli biznesi CineTs erT uzarmazar, ganuviTarebel
bazrad miiCnevda: 1 miliardi Cineli mouTmenlad eloda amerikuli saqon-
lis SeZenas. mravalma amerikulma mravalerovnulma korporaciam Zal-Rone
ar daiSura imisaTvis, rom gavlena moexdina saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze da
amerikis mTavrobis lobirebiT CineTTan kargi urTierToba SeenarCunebina.
Zalze saintereso tendencia ganviTarda. SeerTebul Statebis savaWro
balanss CineTTan maRali deficiti hqonda (rac imas niSnavs, rom SeerTeb-
uli Statebi gacilebiT met saqonels yidulobs CineTisagan, vidre CineTi
SeerTebuli Statebisagan). 1990-iani wlebis miwuruls SeerTebuli Statebis
savaWro deficiti CineTTan iaponiasTan deficits gautolda (romelTanac
SeerTebul Statebs savaWro balansis udidesi deficiti hqonda) da zogi-
erTi ekonomisti varaudobda, rom male CineTi gauswrebda iaponias. CineTs
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi udidesi upiratesoba aqvs: is iafad awarmoebs saq-
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 257
onels, radgan dabal xelfass uxdis Cinel muSebs.
emuqreba Tu ara SeerTebuli Statebisa da CineTis savaWro urTierTo-
bebs iseTive daZabuloba, rogoric SeerTebul Statebsa da iaponias aqvs?
SeiZleba, ara! acxadebs zogierTi eqsperti. safeiqro nawarmis garda Cin-
uri saqoneli pirdapir konkurencias ver uwevs amerikul saqonels; Cin-
uri produqcia dabalteqnologiuria (magaliTad, tansacmeli, safeiqro
nawarmi, saTamaSoebi da nedleuli), maSin roca iaponia maRalteqnologiur
produqcias awarmoebs (manqanebs, kompiuterebs, eleqtrosaqonels da tele-
sakomunikacio mowyobilobas). garda amisa, iaponiisagan gansxvavebiT, CineT-
idan Semosuli yvela saqoneli Cinuri ar aris, rac imas niSnavs, rom savaWro
balansis maCveneblebi arasaimedoa. ratom? imitom, rom CineTidan eqspor-
tirebuli saqonlis daaxloebiT 50% im sawarmoebSi iwarmoeba, romelsac
erToblivad floben an marTaven araCinelebi. rogorc Cans, dabali danaxar-
jebi, romelic mimzidvels xdis Cinur eqsports SeerTebul StatebSi, aseve
mimzidvels xdis CineTis biznes-SesaZleblobebs araCineli mewarmeebisa da
biznesisaTvis.

CineTis mzardi samxedro Zalaufleba SeumCneveli ar darCa arc aziasa da

arc mTel msoflioSi.26 indoeTis winaaRmdegoba uari erTqva birTvuli iara-
Ris sakuTar programebze SesaZloa nawilobriv CineTis mimarT misi frTxili
damokidebulebiTac iyos gamowveuli. imave mizeziT, iaponiis liderebi Ci-
neTis samxedro modernizacias cudad SeniRbuli gangaSiT uyureben. viet-
namelebs ar daviwyebiaT 1979 wels CineTTan sasazRvro omi da periodulad
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis usafrTxoebis aliansis Seqmnis mcdelobas iwye-
ben CrdiloeTis kolosis winaaRmdeg. filipinebs, wynari okeanis dasavleTSi
amerikis Zvel erTgul mokavSires, gadauWreli dava aqvs CineTTan samxreT
CineTis zRvaSi mdebare potenciurad navTobiT mdidari kunZulebis Taoba-
ze. yvelaze saSiS mdgomareobaSi taivani imyofeba, romelsac pekini CineTis
nawilad miiCnevs da romlis SemoerTebis survili aqvs.
CineTis perioduli samxedro-sazRvao wvrTnebi am SiSs aZlierebs, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom taivani simtkicis SenarCunebas cdilobs SeerTebuli
Statebis samxedro-sazRvao flotis mxardaWeriT. kidev erTi potenciurad
feTqebadi sakiTxi gadaiWra incidentis gareSe, roca 1997 wels didma bri-
taneTma formalurad daabruna honkongi CineTis kontrolis qveS. es aqti,
romelmac wertili dausva TiTqmis saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi britanul
mmarTvelobas xmaurian saerTaSoriso savaWro da finansuri centrze, pe-
kinma msoflio politikaSi CineTis axali statusis niSanad.
CineTi amomavali zesaxelmwifoa, ara ubralod ekonomikuri, aramed samx-
edro TvalsazriTac (ix. sqema 7-4). zogierTi damkvirvebeli miiCnevs, rom XXI
saukuneSi CineTi SesaZloa SeerTebuli Statebis metoqedac ki mogvevlinos.
ase rom, amerikuli perspeqtividan mniSvnelovani kiTxva ikveTeba: iTanamS-
romleben da SeinarCuneben Tu ara CineTi da SeerTebuli Statebi karg urT-
ierTobebs, Tu metoqeobisaTvis, an SesaZloa mtrobisTvisac ki arian isni
ganwirulni?
258 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

sabrZolo sam- tanki mln birTvu- mSp-Si

TviTmfri- xedro jaris- li qobini samxedro
navi gemi kaci xarjebis
%-li wili

CineTi 5 224 110 9 400 3.0 300 + 5.7

indoeTi 700 39 3500 1.1 25 2.5
CrdiloeT korea 730 26 4.200 1.1 n/a 25.2
ruseTi 4500 299 17 000 1.5 6.000 7.4
SeerTebuli 4 971 237 12 500 1.5 6.000 3.8
Statebi

sqema 7-4 CineTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis modernizeba denis erT-erTi prioriteti iyo,
rac safiqrals aCenda, rom `mzard CineTs~ aziis samxedro balansis darRveva SeeZlo.
wyaro: Newsweek, 3 marti 1997, Tavi. cxxxix, #9, gv. 28. gamokvleva ekuTvnis heritiqis
fondsa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds, avtorebi arian ana kuCmenti da dante Cini.
© 1997 Newsweek, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.

azia: ekonomikuri tranzicia

(da Tavisuflebac?)
miuxedavad imisa, rom CineTi aziis giganturi saxelmwifoa, yvelaze STam-
beWdavi ekonomikuri miRwevebi am regionSi mainc sxvagan dafiqsirda. iaponi-
is Semdeg yvelaze warmatebuli, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis strategiebi Semdegma saxelmwifoebma SeimuSaves: samxreT koream,
taivanma, honkongma (CineTis naxevrad damoukidebeli nawili 1997 wlidan) da
singapurma. am oTxi saxelmwifos mier miRweulma warmatebebma, romelTac
xSirad oTx patara drakons an aziis vefxvebs uwodeben, dasabami misca sax-
elmwifoTa axali kategoriis _ axali industriuli qveynebis (NIC) _ war-
moSobas. aziis sxva saxelmwifoebmac, maT Soris tailandma, malaiziam da in-
doneziam, kursi Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikuri reformebisaken aiRes, im
mizniT, rom sagareo investiciebi miezidaT da eqsportis ganviTarebisaTvis
SeewyoT xeli. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am etapze samxreT korea da taivani
moeqceva, radgan isini saeqsporto bazrebisaTvis konkurencias iaponias
uweven da amavdroulad, politikuri liberalizaciis mimarTulebiTac ga-
dadges nabijebi. am mxriv, isini mkveTrad gansxvavdebian regionis uzarmaz-
ari saxelmwifosagan, CineTisagan, romelic yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeboda
fundamentur politikur cvlilebebs.

nax. 4
samxreTi korea

samxreT koreis ekonomikuri transformacia Raribi, soflis meurneoba-

ze damokidebuli qveynidan Zalamokrebil, teqnologiurad dawinaurebuli
mewarmeobis seqtoris mqone Tanamedrove industriul saxelmwifod XX sau-
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 259
kunis miwurulisaTvis dasrulebul faqts warmoadgenda. samxreT koreis
mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, mas
imave doneze ayenebs, ra donezec portugalia da saberZneTia, orive evroka-
vSiris wevri. ra Tqma unda, es ukanasknelni evropis mdidar saxelmwifoebTan
SedarebiT RaribTa ricxvSi Sedian. ukeTesad rom warmovaCinoT samxreT ko-
reis miRwevebi, sakmarisia mxolod aRvniSnoT, rom samxreT koreis mTliani
Sida produqti erT sul mosaxleze metia laTinuri amerikis yvelaze mdidari
qveynis, argentinis Sesabamis maCvenebelze da orjer meti braziliis, Ciles,
meqsikis da venesuelis, regionis oTxi wamyvani saxelmwifos maCveneblebze,
romlebic aseve tranziciis procesSi imyofebian.
1990-ian wlebSi, rodesac samxreT koreis ekonomikam stagnacia daiwyo,
mTavrobam prezident kim de iungis meTaurobiT gabeduli reformebis
prog rama wamoiwyo. tradiciulad, samxreT koreis ekonomikaSi uzarmaz-
ari industriuli konglomeratebi da regulirebisagan Tavisufali didi
bankebi dominirebdnen: specifikuri interesebis gavlenis gazrdam Sede-
gad konkurenciis CaxSoba moitana. 1990-iani wlebis bolos aziuri gripis
saxelwodebiT cnobili aziis finansuri krizisi marTalia samxreT koreaSi
ar dawyebula, magram iqac gamanadgurebeli gavlena hqonda. didma bankebma
fuli didi biznesis warmomadgenlebs yovelgvari finansuri garantiebis
gareSe asesxes. am situaciam da qveynis ekonomikis gamococxlebis zoga-
dma saWiroebam daarwmuna saxalxod arCeuli prezidenti, rom aucilebeli
iyo agresiuli saxelmwifo Careva ganexorcielebina _ SewinaaRmdegeboda
mTavrobis mier ekonomikis kontrols da amavdroulad, moqmedebis meti
Tavisufleba sabazro ZalebisaTvis mieca. Sedegad, gvian 1990-ian wlebSi
samxreT koreis mTavrobam tranziciis meore ZiriTadi procesi wamoiwyo,
romelic moicavda sxvadasxva didi industriuli konglomeratebis re-
struqturizacias da sabanko reformebs, ramac Zalian dadebiTi Sedegebi
gamoiRo. 2000 wels samxreT koreis ekonomika Zlier aRmavlobas da dabal
inflacias ganicdida.
ramdenad iyo es meore tranzicia politikuri da amavdroulad ekonomi-
kuric? eWvgareSea, rom politikam mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa. aziis sxva
sazogadoebaTa msgavsad, koreelebic mudam avtoritaruli saxelmwifos mier
imarTebodnen. CrdiloeT korea meore msoflio omis periodidan iyo (da aris)
komunisturi, maSin roca samxreT korea, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis axlo
mokavSire saxelmwifo, antikomunisturia. miuxedavad amisa, samxreTkoreuli
`demokratia~ sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara prodasavluri politikis mqone sax-
elmwifos fasadi. magram 1997 wels, gaprezidentebis wina ori warumatebeli
mcdelobis Semdeg, kim de iungi gaxda samxreT koreaSi pirveli opozicioneri
kandidati, romelic prezidentad airCies, (iseve rogorc, visente foqsi gax-
da pirveli arCeuli opozicioneri prezidenti meqsikaSi, sadac mis arCevamde
sul raRac sami wliT adre erTpartiuli sistema iyo gabatonebuli). opozi-
cioneri kandidatis prezidentad arCeva garRvevaa nebismier qveyanaSi, ro-
melic liberaluri demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiT politikuri
tranziciis procesSi imyofeba. rogorc vnaxavT, 2000 wels aseTi garRveva
kidev sul mcire erT adgilas moxda.
260 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

taivani

taivani damoukidebeli II msoflio omis Semdeg gaxda, rodesac Cinel-

ma komunistebma, mao Zedunis meTaurobiT, daamarcxes Can kaiSis naciona-
listebi. 1972 wlamde, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aRiarebda taivans,
rogorc CineTis legitimur mTavrobas, Tumca isic aSkara iyo, rom qvey-
nis kontinentur nawils pekinis komunisturi reJimi akontrolebda. 1972
wlidan taivani gaxda damoukidebeli, Tumca mas suverenul sa xelmwifod
ar aRiareben. amis mizezi ki is gaxlavT, rom CineTis saxalxo respublikam
miaRwia eRiarebinaT misi moTxovna, rom taivani aris CineTis nawili, rom
arsebobs mxolod erTi CineTi da rom pekini aris CineTis dedaqalaqi.
miuxedavad amisa, taivani inarCunebs mWidro ekonomikur kavSirebs aSS-
Tan, kvlav sargeblobs misi samxedro ZlierebiTa da diplomatiuri keTili
nebiT. taivanis ekonomika erT-erTi yvelaze dinamikuria aziaSi, didi tem-
piT uswrebs ra samxreT koreas. realurad, taivani evropaSi rom iyos, erT
sulze mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis mixedviT ufro win iqneboda,
vidre portugalia da saberZneTi da imave ligaSi, sadac aris espaneTi. am
`ekonomikur saswaulSi~ araferia axali, magram taivanis bolodroindeli
moZraoba liberaluri sazogadoebrivi da politikuri wesrigisaken namd-
vilad axalia.
1988 wels, li ten-hui gaxda pirveli adgilobrivi taivaneli lideri, ro-
melmac moipova prezidentoba da amavdroulad iyo pirveli saxalxod arCeu-
li prezidenti taivanis istoriaSi. lim, misi Tormetwliani prezidentobis
dros, gaatara radikaluri politikuri reformebi, agrZelebda ra 1980-iani
wlebis SuaxanebSi Tavisi winamorbedis, Can Cin-kuos (Can kaiSis vaJi) mier
wamowyebul procesebs. nacionalisturi partiis rkinis xelis CamoSorebis
yvelaze didi Sedegi iyo 2000 wlis arCevnebSi opoziciis kandidatis, Cen
Sui-binis gamarjveba. esec erT-erTi pirveli SemTxveva iyo taivanis poli-
tikur istoriaSi.

aziis vefxvebi

samxreT koreasa da taivanSi dRes arsebuli politikuri liberalizacia mas

Semdeg daiwyo, rac ekonomikurma cvlilebebma am ori sazogadoebis transfo-
rmacia moaxdina. ekonomikuri liberalizaciis aseTi forma, garkveuli mniSvne-
lovani politikuri cvlilebis gareSe, damaxasiaTebelia mTeli aziisaTvis.
realurad, aziis yvelaze warmatebul ekonomikas qalaq-saxelmwifo singa-
puri warmoadgens, romlis mmarTveloba mTlianad uaryofda dasavluri ti-
pis liberalur-demokratiul institutebs. filipinebmac da tailandmac da
SedarebiT naklebad malaiziam da indoneziam, liberalizaciis reformebi
gansxvavebuli xarisxiT ganaxorcieles. magram iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa
CrdiloeT korea, vietnami, laosi da mianma (birma) Caflulni rCebian im struq-
turebsa da sistemebSi, ramac fundamenturi ekonomikuri da politikuri cv-
lilebebi SeuZlebeli gaxada.
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 261
maSin roca tranziciis procesi aziis saxelmwifoebma ekonomikuri refo-
rmebiT daiwyes, laTinurma amerikam igive procesi politikuri cvlilebiT
daiwyo. 1980-ian wlebSi laTinuri politikis demokratizaciis procesi swrafi
iyo da myari, magram laTinuri amerika kvlav rCeba ekonomikuri aRorZinebis
receptis Zebnis procesSi myof regionad.

laTinuri amerika: politikuri tranzicia

(da keTildReobac?)

me-19 saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi mopovebuli damoukideblobidan moyo-

lebuli samxedro-biurokratiuli mmarTveloba saukuneebis manZilze
laTinur amerika-Si tradicias warmoadgenda. laTinuri amerikis saxelmwi-
foebi (adre portugaliis an espaneTis koloniebi) damoukidebelni gaxdnen
didi xniT adre, vidre msoflios sxva nawilebSi evropuli koloniuri im-
periebi daiSlebodnen. samxedro diqtatura praqtikaSi da liberalur-de-
mokratiul Rirebulebebi TeoriaSi didi xani Tanaarsebobdnen. saxalxod
arCeuli samoqalaqo mTavroba 1980 wlamde mxolod ramdenime qveyanaSi iyo
_ kolumbia, venesuela da kosta-rika. magram viTareba Seicvala _ sakmarisi
cvlilebebi moxda imisaTvis, rom daiwyos axali epoqa laTinuri amerikis is-
toriaSi, axali gverdi laTinuri amerikis politikaSi da savaraudod, axali
etapi laTinuri amerikis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi.

reformis anabana (argentina, brazilia, Gile)

1980-ian wlebSi samxedro diqtaturebi erTi meoris miyolebiT tovebda

politikur arenas da adgils demokratiulad arCeul samoqalaqo mTav-
robas uTmobda. dRes, regionSi faqtobrivad yvela mTavroba liberalur
demokratias warmoadgens. politikuri tranziciebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi
erTmaneTs daemTxva, rac gulisxmobda, rom laTinuri amerika momwifebuli
iyo politikuri reformisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom politikur cvlilebas
Zala ekonomikuri reformebis saWiroebam SesZina, rasac am regionis mrava-
li saxelmwifos uzarmazari sagareo valic adasturebda. valebis simZimem,
gaerTianebulma moZvelebul ekonomikur struqturebTan da arakonkuren-
tunarian sawamoebTan, maRal inflaciasTan, masobriv umuSevrobasTan,
farTod gavrcelebul siRaribesTan da Sokis momgvrel uTanasworobas-
Tan mdidarsa da Rarib fenebs Soris, regionSi TviTrwmenis krizisi da mox-
marebis arnaxuli vardna gamoiwvia (milionobiT adamians, gansakuTrebiT
kampesinoebs [glexebs _ mTargmn. Sen.] soflebSi, gadarCenisaTvis brZola
saarsebo minimumis pirobebSi uwevT).
Cilem gezi sakuTari ekonomikis reformirebaze aiRo. faqtobrivad, Cile
gamonaklisia laTinur amerikaSi, radgan qveyanam sabazro reformebi sakuTari
politikuri sistemis demokratizaciamde ganaxorciela. augusto pinoCetis
mmarTvelobis pirobebSi (1974-1990), Cile erT-erT yvelaze mkveTrad
262 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

gamokveTil samxedro diqtaturas warmoadgenda, magram sabazro Zalebis mier

stimulirebuli Ciles ekonomika mainc gamococxlda. amis msgavsi warmateba
sxvagan laTinur amerikaSi ar momxdara, rac, Tavis mxriv, gvexmareba avxsnaT
1980-ian wlebSi samxedro mmarTvelobis dacemis mizezebi.
braziliaSi 1985 wels samxedro mmarTvelobam gza samoqalaqo mTavrobas
dauTmo da sami wlis Semdeg man axali konstitucia miiRo, romelmac pre-
zidentis pirdapiri arCevenebis Catareba uzrunvelyo. braziliis mTvroba
ekonomikis restruqturizaciasa da reformirebas cdilobs. qveyanas mZime
tvirTad awevs didi sagareo valebi, qronikuli sabiujeto deficiti, eqs-
tensiuri siRaribe soflad da aSkara uTanasworoba. brazilias saswrafod
sWirdeba socialuri usafrTxoebis sistemis arsebiTi gadaxedva da saga-
dasaxado reforma, raTa gaawonasworos sazogadoebis mdgomareoba. magram
es zomebi qveyanaSi, sadac konstituciuri demokratia jer kidev misi siWabu-
kis (Tu ara Cvilobis) asakSia, politikurad urTules sakiTxs warmoadgens.
argentinis samxedro mmarTvelebi gaecalnen qveyanas mas Semdeg, rac
isini britaneTTan folklendis kunZulebisaTvis omSi samarcxvinod dam-
arcxdnen (1982w). saprezidento demokratia _ argentina erT sul mo-
saxleze mTliani Sida produqtis maCveneblis mixedviT umdidres qveyanas
warmoadgens samxreT amerikaSi. Tumca, argentinis ekonomikuri qmedebe-
bi aseve imedgacruebas iwvevda. imisaTvis, rom SeekavebinaT inflacia da
sabiujeto deficiti, argentinis valebiT datvirTulma mTavrobam gadaw-
yvita wasuliyo mkacr sabiujeto ekonomiaze (maRali gadasaxadebi da Sez-
Rudvebi xarjvaze). amis Sedegad, umuSevroba daaxloebiT 15 procents
Seadgenda gasul wlebSi, mag ram `muxruWze fexis aSvebis SemTxvevaSi~,
mTavroba SiSobs, rom ucxoel investorebs daafrTxobs.
problemebi, romlis winaSec dganan brazilia da argentina, mTeli danar-
Ceni regionisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. laTinur amerikaSi politikuri
reforma (demokratizacia) aRmoCnda ufro martivi, vidre ekonomikuri re-
forma da aRorZineba. amis mizezi bevri da gansxvavebulia; yvelaze ufro
gadauWreli problemebi arsebiTad socialuri da kulturuli probleme-
bia. laTinur amerikuli sazogadoeba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo zedmetad
elitisturi da usamarTlo. uTanasworoba imdenad didia da simdidre im-
denad aris koncentrirebuli, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobas ara aqvs sak-
marisi msyidvelobiTi SesaZlebloba imisaTvis, rom iyos momxmarebeli, am
sityvis yvelanairi mniSvnelobiT. myarad mzardi ekonomika yovelTvis aso-
cirdeba masobrivi moxmarebis fenomenTan. laTinur amerikaSi masebs xSirad
ar gaaCniaT kargi samsaxuri an mdgradi Semosavali da Sesabamisad ver CaerT-
vebian im saxis moxmarebaSi, romelic, eqsportTan erTad, swraf ekonomikur
ganviTarebas iwvevs. ase rom `simdidris ganawileba~ ara mxolod zneobrivi
imperativia, aramed ekonomikuri imperativicaa _ simdidris mudmivi cirku-
lacis pirobebSi, rodesac am procesSi mTeli sazogadoeba araa CarTuli,
rTulia, Tu ara SeuZlebeli, daasrulo tranzicia sasoflo tipis, neli tem-
pebiT mzardi, proteqcionistuli ekonomikidan Tanamedrove, bazarze da-
fuZnebuli, saqalaqo-industriuli, eqsportze orientirebuli ekonomikis
mimarTulebiT. Tumca, sabolood rogorc Cans, laTinuri amerika mainc mi-
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 263
aRwevs am mizans, magram regionis gaRaribebul masebs iq misasvlelad didi
dro dasWirdebaT.

meqsika

bolos, Cven mivubrundebiT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxreTel

mezobels _ meqsikas. meqsika aris kargi magaliTi im istoriuli winaaRmde-
gobisa, romelic laTinuri amerikis Zalian bevr qveyanaSi SeimCneva _ roman-
tikuli mikuTvnebuloba demokratiuli idealebisadmi, romelic respubli-
kis mantiaSi gamowyobil avtoritarul reJimTan Tanaarsebobda. I msoflio
omidan moyolebuli meqsika warmoadgenda liberalur demokratias, oRond
qaRaldze. realobaSi ki, 2000 wlamde meqsikaSi konkurentuli arCevnebis ms-
gavsi araferi yofila. sabolood, instituciur _ revoluciuri partiis
erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis aTwleulebis Semdeg, meqsikel amomrCevlebs
realuri arCevani da realuri SesaZlebloba miecaT. arCevani iyo insti-
tuciur _ revoluciuri partiis kandidatsa da opoziciis sxva kandidatebs
Soris. es iyo pirveli SesaZlebloba meqsikaSi _ Tavisufali da samarTliani
arCevnebi. Sedegi iyo gamaognebeli: opoziciis kandidatma visente foqsma,
romelic erovnuli mmedebis partias warmoadgenda, gamarjveba moipova.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi meqsika amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan da
kanadasTan erTad SeuerTda CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis
SeTanxmebas (NAFTA), ramac biZgi misca meqsikis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
perspeqtivas. Tumca, araefeqtiani saxelmwifo kompaniebis (magaliTad,
sanavTobo monopolisti PEMEX) myarad momagrebuli interesebis da ko-
rumpirebuli, sakuTari privilegiebis dakargvis SiSiT Sepyrobili bi-
urokratiis pirobebSi Sida sabazro reformebis gatareba sakmaod rTulia.
CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis asociaciaSi wevroba meqsikas
uxsnis gzas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bazrebTan. is aseve aZlevs aSS-s
meqsikis mTavrobaze zemoqmedebis meqanizmebs imisaTvis, rom man ekonomi-
kuri reformebi daaCqaros. roca prezident foqsi xelisuflebaSi movida,
igi pirobas debda, rom zustad amas gaakeTebda. es ar iqneba ufro advili
meqsikaSi, vidre iyo mTels danarCen laTinur amerikaSi, magram meqsikas,
sxva arCevani arc aqvs Tu mas surs konkurencia gauwios amerikis SeerTebul
Statebsa da kanadas, rogorc NAFTA-s Tanasworma wevrma.
regionis masStabiT laTinurma amerikam politikuri pluralizmisa da
liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT mkveTri Semobruneba moaxdina. ma-
gram liberalizaciis ekonomikuri sargebeli jer kidev gansaxorcielebelia
da elodeba sul mcire or rames: pirveli, gabedul reformebs umaRles xe-
lisuflebasa da fesvgadgmul biurokratias Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis
da cvlilebis momxreebsa da mdidar miwaTmflobel elitas Soris konfliqtis
fonze; meore, saarCevno uflebaminiWebuli da gaZlierebuli glexebis mo-
bilizacias, visac pirvelad mie-ca sistemaSi sakuTari sityvis Tqmis SesaZ-
lebloba.
264 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

daskvna

komunisturma xelisuflebam TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi marcxi ganicada.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSla am fenomenis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia. miuxedavad
amisa, ramdenime saxelmwifom _ gansakuTrebiT CineTma _ gaagrZela komunis-
turi mmarTveloba. komunizmis marcxi yuradRebas miapyrobs yofili sabWo-
Ta blokis saxelmwifoebis tranziciis problemebze. sxva qveynebi, rogori-
caa samxreT korea da taivani aziaSi da argentina, brazilia da Cile laTinur
amerikaSi aseve gadian politikuri da ekonomikuri tranziciis process.
tradiciulad, sabWoTa sistema iyo totalitaruli, stalinis imijis Se-
saferisad Seqmnili. mixeil gorbaCovamde mxolod nikita xruSCovma scada
misi Serbileba. sabWoTa sistemaSi marTavda komunisturi partia da Tanam-
deboba partiaSi iyo saukeTeso indikatori pirovnebis politikuri Zalau-
flebis Sesafaseblad. rodesac gorbaCovi dawinaurda komunisturi partiis
wamyvan Tanamdebobaze 1985 wels, mis winaSe idga rogorc rTuli ekonomi-
kuri, aseve socialuri problemebi, romelic centraluri dagegmvis mar-
cxiT iyo gamowveuli. damatebiT, mas aseve unda daeZlia sabWoTa elitis,
nomenklaturis TviTkmayofileba da winaaRmdegoba. komunisturi sistemis
reorganizaciis mcdelobisas, gorbaCovma gaatara ekonomikuri reformebi
(perestroika), politikuri liberalizacia (glasnosti) da demokratiul
politikuri reformebi (demokratizacia). es zomebi arasakmarisi aRmoCnda
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris gadasarCenad.
ruseTi (boris elcinis mmarTvelobis dros) da damoukidebel saxelmwi-
foTa Tanamegobroba, sabWoTa kavSiris memkvidreobas warmoadgenda. elcinic
saSiSi politikuri gamowvevebis winaSe idga, maT Soris: mudmivi ekonomikuri
uwesrigoba, eTnikuri fragmentacia da saxelmwifos mSeneblobis aucile-
bloba. Tu ramdenad warmatebulad Sexvdeba ruseTi am gamowvevebs, amazea
damokidebuli am qveynis momavali, aseve, iqneba Tu ara igi demokratiuli.
samxreTi korea da taivani tranziciis procesSi myofi aziuri sazoga-
doebis ori magaliTia. orive qveyanam tranzicia ganaxorciela jer saba-
zro (Tumca naxevrad proteqcionistuli) ekonomikis mimarTulebiT da
Semdeg miubrunda politikur reformebs. samxreT koream axlaxan wamoiwyo
reformis axali programa, romelic miznad isaxavda bolo moeRo ganviTa-
rebis Semaferxebeli monopolisturi struqturebisa da saqmianobisaTvis.
taivans aqvs erT-erTi yvelaze dinamikuri ekonomika aziaSi, magram bolo
dromde is nacionaluri partiis erTpartiul diqtaturas warmoadgenda.
politikurma reformebma 2000 wels opoziciis kandidatis Cen Sui binis ar-
Ceva gamoiwvia.
tranziciis procesi laTinur amerikaSi warmoadgens aziis Sebrunebul va-
riants. argentina, brazilia, Cile da meqsika regionis oTxi ZiriTadi qveya-
naa. tranzicia liberaluri demokratiis mimarTulebiT am qveynebSi, garda
meqsikisa, ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebamde ganxorcielda. laTinuri
amerika politikuri ekonomiis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi `tranziciasa~ da `gan-
viTarebas~ Soris waSlili zRvris ilustraciaa. sanam laTinuri amerikis
 saxelmwifoebi gardamaval periodSi 265
qveynebi Zalian mdidre-bad (umciresoba) da Zalian Raribebad (umravlesoba)
dayofili sazogadoebis tranzicias daasruleben, SesaZloa ekonomikuri
ganviTareba Seferxdes.

sakvanZo sityvebi

damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Ta- zeda palata)

namegobroba (dsT)
nomenklatura
perestroika (gardaqmna)
glasnosti (sajarooba)
liberalizacia
demokratizacia
federaluri asamblea (ruseTis
federaciis sakanonmdeblo or-
gano)
federaciis sabWo (ruseTis fed-
eraciis sakanonmdeblo organos
duma (saTaTbiro, ruseTis fed-
eraciis sakanonmdeblo organos
qveda palata)
politbiuro (komunisturi par-
tiis centraluri aRmasrulebeli
oragno)
axali industriuli qveynebi
aziuri gripi
CrdiloT amerikis Tavisufali
vaWrobis xelSekruleba (NAFTA)

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ra problemebis winaSe idga sabWoTa kavSiri 1985 wels?

2. rogor daupirispirda prezidenti gorbaCovi sabWoTa kavSiris prob-
lemebs? ramdenad warmatebuli iyo igi? axseniT.
3. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxva, romelic dRes dgas ruseTis wi-
naSe, aris Semdegi: SeZlebs Tu ara igi stabilur demokratiad Camoyalibe-
bas? gaakeTe komentari ruseTis tranziciis problemebze.
4. aqamde romelma qveynebma moaxdina yvelaze warmatebuli tranzicia?
5. Seadare tranziciis procesebi aRmosavleT evropasa da laTinur
amerikaSi.
6. Seadare tranziciis procesebi aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi.

SeniSvnebi

1. Thomas M. Magstadt, Nations and Governments: Comparative Politics in

Regional Perspective (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002), 226-235.
2. Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Time Books, 1978), 83.
3. ixileT, Susan Dentzer, Jeff Triamble, and Bruce Auster, `The Soviet Econ-
266 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

omy in Shambles,~ US News&World Report, November 20, 1989, 25-29,32,

35-37, and 39.
4. iqve., 25 da 26 gv.
5. Walter Laquer, The Dream That Failed (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1994), 71-73.
6. ixileT, Milovan Djilas, The New Class ( New York,: Praeger, 1957); and
Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Time Books, 1978), 30-67.
7. `Russia,~ World Factbook (electronic edition), Central Intelligence Agen-
cy,
1996, 6.
8. `Emerging Market Indicators,~ Economist, March 15, 1997, 108.
9. ix. `Emerging Market Indicators,~ Economist, April 13, 2002,104.
10. Vera Tolz, `Thorny Road toward Federalism in Russia,~ Radio Free Eu-
rope/Radio Liberty Research Report 48 (December 1993): 1.
11. `Russia’s Regions: Fiefs and Chiefs,`Economist, January 25, 1997, 47.
12. Claire Sterling, `Redfellas: The Growing Power of Russia’s Mob,~ New Re-
public, 11 a prili, 1994, 19.
13. Xan Smiley, `Russia’s Wobbles Ahead,`The World in 1997 (ekonomistis
weliwleuli)., 39.
14. ix. Matthew Valencia, `Lipming Towards Normality: A Survey of Poland,~
The Economist, October 27, 2001, 3-16
15. A. Doak Barnett, `Ten Years after Mao,~ Foreign Affairs (Summer 1986): 38.
16. iqve, 39.
17. ix. Peter Ferdinand, `Social Change and the Chinese Communist Party,~ Journal of
International Affairs 49, no. 2 (Winter 1996): 478-492.
18. `Deng’s China,~ Economist, February 22,1997,21.
19. iqve. ix. aseve Johanna McGeary, `The Next China,~ Time, March 3,1997, 52-53.
20. es 1996 wlis monacemebia. gansxvaveba aixsneba im faqtiT, rom msoflio
banki siRaribis standartad miiCnevs dReSi 1 aSS dolaris gamomuSavebas.
CineTis standarti gansazRvravs ramdeni Cinelia Raribi CineTis keTil-
dReobis standartis mixedviT. ix. World Bank News, October 25, 1996, 5. ix.
aseve msoflio bankis pres-relizi # 96/41 EAP.
21. `China’s Feuding Regions,~ Economist, April 20,1996,27.
22. `China Learns the World’s Rule,~ The World in 2001 (London: The Economist News-
paper Limited, 2000), 85-86.
23. Ferdinand, `Social Change and the Chinese Communist party,~ 483.
24. iqve, 478.
25. es msjeloba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba `China’s Feuding Regions,~ 27-28.
26. ix., `Charting the Deng Revolution,~ Newsweek, March 3,1997,26-27.
27. Robert G. Wesson, Communism and communist systems (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1978), 172-173.
T aavv i V II
III

ganviTarebadi
qveynebi

demokratia Tu diqta-
tura

ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifika-

cia
ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla
kolonializmis memkvidreoba
politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi
gamowveva
demokratia da ganviTarebadi qvey-
nebi
demokratiis korelatebi de-
mokratiuli strategiebi de-
mokratia ganviTarebad qveynebSi:
tendencia Tu iluzia?
ganviTarebis Tavsatexi
ganviTarebis motivebi
ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi
barierebi ganviTarebis winaSe
mdgari fsiqologiuri barierebi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
dabrkolebebi ganviTarebis mar-
cxi
disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi:
somali iugoslavia siera
leone avRaneTi
ganviTarebis Teoria: tendenciuri
msjeloba?
WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis pata-
ra binZuri saidumlo

267
268 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi arc eri-saxelmwifod da arc zeaxelm-

wifod meoce saukunemde ar Camoyalibebula. geografiulma izolirebam,
energiulma xalxma, uxvma bunebrivma resursebma da uzarmazarma terito-
riebma xeli Seuwyo mis ganviTarebas, brZenma damfuZneblebma da iRbalma ki
msoflio liderobisaken misi saboloo aRmasvla ganapiroba. ekonomikurad
sakmaod mdidari aSS-s sazogadoeba industriuli da samecniero kuTxiT gan-
viTarebulia: amerikeli xalxis mniSvnelovani procenti inawilebs qveynis
simdidres, aris nakiTxi da ganaTlebuli da sakuTar Tavs didi sazogadoebis
wevrad miiCnevs. politikurad _ aSS-s mTavroba kargad Camoyalibebulia, igi
efeqtianad qmnis politikuri Zalauflebis gadacemis winapirobas da uzrun-
velyofs sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebasa da individualur usafrTxoebas.
amis sapirispirod, ganviTarebadi qveynebi (romlebsac agreTve naklebad
ganviTarebul qveynebs, modernizirebad an mesame samyaros eri-saxelmwi-
foebs uwodeben) ver akmayofileben erT an ramdenime CamoTvlil kriteri-
ums. xSirad, yovelive amas dramatuli xasiaTi aqvs. amgvari warumateblobis
mtkivneuli Sedegebia: siRaribe, eTnikuri, religiuri da traibaluri
(tomTaSorisi) konfliqtebis maRali maCvenebeli, farTod gavrcelebuli
gaunaTlebloba, politikuri areulobebi da mniSvnelovani klasobrivi
dayofa. dRes mravali afrikuli, aziuri da laTinur-amerikuli eri miis-
wrafvis imgvari ayvavebulobisa da stabilurobisaken, romelic aqvs evro-
pisa da wynari okeanis sartyelis qveyne-bs (avstralia, axali zelandia da
iaponia), agreTve amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadas. egreT wodebuli
ganviTarebadi qveynebi sruli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri gan-
viTarebisaken mimaval saxifaTo bilikze udides dabrkolebebs awydebian.
yvelaze cud SemTxvevebSi, ekonomika ganicdis mkveTr vardnas, mTavroba
uaRresad warumatebelia, sazogadoeba nawilebad ixliCeba da mTeli mo-
saxleoba CaTreulia swored imgvar koSmarul samoqalaqo omSi, romelsac
cnobili ingliseli politikis filosofosi Tomas hobsi meCvidmete sauku-
neSi moiazrebda rogorc `yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg~. amgvari saSineli
winaswarmetyveleba realobad iqca iseT adgilebSi, rogoricaa yofili
iugoslavia, avRaneTi, afrikis qveynebi (maT Soris somali, ruanda, kongo
da siera leone). imisaTvis, rom ukeTesad gavigoT is eqstremaluri sirTu-
leebi, romlebsac ganviTarebadi qveynebi awydebian, saWiroa ufro axlodan
SevxedoT egreT wodebuli `mesame samyaros~ (termini, romelic kvlav mox-
erxebulia, magram drois Sesaferisi aRaraa) politikur konteqsts.

ganviTarebadi qveynebis klasifikacia

adamianebi pirobiT aRniSvnebs an Jargonebs, rogorc semantikur instru-

ments, yoveldRiur saubrebSi xSirad iyeneben. amasTan, es terminebi banal-
urobis elfers iZens, xSirad maTi gamoyeneba sasargeblo ar aris. swored
amgvar SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme ganviTarebadi qveynebis `mesame samyarod~
moxseniebisas. es termini civi omis dros popularuli klasifikaciis sqemi-
dan momdinareobs, rodesac pirveli samyaro Crdilo-amerikis, dasavleT
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 269
evropis, iaponiis, avstraliis da axali zelandiis mowinave industriuli
demokratiebisagan Sedgeboda, xolo meore samyaro komunistur qveynebs
aerTianebda da moicavda yofil sabWoTa kavSirs, mis satelitur qveynebs
centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi, sxvadasxva komunistur saxelmwi-
foebs aziaSi, kubasa da CineTs. yvela sxva danarCeni qveyana, romelic arc
ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli da arc komunisturi iyo, mesame samyarod
iwodeboda. asea Tu ise, komunizmis kraxisa da yofil komunistur saxelm-
wifoebSi transformaciis dawyebis Sedegad (ix. Tavi VII) mesame samyaros
cnebas azri daekarga _ Tuki meore samyaro gaqra, mesame rogor iarsebebs
(Tu mesame samyarom meoris adgili daikava maSin, roca meore jerac ar Serw-
ymia pirvels?). termini kvlav gamoiyeneba, Tumca ukve iSviaTad.
ganviTarebad qveynebs `samxreTsac~ uwodebdnen, rac ekvatoris Crdilo-
eTiT mdebare ganviTarebul industriul qveynebsa da samxreTis naklebad gan-
viTarebul qveynebs Soris udides uTanasworobas asaxavs. zogierT damkvir-
vebels miaCnia, rom CrdiloeTis mdidari erebi ekonomikur eqspluatacias
uweven samxreTis Rarib erebs, rasac `CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis~ konfliqt-
sac ki uwodeben. amgvari kategorizacia damabnevelia. `CrdiloeTad da
samxreTad~ dayofis sityva-sityviT ganmarteba gulisxmobs ara marto samxre-
Tis ekonomikurad Rarib qveynebs, aramed agreTve avstraliasa da axal ze-
landiasac _ or qveyanas, romlebic aSkarad igive kategorias miekuTvnebian,
rasac dasavleT evropis mdidari liberaluri demokratiebi. erovnuli
simdidris, politikuri institutebis da saerTaSoriso statusis mixed-
viT, iseTi gansxvavebuli qveynebi, rogorebicaa saudis arabeTi, samxreT
afrika da brazilia ar Seesabamebian CrdiloeTis da samxreTis paradigmas.
aseve samxreTi korea, taivani, honkongi da singapuric.
Cven vuyurebT ganviTarebad samyaros da gviCndeba kiTxva `vin?~. rome-
lia im samyaros qveynebi, romelic ganviTarebis sirTuleebs gadis? sinamd-
vileSi, yvela qveyana an viTardeba, an ingreva. is, rac zogadad termin `gan-
viTarebad qveynebSi~ igulisxmeba, aris Semdegi: msoflios xalxTa (erTa)
umetesobas ara aqvs ganaTlebis, dasaqmebis, dasvenebis, mogzaurobis an
Warbi moxmarebis saSualeba, rac dasavleT evropis qveynebisTvisaa damaxa-
siaTebeli (ara marto dasavleTis, aramed iaponiis, avstraliis, axali ze-
landiisa da ramodenime sxva qveynisTvisac). ufro metic, mravali qveyana
ver daikvexnis kargi mTavrobiT, anu pasuxismgeblobis mqone, stabiluri
da sufTa (arakorumpirebuli) mTavrobiT. Sedegad, rodesac vambobT, rom
qveyana viTardeba, vgulisxmobT, rom is jer araa WeSmaritad modernizebuli
(dasavleTis qveynebis analogiurad) da vvaraudobT, rom rodesac (Tu) es
qveynebi ganviTardebian, isini ufro da ufro metad daemsgavsebian SeerTe-
bul Statebs (urbanizaciis, sekularizaciis, materializmisa da teqnolo-
giebze damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT).

ganviTarebadi qveynebis Seswavla

ganviTarebadi qveynebis martivad ganzogadeba SeuZlebeli Tu ara, Zalze

rTulia. ar arsebobs im qveynebis kategoriebad dayofis advili gza, romle-
270 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

bic dedamiwis zedapiris TiTqmis naxevars faraven da msoflios mosaxleo-

bis daaxloebiT 60 procents Seadgenen1 (ix. cxrili 8-1). uxeSad rom vTqvaT,
dedamiwaze arsebuli 190 qveynidan 115-s SeiZleba ganviTarebadi ewodos;
amaTgan mTeli 40% saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrikaze modis; TiTqmis 25%
laTinur amerikaze, xolo danarCeni sruliad Tanabrad nawildeba aziis,
wynari okeanis auzis da arabuli samyaros qveynebze (axlo aRmosavleTi da
CrdiloeT afrika). sinamdvileSi, mravalferovneba ganviTarebadi qveynebis
erT-erTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSania. zogierTi maTgani uzarmazaria
_ braziliis teritoria sam milion kvadratul kilometrs Seadgens (ufro
didia, vidre kontinenturi SeerTebuli Statebi), xolo mosaxleoba ki _ 160
milions; indoeTSi ki milion kvadratul kilometrze mcxovrebi mosaxleoba
miliards aWarbebs.
es gigantebi kontrastulad gansxvavdebian iseTi Zalian patara kunZuli-
saxelmwifoebisagan, rogoricaa barbadosi (teritoria 166 kvadratuli
ki lometri; mosaxleoba 252 aTasi) karibis zRvaSi; kiribati (teritoria
266 kvadra-tuli kilometri; mosaxleoba 61 aTasi) wynar okeaneSi. wynari
okeanis kunZuli nauru albaT yvelaze `juja~ saxelmwifos prizs miiReb-
da. aq 8000 adamiani cxovrobs aT kvadratul kilometrze. nauru SeiZleba
pataraa, magram ara Raribi: fosforis eqsportiT erT sul mosaxleze misi
yovelwliuri Semosavali 20.000 dolars aWarbebs.
nauru ganviTarebad samyaroSi gamonaklisia _ aq, zogadad, siRaribe
batonobs. ganviTarebadi ekonomikebis umetesoba jer kidev uSualod aris
damokidebuli soflis meurneobaze. mxolod ramodenime maTganis ekonomika
eyrdnoba mineralur resursebs, ZiriTadad sparseTis yuris navTobiT mdi-
dari qveynebi (bahreini, quveiTi, omani, saudis arabeTi da arabeTis gaer-
Tianebuli saamiroebi).
mcire gamonaklisis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebze modis msoflios mo-
saxleobis zrdis udidesi tempi (msoflios mosaxleobis yovelwliuri zr-
dis tempi daaxloebiT 1.48%-ia; am tempiT, igi ormocdarva weliwadSi gaor-
magdeba). mosaxleobis mkveTri zrda ekonomikur, socialur da politikur
struqturebs SeiZleba uzarmazar tvirTad daawves da xeli SeuSalos maT
ganviTarebas.
Sedarebebi xSirad siurprizebs gvTavazobs. magaliTisaTvis, meqsikis
mosaxleoba daaxloebiT iseTive siswrafiT izrdeba, rogorc indoeTi-
sa. aziaSi, romelic msoflioSi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli regionia,
msoflios mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60 procenti cxovrobs, magram mxolod
misi teritoriis 18 procentze. aziisa da egviptis garda, romlis mosaxleo-
bac mdinare nilosis gaswvrivaa gansaxlebuli, mosaxleobis simWidrove
ganviTarebad qveynebSi SedarebiT dabalia. afrikis mosaxleobis saSualo
simWidrove mxolod 24 adamiania kvadratul kilometrze, gansxvavebiT in-
doeTisa (sadac es maCvenebeli 296-ia) da singapurisagan (5571). israelSi mo-
saxleobis zustad iseTive simWidrovea, rogorc indoeTSi, Tumca israeli
jer kidev miesalmeba emigrantebs. amas garda, amgvari cifrebi ar iTval-
iswinebs im faqts, teritoriis ra nawilia sacxovreblad vargisi (magali-
Tad, urbanizaciis SemTxvevaSi). aRsaniSnavia, rom afrikas SedarebiT meti
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 271
saxnav-saTesi miwa aqvs erT sul mosaxleze, vidre nebismier sxva ganviTarebad
regions. amavdroulad, mosaxleobis zrdis tempi saharis mimdebare afrikis
qveynebSi (maT Soris somali, uganda, kongo, nigeria, angola da burkina-faso)
erT-erTi yvelaze maRalia. msoflioSi yvelaze swrafad mzardi mosaxleo-
ba mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris israelis mier
okupirebul teritoriebzea; iemeni da avRaneTi, Sesabamisad, meore da mesame
adgilebzea. mTlianobaSi, islamuri da arabuli mosaxleoba demografiuli
afeTqebis msgavss ganicdis. muslimTa raodenoba CrdiloeT afrikaSi, axlo
aRmosavleTsa da samxreT aziis qveregionSi, zogierTi gamoTvlis mixedviT,
1,5 miliards uaxlovdeba.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ekonomikuri socialuri da politikuri gan-
viTareba mxolod ganviTarebad qveynebSi ar xdeba. marTlac, erTdrouli
ganviTareba da daRmasvla mTeli msofliosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli _ ar-
cerTi maTgani ar aris statikuri. magram ganviTareba araTanabrad xdeba;
zogierTi eri, rogoricaa avRaneTi, bangladeSi, burundi, Cadi, kongo, er-
itrea, eTiopia, gvinea-bisau, mali, malavi, mianma, ruanda, siera-leone, so-
mali da sudani, uaRresad Raribi da gaWirvebulia (yuradReba miaqcieT, am
RaribTa Soris uRari-bes qveyanaTa CamonaTvalSi ramdeni mdebareobs saha-
ris samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi). es globaluri uTanasworoba konfliqtebi-
sa da Zaladobis potenciuri wyaroa, iseve, rogorc ufro maRali kategoriis
moraluri sakiTxi.
ratom arian Raribi qveynebi Raribebi? ganicdian Tu ara isini resursebis
naklebobas? iqneb es bunebis sastiki xumrobaa? iqneb, dasavleTia damnaSave (ko-
lonializmi da neokolonializmi)? es kiTxvebi Semdeg TavebSia ganxiluli.

kolonializmis memkvidreoba

gaerTianebuli erebis orgnizaciis dRevandel wevrTagan 1800 wels mxo-

lod 23 qveyana iyo damoukidebeli. am saxelmwifoTa naxevarze meti evropaSia;
sias avRaneTi, CineTi, eTiopia, iaponia, irani, nepali, omani, ruseTi, tailandi,
TurqeTi da SeerTebuli Statebi agvirgvinebs2. mas Semdeg damoukidebel sax-
elmwifoTa ricxvi rvajer (da ufro metadac) gaizarda. meore msoflio omi
(1945-1949) warmoadgenda mijnas, vinaidan man evropuli koloniuri imperiebi
swraf daSlamde miiyvana. dRes arsebuli qveynebis naxevarze meti ukanaskne-
li sami aTwleulis manZilze warmoiSva da maTi umravlesoba SeiZleba ganvi-
Tarebad qvey-nad CaiTvalos.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam uSualod gamoiwvia axali damoukidebeli saxel-
mwifoebis Seqmna aRmosavleT evropaSi, samxreT kavkasiasa da centralur
aziaSi. meore talRa zogierTi ukve damoukidebeli saxelmwifos dezinte-
graciis an dayofis Sedegad warmoiqmna (magaliTad Cexoslovakia da iugosla-
via). 1994 wlisTvis, dezintegraciis procesis Sedegad daaxloebiT 25 axali
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo Seiqmna.3 saukuneebis manZilze evropis zesaxelm-
wifoebi msoflios uSores kuTxeebSi ganlagebuli, susti da teqnologiu-
rad naklebad ganviTarebuli xalxebisa da teritoriebis koloniur mpyrob-
272 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

elobaSi, marTvasa da gamgeblobaSi ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs. es koloniuri

samflobeloebi ara mxolod prestiJis, aramed (rac ufro mniSvnelovania)
ekonomikuri upiratesobis wyarosac warmoadgenda. mizezTa da mizezTa gamo
afrika kolonizaciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo da evropulma Za-
lebmac mecxramete saukunis bolomde faqtobrivad mTeli afrika dainawiles
da miiTvises. meoce saukunis dasawyisisaTvis britaneTi, safrangeTi, belgia,
germania, portugalia, holandia, italia da espaneTi (iseve, rogorc Turqe-
Ti) kolonializmis an imperializmis erTgulni iyvnen. saxelis miuxedavad, es
evrocentruli sistema adgilobrivi afrikeli, azieli da laTinoamerikeli
xalxis TvalSi `fermkrTali ucxoelebis~ mier daqvemdebarebisa da eqsp-
loataciisa sinonimad iqca.
arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom kolonializmi
sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara evropelebis batonoba adgilobriv xalxze da rom
igi efuZneboda rasobrivi upiratesobisa da religiuri swrafvebis Ria da
dafarul warmodgenebs. asea Tu ise, kolonizatorTa Zalebis mier gamoyenebul
meTodebsa da saSualebebs Soris udidesi gansxvaveba arsebobda. magaliTad,
britanuli midgoma xazs usvamda kanonis uzenaesobas da bevrad ufro rbili
iyo, vidre espanu-ri koloniuri mmarTveloba, romelic sisastikiT gamoirCe-
oda. portugalielebi da frangebi cdilobdnen koloniuri xalxebis asimili-
rebas (magaliTad, frangebi alJirelebs erovnul sakanonmdeblo organoSi da
nacionalur kabinetSi adgilebiT ajildovebdnen), maSin roca holandielebi
nebas rTavdnen adgilobriv mmarTvelebs Zalaufleba SeenarCunebinaT. bri-
taneTi orive am strategias misde-vda, iTvaliswinebda ra adgilobrivi avto-
ritetebis Sexedulebebs, raTa maT SeenarCunebinaT samarTlianoba da wesrigi
da, amave dros, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis niWier warmomadgenlebs sajaro ad-
ministraciaSi karieris gakeTebis, britanul skolebsa da universitetebSi
swavlis saSualebas aZlevda.4
miuxedavad amisa, koloniuri xalxebis umravlesobisaTvis Semzaravi iyo
imis gaazreba, rom Soreuli qveynis mier xar marTuli. maT sabolood, Ziri-
Tadad, Zaladobis mravali formis gamoyenebiT moipoves damoukidebloba.
indoeTSi mahaTma gandi waruZRva araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegobis saerTo-
erovnul kampanias (satiagraha) - es meTodi, romelsac agreTve samoqalaqo
daumorCileblobas uwodebdnen, mogvianebiT, 1960-ian wlebSi martin luT-
er king umcrosis, SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis uflebaTa moZraobis didi
lideris mier iqna gamoyenebuli (sainteresoa, rom orive, gandic da kingic,
mokles).
kolonializmis saboloo memkvidreoba winaaRmdegobrivi rCeba. pozi-
tiuri mniSvneloba aqvs evropelebis mier modernizaciis zogierTi elemen-
tis gavrcelebas, rac jandacvis (saavadmyofoebi), ganaTlebis (skolebi) da
transportis (gzebi) umniSvnelo gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs. miuxedavad
amisa, am cvlilebaTa gavlena xSirad sakmaod SezRuduli iyo da ekonomi-
kuri da politikuri TviTkmarobis, agreTve cxovrebis tradiciuli gze-
bis xarjze xdeboda. amasTan, nebismieri mogeba danakargebTan mimarTebaSi
izomeba. danakargebi ki Zalian didia: Seuracxyofa, Cagvra, avadmyofobebi
(evropelebis mier gavrcelebuli epidemiuri daavadebebi, romelsac adgi-
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 273
lobrivi mosaxleoba ewireboda), _ es yvelaferi koloniur mmarTvelobas
ukavSirdeba.5
sadavo xdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebi da-
moukideblobis mopovebis Semdegac mdidari dasavluri qveynebis eqsploataci-
is qveS rCebian. magaliTisTvis, e.w. damokidebulebis Teoretikosebi
amtkicebd-nen, rom ganuviTarebloba araa bunebrivi movlena, igi dasavluri
eqsploata-ciis Sedegia. isini askvnian, rom jer bunebrivi resursebis iafad
miRebiT, Semdeg ki samecniero da teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyenebiT
am resursebis ZviradRirebul produqtebad gardaqmniT industriulma
qveynebma ara marto eqsploatacia gauwies ganviTarebad qveynebs, aramed
yvelaferi gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom isini sustebad da Raribebad darCenili-
yvnen. sxva mkvlevarebi uaryofen am mosazrebas da ganviTarebadi qveynebis
mZime mdgomareobis mizezad iseT endemur faqtorebs miiCneven, rogorebicaa
klimati da bunebrivi resursebi, saxnav-saTesi miwa, mosaxleobis ricxovno-
ba da misi zrda, epidemiebi, eTnikuri winaaRmdegobebi da Rirebulebebi.
kolonializmis Sedegebi Tanamedrove msoflioSic gvxvdeba. koloniu-
ri imperiebi manamde arsebuli eTnikuri identobebis, teritoriuli saz-
Rvrebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis loialurobis gaTvaliswinebis gar-
eSe Seiqmna. rodesac evropulma Zalebma ukan daixies, maT warmoSves uazro,
axali, naglej-nagleji saxelmwifoebi, romelTa sazRvrebic sruliad gauaz-
rebeli iyo, vinaidan isini tradiciul religiebs, eTnosebs da tomobriv-ter-
itoriul xazebs kveTdnen. mosalodnelma Sedegmac ar daayovna: qronikuli
politikuri arastabiluroba, gadatrialebebi, revoluciebi, samoqalaqo
omebi da TviT genocidic ki. kolonializmis am mware memkvidreobam gasul
wlebSi mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo daRupa, maT Soris angola, bu-
rundi, kamboja (yofili kampuCia), kongo (yofili zairi), eTiopia, liberia,
nigeria, ruanda, siera-leona da Sri-lanka.

politikuri ganviTareba: oTxi sirTule

qveynebi, romlebic modernizaciis strategiebs misdeven, cdiloben daa-

fuZnon stabiluri mTavroba; uzrunvelyon sajaro momsaxureba (policia,
saxanZro samsaxuri, ganaTleba, jandacva da sanitaruli pirobebi); daam-
kvidron samarTlebrivi sistema (kanonebi da sasamarTloebi). es element-
ebi politikuri ganviTarebis minimaluri da socialuri da ekonomikuri
progresis winapirobaa. Tumca, am miznebis miRweva, farTod gavrcelebuli
korufciis, siRaribis, gaunaTleblobis da uTanxmoebis pirobebSi, imgvar
sirTuled iqceva, romelsac Zalian cota ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo Tu
arTmevs Tavs.
vinaidan ganviTarebis procesi TavisTavad ryevebiT xasiaTdeba, mravali
ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos mTavroba xSirad qronikulad arastabiluria.
es mTavrobebi TiTqmis yovelTvis avtoritarulia, midrekilia gadatri-
alebebisaken da krizisebiTaa garemoculi. ganviTarebadi qveynebis winaSe,
rogorc wesi, oTxi fundamenturi sirTulea: eris Camoyalibeba, saxelmwi-
274 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

fos mSenebloba, monawi-leoba (CarTuloba) da gadanawileba.6

am sirTuleTagan umTavresi eris mSeneblobaa, procesi, romlis Sede-
gadac mocemuli teritoriis yvela macxovrebeli, miuxedavad TiToeuli
maTganis eTnikuri, tomobrivi, religiuri an lingvisturi gansxavebebulo-
bisa, sakuTari Tavis identificirebas saxelmwifos simboloebTan da insti-
tutebTan axdens da saerTo bedis gancdas iziarebs. Teoriulad, erovnulo-
bis axali gancda, rasac axali eri hqvia, procesis bolos yalibdeba. magram,
praqtikulad, ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, udidesi mra-
valferovnebis gamo es mizani uaRresad rTulad miRwevadi rCeba.
zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana ver gaumklavda am sirTules, rasac Sedegad
mtanjveli samoqalaqo omebi da zogi qveynis daSlac ki mohyva. aseTi qveynis mag-
aliTebia pakistani (bangladeSi 1971 wlamde aRmosavleT pakistani iyo) da kongo
(yofili zairi). samoqalaqo omebma gaaCanaga agreTve nigeriis, Cadis, angolis,
ruandas da somalis sazogadoebebi _ da es mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia.
xSirad politikuri liderebi Sida dapirispirebebisaken am gamaognebel
midrekilebas kolonializmsa da imperializms abraleben. aseve, xSirad da-
moukideb-lobisaTvis brZola TavisTavad xdeba saerTo mizeziT axali eris
gaerTianebis saSualeba. droSebi, aRlumebi da TviT erovnuli aviaxazebic ki
(romelic SeiZleba mxolod erTi an ori samgzavro TviTmfrinavisagan Sedge-
bodes, romelsac zed qveynis saxeli da ferebi eqneba gamoxatuli) SeiZleba
erovnuli identobis grZnobis gaCenas exmarebodes. mezobeli saxelmwifoebi-
sagan momdinare safrTxe _ realuri, moCvenebiTi Tu gamogonili _ SeiZleba
agreTve sasargeblo aRmoCndes. dabolos, qarizmatuli erovnuli lideris
arseboba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi cvladia. sagulisxmo magaliTebia eg-
vipteli jamal abdel naseri (romelic qveyanas1954 wlidan 1970 wlamde mar-
Tavda), keniis jomo keniata (1963-1978), indoeTis javaharlal nesiu (1947-64),
indonezieli axmed sukarno (1949-65) da libieli muamar kadafi, romelic kv-
lav xelisuflebaSia.
politikuri ganviTarebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia saxelmwi-
fos mSenebloba _ politikuri institutebis Seqmna, kerZod ki central-
uri mTavrobisa, romelic mTel sazogadoebaze SeZlebs Zalauflebis ganx-
orcielebas. politikuri SeRwevis es tipi iseTi saSualebebiT, rogoricaa
infrastruqturis Seqmna (gzebi, xidebi, satelefono xazebi) xels uwyobs
integrirebuli erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis aucilebel ekonomikur ganviTa-
rebasa da sazogadoebriv erTobas. amgvari infrastruqturis Seqmnis dasafi-
nanseblad mTavrobas, rogorc minimumi, gadasaxadebis daweseba da Segroveba
unda SeeZlos (efeqtiani mTavro-bis maxasiaTebeli). magram ganviTarebadi
qveynebis mTavrobebs xSirad ar SeuZ-liaT gadasaxadebisagan adekvaturi Se-
mosavlebis miReba im martivi mizezis gamo, rom dasabegri araferia (an ara-
sakmarisadaa). esaa `mojadoebuli wre~, romlisagan Tavis daRwevac mxolod
ucxouri kapitalis SemodinebiT SeiZleba (vaWroba, daxmareba da, rac mTavar-
ia, investiciebi). magram ucxouri investiciebi (gare cvladi) damokidebulia
politikur stabilurobaze (Sida cvladi). ganviTarebad qveynebSi `mojadoe-
bul wreTa~ yvela saxeoba gvxvdeba.
kidev erTi sirTule, romlis winaSe ganviTarebadi qveynebi jer kidev
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 275
dganan, monawileobaa. imisaTvis, rom axali sazogadoebebi ekonomikurad
gaizardos da ayvavdes, xalxi ganviTarebis procesSi aqtiurad unda iyos
Cabmuli. ganviTarebis nebismieri, kargad gaazrebuli strategiis aucile-
beli Semadgeneli nawilia xalxis mobilizeba, sazogadoebis erTi konkre-
tuli mimarTulebiT wasayvanad. magram mobilizacia politikur dilemas
aCens: vinaidan mobilizebuli xalxi ufro aqtiuradaa Cabmuli politikaSi
da ganicdis mTavrobis (karg an cud) zegavlenas, is mmarTvelis arCevasa da
mmarTvelobis formis gansazRvraSi ufro meti xmis uflebas iTxovs. Tuki
monawileobis saxalxo moTxovna win uswrebs institutebis ganviTarebasa da
mTavrobis SesaZleblobas _ moaxdinos pozitiuri reagireba, saxelmwifos
epizoduri da qronikuli arastabilurobis seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreba.
aqedan gamomdinare, monawileobis gamowvevaa: rogor iqnes gamoyenebuli sax-
alxo energia ise, rom ar amoZravdnen politikuri dezintegraciisa da revo-
luciis Zalebi.
azriani monawileoba politikur organizacias saWiroebs. agrarul sazo-
gadoebebSi saxalxo monawileobis manadme arsebuli modelebi xSirad naTe-
saur kavSirebsa da (gansakuTrebiT aziaSi) patron-klientelur urTier-
Tobebzea dafuZnebuli. am ukanasknelSi, `patronebi~ gavleniani figurebia,
romlebic TavianT statuss, simdidresa da politikur kavSirebs erovnul da
provinciul doneebze iyeneben, raTa uzrunvelyon materialuri sargebeli`
klientebisTvis~ (samsaxurebi, skolebi, gzebi da a.S). sapasuxod, `klientebi~
mxars uWeren `patronebs~, rac am ukanasknelT politikuri saqmianobisaTvis
esaWiroebaT. amgvar damokidebulebaSi igulisxmeba loialuri mxardaWera,
fizikuri dacva, naturaluri gadaxda (magaliTad, moxaliseTa Sroma), da
saarCevno xmebi. vinaidan socialuri sistema ierarqiulia, erT doneze `pa-
tronebi~ meore doneze `klientebi~ arian. ganviTarebas ki iwvevs urTierTda-
kavSirebuli personaluri loialurobis CaxlarTuli qseli, rac naTesaur,
kulturul an geografiul kavSirebs efuZneba. amgvarad, iqmneba eqskluzi-
uri interesTa jgufebi, romelTa meSveobiTac politikuri moTxovne-bi,
instruqciebi da gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba gadaicemodes rogorc vertika-
lurad, aseve horizontaluradac. `patron-klienteluri~ urTierTobebis
eqskluziuri da partikularuli xasiaTidan gamomdinare, viTardeba qselebis
sistema, romelSic TiToeuli qseli ayalibebs daxarisxebis politikur `meqa-
nizms~. am struqturaTagan Tanamedrove politikuri sistemis prototipi
SeiZleba Seiqmnas (Tumca, dasavleTis samarTlebrivi politikuri kultur-
isgan sapirispiro principebze dafuZnebuli).
meoTxe miSvnelovani sirTule ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebisaT-
vis aris gadanawileba _ imis uzrunvelyofa, rom ar moxdes simdidris, sa-
kuTrebisa da Zalauflebis zedmeti koncentrireba, rac xSirad axasiaTebs
tradiciul da gardamaval sazogadoebebs. resursebis amgvar zedmet koncen-
trirebas usamarTlobis gancdis gavrceleba da masiuri amboxebis gamowveva
SeuZlia (ix. Tavi XIV). usamarTlobis amgvari gancda xSirad dakavSirebulia
grZnobasTan, rom sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebi usamarTlodaa ganawilebuli
(mdidrebi eqspluatacias uweven Raribebs) da rom revolucia realuri cv-
lilebebis moxdenis erTaderTi gzaa. marqsistuli Teoriisa da ideologiis
276 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

gavlena xSirad igrZnoba ara mxolod komunistur CineTsa da vietnamSi, ar-

amed agreTve iseT Soreul da moulodnel adgilebSi, rogorebicaa iemeni,
angola, eTiopia, kamboja, laosi, indonezia, filipinebi, Cile, kuba, nikara-
gua, el salvadori da kolumbia (es grZeli CamonaTvalic ki arasrulia).
mTavrobebi gadanawilebis gamowvevas zogjer miwis reformis meSveobiT
pasuxoben. amis Semdgom isini axdenen sagadasaxado tvirTis koreqtirebas
da SeiZleba TviT socialuri keTildReobis kanonmdeblobac ki aamoqmedon.
magram amgvari nabijebi damokidebulia ekonomikuri warmatebis maCveneble-
bze, romlebic yofil koloniebs xSirad ar wyalobs.

demokratia da ganviTarebadi qveynebi

rogorc vnaxeT, politikur ganviTarebas ufro farTo politikuri mona-

wileobisken mivyavarT. magram moiTxovs ki igi xelisuflebis demokratiul
formas? sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ganviTareba da konstituciuri demokra-
tia aucileblad moiTxovs erTmaneTs Tu ara? aris Tu ara demokratiuli
xelisufleba politikuri ganviTarebis TavisTavadi niSani? rogorc III TavSi
aRvniSneT, pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba konstituciuri demokratiis Tvise-
baa. Tumca demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mainc SezRudulebi arian zogierT
uflebasTan, wesTan, kanonTan da, rasakvirvelia, sazogadoebriv azrTan da-
kavSirebul qmedebaSi. ase rom, demokratiis da ganviTarebis Tanaarseboba
xSirad advili ar aris.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi xelisufleba arc demokratiu-
lad aris arCeuli da arc samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis Tavgadakluli damcve-
lia. Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi erebis umravlesobas samxedroebi marTaven
an akontroleben. samoqalaqo xelisuflebebi ki, rogorc wesi, avtoritaru-
lia da (damfuZnebeli) mama-marCenalis iseTi figuris garSemoa Semokrebili,
rogorebic iyvnen jomo keniata (kenia), joSua (kvame) nkruma (gana), jamal abdel
naseri (egvipte), javaharlal neru (indoeTi) da axmed sukarno (indonezia).
dasavleli damkvirveblebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciis mixedviT
demokratia politikuri ganviTarebis niSnad aRiqmeba. demokratiul saxelmwi-
foTa umravlesoba ganviTarebuli eria, Tumca ara yvela; arc yvela ganviTare-
buli eria aucileblad demokratiuli, Tumca umravlesoba aris. magram faqti
saxezea _ warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia erT-erTia im mraval maxasiaTebels
Soris, romlebic politikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi xSirad gvxvdeba.

demokratiis korelatebi

stabiluri xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba, romelsac efeqtiani marTva See-

Zleba, advili amocana ar aris. demokratiuli xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba
gansakuTrebiT garTulebulia im sazogadoebebSi, romlebic modernizaciis
gamowvevebs waawydnen. imisaTvis, rom sicocxlisunariani iyos, demokratia
garkveuli mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis arsebobas moiTxovs. ganviTareba-
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 277
di eris mier demokratiis miRwevis potencialis gazomvis erT-erT gzas war-
moadgens demokratiis korelatebze (dakavSirebul cnebebze) fokusireba.
sadac es korelatebi yvelaze didi ricxviTi mniSvnelobiTa da sididiT ar-
sebobs, iq demokratiis albaToba yvela-ze didia; da piriqiT, sadac maTi se-
riozuli naklebobaa, iq demokratias warma-tebis yvelaze mcire Sansi aqvs.7

ekonomikuri korelatebi albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania:

. erovnuli simdidre. keTildReoba zogadad kavSirSia demokra-

tiasTan. siRaribe ki, piriqiT, demokratias xels ar uwyobs. ma-
gram Tu demokratia is fufunebaa, romelic Raribi erebisTvis
araa gankuTvnili, rogor avxsnaT indoeTis SemTxveva, romelic
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg demokratiuli, metismetad

. mravalferovani da Zalian Raribia?

sabazro an Sereuli ekonomika. sabazro ekonomika iTvaliswinebs
warmoebis da ganawilebis faqtorebis rogorc kerZo, aseve sax-
elmwifo sakuTrebas. aseTi tipis ekonomikur sistemaSi mosax-
erxebelia sabazro ekonomikis elementebis Serwyma sxvadasxva
formis da xarisxis saxelmwifoebriv intervenciasTan. yvelaze
mTavari is aris, rom aseT sistemaSi ekonomikuri gadawyvetile-
bebi, romlebic produqciis da momsaxurebis warmoebas da ga-
nawilebas exeba, mTlianad kerZo mesakuTreebis da momxmare-
blebis mier miiReba. msgavs gadawyvetilebebSi farTo masStabis
centralizebuli saxelmwifoebrivi dagegmareba araviTar rols

. ar TamaSobs.
saSualo fena. es korelati ufro sazogadoebaze simdidris ga-
danawilebas usvams xazs, vidre mis zogad uTanasworo ganawile-
bas. socialur fenebs Soris mkveTri gansxvavebebi xels ar uwy-
obs demokratiis stabilurobas.

politikuri korelatebia:

. komunikaciis Tavisufleba. demokratia moiTxovs gamWvirvalo-

bas (mxolod ukiduresad aucilebeli informacia unda iyos
gasaidumloebuli). amdenad, gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis Ta-
visufali gaSuqeba, presis Tavisufleba da informaciis Tavi-
sufali gacvla demokratiis mniSvnelovani korelatebia.amis
sapirispirod, iq, sadac presaze cenzura xorcieldeba da Jur-
nalistebs emuqrebian an apatimreben, demokratiis ganviTareba

. SeuZlebelia.
stabiluri partiuli sistema. es politikuri korelati xazs us-
vams politikuri partiebis arsebobis saWiroebas, raTa moxdes
sxvadasxva individTa da jgufebis interesebis reprezentacia.
sistemis efeqtianobisaTvis aucilebelia erTze meti partiis
arseboba; amavdroulad, TiToeul partias unda hqondes moq-
278 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

medebis Tavisufleba da ar unda ganicdides zewolas da muqa-

. ras saxelmwifos mxridan.

samoqalaqo kontroli samxedro seqtorze. vinaidan samxedro se-
qtori ganviTarebad saxelmwifoebSi xSirad miiswrafis Zalau-
flebisken, is samoqalaqo wesrigisTvis realur safrTxes war-

. moadgens.
Zlieri da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo xelisufleba. demokratiis
efeqtianad funqcionirebisTvis aucilebelia samoqalaqo Ta-
visuflebebis da umciresobebis uflebebis dacva, rac, Tavis
mxriv, Zlieri da damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemis arsebo-

. bazea damokidebuli.
politikuri da socialuri pluralizmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
qveynis SigniT mkveTrma politikurma da socialurma dayofam
SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas demokratiis ganviTarebas, xSirad
miiCneva, rom gansxvavebuli politikuri jgufebi da nebayo-
flobiTi gaerTianebebi (profkavSirebi, savaWro samrewvelo
gaerTianebebi, inteleqtualuri, saganmanaTleblo da religi-
uri dawesebulebebi, amxanagobebi, samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi,
romelTa mizania samoqalaqo ganaTlebis donis amaRleba da
mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebis gazrda) warmomadgenlobiTi
demokratiuli politikuri kompromisisaTvis legitimur da
aucilebel safuZvels warmoadgens.8

ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani fsiqokulturuli korelati aris:

. gansxvavebul individTa da jgufTa mimarT tolerantuloba. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom demokratia moiTxovs sxvaTa uflebebis
aRiarebas, socialuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebis pativisce-
ma demokratiuli mTavrobis mniSnelovan korelats warmoadgens.
SeuZlebelia demokratiis ganviTareba gavrcelebuli sazoga-
doebrivi undoblobis pirobebSi, romlis mizezi gamokveTili

. eTikuri, religiuri da traibaluri gansxvavebebia.

demokratiis mtkice rwmena. es korelati axnas ar saWiroebs:
xalxs ver aiZu-leb, rom Tavisufali iyos.

bolo wyvili istoriuli, anu garemoebiTi korelatebisaa:

. demokratiis adrindeli gamocdileba. zogierT saxelmwifos,

magaliTad, Ciles, ekvadorsa da urugvais aqvsdemokratiuli
mmarTvelobis gamocdileba. aq demokratiul xelisuflebas
periodulad cvlidnen avtoritaruli mTavrobebi. im qveynebSi,
sadac demokratiuli mmarTveloba sazogadoebis koleqtiur
mexsierebaSia SemorCenili, demokratiis ganviTarebis albaTo-

. ba sagrZnoblad izrdeba.
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis mezobloba. mezobeli warmate-
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 279
buli qveynebis mmarTvelobis formebs dadebiTi gavlenis mox-
dena SeuZliaT. espaneTsa da portugaliais xSirad asaxleben im
erebis magaliTad, romelTa politikur momavalze didi gavlena
iqonia evropaSi warmatebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis
arsebobam.

erTma politologma demokratiis korelatTa yovlismomcvel Teorias

Zalauflebis resursebis ganawilebis Teoria uwoda.9 es indeqsi moicavs eqvs
specifikur korelats, romelTa mizania eris SigniT ekonomikuri da inteleq-
tualuri resursebis ganawilebis gazomva (am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro
didia gadanawileba, miT metia demokratiis ganviTarebis Sansi). erT-erTi
aseTi sazomi damokidebulia urbanizaciis doneze. Teoriulad, rac ufro
maRalia urbanizaciis done, miT ufro mravalferovania ekonomika, dasaqmebis
SesaZleblobebi da unar-Cvevebi da, Sesabamisad, adgili aqvs Semosavlebis
ufro mravalferovan da farTo gadanawilebas. meore sazomi, romelic eko-
nomikuri resursebis sasurvel ganawilebasTan asocirdeba, damokidebulia
saojaxo meurneobaTa procentze. ufro rTuli sazomebi zomaven araagra-
ruli ekonomikis decentralizaciis dones. dabolos, inteleqtualuri
resursebis ganawilebis gasazomad xdeba mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donisa da
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis raodenobrivi Sefaseba.

demokratiuli strategiebi

ganviTarebad qveynebSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis danergva advil amo-

canas ar warmoadgens. ra strategia unda gamoiyenos demokratiuli tradi-
ciis armqone saxelmwifom? am SekiTxvis aqtualobas 1990-iani wlebis da-
sawyisSi yofili komunisturi saxelmwifoebi awydebodnen. sakiTxavia, jer
politikuri reformebi unda ganxorcieldes da mere unda moxdes ekonomikis
restruqturizacia sabazro ekonomikad (`glasnostis~ pirveladobis mod-
eli) Tu jer ekonomikuri reformebi unda ganxorcieldes (`perestroikis~
pirveladobis modeli)?10 erTi mxriv, yofili sabWoTa qveynebis magaliTi,
romlebmac jer politikuri reformebi gaatares da ukidures socialur da
ekonomikur siZneleebs waawydnen da, meore mxriv, meqsikis, Ciles, samxreT
koreis, CineTis, taivanis, singapuris, tailandis da malaiziis SedarebiTi
warmateba, rasac am qveynebma Tavdapirvelad ekonomikuri reformebis ganx-
orcielebiT miaRwies, amtkicebs, rom jer ekonomikuri reformebis gatareba
unda moxdes. amis ori mTavari mizezi arsebobs: pirveli, ZiriTadi ekonomi-
kuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba mTvarobis ufro fundamentur valdeb-
ulebas warmoadgens, vidre politikuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa. Tu
xalxi mSieri, avadmyofi da usaxlkaroa, samoqalaqo uflebebi mas saerTod
ar ainteresebs. meorec, ekonomikis ganviTareba ufro adre axdens pozi-
tiur gavlenas cxovrebis doneze, socialur momsaxurebaze, infrastruq-
turasa da ganaTlebis SesaZleblobebze, vidre politikuri struqturebis
reformireba.
280 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

demokratia ganviTarebad qveynebSi:

tendencia Tu iluzia?

1974-1990 wlebSi samxreT da aRmosavleT evropis, laTinuri amerikis

da aRmosavleT aziis ocdaaT saxelmwifoze meti avtoritarulidan de-
mokratiul mmarTvelobaze gadavida. erT-erTma cnobilma mecnierma am
movlenas globaluri revolucia da meoce saukunis meore naxevris yvelaze
mniSvnelovani movlena uwoda.11 yvelaze dramatuli cvlilebebi 1980-ian
wlebSi laTinur amerikaSi moxda, sadac samxedro diqtaturebi erTimeoris
miyolebiT Seicvala sayovelTao arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli mTavrobebiTa
da mravalpartiuli demokratiuli mmarTvelobebiT. aseT cvlilebebs ad-
gili hqonda braziliaSi, argentinaSi, CileSi da sxva qveynebSi. nikaraguasa
da panamaSic moxda diqtaturis Canacvleba arCeuli mTavrobebiT. meqsikaSi,
sadac mravali aTwleulis manZilze dominirebda institucionaluri revo-
luciuri partia, 2000 wels prezidentad arCeuli iqna visente foqsi; pre-
zidenti foqsi bolo samocdaaTi wlis manZilze pirveli opozicioneri iyo,
romelic qveyanas Caudga saTaveSi.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara momavalSi paralelurad warimarTos ganviTarebisa
da demokratizaciis laTinur amerikaSi demokratiis saboloo triumfze
laparaki jer Zalian adrea, radgan zogierT SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo mTavro-
bebi mwvave winaaRmdegobas awydebian. regions mTavrobebis umravlesobas xan
erTi, xanac meore saxis destabilizaciasTan uwevs gamklaveba. didi sagareo
valis garda saxelmwifoebs did dartymas ayenebs umuSevroba, inflacia,
savaluto krizisi da sxva uaryofiTi movlenebi. 1990-ian wlebSi terorizmi
destabilizacias qmnida perusa da meqsikaSi. kolumbia, romelsac ufro xan-
grZlivi demokratiuli tradiciebi aqvs vidre laTinuri amerikis qveynebis
umravlesobas, ZiriTad siZneleebs narkobaronebis didi gavlenis da memar-
cxene partizanebis gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebis gamo awydeboda.
istoriac gviCvenebs, rom laTinuri amerikis demokratiulobis Sesaxeb
Tamami gancxadebebis gakeTeba ar SeiZleba. regionSi bolo dromde mTavar
rols samxedro Zala TamaSobda. 1980-ian wlebamde laTinuri amerikis Zalian
cota qveyanaSi Tu iyo demokratiuli mmarTveloba. xSirad, sayovelTao ar-
Cevnebi plebiscits emsgavseboda, riTac avtoritaruli mmarTvelobisTvis
mandats iRebda. sxva SemTxvevebSi, kaudilo (Zlieri lideri) samxedro maRal-
Cinosnebis xuntebi ubralod auqmebdnen arCevnebis Sedegebs da Zalauflebas
ukanonod itacebdnen.
adreul 1990-ian wlebSi `defeqtiani~ demokratia gavrcelda saharis
samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSic.12 1990 da 1991 wlebSi am regionis sul cota
cxra qveyanaSi, maT Soris beninSi, kabo-verdesa da gabonSi gaimarTa Tavi-
sufali arCevnebi, rac am qveynebis umetesobisaTvis pirveli SemTxveva iyo.
1991 wlis martSi beninis prezidenti generali meTiu kereku gaxda pirveli
afrikeli lideri, romelic mosaxleobam gadairCia. regionis sxva qveynebma,
maT Soris mozambikma da kongom, gaatares gamiznuli reformebi demokratiu-
li mmarTvelobis gaZlierebisaTvis. 1990-ian wlebSi samxreT afrikis re-
spublikam gansacvifrebeli cvlilebebi ganicada. Savkaniani umravlesobis
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 281
mmarTvelobam Secvala burebis (holandielebis) TeTrkanianTa upirate-
sobaze dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba. 1997 wlisaTvis benini, bocvana, gvinea-
bisau, madagaskari, mali, namibia da san tome, iseve rogorc samxreT afrikis
respublika, namdvilad mravalpartiuli saxelmwifoebi iyvnen, sadac ada-
mianis uflebaTa pativiscema da kanonis uzenaesoba arsebobda.13
saharis samxrTiT mimdebare afrikis `demokratiuli romansi~ uaRresad
mouxeSavi da uwesrigo aRmoCnda. nigerielma samxedro mmarTvelebma 1993
wels gaauqmes arCevnebis Sedegebi. kot-divuaris mTavrobamac igive gaakeTa
(nigeriam swori mimarTulebiT svla sabolood 1999 wels daiwyo, rodesac
olusegun obasanjo 1983 wlis Semdeg qveynis pirveli demokratiulad ar-
Ceuli prezidenti gaxda). 1992 da 1993 wlis arCevnebs keniaSi, kamerunsa da
gabonSi areulobebma da korufciam miayena Crdili. ruanda 1994 wels genoci-
dis asparezad iqca. 1996 wels samxedro mTavrobebi CadiSi, gambiasa da nigeri-
aSi nacionaluri arCevnebiT manipulirebdnen, raTa sasurveli SedegisaTvis
mieRwiaT. arc sxva afrikuli saxelmwifoebis sazogadoebebia gamorCeulad
stabiluri (da demokratiisaTvis xelsayreli). liberiam da siera leonem sak-
maod sisxliani samoqalaqo omebi gadaitanes, xolo kongos demokratiuli
respublika (yofili zairi) 1990 wlebis bolosaTvis anarqiam moicva. klano-
brivi da tomobrivi dapirispirebebi safrTxes uqmnis Sida stabilurobas
saharis samxreTiT afrikis mraval saxelmwifoSi, sadac nebismieri tendencia
demokratiisaken mZlavr sawinaaRmdego tendencias awydeba.14

ganviTarebis Tavsatexi

politikuri ganviTareba, romelic demokratiuli xelisuflebis Senar-

Cunebis Zalisxmevasac moicavs, modernizaciis jer kidev mtkivneuli da
dausrulebeli procesis nawilia. xalxTa Soris tradiciul kavSirebs Ziri
eTxreba, xalxi sakuTar fesvebsaa mowyvetili, xolo kulturis saxecvli-
leba xSirad Seuqcevadi procesia. sakvebis ukmarisoba da socialuri ukmay-
ofileba xSirad industrializaciis Tanmdevi movlenebia. maS ratom surT
ganviTarebadi qveynebis liderebs modernizaciasTan dakavSirebul riske-
bze wasvla?

ganviTarebis motivebi

ganviTarebad qveynebs xSirad modernizaciis garda sxva arCevani ar gaaC-

niaT. mxolod cotaa iseTi iRbliani, rogorc, magaliTad, yatari (arabeTis
naxevarkunZulze), romelsac uxvad aqvs navTobi da mcire mosaxleobac yavs.
venesuelac navTobis didi maragis mflobeli. imisaTvis, rom es bunebrivi
resursebi fulad eqciaT, TviT venesuelasa da yatarsac ki dasWirda Wabur-
Rilebis gaTxra, gzebis gayvana, navTobis specialistebis gamozrda, navTo-
bgadamamuSavebeli da sawyobi infrastruqturebis ageba, navTobsadenebis
gayvana, sabanko sistemis dafuZneba, saeqsporto bazrebis ganviTareba, anu,
282 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, modernizeba.

naklebad iRbliani ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis ekonomikuri ganviTa-
reba gabatonebuli siRaribisagan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi imedia. am qvey-
anaTa umetesoba Raribia. RaribTa Soris uRaribes qveynebSi, romlebsac xan-
daxan yvelaze ganuviTarebel qveynebs uwodeben, yovelwliuri Semosavali
erT sul mosaxleze 250 dolarze naklebia. TviT is erebic, romlebic Sedar-
ebiT ganviTarebulni arian, farTod gavrcelebuli siRaribiT itanjebian.
aqedan gamomdinare, 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi erT sul mosaxleze wli-
uri Semosavali afrikis da aziis mxolod ramodenime qveyanaSi aRemateboda
1000 dolars.
ganviTarebis kidev erTi stimuli Tanamedrove SeiaraRebis nebismier
fasad SeZenis survilia, rac erovnul siamayes ukavSirdeba. meore msoflio
omis Semdeg TiTqmis yvela omi mesame samyaroSi mimdinareobda.15 mesame sa-
myaros qveynebis dapirispirebis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTebia iranisa
da erayis, pakistanisa da indoeTis, vietnamisa da CineTis, libiisa da Cadis,
eTiopiisa da somalis omebi, laTinuri amerikis mravali qveyana agreTve
Cabmulia mezoblebTan konfliqtSi. magaliTisaTvis, Cile Caeba samxedro
SetakebebSi samive mezobel saxelmwifosTan: argentinasTan, boliviasa da
perusTan. amas garda, perus ekvadorTan sasazRvro dava hqonda. urTier-
Tobebi kolumbiasa da venesuelas Soris sazRvris sakiTxis mougvareblobis
gamo drodadro mwvavdeboda. ra Tqma unda, saomar moqmedebebs, izidavs
ra xelisuflebis mTel yuradRebas, SeuZlia Seafrexos, an saerTod SeaCe-
ros saxelmwifos ganviTareba da bolomde amouwuros isedac SezRuduli
resursebi.
Tavad ganviTarebadi qveynebis arseboba uzrunvelyofs ganviTarebis
sti-mulis gaCenas. Tanamedrove globaluri komunikaciebi, satransporto
sistema da msoflio urTierTdamokidebulebis sul ufro metad gaRrmave-
ba calkeuli erebis Zalasa da simdidres kidev ufro TvalSisacems xdis.
aqedan gamomdinare, mravali industriuli saxelmwifos warmateba dasabams
udebs (rogorc amas Cveulebriv uwodeben) mzardi molodinebis revolu-
cias, sazogadoebrivi, romlis miznebis ganxorcielebac mxolod ganviTa-
rebis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli.
ra konkretul problemebs unda gaumklavdnen ganviTarebadi qveynebi,
rom farTomasStabiani ganviTareba warmatebiT ganaxorcielon? adre ganx-
iluli politikuri gamowvevebis garda, ganviTarebis gzaze xSiria agreTve
socialuri, ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri winaRobebi.

ganviTarebis sazogadoebrivi barierebi

mravali ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo yofili koloniuri samflobeloebisa-

gan warmoiSva da moklebulia mocemuli teritoriis geografiul Tu istori-
ul Sinaarss, agreTve adgilobriv eTnikur, religiur, tomobriv Tu lingvis-
tur modelebs. yovelive amis Sedegad, kulturuli mravalferovneba mesame
samyaros mravali qveynisaTvis TvalSisacemi maxasiaTebelia. zogjer es mra-
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 283
valferovnebac axali `erovnuli~ politikuri kulturis kategoriaSia ayvani-
li, Tumca, ufro xSirad, igi eTnikur davebsa da samoqalaqo omebs iwvevs.
yvela SemTxvevaSi, ganviTareba aCens damafiqrebel problemebs. fragmen-
tirebuli mosaxleobis pirobebSi, rac eri-saxelmwifos koncefciaSi ar jde-
ba, esaa eris idea. warmatebuli ganviTarebis erT-erTi umTavresi elementia
erTi erovnuli identobis gamoWedva da saerTo politikuri bedisweris ganc-
da. ufro metic, zogierTi meomari jgufi an moZraoba SeiZleba socialuri in-
tegraciisa da mSvidobiani modernizaciisadmi mtruladac ki iyos ganwyobili.
magaliTisaTvis, islami Cveulebriv, modernizaciis dabrkolebad aris miC-
neuli, vinaidan mis mier yuradRebis gamaxvileba RvTismosaobaze, erTgule-
baze da alahze, agreTve yoveldRiuri locvebi (xuTjer dReSi) iseve rogorc
misi moraluri qcevis mkacri wesebi, religias Seuwynarebels xdis sekular-
izaciis, seqsualuri revoluciis, materializmisa da yovelgvari siamovnebis
mimarT, rac evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi da yvelgan Tan axlda socialur
cvlilebebs. sabolood, aRniSnul eTnikur, religiur, tomobriv an lingvis-
tur gansxvavebulobaTa gamo, arabunebrivia, rom mocemuli ganviTarebadi
qveynis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovanma umravleso-
bam arsebuli mTavroba legitimurad aRiqvas.
specifikuri magaliTebi saukeTesod aRwers mosaxleobis mravalferov-
nebiT gamowveul praqtikul problemebs. nigeria da indoeTi ganviTarebadi
qveynebia uaRresad mravalferovani mosaxleobiT.

nigeria. dasavleT afrikis es didi qveyana ramodenime, erTmaneTisgan gan-

sxvavebul eTnikur jgufs moicavs, romelTa gavlena qveynis sxvadasxva
nawilebSi vrceldeba.16 garda amisa, arsebobs mravali patara tomi. isini
erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben (daaxloebiT 400
damoukidebeli ena). gansakuTrebuli daZabulobaa qristianebsa da muslimebs
Soris. religiuri, eTnikuri da enobrivi gansxvavebebiT ganpirobebulma
mtrulma damokidebulebam qveyana 1967 wlis samoqalaqo omamde miiyvana,
rodesac nigerias aRmosavleT nawili gamoeyo da biafras damoukidebel
saxelmwifod gamocxadda. omma, romelic sami weli grZeldeboda da bi-
afrelebis damarcxebiT dasrulda, 600 aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira.
1967 wlidan nigerias umetesad korumpirebuli samxedro reJimebi mar-
Tavda. miuxedavad saxelmwifos kuTvnili navTobis maragebisa, romlis eqs-
portsac qveynisTvis sakmaod didi Semosavali mohqonda, nigeriis ekonomika
sul ufro da ufro metad efloboda WaobSi da nigeriis mosaxleobis udide-
si umravlesoba (106 milioni 2000 wels) sakvebis fuls Zlivs Soulobda. ni-
geriaSi erT sul mosaxleze Semosavali, romelic daaxloebiT 300 dolars
Seadgenda, orjer naklebi iyo indoneziis maCvenebelze, miuxedavad imisa,
rom indoneziis mosaxleoba nigeriisas orjer aRemateba. aqedan gamomdinare,
nigeria, yvela standartis mixedviT, yovlad uunaro ekonomikis mqone qvey-
nad iTvleboda.
Cndeba kiTxva: ratom? pasuxi sakmaod naTelia. amis pirveli mizezi cudi
mTavrobaa. 1967 wlidan TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv qveyanas korumpirebuli samx-
edro reJimebi marTavda. moqmedi diqtatorebi xSirad iZleodnen sayovel-
284 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

Tao arCevnebis gamarTvis pirobas da ramodenime SemTxvevaSi Caatares kidec

arCevnebi, magram, rogorc wesi, Sedegebs an winaswar adgendnen, an Tu samx-
edro generlebs ar moewonebodaT, saerTod auqmebdnen, rogorc es 1993 wels
gaakeTes. nigerieli generlebis sisastikis da ulmoblobis wyalobiT qveyana
1990 wlisTvis saerTaSoriso borotebis kerad gadaiqca, romelic odnav Tu
CamorCeboda Sav siaSi moxvedril saxelmwifoebs: irans, erays da CrdiloeT
koreas. didi roli iTamaSa saerTaSoriso zewolam, romlis gavleniTac bo-
los da bolos nigeriis samxedro mmarTvelebi arCevnebis Catarebaze daTax-
mdnen da aRiares misi Sedegebi. am arCevnebSi, pirvelad oci wlis manZilze,
prezidentobis popularulma kandidatma gaimarjva [nigeriaze ix.Tavi IV _
mTargmn. Sen.].

indoeTi. es qveyanac bevri gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufisagan Sedgeba,

romlebic gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben. indoeTi mosaxleobis mixed-
viT msoflioSi meore adgilzea (1 miliardze meti adamiani). igi amave dros
erT-erTi yvelaze mravalferovani qveyanaa. indoeTis konstitucia Teqvs-
met enas aRiarebs, magram aRweris mixedviT indoeTSi, dialeqtebis CaTv-
liT, 1500-ze met enaze saubroben. sami yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelmwifo
enebia: inglisuri, hindi, urdu. hindize indoeTis mosaxleobis erTi mesa-
medi laparakobs. inglisuri elitaruli mosaxleobis enas warmoadgens,
masze ZiriTadad sauniversiteto ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi laparakoben.
urdu ki indoeli muslimebis enaa, romlebic qveynis yvelaze did umci-
resobas warmoadgenen.
eTnikuri da lingvisturi gansxvavebebis garda, indoeTi religiuri niS-
niTac mkveTrad dayofili qveyanaa. induizmi indoeTis mosaxleobis umrav-
lesobis religiaa, magram muslimuri mosaxleobis ricxvic sakmaod didia
(mTliani mosaxleobis 11%). arian sxva mniSvnelovani religiuri umcireso-
bebi (siqhebi, jainebi, parsiebi, budistebi da qristianebi). indoeTis mier
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg periodulad adgili hqonda mowinaaR-
mdege religiurTemebs Soris dapirispirebas. zogjer erT-erT religiuri
jgufis warmomadgeneli meore jgufis wevrebs xocavda. aseTi SemTxvevebi
indusebs da muslimebs erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyobda. msgavsi dapiri-
spirebebi xdeboda indusebsa da siqhebs Sorisac. 1984 wels siqhma piradma
mcvelma mokla indoeTis indusi premier-ministri indira gandi. 1991 wels
mokles indoeTis yofili premier ministri, indira gandis vaJi rajiv gandi,
romelic premier-ministris postis xelaxla dasakaveblad saarCevno kampan-
ias awarmoebda. ZaladobiT aRsavse warsuli amZafrebs uaryofiT damokide-
bulebas da xels uSlis Serigebas da kompromiss.
indoeTSi arsebuli tradiciuli kasturi sistema ganviTarebisTvis dam-
atebiT bariers warmoadgens. am sistemaSi yvela ibadeba ama Tu im socio-
ekonomikur kastaSi da mTeli cxovreba iq rCeba. cxadia, rom aseT sistemaSi
SeuZlebelia socialuri mobiloba, rac aucilebel safuZvels warmoadgens
tradiciulidan Tanamedrove sistemaze gadasasvlelad. tradiciul indoeT-
Si yvelaze dabali klasis warmomadgenlebs _ miukareblebs _ araviTari
uflebebi da SesaZleblobebi ar gaaCniaT. indoeTis mTavrobam axlaxan akrZa-
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 285
la `miukarebloba~, magram Zveli Sexedulebebis gavlena indoeTis tradici-
ul soflis sazogadoebebSi Zalian nela sustdeba (mosaxleobis 75-80% pata-
ra soflebSi cxovrobs).
indoeTis mravalferovani mosaxleobis minimum kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli
imsaxurebs yuradRebas: tendenciuri socialuri dayofebi Sesustebis nacvlad
kidev ufro mZafrdeba. indoeli muslimebi mxolod TavianT gansxvavebul reli-
gias ki ar misdeven, aramed isini agreTve TavianT Caketil teritoriebze cxov-
roben, aqvT gansxvavebuli eTnikuri memkvidreoba da saubroben sakuTar enaze.
TiTqmis igives Tqma SeiZleba siqhebze, ianebze da sxva jgufebze. indoeTis
socialuri jgufebis mier maT saTemo dayofis gacnobierebas uamravi faqtori
ganapirobebs, amave dros igi Zirs uTxris centraluri xelisuflebis mcdelo-
bas, Seqmnas erovnuli erTobis gancda. xSirad es dayofebi separatizms iwvevs,
risi magaliTic aris siqhebis mier Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTSi damoukidebeli
saxelmwifos gamocxadeba (sadac isini kkompaqturad cxovroben).
Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT nigeriasa da indoeTze. aseTive problemebi
mravali sxva ganviTarebadi qveynisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. magaliTad,
Sri-lanka gaxleCilia sinhalelebis umravlesobasa (74%, romlebic umetes-
ad budistebi arian) da tamilebs Soris (18%, romelTa umetesobac induiz-
mis mimdevaria da qveynis CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT nawilebSia dasaxlebu-
li). mavrebi, evropelebi da vedebi aborigeni Seadgenen qveynis mosaxleobis
darCenil 8 procents. tamilTa mebrZoli jgufebi gamoyofisaken iswrafvian,
teroristul aqtebs awyoben da partizanul oms awarmoeben centraluri xe-
lisuflebis winaaRmdeg (mas Semdeg, rac 1983 wels adgilobriv TemSi momxdar
areulobebs 2000 tamilis sicocxle Seewira).17 Sri-lanka, indoeTis msgavsad,
mkveTri sazogadoebrivi dayofis mqone kulturuli mravalferovnebis mo-
dels warmoadgens.
afrikis saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas da mraval aziur Tu laTinur-
amerikul saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi mravalferovnebis maRli done axa-
siaTebs. 132 qveynis kvlevam aCvena, rom 53 maTganis (anu 40 procentis) mo-
saxleoba xuTze met msxvil jgufad iyofoda.18 ase rom, mesame samyaroSi
`mozaikuri sazogadoebebi~ sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli. es mraval-
ferovneba xSirad mniSvelovan barierebs uqmnis ganviTarebas.

ganviTarebis fsiqologiuri barierebi

individis identobis gansazRvrisas mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs rogorc
individis urTierToba socialur jgufTan, aseve am jgufis statusi sazoga-
doebaSi. es urTierTobebi aseve gvexmareba imis gagebaSi, Tu ramdenad aigivebs
xalxi Tavs erovnul xelisuflebasTan da aRiarebs misi mmarTvelobis ufle-
bas (mis legitimurobas). am kuTxiT, didi mniSvneloba aqvs mocemul kul-
turaSi fesvgamdgar Cvevebsa da rwmenebsac. warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis
saWiroa, rom Seicvalos fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba da individTa moraluri
Rirebulebebi ganviTarebad qveynebSi. vnaxoT, ratomaa ase.
amerikelebis umetesoba Tanamedroved azrovnebs. amis gamo, amerike-
286 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

lebs xSirad uWirT gaugon sxva kulturis xalxebs, gansakuTrebiT, ganvi-

Tarebad erebs. magaliTad, adamianebi amgvar tradiciul sazogadoebebSi,
gansazRvre-bidanve gamomdinare, Zlier damokidebulni arian yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis Zvelebur wesze. amerikelebi (ufro metad, vidre dasavleTSi
mcxovrebTa ume-tesoba) arad agdeben tradiciebs.
is soflebi, romlebic tradiciuli cxovrebiT cxovroben, rogorc wesi,
Znelad eguebian cvlilebebs, Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari Cveulebebi maT-
Tvis usafrTxo da saimedoa, xolo axlisa da uCveulosi xSirad eSiniaT.
gaurkvevlobis da siaxlis SiSisadmi Tavis aridebis tendencia gasagebia,
rodesac garemo xifaTiT aRsavse uamravi gaurkvevlobiTaa savse. tradici-
ulad ganwyobili adamianebi bunebas mokrZalebiT da mowiwebiT uyureben,
isini bunebis keTilganwyobis mopovebas misi TayvaniscemiT cdiloben.
tradiciuli xalxebi naklebad endobian ucnobebs (anu yvelas, visac
isini ar icnoben). ra Tqma unda, maT iSviaTad aqvT urTierToba ucnobebTan;
zogadad, maTi socialuri urTierTqmedeba izRudeba ojaxiT, klaniT Tu
maTive soflis macxovreblebiT. ucnobebis SiSis, bunebis stiqiebis Sesaxeb
fatalisturi warmodgenebis da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis uqonlobis gamo
tradiciuli wesebiT mcxovrebi soflis mosaxleobas ar uyvars garisk-
va. advili warmosadgenia, rogor aferxebs ganviTarebas msgavsi Cvevebi.
frTxil da konservatiulad ganwyobil adamianebs naklebi midrekileba
aqvT siaxleebisadmi, iqneba es kulturuli, Tu agrokulturuli teqnolo-
giuri siaxleebi. es adamianebi Znelad eguebian da xSirad ganicdian iden-
tobasTan dakavSirebul problemebs, rodesac ganviTarebis procesi maT
qalaqSi sacxovreblad gadasvlas da im soflis datovebas aiZulebs, sadac
maT da maTma winaprebma cxovrebis udidesi nawili gaaatares.
ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli SeiZleba iyos sxva tradiciuli Cvevebic. tra-
diciul adamianebs naklebad aqvT drois gancda, iSviaTad gegmaven winaswar
TavianT saqmianobas da ara aqvT sakuTari Tavis rwmena, gansxvavebiT im adami-
anebisgan, romlebic miCveulni arian Tanamedrove cxovrebas. individualuri
miRwevebis, socialur kibeze maRla moZraobis, piradi damsaxurebis da in-
teresTa dakmayofilebis ideebi ucxoa maTTvis, vinc SezRudulia tradiciu-
li RirebulebebiT da CveulebebiT. es yvelaferi gamomdinareobs tradiciu-
li sazogadoebebis midrekilebidan askriptiuli sazogadoebebisaken (risi
yvelaze mkafio magaliTicaa indoeTis kasturi sistema) _ rac gulisxmobs
imas, rom pirovnebis statusi da mdgomareoba sazogadoebaSi ganisazRvreba
misi religiis, asakis da a. S. mixedviT. statusi da mdgomareoba aseve mniS-
vnelovanwilad damokidebulia sqesze mamakacebis socialuri da politikuri
upiratesoba gacilebiT ufro aSkarad gamokveTilia ganviTarebad qveynebSi,
romelTac axasiaTebT dabali teqnologiuri done, dawyebuli mZime teqnikis
uqonlobiT da damTavrebuli Sobadobis kontrolis meqanizmebis ararsebo-
biT, axalSobilTa sikvdilianobis maRali maCveneblebiT da tradiciuli
genderuli rolebiT da CveulebebiT. amrigad, ganviTarebad erebSi, piradi
Tavisuflebis ideebi da individualuri miswrafebebi xSirad iTrguneba wes-
CveulebebiT da tradiciuli sazogadoebebis Temuri bunebiT.
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 287

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabrkolebebi

ganviTarebad erebs Soris ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da erovnuli simdi-

dris ganawilebis doneebSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis miuxeda-
vad, maTi umetesoba Raribia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, siRaribe, yvela sxva
faqtorebze ufro metad, ubiZgebs am qveynebs ganviTarebisaken. siRaribes
ganapirobebs vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebi, didi sagareo vali, mosaxle-
obis swrafi zrda, miwis sakuTrebis problema, avadmyofobebi da cudi kveba,
ganaTlebisa da teqnologiebis dabali done da mZime bunebrivi pirobebi.
miuxedavad optimisturi molodinebisa, es problemebi siRrmiseulia. isini
gvevlinebian siRaribis mizezad da amavdroulad aferxeben ekonomikur gan-
viTarebas, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda siRaribis daZleva.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis ekonomikebi umeteswilad efuZneba soflis meur-
neobas da nedleulis mopovebas _ Raribi mosaxleobis soflidan qalaqebSi
migraciis maRali (da zrdadi) donis miuxedavad. Sedegad, cxovrebis stan-
dartebis zrda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, Zalian nela xdeba, farTo ekonomikuri
uTanasworoba ki kvlav arsebobs (ix. cxrili 8-1).
gadaWarbebul damokidebulebas soflis meurneobasa da nedleulis mop-
ovebaze rTuli problemebi sdevs. zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanas mohyavs
mxolod erTi saxeobis mcenare (rasac monokultura ewodeba). bangladeSi,
magaliTd, saeqsportod mxolod juTs awarmoebs. roca juTze fasi ecema,
bangladeSs _ erT-erT uRaribes ganviTarebad saxelmwifos _ araferi rCe-
ba. eTiopiis ekonomika Zalianaa damokidebuli yavaze, kubas saeqsportod
ZiriTadad sigara gaaqvs, hondurass _ banani da a. S. zogierTi ganviTareba-
di qveyana ekonomikurad damokidebulia aralegaluri, magram momgebiani
mcenareebis moyvanaze: magaliTad, kolumbieli, ekvadoreli, perueli glexe-
bi saeqsportod kokains awarmoeben. avRaneTi msoflioSi heroinis nomer
pirveli wyaroa. miuxedavad imisa, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravleso-
bas ramdenime saxeobis mcenare an mineraluri resursi gaaCnia, maTgan cotas
Tu aqvs imdenad diversificirebuli ekonomika, rom soflis meurneobisa da
mrewvelobis jansaRi Serwyma moaxerxos.
ganviTarebisaTvis am qveynebma unda moaxdinon samrewvelo produqciis
importi; aRniSnuli produqciis fasis gadasaxdelad maT unda gaitanon
sakvebi, qsovilebi da madani, magram vaWrobis kanonebi maT sawinaRmdegod
moqmedebs: samrewvelo produqciis fasi maRalia, im dros, rodesac saso-
flo produqciis da nedleulis fasi xSirad dabalia. ufro metic, msoflio
bazarze saqonlis fasebi Zalian meryeobs, rac gaurkvevlobas uqmnis am qvey-
nebs da zrdis maT sagareo vals.
amasTan erTad, zogierTi ganviTarebadi qveyana awydeba seriozul de-
mografiul problemas. industriul demokratiebSi mosaxleobis zrda erT
procentze naklebia da 1990 wlisaTvis zogierTma dasavlurma evropulma
qveyanam `miaRwia~ mosaxleobis nulovan, an uaryofiT zrdasac ki; maSin roca,
ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis zrdis yovelwliuri
maCvenebeli ori an sami procentia (ix. sqema 8-1 da 8-2). Tumca, zogierT qveya-
naSi, magaliTad, nigeriaSi, eTiopiasa da angolaSi, mosaxleoba gacilebiT
288 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

ufro swrafi tempebiT izrdeba.

.
cxrili 8-1

erT sul mosaxleze mTliani erovnuli produqti

(mep) regionis mixedviT

regioni mep-i erT sul mosaxleze

(aSS dolarebSi)

afrika $1,790
saharis samx. afrika 1,370
CrdiloeT afrika 3,070
1,000
aRmosavleT afrika
850
dasavleT afrika
_
centraluri afrika 8160
samxreT afrika
31,260
CrdiloeT amerika
6,460
laTinuri amerika da karibis
zRvis auzi 6,900
centraluri amerika _
karibis zRvis kunZulebi 6,730
samxreT amerika
3,930
4,130
azia 4,810
azia, CineTis garda 2,250
dasavleT azia 3,210
centraluri aziis samxreTi 5,750
samxreT-aRmosavleT azia
aRmosavleT azia 14,970
21,460
evropa 23,480
CrdiloeT evropa 6,770
16,520
dasavleT evropa
aRmosavleT evropa
17,880
samxreT evropa

okeaneTi

wyaro: 2001 wlis msoflio mosaxleobis monacemebi, cxrili 5, Population Refer-

ence Bureau, www.prb.org, 16 maisi, 2002.

rogorc wesi, mosaxleobis swrafi mateba yvelaze metad urbanul

 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 289
arealebze aisaxeba. soflebSi arsebuli siRaribe da xelisuflebis politi-
ka ganapirobebs migracias qalaqebSi. swrafi urbanizacia problematuria,
ramdenadac ganviTarebad qveynebs ar gaaCniaT saTanado resursebi saxelm-
wifo momsaxurebebiT mosaxleobis uzrunvelsayofad da axali skolebis,
saavadmyofoebis, sacxovrebeli kompleqsebis da rac yvelaze mTavaria, sa-
muSao adgilebis Sesaqmnelad. mosaxleobis matebis da migraciis pirobebSi,
TviT optimaluri klimatisa da ekonomikuri winamZRvrebis arsebobis Sem-
TxvevaSic ki, ganviTarebadi qveynebis fermerebisaTvis sul ufro Zneli
xdeba sakvebis warmoebis sakmarisad swrafad gazrda, raTa fexi auwyon mo-
saxleobis zrdis temps. miuxedavad rig ganviTarebad qveynebSi (maT Soris
indoeTSi, meqsikaSi, taivansa da filipinebSi) mwvane revoluciad wodebuli
warmoebis mkveTri zrdisa, rodesac xorblis da brinjis maRalmosavliani
jiSebis moyvana Seuxames Tanamedrove sairigacio sistemebsa da sinTetikur
sasuqebs _ es qveynebi kvlav siZneleebis winaSe rCebian.
vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebis, mzardi sagareo valis da demografi-
uli afeTqebis garda, ganviTarebad qveynebs warmatebuli ganviTarebis gzaze
sami umniSvnelovanesi winaaRmdegoba eRobebaT: dabali teqnologiuri done,
miwis sakuTrebis seriozuli problema da mZime garemo pirobebi. mwvane rev-
olucia SesaZlebelia mxolod iq, sadac ganviTarebuli sasoflo-sameur-
neo teqnologiebi arsebobs, gaumjobesebuli Teslis, pesticidebis, herbi-
cidebis, xelovnuri sasuqis, irigaciis, mecxoveleobis, fermidan bazramde
misasvleli gzisa da sawyobebis CaTvliT. es, Tavis mxriv, sainvesticio kapi-
talisa da ucxouri rezervebis xelmisawvdomobas gulisxmobs.
mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi miwis sakuTrebac mniSvnelovan problemas
warmoadgens. miwis sakuTrebis sqemebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi (da regionSi) sx-
vadasxvaa, magram ganviTarebadi qveynebidan efeqtianad mxolod erTeulebma
gaarTves Tavi am sferos problemebs. es imitom xdeba, rom tradicia yvelaze
ufro metad damabrkolebeli soflis garemoSia, sadac Camoyalibebuli we-
sebi da meTodebi Zalian nela icvleba. umTavresi problema miwis nakveTebis
usamarTlo an ekonomikurad araswori ganawilebaa. qveynis zogierT nawilSi
miwaze sakuTreba (da adgilobrivi xelisufleba) metismetad koncentrire-
bulia, sxva adgilebSi ki miwa mcire fragmentebadaa dayofili, rac mogebis
saSualebas ar iZleva. laTinur amerikaSi es ori problema gverdigverd arse-
bobs _ uzarmazari samflobeloebis (e. w. latifundiebis) gverdiT gvxvdeba
Zalzed patara nakveTebi (minifundiebi). msgavsi problema arsebobs egvipte-
Sic. ufro metic, bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi Cveulebrivi ambavia, rodesac
glexebi ijariT amuSaveben miwas da damokidebulni arian didi miwaTmflo-
belebis neba-survilze.
afrikaSi gavrcelebulia sasoflo miwebis erToblivi sakuTreba. aq Cnde-
ba sxva tipis problemebi. soflis macxovreblebs ekuTvniT miwis nakveTebi
da inawileben mosavals, romlis didi nawili maT mierve moixmareba da ar iy-
ideba. Tumca, bolo dros sul ufro vrceldeba komerciuli plantaciebi,
momgebiani naTesebi enacvleba naklebad momgebian tradiciul kulturebs.
rac yvelaze uaresia, umuSevrobis gamo axalgazrdebi iZulebulni arian
datovon soflebi; bevri maTgani samuSaod ewyoba fermaSi da kidev ufro
sqema 8-1. msoflios mosaxleoba, 1995: 5,692,210,000
© 1997 The Washington Post. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
sqema 8-2. msoflios mosaxleoba, 2030: 8,474,017,000 (49%-iT gaizarda 1995 wlis msoflio mosaxlobasTan SedarebiT)
rukebi 8-1 da 8-2 gviCvenebs mosaxleobis mosalodnel zrdas 1995-2030 wlebSi. rukebi isea Sedgenili, rom yoveli qveynis zoma
misi mosaxleobis proporciulia. rukebi xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom mosaxleobis mosalodneli zrda upiratesad ganviTa-
rebad qveynebSi moxdeba.
wyaro : Boyce Ransberger, `Damping the World’s Population: Birthrates Are Falling Now but More Needs to Be Done in the Long Term~,
Washington Post Ntional Weekly Edition. September 12-18, 1994, 10-40. © 1994 The Washington Post. ibeWdeba nebarTviT.
292 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

metad efloba siRaribesa da uimedobaSi. aziaSi mdgomareoba garkveul-

wilad gansxvavebulia, magram miwis ganawilebis problemebi iqac xels uSlis
xelisuflebas, gadaaxalisos jer kidev soflis meurneobis wamyvan rolze
dafuZnebuli ekonomika da modernizaciis gziT xeli Seuwyos saerTo eko-
nomikur zrdas.
bunebrivi pirobebi xSirad yvelaze ufro seriozul winaaRmdegobas uqm-
nis ekonomikur ganviTarebas. yvelaze saSineli is tragediebia, romlebic
bunebriv katastrofebsa da adamianebis ugunurobas aerTianebs. magaliTad,
1980-ian wlebSi saZovrebis zedmetad intensiurma gamoyenebam gaamwvava uw-
yloobis problema afrikis Sua sartyelis udides nawilSi. msgavsad amisa,
wyaldidobebi zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi nawilobriv mainc gamowveu-
li iyo xe-tyis masalis intensiuri gamoyenebis mizniT mdinareebis napir-
ebze tyis gaCexviT. amgvari bunebrivi katastrofebis yvelaze xSiri Sede-
gia farTomasStabiani da Zalagamomcleli SimSilianoba. Tumca, amgvari
tragediebisa da xSirad maTi Tanmdevi epidemiebis gareSec ki, sakvebis uk-
marisobis problema kvlavac dgas asobiT milioni adamianis winaSe ganviTa-
rebad qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi. adamianebs, romlebic ganicdian
ukidures SimSils, ar gaaCniaT warmoebis energia, rac bevr ganviTarebad
qveyanas Caketil wreSi aqcevs: isini arian Raribebi imitom, rom ar arian sak-
marisad produqtiulebi, da ar arian sakmarisad produqtiulebi imitom,
rom arian Raribebi.

ganviTarebis marcxi

erebi viTardebian politikuri, fsiqologiuri, sazogadoebrivi da eko-

nomikuri ganzomilebis mqone mravalmxrivi procesebis Sedegad. Secdoma
iqneboda gvevarauda, rom ganviTareba uwyveti, an Seuqcevadi procesia. gan-
viTarebis nebismier safexurze myofi eri-saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi
SeiZleba iqcnen arastabilurobis da dakninebis gamomwvevi Zalebis msxver-
plad. arc erT mkvlevars, romelic Seiswavlis amerikis samoqalaqo oms, an
iseTi qveynebis uaxles istorias, rogorebicaa somali, yofili iugoslavia
da Tanamedrove egvipte, ar SeuZlia ignorireba gaukeTos dezintegraciiis
safrTxeebs, romlebic SeiZleba daemuqros rogorc ganviTarebad, aseve gan-
viTarebul industriul qveynebs.
ra iwvevs dezontegracias? sainteresoa, rom politikuri daknineba xSirad
gamomdinareobs eris uunarobidan, gadawyvitos ganviTarebis Semaferxebe-
li siRrmiseuli problemebi. mTavrobebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT daZlion
religiur, eTnikur, rasobriv an kulturul jgufebs Soris daZabulobaTa
niadagze warmoSobili problemebi, xSirad amJRavneben dakninebis SesamCnev
niSnebs. XIX saukunis Sua periodSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi idga umniS-
vnelovanesi sirTulis winaSe, rac momdinareobda monobis gadauwyveteli
sakiTxidan. dRevandel msoflioSi uamravi msgavsi da gansxvavebuli prob-
lemaa. egviptis xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad aris Sesustebuli fundamen-
talisturi muslimuri opoziciis arsebobiT. Sri-lanka (yofili ceiloni)
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 293
dasustebulia perioduli dapirispirebiT tamil umciresobasa da sinhalel
umravlesobas Soris. ruandaSi hutus da tutsis tomebis Soris sisxliani kon-
fliqtis Sedegad gamudmebuli samoqalaqo omebi da Zaladoba mZvinvarebs.
ekonomikurma warumateblobebma aseve SeiZleba gamoiwvios sazogadobrivi
da politikuri daknineba. ara marto qveynis Sida ekonomikuri mdgomareoba,
aramed msoflio masStabis makroekonomikuri cvlilebebic SesaZloa gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes. 1970-ian wlebSi adgili hqonda movle-
nas, romelic zemoTqmulis arcTu maxasiaTebel, magram istoriul magaliTad
SeiZleba gamodges: mcire resursebisa da saeqsporto Semosavlebis mqone mesame
samyaros bevr qveyanas udidesi problemebi Seuqmna navTobze fasebis mkveTma
zrdam. am qveynebis mTavrobebis mier gatarebul mkacr zomebs Tan mohyva poli-
tikuri sirTuleebi da socialuri areulobebi. Sedegad, afrikis, aziis da
laTinuri amerikis qveynebis umravlesobaSi gaizarda sagareo vali da TiTqmis
ori aTwleulis manZilze adgili hqonda ekonomikur arastabilurobas.
sabolood, dezintegracia SeiZleba gamowveul iqnas politikur siste-
maSi arsebuli uTanasworobebiTac. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rodesac xe-
lisufleba ver uzrunvelyofs gafantuli erovnuli grZnobebis erT iden-
tobad SekavSirebas, moqalaqeTa politikur monawileobas, an simdidris
mTel sazogadoebaze gadanawilebas, politikuri ganviTareba wydeba. amas
garda, rogorc ukve didi xania aRniSnaven politologebi, ganviTareba
SeiZleba SeCerdes maSinac, rodesac xelisuflebas SeuZlia am miznebis
miRweva (magaliTad, ganaTlebis xelSewyobiT, masobrivi komunikaciebis
ganviTarebiT, saarCevno monawileobiT da urbanuli cxovrebiT), magram
ar gaaCnia institutebi, gamocdileba an SesaZlebloba, rom efeqtianad
gaarTvas Tavi politikur cvlilebebs.19 amgvar SemTxvevebSi, politikuri
daknineba SeiZleba iqces ganviTarebis bnel mxared. rogorc politologi
semuel hantingtoni aRniSnavs, `modernizacia praqtikaSi yovelTvis gu-
lisxmobs cvlilebebs da xSirad tradiciuli politikuri sistemis daS-
lasac, magram igi yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs ganviTarebas Tanamedrove
politikuri sistemis mimarTulebiT... magram xSirad varaudoben, rom Tu
mimdinareobs sazogadoebrivi modernizacia, paralelurad mimdinareobs
politikuri modernizaciac~.20

disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi

bolo aTwleulebSi msoflio gaxda ramdenime sazogadoebis TviTga-

nadgurebis mowme, ramac gamoiwvia destabilizacia mezobel qveynebSi da
daemuqra mSvidobas mTlianad msoflioSi. disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi
is usixarulo adgilebia, sadac ukiduresobebi normadaa qceuli, sadac
mTavrobebi an metismetad represiulia, an metismetad susti, imdenad, rom
ar SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon elementaruli wesrigi da kanoniereba. qalaqis
quCebSi kriminaluri da politikuri Zaladobaa gamefebuli, rac emuqreba
policiisgan daucvel soflebsa da Tavisufal presas. msoflio xSirad
dReebis, kvirebis da zogjer Tveebis manZilzec ki ver amCnevs am saSinele-
294 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

bebs. es SemaSfoTebeli suraTia, Tumca metismetad realuria msoflios Za-

lian bevr adgilSi. am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT oTx magaliTs iseTi politi-
kuri sistemebisa, romlebic arian (an iyvnen) disfunqciuri _ samwuxarod,
am magaliTebiT ar amoiwureba kandidatebis sruli sia, romelSic yofili
sabWoTa kavSiric Sedis (ix. Tavi VII).

somali

afrikaSi mdebareobs ramdenime uRaribesi qveyana, maT Soris sudani,

somali, eritrea da eTiopia. 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi am regionSi gval-
va, SimSili, saerTaSoriso konfliqtebi, samoqalaqo omebi da yvelanairi
saxis Zaladoba mZvinvarebda. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sakvebis yvelaze
katastrofuli ukmarisoba somaliSi iyo, sadac samoqalaqo omma da gvalvam
adamianTa saSineli tanjva gamoiwvia. 1992 wlis agvistoSi gaeros bavSvTa
fondi (UNICEF) masiuri saerTaSoriso daxmarebis mozidvas Seecada, rode-
sac ganacxada, rom ori milioni somaleli (qveynis mTliani mosaxleoba
odnav aRemateba rva milions) eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SimSilobda.
Zaladobisa da amgvari gausaZlisi mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg amboxebuleb-
ma 1991 w. ianvarSi daamxes somalis diqtatori siad bare, romelic didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi marTavda qveyanas. amas mohyva Setakebebi da SimSili, ramac Sei-
wira 300 aTasi adamianis sicocxle da milionobiT adamiani safrTxis winaSe
daayena. kanonisa da wesrigis TiTqmis absoluturi ararsebobis pirobebSi
qveyana anarqiam moicva; qalebi da bavSvebi SeiaraRebuli banditebis mowy-
alebis imedad darCnen. maT CaSales saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan
mosaxleobisaTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvela mcdeloba, iparavdnen bavSvebi-
saTvis gankuTvnil sakvebs da xocavdnen humanitaruli misiebis TanamSrom-
lebs. 1992 w. bolos, aSS-s prezidentma jorj buSma (ufrosma), Tavisi sapre-
zidento vadis miwuruls wamoiwyo samxedro intervencia, raTa uzrunveleyo
humanitaruli daxmarebis usafrTxoeba. mdgomareoba imdenad qaoturi iyo,
rom wesrigis da kanonierebis aRdgena SeuZlebeli Canda. mas Semdeg, rac
ZiriTadad amerikelebisgan Semdgarma gaeros Zalebma datova qveyana 1995 w.
martSi (ramdenime amerikeli jariskacis sastiki mkvlelobis Semdeg), somali
darCa erovnuli xelisuflebis gareSe _ qveynis rukaze aRniSnuli iyo rome-
li dajgufeba romel teritorias akontrolebda, rac ufro Tavsatex suraTs
waagavda, vidre politikur gaerTianebas.
somali rCeba afrikis erT-erT uRaribes qveyanad, romlis mTliani Sida
produqti (mSp) erT sul mosaxleze 500 dolarze naklebia, xolo wera-kiTx-
vis armcodne mosaxleobis wili 75 procents Seadgens. somali ganuviTa-
rebelia ara marto ekonomikurad, aramed aseve politikuradac. somalis
sazogadoebis struqtura efuZneba naTesaur kavSirebs, anu klanebs, xolo
samoqalaqo omi, faqtobrivad, klanebs Soris gaCaRebuli omia. Tu somali
ver ipovis politikuri stabilurobis formulas, igi ver aaRorZinebs eko-
nomikas. samarTliania Sebrunebuli debulebac: stabiluroba damokidebu-
lia ekonomikur da socialur progresze. jer adrea saubari, ipovis Tu ara
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 295
somali efeqtiani xelisuflebis recepts. misi reputacia ki, rogorc dis-
funqciuri saxelmwifosi, ar Seicvle-ba, sanam Tavad somali ar Seicvleba.

iugoslavia

am saxelmwifosagan mxolod saxeliRa arsebobs. civi omis periodis udi-

des nawilSi igi SedarebiT Tavisufali saxelmwifo iyo, magram daiSala mas
Semdeg, rac sabWoTa kavSiris ngrevam Secvala evropis geopolitikuri ruka
1990-ian wlebSi. yofili iugoslaviis daSlam wina planze wamowia is, rasac
zogierTi mkvlevari `koSmarul scenars~ uwodebs _ politikuri kolafsis
perspeqtiva, romelsac eTnikuri siZulvili kvebavs da rac, sxvadasxva alba-
TobiT, bevr yofil komunistur saxelmwifos emuqreba.

balkanuri krizisi istoriul perspeqtivaSi. iugoslaviis urTierToba

sabWoTa kavSirTan 1945 wlidan II msoflio omis Semdgom Seqmnili
specifikuri pirobebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. aRmosavleT evropis
sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic germanuli okupaciisgan sabWoTa
armiam gaaTavisufla, iugoslavia gaaTavisufla marSal iosip broz titos
partizanulma Zalebma. iugoslaviuri winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi Setanili
wvlilis gamo, tito erovnuli gmiri gaxda da sabolood axali iugoslavuri
nacionalizmis simbolod iqca.
omis Semdgom periodSi tito uars ambobda moskovidan miRebuli brZane-
bebis Sesrulebazea stalinma iugoslavias samagiero komunisturi Taname-
gobrobidan gaZevebiT gadauxada. cota xnis Semdeg, titom daiwyo garkveuli
nabijebis gadadgma sakuTari mmarTvelobis popularizaciisaTvis, pirvel
rigSi sasoflo-sameurneo koleqtivizaciis tempis SenelebiT, xolo Sem-
dgomSi misi srulebiT gauqmebiT. iugoslavurma komunizmma gamorCeuli
kvali datova samrewvelo urTierTobebSi. ukiduresi centralizacia, ro-
melic axasiaTebda sabWoTa kavSirs, uaryofil iqna da mis sanacvlod titom
saTave daudo socialisturi ekonomikuri organizaciis axal formas, ro-
melic TviTregulirebas efuZneboda. man farTo regionuli avtonomia mi-
aniWa iugoslaviis federaciaSi Semaval eqvs respublikas, yovel SemTxveva-
Si, formalurad. rac ufro mniSvnelovania, amas ekonomikur sawarmoebSi
muSaTa sabWoebis Seqmna mohyva. qarxnis, an sxva tipis sawarmos muSaTa mier
mier arCeuli sabWoebi Tavis mxriv irCevdnen mmarTvel komitetebs, xolo
mmarTveli komitetebi ikribebodnen rogorc regionuli asociaciebi da
irCevdnen sxvadasxva sawarmoTa direqtorebs partiis TanxmobiT. 1950
wels mSromelebs mieniWaT gaficvis ufleba, profkavSirebi gamocxadda
damoukideblad, xolo pirdapiri gegmuri ekonomika Seicvala naklebad
iZulebiTi `gegmuri xelmZRvanelobiT~. 1970-ian wlebSi moxda kontrolis
zogadi gamkacreba iugoslaviis ekonomikasa da sazogadoebaze, rodesac xe-
lisufleba Seecada bolo moeRo azrTa sxvadasxvaobisaTvis da miZinebuli
ekonomikas gamoecocxlebina.
296 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

sqema 8-3. yofili iugoslaviis dayofa

wyaro: adaptirebuli yofili iugoslaviis 728104, CIA 1993 da bosniisa da hercegovi-
nis (politikuri) 802474, CIA 1997 rukebidan.

miuxedavad amisa, iugoslavia unikaluri iyo sxva komunistur reJimebs

Soris. erTma mkvlevarma Semdeg nawyvetSi asaxa qveynis cxovreba titos
mmarTve-lobis pirobebSi:

`xelovnebisa da literaturis umetesi nawili apolitikuria da mxat-

vrebs da mwerlebs SeuZliaT imoRvaweon Tavisuflad, Tu maTi Semoq-
medeba xelisuflebis mkveTr kritikas ar Seicavs. ar arsebobs winas-
wari cenzura, mxolod sasamarTlos SeuZlia saboloo jamSi akrZalos
nawarmoebi; xolo kerZo gamomcemlebi TiTqmis imdenive wigns uSveben,
ramdensac oficialuri gamomcemlobebi. gazeTebi TiTqmis erTsa da
imaves weren, magram isini gacilebiT ufro informatiuli arian, vidre
sxva aRmosavleT evropuli komunisturi qveynebis gazeTebi, rom aRa-
raferi vTqvaT sabWoTa kavSirze. Tavisuflad iyideba ucxouri presa.
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 297
partiis oratorebi gmoben dasavleTis gavlenebs presaSi, magram Jur-
nalebi misdeven sensaciurobasa da siSiSvles, rac ucxoa komunisturi
moralisTvis. savaraudod, yovelwliurad 15 milioni adamiani kveTs
sazRvars. arsebobs gaerTianebebis Tavisufleba, Tu es partiis wi-
naaRmdeg ar aris mimarTuli. titos arasdros dauxvretia da iSviaTad
Tu daupatimrebia oponentebi.~21

1980-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi iugoslaviis centraluri xelisuflebis

Zalaufleba da avtoriteti mkveTrad daeca. iugoslavia warmoadgenda xe-
lovnur qveyanas, romelic Sedgeboda mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli eTni-
kuri warmomavlobis, religiis da kulturuli fesvebis mqone adamianebis-
gan _ marTlmadidebeli serbebi da Cernogorielebi kaTolike xorvatebi da
slovenebi, muslimi umciresobebi serbiaSi da Sereuli bosnielebi, herce-
govinelebi da dalmatebi. maT erTmaneTTan titos prestiJi da avtoriteti
akavSirebdaT. 1980 wels, rodesac tito gardaicvala, bzarebi, romlebic
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda, gadaizarda iugoslaviis erTiani struq-
turis aSkara gaxleCvaSi. aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis dacemam daaCqara
daSlis procesi. 1990-ian wlebSi demokratiam da Tavisufalma arCevnebma
Secvala komunizmi. es didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1990-iani wlebis dasawy-
isSi ekonomikas amZimebda ucxouri vali (16 miliardi dolari), 100 procen-
tiani inflacia da umuSevrobis maRali done (20 procenti). iugoslaviis
sazogadoeba moicva didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dafarulma eTnikurma mtrobam
da centraluri xelisufleba moiSala respublikebs Soris konfliqtebis
Sedegad. politikurad warmatebuli slovenia da xorvatia eqiSpebodnen
tradiciulad dominant serbebs eris bedis gansazRvraSi.
serbiis sworxazovan prezidents, slobodan miloSeviCs surda sicocx-
le SeenarCunebina iugoslaviis komunisturi centralizebuli federaluri
sistemisaTvis, xolo slovenias da xorvatias surdaT Tavisufali konfed-
eracia da sabazro ekonomika. sabolood gaimarjves nacionalisturma Zaleb-
ma. 1991 wlis ivnisSi sloveniam da xorvatiam damoukidebloba gamoacxades
da daiwyo sisxliani samoqalaqo omi serbias da xorvatias Soris, romelmac
daaxloebiT 10 aTasi adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. Tumca, sloveniis da xor-
vatiis mcdeloba warmatebuli gamodga da 1992 wlis ianvarSi orive maTgani
sayovelTaod cnes, rogorc damoukidebeli eri-saxelmwifoebi.

bosniuri da kosovos tragedia. didi xani ar gasula serbiisa da xorvatiis

konfliqtis dasrulebidan, rodesac axalma konfliqtma ifeTqa, amjerad
bosnia-hercegovinis respublikaSi. bosnia warmoadgens eTnikuri daZabu-
lobiT gajerebul sazogadoebas, romlis mosaxleobac Sedgeba sami ZiriTa-
di eTnikuri jgufisgan _ serbebis, xorvatebis da bosnieli muslimebisgan.
ukanaskneli jgufi yvelaze mravalricxovania, Tumca isini yvelaze mcire
teritoriaze arian koncentrirebulni. eTnikur gansxvavebebs aZlierebs
religiuri faqtori (xorvatebi kaTolikeebi arian, serbebi ki miekuTvnebian
marTlmadideblur eklesias) da istoriuli mtrobac, romelsac ganapiro-
bebs am jgufebis mier erTmaneTisaT vis warsulSi miyenebuli wyena.
298 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

bosniuri konfliqti iyo brZola teritoriisaTvis daamave dros, Zveli

angariSebis gasworeba. mas sami ganzomileba hqonda: serbebi xorvatebis
winaaRmdeg, muslimebi xorvatebis winaaRmdeg da yvelaze metad, serbebi
muslimebis winaaRmdeg. serbebis da muslimebis brZola bosniaSi yvelaze
sastiki da uTanasworo iyo. serbebma daikaves teritoriis didi nawili. maT
aseve ganaxorcieles masiuri eTnikuri wmenda _ gaupatiurebebi, Zarcva
da masiuri mkvlelobebi, ramac gamoiwvia yvela muslimis da araserbis gan-
devna im qalaqebidan da soflebidan, romlebic serbebma daikaves da ser-
buli saxelmwifo serbskas SemadgenlobaSi Seyvana scades. 1993-94 wlebSi
bosnielma serbebma, romelTac zurgs serbia umagrebda, alya Semoartyes
saraevos, bosniis dedaqalaqs da ramdenime did muslimur qalaqs. saraevos
alya dasrulda mxolod maSin, rodesac moxda natos da gaeros interven-
cia. sxva SemTxvevaSi alya gagrZeldeboda, miuxedavad gaeros araefeqtiani
rezoluciebisa, romlebic safrTxis winaSe mdgom am qalaqebs `usafrTxo
TavSesafrad~ acxadebda. gaerom daadanaSaula agreTve xorvatia bosnia-
sTan konfliqtis gaRvivebaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis. igi aseve daemuqra
bosniel serbebs natos sahaero ieriSebiT. intensiur saSuamavlo mcdelo-
bebTan (gansakuTrebiT ruseTis mxridan) Sejerebulma am RonisZiebebma
Sedegi moitana.
1994 wlis TebervalSi serbebi daTanxmdnen mZime iaraRis gamotanaze
saraevodan da erTi kviris Tavze bosniis mTavrobam da bosnielma xorvateb-
ma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas cecxlis Sewyvetis Taobaze. 1994 wlis martSi
droebiT gaCnda mSvidobis perspeqtiva, rodesac xorvatulma xelisufle-
bam da adgilobrivma serbma mmarTvelebmac dades SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sew-
yvetis Taobaze, romelsac bolo unda moeRo mtrobisTvis.
Tumca, mSvidoba mxolod iluzia aRmoCnda. rodesac gaeros Zalebi gae-
marTnen bosniaSi humanitaruli daxmarebis gasawevad, bosnielma serbebma
moulodnelad Seuties maT da ganagrZes brZolebi. natos sahaero dartyme-
bi, romlebic ganxorcielda 1994 wlis aprilsa da noemberSi da 1995 wlis
maisSi, miznad isaxavda daecva gaeros samSvidobo Zalebis usafrTxoeba.
bosnia kidev erTxel moicva sisxlianma anarqiam.
sabolood, gaeros ganaxlebuli samSvidobo gegma gaxda axali Tana-
cxovrebis safuZveli. yvela dapirispirebulma mxarem SeimuSava samSvidobo
gegma 1995 wlis noemberSi deitonSi, ohaios StatSi (aSS) da xeli moawera
deitonis samSvidobo SeTanxmebas parizSi 14 dekembers. SeTanxmebis mixed-
viT, bosniis 49 procenti gadaeca bosniis serbul respublikas da 51 pro-
centi muslim-xorvatul federacias. saraevo rCeba dedaqalaqad muslimur-
xorvatuli federaciis teritoriaze. centraluri xelisufleba, romelic
Sedgeba prezidentis koleqtiuri postisa da parlamentisgan, warmarTavs
sagareo politikas, ekonomikas, finansebs da sxva saqmeebs. bosniis TiToeul
naxevars sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da policia gaaCnia.
bosniaSi samSvidobo procesis monitoringisaTvis natos meTaurobiT ga-
igzavna 60 aTasi jariskacisgan Semdgari saerTaSoriso Zalebi. miuxedavad
sxvadasxva darRvevebisa, arCevnebi Catarda 1996 wlis seqtemberSi. magram
cota vinme Tu eloda deitonis SeTanxmebis SenarCunebas. ukve 1997 wlis
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 299
SuaxanebSi nacionalistma serbebma da xorvatebma bosniaSi moindomes bosni-
is gayofa eTnikurad `wminda~ teritoriebad. 1998 wlis martSi regioni SeZra
serbiis mier zurggamagrebulma Zaladobam albaneli umravlesobis winaaRm-
deg kosovos avtonomiur provinciaSi. amgvari teritoriuli ambiciebis da
gauTavebeli eTnikuri emociebis fonze, SeuZlebeli Canda imis warmodgena,
rom bosnia gaagrZelebda arsebobas erTiani mravaleTnikuri da mravalre-
ligiuri saxelmwifos saxiT.
srulmasStabiani samoqalaqo omi kosovoSi 1990-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo.
omis mizezi avtonomiis sakiTxi iyo _ kosovoelebi iTxovdnen mas, xolo ser-
bebi uars acxadebdnen. serbulma Zalebma ar daindes mSvidobiani mosaxleoba,
sistematurad aZevebdnen kosovarebs (albanel serbebs) qveynidan (kosovo-
dan). im droisTvis, rodesac natos intervenciam sabolood daaCoqa miloS-
eviCis mTavroba, milionze meti kosovari (daaxloebiT sami mexuTedi eTni-
kurad albaneli mosaxleobisa) ltolvilad iyo qceuli. mSvidoba kosovos
mxolod kosovos gaTavisuflebis armiis gaafTrebuli brZolebis da gaeros
da saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis intervenciis Semdeg daubrunda.
brZolebis tkivilian dasasruls Tan axlda Tavsmoxveuli mSvidoba.
gaerom moaxdina sakuTari `droebiTi administraciis~ formireba, natos Za-
lebi ki garkveulwilad policiis funqcias asrulebdnen. deklarirebuli
mizani iyo `arsebiTi avtonomia da TviTmmarTveloba~ provinciisTvis. gaero-
natos reJimma ganaiaraRa kosovos gaTavisuflebis armia da dado mcire-
ricxovani (5 procentiani) serbuli umciresobis ganrisxebuli albanelebis
SurisZiebisagan dacvis piroba. es piroba srulad ar Sesrulda, ramdenadac
xSiri iyo kosovoSi serbebze Tavdasxmisa da muqaris SemTxvevebi.
saboloo jamSi, gadawyvetilebis miReba ver moxerxda. miloSeviCis xe-
lisuflebaSi yofnisas gaeros proteqtorats bolo ar uCanda. keTili sur-
vilebis miuxedavad, gaerom kidev erTxel daamtkica, rom ar iyo mzad mmarT-
velobis gansaxorcieleblad. gaeros administracia ar icnobda adgilobriv
Cveulebebs da awydeboda Znelad gadasalax enobriv bariers. natos Zalebi,
romlebmac axla serbebis dacvis rTuli misia ikisres, uflebaSelaxuli kos-
ovarebisgan mtrul damokidebulebas waawydnen. amavdroulad, Seiqmna insti-
tucionaluri da samarTlebrivi vakuumi, sadac ar arsebobda arc kanoni, arc
sasamarTloebi, arc adgilobrivi policia, raTa gamklavebodnen Cveulebriv
(da arcTu mTlad Cveulebriv) kriminals [(2008 wlis TebervalSi kosovom
damoukidebloba gamoacxada, rac ukve aRiara ramdenime saxelmwifom _
mTargmn. Sen)].
sisxliani diqtatori miloSeviCi sabolood daamxes saprezidento ar-
CevnebSi 2000 wels (igi ecada arCevnebis gayalbebas, magram daamxo saxalxo
opoziciis mZlavrma talRam) [miloSeviCi haagis saerTaSoriso tribunals
gadasces 2001 wels. igi gulis SetviT gardaicvala cixeSi 2006 w. _ mTargmn.
Sen.]. mxolod dro aCvenebs, SeZleben Tu ara miloSeviCis memkvidre (an mem-
kvidreebi) daubrunon politikuri wesrigi da saerTaSoriso pativiscema
dangreuli ekonomikis mqone am daqucmacebul ers.
300 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

siera leone

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, demokratia sulac ar aris Cveuli ambavi saharis

samxreTiT mdebare afrikaSi. iqac ki, sadac igi TiTqos muSaobda, damarcxda
_ zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sruliad unugeSod. arsad igi ise umowyalod ar dam-
arcxebula, rogorc siera leoneSi.
1986 wels siera leoneSi sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebi gaimarTa da
partiam saxelwodebiT `saerTo saxalxo kongresi~ (saxeli marjved iyo Ser-
Ceuli), SearCia 335 kandidati, raTa ebrZola 105 adgilisaTvis. partia Cveu-
lebriv ayenebda sam konkurents TiToeul adgilze, rac gavrcelebuli praq-
tikaa regionis erTpartiul qveynebSi. amrigad, amomrCevlebs siera leoneSi
faqtobrivad hqondaT meti arCevani _ sul mcire, pirovnebebTan mimarTebaSi
_ vidre amomrCevlebs aSS-is sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebis umravles
SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, siera leone 1990-ian wlebSi anarqiaSi gadaeSva. 1996
da 1998 wlebs Soris mTavroba oTxjer gamoicvala. Semdeg daiwyo sruli
koSmari da ajanyebulebma (e. w. erTiani revoluciuri frontis wevrebma)
sisxliani areulobebi moawyves. isini itacebdnen patara biWebs da maT se-
qsualuri Zaladobis msxverplad da mkvlelebad aqcevdnen. SeuZlebelia,
da arc aris saWiro, aRwero siera leoneSi momxdari yvela saSineleba. am
qveyanaSi ar Camoyalibebula arc politikuri institutebi da arc samoqa-
laqo kultura, rac aucilebelia demokratiis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis.
ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze, garegnuli demokratiis miRma iniRbeboda
sazogadoeba, romelic nebismier momentSi mzad iyo samoqalaqo Zaladobis
vulkanisebri amofrqvevisaTvis.

avRaneTi

dabolos, yuradRebas SevaCerebT avRaneTze, sadac saerTaSoriso mxar-

daWeriT zurggamagrebulma aSS-m moaxdina samxedro intervencia msoflio
savaWro centrsa da pentagonze 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tav-
dasxmebis Semdeg. erT dReSi avRaneTi amerikelebisTvis rukaze ararsebu-
li qveynidan iqca qveynad, romelzec yvelaze mets saubroben msoflioSi.
amerikelebma uceb gaiges, rom sastiki banditebis xrova, romelic mokalaTe-
buli iyo Talibebis saxelwodebiT cnobil totalitarul reJimSi, daCagrul
da uaRresad gaRatakebul qveyanas gaukuRmarTebuli islamis saxeliT mar-
Tavda. maT aseve gaiges, rom Taliburi reJimi warmoadgenda myudro TavSesa-
fars osama bin ladenisa da misi teroristuli qselis _ al-qaidasTvis. cotas
Tu esmoda istoriuli foni: avRaneTi iyo msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
disfunqciuri saxelmwifo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi im movlenebamde,
romlebmac uSualod gamoiwvia avRaneTis miwaze amerikis specialuri Zalebis
Sesvla. 1970 wlamdec ki avRaneTi msoflios erT-erTi uRatakesi qveyana iyo;
mdgomareoba swrafad gauaresda monarqiis damxobis Semdgom ramdenime aT-
wleulSi. 2001 wels mTeli qveyana nangrevebSi iyo da milionobiT adamiani,
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 301
gansakuTrebiT qalebi da bavSvebi, sikvdilis zRvarze cxovrobdnen.
avRaneTSi mravali eTnikuri jgufi cxovrobs, romlebic enaTesavebian
mezobeli qveynebis _ pakistanis, iranis, TurqmeneTis, tajikeTis, uzbeke-
Tisa da CineTis mosaxleobas. udidesi jgufi, puStunebi, mosaxleobis daax-
loebiT 40 procents Seadgens (rac 2000 wels 26 milioni iyo). amrigad, qveya-
naSi ar arsebobs umravlesobis jgufi, cxovroben mxolod sxvadasxva zomis
umciresobebi. avRanelebis daaxloebiT 99 procenti muslimia, aqedan 15
procenti Siitia (msgavsad iranelebis umravlesobisa).
avRaneTi 1747-1973 wlebSi monarqia iyo. rodesac qveyanam daSla daiwyo,
maSinve aSkara gaxda, rom am mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi bevri bzari ar-
sebobda. sxvadasxva jgufebi ibrZodnen upiratesobis mosapoveblad 1973
wlidan, sanam sabWoTa kavSirma ar gamoitana sabediswero gadawyvetileba
SeWriliyo avRaneTSi misi favoriti dajgufebis (komunistebis) saxeliT.
sabWoTa kavSiris avRaneTSi SeWras Sedegad mohyva sastiki da xangrZlivi
omi, damarcxebulma sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari Zalebi sabolood 1989 wels
gaiyvana, aTi wlis damangreveli (da damamcirebeli) brZolebis Semdeg. 1992
wels oponentebma daamxes komunisturi reJimi da xelSi Caigdes Zalaufle-
ba. rodesac misi vada amoiwura, xelisuflebam uari ganacxada Zalauflebis
daTmobaze, magram Talibebma ieriSi miitanes dedaqalaqze da daaamxes igi
1996 wels. axalma reJimma daamyara totalitaruli Zalaufleba, romelic is-
lamis enasa da ideebs qadagebda, magram efuZneboda yuranis (wminda werilis)
Tavnebur interpretirebas da SariaTis kanonebs (muslimi sasuliero pirebis,
anu molebis swavlebas). qalebi da gogonebi iZulebulni iyvnen sazogadoe-
baSi Cadri etarebinaT da maT aekrZalaT saxlis gareT muSaoba, skolaSi sia-
ruli da oficialurisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis gamoxatva. aikrZala
televizia, filmebi, musika, cekva da `garyvnili~ garTobis sxva elementebi.
SezRuduli iqna TviT bavSvTa TamaSebic ki (presis monacemebis mixedviT, mag-
aliTad, aikrZala qaRaldis franiT TamaSi).
avRaneTi yvelaze cnobili magaliTia disfunqciuri saxelmwifosi, ma-
gram ara erTaderTi. rogorc misi istoriis bolo sami aTwleuli gviCvenebs,
disfunqciuri saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba Zalian saxifaToni aRmoCndnen re-
gionuli stabilurobisa da TviT msoflio wesrigisTvisac ki. am problemis
gasaRebis povna iseve advilia, rogorc Znelia misi ganxorcieleba: ekonomi-
kuri da politikuri ganviTareba ukeTes cxovrebas qmnis ZaladobiT, Sim-
SiliT, avadmyofobiT da uimedobiT daCagruli sazogadoebebisaTvis.

ganviTarebis Teoria:
tendenciuri msjeloba?

dasavleTSi ganviTareba da demokratia xSirad sinonimebad ganixileba da

ganviTarebis yvela aspeqti sasurvelad miiCneva. politikuri mecnierebis
ena da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb literatura ufro bevr rames aaSkaravebs. igu-
lisxmeba, rom ganuviTarebel qveyanas ganviTarebuli sjobia. daukvirdiT
am ukanaskneli terminis antonimebs: sustad ganviTarebeli, naklebad ganvi-
302 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

Tarebuli, ganviTarebadi, tradiciuli an CamorCenilic ki. zogjer, poli-

tikuri koreqtulobis mizniT, politologebi termin `premodernulsac~
ki iyeneben ganviTarebis adreul safexurebze myof sazogadoebaTa dasa-
xasiaTeblad.
amdenad, ganviTarebis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom ganviTareba kargia. amis
mizezi SesaZlebelia isic iyos, rom yvelaze nakleb ganviTarebuli da araTa-
namedrove sazogadoebebi imavdroulad, rogorc wesi, uRaribesebic arian.
rogorc vnaxeT, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da sazogadoebrvi modernizacia
zogjer politikur demokratiasTanac asocirdeba.
Tuki asea, maSin ismis kiTxva: arian ki Tanamedrove moqalaqeebi industri-
ulad ganviTarebul eri-saxelmwifoebSi ufro bednierni, vidre afrikuli
tomis wevrebi, romlebic SedarebiT ioli cxovrebiT cxovroben, romelTa
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia tomis mier (im Temis mier, romelSic
cxovroben) da romelTa religiur da metafizikur SekiTxvebs calsaxa pa-
suxebi gaaCnia Taobidan Taobaze gadacemuli rwmenebis safuZvelze? dax-
vewili medasavleTeebi amgvar cxovrebas primitiulad da CamorCenilad mi-
iCneven. maTi azriT crurwmenebi, miTebi da warsulis mkvdari xeli aferxebs
rogorc individebis, aseve sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.
magram zogierTi kritikosi aRniSnavs, rom diskusiebi ganviTarebis Ses-
axeb xSirad ar scdeba dasavluri yaidis ganviTarebis qebas da adanaSau-
lebs dasavlel eqspertebs eTnocentrizmSi.22 sinamdvileSi, dasavleli
filosofosebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ebrZodnen am problemas. 1750 wels
frangi filosofosi Jan Jak ruso werda: `Cveni sulebi damaxinjebulia mec-
nierebisa da xelovnebis srulyofisaken Cveni swrafvis Sesabamisad~.23 ru-
sos politikuri filosofia efuZneba ideas, rom Tanamedrove civilizaciam
ufro gamofita, vidre gaamdidra Cveni adamianuri buneba. udavoa, rom gan-
viTarebad qveynebSi bevri adamiani, romelic iZulebuli iqna mietovebina
sofeli da SeCveoda qalaqis cxovrebis cvalebadobas (xSirad WuWyian jur-
RmulebSi), daeTanxmeboda am ideas.

WarbganviTareba: kapitalizmis patara

binZuri saidumlo

dasawyisSi Cven gamovTqviT varaudi, rom ganviTareba mxolod dasav-

leTsa da mis farglebs myof erTeul qveynebSi ar xdeba. yvela sazogadoeba
mudmivi cvlilebebis procesSia, isini ganicdian an aRmavlobas, an dacemas,
magram erTi ram cxadia: isini arasdros iyinebian erT adgilze. sazogadoe-
bebi sxvadasxva gziT, tempiT da sxvadasaxva dros viTardebian. Tanamedrove
epoqaSi, dasavlurma sazogadoebebma pirvelebma gaikvlies gza _ isini gan-
viTardnen ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri ganviTarebis paralelurad,
ganaviTares politikuri institutebi. maT am perspeqtivaSi, ganviTareba
Tanamedrove gagebiT, warmoadgenda bunebriv process, romlis saTavec am
sazogadoebebSia. ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis xSirad sapirispirod xdeba:
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 303
ganviTareba ucxo procesia, romelic saTaves garedan iRebs (anu msoflios
sabazro Zalebisgan, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis zewolisgan, ucxouri
kapitalidan, romelic iaf samuSao Zalas eZebs da a. S.).
amdenad, ganviTareba dasavleTSi zogadad naklebad damangreveli iyo, vi-
dre mesame samyaros bevr qveyanaSi. magram ganviTarebis istoria ar mTavrdeba
postindustriuli periodis mosvliT. dasavlurma sazogadoebebma gaiares
ganviTarebis agraruli da industriuli safexurebi da Seqmnes maRalte-
qnologiuri ekonomikebi, romlebic momxmarebels sTavazoben komerciuli
da finansuri servisebis farTo speqtrs (ra Tqma unda, es qveynebi kvlavac
CarTulni arian soflis meurneobaSi, madneulis mopovebasa da mrewvelobaSi,
magram ekonomikis es seqtorebi daCrdila maRalteqnologiuri produqciis
mniSvnelobam, maT Soris kompiuterulma programebma, finansurma servisebma,
mecnierebasa da kvlevaze dafuZnebulma produqciam, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
medikamentebis warmoeba da sxva). es axali produqtebi cxovrebis axal xarisxs
qmnis momxmareblebisaTvis, magram am yvelafers Tan sdevs gverdiTi efeqte-
bic: transportis sacobebi, qalaqis gadaWedva, atmosferos dabinZureba
da xmauri, stresuli daavadebebi, ojaxebis dangrevis maRali maCveneblebi,
narkomania, Zaladobrivi kriminalis zrda, gadaWarbebuli moxmareba, qa-
laqebis uzomod zrda, energiis ukmarisoba (mag. kaliforniaSi), narCenebis
ganadgurebis problema, miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZureba, toqsikuri wvimebi,
globaluri daTboba, ozonis fenaSi xvrelebis gaCena, mcenareTa da cxovel-
Ta uamravi saxeobis ganadgureba da bevri sxva boroteba, rac, Cveulebriv,
ganviTarebis Tanmdevi movlenebia.
postindustriuli qveynebis winaSe mdgari am problemebidan mxolod zo-
gierTis dasaxelebac ki gviCvenebs, rom ganviTarebis maRal safexurebs Ta-
visi sirTuleebi gaaCnia. es sirTuleebi sxvadasxvagvaria, magram yvela Ta-
visebur safrTxes Seicavs. kargi iqneboda, Tu WarbganviTarebuli qveynebi _
is qveynebi, sadac ganviTarebam gaaswro sazogadoebis SesaZleblobebs gam-
klavebodnen aCqarebuli tempis teqnologiuri da socialuri cvlilebebis
Tanmdev arasasurvel gverdiT efeqtebs _ met yuradRebas dauTmobdnen maT
winaSe mdgar problemebs, da ara ganuviTarebeli qveynebis aRzrda-swavle-
bas _ ra da rogor gaakeTon.

daskvna

ganviTarebad qveynebs ase imitom uwodeben, rom isini ekonomikurad nak-

lebad ganviTarebulni da naklebad modernizebulni arian, vidre dasavluri
liberaluri demokratiebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia ganviTareba-
di qveynebis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo niSnebis gamoyofa (magaliTad, siRa-
ribe, Sobadobis maRali maCveneblebi, soflis meurneobis wamyvani roli),
es qveyneba uaRresad mravalferovania. ganviTarebadi qveynebis istoriuli
memkvidreoba _ gansakuTrebiT evropuli kolonializmi – Raribi samxreTis
304 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

gaunelebeli aRSfoTebis mizezia mdidari CrdiloeTis mimarT. am istoriu-

li memkvidreobis nawilia arajansaRi politikuri ruka: sazRvrebi xSirad ar
asaxavs adgilobriv eTnikur, religiur da tomobriv danawilebas da amrigad,
politikuri arastabilurobis, maT Soris ajanyebebis, samoqalaqo omebis da
genocidis mizezic ki xdeba.
politikuri ganviTareba qveynis liderebisgan moiTxovs mosaxleobis
warmatebul gaerTianebas (eris mSenebloba), xelisuflebis iseTi insti-
tutebis Seqmnas, romlebic asaxaven xalxis nebas (saxelmwifos mSenebloba),
moqalaqeTa monawileobis uzrunvelyofas da simdidris, Zalauflebisa da
sakuTrebis samarTliani ganawilebis xelSewyobas. konkretulad, politi-
kuri ganviTareba moiTxovs, rom mTavrobam marTos efeqtianad da moxdes
xelisuflebebis um-tkivneulo cvlilebebi. rogorc wesi, politikuri gan-
viTareba aseve gulisxmobs progress demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mimar-
TulebiTac. demokratia ganviTarebad qveynebSi dakavSirebulia garkveuli
ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri da qceviTi pirobebis arsebobasTan.
demokratiuli reformebis gasatareblad, erma an politikuri, an ekonomi-
kuri reformebis ganxorcieleba unda daiwyos, magram ekonomikuri re-
formebis pirveladobis strategia ufro metad ralur perspeqtivebs qmnis
demokratiis warmatebisTvis. 1974-dan 1990 wlamde mravali ganviTarebadi
eri gaxda demokratiuli, magram es tendencia Seqcevadia.
ganviTareba SesaZloa rTuli amocana iyos. ganviTarebisaken mimarTuli
programebis gatarebisas erebi motivirebulni arian ekonomikuri siZnelee-
biT, politikuri qiSpobiT da maRali molodinebiT, Tumca am procesSi maT
mniSvnelovani barierebi eRobebaT win. maTi mosaxleoba xSirad socialurad
fragmentirebulia, individebi fsiqologiurad Zlier damokidebulni arian
tradiciebze da xSirad ewinaaRmdegebian cvlilebebs. ekonomikaSi arsebuli
problema uamravia _ vaWrobis araxelsayreli pirobebi, didi ucxouri vali,
mosaxleobis swrafi zrda, teqnologiebis dabali done, miwis nakveTebis ga-
nawileba, mkacri bunebrivi pirobebi da a.S. rodesac politikuri liderebi
ver axerxeben warmatebiT daakmayofilon ganviTarebis socialuri, ekonomi-
kuri da politikuri moTxovnebi (mraval mizezTa gamo), ganviTareba wydeba
da erebSi ganxeTqilebebi iwyeba.
zogierTi sazogadoeba ganviTarebis nacvlad dakninebisa da daSlis msx-
verpli xdeba. amis bolodroindeli magaliTebia somali, iugoslavia, siera
leone da avRaneTi. sabWoTa kavSiri da bevri sxva qveyanac gamodgeba daSlis
da daqveiTebis magaliTad.
WarbganviTareba (ganuviTareblobis sapirispirod) warmoadgens prob-
lemas, romelic bevr dasavlur sazogadoebas awuxebs. Tanamedrove diskus-
iebi ganviTarebis Temaze upiratesad ganviTarebis qeba-didebas warmoad-
gens, Tumca misi aserigad sasurveloba SeiZleba eWvqveS dadges.
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 305

sakvanZo sityvebi

ganviTarebadi qveynebi demokratiis korelatebi

pirveli samyaro `glasnost~-is pirveladobis mod-
meore samyaro eli
mesame samyaro `perestroik~-is pirveladobis
kolonializmi modeli
araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba mzardi molodinebis revolucia
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba mozaikuri sazogadoebebi
politikuri ganviTareba tradiciuli sazogadoebebi
eris mSenebloba askriptiuli sazogadoebebi
saxelmwifos mSenebloba mwvane revolucia
politikuri SeRweva eTnikuri wmenda
monawileoba deitonis SeTanxmebebi
patron-klienturi urTierTo-
bebi

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ra aris e. w. mesame samyaros ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi? rogor ukavSirdeba

es maxasiaTeblebi ganviTarebis process?
2. daasaxeleT demokratiis korelatebi. axseniT, ramdenad marTebulia ana-
lizis amgvari mimarTuleba.
3. ra aris modernizaciis miznebi? ra uSlis xels mas?
4. mivyavarT Tu ara ganviTarebas yovelTvis demokratiisken? Tu piriqiT?
moitaneT magaliTebi.
5. ra dabrkolebebi eRobeba ganviTarebas? Tu ganviTareba ase Znelia, ratom
eswrafvian mas?
6. rogor ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs ganviTareba da daknineba? Cerdebian Tu
ara saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi odesme erT adgilze? axseniT.
7. daasaxeleT oTxi disfunqciuri saxelmwifo da erT-erTi maTganis mag-
aliTze aRwereT disfunqciuri saxelmwifos buneba.

SeniSvnebi

1. es monacemebi WeSmaritia klasifikaciis TiTqmis yvela sistemis

mixedviT, Tumca CineTis ganviTarebad qveynad CaTvla/arCaTvla mniS-
vnelovnad imoqmedebs zust maCveneblebze. Cvens cxrilSi CineTi gan-
viTarebad qveynad aris miCneuli.
2. John Allen, Student Atlas of World Politics (Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1994),
306 Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebadi demokratiebi

16. tailands maSin siami ewodeboda, irans ki sparseTi.

3. iqve, 17. Tumca, Tanamedrove politikis, gansakuTrebiT ki yofili iu-
goslaviis, cvalebadobis gamo es maCvenebeli Zalze aramyaria.
4. rogorc aRniSnavs Robert Clark, Power and Politics in the Third World, 4th
ed. (New York: Macmullian, 1991), 26.
5. ix. Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies: (New
Yaork: Norton, 1997).
6. am sakiTxebs sazogadod esmeba xazi literaturaSi. ix. James A. Bill da
Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr, Comparative Politics: The Quest fir Theory (Webster-
ville, Ohio: Merrill, 1973), 70-71.
7. magaliTisaTvis ix. Seymour Lipset, Political man: The Social gases of De-
mocracy (Garden City. N.Y. Doubleday, 1983); Tatu Vanhamen, The Process
of Democratization: A Comperative Study of 147 States, 1980-1988 (Bristol, Pa:
Taylor & Francis, 1990); da Samuel P. Huntington, “Will More countries Be-
come Democratic?” Political Science Quarterly 99 (1984): 193-218. aseve sain-
teresoa Thomas Scanton, “Democracy’s Fragile Flower Spreads Its Roots”,
Time, July 13, 1987.10-11. amgvar korelatebze dafuZnebul, demokratiis
optimistur xedvas gvTavazobs Carl Garsman, “Democracy as the Wave of
the Future: World Revolution”, Current, (May 1989): 18-23. aseve ix. Morton
Kondracke, “Freedom Bummer”, New Republic, November 26, 1990, 21-24.
8. Gershman “Democracy as the Wave of the Future”, 23.
9. Vanhamen, Process of Democratization, 51-65.
10. ix. Kondracke, ”Freedom Bummer,~ 23
11. Samuel Hantington `How Countries Democratize”, Political Science Quarterly
106, (1991-1992): 579.
12. magaliTisaTvis ix. Robert M. Press “Africa’s Strugle for for Democracy”,
Christian Science Monitor, March 21, 1991, 7; da Kennet B. Noble, “Despots
Dwindle as Reform Alters Face of Africa”, New York Times, April 13, 1991, 1.
13. rogorc aRniSnavs Thomas R. Lansner “Out of Africa”, Wall Street Journal,
December 10, 1996. A18.
14. Huntington, “How Countries Democratize”, 12.
15. Cveulebriv, mesame samyaros qveynebis mier. ukanaskneli periodis
mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi iyo 1991 wlis dasawyisSi SeerTebuli
Statebis winamZRolobiT gaerTianebuli erebis jarebisa da erays So-
ris omi.
16. Jean Herskovits, “Nigeria: Power and Democracy in Africa”, Headline Series
527 (January-February 1982): 18.
17. Vyvyan Tenorio, “Sri Lanka Process at Delicate point”, Cristian Science Moni-
tor, September 2, 1986,11.
18. Robert E. Gamer, Developing Nations: A Comparative Perspective, 2nd ed.
(Dubuque, Lowa: William C Brown, 1982), 312-314.
19. Samuel Huntington, "Political Development and Political Decay," Worlds Poli-
tics 17 (April 1965): 386-430.
20. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.:
Yale University Press, 1968), 35.
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi 307
21. Robert G. Wesson, Communism and Communist Systems (Englewood Cliffs,
N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978), 172-173.
22. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bill and Hardgrave, Comparative Politics, 58-59.
23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “The First Discourse,” wignSi The First and Second
Discourses, red. Roger D. Masters (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964), 39.
308
nawili III

politikis
samoqalaqo
ganzomileba

Tavi IX
po llititik
ik u r i s oc
o c iiaa l iz ac
a c iiaa :
m o q aal
l a q is GGaa mo
m o y a l ib e ba
ba

Tavi X
po llit
itikik u r i m on
o n a w il e ob
oba:
g a v l een
n is s a fa s u r i

Ta v i XXII po l itik u r i
l id
i dee r o b a : Z a la
l a u fl e b iiss
m r a v aal
l s a x e o ba
ba

Ta v i X XIIII s a z o g ad
a d o e b ri
r ivv i
k e Til
T ild d R e o b iiss z R u b l z e :
id eeoo l o g ie b i d a iz m e b i

Ta v i XXIIII I s a j a ro
r o po l iiti-
ti-
k is pr o b l e m e bi
b i::
p r in c ip
pr ipee b i, pr io r -
ite ttee b i d a pr a q tikti k a

309
T aavv i I X

politikuri
socializacia

m o qqaa la qis
qis
G aam
m o y ali
a li b eb
eba

kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba

sapirispiro ganmartebebi
klasikuri xedva
politikuri socializacia
ojaxi
Tanatolebi
masmedia
kanoni
ZiriTadi politikuri Rireb-
ulebebi: rogor vipovoT oqros Su-
aledi?
politikuri socializaciis marcxi

311
312 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

1932 welia. sabWoTa kavSiri sakvebis saSinel naklebobas ganicdis, milio-

nobiT adamiani SimSilobs. ioseb stalinma, komunisturi partiis liderma
da sabWoTa xelisuflebis Tavkacma, wamoiwyo sabWoTa soflis meurneobis
Zirfesviani reorganizacia, rac miwaTmflobelTa mTeli socialuri kla-
sis (kulakebis) mospobasa da mTliani miwebis koleqtivizacias gulisxmobda
_ amieridan miwis yoveli nakveTi da masze moweuli produqti saxelmwifos
ekuTvnis. imisaTvis, rom ar momxdariyo aw ukve saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi
arsebuli qonebis qurdoba, sabWoTa xelisuflebam SemoiRo kanoni, romli-
Tac TiToeul glexs aekrZala piradi moxmarebisaTvis marcvlelulis nebi-
smieri raodenobis miTviseba. am kanonis gavleniT, patara biWma mamamisi mar-
cvleulis damalvisaTvis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan daasmina. mama
saxelmwifo qonebis qurdobis gamo daxvrites. amis Semdeg didi dro ar ga-
sula da glexebis jgufma, romelsac am biWis saqcieliT ganrisxebuli biZa wi-
namZRolobda, igi sicocxles gamoasalma. xelisuflebam, romelic SemTxvevas
sruliad gansxvavebuli kuTxiT ganixilavda, biWi tanjul gmirad Seracxa.

kargi moqalaqe da kargi pirovneba

stalini am patara biWs samagaliTo moqalaqed, gmirad miiCnevda. is faqti,

rom sakuTari mamis damsmeni bavSvi SeiZleba karg moqalaqed CaTvliliyo,
miuTiTebs gansxvavebaze romelic pirvelad aristotelem aRniSna: karg mo-
qalaqes gansazRvravs kanonebi, reJimebi da wesebi, magram kargi pirovnebis
zneob-rivi saxe (da universaluri Tvisebebi) myaria da nebismieri politi-
kuri reJimis moTxovnebze maRla dgas.1 amrigad, kargi moqalaqeoba gulisx-
mobs saxelmwifoSi da sazogadoebaSi arsebuli wesebis, normebisa da molo-
dinis Tanaxmad moqcevas. magram kargi moqalaqeobis arsebuli kriteriumebi,
SesaZloa, Zlier gansxvavdebodes (da es asecaa) sxvadasxva erSi. 1930-iani
wlebis sabWoTa ruseTSi kargi moqalaqe iyo is, vinc, upirveles yovlisa, ko-
munisturi partiis erTguli iyo. kargi moqalaqeobis sazomi totalitarul
saxelmwifoSi aseTia: kargi moqalaqe mzad unda iyos politikuri xelisu-
flebis nebas (brZanebas) dauqvemdebaros yovelgvari piradi Sexedulebebi da
ojaxis erTgulebac ki, da mihyves diqtatoris neba-survils, saiTac ar unda
iyos igi mimarTuli. konstituciur demokratiebSi arsebuli moqalaqeobis
standartebi mkveTrad gansxvavebulia: waxalisebuli da daculia pirovnebis
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, daemorCilon saku-Tar sindiss da
gamoxaton Tavisi mosazrebebi.
maSin, rodesac abstraqtuli kargi moqalaqisadmi arsebuli moTxovne-
bi (romlebsac yovelTvis saxelmwifo gansazRvravs) upirispirdeba re-
aluri adamianebis (moqalaqeebis, rogorc keTili da TanamgrZnobi
adamianebis)zneobriv orientirebs da sadac saxelmwifo cdilobs mospos
gansxvaveba am ors Soris, warmoiSoba seriozuli Teoriuli da praqtikuli
saxis problemebi. rodis wyvets adamiani namdvil moqalaqed yofnas da iqce-
va ubralo, rigiT subieqtad, SeiZleba monadac ki? adamiani saxelmwifos
emorCileba Tu sakuTari sindisis karnaxs?
 politikuri socializacia 313
istoriis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva zneobrivi mrwamsis adamianebi iCemebd-
nen sazogadoebis karg moqalaqeobas. moqalaqis zneobriv saxes da mmarT-
velobis sxvadasxva formas Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiri xazs usvams
(aZlierebs) aristoteles mosazrebas, rom politikuri sistemis WeSmariti
sazomi is moqalaqea, romelsac igi ayalibebs. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, kargi
saxelmwifo isaa, romlis sanimuSo moqalaqe kargi pirovnebacaa; cudia sax-
elmwifo, romlis sanimuSo moqalaqe ise emorCileba brZanebas, rom Tavs ar
iwuxebs keTilisa da borotis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze pasuxiT. raoden martivic
ar unda iyos amgvari formulireba, igi mniSvnelovan mosazrebas gvTavazobs
mmarTvelobasa da moqalaqes Soris urTierTobaze da magaliTad, imazec
miuTiTebs, rom samoqalaqo saTnoeba (sazogadoebrivi zneoba) ganuyofelia
individualuri keTilsindisierebisagan (piradi moraluri principebisagan).

sapirispiro ganmartebebi

gasakviri araa, rom sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis gan-

sxvavebuli definiciaa miRebuli. bevr avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi adami-
anebis moqalaqeebad kvalificireba mxolod am sityvis Zalian viwro gagebiT
SeiZleba, anu isini cxovroben romeliRac konkretuli saxelmwifos teri-
toriaze da mis kanonebs emorCilebian. aseTi saxelmwifos da moqalaqis
urTierToba calmxrivi moZraobis quCas hgavs: rogorc rigiTi moqalaqee-
bi, isini ar monawileoben imis gadawyvetaSi, vin da rogor marTavs (maSinac
ki, rodesac isini arCevnebSi monawileoben). zogadad, Tuki isini sistemis
mimarT damTmobni arian, mTavroba maT ar awuxebs.
gansxvavebiT amisagan, totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, romlebSic xelisuf-
leba cdilobs Secvalos sazogadoeba da axali tipis moqalaqe Camoayali-
bos, adamianebi iZulebuli arian CaerTon politikur sistemaSi. Tumca,
moqalaqis poziciidan msgavs monawileobas azri ara aqvs, radgan es ar aris
nebayoflobiTi da gulisxmobs valdebulebebs Sesabamisi uflebebis gareSe.
kargi moqalaqeo-bis ganmsazRvrelia erTguleba da fanatizmi, ramac SeiZleba
aiZulos isini maTTvis moralurad miuRebeli brZanebebic ki Seasrulon.
demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, adamianebi moqalaqeobas sul sxvagvarad
ganmartaven. dawyebiT skolaSi karg moqalaqed iTvleba is mowafe, romelic
karg magaliTs iZleva, pativs scems sxvebs, wesierad iqceva da davalebebs
droze asrulebs. mozrdilebi karg moqalaqeebad iTvlebian, Tuki serio-
zulad ekidebian moqalaqeobriv valdebulebebs, icaven kanonebs, ixdian
gadasaxadebs da regularulad monawileoben arCevnebSi. demokratiul sax-
elmwifoSi kargi moqalaqeobis definicia kanonebSia mocemuli, kanonebs ki
kanonmdeblebi weren, romelTac xalxi irCevs _ sxva sityvebiT, WeSmariti
respublika Slis, spobs (an amcirebs mainc) daZabulobas moqalaqeobasa da
sindiss Soris.
bevri adamiani, libertarianelebis CaTvliT, amtkicebs, rom moqa-
laqeobis arsi individualur uflebebsa da pirad TavisuflebaSia. ameri-
kis SeerTebul StatebSi moqalaqeobisadmi formaluri moTxovnebi minim-
314 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

aluria, moqalaqeobis uparatesobebi ki iseTi, rom msoflioSi nebismier

adamians SeSurdeba (amitomac, aSS-Si imigrantebis uwyveti nakadia aSS-dan
sxva qveynebSi moqalaqeTa mcire gadinebis fonze). meToTxmete Sesworebis
Tanaxmad, `yvela piri, romelic dabadebulia an naturalizebulia amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi da mis iurisdiqciaSi imyofeba, aris moqalaqe amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebisa da im Statisa, romelSic cxovrobs~. aRsaniSnavia, rom
am qveyanaSi moqalaqeoba gansazRvrulia/ganmartebulia konstituciiT.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeebi moqa-
laqeobis armqoneTagan imis mixedviT ki ar arian gamorCeuli, ras akeTeben an
adre ra aqvT gakeTebuli, aramed, ubralod, dabadebis adgilis mixedviT. amis
safuZveli ki isaa, rom Tu erTxel gaxdi moqalaqe, sul iqnebi moqalaqe, Tuki
raime gansakuTrebuli danaSauli ar Caidine (rogoricaa Ralati) an nebayof-
lobiT ar Tqvi uari moqalaqeobaze. mSvidobis dros amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis moqalaqeobis miRebaze arsebuli moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi, sakmaod
sustia.

klasikuri xedva

SesaZloa moqalaqeobis minimalisturi xedva sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom

erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT `Sinaurebi da `ucxoebi~, magram is ar iTval-
iswinebs erTi koncefciis WeSmarit arss, romelsac dasavlur civilizaciaSi
didi xnis ganmav-lobaSi gansakuTrebul pativs scmdnen. Zveli berZnebisTvis
moqalaqeoba mxolod nawilobriv iyo dakavSirebuli dabadebis faqtsa da
politikur geografiasTan; moqalaqeobis umniSvnelovanes kriteriums war-
moadgenda sazogadoebis sajaro saqmeebSi seriozuli da uangaro monawileo-
ba. aristoteles miaCnda, rom `moqalaqis cnebas yvelaze ukeT gansazRvravs
sasamarTlosa da saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba~.2 aristote-
lesdroindeli aTeni patara politikuri sazogadoeba, qalaqi-saxelmwifo
iyo, romelSic moqalaqeTa proporciulad did nawils miniWebuli hqonda
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis ufleba. moqalaqeoba iyo pativi,
romlis saSualebiTac saTanado mondomebisa da ganaTlebis mqone Tavisufa-
li adamianebi marTavdnen sxva Tavisufal adamianebs, TviTon ki imarTebodnen
maT mier da amiT emsaxurebodnen winsvlas, sazogadoebriv wes-
rigsa da keTildReobas.
meTvramete saukunis evropaSi berZnuli ideali modernizebuli formiT
xelaxla gacocxlda. moqalaqe iqca terminad, romliTac axasiaTebdnen imaT,
vinc ibrZoda uflebisaTvis, TxovniT miemarTa an eCivla mTavrobisaTvis.
moqalaqeebs ganasxvavebdnen monebisagan, romelTac qonebad Tvlidnen da
moTxovnebi da uflebebi ar SeiZleba hqonodaT. moqalaqeebi gansxvavdebod-
nen aseve qveSevrdomebisagan (vasali), romelTa pirveli da yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani valdebuleba xelmwifis erTguleba da morCileba iyo. germaneli
filosofosis imanuel kantis (1724-1804ww.) mixedviT, moqalaqeebs, monebisa
da qveSevrdomebisagan gansxvavebiT, hqondaT konstituciuri Tavisufleba
anu ufleba, damorCilebodnen mxolod kanonebs, romlebzec maT sakuTari
 politikuri socializacia 315
Tanxmoba hqondaT micemuli. kanti aseve amtkicebda, rom moqalaqeebs hqon-
daT samoqalaqo Tanasworoba da politikuri damoukidebloba. pirveli
aTavisuflebda maT im kanonisa Tu wesisgan, romelic avaldebulebda Tavis
Soris ufrosi eRiarebinaT, meore ki imis aRmniSvneli iyo, rom pirovnebis
politikuri statusi fundamenturi uflebebidan gamomdinareobda da ara
vinmes nebidan.3
moqalaqeobis cnebis aSkarad ganuyofeli nawili yovelTvis iyo pirovnu-
li Rirsebis idea. moqalaqes unda moqceodnen rogorc Tavisufal da Tanas-
wor pirovnebas, romelsac unari Seswevs gansazRvros, ra Sedis mis intereseb-
Si. moqalaqeebi sxvebs ar unda emarTaT TviTneburad (despoturad); rogorc
gonieri arsebebi, isini imsaxureben pativiscemiT mopyrobas. moqalaqeobis
am idealTan yvelaze axlos respublikuri mmarTveloba mivida. sabolood,
rogorc kanti da meTvramete saukunis sxva moazrovneebi aRiarebdnen, moqa-
laqeobisagan ganuyofeli Tavisufleba da Rirseba mxolod respublikuri
mmarTvelobisas ganmtkicdeboda da aseTi mmarTveloba ki funqcionirebas
SeZlebda mxolod maSin, Tuki misi rigiTi wevrebi gaiazrebdnen da gasaqans
miscemdnen moqalaqeobis valdebulebebs.
amJamad ukve gacilebiT meti adamiani kanonierad iwonebs Tavs `moqa-
laqeobiT~ ara marto msoflio masStabiT, aramed calkeul qveynebSic. mag-
aliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, rasobriv umciresobebs, qalebs da
qonebis armqone pirebs mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi uxdebodaT brZola ar-
CevnebSi monawileobis uflebisa da sakuTari samoqalaqo uflebebis kanonis
farglebSi dasacavad. es procesi ar mimdinareobda Secdomebisa da Cavard-
nebis gareSe. ga izarda ra moqalaqeTa (da saerTod adamianebis) raodenoba,
ufro rTuli gaxda efeqturi politikuri monawileobac: gaZlierda ze-
moqmedeba mTavrobazec, raTa man uzrunvelyos samoqalaqo ganaTleba da
socialuri garemo, rac imisaTvisaa aucilebeli, rom yvela moqalaqem Se-
Zlos Tavisi uflebebis saTanadod dacva. Zvel aTenSi, qalaqis SedarebiT
mcire zomisa da moqalaqeTa mcire raodenobis gamo (monebi da qalebi moqa-
laqeebad ar iTvlebodnen), nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo daekavebina saxelm-
wifo Tanamdeboba da aqtiuri monawileoba mieRo kanonebisa da politikis
CamoyalibebaSi. mzard erebSi, milionobiT moqalaqiT, sadac TiTqmis yvela
srulwlovans moqalaqis statusi aqvs, Sinaarsiani da efeqtiani monawil-
eoba xSirad miuwvdomel idealad rCeba.

politikuri socializacia

miuxedavad imisa, rom moqalaqeobis zust ganmartebaze SeiZleba vikamaToT,

zogadad yvela aRiarebs: karg moqalaqed ki ar ibadebian, aramed yalibdebian.
bavSvebi xdebian pasuxismgeblobiT aRWurvili moqalaqeebi sxvadasxva gav-
lenisa da institutis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad; esaa ojaxi, religia, skola,
Tanatolebi, masmedia da kanoni, romlebic uyalibeben moqalaqis valdeb-
ulebisa da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis SegrZnebas. socializacia ewodeba pro-
cess, romliTac adamiani iZulebuli xdeba ifiqros da imoqmedos sazoga-
316 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

doebrivad misaRebi formiT.

politikuri socializacia aris procesi, romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba

Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi da azrebi, romelTa saSualebiTac maT SeuZliaT
politikur sistemas daexmaron.4 yoveli TviTkmari sazogadoeba moqalaqeebs
Caunergavs garkveul ZiriTad Rirebulebebs. eWvgareSea, nebismieri saxelmwi-
fosaTvis aucilebeli saSeni masala (aguri) saerTo Sexedulebebia. iseTi Seu-
drekeli individualistic ki, rogoric ingliseli filosofosi jon stiuart
mili iyo (1806-1873ww.), acnobierebda, rom loialobis da erTgulebis moqa-
laqeobrivi grZnoba `SeiZleba sxvadasxva obieqts Seexebodes da mmarTvelobis
romelime erT formaze ar iyos mijaWvuli; magram demokratiasa Tu monarqiaSi
misi arsi yovelTvis isaa, rom saxelwifos konstituciaSi aris raRac gansaz-
Rvruli, samudamo, rac eWvs ar iwvevs, rasac sayovelTao SeTanxmebis safuZ-
velze, aqvs ufleba iyos iq, sadac aris da rac ar unda Seicvalos, iyos daculi
da xeluxlebeli~.5
aqedan gamomdinare, verc erTi xelisufleba, ra legitimuric ar unda
iyos igi, ver miscems Tavs uflebas ugulebelyos moqalaqeTa mier poli-
tikuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibebis gza. es procesi ojaxSi iwyeba.

ojaxi

ojaxi axdens pirvelad da yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas pirovnuli (in-

dividualuri) Rirebulebebis formirebaze. sxvadasxva politikuri reJimi
sxvadasxvagvarad ganixilavs ojaxs. zogierTi mTavroba mxarSi udgas da
mfarvelobs ojaxs; sxva reJimebi gulgrili arian mis mimarT; zogierTi cdi-
lobs mas niadagi gamoacalos, radganac ojaxuri kavSirebidan gamomdinare
siyvarulsa da erTgulebas saxelmwifosaTvis ZirgamomTxrelad miiCnevs.
miuxedavad am gansxvavebuli damokidebulebebisa, yvela mTavroba aRiarebs
ojaxis mniSvnelobas socializaciis procesSi.
im erebmac ki, romlebic Riad aRiareben tradiciul ojaxur Rirebule-
bebs, SeiZleba ver moaxerxon sazogadoebaSi misi warmatebis uzrunvelyofa.
magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg martoxe-
la mSoblebTan mcxovrebi bavSvebis ricxvi, ganqorwinebebisa da martoxela
qalebs Soris Sobadobis zrdis Sedegad, sagrZnoblad gaizarda (ix. sqema 9-
1). Tu 1970 wels axalSobilTa daaxloebiT 12 procenti modioda martoxela
qalebze, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 33%-s miuaxlovda. zogierT SemTxvevaSi bavSvis
mamisagan mitovebuli deda iZulebulia marto itvirTos bavSvis movlisa
da ojaxis patronobis mZime tvirTi. orsuloba TineijerebSi (mozardebSi),
siRaribe da ganaTlebis dabali done pirdapir kavSirSia amgvar danawevre-
bul ojaxebTan. problemis gamo izrdeba socialuri uzrunvelyofis xar-
jebi, magaliTad `gaWirvebuli ojaxebis droebiTi daxmarebis~ da sakvebze
talonebis programebis meSveobiT.
 politikuri socializacia 317

sqema 9-1. martoxela ojaxebSi mcxovrebi amerikeli bavSvebi, 1960-95ww wy-

aro: “Keeping Track”, New York Times, 20 ivlisi, 1994, A7.

momavalSi mosalodnelia problemiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri da so-

cialuri xarjebis sagrZnobi zrda. rogorc kvlevebi adasturebs, martox-
ela mSoblis mier gazrdil bavSvebs skolidan garicxvis, kriminalTa da
narkotikebis momxmarebelTa wreSi moxvedris, ara Tavisi specialobiT muS-
aobis da siRaribeSi darCenis, mozrdilobaSi ki uiRblo piradi kavSirebis
da uiRblo ojaxebis Seqmnis ufro realuri riski emuqrebaT, vidre orive
mSobelTan aRzrdil bavSvebs.6 ra Tqma unda, xSirad erTmSobliani ojaxebic
warmatebuli arian xolme da maTi aRzrdili bavSvebic mSvenivrad uReben
alRos cxovrebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki erT-erTi mSobeli bavSvze negatiur
fizikur an emociur gavlenas axdens, bavSvisTvis SeiZleba ukeTesic iyos
calke im mSobelTan cxovreba, romelic aseT zemoqmedebas ar mimarTavs.
bavSvi Tavdapirvel socializacias sakuTar saxlSi, ojaxSi gadis da
iRebs ra Tavisi yoveldRiuri qcevisTvis jildos an sasjels, swavlobs, ra
aris daSvebuli da ra ara. amgvarad, bavSvi erkveva, ra valdebulebebi aqvs
ojaxis da sxvebis mimarT. nel-nela is xdeba ojaxis moqalaqe (wevri), rogorc
wesi, mkafiod gansazRvruli movaleobebiT, nawilobriv, uflebebiTa
da privilegiebiT. gansakuTrebulad esmeva xazi mniSvnelovan moralur
wesebs maSinac ki, Tu bavSvs ar ganumartaven am wesebis mizezebs (`giTxari
da gaakeTe~). ndoba, TanamSromloba, Tavisi Tavis pativiscema, sxvebis
pativiscema da TanagrZnoba fesvgadgmulia ojaxur urTierTobebSi, maT
efuZneba pirovnebis qceviTi da zneobrivi ganviTareba.7
ojaxi aseve gvexmareba gavarkvioT, sad migviyvans sabolood bavSvebis
politikuri socializacia da ramdenad warmatebuli iqneba igi. partiuli
orientacia da kuTvnilebac ki xSirad ojaxidan modis, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac orive mSobeli erTi partiis wevria. amas garda, ojaxi mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens rwmenaze (religiur Sexedulebebze), rac mWidrodaa dakav-
Sirebuli rogorc partiul kuTvnilebasTan, aseve konkretul politikur
318 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

Sexedulebeb-Tan (fundamentalisti protestanebi, rogorc wesi, abortis

winaaRmdegi arian; ebraelebi israels uWeren mxars da a. S.).8 SeerTebul
StatebSi, im bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70 procenti, romelTa orive mSobelic
erT partias uWers mxars, TviTonac imave partias aniWebs upiratesobas.9
Tumca, rogorc kvlevebma aCvena, rodesac saqme midis ufro abstraqtul
politikur sakiTxebamde, mSoblebis gavlena sakmaod SezRuduli xdeba.10
dabolos, im faqts, rom ukve zrdasrulebi, xSirad ar veTanxmebiT Cveni mSo-
blebis Sexedulebebs politikaze (sxva raRacebTan erTad), miaweren xolme
`TaobaTa Soris~ gansxvavebas.

socialuri klasi da umciresobis statusi. ramdenime kvlevam aCvena, rom

politikuri socializaciis struqtura (modeli) mSobelTa sxvadasxva so-
cialur klasSi umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba.11 saSualo da maRali fenis bavS-
vebis politikaSi aqtiuri Cabmis albaToba ufro maRalia, radgan iTvleba,
rom politikiT ojaxis daintereseba socialur statusTan erTad izrdeba.
daba li fenebis ojaxebidan gamosuli bavSvebs politikaze naklebi infor-
macia aqvT da ufro iSviaTadac monawileoben politikur RonisZiebebSi.12
ojaxis farglebSi, umciresobis statusma SeiZleba mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrulos politikuri socializaciis procesSi. magaliTad, zogierTma mkv-
levarma daadgina, rom amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi afro-amerikeli bavSve-
bi ufro naklebad endobian mTavrobas, vidre maTi TeTrkaniani Tanatolebi.
es bavSvebi aseve naklebad arian darwmunebuli mTavrobaze gavlenis moxde-
nis sakuTar SesaZleblobebSi.13 gasakviri araa, rom amdagvarive damokideb-
ulebaa politikur SexedulebaTa mimarTac; amgvarad, Savkaniani amerikelebi
(aRiareben ra klasebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs mudmiv, ucvlel mocemu-
lobad), ekonomikuri da sagareo politikis umravles sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi
(Tumca, es ganwyoba yvela politikur sakiTxze rodi vceldeba, risi magaliT-
icaa danaSaulis mimarT damokidebuleba) ufro politikurad liberalur
ganwyobebs amJRavneben, vid-re TeTrkaniani amerikelebi. amis msgavsad, azi-
uri warmoSobis amerikelebi, xelisuflebis da tradiciuli ojaxis struq-
turisadmi maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli pativiscemidan gamomdinare, TeTrkanian
eTnikur jgufebTan ufro axlos dganan, vidre SavkanianTa jgufebTan, gan-
sakuTrebiT sayofacxovrebo sakiTxebSi. espanurenovan amerikelebs SeiZle-
ba Savkanian da TeTrkanian amerikelebs Soris mivakuTvnoT adgili, Tumca
ojaxuri socializaciis da politikuri Sexedulebebis gadacemis efeqtma
gavlena iqonia kubel amerikelebze, romlebic, rogorc calke jgufi, ufro
mtkice konservatorebad Camoyalibdnen (gansakuTrebiT sagareo politikis
sakiTxebSi), vidre sxva espanurenovani amerikelebi, meqsikelebisa da puerto-
rikoelebis CaTvliT. amis erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom rodesac revoluciis
dros kubelebis nawili amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi gaiqca, kubis liderma
fidel kastrom maT qoneba CamoarTva da kubaSi darCenil maTi ojaxis wevrebs
devna dauwyo.

genderi da politika. amerikul politikaSi mamakacebsa da qalebs xandaxan

mmarTvelobis da politikis gansxvavebuli xedva aqvT; klasebsa da rasebs
 politikuri socializacia 319
Soris gansxvavebis msgavsad, sqesTa Soris arsebuli gansxvavebac SeiZleba
politikuri qcevis da Sexedulebebis mniSvnelovani damoukidebeli kore-
latebi iyos. rogorc Cans, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, zogierT politi-
kur sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi SegviZlia visaubroT erTgvar genderul gansv-
laze, anu im gansxvavebebze, rasac fiqroben da mxars uWeren mTlianobaSi
mamakacebi da qalebi. magaliTad, 1996 wlis sayovelTao arCevnebSi qalebis
54 procentma xma misca demokrat bil klintons, xolo 37 procentma _ kon-
servator bob douls; sruliad gansxvavebuli maCveneblebi hqondaT mamak-
acebs, romelTa xmebi TiTqmis Tanabrad gaiyo klintonsa da douls Soris
(TiToeulma 44 procenti miiRo). imave arCevnebSi, qveynis masStabiT, warmo-
madgenelTa palatis arCevnebSi qalebis 55 procentma xma demokratebs mis-
ca, xolo mamakacebis 54 procentma _ respublikelebs.
rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es fenomeni? zogierTi mkvlevari sqesTa Soris
arsebul gansxvavebas ojaxSi gancdil adrindel gamocdilebasa da molo-
dinebs ukavSirebs; sxvebi amtkiceben, rom arsebobs Tandayolili gansx-
vavebebi kacebisa da qalebis zneobrivi da politikuri Segnebis Camoyali-
bebis procesis mimdinareobaSi. erTi Teoriis mixedviT, socilizaciis da
biologiis garkveuli kombinaciis Sedegad, qals, rogorc dedas da bavSvis
ZiriTad momvlels, uviTardeba moraluri da politikuri xedva, romelSic
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba TanagrZnobasa da adamianis sicocx-
lis dacvas.14 sxva, alternatiuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, genderze dafuZneb-
uli politikuri gansxvavebebi safuZvels iRebs zogierTi qalis gvian-
del cxovrebiseul gamocdilebebSi. xmis micemis kanonzomierebaTa erTma
amaswindelma kvlevam aCvena, rom `gaTxovili qalebi, gansakuTrebiT isini,
romelTac arasodes hyoliaT bavSvi, mamakacebis msgavs arCevans akeTeben,
martoxela da gaSorebuli qalebi ki lamis memarcxene frTis proletariats
warmoadgenen~.15
rogoric unda iyos gansxvavebebis wyaro, isini ar warmoiqmneba mxolod
sqesTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebidan _ magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxvebma ver gamoavlina veraviTari gansxvaveba samoqalaqo Tavisu-
flebebis an Tanasworuflebianobis sxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb mamakacebisa da
qalebis damokidebulebaSi. rogorc Cans, sqesTa Soris erTi mniSvnelovani
politikuri gansxvaveba ukavSirdeba mTavrobis mier Zalis gamoyenebis
sakiTxs. zogadad, qalebi naklebad arian ganwyobili omis mxardasaWerad,
ufro ewinaaRmdegebian sikvdiliT dasjas da ixrebian iraRze kontrolis
gamkacrebisaken. aseve, qalebi ufro metad emxrobian ojaxebis, RaribTa da
xelmokleTa dasaxmareblad gamiznuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis progr-
amebs. am gansxvavebaTa meSveobiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba avxsnaT, ratom daex-
mara sqesTa Soris arsebuli sxvadasxvaoba ukanasknel wlebSi demokratebs
aSS-Si.

religia. eklesiac da saxelmwifoc SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs moraluri avto-

ritetis WeSmarit wyarod warmoadgendes, ris gamoc religias socializa-
ciis procesSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. iseve rogorc religias
SeuZlia moaxdinos gavlena Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi axalgazrdis
320 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

politikur Sexedulebebze, aseve politikas SeuZlia gadamwyveti roli Sea-

srulos ojaxSi religiis faqtoris damkvidrebaSi da gansazRvros is adgi-
li, romelsac religia sabolood politikur wesrigSi daikavebs.
xandaxan religia arsebul Cveulebebs legitimurobas aniWebs da garda-
maval periodSi myof sazogadoebas stabilurobas sZens. magaliTad, induiz-
mi indoeTSi cvalebadi politikuri institutebisaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda.
induizmi, romelic erTma eqspertma daaxasiaTa, rogorc `mravali Sris mqone
rTuli warmonaqmni, romelic aRiarebs mravali RmerTis, mravali inkarna-
ciis, WeSmaritebis mravali Sris arsebobas,~16 istoriulad, arsebuli mdgo-
mareobis SenarCunebas uwyobda xolme xels. maSinac ki, rodesac arsebuli
mdgomareoba (status quo) ufro dabal safexurze mdgomis (`xelSeuxebelTa~
kastis) sistematur diskriminacias gulisxmobda, induizmi qadagebda moT-
minebasa da gamZleobas momavali cxovrebis molodinSi. samyaros sxva mxa-
reebSi, sxvadasxva religiurma doqtrinam agresiul politikas mimarTa. mag-
aliTad libiasa da iranSi, islamuri fundamentalizmis daxmarebiT gaCaRda
agresiuli sagareo da omis mxardaWe-ris politika.
religia da politika xandaxan erTmaneTs upirispirdeba. magaliTad, na-
cisturi mTavroba geramaniaSi ebrZoda luTeranul da kaTolikur ekle-
siebs. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, reJimi funqcionirebis saSaulebas aZlevda
istoriulad damkvidrebul rusul marTlmadideblur eklesias, magram
zRudavda da Tvalyurs adevnebda mis saqmianobas, xSirad devnida morw-
muneebs.17
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, religia da politika erTmaneTs ramdenime
doneze aZlierebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom umaRlesi sasamarTlos ganmarte-
biT konstitucia krZalavs xelisuflebis mier religiis pirdapir mxardaW-
eras, konstituciis pirveli damateba aseve krZalavs xelisuflebis mier
pirovnebis religiuri rwmenis Tavisuflad ganxorcilebaSi xelis SeS-
las. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religiis absoluturi Tavisuflebaa.
`amerikelTa 90 procentze meti Tavs miakuTvnebs romelime religiur mim-
dinareobas da 40 procentze meti kviraobiT dadis eklesiaSi~. ufro metic,
`TiTqmis yvela maCvenebliT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi SeiZleba nebis-
mier evropul saxelmwifoze ufro religi-ur qveynad CaiTvalos, irland-
iisa da poloneTis gamoklebiT.~18 miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes religia bevri
amerikelis cxovrebaSi ufro naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre winaT iyo, is
mainc rCeba mniSvnelovan Zalad amerikul sazogadoebaSi, kulturasa da
politikaSi (ix. sqema 9-2).
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi kvlavac dominirebs iudeur-qristianuli
tradicia, romelSic mniSvnelovani mravalferovneba SeiniSneba. mosaxle-
obis daaxloebiT 30 procenti protestantia; 20 procenti _ kaTolike; 20
procenti TeTri evangelistur-protestantuli eklesiebis mimdevaria; 8
procenti ki Savi protestantuli eklesiisa; 3 procenti iudevelia. 2001
wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg sazogadoebam da masme-
diamac yuradReba gaamaxviles im faqtze, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
mniSvnelovani muslimuri umciresobac aris.
 politikuri socializacia 321
amerikelebis %-li raodenoba

religiis pirovnuli mniSvneloba

adamianebi, romlebic kiTxvaze `rogor
SeafasebdiT religiis mniSvnelobas Tqvens
cxovrebaSi _ Zalze mniSvnelovania, sakmaod
mniSvnelovania, Tu arc ise mniSvnelovania?~
pasuxoben, rom `Zalze mniSvnelovania~.

sqema 9-2. amerikelebisaTvis religiis mniSvneloba, 1952-96ww.

wyaro: “Influence, Relevance of Religion in Today’s Society” (28-30 marti, 1994; Survey GO
422041), Gallup Poll Monthly, 2-4 aprili, 1994 da “Importance of Religion”, Gallup Poll (21-24
noemberi, 1996).

zogierTi mniSvnelovani politikuri gansxvaveba kavSirSia religiur

gansxvavebebTan da SeiZleba religiuri doqtrinebidanac ki gamomdinareob-
des. magaliTad, kvakerebi da menonitebi pacifistebi arian, fundamental-
isti protestanebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, abortis winaaRmdeg gamodian,
xolo iudevelebi israelis damcvelebi arian. aseve, protestantuli eklesiis
Savkaniani mimdevrebi politikurad ufro liberalurad ganwyobilni arian, vi-
dre ZiriTadi mimdinareobis protestantul eklesiaTa wevrebi, es ukanasknelni
ki ufro liberalurad ganwyobilni, vidre evangelistur-protestantuli
eklesiis mimdevrebi. ufro zogadad, politikuri konservatizmis da liber-
322 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

alizmis Skalaze, protestantebi kaTolikeebze cota ufro konservatorebad

da iudevelebze gacilebiT konservatorebad warmogvidgebian. iudevelebi da
kaTolikeebi istoriulad demokratiul partiasTan ufro aigivebdnen Tavs,
maSin rodesac protestanebi respublikuri partiisken ixrebodnen. Tumca, re-
ligiasa da partiul kuTvnilebas Soris arsebuli korela-cia sul ufro kle-
bulobs.
SesaZlebelia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi religias utilitaruli
politikuri Rirebulebac aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, religias sargebloba
moaqvs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisTvis, vinaidan, jorj vaSingtonis sityve-
biT `aucilebeli mxardaWeris~ aRmomCenia warmomadgenlobiTi xelisu-
flebisaTvis. qadagebs ra RmerTis winaSe yvelas Tanasworobas, religia
nergavs pirovnul/kerZo zneobriobas, romelic akeTilSobilebs sazoga-
doebriv cxovrebas.
xandaxan politikuri liderebi mimarTaven religiur ideebs (saxeebs) ra-
Ta gaaerTianon moqalaqeebi Tanamedroveobis saerTo aRqmaSi an STaagonon
maT momavlis ufro Rirseuli xedva.19 magaliTad, cnobilma amerikelma sa-
suliero pirma da samoqalaqo uflebaTa damcvelma martin luTer kingma
sakuTari ocnebiT ers im dRis dadgoma STaunerga, `rodesac yvela RvTis
Svili, TeTri da Savkaniani, ebraeli da urwmuno, protestanti da kaTolike,
xelixelCakidebuli erTad imRerebda SavkanianTa Zvel saeklesio simReras
`Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last~. kingis tragikulma
sikvdilma (mkvlelobam), iseve rogorc erTi saukuniT adre abraam linkol-
nis mkvlelobam, amerikeli xalxi rasobrivi uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg sa-
brZolvelad darazma.
osama bin ladenma da al-qaidas teroristulma qselma warmogvidgina re-
ligiis da politikis Serwymis bneli mxaris Tanamedrove magaliTi, rode-
sac isini 2001 wlis Semodgomaze Seecadnen msoflios 1.3 miliardi muslimi
gaeerTianebinaT `jvarosnebis~ (qristianebisa da ebraelebis) winaaRmdeg
jihadSi (saRvTo omSi). es ganzraxva CaiSala, magram is faqti, rom bin ladeni
Seecada religia politikur ideologiad da Tavisi moZraobis dasavleTis
(ZiriTadad aSS-s) winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sapropagando kampaniis safuZv-
lad gamoeyenebina, Wkuis saswavlebelia. es kidev erTxel gviCevenebs, rom
religia SeiZleba yvelaze keTilSobili an yvelaze boroti miznebis samsax-
urSi aRmoCndes.

skola. skola samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi, anu axalgazrdebSi sazogadoebis

fundamentur RirebulebaTa da SexedulebaTa CanergvaSi umniSvnelovanes
rols asrulebs. sajaro ganaTlebis meSveobiT saxelmwifo cdilobs gav-
lena moaxdinos axalgazrdebze manam, sanam maTi zneobrivi saxe sabolood
Camoyalibdeba.
yvela qveyana skolas politikuri socializaciis saSualebad iyenebs.
zogierTi mTavroba ubralod samoqalaqo ganaTlebis an istoriis erT-or
kurss awesebs savaldebulod, moiTxovs, rom moswavleebi droSas miesalmon
da skolis kedlebze erovnuli gmirebis suraTebi ekidos. zogierTi mTavro-
ba mTel saskolo programas karnaxobs, bavSvebs TavSi lozungebs uWedavs,
 politikuri socializacia 323
mkacr cenzuras awesebs saxelmZRvaneloebsa da sabiblioTeko Sesyidvebze
da maswavleblebs erTgulebis niSniT arCevs.
yvela saxelmwifo cdilobs samudamod `ukvdavyos~ zogierTi ZiriTadi
Rirebuleba, magram am RirebulebaTa arsi, iseve rogorc maTi damkvidrebis
meTodebi, SeiZleba Zalian mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes. gansxvavebuli
reJimebi gansxvavebul Rirebulebebs amkvidrebs. zogierTi reJimis dros
(magaliTad, 1930-ian wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi) xelisuflebis brma morCile-
ba norma iyo. sxvagan xdeba patriotizmis waxaliseba, magram amave dros xels
uwyoben kritikuli da damoukidebeli azrovnebis unarsac.
socializaciis kvlevebma kargad gviCvena, rogor swavloben bavSvebi
politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul Rirebulebebs amerikul sajaro
skolebSi.20 dawyebiT skolaSi amerikel bavSvebs dadebiTi emociuri ganwy-
oba uyalibdebaT iseTi ZiriTadi politikuri cnebebis mimarT, rogoricaa
Tavisufleba, demok ratia da erTmaneTis pativiscema. garda amisa, bavSve-
bi, rogorc wesi, xelisuflebas aRiqvamen avtoritetis mqone piris _ pol-
icielis, prezidentis da a.S. saxiT.
asakTan erTad, bavSvebi naklebemociurad da ufro SemecnebiT reagire-
ben, igeben iseTi abstraqtuli cnebis detalebs, rogoricaa demokratia.
ymawvilobasa da adreul mowifulobaSi, maTi damokidebuleba xelisuflebi-
sadmi xSirad radikalurad icvleba. mSoblebis zedamxedvelobis Sesustebasa
da damoukideblobis matebasTan erTad, bavSvebi aRar emorCilebian avto-
ritets usityvod (SekiTxvebis, eWvis gareSe). isini sul ufro metad cdilo-
ben damoukideblad miiRon gadawyvetilebebi. es damokidebuleba politikis
sferoSic advilad gadadis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi mkvlevari saSualo skolis samoqalaqo
ganaTlebis tipur gakveTils kargi moqalaqeobisaTvis aucilebeli yvelaze
mniSvnelovani formaluri treiningis (wvrTnis) asparezad ganixilavs, ram-
denime kvlevam aCvena, rom samoqalaqo ganaTlebis gakveTilebi naklebm-
niSvnelovania, vidre swavlis gamocdilebis saerTo konteqsti.21 gavlenis
mqone faqtorebSi Sedis maswavleblebis damokidebuleba demokratiisadmi;
saxelmZRvaneloSi eris istoriis, kulturis, ekonomikuri sistemisa da a.S.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis warmodgenis xasiaTi; mTlianad saswav-
lo programa; formaluri ritualebi, rogoricaa droSasTan ficis dadeba
da patriotuli simRerebis Sesruleba; klasgareSe RonisZiebebi, musika
da sporti, naTlad gviCvenebs keTilsindisieri monawileobisa da saerTo
miznisaTvis muSaobis mniSvnelobas. saskolo gazeTze muSaoba naTelyofs
mediis rols sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi. debatebis klubebSi moswavleebi ec-
nobian politikur, socialur da ekonomikur sakiTxebs da swavloben, rom
yovel sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi sul cota ori azri SeiZleba arsebobdes. dab-
olos, moswavleTa TviTmmarTvelobaSi monawileoba maT politikuri pro-
cesis fundamentur wesebs acnobs.
zogadad, rac ufro maRalia ganaTlebis done, moswavles politikaze
informaciis miRebisa da masSi monawileobis miT meti interesi aqvs. ufro
zustad, arsebobs pozitiuri kavSiri (urTierTdamokidebuleba) ganaTlebis
done-sa (moswavlis codna imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlena aqvs xelisuflebas in-
324 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

dividze, interesi axali ambebis mimarT, politikis Sesaxeb saerTo ganaTle-

ba, SexedulebaTa horizonti) da politikaze msjelobis, gansakuTrebiT ki
bevr gansxvavebul adamianTan msjelobis survils Soris. dabolos, gana-
Tlebis maRali done dakavSirebulia imis SegnebasTan, rom adamians SeuZlia
gavlena moaxdinos xelisuflebaze, aseve sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwme-
nasa da sxvebis ndobasTan.22

umaRlesi ganaTlebis gavlena. Znelia gansazRvro, ramdenad didia umaR-

lesi ganaTlebis gavlena politikur socializaciaze. amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi kolejis saswavlo programa xSirad profesiul-teqnikuri wvrT-
nis (treningis) da liberaluri ganaTlebis nazavia; es ukanaskneli moicavs
literaturas, filosofias, zust mecnierebas, istorias da lingvistikas da
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTareba-
ze.23 liberaluri ganaTlebis momxreebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcev-
en imas, rom studentebi iZulebuli arian iazrovnon naTlad, zustad weron
da sworad imetyvelon. maT usvamen xelovnebisa da mecnierebis maradiul
SekiTxvebs da acnoben diad ideebs, Tanac agulianeben gadaxedon (kritiku-
li TvaliT Sexedon) im zneobriv da materialur Rirebulebebs, romlebic
mocemul epoqaSi aRiarebul WeSmaritebas warmoadgenen. am TvalTaxedvis
momxreebi amtkiceben, rom liberaluri ganaTlebis mqone studentebi Sei-
Zenen im inteleqtualur saSualebebs, romelic dasWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom
itvirTon demokratiuli moqalaqeobis valdebulebebi.
amerikuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis zogierTi konservatori kritikosi ada-
naSaulebs akademiur wreebs imaSi, rom isini metwilad memarcxene (memarcx-
eneobasTan axlomyof) politikur Sexedulebebs aniWeben upiratesobas, rac
gavlenas axdens swavlebisa da swavlis Sinaarsze. marTlac, arsebobs garkveu-
li mtkicebuleba, rom studentTa politikur Sexedulebebze gavlenas ax-
dens kolejis maRal inteleqtze gaTvlili wignebi, ideebi da maswavleblebi;
Tumca, naTeli araa, pirdapir mivyavarT Tu ara kolejis gamocdilebas ufro
liberalur azrovnebasTan. is SesaZleblobis farglebSi axerxebs imas, rom
zrdis adamianebs, romelTac SeuZliaT kritikuli azrovneba. anu, amerikuli
kolejis kursdamTavrebulebi ufro aqtiurad dauWeren mxars samoqalaqo
Tavisuflebebs da saxelmwifo socialur programebs.24
liberaluri ganaTlebis ideali advilad jdeba konstituciuri demok-
ratiis sqemaSi, sadac daculia xelisuflebaze eWvis mitanis ufleba. amave
dros, ganaTlebis maRali done ubiZgebs moqalaqeebs Sinaarsianad Caeban
politikaSi.25 im qveynebSi, sadac xelisuflebas usityvod emorCilebian, mo-
qalaqeebs ar gamoumuSavdebaT politikuri monawileobis unar-Cvevebi. lib-
eraluri ganaTlebis mizania moamzados msgavsi unarebis, gansakuTrebiT ki
kritikul azrovnebaze dafuZnebuli unarebis mqone moqalaqeebi. demokra-
tiul sazogadoebaSi kargi moqalaqe xotbas asxams mTavrobas, roca mTavro-
ba amis Rirsia da akritikebs, Tuki is kritikas imsaxurebs. amitom, mxolod
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ar iTvleba damoukidebeli azrovneba da gan-
sxvavebuli azri mavneblobad. gaixseneT, berZeni filosofosi sokrate ma-
vneblad CaTvales da sikvdili miusajes (sawamlavis miRebiT) ara imitom,
 politikuri socializacia 325
rom Tavis mowafeebs aswavlida ra efiqraT, aramed imitom, rom aswavlida
rogor eazrovnaT.

Tanatolebi

adamianTa umravleobas gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom Tanatolebi mniS-

vnelovan gavlenas axdenen Cvens politikur qmedebebsa da Sexedulebebze,
magram ori sakiTxSi mainc saWiroa garkveuli sicxadis Setana. jererTi, am
termins Tandayolili orazrovneba axlavs. TanatolTa jgufi SeiZleba
ewodos megobrebis jgufs an erTi asakisa da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mqone
adamianTa jgufs. orive SemTxvevaSi, cneba yuradRebas amaxvilebs `pirovne-
baTa midrekilebaze, Tavi gaaigivon Tavis msgavss adamianTa jgufebTan~.26
meore, da ufro seriozuli sakiTxi _ sirTules is qmnis, rom am sferoSi
Zalze cota kvlevaa Catarebuli. magaliTad, 1930-ian wlebSi Catarebulma
kvlevam, romelic beningtonis kolejis student gogonaTa politikur
Sexedulebebze TanatolTa jgufis gavlenas Seiswavlida, aCvena rom jgufis
gavleniT mis wevrTa Sexedulebebi ufro liberaluri gaxda. 1965 wlis
kvlevisas sxvadasxva politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT studentebze
TanatolTa jgufebisa da mSoblebis gavlena Seadares da daadgines,
rom zogierT politikur sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi mSobelTa gavlena ufro
mniSvnelovani iyo _ magaliTad, partiuli identifikaciis an saprezidento
arCevnebze xmis micemis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. es kvlevebi bevr kiTxvas
pasuxobs, magram amdenive kiTxva upasuxod rCeba.27
genderi (sqesi) TanatolTa jgufebTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi gamoca-
naa. Cven viciT, rom biWebi midrekilni arian Seqmnan jgufebi sxva biWebTan
erTad da gogonebi ki gogonebTan erTiandebian, da vvaraudobT, rom aseTi
jgufebis politikuri Sexedulebebi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, miviCnevT,
rom mesamedan merve klasamde biWebs Tanatol gogonebze ufro Camoyali-
bebuli da naklebad idealisturi warmodgena aqvT prezidentobaze, Tumca
amis damadasturebeli (an uarmyofi) kvlevis Sedegebi xelT ara gvaqvs.28
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mamrobiTi sqesis kanondamrRvev mozardTa
antisocialuri Sexedulebebis ganviTarebasa da TanamoazreTa jgufebSi
(da bandebSi) maT wevrobas Soris arsebuli kavSiri. igi miuTiTebs siZneleze,
rac Tan axlavs im gavlenis gansazRvras, rasac TanatolTa jgufebi axdenen
pirovnebis Sexedulebebze. am sferoSic SedarebiT naklebi kvlevaa Cat-
arebuli.29 miuxedavad imasa, rom TanatolTa jgufebisa da bandebis cnebis
gageba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania TineijerTa danaSaulis gasagebad,
mainc bolomde cxadi araa `kargi~ biWebi (da gogonebi) xdebian `cudi wris~
uaryofiTi gavlenis da TanatolTa antisocialuri Sexedulebebis msx-
verpli Tu axalgazrdebis dajgufebebi izidaven kriminaluri midrekile-
bebis, antisocialuri ganwyobebis mqone pirebs. axlo urTierToba msgavs
dajgufebasTan, gansakuTrebiT bandis wevroba zrdis saSualo statisti-
kuri Tineijeris mier danaSaulis Cadenis sixSires. Tanatolebi da bande-
bi `gavlenas axdenen pirovnebis mier danaSaulis CadenisaTvis miniWebuli
326 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

jildos Rirebulebaze~ (amas emateba nadavlis Rirebulebis an qmedebis

pirdapiri jildos gamo kolegebis mier gamoTqmuli mowoneba).30
fsiqologiurad, TanatolTa jgufebi adastureben maTi wevrebis survi-
lis ganxorcielebis aucileblobas, rac gavlenas axdens politikuri Sexed-
ulebis da rwmenis Camoyalibebaze. zogadad, TanatolTa jgufebi iqmneba
nebayoflobiT da araformalurad. Tuki TanatolTa jgufebis cnebas ise
gavafarTovebT, rom man moicvas iseTi organizaciebi, rogoricaa gogona
skautebi, axalgazrda demokratebi, studentTa Jurnalisturi klubi da sxva
politikur konteqstSi moqmedi msgavsi organizaciebi _ saintereso aRmoCe-
nas gavakeTebT. totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi, sadac xelisufleba cdilobs
Secvalos politikuri wesrigi Sexedulebebisa da rwmenis radikaluri cvli-
lebis gziT, msgavsi jgufebi SeiZleba saxelmwifom Seqmnas rogorc axalgaz-
rdebisaTvis, aseve zrdasrulebisaTvis. es aranebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebi
reJimis gzavnilis gasavrceleblad da moqalaqeebisTvis ganaTlebis an xe-
laxali ganaTlebis misacemad aris Seqmnili. es fonemeni aRwerilia sqemaze
9-3, sadac Cans, rogor axerxebda nacisturi partiis ierarqia (aRniSnulia
po-Ti _ partiuli organizacia) farTomasStabiani saxalxo moZraobis mar-
Tvas, romlis saboloo mizani germanuli sazogadoebis saxecvlileba iyo.
nacional-socialisturi (aRniSnulia ns-Ti) partiis mmarTvelobisas ger-
maniis cxovrebis organizeba xdeboda erTi centris mier marTuli Tanaswor-
Ta jgufebis kargad gaTvlili qselis saSualebiT, rasac unda uzrunveleyo
droTa ganmavlobaSi yvela germanelis mier `swori~ politikuri Sexedule-
bebis SeTviseba da axal nacistur saxelmwifoSi saTanadod socializeba. amis
msgavsad, sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturma partiam Seqmna yovlismomcveli
erTi centris mier marTuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi (klubebis da
samoqalaqo gaerTianebebis safarvelis qveS).

masmedia

masmediac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs politikur socializaciasa da

moqalaqeTa Semdgom aRzrdaSi. arademokratiul saxelmwifoebSi, masmedia
(televizia, radio, gazeTebi da didtiraJiani Jurnalebi) TiTqmis yovelT-
vis saxel-mwifos mflobelobaSia an mis mier kontroldeba. zogierTi de-
mokratiuli xelisuflebac axdens radio da telemauwyeblobis monopo-
lizebas (rogorc es daniaSia) an flobs da amuSavebs satelevizio qsels
(rogorc es did britaneTSia). aseT SemTxvevebSi, ZiriTadi gansxvaveba de-
mokratiul da arademokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris isaa, rom demokrati-
uli saxelmwifoebi iReben kanonebs an SeimuSaveben procedurebs, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen masmediis samarTlianobasa da obieqturobas. aSS-Si, sadac
TiTqmis yvela satelevizio da radioqseli da individualuri sadguri
kerZo sakuTrebaSia, komunikaciebis federaluri komisia, maregulirebeli
saagento, romelic uflebamosilia gansazRvros radio da satelevizio
sadgurebis erovnuli licenzirebis politika, drodadro aqveynebs dad-
genilebebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen politikur mauwyeblobaSi mxareTa
 politikuri socializacia 327
Tanasworobas. dadgenilia wesebic, romlebic arasasurveli da saSiSi qce-
vis Tavidan acilebas emsaxureba. swored am mizezebiT, aSS-Si satelevizio
sadgurebs ekrZalebaT sigaretis reklamis eTerSi gaSveba.

germanel qalTa
kavSiri

ns germanel germanel
ns omis veteranTa sajaro moxeleTa studentTa
mebrZolTa zrunvis liga saimperio liga asociacia
liga

ns
saaviacio ss
ns Senaer- germanuli
teqnologi- Tebi Sromis
ebis liga hitleruli SromiTi fronti
axalgazr- servisi
doba

ns germanel po ns univer-
sitetis ns
studentTa
maswavleb- universi-
liga
lebi tetis
ns
ns kursdam-
imperiis saxalxo
maswavle- ns Tavre-
sakvebi ns mo- sa keTildRe-
belTa qalTa bulTa
fondi tori- obis organi-
liga liga asociacia
zebuli zacia
Senaer-
Tebi

ns ns
iuristebis eqimebis
liga liga

germanel ns fizikuri
TemTa kulturis
asociacia imperiuli
liga

sqema 9-3. nacisturi moZraobis organizaciebi

wyaro: Mark N. Hagopian, Regimes, Movements, and Ideologies, me-2 gamocema (White Plains,
N.Y.: Longman, 1984). saavtoro ufleba © 1984 Longman Inc. yvela ufleba daculia.

maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmav-

lobaSi swrafad viTardeboda e.w. eleqtronuli media (radio da televizia).
aSS-Si bevrs kamaToben televiziis mzard gavlenaze. zogi amerikeli, kon-
gresis zogierTi wevris CaTvliT, wuxs televiziiT Zaladobis didi odeno-
biT Cvenebisa da im gavlenis gamo, rasac igi moqalaqeTa qcevaze axdens. sx-
vebi miuTiTeben, rom televizia uazro, vulgaruli da zedmetad Tamamia.
SeSfoTebis sababs iZleva aseve masmediis politikur procesSi gamoyene-
328 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

bis sakiTxic. magaliTad, satelevizio politikuri reklama sul ufro mniSv-

nelovani xdeba, vinaidan amerikelebi gazeTebs sul ufro naklebad kiTxu-
loben da politikuri partiebis Sekrebebsac ufro iSviaTad eswrebian.31 aq
mniSvnelovania msgavsi reklamis maRali safasuri, misgan imedgacruebuli
kandidatebis raodenoba, misi efeqtianoba, is Tu ramdenadaa misi Sinaarsi
gansazRvruli mediakonsultantebis mier, radgan yvelaferi es SeiZleba Seexos
(da es asec xdeba xolme) ara mxolod kampaniis xarisxs, aramed kandidatsac.
aseve SemaSfoTebelia sareklamo rgolebis Sinaarsic. 1970-iani wlebi-
dan, amerikis politikur kampaniebSi dominirebda mokle, emociuri, ieriSis
stilis reklama (gansxvavebiT adre gavrcelebuli dokumenturi xasiaTis
gancxadebebisagan), romelic TiTqmis yovelTvis martivi, simboluri da
personificirebulia. xSirad amgvar reklamebSi Warbobs muqi ferebi, avis-
momaswavebeli musika, dabali xma da simboloebi, romelTac negatiuri dat-
virTva aqvT. maTi samiznea politikuri kandidatebis keTilsindisiereba,
motivebi an maTi warsuli.
Zalze saeWvoa isic, rogor gvawvdian axal ambebs, gansakuTrebiT televi-
ziiT. zogierTi konservatori kritikosi amtkicebs, rom satelevizio axali
ambebi (da zogadad media) asaxavs politikur dRis wesrigs an JurnalistTa
da diqtorTa Sexedulebebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, ZiriTadad liberaluri aris
xolme. garda amisa, radio da televizia xSirad zedmetad zedapiruli da
sensaciebs gamodevnebulia. isini cud ambebs ufro eZeben, vidre mniSvnelo-
van siaxleebs. magaliTad, saarCevno kampaniebis teleasaxva yuradRebas
amaxvilebs kandidatis Zalisxmevaze, romelic mimarTulia startegiuli
upiratesobis mosapoveblad, imis magivrad, rom xazi gausvas im politika-
sa da ideebs, romlebsac isini qadageben da xSirad did dros uTmoben Seu-
Tavseblobebs da Secdomebs _ rogor waiborZika da Camovarda prezidenti
vertmfrenis safexuridan an cudad gaxda iaponiaSi yofnisas erT-erT
oficialur vaxSamze. amasobaSi, nebismiers SeuZlia isargeblos internet-
teqnologiebiT, Seqmnas veb-gverdi, sadac asaxuli iqneba saxelmwifo moR-
vaweTa piradi cxovreba da amgvarad gavceldeba Worebi. gasakviri araa, rom
medias adanaSauleben ukanasknel oTx aTwleulSi sazogadoebaSi gavrcele-
bul mware cinizmSi. marTlac, rogorc erTi politologi amtkicebs `aSS-Si
saRi kampania manam ver iarsebebs, sanam is axal ambebze iqneba agebuli~.32
vinaidan qseluri da sakabelo satelevizio biznesis Semosavlebi damoki-
debulia mayurebelTa maRali reitingebis SenarCunebaze, satelevizio ax-
ali ambebi Sinaarsis nacvlad garTobasa da tragediaze akeTeben aqcents.
magaliTad, iSviaTi araa saRamos axal ambebSi ixiloT cxare kamaTi mowmesa
da senatis romelime komitetis Tavmjdomares Soris maSin, rodesac micemu-
li Cvenebis Sinaarss aranairi yuradReba ar eqceva. es Segnebuli korporaci-
uli gadawyvetilebaa. televiziis xelmZRvanelebma ician, rom konfliqti
da dapirispireba xalxs arTobs da, rogorc wesi, cud ambebs kargi reitingi
moaqvs xolme. amis gamoc, televizia TiTqmis yovelTvis warmoaCens saprezi-
dento arCevnebs rogorc `doRs~, xazs usvams, vin aris win, vin moigo da vin
waago raime Secdomis Tu samxilis gamo. telearxebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian,
vin daaswrebs ramdenime wuTiT da gamoacxadebs raime siaxles arCevnebis
 politikuri socializacia 329
Sesaxeb. amitom bevri moqalaqisaTvis, saprezindento kampaniasa da arCev-
nebSi swored Sejibria yvelaze mniSvnelovani da ara Sedegebi.
ufro metic, axali ambebis saRamos gamoSvebebSi, telearxebi sul ufro
nakleb dros uTmoben informacias amerikis politikuri liderebis Sesaxeb.
axali ambebis gaSuqebis kvlevam aCvena, rom 1968 da 1988 wlebSi preziden-
tis gamonaTqvamebis citirebis saSualo xangrZlivobam 45 wamidan 9 wamamde
iklo.33 reportioris mokle Sesavali da prezidentis SedarebiT xangrZlivi
sityva Seicvala reportioris SesavaliT da komentarebiT, romlis fonze
prezidentis komentarebi ukve mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba. imave sqemiT moq-
medeben telearxebi adgilobriv doneze (regionebSi) _ isinic mniSvnelovnad,
SeiZleba iTqvas zedmetad arian damokidebuli imave faqtorebze razec didi
telearxebi. kandidatebma da saarCevno kampaniis menejerebmac kargad gaiTa-
vises axali ambebis gaSuqebis es Taviseburebani, amitom winaswar amzadeben
Wkvianur gamonaTqvamebs, imisaTvis, rom moxvdnen mediis zedapiruli da xSir-
ad myvirala axali ambebis saTaurebSi. rogorc kritikosebi amboben, Rrma
analizi didi xania iqca manipulaciebis obieqtad mediakonsultantebis, pi-
arspecialistebisa da politikis guruebis mxridan, romlebic amisTvis did
gasamrjelos iReben.
kidev erTi aSkara tendencia, romelic SeSfoTebis mizezs iZleva,
satelevizio axal ambebSi e.w. tabloiduri (bulvaruli, dabali donis) Jur-
nalistikis mimarTulebiT gadaxraa. Worebsa da insinuaciebze (arapirdapir
miniSnebebze) aqcenti mediis mier xSirad gamoiyeneba, rogorc axali ambebis
dafaruli mxareebis ganxilvis saSualeba; gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo proce-
sebis gaSuqebisas aqcenti keTdeba ZiriTadad ambis uCveulo da gaukuRmarTe-
bul mxareze. satelevizio Jurnalistikis amgvarma midrekilebam gaabundo-
vana an saerTod waSala gansxvaveba sensaciebs gamokidebul yovelkvireul
gamocemebsa da seriozul axal ambebs Soris. mayureblis yvelaze cxovelur
instinqtebze gaTvlilma axali ambebis gaSuqebis stilma SeiZleba eTeridan
gandevnos ufro seriozuli da kompleqsuri axali ambebi.

uaryofiTi reklama _ patiosani Tu upatiosno TamaSi?

masmedia sul ufro da ufro met uaryofiT politikur reklamas gvawvdis.

es reklamebi SesaZloa simarTles an Seesabamebodes an ara, magram xSirad Za-
lze efeqtiania. zogjer erTgvar politikur `Casafrebad~ warmodgenili, is
politikuri oponentebis zedmiwevniT Seswavlis Sedegia da kampaniis period-
Si strategiuli mniSvnelobis momentebSi gadaicema masmediis saSualebiT.
ganvixiloT sandra Sulc niumenis SemTxveva, romelic 1993 wlis Semod-
gomaze pensilvaniis mosamarTleobaze iyrida kenWs. niumens, filadelfiis
gareubnis advokats, aranairi politikuri gamocdileba ar hqonda, magram
man politikuri konsultantebis gundi daiqirava. mis oponents jozef
mistiks ukeT icnobdnen _ pitsburgeli advokati meriaSi muSaobda da ad-
gilobrivi zonebisa da dagegmarebis sabWos wevri iyo.
330 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

niumenis konsultantTa gundma mistikis warsulis dasadgenad mkvlevare-

bi daiqirava. maT pitsburgis Zveli gazeTidan eqvsi wlis winandeli ambavi
amoqeqes. masSi naTqvami iyo, rom pitsburgis zonebad dayofis komisiaSi
muSaobisas mistikma sakuTari biznes-partniorebis sasargeblod, arc meti
arc naklebi, 40-jer warmarTa saqme. niumenis gundma ocdaaTwamiani reklama
moamzada, romelSic mistiks politikur arakoreqtulobaSi adanaSaulebd-
nen. reklama kampaniis dasrulebamde ramdenime dRiT adre gauSves, ris ga-
moc mistiks TiTqmis ar darCa dro pasuxis gasacemad. niumeni gamarjvebas
zeimobda maSin, roca damarcxebuli mistiki zonebad dayofis seqciaSi muS-
aobisas sakuTar patiosnebas amtkicebda.

wyaro: adaptirebulia James M. Perry-is ”Young Guns: A Second Generation

of Political Handlers Outduels Forebears”, Wall Street Journal, ianvari 10, 1994, 6.
ibeWdeba Wall Street Journal-is nebarTviT, saavtoro ufleba © 1994, Dow Jones
& Company, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia msoflios masStabiT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom aseT kritikulobas garkveuli Sedegi moaqvs, mainc

saWiroa TavSekaveba. televizia aris Sejibrze damokidebuli industria,
romelzec gavlenas axdens momxmareblis gemovneba da survilebi. aqdan ga-
momdinare, axali ambebi gasarTobi xasiaTisaa, radgan mayurebels unda, rom
is aseTi iyos. metic, vinaidan saSualo mayurebeli yuradRebis koncentri-
rebas mxolod mcire droiT axdens, televiziis xelmZRvanelebi upirateso-
bas aniWeben eqstravagantur videoteqnologiebs, myvirala kompiuterul
grafikasa da blic-interviuebs, swrafad cvlian ambebs, adgilebsa da kameris
dayenebis kuTxes. televiziis xelmZRvanelebs esmiT, rom mayurebels urCev-
nia axali ambebi winaswar damuSavebuli ulufebiT miiRos. damRleli samuSao
dRis bolos, mayurebelTa didi nawili sulac araa rTuli politikuri de-
batebis xasiaTze _ politikuri sakiTxebi xom, rogorc wesi, rTulia.
mediis tendencia, yuradReba gaamaxvilos negatiur ambebze, Segvax-
senebs, rom sityvis Tavisufleba da xelisuflebis kritika liberalur
demokratiebSi daculi uflebebia. marTlac, gazeTebis Sinaarsi, radioTi
da televiziiT gadmocemuli axali ambebi erT-erTi indikatoria imisa, ro-
goria Tavisuflebis xarisxi am qveyanaSi. iq, sadac daSvebulia mTavrobis
kritika, rogorc wesi, Tavisufleba daculia. sabolood, demokratiul sax-
elmwifoebSi masmedia pirovnuli Tavisuflebis sazomicaa da garantic.

kanoni

zogierT sazogadoebaSi kanonSi ukve asaxulia moqalaqeTa Rirebulebebi

da Sexedulebebi, magram kanoni aseve exmareba am Rirebulebebisa da Sexed-
ulebebis formirebasac. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi kanoni ubralod sazoga-
doebrivi wesrigis dacvas emsaxureba (magaliTad, quCis marjvena mxares
 politikuri socializacia 331
moZraobis ufleba). Tumca sxva kanonebi krZalavs iseT qmedebebs, romleb-
sac sazogadoeba Tavisi arsiT borotebad miiCnevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
mkvlelobasTan, pedofiliasTan, qurdobasa da rasobriv diskriminaciasTan
dakavSirebuli kanonebi. msgavsi kanonebis miReba da cxovrebaSi gatareba
sazogadoebisaTvis gankuTvnili gzavnilebia (gansakuTrebiT ki sazogadoe-
bis axalgazrda wevrebisaTvis, romelTa moraluri Rirebulebebi msgavsi
kanonebis saSualebiT yalibdeba), romelic iuwyeba, rom mkvleloba, yalbi
Cvenebis micema, qurdoba da rasobrivi diskriminacia kanonis TvalSi dana-
Saulia da mas sasjeli mohyveba. moqalaqeTa politikur socializaciaze am
gzavnilis gavlena damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad xdeba misi miReba, gageba
da cxovrebaSi ganxorcieleba.

ZiriTadi politikuri Rirebulebebi:

rogor vipovoT oqros Sualedi?

eris politikur kulturas safuZvlad udevs is fundamenturi Rire-

bulebebi, romlebic Zvirfasia misi xalxisaTvis. araa aucilebeli es Ri-
rebulebebi mTlianad Tanmimdevruli iyos, isini SeiZleba xandaxan kon-
fliqturic aRmoCndes. amas garda, araa aucilebeli, rom pirovnebaTa
yoveldRiuri politikuri Sexedulebebi da qmedebebi yovelTvis stan-
darts emTxveodes (xSirad asec xdeba).34 Tumca, politikuri kulturis
logika gulisxmobs politikuri Rirebulebebis arsebobas, maT farTo aRi-
arebas da mTavrobis politikis Sesafaseblad am Rirebulebebis gamoyene-
bas. am erTobliv RirebulebaTa ubralo arsebobac ki, momaval moqalaqeTa
socializaciis procesSi samoqalaqo Rirsebebis Sesaxeb mocemuli sazoga-
doebis warmodgenis Camoyalibebis sulisCamdgmeli Zala xdeba. es procesi
aseve gansazRvravs im temps, romliTac eris ZiriTadi politikuri Rireb-
ulebebi viTardeba mimdinare cvlilebaTa fonze (maT Soris samecniero-
teqnologiuri cvlilebebis). yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom farTod
aRiarebuli Rirebulebebi saukeTeso dacvaa im problemebisgan, romelic
sazogadoebas SeiZleba Seeqmnas qronikuli (an Tundac epizoduri) arasta-
bilurobis gamo.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, piradi Rirebulebebi axlo kavSirSia Ziri-
Tad sazogadoebriv (an samoqalaqo) RirebulebebTan.35 amerikelebs Zvalsa
da rbilSi aqvT gamjdari iseTi fundamenturi Rirebulebebis myari rwmena,
rogoricaa pirovnuli Tavisufleba, politikuri Tanasworoba, kerZo sa-
kuTreba da religiuri Semwynarebloba. es ara marto asaxulia eris ZiriTad
dokumentebSi, damoukideblobis deklaraciis, konstituciis da `federal-
istis~ CaTvliT, isini amerikel axalgazrdebSi inergeba socialicaziis sx-
vadasxva strategiis daxmarebiT.
sxva demokratiul sazogadoebebSi, socialicaziis procesi amis msgavsad
mimdinareobs da imave miznebs emsaxureba rasac aSS-Si, magram iseTi ZiriTadi
Rirebulebebis gamoxatva rogoricaa Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, usafrTxoe-
ba, keTildReoba da samarTlianoba (ix. Tavi XIII), iseve rogorc maTi zusti
332 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

Sinaarsi da maT Soris balansi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sagrZnoblad gansxvave-

bulia. magaliTad, skandinaviis qveynebSi (da zogadad evropaSi), Tanasworo-
bas gaaCnia rogorc socialuri (klasobrivi), aseve politikuri ganzomileba
(samoqalaqo uflebebi). Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo awarmoebs gacilebiT met
socialur momsaxurebas (magaliTad, yvelasaTvis garantirebuli jandacva),
vidre amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. aseve, bevr evropul saxelmwifoSi Tavi-
sufleba ar uSlis xels policias kriminaluri gamoZiebis dros ise, rogorc
es aSS-Si xdeba xolme da aseve ar zRudavs saxelmwifos mkacri antiteroris-
tuli RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, ZiriTad saerTaSor-
iso aeroportebSi mZimed SeiraRebuli samxedro piradi Semadgenlobisa da
specialuri aparaturis gamoyeneba).

politikuri socializaciis marcxi

rodesac mravaleTnikuri eri ver axerxebs moaxdinos didi raodenobis mo-

qalaqeTa erTi Temis (erTobis) wevrebad (axal erad) socializacia (politi-
kuri TvalsazrisiT), amas SeiZleba Sors mimavali Sedegebi mohyves. Tuki arse-
bobs mravali Temi (erToba), iarsebebs mravali procesi da mravali politikuri
kultura damkvidrdeba. ar moxdeba sxvadasxva erovnuli Temis wevrebis poli-
tikur sistemaSi warmatebuli integrireba; maT ar eqnebaT saerTo normebi, we-
sebi da kanonebi.
msgavsi warumatebloba SeiZleba daemuqros eri-saxelmwifod Camoyali-
bebis msurvel, mravaleTnikur an raime sxva mizeziT Sinaganad gaxleCili
sazogadoebis arsebobasac. ukanasknel aTwleulebSi msoflio masStabiT
gaxSirebuli studenturi gamosvlebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bevr sazoga-
doebaSi axalgazrdebis politikuri socializacia aRaraa iseTi efeqtiani,
rogoric odesRac iyo. magaliTad, 1987 wlis Semdeg samxreT koreaSi stu-
dentebma moawyves ramdenime masobrivi gamosvla, rac xSirad policiasTan
fizikur dapirispirebaSi gadaizarda. am studentTagan bevrma daufara-
vad gamoucxada undobloba mTlianad sistemas, da ara mxolod romelime
konkretul politikas. aSS-Si rasobrivi amboxebebi los-anjelesSi 1992
wels, iseve rogorc ufro gviandeli msoflio bankis sawinaaRmdego demon-
straciebi (magaliTad, 2000 wels sietlSi) iyo aSS-is xelisuflebis mimarT
gaucxoebisa da undoblobis gamomxatveli gzavnili.
zogierTi moqalaqis sruli politikuri socializacia SeiZleba arc
arasodes moxdes. politikuri reJimis uunaroba, moaxdinos moqalaqeTa so-
ciali-zacia SeiZleba moqalaqeTa mimarT xelisuflebis araerTgvarovani an
usamarTlo mopyrobiT iyos gamowveuli. aseTma damokidebulebam SeiZleba
gamoiwvios moqalaqeTa gabrazeba, cinizmi, gamwareba an maTi danaSaulSi CarT-
va da revoluciac ki. ukiduresi usamarTlobis, tiranuli mmarTvelobis Sem-
TxvevaSi SesaZloa moqalaqeTa `danaSaulebani~ gavamarTloT kidec. amgvarad,
Tuki politikuri socializaciis warumatebloba xelisuflebaSi myofi Za-
lebisaTvis yovelTvis zianis momtania, msgavsi warumateblobis zneobrivi
da politikuri Sedegebi yovelTvis advilad Sesafasebeli sulac araa.
 politikuri socializacia 333

daskvna

moqalaqeobis koncefcias sxvadasxva xelisufleba sxvadasxvagvarad ud-

geba. ra Tqma unda, yvela saxelmwifo moiTxovs wesebis (kanonebis) dacvas
da umravlesoba dabadebas an naturalizacias politikur sistemaSi moqa-
laqeobis sine qua non (aucilebel pirobad) miiCnevs. demokratiul saxelm-
wifoebSi moqalaqeobis koncefcia aseve dakavSirebulia Tanasworobisa da
Tavisuflebis ideebTan, iseve rogorc politikaSi monawileobis ideasTan
(magaliTad, perioduli arCevnebi). demokratiuli moqalaqeobis es ideali
dasabams iRebs Zveli berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebidan, romlis moqalaqee-
bi imdenad mcirericxovanni iyvnen, rom pirdapiri demokratiis saSualebas
iZleodnen (xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebi piradad eswrebodnen sajaro
Sekrebebsa da plebiscitebs).
rogor yalibdeba moqalaqe? politikuri socializacia aris procesi,
romelSic moqalaqes uyalibdeba Rirebulebebi, Sexedulebebi, rwmena da
azrebi, romelTa saSualebiT igi kavSirs amyarebs da moqmedebs politikur
sistemaSi. ganviTarebis procesSi myof moqalaqeze gansakuTrebuli gavle-
na aqvs ojaxs, religias, sajaro ganaTlebas, masmedias, kanons, Tanatolebsa
da ZiriTad politikur Rirebulebebs. politikuri socializacia udide-
si mniSvnelobisaa; Tu eri ver axerxebs moqalaqeTa didi nawilis social-
izacias, am eris politikuri stabiluroba safrTxeSi aRmoCndeba.

sakvanZo sityvebi

moqalaqeoba liberaluri ganaTleba

politikuri socializacia TanatolTa jgufebi
genderuli gasvla masmedia
samoqalaqo ganaTleba

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ratom iyo moqalaqeobis cneba aristotelesa da sxva politikuri moaz-

rovneebisaTvis centraluri mniSvnelobis?
2. rogoria sxvadasxva politikur sistemaSi moqalaqeobis ganmarteba? rom-
eli maTgani aRwers saukeTesod moqalaqeobis Tqveneul gagebas? daasabu-
TeT sakuTari mosazreba.
3. xandaxan amtkiceben, rom WeSmarit moqalaqeebs mxolod demokratiul
saxelmwifoSi SexvdebiT. ras gulisxmoben amiT?
334 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

4. romeli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas moqalaqeTa politikur socializa-

ciaze?

SeniSvnebi

1. Aristotle, The Politics, Targm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1962), 1276b, 101-102.
2. iqve, 1274b, 93.
3. Immanuel Kant, The Science of Right, tomi 42 (Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica,
1952), 436.
4. politikuri socializaciis Tanamedrove Seswavla mWidrod aris dakav-
Sirebuli xasiaTis Camoyalibebis berZnul midgomasTan. maT Soris erT-
erTi ZiriTadi gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qceviTi politikuri
mecniereba ZiriTadad im proceszea koncentrirebuli, romlis Sedegad
politikuri Sexedulebebi yalibdeba, xolo berZnuli, yvela kargi moqa-
laqisaTvis aucilebeli xasiaTis Taviseburebebs usvams xazs.
5. John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Deductive, tomi 2 (London:
Longmans, Green, 1879), 518.
6. damajerebeli samxili moaqvs Barbara Defoe Whitehead-s naSromSi “Dan Quay-
le Was Right”, Atlantic (aprili 1993), 41. Tumca, ojaxi martoxela mSobliT
arSemdgari ojaxis mxolod erTi mizezia. aRsaniSnavia, James Q. Wilson-is
azri: erT-erTi mizezi `ojaxis dasustebisa, imaSia, rom sul ufro meti
bavSvi izrdeba martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi da xSirad es martoxela mSo-
beli Tineijeri dedaa. meore mizezi im drois simcirea, romelsac martox-
ela an srulfasovani ojaxebi imeteben sakuTari SvilebisaTvis da aqedan
gamomdinare, arasaxarbielo aRzrda”. ormSobliani ojaxebis Sesaxeb aka-
demiuri msjelobisaTvis ix. James Q. Wilson-is “The Family-Values Debate”,
Commentary (aprili 1993), 24-31. citata motanilia 24-e gverdidan.
7. ix. James Q. Wilson-is The Moral Sense (New York: Free Press, 1995), 141-163.
8. Harry Holloway da John George, Public Opinion, me-2 gamocema (New York: St.
Martin’s Press, 1985), 73-77.
9. Herbert Winter da Thomas Bellows, People and Politics (New York: Wiley, 1977),
120.
10. Dean Jaros, Socialization to Politics (New York: Praeger, 1973), 87-88.
11. iqve, 83.
12. ix. M. Margaret Conway da Frank Fergert, Political Analysis: An Introduction (Bos-
ton: Allyn & Bacon, 1972), 106.
13. Holloway da George, Public Opinion, 79.
14. ix. M. Kent Jennings-is “Preface”; Henry Kenst-is “The Gender Factor in a Chang-
ing Electorate”; da Arthur Miller-is “Gender and the Vote”, wignSi The Politics of
the Gender Gap: The Social Construction of Political Influence, red. Carol Mueller
(Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987). politikur literaturaSi mxars uWeren im
335 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba politikuri socializacia 335
mosazrebas, rom sqesTa Soris bunebrivi gansxvaveba ganviTarebis fsiqo-
logiaSi garkveul codnas moicavs; ix. Carol Gilligan-is In a Different Voice
(Camridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982); da M. Belenky-is, B. Clinchy-
is, W. Goldberger-isa da J. Tarule-is Women’s Ways of Knowing: The Develop-
ment of Self, Voice, and Mind (New York: Basic Books, 1986).
15. Michael Barone da Grant Ujifusa, The Almanac of American Politics, 1994 (Wash-
ington, D.C.: National Journal, 1994), xxvii.
16. Ralph Buuljens, “India: Religion, Political Legitimacy, and the Secular State”, An-
nals of Political and Social Sciences 483 (ianvari 1986): 107.
17. James Billington, “The Case for Orthodoxy”, New Republic, 30 maisi 1994, 26.
18. A. James Reichley, Religion in American Public Life (Washington, D.C.: Brookings
Institution, 1985), 2.
19. amiT imas ar uarvyofT, rom religia uprincipo liderebis mier samarcx-
vino miznebiT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
20. msjeloba agebulia William Flanigan-isa da Nancy Zingale-is, Political Behav-
ior of the American Electorate (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1979), 184-187.
21. Kenneth Langton da M. Kent Jennings, “Political Socialization and the High School
Civics Curriculum”, American Political Science Review (seqtemberi 1968): 851.
22. Conway da Fergert, Political Analysis, 110. ix. aseve, Judith Torney-Purta, “From
Attitudes and Knowledge to Schemata: Expanding the outcomes at political Social-
ization Research”, wignSi Political Socialization, Citizenship Education, and De-
mocracy, red. Orit Ichilov (New York: Teachers College Press, 1990), 99.
23. an ase Cans. mniSvnelovania ganvsazRvroT ara marto is, Tu ras vswavlobT,
aramed isic, Tu rogor vswavlobT. ix. Albert Speer-is komentarebi german-
uli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb wignSi Inside the Third Reich, R. Winston-isa da C.
Winston-is Targm. (New York: Avon, 1971), 35.
24. Robert Erikson, Norman Luttbeg da Kent Tedin, American Public Opinion (New
York: Macmillan, 1991), 113.
25. iqve, 7.
26. es sayovelTaod aRiarebulia. ix. James MacGregor Burns, J. W. Peltason,
Thomas E. Cronin, da David B. Magleby, Government by the People, me-17 gamoc.
(Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1998), 293.
27. iqve, 49-50.
28. Richard Dawson da sxvebi, Political Socialization, me-2 gamoc. (Boston: Little,
Brown, 1977), 62-63.
29. James Q. Wilson da Richard Hernstein, Crime and Human Nature (New York: Si-
mon & Schuster, 1985), 293.
30. iqve, 311.
31. es nawili agebulia Montague Kent-iseul analizze wignSi Thirty-Second Poli-
tics: Political Advertising in the Eighties (New York: Praeger, 1989).
32. Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Vintage, 1994), 25.
33. Daniel Hallin-is kvleva citirebulia rogorc ufro vrceli diskusia am
sakiTxze Samuel Popkin-is wignSi The Reasoning Voter: Communication and Per-
suasion in Presidential Campaigns (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 228-
229.
336 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

34. amitom daaskvna qcevis Semswavleli erT-erTi cnobili kvlevis avtorma

`Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis principebs naklebi enTuziazmiT uWeren
mxars, roca isini maTeul specifikur an praqtikul formebs ewinaaRmde-
gebian~. ix. Herbert McCloskey-is “Consensus and Ideology in American Democ-
racy”, American Political Science Review 58 (ivnisi 1964): 361-384.
35. Donald Devine, The Political Culture of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown
1972), 187-230. amerikuli kredos Semadgeneli faseulobebis Sesaxeb farTo
msjelobisaTvis ix. aseve Seymour Martin Lipset-is American Exceptionalism: A
Double-Edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996)

peqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba?
interesTa jgufebi
interesTa jgufebis tipebi
resTa jgufebis bumi interesTa jgufebi demokratiebSi
ara sazogadoebisi interesi?
T aavv i X
politikuri
monawileoba
g aavl
v leen
n i s saf
sa f a sur i
monawileobis formebi
samarTlebrivi formebi
arasamarTlebrivi formebi
moqalaqeTa monawileobis
gansazRvreba
sazogadoebrivi azri
gamokiTxvebi arCevnebi saarCevno
sistemebi pirdapiri demokratia
monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT
xma?
xmis micema amerikisSeerTebul
StatebSi monawileobis tendenci-
ebi individualizmi da sazoga-
doebrivi monawileoba politikuri
apaTia: amerikuli daavadeba?
monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician
amomrCevlebma?
monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari
elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis
kanonebi da demokratiis ironia
pluralistebi da elitistebi
politikuri monawileoba
avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi
politikuri partiebi
istoriuli winamZRvrebi
ZiriTadi miznebi erTpartiuli
sistema orpartiuli sistema
mravalpartiuli sistema partiuli
sistemebis ganmsazRvrelebi pers-
zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi inte-
iklebs Tu
interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi
337
338 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

XI TavSi vnaxeT, rom politikaSi mniSvnelovani monawileoba kargi moqa-

laqeobis Semadgeneli atributia. imisaTvis, rom iyos mniSvnelovani, monaw-
ileoba minimum nebayoflobiTi da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos. miuxedavad
imisa, rom politikuri monawileoba SeiZleba Zalian martiv da wesier saqmed
gveCvenos, ufro axlos gacnobisas mis arasasurvel mxareebsac davinaxavT.
magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom totalitarul sazogadoebebSi monaw-
ileoba TiTqos uzrunvelyofilia, mas aranairi azri ar gaaCnia, vinaidan
saxelmwifo yvelas aiZulebs cru arCevnebSi monawileobas da mmarTveli
partiis SerCeuli kadidatebisaTvis xmis micemas. amis sawinaaRmdegod, de-
mokratiul qveynebSi politikuri monawileoba nebayoflobiTia; moqalaqee-
bs aq miniWebuli aqvT sruli Tavisufleba, maT Soris armonawileobis.
bevr amerikels garkveuli dausabuTebeli varaudi aqvs demokratiasa da
politikur monawileobaze:
• rac ufro meti moqalaqe monawileobs, miT ufro jansaRia demokratia;
• monawileoba bunebrivia, anu moqalaqeebs undaT monawileoba;
• saSualo amomrCeveli kargad informirebulia, anu monawileebma ician
da esmiT is politikuri arCevani, romelsac akeTeben;
• sazogadoebrivi azri mniSvnelovania.

am Sexedulebebs ufro axlos gavecnobiT politikur procesSi moqalaqe-

Ta monawileobis sxvadasxva formis ganxilvis Semdeg.

monawileobis formebi

moqalaqeebs, romlebsac surT politikaSi monawileoba, ori alternativa

aqvT _ isini SeiZleba CaerTon samarTlebriv an arasamarTlebriv saqmianobeb-
Si. moqalaqeTa umetesoba samarTlebriv monawileobas irCevs an saerTod ar
monawileobs.

samarTlebrivi formebi

politikuri monawileobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipebi arsebuli in-

stitutebis farglebSi konvenciuri samarTlebriv saqmianobebs moicavs.
moqalaqeTa umetesoba politikaSi metwilad simbolurad, pasiurad an rit-
ualurad monawileobs _ magaliTad, eswreba politikur mitingebs, monawil-
eobs politikur gamokiTxvebSi, werils wers adgilobrivi gazeTis redaq-
tors an sakuTar manqanaze afiSas akravs.
xmis micema tradiciuli monawileobis yvelaze TvalsaCino formaa.
Tumca, xmis micemis efeqtianoba, rogorc aqtiuri moqalaqis monawileo-
bis sazomi, damokidebulia ramdenime faqtorze: ramdenad patiosnad aris
daTvlili xmebi, eleqtoratis sididesa (rac ufro metia amomrCeveli, miT
ufro naklebi gavlena aqvs TiToeul xmas) da realuri arCevanis arsebo-
baze. xmis micemas mniSvnelovani gzavnilis gadmocema SeuZlia; is SeiZleba
 politikuri monawileoba 339
Zlieri an komikuri elferis mSvidobiani protestis forma iyos. magali-
Tad, 1959 wels san-paulos (braziliis) ukmayofilo mosaxleobam qalaqis
sabWoSi airCia martorqa adgilobrivi zooparkidan!1 analogiurad, gasuli
sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi Sedegze orientirebu-
li iniciativebisa da referendumebis raodenobis zrdis mowmeni viyaviT; am
periodis manZilze saxelmwifo amomrCeveli gansjida iseTi gansxvavebuli
sakiTxebis avkargianobas, rogoricaa sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Semcireba an
gayinva, homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis samarTlebrivi dacvis
donis gansazRvra da usafrTxoebis Rvedebisa da motociklistis Cafxutis
gamoyenebis moTxovna.
SeerTebuli Statebis moqalaqeTa meoTxedi Tu iqneba met-naklebad aq-
tiurad CarTuli politikaSi.2 politikur aqtivistTa didi nawili politi-
kuri partiebisaTvis xarjavs drosa da fuls, miekuTvneba sazogadoebriv
interesTa jgufs da nebayoflobiT iRebs monawileobas Tavisi favoriti
kandidatis kampaniaSi. bevri moqalaqe muSaobs samTavrobo organoebSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT saxelmwifo da adgilobriv doneze rogorc aqtivisti. xSirad
es moqalaqeebi anazRaurebas ar iReben. realurad SeerTebul StatebSi bevr
adgilobriv mTavrobaSi saerTod aravin iRebs xelfass. adgilobriv done-
ze sajaro samsaxuri momavali profesionali politikosisaTvis garkveul
skolas warmoadgens, romelic procedurebis, normebisa da marTvis praqti-
kis sferoSi Rirebul pirvelad gamocdilebas uzrunvelyofs.
SeerTebul StatebSi politikuri aqtivistebi sakmaod iSviaTad gvxvde-
bian, magram mcirea im adamianTa ricxvi, vinc politikur karieras umiznebs.
kidev ufro. es im xalxis jgufia, romlebic warmoadgenen xelisuflebas
anazRaurebad politikur an arCeviT Tanamdebobaze (partiuli Tanamdebo-
bebi, lobistebi, daniSvniTi Tanamdebobebi, saStato mosamsaxureebi, kanon-
mdeblebi da sxva). ra Tqma unda, yvela Tanamdebobis piri ar iwyebs saqmi-
anobas profesional politikosad. marTlac, demokratiul sazogadoebebSi
SedarebiT gamoucdeli kandidats iSviaTad irCeven maRal Tanamdebobaze.
politikuri saqmianobis samarTlebrivi, Tumca moqalaqeTa um ra v -
lesobisaTvis miuRebeli forma, arakonvenciuri monawileobaa . bu neb ri-
via, misaRebi politikuri qceva gavrcelebul politikur kulturazea da-
mokidebuli da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT. SeerTebul
StatebSi, sadac moqalaqeTa umetesobisTvis kanoni da wesrigi didi Rirebu-
le baa, umetesoba tradiciulad ar iwonebda protestebs da demonstraciebs.
es prin cipi garkveulwilad Seicvala boboqar 1960-ian wlebSi da 70-ianis
da sawyisSi, romelic rasobrivi TanasworuflebianobisaTvis brZolisa
da viet namis omis sawinaaRmdego sayovelTao studenturi gamosvlebis
aRmasvliT gamoirCeoda. Tumca, uotergeitis skandalis Semdegac ki, ramac
prezidenti riCard niqsoni 1974 wels aiZula gadamdgariyo, sazogadoebis
mxolod 8 procenti uWerda mxars raime saxis demonstraciebs, magaliTad
mjdomare aqcias, masobriv gamosvlas, mitinsi an samTavrobo saqmianobis
obstruqcias.3
imave wlis gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis
umetesoba arakonvenciuri politikuri qmedebis aTi formidan mxolod sams
340 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

afasebda dadebiTad: peticiebis xelmoweras, kanonier demonstraciebSi

monawi-leobas da boikots (rogoric aris salaTis furclis yidvisgan Ta-
vis Sekaveba dabalanazRaurebadi migranti muSebisadmi solidarobis niS-
nad)4 gamokiTxulTa mxolod 2 procenti amarTlebda politikuri miznebis
misaRwevad Zaladobis gamoyenebas. arakonvenciuri monawileobis rbili
formebis mxardaWera ufro maRalia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amgvari qmedeba ar
gadacdeba samarTlebriv zRvars.

arasamarTlebrivi formebi

politikuri reJimebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan imiT, ras

aniWeben isini arasamarTlebrivi monawileobis klasifikacias da ramdenad
mkacrad sjian aseT qcevas. rogorc wesi, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi politi-
kur saqmianobis ufro met formas acxadeben ukanonod, vidre demokratiuli
mTavrobebi. magaliTad, demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi sul ramden-
ime (an saerTod arc erTi) politikuri partia cxaddeba aralegalurad da
moqalaqeebs, rogorc wesi, SeuZliaT Sevidnen nebismier partiaSi sakuTari
neba-surviliT, totalitaruli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi ki, erTis garda
yvela partia aralegaluria. metic, avtoritaruli mTavrobebi `politikur
danaSauls~ metad ganazogadeben da ufro mkacrad sjian `politikur damna-
Saveebs~, vidre maTi demokratiuli analogebi.

amerikelTa umravlesobisaTvis misaRebia kanonieri demonstraciebi, ro-

gorc politikuri protestis forma. fotoze 1997 wels United Parcel Service-
is winaaRmdeg mowyobili gaficvaa asaxuli.

zogierTi ukanono qmedeba _ gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo daumorCile-

blobad wodebuli _ miznad isaxavs erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaRvivebas (ami-
tomac zogierT qveyanaSi isini ufro efeqtiania, vidre sxvagan). samoqalaqo
 politikuri monawileoba 341
daumorCilebloba niSnavs konkretuli kanonebis darRvevas maTi usamarT-
lobis demonstrirebis mizniT. mahaTma gandim (1869-1948ww.) samoqalaqo
daumorCilebloba gamoiyena didi britaneTisgan indoeTis gaTavisuflebi-
saTvis brZolisas. martin luTer kingmac (1929-1968ww.) SeerTebul StatebSi
rasobrivi Tanasworobis miRwevis mizniT araZalismieri protestis mZlavri
talRa aagora.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba uars ambobs Zaladobaze da mouwodebs
monawileebs, sasjeli legitimurad aRiaron. speqtris meore mxares ki dgas:
politikuri terorizmi, romelic oponentTa demoralizebis, daSinebisa da
damorCilebisaTvis Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras mimarTavs; sabotaJi,
mTavrobis damxobis mcdeloba, rac xSirad gareSe Zalebis daxmarebiT xor-
cieldeba; ajanyebisken waqezeba, buntisa da antisamTavrobo qmedebebis
provocireba. yoveli maTgani revoluciuri qmedebaa. Tumca, imis mixedviT,
ra reJimTan gvaqvs saqme, sabotaJad da provokacid SeiZleba miCneul iqnes
aralegalur SexvedraSi monawileoba an ukanono politikur partiaSi Ses-
vla, mTavrobis gamakritikebeli proklamaciebis dabeWdva an oficialuri
politikisa da ideologiisagan gansxvavebuli azris qona. bevr avtoritarul
saxelmwifoSi mTavrobis nebismieri saxis oponireba, Tundac iseTi uwyinari
ram, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, megobrisaTvis werilis miwera, romelic Seicavs sa-
TaveSi myofi xelisuflebis farul kritikas, SeiZleba CaiTvalos mTavrobis
ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobad.
mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego, winaswar dagegmili teroristuli aqtebi yov-
elTvis revoluciuria. aseTi aqtebi ukanonoa im qveynebSic ki, romelTac
TviTmarqvia revoluciuri reJimebi marTavs (ix. Tavi XV).

moqalaqeTa monawileobis gansazRvreba

demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi monawileoben politikaSi azris

gamoxatvisa da xmis micemis gziT. gamokiTxvebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs
sazogadoebriv azrze da gamoxatavs mas. pirvelad sazogadoebriv azrs
ganvixilavT.

sazogadoebrivi azri

gamokiTxvebs, romlebic mkafiod gamokveTil sazogadoebriv azrs an mis

arsebiT cvlilebebs gviCveneben, SeuZliaT saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirTa
gadawyvetilebebze, qmedebebsa da politikaze iqonion gavlena. demokrati-
ul qveynebSi sazogadoebrivi azri imitomac aris legitimuri, rom mTavroba
angariSvaldebulia amomrCevlebis winaSe. sazogadoebriv azrs imitom Seu-
Zlia gavlenis moxdena politikaze, rom politikosebs survili aqvT iyvnen
arCeulni da rac SeiZleba met xans darCnen Tanamdebobaze. magram rodesac
sazogadoebrivi azri iyofa, rac iSviaTad ar xdeba, arCeul pirebs xSirad
SeuZliaT misi ignorireba moaxdinon.
342 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

sazogadoebrivi azrisa da misi gavlenis Sefaseba SeiZleba bundovani

iyos. misi gavlena maqsimaluria, rodesac: (1) moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovan ra-
odenobas calkeul problemaze sakuTari Sexeduleba aqvs da smi mimarT
ubralod indiferentuli ar aris; (2) is stabiluria xangrZlivi drois
ganmavlobaSi; (3) is garkveuli mimarTulebiT calsaxadaa gadaxrili; (4) is
aSkarad sagrZnobia; da (5) sakiTxi, romelsac igi exeba, yvelasaTvis cnobi-
lia anu amomrCevlebi mas prioritetad miiCneven.
ramdenad seriozulad unda iTvaliswinebdnen liderebi moqalaqeTa
azrs mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros? am sakiTxis ganxilvisas
ar unda daviviwyoT, rom sazogadoebrivi azri xSirad naklebadaa racional-
uri gaazrebis Sedegi da, rogorc wesi, narTauli gamonaTqvamebis, eWvebisa
da varaudebis nazavia, rac Tavis mxriv efuZneba crurwmenebs, winaTgrZno-
bebs da im adamianebis arasrul informacias, romlebic, Cveulebriv, poli-
tikas did yuradRebas ar aqceven.

gamokiTxvebi

yvela mTavroba cdilobs sazogadoebrivi azris Sefasebasa da gaanali-

zebas. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebrivi azri sxvadasxva proble-
maze Tavisuflad fasdeba da ganixileba ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi dawese-
bulebebis, aramed agreTve politikuri partiebisa da kandidatebis, mediis,
sxvadasxva kerZo organizaciis, kvleviTi institutebisa da mkvlevarebis
mier. imis gansasazRvrad, ra damokidebuleba gaaCnia sazogadoebas mocemul
sakiTxze, organizaciebi eyrdnobian sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvas
(moqalaqeTaTvis maTi azris gamokiTxva), romelic yvelaze popularuli da
sazogadoebrivi azris cvlilebebis gansazRvrisa da grafikulad gamosax-
vis zusti saSualeba gaxda.
sazogadoebrivi azris gazomvis pirveli mcdeloba iyo `Calis gamok-
iTxvebi~ (straw polls), romelic mecxramete saukuneSi gazeTebma ganaviTares.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamokiTxvebi daumuSavebeli iyo, xSirad swor prog-
nozs akeTebda gamarjvebulis Taobaze. lokalur doneze gazeTebi, radio da
televizia dResac iyeneben am meTods. amgvari gamokiTxvebis mTavari prob-
lema isaa, rom ar iZleva imis garkvevis saSualebas, ramdenad asaxavs aseTi
gamokiTxva mTliani mosaxleobis azrs.
Jurnal Literary Digest-is gamokiTxva, romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela, rom alf
lendoni daamarcxebda franklin d. ruzvelts 1936 wels, aris yvelaze cno-
bili magaliTi imisa, rogor SeiZleba aramecnieruli gamokiTxva damRupve-
li aRmoCndes _ am SemTxvevaSi im JurnalisTvis, romelmac es gamokiTxva
Caatara. ra iyo am konkretuli gamokiTxvis Secdoma? moqalaqeTa SerCevisas
gamoiyenes satelefono cnobari da manqanebis registraciis siebi _ ori Za-
lian arareprezentantuli reestri, vinaidan 1930-ian wlebSi (didi depresi-
is periodi) mxolod mdidrebs SeeZloT telefonisa da avtomobilis SeZena.
Tumca, SerCevis imave meTodiT Literary Digest-ma zustad iwinaswarmetyvela
wina sami saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegebi. miuxedavad amisa, 1936 wels
 politikuri monawileoba 343
gamokiTxva `Secda~ _ ruzveltma didi upiratesobiT moigo. sxvaTa Soris,
amiT dasrulda Literary Digest–is gamokiTxvebi da, faqtobrivad Tavad Jurna-
lis arsebobac. 1938 wlidan man arseboba Sewyvita.
ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebrivi azris gamok-
iTxvebis teqnologiebma ufro seriozuli saxe miiRo. gamokiTxvaTa umete-
soba adamianebs ekiTxeba eTanxmebian Tu ara isini ama Tu im debulebas an
politikas. zogierTi gamokiTxva moqalaqeebs sTxovs sxvadasxva politikur
alternativas Soris airCion erT-erTi (Tumca bevri Tvlis, rom es meTodi xe-
lovnurad zrdis politikuri Sexedulebis mqone adamianTa raodenobas). ase-
Ti gamokiTxvis meTodebiT mkvlevarebi SedarebiT mcire raodenobis respon-
dentTa pasuxebis safuZvelze mosaxleobis didi nawilis poziciis prognozs
akeTeben. yvelaze xSirad mimarTaven SemTxveviT SerCevis meTods, rodesac
xdeba mTeli mosaxleobidan (`generaluri erToblioba~) SemTxveviT SerCeul
moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva (statistikosebma daadgines, rom 1500 respodentis
SerCeva idealuria iseTi gamokiTxvebisaTvis, romlebmac xalxis didi raode-
noba unda moicvas). amgvari SerCevisas asakobrivi, rasobrivi, religiuri,
politikuri, ganaTlebis niSniT SerCeuli da sxva jgufebi met-naklebad unda
Seesabamebodes mTel mosaxleobas.

gamokiTxvebis politikuri da borotad gamoyeneba

tradiciulad, gamokiTxvebi afasebda sazogadoebriv azrs mas Semdeg,

rac politikuri liderebi ikavebdnen Tanamdebobas an amtkicebdnen kanons.
Tumca, saarCevno kampaniaSi gamokiTxva ufro da ufro metad gaxda momavlis
orientiri _ igi gamoiyeneba imis gansasazRvrad, ra pozicia unda daikavon
kandidatebma, rogor gavidnen mowinave poziciaze, an rogori politikuri
gancxadebebi Seuqmnis maT pozitiur imijs. amas xandaxan strategiuli
gamokiTxva (strategic polling) ewodeba.
imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros, romeli politikuri gancxadeba an pozicia
iqneba popularuli, gamoiyeneba fokus jgufebi (focus groups) _ xalxis mc-
ire raodenoba komunikaciebis profesionali eqspertis xelmZRvanelobiT
ganixilavs politikuri gzavnilis konkretul sakiTxebs. ufro gvian ganvi-
Tarda eleqtronuli gamokiTxva, romelmac moicva satelefono jgufebic
(dial groups), romelic saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs darekviT daaregis-
triron dadebiTi an uaryofiTi pasuxi.
strategiuli gamokiTxva jimi karteris prezidentobis Semdeg gaxda
politikuri cxovrebis wesi, maT Soris Tanamdebobis pirTaTvisac ki. pre-
zidenti bil klintoni mniSvnelovnad eyrdnoboda gamokiTxvebs imis gansa-
sazRvrad, romeli sakiTxebisaTvis mieqcia gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da
rogor waredgina isini.

imis gamo, rom yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli asobiT calkeuli in-

344 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

tervius Catareba, mkvlevarebi xandaxan winaswar irCeven respondentTa

mcirericxovan jgufebs, iseTi sakvanZo maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rogoricaa asaki, religia, Semosavali da partiis wevroba. gamokiTxvis am
meTods stratificirebul SerCevas (strarified sampling) uwodeben. egzit-
polebi, romlebic televiziebs saSualebas aZlevs saarCevno ubnebis daxur-
vis Semdeg iwinaswarmetyvelon politikuri gamarjvebulebi, warmoadgens
stratificirebuli SerCevis or dones. pirvel rigSi mkvlevarebi adgenen
saarCevno ubans, romelic statistikurad uaxlovdeba ufro did politi-
kur erTeuls (saarCevno olqs, Stats an qveyanas). Semdeg isini, vinc atare-
ben egzit-polis intervius, cdiloben ise moaxdinon adamianTa SerCeva, rom
is yvelaze kargad asaxavdes saarCevno ubnis saerTo maxasiaTeblebs.
ganmeorebad gamokiTxvaSi, anu adamianTa erTi da imave jgufis mra-
valjerad gamokiTxvebSi (tracking polls), rasac xSirad kandidatebi saxelwifo
organizaciebisaTvis, kampaniis mimdinareobisas atareben, erTi da igive
amomrCevlebi monawileoben ganmeorebiT. aseTi gamokiTxvebiT cdiloben
daadginon cvlilebebi amomrCevlis damokidebulebaSi da daakavSiron is me-
diis strategiasTan, sakiTxebis cvlilebebTan, kandidatebis SecdomebTan
da a.S. amgvari gamokiTxvebis mizania kandidats miawodos informacia imis
Sesaxeb, romeli strategia muSaobs (da romeli ara) mocemuli kampaniis dros.
amgvari strategiuli gamokiTxvebi xSirad gamoiyeneba fokus-jgufebTan da
kampaniis sxva saSualebebTan erTad.
gamokiTxvebi, Cveulebriv, sakmaod zustia, magram iSviaTad _ uSec-
domo; TviT umaRles doneze organizebul gamokiTxvebSic ki SeiZleba iyos
cdomilebebi. rogorc wesi, 0.05 sarwmunoobis xarisxis SemTxvevaSi maT aqvT
3 procentiani cdomilebis zRvari, rac imas niSnavs, rom 100-dan 95 SemTx-
vevaSi nebismieri mimarTulebiT cdomileba araumetes 3 procentia. gamok-
iTxvis ama Tu im meTodSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania kiTxvis zusti da
cxadi formulireba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi roca xalxs ar gaaCnia
kargad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba; ori alternatiuli politikis arCeva-
nis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, `federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos sakuTar
Tavze mosaxleobis sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa, Tu adamianebma TviTon
unda izrunon sakuTar saxlebze?~) zogierTi respondenti SeiZleba imdenad
moeqces alternativaTa Tanmimdevrobis gavlenis qveS, rom aman or arCev-
ans Soris 30 procentiani gansxvaveba gamoiwvios. es damokidebulia mxolod
imaze, pirvelad romeli alternativaa mocemuli.5 ufro metic, imave kiTx-
vis imgvarad dasma, rom sakiTxis mxolod erTi alternativa iyos naxsenebi
(magaliTad, `federalurma mTavrobam unda aiRos Tu ara sakuTar Tavze mo-
saxleobis adeqvaturi sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofa?~) savaraudod, gamoi-
wvevs ufro met dadebiT pasuxs, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am kiTxvis formuli-
rebaSi Sevidoda mocemuli sakiTxis erTze meti alternativa.
calkeuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebidan daskvnebis gamotanis arasaimedoba
naTlad Cans 10-1 sqemidan (`ori erTi da igive gamokiTxva, gansxvavebuli
Sedegebi~). es magaliTi agreTve gviCvenebs, rogor SeuZlia gamokiTxvebs
ara marto gazomos sazogadoebrivi azri, aramed gavlenac iqonios masze.
magaliTad, Tu respondentebs usvamen kiTxvas Tambaqos mowevis Sesaxeb in-
 politikuri monawileoba 345
dividualuri arCevanis uflebis kuTxiT, ufro meti iqneba Tanaxma, vidre
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igive kiTxvaSi moxseniebuli iqneba safrTxe, romelsac
moweva uqmnis sxvebis janmrTelobas. kandidatebi, korporaciebi da sxva
organizebuli interesTa jgufebi, visac surs aCvenos ama Tu im poziciis an
produqtis popularoba, maTTvis sasurvel Sedegebs xSirad iReben kiTxvis
Sesabamisi formulirebis gziT. samwuxarod, aseTi midgoma aprobirebuli
meTodia rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo seqtorSi.

`damdeg saprezidento arCevnebSi visTvis

`noemberSi saprezidento arCevnebTan dakavSire-
apirebT xmis micemas, Tu jer ar gadagi-
biT ... prezidentis arCevnebi dRes rom Catarebu-
wyvetiaT? danamdvilebiT iciT, rom xmas
liyo da kandidatebi bil klintoni da bob douli
(saxeli) aZlevT, Tu jer ar gadagiwyve-
yofiliyvnen.. vis miscemdiT xmas?~
tiaT?~

klintoni douli ar gadauwyvetia klintoni douli ar gadauwyvetia

gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 8-11 ivliss gamokiTxva Catarda 1996 wlis 29 ivnisi-2 ivlisi

sqema 10-1. ori erTi da igive gamokiTxva: gansxvavebuli Sedegebi

es ori gamokiTxva TiTqmis erTdroulad Catarda, magram Sedegebi radikalurad gansx-
vavebulia. es faqti nawilobriv mainc gamowveulia kiTxvebis formulirebiT.
wyaro: The Polling Company National Survey, reprinted from John H. Fund, `The Perils of Polling,~
Wall Street Journal, August 13, 1996, A12. ibeWdeba Wall Street Journal-is nebarTviT. Copyright ©
1996 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. yvela ufleba daculia msoflio masStabiT.

samwuxarod Tu sabednierod, gamokiTxvebma saprezidento arCevnebis

kampaniebSi did roli Seasrula. 1996 wlis arCevnebis ganmavlobaSi marto
CNN-ma daaxloebiT 200 gamokiTxva Caatara. SeadareT es 1992 wlis preziden-
tis saarCevno kampanias, rodesac yvela mediasaSualebam erTad Caatara 125-
150 gamokiTxva.6 xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi gamokiTxvebis popularo-
bam mniSvnelovnad imata. erTma mkvlevarma aRniSna, rom 1968 wels Sromis
dResa da arCevnebis dRes Soris (maisidan noembramde _ mTargm. Sen.) mxolod
10 saerTo erovnulma gamokiTxvam mimarTa amomrCevlebs kiTxviT: `vis mis-
cemdiT xmas, arCevnebi dRes rom tardebodes?~ 1996 wlis saprezidento ar-
Cevnebis dros ki 300 saerTo erovnulma gamokiTxvam dasva igive kiTxva.7
346 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

cxrili 10.1

1996 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis saboloo gamokiTxvis

prognozi

gamokiTxvis gamarjve-
organizatori klintoni douli pero bulis
zRvari
CBS/New York Times 53% 35% 9% 18
Pew Research 49% 36% 8% 13
ABC News 51% 39% 7% 12
Harris 51% 39% 7% 12
NBC/Wall Street Journal 49% 37% 9% 12
USA Today/CNN/Gallup 52% 41% 7% 11
HOTLINE/Battleground 45% 36% 8% 9
Reuters/Zogby 49% 41% 8% 8

realuri Sedegebi 49% 41% 8% 8

wyaro: From Everett C. Ladd’s `The Pollster’s Waterloo~ in the Wall Street Journal (November
19, 1995), p. A-22. monacemebi mogvawoda koneqtikutis universitetis sazogadoebrivi
kvlavis Roper Center-ma. ibeWdeba avtoris nebarTviT.

bolo wlebSi sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva ufro saimedo gaxda. maga-

liTad, jorj buSsa da el gors Soris 2000 wlis saprezidento maraTonis
dros CNN/USA Today/Gallup-sa da CNN/Time-is gamokiTxvebi saprezidento
arCevnebis wina dRes orive kandidatisTvis erTnair Sedegs winaswarme-
tyvelebda. sabolood buSma gamarjvebisaTvis sakmarisi amomrCevelTa ko-
legiis xmebi daagrova floridis sakmaod saeWvo arCevnebis Semdeg. Sede-
gebi mogvianebiT uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daadastura, realurad ki gorma
ufro meti xma miiRo, vidre buSma. gamokiTxvis Sedegebma gaamarTla.
gamokiTxvebi mainc ar aris yovelTvis zusti an SedarebiT zusti, ro-
gorc es naCvenebia 10-1 cxrilSi. yvela politikuri gamokiTxva garkveul
risks Seicavs. gamokiTxva, pirvel rigSi, drois mcire monakveTSi arsebu-
li sazogadoebrivi azris gamovlenis saSualebaa, xolo sazogadoebrivi
azri Zalian xSirad icvleba. meorec, gamokiTxvebi farTod gavrcelda da
momabezrebeli gaxda, ris gamoc moqalaqeebi naklebi enTuziazmiT iReben
maTSi monawileobas. mesamec, sxvadasxva gamokiTxvas Soris mniSvnelovani
meTodologiuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs. arCevnebs Soris Catarebuli
gamokiTxvebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes saarCevno
kampaniebis dros Catarebul gamokiTxvebs. magaliTad, prezidentis popu-
laroba, romelsac zomavs sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva, xels uwyobs
imis gansazRvras, ra gavlena aqvs prezidents ama Tu im politikur sakiTxze.
imaves Tqma SeiZleba prezidentisa da kongresis urTierTobebze, gansa-
 politikuri monawileoba 347
kuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mowinaaRmdege partias umravlesoba hyavs erT-erT
an orive palataSi.

arGevnebi

mniSvnelovani arCevnebi gamokiTxvebs yvelaze saWiro politikur gamar-

Tlebasa da gamoyenebas uZebnis. arCevnebis gareSe gamokiTxvebis politi-
kuri gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli iqneboda.

arCevnebis funqciebi. raoden saocaric ar unda iyos, gansxvavebul poli-

tikur sistemebSi arCevnebs gansxvavebuli funqciebi aqvs. samxedro diqtat-
urebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, regularuli arCevnebi, ubralod, ar
tardeba _ rac aseT reJimebSi samoqalaqo monawileobis minimalur an srul
ararsebobaze mianiSnebs. Tu arCevnebi totalitarul saxelmwifoSi mainc
tardeba, maT ubralo politikuri ritualis saxe aqvs, rac mmarTvelebs
maTi xelisuflebis legitimaciis saSualebas aZlevs. maTgan gansxvavebiT,
konstituciuri demokratiebis pirobebSi arCevnebi principuli saSualebaa
moqalaqeTa mier mmarTvelis gansasazRvrad. arCevnebi iribad imasac gansaz-
Rvravs, ra saxis politika iqneba gatarebuli momavalSi.
Tavisufali arCevnebi TavisTavad gulisxmobs warmomadgenlobis kon-
cefcias. warmomadgenlebi, romlebic moqmedeben amomrCevelTa saxeliT,
iReben sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel gadawyvetilebebs, romlebsac
moqalaqeebi, maTi didi raodenobis gaTvaliswinebiT, erToblivad ver mi-
iRebdnen. Tanamedrove konstituciuri mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi idea ukve
gulisxmobs, rom arCevnebi umniSvnelovanesia WeSmaritad warmomadgenlo-
biTi sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis.

arCevnebis SezRudvebi. idealur SemTxvevaSi arCevnebma demokratiul

sazogadoebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis survilebis kanonebsa da politikaSi
asaxvis saSualeba unda misces. Tumca, realurad arCevnebs yovelTvis ar
mosdevs idealuri Sedegebi. arCevnebs, rogorc sazogadoebrivi arCevanis
saSualebas, Semdegi Tanmdevi SezRudvebi gaaCnia:
1. Tu umniSvnelovanes movlenaze sazogadoebrivi azri arasworad gansaz-
Rvruli an daqsaqsulia, axladarCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi amomrCev-
elTagan ver miiReben mkafiod gansazRvrul mandats. Tu aseTi manda-
ti mainc iqneba micemuli, Tanamdebobis pirebma SeiZleba konkretul
sakiTxze sazogadoebrivi azri an arasworad gaigon, an ugulebelyon, an
Secvalon.
2. saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad saWiro saarCevno kampanias Za-
lian didi dro da uamravi fuli sWirdeba, ris gamoc bevri kvalifici-
uri kandidati ver iRebs arCevnebSi monawileobas, an zog SemTxvevaSi
upiratesoba usamarTlod eniWeba ama Tu im kandidats.
3. rac SeiZleba meti amomrCevlisa da interesTa jgufis mozidvis mizniT
sajaro moxeleobis kandidatma SeiZleba ama Tu im sakiTxze aramyari
348 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

pozicia daikavos. am winaswar ganzraxulma gaurkvevlobam SeiZleba pa-

tiosan amomrCevels gonivruli arCevanis gakeTeba gaurTulos.
4. kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebebs, romelTa Sesrulebac maT ar
SeuZliaT, vinaidan saTanadod ver afaseben mosalodnel sirTulee-
bs. SeerTebul StatebSi rTulia politikuri cvlilebebis gatareba,
radgan xSirad prezidentis da kongresis politika gansxvavdeba. wi-
naaRmdegobas qmnis isic, rom warmoudgenlad CaxlarTuli sabiujeto
procesi mTel yuradRebas iqcevs da xSirad kongresis paralizebasac
ki iwvevs.
5. Tanamdebobaze arCevis Semdeg kandidatma SeiZleba ubralod Seicvalos
Sexeduleba konkretuli politikis sasurvelobasa da vargisianobaze.
specifikuri interesebis Zlierma zegavlenam, ufro meti da ukeTesi
informaciis xelmisawvdomobam an gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo
politikis CaxlarTuli urTierTdamokidebulebis gacnobierebam kon-
gresis axalarCeul wevrze SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena iqonios.

Tanamedrove konstituciuri xelisuflebis idea gulisxmobs politikur war-

momadgenlobas, xolo WeSmaritad warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis funqcionirebisaTvis
arCevnebi arsebiTia. fotoze kenieli amomrCeveli biuletens agdebs.

miuxedavad SezRudvebisa, sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT, arCevnebi

saukeTeso saSualebaa moqalaqeTa azrebis saxelmwifo politikad realiza-
ciisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki did da mravalferovan sazogadoebaSi. realu-
rad arsebobs kargi safuZveli vifiqroT, rom politikuri dapirebebi ufro
xSirad sruldeba, vidre irRveva.8 xandaxan Tanamdebobis pirebi imedebs
gvicrueben, Tumca siurprizebsac iSviaTad gviwyoben. amomrCevels sakmaod
 politikuri monawileoba 349
kargad aqvs warmodgenili, ras unda elodos konkretuli kandidatisgan,
romelsac igi irCevs. dabolos, xandaxan kandidatebs darRveuli piroba
Zvirad ujdebaT.

saarGevno sistemebi

saarCevno sistemebi SeiZleba struqturulad sxvadasxvagvari iyos ma-

Joritaruli, roca mogebuli iRebs yvela mandats (gamarjvebuls yvelaferi
miaqvs) da proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi arCeviTi warmomad-
genlobis yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli meTodebia.

maJoritaruli sistema _ gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs (Winner-take-all).

SeerTebul StatebSi kongresis wevrs irCeven erTmandatiani saarCevno ub-
nidan xmaTa martivi umravlesobiT; anu am sistemaSi mxolod erTi warmomad-
geneli airCeva TiToeuli saarCevno ubnidan da is kandidati, vinc yvelaze
met xmas daagrovebs, ikavebs Tanamdebobas. vinaidan Statis ori senatori
irCeva sxvadasxva wlebSi, mTliani Stati warmoadgens erTmandatian saa-
rCevno ubans. dabolos, saprezidento arCevnebis drosac, ormocdaaTive
Stati erTmandatiani saarCevno ubania, vinaidan yvela saarCevno xma eniWeba
prezidentobis im kandidats, romelic iRebs xmaTa umravlesobas am Tu im
konkretul StatSi.
aseTi sistemis praqtikuli politikuri Sedegebi mravalferovania. erT-
mandatian saarCevno ubanSi nebismieri arCevnebis dros, rodesac mxolod
ori kandidatia, erT-erTi maTgani aucileblad miiRebs martiv umravle-
sobas, romelic amomrCevelTa yvelaze did gaerTianebad ganisazRvreba. Tu
sami an meti kandidati ibrZvis gamarjvebisaTvis, arCeulad iTvleba is, vinc
miiRebs yvelaze met xmas: xuTi kandidatis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa gaimarjvos
iman, vinc miiRebs xmaTa 25 procents (an naklebs). rogorc vnaxavT, es meTodi
xels uwyobs orpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas.
maJoritaruli sistemis _ aseve cnobili, rogorc first past the post saar-
Cevno sistemis Sedegebi, aSS kongresis arCevnebis hipoTetur cxrilSi 10-
2 aris grafikulad asaxuli. gaiTvaliswineT, rom am sistemas aqvs minimum
erTi upiratesoba mainc: igi gansazRvravs sufTa gamarjvebulebs. ubralo
umravlesoba wyvets, vin iqneba saarCevno ubnis warmomadgeneli. cxrilSi
moyvanil magaliTSi liberali joni aris sufTa gamarjvebuli. magram am
xelsayreli SedegisaTvis safasuri unda iqnes gadaxdili _ umravlesobam
(amomrCevelTa 57 procentma) ar misca xma liberals. ubralod, maT SeeZloT
darCeniliyvnen saxlSi. arc konservatori jeinisa da upartio aimas poli-
tika da arc umravlesobis mier miniWebuli upiratesobebi am saarCevno ub-
nidan warmodgenili ar iqneba.
maJoritarul saarCevno sistemas SeuZlia qveyanaSi arsebuli politi-
kuri naklovanebebi warmoaCinos. Cvens hipoTetur arCevnebSi liberalma
gaimarjva saarCevno ubnis xmaTa mxolod 43 procentiT, magram igi gaxda 100
procentiani warmomadgeneli. ra Tqma unda, misi kandidatura dafinansebu-
350 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

li iyo Zlieri organizaciis ori wamyvani amerikuli politikuri partiidan

erT-erTis mier. amas garda, es ori partia inerciis wyalobiTac igebs _ xmas
aZleven Cveulebis da ara rwmenis gamo.

cxrili 10.2
hipoTeturi politikuri maraToni

partia kandidati miRebuli xmebis

xmebi procentuli
raodenoba
demokratiuli liberali joni 25,800 43
respublikuri konservatori jei- 24,600 41
damoukidebeli ni 9,600 16
upartio aima

aseTi sistemis dros ori mTavari partiidan erT-erTi yoveli arCevne-

bis Sedegad mudmivad iRebs warmomadgenlobis uflebas, rac arCevnebSi
monawile meore partiisa da meorexarisxovani partiebis xarjze miRebuli
saarCevno xmebis proporciuli ar aris. amgvarad, mTavarma partiam, ro-
melic amomrCevlis 40-dan 45 procentamde xmas iRebs, SeiZleba mandatebis
umravlesoba miiRos, rogorc es ZiriTadad xdeba britanul arCevnebSi.
arCevnebis suraTis aseTi damaxinjeba imdenad gavrcelebulia did brita-
neTSi, rom mTavar partias, romelic iRebs xmebis naxevarze naklebs, SeuZlia
damajereblad gaimarjvos (xmaTa SedarebiTi umravlesobis miRebis Sedegad
iRebs saparlamento umravlesobas).
amgvarad, maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema xels uwyobs ori mTavari po-
litikuri partiis Camoyalibebas da arTulebs mcire politikuri partiebis
zrdas. mravalpartiul sistemasTan SedarebiTi upiratesoba gamoixateba
ufro met politikur stabilurobaSi. Tumca, zogierTi kritikosis azriT,
amgvari stabiluroba miiRweva warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiisTvis
misi dedaazris mospobiT _ anu aqcentis gakeTebiT mTavrobaze, romelic
umravlesobis survils (da preferenciebs) gamoxatavs. imis gamo, rom es
sistema ar warmoaCens amomrCevlis mTeli speqtris azrebsa da interesebs,
igi iswrafvis gazardos mmarTveli partiis (an partiebis) sakanonmdeblo
Zalaufleba da dabrkolebebi Seuqmnas umciresobis partiaTa mcdelobas,
Seiqmnan sakanonmdeblo niadagi.

proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistemebi. maJoritaruli sistemebis

alternativas warmoadgens proporciul warmomadgenlobaze dafuZnebu-
li saarCevno sistema, romlis mizania uzrunvelyos sakanonmdeblo xelisuf-
lebaSi partiebisaTvis eleqtoratis mxardaWeris TiTqmis Sesabamisi war-
momadgenloba. rogorc wesi, aseTi sistemis SemTxvevaSi qveyana dayofilia
saarCevno ubnebad, saidanac irCeven ramdenime deputats. maT Soris Tanam-
 politikuri monawileoba 351
debobebi nawildeba partiebis mier TiToeul ubanSi miRebuli xmebis raode-
nobis Sesabamisad.
im mraval qveyanas Soris, romlebmac danerges es sistema, aris israeli,
italia, belgia, norvegia da irlandia. germaniac iyenebs proporciuli war-
momadgenlobis sistemas bundestagis (parlamentis qveda palatis) wevrTa
naxevris asarCevad. rogorc wesi, kandidati ubanze igebs arCevnebs, Tu igi mi-
iRebs xmaTa garkveul raodenobas. xmaTa minimaluri raodenoba ganisazRvre-
ba gamoyofil mandatebze xmaTa raodenobis gayofiT. magaliTad, warmovidgi-
noT, rom 10-2 cxrilis SemTxvevaSi proporciul warmomadgenlobasTan gvaqvs
saqme. saarCevno ubanze gamoyofilia sami mandati da amomrCevelTa saerTo
raodenoba 60 000-ia. aseTi viTarebaSi kandidati arCeuli iqneba partiis
mier miRebuli yoveli 20 000 xmis SemTxvevaSi. am formulis mixedviT orive
kandidati, liberalic da konservatoric arCeulad CaiTvleba, vinaidan
TiToeulma 20 000-ze meti xma miiRo. saarCevno ubnis mesame warmomadgeneli
ganisazRvreba regionuli gadanawilebis principiT, romelic Semdegnairad
moqmedebs: demokratebis 5 800, respublikelebis 4 600 da damoukidebeli
kandidatebis 9 600 xma gadaecema regions, sadac igi sxva saarCevno ubnebis
xmebTan erTad daiTvleba da xelaxla gadanawildeba. im SemTvevaSi, Tu regio-
nuli gadanawilebiT kandidati ver airCeva, SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes qveynis
masStabiT gadanawileba. amgvarad, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistema
uzrunvelyofs, rom arc erTi sarCevno xma ar ikargeba.
Tumca, zogierTma qveyanam patara, umniSvnelo partiebis momravlebis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sistemis modi-
ficireba moaxdina. aseT qveynebSi umciresobis partiebma unda miiRon
gansazRvruli minimaluri xmebis raodenoba (saarCevno barieri _ mTargm.
Sen.), raTa saarCevno ubnidan hyavdeT TavianTi warmomadgeneli. germaniasa
da ruseTSi es minimumi 5 procentia, sxva qveynebSi SeiZleba 15 procenti da
metic ki iyos.

saarCevno siebi proporciuli warmomadgenlobis gamoyenebis yvelaze

gavrcelebuli meTodia. amgvari sistemis dros partias SeuZlia saarCevno
ubanze ramdenic surs, imdeni kandidati waradginos. am SemTxvevaSi partiam
saarCevno biuletenSi unda moaxdinos maTi ranJireba _ Tu partia miiRebs
xmaTa raodenobas, romelic sakmarisia mxolod erTi mandatis mosapove-
blad, mandats miiRebs saarCevno siaSi miTiTebuli pirveli kandidati; Tu
partia daagrovebs ori mandatis mosapoveblad sakmaris xmaTa raodenobas,
maSin siaSi miTiTebuli meore kandidatic miiRebs mandats da a.S. saarCevno
siebis sistema mniSvnelovnad aZlierebs partiebs, vinaidan moqalaqeebi xmas
aZleven partias (da ara kandidats) da partia akontrolebs kandidatTa Tan-
mimdevrobas saarCevno biuletenebSi.
arsebobs saarCevno siebis alternatiuli sistemebi. erT-erTi maTgani
emyareba calkeul, gardamaval xmis micemas da ufro metad aqcents akeTebs
individualur kandidatebsa da personebze, vidre partiebze. kandidatebi
Tavisuflad ecilebian erTmaneTs dasakavebel Tanamdebobebs. kvota winas-
war aris gansazRvruli da yvela kandidati, vinc daagrovebs xmaTa saWiro
352 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

raodenobas, iTvleba arCeulad. magram es sistema ucnaur xriks Seicavs:

yvela amomrCeveli miuTiTebs pirvel da meore arCevans. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
pirveladi arCevanis xmebis daTvlis Semdeg kidev rCeba auTvisebeli man-
datebi, zedmeti xmebi, amomrCevlis meore arCevanis gaTvaliswinebiT, gada-
dis darCenil kandidatebze.

saarCevno sistemaTa Sedareba. proporciul warmomadgenlobiT sistemas

maJoritarul warmomadgenlobiT sistemasTan SedarebiT garkveuli upi-
ratesobebi gaaCnia. ufro naklebi xma ikargeba, SexedulebaTa ufro farTo
speqtria warmodgenili da sakanonmdeblo organoSi ufro met partias SeuZ-
lia hyavdes warmomadgeneli. es sistema mandatebi ufro samarTliani da mi-
ukerZoebelia, vinaidan Tanamdebobebi partiebs Soris nawildeba maT mier
miRebuli xmebis raodenobis Sesabamisad.
Tumca, proporciul warmomadgenlobas, gansakuTrebiT saarCevno siebis
SemTxvevaSi, ramdenime arasasurveli movlena axasiaTebs, maT Soris par-
tiis centralizaciis aSkara tendencia, erT sakiTxze koncentrirebuli
partiebis aRmoceneba, ufro intensiuri saparlamento fraqcionalizmi,
qveynis masStabiT konsensusis miRwevis garTuleba, politikuri partiebis,
rogorc politikuri arCevanis ZiriTadi saSualebebis sasargeblod indi-
vidualuri kandidatebis ugulebelyofa. zogierTi am movlenaTagani Sei-
Zleba sasurvelic ki iyos. miuxedavad maJoritaruli sistemis xarvezebisa,
amerikelTa umetesoba ar emxroba axali, ucnobi sistemiT mis Canacvlebas.
siaxlisadmi SiSi amerikuli politikis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaa.

pirdapiri demokratia

pirdapiri demokratia niSnavs, rom politikur sakiTxebs amomrCeveli

TviTon wyvets. albaT amis sayovelTaod cnobili modelia qalaq niu-inglen-
dis municipalitetis Sexvedra. konstitucia, arCeuli warmomadgenlebis
uzrunvelyofiT, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis sasargeblod uaryofs
pirdapiri demokratiis ideas.
dRes bevrgan pirdapiri demokratia Tanaarsebobs warmomadgenlobiT
demokratiasTan. zogierT demokratiul qveyanaSi, rogoricaa Sveicaria da
avstralia, agreTve amerikis ramdenime Stati, moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT gverdi
auaron kanons an Caanacvlon igi sajaro politikis specifikur sakiTxebze
pirdapiri kenWisyriT. rogorc wesi, aseT kenWisyras plebisciti ewodeba.
SeerTebul StatebSi arsebobs pirdapiri demokratiuli monawileobas sami
forma. referendumi tardeba maSin, rodesac kanonmdebloba an konstitu-
cia sakiTxs an sajaro politikas gansaxilvelad warudgens amomrCevlebs.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi xmis micemas ufro sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs (eleq-
toratis preferencie bis maCvenebelia); sxva SemTxvevebSi ki imisaTvis, rom
kenWisyraze dayenebuli sakiTxi ZalaSi Sevides, amomrCevlis Tanxmobaa
saWiro. sakanonmdeblo iniciativis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi amomrCevels Tvi-
Ton gaaqvs gansaxilvelad xelmoweraTa winaswar dadgenili raodenobis
 politikuri monawileoba 353

iniciativa, referendumi impiCmenti

da impiCmenti

iniciativa da referendumi referendumi

iniciativa arc erTi

sqema 10-2. moqalaqeTa mier safuZvelCayrili iniciativa, referendumi da impiC-

menti tatebis doneze
wyaro: ibeWdeba Thomas E. Cronin-is wignis Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative,
Referendum, and Recall-is gamomcemelTa nebarTviT (Cambride, Mass.: Harvard University
Press). saavtoro ufleba 1989, Twentieth Century Fund, Inc. ganaxlebulia Thomas Mag-
stadt-is mier, 2002w.

Segrovebis Semdeg. gawveva aris politikuri meqanizmi arCeuli Tanamdebo-

bis piris gadasayeneblad. igi iniciativis msgavsia da gansaxilvelad gadis
moqalaqeTa xelmowerebis winaswar gansazRvruli raodenobis Segrovebis
Semdeg. [saqarTvelos referendums xelisuflebisaTvis savaldebulo xa-
siaTi aqvs, xolo plebiscits _ sarekomendacio _ mTargmn. Sen.].

iniciativa da referendumi

arsebobs ori saxis iniciativa _ pirdapiri da iribi; referendumic

ori saxis arsebobs _ saxalxo da sakanonmdeblo. ocdasamma Statma Statis
masStabiT daakanona iniciativa an saxalxo referendumi 1898-1959 wlebSi;
oTxma Statma ki _ 1958 wlis Semdeg.
354 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

• ocdaSvid Stats aqvs garkveuli saxis iniciativa an saxalxo refer-

endumi.
• ocdaoTx Stats aqvs iniciativis raRac forma.
• ocdaoTx Stats aqvs saxalxo referendumi.
• ormocdacxra Stats gaaCnia sakanonmdeblo referendumi.
• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1778 wels Caatara sakanonmdeblo refer-
endumi konstituciis miRebis mizniT, iyo masaCusetsi.
• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1898 wels daakanona iniciativa da saxalxo
referendumi, iyo samxreT dakota.
• pirveli Stati, sadac 1904 wels iniciativas eyara kenWi, iyo orego-
ni.
• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1897 wels qalaqebs misca iniciativisa da
saxalxo referendumis Catarebis ufleba, iyo nebraska.
• pirveli Stati, romelmac 1907 wels sakuTar konstituciaSi gaiT-
valiswina iniciativa da saxalxo referendumi, iyo oklahoma.
• ukanaskneli Stati, romelmac 1992 wels daakanona iniciativa, iyo
misisipi.

wyaro: adaptirebulia Initiative and Referendum Institute, http://www.iandrin-

stitute.org/factsheets/quickfacts.htm, accessed May 15, 2002.

mravali demokratia politikur sakiTxTa pirdapiri xmis micemiT gadaw-

yvetis cnobil magaliTebs gviCvenebs. 1962 wels safrangeTis prezidentma,
Sarl de golma prezidentis pirdapiri arCevnebis Casatareblad referen-
dumis gziT Sesworeba Seitana konstituciaSi. 1973 wels didma britaneTma,
pirvelad mis istoriaSi, Caatara referendumi imis gansasazRvrad, gawevri-
anebuliyo Tu ara saerTo bazarSi (evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis
araoficialuri saxelwodeba). (xmaTa mcire upiratesobiT sazogadoebam
mxari gawevrianebas dauWira). SeerTebul StatebSi pirdapiri demokratiis
Tanamedrove periodi saTaves iRebs 1978 wlis kaliforniis cnobili Proposi-
tion 13-dan (sakanonmdeblo cvlileba), romelmac ara marto minimum gaanax-
evra gadasaxadi kerZo sakuTrebaze, aramed safuZveli Cauyara sxvadasxva
inicitivisa da referendumis saqveyno Catarebas.
pirdapiri demokratiis mravali RonisZieba sakamaToa. magaliTad, 1996
wels miRebulma kaliforniis samoqalaqo uflebaTa iniciativam kali-
forniis konstituciis Secvlis gziT SezRuda pozitiuri diskriminaciis
programebi da akrZala upiratesi damokidebuleba `sajaro samsaxurSi,
sazogadoebriv ganaTlebaSi an saxelmwifo kontraqtebis dadebisas raso-
brivi, sqesobrivi, kanis feris, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis an erovnuli warmomav-
lobis safuZvelze. iniciativis damcvelebisa da mowinaaRmdegeebis brZola
gagrZelda misi miRebis Semdegac, rodesac mowinaaRmdegeebma sasamarT-
loebSi iniciativis arakonstituciurobis damtkicebis gziT misi ganxor-
cielebis gadadebas miaRwies. sasamarTlos Careva am SemTxvevaSi asaxavs
saerTo tendencia: sasamarTloebi konstituciur problemebs pouloben
 politikuri monawileoba 355
pirdapiri demokratiis gziT gatarebul bevr RonisZiebaSi da aferxeben
pirdapiri demokratiis realizacias.
sakiTxis amgvari ganxilva mniSvnelovania, radgan pirdapiri demokratiis
farglebSi ganxorcielebuli sxvadasxva qmedeba mudam demokratiis gama-
Zlierebel saSualebad aRiqmeboda. amgvar RonisZiebebSi igulisxmeboda
mTavrobis mgrZnobiarobisa da pasuxismgeblobis gazrda, amomrCevlis monaw-
ileobis gaaqtiureba da arCeul korumpirebul, Seusabamo an upasuxismgeblo
warmomadgenlebze adeqvaturi reagireba.9 pirdapiri demokratiis oponen-
tebi amtkiceben, rom fulma da sxvagvarma dainteresebam SeiZleba Seusabam-
od didi roli iTamaSos amgvar specialur kenWisyraSi, vidre Cveulebriv
sakanonmdeblo procesSi. isini imasac amboben, rom iniciativebi da referen-
dumebi xSirad teqnikurad imdenad rTulia, rom saSualo amomrCeveli verc
erkveva gansaxilveli sakiTxebis arsSi. Tumc,a am azrs ar iziarebs am proce-
sis erT-erTi cnobili mkvlevari, romelic amtkicebs: `Statebis gamocdile-
ba aCvenebs, rom amomrCevlebs, rogorc wesi, kargad esmiT im sakiTxis arsi,
romelsac isini xmas aZleven da Sesabamisad kompetenturad moqmedeben, gansa-
kuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sakiTxi farTod iyo gaSuqebuli.~10
amgvarad, pirdapiri demokratiis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis negati-
uri Sefasebebi gadametebulia. ra Tqma unda, oponentebis mxridan imis mt-
kiceba, rom fuli savaraudod daamaxinjebs plebiscitis Sedegebs, saukeTe-
so SemTxvevaSi TvalTmaqcobaa _ dRes fuli aris ZiriTadi (SesaZlebelia,
umniSvnelovanesic) faqtori faqtobrivad yvela mniSvnelobis amerikul ar-
CevnebSi. niSnavs es imas, rom iniciativebisa da referendumebis gavrceleba
absoluturi sikeTea? ara, es ar aris aucilebeli. Zalian gadaWarbebulma
demokratiam SeiZleba problema Seqmnas. problemis gadaWra moicavs mis
sworad dabalansebas. aseTi zomebi lokalur doneze TviTmmarTvelobas
aZlierebs. magram Tu es zomebi mravalricxvovania da sakiTxebic rTulia,
specifikuri interesebi izrdeba da kompetenturi amomrCevelis arsebobis
albaToba klebulobs. dRes am mizezTa gamo pirdapiri demokratia aRiqmeba,
rogorc warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis damateba da ara misi Semcvleli.

monawileobis Sefaseba: ratom mivceT xma?

pirdapiri demokratiis Sesaxeb msjelobisas varaudi efuZneba imas, rom

moqalaqeTa monawileoba bunebrivia _ maT undaT monawileoba miiRon de-
mokratiul mmarTvelobaSi, magram zogjer isini procesSi ar daiSvebian.
amgvari Sexeduleba sakmaod damajerebelia. ubralo mamakacebi da qalebi
mTel msoflioSi ibrZodnen arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebisaTvis, vinaid-
an isini didad afaseben Tavisufal arCevnebs da xmis micemis uflebas. is
uflebebi, romelTa mopovebac adreuli TaobebisaTvis Zalian rTuli iyo,
amJamad TavisTavad, cxad mocemulobad iTvleba. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad
Cans SeerTebuli Statebis magaliTze. Cndeba kiTva: ratom?
xmis micema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
356 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebSi monawileobis gasagebad yvelaze mniSv-

nelovani faqtia is, rom arCevnebSi monawileTa procentuli maCvenebeli
dabalia da droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro klebulobs. 1960 wels kenedi-
niqsonis arCevnebSi zrdasruli mosaxleobis TiTqmis 63 procentma miiRo
monawileoba. 1996 wels raodenoba Semcirda 49 procentamde da odnav maRa-
li iyo 2000 wels (50.4 procenti). 2000 wlis arCevnebi respublikelma jorj
buSma amomrCevelTa kolegiaSi (romelic irCeva SeerTebul StatebSi prezi-
dentisa da vice-prezidentis asarCevad) Zalian mcire upiratesobiT moigo
mas Semdeg, rac qveynis masStabiT faqtobrivad damarcxda. odnav met adami-
ans rom mieRo monawileoba arCevnebSi floridis (zrdasruli mosaxleobis
mxolod naxevarze naklebi mivida arCevnebze) an ramdenime sxva StatSi, ar-
Cevnebs namdvilad demokrati al gori moigebda.
xmis micemis asakis mosaxleobis
procentuli raodenoba

Sualedur arCevnebze amomrCevelTa maCvenebeli kvlav dabalia. is mkveTrad daeca

mas Semdeg, rac 1971 wels xmis micemis asakma 18 wlamde daiwia da kvlav daRmavlobis ten-
denciiT xasiaTdeboda, Tu ar CavTvliT odnav matebas recesiis periodSi 1982 wels da
mniSvnelovan matebas 1994 wels.
misisipis Statis qalaq tenesisa da luizianaSi (sadac mxolod amomrCevelTa erTi
olqi dafiqsirda noemberSi) amomrCevelTa maCvenebelma 20%-sac ki ver miaRwia. mxolod
oTx StatSi miiRo monawileoba xmis micemis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis umravlesobam
warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebSi: meni (55.6 procenti), minesota (54.8 procenti),
montana (54.6 procenti) da alaska (52.5 procenti).

sqema 10-3. SeerTebul StatebSi Sualedur arCevnebSi amomrCevelTa raodenoba,

1962-94w. eyrdnoba warmomadgenelTa palatis arCevnebis monacemebs (xmis micemis asa-
kis mosaxleobis procentuli raodenoba)
wyaro: adaptirebulia Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 23 Tebervali, 1991w., 484.

arCevnebSi monawileobis sxva sazomi aris Sualeduri arCevnebi (rodesac

ar tardeba saprezidento arCevnebi). 1962 wels Sualedur arCevnebSi monawi-
leoba miiRo amomrCevelTa 46,3 procentma, 1994 wels es ricxvi 38.7-mde Sem-
 politikuri monawileoba 357
cirda (ix. sqema 10-3); 1998 wels mxolod 36 procenti (mesamedze odnav meti)
mivida gamokiTxvaze. arCevnebSi monawileTa raodenobas meore msoflio
omis Semdeg 45 procentisTvis ar gadauWarbebia. sxva demokratiebTan Se-
darebiT (magaliTad italiaSi, belgiaSi, SvedeTSi, saberZneTSi, holandia-
Si, avstraliaSi, daniasa da norvegiaSi saSualod eleqtoratis 80 procenti
iRebs monawileobas saprezidento an mis ekvivalentur arCevnebSi), amom-
rCevelTa aqtiuroba SeerTebul StatebSi samarcxvinod dabalia.11
amomrCevlis dabali aqtiuroba aris gamocana (da sircxvili), vinaidan igi
im cvlilebaTa safuZvelze warmoiSva, romlebsac sruliad sxva efeqti unda
hqonda. rogorc orma eqspertma aRniSna, amomrCevlis aqtiurobis klebis pe-
riodSi moxda bevri iseTi ram, rasac Teoriulad amomrCevlis monawileobis
mateba unda gamoewvia. pirvel rigSi iyo grZelvadiani cvlilebebi kanon-
mdeblobaSi: wesebi, dadgenilebebi, romlebic arTulebda kenWisyraSi amom-
rCevlis daSvebas, rogoric iyo saarCevno gadasaxadis daweseba, ganaTlebis
cenzisa da qveyanaSi xangrZlivi binadrobis moTxovnebi, TiTqmis srulad
gauqmda. xmis micemis minimalurma asakma 18 wlamde daiwia. Sedegad qveyanam
Seqmna (struqturulad da iuridiulad) eleqtoratis didi masis arsebobis
potenciali, romelSic mcire gamonaklisis garda, faqtobrivad yvela zr-
dasruli adamiani Sevidoda.12
ufro metic, 1993 wels e.w. `mZRoli-amomrCevelis kanoni~ miRebiT axal
amomrCevels SeuZlia daregistrirdes marTvis mowmobis aRebis an ga-
naxlebis dros. dabolos, dabali saarCevno maCvenebeli asve moulodnelia
iqidan gamomdinare, rom `farTomasStabianma cvlilebebma mosaxleobaSi
aamaRla ganaTlebis, Semosavlisa da dasaqmebis done, rac dakavSirebulia
arCevnebSi aqtiurobis maRal maCvelebelTan~.13 sinamdvileSi, albaT, upri-
ania kiTxva ara `vin aZlevs xmas?~ aramed `vin ar aZlevs xmas?~

monawileobis modelebi

aqsiomaa, rom politikaSi amerikis moqalaqeTa mxolod umciresoba iRebs

aqtiur monawileobas. erT-erTma pirvelma kvlevam, romelic Caatares julian
vudvordma da elmo ruperma 1950 wels, aCvena, rom zrdasruli mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 70 procenti politikurad pasiuri iyo.14 mogvianebiT Catareb-
ulma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom amerikis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 26 procenti
SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT aqtivistebs. mosaxleobis danarCeni nawilis monawil-
eoba Semoifargleba mxolod xmis micemiT an saerTod politikisaTvis Tavis
aridebiT.15 aqtiuri monawileebis dadgena iolad aris SesaZlebeli: ufro
metad aqtiurebi arian Suaxnis moqalaqeebi, vidre axalgazrdebi an xanSi Ses-
ulebi; ufro metad ofisSi momuSaveni, vidre warmoebaSi dakavebulni; ufro
metad daqorwinebulni, vidre martoxelebi; ufro metad TeTrkanianebi, vi-
dre Savkanianebi da ufro metad Savkanianebi, vidre laTinoamerikelebi.
maT, vinc monawileobas iRebs politikaSi (xmis micemis gziT mainc), ro-
gorc wesi, gavlenis moxdenis ufro didi rwmena aqvT. ar aris gasakviri, rom
politikuri qmedunarianobis amgvari SegrZneba xSirad asaxavs bunebriv
SesaZleblobaTa, individualuri mdgomareobisa da socialur garemoebaTa
358 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

nazavs. Tumca ZalaSi rCeba kiTxva: ratom aris, rom amdeni amerikeli xmasac
ki ar aZlevs da miuxedavad perioduli zrdisa, ukanasknel sam aTwleulSi
maCvenebeli klebulobs?
zogierTi mkvlevari eyrdnoba 1971 wels saarCevno asakis Tvramet wlamde
dawevas da miuTiTebs, rom Tvrametidan ocdaerT wlamde moqalaqeTa arCev-
nebSi monawileobis maCvenebeli SedarebiT dabalia. moqalaqeTa gazrdili
mobiluroba, damokidebulebis faqtorebi, gansakuTrebiT ki partiasTan
identifikaciis kleba da mzardi SegrZneba imisa, rom individualuri qmede-
bebi araefeqtiania, politika ki mosawyeni an xelovnuri gaxda, sruli pasux-
is mxolod nawilebia. arsebobs Zalian bevri mtkicebuleba mosaxleobis gen-
eralur erTobliobaSi samoqalaqo valdebulebebis Semcirebisa. dabolos,
xangrZlivi politikuri kampaniebi (gansakuTrebiT saprezidento arCevnebis
dros) da ugemovno satelevizio reklamebis arnaxuli Semoteva aRizianebs
Zalian bevr amomrCevels.

individualizmi da sazogadoebrivi monawileoba

am faqtorebma SeiZleba naTeli mofinos amomrCevlis monawileobis sa-

erTo klebas. magram ras SeiZleba mivaweroT amomrCevlis aqtiurobis mud-
mivad dabali done? zogierTi sociologi Tvlis, rom SeerTebul StatebSi
politikuri monawileobis SedarebiT dabali done farTod gavrcelebuli
gaucxoebis damamtkicebelia, raSic amerikelebis mxridan mTavrobis un-
doblobas gulisxmoben. magram amerikelebis umetesoba sakuTar Tavs ar
Tvlis gaucxoebulad an ukmayofilod miuxedavad imisa, rom ukanaskneli
ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi isini gacilebiT ufro cinikurebi gaxdnen (ix.
sqema 10-4). mTavrobisadmi undobloba mxolod nawilobriv xsnis amomrCev-
lis monawileobis klebas. ufro srulyofili axsna sxvagan unda veZioT.
didi xnis win frangma mweralma aleqsis de tokvilma (1805-1859) dakvi-
rvebis Sedegad daadgina, rom Tu Tanasworobis rwmena farTodaa gavrcele-
buli, individebi sakuTar TavSi moralurad darwmunebulni xdebian. aseT
SemTxvevebSi socialur orientirTa sxva wyaroebs _ religias, ojaxs,
monarqias, tradiciasa Tu mTavrobas _ iseTi wona ara aqvs, rogoric bevr
tradiciul sazogadoebaSi.
tokvili am socialur Taviseburebas, romelsac individualizms
uwodebda, ganixilavda, rogorc egoizmis moralur ekvivalents. is wer-
da, rom
individualizmi momwifebulobisa da simSvidis gancdaa, romelic Te-
mis TiToeul wevrs axlobeli adamianebisagan gasamijnad ganawyobs;
CamoaSorebs ojaxs da megobrebs imisaTvis, rom sakuTari patara wris
formirebis Semdeg man xalisiT datovos sazogadoeba, romelsac Tav-
dapirvelad miekuTvneboda.16

tokvilis azriT, amerikelebi imdenad egocentristebi (da zogadad

egoistebi) arian, rom sajaro sikeTeze zrunva gaqrobis safrTxis winaSe
 politikuri monawileoba 359
dadga. am sazogadoebaSi, warmateba ganisazRvreba, rogorc `mezoblebs So-
ris materialur keTildReobaSi Sejibri, rac amerikelebs pirad ambiciebze
gamodevnebisaken ubiZgebs~. aqedan gamomdinare is askvnida, rom `amerikaSi
fizikuri keTildReobisadmi swrafva... yvelaferSi igrZnoba~ da rom `kargi
nivTebis SeZenis survili amerikeli xalxis umTavresi vnebaa~.17

`endobiT Tu ara vaSingtonis xelisuflebis qmedebis marTebulobas?~

sqema 10-4. amerikuli cinizmis zrda

wyaro: Thomas D. Gallagher-is Wall Street Weighs the Election. © 1Lehman Brothers. ibeWdeba
Americans Talk Issues Foundation-is nebarTviT.

tokvilis azriT, individualizmis damRupvel efeqts garkveulwilad

ewinaaRmdegeboda is, rom amerikelebi gawevrianebuli iyvnen Zalian mra-
valricxovan da mravalferovan samoqalaqo asociaciebSi. es asociaciebi
afarToebdnen saSualo amerikelis Tvalsawiers da amavdroulad sazoga-
doebrivi TanamSromlobis waxalisebiT, sxvaTa azris pativiscemis swavle-
biT da kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebisa da umravlesobis
ZalauflebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebiT, aZlierebdnen
demokratiis safuZvels.
dRes zogierT eqsperts swams, rom yvela saxis jgufSi monawileoba da
jgufuri aqtivoba SeerTebul StatebSi klebulobs. 1980-dan 1993 wlamde
boulingis moTamaSeTa ricxvi 10 procentiT gaizarda maSin, rodesac amave
periodSi boulingis ligis wevrTa 40 procentiT Semcirda. es daskvna mo-
cemulia robert patnemis cnobil naSromSi, romlis mixedviTac boulingi
amerikuli cxovrebaSi cvlilebebissimbolod iqca.18 amomrCevlis Semcire-
buli aqtivoba am fenomenis politikuri analogiaa. patnemma agreTve miuTi-
Ta, rom religiur ritualebSi da jgufebSi, profkavSirebSi, maswavle-
blebisa da mSoblebis asociaciaSi, tradiciul qalTa jgufebSi, rogoric
aris amomrCevel qalTa liga da sazogadoebriv klubebSi, vTqvaT, masonebSi,
ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi monawileoba Semcirda. asevea mox-
360 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

aliseTa servis-organizaciebSi, magaliTad, boi skautebSi.

dRes amerikelebi mezoblebTanac nakleb dros atareben, vidre ocdaaTi wlis
win. Sedegebi SemaSfoTebelia: Temis SegrZnebis Sesusteba da sxvebze zrunvis
Semcireba _ rac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ori umniSvnelovanesi komponentia.

politikuri apaTia: amerikuli daavadeba?

rogorc vnaxeT, SeerTebuli Statebi politikuri ukmayofilebisgan

Tavisufali ar aris. politikosebis misamarTiT amerikelebi sul ufro
mzard ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen. magram amomrCevlis apaTia ZiriTadad
gamomdinareobs ara rwmenidan, rom arCeul Tanamdebobis pirTa umetesi
nawili korumpirebulia an politikuri sistema daingra da aRdgenas aRar
eqvemdebareba; politikis mimarT amerikelebis gulgrilobis mizezi ufro
metad aris is, rom maT ar emuqrebaT safrTxe, zewola, ar ixdian uzarmazar
gadasaxadebs, ar ganicdian sxvagvar Seviwroebas mTavrobis mxridan
(rodesac ase xdeba, amomrCevlis aqtiuroba matulobs). Tu am kuTxiT
SevxedavT, politikuri apaTia erTgvari fufunebaa. mxolod mdidar da
kmayofil sazogadoebaSi Tvlis xalxi xmis micemis uflebas bunebrivad, an
epyroba mas, rogorc trivialur nivTs.
metic, zogadi dakvirveba, rom farTod gavrcelebuli politikuri apa-
Tia politikis gadagvarebis niSania, SeiZleba mcdaric iyos. piriqiT, ameri-
kuli demokratia funqcionirebda, rogorc stabiluri politikuri sistema
da harmoniulad Tanaarsebobda mudmivad mzard ekonomikasTan, miuxeda-
vad politikuri monawileobis Zalian dabali donisa. rodesac Cveulebriv
SemTxvevebSi apaTiuri adamianebi ucabedad politikiT gansakuTrebiT in-
teresdebian, rogorc wesi, es imis maCvenebelia, rom qveyanaSi yvelaferi
kargad ar aris. magaliTad, samoqalaqo omamde cota xniT adre politikuri
apaTia TiTqmis gaqra monobasa da Statebis uflebebze davis gamo, Tumca
qveyana daSlis piras iyo. rodesac azrebi ise mkveTrad aris gayofili, rom
kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli Cans da sakiTxi iseTi mniSvnelovania, rom
moqalaqeTa did wres exeba, monawileoba da arastabiluroba erTdroulad
izrdeba.
Tumca, Secdoma iqneboda dagveskvna, rom radgan amerikul demokratias
SeuZlia funqcionireba miuxedavad apaTiisa, xolo arastabiluroba xSirad
asocirdeba mzard monawileobasTan, amitom apaTia kargia da monawileoba
cudi. erTi mxriv, apaTia, romelic aRmocendeba gaucxoebis Rrma grZnobi-
dan, seriozuli dafiqrebis safuZvelia; meore mxriv, monawileobis maRali
xarisxi, romelic sazogadoebrivi sikeTis WeSmarit erTgulebas efuZneba,
saukeTeso saSualebaa zedmetad maRali xarisxis individualizmis sawi-
naaRmdegod. dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom monawileobis
maRali xarisxi demokratiisaTvis ar aris savaldebulo, warmomadgenlobi-
Ti xelisuflebis efeqtiani muSaobisaTvis amomrCevelTa minimaluri dain-
tereseba mainc aucilebelia.
 politikuri monawileoba 361

monawileobis Sefaseba: ra ician amomrCevlebma?

mravalma zrdasrulma amerikelma ar icis mTavrobis liderTa saxelebi,

ar icnobs saarCevno sakiTxebs da ar esmis politika. saxelmwifo samsaxurSi
umaq-nis kandidatebs irCeven; damnaSaveebi, romlebic garTobis mizniT kenWs
iyrian ama Tu im saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze, iReben aTasobiT xmas. politikur-
ma konsultantebma miuTiTes, rom bevr saarCevno maraTonSi (gansakuTrebiT
qalaqebsa da soflebSi, sadac grZeli saarCevno biuletenia), asobiT an aTa-
sobiT xma SeiZleba miiRos iman, vinc saarCevno siaSi ubralod pirvelia.
ukanasknelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom aTidan oTxma amerikelma ver SeZlo
sworad daesaxelebina vice-prezidenti, xolo orma mesamedma ver SeZlo dae-
saxelebina pirovneba, vinc warmoadgens maT saarCevno ubans warmomadgenel-
Ta palataSi. amerikelebma amaze ukeT verc maTi mTavrobis funqcionirebis
elementaruli faqtebis gansazRvra SeZles. TiTqmis naxevarma ar icoda,
rom kanonis konstituciurobis dasadgenad saboloo instancia uzenaesi
sasamarTloa, xolo oTxidan samma ar icoda, rom senatorebs irCeven eqvsi
wlis vadiT.19 rodesac aseT ucodinrobasTan gvaqvs saqme, rogor SeiZle-
ba amerikelebma miiRon gaazrebuli an gonivruli gadawyvetileba? saqmis
amgvari viTareba problemuri iqneboda, jansaRi demokratia mxolod in-
formirebuli da Wkviani moqalaqeebis arsebobac rom moiTxovdes.
magram mdgomareoba arc ise mZimea, rogorc amas zogierTi mkvlevari war-
moaCens. pirvel rigSi iq, sadac xmis micemis asakis mqone mosaxleobis um-
ciresoba monawileobs arCevnebSi, es umciresoba, rogorc wesi, ukeT aris
informirebuli, vidre is, vinc ar monawileobs. meorec, vinaidan moqalaqee-
bi Zalian cudad informirebuli arian, amerikelebma politikaze imdenive
ician, ramdenic 1940-ian wlebSi (da qveyanam es monakveTi sakmaod kargad
gamoiara).20 mesame _ is, rom amerikelebma ar ician bevri, SesaZloa bunebrivic
iyos. amerikis mTavrobis gavleniani eqspertis, jeims vilsonis azriT prob-
lema aris ara is, `rom amerikeli xalxi aris uvici, arastabiluri an mimndobi,
aramed is, rom amerikelebs ar miaCniaT saWirod politikaze fiqrSi im drois
xarjva, romelsac isini atareben samsaxurSi, ojaxSi da megobrebTan.~21
meoTxec, bevri amerikuli arCevnebi rTulia da moicavs mraval gaurkve-
vel saxelwifo da adgilobriv kandidats da sakiTxs (da amiT gansxvavdeba
evropuli qveynebis arCevnebisagan, sadac moqalaqeebi mxolod partiebs aZ-
leven xmas). mexuTec, bevr kandidats ar gaaCnia naTeli politikuri pozi-
cia, xolo visac gaaCnia, ganzrax abundovnebs mas.
dabolos, Tumca es gamokiTxvebi da kvlevebi aaSkaravebs farTod gavrce-
lebul politikur umecrebas, agreTve gviCvenebs, rom amerikelebma raRac
ma-inc ician mTavrobisa da politikis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, am nawilis Ses-
avalSi ganxiluli kvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom respodentTa umetesobam icoda
prezidentis arCevis vadis SezRudulobis Sesaxeb da rom uotergeitis skan-
dalis dros prezidenti iyo riCard niqsoni. aTidan TiTqmis cxram icoda,
rom prezidenti klintoni demokratiuli partiis wevri iyo da aTidan rvam
icoda, rom kongresma miiRo kanoni, romlis mixedviT kerZo struqturebs
daevalaT TanamSromelTa SvebulebiT uzrunvelyofa bavSvis gaCenis an
362 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

ojaxuri aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi. realurad safuZveli gvaqvs vivarau-

doT, rom amomrCevels SeuZlia kandidatebsa da sakiTxebze saRad msjeloba
maSinac ki, Tu isini naklbad informirebulni arian.22

mkvlelma 33.000 xma miiRo

zogierTma amomrCevelma ar icis an ar anaRvlebs, vis aZlevs xmas. maga-

liTisTvis moviyvanoT leonard riCardsi, romelmac 1990 wels minesotas
winaswar arCevnebze 33 004 xma miiRo da mesame adgilze gavida. gamarjveb-
ulma, maikl makgratma miiRo 148 617 xma. riCardss ar uwarmoebia saarCev-
no kampania, vinaidan henpinis cixeSi imyofeboda da mis mier Cadenil mkv-
lelobaze saqmis ganmeorebiT ganxilvas elodeboda. 1987 wlidan riCardsi
sasjels ixdida sagadasaxado agentis sasikvdilod daWrisaTvis. saqmis
ganmeorebiT ganxilvis ufleba mas misca minesotas uzenaesma sasamarTlom,
radgan pirvel SemTxvevaSi mas ar mieca ufleba piradad yofiliyo sakuTari
Tavis advokati. saqmis xelmeored ganxilvam riCards saSualeba misca wamo-
eyenebina Tavisi kandidatura arCevnebSi da amiT teqnikurad SeeCerebina
procesis warmoeba. kampaniis dros riCardsis suraTebi daibeWda gazeTSi.
mis misamarTad miTiTebuli iyo cixe, sadac sasjels ixdida.
arCevnebis Sedegebze reaqcia sxvadasxvagvari iyo. `SeuZlebelia amom-
rCevelma Zalian bevri icodes yvela kandidatis Sesaxeb~, _ SeniSna saxelm-
wifo mdivanma joan gruvma. `unda gaxsovdeT, rom winaswari arCevnebi aris
mxolod erTi safexuri. amitomac gvaqvs amdeni safexuri da imedia, aseTi
ram aRar ganmeordeba. es ar aris srulyofili sistema, magram igi gasagebia.
es aris realuri, Ria demokratiis buneba~. winaswari arCevnebis gamarjve-
bulma, makgratma Tqva: `me ar maqvs aranairi axsna imisa, ratom unda mieca
misTvis vinmes xma~ da daamata: `me masze mxolod kargi vTqvi.~ arCevnebis
Semdeg riCardsi isev gaasamarTles da sagadasaxado agentis mkvlelobis
gamo samudamo patimroba miusajes. 1994 wlis maisSi mas sakuTari naxevari
dis mkvlelobis bralic daemata.

wyaro: adaptirebulia Kevin Diaz, ‘Blind Ballots? 33,004 Voted for Candidate
Who’s in Jail’, Star Tribune, September 13, 1990, 1A, 17A; da Margaret Zack, ‘Richards
Convicted of Killing Half Sister: Case has been Long and Costly, ‘Star Tribune, May
13, 1994, 1B, 4B.

politologi samuel popkinsi kargad xsnis, Tu informaciis uqonlo-

bis dros rogor axerxeben amomrCevlebi xmis micemas gaazrebulad. is amt-
kicebs, rom amomrCevlebi iyeneben mwiri informaciis racionalobas,
aerTianeben ra `codnasa da informacias warsuli gamocdilebidan, yovel-
dRiuri cxovrebidan, mediidan da politikuri kampaniebidan~.23 amomrCev-
elma SeiZleba ar icodes, romeli partia warmoadgens kongresSi umravle-
 politikuri monawileoba 363
sobas da vin aris maTi senatori, magram maT ician ekonomikis, maTi Svilebis
skolebis, sapensio gegmebis, abortis Taobaze Sexedulebebisa da a.S. Ses-
axeb. moqalaqeebi politikuri mjelobisas `Semoklebebsa~ da `gamartive-
bul varaudebs~ iyeneben, magaliTad kandidatebze msjelobisas an partiis
identificirebisa.
popkinsiseuli naklebi informaciis mqone amomrCeveli arc idealuri
moqalaqea, vinc sruli informaciis safuZvelze Wkvianurad aZlevs xmas da
arc sruliad suleli. albaT samarTliania imis Tqma, rom bevri moqalaqe
xmis micemas, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, imdenive dros da energias andomebs, ram-
densac manqanis yidvas. aSkarad arakeTilgonivrulma arCevanma da manqanis
sulelurma SeZenam SeiZleba Sedegebi gamoiRos, magram es ufro metad gam-
onaklisia, vidre wesi. Tumca gadamwyveti gansxvaveba manqanis myidvelebsa
da amomrCevlebs Soris aris is, rom amomrCevlebs, rodesac midian saarCevno
ubanze, gacilebiT mcire arCevani aqvT, vidre manqanis myidvelebs _ es aris
problema da misi mogvareba mxolod arCeul warmomadgenlebs SeuZliaT,
romlebic, samwuxarod, misi armogvarebis kanonieri ufleba aqvT.
dabolos, unda avxsnaT, ratom irCevs amomrCeveli kongresSi xelaxla
Zvel warmomadgenels maSin, rodesac kongress, rogorc instituts, ar en-
doba. xSirad es SeiZleba iyos amomrCevlis mcdeloba, ganamtkicos saku-
Tari ekonomikuri da politikuri interesi am interesis damcveli yvelaze
Sesaferisi warmomadgenlis arCeviT, gansakuTrebiT sxva Statebidan wamo-
suli konkurenciis fonze. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamdebobis pirTa arCev-
isadmi amgvari midgoma mTlad kargad gasagebi ar aris, is racionaluria ad-
gilobriv doneze. demokratiisaTvis dilemas ki qmnis is faqti, rom amgvari
`komfortuli xmis micema~ mTlianobaSi aucileblad racionaluri ar aris
saxelmwifo doneze _ umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebebis, kanonebisa da
politikis doneze.

monawileobis Sefaseba: mbrunavi kari

zogierTi gavleniani politikuri Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom `mmarTve-

li elita~ politikur process Tavidan bolomde akontrolebs. am Teoriis
yvelaze popularuli versiis mixedviT, rigiT moqalaqeebs arCevnebisa da
sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebis Sedegebis miuxedavad, didi gavlenis mox-
dena arasodes SeuZliaT. politikuri sistemiT manipulireba zemodan ufro
xdeba, vidre qvemodan. manipulatori ki aris Zalauflebis mqone elita, indi-
videbis mcire jgufi, romelsac aqvs ra eris bedze zemoqmedebis uzarmazari
Zalaufleba, Sedis da gadis `mbrunav karSi~ industriis mmarTvelebsa da xe-
lisuflebis daxvewil eSelonebs Soris. am mudmivi politikuri klasis sta-
tusi, simdidre da Zalaufleba uzrulvelyofs, rom mTavrobis yvela doneze
xelmisawvdomoba mxolod ramdenime individis mier iyos monopolizebuli.
mmarTveli elita xelisuflebas iyenebs piradi da ara sazogado interesebi-
sTvis.
364 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

elitisturi Teoriebi: rkinis kanonebi da demokratiis ironia

am Teoriebis mixedviT demokratias amomrCevlebi an sazogadoebrivi

azri da sxvadasxva konkurentuli interesebi ki ar marTavs, aramed mdidar
individTa mcire jgufi. am Teoriam mniSvneloba da gavlena 1950-ian wlebSi
moipova mas Semdeg, rac misiT sociologi rait milsi dainteresda.24 milsma
Seiswavla SeerTebuli Statebis mmarTveli fena, romelic saTuTad inaxavs
politikuri Tanasworobis princips. `mmarTveli elitisaTvis~ sayovelTao
yuradRebis mipyrobiT sadavo gaxada `xalxis mmarTvelobis~ idea da gaCnda
seriozuli kiTxva _ arsebobs (an odesme arsebobda) Tu ara igi amerikaSi.
robert mixelsma aseve Seqmna elitizmis Teoria, magram misi mosazreba
exeboda yvela Tanamedrove biurokratul organizacias. misi daskvnebi
eyrdnoboda germaniis social-demokratiuli partiis analizs, romelic
pirveli msoflio omis gaCaRebamde yvelaze didi socialisturi partia iyo
msoflioSi. mixelsi Tvlida, rom vinaidan partia mxars uWerda simdidrisa
da statusis Tanasworobas, is demokratiuli principebis erTguli unda
yofiliyo. amis magivrad man aRmoaCina, rom partias marTavdnen elituri
jgufebi, romlebic Zalauflebas da xelisuflebas iRebdnen kargad
ganviTarebuli organizaciuli unar-CvevebiT.

SeZenili imunodeficitis sin-

dromis koaliciam niu-iorkis
safondo birJis win moawyo sa-
protesto aqcia, romlis dro-
sac simbolurad ganasaxieres
sikvdili. sabolood, mwarmoe-
belma Burroughs Wellcome-ma
Seamcira wamlis Rirebuleba da
xelmisawvdomi gaxada is imuno-
deficitis virusisa da SeZeni-
li imunodeficitis sindromis
mqone adamianebisaTvis.

am aRmoCenam mixelsi miiyvana oligarqiis rkinis kanonis cnobil pos-

tulatamde, romlis mixedviT yvela msxvili organizacia, maT Soris mTav-
 politikuri monawileoba 365
roba, imarTeba erTnairad. mas sjeroda, rom rodesac demokratiuli or-
ganizaciebi iwyeben saqmianobas, droTa ganmavlobaSi isini aucileblad
ufro oligarqiuli, biurokratuli da centralizebuli xdebian, vinaidan
saTaveSi myofni iReben met informacias, codnas, komunikaciebze kontro-
lis SesaZleblobasa da daxvewil organizaciul unar-Cvevebs. xolo masa
(an moqalaqeebi) rCeba apolitikuri, misi wevrebi dakavebuli arian piradi
saqmeebiT da abnevT mravalricxvovani sakiTxebis sirTule. am Sexedulebis
mixedviT, xalxi, vis sasargeblodac Seiqmna demokratiuli institutebi,
gardauvlad gamoidevneba politikuri da organizaciuli procesebidan, is-
eve rogorc korporaciul organizaciebSi mosamsaxureebi da biurokratebi
marTaven rigiTi aqcioneris anu xalxis saxeliT.
elitistur TeoriebSi demokratia aRqmulia, rogorc mistifikacia an
miTi: ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ras fiqrobs, ambobs an akeTebs xalxi, vinaidan mas
ar gaaCnia realuri gavlena sazogadoebriv politikaze. Tu xalxis umete-
sobas sjera, rom sazogadoebrivi azri mniSvnelovania, mxolod imitom, rom
isini gulubryviloebi arian da ver xvdebian, rogor muSaobs `sistema~.
umetesobas sjera, rom `demokratia ramdenimesTvis~ mmarTvelobis arss
ewinaaRmdegeba, magram mxolod ramdenime Teoretikosi amtkicebs, rom
amerikuli politikuri sistema marTulia ramdenime privilegirebulis
mier da yvelani mniSvnelovnad varT maTze damokidebuli, vinaidan xalxi,
rogorc erTi mTliani, ver marTavs sakuTar Tavs. am Sexedulebis mixedviT,
`masebi arian avtoritarulebi, aratolerantulebi, arainteleqtualurebi,
atavistebi, gaucxoebu-lebi, zizRiT aRsavseni da moZaladeebi~.25 am kuTxiT
`demokratiis ironia~ naTelia: xalxisaTvis realuri Zalauflebis micema
_ marTvis ufleba, gamoiwvevs mxolod antidemokratiuli survilebis da
politikis ganxorcielebas.

pluralistebi da elitistebi

elitisturi azrovnebis skolis mTavari mowinaaRmdegeebi arian plura-

listebi. pluralistebic da elitistebic eTanxmebian mosazrebas, rom yve-
la sazogadoebaSi arsebobs Zalauflebis gradacia da gansazRvruli jgufe-
bi an individebi ama Tu im politikur sakiTxze araproporciul gavlenas
axdenen. isini ver Tanxmdebian politikuri sistemis arsze.
pluralistebis azriT, amerikuli politikuri sistema rTuli da decen-
tralizebulia. isini aRiareben, rom interesTa sxvadasxva organizebuli
jgufebi mTeli Tavisi energiis, resursebis da yuradRebis koncentrirebas
axdenen erT sakiTxze (an sakiTxTa erT sferoze) da araproporciul gavle-
nas axdenen politikis am specifikur sferoze. isini agreTve aRniSnaven, rom
drodadro uqoneli an arapopularuli jgufebi SeiZleba araadekvaturad
iyos warmodgenili. magram arc erT individs an jgufs ar SeuZlia sazogadoe-
brivi politikis mTel speqtrze moaxdinos totaluri gavlena. politikuri
sistema zedmetad mravalferovani, Tavisuflad moZravi da instituciurad
danawevrebulia imisaTvis, rom Zalis aseTi akumulireba dauSvas. erTi cno-
bili pluralistis azriT:
366 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

SeerTebul StatebSi sazogadoebrivi cvlilebis damabrkolebeli

mniSvnelovani garemoebaa ara Zalauflebis koncentracia, aramed misi
gabneva... Zalaufleba sakmarisad koncentrirebuli rom yofiliyo, cvli-
lebis msurvels mxolod am Zalauflebis mqonesTan mouwevda molaparake-
ba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi masze zewolasac moaxdenda. magram Zalau-
fleba imdenad gabneulia, rom bevr instanciaSi aravin aris, visTanac
SeiZleba molaparakeba an viszec ganxorcieldeboda zewola.26

ra Tqma unda, is faqti, rom milionobiT amerikelisTvis arsebobs saxel-

mwifo dawesebulebaTa mxolod mcire raodenoba, niSnavs imas, rom pirda-
piri politikuri monawileoba SezRudulia. magram vinaidan Zalaufleba
ase gabneulia da politikuri zewolis ganxorcielebis mravali saSualeba
arsebobs, plura-listebis mtkicebiT, sazogadoebrivi interesi _ romelic
ganimarteba, rogorc kerZo interesebis erToblioba _ sxva sistemebTan Se-
darebiT ukeTesad muSaobs konstituciuri demokratiis pirobebSi.
pluralistebi ar uaryofen, rom maT, visac maRali Tanamdebobebi ukavi-
aT mTavrobasa da biznesSi, msgavsi warsuli da Tvisebebi axasiaTebT: eWvgar-
eSea, rom Ivy League (amerikis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi mdebare 8 privilegiuri
universitetis gaerTianeba) ganaTlebamiRebulTa umetesoba mdidari WASP
(TeTri anglo-saqsuri protestanti) ojaxis mamakacebi arian. magram plu-
ralistTa azriT, mxolod is faqti, rom simdidre, statusi da ganaTleba
axlo kavSirSia politikur monawileobasTan, ar amtkicebs sistemis Caketi-
lobas da sazogadoebrivi politikis winaswar gansazRvrulobas; arc imas,
rom demokratiuli moqalaqeoba simulaciaa. Znelia elitisturi Teoriebis
uaryofa. Tumca, sazogadoebrivi politika drodadro sazogadoebrivi az-
ris gavlenis qveS namdvilad iyo. magaliTad, vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg far-
Tod gavrcelebuli da mudmivad mzardi sazogadoebrivi ganwyoba efeqtiani
saSualeba iyo amerikis konfliqtidan gamosayvanad. SeerTebul StatebSi
sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba xSirad danawevrebuli iyos, magram es ar niS-
navs, rom igi ar arsebobs an ararelevanturia.

politikuri monawileoba
avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi

demokratiulisgan gansxvavebiT, politikaSi mniSvnelovani monawileoba

avtoritarul qveynebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi
moqalaqeebi TiTqmis arasodes monawileoben TavianTi qveynis mmarTveloba-
Si. SedarebisTvis, totalitarul qveynebSi moqalaqeTa monawileoba xSirad
waxalisebuli an savaldebuloa. masobrivi mitingebi da politikur an par-
tiul Sexvedrebze xSiri daswreba monawileobis imitaciaa da damkvirve-
blebi totalitaruli saxelmwifoebis yvelaze aqtiur safexurs masobrivi
mobilizaciis reJimad moixsenieben. aseT saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeebi Car-
Tuli arian politikaSi, magram mxolod maTze ideologiuri zemoqmedebisa
da kontrolis, da ara maTi Sexedulebis gagebis mizniT.
 politikuri monawileoba 367
avtoritarul xelisuflebas ara aqvs kerZo gamokiTxvebis Catarebis mi-
zezi, agreTve gamokiTxvebis gamoyenebis saWiroeba (Tumca sabWoTa kavSiris
arsebobis ukanasknel dReebSi mTavrobam daafinansa sazogadoebrivi gamok-
iTxvebi). zogierT avtoritarul saxelmwifoSi arCevnebi daSvebulia da
zogjer moqalaqeebs moeTxovebaT kidec arCevnebSi monawileobis miReba, Tum-
ca Sedegebi TiTqmis yovelTvis gayalbebuli da amis gamo azrs moklebulia.
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi moqalaqeTa mniSvnelovani monawileobis
formebis umetesoba. amis gamo, moqalaqeTa monawileobis waxalisebas (da
demokratiis mxardaWeras) xelisufleba ZiriTadad afasebs, rogorc kanon-
darRvevas da mkacrad sjis. zogjer mniSvnelovani monawileoba SeiZleba
aixsnas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul protestad da boikotis formac ki
miiRos. erTi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos arCevnebSi monawileobisgan Tavis Se-
kaveba maSin, rodesac monawileoba savaldebuloa, magram azrs moklebulia.
moqalaqeTa mier monawileobis protestis ukiduresi formaa emigraciaSi
wasvla da sakuTari qveynidan gaqceva. amgvari reJimebis udides ironiad
SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom misi moqalaqeebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani protes-
ti _ qveynis datovebaa.

politikuri partiebi

mraval Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi erTi individualuri xma Zalian sus-

tia imisTvis, rom is sazogadoebam gaigos. imisaTvis, rom moqalaqeTa xmebs
sazogadoebam yuradReba miaqcios, maTi raodenoba bevrad unda gaizardos.
amis gamo, moqalaqeTa monawileobis yvelaze efeqtiani forma individual-
uri interesebisa da Sexedulebebis gaerTianebaa. politikuri partiebi da
interesTa jgufebi aris ori struqturuli tipi, romelic gamodgeba gaer-
Tianebis funqciis Sesasruleblad. ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi aseTi struq-
turebis xelmisawvdomoba an efeqtianoba didadaa damokidebuli imaze, ra
zomiT icavs xelisufleba politikur da samoqalaqo uflebebs da ramdenad
mgrZnobiarea xalxis moTxovnebis mimarT.
farTo speqtris politikuri partiebi sxvadasxva gansakuTrebul inte-
ress erTi qolgis qveS aerTianeben. ukanasknel wlebSi interesTa jgufebis
gavlena SeerTebul StatebSica da evropaSic gaizarda; amave dros poli-
tikuri partiebis roli Semcirda. axla ganvixilavT amgvari ganviTarebis
mizezebsa da mis Sedegebs demokratiebisaTvis.
politikuri partiis mizania arCeviT Tanamdebobaze kandidatebis Ser-
Ceva, dasaxeleba da mxardaWera. politikuri partiebi yvela liberaluri
demokratiis, maT Soris SeerTebuli Statebis ucvleli nawili gaxda. gasak-
viria, rom politikuri partiebi ar Sedioda damfuZnebel mamaTa Tavdapir-
vel gegmaSi. orpartiuli sistemis gaCena aSS-is istoriaSi umniSvnelovanesi
movlena gaxda.

istoriuli winamZRvrebi

aSS-iskonstituciaSi politikuri partiebi ar aris naxsenebi; damfuZnebe-

368 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

li mamebis umetesoba partiebs ver itanda. jorj vaSingtonma Seqmna kabineti,

romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sediodnen im drois yvelaze niWieri adamianebi,
magaliTad, Tomas jefersoni saxelmwifo mdivnisa da aleqsandre hamiltoni
finansTa ministris Tanamdebobebze. amgvari kabinetis SeqmniT igi partiulo-
bis Tavidan acilebas cdilobda. am ori niWieri, magram msoflmxedvelobiT
urTierTdapirispirebuli pirovnebis daniSvna asaxavda vaSingtonis rwmenas,
rom eris yvelaze Wkviani da yvelaze sazogadoebrivad moazrovne moqalaqee-
bis TanamSromloba sazogadoebisaTvis sikeTis momtani iqneboda.
samwuxarod, partiuli politikis Tavidan acilebis vaSingtoniseuli
keTilSobiluri mcdeloba Cavarda. jefersonsa da hamiltons Soris piradi
uTanxmoeba warmoiqmna metwilad xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebrivi poli-
tikis urTierTsawinaaRmdego gagebis irgvliv, ris gamoc es ori adamiani
erTmaneTis dauZinebeli mteri gaxda. 1790-iani wlebis bolos jefersonma
da misma mimdevrebma sakmaod sustad organizebuli respublikuri partia Ca-
moayalibes. am partiis mTavari mizani iyo federalistebis (romelTa warmo-
madgenlebi iyvnen, magaliTad, jon adamsi da aleqsandre hamiltoni), Zlieri
antifranguli politikisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. Tumca,1789 wels Tavad
jefersonma dawera: `Tu CemTvis samoTxeSi wasvla mxolod Cems partiasTan er-
Tad iqneboda SesaZlebeli, saerTod uars vityodi samoTxeze~.27
ratom ucxadebda undoblobas politikur partiebs jefersonis Taobis
amdeni saxelmwifo moRvawe? jefersonis SemTxvevaSi partiebisadmi anti-
paTia amerikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualizmidan momdinareobda,
romelic dRemde arsebobs. `SemeZlo sakuTari azri mqonoda, Tavad mefiqra,
Cemi religiuri, filosofiuri, politikuri an sxva romelime SexedulebaTa
sistema arasodes damiqvemdebarebia aranairi partiis kredosTvis, rogori
Semadgenlobisac ar unda yofiliyo igi,~ ambobda igi da askvnida, rom aseTi
midrekileba Tavisuflebisa da moralis warmoudgeneli degradaciaa.28 je-
fersonis Taobis sxva amerikelebs da zogierT maT inglisel kolegas sje-
roda, rom politikuri partiebi zogadi an sazogadoebrivi interesebis xar-
jze viwro pirad interesebs aRvivebda. am azriT politikur partiebs xSirad
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc sazogadoebis doneze gavrcelebul egoizms.
partiulobam es damRa mxolod TandaTanobiT dakarga. sxvadasxva poli-
tikuri filosofiis ganmasaxierebeli politikuri partiebisagan sargeb-
lis miRebis (magaliTad politikis alternativebis warmodgeniT) ideam in-
glisSi meCvidmete saukunis bolos daiwyo gavrceleba. mowinave amerikeli
saxelwifo moxeleebis gamocdilebam saukuniT gvian amerikac analogiur
daskvnamde miiyvana, rom politikuri partiebi demokratiuli procesisaT-
vis sasicocxlod aucilebelia.

ZiriTadi miznebi

politikuri partiebi, rogorc wesi, politiuri Zalauflebis mopovebis

an SenarCunebisaken miiswrafvian, rac praqtikulad xelisuflebaze kontro-
lis mopovebas niSnavs. vinaidan konstituciur demokratiaSi marTvis ufle-
 politikuri monawileoba 369
bas arCevnebi gansazRvravs, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi politikuri par-
tiebis Zalisxmeva arCevnebis mogebazea koncentrirebuli. isini cdiloben
mravlismomcveli konsensusis Seqmnas sakuTari partiis platformisaTvis,
romelic Camoyalibebulia sxva partiis an partiebis mimzidveli alterna-
tivis gaTvaliswinebiT.
rogorc wesi, warmatebuli politikuri partia qmnis uTvalavi ekonomi-
kuri, socialuri, eTnikuri da kulturuli interesebis saerTo saqveyno
konsensuss. partia unda iTvaliswinebdes mravali amomrCevlis intere-
sebs da amav-droulad SeZlos maTi gaerTianeba damyol umravlesobad. Tu
partias ara aqvs imedi umravlesobis xmebis mopovebisa, misi gavlena da
sakanonmdeblo Zala, rogorc wesi, damokidebulia miRebuli xmebis saerTo
raodenobasa da ganawilebaze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, asaxavs mis warmatebas
SedarebiT farTo speqt-ris amomrCevlis mizidvaSi.
xmebis miRebis mizniT kandidatebi xSirad iZlevian dapirebas, rom amom-
rCevlis interesebis _ e.w. saarsebo saSualebebis mimarT iqnebian ufro
metad pasuxismgeblebi da energiulebi, vidre maTi oponentebi. Tumca xan-
daxan kandidatebi da partiebi aqcents akeTeben ideologiur sakiTxebze an
saSinao da sagareo politikis sadavo iniciativebze. am strategiebis gamoy-
enebiT partiebi xSirad qmnian politikur alternativebs memarcxene lib-
eralur da memarjvene konservatiul politikas Soris. es gansakuTrebiT
exeba did britaneTs da kontinenturi evropis saparlamento da kvazi-sa-
parlamento demokratiebs, sadac xSirad ramdenime partia ibrZvis xmebis
mosapoveblad da TiToeuls SeuZlia gansxvavebuli saSinao da sagareo
politikis alternativebi Camoayalibos. aseT sistemebSi umravlesobis
partiebis politikuri platforma ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre calkeuli
kandidatis piradi popularoba, vinaidan saparlamento sistemis dros par-
tiebi cdiloben moipovon da SeinarCunon rac SeiZleba meti adgili parla-
mentSi. amgvarad, partia, romelic akontrolebs parlaments, mTavrobasac
akontrolebs. Sedegad saparlamento sistemis dros politikuri partiebi,
maTi amerikuli analogebisgan gansxvavebiT, cdiloben iyvnen ara mxolod
disciplinirebuli, ierarqiuli da centralizebuli, aramed ufro metad
politikaze orientirebuli da mkafio ideologiis matarebeli.
SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
fleba gamijnulia da kandidatebs Tanamdebobaze xSirad irCeven ufro
pirovnuli, vidre politikuri Tvisebebis gamo, partiebi iSviaTad mimar-
Taven mkveTr politikur alternativebs. rogorc wesi, prezidentobis
kandidatebidan airCeva is, vinc politikur centrTan ufro axlos aris.29
amerikuli orpartiuli sistema, misi momxreebis azriT, qmnis stabiluro-
bas, politikurad zomier kandidats da xels uSlis mZafr ideologiasa da
politikur polarizacias.
kritikosebi _ gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc aRfrTovanebulia imiT, ro-
gor funqcionireben partiebi britanul saparlamento sistemaSi an sxva
mravalpartiuli sistemebSi _ amerikis saprezidento arCevnebs ubralod
popularobaSi gajibrebad aRiqvamen. miuxedavad amisa, konstituciur de-
mokratiaSi yvela partia cdilobs miaRwios konsensuss da sxvadasxva um-
370 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

niSvnelovanesi qmedebis Sedegad, rogoricaa kandidatebis SerCeva an wax-

aliseba, finansuri saxsrebis mozidva, mediakampaniebis warmarTva fasiani
politikuri reklamebis CaTvliT da sxv. Seqmnas alternativebi. partiis
platformaSi SemoTavazebebi da politika imnairad aris formulirebuli,
rom daakmayofilos mTavari interesTa jgufebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv mx-
ars dauWeren partiis kandidatebs finansebiTa da saarCevno xmebiT.
arCevnebs Soris partiebs sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebi akisriaT. bri-
tanuli stilis saparlamento sistemaSi gamarjvebuli partia an koalicia
mTavrobis organizebas axdens; saprezidento sistemaSi, magaliTad, aSS-s
SemTxvevaSi, sadac aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo sferoebi gayofilia,
politikuri partiebi xels uwyoben am ori sferos moqmedebaTa koordini-
rebas, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTi da igive partia dominirebs
orive sferoSi. ramdenadac gamarjvebuli partia umniSvnelovanes rols
TamaSobs qveynis politikuri dRis wesrigis Camoyalibebisa da samTavrobo
moqmedebebis fasilitaciaSi, imdenadve damarcxebuli partia kisrulobs
arsebuli mTavrobis oponirebisa da kritikis umniSvnelovanes funqcias
da sazogadoebas sTavazobs alternativas momaval arCevnebSi. mxolod iS-
viaTad SeiZleba xelisuflebaSi myofma partiam srulad daakmayofilos
eleqtorati (liberalur-demokratiuli partia iaponiaSi SeiZ-leba gam-
onaklisad ganvixiloT); rodesac inflacia gaizrdeba an umuSevroba dauS-
vebel zRvars miaRwevs, amomrCevlebi axali liderisa da axali politikuri
alternativis Zebnas iwyeben.

erTpartiuli sistema

aqamde ganvixilavdiT konstituciur demokratiebs, sadac partiebi arCev-

nebis mosagebad cdiloben miaRwion saqveyno konsensuss da moqalaqeebs Ses-
Tavazon politikuri alternativebi. Tumca, politikuri partiebi SeiZleba
Camoyalibdes iseT qveynebSic, sadac Tavisufali arCevnebi ar tardeba.
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi partia arsebobs mxolod imisTvis, rom Ca-
axSos politikuri alternativebi, iseve, rogorc saxalxo konsensusi. xSir-
ad, rogorc mmarTveli reJimis mTavari iaraRi, igi gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo
Zala-uflebis gansamtkiceblad da politikuri opoziciis aRsakveTad.
totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi partia mraval funqcias asrulebs,
maT Soris politikuri rekrutirebis, indoqtrinaciis, mobilizaciisa da
zedamxedvelobis. faSistur germaniaSi, iseve rogorc komunisturi qvey-
nebis umetesobaSi, partia mTavrobad iqca. ramdenadac viTardeboda es sax-
elmwifoebi, mTavrobis yvela umniSvnelovanesi funqcia nel-nela srulad
gadadioda an pirdapir partiis, an partiis liderebs daqvemdebarebuli
biurokratiuli moxeleebis xelSi. amgvarad, partiis koncefcia, rogorc
saxalxo nebis gamoxatvis saSualeba, Tavdayira dadga da partiebi central-
izebuli sazogadoebrivi kontrolis meqanizmi gaxda, romelsac srulad
SeeZlo individualuri TviTgamoxatvis nebismieri mcdelobis CaxSoba. ro-
gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, amgvar garemoebebSi masobrivi monawileoba reJimis
 politikuri monawileoba 371
antidemokratiuli bunebis miCqmalvis gamiznuli niRabia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom erTpartiuli sistema ZiriTadad avtoritarul
saxelmwifoebSi arsebobs, zogierTi maTgani met-naklebad demokratiul
politikaSic gvxvdeba. magaliTad, 2000-ian wlebamde meqsikis instituciur-
revoluciuri partia dominirebda meqsikur politikaSi. indoeTSi da-
moukideblobis mopovebis Semdgom periodSi politikuri Zalaufleba TiTq-
mis eqskluziurad indoeTis kongress (saxelis miuxedavad, igi politikuri
partiaa) ekuTvnoda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, liberalur-demokratiuli
partia dominirebda iaponiis politikaSi 1950-iani wlebis Sua periodidan.
SeerTebul StatebSic ki, romelic ar aris erTpartiuli tendenciis mqone
qveyana, samxreTSi samoqalaqo omis Semdeg demokratiuli partia TiTqmis
erTi saukune dominirebda. meqsikis SemTxvevaSi instituciur-revoluci-
urma partiam dominanturi roli SeinarCuna korufciis, daSinebisa da ar-
Cevnebis gayalbebis kombinaciiT. indoeTSi, iaponiasa da samxreT amerikaSi
es faqtorebi mcire rols asrulebda, Tumca korufcia yvela am SemTxvevaSi

2000 wels visente foqsi pirveli

opozicioneri kandidati iyo, ro-
melic daaxloebiT 70 wlis ganmavloba-
Si meqsikis arCeuli prezidenti gax-
da. foqsis istoriul gamarjvebamde
instituciur-revoluciur partias
monopolia hqonda prezidentobaze
da mTlianad akontrolebda meqsikis
xelisuflebas. foqsma daifica, rom
SeebrZoleboda korufcias da safuZ-
vels Cauyrida Sorsmimaval ekonomi-
kur da politikur reformebs.

arsebobda, xolo daSineba da ar-

Cevnebis gayalbeba samxreT ameri-
kaSi ZalaSi rCeboda1960-iani wlebis samoqalaqo uflebebis moZraobis gan-
viTarebamde _ am regionis politikis transformaciamde.
demokratiuli erTpartiuli sistemebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. aseTi parti-
ebi gansakuTrebiT amJRavneben korufciul midrekilebebs; politikuri
Zalauflebis virtualuri monopolia biznes-liderebs, bankirebs, fes-
vgadgmul biurokratebsa da umaRles saxelmwifo moxeleebs sarfiani ga-
rigebebisken ubiZgebs. amgvarad, ar aris moulodneli, rom ukanasknel wleb-
Si meqsikasa da iaponiaSi korufciaSi braldebebma erTi partiis dominirebis
droebiT SeCerebaSi (da ara dasrulebaSi), mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula.
372 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

orpartiuli sistema

orpartiuli sistemis dros amomrCevelTa didi umralesoba mxars uWers

erT-erT ZiriTad partias. mxolod ZiriTadi partiis wevrebs aqvT Tanam-
debobaze arCevis meti Sansi, xolo opoziciuri partia konstituciis mier
daculia xelisuflebis mxridan zewolis an daSinebisgan. orpartiuli
sistemis mniSvnelovani upiratesoba aris SedarebiT stabiluri mTavroba,
vinaidan umravlesoba iziarebs ZiriTad politikur Sexedulebebs, romelic
miRebulia saSualo fenaSi, aris kulturulad da eTnikurad homogenuri,
rac iSviaTobaa ganviTarebad qveynebSi. garkveulwilad gangrZobadoba uz-
runvelyofilia Tavad sistemis mier, vinaidan ori ZiriTadi partia awonas-
worebs interesTa farTo speqtrs. amave dros mudmivad arsebobs farTo
masebisTvis misaRebi opoziciuri partia, romelic mzad aris xelisuflebaSi
mosasvlelad.
orpartiuli sistema samarTlebrivad da konstituciurad ar aris Sez-
Ruduli mxolod ori partiiT. mcire partiebs SeuZliaT iarsebon da arse-
boben kidec, Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi maTi warmateba erTob mokrZalebu-
lia. ZiriTadad mcire partiebi fuZndeba im calkeuli politikuri figuris
Zalisxmevis Sedegad, romelic gaemijneba erT an orive ZiriTad partias
(magaliTad, Teodor ruzveltis [aSS-is prezidenti 1901-1909 w. _ mTarmn.
Sen.] progresuli partia 1912 wels an ros pero reformebis partia 1990-
ian wlebSi). germaniaSi, sadac II msoflio omis Semdeg ori ZiriTadi partia
cvlis erTmaneTs xelisuflebis saTaveSi, mcirericxovani Tavisufal-de-
mokratiuli partia Tavis masStabTan SedarebiT Zalian didi ZalauflebiT
da gavleniT sargeblob-da 1990-iani wlebis bolomde, vidre mwvaneTa partia
social-demokratebTan ` wiTel -mwvane~ koaliciur mTavrobaSi umcros
partniorad Sevida.

mravalpartiuli sistema

mravalpartiuli sistema Cndeba iq, sadac orze meti partia sakmaod

Zlieria imisTvis, rom xelisuflebaSi mosvlisaTvis konkurencia gauwios
erTmaneTs. aseT sistemaSi mudmivad arc erTi partia ar aris umravleso-
baSi; ama Tu im arCevnebSi nebismier partias SeuZlia moipovos mandatebis
didi umravlesoba, Tumca xSirad imarjveben absolutur umravlesobaze
naklebi xmebiT. mravalpartiuli saparlamento sistemis dros individu-
aluri partiebi arCevnebisas dros gaurbian kompromisebs da specifikur
sakiTxebsa da programebze laparaks. axali mTavrobis formirebisaTvis mx-
olod xmebis daTvlis Semdeg xdeba saWiro kompromisebis daSveba. rogorc
wesi, uZlieresi partia mmarTveli umravlesobis Seqmnis mizniT cdilobs
Camoayalibos koaliciuri mTavroba sxva partiasTan an partiebTan erTad.
koaliciis formirebis Semdeg igi marTavs momaval arCevnebamde, an koali-
ciis daSlamde. es procesi amerikelebisaTvis ucnaurad JRers, magram ev-
ropelebisTvis, azielebisa da sxva saparlamento demokratiul qveynebSi
 politikuri monawileoba 373
mcxovrebTaTvis igi normaluria.
mravalpartiuli sistemis mTavari upiratesoba aris is, rom amomrCevels
farTo arCevani aqvs. misi mTavari uaryofiTi Tviseba aris arastabiluri
xelisufleba _ zogierT qveyanaSi es arastabiluroba SeiZleba qronikulic
ki gaxdes. procesi SeiZleba TavisTavad ganviTardes: daZabulobas moaqvs
fraqciaTaSorisi dapirispirebebi mTavrobaSi, politikis centrSi saerTo
areulobas _ ndobis krizisi, xolo es krizisi Tavis mxriv ufro met daZ-
abulobas iwvevs. II msoflio omis Semdeg italia am fenomenis saukeTeso
magaliTad rCeba evropaSi.

partiuli sistemis ganmsazRvrelebi

ra gansazRvravs politikuri partiebis raodenobas ama Tu im qveyanaSi?

pirvel rigSi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs mmarTvelobis formas _ mx-
olod konstituciur demokratiebSi SeuZliaT politikur partiebs ibrZo-
lon politikur sistemaze droebiTi (Semdgom arCevnebamde) kontrolis
mopovebisTvis.
meore, demokratiul qveynebSi saarCevno sistemis saxeobam SeiZleba gav-
lena iqonios partiuli sistemis tipze. mcire partiebis warmatebas xels
uSlis iseTi sistema, romelic dafuZnebulia erTmandatian saarCevno uban-
ze, sadac nebismieri kandidati igebs erTi xmis upiratesobiT (xmaTa ubralo
umravlesobiT) erTaderT arsebul mandats. patara partiebs uWirT moiz-
idon amomrCevlebi, vinaidan maT kandidatebs mogebis Zalian mcire Sansi
aqvT. amis sawinaaRmdegod, proporciuli warmomadgenlobiTi sistema, sa-
dac ramdenime kandidati irCeva TiToeuli saarCevno ubnidan, ufro mcire
partiebs mogebis gacilebiT did Sanss aZlevs. amgvarad, proporciuli war-
momadgenlobiTi saarCevno sistemis SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebiT im sistemisa-
gan, sadac kandidati ubralo umravlesobiT igebs, mravalpartiuli poli-
tikuri sistemis arseboba ufro savaraudoa.
mesame, politikuri partiuli sistema, iseve, rogorc xelisuflebis Zi-
riTadi forma, xandaxan gansazRvrulia konstituciiT. konstituciebi gan-
sxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan partiuli sistemebis mimarT damokidebulebiT.
zogierTi, magaliTad, aSS-is konstitucia, saerTod ar exeba am sakiTxs,
zogi ki pirdapir an iribad asaxavs mas. rogorc ar unda iyos, yovelTvis ar-
sebobs aSkara gamijvna partiasa da biurokratias Soris. pirveli exmareba
politikisa da mTavrobis organizebas, xolo meores evaleba mTavrobis ad-
ministrireba; iq, sadac am or sferos Soris gansxvaveba an Zalian mcirea, an
saerTod ar arsebobs, demokratiac an Zalian mcirea, an saerTod ar arse-
bobs.
meoTxe, tradicia gavlenas axdens qveynis marTvelobis formasa da mis
partiul sistemaze. vinaidan ganviTarebad qveyanaTa umetesobaSi avtori-
taruli reJimebi arsebobs, romelTac TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT demokratiis
tradicia, ar aris gasakviri, rom mesame samyaroSi Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba
erTpartiuli sistema. am tendenciis ori yvelaze cnobili gamonaklisia
374 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

laTinuri amerikis venesuela da kolumbia. II msoflio omis Semdeg orive am

qveyanaSi Zalian STambeWdavi demokratiuli tradiciebi ganviTarda. orive
maTganis mTavroba Zalian stabiluri iyo; kolumbiaSi ki xangrZlivma aja-
nyebebmac ver SeZles sistemisTvis seriozuli zianis miyeneba (Tumca vene-
suelaSi sistemam Sva apopulisti ugo Cavesi, romelmac demokratia farsad
aqcia _ mTargmn. Sen.).
mexuTe, sadac arsebobs Rrma socialuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli an
religiuri gansxvavebebi, rogorc wesi, politikuri cxovreba polarizebu-
lia, gajerebulia emociiTa da ideologiiT. amgvari garemoebebi upirates-
ad mravalpartiul sistemebs aviTarebs da ara orpartiuls.
partiebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba gansxvavebul de-
mokratiebSi. zogierT maTganSi Zalaufleba Zlier struqtuirebulia da
mTlianad saTaveSia koncentrirebuli. magaliTad, britanuli politikuri
partiebi ufro disciplinirebuli da centralizirebuli arian, vidre ori
mTavari partia SeerTebul StatebSi. partiis centralizacia mniSvnelova-
nia saparlamento sistemaSi, radgan sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xe-
lisuflebebis Serevisas kanonmdeblebi an unda `gahyvnen partiis xazs,~ an
mudmivad hqondeT xelisuflebaSi opoziciis mosvlis SiSi. centralize-
bul partias yvelaze kargad SeuZlia ganaxorcielos politikuri zewola
partiuli disciplinis Camosayalibeblad. metic, vinaidan saparlamento
sistemaSi mniSvnelovania partiis programa da ara individualuri kandida-
tis pirovneba, dagegmva, organizeba da finansuri kampaniebi qveynis doneze
yvelaze kargad muSaobs.
aseve isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tavad politikuri sistema centralize-
bulia Tu decentralizebuli. federalur sistemaSi partiebi cdiloben
federaluri struqturis mTavrobis analogiiT moaxdinon sakuTari
partiebis struqtuTireba. am sakiTxis praqtikuli warmoCenisTvis erT
magaliTs ganvixilavT. SeerTebul StatebSi maJoritaruli sistemiT
saprezidento arCevnebis dros xmaTa mTliani raodenoba mTeli qveynis
masStabiT ganisazRvreba, magram iTvleba (da Sejereba xdeba) Statebis
mixedviT. amgvarad, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jorj buSma gaimarjva 2000
wlis arCevnebSi miuxedavad imisa, rom misma oponentma al gorma qveynis
masStabiT ufro meti xma miiRo. gasamarjveblad politikurma partiebma
unda gaimarjvon ara erT, aramed 50 arCevnebSi. aseT politikur garemoSi
decentralizebuli struqtura mniSvnelovania. erovnul doneze Zlieri
partiuli organizacia xels uwyobs senatorebis, warmomadgenlebisa da
saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi Tanamdebobis pirebis arCevas. msgavsi sistema
gvxvdeba sxva federalur sistemebSic.
Tumca, amerikuli politikuri partiebi SedarebiT sustia. isini ar ari-
an ufro Zlierni nawilobrivi imis gamoc, rom es ar sWirdebaT. SeerTebu-
li Statebi didwilad saSualo fenis sazogadoebaa, romlis wevrTa Soris
politikis ZiriTad principebze konsensusi arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom arcer-
Ti ZiriTadi partiaa ideologiurad dogmaturi da moTxovnebSi SezRudu-
li; partia ufro metad gansxvavebuli jgufebisa da interesebis koaliciaa,
vidre TanamoazreTa monoliTuri organizmi. SeerTebul StatebSi mTav-
 politikuri monawileoba 375
robis saqmianobis xelmZRvanelobasa da koordinaciaSi prezidenti ufro
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, vidre politikuri partiebi; saparlamento
sistemebSi politikuri partia (an partiebis koalicia) axali mTavrobis
ZiriTadi birTvia.
politikuri partiebi _ Tuki isini gamoiyeneben liberalur-demokra-
tiul konstituciur sistemas konstituciis gasanadgureblad _ SeiZleba
totalitaruli moZraobis safuZvlad iqcnen (amis klasikuri magaliTia na-
cional-socialisturi anu nacisturi partia germaniaSi or msoflio oms
Soris). xelisufleba-
Si mosvlis Semdeg totalitaruli partia ganicdis transformacias da yal-
ibdeba mTavrobad. avtoritaruli partiebis SesaZleblobebi SedarebiT
ufro viwroa. es partiebi axorcieleben mmarTvelis survilebsa da politi-
kas, magram ara sayovelTao mobilizaciis kampaniebs, grandiozul samSeneb-
lo proeqtebs an `revolucias zemodan,~ romelic mimarTulia sazogadoebis
transformaciis an ganwmendisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive tipis partia
_ totalitarulic da avtoritarulic, rogoc wesi, centralizebulia da
reJims eqvemdebareba, isini yovelTvis araa efeqtiani. avtoritaruli par-
tiebi sruliadac ar aris Tavisufali mflangvelobisagan, degradaciisa da
konfliqturi interesebisagan, romelic SeiZleba Segvxvdes yvela sxva bi-
urokratiaSi.

perspeqtivebi: politikuri partiebis daknineba?

bevri eqsperti Tvlis, rom politikuri partiebis mniSvneloba SeerTe-

bul StatebSi nel-nela iklebs. isini saubroben sazogadoebriv gamokiTx-
vebze, romlebic avlenen sazogadoebaSi partiebis pativiscemis klebas:
xalxis azriT, partiebs ar gaaCniaT unari, aiZulon Tanamdebobis pirebi
_ pasuximgeblobiT moekidon amomrCevelTa moTxovnebs. amomrCeveli sul
ufro iSviaTad aigivebs sakuTar Tavs partiasTan da saarCevno biuleteni
sxvadasxva partiis kandidatiT Cveulebrivi movlenaa. politologebi ixre-
bian sazogadoebriv azrisaken: politikuri partiebi araefeqtiania.
ram ganapiroba amgvari damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba? zogierTi mimom-
xilveli amtkicebs, rom bevri sponsori arCevs fuli misces pirdapir kan-
didats da ara partias, vinaidan unda, rom momavali Tanamdebobis piri misgan
iyos `davalebuli.~ sxvebi Tvlian, rom bevri amomrCeveli ararealur imeds
amyarebs partiebze an partiebi Sromasa da bizness Soris klasobrivi brZo-
lis Sedegi iyo, ramac mniSvneloba dakarga.30 zogierTi ki maT warumatebeli
politikuri procesis nawilad ganixilavs.
bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebul StatebSi partiuli poli-
tikis idea winaaRmdegobaSi movida demokratiis idealTan. rogorc adgilo-
briv, aseve saxelmwifo doneze demokratebi da respublikelebi erTnairad
cdilobdnen SeemcirebinaT partiuli profesionalebis gavlena kandidatis
SerCevis procesze. demokratiis amerikul koncefcias ewinaaRdegeba gabo-
lil oTaxSi partiuli xelmZRvanelis usiamovno imiji, romelic wyvets rom-
376 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

eli uwyeba vin unda marTos. am imijma, realurma Tu warmosaxviTma, xeli

Seuwyo saarCevno reformebs (Tumca arCevnebis sistemis namdvili reforma
dRemde Zalze efemerulia).
kandidatis wamoyenebis procesis demokratizaciis mcdeloba gansa-
kuTrebiT popularulia. Statis doneze winaswari arCevnebi, erT dros gamon-
aklisi, wesad iqca. axla Statebi erTmaneTs winaswari arCevnebis ufro adre
CatarebaSi ejibrebian. Tavad arCevnebi zogierTi StatisTvis sarfian saqmed
iqca, vinaidan didi Semosavali da mediis yuradReba moaqvs. sxva Statebi at-
areben Sidapartiul daxurul sxdomebs, sadac partiis rigiTi wevrebi irCev-
en delegatebs, romlebic Semdgom monawileobas iReben Statis yrilobaSi,
sadac, Tavis mxriv, irCeven delegatebs, romlebsac davalebuli aqvT ama Tu
im konkretuli kandidatis mxardaWera partiis nacionalur yrilobaze.
aseTi reformebi agrZnobinebs moqalaqeTa saSualo fenas, rom isini
monawileoben partiis nominaciis procesSi da amcirebs Statisa da erovnuli
partiis erTgul mxardamWerTa Zalauflebas. Tumca, rac ufro meti Stati
atarebs winaswar arCevnebs, amerikis saprezidento arCevnebi miT ufro daZ-
abuli, Zvirad Rirebuli da gaxangrZlivebulia; prezidentis nominaciisa da
arCevnebis procesma SeiZleba erT welsac gastanos (masTan SedrebiT, bri-
tanuli saparlamento arCevnebi xSirad erT Tveze nakleb xans grZeldeba da
gacilebiT iafi jdeba, vidre amerikuli arCevnebi.) ufro metic, finansebis
mozidva udidesi mniSvnelobis faqtori gaxda ara marto prezidentobis
msurvelTaTvis, aramed senatisa da palatis seriozuli kandidatebisaTvi-
sac, rac cinikosebs safuZvels aZlevs SeniSnon, rom SeerTebul StatebSi
arCevnebi mudmiv RonisZiebad iqca.
es situacia unikaluria SeerTebul StatebSi. arc erTi liberaluri demok-
ratia msoflioSi ar xarjavs imden drosa da finansebs Tanamdebobis pirebis ar-
Cevaze, rogorc amerika. ramdenad SueZlia amgvar demokratias pasuxismgeblobiT
moekidos amomrCevelTa survilebsa da moTxovnebs, upasuxo kiTxvad rCeba.
partiebi jer kidev exmarebian kandidatebs arCevaSi, magram isini axlosac
ver mivlen SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebisaTvis saWiro finansebTan. rogor
ivseba es deficiti? vis mimarTaven kandidatebi finansuri mxardaWerisaTvis?
rogorc vnaxavT, interesTa jgufebi iswrafvian Seavson deficiti, magram
amis sanacvlod wina planze iwevs kiTxvebi, romlebic eris demokratiis idea-
lebs exeba.

interesTa jgufebi

interesTa jgufebi ar cdiloben xelisuflebaSi mosvlas, ar monawil-

eoben sajaro Tanamdebobis pirebis rekrutirebasa, wardgenasa da arCevaSi.
samagierod, Zal-Rones ar iSureben, raTa zegavlena moaxdinon kanonmde-
blobaze, politikasa da programebze, maTi specialuri, gansakuTrebuli
interesis sferoebis mixedviT (aqenad modis specialuri interesis cnebac)
_ magaliTad, korporaciebis (mogebis) gadasaxadi da subsidiebi (didi bi-
znesebi), sabanko regulaciebi, subsidiebi soflis meurneobisaTvis, fed-
 politikuri monawileoba 377
eraluri daxmareba ganaTlebis sferoSi, an garemos dacva. Cveni ganxilva
interesTa jgufebis sxvadasxva tipis SeswavliT daviwyoT.

interesTa jgufebis tipebi

interesTa jgufebis klasifikaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli sqema ekuT-

vnis profesor gabriel almonds, romelic ganasxvavebda oTx ZiriTad
tips.31 pirveli da yvelaze gavrcelebulia asociaciis tipis interesTa
jgufebi, romlebsac, rogorc wesi, aqvT saxelwodeba, erovnuli Stab-
bina, hyavT profesionali Ta namSromlebi, da a.S. amis magaliTia mewarmeTa
erovnuli asociacia, iaraRis moyvarulTa asociacia da sxva.
meorea araasociaciuri tipis interesTa jufebi, romlebsac ara aqvT
saxelwodeba da formaluri struqtura, magram gamoxataven socialur,
eTnikur, kulturul an religiur intresebs da SeuZliaT saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi Seerwyan Zlier politikur Zalebs. aseTi interesTa jgufebi
yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba ganviTarebadi aziis, arabuli samyaros, laTinuri
amerikisa da saha-ris samxreTiT mdebare afrikis qveynebSi.
mesamea instituciuri interesTa jgufebi, romlebic mTavrobis SigniT
arseboben. samTavrobo departamentebsa da saagentoebs sakuTari interesi
gaaCniaT sxvadasxva gadawyvetilebebisa da programebis mimarT, risTvisac
isini Signidan _ xSirad sazogadoebis TvalTaxedvis miRma, lobireben. mag-
aliTad, pentagoni urigdeba Tavdacvis sferos kontraqtorebs SeiaraRebis
programebis erToblivi ZaliT `gasatanad~; Sromis, soflis meurneobisa da
ganaTlebis departamentebs xSirad sdeben brals, rom isini im interesTa
jgufebis tyveebi arian, romelTa interesebi am departamentebis mier mar-
Tul programebs emTxveva.
meoTxe, anomikuri (anomic) interesTa jgufebi spontanurad yalibdeba,
rodesac bevri adamiani ewinaaRmdegeba raime politikas. am fenomenis brwyin-
vale magaliTia studenturi demonstraciebi 1960-iani wlebis bolos da 1970-
iani wlebis dasawyisSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT. almondi ambobs, rom quCis
areulobebi da zogierTi mkvlelobac ki amave kategoriaSi SeiZleba moeqces.
interesTa jgufebis kategorizaciis kidev erTi gzaa maTi dayofa viwro
da sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebad. Common Cause (saerTo saqme) _ or-
ganizacia, romelic daaarsa jandacvis, ganaTlebis da socuzrunvelyofis
yofilma mdivanma (ministrma) da romelic 300 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs,
aseTi tipis interesTa jgu-fis magaliTia.
interesTa jgufebi marto imiT ar gansxvavdebian, ra sakiTxebze muSao-
ben, aramed imiTac, rom isini gansxvavebul aqcentebs svamen. Zalze viwro
aqcentebi yvelaze xSirad damaxasiaTebelia eTnikuri (magaliTad, amerikel
italielTa fondi), religiuri (amerikel ebraelTa kongresi), profesiuli
(universitetebis profesorTa amerikuli asociacia), asakobrivi niSniT
gansazRvruli (pensionerTa amerikuli asociacia) da sxva mravali jgufi-
saTvis, romelTaTvisac romelime kategoriaSi adgilis miCneva Zalze rTu-
lia (magaliTad, amerikel unarSezRudul veteranTa organizacia). yovel
378 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

aseT SemTxvevaSi kerZo intersTa jgufebi, pirvel rigSi, cdiloben Tavis

wevrTa interesebis dacvas.
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebis interesTa sfero ufro farToa. isini
ibrZvian im sakiTxebis mosagvareblad, romlebsac, maTi azriT, mTeli sazoga-
doebisaTvis SeuZlia sargeblobis motana. aseTi organizaciis erTi magali-
Tia siera klubi, romelic lobirebs mkacr da konsercaciul garemosdacviT
politikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela ar eTanxmeba siera klubis miznebs,
veravin daadanaSaulebs mis wevrebs viwro piradi interesebisaTvis brZolaSi;
marTlac, sufTa haeri da wyali xom yvela moqalaqisTvis sasargebloa.
asociaciuri tipis interesTa jgufebi Zlier gansxvavdebian kapitali-
Ta da TvisebebiT. ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia imasTan, ramdeni
fulis Sekreba SeuZliaT maT, ramdeni da ramdenad araerTgvarovani tipis
wevrebi hyavT, rogori kavSirebi aqvT kanonmdeblebTan da gadawyvetilebis
mimReb pirebTan, aqvT Tu ara kvalificirebuli TanamSromlebis daqi-
ravebis saSua leba. garda amisa, interesTa jgufebi gansxvavdebian maT
mier arCeuli moqmedebis taqtikiTac, iqneba es xelisuflebis wevrebTan
erTi-erTze lobireba, politikuri Semowirulobebi, masobrivi safosto
gzavnilebi, sasamarTlo sarCelebi, demonstraciebis da gamosvlebis or-
ganizeba Tu mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis dafinanseba.

zegavlenis wyaroebi da meTodebi

interesTa jgufebi, rogorc wesi, cdiloben Secvalon sajaro politika

arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebs da sazogadoebriv azrze (saxelmwifo an re-
gionul doneze) zegavlenis moxdeniT. amas isini sami ZiriTadi gziT axerxeben:
(1) arCevnebSi maTi ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis gamarjvebis miRweviT; (2) cdi-
loben arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebTan dakavSirebas da (3) masobrivi sainfor-
macio saSualebebiT kampaniebis gaCaRebiT. interesTa jgufebi eZeben pirda-
pir kavSirebs gadawyvetilebis mimRebebTan. bevri interesTa jgufi qiraobs
lobists, romelic sxvadasxva gziT cdilobs kanonmdebelTa ndobisa da maTze
gavlenis mopovebas. lobisti eqspertebis specifikuri codnis safuZvelze,
isini gamodian sakanonmdeblo komitetebis winaSe, Suamdgomloben axlo mego-
brebsa Tu amomrCevlebs maTi Sexedulebebis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad. lo-
bistebi aseve organizebas ukeTeben da sargebloben piar-kampaniebiT, satele-
fono Tu internetkavSirebiT; saerTo sakanonmdeblo miznebis misaRwevad
koordinirebas axdenen da TanamSromloben Tanamoazre lobistebTan; cdilo-
ben gaafarToon kanonmdeblebTan urTierTobis SesaZleblobebi (magaliTad,
marTaven wveulebebs an afinanseben saqvelmoqmedo RonisZiebebs).32
cxadia, zogierTi interesTa jgufi sxvebze ufro warmatebulia. gadamw-
yveti mniSvneloba aqvs or faqtors – finansebsa da wevrobas. organizaciebs,
romlebic warmoadgenen saerTo interesis mqone moqalaqeTa ufro did da
gamorCeul nawils, aSkara upiratesoba gaaCnia. es gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa,
rodesac saqme exeba specifikur sakiTxebs da rodesac ar arsebobs sxva,
imave sakiTxiT dainteresebuli konkurenti an dapirispirebuli interesTa
 politikuri monawileoba 379

pensionerTa amerikuli asociaciis wevrebi amerikel xandazmulTaTvis xelisu-

flebis mxardaWeris gasaZliereblad da SesanarCuneblad demonstracias awyoben,
raTa xazi gausvan sakuTar wuxilsa da politikur Sexedulebebs.

jgufebi. didi raodenobis TanamoazreTa lobis saukeTeso magaliTia pen-

sionerTa amerikuli asociciacia (daaxloebiT 33 milioni wevriT), romelic
xandazmul moqalaqeTa samTavrobo daxmarebis gazrdis da SenarCunebis
sakiTxSi namdvili monopolistia da masTan dapirispirebisas verc erTma
organizaciam warmatebas ver miaRwia. am organizaciis wevria 50 wels gadac-
ilebul amerikelTa 48 procenti (amomrCevelTa 20 procenti), ris gamoc
igi qveyanaSi rigiT meore aramomgebiani organizaciaa romaul-kaTolikuri
eklesiis Semdeg. 18 registrirebuli lobistiT, 1700 daqiravebuli adami-
aniTa da TiTqmis 500 milioniani biujetiT es asociacia, romelic sakuTar
Tavs amerikel xandazmulTa damcvelad warmoaCens, aSS-is yvelaze gavle-
niani lobia.
iaraRis moyvarulTa erovnuli asociacia gavleniani interesTa jgu-
fis magaliTia. igi erTi viwro interesis garSemoa Seqmnili, Tumca bolo
aTwleulebSi misi gavlena Semcirda. am asociaciis mxridan iaraRze nebis-
mieri formis kontrolis dawesebaze medgari winaaRmdegoba kritikis qar-
cecxlSi gaexva mas Semdeg, rac aSS-is sazogadoebrioba ufro da ufro met
kavSirs xedavs cecxlsasrol iaraRsa da gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT Cad-
enil danaSaulebebs Soris. ufro warumatebeli arian axla fermerebi; maT
ramdenime organizacia Seqmnes, romelTac Camoayalibes soflis meurneobis
sakiTxebis Zalze daqucmacebuli lobi.
interesTa jgufebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebia: 1) mo-
qalaqeTa raodenoba, romelsac warmoadgens jgufi; 2) jgufis wevrTa Se-
380 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

sabamis sakiTxTan (interesTan) gaigivebis (identifikaciis) xarisxi; 3) im

konkurent jgufTa arseboba an ararseboba, romlebmac SeiZleba Seasuston
interesTa jgufis mier xelisuflebaze mopovebuli gavlena. magram arafe-
ria amerikul politikaSi fulze ufro mniSvnelovani. xandaxan SeZlebul
moqalaqeTa SedarebiT mcirericxovanma jgufma SeiZleba politikur pro-
cesze uzarmazari gavlena moaxdinos, magaliTad, ZviradRirebuli mediakam-
paniasa Tu politikur kampaniisaTvis didi Tanxebis Sewirvis wyalobiT.
amas garda, aseT jgufTa wevrebs, rogorc wesi, gaaCniaT piradi kavSirebi
da politikuri kontaqtebi, rac SeiZleba gadamwyveti aRmoCndes, rodesac
saqme Seexeba warmomadgenlis an senatoris mier kenWisyraze dayenebul ama
Tu im sakiTxis mxardaWeras.
interesTa jgufebi xSirad upiratesobas moipoveben Tu kavSirebi aqvT
politikur partiasTan. dasavleT evropaSi udidesi profkavSirebi axlo
kavSirSia mSromelTa klasis warmomadgenel politikur partiebTan (mag-
aliTad, did britaneTSi leiboristuli partia da profkavSirebis kon-
gresi, romlebsac mxars uWers didi britaneTis organizebul profkavSirTa
wevrebis 85 procenti). amisgan gansxvavebiT, aSS-Si interesTa jgufebi poli-
tikur partiebs saerTod gverds uvlian da pirdapir im kandidatebs afi-
nanseben, romlebsac TviTon uWeren mxars. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, interesTa
jgufebi Tavs izRveven da saarCevno kampaniaSi orive dapirispirebul kan-
didats afinanseben.
interesTa jgufis warmatebis mniSvnelovani gasaRebia pirdapiri gzavni-
lis (fosta, elfosta) saSualebiT moTxovnili fondebi, magram aseve mniS-
vnelovania dinamikuri xelmZRvanelobac. interesTa jgufebis xelmZRvane-
lebi (liderebi) warmarTaven da xSirad TviTonve iCenen lobistur iniciati-
vas, cdiloben konfidencialuri Sexvedrebisas daarwmunon kanonmdeblebi
da gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni, mxari dauWiron (an ar dauWiron) ama Tu im
sakiTxs. interesTa jgufis warmatebuloba xSirad damokidebulia lobis-
tis pirovnul Rirsebebsa da reputaciaze. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, interesTa
jgufebi vaSingtonSi xSirad cdiloben prezidentebis yofili mrCevlebis
`xelSi Cagdebas~ sakuTari interesebis damcvelebad (da amisTvis karg gasam-
rjelosac uxdian xolme).

interesTa jgufebis bumi

miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebuli savaraudo monacemebi sakmaod gansxvav-

deba, eqspertebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom interesTa jgufebisa da maT mier
daqiravebul lobistTa raodenoba aSS-Si bolo sami aTwleulis ganmav-
lobaSi sul mcire 50 procentiT gaizarda. dRes es asociaciebi vaSingtonSi
sididiT mesamea xelisuflebisa da turizmis Semdeg. erT-erTi wyaros mo-
nacemebiT, 1991 wels daaxloebiT 6 000 lobisti iyo registrirebuli da
daaxloebiT 80 000 adamiani muSaobda im asociaciebisTvis, romlebic kon-
gresSi lobirebdnen.34 vaSingtonSi lobis TiTqmis ori mesamedi biznesisa
 politikuri monawileoba 381
da savaWro wreebidan modis. 1994 wlis erT-erTi gamokvleva kidev ufro
SemaSfoTebel suraTs aaSkaravebs:

magaliTad aviRoT geilis kvlevaSi asociaciebis nciklopedia mocemu-

li jgufebis raodenoba. Tu 1956 wels maTi ricxvi 5000 iyo, dReisaTvis
20 000-mde gaizarda. ra Tqma unda, isini amerikis interesTa jgufebis
samyaros mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgenen. mxolod garemos dacvis
organizaciebi iTvlian daaxloebiT 7 000 jgufs, Tuki maT adgilobriv
moxalise damsufTaveblebsac mivaTvliT; Washington Blade-is cnobarSi
Setanilia 400-ze meti gei-jgufi, maSin rodesac 1990 wels aseTi mx-
olod 300 iyo. 1961 da 1982 wlebs Soris vaSingtonSi korporaciuli
ofisebis raodenoba aTjer gaizarda. kidev ufro dramatulad imata
sazogadoebrivi interesebis dasacavad Seqmnilma organizaciebma da
farTo masebis sainiacitivo jgufebma. 1960-ian wlebamde aseTi jgufe-
bi TiTqmis ar arsebobda; dRes aseTi organizacia aTiaTasobiTaa da
politolog ronald Saikos TqmiT, 40 milioni moqalaqisagan 4 mili-
ard dolarze metsac agroveben. 35

interesTa jgufebis momravlebis mizezia saxelmwifo daxmarebebis

mniSvnelovani zrda, politikuri partiebis gavlenis Sesusteba, ameri-
kuli sazogadoebis mzardi mravalferovneba, axali socialur-ekonomi-
kuri jgufebis Camoyalibeba, ramac xeli Seuwyo mravali viwro interesis
garSemo Seqmnili jgufis gaCenas.36 amave dros, safosto da kompiuteruli
teqnologiebi msgavsi organizaciebis daarsebas SedarebiT aiolebs. gana-
Tlebis donis amaRlebam gazarda moqalaqeTa interesi msgavsi asociaciebis
mimarT, xolo SedarebiTma keTildReobam saSualeba misca maT ixadon saw-
evro gadasaxadebi.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi popularuli
gaxda axali tipis interesTa jgufebi, romlebic politikuri qmedebis
komitetebis (PAC) saxeliTaa cnobili. 1971 wels kongresma aukrZala
korporaciebsa da SromiT kavSirebs politikuri kampaniebisaTvis fulis
pirdapiri wesiT gaReba, riTac arCevnebis dros darRvevebis aRkveTas See-
cada. Tumca, kanonma, im saxiT, rogoriTac kongresSi misi damtkiceba da
sasamarTloebis mier interepretireba moxda, xeli ver SeuSala viwro in-
teresTa jgufebs arapirdapiri gziT _ specialurad am mizniT Seqmnili
komitetebis meSveobiT _ fulis xarjvaSi. 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodamde
politikur qmedebaTa komitetebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad izrdeboda,
rogorc es 10-5 sqemidan Cans. didi da gavleniani politikuri qmedebis
komitetebi gaaCnia Semdeg interesTa jgufebs: amerikis medikosTa asocia-
cias, uZravi qonebiT movaWreTa erovnul asociacias, dilerebis erovnul
asociacias, fostalionTa erovnul asociacias, amerikis stomatologTa
asociacias, saxelmwifo, saolqo da municipalur doneze dasaqmebulTa
amerikul federacias.
382 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

sqema 10-5. politikuri qmedebis komitetebis raodenobis zrda, 1972-96ww.

politikuri qmedebis komitetebis raodenoba stabiluria 1984 wlidan.
wyaro:adaptirebulia Theodore L. Lowi-sa da Benjamin Ginsberg-is wignidan American
Government: Freedom and Power, me-3 gamocema (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994),
345, da “Midyear and Year-End PAC Counts, 1990-1996,” Federal Election Commission Record,
Tavi 27, nomeri 9, seqtemberi 1996, 7.

politikuri qmedebis komitetebs gadamwyveti roli aqvT Sesrule-

buli erovnul da saStato doneze kandidatebisa da sakiTxebis dafinanse-
baSi. amave dros, arCevnebis fasi _ sul ufro damokidebuli satelevizio
reklamaze _ gaizarda. daian fainstaini, demokrati senatori kaliforni-
idan, 1994 wlis arCevnebisas Svidi Tvis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiurad 22 000
dolars agrovebda; es rom biznesi yofiliyo, igi mosalodneli SemosavliT
amerikis wamyvan korporaciaTa 5 procentSi moxvdeboda.37 daujerebelia,
magram fainstainze meti Tanxa daxarja misma respublikelma oponentma
maikl hafingtonma, romelmac daaxloebiT 29 milioni dolari gaatana qars
kampaniaSi, romelic fainstainma miugo. arCevnebis mzardi fasis kidev erTi
magaliTia 1996 wlis virjiniis Statis sasenatoro arCevnebi, romelSic
damarcxebulma demokratma kandidatma mark uornerma 11 milioni dolari
daxarja (TiToeul amomrCevelze 3.30 dolari, maSin rodesac hafingtonma
2.03 dolari daxarja). amgvarad, miuxedavad imisa, rom politikuri qmedebis
komitetebis SezRudva popularuli reformistuli winadadeba gamodga,
dRevandeli saaarCevno kampaniebis xangrZlivoba da maRali xarjebi, rom-
lis gaRebis aranairi survili sazogadoebas ara aqvs, iZleva imis garantias,
 politikuri monawileoba 383
rom politikosebi ver Seelevian politikuri qmedebis komitetebis mier
gaRebul fuls.
bevri damkvirvebeli gmobs amerikul politikaSi finansebis mzard gavle-
nas. fuli yovelTvis mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo politikaSi, magram ukanask-
nel aTwleulebSi igi iqca faqtorad, romlis gareSe gamarjveba ubralod
warmoudgenelia. Tuki warmomadgenlobiT palataSi adgilis mopovebis sa-
Sualo xarji 1976 wels 73 aTasdolars Seadgenda, 1996 wlisaTvis igi 80 aTas-
dolaramde gaizarda; igive periodSi, senatSi adgilis mosapoveblad xarji
595 000 dolaridan 3,8 milion dolaramde gaizarda. erT-erTi gancxadebiT,

martivad rom vTqvaT, fuli is sawvavia, romelic amoZravebs amJamin-

del sakampanio sistemas. interesTa jgufebi, kandidatebi da partiebi
agroveben fuls imisaTvis, rom daiqiravon konsultantebi da awar-
moon ZviradRirebuli satelevizio sareklamo kampaniebi.38

Tavis mxriv, aranakleb STambeWdavi iyo interesTa jgufebis aRmasvla

dasavleT evropis saparlamento demokratiebSic.39 zogierT evropul sax-
elmwifoSi interesTa jgufebi mTavrobam oficialurad aRiara da maT nax-
evrad oficialur statussac miaRwies. magaliTad, SvedeTsa da norvegi-
aSi saministro, romelic administraciul qmedebas gegmavs, valdebulia
SeuTanxmdes jgufebs, romlebsac es qmedeba SesaZloa Seexos da pirdapir
CarTos interesTa jgufebi politikis SemuSavebis procesSi. safrangeTSi
mTavrobasa da kerZo seqtors Soris konsultaciebis saxelmwifo sistema
moicavs 500-mde sabWos, 200 komitetsa da 300 komisias. TiToeuli aseTi
samTavrobo organos wevrebi arian rogorc mTavrobis, aseve interesTa
jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.
amrigad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSi interesTa
jgufebma aRmasvla ganicades. amerikelebi specialur (viwro) interesebs
xSirad kninobiT formaSi moixsenieben. es negatiuri imiji kidev ufro gaa-
Zliera politikuri qmedebaTa komitetebis da didi fulis politikis ga-
Zlierebam. interesTa jgufebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, magram raki
ar arsebobs rbil fulze (fuli, romelsac aZleven politikur partiebs
viTomda arasakampanio miznebisaTvis da fuli, romelic damoukideblad ix-
arjeba kandidatebis an partiebis saxeliT) raime efeqtiani SezRudva, isini
sul ufro xSirad xdebian im sistemuri korufciis nawili, romlis legal-
uri an politikuri wamalic dResdReobiT ar moipoveba.
ori aTwleulis win interesTa jgufebi frTxilobdnen da Tavis qmedebebs
maRalfardovani argumentebiT niRbavdnen. dRes sul ufro gulaxdili politi-
kuri saubrebi ismis. mravali kerZo interesTa jgufis lideri (es jgufebi war-
moadgenen saSualo klasis gadamxdelebs, saxlebis mflobelebs, espanureno-
van amerikelebs, xandazmulebs da sxv.) mourideblad acxadebs protests imis
gamo, rom ver miiRo sajaro sikeTis kuTvnili wili. sul ufro naklebad sau-
broben sazogadoebriv interesze; ufro da ufro xSirad, amerikul politikas
ganixilaven rogorc Sejibrs, romlis gamarjvebulebi – rogorc wesi, gavle-
niani viwro interesebis mqone lobi _ Tanamdebobis pirebisagan jildos moe-
384 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

lian arCevnebSi mopovebul gamarjvebaSi gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.

rTulia gamoiTvalo sazogadoebrivi suliskveTebisa da sazogadoebri-
vi zneobis fasi, magram udavoa, rom igi Zalze maRalia da Tavs mxolod nel-
nela gamoaCens. erTi ram cxadia: interTa jgufebis gavlenis zrdasTan er-
Tad, sazogadoebac ufro advilad egueba amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis
ganmsazRvrel Zalad egoisturi interesis aRiarebas.

interesTa jgufebi demokratiul qveynebSi

rigiT moqalaqeebs miaCniaT xolme, rom politika pirad interesze maR-

la unda idges da xSirad cneba _ specialuri interesi _ maTSi antipaTias
iwvevs. miuxedavad amisa, demokratia zewolis jgufebis gareSe Zneli warmo-
sadgenia sul mcire sami mizeziT.
pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom konstituciuri mmarTveloba
icavs individualur Tavisuflebebs, maT Soris gamoxatvisa da Sekrebis Ta-
visuflebas. amrigad, interesTa jgufebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisufali
sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilad da, amasTanave, mis gardauval Sedegad.
rogorc jeims medisoni, damfuZnebel mamaTagan yvelaze gamoCenili poli-
tikis Teoretikosi federalistSi aRniSnavda, Tavisufleba fraqciebisaT-
vis (interesTa jgufebisaTvis) igivea, rac haeri cecxlisaTvis. fraqciebi
SeiZleba SezRudo, magram amisaTvis unda moispos Tavisuflebac.40

interesTa jgufebi sakuTari azris gamoxatvisa da sazogadoebriv azrze gav-

lenis moxdenis mizniT yalibdeba. xSirad isini cnobil adamianebs iwveven saku-
Tari Zalisxmevis warmosaCenad. fotoze msaxiobi riCard giri protests gamox-
atavs tibetSi CineTs mxridan represiis winaaRmdeg.

meore, demokratiuli sazogadoebebi politikuri da ekonomikuri Tval-

sazrisiT avtoritarul sazogadoebebze ufro rTuladaa mowyobili. de-
 politikuri monawileoba 385
mokratiaSi, sadac pirovnebas aqvs SesaZlebloba gamoxatos da imoqmedos
Tavisi Sexedulebebisa da interesebis mixedviT, politikuri Tavisufleba
iwvevs interesTa zrdas. amis gamo, demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri interesebis mravalferovneba.
amas adasturebs cxadi magaliTi ekonomikis sferodan. dasavluri eko-
nomika SeiZleba davyoT `iseT sxvadasxvagvar biznes-organizaciebad, ro-
goricaa giganturi korporaciebi, mcire biznesi, mZime industria, mom-
saxurebis sferos firmebi, profkavSirebis mqone da armqone mrewveloba,
soflis meurneobis firmebi, mravalerovnuli korporaciebi da nacional-
izebuli an saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi arsebuli sawarmoebi _ yvela maT-
gans sakuTari politikuri moTxovnebi da interesebi gaaCnia~.41
mesame mizezi konstituciur demokratiebSi interesTa jgufebis warma-
tebisa aris is, rom mTavroba regularulad anawilebs mogebas (Semosavals).
yovelwliur “sabiujeto brZolaSi” Semosavlebis ganawilebisaTvis namd-
vili taciaoba imarTeba. dasavlur demokratiebSi keTildReobis saxelm-
wifos ganviTarebasTan erTad imata interesTa jgufebmac, romlebic Se-
mosavlebidan ufro didi wilis xelSi Casagdebad erTmaneTs ejibrebian.
aSS-Si axali interesTa jgufebis gaCenas xeli Seuwyo axalgazrdebsa da
xandazmulebs Soris Semosavlebis Tanabrad ganawilebisaken mimarTulma
RonisZiebebma sxvadasxva an skolebSi Hot-lunch-is programebis farglebSi.
da, raRa Tqma unda, msgavsi programebis ganxorcielebasa da sazogadoebi-
saTvis miwodebis saqmeSi Tavisi interesi aqvs saxelmwifo saagentoebsa da
im monawile mxareebs (kompaniebs), romle-bic programebis ganxorcielebiT
arian dakavebuli.

iklebs Tu ara sazogadoebrivi interesi?

xSirad, rodesac moqalaqeebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen gavleniani

viwro interes-jgufebis gamo, isini gulisxmoben im lobistebs an zewolis
jgufebs, romlebic sxvaTa interesebs icaven; xolo rodesac isini Cvens in-
teresebs icaven, Cven vamarTlebT da taSs vukravT maT. magaliTad, interes-
Ta jgufebs, romlebic studentebisaTvis sesxebis programebs eqomagebian,
igive xalxi asxams xotbas (ganaTlebis sferos muSakebi), romlebic zogadad
msgavsi jgufebis gadaWarbebul gavlenaze Civian.
ra problemebs uqmnis sinamdvileSi interesTa jgufebi sazogadoebriv
interess? zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom amerikis SeerTebul Stateb-
sa da dasavleT evropaSi interesTa jgufebis momravlebam sazogadoebis
yvelaze ufro daucvel segments Seuqmna gansakuTrebuli siZneleebi. Ra-
ribebs Zalze mcire gavlena aqvT interesTa jgufebis politikur arenaze,
mdidrebs ki _ uaRresad didi. am TvalsazrisiT, demokratiebSi interes-
Ta jgufebis aRmasvlam Camoayaliba sistema, romelic sustebisa da da-
Cagrulebis xarjze yvelaze gavlenianTa interesebis xelisSemwyobia.
kritikosebi aseve SeSfoTebas gamoxataven imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom
sul meti Tanamdebobis piri tovebs sajaro samsaxurs da samuSaod midis im
kompaniebSi, romlebTanac maT saqmiani urTierToba hqondaT. magaliTad,
386 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

pentagonis yofili Tanamdebobis pirebs xSirad Tavdacvis sferoSi arse-

buli firmebi qiraoben, prezidentebis yofili mrCevlebi ki lobistebi an
media-komentatorebi xdebian, an sxva maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurebSi gada-
dian. 1978 wels kongresma aukrZala yofil maRalCinosan moxeleebs sajaro
samsaxuris datovebidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelgvari kontaqti im
saagentoebTan, romlebSic isini muSaobdnen da aseve, aukrZala yovelgvari
mcdeloba im sferos politikaze gavlenis moxdenisa, romelSic maT ori wlis
ganmavlobaSi gaaCndaT `oficialuri pasuxismgebloba.~
arsebuli sistemis damcvelebi ki amtkiceben, rom moqalaqeTa umravle-
soba saTanadodaa warmodgenili (hyavT warmomadgeneli). maTi azriT, in-
teresTa jgufebis simravle imis dadasturebaa, rom dapirispirebuli Za-
lebi am jgufebs TiTqmis mudmivad akontroleben.
magram, keTildReobis saxelmwifos zrda da misi Tanmdevi xarjebi zo-
gierTi konservatoris seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs, maSin rodesac poli-
tikur qmedebaTa komitetebis (PAC) gavlenis zrda erTnairad aSfoTebs
liberalebsa da reformebis momxre zomierebsac. politikuri zewola (in-
teresTa jgufebi aseve cnobili arian, rogorc `zewolis jgufebi”) zus-
tad asaxavs sazogadoebis sxvadasxva segmentis politikur upiratesobas;
problemac swored esaa. rogor SeiZleba mTavrobam imoqmedos obieqturad,
rodesac eqceva sazogadoebis didi nawilis saerTo azris gamomxatveli, Zl-
ieri interesTa jgufis zewolas qveS? meore mxriv, rodesac erTi sakiTxis
damcveli interesTa jgufi romelime Zalian specifikuri wesis an kanoni-
saTvis ibrZvis _ romelic moqalaqeTa did nawils sul ar anaRvlebs an ara-
viTar yuradRebas ar aqcevs _ ra SeiZleba iyos stimuli kanonmdeblebis an
biurokratebisaTvis, romelic daexmareba maT, gauZlon zewolas viwro in-
teresebis jgufebis mxridan? did qveyanaSi, sadac xelisuflebis ramoden-
ime done arsebobs, gasakviri araa, rom bevri kanoni an politika xdeba ru-
tinuli ganxilvis sagani. rodesac zewolis jgufebi mondomebiT lobireben
raime sakiTxs, romelsac saerTod araviTari an Zalze mcire kavSiri aqvs
sazogadoebriv interesTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, sazogadoeba mas faq-
tobrivad mxars ar uWers, mosalodnelia, rom politikuri procesi gaixrw-
nas (korumpirebuli gaxdes).

interesTa jgufebi avtoritarul qveynebSi

avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi interesTa jgufebs arseboba uWirT,

radgan zogadad, opocizia idevneba. vinaidan avtoritarul saxelmwifo-
Tagan bevri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis adreul etapze imyofeba, individu-
aluri interesebi xSirad naTesaur kavSirebze dafuZnebuli jgufebis meS-
veobiT aris gamoxatuli (tomebi an klanebi). rogorc wesi, mniSvnelovani
gavlena aqvT samxedroebs, maSinac ki, rodesac isini mmarTvelobis saTave-
Si ar imyofebian, radgan maTi mxardaWera xelisuflebisaTvis aucilebelia
Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. ganviTarebad qveynebSi `profkavSirebi
 politikuri monawileoba 387
xSirad politikuri par tiebis Semadgeneli nawili xdeba da maT daqvemde-
barebaSi eqceva.~42 dasavleTSi, rogorc wesi, organizebuli profkavSiri
politikuri partiebisagan damoukidebelia.
yvelaze gavleniani lobistebi avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi xSirad
interesTa jgufebi ki ar aris, romlebic moqalaqeTa interesebs warmoad-
genen, aramed biurokratiuli jgufebi da partiis Sida fraqciebi, romlebic
SezRuduli sabiujeto saxsrebis centralizebuli ganawilebisas upirate-
sobis mopovebisaTvis ejibrebian erTmaneTs.43 eseni, Cveulebrivi gagebiT,
interesTa jgufebi ar arian, magram mainc SemoaqvaT pluralizmis elementi
iseT politikur reJimebSi, romlebic opoziciis mimarT tolerantobiT ar
xasiaTdeba.

daskvna

moqalaqeebs saSualeba aqvT sxvadasxva kanonieri gziT monawileoba mi-

iRon politikur procesSi: pirobiTad, arCevnebSi xmis micemiT da sazoga-
doebrivi azris gamokiTxvebSi monawileobiT; organizaciuli Tvalsaz-
risiT, SesaZlebelia politikur partiaSi an interesTa jgufSi gawevrianeba;
profesiuli TvalsazrisiT, moqalaqes SeuZlia aseT organizaciaSi muSao-
bis dawyeba. politikuri monawileobis zogierTi forma araa Cveulebrivi,
magaliTad, protestebSi an ekonomikur boikotSi CarTva. monawileobis
arasamarTlebrivi formebi amaze ufro Sors midis _ ganzrax Cadenili
araZaladobrivi qmedebebiT (samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba) dawyebuli da
ukiduresad sastiki moqmedebebiT damTavrebuli (terorizmi).
xelisuflebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad, moqalaqeebma konstituciur de-
mokratiebSi individualuri Sexedulebebisa da interesebis koleqtiur
mosazrebebad da interesebad gadaqceva unda SeZlon. politologebi am
process interesTa agregacias uwodeben. sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba
gamoixatos sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvisas, rasac politikur pro-
cesze didi gavlena aqvs xolme. arCevnebi, miuxedavad Tandayolili Sez-
Rudvebisa, masobrivi Sexedulebebis sajaro politikad qcevis saukeTeso
saSualebaa. arsebobs gansxvavebuli saarCevno sistemebi, magram umTavresi
oria: maJoritaruli sistema (amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da did brita-
neTSi) da warmomadgenlobis proporciuli sistema (warmomadgenlobiTi
demokratiebis umravlesobaSi). demokratiul respublikebSi amomrCev-
lebi irCeven kanonmdeblebs, maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaSi da zogjer mosamarTleebsac. pirdapiri demokratiis in-
strumentebia referendumi, iniciativa da Tanamdebobis pirebis gamowveva,
rac saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs pirdapir miiRon monawileoba sajaro
politikis formirebaSi.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arCevnebSi monawilobis (xmis micemis) dab-
388 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

ali maCvenebelia da igi kidev ufro klebulobs. amomrCevlebi, rogorc wesi,

ar arian gaTviTcnobierebulni.
zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, masebis politikuri monawileoba ufro ilu-
zorulia da Zalaufleba sinamdvileSi gavlenian pirTa mcirericxovani, el-
itaruli jgufebis xelSia moqceuli. am elitistur Teorias ar eTanxmebian
pluralizmis damcvelebi. isini amtkiceben, rom demokratiul sazogadoe-
baSi Zalaufleba ufro gabneulia, vidre koncentrirebuli da rom poli-
tikuri movlenebi Zalze rTulia saimisod, rom isini elitisturi Teoriis
martiv gagebamde davakninoT.
avtoritarul saxelmwifoebSi srulfasovani monawileoba iSviaTia. Tuki
aseTi ram xdeba, igi emsaxureba ara moqalaqeTa monawileobis xelSewyobas,
aramed mTavrobis mier kontrolis gamtkicebasa da ganxorcielebas.
demokratiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi cdiloben gavlena moaxdinon saja-
ro politikaze politikuri partiebisa da interesTa jgufebis meSveobiT.
avtoritarul qveynebSi partiebi mTavrobis iaraRia da ara xalxis nebis
gamomxatveli instrumenti. interesTa jgufebi, Tuki aseT qveynebSi isini
arseboben, gacilebiT ufro SezRudul rols asruleben, vidre demokra-
tiul qveynebSi.
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi partiebs Tavdapirvelad uyurebdnen
rogorc ganxeTqilebis Semomtanebs. dRes maT sayovelTaod aRiqvamen de-
mokratiul saxelmwifoSi ZiriTadi funqciis ganmaxorcieleblad, ram-
denadac isini aRweven erovnul Tanxmobas da gvTavazoben alternativebs.
gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis procesSi, isini gvexmarebian xelisuflebis Camo-
yalibebaSi. politikuri partiebi moqmedeben erTpartiuli, orpartiuli an
mravalpartiuli sistemebis konteqstSi.
partiebis siZlieresa da organizaciaze ama Tu im qveyanaSi ramdenime
faqtori SeiZleba axdendes gavlenas, maT Soris, tradiciebi, konstitucia,
qveynis kulturuli da ekonomikuri mravalferovneba. bolo dros politi-
kuri partiebis gavlena Semcirda.
interesTa jgufebis klasifikacia SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad moxdes: er-
Ti meTodiT SeiZleba kerZo interesTa jgufebis sazogadoebriv interesTa
jgufebisagan gansxvaveba. am jgufebis efeqtianobas ramdenime faqtori
gansazRvravs, sididis, wevrebis politikur mosazrebaTa intensiurobis,
dafinansebis da liderebis CaTvliT. ukanasknel wlebSi am asociaciaTa
ricxvi da Zalaufleba gaizarda. zogierTi mkvlevari SiSobs, rom isini
zedmetad gavleniani gaxdnen, Tumca sxvebs miaCniaT, rom jgufebis mraval-
ricxovnoba da mravalferovneba xels uwyobs politikuri stabilurobisa
da damoukidebeli institutebis SenarCunebas.
 politikuri monawileoba 389

sakvanZo sityvebi

konvenciuri monawileoba referendumi

arakonvenciuri monawileoba gawveva
arasamarTlebrivi monawileoba politikuri qmediTunarianoba
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba gaucxoeba
terorizmi individualizmi
sabotaJi politikuri apaTia
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia mwiri informaciis racionaloba
sazogadoebriv azri oligarqiis rkinis kanoni
`Calis~ gamokiTxva pluralistebi
SemTxveviTi SerCeva masobrivi mobilizaciis reJimi
strategiuli gamokiTxva politikuri partia
fokus jgufebi koaliciuri mTavroba
stratificirebuli SerCeva interesTa jgufebi
ganmeorebadi gamokiTxva kerZo interesTa jgufebi
ubralo umravlesoba sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufe-
maJoritaruli sistema bi
gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs lobistebi
(winner-takes-all) politikuri qmedebis komiteti
proporciuli siebis sistema (PAC)
pirdapiri demokratia `rbili fuli~ (soft money)
plebisciti

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. rogor SeuZliaT moqalaqeebs monawileoba miiRon politikur procesSi?

2. saarCevno sistemebis ra formebi arsebobs? SeadareT maTi Zlieri da sus-
ti mxareebi.
3. aris Tu ara demokratiul saxelmwifoSi apaTia moqalaqis valis srulfa-
sovnad Sesrulebis xelisSemSleli faqtori? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
4. riTi gansxvadeba demokratiis elitisturi Teoriebi pluralistuli mo-
delisagan?
5. ras amboben, rogorc wesi, demokratiul saxlmwifoSi politikuri monaw-
ileobis Sesaxeb? marTalia Tu ara es? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
6. ra gansxvavebaa erT-, or-, da mravalpartiul sistemebs Soris?
7. ramdenad aris interesTa jgufebis qmediToba damokidebuli im politi-
kur sistemaze, romelSic isini moqmedeben?
8. ratom gaizarda interesTa jgufebis gavlena politikuri partiebis gav-
lenis SesustebasTan erTad. aris Tu ara es ori movlena erTmaneTTan daka-
vSirebuli?
9. ras niSnavs debuleba _ “yvela interesTa jgufi araa Tanaswori”?
390 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

SeniSvnebi

1. M. Margaret Conway, Political Participation in the United States (Washington, D.C.:

C.Q. Press, 1987), 10.
2. mogvianebiT am TavSi ufro detalurad ganvixilavT SeerTebul StatebSi
xmis micemis formebs.
3. Conway, Political Participation, 52-53.
4. iqve.
5. Howard Schuman and Stanley Presser, Questions and answers in Attitude Surveys
(Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 1981), 70-71. es kvleva TvalsaCinod aris war-
modgenili James Q. Wilson-is American Government, me-4 gamocema (Lexington,
Mass.: Heath, 1989), 99.
6. John L. Fund, “It’ll Be Close,” Wall Street Journal, 1 noemberi 1997w., 12.
7. Everett Carll Ladd, “The Pollsters’ Waterloo,” Wall Street Journal, 19 noemberi 1997w.,
22.
8. erT-erTi kvleviT dadginda, rom wamyvani partiis platformis dapireba-
Ta ori mesamedi sruldeba; ix. Gerald M. Pomper-isa da Susan Lederman-is
Elections in America: Control and Influence in Democratic Politics, me-2 gamocema
(New York: Dodd, Mead, 1980), 161.
9. Thomas Cronin, Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Re-
call (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).
10. iqve, 87.
11. is garemoeba, rom mraval demokratiul qveyanaSi amomrCevels dareg-
istrireba ar sWirdeba, xSirad maTi monawileobis maRali maCveneblis
mizezad miiCneva. zogierT qveyanaSi (avstraliisa da belgiis CaTvliT) is
moqalaqeebi, romlebic xmas ar aZleven, jarimdebian.
12. Harry Holloway and John George, Public Opinion: Coalitions, Elites, and Masses,
me-2 gamocema (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986), 161.
13. iqve, 162-163.
14. ix. Julian L. Woodward and Elmo Roper, “Political Activity of American Citizens,”
American Political Science Review 44 (1950): 822-885.
15. Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, Participation in America (New York: Harper &
Row, 1972), 79-80.
16. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 2 (New York: Schocken Books,
1961), 18.
17. iqve, 153, 159.
18. Robert D. Putnam, “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital,” Journal of
Democracy (ianvari 1995), 65-78.
19. Richard Morin, “Who’s In Control? Many Don’t Know or Care,” Washington Post,
29 ianvari 1996, 6.
20. iqve.
21. James Q. Wilson, American Government, 100.
22. Richard Niemi and Herbert Weisberg, Controversies in Voting Behavior, me-3 gamo-
cema (Washington, D.C.: C.Q. Press, 1992), 103.
 politikuri monawileoba 391
23. Samuel Popkin, The Reasoning Voter and Persuasion in Presidential Campaigns
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 212-216.
24. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956).
25. Thomas Dye and L. Harmon Ziegler, The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Intro-
duction to American Government, me-4 gamocema (North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury
Press, 1978), 374.
26. Andrew Greeley, “Power Is Diffused throughout Society,” wignSi Taking Sides:
Clashing Views on Controversial Political Isuues, red. George McKenna da Stanley
Feingad (Guilford, Conn.: Dushkin, 1983), 23. ix. aseve Arnold Rose, The Power
Structure: Political Process in American Society (London: Oxford University Press,
1967), 483-493.
27. Thomas Jefferson-isa da Francis Hopkinson-is mimowera, 13 marti 1789w. wignSi
The Political Writings of Thomas Jefferson, red. Edward Dumbauld (Indianapolis:
Bobbs-Merrill, 1955), 46.
28. iqve.
29. Teoria warmodgenilia Harry Jaffa-s wignSi quality and Liberty: Theory and
Practice in American Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), 3-32.
30. Paul Best, Kul Rai and David Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds: An Introduction to
Political Science (New York: Wiley, 1986), 271-272.
31. Gabriel Almond and G. Bingham Powell, Comparative Politics: A Developmental
Approach (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), Tavi 4.
32. am msjelobisaTvis unda vumadlodeT William Keefe-sa da Morris Ogul-s wignSi
The American Legislation Process: Congress and the States, me-8 gamocema (Engle-
wood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992), 334.
33. Thomas DiLorenzo, “Who Really Speaks For the Elderly?” Consumers Research 79
(seqtemberi 1996): 15 da Charles Morris, The AARP: America’s Most Powerful
Lobby and the Clash of Generations (New York: Times Books, 1996), 4, 10-11.
34. Jeffrey Birnbaum, “Overhaul of Lobbying Laws Unlikely to Succeed Thanks to Op-
position of Lobbyists Themselves,” Wall Street Journal, 30 maisi 1991, A 20.
35. Jonathan Rauch, “The Hyperpluralism Trap,” New Republic, 6 ivnisi 1994. 22.
36. iqve, 2-3.
37. John Harwood, “Political Treadmill: For California Senator, Fundraising Becomes
Overwhelming Burden,” Wall Street Journal, 2 marti 1994. A1. fainstiniseuli
Tanxis mozidvis Zalisxmevas safuZvlad edo is faqti, rom 1992 wels man
arCevnebSi mxolod orwliani vadiT gaimarjva. Harwood-is SefasebiT 1992
wels brZola da 1990 wels gubernatoris arCevnebSi damarcxeba fainstai-
nis daaxloebiT 30 mln dolari daujda.
38. ix. “Campaign finance reform” Pew Charitable Trusts veb-gverdze www.
pewtrusts.com/ideas/.
39. es paragrafi eyrdnoba Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 228-229.
40. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist (New York:
Modern Library, uTariRo), nomeri 10, 55.
41. Best, Rai and Walsh, Politics in Three Worlds, 220.
42. iqve, 240.
43. Gordon Skilling-sa da Franklyn Griffiths-is redaqtorobiT Interest Groups in
Soviet Politics (Printceton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971).
392 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

Tav
T a v i XI

politikuri
lideroba

Z alauflebis
Zalau fleb is
mrav
m rav alsaxe
alsaxeoob
ba

namdvili liderebi
marTvis xelovnebis arsi didebis
xibli
lideris oTxi tipi liderobis da-
knineba?
demagogebi
politikosebi
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi
kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi
politikanebi damSoSmineblebi

samoqalaqo liderebi

392
 politikuri lideroba 393
Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi politikosebi ufro erTian jgufad aRiqme-
bian da stereotipebiT fasdebian, vidre gamoCenili sportsmenebi, eqimebi,
biznesis liderebi an Tundac garTobis industriis moRvaweebi. miuxeda-
vad amisa, yovelTvis, rodesac wvlili Segvaqvs politikur kampaniebSi an
xmas vaZlevT arCevnebSi, upiratesobas vaniWebT erT kandidats meoresTan
SedarebiT da, Sesabamisad, vaaSkaravebT im bazisur rwmenas, rom CvenTvis
mniSvnelovania, romeli kandidatia arCeuli. iseve, rogorc TviTmfrinavis
mgzavrebs ar SeuZliaT indiferentulebi iyvnen ekipaJis gamocdilebisa da
unaris mimarT, moqalaqeebsac ar ZaluZT gulgrilni darCnen saxelmwifo
liderebis xasiaTisa da gonierebis mimarT.
erebis keTildReoba xSirad damokidebulia liderebis unarze, gaakeTon
brZnuli arCevani da imoqmedon keTilgonivrulad. prezident jorj buSis
gadawyvetileba, daesaja borotmoqmedebi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ameri-
kis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroristuli Tavdasxmis gamo
aucilebel da Sesabamis nabijad iqna aRqmuli amerikeli xalxis umravlesobis
mier. mamamisis [jorj buSi ufrosis] mier 1990 wels miRebulma gadawyvetile-
bam, jarebi gaegzvana quveiTSi iq SeWrili sadam huseinisTvis winaaRmdegobis
gasawevad, saSualeba misca Statebs daecva navTobis sabazro fasi msoflio
bazarze da amgvarad, Tavidan aeridebina navTobis mkacri deficiti (magram
amave dros, erayis diqtatoris xelisuflebaSi datovebam or saxelmwifos
Soris xangrZlivi daZabuloba da urTierTobis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia); prezi-
dent riCard niqsonis uotergeitis qmedebebma amerikeli eri konstituciuri
krizisis zRvarze miiyvana; prezident lindon b. jonsonis gadawyvetilebiT
vietnamSi 500 aTasi amerikeli jariskacis gagzavnam da omis gamwvavebam mZime
Sedegebi gamoiRo rogorc amerikisTvis, aseve mTeli msofliosTvis.
cxadia, lideroba politikis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. II msoflio omis
Semdeg perezidentma hari trumenma [1945-1953] istoriuli gadawyvetile-
bebis mTeli seria miiRo: marSalis gegmis farglebSi evropis aRorZineba,
axali samxedro aliansebis, maT Soris CrdiloeT atlantikuri TanamSrom-
lobis organizaciis (nato) Seqmna, agreTve Sekavebis mkacri politikis saSu-
alebiT sabWoTa kavSiris sagrZnobi gafarToebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawe-
va. savaraudoa, rom magaliTad, uoren hardingi [aSS prezidenti 1921-1923]
aseT strategiebs ver SeimuSavebda.
erT-erTi gamoCenili mkvlevaris azriT, `politika Tavisi arsiT
lideroba an nebismieri formis politikuri erTobis marTvis mcdelobaa~.1
politikuri liderobis Zala is faqtoria, romlis arsebiT gavlenas yov-
elTvis ganicdis yvela saxis erToba da yvela qveyana. magaliTad, wlobiT
cixeSi yofnis Semdeg 1994 wlis maisSi antiaparteiduli afrikis erovnuli
kongresis yofili Tavmjdomare nelson mandela arCeul iqna rasobrivad
mravalferovani samxreT afrikis respublikis prezidentad. TviTnaswavl-
ma, sayovelTao ndobiT aRWurvilma, da bevrisTvis sayvarelma samocdaTx-
uTmeti wlis nelson mandelam warmatebiT SeZlo Zalauflebis mSvidobianad
Secvla, riTac daasrula TeTrkanianTa xangrZlivi batonobis reJimi. Sesa-
Zloa, sxva veravin SeZlebda am amocanisTvis Tavis garTmevas. magram mainc,
revoluciuri moZraobis moTaveoba da qveynis marTva ori sxvadasxva amo-
394 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

canaa. marTalia mandela didi lideris mravali Tvisebis mqone pirovnebaa,

jer kidev adrea daskvnebis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, rogor moaxerxa man axali
samxreT afrikis lideroba.
am TavSi ganvixilavT oTxi tipis liderebs: namdvil liderebs, dema-
gogebs, Cveulebriv politikosebs da samoqalaqo liderebs. amgvari dayo-
fa umeteswilad xdeba maTi miRwevebis, Tvisebebis, meTodebisa da miznebis
mixedviT. namdvili liderebi arian politikuri arqiteqtorebi, romlebic
axal saxelmwifoebs qmnian, mSvidobismyofelebi, romlebic konfliqtebs
agvareben da oratorebi, romlebsac erovnuli krizisis dros xalxis ST-
agoneba SeuZliaT. isini arian warsulis damfuZneblebi, awmyos gzamkvleve-
bi da momavlis legendebi. demagogebi atyueben xalxs da manipulireben misi
ndobiT Tavisi kerZo miznis misaRwevad. isini intriganebi, wamqezeblebi da
omis gamCaReblebi arian. Cveulebrivi politikosebi ar sCadian arc did
borotebas da arc did sikeTes, maTi qmedebebi koncentrirebulia arCevasa
da gadarCevaze. samoqalaqo liderebs ara aqvT oficialuri sajaro Tanam-
debobebi, magram aqtiurad arian Cabmulni eris politikaSi da mniSvnelovan-
wilad SeuZliaT misi gansazRvra.
xSirad aseTi gansxvaveba Teoriulad gacilebiT iolia, vidre misi praq-
tikaSi gadatana. magaliTad, SeiZleba vinmes franklin delano ruzvelti
[aSS prezidenti 1933-1945] gansakuTrebul liderad miaCndes, sxva ki mas
Cveulebriv politikosad, gzasacdenil liderad, da iqneb demagogadac ki
aRiqvamdes. SesaZloa sazogado cxovrebis, karieris sxvadasxva etapze esa
Tu is politikosi oTxive tips Seesabamebodes, da mainc, sxvaobac naTelia
_ sayovelTao azria, rom adolf hitleri demagogi iyo, xolo uinston Cer-
Cili _ II msoflio omis yvelaze mZime dReebSi didi britaneTis gmiruli
dacvis arqiteqtori.

namdvili liderebi

namdvili liderebi marTvis xelovnebas, saxelmwifos gonivrul gaZRo-

las arian naziarebi. liderobis es ideali didi xnis win Camoyalibda. pla-
toni da aristotele ganixilavdnen mas TavianT naSromebSi. platoni aRwers
sokrates, romelic monawileobs dialogSi saxelmwifo moRvawis Sesaxeb _
terminiT, romliTac tradiciulad mimarTaven an moixseneben politikuri
niWiT dajildoebul liders. XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi termini saxelmwifo
moRvawe (marTebulad Tu umarTebulod) bevri msoflio lideris mimarT
gamoiyeneboda, iugoslaviis damaarsebel, iosip broz titodan (1945-1980)
dawyebuli, viskonsinis Statis qalaq miluokis skolis maswavlebliT, gol-
da meieriT (1969-1974) damTavrebuli, romelic israelis meoTxe premier-
ministri gaxda 1969 wels.
liderebi, romlebic xangrZlivi vadiT qmnian gansxvavebul istorias,
iSviaTi Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi arian, mSvidobis, harmoniisa da sazoga-
do sikeTis ideis erTgulni da amJRavneben praqtikul sibrZnes. amasTan,
krizisis dros es adamianebi ers winamZRolobas uweven gadarCenis gzaze.
 politikuri lideroba 395
am tipis liderebs Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviaT axali erebis
Semqmnelebs, romelTa xedvis, sibrZnisa da STamagonebeli liderobis gar-
eSe konkretuli eri an mTavroba saerTod ver iarsebebda. jorj vaSingtoni
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli mamaa bevr sxva ersac
hyavs damfuZnebeli mamebi, romlebsac xalxi eTayvaneba da gansakuTrebul
dReebSi ixsenebs (magaliTad, erovnuli damoukideblobis dRes).

marTvis xelovnebis arsi

idealuri lideris tipis gansazRvra ioli ar aris. kargi liderobis un-

ars safuZvlad udevs iseTi SeumCneveli Tvisebebi, rogoricaa intuicia,
STagoneba, saRad azrovnebis unari; arsebiTia sxva Tvisebebic _ inteleqti
da TavSekavebuloba. cnobili moazrovne da sagazeTo svetis avtori uolt-
er lipmani `moralis SesavalSi~ Seecada gamoeyo es Tvisebebi ganaTlebuli
liderebis ubralo liderebTan Sedarebis saSualebiT. lipmanis mixedviT,
politikosebis umetesoba `muSaobs mikerZoebuli (konkretuli) intere-
sisTvis~. amis magaliTia politikosebi, romlebic sakuTar `budeebs~ iSene-
ben an monurad mihyvebian partiul xazs. cnebaSi _ saxelmwifo moRvaweoba
_ amis sapirispirod `moiazreba adamiani, romlis azrovneba mokamaTe par-
tiebis konfliqtze gacilebiT maRla dgas da saSualebas aZlevs mas ganax-
orcielos is qmedebebi, romlebic moicaven da iTvaliswineben interesTa
farTo speqtrs xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi~.2
lipmani aRiarebda, rom wyalgamyofi Cveulebriv politikossa da namdvil
liders Soris xSirad bundovania. arcTu iSviaTad WeSmarit liderebsac ki
ar ZaluZT specifikuri interesis ugulebelyofa. demokratiul qveyanaSi
yvela lideri xandaxan unda iqceodes ise, rogorc politikosi. miuxedavad
amisa, politikosi liderad gadaiqceva, rogorc ki Seecdeba Sewyvitos mx-
olod Tavisi amomrCevlebis myisieri survilebis dakmayofileba. amisTvis
ukeTesi gzaa daarwmuno xalxi (amomrCevlebi), rom saerTo, sazogadoebrivi
interesebisken swrafva umTavresia da rom kerZo interesebi ar aris (arc
unda iyos) politikis upirvelesi sazrunavi.

sazogadoebrivi sikeTisaken swrafva. WeSmariti lideri motivirebulia

ara myife egoizmiT an viwro jgufuri kuTvnilebiT, aramed sayovelTao
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis gaazrebiT. ori ukiduresobis dapirispirebiT,
`ras CaTvlis sabolood xalxi kargad, imis sapirispirod, ra surs xalxs
mocemul momentSi~, lipmani askvnida, rom namdvilma liderebma Tavi unda
aaridon swraf popularobas. maT uari unda Tqvan politikurad SeuZlebel
dapirebebze, rac imas niSnavs, rom iyvnen patiosani da gawonasworebuli li-
derebi da ara mliqvneli politikosebi. aseTi gadawyvetileba liderisgan
moiTxovs `simamaces, romelic Sorsaa mocemuli momentis agitaciebisgan~
da aseve `codnas, romelsac safuZvlad udevs faqtebis obieqturi da Rrma
codna da `civi~ miukerZoebloba~.
marTalia, sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis zrunva SeiZleba aRweril iqnes ga-
396 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

wonasworebulobis, miukerZoeblobis, codnisa da patiosnebis farglebSi, is

mainc ar iZleva cxadi ganzogadebis saSualebas. magaliTad, patiosneba siqve-
lea, magram politikur cxovrebaSi gamonaklisebic arsebobs. rodesac fsone-
bi maRalia, sruli patiosneba warmatebisTvis winaRobaa da eris sanukvari in-
tresebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod eSmakobis an sicruis saSualebiT,
amitom WeSmariti lideri xandaxan patiosnebis aseT `daTmobazec~ midis.
gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi politikosebisagan gansakuTrebul zomebs
moiTxovs. magaliTad, abraam linkolni [aSS prezidenti 1861-65], rogorc
samoqalaqo omamde, ise omis dros ganuxrelad akninebda monobis sakiTxs
im motiviT, rom upiratesobas aniWebda Statebis kavSiris gadarCenas.
linkolni xvdeboda, rom monobis sakiTxze yuradRebis gamaxvileba mis sust
koaliciaSi zogi wevris gaucxoebas gamoiwvevda da am kavSirze damyarebul
popularobas dakargavda, riTac avnebda rogorc kavSirs, ise monebis gaTa-
visuflebis sakiTxs.3

praqtikuli sibrZne. WeSmarit liderebs axasiaTebT is, rasac aristotele

keTilgonierebas, anu praqtikul sibrZnes uwodebda. sazogadoebrivi sike-
Tis yovlismomcveli xedva usargebloa, Tu ar ici, rogor miaRwio mas. li-
derebi acnobiereben kavSirs dauyovnebliv qmedebasa da saboloo Sedegebs
Soris da SeuZliaT gaTvalon rogorc moyvasis, ise mtris reaqcia am qmede-
bebze. dabolos, maT SeuZliaT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavon xangrZlivi da
efemeruli, fundamenturi da umniSvnelo, SesaZlo da miuRweveli miznebi.
mokled, saxelmwifo moRvaweoba moiTxovs iSviaT codnas da rogorc prob-
lemis gamocnobis, ise misi gadaWris gzebis moZiebis unars. am TvalsazrisiT,
Wkviani liderebi gvagoneben eqimebs, romelTa warmateba gamoixateba ara
dolarebis odenobiT, aramed im erTobis janmrTelobiT, romelsac isini
emsaxurebian.

politikuri unarebi. araa sakmarisi, rom, magaliTad, prezidents gulSi

hqondes CabeWdili erovnuli interesi, arsebiTia SemoTavazebuli pro-
gramebis da politikis organizebuli mxardaWera. demokratiul qveyanaSi
kanoni da politika (arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi Tavad liderebi) marTulTa
Tanxmobas moiTxovs. Wkuisa da Tanxmobis Tanafardoba swrafad cvalebad
sajaro sivrceSi lideris erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa.
politikis yoveldRiur samyaroSi liderma aseve unda SeZlos uzarmaz-
ari biurokratiis marTva da uSualod daqvemdebarebuli kadrebis xelmZ-
Rvaneloba; imuSaos kanonmdeblebTan, raTa uzrunvelyos mTavrobis pro-
gramebis damtkiceba da gaaerTianos sazogadoebrivi azri mTavrobis
politikis mxardasaWerad. warmatebulma aRmasrulebelma unda gamoam-
JRavnos organizatoruli niWi, adamianTa darwmunebisa da sxva politikuri
qmedebebis unari.
politikuri keTilgoniereba gulisxmobs, rom liderobis unari kargi
da saWiro saqmisTvis gamoiyeneba. politikuri alRo maSinaa saqebi, rode-
sac lideris unari sazogadoebrivi sikeTiskenaa mimarTuli. Tuki es unari
imisTvis gamoiyeneba, rom liderTa warmatebuli kariera an jibis gasqeleba
 politikuri lideroba 397
uzrunvelyos, maSin lideris warmateba demokratiuli sistemis marcxs niS-
navs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas im SemTxvevaSic, Tu lideris miznebi mosawonia,
magram maTi miRwevis gzebi _ miuRebeli. politikuri liderebi, romlebic
cdiloben saWiro sazogadoebrivi reformebis gatarebisas warmoqmnili win-
aRobebi ngreviT, dapatimrebebiT an oponentebis likvidaciiT gadalaxon, ver
iqnebian misaRebi, ragind sasargeblo iyos maT mier gatarebuli politika.

gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebi. xangrZlivi dakvirvebis safuZvelze

istorikosebi askvnian, rom diadi dro diad liderebs qmnis. imisTvis, rom
gaxdes WeSmariti lideri, pirovnebam unda icxovros iseT dros, rodesac
xelisuflebis qmedebebi da miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi arsebiT gansxvave-
bas qmnis sazogadoebis da SesaZloa, mTeli msoflios cxovrebaSic ki. aseTi
lideri SesaZloa WeSmaritad zrunavdes sazogadoebriv sikeTeze, hqondes
gansakuTrebuli politikuri unar-Cvevebi da didi praqtikuli sibrZne, ma-
gram movlenaTa ganviTarebaze mainc ver moaxdinos arsebiTi an xangrZlivi
gavlena. yvelaze unarian liderebsac ki yovelTvis ara aqvT saSualeba, ga-
moscadon TavianTi gansakuTrebuli niWi.
maS, ra qmnis politikur didebas: pirovnebebi Tu dro? aq isev gamodgeba
medicinasTan analogia. sayovelTao aRiareba im eqims ki ara aqvs, romelic
pacientebs yoveldRiur rCevebs aZlevs, aramed imas, romelic sicocxlisT-
vis saSiS daavadebebsa da travmebs umklavdeba. adamianTa msgavsad, erebic
ganicdian kriziss, rac maT arsebobas uqmnis safrTxes. aseT dros zneobrivi
gamxneveba da politikuri codna arsebiTia eris gadasarCenad; aseTi situa-
cia xelsayreli saxelmwifo moRvaweobis unarisa da codnis gamosacdelad.

bedis wyaloba. gamorCeuli liderobis saboloo winapiroba gamarTlebaa.

arc erTi politikuri lideri araa warmatebuli Tu bedi odnav mainc ar
swyalobs. SemTxveviTi manevri politikuri brZolis dros, gaazrebuli, ma-
gram arTqmuli (an dagvianebiT naTqvami) gancxadeba, da araerTi TiTqosda
umniSvnelo SemTxveva da qmedeba SesaZloa wamgebiani aRmoCndes. warmate-
ba, ra Tqma unda, ar SeiZleba mTlianad bedis wyalobas mivaweroT, magram
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im rTul garemos, romelSic liderebi moRvaweoben,
gamarTleba xSirad qmnis warmatebisa da marcxis pirobas.

didebis xibli

politikuri liderebi xSirad Tavis Tavze iReben iseT sajaro pasuxismge-

blobas, rac sakmaod Zvirad SeiZleba daujdeT. maT sakmaod didi xnis ganmav-
lobaSi uxdebaT ojaxis wevrebTan daSoreba, maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurze
uaris Tqma da sazogadoebrivi kritikis mudmiv obieqtad qceva. TavisTavad
Cndeba kiTxva: ratom uZRvnian gansakuTrebuli niWis mqone adamianebi Tavisi
nayofieri cxovrebis saukeTeso wlebs politikaSi Tavis gamoCenis survils?
ra ubiZgebs aseT adamianebs, iRvawon sazogadoebrivi sikeTisTvis xSirad
ufro aSkara da gamokveTili sakuTari interesebis xarjze?
398 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

istorikos duglas aderis azriT, amerikis damfuZnebeli mamebi, up-

irvels yovlisa, motivirebuli iyvnen didebis ideiT. jorj vaSingtonis,
jeims medisonis, aleqsander hamiltonisa da benjamin franklinisaTvis
viwro kerZo interesi, rac SeiZleba pirad Zalauflebasa da simdidreSi
gamoxatuliyo, ar iyo upirvelesi sazrunavi. amis ganmsazRvreli arc pi-
radi Rirseba iyo, rac aderis gansazRvrebiT `qcevis iseTi tipia, romelic
mimarTulia socialurad Tanaswori an upiratesobis mqone Tanamedroveebi-
sagan qeba-didebis miRebis survilze~.4 damfuZnebeli mamebis mamoZravebeli
Zala didebis survili iyo, risi ideac, aderis ganmartebiT, klasikuri peri-
odidan moyolebuli Rrmad iyo gamjdari dasavlur filosofiur da liter-
aturul tradiciaSi. iyenebs ra am interpretacias amerikis damfuZnebeli
mamebis mimarT, aderi wers:

ra Tqma unda, isini patriotebi iyvnen, ra Tqma unda, maT eamayebo-

daT Tavisi qveynis samsaxuri gasaWiris dros, magram vaSingtoni, ad-
amsi, jefersoni da medisoni ar iyvnen sruliad mowyvetili sakuTar
interesebs. didebisken ltolva, rac maT ganaTlebiT hqondaT SeT-
visebuli, iyo saSualeba, riTac SeZles sakuTari egoisturi da gan-
didebis impulsebi sazogadoebis samsaxurSi gadaetanaT. maT naswavli
hqondaT, rom kerZo interesebisagan Tavisufali keTilSobiluri
sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba saukeTeso gza iyo sakuTari saxelis ukv-
davsayofi `maradi monumentebis~ asagebad da Semdgomi Taobebis mex-
sierebaSi sakuTari Rvawlis dasatoveblad.5

iseve, rogorc yvela politikuri lideri (SesaZloa maTi umetesobac)

araa brZeni, yvela brZeni lideric rodia ganmsWvaluli didebis surviliT.
zogjer martivi survili, gaakeTo kargi saqme da moipovo xalxis mxardaWera,
aseve sakmarisi stimulia moRvaweobisTvis. magram, rogorc Cans, udidesi
liderebi yovelTvis motivirebulni iyvnen mxolod didebis surviliT.
marTlac, rogorc aleqsander hamiltonma SeniSna, didebis siyvaruli ` gon-
ebis mmarTveli yvelaze keTilSobiluri vnebaa~,6 ukvdavebis survili ki _
Zlieri eleqsiri.

lideris oTxi tipi

istoriis ganmavlobaSi WeSmariti liderebi sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasx-

va adgilas gamoCenilan. msoflioSi cnobili oTxi lideris qvemoT motani-
li politikuri biografiebi cxadyofs, rom liderobis umaRles safexurs
miRweuli politikosebis codnaSi, Tvisebebsa da motivebSi bevr msgavsebas-
Tan erTad gansxvavebac bevria.
romulo betankuri (1908-1981). 1830 wels venesuela damoukidebeli sax-
elmwifo gaxda. am periodidan 1959 wlamde, sanam romulo betankuri gaxde-
boda qveynis arCeuli prezidenti, arc erT demokrat liders ar gauZlia
prezidentis Tanamdebobaze or welze metxans. betankurma araTu SeZlo ga-
 politikuri lideroba 399
daelaxa TiTqmis warmoudgeneli sirTuleebi da SeenarCunebina Tanamdeboba,
aramed moaxerxa Tavisi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis gaSlac da gamoacocx-
la Tavisi qveynis susti demokratia. marTalia, is Zlieri prezidentisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli maneriT marTavda, magram SeZlo daecva zRvari demokrati-
ul mmarTvelobasa da Zalauflebis avtoritarul, borotad gamoyenebas So-
ris. man xeli Seuwyo zomierebis, kompromisisa da tolerantobis politikis
ganviTarebas. igi iTvaliswinebda xelisuflebis sxva Stoebis legitimur
Zalauflebas, icavda konstitucias, pativs scemda moqalaqeTa uflebebs da
calsaxad aridebda Tavs materialuri upiratesobis mosapoveblad Zalau-
flebis gamoyenebas (aseve sxvebs ar aZlevda amis Cadenis saSualebas).7 pre-
zidentobis xuTwliani vadis amowurvis Semdeg betankurma gaakeTa is, rac
manamde venesuelis arc erT liders ar gaukeTebia _ rogorc misi mmarT-
velobis periodSi dawerili konstitucia iTxovda, man Zalaufleba Tavis
demokratiulad arCeul Semcvlels gadaabara.
am mizezebis gamo romulo betankuri SeiZleba samarTlianad CaiTvalos
venesuelaSi demokratiis fuZemdeblad. am TvalsazrisiT igi mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba XX saukunis sxva damfuZnebeli liderebisagan, rogorebic
arian pol poti da fidel kastro. maT saguldagulod daafuZnes da beji-
Tad Seudgnen SeuzRudavi piradi politikuri Zalauflebis ganxorciele-
bas ise, rom ugulebelyves individTa uflebebi. ufro metic, betankurma
Zalaufleba gamoiyena ara ZalauflebisTvis, aramed im sazogado sikeTis
misaRwevad, risTvisac igi arsebobs. swored amis gamo mas iolad SeeZlo Za-
lauflebas nebayoflobiT Seleoda da sworad gaego politikuri lidero-
bis didi gakveTili: gamorCeuli liderebi gangeb axdenen TavianTi rolis
dakninebas imisTvis, rom xalxma Tavad SeZlos sakuTari Tavis marTva maSin,
rodesac lideri ar eyoleba.8
betankuris politikuri kariera maSin daiwyo, rodesac is jer kidev
studenti iyo da venesuelas samxedro diqtatori xuan visente gomesi (1908-
1935) ganagebda. 1928 wels 20 wlis betankuri studentebis lideri gaxda
revoluciaSi, romelic damarcxda da igi cixeSi moxvda. cixidan gamosvlis
Semdeg igi rva wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda devnilobaSi kosta rikaSi da
venesuelaSi diqtatoris gardacvalebis Semdeg dabrunda. 1930-iani wlebi-
dan igi gamoCenili politikuri moRvawe gaxda da saqmianobas 1959 wlamde
eweoda. politikuri moRvaweobis adreul wlebSi betankuris simpaTiebi
komunistebis mxres iyo, magram raRac periodis Semdeg misi Sexedulebebi
ufro zomieri gaxda da demokratiuli socializmisken gadaixara. am peri-
odSi betankuris yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRweva iyo is, rom saTave daudo
SemdgomSi venesuelis wamyvan politikur partias demokratiuli qmedebis
partias. Tavisi opoziciuri moRvaweobis TiTqmis mTeli periodis ganmav-
lobaSi betankuri da misi partia Tanmimdevrulad ibrZodnen yvela moqa-
laqis farTo demokratiuli monawileobisTvis, agraruli reformisaTvis,
garantirebuli sayovelTao ganaTlebis uflebisaTvis, erovnuli jandac-
vis sistemisaTvis, da ekonomikuri diversifikaciisaTvis (venesuela mTli-
anad damokidebuli iyo navTobis eqsportze).
betankuri SeuerTda (da zogi versiiT xelmZRvanelobda kidec) samxedro
400 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

reformatorTa jgufs 1945 wlis oqtombris saxelmwifo gadatrialebaSi

venesuelis samxedro xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. betankuri am procesebis
Sedegad prezidenti gaxda da sagareo urTierTobebis erT-erT ZiriTad
mimarTulebad aqcia samxedro diqtaturebTan yovelgvar diplomatiur
kavSirebze uaris Tqmis politika. amavdroulad, misi mTavroba mouwodeb-
da regionis sxva saxelmwifoebs igive midgoma gamoeCinaT. Sida politikis
TvalsazrisiT ki siaxle iyo is, rom betankurma daavaldebula didi navTo-
bkompaniebi Semosavlebis naxevari saxelmwifosTvis gadaecaT, riTac mTav-
robas saSualeba miecemoda ganexorcielebina skolebis, saavadmyofoebis,
sanitaruli samsaxurebis, sazogadoebrivi wyalmomaragebis sistemisa da
iafi sacxovreblebis mSeneblobis xangrZlivvadiani programebi. misi ini-
ciativiT 1947 wels daiwera axali konstitucia, manve gamoacxada arCevnebi
da ganacxada, rom ar ibrZolebda prezidentobisTvis. kandidati, romelmac
romulo betankuri Secvala, postze mxolod cxra Tve darCa, sanam samxedro
gadatrialebam misi mTavroba ar daamxo. 1959 wlamde, sanam betankuri prezi-
dentad ar airCies, venesuela demokratiisken ar Sebrunebula.
prezidentobis xuTwliani vadis ganmavlobaSi betankurma im progresuli
politikis gatareba daiwyo, romliskenac yovelTvis miiswrafvoda. konkre-
tulad, aRsaniSnavia misi mcdeloba, moezida ucxouri investiciebi da gan-
eviTarebina urbanuli mSenebloba. betankurma aseve miwis reformirebis
inicireba moaxdina. misi ekonomikuri da politikuri miRwevebi gamorCeuli
iyo, vinaidan misi xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis droisaTvis venesuela
ekonomikur krizisSi iyo Cafluli, samxedroebi mis reJims mxars ar uWerd-
nen da rogorc memarcxene, ise memarjvene samxedro-politikuri jgufebis
mxridan saxelmwifo gadatrialebis mcdelobebi xels uSlida mis mmarTv-
elobas (betankuri mkvlelobis araerT mcdelobas gadaurCa).
sabolood betankurma gaimarjva da igi Seiyvara Tavisma xalxma. ram Sei-
tana wvlili misi, rogorc demokratiuli politikuri lideris warmatebaSi
im qveyanaSi, romelsac avtoritarizmis xangrZlivi tradicia hqonda? ro-
gorc Cans, betankurs hqonda zebunebrivi unari, gamoecno sxvebis motivebi
da xasiaTi; TiTqmis uSecdomod ganesaja, rodis mdgariyo jiutad Tavis
poziciaze da rodis wasuliyo daTmobaze; moesmina rCevebi, magram darCe-
niliyo Tavis azrze; hqonda imis Zala, rom mieRo rTuli gadawyvetilebe-
bi; SeeZlo sakuTari Tavis kontroli da pirovnulad iyo gambedavi. man es
Tvisebebi Seazava maRali donis praqtikul idealizmTan, rac imaSi gamoix-
ateboda, rom naTla icoda, ra surda mas Tavisi qveynisTvis da erTguli
iyo im Rirebulebebisa, romlebic warmarTavdnen mis qmedebebs saxelmwifo
politikaSi.9
romulo betankuri venesuelisTvis iyo sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
lideri, romelmac rTul dartymebs gauZlo. erT-erTi misi biografTagani,
robert aleqsanderi SeniSnavs: `vercerTi misi Tanamedrove venesueleli
lideri ver iqneboda warmatebuli im pirobebSi~10. istorikosi jon fagi wer-
da: `Tu moraluri avtoriteti da maRali zneobrivi principebi mniSvnelova-
nia, maSin romulo betankuri venesuelis istoriaSi titanad gvevlineba.~11
gamorCeuli liderebi arsebobdnen bevrgan da sxvadasxva dros, magram isini
 politikuri lideroba 401
namdvilad iSviaTad arseboben; venesuelas gaumarTla, rom erT-erTi maT-
gani hyavda.

uinston CerCili (1874-1965). sanam 1940 wlis maisSi britaneTis premieri

gaxdeboda, CerCils cvalebadi sajaro kariera hqonda. igi iyo gonebamaxvi-
li, momxiblveli, Wkviani, kamaTis moyvaruli, saqmis mimarT skrupulozuri
da simamaciT gamorCeuli pirovneba. misi sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba asax-
avda politikuri Tavisuflebis mimarT ganuxrel erTgulebas. ufro metic,
yovelTvis, rodesac Tavisuflebas safrTxe eqmneboda, saWiro dros saWiro
adgilze Cndeboda. 1930-iani wlebis wamyvan politikur figurebs Soris is
TiTqmis erTaderTi iyo, romelic mudmivad miuTiTebda nacisturi germani-
is safrTxeze. SeZlo ra am safrTxeebis gamocnoba gamoaSkaravebamde, Cer-
Cilma sakuTari Tavi im epoqis yvelaze alRoian damkvirveblad warmoaCina.
uinston CerCili daibada warCinebul inglisur ojaxSi, romelic saT-
aves jon CerCilidan, malbros pirveli hercogidan iRebda. mamamisi ingli-
sis parlamentisa da ministrTa kabinetis gamorCeuli wevri iyo, dedamisi ki
amerikeli gaxldaT. Tavad is parlamentis wevrad airCies ocdaxuTi wlis
asakSi da TiTqmis maSinve moipova enamWevri da gulwrfeli politikosis
reputacia. 1911 wels igi saadmiralos pirvel lordad dainiSna da es posti
pirveli msoflio omis pirvel wlamde ekava. 1915 wels CerCili aiZules gad-
amdgariyo TurqeTze dardanelis srutis gavliT sazRvao-saxmeleTo Sete-
vis CaSlis gamo, romelsac igi mxars uWerda. CerCilis politikuri prestiJi
warmoudgenlad daeca, Tumca SeZlo ndobis imdenad aRdgena, rom 1917 wels
samxedro uzrunvelyofis ministrad dainiSna.
1920-ian wlebSi CerCili konservatiuli partiis warmomadgeneli iyo
parlamentSi da sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi didi britaneTis xazinis
kancleris sapatio Tanamdebobac ekava. miuxedavad sajaro samsaxurSi dag-
rovili soliduri gamocdilebisa, 1930-iani wlebis politikaSi mainc poli-
tikuri gandegilis saxiT Sevida _ igi gaucxovda Tavisi partiis liderebi-
sgan. miuxedvad imisa, rom Zalaufleba konservatorebs ekuTvnodaT, igi
mTavrobidan garicxes, ris gamoc parlamentSi izolirebul mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda. ormocdaTeqvsmeti wlis asakSi CerCils Tavisi politikuri kari-
eris udroo dasasruli eloda.
magram CerCils garkveuli saxis naTelmxilvelobis unari hqonda, rac
ase iSviaTia politikaSi. mas SeeZlo naTlad daenaxa movlenebi maSin, rode-
sac sxvebi gzaabneulebi iyvnen. xelisuflebis saTaveSi hitleris aRzevebis
droidan, CerCilma daiwyo dasavluri demokratiebis gafrTxileba mosalod-
neli safrTxis _ germaniis swrafi SeiaraRebis Sesaxeb, miuTiTebda aseve
britaneTis Tavdacvisunarianobis SedarebiT sisusteze, gansakuTrebiT sa-
haero Zalebis TvalsazrisiT. politikuri amindis Semqmnelma bevrma poli-
tikosma da komentatorma sasacilod aigdo CerCili da panikiori daarqva.
misi biografis sityvebiT, CerCilis naTqvami rCeboda `xmad mRaRadeblisad
udabnosa Sina~.12
402 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

sasowarkveTilebis epoqaSi
uiston CerCilis mizan-
dasaxulobam da Tavdajere-
bulobam britaneli eri Sem-
degi sityvebiT gaaerTiana:
`ar unda movdundeT da arc
davmarcxdeT. Cven miznamde
unda mivideT... arasdros
davnebdeT~.

1930-iani wlebis bolos, rogorc ki CerCilis gafrTxilebebma eris

gamoRviZeba daiwyo, misTvis mainc ar moiZebna adgili Tavisi partiis kabi-
netSi. mxolod maSin, rodesac didi britaneTi II msoflio omSi Caeba, Cer-
Cils sTxoves mTavrobaSi dabruneba, jer Tavis pirvandel Tanamdebobaze
(saadmiraloSi), Semdeg premieris rangSi. misi STamagonebeli sityvebi da
magaliTi damajerebeli iyo, vinaidan britaneTi am droisTvis marto aR-
moCnda `RerZis aliansis~ [germania, italia, iaponia] pirispir, CerCilis
sityvebiT ~marto, magram kacobriobis yoveli keTilSobili gulis ZgeriT
zurggamagrebulma, Cven gamoviwvieT tirani Tavisi triumfis Jams~.13
CerCils liderobis iSviaTi Tvisebebi hqonda. man kargad icoda adami-
anuri bunebis bneli mxareebi da amgvarad gaTvala is safrTxe, rasac hitleri
civilizacias umzadebda. igi Tamamad icavda Tavis rwmenas da ar ufrTxoda
sazogadoebriv azrs, Tundac sakuTari partiidan gariyvis SiSiT. misi rito-
rika STamagonebeli iyo erisTvis sasikvdilo safrTxisa da umowyalo da-
bombvebis dros. movlenebma daadastura misi mware simarTle moaxloebuli
saSiSroebis, hitleris avismomaswavebeli SeiaraRebisa da TavdacvisTvis
saswrafo mzadebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. marTalia, misi gafrTxilebis
(rom kidev erTi saSineli omi axlovdeboda, Tu britaneTi ar Seecdeboda mis
Tavidan acilebas) mosmena is Tanamemamuleebs ar surdaT, magram CerCils es
ar aSinebda, ufro imaze zrunavda, ra unda gaego mis xalxs. CerCilma aCvena
liderobis Zala, samkvdro-sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis ganWvre-
tis unari kritikul dros.
abraam linkolni (1809-1865). CerCilma Tavisi eri sagareo safrTxeebis
winaaRmdeg gaaerTiana, linkolnma ki eri sakuTari Tavisganve ixsna.
linkolnis dros ZiriTadi sakiTxi monoba iyo. CerCilma SeZlo britane-
Tis sazogadoebrivi azris Secvla II msoflio omamde, magram linkolns ar
hqonda aranairi SesaZlebloba, rom daerwmunebina samxreTelebis umravle-
soba monobis gauqmebis aucileblobaSi. samxreTis ekonomikuri damokideb-
 politikuri lideroba 403
uleba monobaze, aseve CrdiloeTis rasobrivi stereotipebi imis winapirobas
qmnida, rom monobis dauyovneblad gauqmebis momxre verc erTi politikuri
lideri ver imsaxurebda erTiani saxelmwifos umaRlesi xelmZRvanelis
Tanamdebobaze. es iyo is konteqsti, romelSic abraam linkolnma preziden-
tobisTvis brZola daiwyo. 1860 wels igi prezidentad airCies.
linkolnis politika emyareboda ZiriTad zneobriv principebs da Rrma
praqtikul mosazrebebs. zneobrivi principi, romelsac igi gamudmebiT imeo-
rebda 1858 wels senatis arCevnebSi Tavis oponent stiven duglasTan paeqro-
bisas, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom monoba principulad mcdari iyo yvelgan da
gamonaklisis gareSe. monobis usamarTlo da uzneo movlenad gamocxadebiT
linkolni ganzogadebul filosofias ki ar efareboda, aramed pirdapir mi-
aniSnebda damoukideblobis deklaraciaze, romelSic weria: `yvela adamiani
Tanasworia~. amgvarad, linkolnisTvis monoba amerikis politikuri wesri-
gis yvelaze fundamenturi principis darRveva iyo.
linkolni iyenebda uCveulod praqtikul msjelobas im pirobebis Se-
fasebisas, romelSic monoba SesaZloa aRmofxvriliyo amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi. upirveles yovlisa, mas swamda, rom kavSiri Statebs Soris unda
SenarCunebuliyo geografiuli erTobis saxiT, iseve, rogorc unda momx-
dariyo misi erTianobis dacva konstituciuri demokratiis farglebSi.
mxolod CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis erTi, centralizebuli xelisuflebis
pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli monobis dasruleba (Tumca, es gardauvali
ar iyo). Sesabamisad, kavSiris SesaZlo daSla niSnavda monobis gaurkveveli
vadiT gagrZelebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, samxreTSi mainc.
politikuri Tanasworobis linkolniseuli rwmena da misi mosazrebebi
imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi Tanasworoba mxolod kavSiris SenarCunebiT iqnebo-
da SesaZlebeli, xsnis im nabijebs, romlebic samoqalaqo omis win mis mier
iqna gadadgmuli an Tavidan acilebuli. marTalia, mas swamda, rom monoba
zneobrivad gaumarTlebeli iyo, magram ar SemouTavazebia misi dauyovne-
bliv gauqmeba, radgan icoda, rom aseTi SeTavazeba samxreTs gamoyofisken
ubiZgebda da am regionSi monobis SenarCunebas Seuwyobda xels. arc Crdil-
oeli abolicionistebisTvis [gamoyofis momxreebis _ mTargmn. Sen.] dauWe-
ria mxari, romlebic kavSirSidan gamoyofvas eswrebodnen im mosazrebiT,
rom igi monobis sakiTxs. da kidev, linkolni xvdeboda, rom aseTi politika
mxolod gaamyarebda monobas, romlis aRmofxvrac mas ase surda. sabolood,
igi upiripirdeboda duglasis `saxalxo suverenitetis~ formulas, romlis
mixedviT yvela axal Stats damoukideblad SeeZleboda gadaewyvita, mxars
uWerda monobas Tu ara. monobis sakiTxi, linkolnis rwmeniT, zedmetad fun-
damenturi iyo imisTvis, rom misi gadawyveta politikuri bazris kaprizebi-
sTvis miendo.
imis magivrad, rom romelime am politikas gahyoloda, linkolnma arCia
monobis gavrcelebisTvis bolo moeRo da mxolod is axali Statebi mieRo
kavSirSi, sadac monoba ar iyo. linkolnis azriT, es monobis sawinaaRmdego
erTaderTi politika iyo, romelic SeiZleboda mieRo sazogadoebas. misi
strategiis ZiriTadi elementebi moTmineba da udrekoba iyo. misi gegmis miRe-
ba aucileblad bolos mouRebda monobas mTels kavSirSi, rogorc ki monaT-
404 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

mflobeluri Statebis wona da kanonmdeblobiTi Zala droTa ganmavlobaSi

Semcirdeboda kavSirSi axali, monobisagan Tavisufali Statebis miRebiT.
rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom linkolnis politika ver gaimarjvebda, man mi-
iRo samoqalaqo omis albaToba, rogorc garduvaloba. da mainc, konfliqtis
ganmavlobaSi Seqmnili pirobebis kvalobaze misi pozicia monobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT icvleboda. rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rodesac brZolebi
kavSirisTvis arasaxarbielod warimarTa da omis bedi kavSirSi darCenil
monaTmflobelur Statebze iyo damokidebuli, linkolnma Searbila mono-
bis sakiTxze zewola. raki kavSiris gadarCena upirveles amocanad rCeboda,
CrdiloeTs samxedro gamarjvebebi esaWiroeboda da ara gancxadebebi. mas
aseve swamda, rom kavSiri ver gadarCeboda, Tuki igi `naxevrad Tavisufali
da naxevrad monaTmflobeluri~ darCeboda. linkolnis mier samoqalaqo
omis mxardaWeris mizezi paradoqsuli iyo _ kavSiris im saxiT gadarCena,
rogorc damfuZnebel mamebs hqondaT Cafiqrebuli.
rogorc samoqalaqo omamde, ise mis Semdeg, linkolnis politika mimar-
Tuli iyo maqsimaluri sazogadoebrivi sikeTis miRwevaze sayovelTao Tanx-
mobis pirobebSi. rogorc umaRlesma mTavarsardalma, man Tavisi legitimuri
Zalauflebis maqsimumi gamoiyena (da, zogis azriT, gadaaWarba kidec). iseve
rogorc mSvidobianobis dros kavSiris SenarCunebaze mimarTul kompromiss
ar Seuryevia misi ZiriTadi mizani, aseve arc misi zneobrivi saxe ar Seryvnila
omis droindeli diqtatoruli ZalauflebiT. yvela am mizezis gamo linkol-
ni sanimuSo lideria, romlis mkacri qmedebebi da gadawyvetilebebi mxolod
saSualeba iyo omis dros kavSiris gadarCenisTvis.

anvar al-sadaTi (1918-1981). axlo aRmosavleTi didi xania msoflios erT-

erTi yvelaze arastabiluri da ZaladobiT aRsavse teritoriaa. 1993 wlis
bolos israelis premierma icxak rabinma da palestinis gaTavisuflebis
organizaciis liderma iasir arafatma, erTmaneTis dauZinebelma mtrebma,
xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmadac palestinelebs SezRuduli
avtonomia miecaT israelis mier okupirebul md. iordanes dasavleTis sana-
pirosa da Razas seqtorSi. es SeTanxmeba potenciurad mSvidobisken gadadg-
muli udidesi nabiji iyo, magram ara pirveli nabiji. mSvidobis damyarebis
precedentis politikuri Semoqmedi anvar al-sadaTi iyo.
sadaTi egviptis prezidenti 1970 wels gaxda da es posti mkvlelobamde
aRsasrulamde, 1981 wlamde eWira. man egviptis xelmZRvanelis postze jamal
abdel naseri Secvala, romelic arabuli samyaros da II msoflio omis Semd-
gomi antikoloniuri moZraobis aRiarebuli lideri iyo. naseri avtokrati
mmarTveli iyo, romelic rkinis xeliT marTavda egviptes da ewinaaRmdege-
boda israelis saxelmwifos arsebobas. egviptis konstituciis Tanaxmad,
naseris mkvlelobis Semdeg sadaTs, rogorc qveynis vice-prezidents, mTav-
robisTvis droebiT, samoci dRiT unda exelmZRvanela, sanam erovnuli asam-
blea prezidentis Semcvlels ar airCevda. garkveuli ironiis Semcvelia
is faqtori, rom egviptis sakanonmdeblo organom sadaTi naseris kursis
ganuxrel mimdevrad CaTvala da prezidentis postze igi daamtkica.
ra Tqma unda, sadaTisgan sxva molodinis safuZveli arc arsebobda, vi-
 politikuri lideroba 405
naidan Tavisi adrindeli politikuri cxovreba man didi britaneTisgan
egviptis damoukideblobis dacvas miuZRvna. II msoflio omis dros misi an-
tibritanuli qmedebebi germanelebTan kavSirSi gamoixateboda. amis gamo
sadaTma ori weli sapatimro banakSic ki gaatara. mogvianebiT, mas kidev
emuqreboda 3-wliani patimrobis safrTxe (1946-1949) britaneli Cinosanis
mkvlelobis braldebiT. im nacionalisturi strategiis CarCoebSi, ro-
melic egvipteSi arsebul antibritanul ganwyobebs efuZneboda, sadaTi da
naseri Tanamoazreebi iyvnen. swored sadaTma gamoacxada sajarod egvip-
turi monarqiis damxoba da naseris xelmZRvanelobiT axali damoukidebeli
respublikis daarseba 1952 wlis ivlisSi.
am istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoudgeneli iyo, rom prezidenti sadaTi
naseris politikas ar gahyoloda. rogorc movlenebis ganviTarebam cxadyo,
molodini ar gamarTlda. 1971 wels igi arabuli respublikebis federaciis
erT-erTi damaarsebeli iyo, romelSic egvipte, libia da siria erTiandebo-
da. es movlena arabuli samyaros gaerTianebis naseriseuli politikiT iyo
motivirebuli. male aRmoCnda, rom federacia warumatebeli proeqti iyo
magram ara sadaTis damsaxurebisa Tu survilis gamo.
1973 wels sadaTma egvipte israelTan omSi Caaba. marTalia, egvipte omSi
damarcxda, magram sadaTma yuradReba gaamaxvila misi armiis mier gadam-
wyveti brZolis mogebaze _ misi azriT, am gamarjvebam aRadgina egviptis
erovnuli Rirseba.
omis Semdeg sadaTis mebrZoli arabi nacionalistis pozicia mSvidobiani
Tanaarsebobis politikis erTgulebiT Seicvala. es gardaqmna imiT dasrul-
da, rom sadaTma gaugonari precedenti dauSva: igi saxelmwifo vizitiT ewvia
israels, sadac STambeWdavi sityva warmoTqva qneseTSi (israelis parlamen-
ti) 1977 wlis 20 noembers. Tavad sityvaze ufro mniSvnelovani da simbol-
uri iyo misi oficialuri viziti israelSi. amiT egvipte pirveli arabuli
qveyana gaxda, romelmac israeli, rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifo aRiara.
sadaTis mier ase dramatulad warmarTulma molaparakebebma Semdeg wels
gza gakvala kemp-devidis molaparakebebisken. egviptesa da israels Soris
miRweulma SeTanxmebam kemp-devidSi (merilendis Stati), ramac ganapiroba
israelis gasvla okupirebuli sinas naxevarkunZulidan, gaaoca ucxoeli
damkvirveblebi da arabuli samyaro. sadaTs mouxda sxva arabi liderebis
mwvave Setevebis mogerieba, romlebic mas palestinis saqmis RalatSi adana-
Saulebdnen. arabebisTvis, iseve rogorc bevri sxva gare damkvirveblisT-
vis, sadaTis Tamami nabijebi xangrZlivi israul-arabuli mSvidobisaken
moulodneli iyo imdenad, ramdenadac uprecedento.
ratom gadadga sadaTma es uCveulo nabiji? zogi eqsperti varaudobs,
rom sadaTi acnobierebda im garemobebs, rom misi gaRaribebuli, mWidrod
dasaxlebuli qveyana ver gauZlebda israelTan mudmiv oms. sxvebi fiqroben,
rom israelma dazvervis informacia miawoda egviptes mis mimarT ufro da
ufro mtrulad ganwyobili mezoblis _ libiis qmedebebis Sesaxeb. dabolos,
gavrcelebuli azriT, sadaTi pragmatikosi politikosi iyo, romelic xvde-
boda, rom israelTan samSvidobo SeTanxmebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda
jer kidev 1967 wels dakarguli sinas naxevarkunZulis dabruneba.
406 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

miuxedavad imisa, rom aSkaraa _ yvela am faqtors albaT SeeZlo Camo-

eyalibebina sadaTis gaTvlebi, mainc araa cxadi samSvidobo politikis im
RonisZiebebis intensiuroba da masStabebi, rac sadaTma ganaxorciela da
risTvisac sakuTar Tavze uamravi piradi da politikuri pasuxismgebloba
aiRo. man kargad icoda, rom Tavisi qmedebebiT arabuli samyarosa da saku-
Tari moqalaqeebis umetesobisgan gaucxoeba mouwevda. rogorc Cans, swored
iseve, rogorc axalgazrda sadaTi Tavisufali da damoukdiebeli egviptis
ideals mihyveboda (romlis xorcSesxmaSi uzarmazari wvlili swored mas mi-
uZRoda), asakovan sadaTs aSkarad ufro keTilSobiluri zraxvebi amoZraveb-
da. rogorc Tavad ganacxada kemp- devidis SeTanxmebebis xelmowerisas:

dae, aRar iyos omebi da sisxlisRvra arabebsa da ebraelebs So-

ris; dae, aRar iyos Cagvra da uflebebis Selaxva; dae, aRar iyos sa-
sowarkveTa da rwmenis dakargva; dae, arc erT dedas ar mouwios Svi-
lis dakargvis gamo glova; dae, arc erT axalgazrda kacs ar mouwios
Tavisi sicocxlis uazrod dakargva konfliqtSi, romelSic ar arian
gamarjvebulebi. modiT, erTad vimuSavoT, sanam ar mova dRe, rodesac
xmlebs saxnavebad da isrebs namglebad gadaakeTeben.14

regionSi siZulvilis, religiuri fanatizmisa da mudmivi omianobis

Sewyveta, rac aqamde, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cxovrebis wesi iyo, ra Tqma
unda, saxelmwifoebrivi Senebis diad aqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. SesaZloa,
axlo aRmosavleTSi mSvidobis damkvidrebis mcdeloba ukvdavebaze sada-
Tis pirovnuli ganacxadi iyo. aravin icis, icoda Tu ara man aleqsander
hamiltonis Sexedulebebi liderobis Sesaxeb, magram Tavisi qmedebebiT sa-
daTma gaamarTla hamiltonis dakvirveba, rom didebis siyvaruli istoriis
yvelaze gamorCeuli liderebis `mmarTveli grZnobaa~.
linkolnis msgavsad sadaTic erT-erTma misma Tanamemamulem mokla. uc-
nauria, magram xSirad aseTia istoriis udides mSvidobismyofelTa bedi (XX
saukunis araZaladobrivi brZolis moqadage mahaTma gandic mokles). marTa-
lia, xangrZlivi mSvidoba axlo aRmosavleTSi ver damyarda, magram egviptesa
da israels Soris mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba or aTwleulze metxans grZel-
deba, rac anvar al-sadaTis pirad sibrZnesa da gambedaobaze dafuZnebulma
samSvidobo SeTanxmebam moitana.

liderobis daknineba?

SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb TavSi

gamorCeul liderebze esoden didi yuradRebis gamaxvileba. yvelafers rom
Tavi davaneboT, amerikul politikaSi kargad cnobili gamonaTqvami amt-
kicebs, rom saxelmwifo moRvawe sxva aravinaa, Tu ara didi xnis win gardacv-
lili politikosi. im winaswarmetyvelisa ar iyos, romelic Tavis qveyanaSi
dafasebuli ar iyo, WeSmarit liderebs xSirad ar afaseben Tanamedorveni.
aseT mmarTvelebs, rogorc wesi, sakmarisi drois gasvlis Semdeg aRiareben,
 politikuri lideroba 407
rodesac maTi SorsmWvreteluri politikis praqtikuli Sedegebi yvelasaT-
vis TvalsaCino xdeba.
da mainc, epoqaSi, rodesac politikuri liderebi skandalebiT arian
moculni da maTi winadadebebi da politika asaxavs mxolod fokusjgufebisa
da sagangebod dakveTili gamokiTxvebis Sedegebs, gamokveTili politikuri
lideroba TiTqos Soreul idealad rCeba. aq arsebobs uSualod Tanamedro-
veobiT ganpirobebuli sxva mizezi, ris gamoc am tipis lideroba ase dau-
fasebelia amerikis politikur cxovrebaSi: misi arseboba, da SesaZleblo-
bac ki, eWvs iwvevs. radgan amerikis moqalaqe didi eWviT uyurebs nebismieri
arCeuli sajaro moxelis sajaro gancxadebebs (xSir SemTxvevaSi cdilobs
amoicnos Rrmad damaluli piradi interesebi da politikuri motivebi,
rac marTlac zedapiris miRma imaleba), amitom fiqrobs, rom gansakuTreb-
uli liderebi mxolod Zveli drois Zalian Wkviani da warmatebuli poli-
tikosebi arian. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuki 1934 wels gamocemuli socialur
mecnierebaTa enciklopedia moicavda britaneli mkvlevaris mokle, magram
mwvave eses politikuri liderobis Sesaxeb, ufro Tanamedrove gamocema
gulgrilad moixseniebs saxelmwifo moRvaweobis nebismier aspeqts poli-
tikuri azrovnebis kategoriaSi.
amasTan, politikuri gonierebis ideis gadafaseba aseve asaxavs im
damokidebulebas, ra mcire mniSvneloba aqvs gamorCeulobas egalitarul
epoqaSi.15 raki Tanamderove demokratiebi aTvalwunebiT uyureben yvela so-
cialur da ekonomikur gansxvavebas, naklebad moduri xdeba imis aRiareba,
rom vinme SeiZleba gamoirCeodes. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mkveTria iq,
sadac politika profesiad moiazreba.
azrovnebis am CarCoebidan gamomdinareobs Tanamedroveobis swrafva
gaacamtveros sanimuSo da brZnuli liderobis idea. am midgomis momxreTaT-
vis istoriis mamoZravebeli Zalebi gaurkveveli istoriuli determinante-
bi da viwro kerZo interesebia da ara Tavisufali neba. maTTvis gulubryvi-
lobaa imis dajereba, rom zogi lideri marTla zrunavs sazogado sikeTeze.
aseTi cinikuri midgoma msoflio istoriis gamorCeuli liderebis radi-
kalurad SezRudul xedvas iZleva. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom `Zveli is-
toriebi mefeebisa da mxedarTmTavrebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac Cveni winaprebi
SecdomiT da sulelurad gmirebad aRiqvamdnen... Wkviani manipulatorebis
didebis panTeoniT unda Seicvalos~.16
politikuri miRwevebis mimarT aseTi mzardi antipaTiis yvelaze se-
riozuli Sedegi isaa, rom igi politikur cxovrebas naklebad mimzidvels
xdis unariani da patiosani pirovnebebisTvis, romlebsac SesaZloa, erCiaT
sazogado da ara kerZo interesebis samsaxurSi gamoeCinaT Tavi. demokra-
tiul sazogadoebas sakuTari TavisTvis zianis miyenebac SeuZlia imiT, rom
sajaro moxeleebs jerovan pativs ar miagebs. is yovlismomcveli rwmena,
rom yvelgan mxolod korumpirebuli da saSualo unaris mqone politikose-
bi arian, SeiZleba TviTrealizebadi avi winaswarmetyveleba aRmoCndes da
swored aseTma pirovnebebma daikavon sajaro Tanamdebobebi.
408 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

demagogebi

gulwrfeli da maRali zneobrivi principebis mqone, magram SecdomaSi

Seyvanili nevil Cemberlenisgan [britaneli politikosi, premier-minis-
tri 1937-1940] gansxvavebiT, adolf hitleri oportunisti lideri iyo da
politikosebis yvelaze saSiS tips, demagogebs ganekuTvneboda. Tavdapir-
veli gagebiT, Zvel saberZneTSi demagogi iyo lideri, romelic Cveulebrivi
xalxis saqmisTvis iRvwoda. dReisTvis demagogs uwodeben iseTi liders,
romelic politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebisTvis xalxis rwmenis eqsplua-
tacias eweva, ayalbebs simarTles da cru dapirebebs iZleva. zogadad, dema-
gogi iTavsebs SeuzRudav pirad ambicias, mouzomav meTodebsa da farTo sax-
alxo mimzidvelobas.
Tuki WeSmariti liderebi ideals warmoadgenen, demagogebi ryvnian ro-
gorc WeSmaritebis, ise liderobis arss. gamorCeuli liderebi cdiloben
samarTlianobisa da sazogado sikeTis damkvidrebas, demagogebi ki aseTi
RirebulebebisTvis mxolod imdenad iRvwian, ramdenadac es maT saSualebas
miscems moipovon sakuTari piradi ambiciebis dasakmayofileblad saWiro
uzomo Zalaufleba, rac swored sazogadoebrivi interesebis xarjze xdeba.
demagogebi uwinaresad demokratiul sazogadoebaSi Cndebian, sadac
xalxis mxardaWeris mopoveba aucilebelia umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis dasa-
kaveblad. didi demokrati liderebisgan gansxvavebiT, demagogebs sazoga-
doeba iSviaTad Tu imaxsovrebs maTi xelisuflebidan wasvlis Semdeg. zog
SemTxvevaSi isini waruSlel kvals toveben, rac maTi sidiadis ki ara, piriq-
iT, maTive samarcxvino saqmianobis Sedegia.
amerikis politikur istoriaSi mravladaa demagogebis aRzevebisa da da-
cemis magaliTebi. zogi maTganis saqmianobas mxolod viwro lokaluri gav-
lena hqonda, zogisa ki mTel ers Seexo. yoveli maTgani sazogadoebis mex-
sierebaSi zizRis grZnobiTaa Semonaxuli.

Teodor bilbo (1877-1947). bilbo misisipis politikaSi wamyvani figura iyo

1920-1940-ian wlebSi, rogorc Statis gubernatori da Semdeg senatori. is
erTnairad sastiki iyo rogorc Savkanianebis, ise Tavisi politikuri opo-
nentebis mimarT. misi ritorika mravalferovani da Seuracmyofeli iyo.
erT-erTi politikuri kampaniis dros man Tavis oponents `afTarisa da
mawanwala ZaRlis najvari... saflavSi SuaRamiT naSobi, Roris gamozrdili
da sulelis mier aRzrdili~17 uwoda. marTalia, bilbos TeTrkanianTa upi-
ratesobisa da enis politikam bevri misisipelis guli moigo, Tumca yvelaSi
erTnairi aRfrTovaneba ar gamouwvevia. misi politikuri mokavSireebic ki
bilbos sakuTari interesebis gamtarebel manipulatorad aRiqvamdnen.
erT-erTi gadmocemis mixedviT `Statis senatma 1911 wels, bilbo
sakanonmdeblo organoSi wesier da patiosan adamianebTan erTad jdomisT-
vis Seuferebel pirovnebad gamoacxada, misma erT-erTma Tayvanismcemelma
ufro mwvavedac daaxasiaTa: `patara moxerxebuli nabiWvari~18. erT-erTi
gzeTis redaqtoris TvalSi bilbo iyo adamiani, romelic `ar iRwvoda araf-
risTvis, rac amaRlebuli an konstruqciulia... arafrisTvis, rac vnebis,
 politikuri lideroba 409
crurwmenisa da siZulvilisgan gvicavs... arafrisTvis, rac Rirebulia”.19

hiu longi (1893-1935). Teodor bilbo iolad gaeqca amerikel istorikosTa

umetesobis yuradRebas, hiui longi ki, misisipis mezobel Stat luizianaSi
moRvawe politikosi, vera. hiui longi, romelic Tavisi keijuneli [keijune-
bi _ frankofonuri eTnosi, romelic luizianas StatSi cxovrobs. mTargmn.
Sen.] amomrCevlebisTvis, cnobili iyo rogorc kingfiSi [mefe-Tevzi _ es
zedmetsaxeli longma TviTon dairqva. mTargmn. Sen.], gacilebiT ufro am-
biciuri gaxldaT, vidre bilbo. igi mdabio warmomavlobis iyo, daasrula
samwliani samarTlis kursi Tuleinis universitetSi, Caabara specialuri
gamocda luizianas umaRles sasamarTloSi da ocdaerTi wlis asakSi licen-
zirebuli advokati gaxda. misive sityvebiT, is `sasamarTlo darbazidan im-
isTvis gamovida, rom TanamdebobisTvis ebrZola~.20 sami wlis Semdeg longi
Statis rkinigzis rwmunebulad airCies, 1928 wels ki luizianas guberna-
toric gaxda.
hiui longi gubernatorobis oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi (1928-1932), aseve
senatorobis drosac luizianas rkinis xeliT marTavda, sanam ar mokles1935
wels. rogorc gubernatori, longi Statis politikuri cxovrebis yvela
aspeqts marTavda. mcvelebiTa da politikuri manqaniT garemoculi, Statis
policias da milicias (saxalxo laSqris) is amomrCevlebis dasaSineblad iy-
enebda, sakadro politikaSi xelmZRvanelobda patronaJisa da favoritiz-
mis principebiT, Seqmna Statis sagamomcemlo organo, raTa xeli SeeSala
damoukidebeli da mis mimarT opoziciuri presisTvis, adamianis gatacebis
brZaneba gasca arCevnebis wina dRes, raTa Tavidan aecilebina garTule-
bebi, da saerTod, igi ufro despoti mmarTveliviT iqceoda, vidre Statis
demokratiulad arCeuli gubernatoris sakadrisad. misi avtoritaruli
mmarTvelobis periodSi

`adamianebi SeiZleba yofiliyvnen da iyvnen kidec dapatimre-

buli amoucnobi pirebis, misi saidumlo policiis wevrebis mier. maT
ar hqondaT gare samyarosTan urTierTobis saSualeba, awamebdnen da
SeTiTxnil braldebebiT scnobdnen damnaSaveebad. Statis umaRlesi
sasamarTlos wevrTa umetesoba urcxvad misi momxre gaxda... mkvlel-
ma, romelmac winaswarganzraxuli mkvleloba Caidina _ Tavi gauxeTqa
longis oponents _ sasamarTloSi jibidan Sewyalebis winaswar xel-
mowerili sabuTi amoiRo~.21

am SemTxvevebisa da fufunebis mimarT swrafvis miuxedavad, longi yov-

elTvis cdilobda ezruna sakuTari Tavis `ubralo biWad~ warmoCenaze. misi
azriT, WeSmariti borotmoqmedebi mdidari korporaciebi iyvnen, magali-
Tad, standard oili, romlebic ubralo adamianebs aRaribebdnen da mxolod
kompaniis ramdenime moxeles amdidrebdnen.
didi biznesis mier xalxis savaraudo ZarcvisTvis `xelSesaSlelad~ da
1936 wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis farTo saxalxo mxardaWeris mobi-
lizebisaTvis longma SeimuSava utopiuri, magram popularuli programa
410 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

hiu longi (1893-1935) luizianas

gaxmaurebuli gubernatori, xolo
mogvianebiT SeerTebuli Statebis
senatori, Statis mZlavri poli-
tikuri manqanis demagogiuri kon-
trolis magaliTia. populistis
niRbiT longma Zalauflebis mop-
oveba amomrCevelTaTvis imedis Se-
TavazebiT SeZlo.

`gaanawile simdidre~. es programa didi depresiiT dazaralebuli adamian-

ebis grZnobebsa da gaWirvebaze iyo gaTvlili da morgebuli. longis pro-
grama gulisxmobda simdidris zRvaris gansazRvras, sazRvravda minimalur
da maqsimalur Semosavals, gulisxmobda grantebis saSualebiT daxmarebis
gawevas yvela fermeris ojaxisTvis, ufaso umaRles ganaTlebas, danamatebs
veteranebisTvis da pensiebs asakovani adamianebisTvis, aseve hpirdeboda
amomrCevels radioebis, avtomobilebisa da sakvebis subsidirebas saxelm-
wifo Sesyidvebis xarjze. ramdenadac ararealisturi da arapraqtikuli
unda iyos es programebi, sagulisxmoa, rom adamianebs, romlebsac hiui lon-
gi mimarTavda, am TvalsazrisiT eWvi da kiTxva ar gasCeniaT. maT sWirdebo-
daT vinme, visi rwmenac eqnebodaT.
sxva demagogebis msgavsad, longma Zalaufleba uimedoTaTvis imedis mi-
cemiT moipova. demagogebi ZiriTadad amtkiceben, rom daamarcxeben borot
Zalebs, romelTa bralic aris xalxis gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi yofna. ra
Tqma unda, es Zalebi, bilbos SemTxevaSi Savkanianebi da longis SemTxevvaSi
korporaciebi, sinamdvileSi ar floben iseT Zalas, rom xalxis bedi gansaz-
Rvron. rogorc ki warmoidgenen, rom ubralo xalxis mtrebs ebrZvian, isini
Tavad ixiblebian amiT. demagogebs xSirad hqoniaT imis SesaZlebloba, rom
moulodneli farTo mxardaWera da popularoba mieRoT sakuTari ukanono
miznebis gansaxorcieleblad.

jozef makkarti (1908-1957). 1950-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi arafriT

gamorCeulma politikosma viskonsinidan, jozef makkartim, gamoaaSkarava
demoni, amerikeli xalxis udidesi mteri da Semdeg gamudmebiT cdilobda am
boroti Zalis kvalis povnas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
respublikelma senatorma makkartim sayovelTao yuradReba imiT mi-
 politikuri lideroba 411
ipyro, rom saxelmwifo departamentSi mokalaTebuli komunistebis So-
kis momgvreli `mxileba~ moaxdina. daaxloebiT oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi is
Ralatis braldebiT adanaSaulebda sajaro moxeleebis farTo speqtrs,
kolejis profesorebsa da holivudis varskvlavebs. iyenebda ra Tavis md-
gomareobas, sagamoZiebo komitetis xelmZRvanelobas senatSi, makkarti aS-
antaJebda, aSinebda da Rirsebas ulaxavda uamrav adamians mTavrobaSi da mis
gareT. raki misi braldebebi SiSis atmosferos qmnida, saxelmwifoSi misi
Zalauflebac izrdeboda da vinc mas winaaRmdegobas uwevda, amas sakuTari
mdgomareobis riskis fasad akeTebda.
1954 wels makkartim jorj marSali (yofili saxelmwifo da Tavdacvis mdi-
vani) ucxoeTis jaSuSuri qselis moqmedebis Sesaxeb informaciis damalvaSi
daadanaSaula. es braldebebi general jorj marSalis, prezident duait ei-
zenhaueris Semdeg SesaZloa amerikaSi yvelaze pativsacemi sajaro piris wi-
naaRmdeg wayenebul sxva insinuaciebTan erTad, gardatexis wertilad iqca.
makkartim Zalian Sors Setopa. ironiulia, rom misi upasuxismgeblo bralde-
bebi da mouxeSavi meTodebi senatis gamoZiebis sagani gaxda. am sakiTxze senat-
Si gamarTuli mosmenebi gadaicemoda radioTi da Suqdeboda televiziiT, es
Tema yvela mniSvnelovani gazeTis pirvel gverdebze ibeWdeboda. sabolood,
makkarti iseve swrafad mieca daviwyebas, rogor swrafadac SemoiWra qveynis
yuradRebis centrSi.

politikosebi

demokratiul saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi xSirad damamcireblad moix-

senieben politikosebs ise, rom ar iTvaliswineben rogorebi arian isini
sinamdvileSi. politikosebi arian adamianebi, romelTa upirvelesi (magram
ara erTaderTi) mizani arCeviTi Tanamdebobis mopoveba da SenarCunebaa; isi-
ni TavianT amomrCevlebs warmoadgenen, akeTeben imas, rasac saWirod an swo-
rad Tvlian (an akeTeben imas, rac iolad gauvaT) da swored amisTvis sWird-
ebaT politikuri Zalaufleba. politikosebs mniSvneloba aqvT imdenad,
ramdenadac maTi arseboba mxolod demokratiul qveynebSia SesaZlebeli.
politikosebs iseve, rogorc nebismieri Tanamdebobis mqone pirTa umete-
sobas, arc diadi xedvebi aqvT, arc gansakuTrebuli unarebi. dRidan dRemde
isini TavianTi SesaZlebloebis maqsimums akeTeben im SezRudvebis piorbeb-
Si, romlebSic maT moqmedeba uwevT. yovelTvis, rodesac maT kargi saqmis
gakeTeba surT, sirTules qmnis moraluri da eTikuri sakiTxebis calsaxad
dacva. ufro met sirTules ki is qmnis, rom Tavze politikuri riskis aReba
uwevT. zogadad isini korumpirebulni ar arian, magram xSirad korufci-
isadmi midrekilebas amJRavneben. isini adamianebis umetes nawilze arc uke-
Tesebi arian da arc uaresebi _ isini Cveulebrivebi arian.
problema maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac moqalaqeebs gansakuTrebuli
lideris moTxovnileba uCndebaT. demokratiebSi politikosebs urTerT-
sawinaaRmdego molodinebs Soris lavireba uwevT. maTgan moelian imas, rom
iseTive Cveulebrivebi iyvnen, rogorc rigiTi moqalaqeebi; amavdroulad,
412 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

maTgan TavianTi movaleobebisa da qveynisadmi uCveulo Tavdadebis gamom-

JRavnebas moiTxoven.
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi savaraudo lideri maradiuli kiTxvis wi-
naSe dgas: imoqmedos, rogorc Tavisi amomrCevlebis delegatma da aRas-
rulos maTi survilebi, Tu imoqmedos, rogorc ndobiT aRWurvilma pirma
da damoukideblad imsjelos xalxis saxeliT. Tavad politikuri sistema
moiTxovs arCeuli warmomadgenlebisgan, iyvnen gulisxmierni, Tuki maT
surT kvlavac airCion. magram WeSmariti liderebi ar mihyvebian masas, isini
mas win miuZRvian da swored amaSia politikosobis dilema.

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc delegatebi

iseT did qveyanaSi, rogoric SeerTebuli Statebia, rom araferi vTqvaT

indoeTze, SeuZlebelia calke aRebulma individma Tavad uzrunvelyos sa-
kuTari interesebis warmodgena da dacva. saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo or-
gano am sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani funqciis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi
meqanizmia, radgan isaa xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris yvelaze warmomadgen-
lobiTi instituti. warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis mixedviT
sakanonmdeblo organo~warmomadgenlobiTia maSin, rodesac mTliani poli-
tikuri organizmis yvela elements Sesabamisi proporciiT moicavs. es Cveni
anareklia, Cveni mikrokosmosi~.22
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis am modelSi arCeuli warmomadgenlebi
valdebulni arian imoqmedon rogorc darigebulma delegatebma. am Teoriis
mixedviT warmomadgeneli sazogadoebrivi azris matarebelia, aqedan gamom-
dinare, amomrCevlebi qiraoben mas, rogorc garkveuli saxis rwmunebuls
sakanonmdeblo organoSi. am TvalsazrisiT sazogadoebasTan kavSirisT-
vis, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebisa da fokusjgufebis saSualebiT,
SesaZlebeli xdeba mocemuli momentisTvis sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebis SerCeva. arCeuli warmomadgenlisaTvis, romelmac Tavi gamoiC-
ina rogorc yvelaze gulisxmierma da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone
delegatma, jildos saxiT xelaxla arCevis SesaZlebloba arsebobs (Tumca,
SeerTebul StatebSi ukve arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebs ganuzomeli upi-
ratesoba aqvT).
delegaciuri Teoriis safuZveli xalxis saRi azri da wesierebis rwmen-
aa. am Teoriis erT-erTi gamoCenili mqadagebeli, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
`arsebobs SedarebiTi Tanasworoba warmomadgenlebisa da amomrCevlebis
SesaZleblobebsa da Wkuas Soris~, amtkicebda, rom `TavkerZuli da gaumar-
Tlebeli iqneboda warmomadgenlebis mier xalxis azris da survilebis
gauTvaliswinebloba~ da rom politikuri sakiTxebi xSirad `ufro iracio-
nalur da pirad mosazrebebze da ara saxalxo ganxilvasa da Tanxmobaze da-
fuZnebul xedvebs moicavs... aucilebelia warmomadgenlebma rCeva hkiTxon
xalxs da gaiTvaliswinon maTi arCevani~.23
es midgoma, misi mqadageblebis azriT, aseve xels uSlis korufcias. kanonmde-
blebi, romlebic amomrCevlebis azris gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedeben, SezRudul-
 politikuri lideroba 413
ni arian da maT saqmianobaSi ukanono garigebebisTvis mcire sivrce rCeba.

kanonmdeblebi, rogorc meurveebi

warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis kritikosebi amboben, rom am

midgomis Tanaxmad, arCeuli pirebi pasiurebi arian, vinaidan isini moqmede-
ben rogorc xalxis azris mimdevrebi da ara rogorc liderebi. am Teoriis
gamorCeuli kritikosi iyo edmund berki (1729-1797), XVIII saukunis cnobili
ingliseli moazrovne da kanonmdebeli.
berki amtkicebda, rom kanonmdeblebma fiqrisa da moqmedebis garkveuli
xarisxis Tavisufleba unda daitovon. ufro konkretulad, berki am mosazre-
bas imiT amtkicebda, rom arCeul warmomadgenels sWirdeba yofiT sakiTxe-
bze mowuwune da TavSeukavebeli (SesaZloa iracionaluri) eleqtoratis
garkveuli problemebisagan izolireba. is amtkicebda, rom politikosma,
rogorc kanonmdebelma, unda moisminos misi amomrCevlis mosazrebebi, ma-
gram yvela problemas Tanabari mniSvneloba ar unda mianiWos: kompetentur
kanonmdebels unda hqondes unari, rom erTmaneTisgan ganasaxvavos adami-
anuri bunebis naklovanebidan gamomdinare saCivari Tu sawuxari (romlis
dakmayofileba ver moxerxdeba) im problemebisgan, romlebic `mocemuli
momentis konkretuli satkivaris simptomebs moicavs~.24 am TvalsazrisiT,
xalxis ganwyoba Rirebuli barometria imisTvis, rom konkretuli sakiTxis
aqtualuroba gansazRvro.
politikur warmomadgenlobasa da sazogadoebriv azrs Soris am urT-
ierTqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT sainteresoa, ra adgils uCens berki kanon-
mdebels. pirdapir rom vTqvaT, mas swamda, rom mmarTveloba bunebrivi
aristokratiis xvedria, romelic gamorCeuli da saukeTeso pirebisgan
Sedgeba da arCeuli mmarTvelebi unda moqmedebdnen ise, rogorc TavianTi
amomrCevlebis meurveebi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kanonmdeblebi unda
moqmedebdnen sazogadoebrivi sikeTis sakuTari gagebis safuZvelze da ara
rogorc amomrCevlebis marionetebi. rogorc Tavad berkma aRniSna amom-
rCevlebisadmi Tavis cnobil mimarTvaSi: `Tqveni warmomadgeneli Tqven wi-
naSe valdebulia aramarto Tavisi saqmianobiT, aramed Tavisi azrovnebiT;
da is gRalatobT, Tuki Tqven samsaxurs Tqven mosazrebebze dabla daayenebs
da maT Seswiravs msxverplad~.25
berkiseuli warmomadgenlobis meurveobiTi Teoria mmarTvelobis
miseul farTo filosofiaSia mocemuli. misi azriT, kargi mmarTveloba
unda moicavdes ara marto keTil nebas, aramed `siqvelesa da gonebasac~.
warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba qmediTi iyos, is unda emyarebodes swor
qcevas da frTxil gansjas imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinos da ganaxorcielos WeS-
mariti sazogadoebrivi sikeTe. berkma parlamenti ganmarta, rogorc `erTi
interesis mqone erTi qveynis saTaTbiro asamblea, sadac lokaluri miznebi
da lokaluri xedvebi ki ar unda uZRodes msjelobas, aramed sajaro sikeTe,
romelic erTi da ganuyofeli saerTo gonidan gamomdinareobs~.26
berks swamda, rom kanonmdeblebsa da Cveulebriv amomrCevlebs Soris
414 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

didi gansxvavebaa. misi azriT, Zlier respublikaSi warmomadgenlebi ufro

gonierebi da ukeT informirebulni unda iyvnen, vidre amomrCevlebi da, Ses-
abamisad, unda hqondeT imis unari, rom frTxili ganxilvis Semdeg qveynis wi-
naSe mdgari politikuri problemebi gadawyviton. sabolood igi amtkicebda,
rom qveynis, rogorc mTlianis keTildReoba (erovnuli Tu sazogadoebrivi
interesi) misi Semadgeneli nawilebis (lokaluri an raime konkretuli jgu-
fis) keTildReobasa da interesebze ufro maRla unda idges. amis gaTval-
iswinebiT berki xazs usvamda kanonmdeblis, rogorc lideris mniSvnelobas
da mas ufro maRla ayenebda, vidre kanonmdebels, rogorc amomrCevlis az-
ris gamomxatvelsa da sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis mimdevars.

`politiko~

zogierTi amerikeli politologi termin politikos iyenebs im poli-

tikosebis dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic warmatebiT axerxeben kanonmdeblis,
rogorc delegatisa da meurvis funqciebis SeTavsebas. Sesabamisad, `poli-
tikoebi~ arian is politikosebi, romlebic amomrCevlebis zedapiruli in-
teresebiT mowonebuli `sayvelpuro~ kanonebis damtkicebisTvis ibrZvian
da ar dgamen damoukidebel nabijebs im sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad, romle-
bic pirdapir ar exeba maTi amomrCevlebis moTxovnebs. magaliTad, kanza-
sis meoTxe sakanonmdeblo regioni cnobilia rogorc amerikis saaviacio
centri (boingis korporaciis samxedro biznesis Tavmoyris adgili), ami-
tom gasakviri araa, rom aqauri warmomadgeneli kongresSi amomrCevelTa
interesebs erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze konservatiulad ganwyo-
bilTa xmebis mopovebiT asaxavs.27 `politikoebi~ zogadad TavianTi olqis
an Statis specifikuri ekonomikuri interesebisTvis ibrZvian, poziciebi,
romlebsac isini ikaveben, xSirad konkretul sakiTxebzea orientirebuli.
ase rom, gasakviri araa vixiloT, Tu rogor ewinaaRmdegebian iaraRze kon-
trolis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobas sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis mimdevari
Statebis liberali senatorebi, riTac xazs usvamen TavianTi amomrCevlebis
poziciebis erTgulebas.
arkanzaselma senatorma uiliam fulbraitma (1905-1995) meore msoflio
omis dasrulebisTanave sityva warmoTqva Cikagos universitetSi, romelSic
man demokratiuli liderobisadmi `politikos~ midgoma gamoxata:

saSualo statistikuri kanonmdebeli Tavisi karieris dasawyis-

Sive aRmoaCens, rom arsebobs amomrCevelTa garkveuli interesebi an
stereotipebi, romlebTanac araseriozuli damokidebuleba sakmaod
saSiSia. am stereotipebis nawili SeiZleba ar iyos eris keTildReo-
bisTvis fundamenturi mniSvnelobisa, am SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebeli
SeiZleba ar eTanxmebodes, magram waaxalisos es stereotipebi. ufro
saSiSia SemTxveva, rodesac stereotipi qveynis keTildReobis funda-
mentur politikas exeba. am SemTxvevaSi kargi kanonmdeblis kvalifi-
kacia imaSi gamoixateba, Tu ramdenad Seswevs unari ganasxvavos fun-
 politikuri lideroba 415
damenturi saWiroeba zedapirulisgan da moaxerxos am ukanasknelis
gamijvna. imis sailustraciod, rasac vgulisxmob, modiT, moviyvanoT
izolacionizmis da suladobrivi gadasaxadis [gadasaxadi, romelic
Tanabrad ekisreba gadasaxadis yvela gadamxdels Semosavlebisa da
mdgomareobis miuxedavad] magaliTi. miuxedavad imisa, raoden dama-
jereblebic unda iyvnen Cemi kolegebi da erovnuli media suladobri-
vi gadasaxadis borotebis Sesaxeb saubrisas, me ver vxedav mis funda-
mentur mniSvnelobas da vemxrobi Cemi Statis xalxis azrs. SesaZloa,
mravalTaTvis samwuxaro pirobebi simboluri mogveCvenos, magram
veWvob rom am kanonis gauqmebam romelime Cveni ZiriTadi problema
gadawyvitos. meore mxriv, miuxedavad imisa, raoden Seupovradac unda
ewinaaRmdegebodnen Cemi amomrCevlebi gaerTianebuli erebis Zlieri
organizaciis Seqmnas da masSi monawileobas, me ver davuWer maT mxars
manam, sanam ar davrwmundebi mis ganuxorcieleblobaSi.28

fulbraitis kariera senatSi (1945-1975) SesaZloa `politikos~ moq-

medebis magaliTad gamodges. xSirad igi iseTi kanonebis winaaRmdeg aZlevda
xmas, gansakuTrebiT samoqalaqo uflebebis sferoSi, romelTa mimarT, Sesa-
Zloa piradi simpaTiac ki hqonda. is xvdeboda, rom Zalauflebis Sesanar-
Cuneblad winaaRmdegoba ar unda gaewia Tavisi arkanzaseli amomrCevlebis
umravlesobis rasistuli stereotipebisTvis maSin, rodesac Tavad mas sru-
liad sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebebi hqonda. fulbraiti xSirad Tavs imar-
Tlebda imiT, rom samoqalaqo uflebis zogi sakiTxi fundamenturi mniSvn-
elobis ar iyo.
rasobriv sakiTxze sakuTari Statis umravlesobis azris mimarT pativis-
cemam fulbraits farTo asparezi misca sagareo politikaSi, romlis mimarT
arkanzasel amomrCevlebs naklebi interesi hqondaT. is senatis sagareo
urTierTobaTa komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxda da miuxedavad imisa, rom uki-
duresad konservatiul Stats warmoadgenda, aRiareba moipova, rogorc
sagareo politikaSi liberalizmis principebis gamJRerebelma.

damSoSmineblebi

politikosebi, romlebsac ZaluZT `saqmis keTeba~ pativiscemas da aRi-

arebas imaxureben . igulisxmeba, rom isini cud saqmes ar akeTebn. damSoS-
mineblebi Cveulebrivi politikosebis saintereso qvejgufia: is, rac maTi
warmodgeniT SeiZleba iyos sazogado sikeTe da is, rac realurad aris kargi
qveynisTvis, xSirad ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego ram aRmoCndeba. ase rom,
Tavad Tu gaimarjvebs, SeiZleba qveyanam waagos.
SesaZloa damTmobis saukeTeso (an yvelaze cudi) magaliTi iyos nevil
Cemberleni, romelic didi britaneTis premier-ministri iyo 1937-1940
wlebSi. retrospeqtivas Tu gadavxedavT, meore msoflio omamde germania
daCqarebul gadaiaraRebas awarmoebda, magram Cemberlens patiosnad swamda,
rom omi da SeiaraReba fuWi da zedapiruli saqmianoba iyo. mas imisic swamda,
416 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

rom molaparakebebi da daTmobebi yovelgvari politikis, maT Soris saerTa-

Soriso politikis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. 1938 wlis oqtomberSi Cem-
berleni TemTa palataSi amtkicebda, rom `Cven winaSe ganiaraRebis sakiTxis
mimarT axali SesaZleblobebi iSleba da me mwams, isini iseTive imedis mom-
cemni arian dRes, rogorc winaT~. is agreTve ambobda:

aseT amocanebs zurgs umagrebs imis rwmena, rom qveynebs Soris mtro-
ba etapobrivad daiZleva. TandaTanobiT, manam, sanam erebi ar igrZno-
ben, rom maT uSiSrad SeuZliaT dauSvan iaraRi... me visurvebdi, rom am
Tanamdebobaze Cems xelT arsebuli dro... maT mier dasaxul miznebsa da
miRweul Sedegebs Soris didi ufskrulia xolme. da mTeli Cemi energia
mimeZRvna am amocanisTvis.29

miuxedavad Cemberlenis rwmenisa, bevri britaneli axalgazrda brZo-

lis velze daeca hitleris ukompromiso militarizmis wyalobiT. saerTa-
Soriso politikis uprecedentod civiluri Cemberleniseuli analizi, ro-
melic safuZvlad edo veluri diqtatoris moTvinierebis mcdelobas, ar
iyo moklebuli principul xedvas Tu gulwrfelobas, magram is ubralod
mcdari iyo.

samoqalaqo liderebi

vaclav haveli. 1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi ocdacxra wlis vaclav have-
li (daibada1936 wels) ukve cnobili iyo msoflioSi Tavisi satiruli, ab-
surdistuli piesebiT _ `wveuleba baRSi~ (1964) da `memorandumi~ (1965). 1968
wlis zafxulSi havelma da CexeTis kulturis ocdaaTma sxva moRvawem xeli
moaweres gancxadebas, romliTac isini komunistebis mier kontrolirebul
CexoslovakiaSi kanongareSed gamocxadebuli social-demokratiuli par-
tiis aRdgenas iTxovdnen. CexoslovakiaSi 1963 wels dawyebuli liberaliza-
ciis frTxili, magram mzardi tendencia 1968 wlis agvistoSi sabWoTa armiis
SeWriT dasrulda, riTac qveyana mkacr sabWoTa kontrols daubrunda.
am konfliqtis periodSi havelma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula CexeTis
Tavisufali radios CamoyalibebaSi igi am iatakqveSa radios yoveldRiur
translacias iyenebda dasavleli inteleqtualebisaTvis xmis misawvdenad
_ daxmarebodnen CexeTs. Semdegi ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi haveli Cexo-
slovakiis yvelaze cnobili dramaturgi gaxda. misi piesebi praRis mmarTve-
li komunistebis mwvave satiras Seicavda. magram havelis mzardi popularo-
bis safuZveli mxolod misi piesebi rodi iyo. is Cexoslovakiis gamoCenili
disidenti da adamianis uflebebisTvis mebrZoli lideri gaxda. haveli iyo
Tanaavtori 1977 wels dawerili samocdameCvidmete manifestisa, romelSic
igi Cexoslovakiis komunistur mTavrobas helsinkis 1975 wlis SeTanxmebebi-
sa da, Sesabamisad, qveyanaSi adamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi amxelda. poli-
tikuri winaaRmdegobis am faqtebis gamo haveli daapatimres da iseTi sasje-
li dauweses, romelic mZime fizikuri samuSaos Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebda;
 politikuri lideroba 417
Tumca, misi gaCumeba mainc ver SeZles.
1989 wlis dekemberSi, saxalxo protestis Sedegad, Cexoslovakiis komu-
nisturi mTavroba daeca da haveli saxalxo konsensusis Sedegad arCeuli
prezidenti gaxda. Zalauflebisken aseT aRmasvlaSi yvelaze metad aRsaniS-
navi is gaxldaT, rom jer kidev 1989 wlis dasawyisSi haveli cixeSi imyofebo-
da, magram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom CexoslovakiaSi arc erT sazogado
moRvawes ar hqonda iseTi moraluri avtoriteti, rogoric ocdaaTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi samoqalaqo moRvaweobis Sedegad moipova havelma. haveli
Tanamdebobaze sami weli darCa, sanam Cexoslovakia or eTnikur saxelmwi-
fod _ CexeTad da slovakeTad ar gaiyo. qveynis politikuri ganviTarebis
am etapze igi Tanamdebobidan gadadga.
magram havelma gaagrZela sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba. 1993 wlis 26 ianvars,
gadadgomidan sul raRac eqvsi Tvis Semdeg, CexeTis parlamentma igi respub-
likis prezidentad xuTwliani vadiT airCia. miuxedavad Tavisi gamorCeuli
poziciisa, haveli yovelTvis ar TamaSobda wamyvan rols qveynis marTvaSi,
Tumca, igi eris mniSvnelovan figured rCeboda. marTalia, Cexebis umetesoba
undoblad da gulgrilad uyurebda Tavis politikosebs, magram havels pativs
scemdnen, rogorc adamians, romelic ara marto werda da qadagebda `simar-
TliT cxovrebas~, aramed Tavisi piradi magaliTiT auCvenebda igives.

martin luTer kingi umcrosi (1929-1968). igi gamoCenili samoqalaqo lideri

iyo. 1957 wels martin luTer kingi axlad aRmocenebuli samxreTis qristian
liderTa konferenciis prezidenti gaxda da am droidan misi mniSvnelovneba
swrafad izrdeboda. is uZRveboda mjdomare aqciebs, msvlelobebs, demon-
straciebs, romlebic rasobrivi segregaciisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg
iyo mimarTuli rogorc SromiTi, ise sacxovrebelze uflebebis sferoSi.
kingis mimdevrebi araZaladobrivi daumorCileblobis aqtebiT xSirad Riad
arRvevdnen im kanonebs, romlebic iTvaliswinebdnen afroamerikelebis seg-
regacias sasadiloebSi, transportSi da a. S. kanonis darRvevis Semdeg isini
nebayoflobiT iRebdnen sasjels.
kings ganzraxuli hqonda Seewuxebina kanonmdeblebis, mosamarTleebisa
da Sesabamisad, amerikeli xalxis sindisi. rogorc is 1963 wels birminhemis
cixidan (kingi wavida birminhemSi, alabamaSi, raTa eTava boikotis mowyoba
sazogado adgilebis desegregaciis moTxovniT; man moawyo arasanqcirebuli
msvleloba, ris gamoc dapatimrebul iqna) Tavis cnobil werilSi aRniSnav-
da:

me vacxadeb, rom adamiani, romelic arRvevs kanons, romelsac misi

sindisi usamarTlod miiCnevs da nebayoflobiT iRebs sasjels, rCeba
cixeSi da amiT sazogadoebas kanonis usamarTlobaze miuTiTebs, sinam-
dvileSi gamoxatavs udides pativiscemas kanonis mimarT.30

kingi imedovnebda: `Cven unda davinaxoT araZaladobrivi krazanebis

saWiroebis aucilebloba, unda SevqmnaT daZabuloba sazogadoebaSi, romelic
saSualebas miscems adamians stereotipebis da rasizmis bneli jurRmulebi-
418 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

dan, urTierTgagebisa da Zmobis brwyinvale simaRleebze gamoaRwios~.31

kingis da samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis mebrZoli sxva afroamerikeli li-
derebis _ roi uilkinsis, malkolm iqsis, uitni iangis, jes jeqsonis da
vernon jordanis gavlena udidesi iyo. maTi xSirad ukiduresad urTierT-
sawinaaR-mdego qmedebebi safuZvlad daedo 1964 wels miRebul samoqalaqo
uflebebis aqts, romelmac gaauqma rasobrivi diskriminacia dasaqmebasa da
sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi. mogvianebiT miRebul iqna samoqlaqo
uflebebis damcveli sxva kanonebic. 1964 wels kings Tavisi saqmianobisTvis
nobelis premia mieniWa mSvidobis dargSi. oTxi wlis Semdeg, ocdacxrameti
wlis asakSi, kingi mokles.

roza parksi (1913-2005). roza parksma simamacis erTi gamovlinebiT eris

sindisi gamoaRviZa. montgomeriSi, alabamas StatSi, 1955 wlis 1 dekembers
samsaxuridan gamosuli roza parksi avtobusSi avida da Tavisufal adgilze
dajda. cota xanSi fexze mdgomma TeTrkanianma mamakacma adgilis gaTavi-
sufleba mosTxova (montgomeris satransporto momsaxurebis regulaciaTa
Tanaxmad, Tu TeTrkanians ar SeeZlo sxva TeTrkanianis paralelurad adgi-
lis povna, misTvis oTx Savkanians unda daeTmo dasajdomi adgili, vinaidan
Savkanians ufleba ar hqonda TeTrkanianis mjdariyo),32 razec roza parksma
uari Tqva:

vfiqrobdi, rom erTaderTi gza meCvenebina maTTvis, ras vgrZnobdi,

rodesac usamarTlod meqceodnen, iyo is, rac gavakeTe _ winaaRmde-
goba gavuwie kanons. amaze winaswar ar mifiqria, es TavisTavad moxda
da Semdeg ubralod gadavwyvite, rom ar avdgebodi. daRlili viyavi da
Tavs kargad ar vgrZnobdi, magram amas Semdeg bevri sxva dRe mohyva,
rodesac Tavs kargad ar vgrZnobdi.33

avtobusis mZRolma roza parksi daakava, ris Semdegac igi daapatimres.

bevri istorikosi amerikis samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis moZraobis aTvlis
wertilad miiCnevs montgomeriSi roza parksis dapatimrebas, rasac mont-
gomeris avtobusebis saxeliT cnobili saxalxo aqcia mohyva. misi daumor-
Cileblobis erT simbolur qmedebas dRes aRviqvamT politikuri gmirobis
aqtad, romelmac yuradReba miapyro rasobriv usamarTlobas da gamoiwvia
movlenebis mTeli jaWvi, ris Sedegadac qveyana samudamod Seicvala.

pati uoterlingi. sent-jozefeli (minesotas Stati) oTxi Svilis deda pati

uoterlingi yvelafers gaiRebda, politikuri aqtivisti rom ar gamxdariyo.
1989 wlis 11 oqtombers niRbianma mamakacma misi TerTmeti wlis vaJi jeikobi
gaitaca. patis amis Semdeg Tavisi Svili aRar unaxavs. Tavdapirvelad erTad-
erTi ram, risi gakeTebac mas SeeZlo, Svilis Zieba da glova iyo. mogvianebiT
man jeikob uoterlingis fondi Camoayaliba, romlis erT-erTi mizani gata-
cebisa da sqesobrivi Zaladobisgan bavSvebis damcveli kanonmdeblobis lo-
bireba iyo Statisa da federalur sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. 1991 wels man
warmatebiT gaitana kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac sqesobriv ZaladobaSi mxile-
 politikuri lideroba 419
buli pirebi valdebulni iyvnen gaevloT registracia mudmiv sacxovrebel
adgilebSi Statis meTvalyureobis qveS. 1996 wels nawilobriv pati uoter-
lingis ZalisxmeviT minesotas kongresma miiRo sazogadoebis informirebis
programa, romlis mixedviTac Statis xelisufleba valdebuli iyo Seefasebi-
na sqesobrivi ZaladobisTvis sasjelmoxdilTa uvnebloba sazogadoebisTvis
da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretuli piri miCneuli iqnebda sazogadoebrivad sa-
SiSad, Seetyobinebina amis Sesaxeb sazogadoebisTvis. gamocdileba uCvenebs,
rom aseTi moZaladeebi Znelad gadian reabilitacias da Cadenili danaSaulis
mimarT Semdgomi recidivebis maRali done axasiaTebT.
1994 wels pati uoterlingma SeZlo daerwmunebina kongresi, mieRo kano-
ni (jeikob uoterlingis aqti) romelic axalisebs Statebs miiRon kanonmde-
bloba, romlis Tanaxmad cixidan gamosuli moZaladeebi valdebulni arian
daregistrirdnen samarTaldamcav organoebSi, da romelic saSualebas
aZlevs am organoebs informacia (saxelebis, misamarTebis, fotoebis CaTv-
liT) gaavrcelon am pirebis Sesaxeb.34
pati uoterlingis saqmianobas bevri mSobeli adidebs, magram bevri samo-
qalaqo uflebis damcveli miiCnevs, rom es kanonebi im damnaSaveebis piradi
cxovrebis uflebasa da Tavisuflebebs arRvevs, romlebmac Cadenili da-
naSaulisTvis sasjeli ukve moixades.35 miuxedavad amisa, pati uoterlingi
samoqalaqo lideris kargi magaliTia, romelmac miuxedavad eniT gamouTqme-
li borotebisa da autaneli tkivilisa, Seabija politikaSi da cvlilebeb-
sac miaRwia.

daskvna

politikuri liderebi, romlebic samTavrobo Tanamdebobebze arian, Se-

iZleba davajgufoT namdvil liderebad, demagogebad an Cveulebriv poli-
tikosebad. samoqalaqo liderebs ara aqvT aranairi Tanamdeboba, magram Sei-
Zleba seriozuli politikuri gavlena hqondeT.
namdvili liderebi, romlebic SedarebiT iSviaTni arian, sazogadoebriv
sikeTeze zrunaven, gamoirCevian lideris TvisebebiT, praqtikuli WkuiT
eqstraordinarul situaciaSi, rodesac eris keTildReoba dgas dRis wes-
rigSi. istoriulad isini motivirebulni iyvnen, rogorc minimum, didebis
surviliT. saxelmwifo moRvaweobis am gagebis mimarT Tanamedroveobis
gulgriloba zog damkvirvebels aiZulebs am tipis moRvaweoba momakvdav xe-
lovnebad aRiaros.
warmomadgenlobiT demokratiebSi yvelaze metni Cveulebrivi politi-
kosebi arian. yvela arCeul politikoss uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba _ pozi-
tiuri lideris roli itvirTos Tu ubralod Tavisi amomrCevlebis azri
warmoaCinos. demokratiuli warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoriis
mixedviT politikosebi unda iqceodnen, rogorc Tavisi eleqtoratis sur-
vilebis gamtareblebi. meurveobiTi Teoria, piriqiT, aqcents akeTebs poli-
420 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

tikaSi damoukidebeli moqmedebis aucileblobaze. politikosebs, romle-

bic cdiloben am ori midgomis gaerTianebas, `politikoebs~ veZaxiT. zogi
Cveulebrivi politikosi SeiZleba damSoSmineblad SevafasoT. isini xSirad
SesaZloa keTilSobiluri ganzraxvebiTac xelmZRvaneloben, magram arakom-
petenturobis Tu gulubryvilobis gamo maTi gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba
katastrofis safuZveli gaxdes. politikaSi ufro avbediTebi demagogebi
arian. isini aerTianeben usazRvro pirad ambicias, mouxeSav meTodebs da qa-
rizmatulobis moTxovnilebas. demagogebi Warbad arian demokratiul qvey-
nebSi, sadac maTi dacema xSirad iseve moulodnelia xolme, rogorc maTi
aRzeveba.
samoqalaqo liderebi aCveneben Tavdadebas saqmisadmi, pirad SesaZleb-
lobebs da garkveuli saxis magnetizms, agreTve samTavrobo politikis
mimarT winaaRmdegobas. isini STaagoneben adamianebs an izidaven mimdevrebs
msoflios masStabiT, avlenen moralur Zalauflebas, romelic maTi saqmi-
anobidan gamomdinareobs.

sakvanZo sityvebi

demagogebi Teoria
Cveulebrivi politikosebi warmomadgenlobis meurveobiTi
samoqalaqo liderebi Teoria
saxelmwifo moRvawe `politiko~
warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ra jgufebad SeiZleba davyoT politikosebi? ra gansxvavebaa sxvadasxva

kategoriebs Soris?
2. ratom aris politikuri liderebis kvleva saerTod politikuri kv-
levebis mniSvnelovani aspeqti?
3. ratom arian namdvili liderebi ase iSviaTni?
4. aRwereT warmomadgenlobis ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego Teoria. romeli
maTgania TqvenTvis misaRebi da ratom?
5. ra aris demagogi? daasaxeleT romelime demagogi. ra amoZravebT dema-
gogebs? aqvs Tu ara demokratias raime bunebrivi dacviTi meqanizmi dema-
gogiisgan? Tu asea, ra aris es meqanizmi?
6. ra aris sanimuSo liderobis arsi? daasaxeleT oTxi sanimuSo lideri da
detalurad axseniT, ra xdis TiToeul maTgans sanimuSod.
 politikuri lideroba 421

SeniSvnebi

1. Robert C. Tucker, Politics as Leadership (Columbia: University of Missouri Press,

1995), iii.
2. Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Morals (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960), 280. momdevno
citirebebi aris 279-283 gverdebidan.
3. ix. Harry Jaffa, “The Emancipation Proclamation”, wignSi 100 Years of Emancipa-
tion, red. Robert Goldwin (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1964), 1-24.
4. Douglas Adair, “Fame and the Founding Fathers” wignSi Fame and the Founding
Fathers: Essays by Douglas Adair (New York: Norton 1974), 10.
5. iqve, 8
6. Alexander Hamilton, John jay, and James Madison, The Federalist (New York: Mod-
ern Library, n.d.), 470.
7. Robert J. Alexander, Romulo Betancourt and the Transformation of Venezuela (New
Brunswick, NJ.: Transaction Books, 1982), 435.
8. Aaron Wildavsky, The Nursing Father: Moses as a Political Leader (Tuscaloosa:
University of Alabama Press, 1984).
9. Alexander, Romulo Betancourt, 436.
10. iqve.
11. John Edwin Fagg, Latin America: A General History, me-2 gamocema (New York:
McMillan, 1969), 627.
12. Martin Gilbert, Churchill (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1980), 100-126.
13. iqve, 127.
14. U.S. Department of State, Selected Documents, 1979 wlis aprili.
15. Alexis de Toqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2 (NY, Schoken Books, 1961), 102-
106.
16. Morton Frisch and Richard Stevens, “Introduction” wignSi American Political
Thought: The Philosophic Dimension of American Statemanship, red. Morton
Frisch da Richard Stevens (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 1976), 5
17. citirebulia Roman J. Zorn, “Theodore G. Bilbo: Shibboleths for Statemanship”,
reprinted in A Treasury of Southern Folklore: Stories, Ballads, Traditions, and Folk-
ways of the People of South, red. B.A. Brotkin (New York: Crown, 1949), 304.
18. James W. Silver, Mississippi: The Closed Society (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1964),
19.
19. iqve.
20. Hodding Carter, “Huey Long: American Dictator”, wignSi The Aspirin Age: 1919-
1949, red. Isabel Leighton (New York: Simon & Schuster 1949), 347
21. iqve. 361.
22. Joseph Tussman, citirebulia Marie Collins Swaley, “A Quantitative View”,
krebulSi Representation, red. Hannah Pitkin (New York: Atherton Press, 1969),
83.
23. Hannah Pitkin, “The Concept of Representation”, krebulSi Representation, red.
Pitkin, 21.
24. citirebulia Harvey Mansfield, Jr., Statesmanship and Party Government: A
422 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

Study of Burke and Bolingbroke (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 23.
25. Edmund Burke, “The English Constitutional System”, wignSi Representation, red.
Pitkin, 175.
26. iqve.
27. 1964 wels amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis ocdameoTxe Ses-
worebis miRebamde, arsebobda suladobrivi saarCevno gadasaxadi feder-
alur da Statebis arCevnebSi monawileobisTvis. konstituciis ocdameo-
Txe Sesworebam akrZala am gadasaxadis moqmedeba federaluri donis
arCevnebSi. 1966 wels aSS umaRlesma sasamarTlom es gadasaxadi Statebis
arCevnebis SemTxvevaSic antikonstituciurad scno da gaauqma.
28. citirebulia Malcolm Jewell and Samuel Patterson, The Legislative Process in
the Unites States (NY. Random House, 1966), 32.
29. Martin Gilbert, Churchill: A Life (NY.: Henry Holt 1996), 993.
30. Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from Birmingham City Jail” wignSi Civil Disobedi-
ence: Theory and Practice (NY.: Pegasus, 1969), 78-79.
31. iqve. 75.
32. David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Chris-
tian Leadership Conference, 1955-1968 (NY.: Random House, 1988), 11.
33. iqve. 12.
34. sakanonmdeblo cvlileba, romelic Txovda Statebs miewodebinaT sazoga-
doebisTvis informacia moZaladeebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac danaSauli sqe-
sobriv niadagze Caidines, cnobilia rogorc meganis kanoni. megan kanka
Svidi wlis gogona iyo niu jersidan, romelic 1994 wels mezobelma
gaaupatiura da mokla. meganis mSoblebma, iseve rogorc pati uoter-
lingma, intensiuri kampana awarmoes imisTvis, rom Statisa da federalur
sakanonmdeblo orga-noebs mieRoT kanonmdebloba sqesobrivi Zaladobis
winaaRmdeg.
35. magaliTisaTvis ix. Caroline Louise Lewis, “The Jakob Wetterling Crimes Against
Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act: An Unconstitutional
Deprivation of the Right to Privacy and Substantive Due Process”, Harvard Civil
Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review 31 (1996): 89-119. am argumentebis miuxeda-
vad sasamarTloebma mxari dauWires am kanonebs.
T aavv i XI I

ra aris
sajaro
sikeTe?

iidd eeo
o lo gi
g i e bi
b i da
da
i zm eeb
izm bi

politikis miznebi da saSualebebi

ideologiebi da sajaro interesi
antisamTavrobo ideologiebi
memarjvene ideologiebi memarcx-
ene ideologiebi
izmebi da amerikuli politika
iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi
saerTo Temebi konservatorebi:
ekonomikuri
uflebebis primati liberalebi:
samoqalaqo uflebebis primati
arsebiTi gansxvavebebi konserva-
torebi, liberalebi da sajaro po-
litika.

423
424 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

luis qerolis cnobili nawarmoebis, `alisa saocrebaTa qveyanaSi,~ erT-

erT epizodSi alisa ikargeba da xvdeba CeSirul katas. `Tu SegiZliaT, miTx-
ariT, aqedan saiT unda wavide?~ _ ekiTxeba alisa mas. `es imazea damokide-
buli, sad gsurs misvla~, pasuxobs kata. `CemTvis sulerTia~, eubneba alisa.
`maSin isic sulerTia, saiT waxval~, _ miugebs kata.
tyeSi dakarguli alisas msgavsad, qveynebsa da maT xelisuflebs xSirad
warmodgena ara aqvT imaze, saiT surT wasvla da romel gzaze dadgoma ur-
CevniaT. politikuri mmarTveloba SeiZleba iyos arasrulyofili, magram
rogorc alisasa da katis saubari gviCvenebs, politikisa da politikuri
kursis gonivrulad gaazreba xdeba mxolod mkafiod gansazRvruli miznebis
aRsrulebiT. qveynebma, individebis msgavsad, ar ician romel kurss misdi-
on, Tu ar gaaCniaT winaswar gansazRvruli mizani da saboloo daniSnulebis
punqti.

politikis miznebi da saSualebebi

politikaSi miznebi da saSualebebi erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia.

xSirad, roca kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, ra saxis politikuri kursia sa-
surveli, TiTqmis yovelTvis gamodian daSvebidan, rom misi Sedegi unda
eTanxmebodes sajaro keTildReobas an unda Sediodes sajaro intere-
sebSi da garkveuli saerTo sargebeli moutanos mogebas politikur
erTobas, rogorc erT mTels. rogorc wesi, demokratiul politikur
meqanizmebSi debatebi imarTeba saSualebebTan da ara miznebTan dakav-
SirebiT. magaliTad, politikosebs Soris SeiZleba arsebobdes azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, xels Seuwyobs Tu ara qveynis ayvavebas ama
Tu im periodSi gadasaxadebis Semcireba (dazogvisa da investirebis wax-
alisebiT, saxelmwifo biujetis dabalansebiT, inflaciis maCvenebelTa
SemcirebiTa da a.S.). magram, rogorc vTqviT, am saxis kamaTi, ZiriTadad,
gzebsa da saSualebebs exeba da ara miznebs. isini, SeiZleba, ver Tanxmde-
bodnen saukeTeso monetarul Tu fiskalur strategiebze, magram orive
mxare erTsulovania imis mtkicebisas, rom mTavrobam yuradReba unda
gaamaxvilos ekonomikur siZlieresa da stabilurobaze.
zog qveyanaSi mTavrobis miznebsa da saqmianobas cota aqvs saerTo
sajaro interesebTan da isini mimarTulia Zalauflebisadmi piradi
ltolvisaken.1 bevr demokratiul qveyanaSi sajaro keTildReoba,
ZiriTadad, asocirebulia iseT faseulobebTan, rogoricaa usafrTxoe-
ba, ayvaveba, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba (ix. Tavi XIII).
es miznebi politikuri `tivtivebia~, romelTa daxmarebiTac saxelmwi-
fos gemi kurss mihyveba. kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, ra gziT unda wavides gemi,
mocemuli politikuri dinebisa da zurgis qaris gaTvaliswinebiT,
ZiriTadi sakiTxia sajaro politikaSi. sasurvel daniSnulebis punqt-
Tan miaxloeba mTavrobis mTavari gamocdaa.
 ra aris sajaro sikeTe? 425

ideologiebi da sajaro interesi

adamianebs xSirad bundovani warmodgena aqvT sajaro politikisa da imis

Sesaxeb, rogor muSaobs mTavroba an ras akeTebs ama Tu im momentSi,2 magram
isini, ZiriTadad, konservatiuli an liberaluri Sexedulebebisken ixre-
bian. roca adamianebi Sewyveten aqeT-iqeT `gadaxras~ da miemxrobian myar,
Sekrul politikur ideebs, am dros isini ideologias irCeven. ideologia
filtris msgavsia, romelsac `namdvili momxreebi~ iyeneben movlenaTa in-
terpretirebisaTvis, adamianTa qcevis asaxsnelad da politikuri qmedebis
gasamarTleblad. ideologia sxvadasxvagvaria, kacobriobisa da socialuri
organizaciis yovlismomcveli TeoriebiT (mag. marqsiszmiT) dawyebuli,
ideaTa aramyari kavSirebiT (liberalizmi) damTavrebuli, romlebic icv-
leba droTa ganmavlobaSi.
politikur diskusiaSi ideologiaTa iarliyis gamoyeneba semantikuri
komfortia, romelic sxvadasxva saxis politikuri orientaciis ufro ad-
vilad da lakonurad ganxilvis saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, amerikeli
konservatori, rogorc wesi, Zlieri Tavdacvis, federaluri mTavrobis mier
miRebuli socialuri keTildReobis programebis SezRudvis, biznesisa da
industriul saqmianobaSi mTavrobis Carevis Semcireba-deregulaciisa da
msgavsi tipis programebis momxrea. amis sapirispirod, amerikeli liberali
mxars uWers samTavrobo daxmarebis programebs, samxedro danaxarjebis Sem-
cirebasa da mTavrobis mier iseTi sakiTxebis mogvarebas, rogoricaa sakvebi
da narkobiznesi, jandacva, transporti da energetika.
amerikelTa umravlesoba arc doqtrinuli liberalia da arc doqtri-
nuli konservatori. metic, saerTod Zalian cota amerikeli SeiZleba CaiT-
valos romelime ideologiis mimdevrad. amisaTvis adamiani Zalian mkacrad
da jiutad unda mihyvebodes ideologias an `partiis kurss~. individebs,
romlebic midrekilni arian damoukidebeli azrovnebisaken an politiku-
rad apaTiurebi arian (amerikelTa umravlesoba), cxadia, am gansazRvrebas
ver mivusadagebT.
am TavSi ideologia dayofilia sam jgufad: antisamTavrobo ideologia,
memarjvene ideologia da memarcxene ideologia. terminebi memarjvene da
memarcxene warmoiSva evropuli saparlamento tradiciis mixedviT, gane-
TavsebinaT socialuri da politikuri cvlilebis momxre partiebi marcxena
mxares, xolo cvlilebis mowinaaRmdegeni (an mmarTvelobis wina formis aR-
dgenis mxardamWeri partiebi) _ marjvniv. cxadia, yvela politikuri Tval-
sazrisi srulad ver Tavsdeba am or kategoriaSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
eqstremistul ideologiebs.

antisamTavrobo ideologiebi

adamianebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebian mmarTvelobis nebismier for-

mas, rac ar unda SezRuduli iyos igi, anarqizmis momxreebi arian. anarqiz-
mis ideologiis Camoyalibebas xSirad miaweren rus revolucioners mixeil
426 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

bakunins (1814-1876ww.), romelic, erToboda ganadgurebis siamovnebiT da

sazogadoebis uRaribes fenebsa da kriminalebs Zaladobrivi ajanyebebisken
mouwodebda. anarqizmi axlos dgas nihilizmTan, romlis mixedviTac ar-
sebuli politikuri da socialuri instituciebis sruli ganadgureba Ta-
visTavad aris sasurveli mizani. am eqstremalurad uaryofiT ideologias
SedarebiT naklebi gavlena hqonda revoluciamdeli ruseTis (da albaT, es-
paneTis) sazRvrebs gareT, Tumca zogi amJamindeli teroristuli dajgufe-
ba aSkarad anarqistuli da nihilisturia.

organizacia `islamis eris~ lideris _ luis faraxanis winaaRmdegobriv Sexed-

ulebebSi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobisa da misi politikis SeniRbuli kritikaa
asaxuli.

libertarianelebi naklebad mtrulad arian ganwyobilni formaluri

mTavrobis ideisadmi, Tumca, maT miaCniaT, rom mTavrobis uflebamisileba
maqsimalurad unda SeizRudos (amis gamo maT xSirad minimalistebsac eZax-
ian). libertarianeloba xazs usvams pirovnuli Tavisuflebis udides mniS-
vnelobas. misi mimdevrebi, rogorc wesi, ewinaaRmdegebian damoukidebeli
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da Tavisufali arCevanis SemzRudvel sajaro
politikas _ xandazmulTaTvis socialuri usafrTxoebis da saSemosavlo
garantiebis CaTvliT. libertarianelebi daJinebiT amtkiceben, rom bazris
uCinar xels ukeT SeuZlia moagvaros socialuri da ekonomikuri Zalebis
urTierToba, vidre mTavrobas; kerZo sakuTrebis uflebam ki unda moicvas
mravali ekonomikuri da moraluri arCevani. magaliTad, libertarianelebi
icaven moqalaqis uflebas, dabeWdos da gaavrcelos pornografiuli masa-
 ra aris sajaro sikeTe? 427
la, rac ar unda binZuri da miuRebeli SeiZleba iyos is umravlesobisaTvis
(maT Soris TviT libertarianelebisaTvis). isini ewinaaRmdegebian jarSi
savaldebulo gawvevasac, radgan fiqroben, rom es piradi arCevanis sakiTxi
unda iyos.

memarjvene ideologiebi

anarqizmsa da libertarianelobas upirispirdeba ideologia, romelic

xazs usvams centraluri xelisuflebisa da politikuri wesrigis uzenaes
mniSvnelobas. SeiZleba ucnaurad mogveCvenos, magram monarqia xelisu-
flebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma iyo msoflioSi sul raRac erTi sau-
kunis win. mefeebi Tu imperatorebi, xanebi Tu sulTnebi, Seixebi Tu Sahebi
_ monarqebi mbrZaneblobdnen yvela droSi, yvela adgilas. maT momxreebs,
vinc SeinarCuna gvirgvini revoluciuri gamowvevebisa da demokratiuli
reformebis sayovelTao moTxovnaTa miuxedavad, ewodebaT roialistebi,
anu monarqistebi. monarqias, ufro sworad, brZeni mefis mmarTvelobas
aristotele mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad miiCnevda (Tumca, is aseve
aRniSnavda, rom brZeni mefeebi, tiranebisgan gansxvavebiT, Zalian iSviaTad
gvxvdebodnen). mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom monarqebi dResac marTaven
ramdenime mniSvnelovan qveyanas _ magaliTad, iordanias, monakos, saudis
arabeTs. navTobiT mdidari sparseTis yuris qveynebi monarqiaTa mxolod
mcire CamonaTvalia.

faSizmi. monarqia, rogorc memarjvene frTis eqstremaluri ideologia,

meoce saukuneSi daTrguna faSizmma. es aris ideologia, sadac xazgasmu-
lia erTi rasis upiratesoba da aseve, xelisuflebisadmi sruli morCileba.
faSizmma didi gavlena moipova evropasa da samxreT amerikaSi 1920-40-ian
wlebSi. upiratesad, cxadia, Seiswavleba `RerZi saxelmwifoebi~ (italia,
germania, iaponia) meore msoflio omis dros. Tumca, arsebobs faSizmis sxva
adgilebic _ magaliTad, espaneTSi, ungreTsa da argentinaSi.
Tavisi elituri xasiaTis miuxedavad, faSizmi sargeblobda udidesi
masobrivi mxardaWeriT, ZiriTadad, Tavisi ultranacionalisturi elferis
gamo. eris koncefciis (hitleris SemTxvevaSi, rasis) xazgasmasTan erTad,
faSizmi eyrdnoboda ideologiur fesvebs, maT Sorisaa romantizmi, qseno-
fobia, populizmi da, rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, socializmis ierarqiuli,
araegalitaruli da viwro formebi (germanuli nacizmi, praqtikaSi ganxor-
cielebuli memarjvene frTis ideologia, ganxilulia V TavSi).
memarjvene frTis eqstremaluri ideologiebis erT-erTi ganmasxvave-
beli Strixia crurwmenebsa da siZulvilze dayrdnoba.3 es ideologia did
mxarda-Weras maSin povebs xolme, roca uamravi adamiani, rasistuli an eT-
nikuri umravlesoba, ganicdis individualur an koleqtiur ekonomikur
siduxWires. aseT situaciaSi adamianebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu ara aqvT form-
aluri ganaTleba da akliaT politikuri garCevis unari, midrekilni arian
daujeron maTi savalalo mdgomareobis demagogiur axsnas. mZime mdgomare-
428 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

obis mizezad gamoiZebneba `gantevebis vacebi~ _ rasobrivi, eTnikuri an re-

ligiuri umciresoba, opoziciuri politikuri partia, ucxo qveyana da a.S.
evropaSi qsenofobiis zrdam da antiemigrantulma ganwyobilebebma
1990-ian wlebSi demonstraciebi da Zaladobis aqtebi gamoiwvia, gansa-
kuTrebiT safrangeTsa da germaniaSi (ultramemarjvene, onacionalisturi
erovnuli fronti da erovnul-demokratiuli partiebi drodadro sakmao
Zalas ikrebdnen ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi). aSS-Si amerikuli nacisturi
partiisa da ku-kluqs-klanis gavlena izrdeba, roca garkveuli jgufebi
aqtiurad gamodian TeTri rasis aRmatebulobis ideiT. es ideologia mo-
sazrebebiT kvebavs mraval eqstremistul politikur Sexedulebas, rom-
lebic exeba imigrantebs (isini kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian qveyanaSi
ucxoelTa SeSvebas), samoqalaqo uflebebs (afroamerikelebi, ebraelebi da
sxva umciresobani, rogorc wesi, dabal safexurze ganixilebian da ar imsax-
ureben TeTrebis Tanabar konstituciur garantiebs), sagareo politikas
(amerikisaTvis safrTxis SemqmnelT unda gaumklavdnen maqsimaluri ZaliT).
es jgufebi militarizirebulebi arian da Zaladobas qadageben. imis miuxe-
davad, rom ku-kluqs-klani (misi simbolo iyo aalebuli jvrebi. dajgufebis
wevrebi imosebodnen TeTri zewrebiT) Semcirda TiTqmis 10000 wevramde, af-
roamerikelebisadmi misi Zaladobisa da fanatikuri siZulvilis xangrZliv-
ma istoriam aqcia is iseT dajgufebad, romlis saqmianobasac mTavroba dRe-
sac guldasmiT akvirdeba.

religiuri memarjveneebi (axali memarjveneebi). religiur memarjveneTa

moZraoba, mniSvnelovani politikuri Zala, warmoiSva 1980-ian wlebSi. kon-
servatori respublikelis, ronald reiganis prezidentad arCevam daaCqara
aSS-Si axali memarjvene politikuri koaliciis Seqmna. tradiciul faseu-
lobaTa aRsadgenad is iyenebda masobrivi Setyobinebis Tanamedrove poli-
tikur meqanizmebs, eqstensiuri politikuri kapitalis mobilizebas da
masmedias (gansakuTrebiT televizias). moZraobis faseulobebSi Sedioda
abortis akrZalva, sajaro skolebSi locvebis ganaxleba, kampania porno-
grafiis winaaRmdeg, amerikuli cxovrebis safuZvlad ojaxis aRiareba da
komunistebis winaaRmdeg brZola yvela frontze.
es koalicia aerTianebda uamrav fundamentalistsa Tu evangelist
protestants, romelTac axal religiur memarjveneebs da qristian-memar-
jveneebsac uwodeben, radgan isini politikas centraluri religiuri fa-
seulobebis nayofad miiCnevdnen. axali memarjveneebi yvelaze metad aso-
cirdebodnen me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis satelevizio evangelist jeri
falvelTan da misi moraluri umravlesobis moZraobasTan. politikuri
damkvirveblebi ver Tanxmdebodnen axali memarjveneebis mimdevarTa ra-
odenobaze da imis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara es moZraoba amerikuli politikis
ZiriTadi mimdinareoba. kritikosebma axal memarjveneebs miakres saSiSisa
da eqstremistis iarliyebi. ufro simpaTiiT ganwyobili damkvirveblebi,
Tavis mxriv, ambobdnen, rom ar arsebobda kanoni, romelic krZalavda poli-
tikisa da moralis an politikisa da religiis sinTezs.
memarjveneebma warumatebloba iwvnies, rodesac, 1988 wels, evangelisti
 ra aris sajaro sikeTe? 429
ministri pet robertsoni ver gaxda respublikuri partiis prezidentobis
kandidati da 1992 wels, rodesac mecnier pet biukenenis kampaniam sruli
fiasko ganicada. robertsonmac da biukenenmac sajaro aRiareba sakabelo
televiziis wyalobiT moipoves. robertsoni qristianul satelevizio Toq-
Sous The 700 Club-s uZRveboda, xolo biukeneni monawileobda programaSi
Crossfire, romelic sajaro saqmianobas Seexeboda. imis miuxedavad, rom axali
memarjveneebidan da qristian-konservatorebidan yvela ar uWerda maT mx-
ars, biukeneni da robertsoni centraluri konservatiuli faseulobebis
momxreni iyvnen. axali memarjveneebi da maTi qristiani mxardamWerebi kv-
lavac cdiloben respublikur partiaSi gavlenis mopovebas. qveynis masSta-
biT xuTidan erTi respublikeli amomrCeveli SeiZleba CaiTvalos qristian-
konservatorad.
qristianuli koaliciis kidev erTi konservatiuli jgufis fesvebi or-
mocdaaTianelTa (protestantizmis mimarTuleba) eklesiidan momdinareobs
(pet robertsonis RvTis asambleaTa eklesia ormocdaaTianeluria. jeri
falvelis moraluri umravlesobis wevrebi ZiriTadad morwmune evange-
listebi arian). milioniani qristianuli koalicia amzadebs da farTod
avrcelebs kandidatTa Sefasebis baraTebs, riTac afasebs politikuri kan-
didatebis pozicias umniSvnelovanes sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. misi wevre-
bi cdiloben, rom moxvdnen saSualo ganaTlebis sistemaSi, raTa am gziT
gaavrcelon patriotizmi (multikulturalizmis sapirispirod), agreTve
moaxerxon ganaTlebis sferos safuZvlebTan dabruneba, seqsualuri gana-
Tlebis gakveTilebis Catarebisas zomierebis farglebis SenarCuneba (an
amgvari gakveTilebis gauqmeba) da skolebSi marTlwesrigis aRdgena.
qristianul koalicias mainc hqonda garkveuli warmateba, magram or-
ganizaciis mcdeloba daikavos sajaro Tanamdebobi wamoWris or kiTxvas:
pirveli, rogor SeiZleba gavigoT maTi saqmianoba _ rogorc politikurad
aqtiuri moqalaqeebis legitimuri da Sesaqebi mcdeloba, monawileoba mi-
iRon sajaro saqmeebSi, Tu rogorc saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris arse-
buli gamijvnis SemaSfoTebeli Semcireba? meore, qristianuli koalicia
interesTa jgufia Tu politikuri partia?

kapitalizmi. dRes yvelaze gavleniani da Zlieri ideologia dasavleTSi

kapitalizmia. komunizmis marcxi, romelic uaryofda kerZo sakuTrebas,
mogebis stimuls da ebrZoda socialuri uTanasworobas triumfi iyo Tavis-
ufali mewarmeobisa da sabazro ekonomikis yvela momxrisaTvis. `civi omi~
iyo ideologiuri dapirispireba aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris am sakiTx-
Tan dakavSirebiT.
kapitalizmi aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi aris konservatorebis wamyvani
ideologia. es aris filosofiuri safuZveli iseTi Zlevamosili orga-
nizaciebisaTvis (da lobisTvisac), rogoricaa aSS-s savaWro palata da me-
warmeTa erovnuli asociacia. aseve, multinacionaluri korporaciebisaT-
vis, magaliTad, jeneral motorsi, maikrosofti, makdonaldsi da sxv.
ra aris kapitalizmi? es aris rogorc adam smiTis `xalxTa simdidreSi~
mignebul principebze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri Teoria, ise ideologia,
430 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

romelic mxars uWers individualizmis Rirsebas, mZime da bejiT Sromas, da-

moukideblobasa da pirad iniciativas. is ewinaaRmdegeba mTavrobis Carevas
(Teoriulad) da mTavrobis regulacias (praqtikaSi). is miesalmeba prezi-
dent kalvin kulijis (1923-29 mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas: `amerikis biznesi
(saqme) biznesia~.
rogorc ideologia, kapitalizmi ewinaaRmdegeba `socialur keTil-
dReobasa~ da `mTavrobis mier gaweul daxmarebas~. kalvinistebis4 msgavsad,
konservatorebs sjeraT, rom qoneba warmatebis niSania da jildoa Rir-
seulTaTvis. mdidari adamianebi imsaxureben simdidres, siRaribe ki Tavad
Raribebis bralia, romlebic zarmacebi, umoqmedoebi da upasuxismgebloe-
bi arian. siRaribis daZ-leva qvelmoqmedebisa da eklesiis saqmea. konser-
vatorebs, aseve, sjeraT (an Tavs aCveneben, rom sjeraT) `CamoJRenTvis
Teoriisa~: Tu sazogadoebis yvelaze iniciativian da moxerxebul wevrebs
miecemaT saSualeba, naxon mogeba da gadasaxadebis amkrefTaTvis qonebis
gadacemis magivrad, moaxerxeben mis reinvestirebas, maSin ekonomika gaiz-
rdeba, dabali fenebis cxovreba gaumjobesdeba da yvelani ukeT iqnebian.
marTalia, sajarod amas konservatorebi naklebad acxadeben, magram bevri
maTgani marTlac ase fiqrobs.

memarcxene ideologiebi

memarcxene ideologebi qadageben adamianebis koleqtiurad

Tanacxovrebis ideas, romlis Sesabamisadac isini Tavisufalni iqnebod-
nen damamcirebeli da mikerZoebuli socialuri dayofisagan. ekonomikis
sferoSi es ideologia fesvgadgmulia koleqtivizmis ideaSi. mis mixedviT,
sajaro keTidReobas yvelaze ukeT emsaxureba saerTo sakuTreba da poli-
tikuri erTobis produqciiTa da distribuciiT administrireba. amrigad,
koleqtivizmi fundamenturad ewinaaRmdegeba kapitalizms. es ukanaskneli
emxroba mosazrebas, rom warmoebis saSualebaTa pirad sakuTrebaSi floba
da gankargva saukeTeso gzaa sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTelis, gamdi-
drebisaTvis. Tanamedrove epoqaSi koleqtivizmis principebi yvelaze xSir-
ad gamoixateba socializmis formiT. socializmi SeiZleba ganimartos,
rogorc `ideologia, romelic uaryofs individualizms, kerZo sakuTre-
bas da pirad mogebas. amis magivrad is emxroba sistemas, damyarebuls eko-
nomikur koleqtivizmze, warmoebis saSualebaTa da saqonlis distribuciis
saxelisuflebo, sazogado da industriul-jgufur mflobelobasa da so-
cialur pasuxismgeblobaze.~5
Tanamedrove socializmis mamad frangi revolucioneri fransua-nuel
babefi (1760-1797) iTvleba, romelic emxroboda ekonomikur Tanasworo-
basa da miwis saerTo mflobelobas. babefis ideebi gaiziares da ganaaxles
e.w. utopistma socialistebma, maT Soris sen-simonma (1760-1825)da Carlz
furiem (1772-1837). lui blani (1811-1882) emxroboda ufro gonivrul so-
cializms, rac gulisxmobda muSebis mier kontrolirebadi sabWoebisa da
sawarmoebis Seqmnas. blanki aqtiuri iyo 1848 wlis muSaTa amboxebisas. am
 ra aris sajaro sikeTe? 431
mRelvarebidan warmoiSva Teoria da meTodebi, romelTac emxroboda meoce
saukunis memarcxene ideologiebi, revoluciuri komunizmiT dawyebuli,
demokratiuli socializmiT damTavrebuli.

revoluciuri komunizmi. memarcxene eqstremistuli ideologiis, rev-

oluciuri komunizmis anu marqsizmis ideebi warmoiSva karl marqsis (1818-
1883ww.) da misi Tanamoazris, fridrix engelsis (1820-1895ww.) naSromebidan.
marqsi CamoSorda utopist socialistebs, radgan amtkicebda, rom koleqti-
uri idealis miRweva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod Ria klasobrivi konfliqtis
meSveobiT da rom istoriis mecnieruli `kanonebi~ winaswar gansazRvravda
am konfliqtis Sedegs. proletariatis mier ganxorcielebuli revoluciis
garduvalobasa da aucileblobaze xazgasma ganasxvavebs marqsizms anu ko-
munizms socializmis sxva formebisagan.
marqsi da engelsi `komunistur manifests~ (1848) Tamami gancxadebiT iwye-
ben: `mTeli istoria aris istoria klasobrivi brZolisa~ _ es gancxadeba
emyareba or mosazrebas: (1) adamianis nebismieri qmedebis ukan dgas ekonomi-
kuri an materialuri Zalebi da (2) istoriaSi cvlileba da progresi war-
moiSoba ekonomikuri Zalebis mudmiv SejaxebaTa, konfliqtis an, germaneli
filosofosis hegelis (1770-1831ww.) termins Tu gamoviyenebT, `dialeqti-
kuri procesis~ safuZvelze. marqsi Tvlida, rom yvela sazogadoebam ganvi-
Tarebis erTi da igive istoriuli safexurebi gaiara. TiToeuli am safex-
urTagani dominanturi ekonomikuri struqturaa (Tezisi), romelic Seicavs
axali da konfliqturi struqturis (antiTezisis) elementebs. Tezissa da
antiTeziss Soris gardauvali Sejaxebis Sedegad Cndeba sinTezi anu axali
ekonomikuri epoqa. marqsis azriT, is, rasac Cven axla industriul revo-
lucias vuwodebT, iyo istoriis kapitalisturi safexuri. man daamarcxa
feodaluri epoqa, roca burJuaziam (qalaqelma xelosnebma da vaWrebma)
feodal miwaTmflobelebs xelidan gamoglija politikuri da ekonomikuri
Zalaufleba. dialeqtikuri materializmis kanonma, rogorc marqsma uwoda
istoriis Taviseul xedvas, kapitalizmis aRzeveba gardauvali gaxada. zus-
tad amave kanonis mixedviT, aseve gaurdauvalia konfliqti kapitalistebsa
da proletariats Soris. es konfliqti, marqsis azriT, dasruldeba muSaTa
klasis gamarjvebiT da stabiluri, uklaso sazogadoebis gamocxadebiT (uk-
laso sazogadoebis utopiuri idea aRwerilia II TavSi).
marqsistuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove industriuli kapitalizmis
mTavari Strixia sazogadoebis dayofa or antagonistur klasad: kapitali-
stebad _ isini floben warmoebis saSualebebs da proletarebad, romlebic
iZulebulni arian saaTobiT imuSaon saarsebo minimumisTvis. gansxvaveba am
gasamrjelosa da muSaTa Sromis Sedagad miRebuli produqtis fass Soris
aris Warbi Rirebuleba (metismetad didi mogeba), romelsac kapitalistebi
ijibaven. kapitalistebi sistematurad axdenen proletarTa eqsploatacias
da amiT gaucnobiereblad proletarul revolucias uyrian safuZvels.
marqsi da misi Tanamoazreebi miiCneven, rom es revolucia Semdegnai-
rad ganviTardeba: e.w. kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanonis Tanaxmad, kapi-
talistebi unda gafarTovdnen TavianTi konkurentebis xarjze an Tavad
432 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

gandevnil iqnen bazridan. sanam kapitalistebi agrZeleben gafarToebas,

isini Tavidan iSoreben sustebs da xelSi igdeben bazris sul ufro mzard
wils. sabolood, yvelaze sastik SejibrSi warmatebuli monawileebi gan-
devnian danarCenebs. amrigad, isini Sedian monopoliuri kapitalizmis epo-
qaSi, romelic dauyovnebliv iwvevs mTeli kapitalisturi sistemis daSlas.
ratom unda iqnas kapitalizmi daTrgunuli am safexurze, roca Cans, rom
kapitalisturma monopoliam xelT igdo upirobo Zalaufleba? _ imitom,
rom zustad im dros, roca mdidrebi mdidrdebodnen, Raribebi Raribdebod-
nen. adamianuri Sroma manqanam Secvala. konkurenciis procesSi izrdeboda
umuSevroba, mcirdeboda msyidvelobiTi unari da saSinao bazari. saqmiani
aqtiurobis vardnis es Tandayolili tendencia da Tavis mxriv, depresiac,
iwvevs ufro met umuSevrobas, dabal gasamrjelos da a.S. uTvalavi adami-
ani xdeba `Warbi muSa~ _ umuSevari, ufulo da uimedo. amas pauperizaciis
(gaRatakebis) kanoni ewodeba da es gardauvalia. orTodoqsi marqsistebi-
saTvis `kapitalizmis krizisi~ da mis Sedegad dawyebuli proletaruli
revoluciac gardauvali movlenebia. radganac kapitalistebi ar daTmoben
TavianT Zalauflebas, privilegiebs an qonebas ubrZolvelad, kapitalizmis
damxoba mxolod sisxliani revoluciis gziTaa SesaZlebeli.
rwmena, rom Zaladobrivi masobrivi qmedeba aucilebelia radikaluri
cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad, umTavresi iyo marqsis mimdevris, leni-
nis (1870-1924ww.) TeoriebSi. am ukanasknelma daaarsa ruseTis komunisturi
partia da saTaveSi Caudga ruseTis 1917 wlis revolucias. marqsist-le-
ninistebi, rogorc maT zogjer uwodeben, fiqrobdnen, rom saparlamento
demokratia da `burJuaziuli legaluroba~ mxolod kapitalisturi eqsp-
loataciis realobis SesaniRbad Seqmnili superstruqturebia (zednaSenia).
revolucioneri komunistebi ar interesdebodnen im warmomadgenlobiTi
institutebiT, romlebic Warbobda aSS-sa da dasavleT evropaSi.
sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis dacemasTan erTad,
marqsizmma dakarga Tavisi avtoriteti. Tumca, es doqtrina inarCunebs momx-
ibvlelobas CagrulTa klasSi, garkveulwilad, Tavisi `jvarosnuli sulisa~
da gaTavisuflebis dapirebis gamo. bevr aspeqtSi revoluciuri marqsizmi
waagavs militaristul-fundamentalistur religias, Tanamedrove islami-
sa da adreuli Sua saukuneebis qristianobis msgavsad. britanelma filoso-
fosma bernar raselma Semdegnairad gamosaxa paralelebi qristianobasa da
marqsizms Soris:6
marqsizmis fsiqologiis kuTxiT gasagebad Semdegi leqsikoni unda
gamoviyenoT:

ieRova (RmerTi) = dialeqtikuri materializmi

mesia = marqsi
rCeulni = proletariati
eklesia = komunituri partia
meored mosvla = revolucia
jojoxeTi = kapitalistebis sasjeli
maradiuli samoTxe = komunisturi Tanamegobroba
 ra aris sajaro sikeTe? 433
raselis azriT, marcxniv ganlagebuli terminebi emociur Sinaarss
aZlevs marjvniv ganlagebuls. es analogia gvexmareba gavigoT marqsizmis
didi emociuri zemoqmedeba.

komunizmi da demokratia. aSS-Si komunisturi partia Zlieri arasdros yo-

fila da Zalian cota amerikeli Tu gamotydeba, rom simpaTiiTaa ganwyobili
komunisturi ideologiis mimarT. Tumca, msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi komu-
nisturi partia bolo dromde yvaoda. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, aRmosavleT
evropaSi, CineTSi, CrdiloeT koreaSi, vietnamSi, kubasa da mesame msoflios
zog qveyanaSi komunisturi partia dominirebda marqsizmis (upiratesad,
marqsizm-leninizmis) droSis qveS.
mesame msoflios qveynebSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg komunistebi an
marqsistebi saTaveSi edgnen `erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobebs~,
romlebic miznad isaxavda arsebul mTavrobaTa damxobas. bevr sxva qveya-
naSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropaSi, arammarTvelma komunisturma par-
tiebma miaRwies demokratiul respeqtabelurobas. safrangeTSi, italiasa
da espaneTSi komunisturi partia kanonierad iyo aRiarebuli da monawil-
eobda erovnul arCevnebSi da zogjer koaliciur mTavrobaTa formireba-
Sic. umeteswilad, es partiebi politikuri wesebis mixedviT TamaSobdnen da
moipovebdnen sazogadoebriv ndobas, Tumca isini verasdros axerxebdnen
xmaTa umravlesobis dagrovebas, rac saWiro iyo Zalauflebis xelSi
asaRebad. 1970-ian wlebSi italiasa da espaneTSi komunisturi partia saT-
aveSi Caudga evrokomunizmis saxeliT cnobil moZraobas. evrokomunistebi
uars ambobdnen marqsizm-leninizmis bevr uZveles dogmaze, maT Soris Za-
ladobrivi revoluciis wamowyebaze, proletariatis diqtatis rwmenasa da
demokratiuli centralizmisadmi dogmatur erTgulebaze, rac upirobo
morCilebas moiTxovs partiuli kursisadmi da krZalavs urCobas.
marTalia, evropuli komunisturi partiebis gavlena SedarebiT Semcir-
da, magram ar gamqrala. mas Semdeg, rac safrangeTis komunisturma partiam
moipova STambeWdavi saarCevno gamarjveba 1997 wlis maisSi, sami komunisti
dainiSna samTavrobo postebze. [bolo wlebSi komunisturi partiebis mniS-
vneloba Semcirda da isini an gaqrnen, an socialistur partiebs SeuerTdne
_ mTargm. Sen.]

demokratiuli socializmi. revoluciuri komunizmisgan gansxvave-

biT, demokratiuli socializmi _ socialisturi ideologiis meore mniS-
vnelovani ganStoeba, koleqtivistur miznebs misdevs (da amrigad, uaryofs
kapitalizms), magram erTgulia demokratiuli saSualebebisa. orTodoqsu-
li marqsizmisgan gansxvavebiT, demokrat-socialistebs sjeraT gradual-
izmisa _ reformisa da ara revoluciis.
demokratiuli socialistebi, igive social-demokratebi, mTavrobis
rolis zrdisa da bazris rolis SezRudvis momxreni arian. socialistur
partiaTa umravlesoba mxars uWers ekonomikis ZiriTadi nawilebis _ trans-
portis, komunikaciebis, komunaluri momsaxurebis, sabanko sistemis da
finansebis, dazRvevisa da mrewvelobis iseTi dargebis, rogoricaa manqa-
434 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

naTmSenebloba, Savi da feradi metalurgia, samTo-mopovebiTi dargebi da

energetika _ nacionalizacias. isini, aseve, momxreebi arian Tanamedrove
`keTildReobis saxelmwifosi~, sadac mTavrobas didi pasuxismgebloba akis-
ria jandacvis, ganaTlebisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis sakiTxebSi.
`keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ mizani aris siRaribisa da uTanasworobis
daZleva Semosavlebis farTomasStabiani gadanawilebis gziT. mas xSirad
aRweren rogorc `akvnidan saflavamde~ sistemas. aseT saxelmwifos axa-
siaTebs ufaso umaRlesi ganaTleba, ufaso (an didad subsidirebuli) sa-
medicino momsaxureba, xelgaSlili sajaro daxmarebebi (fuladi daxmareba
mravalSvilian ojaxebs, sapensio gegmebi, sxvadasxva saxis ufaso an subsi-
direbuli momsaxureba). am programebisa da momsaxurebis dasafinanseblad
socialistebi mxars uWeren maRal gadasaxadebs, maT Soris, mkveTrad mzard
saSemosavlo da myar memkvidreobiT gadasaxadebs, raTa amoivsos ufskruli
mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. socialisturi ideologia moiTxovs amgvar
politikas, radgan is socialur samarTlianobas ekonomikur Tanasworobas-
Tan aigivebs.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg demokratiul socializms udidesi gavlena
hqonda dasavleT evropaSi (da ramdenime ganviTarebad qveyanaSi). bevr ev-
ropul qveyanaSi arsebobs warmatebuli social-demokratiuli partia. ger-
maniaSi, magaliTad, centralur memarcxene partias formalurad ewodeba
social-demokratiuli. `keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ klasikur magaliTs
warmoadgenen didi britaneTi da skandinaviis qveynebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
1981 wels safrangeTis prezidenti gaxda socialisti fransua miterani da
amis Semdeg erovnul arCevnebSi misma partiam moipova sakmarisi xmebi imis-
aTvis, rom Seedgina pirveli memarcxene mTavroba mexuTe respublikis isto-
riaSi (romelic 1958 wlidan arsebobs). da mainc, ramdenime gamonaklisis gar-
da, rogoricaa dania da SvedeTi, social-demokratebis politikuri gavlena
Semcirda 1990-ian wlebSi. politikuri partiebi, romlebic mxars uWerdnen
socialistur principebs, an kargavdnen gavlenas, an ufro `umegobrdebod-
nen~ Tavisufal bazarsa da ekonomikuri konkurenciis ideebs. britaneTis
leiboristuli partia, romelic 1997 wels movida mTavrobaSi `zomieri~
politikosis, toni bleris meTaurobiT, TvalsaCino magaliTia ukanasknel
wlebSi evropis social-demokratiuli partiis poziciis Serbilebisa.
demokratiul socializms, rogorc organizebul politikur Zalas, mc-
ire gavlena hqonda meore msoflio omis Semdgom aSS-is politikaze, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom 1930-ian wlebSi prezidentobis kandidatis norman tomasis
propaganda socialisturi xasiaTisa iyo da amomrCevelTa didi mxardaWera
da yuradReba moipova. rogorc pirvel msoflio omamde, ise mis Semdeg, so-
cialistebma miiRes 900 aTasi xma arCevnebze. 1912 da 1920 wlis arCevnebma
aSS-Si socializmis mimarT didi interesi aCvena. raSi iyo saqme?
amerikelebi, rogorc wesi, individualistebi arian da eWviT uyureben
`did saxelmwifos~; xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg isini socializms saer-
Tod komunizmTan aigivebdnen da amitom uaryofdnen mas. amis miuxedavad,
bevri sajaro programa, romlebic axla sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, waagavs
im programebs, romlebsac ukve didi xania mxars uWeren demokrati sociali-
 ra aris sajaro sikeTe? 435
stebi. magaliTebis saxiT SegviZlia moviyvanoT socialuri usafrTxoeba,
jandacva, mravalSvilian ojaxTa daxmareba, umuSevrobis kompensacia da
sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo programebi.

radikaluri egalitarianizmi. radikaluri egalitarianizmi ar aris

pirdapiri ideologia im gagebiT, rom is ar umadlis Tavis arsebobas erTi
individis naSromebs da ar Sedgeba erTi-ori yovlismomcveli principisgan.
is arc universaluradaa aRiarebuli. Tumca, yvelafris miuxedavad, radi-
kaluri egalitarianizmi aris cxadi da mkafiod gansazRvruli pozicia sa-
jaro keTidlReobisadmi. igi sruliad Tanaswori msoflios momxrea. mis
mimdevarTa azriT, sazogadoebaSi miRebuli yvelaze farTod gavrcelebu-
li da yoveldRiuri gansxvavebebi (vin aris warmatebuli, ras vswavlobT da
vkiTxulobT da a.S.) Tavdapirvelad warmoiSva mikerZoebis/midrekilebis an
eTnocentrizmis safuZvelze. radikaluri egalitarianistebi miiCneven, rom
eTnikuri umciresobebi, qalebi, homoseqsualebi, fizikurad Tu gonebrivad
unarSezRuduli adamianebi da yvelani, vinc umravlesobis farglebs gareT
xvdebian, ganicdian diskriminacias. amitomac sazogadoebam yvelaferi unda
gaakeTos maTi winwawevis, warmatebisa da Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad. es
jgufebi didi xnis manZilze idevnebodnen (privilegirebuli TeTrkaniani ma-
makacebis sasargeblod), amitomac isini unda gaxdnen kvlevebis obieqtebica
da wyaroebic da maTTvis da maT Sesaxeb dawerili namuSevrebi unda Sediodes
yoveli kolejis saswavlo gegmaSi. da bolos, maTi azriT, es jgufebi ar aris
kargad Seswavlili sistemuri diskrimaniciisa da dasavluri civilizaciis
endemuri midrekilebebis gamo.
amerikuli saganmanaTleblo sistemis, sazogadebisa da civilizaciis ra-
dikaluri egalitarianistuli analizi Zalian sakamaToa. konservatori kri-
tikosebi ewinaaRmdegebian amerikuli sazogadoebisa da dasavluri civili-
zaciis radikalur-egalitarianistul daxasiaTebas da brazdebian, rodesac
maTi kritika uaryofilia rogorc rasistuli, genderulad diskriminaciu-
li, homofobiuri (homoseqsualTa zizRi) an sxva mizeziT. konservatori kri-
tikosebi acxadeben, rom radikali egalitarianistebi qmnian emociurad daZ-
abul klimats, sadac mxolod `politikurad koreqtul~ azrs scemen pativs.
1990-ian wlebSi politikuri koreqtulobis polemika Tavs daatyda amerikul
kolejebs. xSirad es gamoixateboda debatebSi radikalur-egaliterianistu-
li msoflmxedvelobis saWiroebis Sesaxeb.

izmebi da amerikuli politika

amerikuli politika, arsebiTad, aris mZafri konkurencia liberalebsa

da konservatorebs Soris. ramdenadac es ori mimarTuleba xSirad dabneu-
lobas iwvevs da radganac Znelia amerikuli politikis umTavresi sakiTxebis
gageba liberalizm-konservatizmisgan gancalkevebiT, sajaro keTildReo-
basTan erTad unda ganvixiloT es ori amerikuli mimdinareoba.
436 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

iarliyebi amerikul politikaSi

Tanamedrove amerikul liberalizmsa da konservatizms dasavluri poli-

tikuri azris 300-wliani liberaluri tradicia udevs safuZvlad. yvelaze
fundamenturi principi am tradiciisa iyo is, rom mTavroba unda icavdes
adamianis individualur uflebebs. amerikuli liberalizmi xazs usvams
socialur, politikur da ekonomikur Tanasworobas yvela samoqalaqo
uflebis dacvisa da gafarToebis saxeliT. amisgan gansxvavebiT, amerikuli
konservatizmi momxrea iseTi politikisa, romelic win wamoswevs ayvavebasa
da Tanabar Sansebs individualuri sakuTrebisa da ekonomikuri uflebebis
dacvis saxeliT. amrigad, rogorc liberalebi, ise konservatorebi emxro-
bian indvidualuri uflebebis dacvas, ubralod, isini gansxvavdebian imis
mixedviT, romeli miaCniaT am uflebaTagan ufro mniSvnelovnad.
ramdenime faqtori aZnelebs imis zustad gansazRvras, ras gulisxmobs
liberalizmi da konservatizmi amerikuli politikis aspeqtSi. ra aris es
faqtorebi?
upirveles yovlisa, aSS-Si ideologiis roli mkacrad SezRudulia
politikuri kulturiT, sadac yoveldRiuri politika moicavs konkret-
ul interesTa dapirispirebas da ara Seurigebeli ideebisa da principebis
konfliqts. rogorc wesi, arCeuli moxeleebis dRis wesrigi gamosaxavs
adgilobriv ekonomikur interesebs, amomrCevlis socialuri da ekonomi-
kuri ganwyobebis cvlilebas, upirispirdeba garkveul problemas. amrigad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikul politikaSi arian doqtrinuli liberalebi
da konservatorebi, praqtikaSi amerikeli politikosebi ufro pragmatulni
arian, vidre dogmaturebi.
liberalebi da konservatorebi kamaTisas iSviaTad eqcevian erTsa da
imave mxares. magaliTad, zogadad, konservatorebi emxrobian kanonebs por-
nografiis winaaRmdeg, maSin, roca liberalebi ewinaaRmdegebian aseT Sez-
Rudvebs (metic, xandaxan xumrobiT amboben, rom liberalebi yiduloben
im wignebs, romelTa akrZalvac undaT konservatorebs, im dros, roca kon-
servatorebi qmnian cenzuris komitetebs da iq jgufurad kiTxuloben am
wignebs). amis miuxedavad, e.w. minimalisti konservatorebi anu libertari-
anelebi ewinaaRmdegebian yvela saxis SezRudvas nebismieri saxis sakiTxavi
masalis gayidvaze, demonstrirebaze, distribuciasa da flobaze. am dros,
qalTa uflebebis damcveli zogi liberali, radikalic ki, uerTdeba kon-
servatorebs amgvari wignebis akrZalvis moTxovnaSi, im motiviT, rom por-
nografia eqpluatacias uwevs da reputacias ulaxavs mdedrobiTi sqesis
yvela warmomadgenels gaukuRmarTebuli mamakacebis siamovnebisaTvis.
zogi sakiTxi, romelic liberalebsa da konservatorebs yofda or
dapirispirebul banakad erT dros, sxva dros SeiZleba saerTod Seusabamo
gaxdes. konservatorebi icavdnen aristokratiis Zalauflebasa da privil-
egiebs, magram yvela saxis maRali warmomavlobis tituli gauqmda or sauku-
neze meti xnis win. evropaSi, sadac memkvidreobiTi titulebi adre gasaRebi
iyo qonebisa da Zala-uflebisaTvis, maTi yofili upiratesobis Sexseneba
dRes warsulisken anomaliur mibrunebad gveCveneba. imis miuxedavad, rom
 ra aris sajaro sikeTe? 437
konservatorebi liberalebze metad midrekilni arian mdidarTa intere-
sebis dacvisadmi, verc erTi seriozuli politikuri figura ver gabedavs
gamoTqvas azri aristokratiis upiratesobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb.

saerTo Temebi

erT dros cnebebi _ liberalizmi da konservatizmi, SeiZleba logikurad

Tanmimdevrul da zustad gansazRvrul alternativebs gamoxatavda. Tumca,
Tanamedrove amerikul politikur cxovrebaSi isini araa calkeuli da myarad
Camoyalibebuli ideologiebi, rogoric, magaliTad, komunizmi an faSizmi.
aSS-Si rogorc liberalizmi, ise konservatizmi ganviTarda politikuri
principebis fundamenturi wyebidan da maT variaciebs warmoadgens.7 es poli-
tikuri kredo bevrs unda umadlodes jon lokis politikur Sromebs. rogorc
damoukideblobis deklaraciaSia Sejamebuli, yvela adamiani ibadeba Tanas-
worad; uzrunvelyofilia maTi arsebiTi uflebebi, maT Soris sicocxlis,
Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken swrafvis uflebebi (lokis `sakuTrebis
uflebis~ jefersoniseuli variacia); mTavroba arsebobs am uflebis da-
sacavad da legitimuri xdeba marTulTa Tanxmobis safuZvelze. deklaracia
aseve acxadebs, rom rodesac mTavrobas aviwydeba misi xelisuflebaSi mosv-
lis mizani da mizezebi, xalxs aqvs ufleba Secvalos an gaauqmos is.
damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi zogadadaa Camoyalibebuli is prin-
cipebi, romlebzec Tavis dasawyisSi visaubreT. Tavisufleba xazgasmiTaa
naxsenebi, iseve rogorc individis ufleba sicocxlesa da usafrTxoebaze.
ayvaveba gulixmobs mTavrobis movaleobas, daicvas adamianis ufleba, ilt-
vodes bednierebisaken (bolos da bolos, bednierebisken swrafva ar gamor-
icxavs simdidrisken swrafvas komerciul sazogadoebaSi). Tanasworoba miC-
neulia adamianis fundamentur mdgomareobad da amerikel xalxs, sxvasTan
erTad, garantirebuli aqvs Tanabari Tavisufleba.
da bolos, miCneulia, rom mTavroba, romelic adekvaturad ar icavs da
pativs ar scems adamianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da bednierebisken
swrafvis uflebas, ar imsaxurebs keTil saxels. amgvari saxis mTavroba,
deklaraciis mixedviT, arRvevs samarTlianobis principebs da SeiZleba
misi Secvla an gauqmeba. aSS-is konstituciaSi, romelsac aqvs sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli mizani _ `gamoacxados samarTlianoba, uzrunvelyos mSvidoba
qveynis SigniT, saerTo usafrTxoeba, Tavisuflebis dacva da sazogadoebis
keTildReobas Seuwyos xeli~, mTavrobis es ZiriTadi amocanebi kidev ufro
cxadad aris aRwerili.

konservatorebi: ekonomikuri uflebebis primati

aSS-Si konservatorebi ZiriTadad xazs usvamen ekonomikasa da ekonomi-

kur uflebebs. am saxis winadadebebiT pirvelad wardgnen XVII-XVIII saukunis
politikuri filosofosebi da ekonomistebi.
438 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

jon loki (1632-1704). imis miuxedavad, rom jon loki, upirvelesad, miC-
neulia politikis filosofosad, man didi wvlili Seitana komerciuli
respublikis ideis CamoyalibebaSi. es aris ekonomikuri koncefcia, ro-
melic gansazRvravs Tanamedrove konservatizmis birTvs. lokma naTlad ga-
nacxada, rom individebs aqvT sakuTrebis ufleba _ gansakuTrebiT Tavisi
ZalisxmeviT mopovebul sakuTrebaze _ da mTavrobis erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani mizani kerZo sakuTrebis dacvaa. man aseve gonivruli axsna
mouZebna sakuTrebis uflebebs, legalur fulad valebsa da saxelSekrule-
bo valdebulebebs, rac komerciuli saxelmwifos safuZvelia. amasTan er-
Tad, sixarbis instinqts inteleqtur diskursSi axladmopovebuli respeq-
tabeloba mianiWa.
bevri Zveli filosofosi, aristoteledan Toma aqvinelamde (1224-1274),
gaurboda amqveyniuri mflobelobiT zedmetad dainteresebas. amisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, loks warmodgenili hqonda sazogadoeba, sadac individebi mud-
mivad iRvwian TavianTi xvedris gasaumjobeseblad, sadac warmoebisa da
gamogonebis suli yvavis da fuli aris gacvlis universaluri saSualeba.
misi azriT, qonebis dagrovebis Semdgom, reinvestirebuli da gafarToebu-
li sazogadoeba ayvavdeba da ayvavebuli sazogadoeba iqneba bednieri.

baron de monteskie (1689-1755). maSin, roca lokma ganaviTara komerciuli

respublikis zogadi Teoria, frangma politikis filosofosma baron de
monteskiem Tavis cnobil naSrom `kanonTa gonSi~ (1748) gansazRvra biznessa
da komerciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis dadebiTi mxareebi. monteskies
azriT, qveynebs, romlebic eqstensiur vaWrobas awarmoeben sxva saxelmwifoe-
bTan, survili eqnebaT mSvidobisa, radgan omi xels uSlis saerTaSoriso
vaWrobas. man, aseve, daaskvna, rom komercia xels uwyobs ufro samarTlebri-
vi politikuri wesrigis Camoyalibebas, individualuri TviTgaumjobesebi-
saTvis axali gzebis gaxsniT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, siRaribeSi dabade-
bulsac SeuZlia gaxdes mdidari dauRalavi SromiTa da JiniT. amasTan,
komerciaze gakeTebuli aqcenti ganawyobda sazogadoebas religiuri fana-
tizmis winaaRmdeg. miwier keTildReobaze zrunva da `jounsebTan Sejibri~
(amerikuli gamoTqma _ mezoblebTan Sejibreba materialur sakuTrebaSi)
daikavebda religiuri dapirispirebis gamomwvevi fanatikuri aRmafrenis
adgils. komerciuli wesrigis saukeTeso mxarea misi dadebiTi gavlena indi-
vidualur moralurobaze. monteskies sjeroda, rom komerciuli demokra-
tia warmoSobda burJuaziul Rirseul Tvisebebs, maT Soris `yairaTianobas,
ekonomiurobas, Sromas, SorsmWvretelobas, wesrigs.~8

adam smiTi (1723-1790). mas Semdeg, rac lokma Camoayaliba komerciuli sax-
elmwifos politikuri safuZvlebi da monteskiem CamoTvala amgvari saxelm-
wifos dadebiTi mxareebi, Sotlandielma ekonomistma adam smiTma axsna misi
moqmedebis principebi. smiTi darwmunebuli iyo, rom rogorc individual-
uri bedniereba, ise socialuri harmonia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis gzebTan. man Tavis cnobil naSromSi `xalxTa
simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis kvleva~ (Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the
 ra aris sajaro sikeTe? 439
Wealth of Nations; 1776) (romelmac Semdeg didi gavlena moipova) sqemis saxiT
Camoayaliba, rogor SeuZlia komerciul sazogadoebas efeqtianad iarsebos
centraluri mTavrobis mier ekonomikuri sferos regulirebisa da dagegm-
vis gareSe. es naSromi yvela sxva wignze metad iqca Tanamedrove kapitaliz-
mis logikur dasabuTebad.
lokis msgavsad, smiTic aRiarebda adamianTa saqmianobaSi kerZo intere-
sis umniSvnelovanes rols. ekonomikur bazarze kerZo interesi ara marto
ganawyobs individs muSaobisTvis, aramed karnaxobs mas iseTi saqmianobis ar-
Cevas, romelic miesadageba mis specifikur socialur saWiroebas:

Cven rom sadils mivirTmevT, es ar aris yasabis, xabazis an ludis

mxarSvelis keTilganwyobis Sedegi, es sakuTari dainteresebis Sede-
gia. Cven Cvens interesebis dakmayofilebas unda vumadlodeT ara maT
humanurobas, aramed maT sakuTari Tavis siyvaruls. da Cven maT vesau-
brebiT ara Cveni saWirobidan, aramed maTi upiratesobidan gamomdin-
are.9

smiTis cnobili Teoriaa bazris `uCinari xeli~, romelic gamoxatulia

moTxovna-miwodebis kanoniT. misi azriT, es kanoni gansazRvravs sabaz-
ro fass. sadac produqtis raodenoba didia da moTxovna _ mcire, saqon-
lis sabazro fasi ecema im dromde, sanam yvelaze efeqtiani mwarmoeblebi
ar darCebian bazarze. sapirispirod, roca produqtis raodenoba mcirea da
moTxovna _ didi, saqonlis sabazro fasi matulobs. sabolood, Rirebuleba
daiwevs, roca konkurencia gaizrdeba. am gziT bazari avtomaturad amyarebs
miwodeba-moTxovnis wonasworobas.
smiTs sjeroda, rom gamorCeniT daintereseba da sabazro Zalebi erTmaneTs
Seewyobodnen, raTa SeenarCunebinaT ekonomikuri Sejibri da konkurencia.
es, Tavis mxriv, ar miscemda fasebs saSualebas Zalian gascdenoda produqci-
is realur Rirebulebas (Tu es ase moxdeboda, mwarmoeblebs daTrgunavdnen
konkurentebi). am TvalsazrisiT, sakuTari interesebis dakmayofileba da
sabazro mdgomareoba xels uwyobs fasebis TviTregulacias: maRali fasebi
qmnis maRali konkurenciis iniciativas, dabali fasi iwvevs moTxovnis gazr-
das da Sesabamisad, amas Sedegad produqciis gazrda mohyveba.
da bolos, smiTis Tavisufali mewarmeobis Teoriis mixedviT, individebi
nebayoflobiT irCeven konkretulad im profesiasa da saqmianobas, romle-
bic sazogadoebaSi yvelaze faseulad iTvleba, radgan fuladi gasamrjelo
am SemTxvevaSi Zalian didi sacduria, maSinac ki, roca TviT saqmianoba ar
aris Zalian momxibvleli.10 es koncefciebi erTad gansazRvravs e.w. Tavisu-
fali (laissez-faire (mieciT saSualeba xalxs, gaakeTos, rac unda) kapitalizms.
es aris idea, romlis Tanaxmadac mTavrobis Carevisgan Tavisufali bazari
ekonomikis saukeTeso regulatoria.

Tanamedrove konservatizmi. lokis, monteskiesa da smiTis namuSevrebze

dayrdnobiT Tanamedrove konservatorebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben adami-
anTa uflebas, iltvodnen bednierebisaken rogorc individebi (da ara ro-
440 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

gorc koleqtivis wevrebi). isini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvileben

adamianis uflebaze moipovos, daagrovos da gankargos sakuTreba. aseve,
icaven biznesisa da korporaciuli industriis interesebs. amiT eTanxmebian
smiTis mosazrebas, rom individualuri keTildReobis mopoveba aucile-
blad gamoiwvevs saerTo ayvavebasa da keTildReobas. da bolos, konserva-
torebi akritikeben bazris moqmedebaSi saxelmwifos Carevas (iseve rogorc
socialuri keTildReobis programebs) da biznesis saqmeebSi biurokratiul
`cxviris Cayofas~ (magaliTad, federalur moTxovnebs minimaluri garemos-
dacviTi standartebis Sesaxeb).
konservatorebi irwmunebian, rom individualizms konkretuli sajaro
sikeTeebi moaqvs, maT Soris, nergavs SromiT eTikas, wesrigisa da stabi-
lurobis survils da jansaR TviTSekavebas mTavrobis mxridan. es sajaro
(sazogadoebrivi) sikeTeebi yvelaze metad im politikur sistemaSi Seiqmne-
ba, sadac yvelaze kargi pirobebia individis warmatebisaTvis. SeiZleba mon-
teskieseuli `yairaTianoba, ekonomiuroba, zomiereba, Sroma, SorsmWvre-
teloba, simSvide, wesrigi da kanoni~ araa umaRlesi idealebi, magram
konservatorebisaTvis yvelaferi es normaluri da stabiluri politikuri
sistemis garantiebia.

liberalebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis primati

konservatorebis msgavsad, liberalebic miiCneven, rom individebs miniWe-

buli aqvT garkveuli uflebebi. magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, uflebebi, rom-
lebic liberalebs yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT, aris samoqalaqo ufle-
bebi. amrigad, isini gaafTrebiT icaven im individebsa da jgufebs, romelTa
uflebebic irRveva da diskriminacias ganicdian (mag. rasobrivi umcireso-
bani, qalebi da Raribebi). liberalebi eTanxmebian xelisuflebis mcdelobasa
da qmedebebs, miaRwion Tanabar uflebebs. amavdroulad, isini zogadad ewi-
naaRmdegebian mTavrobis mier gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis SezRudvas; agreTve,
erTobis standartebisa da tradiciebis SenarCunebis mizniT `moralis da-
kanonebis~ mcdelobebs.
pirovnul Tavisuflebaze yuradRebis aseTi gamaxvileba fundamentur
rwmenas aZlevs individualurobis Rirsebas. TiToeuli adamianis unikal-
urobisa Tu Rirsebis dacva da pativiscema sazogadoebaSi mTavrobis um-
niSvnelovanesi mizani unda iyos. individualizmis dasacavi argumentebi
mkafiod aris Camoyalibebuli jon stiuart milis naSromSi `Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb~ (1859):

mas, vinc uflebas aZlevs samyaros an samyaros misTvis gankuTvnil

nawils, mis magivrad dagegmos misi cxovreba, ar sWirdeba sxva aranairi
niWi, garda maimunisebri adamianisa. is, vinc Tavis cxovrebas Tavad geg-
mavs, iyenebs yvela Tavis niWs. mas sWirdeba dakvirveba, raTa dainaxos;
logikuri azrovneba da gansjis unari, raTa pirdapir ganWvritos;
saqmianoba, raTa moagrovos masala gadawyvetilebis misaRebad; gansx-
 ra aris sajaro sikeTe? 441
vavebis unari, raTa gadawyvitos da roca gadawyvets, simyare da TviT-
kontroli, raTa misdios saguldagulod miRebul gadawyvetilebebs.
am Tvisebebs is saWiroebs da iyenebs zustad, proporciulad, rogorc
Tavisi qmedebis nawils, romelsac gansazRvravs sakuTari azrovnebisa
da grZnobebis mixedviT. SesaZlebelia isic, rom is daadges karg gzas
da Tavi aaridos zians yovelive amis gamoyenebis gareSec. magram am
SemTxvevaSi ra iqneboda SedarebiTi Rirebuleba misi, rogorc adami-
anisa? didi mniSvnelobisaa ara marto is, ras akeTebs adamiani, aramed
is manerac, romliTac is rames akeTebs. adamianis namuSevarTa Soris,
romlis gaumjobesebasa da galamazebaSia CarTuli misi cxovreba, up-
irvelesi mniSvnelobisa Tavad adamiania. . . . adamianis buneba ar aris
manqana, rom nimuSis mixedviT aago da daniSno misTvis gamowerili sa-
muSaos zustad Sesasruleblad. adamianis buneba SegviZlia ufro xes
SevadaroT, romelsac zrda da ganviTareba sWirdeba Sinagani Zalebis
tendenciebis mixedviT, rac mas cocxal arsebad aqcevs.11

mili agreTve aRniSnavs, rom individualurobas mudmivi safrTxe emuqre-

ba sazogadoebrivi azris damxuTveli erTgvarovnebis mxridan. swored am
mizeziT, liberalebis azriT, individebi saWiroeben dacvas umravleso-
bis mmarTvelobaze damyarebuli xelisuflebisgan. isini miiCneven, rom
demokratiuli sazogadoeba xSirad erTmaneTSi urevs azris raodenobasa
da xarisxs da xSirad utolebs ricxobriv aRmatebulebas politikur WeS-
maritebas. am procesSi sxva-gvarad moazrovneebs xSirad sxva TvaliT uy-
ureben da zogjer devnian kidec.
milisa da misi inteleqtualuri memkvidreebis TvalSi individualizmi
kargia sazogadoebisaTvis da individebisaTvis, radgan swored adamianis
kreatiulobis, dinamizmisa da gamomgoneblobis gamo viTardeba sazoga-
doeba. liberalebi miiCneven, rom Tu individebs miecemaT saSualeba, sru-
lyofilad ganaviTaron niWi da gaavrcelon TavianTi ideebi, mTavroba
SeZlebs simbiozuri urTierTobebis aSenebas, sadac individic da sazoga-
doebac gaizrdeba da ganviTardeba.

arsebiTi gansxvavebebi

amerikel liberalebsa da konservatorebs Soris gansxvavebis safuZve-

li dapirispirebuli mosazrebebia adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. liberalebs
sjeraT adamianebis sikeTisa da kargi bunebisa. marTalia, isini ar uaryofen,
rom zogi adamiani sazogadoebisaTvis miuReblad iqceva, magram aseT ada-
mianebs garemos msxverplad miiCneven. magaliTad, Tanamedrove amerikelTa
umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom danaSaulis Sesamcireblad sazogadoebam unda
Seamsubuqos siRaribis, sasowarkveTis mdgomareoba da rasizmi, romelic
asazrdoebs antisazogadoebriv qmedebas. sxva sityvebiT, adamianebi Tanas-
worni arian Rirsebis mixedviT da imsaxureben aseT mopyrobas mTavrobisa
da Tanamoqaleqeebis mxridan.
442 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

konservatorebi adamianis bunebas ufro muq ferebSi xedaven. maT miaC-

niaT, rom adamianebi dabadebidanve egoistebi da xSirad daumorCileblebi
arian. individebi cdiloben TavianTi Tavi sxvebze maRla daayenon, isini gan-
sxvavdebian motivaciiT, SesaZleblobebiT, moraluri RirebulebebiTa da
iRbliT. konservatorebi amboben, rom am gansxvavebaTa Semcireba arc erT
mTavrobas ar xelewifeba. sabolood, TavianTi liberali oponentebisgan
gansxvavebiT, maT naklebi `Tavis tkivili~ aqvT araTanabari sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobisa da gansxvavebuli qonebrivi SesaZleblobebis gamo. amasTan,
isini ar miaweren adamianis antisazogadoebriv qmedebas garemo faqtorebs.
piriqiT, fiqroben, rom sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis iarsebeben `dampali vaS-
lebi~ (amerikuli gamoTqma _ cudi gavlenis mqone adamiani. mTargmn. Sen.).
kidev erTi faqtori, rac konservatorebsa da liberalebs ganasxvavebs,
isaa, rom es ukanasknelni Tavs istoriulad mimdinare procesis nawilad
miiCneven, romlis farglebSic adamianis mdgomareoba gaumjobesda da Tan-
daTan ufro umjobesdeba. sxva sityvebiT, liberalebi istorias progresu-
li TvalsazrisiT uyureben. maT sjeraT, rom Cveulebrivi adamiani dRes
ukeTes mdgomareobaSia, vidre ramdenime Taobis an ramdenime saukunis win.
maTi azriT, momavlis socialuri mowyoba, rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise
sazRvargareT, ise iqneba konstruirebuli, rom yvela adamians saukeTeso
misces. aqedan gamomdinare, liberalebi optimisturad uyureben momavalSi
sazogadoebisa da mTeli msoflios gakeTilSobilebis mcdelobas.
konservatorebi, maTgan gansxvavebiT, awmyos sirTuleebis daZlevisas
warsuls gzamkvlevad iyeneben. isini eWvqveS ayeneben mosazrebas, rom cv-
lileba SeiZleba gautoldes progress. maTTvis politikuri erToba faqizi
organizmia, romelic gaerTianebulia saerTo faseulobebiTa da Sexedule-
bebiT. Cveuleba da tradiciebi, aRiarebuli sazogadoebrivi institutebi
(magaliTad, ojaxi, eklesia, mTavroba) da Rrmad fesvgadgmuli socialuri
xatebi konservatorebisaTvis erTaderTi myari safuZvelia stabiluri
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dasamyareblad. TviT sazogadoebis msgavsad
tradiciebic arasdros unda Seicvalos swrafad da erTi xelis mosmiT. kon-
servatorTa umravlesoba savsebiT eTanxmeba edmund berkis mosazrebas _
rodesac cvlileba saWiro ar aris, arc unda SevcvaloT.

konservatorebi, liberalebi da sajaro politika

konservatorTa da liberalTa gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi cvlilebebis,

adamianis bunebisa da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, gvexmareba am or jgufs Soris
arsebuli daZabulobis axsnaSi. am daZabulobas zogi damkvirvebeli `kul-
turaTa omsac~ uwodebda.12 zemoaRniSnul programebs (iseTi socialuri
instituciebis mizani, Semadgenloba da mniSvneloba, rogoricaa ojaxi, ga-
naTleba, xelovneba, kanoni da politika) moralur sakiTxebSi uTanxmoeba
udevs safuZvlad. konservatorebis aqcenti tradiciebsa da orTodoqsulo-
baze, kulminacias aRwevs rwmenaSi, rom keTili da boroti transcendentur
filosofiasa da religiaSi Caqsovili universaluri faseulobebia. maTgan
 ra aris sajaro sikeTe? 443
gansxvavebiT, liberalTa mravalferovnebisa da tolerantobisadmi erT-
guleba gamoxatulia rwmenaSi, rom moraluri da politikuri gadawyvetile-
bebi piradi sakiTxebia. magaliTad, liberalTa umravlesoba ewinaaRmdegeba
skolebSi locvas, moiTxovs farTo legalur da socialur uflebebs ho-
moseqsualebisaTvis, aseve, miiCneven, rom qalebs aqvT abortis gakeTebis
ufleba. amisagan gansxvavebiT, konservatorebi, rogorc wesi, fiqroben, rom
skolebSi locvis akrZalva, homoseqsualTa uflebebis aRiareba da abortis
nebarTva, moralurad arasworia. liberalebis azriT ki, individualuri ar-
Cevanis uaryofiT irRveva is, rac moralurad sworia.13
liberalebi da konservatorebi, aseve, gansxvavdebian adamianuri bunebisa
da uflebebis sakiTxebis mimarT TavianTi damokidebulebiTac. sakuTrebis
uflebisadmi erTguleba imis rwmenasTan erTad, rom warmateba da ayvaveba
adamianis bednierebis arsia, konservatorebs dauregulirebeli komerciisa
da industriis momxreebad aqcevs. amave mizeziT, isini ewinaaRmdegebian so-
cialur programebs, romlebic moicavs erovnuli Semosavlis msxvilmasSta-
bian gadanawilebas, did an mzard gadasaxadebs, janmrTelobis dazRvevis
saxelmwifo programebsa da sxv. amgvari damokidebulebis gamo Tanamedrove
konservatorebi `mcire mTavrobis~ momxreebi arian. xolo iq, sadac saxelm-
wifo programebi aucilebeli an gardauvalia, konservatorebis azriT, ad-
gilobrivi xelisufleba ufro axlosaa xalxTan da amitom ufro sandoa, vi-
dre federaluri xelisufleba. meore mxriv, adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, cota
ar iyos uaryofiTi Sexeduleba konservatorebs liberalebze ufro mkacrad
ganawyobs piradi usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis (amitom isini
momxreni arian kriminalebis mimarT ufro sastiki sadamsjelo RonisZie-
bebis gatarebisa), aseve erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis mimarT. da bo-
los, konservatorebs sjeraT, rom ekonomikuri TanasworobiT zedmetad
dainteresebas SeuZlia Ziri gamouTxaros sistemas, romelmac, maTi azriT,
aSS esoden warmatebul qveynad aqcia. magaliTad, saxelmwifo mcdeloba mi-
aRwios ekonomikur Tanasworobas iseTi meqanizmebis saSualebiT, rogori-
caa makompensirebeli programa, axSobs individualur iniciativas da amci-
rebs kavSirs pirad damsaxurebasa da fulad jildos Soris.
vinaidan liberalebi samyaros karg da keTil adgilad da adamianis
bunebas _ Tandayolilad keTilad miiCneven, isini ufro midrekilni ari-
an dainaxon TanamSromlobis, cxovrebisa da mankierebaTa gamosworebis
SesaZleblobebi iq, sadac konservatorebi gamowvevebsa da safrTxeebs xe-
daven. amrigad, sagareo saqmeebSi liberalebi Tavdacvaze naklebi xarjebis
gawevis momxreni arian, konservatorebi ki eTanxmebian Zvel gamonaTqvams:
`geSinodes RmerTisa da Seinaxe Seni Tofis wamali mSralad.~ saSinao saqmee-
bTan dakavSirebiT liberalebi fiqroben, rom sazogadoeba, rogorc erTi
mTliani organizmi, mogebulia xelisuflebis absoluturi CareviT, raTa
uzrunvelyos daCagruli an uiRblo adamianebi saxelmwifo sacxovrebliT,
saxelmwifo dasaqmebiT, janmrTelobis universaluri dazRveviTa da a.S.
maTi azriT, rogoric ar unda iyos sazogadoebis keTildReobis done mTli-
anad, Semosavlis gadanawilebis didi uTanasworoba unda gamoswordes sax-
elmwifo politikis saSualebiT. yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba, amitom
444 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

aravin unda itanjebodes siRaribiT gamowveuli damcirebiT maSin, roca

zogi fufunebaSi cxovrobs. nebismieri amerikelis diskriminaciis Tavidan
acileba SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Zlieri sakompensacio programebiTa da xe-
lisuflebis CareviT. metic, maT sjeraT, rom danaSaulis Camdennic msxver-
plni arian (ekonomikuri da socialuri usamarTlobisa) da miaCniaT, rom Ra-
ribebi ufro xSirad exvevian kriminalur danaSaulSi. liberalebi moiTxoven
braldebulTa uflebebis maqsimalur dacvas. da bolos, amerikeli liberal-
isaTvis individualizmis dacvis saukeTeso saSualeba iqneba aekrZalos xe-
lisuflebas konstituciiT miniWebuli sityvis, aRmsareblobis, Sekrebebis,
gaerTianebebis da pirovnebis TavisuflebaSi nebismieri saxiT Careva.

daskvna

saxelmwifo garkveuli socialuri an ekonomikuri miznebis miRwevas sa-

jaro keTildReobis miseuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT cdilobs. am miznebis
sisruleSi moyvana damokidebulia saxelmwifos ideologiaze _ sajaro
keTildReobis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa organizebul nakrebze.
ideologiebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad klasificirdes: antisaxelmwifoe-
brivi (anarqizmi, libertarianizmi), memarjvene (monarqizmi, faSizmi), an
memarcxene (revoluciuri komunizmi, demokratiuli socializmi, radikal-
uri egalitarianizmi). aSS-Si dominirebs ori sxva ideologiuri tendencia:
liberalizmi da konservatizmi. gasakviria, magram saocrad Znelia am ori
Tvalsazrisis gansxvaveba. upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom aSS-Si liberal-
izmi da konservatizmi iziarebs mraval fundamentur mosazrebas da faseu-
lobas. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, maT Soris garkveuli gansxvavebebic arsebobs.
konservatorebi xazs usvamen ekonomikur uflebebs, liberalebi aqcents
samoqalaqo uflebebze akeTeben. liberalebs sjeraT adamianis keTili
bunebisa, konservatorebi adamianis bunebis mimarT naklebad keTilganwyo-
bili arian. liberalebi momavals optimisturad uyureben da sjeraT, rom
is uzrunvelyofs ukeTes cxovrebas yvelasaTvis. konservatorebi, awmyos
problemebTan gasamklaveblad, gzamkvlevad warsuls miiCneven. es gansx-
vavebebi gamoxatulia gansxvavebul sajaro politikur miznebSi, romlebsac
TiToeuli es jgufi misdevs.

sakvanZo sityvebi

(sazogado) sikeTe kapitalizmi

ideologia Tavisufali mewarmeoba
anarqizmi Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika
nihilizmi koleqtivizmi
libertarianeloba socializmi
monarqistebifaSizmi utopisti socialistebi
 ra aris sajaro sikeTe? 445
revoluciuri komunizmi keTildReobis saxelmwifo
proletariati liberaluri tradicia
burJuazia amerikuli liberalizmi
dialeqtikuri materializmi amerikuli konservatizmi
kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanoni liberalizmi
pauperizaciis kanoni konservatizmi
evrokomunizmi moTxovna-miwodebis kanoni
demokratiuli socializmi Tavisufali (laissez-faire) kapital-
gradualizmi izmi

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ra miznebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba gansazRvros konstituciuri saxelm-

wifos xelisuflebam sajaro keTildReoba?
2. ratom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xelisuflebis warmatebuli moqmedeba
damokidebulia mis mier sajaro keTildReobis realizaciis SesaZleb-
lobaze?
3. ra aris ideologia? aris Tu ara es mecnieruli termini, romelic advilad
gamoiyeneba politikis analizisas? ratom?
4. riT hgavs revoluciuri komunizmi demokratiul socializms? romel
politikur sakiTxebze Tanxmdeba es ori mimdinareoba? romlebze ver
Tanxmdeba?
5. rogor SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisgan liberalizmi da konserva-
tizmi aSS-Si?

SeniSvnebi:

1. Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford Univer-
sity Press, 1962), 1279a, 112.
2. es msjeloba efuZneba Andrew Haywood-is, Political Ideologies: An Introduc-
tion (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), 6-8. heivudis (da Cveni) msjeloba ki,
Tavis mxriv, emyareba gansazRvrebas, romelic SemogvTavaza May Salinger-
ma, wignSi Politics and Ideology (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976)
3. The Anti-Defamation League ob B’nai B’rith, Hate Groups in America: A Record of
Bigotry and Violence (New York, n.d.), 11.
4. kalvinistebi arian protestantebi, romlebic mihyvebian kalvinis (1509-
1564) swavlebas. mtkice kalvinistebs sjeraT `bedisweris~, romlis Tanax-
madac zogi adamiani rCeulia RvTis mier xsnisaTvis, xolo zogi _ samu-
damodaa dawyevlili.
5. Jack C. Plano and Roy Olton, The International Relations Dictionary (Santa Barbara,
Calif.: ABS, 1982), 81.
446 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

6. Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosofhy. (New York: Simon & Schuster,
1965), 364.
7. Martin Diamond, Winston Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic:
An Introduction to American Government (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1971), 4-5.
8. Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, mTargm. Thomas Nugent (New York:
Hafner Press, 1949), bk. 5, chap. 6, 46.
9. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New
York: Modern Library, 1965), 14.
10. rogorc aRniSnulia Robert Heilbroner-is mier naSromSi The Wordly Philoso-
phers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of Great Economic Thinkers (New York: Modern
Library, 1965), 14.
11. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Lake Bluff, Ill.: Regnery/Gateway, 1955), 85.
12. James Devison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York:
Basic Books, 1991). Cveni msjeloba ZiriTadad mihyveba, magram zustad ar
imeorebs hanterisas.
13. iqve. rogorc hanteri aRniSnavs, es ar aris dapirispireba religiurobasa
da arareligiurobas Soris. ufro xSirad azrTa sxvadasxvaoba Tavs iCens
religiurebs Soris.
 T aavv i XI I I

sajaro
politikis
problemebi

principebi,
prioritetebi da
praqtikebi
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa
gare mtrebisgan dacva Sida mtrebisgan
dacva socialuri dacva
sakuTar qmedebaTagan dacva
keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa
sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo
vali saganmanaTleblo krizisi Semo-
savlebis ganawileba
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa
rasobrivi diskriminacia pozitiuri
qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskriminacia
vis sWirdeba dacva?

Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa
Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio
Sesworeba piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa
danaSauli da sasjeli marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli proce-
dura samarTlebrivi dacvis sazRvrebi
mizanTa konfliqti

447
448 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

XII TavSi gamovyaviT xuTi mTavari Rirebuleba: usafrTxoeba, keTil-

dReoba, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba. es Rirebulebebi
imavdroulad sajaro politikis ZiriTad miznebs warmoadgenen, Tumca
TiToeulis ganxorcielebisaTvis konkretuli strategiis gansazRvra sak-
maod Znelia. ganviTarebul qveynebSi debatebi mudmivad cvalebadi sajaro
politikis problemebze politikis ZiriTadi arsia.
radganac sajaro politikis sakiTxebis yovlismomcveli SedarebiTi
analizi am saxelmZRvanelos maStabebs cildeba, ZiriTad aqcents SeerTe-
bul Statebze gavakeTebT. bevri sakiTxi Tu problema, romelic qvemoT
iqneba ganxiluli sxva demokratiuli sistemebisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli.
aseve, TandaTanobiT momivixilavT am problemebis gadawyvetis alternati-
ul gzebsac.

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa

Cveulebisamebr, nebismieri damoukidebeli saxelmwifos upirvelesi mi-

zani Tavisi moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaa. tiraniebis garda,
romelic eWvsa da SiSs TavianT moqalaqeebSi Segnebulad Tesavs, nebismieri
xelisufleba pirovnebis usafrTxoebas ganixilavs, rogorc saxelmwifos
arsebobis umTavres faqtors da aseve aucilebel winapirobas sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis sxva miznebis misaRwevad. gavleniani politikuri filosofosi
Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda usafrTxoe-
bas da mosalodneli safrTxeebisagan dacvas, rogorc xelisuflebis arse-
bobis gamamarTlebel umTavres mizezs. am TvalsazrisiT hobsi marto ar yo-
fila, TviT aristotelec politikis sxva umTavres miznebs Soris yvelaze
maRla sicocxlis xelyofisagan dacvas ayenebda.1

gareSe mtrebisgan dacva

termins erovnuli usafrTxoeba _ meore msoflio omis Semdgom ameri-

kul politikaSi yvelaze xSirad iyenebdnen. SeerTebuli Statebis dacva
gareSe Tu Sinauri mtrebisgan umTavres saxelmwifo prioritetad iqca,
rac Tavdacvis dafinansebis zrdasa da 1980-iani wlebSi sabiujeto defi-
citis gaRrmavebaSi gamoixata, Tumca civi omis epoqis dasrulebasTan er-
Tad gaCnda kiTxva: Seicvala Tu ara msoflio ise Zireulad, rom amerikam
Tavis prioritetebs seriozulad gadaxedos da samxedro mzadyofnac mniS-
vnelovnad Seamciros?
1945 wlidan 1980-iani wlebis bolomde erovnul usafrTxoebaze de-
batebis mTavari Tema sabWoTa safrTxe iyo. isini, vinc sabWoTa kavSirs Zl-
evamosil, magram mSvidobis mosurne subieqtad ganixilavdnen, SeiaraRebaze
didi danaxarjebis mizanSewonilobas eWvqveS ayenebdnen da or supersax-
elmwifos Soris TanamSromlobis (upirveles yovlisa, ganiaraRebis daC-
qarebis) sakiTxis wina planze wamowevas cdilobdnen. sxvebi, vinc sabWoTa
 sajaro politikis problemebi 449
kavSirs saSiS eqspansiur Zalad miiCnevdnen, romelic msoflio batonobas
eswrafvoda, TavgamodebiT uWerdnen mxars Tavdacvis biujetis zrdasa da
axali sabrZolo teqnologiebis ganviTarebis programebs. amerikis erovnu-
li usafrTxoebis mTvari sadavo sakiTxi yovelTvis iyo azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
sabWoTa liderebis motivebsa da sabWoTa sistemis xasiaTze.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, sul
ufro rTuli xdeboda amerikel gadasaxadis gadamxdelTaTvis Tavdacvaze
gamoyofili didi danaxarjebis aucileblobis dasabuTeba. Tumca, skep-
tikosebi miiCnevdnen, rom msoflio erTi xelis mosmiT ver gaxdeboda
usafrTxo mxolod imitom, rom amerikelebis umetesoba Tavs sul ufro
usafrTxod grZnobda. amerikis interesebi yovelTvis idga ekonomikuri Tu
strategiuli safrTxis winaSe (magaliTad, erayis mier quveiTis dapyroba
1990 wels), xolo mudmivi regionuli Tu adgilobrivi konfliqtebi, maso-
brivi ganadgurebis iaraRis (balistikuri raketebi, atomuri, qimiuri da bi-
ologiuri iaraRi) raodenobis zrdasTan erTad, horizontze axali safrTx-
eebis gamoCenaze mianiSnebda.

wliuri xarjebi (mlrd aSS dolari)

reiganis buSis klintonis

prezidentoba prezidentoba prezidentoba

buSis (umcrosi)
rezidentoba

sqema 13-1 samxedro xarjebis zrda.1990-ian wlebSi moqmedi samxedro Zalebi meore
msoflio omis Semdgom periodTan SedarebiT (1950) kidev ufro Semcirda. samxedro
xarjebi 1990-ian wlebSi arsebiTad Semcirda, magram ukanasknel wlebSi isev civi
omis wlebis dones gautolda.
wyaro: Defense Department. ibeWdeba Sioux Falls Argus Leader-dan, 18 maisi 1997w. 11C.
450 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

1990-ian wlebSi meore msoflio omis maStabebis konfrontaciis safrTxe

TiTqos nel-nela gaqra. liberalebi da konservatorebi, mzardi sabiu-
jeto deficitisa da axali politikuri garemoebebis fonze, bolosdabo-
los SeTanxmdnen da mxari dauWires SeiraRebuli Zalebisa da SeiaraRebis
programebis Semcirebas (Tumca, isini yovelTvis ver Tanxmdebodnen am Sem-
cirebis moculobasa da masStabebze). samxedro politikuri cvlilebebi
Tavdacvis biujetebzec aisaxa (ix. sqema 13-1). 1986 welTan SedarebiT, rode-
sac civi omis epoqam piks miaRwia, pentagonma Tavisi TanamSromlebis (moqme-
di, sarezervo da samoqalaqo) ricxvi 20 %-iT Seamcira. 20 %-iani Semcireba
Seexo profesiul jarsac (moqmed samxedreobsac) (4,4 mln-dan 3,5 mln-mde).
2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli teroristuli aqtis Semdeg
qveynis ganwyoba erT dReSi Seicvala. miRebuli dartymisa da gancdili zara-
lis gamo pentagoni isev erovnuli politikuri arenis wina xazze aRmoCnda.
kongresi da mTeli qveyana isev civi omis droindel rutinas daubrunda da
mzad iyo, yvelaferi gaeRo, raTa amerika kvlav usafrTxo demokratiul
qveynad qceuliyo, romelic SigniT teroristebisagan da gareT im mtrebi-
saganac iqneboda daculi, romlebic teroristebs mfarveloben. dasrulda
1990-iani wlebis eiforia, warsuls Cabarda xelSeuxeblobis iluzia, gaqra
SegrZneba imisa, rom amerika `gansakuTrebulia~ da katastrofebi mxolod
sxvagan SeiZleba xdebodes.

Sida mtrebisagan dacva

11 seqtemberma gansakuTrebiT win wamoswia xelisuflebis mier Tavis mo-

qalaqeTa sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis dacvis sakiTxi Sida mtrebisgan _ saku-
Tarive moqalaqeebisagan, jaSuSebisa da mtrulad ganwyobili ucxoelebis-
gan. dReisaTvis erovnuli usafrTxoebis es `axleburi~ xedva yvelaze ufro
prioritetulia; mas gacilebiT didi yuradReba eTmoba, vidre Tavis droze
Zvel midgomas (da met winaaRmdegobasac warmoSobs). debatebma am sakiTxze
naTeli gaxada, ramdenad rTulia zRvaris gavleba terorizmsa da dana-
SaulTan brZolas Soris. cxadia, rom teroristuli aqtebi _ uadanaSaulo
adamianebis mimarT Cadenili yvela sxva saxis Zaladobis aqtebis msgavsad
_ danaSaulebriv qmedebebs ganekuTvneba. magram, terorizmi politikuri
miznebiT aris motivirebuli da mas xSirad `saxelmwifo sponsorebi~ hyavs
sazRvargareT (maT Soris iyvnen avRaneTi, erayi, irani, CrdiloeTi korea). im-
saxureben Tu ara amis gamo teroristebi `Cveulebrivi~ damnaSaveebisgan gan-
sxavebul mopyrobas? unda sargeblobdnen Tu ara isini imave konstituciuri
garantiebiT, riTac mkvlelobaSi Tu ZaladobaSi braldebulebi? ra xdeba ma-
Sin, Tuki teroristuli aqtis Camdeni sakuTari moqalaqea? terorizmi ufro
dawvrilebiT Semdeg TavSi iqneba ganxiluli, amitom amjerad mxolod mZime
danaSaulis mimoxilviT SemovifarglebiT da terorizms SevexebiT imdenad,
ramdendac es danaSaulsa da sasjelze saubrisas iqneba saWiro.
dRemde ar arsebobs konsensusi imaze, ra iwvevs danaSauls, ra unda gaa-
keTos sazogadoebam misi Tavidan asacileblad da unda isjebodes Tu ara
 sajaro politikis problemebi 451
yvela qmedeba, romelic danaSaulebrivad aris miCneuli (magaliTad, mar-
ixuanas moxmareba da Senaxva). miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo xanebSi odnav Sem-
cirda, danaSaulis ricxvma SeerTebul StatebSi ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi kritikul zRvars miaRwia. ratom?
zogierTi eqspertis azriT, danaSauli, upirveles yovlisa, socialuri
fenomenia, adamianuri (pirovnuli) imedgacruebisa da gaucxoebis Sede-
gia, romelic siRaribiTa da ugulebelyofiT, rasobrivi diskriminaciiT,
araTanabari ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebiTaa ganpirobebuli. sxva riTi Sei-
Zleba aixsnas is faqti, rom danaSaulis maCvenebeli yvelaze maRalia qalaq-
is Rarib ubnebSi, sadac yvelaze dabali Semosavali da cxovrebis yvelaze
uaresi pirobebia. am TvalsazrisiT, danaSauli xelisuflebis uyuradRebo-
bisa da sazogadoebis gulgrilobis Sedegia. zogierTi eqsperti ki sruliad
gansxvavebul socialur fenomenze miuTiTebs danaSaulis zrdis mizezebis
asaxsnelad. isini aqcents tradiciuli amerikuli ojaxis nel-nela gaqroba-
sa da riskis zRvarze myofi bavSvebis raodenobis zrdaze akeTeben. aseve xazs
usvamen Temisa da mezoblebis mniSvnelobis dakninebas da maTgan gamowveul
izolaciasa da individualizmze miuTiTeben, romelic amJamad amerikul
cxovrebaSi aris gabatonebuli. rodesac socialuri kavSirebi (da masTan da-
kavSirebuli emociebi, rogoricaa sircxvili) Sesustebulia, igive emarTeba
im SezRudvebs, romlebic sazogadoebrivad arasasurvel Tu ukanono qmede-
bebs blokaven. da bolos, eqspertebi popkulturasac adanaSauleben, ro-
melic masmediis saSualebiT vrceldeba. Tanamedrove amerikuli kultura,
garda imisa, rom Zaladobas asxams xotbas (popularuli musikiT dawyebuli
satelevizio sareklamo rgolebiT damTavrebuli), mudmivad eweva im Rire-
bulebebis popularizacias, romlebic danaSaules aqezebs (sasurvelis ad-
vilad miRweva da TviTgamoxatvis SeuzRudavoba).2
isini, vinc siRaribesa da Semosavlis araTanabar ganawilebas miiCneven
danaSaulis mTavar gamomwvev mizezad, mxars uWeren saxelmwifo programebs,
romlebic maTi aRmofxvrisken iqneba mimarTuli. xolo isini, vinc ojaxisa
da kulturis degradaciaze saubroben, Tvlian, rom xelisuflebas bevri
arafris gakeTeba ZaluZs danaSaulis Sesamcireblad, garda imisa, rom dam-
naSaveTaTvis Seqmnas `dauyovneblivi da gardauvali~ sasjelis garantiebi.
kidev erTi midgoma danaSaulis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT aris e.w. umsx-
verplo danaSaulTa dekriminalizacia. aseTi midgoma gamarTlebulia ar-
amxolod praqtikuli _ policiis, sagamoZiebo Tu sapatimro xarjebisa da
drois dazogva, aramed filosofiuri mosazrebebiTac. iseT gansxvavebul
qmedebebs, rogoricaa prostitucia Tu maTxovroba, saerTo is aqvT, rom
TiToeuli individis mier Tu individTa Soris damoukideblad aris Cadeni-
li da amiT sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs ziani ar adgebaT.
debatebi danaSaulis dekriminalizaciaze, upirveles yovlisa, nar-
kotikebis legalizacias Seexeba. yvelaferi marixuanaze saubriT daiwyo
da am bolo xanebSi kokainsac Seexo. dekriminalizaciis momxreebi miiCneven,
rom narkomaniis arasasurveli socialuri aspeqtebi ZiriTadad imiTaa gan-
pirobebuli, rom xelisuflebis mier kanongareSed gamocxadebuli Zviri si-
amovnebis dasakmayofileblad narkomanebi iZulebulni arian xSirad Caidi-
452 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

non Zarcva da yaCaRoba. narkotikebis legalizeba ki masze fasis davardnas

da narkomaniasTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs (Tumca,
im mogebasTan erTad, romelsac organizebuli damnaSaveebi iReben).

danaSaulisadmi damokidebulebis cvlileba

ratom eguebian amerikelebi danaSaulis aseT maRal maCvenebels? am kiTx-

vaze saintereso (da winaaRmdegobrivi) pasuxi SemogvTavaza niu-iorkelma sen-
atorma, specialobiT sociologma daniel patrik moinihanma (1927-2007) Tavis
cnobil statiaSi `deviaciuri qcevis gadafaseba~.3 moinahani amtkicebda, rom
raki amerikelebi danaSaulis swrafi zrdis pirispir aRmoCndnen, misi mniSvn-
eloba ugulebelyves imis axleburi SefasebiT (anu gadafasebiT), ra SeiZleba
CaiTvalos normad. ramdenime wlis win danaSaulis aseTi maRali maCvenebeli
mZime socialur paTologiad miiCneoda, Tumca, dRes aRiqmeba sazogadoebis
normalur mdgomareobad, romlis gamosworebac TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.
moinihans gamaognebeli magaliTic mohyavs. 1929 wlis 14 Tebervals
oTxma gangsterma maTi Svidi moqiSpe gangsteri wminda valentinis dRes ce-
cxlsasroli iaraRiT amoxoca. moinahani yuradRebas imaze amaxvilebs, rom
am ambavma mTeli eri SokSi Caagdo, Tavad movlena legendad iqca da wminda
valentis dRis xocva-Jletis saxeliT msoflio enciklopedia Sic ki Sevi-
da. garda amisa, igi konstituciur cvlilebas daedo safuZvlad da bolo
mouRo `mSral kanons~ (es ukanaskneli jgufuri Zaladobisa da danaSaulis
gamomwvev mizezad aris miCneuli).
moinihani aRniSnavda, rom dReisaTvis narkotikebis vaWrobasTan erTad
Zaladobis es saxeoba isev dabrunda, Tumca warsulTan SedarebiT `daujere-
beli masStabebiT~. amerikelebisaTvis misaRebi gaxda Zaladoba, romelic
erT dros maT aranormalur da miuRebel saqcielad miaCndaT. `samwuxarod,
los-anjelesi wminda valentinis xocva-Jletis mowme ukve yovelkvireulad
xdeba~, _ acxadebda moinihani statiis bolos.

narkotikebis legalizaciis oponentebi am moTxovnas ewinaaRmdegebian.

isini aRiareben, rom legalizaciis Sedegad Semcirdeba zarali, romelsac
sazogadoebas narkotikebis momxmareblebi ayeneben, magram amavdroulad
gaizrdeba am ukanasknelTa ricxvi da sazogadoeba amjerad imiT dazaral-
deba, rom umaqnis da degradaciis gzaze mdgar moqalaqeebs miiRebs. naTe-
lia, rom narkotikebis legalizaciis sawinaaRmdego argumentebi igivea, rac
umsxverplo danaSaulis legalizaciis mowinaaRmdegeTa _ sazogadoebas
erTnairad Zviri ujdeba rogorc narkomani moqalaqeebi, aseve meZavebiTa da
mawanwalebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebi, romlebic TavianTi arsebobiT gareSemo
myofTa usafrTxoebasa da stabilurobas safrTxes uqmnian.
narkotikebisa da prostituciis legalizeba SeerTebul StatebSi savarau-
dod uaxloes xanebSi ar ganxorcieldeba, Tumca holandiaSi, gansakuTrebiT
 sajaro politikis problemebi 453
mis dedaqal amsterdamSi stumrobisas nebismier amerikels aucileblad
gauCndeba kiTxva _ gaamarTlebda Tu ara holandiuri modeli aSS-Si? amster-
damSi narkotikebis moxmareba da prostitucia mxolod garkveul ubnebSia
daSvebuli da policiis meTvalyureobisa da kontrolisgan Tavisufalia.
meZavebi mudmiv samedicino Semowmebas gadian, xolo narkotikebiT movaWree-
bis winaaRmdeg sakmaod mkacri kanonebi moqmedebs. dReisaTvis amdterdami
erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli qalaqia dasavleT evropaSi.
danaSaulis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sajaro politikis kidev erTi mniS-
vnelovani probelema iaraRis kontrolia. konservatorebis umravlesobas
miaCnda, rom iaraRis gayidvisa da Senaxvis SezRudviT mZime danaSaulis
ricxvi ar Semcirdeboda, Tumca es mosazreba mxardaWeriT aRar sargeblobs.
1993 wels kongresma miiRo e,w. breidis kanoni [ewoda jeims bredis gamo,
romelic 1981w. ronald reiganze Tavdasxmis dros daiRupa _ mTargmn. Sen.],
romelic xuTdRian sacdel vadas awesebda pistoletis SeZenaze, 1994 wli-
dan ki es SezRudva sxva saxis cecxlsasrol iaraRzec gavrcelda.
iaraRis kontrolsa da antiterorizms Soris urTierTkavSiri 2001 w. 11 seq-
tembris Semdgom garemoSi bevr saintereso sakiTxs warmoSobs. mosalodnelia,
rom amerikis mosaxleobis gazrdili SeSfoTeba usafrTxoebis sakiTxebiT da
xelisuflebis mcdeloba ar dauSvas Semdgomi teroristuli aqtebi, kidev
ufro gaamkacrebs iaraRis flobaze SezRudvebs. Tumca, imavdroulad aR-
moCndebian iseTebi, romlebic am mosazrebas SeewinaaRmdegebian im motiviT,
rom moqalaqis konstituciuri ufleba ataros iaraRi, axla ise mniSvnelova-
nia, rogorc arasdros, rodesac isini ucxo mtrebis samizne gaxdnen.

socialuri dacva

Tanamedrove xelisufalTa erT-erT mTavari mizani socialuri usafrTx-

oebaa. farTo gagebiT socialuri usafrTxoeba moicavs iseT problemebs
rogoricaa, siRaribe, SimSili, avadmyofoba, xandazmuloba, aseve stiqiuri
ubedurebebi _ wyaldidoba, qariSxali, xanZari da sxva. ra roli ekisreba
xelisuflebas Tavisi moqalaqeebis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis am mara-
diuli safrTxeebisgan dacvaSi? sasursaTo talonebi, subsidiebi fermer-
ebisTvis, pensiebi, Semweobebi janmrTelobaze da umuSevrobaze, daxmareba
studentebisaTvis _ es yvelaferi moqalaqeebisaTvis finansur uzrunve-
lyofas isaxavs mizanad saWiro drosa da adgilze.
federaluri xelisuflebis valdebulebaTa moculoba 1990-iani wlebidan
intensiuri ganxilvis sagani gaxda. socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis kri-
tikosebi amtkiceben, rom daxmarebis auracxeli programebiT xelisufleba
sinamdvileSi xalxs im saqcielisken ubiZgebs, romelsac igi ebrZvis (radgan
amiT umuSevrobas waaxalisebs). 1996 wels, socuzrunvelyofis sistemis re-
formis Sedegad, Statebs meti uflebamosileba mieniWaT (da meti moqnilo-
bac) socialuri dacvis programebis ganxorcielebis sferoSi, xolo Semweo-
bebi mniSvnelovnad SeezRudaT im pirebs, romelTac muSaoba ar surT.
yvelaze ufro mwvave sabiujeto problemaa socialuri usafrTxoebis
454 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

fondis gadaxdisunarianoba, romelic xandazmul moqalaqeebs pensiiTa da

samedicino momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofs. socialuri usafrTxoebis fondi-
dan asakovan amerikelebs yovelTviurad ericxebaT Tanxa, xolo samedicino
momsaxurebis fondi maT eqimisa da saavadmyofos xarjebs ufaravs. bolo
wlebSi orive fondi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. radganac amerikelebi val-
debulni arian socialuri usafrTxoebis fondSi ixadon garkveuli Tanxa
sanam sapensio asaki mouwevT (Cveulebriv 65 weli), Semweobebs samarTli-
anad ewodeba kuTvnili daxmareba (saxelisuflebo danaxarjebi, romelsac
amerikelebi sruliad marTlzomierad miiCneven, yvelaze ufro ZviradRire-
bul socialuri usafrTxoebisa da samedicino momsaxurebis xarjebTan er-
Tad). aRniSnuli Semweobebi politikurad mgrZnobiare fenomenia, radganac
sakmaod msxvili interesTa jgufebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, gadamdgar
pirTa amerikuli asociacia) da amomrCevelTa didi nawili (gansakuTrebiT
asakovani moqalaqeebi) mzad arian `dasajon~ is politikosebi, romlebic am
programebis Semcirebas dauWeren mxars.
samedicino momsaxurebisa da socialuri usafrTxoebis fondebs saerTo
problema aqvT: xarjebi bevrad ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre samomavlod
dagegmili Semosavlebi. problema nawilobriv isic aris, rom amerikelebi
didxans cocxloben, rac programebis fass kidev ufro zrdis. bevrad ufro
problemuria (sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT) demografiuli ganviTa-
rebis tendenciebi, gansakuTrebiT sapensio asaks miRweuli ~beibi bumerebis~
(meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi dabadebuli adamianebi) didi raodeno-
ba, romlebzec Tanxa daixarjeba aRniSnuli programebidan. magaliTad, 1965
wels, rodesac samedicino momsaxurebis fondi Seiqmna, aRniSnuli fondis
TiTo beneficiarze Tanxas saSualod 5,5 adamiani ixdida. 2040 wlisaTvis es
Sefardeba 2.2-dan 1.0-mde Semcirdeba. samedicino uzrunvelyofis fonds se-
riozul dartymas ayenebs jandacvis swrafad mzardi xarjebi. 1980-dan 1990-
iani wlebis Sua xanebamde am programis xarjebi wliurad 11 %-iT gaizarda,
ramac is yvelaze swrafad mzard federalur programad aqcia (sqema 13-2).
garda amisa, socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds, sul cota, kidev erTi
problema aqvs, romelze saubarsac politikosebi Tavs arideben. wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi xelisufleba am fondidan Tanxas iyenebda saSemosavlo danakli-
sis (sabiujeto deficitis) Sesavsebad. rodesac xelisufleba ver axerxebs
saxelmwifo biujetis dabalansebas, man Tanxa an kerZo seqtoridan unda is-
esxos (upirveles yovlisa, fasiani qaRaldebis gayidviT), an sajaro danazo-
gebidan aiRos - am SemTxvevaSi socialuri usafrTxoebis fonds mimarTos.
aRniSnuli fondidan Tanxebis mudmivi xarjviT (flangviT), federaluri
xelisuflebis vali 2001 wels 5.8 trilion dolars gautolda, romelzec
saprocento ganakveTi 360 miliards Seadgenda. SedarebisTvis, NASA-s biu-
jeti 14 mlrd iyo, maSin rodesac ganaTlebaze 32 mlrd, xolo gzebze 41 mlrd
gamoiyo. demografiuli zrdis tendenciebi bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi
sapensio fonds problemas uqmnis, samTavrobo qmedebebma da saeWvo (zogjer
yalbma) aRricxvis SemTxvevebma es problema aSS-Si kidev ufro gaamwvava.
amasobaSi, molodini izrdeba. amerikelebi, romlebic wlebis ganmavloba-
Si solidur Tanxas debdnen am sistemaSi samarTlianad elian (da moiTxoven)
 sajaro politikis problemebi 455
sruli pensiis miRebas, rodesac samuSaos Tavs daanebeben.

sqema 13-2 samedicino momsaxurebis programis mzardi xarji

37 mln amerikelze meti iRebs samedicino momsaxurebis dafinansebas. es yvelaze
mzardi da amave dros rigiT meore ZviradRirebuli (biujetis daaxloebiT 12%
xmardeba) federaluri programaa. masze ZviradRirebulia socialuri dazRvevis
programa.
wyaro: Steve Langdon-is “With Compaign Dist Settling, Medicare Chances Brighter,” Con-
gressional Quarterly (18 ianvari 1997w.): 179; Robert Pear-is “Experts Say Cost of Medical
Insurance Is Underestimated,” New York Times, 30 noemberi 2000w., A1; Social Security Ad-
ministration, “Status of the Social Security and Medicare Programs,” www.ssa.gov/OACT/
TRSUM/tsumary.html, 21 maisi, 2002w.

iseTi socialuri programebis maRali fasi, rogoricaa Medicare (samedici-

no momsaxureba) da Medicaid (samedicino daxmareba) kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs,
ramdenad didia industriul qveynebSi daavadebaTa mkurnalobis xarjebi.
Tumca, damatebiT safrTxes janmrTelobasa da sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas
adamianebi Tavadac uqmnian. amdenad, xelisufleba axal medikamentebs cdis,
sanam maT bazarze gaitans da awesebs standartebs mosaxleobis transpor-
tirebisas safrTxis maqsimalurad Sesamcireblad. calke unda aRiniSnos
xelisuflebis mcdeloba, daicvas garemo adamianebis damangreveli qmede-
bebisa da dabinZurebisagan, ar daarRvios haeris dabinZurebisagan dacvis
savaldebulo standartebi, Seasrulos dadgenilebebi garemoze zemoq-
medebis Sesaxeb, daicvas narCenebis gadamuSavebis gamkacrebuli moTxovne-
456 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

bi, konservaciis gziT ki gadaarCinos veluri bunebis gadaSenebis piras myo-

fi saxeobebi _ es yvelaferi garemos dacvas isaxavs miznad. garemos dacvis
tendenciebi, rogoricaa mJava wvimebis Semcireba da mdinareTa dabinZurebis
SezRudva, scildeba erTi saxelmwifos sazRvrebs da saerTaSoriso SeTanx-
mebebis sagani xdeba (magaliTad, CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis
SeTanxmeba, romelsac xels aweren SeerTebuli Statebi, kanada da meqsika).
ukanasknel wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda garemosdacviTi progr-
amebis mimarT sazogadoebis mxardaWera, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebul
StatebSi mwvaneTa partiam arCevnebSi warmatebas ver miaRwia sxva ganvi-
Tarebuli qveyne-bisgan gansxvavebiT (germania, safrangeTi). kritikosebi
xSirad ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamen da acxadeben, rom xelisuflebis amgvari
mcdeloba industriul ganviTarebasa da ekonomikur zrdas aferxebs, risi
fasic (usargeblo dabrkolebebisa da biurokratiuli rutinis Tvalsaz-
risiT) Zalian maRalia.

sakuTar qmedebaTagan dacva

xelisufleba moqalaqeebs sakuTari TavisaTvis safrTxis miyenebisaga-

nac icavs. magaliTad, zogierT StatSi moqmedebs kanoni, romelic motom-
rbolelebs avaldebulebs ataron usafrTxoebis Cafxuti an janmrTelo-
bisaTvis saSiSi preparatebis gayidvas krZalavs. adamianebis cxovrebaSi
xelisuflebis Careva moralis sakiTxebs moicavs. konstituciis meTvramete
Sesworeba, romelmac mSrali kanoni daawesa, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis mier
Tavisi moqalaqeebis rogorc fizikuri, aseve moraluri zianisgan dacvis
yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino magaliTia. aseT magaliTebs ganekuTvneba adgi-
lobrivi, Statisa da federaluri kanonebi pornografiis gavrcelebisa da
prostituciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.
moralisturi kanonebis damcvelebi acxadeben, rom arc erT sazogadoe-
bas ar SeuZlia ugulebelyos moqalaqeTa moraluri Taviseburebebi, gansa-
kuTrebiT maSin, rodesac qcevis garkveuli normebis xelyofas arasasurveli
sazogadoebrivi Sedegebi aqvs. oponentebi ki pasuxoben, rom amgvari sakanon-
mdeblo aqtebiT xelisufleba zRudavs pirovnul Tavisuflebas. isini aseve
aRniSnaven, rom adamianebi akrZalul qmedebebs nebayoflobiT Cadian da
TiToeuli pirovneba Tavad unda wyvetdes, misTvis ra aris ukeTesi.

keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa

SeerTebul Statebs xSirad axasiaTeben, rogorc komerciul qveyanas,

sadac moqalaqeebi mudmivad finansuri usafrTxoebis ZiebaSi arian, xolo
momxmarebeli mefea. saukunenaxevris win aleqsis de tokvili aRniSnavda, rom
amerikelebi mudmivad aJitirebul mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, rac pirovnu-
li fufunebis dauRalavi ZiebiTaa ganpirobebuli. es mdgomareoba ameri-
 sajaro politikis problemebi 457
kuli sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. damfuZnebeli
mamebi swored muyaiTi moqalaqeebisgan Semdgar sazogadoebaze fiqrobdnen,
romelic sakuTar Tavze damokidebulebis samewarmeo principebze, aRmasv-
lisa da mogebis miRebis motivze iqneboda dafuZnebuli.4
`komerciuli respublikis~ SeqmniT, damfuZnebelma mamebma sruliad Seg-
nebulad daiwyes politikuri eqsperimentis ganxorcieleba, romlisTvisac
filosofosebi da ekonomistebi (maT Soris jon loki da monteskie) 100 wel-
ze metxans ibrZodnen. maTi azriT, politikuri wesrigi, romelic komerci-
uli saqmianobisa da vaWrobis zrdas uwyobda xels, yvelaze kargad uzrun-
velyofda Zlieri erovnuli ekonomikis Seqmnas. aseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac
warmateba mxolod Sromasa da bunebriv SesaZlenlobebze iyo damyarebuli,
vidre warmomavlobaze, moqalaqeebs saSuleba miecemodaT, rom SeeZinaT sim-
didre im raodenobiT, rogorc surdaT an sWirdebodaT.
mecxramete saukuneSi, adam smitis Tavisufali bazris filosofiam, biz-
nes-korporaciebis gaCenam da teqnologiurma ganviTarebam komerciuli
saxelmwifo kapitalistur saxelmwifod gadaaqcia. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad,
kapitalizmi gulisxmobs kerZo (Cveulebisamebr, araregulirebad sakuTre-
bas) warmoebas da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ganawilebas. meoce saukunis
dasawyisSi federalurma xelisuflebam SeimuSava normebi monopoliebis-
gan, biznesis borotad gamoyenebisa da ekonomikuri usamarTlobis sxva Sem-
Txvevebisgan dasacavad. sajaro politikis es mimarTuleba gansakuTrebiT
gaZlierda 1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis pirobebSi, rodesac franklin
ruzveltis iniciativiT, daiwyo programebis ganxorcieleba, romelic
rigiTi moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis gamyarebisken iyo mimar-
Tuli. 1960-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi samedicino momsaxurebis, profesiuli
momzadebisa da dasaqmebis programebi, gazrdili SeRavaTebi socialur
usafrTxoebaze da sasursaTo talonebi uzrunvelyofda umuSevrobis kom-
pensaciasa da socialur keTildReobas.
1980-iani wlebisaTvis federaluri xelisuflebis Careva ekonomikaSi is-
eTi aSkara gaxda, rom ekonomistebma saubari daiwyes Sereul ekonomikaze,
romelic moicavda rogorc kerZo mewarmeobis, aseve socializmis niSnebs.
xelisuflebis `Carevis~ xarisxiT aSS bevrad CamorCeboda sxva dasavlur de-
mokratiul qveynebs, Tumca axlomxedveli politikosebi, romlebic xalxiT
manipulirebdnen, amis SemCnevas ver axerxebdnen.
amerikis yofilma prezidentma ronald reiganma da aTwleulis Semdeg,
nit gingriCma da sxva respublikelebma kongresSi gamoTqves azri, rom xe-
lisufleba sakmaod Sors wavida pirovnuli ekonomikuri keTildReobisa da
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi (ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom reiganis
prezidentobis periodSi federaluri biujetis deficiti mniSvnelovnad
gaizarda). klintonis pirvel saprezidento vadaSi konservatorebma kon-
gresSi SeZles garkveuli jgufebis interesebis dasacavad gaerTianebu-
liyvnen (maT Soris amerikuli samedicino sazogadoeba, farmacevtuli
kompaniebi da maRalanazRaurebadi saavadmyofoebis administratorebic
iyvnen) da xeli SeeSalaT jandacvis erTiani erovnuli sistemis SeqmnisaT-
vis, romelic yvela moqalaqes daicavda. dReisaTvis SeerTebul StatebSi 40
458 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

milionze met amerikels (maT Soris umetesoba bavSvia) ar aqvs janmrTelobis

dazRveva da Tavs licenzirebul eqimTan stumrobis uflebas ver miscems,
rom araferi vTqvaT saavadmyofoSi erTi dRe-Ramis gatarebaze.

sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo vali

wliuri federaluri danaxarjebi aSS-Si gansacvifreblad didi _ 1.7

trilionia. rodesac xelisufleba xarjavs imaze mets, vidre agrovebs weli-
wadSi, Cndeba biujetis deficiti, deficitis akumulireba ki erovnul
vals warmoSobs. ekonomistebi Tanxmdebian, rom es vali, Tavisi zrdis ten-
denciiTa da maStabebiT seriozul grZelvadian gavlenas moaxdens qveynis
ekonomikur janmrTelobasa da usafrTxoebaze. ekonomistebi aseve acxade-
ben, rom erTian erovnul produqtTan valis Sefardeba - erTi mesamedi (30
procenti) - TavisTavad gansakuTrebuli gangaSis safuZvels ar iZleva. sa-
gangaSo, ekonomistTa azriT, valis zrdis tempebia.

dakarguli dividendebi: erovnuli vali. biujetis deficiti radikal-

urad gaizarda 1980-1990 wlebSi. 1981 wels, rodesac prezidenti ronald
reigani gaxda, vali 1 trilionze naklebi iyo. 1988 wels reiganis saprezi-
dento vadis dasasruls man 2.5 trilions gadaaWarba, 1997 wels ki 6 tri-
lions miuaxlovda (am doneze rCeba dRemde). erovnuli valis aseT zrdas
seriozuli garTulebebi SeiZleba mohyves. xelisuflebas mis dasafarad
uzarmazari sesxis aReba da Sesabamisi procentis gadaxda uwevs. 1990-iani
wlebis bolos federaluri gadasaxadebis saxiT gadaxdili yoveli dol-
aridan 15 centi saSinao valis dasafarad wavida (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
moqalaqeebi mTavrobisTvis gadaxdili erTi dolaris sanacvlod 85 centze
naklebi Rirebulebis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas iReben).
1992-2000 wlebSi prezidentma bil klintonma da respublikelebis mier
kontrolirebadma kongresma swrafad mzardi erovnuli valis problemis
mogvareba scades da Sedegad biujetis deficiti 1990-ani wlebis bolosT-
vis mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. aseve mniSvnelovnad daeca deficitis mocu-
loba mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi. ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebSi,
1997 wlis gazafxulze biujetis grZelvadian dagegmvaze SeTanxmdnen, ra-
sac 2001 wlisaTvis biujeti unda daebalansebina. amasobaSi, sagadasaxado
Semosavlebma mosalodnelze swrafi mateba daiwyo, rac savaraudod bevrad
ufro daaCqarebda biujetis dabalansebas da gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebasac
ki. amgvarad, problemam, romelic ramdenime wlis win sruliad mougvare-
beli Canda, droebiT mainc, ukana planze gadainacvla.
es yvelaferi ucbad Seicvala 11 seqtembris Semdeg, rodesac kongresma
maxari dauWira niu-iork sitis rekonstruqciisTvis uzarmazari Tanxis
gamoyofas, aseve dazaralebuli aviaxazebis krizisidan gamosayvanad da
qveynis SigniT da gareT saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolve-
lad. biujetis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba gaqra (Tuki aseTi
ram odesme arsebobda).
 sajaro politikis problemebi 459
Tavdasxmam msoflio savaWro centrze uaryofiTad imoqmeda uol
stritzec (romelic manhetenze ramdenime kvartalis moSorebiT mde-
bareobs), vinaidan birJaze aqciebis fasi mkveTrad daeca. seriozuli dar-
tyma miadga ekonomikis mraval seqtors (magaliTad, aviaxazebsa da turizms)
da tragediis Semdgom ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad daeca
momxmarebelTa ndoba. bevri sawarmo gakotrebis piras mivida, xolos sxvebma
TanamSromlebi daiTxoves. federalurma sarezervo bankma mniSvnelovnad
Seamcira saprocento ganakveTebi (sanam ukanasknel oTxwleulSi yvelaze
dabal maCvenebels ar miaRwies) im mizniT, rom ekonomikuri vardna SeeCere-
bina.

sagadasaxado tvirTi: msubuqi Tu Sesabamisi? amerikelebs miaCniaT,

rom gadasaxadebi Zalian maRalia, Tumca ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris aSS-
Si yvelaze dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebia. dasavleTis demokratiuli
qveynebis umetesobaSi mTliani Sida produqtis 40-50% saxelmwifos ekuTv-
nis; italiaSi, did britaneTSi, germaniasa da kanadaSi es maCvenebeli 45%-s,
xolo safrangeTSi 50%-s utoldeba. SeerTebul StatebSi ki, gadasaxadebi
mTliani Sida produqtis mxolod 30 procents Seadgens, xolo saSemosavlo
gadasaxadebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda bolo wlebSi. 1999 wels saSualo ameri-
kuli ojaxis Semosavlis 9 procenti federalur, Statis da adgilobriv ga-
dasaxadebSi midioda. 1999 wels gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa erTi mesamedi
saSemosavlo gadasaxads ar ixdida. oTxi pirisgan Semdgari ojaxi, romlis
saSualo wliuri Semosavali 55 000 dolari iyo, 8 procentze naklebs ixdida,
rac 1965 wlis Semdeg yvelaze dabali ganakveTi iyo.TviT yvelaze maRalSe-
mosavliani (700 000 dolarze meti weliwadSi) mosaxleobis erTi procentic
mxolod 22,2 procents ixdida.5
am SedarebiT dabal gadasaxadebs politikuri, kulturuli da ideolo-
giuri mizezebi aqvs. amerikelebi zogadad ukmayofilebas sami ramis gamo
ver malaven. esaa maRali gadasaxadebi da `didi mTavroba~, `socialuri uz-
runvelyofa”, rac janmrTelobis dazRvevis saxelmwifo sistemis ararsebo-
baSi gamoixateba (rac TiTqmis yvela postindustriul qveyanaSi gvxvdeba),
da sawarmoTa saxelmwifo mflobeloba (komunaluri sistemis, rkinigzis,
aviaxazebisa da portebis CaTvliT).
prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma erTxel Tqva, rom feder-
aluri sagadasaxado kodeqsi `SesaZloa ucxo enazec yofiliyo dawerili~.
marTlac, is rom sxva qveyanaSi daeweraT, bevrad ufro azriani da gasagebi
iqneboda. federaluri sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tavbrudamxvevi muxlebi -
romelTa gageba an interpretireba SeuZlebelia - gadamxdelis Ramis koSmari
da sabuRaltro kompaniebis axdenili ocnebaa. gadasaxadebis gamartivebis
mcdelobam marcxi ganicada. 1986 wels SeerTebuli Statebis kongresma mi-
iRo kanoni, romliTac Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs sagadasaxado sistemis
gamosworeba daevala. ramdenime wlis Semdeg ojaxis saSualo Semosavlisa
da danaxarjebis hipoTeturi CamonaTvali 50 eqsperts daegzavna, raTa maT
ojaxis sagadasaxado valdebulebebis es miTiuri sazRvrebi daedginaT.
Sedegad warmodgenil iqna gadasaxadebis 50 sxvadasxva ~zRvruli odenoba~,
460 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

romelic 12 500-dan 36 000 dolaramde meryeobda.6

SeerTebuli Statebis sagadasaxado sistema araCveulebrivad aris morge-
buli mdidar da Zlier saSualo klasze. dabali saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis
gamo, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavis umdidres moqalaqeebs industriul qveynebs
Soris yvelaze dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTs akisrebs. amave dros, radganac
gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze (gayidvebze) aseve dabalia, isini gacilebiT nak-
leb tvirTad awveba gadamxdelebs, vidre maT miaCniaT. gadasaxadebis gamo
wuwuni Zveli amerikuli Cveulebaa. amerikis damoukideblobas win uZRoda
gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebuli saprotesto aqcia `bostonuri Cais sma~ da
amerikuli revoluciis mowodeba: ~araviTari gadasaxadebi warmomadgenlo-
bis gareSe~.
gadasaxadebi moxmarebaze mdidrebs mZime tvirTad ar awveba, radganac
TavianTi Semosavlis sakmaod mcire wils xarjaven saWmelze, tansacmelze,
transportsa da sxva ZiriTadi moxmarebis nivTebze. brunvis maRali ga-
dasaxadebi mZimed tvirTad saSualo fenas swored imave mizeziT awveba:
isini TavianTi Semosavlis bevrad ufro did nawils xarjaven sasicocxlod
aucilebel nivTebze. SedarebisaTvis sxva qveynebis magaliTebi ganvixi-
loT. evropul qveynebSi farTod aris danergili damatebiTi Rirebulebis
gadasaxadi (dRg) _ brunvis gadasaxadis erT-erTi saxeoba, romlis dafiq-
sirebac (Sefasebac) produqciis warmoebisa da Sesyidvis yvela etapze xdeba
_ amgvarad, gadasaxadebis mTliani ~nakrebi~ ukve mza produqciis saboloo
fasze aisaxeba da misi tvirTi momxmarebels awveba. sagadasaxado ganakveTebi
evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan - yvelaze
dabali 19%-s, xolo yvelaze maRali 25%-s Seadgens. aSS-Si ki piriqiT, gayid-
vis gadasaxadi iSviaTad aRemateba 6%-s, xolo minesotaSi sasursaTo maRaz-
iebi am gadasaxads arc ki ixdian (es ar exeba sadils restoranSi).
SeerTebul StatebSi federaluri Semosavlebis 58 procenti individu-
aluri da korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebisgan Sedgeba, Tumca saga-
dasaxado tvirTi moqalaqeebs bevrad ufro mZimed awveba, vidre korporaciebs.
korporaculi gadasaxadi federaluri Semosavlebis mxolod 10%-s Seadgens,
igi radikalurad Semcirda 1950-1960 wlebis Semdeg (25%-s Seadgenda). Tumca,
amavdroulad, socialuri usafrTxoebis gadasaxadi (sul 34%) federaluri
Semosavlebis yvelaze swrafad mzardi wyaroa da 2000-01-Si (aseve, wina wleb-
Sic) biujetis gadaWarbebiT Sesrulebis mTavari piroba gaxda.

saganmanaTleblo krizisi

amerikelebi ganaTlebas misi praqtikuli sargeblianobidan gamomdinare

afaseben _ ras utoldeba dolarebsa da centebSi saSualo skolis diplomi
an kolejis xarisxi.7 moswavleebi saSualo skolis maRal klasebsa da kole-
jSi swavlas maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris Sovnis imediT agrZeleben.
ganaTlebas seriozuli ekonomikuri da socialuri datvirTvac aqvs mTe-
li qveynisaTvis. kargad momzadebuli da unariani samuSao Zala aucilebe-
 sajaro politikis problemebi 461
lia, Tu amerikas surs, rom konkurentunariani iyos globalur bazrebze.
Zalian xSirad saubroben imaze, rom amerikuli ganaTleba krizisSia. am
krizisis niSnebi ukve ramdenime welia saxezea. skolebSi iaraRi, narkotike-
bi da bandebi studentebsa da maswavleblebs safrTxes erTnairad uqmnian.
kolejSi misaRebi gamocdebis Sedegebis gauareseba, auracxeli kroskul-
turuli Sedarebebi, romelic adasturebs, rom amerikel moswavleTa qulebi
maTematikis testebSi evropel da aziel studentebTan SedarebiT dabalia,
wera-kiTxvis elementaruli unar-Cvevebis Semfasebeli testebis Zalze da-
bali maCvenebeli _ es yvelaferi xSirad mohyavT amerikuli dawyebiTi da sa-
Sualo ganaTlebis marcxis magaliTebad (ix. sqema13-3). ganaTlebis erovnuli
Sefasebis monacemebis (1990) mixedviT, ~didi nawili _ Cveni dawyebiTi, saba-
zo da saSualo skolebis moswavleTa TiTqmis naxevarze meti inglisurSi,
maTematikaSi, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, istoriasa da geografiaSi
ZiriTadi sakiTxebis codnas ver avlens~, miuxedavad sajaro skolebis kargi
dafinansebisa.8 metic, amerikuli biznesi yovelwliurad 30-dan 35 miliard
dolaramde xarjavs studentTa im unar-CvevebSi gadasamzadeblad, rac maT
skolaSi unda SeeZinaT. codnis Sefasebis inflacia ganaTlebis yvela safex-
urze yovlismomcvel da damangrevel movlenadaa aRiarebuli. maswavleble-
bi moswavleebs sul ufro da ufro anebivreben da maTgan sul ufro da ufro
cotas elian. ra unda gakeTdes standartebis aseTi gauaresebis fonze?

sqema 13-3 moswavleTa codnis Sedareba

amerikel moswavleTa qulebi saerTaSoriso SedarebebSi Sua adgilzea. bolodroindeli
gamokvlevis mixedviT merveklasel amerikelTa qulebi maTematikaSi saSualoze
odnav dabalia (41 qveynis moswavleTa maCveneblebis Sedarebisas 28-e adgilze), xolo
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi saSualoze maRali (imave 41 qveynis Sedarebisas me-
17 adgilze). SeniSvna: SecdomaTa zRvari + 10 qulaa TiToeuli qveynisaTvis.
wyaro: IEA Third Internationl Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS, 1994-95).
462 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

ganaTlebis sistemis zogierTi reformatori mxars uWers skolebSi

erovnuli Sefasebebis Catarebas, rac sust da Zlier skolebs gamoavlens da
situaciis gamosworebis katalizatoris rols Seasrulebs. sxvebi aqcents
moswavleebisa da maswavleblebisaTvis Tavisufali arCevanis SesaZlebloba-
ze akeTeben, im motiviT, rom konkurencia ganaTlebis sferoSi swavlebisa
da swavlis procesis gaumjobesebas Seuwyobs xels. konservatorTa nawili,
mxars uWers vauCerul sistemas, romlis faglebSic saxelmwifo mxolod
nawilobriv aanazRaurebs im kerZo da samrevlo skolebSi swavlas, romlebic
akreditaciis pirobebs akmayofilebs.9 1993 wels kaliforniaSi gamarTul
referendumze amomrCevlebma vauCerul dafinansebas mxari ar dauWires.
Tumca, vauCerebis programaze aqtiuri saubari 2000 wels kvlav ganaxlda,
rodesac saprezidento arCevnebSi respublikelebma gaimarjves. radganac
reformatorTa umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom kerZo skolebi ukeTesad muSaoben
(gansakuTrebiT romauli kaTolikuri skolebi), isini darwmunebulni arian,
rom mZafri konkurencia aiZulebs sajaro skolebs an gaaumjobeson xarisxi,
an daixuron.
amasobaSi saganmanaTleblo eqsperimenti win miiwevs. baltimorsa da
mineapolisSi kerZo komerciuli korporaciebi sajaro skolebs afinanse-
ben, xolo niu-iorkis StatSi saxelmwifo exmareba kerZo skolebs. sxvadasx-
va saxis kerZo skolebi iqmneba mTeli qveynis masStabiT, Zlierdeba saojaxo
skolebis arsebobis tendenciac.
sajaro skolis administratorebi da maswavleblebi zogadad funda-
mentur reformebs ewinaaRmdegebian. isini SiSoben, rom vauCeruli siste-
ma sajaro skolebs yvelaze naklebad sasurveli studentebis sarbielad
gadaaqcevs. isini aseve eWvs gamoTqvamen imis Taobaze, SeuZlia Tu ara stan-
dartul testebs zustad Seafasos moswavleTa codna. bolos, isini ima-
sac aRniSnaven, rom yvelaze ufro mwvave problemebi, romlebsac sajaro
skolebi awydebian, iseTi seriozuli socialuri problemebis gamoZaxilia,
rogoricaa danaSauli, ojaxebis ngreva, narkotikebis gamoyeneba da gana-
Tlebis mimarT interesis dakargva; am problemebis mogvareba ki skolebs ar
ZaluZs. erTaderTi sakiTxi, razec yvela Tanxmdeba isaa, rom ganaTlebuli
moqalaqeebi ekonomikuri warmatebis aucilebeli pirobaa, rogorc individ-
ualurad, aseve koleqtiurad.

Semosavlebis ganawileba

keTildReoba damokidebulia aramarto sazogadoebaSi dagrovil simdid-

reze, aramed mis ganawilebazec. Semosavlis ganawileba warmoSobs aramx-
olod ekonomikur, aramed zneobis sakiTxebsac. momxmareblebma sakmarisi
fuli unda gamoimuSavon imisTvis, rom warmoebuli produqciisa da momsax-
urebis xarjebis dafarva SeZlon. Tu amas ver SeZleben da verc produqciisa
da momsaxurebis eqsporti ver moxdeba, ekonomika nel-nela vardnisken wava.
moraluri TvalsazrisiT, aSkara ekonomikuri uTanasworobis gamarTleba
Znelia sazogadoebaSi, romlis devizic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iyo:
 sajaro politikis problemebi 463
~patiosnad imuSaveb, patiosnad gadagixdian.~
sul ufro mzardia gansxvaveba sazogadoebis umdidresi da uRaribesi
wevrebis Semosavals Soris. magaliTad, 1994 wels aSS-is mosaxleobis um-
didresi mexuTedis Semosavali 13,5-jer aRemateboda misi uRaribesi mex-
uTedis Semosavals (ix. sqema 13-4). metic, 2000 wels SeerTebul StatebSi
siRaribis maCvenebeli 11,3%-s Seadgenda, xolo rasobriv WrilSi es maCvene-
beli ase gamoiyureba: 9,4% TeTrkanianebi, 22,1% Savkanianebi, 21,2% laTino-
amerikelebi da 10,8% _ aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebi.10
SemaSfoTebelia tendenciebi, romlebic 1980 wels gaxda aSkara da 1990-
ian wlebSic gagrZelda. rogorc erT-erTi eqsperti aRniSnavda, 1980-ian
wlebSi `Zlier, ganaTlebul, daojaxebul da uzrunvelyofil adamianTa ra-
odenoba saSualo erovnul maCvenebelze maRali iyo~ maSin, roca `qalebis,
axalgazrdebis, Savkanianebis da laTinoamerikelebis araproporciulad
didi nawili am epoqis danakargad iqca.~ gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndnen qalaqis ubnebis mcxovrebni _ `skolis gareT darCenili moswav-
leebi, martoxela dedebi, diasaxlisebi, umuSevari axalgazrda Savkaniani
mamakacebi da yvela rasis usaxlkaroni~, romelTa mzardi ricxvi `kiTxvebs
badebda eris momavalze~.11
konservatorebi ekonomikuri uTanasworobis sakiTxs gansxvavebulad
uyureben. imis magivrad, rom Semosavlebs Soris mkafio gansxvavebze gaake-
Ton aqcenti, isini xazs usvamen, rom aSS-s yovelTvis hyavda Zlieri saSua-
lo klasi da wamgebiani iqneba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebis gaTanabreba

sqema 13-4 saojaxo Semosavlebis uTanasworoba, 2000

wyaro: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, 2000-
2001, 12 maisi, 2002w. www.census.gov/hhes/www/img/incpov00/fig12.jpg
464 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

sakanonmdeblo gziT (aq igulisxmeba programebi, romelTa mizania Semo-

savlebis Tanabrad gadanawileba). politika, romelic maTTvisaa Seqmnili,
vinc bevrs muSaobs, ekonomikur riskze midis, fuls gonivrulad abandebs
da xalxisaTvis saWiro produqciasa da momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs, bev-
rad ufro nayofieria.
konservatorebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom Semosavlis ganawilebis maCvene-
blebSi asaxuli ar aris samTavrobo transferebi, romelTa mizania sazoga-
doebis yvelaze ufro daucveli fenis daxmareba (kompensaciebi umuSevar-
TaTvis, talonebi produqtebze, SeRavaTebi mravalSvilian ojaxebze da
a.S.). detaluri monitoringis pirobebSi aseTi programebi, garkveulwilad
SezRuduli raodenobiT, exmareba Raribebs ise, rom sazogadoebis dasaqme-
bul moqalaqeTa did umravlesobas ar ukargavs motivacias kvlavac iSro-
mon da qveynis uwyveti keTildReoba uzrunvelyon.
Tumca, yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi arc liberalebs aqvT da arc konserva-
torebs. magaliTad, riT SeiZleba daexmaros sazogadoeba 16 wlis martox-
ela dedas, romelmac axlaxan miatova skola, raTa igi aramxolod gadarCes,
aramed warmatebis Sansic hqondes cxovrebaSi?

Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa

Tanasworoba amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis amosavali principia. Ta-

visuflebis deklaraciis Tezisi `yvela adamiani Tanaswori ibadeba~ niSnavs,
rom `sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisken swrafva~ yvela amerike-
lis Tandayolili uflebaa da ara privilegirebuli umciresobisa. Tavisu-
flebis deklaraciis miRebamde erTi saukuniT adre ingliseli politikis
filosofosi jon loki amtkicebda, rom `sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sa-
kuTreba~ yvela adamianis bunebrivi uflebaa. amdenad, Tanasworuflebiano-
bis ideas _ maTi realurad xorcSesxmisagan gansxvavebiT _ Rrma fesvebi
aqvs anglosaqsur politikur tradiciaSi.

rasobrivi diskriminacia

sqesobrivi da rasobrivi diskriminaciis TvalsazrisiT amerikuli gamoc-

dileba bevrad Camouvardeba Tansaworuflebianobis princips. afroamerikele-
bis diskriminacia SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri cxovrebis udavo faqtad
rCeba. monobis dakanonebam 1860-ian wlebamde amerikuli idealebi dacinvis
sagnad aqcia. samoqalaqo omis zRurblze, dred skotis samarcxvinod cnobil
SemTxvevaSi, uzenaesma sasamarTlom daadgina, rom Savkanianebi, ganurCevlad
imisa, monebi iyvnen Tu Tavisufalni, moqalaqeebad ar CaiTvlebodnen. mTa-
vari mosamarTle rojer teni amtkicebda, rom Savkanianebi imdenad `uRirs-
ni~ iyvnen, rom maT `ar gaaCndaT uflebebi, romelTa dacvac TeTrkanianebs
moeTxovebodaT~.
samoqalaqo omis Sedegad monobas bolo moeRo, magram es kanonis winaSe
Tanasworobas ar niSnavda. mdgomareoba verc konstituciis meToTxmete
 sajaro politikis problemebi 465
Sesworebam Secvala, romelic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad iZleoda imis garan-
tias, rom arcerT pirovnebas ar SeiZleba uari eTqvas `kanonisgan erTnairad
dacvaze~. samwuxarod, swored uzenaesi sasamarTlo, konstituciis dacvis
garanti, yvelaze metad ugulebelyofda am Sesworebis ZiriTad arss.

gamorCeuli samarTlebrivi precedentebi: samoqalaqo uflebebis saq-

mis ganxilvis Sedegad (1883 wels), sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom kongresis
mier miRebuli aqtebi, romlebic sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi (re-
stornebSi, skverebSi da a.S.) rasobriv diskriminacias krZalavda, arakon-
stituciuri iyo.12 meToTxmete Sesworebis is muxli, romelic Tanabar dac-
vas gulisxmobda, mosamarTlis daskvniT, miznad isaxavda diskriminaciis
akrZalvas mxolod saxelmwifos da ara kerZo pirebis mxridan. calkeuli
individebis mier Cadenil diskriminaciul aqtebs sajaro xelisuflebasTan
oficialuri kavSiri ar hqonda, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, federaluri xe-
lisuflebis kompetenciis sferos scildeboda da Sesabamisad, federaluri
sasamarTloebisasac. magaliTad, Tu restornebis mesakuTre uars etyoda
Savkanian moqalaqeebs momsaxurebaze, am SemTxvevaSi is kerZo piris ufle-
bebiT isargeblebda da kongresis aranairi gadawyvetileba am SemTxvevaSi
konstituciuri ar iqneboda.
cameti wlis Semdeg, plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmis (1896) ganxilvi-
sas, sasamarTlo kidev ufro Sors wavida.13 Statis im kanonebis gadaxedvisas,
romlebic akanonebda matareblis vagonebSi rasobriv segregacias, sasamarT-
lom kanonierad cno doqtrina _ `gancalkevebuli, magram Tanaswori~.
homer plesim (sasamarTlos CanaweriT `Svidi mervedi TeTri da erTi
mervedi afrikuli sisxliT~) matarebelSi TeTrebis seqciaSi arsebuli sa-
varZliT isargebla da mas mosTxoves `feradkanianTa seqciaSi~ gadasuliyo.
TiTqmis erTxmad sasamarTlom uaryo plesis sarCeli imis Taobaze, rom kano-
ni segregeciis Sesaxeb arRvevda kanonis winaSe misi Tanasworobis uflebas.
maTi mtkicebiT, kanoni Tavisi arsiT neitraluri iyo. igi orive rasis war-
momadgenlebs Tanabar pirobebSi ayenebda. sasamarTlo imdenad Sors wavida,
rom daaskvna _ Tu `ori rasis dakanonebuli gancalkeveba feradkanian moqa-
laqeebs damamcirebel damRas asvams~, es `aqtSi ki ar aris Cadebuli, aramed
aseT datvirTvas feradkaniani rasis warmoamdgenlebi Tavad aZleven mas.~
samoqalaqo uflebebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis ganxi-
lvisas mxolod mosamarTle jon m. harlani ar daeTanxma sasamarTlos gadaw-
yvetilebas. orive SemTxvevaSi, misi azriT sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ewi-
naaRmdegeboda meToTxmete Sesworebas, romelmac `saxelisuflebo sistema
rasobriobis damRisgan gaaTavisufla~. mas sjeroda, rom arc erT xelisu-
flebas, arc erT doneze gaaCnda konstituciuri ufleba, mieRo kanonebi,
romlebic rasobriv diskriminaciaze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. misi azriT,
konstitucias rasobrivi mikerZoeba axasiaTebda. harlanis gansxvavebul
mosazrebebs 58 weli dasWirda, sanam kanonis saxes miiRebda.
samoqalaqo uflbebisa da plesi fergiusonis winaaRmdeg saqmeebis ganx-
ilvisas sasamarTlom, garda imisa, rom aSkara rasobrivi segregaciis sanq-
cionireba moaxdina samxreTSi, aseve Seuwyo xeli iseTi socialuri sistemis
466 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

samarTlebriv CarCoebSi moqcevas, sadac Savkanianebi diskriminaciis, uxeS-

ad mopyrobisa da mkvlelobis msxverplnic ki xdebodnen.

rasobrivi Tanasworoba: bolos da bolos Tavisufali? samarTlebrivad

uzrunvelyofili Tu nakarnaxevi rasobrivi segregacia wesad iyo qceuli
samxreTSi (da CrdiloeTis umetes nawilSic) meoce saukuneSi. Tumca, 1940-
iani wlebis bolo xanebidan uzenaesma sasamarTlom Zveli samarTlebrivi
formulebis interpretaciisas gezi nel-nela rasobrivi Tanasworobis
dacvaze aiRo. magaliTad, Seli krameris winaaRmdeg (1948) saqmeSi aRniSnu-
li iyo, rom kerZo kontraqtebSi Cadebuli diskriminaciuli zomebis samar-
Tlebrivi mxardaWera ar iyo konstituciuri.14 sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom
msgavsi xelSekrulebebis legalurad gamocxadeba `saxelmwifos mxridan
diskriminaciul qmedebas~ utoldeboda, rac meToTxmete SesworebiT iyo
akrZaluli. miuxedavad imisa, rom am normis dauyovnebliv akrZalvaze sa-
samarTlom uari Tqva, man moiTxova, rom gancalkevebuli sajaro daweseb-
ulebebi WeSmaritad Tanaswori yofiliyo. amgvarad, sviti peinteris winaaR-
mdeg saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlom daavaldebula texasis universitetis
samarTlis skola mieRo Savkaniani studentebic, radganac Stats ar SeeZlo
SavkanianebisaTvis imave donisa da reputaciis calke skola Seeqmna.15
brauni topekas saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg cnobili saqmis gan-
xilvisas (1954) sasamarTlom erTxel da samudamod uaryo gancalkevebuli,
magram Tanaswori (segregaciis) doqtrina.16 sasamarTlom segregirebuli
skolebi arakonstituciurad gamoacxada, `radganac aseTi tipis saswavlo
dawesebulebebi TavianTi arsiT uTanasworoa.~
braunis saqmeze gamotanilma ganaCenma sityva `Tanasworobis~ mniSvn-
elobaze gacxovelebuli debatebi gamoiwvia aSS-Si. miuxedavad Tavdapirve-
li protestis simZafrisa, erovnuli konsensusi mxolod etapobrivad iqna
miRweuli. aTi wlis Semdeg kongresma miiRo 1964 wlis samoqalaqo ufle-
bebis aqti,17 federaluri kanonebis pirveli seria, romelic miznad raso-
brivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofas isaxavda. is faqti, rom 1964 wlis aqti
akanonebda Tanaswori mopyrobisa da momsaxurebis princips dawesebulebeb-
Si, romelic arakanonierad iqna gamocxadebuli samoqalaqo uflebebis saq-
mis ganxilvisas, axal etapze gadasvlaze miuTiTebda.1960-iani wlebis bo-
los, intensiuri samoqalaqo moZraobisa da samoqalaqo omidan moyolebuli
yvelaze Zlieri mRelvarebis Semdeg mTavroba sabolood mzad iyo yvela mo-
qalaqisaTvis Tanasworuflebianobis principi samarTlebrivad ganemtkice-
bina. politikurma orTabrZolam rasobrivi Tanasworobisa da TeTrkanianTa
upiratesobis sakiTxebze, dasabami misca rTul da gacxovelebul debatebs
Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebebze.

saskolo avtobusebis saqme. pasuxi kiTxvaze, ramdenad SeuZlia da val-

debulia xelisufleba uzrunvelyos Tanabari uflebebi, kargad gamoCnda
1970-1980-ian wlebSi saskolo avtobusebis saqmis magaliTze, romelic Sede-
gad mohyva `brauni saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg~ bundovan saqmes. am
SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi
 sajaro politikis problemebi 467
segregacia arakonstituciuri iyo. sasamarTlom aRiara, rom Savkaniani
bavSvebi integrirebul skolebSi ukeT iswavlidnen, Tumca sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba imasac gulisxmobda, rom mxolod sakanonmdeblo da de
iure cvlilebebi sakmarisi ar iyo am miznis gansaxorcieleblad. de faqto
segregacia isev problemad rCeboda, _ rac siRaribis socialur-ekonomi-
kuri gavlenis Sedegi iyo _ igulisxmeba afroamerikuli mosaxleobis kon-
centracia Zvel ubnebSi.
magram, rogor unda ganxorcielebuliyo mosaxleobis gadanawilebis arse-
buli sqemis cvlileba integrirebuli skolebis Seqmnis mizniT? yvelaze re-
aluri SesaZlebloba moswavleTa integraciisa, am ubnebidan maTi transpor-
tirebis uzrunvelyofa iyo. moswavleTa transportireba, garda imisa, rom
maTi integraciis yvelaze sando saSualeba iyo, `Tanaswori SesaZleblobis~
uzrunvelyofisaTvis qveynis mkafio da udavo mzadyofnazec miuTiTebda.
saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebam _ rac garkveul SemTxvevebSi federaluri
saolqo sasamarTloebis mier iyo dadgenili da araerTxel ganxiluli feder-
aluri mosamarTleebis mier, qveynis yovel teritoriul erTeuls miawvdina
xma imis Sesaxeb, rom amieridan rasobrivad erTgvarovani skolebi `kanonebis
Tanabari dacvis Sesaxeb~ konstituciur tests veRar Caabarebdnen.
kritikosebi saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas sxvadasxva mizeziT ewi-
naaRmdegebodnen. maT Soris iyvnen is mSoblebic, romlebsac umciresobebis
mimarT ampartavnuli damokidebuleba hqondaT, magram kidev ufro Zlieri
iyo winaaRmdegoba im mSoblebis mxridan, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom axlom-
debare skola saukeTeso iyo bavSvebisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, sad cxov-
robdnen isini. sxvebi acxadebdnen, rom skola ar unda gadaqceuliyo `so-
cialur laboratoriad~. skolis administracias eSinoda, rom mSoblebis
interesi da monawileoba saskolo procesSi saxlsa da skolas Soris manZi-
lis zrdis proporiulad Semcirdeboda.
sabolood, saskolo avtobusebiT gamowveuli ukmayofileba sajaro
skolebis mimarT `ndobis kriziss~ daemTxva.18 dabali sagamocdo Sefasebebi,
saskolo disciplinasa da narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, dabali
akademiuri standartebi da skolis dafinansebasTan dakavSirebuli mosa-
lodneli siZneleebi naTlad miuTiTebda, rom sajaro skolebSi yvelaferi
rigze ver iyo.
iyo Tu ara saskolo avtobusebis idea kargi? diax da ara! man aiZula ad-
gilobrivi xelisufleba da skolis sabWoebi, gareubnebis skolebSi saswavlo
garemo da pirobebi gaeumjobesebina. man aseve daanaxa skeptikosebs, rom xe-
lisufleba seriozulad apirebda ganaTlebis Tanabari xelmisawvdomobis
uzrunvelyofas. meore mxriv, saskolo avtobusebis SemoRebas garkveul Sem-
TxvevebSi qalaqis erTi nawilidan meoreSi umciresobebis gadanawileba mohy-
va. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen, rom saskolo
avtobusebiT moswavleebi SavkanianebiT dasaxlebuli ubnebidan TeTrkani-
anTa ubnebSi gadaeyvanaT, Tumca uzenaesma sasamarTlom gaauqma msgavsi
gadawyvetilebebi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac calkeul ubnebSi xelisu-
flebis mier Tavsmoxveuli diskriminaciidan Tavis daRwevis yvelaze saTa-
nado saSualeba swored saskolo avtobusebis gamoyeneba iyo.19
468 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

pozitiuri qmedebebi Tu Sebrunebuli diskriminacia

saskolo avtobusebis SemTxveva 1970 wels pozitiuri (sakompensacio)

qmedebebis (upiratesi uflebebis miniWeba) Taobaze debatebma daCrdila. am
SemTxvevaSi saqme exeboda samTavrobo programebsa da aqtebs, romlebis um-
ciresobebs samsaxurSi ayvanisa da dawinaurebis, kolejebsa da profesiul
saswavleblebSi miRebis dros da sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi garkveul up-
iratesobas aniWebda. maTi mizani warsulsa da awmyoSi umciresobis winaaRm-
deg ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis gamosworeba iyo. saskolo
avtobusebis msgavsad, es programebi Tanasworobis saxeliT Seiqmna. Tumca
bevr adamians uCndeboda SekiTxva, iyo Tu ara es programebi marTlac samar-
Tliani? isini, vinc sakompensacio diskriminacias ewinaaRmdegebodnen mas
piruku diskriminaciad afasebdnen.
Tu konstituciiT daSvebulia umciresobebisTvis garkveuli upirate-
sobebis miniWeba, icavs Tu ara igi umravlesobas piruku diskriminaciisa-
gan? am kiTxvas pasuxi nawilobriv 1978 wels gaeca, rodesac sasamarTlom
ganaCeni gamoitana TeTrkaniani studentis alan bakis sarCeliT aRZrul
saqmeze, romelic devisSi, kaliforniis universitetis samedicino skolaSi
mowyobas amaod cdilobda.20 baki amtkicebda, rom samedicino skolis spe-
cialuri misaRebi programa (programa gulisxmobda umciresobis warmomad-
geneli studentebis Caricxvas maTTvis gamoyofil adgilebze, miuxedavad
imisa, rom zogierTs bakze gacilebiT dabali saSualo Sefaseba da stand-
artuli testis qula hqonda), mas usamarTlod arTmevda swavlis Sanss mx-
olod da mxolod misi rasobrivi kuTvnilebis gamo. sasamarTlom ganaCeni
maleve gamoitana (romelic sakmaod gaugebari iyo), igi eTanxmeboda baks,
rom analogiuri kvotebi, romelic upiratesi uflebis miniWebis magaliTia,
arakonstituciuri iyo da skolas bakis dauyonebliv miReba mosTxova. sa-
samarTlos gadawyvetilebaSi aseve miTiTebuli iyo, rom upiratesoba um-
ciresobebs mxolod garkveuli garemoebebis dadgomisas unda eniWebodeT.
uzenaesma sasamarTlom bakis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetileba Tavis Semd-
gom aqtebSi gaamyara.21
TumcaRa, uzenaesma sasamarTlom mxari dauWira samsaxurSi miRebis progr-
amebs, romlebic farTod efuZneboda upiratesi uflebis miniWebis princips
(ZalaSi datova sqemebi, romlebic umciresobas samsaxuridan daTxovnisgan
dacvis upirates uflebas aniWebda).22 aseve mxari dauWira upiratesi ufle-
bebis miniWebis doqtrinas qalebis samsaxurSi miRebisas, kerZod, upirate-
soba mieniWebodaT maTze ufro maRali kvalifikaciis mamakacebTan Sedar-
ebiT dasaqmebulTa Soris genderuli balansis uzrunvelsayofad.23
meore mxriv, bolo xanebSi sasamarTlom umciresobaTa kuTvnil biznesze
upiratesoba SezRuda, riTac Secvala (an sulac gaauqma) Tavisi Zveli gadaw-
yvetilebebi.24 amdenad, gaurkvevelia sasamarTlos damokidebuleba, sad
mTavrdeba sakompensacio diskriminacia da sad iwyeba piruku diskrimina-
cia. mxolod ori ganzogadebuli daskvnis gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli,
konstitucia kongress gacilebiT did Tavisuflebas aniWebs, vidre Statsa
da adgilobriv xelisuflebas warsuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis aRmosafx-
 sajaro politikis problemebi 469
vrelad. meore, rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli upiratesi
uflebebis miniWebis programebi Statebisa da adgilobriv doneze bevrad
ufro didi mxardaWeriT sargebloben, rodesac saxezea umciresobis dis-
kriminaciis konkretuli (da ara sazogado) SemTxvevebi.25
msgavsi programebi winaaRmdegobrivia da xSirad xdeba sasamarTlo ganx-
ilvis sagani. am procesebma 1996 wlis noemberSi gansakuTrebiT dramatuli
xasiaTi miiRo, rodesac amomrCevlebma mxari dauWires kaliforniis samoqa-
laqo uflebaTa iniciativas, romelic Statis xelisuflebas ukrZalavda dis-
kriminacias an upiratesobebis miniWebas rasis, sqesis, kanis feris, eTnikuri
kuTvnilebis an warmomavlobis safuZvelze. amomrCevelTa mcdeloba, Sez-
Ruduliyo sakompensacio diskriminaciis programebi, dauyovnebliv iqna gas-
aCivrebuli sasamarTloSi, ramac maTi ganxorcieleba ramdenime TviT SeaCera.
upirates uflebaTa miniWebis programebis mxardamWerebi amtkiceben,
rom miniWebuli privilegiebi gamarTlebulia (aucilebelic ki), radganac
umciresobaTa mTeli Taobebi ganicdidnen diskriminacias. metic, maTi az-
riT, afro-amerikelebi da sxva umciresobebi naklebad iyvnen warmodgenili
sxvadasxva profesiebSi. maSin, roca Savkanianebi mTeli mosaxleobis 12 pro-
cents Seadgenen, advokatebis, mosamarTleebis, eqimebis, inJinrebis, uni-
versitetebis da kolejebis profesorTa mxolod 4 procents warmoadgenen.
xolo upiratesi uflebebis miniWebiT gamoswordeba mdgomareoba, romelic
istoriuli usamarTlobiT (gansakuTrebiT monobiTa da rasobrivi segrega-
ciiT) ganpirobebuli socialuri garemoebebiTaa gamowveuli.
upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis oponentebi aqcents ufro im moqalaqee-
bze akeTeben, vinc am programis ganxorcielebiT zaraldeba, nacvlad im
jgufebisa, visac es programebi exmareba. arsebuli TvalTaxedviT, insti-
tuciuri diskriminaciis nebismieri forma usamarTlod da daumsaxureblad
sjis adamianebs. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, rom gadawyvetilebebi saswavleb-
elsa da samsaxurSi miRebis Sesaxeb saTanado kriteriumebis Sesabamisad
Tanasworobis principze dayrdnobiT iqnes miRebuli. oponentebi imasac
acxadeben, rom sazogadoeba isjeba, rodesac yvelaze konkurentunarian mo-
qalaqeebs gzas uRobaven warmatebisken. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti
samarTlianoba sulac ar gulisxmobs sazogadoebas, sadac sxvadasva prof-
esiaSi yvela rasa proporciulad iqneba warmodgenili; is mxolod Tanabar
SesaZleblobebs moiTxovs. rogorc mosamarTle harlanma Tqva, Tanasworo-
bis misaRwevad saWiroa, konstitucia ~ferebs ar arCevdes.~

vis sWirdeba dacva?

afroamerikelebis garda, arseboben Tu ara sxva jgufebi, romlebic upi-

ratesi uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen? gamxdaran Tu ara adgilobrivi
amerikelebi diskriminaciis msxverpli? ra mdgomareobaSi arian laTino-
amerikelebi? aziuri warmoSobis amerikelebic dazaraldnen, magram miuxe-
davad amisa, isini mravlad arian warmodgenili iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa
maTematika da sainformacio teqnologiebi. nuTu aseTi warmatebis SemTx-
470 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

vevebi upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis ideas azrs ukargavs?

sqesobrivi diskriminaciis problemas bevrad ufro mwvave sakiTxebis
wamoweva mohyva. 1970-ianidan 1980-ian wlebamde mimdinare debatebi sabedis-
wero `Tanabari uflebebis Sesaxeb Sesworebas Seexeboda~, romelic uzrunve-
lyofda, rom `Tanabari mopyrobis kanonieri ufleba ar SeiZleboda uaryo-
fili an SezRuduli yofiliyo SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri an Statebis
xelisuflebis mier sqesobrivi gansxvavebis safuZvelze~. saWiroeben Tu
ara qalebi dacvas, rogorc istoriulad daCagruli umciresoba? sWird-
ebaT Tu ara maT upiratesobis miniWeba warsuli diskriminaciis Sedegebis
aRmosafxvrelad? Tu asea, Sedegad ras miviRebT? magaliTad, federaluri
kanonis Tanaxmad, samxedro samsaxurisaTvis mxolod mamakacebi unda dare-
gistrirdnen26 nuTu es kanoni sqesTa Soris mxolod fizikur gansxvavebas
iTvaliswinebs? ayenebs Tu ara is mamakacebs upirates mdgomareobaSi, raki
miiCnevs maT qalebze fizikurad da emociurad aRmatebul arsebebad (qalebi
susti, arakoordinirebuli, arastabiluri da panikisadmi midrekilni arian),
romelTac ar SeswevT unari samxedro samsaxuri gaiaron? Tu piriqiT, qalebs
upirates mdgomareobaSi ayenebs arasasurveli valdebulebisagan gaTavisu-
flebiT? msgavs winaaRmdegobas sxvadasxva normatiul aqtebSic vawydebiT;
maT Sorisaa kanonmdebloba arasrulwlovanTa gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb, ro-
melic mamakacebs ukrZalavs arasrulwlovan gogonebTan sqesobriv kavSirs,
qalebs ki igives ar ukrZalavs arasrulwlovan vaJebTan.27
Raribi da umweo mosaxleoba kidev erTi jgufia, romelic bevris azriT
upirates mopyrobas imsaxurebs. ra aris siRaribe _ roca adamianebi SimSilis
piras imyofebian, Tu roca cxovrebis Sesabamisi pirobebi ara aqvT? rogori
unda iyos cxovrebis Sesabamisi pirobebi? zogierTi eqsperti Raribs uwodebs
sazogadoebis garkveul procentul nawils, romlebic saerTo saSemosavlo
Skalis yvelaze dabal niSnulze imyofebian. Tumca, es arafers gveubneba ima-
ze, rogor cxovroben aseTi adamianebi sinamdvileSi _ dasavleTis mdidar
qveynebSi yvelaze dabalSemosavliani 20 procenti gacilebiT ukeT cxovrobs,
vidre mesame msoflios qveynebis mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba.
socuzrunvelyofis sistemis oponentebi ki amtkiceben, rom Raribebi
siduxWireSi TavianTi mavne Cvevebisa da mosazrebebis gamo cxovroben da maT
Secvlas arc ki cdiloben, xolo xelisuflebas amgvari pirovnuli marcxis
Sedegebis gamosworeba naklebad ZaluZs. sxvebi amtkiceben, rom Raribebi
gulgrili sazogadoebisa da ulmobeli konkurentuli ekonomikuri siste-
mis msxverplni arian. xelisufleba valdebulia Tavisi Zala ekonomikuri da
socialuri Tanasworobis xarisxis gasaZliereblad gamoiyenos.
bolos, ganvixiloT kidev erTi sakiTxi _ iyvnen Tu ara sxva jgufebi _
magaliTad, homoseqsualebi warsulSi diskriminaciis obieqtebi da unda
iyvnen Tu ara isini kanoniT daculni diskriminaciisagan samsaxurSi an sagan-
manaTleblo dawesebulebaSi miRebisa Tu socialuri SeRavaTebis miniWebi-
sas. 1992 wels koloradoSi amomrCevlebma xma misces saqsualuri umcireso-
bebisaTvis samarTlebrivi dacvisa da calkeuli upiratesobebis akrZalvas.
referendumis Sedegebi gauqmda 1996 wels, rodesac uzenaesma sasamarTlom
daaskvna, rom aRniSnuli zomebi diskriminaciuli da arakonstituciuri
 sajaro politikis problemebi 471
iyo.28 es SemTxveva, sxva analogiur SemTxvevebTan erTad, Semdeg kiTxvas
badebs: romeli samarTlebrivi normebi icavs uklebliv yvela amerikels?

Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa

Tanasworobis msgavsad, Tavisuflebac Tanamedrove politikuri cxovre-

bis umTavresi mizania. gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic Tavisuflebis politikur
Rirebulebas ganadidebs, Tan gasdevs amerikis respublikis istorias. `an
Tavisufleba an sikvdili,~ patrik henris es sityvebi erovnul mowodebad
iqca.

Tavisuflebis Rirebuleba

politikuri Tavisufleba dasavleTSi didxans gulisxmobda xelisufle-

bisgan dawesebuli SezRudvisgan gaTavisuflebas. amdenad, Tavisufleba
mniSvnelovani politikuri kapitalia oTxi ZiriTadi mizezis gamo:
1. sicocxle azrs kargavs, Tu individs misi Tavad gankargva ar SeuZlia.
radganac arCevanis amgvari Tavisufleba gamorCeuli adamianuri
Tvisebaa, igi niSnavs SesaZleblobas, moiqce ise, rogorc mxolod
adamianebi iqcevian. aseve adamianuri Rirseba Tavisuflebis gareSe
warmoudgenelia, radganac mozrdil moqalaqeTa umetesobas unari
Seswevs sakuTar qmedebebze pasuxismgebloba aiRos, Tvisuflebis
ararseboba individs TviTrealizaciis saSualebas arTmevs da mis gan-
viTrebas aferxebs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tavisuflebis SezRud-
vas zrdasruli adamianebi bavSvis doneze dahyavs.
2. Tavisufleba emyareba rwmenas, rom individebma ukeT ician, ra surT
an sWirdebaT bednierebisaTvis. am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, misi ganx-
orcieleba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac individi Tavad
wyvets, rogor gamoiyenos Tavisi dro da fuli.
3. Tavisufleba aucilebelia ideebis Sinaarsiani gacvlisaTvis, iseve,
rogorc sazogadoebrivi progresis misaRwevad. mxolod Tavisufal
sazogadoebaSi aris SesaZlebeli ideebis gamoxatva, siaxleTa Seqmna
da maTi sazogadoebis sasikeTod gamoyeneba. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba
aseve xelisuflebis patiosnebis uzrunvelyofis umTavresi pirobaa.
4. Tavisuflebis SezRudvas xSirad Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebamde
mivyavarT. Tu xelisuflebas xels aravin uSlis, miitanos ieriSi erTi
adamianis Tavisuflebaze, sxva danarCenebis Tavisuflebac safrTxis
winaSe dadgeba. magaliTad, yvela vTanxmdebiT, rom garkveuli tipis
qceva, rogoricaa regularuli dabana _ uaRresad sasurvelia. am
uflebis Tavisuflad ganxorcielebisas SesaZloa maincdamainc sa-
survel Sedegamde ver mivideT (magaliTad, ras ityviT moqalaqis kon-
stituciur uflebaze, ar daicvas higienis normebi). magram Tu poli-
cias SeeZleba transportSi Cems gverdiT mjdomi adamiani imis gamo
472 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

daajarimos, rom mas Sxapi ar miuRia, ra SeuSlis mas xels, damiWiros

Tu Tmas saTanadod ar davivarcxni an wvers ar gaviparsav?

Tavisufleba da pirveli sakonstitucio Sesworeba

SeerTebul StatebSi, samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, romelic pirov-

nebis Tavisuflebas exeba, pirvel Sesworebas moiSvelieben. masSi aRniSnulia:

kongresma ar SeiZleba miiRos kanoni, romelic mxars dauWers rome-

lime religias an SezRudavs mis Tavisufal ganxorcielebas, sityvis
an presis Tavisuflebas, adamianTa mSvidobiani Sekrebis da xelisu-
flebisgan miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebas.

amgvarad, pirveli Sesworeba icavs samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis 4 ZiriTad

aspeqts: sityvis Tavisuflebas, presis Tavisuflebas, religiis Tavisufle-
bas, mSvidobiani Sekrebis Tavisuflebas. radganac Sesworebis ena lakonuri
da zogadia, pirveli sami ufleba xSirad saWiroebs interpretacias sazoga-
doebis mxridan.

sityvis Tavisufleba. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Tanxmdebian, rom

pirveli Sesworebis umTavresi mizani politikuri gamosvlebis Tavisu-
flebis uzrunvelyofa iyo. respublikis pirobebSi, politikuri sistemis
efeqtiani funqcionirebis umTavresi piroba politikur oponentebs Soris
Ria debatebia.sityvis Tavisufleba TiTqmis arasodes gamxdara sadavo, si-
tyvis Sinaarsi ki _ araerTxel.
Tumca, sityvis Tavisufleba SesaZloa gaxdes cxare ganxilvis sagani, ro-
desac individebi, romlebic am TavisuflebiT sargebloben, arapopularul-
ni arian an politikuri sistemis xelSeuxeblobasa da kanonierebas eWvqveS
ayeneben. eqstremistebi xSirad Zlieri vnebaTaRelvis provocirebas axdenen.
magaliTad, nacistTa gamosvlebi Cveulebisamebr mZafr reaqcias iwvevda
ebraelTa Soris. vietnamis omis sawyis etapze axalgazrda protestantebi
xSirad iyvnen aRqmulni arapatriot da araloialur pirebad. ramdenime wlis
Semdeg, rodesac vietnamis omis mimarT damokidebuleba radikalurad Seicv-
ala, SeerTebuli Statebis poziciis damcvelebs stveniTa da yviriliT xvde-
bodnen universitetebis kampusebSi gamosvlisas. pirveli Sesworeba yvela
moqalaqes icavs Tavisi politikuri Sexedulebebis gamoTqmisas, mniSvneloba
ara aqvs, ramdenad miuRebeli an arapopularulia es Sexedulebebi. Tumca, ar-
sebobs mxolod mcire SezRudvebi (gamosvla ar SeiZleba Seicavdes mowodebas
ukanono qmedebebisken, ar unda axdendes areulobis provocirebas, ar ayeneb-
des vinmes pirovnul Seuracxyofas da a.S.).
ra Tqma unda, dacva, romelsac sityvis Tavisuflebis muxli gulisxmobs,
mxolod politikuri xasiaTis gamosvliT ar Semoifargleba. uzenaesma sa-
samarTlom `sityvis~ sakmaod farTo interpretireba moaxdina da is `gamox-
atvis~ sinonimadac miiCnia. mxatvruli gamoxatva, simboluri Jestebi da
 sajaro politikis problemebi 473
reklama aseve is sferoa, romelic, sasamarTlos azriT, pirveli Seswore-
biTaa daculi.
Tuki dadgindeba, rom qmedeba simbolurad sityvis Tavisuflebas gamoxa-
tavs, mis Sinaarss an Setyobinebas mniSvneloba ara aqvs. magaliTad, aale-
buli droSa sityvis Tavisuflebis dacvis simboluri formaa.29 rac Seexeba
realur SemTxvevebs, sityvis Tavisuflebis simboluri gamoxatvis konte-
qsti konstituciis TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre
misi Sinaarsi. ku-kluks-klanis aalebuli jvari SesaZloa calke kamaTis
sferoa, Tumca simboluri gamoxatvis konstituciiT daculi formaa.30 sul
sxva sakiTxia viRacis gazonSi aalebuli jvari.31

presis Tavisufleba. presis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofs axali ambebisa da

informaciis xelmisawvdomobas xalxisaTvis anu icavs gamomcemlebs yovel-
gvari oficialuri cenzurisagan. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gazeTebsa da
sxva periodul gamocemebs ufleba aqvT dabeWdon yvelaferi, rac surT,
maT Soris, kritika da braldebebi xelisuflebis mimarT. igive vrceldeba
eleqtronul mediaze. mravalferovani da SeuzRudavi media, sjerodaT dam-
fuZneblebs, gadamwyvetia TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis, radganac demokratiis
pirobebSi, TiToeuli moqalaqe iRebs gadawyvetilebas (saarCveno kabinSi)
da xalxis mier arCeul Tanamdebobis pirebsac sWirdebaT vinme (an rame), rom
patiosneba SeinarCunon.
uzenaesma sasamarTlomac daaskvna, rom konstituciis Tanaxmad, presas
ar SeuZlia winaswari SezRudvebis dauwesdes. es ki niSnavs, rom garda omisa
an sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadebis sxva SemTxvevebisa, xelisuflebas
ar SeuZlia gazeTs an sxva gamocemas raime saxis masalis beWdva aukrZalos _
maT Soris dokumentebisa, romlebsac xelisuflebam saidumlo grifi misca
an informaciisa, romlis gamoqveynebac sasamarTlo procesamde dauSvebe-
lia da mogvianebiT mosamarTlem SesaZloa zianis momtanadac miiCnios.32

religiis Tavisufleba. saxelmwifos mier religiis mxardaWeris akrZal-

viT, pirveli Sesworeba xelisuflebisgan moiTxovs daicvas neitraliteti
religiur sakiTxebSi _ arc Seuwyos xeli da arc Seafarxos romelime reli-
giis arseboba. es moTxovna avsebs im punqts, romelic moqalaqeebs religiis
Tavisuflebis garantias aZlevs. orive punqti erTad uzrunvelyofs, rom
moqalaqeebma SeZlon gonivrul farglebSi maTTvis sasurvel religias em-
saxuron maTTvis sasurveli formiT.
rodesac religiuri msaxureba safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebas, xelisuf-
lebas misi akrZalva SeuZlia. magaliTad, arc erTi sasamarTlo ar dauWers
mxars ritualur mkvlelobas im mizeziT, rom religiis Tavisufleba kon-
stituciiTaa daculi. arc iseTi religiuri aqtebia konstituciiT daculi,
romlebic raime aSkara safrTxes uqmnian sazogadoebas (magaliTad, poli-
gamia).33 Tumca, sasamarTlo garkveul religiur Tavisuflebas mainc ani-
Webs moqalaqeebs, magaliTad, religiuri marwamsis safuZvelze uari Tqvan
samxedro momzadebaze, aziel bavSvebs aTavisuflebs ganaTlebis miRebis
aucileblobisgan, aRiarebs ieRovas mowmeTa uflebas, ar moiyaron muxli
474 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

droSis winaSe (maTi rwmenis Tanaxmad aseTi saqcieli kerpTayvanismcemlo-

bad aris miCneuli).
bevrad ufro winaaRmdegobrivia saskolo locvis sakiTxi. Tavis mraval-
ricxovan gadawyvetilebebSi uzenaesi sasamarTlo miuTiTebs, rom locva,
Tundac arc erT religiur mimdinareobas ar gamoxatavdes da bibliis kiTx-
va sajaro skolebSi, ewinaaRmdegeba pirveli Sesworebis punqts religiis
Sesaxeb.34 aseve, sasuliero pirebs ara aqvT ufleba, gamosaSveb ceremoniaze
locva warmoTqvan.35 uzenaesi sasamarTlo ufro Sorsac wavida da aukrZala
maswavleblebs gamoacxadon `siCumis dro~, romelic Semdeg locvisaTvis
iqneba gamoyenebuli.36 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sajaro skolebis, maswavle-
blebisa da saskolo sabWoebis funqcionirebas saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs
da moswavleebi sajaro skolebSi saxelmwifo savaldebulo ganaTlebis Ses-
axeb kanonis safuZvelze xvdebian, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom sajaro sko-
lebSi saskolo locvis daSvebiT saxelmwifo arakonstituciurad axorcie-
lebs religiis mxardaWeras.
kritikosebi miiCneven, rom sasamarTlos es gadawyvetilebebi unda Seic-
valos. saskolo locva, maTi azriT, religiuri tradiciebis SenarCunebas
uwyobs xels, romelic qveyanas kidev ufro ganadidebs da axalgazrdebis
moralur dacemas SeaCerebs. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis momxreebi Ta-
vianTi poziciis gasamarTleblad acxadeben, rom yoveldRiuri locva da
bibliis kiTxva skolaSi im moswavleTa uflebebs zRudavs, romlebic um-
ciresobas warmoadgenen an arc erT religiur aRmsareblobas ar aRiare-
ben. religiis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze saimedo gza rwmenis
sakiTxebSi saxelmwifos Carevis minimumamde dayvanaa.
religiis Sesaxeb punqts xSirad moiSvelieben sajaro debatebis dros,
romelic saxelmwifos mxridan im mSoblebis daxmarebas exeba, romelTa
Svilebic kerZo, gansakuTrebiT sasuliero da religiur skolebSi swav-
loben. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze Zlieri argumenti is aris, rom mSoblebs ar-
Cevanis Tavisufleba hqondeT, raTa gadawyviton, romel skolaSi waiyvanon
Svilebi. yvela mSobeli, yvela moqalaqe ixdis gadasaxadebs, saidanac sajaro
skolebi finansdeba, Tumca zogjer maT urCevniaT TavianTi Svilebi kerZo an
religiur skolaSi gaagzavnon religiuri, socialuri an saganmanaTleblo
mosazrebebiT. maT kerZo skolaSi swavlebis gadasaxadic unda gadaixadon,
amitom eqspertebi svamen kiTxvas: unda daexmaros Tu ara xelisufleba mSob-
lebs, romlebsac Svilebi msgavs skolebSi SehyavT maTTvis sagadasaxado Se-
RavaTebis Tu sxva finansuri daxmarebis gawevis gziT. rogorc adre aRvniS-
neT, swored am mizniT, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi kongresSi vauCeruli
dafinansebis sxvadasxva sqema iqna SemuSavebuli.

piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba

pirveli Sesworeba adamianis ramdenime Tavisuflebas icavs. Tumca, arse-

bobs adamianis sxva uflebebi, romlebic SesworebiT pirdapir ar aris dacu-
li (arc uflebaTa bilis romelime muxliT).
 sajaro politikis problemebi 475
am uflebaTa Soris umTavresia e.w. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba anu
arCevanis Tavisufleba, romelic zogadad gulisxmobs zrdasruli moqa-
laqeebis uflebas, pirad cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi damoukide-
blad, saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe gadawyviton. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxe-
blobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebSi
aRniSnulia, rom qalebs aqvT abortis fundamenturi, Tumca ara SeuzRudavi
ufleba. Tavdapirvelad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo gansakuTrebiT zrunavda,
rom am uflebis Seuferxebeli ganxorcieleba uzrunveleyo. Tumca, mogvi-
anebiT sasamarTlo (ufro konservatiuli Sexedulebebis mqone) naklebi
enTuziazmiT uWerda mxars am uflebis ganxorcielebas, raki Tvlida, rom
abortis ufleba ar avaldebulebs sajaro fondebs xelmokle qalebs abor-
tis xarjebi daufaros. aseve, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, xelisufleba
ar iyo valdebuli msgavs SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli
eqimebisaTvis an damxmare personalisTvis xelfasi gadaexada.37
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavdapirvel gadawyvetilebebze, romelic abor-
tis uflebas exeboda, protesti sicocxlis uflebis damcveli jgufebis-
gan modioda; isini acxadebdnen, rom adamianis sicocxle CasaxvasTan erTad
iwyeba da amitomac abortis daSveba mkvlelobis legalizaciis tolfasia.
adamianis embrions, maTi azriT, konstituciuri uflebebi aqvs, maT Soris
sicocxlis ufleba, romelic iSviaTi SemTxvevebis garda (rodesac bavSvis
dabadebam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas dedis sicocxles), gadawonis dedis
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas. sicocxlis uflebis mxardam-
Weri moZraoba Tavis pozicias saprotesto aqciebiTa da xSirad, klinikebis
blokirebiT gamoxatavda. protestis aseT formebze 1994 wels samarTlebri-
vi SezRudvebi dawesda. kongresma miiRo kanoni, romelic qalebs saSualebas
aZlevda, abortis mizniT yovelgvari dabrkolebis gareSe miemarTaT Ses-
abamisi klinikebisaTvis, xolo saprotesto aqciebis monawileebs maTTvis
am uflebis ganxorcielebaSi xelis SeSla aukrZala. imave wels uzenaesma sa-
samarTlom daaskvna, rom Tu klinikebs abortis mowinaaRmdege aqtivistebis
mier blokirebis Sedegad ekonomikuri ziani miadgeboda, aqciis organiza-
torebs sisxlis samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisrebodaT `reketior-
Ta da danaSaulebrivi gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ (RICO) kanonis safuZvelze.38
Tumca, rogorc sasamarTlom 1997 wels daadgina, aRniSnuli SezRudvebis
dawesebis Semdeg, abortiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli aqciebis monawileTa si-
tyvisa da gamoxatvis uflebac konstituciur dacvas saWiroebda.39
uzenaesi sasamarTlos ramdenime mosamarTlem mxari dauWira Tavisufali
arCevanis uflebas da SemogvTavaza piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis axali
koncefcia, romelic dafuZnebulia pirovnebis uflebaze _ `Tavad gansaz-
Rvros, raSi mdgomareobs misi arsebobisa da daniSnulebis, samyaros idea
da adamianis cxovrebis saidumlo~.40 aRniSnuli terminebi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda maTTvis, vinc acxadebda, rom arsebobs sikvdilis
ufleba da pacientebs, romlebic ukurnebeli seniT arian daavadebulni an
autanel tkivils ganicdian, unda gaaCndeT kanonieri ufleba sicocxle
daasrulon eqimebis daxmarebiT. Tumca, 1997 wels, uzenaesma sasamarTlom
erTxmad ganacxada uari ecno sikvdilis konstituciuri ufleba.41
476 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa

winamdebare TavSi samarTlianoba ganxiluli iqneba viwro gagebiT, ro-

gorc sajaro politikis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizani, romelic sa-
samarTloebisa da marTlmsajulebis sistemis funqcionirebis Sedegad
miiRweva. am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, samarTliani sazogadoeba isaa, sadac samo-
qalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kanonebi samarTlianobis princips emsaxureba
da sasjeli danaSaulis Sesabamisia.

danaSauli da sasjeli

arc erT sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia Tavis Tavs misces ufleba, dausjeli

datovos sazogadoebisaTvis saSiSi an kriminaluri saqcieli. im adamianebis
dasjiT, romlebic wesebs arRveven, sazogadoeba mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom
aseTi saqciels ar Seegueba. sasjelis simkacre ki imaze metyvelebs, ram-
denad arasasurvelia esa Tu is saqcieli. antisazogadoebrivi qmedebisaT-
vis gansazRvruli sasjeli oTx mizans emsaxureba. pirveli _ sazogadoeba
metadaa daculi, Tu damnaSave cixeSi imyofeba; meore _ erTi damnaSavis
dasjam SesaZloa sxvebs imave danaSaulis Cadena gadaafiqrebinos (danaSau-
lis prevencia); mesame _ sasjeli kriminalebis gamosworebis umTavresi
winapirobaa, rac maT sabolood saSualebas aZlevs normalur da nayofier
cxovrebas daubrundnen (damnaSavis reabilitacia); bolos, meoTxe _ sasje-
li erTgvari kompensaciaa udanaSaulo msxverplisaTvis, romelic imsax-
urebs, ganicados kmayofileba dasjili damnaSavis xilviT (retribucia _
sanacvlos migeba).
marTlmsajuleba, rogorc marTebuli procedura

arsebobs Zveli samarTlebrivi kliSe, romlis Tanaxmadac samarTliano-

bis 90 procenti marTebuli proceduris damsaxurebaa. proceduris dac-
vis meqanizmebi icavs udanaSaulo adamians daumsaxurebeli braldebisagan,
xolo braldebuls _ daumsaxurebeli ganaCenisagan. aRniSnuli meqanizmebi,
romlebic marTebuli samarTlis procesis (due process of law) saxeliTaa
cnobili, detaluradaa aRwerili konstituciis uflebaTa bilSi, kerZod
konstituciis meoTxe, mexuTe da meeqvse SesworebebSi. konstituciis Tanax-
mad, moqalaqes aqvT kanonieri ufleba, daculi iyos (1) ukanono Cxrekisa da
dakavebisgan; (2) aravis ar SeiZleba orjer miesajos sasjeli erTi da imave
danaSaulisaTvis; (3) aravin aris valdebuli, misces Cveneba sakuTari Ta-
vis winaaRmdeg; (4) yvelas aqvs ufleba, moiTxovos dauyovnebeli, sajaro
da miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo procesi; (5) hqondes informacia mis mimarT
wayenebuli bralis Sesaxeb; (6) daupirispirdes mowmeebs, romlebic mis sawi-
naaRmdego Cvenebas aZleven; (7) moiTxovos Tavisi mowmeebis dakiTxva; (8) hy-
avdes advokati.
ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli es konstituciuri ufleba SeiZleba gaxdes sa-
samarTlos interpretaciis sagani. erTad isini amerikis sasamarTlo siste-
mis safuZvels qmnis. ai, rogoria samarTlebrivi procedura erT-erTi moqa-
 sajaro politikis problemebi 477
laqis TvaliT:

rodesac adamiani sasamarTloSi mihyavT da mas sazogadoebis wi-

naSe seriozuli danaSaulis Cadena edeba bralad, mTliani saxelmwifo
manqana moZraobaSi modis, raTa igi marTlmsajulebis winaSe warsdg-
es. saxelmwifo bralmdebels an prokurors xelT mTeli armia hyavs,
romlebic srul mzadyofnaSi arian, raTa danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT
yovelgvari informacia moipovon. maT saxelmwifo imaSi uxdis anaz-
Raurebas, rom uamravi mowme dakiTxon, nivTmtkicebebi Seiswavlon da
iseTi saqme Seqmnan, romelic braldebulis danaSauls daamtkicebs. am
ukanasknels ki xelT gacilebiT naklebi resursi aqvs. mopasuxes Za-
lian umarTlebs, Tu mas sakmarisi Semosavali aqvs advokatis xarjebis
dasafarad. cota Tu SeZlebs kerZo deteqtivis daqiravebas, romelic
mTel Tavis dros, unarsa da resursebs mxolod iqiT mimarTavs, rom
nivTmtkicebebi moiZios da dacvis strategia aagos. arc erT individs
ar ZaluZs saTanadod pasuxi gasces Tanamedrove saxelmwifos, roca es
ukanaskneli mTeli ZaliT erTveba saqmeSi mas Semdeg, rac pirs kanond-
arRvevaSi wauyeneben brals.42

amdenad, proceduruli garantiebi aucilebelia, raTa mopasuxe daculi

iyos marTlmsajulebis Secdomebisgan.

samarTlebrvi dacvis sazRvrebi

zemoT moyvanili dacvis meqanizmebis miuxedavad, sisxlis samarTlebrivi

marTlmsajulebis sistema yovelTvis samarTliani ar aris. xelmokle moqa-
laqeebi yovelTvis gacilebiT dabali donis samarTlebriv daxmarebas iRe-
ben. istoriulad, yvelaze didi usamarTlobani religiuri uTanasworobis
Sedegi iyo. aseTi SemTxvevebis sixSiriT gamoirCeoda samxreTi, sadac sasje-
lis dakisreba da misi simkacre umTavresad rasobriv safuZvelze xdeboda.
Savkanian mama-kacebs, romelTac bralad TeTrkanian qalebze Zaladoba ede-
boda (ZiriTadad usamarTlod), Cveulebisamebr, sikvdiliT sjidnen an mTel
cxovrebas cixeSi amyofebdnen, TeTrkaniani mamakacebs ki Savkaniani qalebis
mimarT Cadenili imave danaSulisTvis pasuxs aravin sTxovda.
aseTi aSkara usamarTlobis SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi procedura sru-
liad araefeqtiania. Tumca, sistemaSi aseTi xarvezebis aRmoCena gacilebiT
advilia, vidre maTi aRmofxvra. saTanado samarTlebrivi proceduriT gaT-
valiswinebuli TiTqmis yvela garantia garkveul winaaRmdegobas warmoSobs.
magaliTad, konstituciaSi garkveviT weria, rom mopasuxe pirs aqvs ufleba,
hyavdes advokati. erTi SexedviT yvelaferi naTelia.
magram Tu braldebuls advokatis daqiravebis saSuleba ara aqvs? val-
debulia Tu ara saxelmwifo, rom mZime danaSulSi braldebuli umweo mo-
qalaqe advokatiT uzrunvelyos? Tu adamians mxolod msubuqi gadacdoma
aqvs Cadenili? ras ityviT sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebaze?
unda uzrunvelyos Tu ara saxelmwifom dacviT msjavrdadebuli adamiani,
478 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

romelsac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba surs? da Tu unda uz-

runvelyos, mxolod erTjeradad, Tu imdenjer, ramdenjerac amas msja-
vrdebuli moiTxovs?43
braldebulis proceduruli dacvis sakiTxebi, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad,
aseve praqtikuli ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, rTuli da winaaRmdego-
brivia. TiTqmis yvela Tanxmdeba imaze, rom dacvis meqanizmebi aucilebelia,
raTa samarTlis ganxorcieleba uzrunvelyofili iyos. magram aseve, bevrs
saubroben imazec, da sakmaod warmatebiTac, rom es uflebebi farTod iqnes
gamoyenebuli, raTa eWvmitanilTaTvis dacva xelmisawvdomi iyos. Tumca,
samarTlebrivi dacvis am meqanizmebisaTvis garkveuli SezRudvebic ar-
sebobs. maTi gamoyeneba ise farTod rom moxdes, rogorc es Teoriuladaa
SesaZlebeli, maTi fuladi Rirebuleba warmoudgenlad gaizrdeba an saer-
Tod SeuZlebeli gaxdeba vinmes dadanaSauleba, an sasamarTlo procesi ise
gaiweleba, rom marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba Seferxdeba da sulac,
SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. amdenad, proceduruli dacvis meqanizmebi unda gan-
isazRvros eWvmitanilis uflebebis SejerebiT xelisuflebis valdebule-
basTan, dasajos isini, vinc kanons marTlac arRvevs.
omis pirobebSi konstituciuri garantiebi da saTanado samarTlebrivi
procedura izRudeba im saxiT, rogoriTac is sxva garemoebebSi miuRebeli
iqneboda. magaliTad, samoqalaqo omis dros prezidentma abraam linkolnma
e.w. `habeas korpusis~ (Habeas Corpus) moqmedeba SeaCera. am mizeziT, garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare rojer teni da-
pirispirebuli aRmoCnda SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro ZalebTan, magram
iZulebuli gaxda poziciebi daeTmo, rodesac cxadi gaxda, rom umaRlesi
mTavarsardali generlebis mxares iyo.
davubrundeT 2001 wlis movlenebs. 11 seqtembris Sokismomgvreli mov-
lenebis Semdeg, prezidentma jorj buSma, romelsac zurgs xalxis warmoud-
genlad maRali mxardaWera umagrebda (daaxloebiT 9 - 1-Tan SefardebiT),
TxovniT mimarTa kongress, mieRo axali vrceli antiteroristuli kanoni
(`patriotis aqtis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili), romelic iusticiis departa-
ments gamoZiebis, dakiTxvis, Cxrekis, dapatimrebis, dakavebisa da Tvalyuris
devnebis (satelefono mosmenebisa da eleqtronuli fostis monitoringis) up-
recedento uflebas aniWebda mxolod da mxolod im pirobiT, rom es qmedebebi
terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad iqneboda mimarTuli. 175-gverdianma
kanonproeqtma daCqarebuli wesiT gaiara warmomadgenelTa palata, romlis
umravlesobasac respublikelebi Seadgendnen, mcire cvlilebebi ganicada
demokratebis mier kontolirebad senatSi, sadac mxolod erTma misca xma
mis winaaRmdeg (senatori rasel fingoldi viskonsinis Statidan). patriotis
aqtis masStabebi, misi miRebis tempebi da masTan dakavSirebuli sainformacio
kampania mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoeba Tanaxmaa (moiTxovs kidec), rom
krizisis pirobebSi Tavisufleba SeizRudos da kanonmdeblebma `samefos gas-
aRebi~ ufro popularul umaRles mTavarsardals gadascen. aRsaniSnavia isic,
rom evropis saparlamento demokratiis mqone qveynebSi umravlesoba poli-
ciasa da usafrTxoebis samsaxurs Cveulebriv pirobebSi gacilebiT nakleb
dabrkolebebs uqmnis, vidre es aSS-Si iqneboda misaRebi (ix. CanarTi).
 sajaro politikis problemebi 479

terorizmi da samoqalaqo uflebebi: sadao balansi

sxva qveynebis gamocdileba

maSin, rodesac kongresi eZebs gzas, rogor miaRwios balanss

usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, gonivruli iqneba mimoxilva imisa,
rogor iqcevian sxva qveynebi. geografiulad rac ufro vSordebiT anglo-
saqsur models, usafrTxoebis zomebi kidev ufro mkacrdeba.
problemebma, romelic did britaneTs CrdiloeT irlandiaSi Seeqmna,
mis xelisuflebas dapatimrebisa da dakavebis farTo uflebebi misca, Tumca
amas qveyanaSi samoqalaqo uflebebis arsebobis Zveli tradicia da yovel-
gvari piradobis mowmobis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba abalansebs.
germania gansakuTrebiT mkacria politikuri eqstremistebis mimarT, misi
nacisturi warsulisa da 1970-ian wlebSi memarcxene frTis teroristebTan
brZolis gamo, Tumca, igi tolerantobas amJRavnebs sxvadasxva religiuri
gaerTianebebis mimarT, rogorebicaa islamisti fundamentalistebi (magram
ara saintologebis mimarT). germanelebi valdebulni arian ataron pirado-
bis mowmobebi, Tumca, maTi kanonmdeblobiT saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs pi-
radi informaciis gacema mkacrad aqvT akrZaluli.
safrangeTSi, espaneTsa da italiaSi xelisuflebas bevrad meti
uflebamosileba aqvs. Tu ver waradgineT piradobis mowmoba quCaSi Semow-
mebisas, SesaZloa adgilobrivi policiis ganyofilebaSi aRmoCndeT, miT
umetes, Tu ucxoels hgavxarT. Cveulebrivi damnaSaveebis devnis dro-
sac ki mosamarTleebs policiasTan erTad sakmaod farTo _ satelefono
mosmenebis, Cxrekis, sabanko angariSebis Semowmebisa da ganaCenis gamo-
tanamde eWvmitanilTa cixeSi Casmis _ uflebebi aqvs, maT Soris, safran-
geTSi oTx wlamde vadiTac ki. frangi Jurnalistebi, romlebic terorizmsa
da korufciis sakiTxebze muSaoben, policias araerTxel daukavebia. espa-
neTis saidumlo samsaxuri ki politokosebisa da TviT mefis satelefono
mosmenebsac ki axorcielebs.
iaponiaSi es balansi mniSvnelovnadaa darRveuli samoqalaqo ufle-
bebis sazianod _ policias dakavebisa da dakiTxvis farTo uflebebi aqvs.
SesaZloa, swored amitomaa, rom sasamarTlos braldebulTa mxolod 1%-
isTvis gamoaqvs gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni. adamianebi valdebulni arian ad-
gilobriv saxelmwifo organoebSi daregistrirdnen (romlebic ukanasknel
wlebamde qveyanaSi myofi yvela ucxoelisgan TiTis anabeWdebs iRebdnen).
1995 wlis aum sinrikios religiuri seqtis mier tokios metroSi cremlsadeni
gazis gaSvebis Semdeg xelisuflebas gaezarda qonebis CamorTmevis ufleba.
amerikis msgavsad, sxva qveynebis xelisuflebasac meti Zalufleba
surs. britaneTma adamianis uflebaTa aqts gadaxeda. germania savaraudod
religiur jgufebs specialur statuss gauuqmebs da piradi xelSeuxe-
blobis Sesaxeb kanonsac Searbilebs. espaneTi da safrangeTi, savaraudod,
am TvalsazrisiT ufro Sors wavlen. cvlilebebi naklebad Seexeba iaponias:
am qveyanaSi Sida usafrTxoebis isedac umkacresi wesebi moqmedebs.

wyaro: adaptirebulia The Economist, October 20, 2001, 31.

480 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi. marTebuli samarTlebrivi proceduris

arc erTi punqti ar aRZravs samarTlianobis sakiTxs ise mkafiod, rogorc
e.w. mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi (dauSvebeli mtkicebuleba). aRniSnuli
wesis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ukanono gziT mopovebuli arc erTi mt-
kicebuleba ar SeiZleba waredginos sasamarTlos. uzenaesma sasamarTlom,
aRniSnuli wesis ZalaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada, rom konstitu-
ciis meoTxe Sesworebis Sesabamisad, ukanono dakavebisa da Cxrekis akrZalva
azrs dakargavda, Tu policielebs ar ecodinebodaT, rom maT mier aralega-
luri qmedebiTa da konstituciis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebulebebi
sasamarTloSi gamoyenebuli ver iqneboda.44 mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi,
sasamarTlos azriT, policiis mier Zalauflebis Segnebulad borotad gam-
oyenebis Tavidan acilebis utyuari saSualebaa.
aRniSnuli wesis mowinaaRmdegeebi (maT Soris uzenaesi sasamarTlos
mosamarTleebic) TavinTi argumentebis warmodgenisas acxadeben, rom is
seriozul problemebs Seuqmnis policiis oficrebs, romlebic valdebulni
arian, rom Cxreka da dakaveba sasamarTlos mier dadgenili rTuli miTiTe-
bebis mixedviT ganaxorcielon.45 mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli
saxelmZRvanelos principiT Cxreka an dakaveba; umeteswilad, policiis
oficrebs SemTxvevis adgilebze spontanuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba uw-
evT. policiis oficrebi, romlebic sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas icaven,
xSirad TavianT sicocxles safrTxeSi agdeben; mosamarTleebisa da nafici
msajulebisagan gansxvavebiT, isini sakuTar Tavs mSvid da usafrTxo gare-
moSi auCqareblad gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas ver miscemen.
dauSvebeli mtkicebulebis Sesaxeb debatebs safuZvlad udevs azrTa
mniSvnelovani sxvadasxvaoba. aRniSnuli wesis momxreebi samarTaldamcav
oficrebs moWarbebuli energiis mqone pirovnebebad miiCneven, xolo mowi-
naaRmdegeebi maT bundovani da damabneveli kanonebis msxverplad Tvlian.
garda amisa, am wesis momxreebi mas samarTlianobis utyuar garantad mi-
iCneven, xolo mowinaaRmdegeebi _ marTlmsajulebis Semaferxebel gare-
moebad. uzenaesi sasamarTlo Seecada or sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas Soris
erTgvari balansisaTvis mieRwia da dasaSvebad miiCnia araswori gziT mop-
ovebuli mtkicebulebebi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Secdoma policiis mier
uneblied iyo daSvebuli da maT marTlac surdaT samarTlebrivi proce-
duris dacva.46 aseTi gamonaklisebi braldebulis uflebebsa da sazoga-
doebis usafrTxoebas Soris balansis miR wevas isaxavs miznad.

sasamarTlo da sasjelaRsrulebis administrirebis diskretuli

uflebebi. bolo dromde, samarTlis gabatonebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad,
bralmdeblebs (romelTa funqciaa bralis wayeneba, saproceso SeTanxmebis
gaformeba, bralis uaryofa), mosamarTleebsa (romelTac saeWvo saqmeze
ganaCenis gamotana SeuZliaT) da sapyrobileTa sameTvalyureo sabWoebs
(romlebic iReben gadawyvetilebas, ra dro unda gaataros realurad bral-
debulma cixeSi) farTo diskretuli uflebamosileba unda gaaCndeT. sa-
samarTlo da administraciuli diskrecia am sferoSi, upirveles yovlisa,
imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom xSirad erTsa da imave danaSaulSi eWvmitanil
 sajaro politikis problemebi 481
da braldebul pirebs gansxvavebuli warsuli, motivacia da danaSaulisad-
mi damokidebuleba, aseve reabilitaciis gansxvavebuli perspeqtiva aqvT
da a. S. diskreciuli Zalauflebis safuZvelze sasamarTlos magistratebs
da sxva oficialur pirebs amgvar garemoebaTa gaTvaliswineba SeuZliaT,
rodesac saqme saxdelis dawesebaze an sasjelis simkacreze midgeba. amgvari
diskrecia kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba maSin, rodesac danaSaulis
ricxvi izrdeba, xolo cixis saknebis raodenoba igive rCeba; aseT pirobeb-
Si mosamarTleebi ar Cqaroben, rom damnaSaveebi, Tu, ra Tqma unda, gansa-
kuTrebiT mZime danaSaulSi ar arian braldebulni, gaistumron gadavsebul
cixeebSi, sadac personalis naklebobaa.
sasamarTlo sistemis es aspeqti xSirad gamxdara kritikis sagani im
mizeziT, rom igi SesaZloa borotad iqnes gamoyenebuli. kritikosebis az-
riT, bralmdeblebi gadawyvetilebas maTi politikuri Sexedulebebisa da
piradi nebasurvilis mixedviT miiReben, mosamarTleebi ganaCens samarTlis
maTTvis sasurveli Teoriebis safuZvelze gamoitanen, xolo sameTvaly-
ureo sabWos wevrebs Wkviani damnaSaveebi advilad gaacureben. sasamarTlo
sistemis msgavsi xarvezebi, maTi azriT, sasjels zemoqmedebisa da iZulebis
efeqts ukargavs. ufro metic, acxadeben rom am SemTxvevaSi danaSaulSi
braldebulTa sasjeli umeteswilad iseT garemomebebzea damokidebuli,
romelic cota uCveuloa samarTlebrivi sistemisaTvis, magaliTad, romeli
mosamarTle romel saqmes ganixilavs. msgavsi argumentebis Zalam zogier-
Ti Stati aiZula iseTi samarTlebrivi reformebi gaetarebina, rogoricaa
saeWvo saqmeebze iseTi ganaCenis gamotanis SezRudva an akrZalva, romelic
zustad araa gansazRvruli.

sikvdiliT dasja. sajaro debatebi sikvdiliT dasjis mizanSewonilobis

Taobaze ori sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs. praqtikuli Tval-
sazrisiT, eqspertebi bevrs kamaToben imaze, axdens Tu ara sasjelis umaR-
lesi forma mkvlelobaTa prevencias. TiToeuli mxaris mier warmodgenili
magaliTebi imdenad fragmentulia da interpretaciebi imdenad mraval-
ferovani, rom raime calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs. meore mxriv, bevrad ufro
cxared kamaToben imaze, moralurad ramdenad gamarTlebulia sikvdiliT
dasja.
sainteresoa, rom orive mxare adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxeblobaze
saubrobs. sikvdiliT dasjis mimxreebi acxadeben, rom marTlmsajulebas sa-
sikvdilo ganaCeni imitomac gamoaqvs, rom igi adamianis sicocxles umaRles
mniSvnelobas aniWebs _ sazogadoeba moralurad valdebulia, rom udana-
Saulo adamianebis mkvlelobas umkacresi pasuxi gasces.

mizanTa konfliqti

amerikelTa umetesobas politikis Sesaxeb mkafiod Camoyalibebuli azri

ar gaaCnia, mxolod da mxolod imitom, rom Zalian rTulia imis gansazRvra,
rogor unda iqnes miRweuli sajaro sikeTeebi. sakmaod rTulia am TavSi ganx-
482 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

iluli sajaro politikis xuTi ZiriTadi miznis - usafrTxoebis, keTildRe-

obis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobis - bolomde gaazreba.
rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, TiToeuli miznis ganxilvisas winaaRmdegobriv
da kompleqsur sakiTxebs vawydebiT da sajaro politikis miznebis miRwevis
gzebi yovelTvis naTlad gansazRvruli ar aris.
xSirad, Tavad es miznebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. magaliTad, sax-
elmwifo iRvwis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelsayofad, magram, omis pirobebSi,
erovnuli usafrTxoebis saxeliT Tavadve uzRudavs Tavis moqalaqeebs am
Tavisuflebas komendantis saaTis, Semosavlebis Semcirebis, muSakTa mobi-
lobis SezRudvis, saprotesto aqciebis akrZalvis da sxva analogiuri qmede-
bebis ganxorcielebis gziT. buSis administraciis inicirebuli da kongre-
sis mier daCqarebuli wesiT miRebuli antiteroristuli kanoni, romelic
11 seqtembers msoflio savaWro organizaciasa da pentagonze Tavdasxmis
Sedegi iyo, yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rogori konkurencia Sei-
Zleba arsebobdes samoqalaqo Tavisuflebisa da erovnuli usafrTxoebis
principebs Soris krizisis dros. zogjer, mosamarTle zRudavs presis Ta-
visuflebas, raTa gaxmaurebeli saqmis ganxilvisas eWvmitanilis uflebebi
daicvas. samTavrobo normatiulma aqtebma, romlebic Tanasworobis uzrun-
velyofas isaxavs miznad, SesaZloa, damqiravebeli daavaldebulos, rom Ta-
vis TanamSromlebs minimaluri xelfasi gadauxados an usafrTxoebis mkacri
standarti dauwesos, riTac materialuri keTildReobis miRwevas gaarTu-
lebs. rodesac sazogadoeba xuTi mTavar Rirebulebas (Tavisufleba, Tana-
saworoba, usafrTxoeba, materialuri keTildReoba da samarTlianoba) aRi-
arebs, igi maT Soris optimaluri balansis miRwevaze unda zrunavdes da ar
dauSvas romelime maTganis upiratesoba danarCenebze.
rogor unda SevafasoT, ramdenad warmatebulia xelisufleba sajaro
politikis aRniSnuli xuTi miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT? aleqsis de
tokvilma Tavis naSromSi ~demokratia amerikaSi~ gonivrulad daaskvna,
rom rac ufro Tanasworuflebiani arian adamianebi, miT ufro TvalSi sa-
cemi xdeba am Tanasworobidan mcireodeni gadaxvevac ki. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, rac ufro uaxlovdeba politikuri sistema Tanasworobis sanukvar
mizans, miT ufro aSkaraa misi marcxi, rodesac is am mizans srulad ver aR-
wevs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sajaro politikis sxva miznebzec. radganac in-
teresTa da moTxovnaTa konfliqti TiToeuli miznis srul ganxorcielebas
uSlis xels, demokratiis pirobebSi yovelTvis arsebobs safrTxe, rom mo-
qalaqeebi da liderebi axlomxedvelobiT daavaddebian an, krizisis piro-
bebSi, omis isteria an fsevdopatriotizmi SeipyrobT. patriotizmSi cudi
araferia, Tu is ar gvikargavs realobis SegrZnebas an ar arRvevs balanss
usafrTxoebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris, risic patriotizmis gamovlinebis
oponentebs 2001 wels eSinodaT.
zomiereba, rasac Zveli berZnebi oqros Sualeds uwodebdnen, demokra-
tiul qveynebSi politikuri stabilurobis gasaRebia. zomiereba moqalaqee-
bs Seusabamo politikuri molodinisgan icavs. is aseve aRkveTs mcdelobas,
rom erTi mizani meore aranakleb mniSvnelovan mizanze uaris Tqmis xarjze
iqnes miRweuli. im adamianebis fanatizmma, romlebic erTjerad da miuRw-
 sajaro politikis problemebi 483
evel miznebs emsaxurebian, SesaZloa gaamZafros diskusia sajaro politi-
kis sakiTxebze. mZafrma yvirilma maTi mSvidi xma CaaxSos, visac sjera, rom
moTminebisa da zomierebis gareSe, demokratia ver SeZlebs im balansis miR-
wevas, romelic swori mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi arsia.

daskvna

sajaro politikis sakiTxebi moicavs demokratiuli xelisuflebis xuT

universalur mizans: usafrTxoebas, keTildReobas, Tanasworobas, Tavisu-
flebasa da samarTlianobas. maT Soris yvelaze fundamenturia usafrTxoe-
ba, radganac mis gareSe sxva Rirebulebebis dacva an SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli
iqneboda. usafrTxoeba gulisxmobs dacvas mtrulad ganwyobili moqalaqee-
bisagan da garkveul SemTxvevaSi _ moqalaqeebis dacvas sakuTari Tavisga-
nac ki.
SeerTebul StatebSi, materialuri keTildReobis cneba istoriulad da-
kavSirebulia Tavisufal samewarmeo principze dafuZnebul ekonomikasTan,
romelic komerciuli respublikis ideas emyareba. 21-e saukuneSi xelisu-
fleba Tavisi moqalaqeebis materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas so-
cialuri uzrunvelyofisa da sxva programebis ganxorcielebiT cdilobs.
am programebma cxare debatebi gamoiwvia xelisuflebis ekonomikur proce-
sebSi monawileobis sakiTxebze, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac sabiujeto
deficiti gamwvavda. saganmanaTleblo sisitemis xarvezebi ki safrTxes uqm-
nis saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi amerikis konkurentunarianobas. Semosavlis
ganawileba amerikaSi saerTo saxelmwifo debatebis kidev erTi Tema gaxda.
TanasworobisaTvis brZola SeerTebul StatebSi aRiniSna mcdelo-
biT, bolo moReboda rasobriv diskriminacias. uzenaes sasamarTloSi ori
gaxmaurebuli saqmis ganxilvam samoqalaqo omis Semdgom periodSi, xeli
Seuwyo kanonebisa da sazogadoebrivi azris SenarCunebas, romelic raso-
brivi uTanasworobis arsebul stereotips pasuxobda. mogvianebiT ki saqmem
_ brauni saganmanaTleblo sabWos winaaRmdeg (1954) _ safuZveli Cauyara
moZraobas samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis, rac sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da
administraciuli zomebis gatarebaSi gamoixata da rasobrivi Tanasworo-
bis erTxel da samudamod damkvidrebas isaxavda miznad. samoqalaqo ufle-
bebis saqmes axali winaaRmdegoba mohyva moswavleebis saskolo avtobusebiT
savaldebulo uzrunvelyofisa da upiratesi uflebebis miniWebis sakiTxe-
bze. Tanasworobis sakiTxi sajaro politikis TvalsazrisiT aseve moicavs
qalTa, sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebisa da umweoTa uflebebs.
Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa amerikuli sazogadoebis umTavresi Rire-
bulebaa. individualur uflebebs Soris, romlebic pirdapir aris daculi
konstituciis pirveli SesworebiT, aris sityvis, presis, religiis Tavisu-
fleba. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba, arCevanis Tavisufleba pirovnebis
Tavisuflebis aseve umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebia SeerTebul StatebSi.
samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa, viwro gagebiT, SeiZleba ganisazRv-
ros, rogorc sajaro xelisuflebis mizani da marTlmsajulebis sistemis
484 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

Tanabari da efeqtiani funqcionireba. samarTlianobis tests sasamarT-

loebi imis mixedviT abareben, ramdenad miukerZoeblad asruleben kanons.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi marTlmsajulebis sistema yvela sazogadoebaSi
uzrunvelyofs antisazogadoebrivi da danaSaulebrivi saqcielis dasjas.
SeerTebul StatebSi es sistema marTebuli procesis da samarTliani pro-
ceduris principebis erTgulia. marTebuli procesiT gaTvaliswinebuli
meqanizmebi, romlebic konstituciaSia mocemuli da sasamarTloebis mieraa
interpretirebuli, Tanamedrove sazogadoebas garkveul problemebs uqm-
nis. winaaRmdegobrivi norma mtkicebulebis uaryofis Sesaxeb, miznad isax-
avs balansis miRwevas danaSaulSi eWvmitanilisa da sazogadoebis wevrebis
uflebebs Soris. amave mizans emsaxureba sasamarTlo diskreciisa da umaR-
lesi sasjelis sakiTxebi.
konfliqti aRniSnul xuT mizans Soris xSirad aferxebs TiToeuli maT-
ganis srulyofilad ganxorcielebas. swored amitom, sajaro politikaSi
TiToeuli miznis mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas, moqalaqeebma zomiereba da saRi
azri unda SeinarCunon.

sakvanZo sityvebi

erovnuli usafrTxoeba winaswari SezRudva

erovnuli bredis kanoni angariSworeba (retribucia)
Sereuli ekonomika marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi
biujetis deficiti (due process of law)
erovnuli vali mticebulebis uaryofis wesi (da-
pozitiuri qmedebebi uSvebeli mtkicebuleba)
piruku diskriminacia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. romelia politikuri Temebi, romelic usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs Seicavs?

2. ra saxis ekonomikuri problemebi aqvs dRes aSS-s?
3. SeadareT Tanasworobis ideali da realoba aSS-s istoriaSi?
4. ratomaa Tavisufleba Rirebuli? rogoraa igi daculi aSS-Si?
5. ra sakiTxebi dgas amerikis sasamarTlo sistemis dRis wesrigSi? ratomaa
es sakiTxebi mniSvnelovani?
6. ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan sajaro sikeTe da zomiereba?

SeniSvnebi:

1. Aristotle, The Politics, red da mTargm. Ernest Braker (New York: Oxford Univer-
 sajaro politikis problemebi 485
sity Press, 1962), 1252b, 5.
2. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, “Defining Deviance Down,” American Scholar 62 (zam-
Tari, 1993), 1.
3. James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 234-240.
4. Martin Diamond, piradi mimowera.
5. ix. Glenn Kessler-is “The Lightened Federal Tax Load,” Washington Post National
Weekly Edition, 3 aprili 2000, 18.
6. “Don’t Feel Alone If Tax Confusing: 50 Experts Differ over Family Return,” Lincoln
Star (AP Report), 18 Tebervali 1989, 2.
7. rogorc tokvilma SeniSna; ix. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America,
red da mTargm. J. P. Mayer (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), 302, 459-468.
8. Tumca skolebs Soris didi Seusabamobaa. ix. Jonathan Kozol-is Savage In-
equalities: Children in America’s Schools (New York: Crown, 1991).
9. ra Tqma unda, aseTi problemebi Cndeba pirveli Sesworebis muxlSic - deb-
uleba saxelmwifo religiis akrZalvis Sesaxeb.
10. “Poverty in the U.S.: 2000,” U.S. Census Bureau seqtemberi 2001, 2.
11. Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor (New York: Random House, 1990),
2002.
12. Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).
13. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
14. Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).
15. Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950).
16. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
17. mas mxari dauWires, rogorc kongresis kanonier uflebas, daareguliros
vaWroba ucxour qveynebsa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris; ix. Heart
of Atlanta Motel v. United States, 379 U.S. 241 (1964), da Katzenbach v. McClung,
379 U.S. 294 (1964).
18. ix. Peter Schotten-is “The Establishment Clause and Excessive Gov-
ernmental - Religious Entanglement: The Constitutional Status of Aid to Non-Public
and Secondary Schools,” Wake Forest Law Review 15 (1979): 240-244.
19. Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974).
20. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
21. arsebiTad, uzenaesi sasamarTlo bakis saqmeze Sors wavida da mxari dauWi-
ra federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas imis Taobaze, rom rasa ar
SeiZleba iyos saswavlebelSi (iuridiul fakultetze) miRebis faqtori.
22. Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267 (1986).
23. Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, 480 U.S. 616 (1979).
24. Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995).
25. ix. magaliTad, United States v. Paradise, 480 U.S. 149 (1987); City of Richmond v.
J. A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989); da Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal Com-
munications Commission, 497 U.S. 547 (1990).
26. Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981).
27. Michael M. v. Superior Court, 450 U.S. 464 (1981).
28. Romer v. Evans, 116 S. Ct. 1620 (1996).
29. Texas v. Johnson, 491 U.S. 397 (1989).
486 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

30. Brandenberg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969).

31. es sakiTxi gadawyda R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 112 (1992). Tvrameti wlis
TeTrkanianma biWma san polSi, minesota mezoblad mcxovrebi SavkanianTa
erTaderTi ojaxis ezoSi jvari dawva. nacvlad imisa, rom is sxvisi simS-
vidis darRvevisa da sxvisi sakuTrebisaTvis zianis miyenebis gamo dae-
patimrebinaT, is adgilobrivi sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT gaasamarTles,
romlis mixedviTad arakanonierad iTvleboda `kerZo Tu sazogadoebriv
sakuTrebaSi arsebul miwaze simbolos, sagnis an naxatis moTavseba, maT
Soris, aalebuli jvris an nacisturi svastikis, romelic SesaZloa bra-
zis, gangaSis an Seuracxyofis safuZveli gamxdariyo sxva rasis, kanis
feris, msoflmxedvelobis, religiisa Tu sqesis adamianebisaTvis~. 1992
wels uzenaes sasamarTloze gadawyda, rom es dadgenileba aseTi saxiT ar-
Rvevda `pirvel damatebas~.
32. ix. New York Times, Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971); da Nabraska Press
Association v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539 (1976).
33. Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 (1879).
34. umniSvnelovanesia Abington School District v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963) da
Engle v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1963).
35. Lee v. Wiesman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992).
36. Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985).
37. Tavdapirveli saqme, romelic icavda qalTa uflebebs abortis Taobaze
aris Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). sxva mniSvnelovan saqmeTa Sorisaa aris
Harris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980); Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 492
U.S. 490 (1989) da Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991). ix. aseve Planned Parent-
hood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey , 505 U.S. 833 (1992).
38. Schenck v. Pro Choice Network of Western New York, 117 S. Ct. 855 (1997).
39. N.O.W. v. Scheidler, 510 U.S. 249 (1994).
40. Planned Parenthood of Southeast Pennsylvania v. Casey 505 U.S. at 851 (1992).
41. Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 82258 (1997).
42. Burton Leiser, Liberty Justice, and Morals: Contemporary Value Conflicts (New
York: Macmillan, 1973), 192.
43. uzenaesi sasamarTlos pasuxis mixedviT, saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos
sabWos efeqtiani daxmareba saapelacio sasamarTlos saSualebiT. ix.
Douglas v. California, 372 U.S. 353 (1963), da Ross v. Moffitt, 417 U.S. 600 (1974).
44. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961).
45. ix. magaliTad, Chief Justice Burger’s dissent in Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents of
the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 897 (1970).
46. United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984).
47. ix. magaliTad, “The Battle in Congress,” The Economist, 20 oqtomberi 2001, 31,
34.
naw
n a w iili
li IV

politika
Zaladobis
gziT

T a v i XI V revo
Tav r e v o luc i a:
a:
sa m ar
a r T lia
li a n o b i s sa x-
x-
eeli
li T

T a v i XV ter
Tav te r o ri
r izm
z mii::
sus ti s ia ra
sustis raRi

T a v i XV I om
Tav o m i : p o li-
ti kkaa ssxx va
v a ssaaS
S ua le be-
be-
biiT
b T

487
488
T aavv i XI V

revolucia
sa m ar
a r T lia
li a n o b i s
sa x el
e liT
iT

revoluciis kvlavdabruneba
Tanamedrove revoluciebi:
ori tradicia
amerikuli revolucia frangu-
li revolucia ori revoluciis
Sedareba
revoluciis sasurveloba:
berki, peini da loki
berkis pozicia peinis kritika
lokiseuli perspeqtiva
revoluciis mizezebi
tradiciuli axsna revoluciis
socialuri fsiqologia revolu-
ciis Tanamedrove Teoriebi

489
490 politika Zaladobis gziT

cota sityva Tu gamoiyeneba ise xSirad, rogorc sityvebi revolucia da

revoluciuri. televizorSi Zalian xSirad aris reklamebi axali `revolu-
ciuri~ saparsi sacxis, saojaxo teqnikisa an avtomobilebis Sesaxeb, rom-
lebic `revolucias axdenen~. magram, kerZod ra gamoarCevs revolucias an
revoluciur mTavrobas? Tavisi arsiT, sityva revoluciuri did cvlile-
bas aRniSnavs. amrigad, WeSmaritad revoluciuri saparsi sacxi, saojaxo
teqnika an avtomobili unda iyos fundamenturad axali da ukeTesi produq-
cia, vidre aqamde arsebuli saparsi sacxi, saojaxo teqnika an avtomobilebi.
sityva revolucia xSirad ixmareba Semdegi mniSvnelobiT: magaliTad, e. w.
samrewvelo revolucias niSnavs Zireul cvlilebas warmoebis stilSi, ro-
melic cvlis erovnul ekonomikasa da sazogadoebis struqturas.
politikur konteqstSi, revolucia aris fenomeni, romelsac moaqvs
fundamenturi cvlileba arsebul xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebaSi. Cveu-
lebriv, mas Tan sdevs Zaladoba da kulturuli Zvrebi. Tumca, yvelanairi
politikuri cvlileba ar aris revolucia. Tu saxelmwifo gadatrialebis
Sedegad xelisuflebaSi modis liderTa jgufi, romelTa politika imeorebs
maTi winamorbedebis politikas da es cvlileba qveyanasa an sazogadoebaze
naklebad aisaxeba, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, rom revolucia ar momxdara da mis
Sedegad Seqmnil mTavrobas ar SeiZleba vuwodoT revoluciuri.

revoluciis kvlavdabruneba

kacobriobis istoriaSi revoluciebi gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis swrafi

matebisa da swrafi ekonomikuri cvlilebebis dros xdeboda.1 Zv. w. aR. VII da VI
saukuneebSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi aRiniSneboda berZnul qalaq-saxelm-
wifoebSi, Zv. w. aR. pirvel saukuneSi _ romSi, islamur samyaroSi _ ax. w. aR.
VIII saukuneSi da evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT 1500-1650 da 1750-1850 wlebSi.
meoce saukuneSi revolucia ufro xSirad xdeboda, vidre adre. garkveu-
li TvalsazrisiT, revolucia erovnuli Zaladobis talRis nawilia,
romelmac sakuTari kvali daaCnia meoce saukunes. cnobilma harvardelma
sociologma pitirim sorokinma 1930-ian wlebSi Caatara `Sida areulobis~
STambeWdavi kvleva 11 politikur sazogadoebaSi. mxolod dasavleT evro-
paSi man SeZlo aranakleb 1622 aseTi areulobis identificireba pirveli
msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, romelTagan sruli 70 procenti `moicavda
mniSvnelovani masStabis Zaladobasa da sisxlis Rvras.~2 ufro metic, man
aRmoaCina, rom yovel Seswavlil qveyanaSi yovel xuT SedarebiT mSvidobian
weliwadze modioda `mniSvnelovani socialuri areulobis~ erTi weliwadi.
sabolood, sorokinma daaskvna, rom XX saukune iyo yvelaze sisxliani da mS-
foTvare saukune istoriaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom man es daskvna gaakeTa meore
msoflio omamde.
Semdgomma movlenebma gaamyara sorokinis daskvna. magaliTad, 1945-dan
1962 wlamde periodSi, 100-dan daaxloebiT 40 ganviTarebadi qveyana gaxda
sul mcire erTi samxedro gadatrialebis mowme mainc, xolo 1943 da 1962 wlebs
Soris laTinuri amerikis faqtobrivad yvela, aziis qveynebis or mesamedSi da
 revolucia 491
afrikis damoukideblobamopovebuli qveynebis naxevarSi aRiniSna arsebuli
mTavrobis damxobis mcdeloba.3 niu iork Taimsma aRniSna, rom 1946 da 1959
wlebSi dafiqsirda `Sida omis~, maT Soris `samoqalaqo omis, partizanuli
omis, lokaluri ajanyebebis, farTod gavrcelebuli SfoTis, organizebuli
da savaraudod araorganizebuli terorizmis, areulobisa da saxelmwifo
gadatrialebebis~ 1200 SemTxveva.4 axlandel droSi revoluciebi, ajanyebebi
da samoqalaqo areulobebi ar Semcirebula. Tu organizebuli da araorgani-
zebuli Zaladoba yovelTvis iyo politikuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili,
meoce saukuneSi is ukeT organizebulic da ufro xSiric gaxda.
Tumca, yvela revolucia ar aris Zaladobrivi. magaliTad, aRmosavleT
evropaSi, 1989 wels qveynebi erTi meores miyolebiT gamovidnen sabWoTa
kavSiris kontrolidan da maTi umetesoba Sebrunda sabazro ekonomikisa
da saparlamento demokratiisaken. mcire SemTxvevebis, magaliTad rumi-
neTis, garda, es revoluciebi yvela qveyanaSi moxda minimaluri ZaladobiT
da sisxlisRvriT. CexoslovakiaSi mas xaverdovani revoluciac ki uwodes,
radganac komunisturi diqtaturidan konstituciur xelisuflebaze ga-
dasvla rbilad ganxorcielda. damoukidebeli baltiispireTis qveynebSi _
estoneTSi, latviasa da litvaSi _ aseve sanimuSod ganxorcielda mSvidobi-
ani masobrivi revolucia. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi, politikuri transfor-
maciis procesi didi SfoTis, sakuTrebis ganadgurebisa da adamianTa msx-
verplis gareSe warimarTa.

Tanamedrove revoluciebi: ori tradicia

Tanamedrove revoluciis ideas _ rwmenas imisa, rom `ers SeTanxmebuli

politikuri brZolis saSualebiT SeuZlia Zireulad Secvalos politikuri
wesrigi, romelic marTavda mis cxovrebas da masTan erTad sazogadoebis
socialur da ekonomikur struqturas~ _ SesaZloa Tvali gavadevnoT meTv-
ramete saukunis bolodan.5 miuxedavad imisa, rom revolucias zogadad xan-
grZlivi istoria aqvs da saTaves iRebs monaTa ajanyebebidan antikur xanaSi,
Tanamedrove revoluciis gamorCeuli niSania idea, rom dabali klasebis
mrisxaneba ara ubralod gaanadgurebs Tavsmoxveul sazogadoebriv wesrigs,
aramed `Seqmnis axal da gansxavebul wesrigs, romelSic Cagvris tradiciu-
li formebi aRar iarsebebs.~6 am mizezis gamo, xSirad aRiareben, rom Taname-
drove revolucias, rogorc wesi, `axasiaTebs emociebis mier warmarTuli
utopiuri ideebi _ molodini imisa, rom sazogadoeba win miiwevs rogorc
Rirebulebebisa da struqturebis Rrma cvlilebebis, aseve piradi qcevebis
cvlilebebisaken.~7
Tanamedrove revolucia da misi Tanmxlebi survili, Camoyalibdes axa-
li, samarTliani sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, Cveulebriv, saTaves iRebs 1789
wlis safrangeTis revoluciidan. amerikuli revolucia, dawyebuli 1776
wels, gvTavazobs Tanamedrove revoluciis alternatiul, Tumca naklebad
gavrcelebul models. amerikulma da frangulma revoluciebma, romle-
bic Tanamedrove epoqis umniSvnelovanesi politikuri movlenebia, gavlena

491
492 politika Zaladobis gziT

moaxdines momavali Taobebis bedze. orive revolucia ibrZoda Rrmad mniS-

vnelovani politikuri cvlilebebisaTvis, romlebsac warmarTavda axali
tipis politikuri wesrigis xedva.
Tumca, es ori revolucia erTmaneTisgan dramatulad gansxvavdeboda
bevr aspeqtSi. rogorc erTi SorsmWvreteli mkvlevari amtkicebs:

`WeSmaritad udavoa, rom samyaro, rodesac is Tvals adevnebs

1776 wlis da Semdgom movlenebs, midrekilia dainaxos amerikuli
revolucia safrangeTis revoluciad, romelsac warmateba ar
hqonia. imavdroulad, damfuZnebeli mamebi fiqrobdnen, rom maT
hqondaT sababi, SeefasebinaT safrangeTis revolucia amerikis
revoluciad, romelic damarcxda. WeSmaritad, am ori revolu-
ciis gansxvavebuli Sefasebebi damokidebulia calkeuli pirovne-
bebis politikur filosofiaze Tanamedrove msoflioSi: arsebobs
politikis ori konfliqturi koncefcia adamianebis mdgomareo-
basTan mimarTebaSi, romelic simbolizebulia am ori revoluci-
iT. udavoa, rom safrangeTis revolucia, sakvanZo mniSvnelobiT,
ufro `Tanamedrovea~ am ori revoluciis Soris. sxva sakiTxia, es
kargia, Tu cudi.~ 8

amerikis revolucia

udavoa, rom damfuZnebeli mamebi amerikis damoukideblobisaTvis mefe

jorj III winaaRmdeg warmoebul oms legitimur revoluciad ganixilavdnen.
daiwyes ra brZola inglisis winaaRmdeg 1770-ian wlebSi, amerikeli kolo-
nistebi gaxdnen Tanamedrove msoflioSi pirveli warmatebuli antikolon-
iuri revoluciis wamomwyebni. kolonistTa urTierTobis gawyveta did bri-
taneTTan droTa ganmavlobaSi sruli da Seuqcevadi gaxda. am mizezis gamo,
marTebuli iqneba vTqvaT, rom amerikis revoluciurma omma Seqna modeli
imisa, rac SemdgomSi cnobili gaxda rogorc erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli
omebi. Tumca, amerikis revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda XX sauku-
nis TiTqmis yvela revoluciuri ajanyebisgan.

istoriuli mniSvneloba. amerikis revoluciis istoriuli mniSvnelobis

gasagebad, pirvel rigSi unda gavecnoT misi liderebis politikur Sexed-
ulebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli amerikeli aRiq-
vamda revoluciur oms, rogorc gansakuTrebul, unikalur gamocdilebas.
erTi specialistis mixedviT:

`dasawyisidanve, atlantikis dasavleT sanapiroze mis [revolu-

ciis] monawileebs swamdaT, rom es iyo metad SesaniSnavi movlena,
ara mxolod imitom, rom es iyo maTi revolucia, aramed imitom, rom
maT miaCndaT, rom mas mosdevda axali faza kacobriobis politikur
ganviTarebaSi da amdenad universaluri mniSvneloba hqonda.~ 9
 revolucia 493
Tanamedrove politikur traqtatebTan erTad, damfuZnebeli mamebi kar-
gad icnobdnen msoflio istorias da didi politikuri filosofosebis, maT
Soris monteskies, lokis, rusos, iumisa da volteris Sromebs.10 icnobdnen
ra klasikur politikur azrs, maT ar hqondaT midrekileba, gadaWarbebiT
SeefasebinaT politikisadmi axal an eqsperimentul midgomaTa Rirebule-
ba.
1776 wlis revoluciis monawileebs swamdaT, rom gancalkevebas, romelsac
isini moiTxovdnen, hqonda universaluri mniSvneloba da damoukideblobis
deklaraciaSi daculi Tavisuflebis ena iyo am mniSvnelobis maradiuli
gamoxatuleba. sxva sityvebiT, damfuZneblebi moiazrebdnen mWidro kavSirs
maT naTqvam sityvebs (`WeSmaritebebs~) da qmedebebs Soris.11 amrigad, rom
gavigoT, ra iyo WeSmaritad revoluciuri amerikis revoluciaSi, aucilebe-
lia pirvel rigSi fokusireba movaxdinoT imaze, ras werdnen amerikeli rev-
olucionerebi xelisuflebaze, xolo Semdeg davakvirdeT maT moqmedebebs.

gamarTleba. amerikis revoluciuri kredos yvelaze aSkara gamoxatuleba

SeiZleba vipovoT damoukideblobis deklaraciaSi. didi britaneTisgan
gamoyofis Sesaxeb gancxadebasTan erTad, deklaracia mis mizezebsac asax-
elebda.
deklaracia amtkicebda, rom britanulma xelisuflebam savalalod daar-
Rvia kargi mmarTvelobis principebi. mihyveboda ra jon lokis gzas, Tomas
jefersoni (mTavari avtori) amtkicebda, rom es principebi ori saxis iyo:
xelisufleba unda moqmedebdes umravlesobis nebis Sesabamisad (deklara-
ciis zusti eniT rom vTqvaT, aseTi xelisufleba unda dafuZnebuli iyos
`marTulTa Tanxmobaze~) da unda icavdes individis `sicocxlis, Tavisu-
flebisa da bednierebisaken swrafvis~ xelSeuxebel uflebebs. es principe-
bi, jefersonis azriT, iyo is kriteriumebi, romliTac unda Sefasebuliyo
yvela epoqisa da qveynis mTavrobis legitimurobis xarisxi. sxva sityvebiT,
kargi (anu legitimuri) xelisuflebis Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs mar-
TulTa Tanxmobidan da aseTi xelisufleba moqmedebs TiToeuli moqalaqis
xelSeuxebeli uflebebis dasacavad.
ganixilavda ra adamianis uflebebs kargi xelisuflebis filosofiur
safuZvlad, damoukideblobis deklaracia mniSvnelovnad ganudga warsul
gamocdilebas da mis Tanamedrove praqtikas. uwin, xelisuflebebi arse-
bobdnen, raTa uzrunveleyoT wesrigi, SeeqmnaT imperiebi, daesajaT urw-
munoebi da ZaliT SeenarCunebinaT morCileba. axla, pirvelad istoriaSi,
politikuri reJimi sakuTar Tavs Riad uZRvnida adamianebis uflebebis da
Tavisuflebebis dacvis principebis samsaxurs.
deklaraciis principebidan gamomdinareobda, rom xelisuflebam, ro-
melic nacvlad dacvisa, Tanmimdevrulad laxavda am uflebebs, dakarga mar-
Tvis ufleba. kolonistebma deklaraciaSi Seitanes es daskvna, kolonisteb-
ma ganagrZes brZola damoukideblobisaTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan maT surdaT mxolod britaneTis qveSevr-
domTa Tanabari statusi, damoukideblobis deklaracis Seqmnis Semdeg isi-
ni araferze iyvnen Tanaxma, garda sruli TviTmmarTvelobisa. maT surdaT
494 politika Zaladobis gziT

SeeqmnaT ara ubralod nebismieri saxis xelisufleba, aramed swored iseTi

xelisufleba, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneboda deklaraciis principebTan.
maT swamdaT, rom es WeSmaritebebi gamosadegi iyo cameti koloniis farg-
lebs gareTac. jefersonma ganmarta mis mier Seqmnili dokumentis maradiu-
li sityvebis universaluri mniSvneloba:

`dae es iyos, da me mjera rom iqneba (zogierTisTvis ufro

adre, zogisTvis ufro gvian, magram sabolood yvelasTvis) niSani,
raTa adamianebi aRdgnen da gawyviton jaWvi, romelTa qveSac cru
berebiseulma umecrebam da crurwmenebma daarwmuna isini, rom
SeekraT xel-fexi, da gaacnobieron TviTmmarTvelobis madli da
usafrTxoeba.~12

socialuri da politikuri cvlilebebi. jefersonis grZnobebi gadmoce-

muli iyo misi an nebismieri sxva drois saukeTeso revoluciuri ritorikis
msgavsad. kerZod, igi uxmobda moqalaqeebs, ebrZolaT da Seswirvodnen diad
mizans. Tumca, mainc Secdoma iqneboda gangvexila amerikis revolucia mx-
olod im brZolis konteqstSi, romelic mas mohyva. im dros, rodesac mimdin-
areobda gaafTrebuli istoriuli brZolebi, xdeboda diadi socialuri, eko-
nomikuri da religiuri cvlilebebi. SemzRudveli memkvidreobiTi kanonebi,
rogoricaa ufrosi vaJis ufleba memkvidreobaze (maiorati) gauqmda; bri-
tanuli didi sakuTrebebi gadanawilda ufro mcire holdingebze; miwaze
dasaxlebis samefo SezRudvebi gauqmda; gadaidga mniSvnelovani nabijebi re-
ligiuri Tanasworobisa da saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gancalkevebis dasaca-
vad; Zvelma ojaxebma dakarges Zalaufleba; maT adgilebs `ikavebdnen axali
liderebi axalgazrdebidan, ubralo xalxidan da saSualo klasebidan~.13
aseve moxda mniSvnelovani politikuri cvlilebebi, ramdenadac
TiToeulma koloniam Seqmna Tavisi konstitucia. omis qar-cecxlSi Seqm-
nilma am konstituciebma SeinarCuna adre arsebuli adgilobrivi TviTm-
marTvelobis sistemebi (gansakuTrebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
kuTxiT). amavdroulad, isini icavdnen individualur Tavisuflebebs. am
dokumentebSi Sesuli cnebebi da principebi SemdgomSi aisaxa konfedera-
ciis muxlebSi da sabolood, SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi. kanonis
uzenaesobis, anu kanonierebisa da proceduruli koreqtulobis uzenaeso-
bis mniSvneloba, ar SeiZleba gadafasebul iqnes.
man, rasac SesaZloa vuwodoT konstituciuri procesi, Tavis kulmina-
cias miaRwia xalxis mier arCeuli mTavrobis anu umravlesobis mTavrobis
SeqmniT, im dros, rodesac evropis xalxebi umeteswilad kvlav aristokra-
tiuli an monarqiuli batonobis qveS iyvnen. ufro metic, kolonistebis
myari zrunva konstituciurobaze gadamwyveti iyo im SeTqmulebebisa da
intrigebis Tavidan aridebisas, romelTac SeeZloT gaeTiSaT axali eri mra-
val moqiSpe politikur erTeulad.

zomieri revolucia. amerikis revoluciur brZolebSi gamoCenili zomiereba

retrospeqtivaSi marTlac aRsaniSnia (imdenad, rom zogierTi politologi
 revolucia 495
arc ki axdens mis klasificirebas revoluciad). am konfliqts axasiaTebda
`sxva revoluciebTan SedarebiT Zaladobis iSviaTi simcire~.14
ufro gviandel revoluciur konfliqtebTan SedarebiT (rogoricaa saf-
rangeTisa da ruseTis revoluciebi da espaneTis samoqalaqo omi), samoqa-
laqo dapirispireba ajanyebulebsa da loialurad ganwyobilebs Soris didi
ar iyo. arc amerikuli revoluciis liderebi yofilan rodisme represireb-
ulni an sikvdiliT dasjilni, rasac ver ascda Semdgomi revoluciebis bevri
wamomwyebi. `mTavarsardali (vaSingtoni) gaxda respublikis pirveli prezi-
denti da datova posti sakuTari nebiT; revoluciuri manifestis avtori
(jefersoni) iyo misi pirveli saxelmwifo mdivani.~15
ram ganapiroba am revoluciis unikaluroba mowesrigebulobis mxriv?
yvelaze mniSvnelovani isaa, rom koloniaTa liderebma revoluciis Ses-
axeb lokiseuli midgoma Seuxames realistur, miRwevad politikur miznebs.
lokiseul midgomaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT mivubrundebiT, vgulisxmobT,
rom mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda, damfuZneblebs revolucia miaCndaT
gardauval borotebad. is iyo gardauvali, radganac maT ar icodnen didi
britaneTisgan damoukideblobis mopovebis araviTari sxva gza, magram is
mainc iyo boroteba, ramdenadac iwvevda tanjvas, sisxlisRvrasa da gaukac-
rielebas. amerikuli revolucia rCeba unikalurad swored imitom, rom mas
saTaveSi ar edgnen fanatikosebi, romlebic aRiarebdnen xist ideologias,
an isini, vinc fiqrobda, rom yvela gza gamarTlebulia maTi politikuri
miznebis misaRwevad. amis sapirispirod, misi liderebi iyvnen SorsmWvrete-
li pirovnebebi, romlebic mudmivad ekiTxebodnen sakuTar Tavs (da erTma-
neTs), ramdenad marTebuli iyo is, rasac isini akeTebdnen. miuxedavad imisa,
rom revoluciis liderTa mxridan enTuziazmis nakleboba ar yofila, `es
enTuziazmi gawonasworebuli iyo eWviT, TviTkritikiT, zrunviTa da skep-
ticizmiT~.16 mokled, amerikuli revoluciis sikeTe TavisTavad ar mosula.
es gawonasworebuli revoluciuri Rirebulebebi emsaxureboda goniv-
rul da naTel miznebs. arsebiTad is, rac koloniaTa liderebs surdaT rev-
oluciisgan, iyo inglisisgan gancalkeveba da mmarTvelobis iseTi siste-
mis Camoyalibeba, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneboda Tanxmobasa da adamianis
uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa pativiscemaze. mniSvnelovania is, rom es poli-
tikuri xedva adamianTa SesaZleblobebis farglebSi jdeboda. revoluci-
uri omi TavisTavad Sors idga auxdeneli ocnebisgan, rac sabolood sakma-
od naTlad daadastura amerikulma gamarjvebam. revoluciuri konfliqtis
ganviTarebasTan erTad, TviTmmarTvelobisa da moqalaqeTa uflebebis
erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli principebi koloniebSi viTardeboda
rogorc Statebis, aseve qalaqebis doneze. momdevno periodis revolucio-
nerebisgan gansxvavebiT, koloniaTa liderebi ar cdilobdnen dauyovne-
bliv daefuZnebinaT raime radikalurad axali da gansxvavebuli. raki ac-
nobierebdnen safrTxeebs, romlebsac Seicavda don kixoturi da utopiuri
idealizmi, maT icodnen, rom `auxdeneli ocnebebisken politikuri swrafva
iwvevs terors da tiranias SeuZleblis miRwevis ganwirul mcdelobaSi.~17
amerikul revolucias ar axasiaTebda amgvari terori da tirania, radganac,
erT-erTi specialistis sityvebiT, is iyo `gonivruli molodinebis revolu-
496 politika Zaladobis gziT

cia~.18 sifxizle, zomiereba da sifrTxile iyo am revoluciis niSani da Sem-

dgomSi konstituciis mier kurTxeuli `kargad mowyobili kavSiris~ mTavari
maxasiaTebeli.

safrangeTis revolucia

safrangeTis revolucia sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo. wlebis ganmavlobaSi

safrangeTi ganicdida mzard politikur arastabilurobas da xalxis ukmay-
ofilebas. aristokratia eswrafoda SeenarCunebinaT mkveTri klasobrivi
gansxvavebebi, romlebic axasiaTebda frangul sazogadoebas da amitom mud-
mivad uSlida xels ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi reformebis mcdelo-
bebs. ufro metic, mTavroba amJRavnebda aSkara uunarobas, gamklaveboda
cvalebad garemoebebs. TviT unarian da ganaTlebul monarqsac ki, da aseTi
ar iyo lui XVI (1774-1792), gauWirdeboda gamklaveboda daqsaqsuli da Zne-
lad koordinirebadi saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdegobas. amas garda,
1780-ian wlebSi mTavrobis winaSe gadasaxadebis gazrdis sirTuleebi idga,
rac gamowveuli iyo wina omis Sedegad warmoqmnili valebiT. amasTanave, xe-
lisuflebisaTvis Seuferebel dros xdeboda ekonomikuri cvlilebebic.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ekonomika viTardeboda, Sedegi Zalze araTanabrad iyo
gadanawilebuli. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo qalaqeli Raribebisa da glexebis
mdgomareoba, romelTagan mravali pirveladi moxmarebis nivTebis ukmari-
sobas ufro xedavda, vidre mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtivas.
1789 wlisTvis uTanxmoebis morevi ganxeTqilebis zRvad iqca. reforma-
torebi saSualo da maRali klasebisgan moiTxovdnen rogorc politikur,
aseve ekonomikur cvlilebebs. yvelaze ufro zomieri moTxovnebi Seicavda
klasobrivi privilegiebis SezRudvas da sagadasaxado sistemis reformas.
zogierT liders surda ufro radikaluri cvlilebebi, maT Soris saxalxo
suverenitetze dafuZnebuli politikuri wesrigis Seqmna.
yvela es moTxovna wamoayenes 1789 wlis maisis generaluri Statebis
_ axladarCeuli giganturi parlamentis Sexvedraze, romelic saarCevno
xmis mqone mamakacTa mier iyo arCeuli da iyofoda sam wodebad: sasuliero
pirebad, aristokratiad da ubralo xalxad. mniSvnelovani debatebis Sem-
deg (rac kargi dasawyisia areulobisaTvis), delegatebis umravlesobam,
romelTac saTaveSi edga raodenobrivad meti mesame wodebis warmomadgene-
li (ubralo xalxi), Camoayaliba erovnuli kreba. garda uflebisa, daewe-
sebina an gaeuqmebina nebismieri gadasaxadi, am organos wevrebi iTxovdnen
aristokratiuli privilegiebis gauqmebas.
es qmedebebi pirdapir utevda monarqias. lui XVI-m amas misgan mosalod-
neli araadekvaturobiT upasuxa _ gamoiyena Zala, riTac ganarisxa saku-
Tari oponentebi. rodesac man ubrZana sakuTar Zalebs, aekrZalaT Sekrebebi
erovnuli krebisTvis, delegatebma maleve SeakeTes axlomdebare CogburTis
darbazi da gadawyvites iq Sekrebiliyvnen sistematurad, sanam ar miaRwevd-
nen konstituciis miRebas. mefe erTgvarad orWofobda da ramdenime dRis
Semdeg daTmobebze wavida saadasaxado reformis sferoSi, magram uari Tqva
 revolucia 497
gaeuqmebina aristokratiis privilegiebi. imavdroulad, man ganalaga Seiara-
Rebuli Zalebi strategiul poziciebze. Tumca, arc erTi es RonisZieba ad-
ekvaturi ar aRmoCnda da arc ZaliT damuqreba gamodga Tanmimdevruli. amas
maleve mohyva Zaladobis sporaduli afeTqebebi, romelTa Soris iyo basti-
liis SturmiT aReba da rodesac mefis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Zaladobrivi
qmedebebi safrangeTis politikuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovan wesad iqca, lui
XVI iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda konstituciis miRebis moTxovnebs.

axali konstitucia. or weliwadSi, romelic 1791 wlis konstituciis miRe-

bas dasWirda, qveyanas egalitarulma sulma gadauara. gauqmda aristokra-
tiuli privilegiebi da eklesiis miwebis konfiskacia moxda. fundamenturi
mniSvnelobis politikurma dokumentma _ adamianis uflebaTa delara-
ciam, ganadida lozungi, romelmac ganasaxiera im drois egalitaluri su-
liskveTeba: `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~. axalma konstituciam daaf-
uZna konstituciuri monarqia. lui XVI-s aRar SeeZlo RvTiur uflebebs
dayrdnoboda da avtokratulad emarTa. miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucia
mefes SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlad aRiarebda da akisrebda pasux-
ismgeblobas sagareo sakiTxebSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis funqciaTa
umetesobis Sesrulebas igi avalebda erovnul krebas, romelsac biujetis
marTvis, aseve omis gamocxadebis ufleba hqonda. Seiqmna axali arCeviTi ad-
ministracia da ganxorcielda saarCevno uflebebis liberalizacia.
amrigad, safrangeTSi saocrad mokle periodSi miRweul iqna politi-
kuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis STambeWdavi demokratizacia. mefis Za-
lauflebas, romelic aqamde TiTqmis SeuzRudavi iyo, Ziri gamoeTxara da
ganxorcielda radikaluri sazogadoebrivi reformebi.

politikuri arastabiluroba. konstituciis mier 1791 wels dafuZnebuli

konstituciuri monarqiis arseboba erT weliwadze nakleb dros gagrZelda.
am drois ganmavlobaSi qveyana nel-nela iSleboda efeqtiani politikuri
lideris ararsebobis pirobebSi. bunebrivia, mefes sZulda Tavsmoxveuli
axali mTavroba (erTxel lui XVI-m scada qveynidan gaqceva, raTa SeerTe-
boda axali mTavrobis oponentebs, magram daiWires da parizSi daabrunes).
konstitucia ukrZalavda damfuZnebeli yrilobis yofil wevrebs axal
sakanonmdeblo organoSi moRvaweobas, rac niSnavda imas, rom gamocdili
kanonmdeblebi politikuri procesisagan ganze rCebodnen. damatebiTi
problemebi warmoiSva, rodesac axladarCeulma adgilobrivma administra-
ciam ver SeZlo efeqtianad moqmedeba da reformis Sedegad Zalauflebadak-
argulma Zalebma, gansakuTrebiT kaTolikurma eklesiam da aristokratiam,
daiwyes axali reJimis winaaRmdeg brZola. avstriasTan da prusiasTan omma
gaamwvava arsebuli siZneleebi da arc navaraudevi ekonomikuri gaumjobe-
seba Canda. parizSi gamudmebiT trialebda Worebi mefisaTvis absoluturi
Zalauflebis moaxloebul dabrunebaze, rac asazrdoebda kontrrevolu-
ciis farTod gavrcelebul SiSs. es ki Zirs uTxrida reformebis motanil
politikur optimizms.
498 politika Zaladobis gziT

radikalizmis zrda. 1790-iani wlebis qaosur politikur da socialur re-

alobaSi movlenebi swrafad viTardeboda. 1793 wlis ivnisSi lui XVI-s brali
dasdes saxelmwifo RalatSi, Camoagdes taxtidan da Tavi mohkveTes. sax-
elmwifos marTvis sadaveebi xelSi aiRo politikuri radikalebis gundma,
romelic miznad isaxavda safrangeTis sazogadoebis Secvlas da amisTvis ar
erideboda Zaladobis gamoyenebas. axali lideris, maqsimilian robespieris
(1758-1794) umTavresi prioriteti iyo moego omi avstriisa da prusiis wi-
naaRmdeg. am miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli iyo rogorc samxedro valde-
buleba da mkacri disciplina brZolis velze, aseve erovnuli erTianoba
qveynis SigniT. gare safrTxis arsebobis pirobebSi yvelanairi politikuri
opozicia miiCneoda moRalated. amgvari viTareba samwuxaro iyo, Tumca ara
moulodneli, radgan, dResac ki, politikuri represiebi gavrcelebuli
fenomenia omianobis dros. magram robespieri ar kmayofildeboda mxolod
erovnuli erTianobis uzrunvelyofiT. amas garda, mas surda Seeqmna saT-
noebis reJimi _ Tavidan `aeSenebina~ franguli sazogadoeba, ase vTqvaT,
Tavidan gamoeZerwa moralurad srulyofili frangi moqalaqeebi. erT-erTi
mkvlevaris SexedulebiT:

robespiers surda safrangeTi, romelSic ar iqnebodnen arc

mdidrebi, arc Raribebi, adamianebi ar iTamaSebdnen azartul
TamaSebs, ar daTvrebodnen, ar uRalatebdnen, ar moiparavdnen da
ar moklavdnen, mokled, sadac ar iqneboda arc mcire da arc didi
mankierebebi, safrangeTi, romelsac marTavdnen xalxis arCeuli
znemaRali da ganaTlebuli adamianebi, romlebic sruliad Tavi-
sufalni iqnebodnen sixarbis an Zalauflebis siyvarulisgan da
brZnulad datovebdnen Tanamdebobas droTa ganmavlobaSi, raTa
gza gaexsnaT maTi memkvidreebisaTvis, mSvidobiani safrangeTi,
rogorc SigniT, aseve mTel msofliosTan mimarTebaSi.19

robespieris grandiozuli, magram utopiuri idealizmi ar yofila mxo-

lod gacxadeba imisa, ra unda yofiliyo, aramed igi manifesti iyo, romelic
realobad unda qceuliyo mTeli gznebiTa da sisruliT. `axali moqalaqis~
Sesaqmnelad momarTuli robespieri Tavad ver ganasaxierebda pirovnuli Ta-
visuflebis an bednierebisaken swrafvis mizans ise, rogorc amas amerikeli
revolucionerebi akeTebdnen. an rogor SeiZleboda absolutur sikeTed da
borotebad dayofil msoflioSi yofiliyo adgili pirovnuli arCevanisT-
vis? robespieri midrekili iyo ara Tavisufali qveynis Seqmnisaken, aramed
`Tavisuflebis despotizmis~ damkvidrebisaken. Tumca, saTnoebis institu-
cionalizacia safrangeTis revoluciis mxolod erTi aspeqti iyo Raribebi-
sadmi TanagrZnobasTan erTad. survilebisgan gaTavisufleba da mudmivi
siuxvis dapireba robespieris revoluciis mniSvnelovan miznad iqca. igi
wamowyebul iqna CagrulTa saxeliT mCagvrelTa sixarbisa da siZunwis wi-
naaRmdeg.20 robespiers swamda, rom mxolod amgvari politikis saSualebiT
iyo SesaZlebeli saTno da dakmayofilebuli moqalaqeobis uzrunvelyofa.
 revolucia 499
axali dRis wesrigi. saTnoebisaTvis xelSesawyobad da siRaribis umokles
droSi aRmosafxvrelad robespieri franguli cxovrebis myiseul Secvlas
gegmavda. saxelmwifo institutebi, samarTlebrivi mowyoba, socialuri
realoba _ yvelaferi unda Secvliliyo. axali kalendaric ki iqna SemoRe-
buli, rogorc istoriis axali epoqis simbolo. cvlilebis suli totaluri
iyo, umTavresi mizani _ samoTxe miwaze. erTma mkvlevarma SeniSna, rom warm-
marTveli suliskveTeba iyo `Sekruli, enTuziazmiT savse, Tavisuflad mo-
tivtive mesianizmi... romelic arafriT kmayofildeboda, garda adamianebis
cxovrebis pirobebis radikaluri transformaciisa~.21
Tumca, mesianizmis problema isaa, rom mxolod RmerTs (an RmerTis moci-
quls) SeuZlia Seasrulos diadi dapirebebi. robespiers ar gaaCnda amgvari
RvTaebrivi SesaZleblobebi. igi da misi TamaberZolebi maleve darwmund-
nen, rom axali wesrigis SemoReba da misi SenarCuneba sxvadasxva iyo. imedga-
cruebisa da usasrulo molodinebis feTqebadsaSiS narevs politikuri dis-
putebi mohyva.axali mmarTvelebis opoziciam farTod daiwyo zrda.

teroris mefoba. robespieris pasuxi mzard opoziciasa da gadaulaxav

siZneleebze, romlebic yoveldRiur marTvaSi iCenda Tavs, iyo saTnoebis
reJimis ganmtkiceba masobrivi represiebiT, romelic teroris mefobis sax-
eliT gaxda cnobili. sayovelTao gaxda, gansakuTrebiT parizSi, sikvdiliT
dasja giliotinis gamoyenebiT, razec brZanebas sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoe-
bis komiteti gascemda. xelisuflebis Zaladoba, Tavdapirvelad reJimis aq-
tiuri oponentebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, maleve inerciiT gagrZelda. is
Seexo im adamianebsac, vinc iziarebda robespieris xedvas, magram ar eTanxme-
boda mis meTodebs. mogvianebiT giliotinis msxverplni gaxdnen isinic, vinc
mxolod eWvmitanilni iyvnen uTanxmoebaSi. xelisuflebaSi myofT Rrma un-
dobloba dauflebodaT maSin, roca gadarCenilebs sakuTari usafrTxoebis
sakiTxi aRelvebdaT. sabolood, koleqtiurma SiSma robespieri damxobamde
da sikvdiliT dasjamde miiyvana. misi erTwliani mmarTelobis ganmavlobaSi
sikvdiliT 40 aTasamde adamiani dasajes _ gasaocari raodenoba meTvramete
saukunisTvis.

revoluciis Sedegebi. safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegebis Sefaseba advili

ar aris. man aSkarad ver miaRwia miznebs. robespieris damxobis Semdeg xe-
lisufleba miiRo korufciulma da arakompetenturma mTavrobam, romelic
cnobilia direqtoriis saxeliT. 1799 wels reJimma gza dauTmo napoleon
bonapartis diqtaturas (1804-1815), romelmac SeZlo wesrigisa da stabi-
lurobis aRdgena. napoleonis mmarTvelobisas, safrangeTma scada daemor-
Cilebina mTeli evropa ambiciuri omebis seriis Sedegad, romlebmac sab-
olood qveyana damarcxebamde da napoleonis damxobamde miiyvana.
amrigad, safrangeTis arc erT revolucias saxalxo mTavroba ar mohyo-
lia. sabolood, napoleonis damxobis Sedegad, monarqia aRdga. Tumca, mra-
vali RirsSesaniSnavi da grZelvadiani cvlileba ganxorcielda. magaliTad,
1815 wels aRdgenili monarqiis Semdeg mefis Zalaufleba ufro SezRuduli
iyo, vidre revoluciamde. ufro metic, revoluciuri epoqidan gamomdin-
500 politika Zaladobis gziT

are, mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi da politikuri reformebi SenarCunda

da xelisufleba axla ufro centralizebuli da efeqtiani iyo. am cvlile-
bebis miuxedavad, aRdgenili monarqia mkveTr kontrastSi modioda axali
sazogadoebis egalitarul xedvasTan, rac ase STaagonebda robespiers da
mis mimdevrebs.

ori revoluciis Sedareba

Tu amerikuli revolucia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc zomieri miznebis

mqone, franguli revolucia SeiZleba aRvweroT, rogorc usazRvro molo-
dinebis revolucia. dasawyisSi frang revolucionerebs wminda guliT sjero-
daT, rom yvelaferi SesaZlebeli iyo. eqstremistebis miznebi utopiuri iyo.
dasaxuli ukiduresi miznebis realizaciisaTvis, isini iZulebulni iyvnen mie-
marTaT ukiduresi saSualebebisaTvis teroris CaTvliT. daujerebelia, rom
im drois amerikis yvelaze cnobili radikali Tomas peini revoluciis dros
safrangeTis cixeSi aRmoCnda imitom, rom misi politika ar iyo sakmarisad
radikaluri. camet koloniaSi revolucionerTa umetesoba politikurad
zomieri iyo. safrangeTSi zomierebi an sikvdiliT dasajes an daapatimres.
amerikis revoluciam Tavisi ufro zomieri miznebiT SeZlo Seeqmna Ta-
namedrove epoqis respublikuri mTavrobis pirveli warmatebuli magaliTi.
safrangeTs aseTi warmateba ar hqonia. amis miuxedavad, meoce saukunis mra-
vali revoluciuri moZraoba gacilebiT ufro metad STagonebuli iyo saf-
rangeTis da ara amerikis magaliTiT. 22
gasagebia, ratomac STaagona safrangeTis revoluciam revolucionerTa
warmosaxva mTeli msoflios masStabiT, radgan mas surda aRmoefxvra siRaribe
da TanaugrZno CagrulebisaTvis. magram konkretuli da mdgradi Sedegebis
misaRwevad politikuri miznebi realisturi unda iyos, sxvagvarad, aux-
deneli ocnebebi SesaZloa, gardauval koSmarad iqces.

revoluciis sasurveloba: berki, peini da loki

ra ufro mosalodnelia, rom revolucia mraval rames gaaumjobesebs

adamianebis cxovrebaSi Tu piriqiT? 200 wlis win britanel konservator ed-
mund berksa da amerikel revolucioner Tomas peins am sakiTxze diskusia
hqondaT. debatebis umetesi nawili safrangeTis revoluciis adreul fazas
daemTxva. diskusiis sakvanZo Temas warmoadgenda sakiTxi, Sedioda Tu ara
revolucia frangi xalxis interesebSi, romlis saxeliTac igi wamowyebuli
iqna, ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT, revoluciebi sazogadoebisTvis sasikeToa
Tu saziano.

berkis pozicia

safrangeTis revoluciam STaagona edmund berki (1729-1797) daewera

 revolucia 501
revoluciaTa erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili kritika, romelic odesme dawer-
ila inglisur enaze _ gaazrebani safrangeTis revoluciaze (1790). berks
ar sjeroda, rom safrangeTis revolucia Rrmad fesvgadgmuli ekonomi-
kuri da sazogadoebrivi Zalebis Sedegi iyo. misi azriT, WeSmariti revolu-
cionerebi iyvnen filosofosebi, romlebmac Camoayalibes racionalizmis
damangreveli doqtrina da mecniereba RmerTad aRiares. igi ambobda, imis
mtkicebiT, rom mTavroba calkeuli martivi miznebis misaRwevad arsebobs
(magaliTad, icavs pirovnebis uflebebs), revolucionerebma Seqmnes aras-
wori warmodgenebi. maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo Sexeduleba, rom ra-
dikalur cvlilebebs yovelTvis gaumjobeseba moaqvs. amgvari azrovneba
anadgurebda or rames, rasac berki politikuri sazogadoebis safuZvlad
miiCnevda _ religias da tradicias.
berki amtkicebda, rom safrangeTis revoluciis safuZvelSi ido safrT-
xis Semcveli politikuri ganzogadebebi. politikis metismetad gamartive-
buli warmodgeniT da miuRweveli molodinebiT, romlebic ar Seesabamebo-
da safrangeTis istoriasa da tradiciebs, aseve, gamartivebuli cnebebiT,
rogoricaa `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~, safrangeTis revolucia
emuqreboda sazogadoebriv wesrigs, romelzec, upirveles yovlisa, da-
fuZnebuli iyo yvela sxva politikuri faseuloba da saTnoeba. swored kar-
gi wesrigi, berkis azriT, ganapirobebda yvelafer danarCens.
swavleba kargi mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, anu rogor warvmarToT, Sevinar-
CunoT igi an movaxdinoT misi reformireba, SeuZlebelia filosofiuri
gansjis gziT. xelisuflebas igi `eqsperimentul mecnierebad~ ganixilavda,
romlis praqtikosebsac sWirdebodaT sibrZne da SorsmWvreteloba, ro-
melic gamocdilebas moaqvs, xolo gamocdileba, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdin-
are, SeuZlebelia erT dRe-RameSi gaCndes; igi grovdeba, izrdeba, iwvrTneba
da amasTanave, Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. berkis xedva Seicavda warsulis
Tayvaniscemas, iseve rogorc asakisa da miRwevebisadmi pativiscemas. misi
azriT, sazogadoeba awewili qsovili iyo xeliT naqargi institutebisa,
romelTac Sinagani logika aqvs da Cvevebis, tradiciebisa da SeTanxmebebis
ZaliT grZeldeba.
xelisuflebisa da adamianuri SesaZleblobebisa da SezRudulobis amgvar-
ma gonivrulma xedvam berki miiyvana pragmatizmisa da sifrTxilis mniSvnelo-
bis xazgasmamde. igi ambobda, rom sifrTxile `saTnoebaTagan upirvelesia~.
rac Seexeba pragmatizms, igi miiCnevda, rom kacobriobis da sazogadoebis
sirTulidan gamomdinare, veranairi martivi, yvelafris momcveli politi-
kuri formula ver moitanda imgvar Rrma cvlilebebs, rogorsac frangi Teo-
retikosebi hpirdebodnen xalxs.
sabolood, berki akritikebda maT ukidures mouTmenlobas, vinc gana-
didebda revolucias. gamodioda ra TandaTanobiTi da gaazrebuli refor-
mis mxareze, igi iZleoda gafrTxilebas, rom Tu politikuri cvlilebebi
ar moxdeboda nela da windaxedulad, mosaxleobis udidesi masa uares md-
gomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda, vidre uwin: `saWiroa dro, raTa moxdes azrTa
gamTlianeba, romelsac TavisTavad ZaluZs warmoSos yvela is sikeTe, rasac
miznad visaxavT. Cveni moTmineba ufro mets miaRwevs, vidre Cveni Zala.~23
502 politika Zaladobis gziT

revolucia iZleva ufro met dapirebas, vidre es nebismier politikur

wesrigs SeuZlia da zrdis dauyovneblivi utopiuri garRvevebis ararealis-
tur politikur molodins. amiT revolucias SeuZlia daabrmavos masebi ne-
tari (magram miuRweveli) momavlis xedviTa da waarTvas warsulis sibrZnis
xedvis unari. erTi sityviT, gonivruli politika SesaZlebelia miviCnioT
`SesaZleblis xelovnebad~, revoluciis mrude sarkeSi ki igi SeuZleblis
mecnierebad iqceva.

peinis kritika

Tomas peinma (1737-1809) scada uareyo revoluciis berkiseuli xedva 1792

wlis TebervalSi daweril naSromSi adamianTa uflebebi. es ornawiliani
naSromi piradad berks pasuxobda. gansazRvravda ra saxalxo revoluciis
legitimurobas, peini xazs usvamda mraval usamarTlobas, romlebic Caidina
britanulma monarqiam amerikeli kolonistebis mimarT. peinisTvis tirania
da monarqia erTi da igive iyo. monarqistebi, acxadebda igi, zeoben umecre-
baze da principulad mcdarni arian:24

yvelanairi memkvidreobiTi xelisufleba Tavisi bunebiT tira-

niaa. samemkvidreo gvirgvins, taxts an nebismier sxva ucnaurobas,
rac SesaZlebelia vuwodoT amgvar rames, ar gaaCnia raime sxva axsna
garda imisa, rom kacobrioba samemkvidreo qonebaa. miiRo memkvi-
dreobiT Zalaufleba, es igivea, rac miiRo memkvidreobiT xalxi,
TiTqos igi iyos naxiri an jogi.25

sxva adgilas igi wers:

rodesac xelisuflebis monarqiuli da memkvidruli siste-

mebis pirobebSi gasacodavebul adamianebs vakvirdebiT, romle-
bic sakuTari saxlidan ama Tu im Zalam gamodevna da gadasaxadeb-
ma mterze metad mouRo bolo, aSkara xdeba am sistemaTa siave da
xelisuflebis principebsa da mowyobaSi saerTo revoluciis
aucilebloba.26

am ganzogadebis mxardasaWerad, peins mohyavda mefis usamarTlobisa

da korufciis mravali magaliTi. mas sjeroda, rom yvelaze didi usamarT-
loba iyo xalxisaTvis sakuTari xelisuflebis arCevis uflebaze uaris
Tqma. mas miaCnda, rom xalxi ar unda iyos SezRuduli sakuTari winaprebis
gadawyvetilebebiT. `yoveli epoqa da Taoba unda iyos Tavisufali sakuTar
qmedebebSi, yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogorc epoqebi da Taobebi, romlebic win
uswrebdnen mas... mmarTvelTa pativmoyvareoba da SesaZleblobebi saflavis
miRma aris yvelaze sasacilo da qedmaRluri yvela tiraniaSi.~ 27
peini aRiqvamda safrangeTis revolucias, rogorc xazgasmiT samarTlians.
igi amtkicebda, rom monarqiis damxobis mcdelobaSi frangi xalxi ubralod
 revolucia 503
axorcielebda fundamentur uflebas (romelic gamomdinareobda maTi Tana-
bari, bunebiTi uflebidan, yofiliyvnen Tavisufalni). peins TiTqmis religi-
uri rwmena hqonda xalxis bunebiT siqvelesa da sibrZneze. am rwmenam miiyvana
igi daskvnamde, rom rodesac safrangeTis revolucias SevadarebdiT sxva
qveynebis revolucias, cxadi gaxdeboda, rom `principebi da ara pirovnebebi
iyvnen revoluciis samizneSi amoRebuli ganadgurebis obieqtebi.~ 28

lokiseuli perspeqtiva

berks sZulda saxalxo revolucia, peini ki adidebda mas.29 daaxloebiT erTi

saukuniT adre jon lokma (1632-1704) daikava garkveulad Sualeduri pozicia
am or ukiduresobas Soris xelisuflebisadmi miZRvnil meore traqtatSi.
lokma daiwyo msjeloba im wanamZRvrebiT, rom anarqiuli bunebiTi mdgomare-
obidan TavdasaRwevad adamianebi Tanaxma iyvnen hyolodaT xelisufleba. lo-
kis azriT, SemdgomSi Tanxmoba iqmneboda rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis,
aseve formaluri xelisuflebis safuZvelze, sadac es ukanaskneli arsebobda
pirvel rigSi imisaTvis, raTa daecva adamianis sicocxlisaTvis aucileblad
miCneuli uflebebi. Semdeg igi svamda kiTxvas: ra moxdeba, Tu xelisufleba,
misi Sinagani azris sapirispirod, daemuqreba sicocxles, Tavisuflebas da
moqalaqeTa sakuTrebas? amgvar SemTxvevaSi, xelisufleba axorcielebda `Za-
las uflebis gareSe~ da adamianebs gaaCndaT ufleba, winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT
da daecvaT sakuTari Tavi. lokis sityvebiT:

xelisuflebis mizani kacobriobis sikeTea, da ra aris saukeTe-

so kacobriobisaTvis _ adamianebi yovelTvis daucvelni iyvnen
tiraniis SeuzRudavi nebisagan, Tu is, rom mmarTvelebi valde-
bulni unda iyvnen Seeguon oponirebas maSin, roca isini uzomod
iyeneben sakuTar Zalauflebas da mimarTaven mas sakuTari xalxis
sakuTrebis gasanadgureblad da ara mis SesanarCuneblad? 30

loki ar adidebda revolucias. igi irwmuneboda, rom saxalxo amboxi ar

SeiZleba daiwyos impulsurad. adamianebi unda Seeguon individebis Sec-
domebs da araswori mmarTvelobis calkeul SemTxvevebs, amtkicebda igi. ma-
gram isini ar unda Seeguon `Cagvris, gaurkvevlobisa da sicruis xangrZliv
serias~.31 loki imasac ki varaudobda, rom ajanyebis miseuli doqtrina rev-
oluciebis Semakaveblad imuSavebda: igi miuTiTebda, rom xelisuflebis
mier xalxis ajanyebis uflebis codna mas represiuli qmedebebis wamowye-
bamde ormagad dakvirvebul gansjas aiZulebs. sabolood, mCagvreli mTav-
robis winaaRmdeg xalxis ajanyebis uflebis gacnobiereba imaze ufro mets
niSnavs, vidre gacnobiereba imisa, rom sakmarisad damTrgunvel pirobebSi
xalxi ajanydeba. amitom, gaacnobierebs xelisufleba amgvar uflebas Tu
ara, araarsebiTia:

Tu adamianTa umravlesoba sakuTari sindisidan gamomdinare

504 politika Zaladobis gziT

darwmunebulia, rom kanonebi, da masTan erTad maTi sakuTre-

ba, Tavisufleba da sicocxle, SesaZlebelia, maTi religiac ki,
safrTxeSia, ar SemiZlia vTqva Tu rogor SeZleben isini Seakavon
maT mimarT gamoyenebuli ukanono Zalaufleba. es uxerxuloba
yovel xelisuflebas Seexeba. 32

revoluciis uflebis deklaraciiT lokma ubralod gamoxata is, ra-

sac politikuri cxovrebis faqtad miiCnevda. Tumca, es ar amcirebs lokis
Teoriis mniSvnelobas. ajanyebis miseuli doqtrina meCvidmete saukunis bo-
losTvis Tavad iyo revoluciuri. inglisSic ki, sadac ori saukuniT adre
Tavi mohkveTes Carlz I, kvlav sakamaTo iyo sakiTxi, hqondaT Tu ara dinas-
tiur mmarTvelebs mbrZaneblobis RvTiuri ufleba. sxva evropuli eri-sax-
elmwifoebis umravlesobaSi monarqebis RvTiuri uflebis sakiTxi ueWvelad
miaCndaT. araa gasakviri, rom mefeebi arafers ise umniSvnelod ar Tvlid-
nen, rogorc xalxis nebas, radganac swamdaT, rom maTi Zalaufleba RvTisgan
momdinareobda.
revoluciis lokiseulma Teoriam daaCqara RvTiuri uflebis doqtrinis
dasamareba. loki amtkicebda, rom revolucia aucilebeli xdeboda, rodesac
xelisufleba moqmedebda misi arsebobis mizezis sapirispirod. uzrunve-
lyofs ki revolucia karg xelisuflebas? cxadia, ara _ man SesaZloa migvi-
yvanos anarqiamde an kidev ufro met tiraniamde. qmnis revolucia ukeTesi
mmarTvelobis SesaZleblobas? ueWvelad. loki acxadebda, rom xalxs xSirad
mxolod revoluciis saSualebiT SeuZlia Secvalos tirania da moipovos ax-
ali da ukeTesi xelisuflebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba, romelic daicavs maTi
sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebs.
amrigad, loks ar ekuTvnis revoluciasa da politikur gamococxlebas
Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb utopiuri mtkicebebi. miseuli xedviT, revolucia
SesaZloa gamomdinareobdes ukeTesi xelisuflebis survilidan, magram ar
iZleva aseTi bednieri Sedegis garantias. axali xelisufleba sruliad axa-
lia mxolod im gagebiT, rom is cvlis winas. rogorc adre aristotele, lokic
aRiarebda xelisuflebis formebis sasruli raodenobis arsebobas. amrigad,
revolucia ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mmarTvelobis axali formebis
Zieba, aramed unda gavigoT sityvasityviT _ revoluciad (gadasxvaferebad)
_ mmarTvelobis erTi arsebuli formidan sxva formaze gadasvlad.33
aseTi gansazRvrebiT revolucia naklebad hgavs romantikul movlenas.
lokis azriT, revolucia gulisxmobda mmarTvelobis erTi arasrulyofili
formis meore, SesaZloa kidev ufro naklebad srulyofili formiT Canacv-
lebas, uciloblad, masStabur cvlilebebs farTo sazogadoebaSi da Seicav-
da politikuri Zalisa da Zaladobis gamoyenebas TiTqmis yovel SemTxveva-
Si. revoluciis amgvari midrekileba ryevebisadmi niSnavda, rom es procesi
safrTxes Seicavda maSinac ki, rodesac mizani aSkarad sasurveli iyo. rev-
oluciis lokiseuli fxizeli xedva ar SeiZleba gadafasdes. rogorc erT-
erTi wamyvani Tanamedrove mecnieri aRniSnavs: `revoluciebis Sedegebi
terori da Zaladobrivi da agresiuli reJimebis Camoyalibebaa~.34
 revolucia 505

revoluciis mizezebi

loki miiCnevda, rom revolucia gardauvali da misaRebia, rodesac mo-

qalaqeebs ubralod aRar ZaluZT gaZleba. magram, kerZod, rodis dgeba is
momenti, roca maT `aRar SeuZliaT gaZleba~? ra aiZulebT moqalaqeebs, gan-
udgnen fesvgadgmul politikur Cvevebs da mxari dauWiron revolucias?

tradiciuli axsna

bevri mkvlevarisTvis, rogorc istoriuli gamocdileba, aseve saRi

azri cxadyofs, rom xelisuflebis mier Cadenili usamarTloba xels uwy-
obs iseTi garemos warmoqmnas, romelSic SesaZlebelia revoluciis aR-
moceneba. revoluciis saTaveebis es tradiciuli axsna dasabams iRebs ar-
istotelesTan, romelmac qristes Sobamde meoTxe saukuneSi SeniSna, rom
ajanyebisadmi mowodeba SesaZloa aRmocendes umniSvnelo movlenisagan.
miuxedavad amisa, igi, Cveulebriv, patara sakiTxebs mainc ar exeba. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, naperwkali, romelic anTebs revolucias, ar unda
agverios ajanyebis safuZvelSi mdebare realur mizezebSi. aristotele
acxadebda, rom umetes SemTxvevebSi, revolucias iwvevs uTanasworo
samarTliT marTva. yvela saxis politikuri wesrigis pirobebSi pativisa
da simdidrisaken swrafvam SesaZloa xalxSi warmoSvas Sexeduleba, rom
erT-erTi an orive es sikeTe ar aris samarTlianad gadanawilebuli. am-
rigad, revolucia SesaZlebelia ganviTardes daZabulobidan, romelic
arsebobs mravalricxovan Raribebsa (demokratebs), romelTac surT
Tanasworoba da mcirericxovan mdidrebs (oligarqebs) Soris, romelTac
surT sakuTari Zalauflebisa da simdidris SenarCuneba.
politikur cxovrebaSi mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris arsebuli daZ-
abulobis Taobaze aristoteles mosazrebebma saTave daudo am Temis
ganxilvas dasavlur politikur azrSi, romlis mniSvneloba garkveuli
periodis Semdeg gaizarda. magaliTad, jeims medisonma federalistSi
ganacxada, rom `ganxe T qilebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da mdgradi wyaro
aris simdidris sxvadasxvagvari da araTanabari gadanawileba~ da Camoay-
aliba iseTi xelisuflebis Teoria, romlis pirobebSic politikuri ganx-
eTqilebis amgvari wyaro unda Semcirebuliyo.
naxevari saukunis Semdeg, karl marqsma revoluciis umTavres mizezad
qonebrivi uTanasworoba gamoacxada. misi azriT, revolucia klasTa Soris
brZolis sinonimia da mudmivad gamomdinareobs gabatonebuli usamarTlo-
bidan. mdidar kapitalistebsa da gaRatakebul mSromelebs Soris ekonomi-
kuri ufskrulias zrdasTan erTad, revoluciis albaTobac izrdeba.

revoluciis socialuri fsiqologia

ra aiZulebs rigiT pirovnebas, ugulebelyos sazogadoebis Zlieri gav-

506 politika Zaladobis gziT

lena, romelic mas konformizmisken ubiZgebs da monawiloba miiRos revo-

luciur moZraobaSi? marqsi Tvlida, rom siRaribiT da socialuri gaucxoe-
biT gamowveuli sasowarkveTa aris revoluciuri moqmedebis ZiriTadi
fsiqologiuri berketi. misi amgvari axsna amJamad farTodaa gaziarebuli.
ramdenime wliT adre marqsma es pozicia komunistur manifestSi (1848) Ca-
moayaliba. Tumca, aleqsis de tokvili gvTavazobs alternatiul mosaz-
rebas. ikvlevda ra safrangeTis revolucias, man SeamCnia, rom `xalxis uk-
mayofilebam yvelaze maRal dones safrangeTis im nawilSi miaRwia, sadac
yvelaze metad SeiniSneboda gaumjobeseba, ekonomikuri da socialuri sa-
sikeTo Zvrebi, politikuri zegavlenis Semcireba, magram iq mainc arsebobda
didi ukmayofileba~.35
tokvili askvnida, rom ekonomikur gaumjobesebas revoluciamde mivya-
varT, radganac, rodesac adamianebi dainaxaven garkveuli gaumjobesebebis
SesaZleblobas, maT gardauvalad metis survili gauCndebaT, aRar moi-
surveben cudi pirobebisa da gaRizianebis atanas da mxolod realuri, myis-
ieri gaumjobeseba daakmayofilebT. amgvarad Cndeba revoluciis ganzraxva,
amtkicebda igi.
marqsis da tokvilis poziciebi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli Cans, magram
1962 wels jeims s. devisma dawera aRiarebuli statia, romelSic igi gamoTq-
vamda varauds, rom `orive ideas aqvs ganmartebiTi da SesaZlebelia, winas-
warmetyveluri Rirebuleba, Tu isini Sepirispirebuli da ganlagebuli
iqnebian saTanado droiTi rigis mixedviT~.36 devisi am provokaciul daskv-
namde 1842 wlis doris ajanyebis, ruseTis 1917 wlis revoluciis da egviptis
1952 wlis revoluciis guldasmiT Seswavlis Sedegad mivida. am movlenebSi
revoluciuri ganviTarebis msgavsi sqemis gamovleniT, man daaskvna, rom
revolucia ufro maSin aris mosalodneli, rodesac pirobebi umjobesdeba
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi da Semdgom mosdevs uecari gauareseba.
devisis Tezisis ganxilvisas, ori sxva mecnieri Tanmimdevrulad amtkicebda,
rom adreuli ekonomikuri zrdis da Semdgomi ekonomikuri daqveiTebis tem-
pebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtorebia am kuTxiT. rac ufro metia
erT sulze mTliani erovnuli produqtis zrdis maCvenebeli revoluciuri
Zvrebis wina periodSi da `rac ufro mkveTria ukan daxeva uSualod revo-
lucis win, miT ufro xangrZlivi da Zaladobrivia revolucia~, acxadebdnen
isini.37 sxva sityvebiT, revolucia ara imdenad saSineli tanjvis, aramed
gamanadgurebeli imedgacruebis Sedegia. saSineli ukmayofileba, romelsac
saqonlis SeZenisa da Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis kanonieri uflebis mop-
ovebis uunaroba kidev ufro amZafrebs, adamianebs ajanyebisaken ubiZgebs.38

revoluciis Tanamedrove Teoriebi

imis aRniSvna, rom revoluciebi gamomdinareobs usamarTlobidan an

usamarTlobis aRqmidan, asaxavs revoluciis filosofiur aRqmas. amgvari
Sexeduleba xazs usvams usamarTlobis mniSvnelobas, rogorc moqmedebis
mizezs anu ideas, romlis mixedviT xelisuflebis ukeTuri an usamarTlo
 revolucia 507
qmedeba ganixileba revoluciis principul mizezad. magram, kerZod romel
politikur, ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs mivyavarT revoluciur
aRtkinebamde? Tanamedrove sociologebi xSirad farTomasStabian kvleve-
bze dayrdnobiT cdiloben axsnan revoluciuri procesi ufro zusti ter-
minebiT, vidre amas Zveli politikuri filosofosebi akeTebdnen.39

revoluciis axsna. sakvanZo sakiTxi, romelic dgas Tanamedrove soci-

ologTa winaSe, Semdegnairad JRers: ganzogadebis ra doneze SeiZleba avx-
snaT msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi momxdar revoluciebs Soris mravali
gansxvaveba, aseve ganvmartoT revoluciis Sinagani bunebac. zogierTi damk-
virvebeli xazs usvams, rom Tanamedrove revolucia (am SemTxevaSi igulisx-
meba 1970 da 1990 wlebs Soris momxdari revoluciebi) gansxvavdeba rogorc
pirveli revoluciebisgan, romlebmac STanTqa monarqiebi da imperiebi, aseve
meoce saukunis dasawyisis komunisturi revoluciebisgan ruseTsa da CineT-
Si. 1970-1990 wlebSi revoluciebi umeteswilad xdeboda: 1) mcire, urbanize-
bul erebSi (gansakuTrebiT mesame samyaroSi); 2) sazrdoobda ideologiebiT,
dasavluri koloniuri batonobisadmi dapirispirebiT da eTnikuri da relig-
iuri sarCuliT; 3) ganpirobebuli (an SezRuduli) iyo, zogadad, civi omiT,
kerZod ki zesaxelmwifoebiT da saerTaSoriso intervenciiT.40 marTalia, es
niSnebi naTels hfens 1970-1990 wlebSi momxdari revoluciebis mniSvnelovan
faqtebs, isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian revoluciis Sinaarsobriv ganzogadebas.41
ufro metic, 1990 wlis Semdeg, msoflio dramatulad Seicvala civi omis
dasrulebis Sedegad. magaliTad, im qveynebSi, romlebic yofili sabWoTa
kavSiris nawili iyvnen, revolucia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebul politikur
garemoSi moxda, vidre aTi wlis win. antirusulma ganwyobam Caanacvla anti-
dasavluri ideologiebi da SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris
Zalauflebis masStaburi konfliqti dasrulda. amgvari seriozuli politi-
kuri cvlilebebis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove sociologebis Sromebi Seicavs
mniSvnelovan aRmoCenebs revoluciis zogadi bunebis Sesaxeb.
politologebis, ted gurisa da jek gladstonis azriT, revolucia yvela-
ze ukeT gamoixateba, rogorc droSi gawelili interaqtiuli procesi.42 poli-
tikuri krizisis Sedegad xelisuflebis manqana etapobrivad iwyebs rRvevas,
iwyeba gavleniani moqalaqeebisa da xelisuflebis urTierTgaucxoeba.
xelisuflebis liderebs sul ufro metad aRiqvamen Seufereblebad: maT
ar SeuZliaT efeqtiani Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba, ekonomikis stabili-
zacia, ar gaaCniaT Zala, daamyaron Sida wesrigi, arian sustni da gaubedavni
gare safrTxeebis winaSe. amgvarad, arsebuli mTavroba aRiqmeba aralegi-
timurad TiTqmis yvelas (maT Soris elitis) mier da kargavs marTvis ufle-
bas.43 sworad am mizezebis gamo, warmatebuli revolucionerebi, rogorc
wesi, pouloben mdidari (SesaZloa aristokratiulic) patronebis mxarda-
Weras da aseve SeuZliaT mravali ukmayofilo adamianis mobilizeba. revo-
luciis, rogorc interaqtiuli procesis es axsna revoluciis tradiciul
TeoriasTan Tavsebadia. is gvexmareba avxsnaT, rogor udevs usamarTloba
an usamarTlobis aRqma safuZvlad revolucias. Tanamedrove samecniero
samyaro detalurad xsnis am process. igi Seiswavlis krizisis tipebs, ro-
508 politika Zaladobis gziT

melic revoluciis wina periodSi dgas saxelmwifoTa winaSe, faqtorebs,

romlebsac mivyavarT xelisuflebisadmi ndobis mniSvnelovan dakargvamde
da ganwiruli xelisuflebebis xSirad umweo reagirebamde.

winarevoluciuri problemebi. winarevoluciuri qveynebi, rogorc wesi,

saxifaTo sirTuleebis winaSe dganan. seriozuli ekonomikuri sirTuleebi,
magaliTad, ekonomikuri stagnacia da daknineba, uzomo vali da Sida omebTan
dakavSirebuli maRali danaxarjebi SesaZloa gansakuTrebiT gamomfitveli
iyos. ekonomikuri SeRweva, erTi an meti sxva qveynis gavlena qveynis eko-
nomikaze, aseve SesaZloa iqces revoluciur faqtorad. ucxouri kapitalis
Sedinebam naklebad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi SeiZleba ubiZgos xelisuflebis
iseTi axali politikis gatarebisken, romelic moklevadian perspeqtivaSi
safrxes uqmnis mis arsebobas (magaliTad, SesaZlebelia qveyanam xeli Seuw-
yos marcvleulis eqsportisaTvis warmoebas qveynisSida moxmarebis sanacv-
lod, raTa mrewvelobisa da ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli ucxouri
valuta daagrovos).
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom demografiulma faqtorebma gaamwvavos eko-
nomikuri mdgomareoba. mosaxleobis swrafma matebam, rac mesame samyaros
qveynebSi aRiniSneba, SesaZloa Seanelos an ukanac daxios ekonomikuri
zrda da xeli Seuwyos ekonomikur arastabilurobas. eTnikurma, rasobriv-
ma an religiurma daZabulobebma SeiZleba gazardos arastabiluroba, gan-
sakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac erTi jgufi swrafi tempiT viTardeba. ufro
metic, swrafma urbanizaciam SesaZloa Seqmnas araerTi seriozuli prob-
lema muSaTa klasiT dasaxlebul gareubnebSi. magaliTad, rodesac umiwo an
mciremiwiani glexebi iZulebuli xdebian soflis tradiciuli garemodan
qalaqis ucnob garemoSi gadavidnen samuSaos saZebnad, maT xvdebaT iseTi
problemebi, rogoricaa socialuri rRveva, arasworad dagegmili urban-
izacia, araadekvaturi sacxovrebeli pirobebi, antisanitaria da samedici-
no da saganmanaTleblo servisebis nakleboba. rogorc wesi, amasTan erTad
izrdeba kriminali, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maRalia gaucxoebuli ax-
algazrda mamakacebis procentuli maCvenebeli.44
aseve revoluciis riskis winaSe dgas xelisufleba, romelsac ar SeuZlia
daicvas sakuTari moqalaqeebi ucxo qveynebisgan. is xelisufleba ki, ro-
melic agebs oms, kidev ufro didi riskis winaSe SeiZleba aRmoCndes. am qvey-
nebSi, romlebic rogorc wesi, mkacr ekonomikur regress ganicdian, wageb-
ulma omma SesaZloa radikaluri cvlilebebis xelSemwyobi garemo Seqmnas.45
garda amisa, areuloba mezobeli qveynebis sust xelisuflebasac SeiZleba
gadaedos da gavlena moaxdinos masze.

xelisuflebis reaqcia. dagrovili ekonomikuri, demografiuli da poli-

tikuri problemebi winarevoluciur qveynebSi xSirad moqalaqeTa ukmayo-
filebas iwvevs, romelic xelisuflebas sapasuxo moqmedebisken ubiZgebs.
zogjer amas win eRobeba Zlieri Sida interesebi. magaliTad, rodesac ofi-
cialur Tanamdebobis pirebs Soris arian mdidari miwaTmflobelebi, maTi
interesebi xSirad aferxebs reformebs, romlebic mimarTulia seriozuli
 revolucia 509
da potenciurad revoluciuri Sida krizisis Semcirebisaken.46 sxva SemTx-
vevaSi, xelisuflebis moqmedebas aferxebs farTod gavrcelebuli Sida
korufcia. ra saxis problemac ar unda hqondes xelisuflebas, veravin
moiTmens mis srul uunarobas. Tu xelisuflebis reaqcia usamarTlo an md-
gomareobisadmi Seuferebelia, an xelisufleba saerTod ver axerxebs re-
agirebas, igi dgas riskis winaSe, dakargos mxardamWerebis ndoba da savarau-
doa, iqces revoluciuri moqmedebis obieqtad.
gasakviria, magram xelisufleba, romelic akeTeben cotas an arafers,
dgas damxobis iseTive riskis winaSe, rogorc xelisufleba, romelic moq-
medebs gadamwyvetad da represiuladac ki. safrangeTis revoluciis kvl-
evaSi aleqsis de tokvilma aRniSna, rom mosaxleobam monarqiis winaaRmdeg
xelaxla swored maSin aiRo xelSi iaraRi, rodesac daiwyo reJimis Serbile-
ba. tokvili askvnida: `zogadad rom vTqvaT, yvelaze saSiSi momenti cudi xe-
lisuflebisTvis aris is, rodesac igi cdilobs misi mmarTvelobis maneris
Secvlas~.47 tokvils sjeroda, rom am paradoqss (iseve, rogorc mis varauds,
rom pirvel rigSi reforma da ara represia iwvevs revolucias) safuZvlad
udevs fsiqologiuri faqti:

aqamde moTminebiT uZlebdnen imas, rac umowyalo Canda, mag-

ram wyena autaneli xdeba maSin, rogorc ki adamianebs gonebaSi
gauelvebs misi moSorebis SesaZlebloba... Tavad is faqti, rom
zogierTi tkivili SesaZlebelia ganikurnos, yuradRebas amaxvi-
lebs sxva tkivilze da is ufro metad autaneli Cans; adamianebi
SesaZloa itanjebodnen ufro naklebad, magram isini axla ufro
mgrZnobiareni arian.48

sabolood, tiranebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTar Tavs reformebis ufleba miscen,

radgan maTi amgvari qmedeba niSnavs warsulis usamarTlobebis aRiarebas da
aucileblad gamoiwvevs `mosaxleobaSi dagrovili boRmis gacocxlebas.49
Tanamedrove kvlevebi garkveulad adasturebs tokvilis dakvirvebas.
revoluciebSi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis rolis Sesaxeb kvlevaSi, erT-erTi
mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom revolucia verasdros iqneba warmatebuli, sanam
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xelisuflebisadmi loialurad iqnebian ganwyobilni
da SesaZlebelia maTi efeqtianad dasaqmeba.50 rodesac Sida usafrTxoebis
zomebi metismetad dagvianebuli da metismetad gauazrebelia an ganwiruli
xelisuflebis ukanaskneli imedia, arsebobs didi Sansi, rom represiis axali
aqtebi mxolod gaauaresebs situacias. naTelia isic, rom xelisufleba, ro-
melic Tavs ikavebda fizikuri Zalis sistematuri gamoyenebisagan, revolu-
ciur situaciaSi damxobis ufro meti riskis winaSe dgas.

warmatebuli revolucia. revolucia rom moxdes, unda arsebobdnen qariz-

matuli liderebi, romelTac SeuZliaT Tvali gausworon reJimis damxo-
bis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebul sasikvdilo risks.51 imavdroulad, revo-
luciur liderebs sWirdebaT im adamianTa mxardaWera, romelTac ukaviaT
maRalisazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba da aqvT Sesabamisi unarebi. elitaze
510 politika Zaladobis gziT

zegavlenis moxdenisaTvis Sesabamisi momenti dgeba maSin, rodesac xelisu-

fleba awyeninebs, emuqreba an Zirs uTxris mas garkveuli gziT. winarevolu-
ciur xelisuflebas did safrTxes uqmnis elitis gaucxoeba SeiaraRebul
ZalebSi.52 Tu generlebi (da sxva maRali rangis oficrebi) Sewyveten xelisu-
flebis mxardaWeras (an mis winaaRmdeg Sebrundebian), es TiTqmis yovelTvis
fataluria xelisuflebisaTvis.
revoluciuri cvlilebebi xSirad zevidan warimarTeba. Tumca, yvela
revoluciuri cvlileba damokidebulia axali xelisuflebis warmate-
baze, rogor moipovebs an SeinarCunebs masobriv mxardaWeras, rac, Tavis
mxriv, xSirad damokidebulia moqalaqeTa wina reJimisadmi uTanxmoebis
doneze. mosaxleobis ukmayofilebis mizezebi SeiZleba moicavdes `farTod
gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ekonomikuri pirobebiT, gansakuTrebiT qa-
laqis mosaxleobas Soris; imedgacruebas politikaSi realuri monawileo-
bis SesaZleblobebis ararsebobiT, gansakuTrebiT studentebsa da saSualo
klass Soris; gavrcelebul ukmayofilebas ucxouri investiciebisa da ofi-
cialur pirebis korumpirebulobis gamo; da soflis mtrul ganwyobas ur-
banuli reJimis mtaceblurobisa da represiuli politikis gamo~.53 sworia
igi Tu araswori, es aris usamarTlobis aRqma xalxis mier, romelic kvebavs
Tanamedrove epoqis yvelanairi revoluciis xanZars.
da bolos, revolucia naklebsavaraudoa, Tu yvela an zemoT ganxil-
uli faqtorebis umetesoba, erTdroulad ar arsebobs. amgvarad, qveyana,
romelsac mwvave ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi aqvs, savaraudod
ar mieqaneba revoluciisaken, Tu aseve ar gaCnda sxva winarevoluciuri
elementebic, rogoricaa revoluciur liderTa arseboba, elitisa da mo-
qalaqeTa Zlieri mxardaWera radikaluri qmedebisadmi da mosaxleobis rw-
menis dakargva arsebuli xelisuflebis marTvis unarSi. swored am faqtor-
Ta Tanxvedris Sedegad xdeba revolucia.

masobrivi moZraobebis safrTxeebi. espanelma filosofosma xose orte-

ga i gasetma (1883-1955) 1930 wels gamoaqveyna cnobili wigni masebis amboxi. am
droisTvis faSistebs ukve xelSi CaegdoT Zalaufleba italiaSi, germaniaSi
hitleris ZalauflebaSi mosvlas ramdenime weli aklda da stalini sabWoTa
ruseTSi sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidirebas axdenda.54 gaseti SeZrwun-
ebiT werda `Zalauflebis ganxorcielebaSi masebis CarTvis~ Sesaxeb da amt-
kicebda, rom `masebs, maTive ganmartebidan gamomdinare, arc SeuZliaT da
arc unda marTavdnen sakuTar cxovrebas, da miT umetes, ar unda marTavdnen
sazogadoebas zogadad, rac niSnavs imas, rom evropa sinamdvileSi itanjeba
udidesi saerTo krizisisgan, romelic azianebs xalxebs, saxelmwifoebs da
civilizaciebs~.55
meoce saukune istoriaSi ramdenime yvelaze sisxliani masobrivi moZrao-
bis mowme gaxda. ortega i gasetis sityvebi gansakuTrebiT moswrebulia Tana-
medrove revoluciaTa damRupveli Sedegebis Suqze:

rogorc SeerTebul StatebSi amboben: `iyo gansxvavebuli niS-

navs iyo uxamsi~. masa amsxvrevs yvelafers, rac misgan gansxvavebu-
 revolucia 511
li, SesaniSnavi, individualuri, daxvewili da rCeulia. nebismieri,
romelic ar hgavs yvelas, vinc ar fiqrobs ise, rogorc yvela, dgas
ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe. 56

daskvna

politikur terminologiaSi revolucia niSnavs saxelmwifos mmarTv-

elobis formebis mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs. Tanamedrove epoqaSi amgvari
cvlilebebi sul ufro xSirad xdeba msoflios mraval regionSi.
arsebobs revoluciis ori ZiriTadi tradicia: amerikuli da franguli.
amerikuli revolucia ufro SezRuduli iyo vidre franguli da isaxavda
ufro zomier miznebs. frangi revoluciuri liderebi, ufro pragmatuli
amerikeli kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, miznad isaxavdnen qveynis sazogadoe-
brivi, politikuri da moraluri suraTis radikalur da srulmasStabian cv-
lilebebs.
meTvramete saukunis dasasrulidan mZafri kamaTi imarTeboda im sakiT-
xis Sesaxeb, iyo Tu ara revolucia sasurveli. mas Semdeg, rac edmund berkma
gamokveTa revoluciasTan dakavSirebuli mravali safrTxe, Tomas peinma
xazi gausva mis mraval dadebiT mxares. SedarebiT adre, jon lokma daika-
va ufro zomieri pozicia; igi amtkicebda, rom revolucia gardauvali da
gamarTlebulia, rodesac igi mimarTulia mCagvreli xelisuflebis winaaR-
mdeg.
revoluciis zusti mizezebis gamorCeva rTulia. aristoteles miaCnda,
rom usamarTloba aris saxalxo janyis saTave. magram ra ubiZgebs rigiT
moqalaqes monawileoba miiRos revoluciaSi? karl marqsi Tvlida, rom
degradirebad ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs mivyavarT revoluciaSi
monawileobisaken. aleqsis de tokvili amtkicebda, rom brali unda davdoT
gaumjobesebis gzaze mdgar pirobebs, radganac isini cvlian socialuri re-
alobis pirovnul imedebs. Tanamedrove xedva Camoayaliba jeims s. devisma,
romelic axdens marqsis da tokvilis poziciebis kombinirebas imis mtkice-
biT, rom revoluciam mosalodnelia ifeTqos maSin, rodesac Zlieri eko-
nomikuri an socialuri ukusvla mohyveba zrdadi molodinis da zomieri
gaumjobesebis periods. revoluciis mizezebis ufro axali kvlevebi xazs
usvams, rom igi mimdinare procesia da asaxavs legitimurobis kriziss.
rTuli ekonomikuri, politikuri an socialuri problemebis piro-
bebSi, xelisufleba moqmedebs Seufereblad an usamarTlod. amiT igi kar-
gavs sazogadoebaSi elitis ndobas da iwyeba masebis mobilizeba, rodesac
revoluciis liderebi gegmaven arsebuli xelisuflebis damxobasa da axali
politikuri wesrigis damyarebas. sabolood, yvela masobriv moZraobaze
damyarebuli revolucia damarcxda, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom am process
mravali udanaSaulo adamiani Seewira.
512 politika Zaladobis gziT

sakvanZo sityvebi

revolucia adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia

safrangeTis revolucia teroris mefoba
amerikis revolucia revoluciis ufleba
revoluciuri omi ekonomiuri SeRweva
generaluri Statebi
bastilia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ras niSnavs revolucia? wina periodebTan SedarebiT gaxda Tu ara revo-

lucia ufro metad an naklebad gavrcelebuli meoce saukuneSi?
2. ra mniSvnelovani msgavseba iyo amerikul da frangul revoluciebs So-
ris? ra mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo maT Soris?
3. revoluciis sasurvelobis Sesaxeb kamaTSi ra poziciebi ekavaT edmund
berksa da Tomas peins? ra iyo berkis ZiriTadi argumenti? riTi pasuxobda
peini?
4. raSi mdgomareobda jon lokis pozicia revoluciis mimarT? ratom icavda
igi moqalaqeTa uflebas, daemxoT sakuTari xelisufleba? ra mosazrebiT
ikavebs loki adgils peinis da berks Soris?
5. aristoteles SexedulebiT, ra aris revoluciis principuli mizezi? ro-
gor ganaviTara Tanamedrove socialurma mecnierebam aristoteles fi-
losofiuri Sexedulebebi revoluciaze?
6. mohfina Tu ara Suqi Tanamedrove kvlevebma revoluciis mizezebs? Tu ki,
aqvT maT wina kvlevebTan saerTo elementebi, Tu ewinaaRmdegebian maT?
7. ra Teoriebi Camoyalibda imis asaxsnelad, rogor da ratom xdebian indi-
videbi imdenad imedgacruebulni, rom SeuerTdnen revolucias?

SeniSvnebi:

1. Jack A. Goldstone, `Revolutions in World History’, wignSi: Theoretical,

Comparative, and Historical Studies, me-2 gamoc., red. Jack A. Goldstone (San
Diego: Harcourt, 1993), 320.
2. citirebulia Thomas Greene, Comparative Revolutionary Movements
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1989), 5.
3. iqve, 5.
4. iqve. 6.
5. Ted Robert Gurr da Jack Goldstone, ‘Comparisons and Policy Implications’, wignSi:
Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century, red. J. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, and F.
Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991), 324. Tanamedrove da tradiciul
revoluciebs Soris sxvaoba lingvisturadac aisaxeba sityvebiT
 revolucia 513
`revolucia~ da `ajanyeba~. es gansxvaveba literaturaSi calsaxad
jerac ar keTdeba da amitom am TavSi mas ar SevxebivarT.
6. Barrington Moore, Jr., Reflections on the causes of Human Misery and upon Certain Proposals
to Eliminate Them (Boston: BeAacon Press, 1972), 170.
7. James Dougherty da Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International Relations,
me-3 gamoc. (New York: Harper & Row, 1990), 321. sxva naSromebTan erTad
avtorebi imowmeben Hannah Arendt-is samecniero naSromebs.
8. Irving Kristol, ‘The American Revolution as a Successuful Revolution’, wignSi Readings in
American Democracy, red. Paul Peterson (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt, 1979), 52-53.
9. Cecilia Kenyon, ‘Republicanism and Radicalism in the American Revolution: An Old-
fashioned Interpretation’, wignSi The Reinpretation of the American Revolution, 1763-1789,
red. J. Greene (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 291.
10. magaliTisaTvis ix. Bernard Bailyn, ‘Political Experience and Enlightenment in
Eighteenth-Century America’, wignSi The Reinpretation of the American Revolution, red.
Greene, 282-283.
11. Martin Diamond, ‘The Revolution of Sober Expectations’, wignSi Readings in American
Democracy, red. Peterson, 66.
12. Jefferson-isa da Roger C. Weightman-is mimowera, June 24, 1826, wignSi The Political
Writings of Thomas Jefferson: Representative Samples, red. Edward Dumbauld
(Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), 9.
13. Benjamin Wright, Consensus and Continuity, 1776-1787 (New York: Norton, 1967), 3.
Wright-i eyrdnoba J. Franklin Jameson-is naSroms.
14. iqve, 1.
15. iqve.
16. Kristol, ‘The American Revolution’, 53.
17. Diamond, ‘The Revolution of Sober Expectations’, 73.
18. iqve, 65.
19. Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution (New York: Random House, 1966), 122-123.
20. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Penguin, 1976), 60.
21. Kristol, ‘The American Revolution’, 6.
22. iqve, 61.
23. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Indianapolis: Library of Liberal
Arts, 1955), 197.
24. Thomas Paine, ‘The Rights of Man’, wignSi Thomas Paine: Representative Selections, red.
H. Clark (New York: Hill & Wang, 1967), 159.
25. iqve, 184-185.
26. iqve, 162.
27. iqve, 61.
28. iqve, 70.
29. Tumca, amisda miuxedavad, berki garkveulwilad amerikis momxre
iyo revoluciur omSi, arwmunebda ra sakuTar ers ecnoT amerikis
ukmayofileba kanonierad.
30. John Locke, ‘An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government’,
wignSi Two Treatises on Government (New York: New American Library, 1963), 466.
31. iqve, 463.
514 politika Zaladobis gziT

32. iqve, 452-453.

33. ix. Joseph Cropsey-s Political Philosophy and the Issues of Politics (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1977), 157-162.
34. Jack Goldstone, ‘An Analytical Framework’, wignSi Revolutions of the Late Twentieth
Century, red. J. Goldstone, T. R. Gurr, and F. Moshiri (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press,
1991), 50.
35. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (Garden City, N.Y.:
Doubleday, 1955), 176.
36. James C. Davies, ‘Toward a Theory of Revolution’, American Sociological Review (February
1962): 6.
37. Raymond Tanter and Manus Midlarsky, ‘A Theory of Revolution’, Journal of Conflict
Resolution 11 (1967): 272, cxrili 6.
38. Ted Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1970), 3-21.
39. rogorc Jack A. Goldstone-ma aRniSna wignSi ‘Theories of Revolution: The Third
Revolution’, World Politics (April 1980): 425-453.
40. bolo ori winadadeba warmoadgens J. Goldstone-is, T. R. Gurr-isa da F. Moshiri-s
varauds wignSi Revolutions of the Late Twentieth Century (Boulder, Colo.: Westview
Press, 1991). es sami maxasiaTebeli gansazRvrulia Goldstone-is wignSi An Analytical
Framework, 325.
41. rogorc Goldstone-i aRiarebs 1970 wlidan dawyebuli mis mier revoluciaTa
Seswavla Seesabameba revoluciis miseul zogad gagebas. ix. Goldstone, An Analytical
Framework, 37-38.
42. es msjeloba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy
Implications, 324-352.
43. Barry Schult da Robert Slater, ‘A Framework for Analysis’, wignSi Revolution and Political
Change in the Third World, red. B. Schutz da R. Slater (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner,
1990), 7-9. ix. aseve Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy Implications, 331.
44. 1975 wels wignis Thinking about Crime gamoqveynebidan James Q. Wilson-i Tavis
naSromebSi amerikaSi danaSaulebaTa Sesaxeb xazs usvamda imas, rom axalgazrda
mamakacebis socializacia didi sirTulea kanonmorCil sazogadoebaSi; amJamad,
literaturaSi arsebobs mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, rom am demografiul faqtsac
aqvs gavlena revoluciaze. Seadare Gurr-isa da Goldstone-is Comparisons and Policy
Implications, 335 (romlebmac xazi gausves asaks da ara sqess) da James Q. Wilson-is
Thinking about Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1975).
45. Walter Lacqueur, ‘Revolution’ wignSi International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
(New York: Macmillan/Free Press, 1968), 501. ix. aseve, Robert Hunter-is Revolution:
Why? How? When? (New York: Harper & Row, 1940), 126.
46. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia,
and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 249.
47. Tocqueville, The Old Regime, 176.
48. iqve.
49. iqve, 187.
50. D. E. H. Russell, Rebellion, Revolution and Armed Forces: A Comparative Study of Fifteen
Countries with Special Emphasis on Cuba and South Africa (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press,
1974).
 revolucia 515
51. totalitaruli revoluciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qarizmatuli
lideri. ix. me-3 Tavi.
52. Gurr da Goldstone, Comparisons and Policy Implications, 353-354.
53. iqve, 334.
54. Jose Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (New York: Norton, 1993). pirvelad
daibeWda 1930 wels.
55. citirebulia veb-gverdidan The History Guide, www.history-guide.org/europe/gasset.
html, 2002 wlis 13 maisi.
56. iqve.
 T aavv i XV

terorizmi

sustis iaraRi
iaraR i
ra aris terorizmi?
terorizmis warmoSoba ter-
orizmis logika teroristuli
taqtika teroristuli aqti da
omi teroristuli jgufebis
maxasiaTeblebi terorizmi
alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi.

vin aris teroristi?

teroristebis klasifikacia:
kriminalebi, partizanebi Tu rev-
olucionerebi? teroristis
identificireba

terorizmi da sazogadoeba
axalgazrda rekrutebi teror-
izmis fsiqologia terorizmi
da masmedia

terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola

Sida kanonmdebloba qveynebs So-
ris TanamSromloba unilater-
aluri zomebi terorizmis winaaR-
mdeg ra SeuZlia pirovnebas

SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Se-

kaveba?

516
 terorizmi 517
1993 wlis TebervalSi, qalaq niu-iorkSi mdebare msoflio savaWro cen-
tris Senobis miwisqveSa avtosadgomze afeTqda 1200-futiani bombi, romelic
naqiraveb, yviTel feris satvirTo manqanaSi iyo damontaJebuli. afeTqebam
msoflioSi simaRliT meore Senobis sardafSi myisierad warmoSva 200 futi
radiusis krateri. daSavda aTasze meti adamiani, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom
msxverplis ricxvi didi ar iyo, daiRupa mxolod Svidi. msoflioSi erT-erTi
yvelaze cnobili Senobis da aSS-es ekonomikuri siZlieris simbolos winaaR-
mdeg mimarTulma teroristulma aqtma amerikelebs Soki mihgvara. rva wlis
Semdeg, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers, msoflio savaWro centrze axali teroris-
tuli Tavdasxma ganxorcielda. amjerad Senobebs komerciuli reisis ori,
advilad aalebadi sawvaviT datvirTuli TviTmfrinavi Seejaxa. caTambjen-
ebi mcire xnis ganmavlobaSi iwvoda, Semdeg ki saocari siZlieriT Camoingra,
ramac manhetenis centris didi nawili gaanadgura, SenobebSi myofi aTaso-
biT adamiani imsxverpla, quCebi aTasobiT tona cecxlmodebuli nangreviT
aavso da kvamlis, mtvrisa da ferflis uzarmazari Rrubeli warmoqmna, ro-
melic ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi iyo Camowolili qalaqis Tavze.
1993 wels mravalma amerikelma dasva kiTxva: msoflio savaWro centrze
ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma erTaderTi iyo Tu momavalSic ganmeordebo-
da? male am kiTxvaze pasuxi cxadi gaxda: amerikelebis winaaRmdeg mimarTu-
li teroristuli Tavdasxmebi gaxSirda, rac uamravi adamianis sicocxles
uqmnida safrTxes (ix. cxrili 15-1).

graund z _ nangrevebis grova iq, sadac 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde amayad idga
msoflio savaWro centris caTambjenebi.
518 politika Zaladobis gziT

cxrili 15.1

terorizmis samizne: amerikelebi

aprili, 1983 TviTqmkvlelma aifeTqa Tavi libanSi, bei-

ruTSi, SeerTebuli Statebis saelCoSi. dai-
Rupa 63 adamiani.
oqtomberi, 1983 beiruTSi amerikuli samxedro yazarmebis da
bombvam 229 adamiani imsxverpla.
dekemberi, 1988 niu-iorkSi, msoflio savaWro centris
Senobis miwisqveSa avtosadgomSi afeTqda
avtomanqana. daiRupa 7 adamiani,
daSavda 1042.
Tebervali, 1993 federalurma gamomZieblebma droulad
gadaarCines SeerTebuli Statebi da
mdinare huZonis ori gvirabi muslimi
eqstremistebis mier dagegmili teroris-
tuli aqtisgan.
ivnisi, 1993 manilaSi, filipinebi, policiam daakava
islamis mimdevari teroristuli
dajgufebis wevrebi. isini cdidnen
bombebs, romlebiTac Semdeg apirebdnen
SeerTebuli Statebis sareiso TviTmfri-
navebze Tavdasxmas wynar okeaneze gadaf-
renis dros. am SeTqmulebis lideri,
ramzi ahmed iusefi mogvianebiT paki-
stanSi daakaves. mas bralad edeba msof-
lio savaWro centrze Tavdasxmis dageg-
mvaSi monawileobac.
prili, 1995 oklahomas StatSi oklahoma sitiSi afeT-
qebulma satvirTo manqanam gaanadgura
federaluri Senoba. daiRupa 168
adamiani, daSavda 600-ze meti. damnaSaved
cnes amerikis ori moqalaqe.
noemberi, 1995 saudis arabeTSi, qalaq riadSi mdebare
amerikul samxedro sawvrTnel banak-
Tan afeTqda manqana. daiRupa 5 amerikeli,
daSavda 30.
aprili, 1996 gamoZiebis federalurma biurom
daakava Teodor j. kaZinski da brali
dasdo dajgufeba `unabomberis~ mier
18 wlis ganmavlobaSi Cadenili teroris-
tuli aqtebis dagegmvaSi (kaZinski damna-
Saved cnes).
 terorizmi 519
ivnisi, 1996 saudis arabeTSi, dharanSi, sacxovrebel
kompleqsTan afeTqda danaRmuli satvir-
To manqana. daiRupa 19 amerikeli, daSav-
da 280.
1 ivlisi, 1996 arizonas StatSi, qalaq feniqsSi, fede-
raluri samsaxuris TanamSromlebma
daakaves `vaiper miliciis~ dajgufebis 12
wevri, romlebsac bralad mTavrobis
Senobebis afeTqebis dagegmva edebodaT.
17 ivlisi, 1996 TviTmfrinavi niu-iorkidan afrenis Sem-
deg maleve afeTqda da Camovarda, ramac
230-ve mgzavri imsxverpla. afeTqebis
mizezi dRemde ucnobia.
27 ivlisi, 1996 jorjiis StatSi, atlantaSi, zafxulis
olimpiuri TamaSebis dros, koncertze
afeTqda bombi. daiRupa erTi adamiani,
daSavda 111.
agvisto, 1998 keniasa da tanzaniaSi afeTqeba moxda
SeerTebuli Statebis saelCoebTan.
daiRupa 224 adamiani, romelTa umrav-
leso ba ubralo kenieli iyo.
oqtomberi, 2000 iemenSi, qalaq adenSi, SeerTebuli State-
bis bazaze, danaRmuli katarRis afeT-
qebis Sedegad daiRupa 17 adamiani.
11 seqtemberi, 2001 SeerTebuli Statebis aRmosavleT sanapi-
ros aeroportebidan gaitaces 4 TviT-
mfrinavi: ori msoflio savaWro centris
caTambjenebs Seejaxa da aTasobiT adami-
ani imsxverpla, mesame pentagonis teri-
toriaze Camovarda, meoTxe ki _ pensil-
vaniis StatSi, erT-erT yanaSi.

wyaro: `uol strit jornali~, 29 ivnisi, 1996, gv. 14; `ekonomisti~, 15 seqtem-
beri 2001, gv. 18.

rogorc vxedavT, SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg mravali teroristu-

li Tavdasxmas moxda, Tumca ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze msoflios
zogierT sxva kuTxeSi terorizmis problema kidev ufro mwvaved dgas. ter-
orizmma didi gasaqani hpova mraval ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT
aziisa da afrikis kontinentebze (magaliTad, alJirSi, sadac mTavrobas
yoveldRiurad uxdeba TavdasxmebTan gamklaveba, da israelSi, sadac TviT-
mkvlelebis mier mowyobili afeTqebebi moqalaqeebs mudmiv safrTxes uqm-
nis). sparseTis yuris qveynebis mdgomareobac msgavsia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
CrdiloeT afrikidan sparseTis yuremde mdebare yvela muslimuri qveyana
terorizmis xSiri msxverplia.
520 politika Zaladobis gziT

dRes msoflioSi terorizmisgan daculi ar aris arc erTi qveyana.

ukanaskneli wlebis manZilze teroristuli aqtebi xSiria mraval samxreT-
amerikul qveyanaSi (gansakuTrebiT peruSi, kolumbiasa da meqsikaSi). ter-
orizmisgan dazRveuli arc dasavleT evropis yvelaze ganviTarebuli in-
dustriis mqone qveynebia. amis erT-erT naTeli magaliTia didi britaneTi,
sadac irlandiuri respublikuri armiis (IRA) ultranacionalistebi 1960-
iani wlebidan warmarTaven teroristul kampanias CrdiloeT irlandiaze
(igive olsterze) britanuli kontrolis winaaRmdeg.
terorizmis problema imdenad aqtualuria, rom misi Sedegebis ignori-
reba SeuZlebelia. amaze metyvelebs mravali arc ise gaxmaurebuli da ma-
leve miviwyebuli SemTxveva. magaliTad, 1994 wlis gazafxulze germaniis
policiam aRmoaCina da aRkveTa birTvuli masalebis gayidvis oTxi mcde-
loba, ris Sedegadac SeiZleboda atomuri bombi damzadebuliyo. 1994 wlis
agvistoSi aviakompania lufthanzas moskovi-miunxenis reisze 350 grami
birTvuli sawvavi aRmoaCines. ori dRis Semdeg daakaves germaniis moqalaqe,
romelmac policiis informatorss sufTa plutoniumi miyida.1 aseve did sa-
SiSroebas qmnis biologiuri da qimiuri masalebis gadaxedvis faqtebi Sav
bazarze gayidvis mizniT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom teroristebis mier masobrivi
ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebis mcdeloba mxolod novelebsa da filmeb-
Si aRar gvxvdeba. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikelebma dainaxes, rom aseTi
ram axla ukve savsebiT realur safrTxed iqca.

ra aris terorizmi?

miuxedavad misi aqtualurobisa, terorizmi bundovan cnebad rCeba. zo-

gierTi ganmarteba xazs usvams terorizmis Zalismier meTodebs politikaze
gavlenis mosaxdenad. vebsteris leqsikonis mixedviT, terorizmi aris `Za-
lis an muqaris gamoyeneba daSinebis, gavlenis moxdenis mizniT. igi xSirad
gamoiyeneba rogorc politikuri iaraRi.~ sxva wyaro terorizms ganmar-
tavs, rogorc `udanaSaulo moqalaqeebze ganzrax Tavdasxmas politikuri
miznebiT.~2 terorizmis ganmartebebi mravalricxovania, Tumca maTi umete-
soba ramdenime faqtors iTvaliswinebs, rogoricaa Zaladoba, survili
imisa, rom momxdari faqti gaxmaurdes, politikuri motivi da mosaxleobis
gamiznuli daSineba.3 rogorc am TavSi mogvianebiT vnaxavT, terorizmis Cve-
neuli ganmarteba mis strategiasa da meTodebsac moicavs.
terorizmis ramdenime forma arsebobs.4 zogi mecnieri teroristul mo-
qmedebebs imis mixedviT axarisxebs, (1) aris Tu ara igi romelime mTavro-
bis mier dafinansebuli an ganxorcielebuli an (2) ramden qveyanas moicavs
igi (ix. cxrili 15-2). anu, saxelmwifo terorizmi arsebobs maSin, roca xe-
lisufleba misive qveynis moqalaqeebze axorcielebs teroristul aqtebs,
rogorc es hitleris drois germaniaSi xdeboda. saerTaSoriso terorizms
uwodeben movlenas, roca romelime qveynis xelisufleba Seifarebs saerTa-
Soriso teroristebs (rogorc avRaneTis Talibebis mTavroba moiqca osama
bin ladenTan da organizacia al qaidasTan mimarTebaSi), afinansebs saer-
 terorizmi 521
TaSoriso teroristul operaciebs an raime sxva gziT uWers mxars saerTa-
Soriso terorizms (anu terorizms, romelic mis sazRvrebs gareT xorciel-
deba). civi omis dros SeerTebuli Statebi xSirad adanaSaulebda sabWoTa
kavSirs msoflios sxvadasxva mxareebSi arsebuli antiamerikuli teroris-
tuli dajgufebebis dafinansebasa da iaraRiT daxmarebaSi. sabWoTa kavSiri
am braldebas pasuxobda, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobac mimarTavda
msgavs meTodebs, roca es amerikis interesebSi Sedioda. irani, erayi, libia,
sudani, siria, CrdiloeTi korea da kuba bolo ramdenime welia, SeerTebuli
Statebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli saerTaSoriso terorizmis eWvmit-
anilTa siaSi iricxeba [dReisaTvis am siaSi Sedian: kuba, irani, sudani, siria
_ mTargmn. Sen.]. am siaSi, rasakvirvelia, avRaneTic iyo 2001 wlamde, roca
Talibebis reJimi daemxo.

terorizmi: xuTi ganmarteba

terorizmis ganmarteba Znelia. teroristuli aqtebi did emocias iwvevs

rogorc mis msxverplSi (adamianebSi, vinc fizikurad daSavda an fsiqolo-
giuri travma miiRo), aseve mis uSualo momwyobSic. SeerTebuli Statebis
mTavrobac ki ver Tanxmdeba erTian ganmartebaze. gamonaTqvami _ `is, vinc
erTi adamianisTvis teroristia, sxvisTvis TavisuflebisTvis mebrZolia,~
dResac aqtualuria. gTavazobT terorizmis ramdenime ganmartebas.

terorizmi aris Zaladobis an muqaris gamoyeneba politikuri cvli-

lebis gamowvevis mizniT.
_ braian jenkinsi

terorizmi aris udanaSaulo mosaxleobis mimarT Zaladobis ukanono

gamoyeneba politikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
_ uolter lakeri

terorizmi aris udanaSaulo adamianebis mizanmimarTuli da siste-

maturi mkvleloba, Cagvra da muqara, risi saSualebiTac xdeba mo-
saxleobis daSineba mTavrobaze gavlenis moxdenisa da politikuri an
taqtikuri upiratesobis mopovebis mizniT.
_ jeims m. polani

terorizmi aris politikuri an socialuri miznebiT Zaladobis an

muqaris ukanono gamoyeneba adamianebisa Tu maTi sakuTrebis mimarT.
igi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba romelime qveynis xelisuflebis, indi-
videbis an jgufis dasaSineblad da Sesaviwroveblad an maTi qcevis,
politikis Secvlis mizniT.
_ aSS-s vice-prezidentis operatiuli
samsaxuri, 1986
terorizmi aris adamianebis an maTi sakuTrebis mimarT ganxorciele-
522 politika Zaladobis gziT

buli Zaladobrivi aqti xelisuflebis, mSvidobiani mosaxleobis an

misi romelime nawilis dasaSineblad an Sesaviwroveblad, raime poli-
tikuri an socialuri miznebis misaRwevad.
_ gamoZiebis federaluri biuros ganmarteba

wyaro: adaptirebulia veb gverdidan www.terrorism.com 2002 wlis 18 maisi.

cxrili 15.2

terorizmis klasifikacia

tipi kontroldeba da imarTeba exeba Tu ara

romelime mTavrobis mier? erTze met qveyanas?

saxelmwifo terorizmi ki ara

saerTaSoriso terorizmi ki ki
saSinao terorizmi ara ara
transnacionaluri terorizmi ara ki

wyaroebi: adaptirebulia Charles W. Kegley, Jr., ed., International Terrorism: Characteris-

tics, Causes, Controls (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 5; and Edward Mickolus, ‘Trends in
International Terrorism, in International Terrorism in the Contemporary World, ed. Marius H.
Livingston et al. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978), 45.

saSinao terorizmi erTi qveynis farglebSi xorcieldeba teroristebis

mier, romlebsac mTavrobasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT. Cveulebriv, sa-
Sinao terorizmis mizani mosaxleobaSi SiSisa da uTanxmoebis gamowveva da
arsebuli politikuri institutebis diskreditaciaa. inglisis, espaneTisa
da dasavleTis bevri sxva qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi aseTi
terorizmi sakmaod iSviaTi iyo 1995 wlamde, roca oklahoma sitis federal-
uri ofisis Senoba aafeTqes, xolo 1996 wlis zafxulSi atlantaSi olimpi-
uri TamaSebis dros bombi afeTqda. transnacionaluri terorizmi maSin
Cndeba, roca sxvadasxva qveynis teroristuli dajgufebebi, romlebsac
arc erTi mTavroba ar afinansebs, erTmaneTTan iwyeben TanamSromlobas, an
aseTi dajgufebebis teroristuli operaciebi erTi saxelmwifo sazRvrebs
scildeba.
Tanamedrove terorizmis globalurma xasiaTma terorizmis saSinao da
saerTaSoriso formebs Soris arsebuli zRvari kidev ufro bundovani gaxa-
da.5 SegviZlia, klasifikaciis sxva meTodi vcadoT da teroristuli aqtebi,
romlebic ar aris romelime mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli an ganxorciele-
buli, antisaxelmwifoebriv terorizmSi gavaerTianoT. es ukanaskneli,
 terorizmi 523
Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba or saxeobad davyoT: dajgufebebi, romlebic sakuTar
samSobloze politikuri kontrolis dabrunebas cdiloben, rogorc baskebi
espaneTSi, irlandieli kaTolikeebi CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, Tamilebi Sri-
lankaze, siqhebi indoeTSi da CeCnebi ruseTSi. isini nacionalistur-sepa-
ratistul terorizms axorcieleben. am tipis terorizmi, rogorc wesi,
romelime erTi qveynis sazRvrebs ar scildeba, Tumca xSirad xdeba ise,
rom teroristebi sxva radikaluri dajgufebebisgan, ucxoeli kerZo do-
norebisgan an sxva qveynebis mTavrobisganac ki iReben fuls, iaraRsa da sxva
saxis daxmarebas. xolo is dajgufebebi, romlebic sazogadoebis destabi-
lizacias raime abstraqtuli rwmenis safuZvelze cdiloben, ideologiur
terorizms axorcieleben. ideologia SeiZleba marqsizmis an islamis rome-
lime ganStoebas warmoadgendes,6 an STagonebad faSizmi an anarqizmi edos.
magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT `wiTeli armiis fraqcia~ germaniaSi, `wiTe-
li brigadebi~ italiaSi, `naTeli biliki~ peruSi, `islamuri jihadi~ egvip-
teSi, osama bin ladenis `al qaida~ da aseve, ramdenime ukiduresi memarjvene
dajgufeba SeerTebul StatebSi. xSirad, aseT dajgufebebsac aqvT saerTa-
Soriso kavSirebi.
zogjer terorizmi SeiZleba erTdroulad nacionalistur-separatis-
tulic iyos da ideologiuric. amis magaliTia hamasi (islamuri winaaRmde-
gobis moZraoba), romelic daupirispirda mSvidobian molaparakebebs is-
raelsa da palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizacias Soris israelis mier
okupirebuli _ md. iordanes dasavleT napirisa da Razas seqtoris Sesaxeb.
hamasi nacionalistur-separatistuli moZraobaa, romelic israelis ga-
nadgurebasa da mis adgilas radikaluri islamuri qveynis Seqmnas cdilobs.
magram misi motivacia amavdroulad ideologiuricaa, kerZod ki igi islam-
uri fundamentalizmis erT-erT ganStoebas eyrdnoba, romelic momxreebs
mouwodebs eqstremizmisa da jihadisken (wminda omisaken). hamasis magaliTi
naTlad gviCvenebs, rom terorizmis ganmarteba SedarebiT ufro advilia,
vidre misi klasifikacia, radgan zogi teroristi erTdroulad ramdenime
kategorias miekuTvneba.

terorizmis warmoSoba

terorizmsa da religiur fundamentalizms Soris kavSiri namdvilad ar-

sebobs _ islamuri eqstremizmi amis naTeli magaliTia. Tumca, bevri teror-
isti religiuri ar aris. teroristuli aqtebis realur ganxorcielebamdec
religiuri fundamentalistebis Zalian mcire nawili midis. amasTan, aRsan-
iSnavia isic, rom terorizmis warmoSoba SegviZlia religias davukavSiroT,
ufro konkretulad ki sam saidumloebiT mocul religiur seqtas.7
Tugebi erT-erTi induisturi seqtis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. religi-
uri mosazrebis safuZvelze saukuneebis manZilze maT aTasobiT adamiani
Seiwires. es seqta sabolood mecxramete saukuneSi daiSala. zelotebi,
ebraelTa eqstremistuli dajgufebis wevrebi, Zv.w. 66-73 wlebSi sxva reli-
giis warmomadgenlebs xocavdnen da kerpTayvanismcemeli romis winaaRmdeg
524 politika Zaladobis gziT

ajanyebis dawyebas cdilobdnen. meTerTmete saukunis dasawyisSi asasineb-

ma, Siituri muslimuri seqtis warmomadgenlebma, islamis `ganwmendis~
mizniT, sxva religiebis uamravi warmomadgenlis sicocxle Seiwires. gvian
Sua saukuneebSi da Semdeg, reformaciis periodSi, warmoiSva mravali sisx-
lismRvreli qristianuli seqtac.8
Tanamedrove revoluciuri terorizmi xSirad naklebad ukavSirdeba
religiur motivs, razec metyvelebs safrangeTis revoluciis liderebi-
sa da mecxramete saukunis rusi anarqistebis naSromebi da moRvaweoba.9
zogi eqsperti mimCnevs, rom Tanamedrove terorizms safuZveli 1960-iani
wlebis bolos Caeyara; zogi misi Casaxvis wlad konkretulad 1968 welsac
ki asaxelebs. 1960-iani wlebis bolos moxda rasistuli dapirispirebebi
SeerTebul StatebSi, konfliqtis eskalacia vietnamSi da arabeTsa da is-
raels Soris eqvsdRiani omi (1967 weli). dRevandeli terorizmi nawilo-
briv ganapiroba 1968 wels momxdarma Semdegma movlenebma:

samma palestinelma teroristma israelis samgzavro TviTmfrinavi gaita-

ca da mis ekipaJs alJirSi Cafrena aiZula. es sahaero mekobreobis erT-
erTi pirveli SemTxveva iyo.
dasavleT germaniaSi baader-mainhofis bandis wevrebma pirveli teror-
istuli aqti ganaxorcieles _ frankfurtSi dawves maRazia.
iasir arafati, israelis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli brZolis mxardamWeri,
palestinis gaTavisuflebis organizaciis lideri gaxda.
martin luTer kingis mkvlelobam SeerTebul StatebSi ganapiroba iseTi
Sida teroristuli dajgufebebis warmoqmna, rogorebicaa `Savi pantere-
bi~ da `uezermeni~ [`amindis mTqmeli~ _ saxeli momdinareobs bob dilanis
erT-erTi simReridan _ mTargmn. Sen.].10

amas garda, terorizmisTvis xelsayrel garemos Seqmnas sul cota samma is-
toriulma faqtorma Seuwyo xeli. pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom atomur
epoqaSi samxedro dapirispirebebisa da konfliqtebis globaluri saSiSroe-
ba uzomod gaizarda (Cveulebrivi konfliqti an omi, vTqvaT, pakistansa da
indoeTs Soris, dRes SeiZleba, msoflio omad gadaiqces). amitom qveynebi,
romelTa interesebic garkveul teroristul dajgufebaTa miznebs emTxveva,
zogjer am dajgufebebs moraluri, finansuri an samxedro mxardaWeriT uz-
runvelyofen. amgvarad, terorizmi garkveulwilad qveynebs Soris SeiaraRe-
buli konfliqtis damxmare saSualebad iqca. terorizmis xelSemwyob meore
istoriul faqtorad davasaxelebT evropuli kolonializmis dasrulebas,
ramac mraval axladSeqmnil qveyanas mosagvareblad dautova uamravi teri-
toriuli, nacionaluri da religiuri konfliqti. Sedegad, am qveynebSi da
maT Soris gaCaRda teroristuli qmedebebiT gajerebuli omebis seria. ada-
mianis uflebebisa da sicocxlis mimarT demokratiuli sazogadoebebis gan-
sakuTrebuli pativiscema mesame faqtorad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, radgan aman
gamoiwvia is, rom teroristulma SemTxvevebma masmediisTvis prioritetuli
mniSvneloba SeiZina. amitom, 1960-iani wlebidan aseTi incindentebi farTo-
daa gaxmaurebuli, rac teroristebisTvis xelsayreli reklamaa.
 terorizmi 525

sqema 15-1. saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebi 1981-dan 2000 wlis CaTvliT.

wyaro: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis koordinaciis ofisi,
`globaluri terorizmis maxasiaTeblebi~, www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2452.
htm, 2002 wlis 14 maisi.

terorizmi da kontrterorizmi, anu terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola

masStabur industriad XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi iqca. arsebobs monaceme-
bi, romelTa mixedviT teroristuli incidentebis ricxvi 1971-1985 wlebs
Soris aTjer gaizarda.11 teroristuli aqtebis raodenoba 1980-ian wlebSi
da mis Semdegac sakmaod didia (sqema. 15-1). Tumca, sxvadasxva monacemSi es
raodenoba ganxsvavebulia, rasac, sxva mizezebTan erTad, terorizmis gan-
sxvavebuli ganmartebebi ganapirobebs. `risks interneiSenalis~ monaceme-
biT, magaliTad, 1985 wels momxdari teroristuli SemTxvevebis raodenoba
3000-s aWarbebs, SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis maCvenebeli ki oTxjer da-
balia.12
asea Tu ise, terorizmi gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis Semdeg Zlier gan-
viTarda da dRemde realur safrTxes warmoadgens. 2001 wels SeerTebuli
StatebisTvis is upirveles safrTxed iqca. manamde ki terorizmi bevrad aq-
tualur problema iyo dasavleT evropis, samxreT amerikisa da aziis qvey-
nebisTvis (sqema 15-2). (sakvirvelia, magram 1990-iani wlebis bolos teror-
izmi axlo aRmosavleTSi bevrad iSviaTi movlena iyo, vidre msoflios sxva
regionebSi, CrdiloeT amerikis garda).

terorizmis logika

xSirad teroristuli aqtebis mizani SiSis da gaurkvevlobis atmosfer-

os Seqmnaa, ris Sedegadac mosaxleobas moqmedi mTavrobis mimarT ndoba ek-
argeba da mas mxars aRar uWers. teroristebi Zaladobas fsiqologiur iara-
526 politika Zaladobis gziT

Rad iyeneben.
teroristebi kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegebian status kvos: isini cvli-
lebebis an qaosis, rogorc TviTmizanis an rogorc sasurveli cvlilebis
winapirobis miRwevas cdiloben. teroristebi arsebul viTarebas dauSve-
blad miiCneven da dakarguli aqvT imedi, rom maTTvis sasurveli cvlilebe-
bi protestis gamoxatvis mSvidobiani meTodebis an politikuri qmedebebis
Sedegad moxdeba. xSirad teroristebis mizani imdenad revoluciis moxdena
ar aris, ramdenadac mTavrobis mxridan represiuli qmedebebis provocire-
ba, ris Sedegadac mTavroba susti da ususuri Cans. amgvarad, maTi azriT,
safuZveli eyreba momaval revolucias.

saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebis saerTo

raodenoba regionebis mixedviT, 1995-2000

sqema 15-2. saerTaSoriso teroristuli aqtebis saerTo raodenoba regionebis

mixedviT, 1995-2000
wyaro: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis koordinaciis ofisi,
`globaluri terorizmis maxasiaTeblebi~, www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2452.
htm, 2002 wlis 14 maisi.
 terorizmi 527
terorizmi xSirad ara yvelaze usamarTlo, aramed yvelaze susti xelisuf-
lebis mqone qveynebSi gvxvdeba. terorizmis erT-erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs:
`Cvens droSi terorizmisgan yvelaze daculi sazogadoebebi swored isinia,
sadac politikaSi Cartulobis done dabalia da usamarTlobis done _ maRa-
li~.13 SegviZlia davamatoT, rom teroristuli Tavdasxmebis yvelaze xSiri
obieqtebi is sazogadoebebia, romlebSic politikaSi monawileobis done
maRalia, usamarTlobisa ki _ dabali. SeerTebuli Statebi da gaerTianeb-
uli samefo samxedro da ekonomikuri standartebiT sustebi namdvilad ar
arian, magram terorizmi orive am qveynisTvis aqtualuri problemaa.

teroristuli taqtika

terorizms xSirad uwodeben sustebis iaraRs ZlierTa winaaRmdeg. ter-

oristuli aqtebis ganxorcieleba im individebisTvis da patara dajgufe-
bebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic resursebis naklebobas ganicdian.
maTi samizneebi, rogorc wesi, daucvelia. terorizms didi fuli ar sWird-
eba, is SeiZleba iseT qmedebebs efuZnebodes, romlebic Cveulebriv dana-
SaulTan asocirdeba (magaliTad, SeiaraRebul ZarcvasTan).
teroristTa iaraRi xSirad iaffasiani da TviTnakeTia (magaliTad, pa-
tara zomis cecxlsasroli iaraRi da dinamiti), magram, rogorc viciT, isini
zogjer Zalian masStaburi da daxvewilicaa (magaliTad, samgzavro TviT-
mfrinavebi, romlebsac samiznis gasanadgureblad iyeneben an cimbiruli
wylulis (jilexis) sasikvdilo virusi). teroristuli meTodebi ukve sak-
maod nacnobi gaxda. rkinigzis xalxmraval sadgurebze bombis damontaJeba,
mdidari biznesmenebis gataceba da samgzavro TviTmfrinavebis afeTqeba
sakvirvel an Tundac uCveulo movlenebad ukve aRar migvaCnia.
teraqtebis obieqti, Cveulebriv, mSvidobiani mosaxleobaa, magram
zogjer maTi samizne msoflio liderebic xdebian. teroristul dajgufe-
bebs bralad edebaT mravali adamianis mkvleloba. maT Sorisaa italiis yo-
fili premier-ministri aldo moro (1978), dedofal elisabedis biZaSvili,
erl mauntbateni (1979), egviptis prezidenti anvar sadaTi (1981), indoeTis
premier-ministri indira gandi (1984) da misi Svili, yofili premier-minis-
tri rajiv gandi (1991). teroristebma aseve scades romis papis ioane pavle II-
is (1981), britaneTis yofili premier-ministris, margaret tetCerisa (1984)
da misi Semcvlelis, jon meijoris (1991) mokvla. SesaZloa (Tumca dazuste-
buli ar aris), 11 seqtembris teraqtis erT-erTi obieqti TeTri saxlic yo-
filiyo. Tu asea, teroristebs, albaT, SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis
mokvlis imedic hqondaT.
urTierTdamokidebuleba teroristul meTodebsa da maT obieqtebs So-
ris kargad Cans brazilieli teroristis, karlos marigelas civ da saSiS
nawarmoebSi ` saxelmZRvanelo urbanuli partizanuli omebisaTvis~, ro-
melic 48 gverdSi aswavlis moyvarul teroristebsa da revolucionerebs
xidebis afeTqebis, gatacebisa da bankebis gaZarcvis saSualebiT fulis Sov-
nasa da mtrebis `fizikur likvidacias~. wignSi uamravi `rCevaa~, magaliTad,
528 politika Zaladobis gziT

manqanis, TviTmfrinavisa da gemis marTvis swavla; meqanikuri da radiogad-

amcemi mowyobilobebis teqnikis daufleba; fizikuri formis SenarCuneba;
fotografiisa da qimiis Seswavla; `kaligrafiis srulyofili codnis~ SeZe-
na; farmakologiis, pirveladi daxmarebisa an medicinis Seswavla. wigni aseve
xazs usvams, rom saWiroa pirvelma daartya da amasTan, sworad daumizno.
ZiriTadaT, teroristebi politikuri aqtivobis yvela sxva formasTan
SedarebiT upiratesobas Zaladobas aniWeben. metic, iseTi revolucionere-
bi, rogoric marigelaa, Zaladobas miiCneven ara aucilebel sisastiked,
aramed gaTavisuflebisa da Semoqmedebis pozitiur formad.14 marigelas
azriT, terorizmi maSin aris warmatebuli, roca strategia da taqtika er-
Tiandeba:

`mTavrobas represiis gaZlierebis garda sxva alternativa ar

gaaCnia. policiis patrulireba, saxlebis gaCxreka, udanaSaulo ada-
mianebis dapatimreba qalaqSi cxovrebas autanels xdis. mTavroba war-
moCndeba, rogorc usamarTlo, problemis gadaWris unaris armqone...
politikuri situacia samxedro situaciad gardaiqmneba, roca Za-
lovanebi sul ufro xSirad uSveben Secdomebs da iyeneben Zalado-
bas... pacifistebi da memarjvene oportunistebi... erTiandebian, da
jalaTebs arCevnebs sTxoven.~15

urbanuli (saqalaqo) partizanuli omebis momxreebi uaryofen egreT

wodebul `politikur gamosavals~ da ufro metad emxrobian agresiasa da
Zaladobas, mimarTaven sabotaJs, terorizms, eqspropriacias, Tavdasxmebs,
gatacebebsa da mkvlelobebs, amZafreben problemebs, romelsac mTavroba
unda gaumklavdes.16
urbanuli partizanuli jgufi, saxelad `tupamarosi,~ 1963-1972 wlebSi
urugvais aterorebda mTavrobis gadagdebis mizniT. `tupamarosi~ marige-
las revoluciuri principebis xorcSesxma iyo da STagonebis wyarod iqca
mTeli msoflios teroristebisa da eqtremistebistebisTvis. aRsaniSnavia,
rom `tupamarosis~ safrTxes urugvaiSi mxolod mas Semdeg moeRo bolo,
rac misi wevrebis umravlesoba mTavrobis masStaburi operaciis Sedegad
daixoca. dRes urugvai mSvidobiani, demokratiuli qveyanaa.

teroristuli aqtebi da omi

al qaidas moqmedebas, roca misma mebrZolebma 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers

gaitaces oTxi komerciuli TviTmfrinavi, sami maTgani warmatebiT Seajaxes
xalxiT savse Senobebs _ mxolod gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT Tu vuwodebT
saomar moqmedebas. isini am dros teroristul aqts axorcielebdnen. rode-
sac 1941 wlis 7 dekembers iaponelma kamikaZe pilotebma saomari TviTmfri-
navebi perl harborTan amerikul samxedro gemebs Seajaxes, es, upirveles
yovlisa, saomari moqmedeba iyo da mxolod SemTxveviT _ teroristuli
aqti, Tu saerTod SeiZleba mas teroristuli aqti ewodos. iaponelTa mou-
 terorizmi 529
lodneli Tavdasxma zustad iqna Sesrulebuli: erTi xelis mosmiT maT Ca-
Zires aSS-is wynari okeanis flotis saomar gemTa didi nawili. omis Jargo-
niT, es Tavdasxma winmswrebi dartymis klasikuri magaliTia. rac ar unda
saSineli da veraguli yofiliyo amerikelTaTvis im dros es operacia, is Za-
lian warmatebuli iyo, rogorc strategiuli movlena (cxadia, mTliani omis
perspeqtivaSi, is gansxvavebul aspeqts iZens: man moaxerxa amerikeli xalxis
gamowveva ise, rogorc sxva veraferi SeZlebda amas da mwvane Suqi aunTo
prezident ruzvelts, raTa daesva sakiTxi kongresSi iaponiisa da germani-
isaTvis omis gamocxadebis Taobaze).
am or movlenas _ 11 seqtembris Tavdasxmebsa da perl harbors _ xSirad
erTmaneTs adareben, magram isini, cxadia, gansxvavebul kategoriebs gane-
kuTvnebian. perl harbori iyo Sedegi im gadawyvetilebisa, romelic miiRes
aSS-sTan im dros diplomatiuri urTierTobebis mqone saxelmwifoTa mTav-
robebma da umaRlesma samxedro pirebma: amas, yovelgvar eWvs gareSe, Sei-
Zleba saomari moqmedeba vuwodoT. metic, dartyma mimarTuli iyo samxedro
samizneebze _ iaponel pilotebs SeeZloT samoqalaqo samizneebisaTvisac
daertyaT havais kunZulebze, magram isini ase ar moqceulan. da bolos, es
Tavdasxmebi ar ganxorcielebula imisaTvis, rom destabilizacia gamoewvia
da daemxo aSS-is an nebismieri sxva qveynis xelisufleba. misi mizani iyo gae-
nadgurebina aSS-is sazRvao Zalebi wynar okeaneSi da amiT Tavidan aecile-
bina amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Careva iaponiis gegmebSi aziis imperial-
isturi gadanawilebis Taobaze.
11 seqtembris Tavdasxma am sam arguments mwvaved upirispirdeba. is ar
iyo SemuSavebuli da ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifos mier (Tumca, avRaneTma
TavSesafari misca al qaidas qselis wamyvan liderebsa da mis bevr mebrZols).
teraqti, ZiriTadad, mimarTuli iyo samoqalaqo pirebis winaaRmdeg. es Tav-
dasxma miznad isaxavda aSS-is sisustis gamoaSkaravebas, misi mTavrobis Ser-
cxvenas, amerikis ekonomikuri ZalisTvis Ziris gamoTxrasa da pentagonis
imijis dakninebas rogorc sakuTar qveyanaSi, ise sazRvargareT. amasTan, es
Tavdasxmebi ganxorcielda osama bin ladenis radikaluri islamizmis mxar-
dasaWerad, raTa maT sabolood daemxoT e.w. `moRalate~ mTavrobebi arabul
samyaroSi (maT Soris bin ladenis samSobloSi _ saudis arabeTSi).

teroristuli jgufebis maxasiaTeblebi

msoflioSi 600-ze meti teroristuli dajgufeba arsebobs.17 rogorc

wesi, isini mcirericxovanni da mWidrod Sekrulni arian, maTi ricxvi 100-
ze met wevrs iSviaTad scildeba da ZiriTadad ramdenime aTeulze naklebs
iTvlis. yvelaze cnobil teroristul dajgufebTagan bevri axlo aRmosav-
leTSi gvxvdeba da dakavSirebulia islamur fundamentalizmTan (abu ni-
dalis organizacia, al qaida, islamuri jihadi, hezbola (RvTis partia) da
hamasi). radganac es dajgufebebi eTnikurad da politikurad homogenuria
_ zogjer misi wevrebi erTmaneTis axlo megobrebi da naTesavebic ki arian
_ uaRresad Znelia am teroristul qselebSi SeRweva da maTi kontroli.
530 politika Zaladobis gziT

xSirad amisaTvis dazvervis saukeTeso samsaxurebi erTad muSaoben.

2001 wlis dekemberSi, bin ladenis videoCanaweris gavrcelebis Semdeg,
msofliom Seityo, rom al qaida moqmedebs ,,icode, rac saWiroas~ princip-
iT, mkacrad icavs da anawevrebs informacias organizaciis SigniT ierar-
qiebs Sorisac ki. es Zalian waagavs oficialuri sadazvervo samsaxurebis
praqtikas. kontrdazvervasTan amgvari msgavseba arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa
teroristuli jgufebisa da qselebis warmatebisa da gadarCenisaTvis, gan-
sakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, rodesac aSS-Si, evropaSi, arabul samyarosa da
danarCen msoflioSi usafrTxoebis zomebi uaRresad gamkacrebulia.

saudeli mdidari osama bin ladeni aSS-ze ganxorcielebuli teroris-

tuli Setevebis sulisCamdgmeli iyo. es Tavdasxma msoflio savaWro
centris ganadgurebiT dasrulda.

amis gaTvaliswinebiTac teroristuli dajgufebebis arsebobis xan-

grZlivoba xuTidan aT wlamde meryeobs. maTi liderebic ver inarCuneben
Zalauflebas ramdenime welze met xans (Tumca, aqac arsebobs gamonaklise-
bi. abu nidali, burusiT moculi figura, 1980-ian wlebSi samogzauro gemis
`aCile lauros~ gatacebisa da romisa da venis aeroportebze Tavdasxmebis
iniciatori [abu nidali gaurkvevel viTarebaSi daiRupa 2002 wels, baRdadSi
_ mTargmn. Sen.]. aseve, osama bin ladeni, al qaidas damfuZnebeli da pirve-
li figura). teroristuli jgufebi iSviaTad moqmedeben mudmivi adgilsa-
myofelidan. teroristebi SedarebiT mcire wvrTnas gadian, ar iyeneben rTul
iaraRs, aqvT xelsawyoebi, rogorsac Ceulebrivi qurdebi floben, zogierTi
maTganis Sovna SeiZleba nebismier sabiTumo teqnikis maRaziaSi. cxadia, es
 terorizmi 531
daxasiaTeba ar miesadageba 11 seqtembris Tavdasxmebis organizatorebs.

terorizmi alJirSi: Tanamedrove magaliTi

1990-ian wlebis alJirSi Zneli iyo xazis gavleba islamur fundamenta-

lizmsa da terorizms Soris an revoluciasa da samoqalaqo oms Soris.
alJiri yvelaze cxadad warmogvidgens im tendenciebs, romlebic arabul sa-
myaroSi aRiniSneba, magaliTad egviptesa da saudis arabeTSi, sadac teror-
izmi iqca eqstremistuli dajgufebebis erTgvar taqtikad (isini iRvwodnen
regionSi samoqalaqo xelisuflebebis dasamxobad).
xangrZlivi revoluciuri brZolis Semdeg, 1962 wels, alJirma safrange-
Tisgan damoukidebloba moipova. amis Semdeg qveyanas daaxloebiT 30 weli
umetesad promarqsistuli samxedro pirebi marTavdnen, ris gamoc muslim-
uri fundamentalizmis ukmayofileba saxifaTod gaizarda. am mRelvarebis-
gan warmoiSva politikuri organizacia islamis gadarCenis fronti. mogvi-
anebiT, 1991 wels, rodesac alJirSi pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi
Catarda, frontma pirvelsave turSi miaRwia warmatebas. Tumca, 1992 wels
samxedroebma gaauqmes arCevnebis Sedegebi da daniSnes axali prezidenti. am
cinikurma aqtma frontis radikalizacia gamoiwvia da iatakqveSa organiza-
ciis Seqmnisken ubiZga. metic, man daanawevra SeiaraRebuli islamisturi
moZraoba da pirveloba yvelaze eqstremalur jihadur elementebs _ to-
taluri terorizmis momxreebs dauTmo. 1992 wlis bolos warmoiSva Seiara-
Rebuli islamisturi dajgufeba rogorc mkvlelTa, sisxlismRvrelTa or-
ganizacia _ nak-lebad Zaladobrivi da ukompromiso gadarCenis frontis
alternativa.
policiaze, usafrTxoebis Zalebsa da samTavrobo pirebze islamisturi
dajgufebebis pirvel TavdasxmebTan erTad, alJirSi teroristuli koS-
mari daiwyo. sul male teroristebma mizanSi sxva dajgufebebic amoiRes.
1993-94 wlebSi aTobiT Tavdasxma ganxorcielda opoziciur dajgufebe-
bze, ucxoelebze, inteligenciaze, Jurnalistebsa da ubralo moqalaqee-
bze. 1995-dan 1998 wlamde teroristul aqtTa mxolod 25% iyo mimarTuli
usafrTxoebis ZalTa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa winaaRmdeg, danar-
Ceni 75% ki _ moqalaqeebze (ix. cxrili 15-3). skolebi da skolis personali
Tavdamsxmelebis `sayvarel~ samizneTa Soris iyvnen.
roca strategia Seicvala da teroristebis samizneSi moqalaqeebi mo-
eqcnen, Seic vala ajanyebulTa taqtikac. 1996 wels ufro meti iyo afeTqe-
ba, vidre mkvleloba, sisxlismRvreli Setakebebi samarTaldamcavebTan da
organizebuli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi (ix. cxrili 15-4). adre, ZiriTa-
dad, samTavrobo Senobebsa da policiis ganyofilebebs afeTqebdnen. 1990-
iani wlebis Sua ricxvebidan gaxSirda bazrebis, kinoTeatrebis, restor-
nebisa da skolebis afeTqebebi.
alJiris islamuri moZraobis Sesaxeb axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis xeli-
suflebaTa cnobebis Tanaxmad:
532 politika Zaladobis gziT

Zaladobam sisastikis ukidures dones miaRwia masobriv sasaklaoTa

seriebSi, romelic dawyo 1996 wlis bolos. 1996 wlis noembridan 1999
wlis ivlisamde sul mcire 67 masobrivi mkvleloba moxda. maTi umete-
soba 1997 wels aRiniSna (41 Setakeba). am SetakebebSi monawileobdnen
avtomatebiT, yumbarebiT, danebiTa da najaxebiT SeiaraRebuli samx-
edro aqtivistebi. isini Tavs esxmodnen soflebs RamiT, raTa amoexo-
caT macxovreblebi. xSirad maT Cexavdnen da yels Radidnen. daucveli
iyo sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebi, samxedro aqtivistebi gegmavdnen
specialuri samizneebis, magaliTad, saxelmwifo moxeleebis an maRali
samxedro Cinis mqone pirebis likvidacias.18

cxrili 15.3

alJireli islamisti aqtivistebis samizneebi 1992-dan 1998 wlamde*

weli policia samTav- opozici- ucxoe- inteli- moqala- sul

da robo uri lebi gencia qeebi
samarTal- pirebi dajgu- da Jurna-
damcavebi febebi listebi

1992 28 1 0 2 2 5 38
1993 43 26 1 10 7 1 88
1994 25 18 12 19 15 14 103
1995 31 17 11 10 27 37 133
1996 18 8 3 3 6 49 87
1997 19 5 3 0 0 98 125
1998 7 0 0 0 0 60 67
sul 171 75 30 44 57 264 641

* dadgenilia TiToeul kategoriaSi calkeuli Tavdasxmebis ricxvTa da ara msxver-

plTa mTliani raodenobis mixedviT.
wyaroebi: monacemebi Segrovilia Middle East Journal da Middle East International-is
qronologiis seqciebidan. aq mocemulia mxolod iseTi SemTxvevebi, romlebSic dad-
genilia movlenis TariRi da adgilmdebareoba. bevri incidenti ar aris Setanili
am cxrilSi, radgan isini ar uzrunvelyofen sakmaris informacias misi sandoobis
dasamtkiceblad. imis miuxedavad, rom es procedura saTanadod ver afasebs alJirSi
Zaladorbriv incidentebs, is sakmaod sandod asaxavs Zaladobis tendenciebs.

alJiris mTavroba yovelive amas upirispirdeboda Zalismieri politikiT

_ teroristTa adgilze likvidaciiT. mogvianebiT man dado politikuri
reformis piroba. 1996 wlis noemberSi umravlesobam aRiara mTavrobis mier
mxadaWerili sakonstitucio cvlilebebi, romlebic xalxSic popularobiT
sargeblobda. cvlilebebs alJirs SezRuduli demokratiisaken mihyavda.
mTavrobam SeZlo Seemcirebina islamisturi radikaluri dajgufebebi, Sein-
 terorizmi 533
arCuna Zalaufleba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi da akrZala religiaze
dafuZnebuli yvela saxis politikuri partia (amrigad, 1997 wlis ivlisis
arCevnebis dros islamis gadarCenis frontsa da mis msgavs dajgufebebs
ufleba ar hqondaT TavianTi kandidaturebi wamoeyenebinaT, SeeZloT mx-
olod mosaxleobisaTvis arCevnebis boikotisken mowodeba).
frontma uaryo da gaakritika axali konstitucia da ganagrZo brZola
reJimis winaaRmdeg 1997 wlis seqtembramde, rodesac misma SeiaraRebulma
frTam, islamis gadarCenis armiam, cecxlis Sewyveta gamoacxada. magram
yvelaze sisxlian masobriv mkvlelobebSi ara gadarCenis armiis, aramed is-
lamuri dajgufebis TavzexelaRebul banditTa da fanatikosTa jgufebi
monawileobdnen. mTavrobis wevrebs surdaT teroristTa moZebna da likvi-
dacia da ara maTTan molaparakeba. arci isini iyvnen kompromisis momxre.

cxrili 15.4

alJireli islamistebis meTodebi 1992-98 wlebis ajanyebis dros*

weli mSvidobiani Zaladobrivi afeTqeba mkvleloba da sul

demosnt- Setakeba da SeiaraRebuli
racia sabotaJi Setakeba

1992 5 15 10 14 44
1993 0 19 4 62 85
1994 0 16 10 73 99
1995 0 8 43 68 119
1996 0 9 42 25 76
1997 0 10 34 63 107
1998 0 11 22 46 79
sul 5 88 165 351 609

* monacemebi Segrovilia imave gziT, rogorc 15-3 cxrilis monacemebi

1999 wlis saprezidento arCevnebma yinuli gaalRo. mTavrobam gaaTavi-

sufla ramdenime politpatimari da mxari dauWira samoqalaqo Serigebis/
mSvidobis aRdgenis kanons. amiT, amnistia vrceldeboda ajanyebulebze,
romlebsac ar miuRiaT monawileoba sisatikeSi, vandalur aqtebSi. gadar-
Cenis armiamac isargebla amnistiiT da 1999 wels daiwyo Tavisi samxedro
aqtivistebis demobilizacia saxelmwifos zedamxedvelobis qveS. aTasobiT
aqtivistma isargebla reJimis mier miniWebuli amnistiiT. 2000 wlis dasawy-
isidan islamisturi dajgufebis aqtivistebmac daiwyes cecxlis Sewyvetis ga-
mocxadeba. amis miuxedavad, alJirSi masobrivi Jletis kidev ramdenime faqti
534 politika Zaladobis gziT

dafiqsirda, Tumca ufro iSviaTad, vidre sisxlian _1994-1998 wlebSi.

mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi alJiri itanjeboda seriozuli ekonomi-
kuri da socialuri problemebiT. gazisa da navTobis didi maragis miuxeda-
vad, alJirSi adamianebi ukidures siRaribeSi cxovroben. umuSevroba 25%-s
aRwevs. 1997 wels mosaxleobis naxevarze meti 20 welze axalgazrda iyo (es
mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac umuSevroba yvelaze mtkivneulad ax-
algazrdobas awveba tvirTad. amas SeuZlia nawilobriv axsnas, ratom aris
amdeni teroristi da revolucioneri axalgazrda). metic, saxezea mougva-
rebeli eTnikuri dayofa. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia berberebi, romlebic
umciresobas warmoadgenen da Tavs gaucxoebulad da daCagrulad grZno-
ben. es grZnoba ufro intensiuri gaxda, mas mere, rac alJirma arabuli
oficialur enad gamoacxada, riTac gaaRiziana berberulad da frangulad
molaparakeni. am problemebis ignorireba grZeldeba, radgan reJimi yur-
adRebas amaxvilebs mxolod militaristi islamistebisgan Seqmnil safrTx-
eze, romlebic cdiloben alJiri Teokratiul saxelmwifod gardaqmnan.

vin arian teroristebi?

normalur qveynebSi wynarad mcxovrebi adamianebisaTvis Znelia 1990-ian

wlebSi alJirSi ganviTarebul saSinelebaTa gageba. vin arian am teroristu-
li aqtebis ganmaxorcieleblebi? saidan modian isini? riT gansxvavdebian
teroristebi Cveulebrivi kriminalebisgan, partizanebisa an revolucio-
nerebisgan? ra aiZulebs adamianebs, mimarTon terors?

teroristebis klasifikacia: kriminalebi,

partizanebi Tu revolucionerebi?

ra aris terorizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli? terorizmi da fanatizmi

erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa asocirebuli. magram rogor SeiZleba am saxis fa-
natizmis gageba? aSS-is sagareo politika terorizms epyroba, rogorc
politikur fenomens, teroristebs ki politikuri saqmianobisaTvis Ziris
gamomTxrel adamianebad Tvlis. es midgoma xazs usvams mTlianad teroriz-
mis aralegalurobas da mxars uWers masTan brZolas swrafi dasjiTa da Ses-
aferisi sifrTxiliT. am midgomis kritikosebi (maT Soris evropisa da natos
wevri ramdenime qveyana) terorizms, upirveles yovlisa, sazogadoebriv
problemad miiCneven. imis miuxedavad, rom es qveynebi ar arian teroristTa
dasjis winaaRmdegni (da amas Tavadac akeTeben), isini, rogorc wesi, Tanau-
grZnoben socialur fenebs da eTnikur erTobebs, romelTa warmomadgenlo-
basac iCemeben teroristebi. maTi azriT, terorizmi gaqreba mxolod maSin,
roca usamarTlobis, sasowarkveTisa da uimedobis mizezebi aRmoifxvreba.
aSS da israeli filosofiuri wyalgamyofis erT mxares arian, evropa
_ meore mxares. arabuli samyaro gayofilia: islamuri fundamentalizmi
anaTemaa egviptisaTvis, alJirisa da iordaniisaTvis, magram aRiarebulia
 terorizmi 535
sudanSi. saudis arabeTis mdgomareoba ambivalenturia, is ufrTxis islamur
fundamentalizms da amavdroulad amayobs Tavisi roliT, rogorc islamis
dabadebis adgili da rwmenis damcveli. iqac ki, sadac xelisufleba avi-
wroebs islamistur dajgufebebs, bevri adamiani saidumlod keTilganwyo-
bilia maT mimarT. palestinaSi keTilganwyoba iseTi dajgufebebis mimarT,
rogoricaa hamasi da hezbola, didia da faqtobrivad, aSkarac. bevri arabi
aRiarebs, rom mTels arabul samyaroSi adamianebi aRtacebulni arian osama
bin ladeniT. marTlac, monacemebis Tanaxmad, bevr qveyanaSi osama yvelaze
gavrcelebuli saxelia Cvil vaJebSi.
dasavleTi Tanxmdeba imaze, rom teroristebi kriminalebi arian, Tumca
araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ Cveulebrivi kriminalebi. mkvleloba, motaceba,
bankebis gaqurdva da TviTmfrinavebis gataceba sazizRari danaSaulia, imis
miuxedavad, vin da ratom ganaxorcielebs mas. es teroristuli aqtebia, Tu
maTi motivi politikuria. roca seriuli mkvlelebi TavianT `saqmeze~ mid-
ian, udanaSaulo adamianebi iRupebian da mTeli sazogadoeba daSinebulia.
magram am mkvlelobebis mizani ar aris erTobaTa daSineba da cxadia, arc
politikuri miznebis miRweva. isini, upirveles yovlisa, mkvlelebi arian
da mxolod SemTxveviT _ `teroristebi~. drodadro teroristebi TanamS-
romloben kriminalebTan an kriminalebi iyeneben maT taqtikas, magram aseTi
SemTxvevebi SedarebiT iSviaTia da, rogorc wesi, narkoteroristebis sax-
elTanaa dakavSirebuli. SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebi iseT qveynebSi, rogori-
caa kolumbia da peru, asocirebulia Zalauflebis mqone narkobaronebTan.
orive maTgani cdilobs Ziri gamouTxaros legitimur politikur xelisu-
flebas da daamarcxos (an gadaibiros) mTavrobis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi.
Tu teroristebi ar arian Cveulebrivi kriminalebi, maSin isini arc Cveu-
lebrivi partizanebi an `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebi~ arian, rogorc
xSirad Tavad irwmunebian xolme. partizanebi Seadgenen revoluciuri
moZraobis an partiis SeiaraRebul frTas. maos wiTeli armia, albaT, amis
yvelaze cnobili magaliTia. partizanuli Zalebi iTreven mTavrobas Sei-
araRebul brZolaSi. aravis SeuZlia imis mtkiceba, rom partizanebs aras-
dros CaudeniaT sisastike moqalaqeebis mimarT (an is, rom uniformiani
jariskacebi amas arasdros akeTeben), magram yvelaze mwvave Zaladoba mimar-
Tulia saxelisuflebo da usafrTxoebis Zalebisken. amisgan gansxvavebiT,
teroristebi, pirvel rigSi, mizanSi iReben moqalaqeebsa da aramebrZolebs.
es strategia dafuZnebulia SiSisa da eWvis daTesvaze, raTa adamianebma ar
iTanamSromlon policiasTan da samxedroebTan da daarwmunon isini, rom xe-
lisuflebas maTi dacva ar SeuZlia.
yvela teroristi revolucioneria, Tumca, ara Cveulebrivi gagebiT. cxa-
dia, meoce saukunis bevri revolucineri mimarTavda terors, Zalauflebis
xelSi Cagdebamdec da mis Semdegac. magram Cveulebrivi revolucionerebi kon-
centrirebulni arian xelisuflebis damxobaze da ara mcdelobaze, xelovnu-
rad (masobrivi teroris saSualebiT) gamoiwvion politikuri da socialuri
krizisi. miznebis misaRwevad revolucionerebi cdiloben Seqmnan ajanyebul-
Ta partia, SeaRwion mTavrobaSi, policiasa da SeiaraRebul ZalebSi; profka-
vSirebis meSveobiT gaswion agitacia da propaganda axalgazrdaTa STagonebi-
536 politika Zaladobis gziT

sTvis amboxebebis, ajanyebebisa da quCis demonastraciTa wamosawyebad.

amrigad, revolucionerTa xelSi terorizmi aris taqtika da ara strategia.
teroristTa xelSi terori rogorc taqtika, ise strategiaa. xSirad teror-
istebi frangi emil anris azrs iziareben. rodesac es adamiani kafeSi bombis
SegdebisaTvis gaasamrTles 1894 wels, man Tqva: `udanaSaulo aravinaa~.

teroristis identificireba

erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, terorizms urbanuli siRaribe asazrdoebs.

amrigad, Tanamedrove terorizmis Sesaxeb nebismierma Teoriam unda gaiT-
valiswinos misi socialuri konteqsti, maT Soris urbanuli problemebi,
ojaxuri struqturis rRveva, axalgazrdaTa umuSevroba da gadaWedil,
swrafi tempis da xSirad usaxur qalaqSi gaucxoebis faqtori. aseve, ra Tqma
unda, gasaTvaliswinebelia dasavluri Careva _ jer kolonializmi da axla
globalizacia. adamianebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT SeewinaaRmdegon amas da
Seeguon am stress, sxvadasxvagvarad reagireben. zogi danaSauls sCadis, sx-
vebi _ alkoholisa da narkotikebis miRebas iwyeben, mcire nawili teror-
isti xdeba. Tumca, yvela teroristi ar modis urbanuli garemodan da arc
siRaribe awuxebs. zogi teroristi izrdeba urbanuli siRaribis centrSi,
sxvebi ki ubralod, mis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian. magaliTad, osama bin ladeni
daibada saudis arabeTis Zalze SeZlebul ojaxSi. metic, bevri teroristi
ganaTlebuli da privilegirebuli warmoSobisaa. isini, ubralod, akvird-
ebian sastik usamarTlobas, romelic Tavad ar ganucdiaT. teroristTa um-
ravlesoba mamrobiTi sqesis, martoxela da axalgazrdaa.19

terorizmi da sazogadoeba

msoflios sxvadasxva adgilas mraval adamians protestis WeSmariti,

samarTliani da Rrma gancda aqvs. Tu es protesti aRar iarsebebs, SesaZloa
terorizmic gaqres.20 magram aseve, arseboben sazogadoebebi, sadac indi-
videbsa da jgufebebs usamarTlod eqcevian, Tumca, amis miuxedavad, iq ter-
orizmi ar gaCenila. ratom? dafiqrdiT amaze: totalitarul da (xSirad
aseve)avtoritarul saxelmwifoebs ara aqvT terorizmis problema.21
xSirad terorizmisaken midrekili ufro susti saxelmwifoebia _ anu
maT arastabiluri politikuri struqturebi (mTavroba, biurokratia, Tav-
dacvisa da usafrTxoebis Zalebi, partiuli sistema da a.S) da danawevrebu-
li politikuri kultura aqvT. sustma saxelmwifom SeiZleba miiRos arapop-
ularuli da aralegitimuri avtoritaruli saxelmwifos forma an susti
da ganukiTxavi demokratiis saxe.22 Tuki yvela saxis susti xelisufleba
garkveulwilad dakavSirebulia terorizmis SemTxvevebTan, isic unda aRin-
iSnos, rom demokratiuli qveynebi Tavisi bunebiT metad mgrZnobiareni
(mowyvladebi) arian terorizmis mimarT da maTTvis miuRebelia mkacri kon-
trteroristuli programebi (ix. sqema 15-3). modiT, vnaxoT ratom.
 terorizmi 537

axalgazrda rekrutebi

Siiti TviTmkvleli qali, romelic 1985 wels Tavisi danaRmuli manqaniT

israelis armiis patruls Seejaxa samxreT libanSi, Teqvsmeti wlis iyo. ior-
daneli, romelmac 1984 wels romSi arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebis di-
plomatis mokvla scada, 22 wlisa iyo. samgzavro gemis `aCile lauros~ oTxi
gamtaceblidan ufrosi 23, xolo umcrosi _ 19 wlisa iyo. gamokvlevebis
Sedegebis Tanaxmad, teroristebis saSualo asaki 22,5 welia.

regionis mixedviT movlenis tipis Tavdasxmis samiznes

mixedviT mixedviT

2
1 2
4 2
6 3
3
7 8
4
9 11 17
172
179 178

axlo aRmosavleTi 2 dabombva 1 mTavroba 2

evrazia 4 cecxlis wakideba 2 diplomatebi 3
afrika 6 sxva 3 samxedroebi 8
das. evropa 7 SeiaraRebuli Seteva 4 sxvebi 17
azia 9 gataceba 11 biznesi 178
laT. amerika 172 danaRmva 179

sqema 15-3. antiamerikuli teroristuli Tavdasxmebi, 2000

wyaroebi: aSS saxelmwifo departamenti, kontrterorizmis sakoordinato ofi-
si, Pattern of Global Terrorism, 2000. Online at www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2000/2461.
html, 14 maisi, 2002.

CrdiloeT irlandiaSi daapatimres Tormeti da ToTxmeti wlis teror-

istebi. arabul da iranul dajgufebebSi ahyavT ToTxmeti-TxuTmeti wlis
bavSvebi xSirad Zalze saxifaTo misiebisaTvisac.23 germanelma fsiqologma, ro-
melic gaesaubra `wiTeli armiis fraqciis~ dajgufebis dakavebul wevrebs,
`gardatexis asakis krizisis~ elementebi aRmoaCina [irlandiis respubli-
kuri armiis ganayofi _ mTargmn. Sen.] irlandiis droebiTi respublikis
armiis eqsperti akvirdeboda `teroristul tradiciebs~ zog qveynebSi, sa-
dac `ojaxebi STaunergaven Svilebs, rom [terorizmi] aris maTi uflebebi-
saTvis brZolis gza.~24
erik hoferi Tavis naSromSi mimoixilavs zogierTi axalgazrdis fanatizmi-
sadmi midrekilebas. is aTavsebs aseT axalgazrdebs e.w. `Seufereblebis~ kat-
egoriaSi, romelsac Semdeg yofs droebiTad da mudmivad. hoferi wers:
538 politika Zaladobis gziT

am kategoriaSi mozardebi, umuSevari kolejdamTavrebulebi, veter-

anebi, axali imigrantebi da misTanani Sedian. isini ukmayofiloni da
aRelvebulebi arian SiSiT, rom maTi saukeTeso wlebi gaileva manam,
sanam mizans miaRweven.25

amavdroulad, hoferi mainc fiqrobda: miuxedavad imisa, rom isini `ad-

vilad eqcevian gavlenis qveS, maTi bolomde gadabireba yovelTvis mainc
ver xerxdeba~.

terorizmis fsiqologia

terorizmis fsiqologiis erTi eqspertis azriT, `mizezis mqone tero-

ristebi~ sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze saxifaToni arian.26 vin arian es meam-
boxeebi? vin axdens maT motivirebas? araa gasakviri, rom teroristul
dajgufebaTa wevrebis yvelaze xSirad damaxasiaTebeli Strixebi asocire-
bulia mozardobasTan. es Strixebia:27

• zedmeti gamartiveba. teroristebi xedaven kompleqsur sakiTxebs

Sav-TeTr ferebSi. maT ar ainteresebT debatebi da xSirad cxovroben
`fantaziis omis~ principiT, hgoniaT, rom adamianebi maT mizans mxars
uWeren.
• imedgacrueba. teroristebi fiqroben, rom cxovreba usamarTloa,
mets imsaxureben, sazogadoebam ki moatyua isini. maT ar surT dae-
lodon an iRvawon ukeTesisaTvis da miaCniaT, rom raRacis misaRebad
morideba ar aris saWiro.
• riskis gawevaze orientacia. bevri teroristi mowyenilobis gamo saT-
avgadasavlo situaciebs eZebs xolme.
• TviTkmayofileba. teroristebi amJRavneben Tavdajerebulobas, dog-
matizmsa da Seuwynareblobas sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebis mimarT.
• utopizmi. teroristebs aqvT erTi rwmena _ samoTxe dedamiwaze, ax-
los, horizonts miRmaa da erTaderTi, rac mas eRobeba, aris arsebuli
binZuri da mCagvreli wesrigi.
• sazogadoebrivi izolacia. erTi eqspertis mixedviT, teroristebi Za-
lian martosulebi arian. zogierTisaTvis teroristuli qseli Sei-
Zleba erTaderTi `ojaxi~ iyos.
• TviTrealizaciis saWiroeba. teroristebs aerTianebs saWiroeba _ Tavi
mniSvnelovnad igrZnon, survili _ Tavisi anabeWdi datovon gazeTebis
pirvel furcelze.
• sisxlis gemo. Sepyrobil teroristebTan interviuebSi, nacnobebisa da
naTesavebis CvenebebSi, TviTmxilvelTa da yofil mZevalTa gancxade-
bebSi xazgasmulia kidev erTi SemaSfoTebeli maxasiaTebeli: zogi
teroristi saerTod ar ganicdis sindisis qenjnas.

teroristebi xSirad zedmetad amartiveben realobas. magaliTad, maT

 terorizmi 539
SeiZleba dainaxon msxverpli, rogorc mxolod obieqti _ es Cveva aRmoCe-
nilia nacist mcvelebs Soris sakoncentracio banakebSi.28 msgavsi mosazreba
aqvs pol r. makhius, jons hopkinsis universitetis samedicino skolis gamo-
Cenil fsiqiatrs. igi Tvlis, rom teroristebs aqvT `cxoveluri Jini~ erT-
gvari `idea fiqsi~. es idea aris `kulturis an sazogadoebis gaziarebuli
azri, magram is pacientSi aRviZebs dominantur qcevebs, rom emsaxuros am
ideas.~29 erTi saxis klinikuri aSliloba, romelsac es idea iwvevs, aris ner-
vuli anoreqsia. doqtor makhius azriT, adolf hitleri (antisemiti), kari
neiSeni (alkoholisagan TavSekaveba) da jon brauni (abolicionizmi, monebis
gaTavisufleba) sami istoriuli figuraa, romelTac msgavsi idea fiqsebi
hqondaT. ufro Tanamedrove magaliTebia unabomberi da jek kevorkiani
(evTanazia). [am adamianebs miaCndaT, rom isini emsaxurebian ideas, romlisT-
visac mizani yvela saSualebas amarTlebda - mTargmn. Sen.]
maT, vinc ideebisTvis gadaWarbebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebasTan da-
kavSirebiT pirovnul aSlilobas ganicdian, xSirad fanatikosebs uwode-
ben. hoferis mimoxilvebi fanatikosTa Sesaxeb amaves amtkicebs: fanatizmi
(usazRvro, brma Tavdadeba), iqneba is politikuri Tu religiuri, hoferis
SexedulebiT, TiTqmis yovelTvis dafuZnebulia siZulvilze. misi Tval-
sazrisiT, fanatizmi siZulvils miznis samsaxurSi ayenebs. Tavis mxriv ki
siZulvili, siyvarulisgan gansxvavebiT, gamaerTianebeli Zalaa erTnairad
moazrovne fanatikosebisaTvis. amrigad, siZulvili gansazRvravs maTi ar-
sebobis azrs.

sayuradReboa fanatikuri gonebrivi mdgomareobis hoferiseuli daxasi-

aTeba:

fanatikosi mudam xifaTiani da arasrulfasovania. mas ar SeuZlia

Tavdajerebuli iyos mxolod sakuTar Sinagan Zalebze da resurse-
bze, sakuTar uaryofil `me~-ze dayrdnobiT. amitom is mTeli vnebiTa
da TavdadebiT epotineba nebismieri saxis mxardaWeras, razec ki xeli
miuwvdeba. misi dauokebeli erTguleba misi brma Tavdadebisa da re-
ligiurobis arsia. is amas yvela saxis Zalisa da Rirsebis wyarod aRiq-
vams. Tumca, misi mizanmimarTuli Tavdadeba sococxleze moWidebis
saSualebaa misTvis, is advilad aRiqvams Tavs im miznis damcvelad da
mxardamWerad, romelsac Tavad eWideba. is mzad aris sakuTari sicocx-
le gaswiros, raTa sakuTar Tavsac da sxvebsac aCvenos, rom swored
es aris misi roli. is sakuTar sicocxles sakuTari mniSvnelovnebis
dasamtkiceblad swiravs.30

ar aris aucilebeli, rom fanatikosebi keTilSobiluri miznebiT iyvnen

motivirebulni. isini eWidebian mizans ara imitom, rom is samarTliani an wmin-
daa, aramed imitom, rom usazRvrod sWirdebaT raime xelCasaWidi. swored
raime ideis erTgulebis es dauokebeli saWiroeba aqcevs mizans TviTmiznad.
aqedan ki mcire nabiji rCeba jihadamde an teroristul kampaniamde.31
imis miuxedavad, rom ar aris aucilebeli terorizmi socialuri uTanaswo-
robisa da usamarTlobis anarekli iyos, xSirad mainc asea xolme. magaliTad,
540 politika Zaladobis gziT

alJiris SemTxvevaSi, romelsac saerTaSoriso amnistiam (Amnesty International _

adamianis uflebaTa damcveli saerTaSoris organizacia) 1990-iani wlebis bo-
los axlo aRmosavleTSi yvelaze Zaladobrivi qveyana uwoda, terorizmi iyo
sapasuxo reaqcia samxedroebis mier 1992 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebis ukanono
gauqmebaze. magram mainc, roca saqme saqmeze midgeba, did gamocanad rCeba, ro-
gor SeuZlia adamians Caidinos iseTi barbarosuli aqtebi, Tundac idealizmi-
sa da religiurobis suliskveTebiT, romlebic arRvevs moralurobis yvelaze
elementarul standartebsac ki.

terorizmi da media

teroristebi saxelis moxveWisken iswrafvian, cdiloben yuradRebis mip-

yrobas. ratom? imitom, rom mediaSi gaSuqeba, gansakuTrebiT ki dramatuli
kadrebi, romlebsac televizia uCvenebs, msoflios yuradRebas miipyrobs,
sazogadoebas gaacnobs teroristebisaTvis mniSvnelovan ideasa da mizans.
es aramarto politikuradaa momgebiani, aramed amiT ucnobi da uintereso
individebi Tavs mniSvnelovnad miiCneven. metic, CNN-sa da msoflios sxva
wamyvan arxebze `praim taimi~ (saukeTeso saeTero dro televiziaSi) eTmoba
teroristebisa da terorizmis problemis gaSuqebas. cxadia, yvelaze SemaZ-
rwunebel, sensaciur teroristul aqtebs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqce-
va mediaSi. eWvgareSia, rom msoflio savaWro centris fataluri afeTqeba
istoriaSi yvelaze farTod da vrclad gaSuqebuli teroristuli aqtia.
politikis bevri analitikosi, romelic Jurnalistikis sferos farg-
lebs gareT moRvaweobs, terorizmis aseT mzard aRzevebas nawilobriv me-
dias, kerZod ki televizias abralebs. cud axal ambavSi meti sensaciaa da,
Sesabamisad, nilsenis maRal reitings (anu Tavis mxriv maRal sareklamo
Semosavals) iZleva [Nielson rating _ mediaauditoriis kvlevis sistema, Se-
muSavebuli nilsen media riserCis mier _ mTargmn. Sen.]. am TvalsazrisiT,
terorizmi televiziisTvisaa `zedgamoWrili~.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mediisaTvis mxolod siaxlis Setyo-
bineba ar aris sakmarisi. axali ambebis industriam unda gayidos informa-
cia, mayurebelTa wili _ axali ambebis bazari, romelic irCevs satele-
vizio siaxleebs, gansazRvravs imas, ramdens gadauxdian kompaniebi TavianT
sareklamo prodiuserebs. amrigad, axal ambebis prodiuserebs ar undaT xe-
lidan gauSvan kargi istoria, maSinac ki, Tu es teroristTa sasargeblod
gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba.
mediis dasacavad SegviZlia vTqvaT: SeuZlia vinmes amtkicos, rom udan-
aSaulo adamianebiT savse TviTmfrinavis gataceba ar aris gasaSuqeblad
mniSvnelovani? media xom, bolos da bolos, pasuxismgebelia, miawodos ada-
mianebs informacia da sad aris garantia, rom maSinac, Tu erTi telekompania
gadawyvets ar gaaSuqos garkveuli teroristuli incidenti an mxolod mci-
re yuradReba miaqcios mas, sxvebic igives gaakeTeben? sabolood, saidumlo
molaparakeba da cenzura erTaderTi `gamosavalia~, magram am SemTxvevaSi
gamojanmrTelebis saSualeba daavadebaze uaresia. roca demokratiuli sax-
 terorizmi 541
elmwifoebi ebmebian konstituciurad saeWvo saqmianobaSi teroristuli
aqtebis sapasuxod, terorizmis ganmaxorcieleblebi imarjveben politiku-
rad da moralurad. protestsa da demonstracias, romlebic SeiZleba cen-
zuram, satelefono saubrebis mosmenam da sxva msgavsma zomebma gamoiwvios,
SeiZleba zogjer sazogadoebis destabilizacia mohyves.
mediis TviTSekaveba mxolod mimzidveli gamosavalia. realurad Tu vim-
sjelebT, axali ambebis industria ar Seamcirebs terorizmis Sesaxeb infor-
maciis miwodebas, sanam sazogadoebrivi azri ar ganewyoba am gamoSvebebis
winaaRmdeg. rogorc momxmareblebi, xSirad viRebT imas, rasac viTxovT da
am TvalsazrisiT vimsaxurebT imas, rasac viRebT.

terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola

kiTxva, romelsac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi awydebian, mdgomareobs

ara imaSi, rogor SeiZleba terorizmis Sekaveba, aramed rogor SeiZleba misi
Sesusteba ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa SezRudvis gareSe. es kiTxva awuxebda aSS-sa
da mis evropel mokavSireebs gviani 1960-iani wlebidan. sabWoTa kavSiris daS-
lasTan da rusuli mafiis aRzevebasTan erTad, birTvuli terorizmis safrTxe
SesamCnevad gaizarda. amiT xazi gaesva qmediTi xelisuflebebis saWiroebas
msoflo terorizmTan dapirispirebisa da misi damarcxebis mizniT.32

Sida kanonmdebloba

avtoritarul da totalitarul saxelmwifoebSi teroristebs swrafad

da sastikad uswordebian. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi mihyvebian kanons
yovelTvis, roca es SesaZlebelia. bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi bevrma
demokratiulma qveyanam miiRo axali kanoni an Secvala Zveli, raTa ufro
efeqtianad gamklaveboda teroristebsa da terorizms.
amerikeli demokratebis erT-erTi midgomaa axali kanonmdeblobis miRe-
ba. magaliTad, aSS-Si sahaero mekobreoba (TviTmfrinavebis gataceba) fed-
eralur danaSauladaa aRiarebuli iseve, rogorc nebismieri Zaladobrivi
aqtis Cadena TviTmfrinavis mgzavris mimarT aSS-is farglebSi da nebismieri
amerikeli mgzavris mimarT sazRvargareT. savaWro centris da oklahoma si-
tis afeTqebis Semdeg, 1996 wlis aprilSi kongresma miiRo antiteroristu-
li da efeqtiani sasikvdilo ganaCenis aqti (Antiterorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act) . am aqtma aRWurva federaluri aRmasrulebeli organoebi meti finanse-
biTa da axali meqanizmebiT terorizmTan sabrZolvelad, SeboWa imigracia
da gaamartiva terorizmSi eWvmitanil ucxoelTa deportaciis procedura.
2001 wels, seqtembris im sabediswero dRes, msoflio savaWro centrze
meore dartymam gamoamJRavna yvela adre miRebuli kontrteroristuli zo-
mis sruli araadekvaturoba aSS-Si. prezidentma jorj buSma swrafad Seqmna
qveynis usafrTxoebis axali ofisi kontrterorizmis sferoSi momuSave yve-
la federaluri departamentisa da saagentos saqmianobis koordinaciisaT-
542 politika Zaladobis gziT

vis. prezidentma aseve gamosca orazrovani direqtiva terorizmSi eWvmit-

anilTaTvis samxedro tribunalis Seqmnis Taobaze:

ganxiluli iyo SesaZlebloba sasamarTlo procesebis warmoebisa

gemebze zRvaSi an aSS iseT samxedro nagebobebze, rogoricaa baza guan-
tanamos yureSi, kuba. es procesebi unda yofiliyo swrafi da uaRres-
ad gasaidumloebuli. . . .[da] informaciis gacema SeiZleba SezRuduli
yofiliyo mSral faqtebamde, rogoricaa mopasuxis saxeli da ganaCeni.
saoqmo Canawerebi SeiZleba sajaro sazogadoebisgan dafruli yofil-
iyo wlobiT, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSic ki.33

yvelaze didi cvlilebebi, romlebic exeba mTavrobis uflebamosilebas

aSS-Si legalurad myof ucxolebze, 11 seqtembris Semdeg kongresis mier
miRebul kanonSi aisaxa. am kanonis sruli saxelia: amerikis gaerTianeba da
gaZliereba Sesaferisi meqanizmebis Seqmnis saSualebiT, raTa SeaCeron da ar
dauSvan 2001 wlis msgavsi teroristuli aqti (Uniting and Strengthening America
by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001). aSS-
Si mas patriotis aqtis saxeliT icnoben. masSi ganxilulia cneba, vin unda
moiazrebodes terorizmSi eWvmitanilad da aRWurvavs generalur proku-
rors uflebamosilebiT, daakavos arabebi da muslimebi, iseve rogorc sxva
ucxoelebi. es kanoni aZlevs mTavrobas uflebas, aukrZalos aSS-Si Sesvla
nebismier ucxoels, romelic sajarod amarTlebs terorizms an miekuTvneba
romelime teroristul dajgufebas. kanoni afarToebs aseve `teroristu-
li saqmianobis~ gansazRvrebasac, masSi axla ukve nagulisxmebia nebismieri
ucxoeli, romelic iyenebs `saSiS xelsawyos~ an agrovebs fuls teroris-
tuli dajgufebisaTvis gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad. da bolos,
kanoni saSualebas aZlevs xelisuflebas, daakavos nebismieri ucxoeli, ro-
melic generalur prokurors saxifaTod miaCnia.
prezidentis brZanebebidan gamomdinare, antiteroristuli zomebi da
axali kanoni federalur xelisuflebas, mSvidobis SenarCunebis mizniT,
moqalaqeebis Tvalyuris devnebis uflebas da dakavebis saSualebas aZlevs
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvrebSi. gamokiTxvebma daadgina, rom
amerikelTa didi umravlesoba am zomebs Sesaferisad miiCnevda da ar
fiqrobda, rom isini riskis qveS ayenebda samoqalaqo uflebebs. mainc ar-
sebobda umciresoba, rogorc memarcxene, ise memarjvene mxridan, romelic
kategoriulad ar eTanxmeboda am zomebs. isini gamoxatavdnen SiSsa da SeS-
foTebas imis mimarT, rac individualuri Tavisuflebebisa da konstituci-
uri garantiebis eroziad miaCndaT (gansakuTrebiT, uflebebis Sesaxeb sa-
konstitucio Sesworebis I, IV, V da VI muxlebTan mimarTebaSi).
terorizmTan brZolis kidev erTi, axali midgoma dakanonda _ teror-
istuli organizaciebis wevrobis ukanonod gamocxadeba. gaerTianebul
samefoSi teroristuli dajgufebebi ukanonoa, maT Sorisaa irlandiis re-
spublikuri armia (IRA) da irlandiis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli armia.
saberZneTSic miiRes kanonebi, romlebic krZalavs teroristul dajgufe-
bebs da maT wevrobas danaSaulad Tvlis. amasTan, safrangeTma, britaneTma
 terorizmi 543
da SvedeTma SezRudes vizebis gacema ucxoeli nacionalistebis mier Cade-
nili teroristuli aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. italiasa da SvedeTSi
kanoniT policiisaTvis ufro ioli gaxda telefonebis mosmena da safosto
gzavnilebis gaxsna `werili-bombebis~ aRmosaCenad. yovelTvis, roca de-
mokratebi aseT zomebs mimarTavs, is gardauvlad wamoWris samoqalaqo Ta-
visuflebaTa sakiTxebs.

TanamSromloba qveynebs Soris

saerTaSoriso Zalisxmeva terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, romelsac

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia axorcielebda, aseve araefeqtiani aR-
moCnda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas amerikul saxelmwifoTa organizaciisa (1971
wels) da evrosabWos (1977 wels) mier ganxorcielebul regionul midgome-
bze.34 amisgan gansxvavebiT, zogierTi ormxrivi molaparakeba mokavSire qvey-
nebs an msgavsi interesebis mqone moqiSpe qveynebs Soris ufro warmatebuli
gamodga terorizmTan brZolaSi. magaliTad, 1973 wlis molaparakebam aSS-sa
da kubas Soris bolo mouRo amerikuli TviTmfrinavebis gatacebas havanaSi.
kidev erTi magaliTia 1986 wlis molaparakeba aSS-sa da did britaneTs So-
ris, romlis mixedviTac maT gaafarToves eqstradiciis xelSekruleba da
gamoricxes politikuri motiviT Cadenili seriozuli Zaladobrivi dana-
Saulis CamdenTa Sewyaleba. 11 seqtembris teraqtebis Semdeg aSS-m moipova
bevri qveynis, maT Soris pakistanisa da ruseTis mTavrobebis mxardaWera da
aqtiuri TanamSromloba msoflio masStabiT antiteroristuli kampaniis
warmoebaSi. amas gansakuTrebiT uWerdnen mxars natos wevri qveynebi, maTgan
yvelaze aRsaniSnavia didi britaneTi imdroindeli premier-ministr toni
bleris meTaurobiT.
didi yuradReba daeTmo sadazvervo samsaxurebis TanamSromlobas da in-
formaciis gacvlas, magram aman mxolod mcire warmateba moitana terorizm-
Tan brZolaSi. interpoli policiis saerTaSoriso saagentoa, romlis Stab-
bina safrangeTSia. aseve, dasavleT evropaSi arsebobs organizacia, romelic
drodadro axvedrebs erTmaneTs wevri qveynebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebsa
da policiis uwyebaTa meTaurebs terorizmis Sesaxeb informaciis gasacv-
lelad da gamoZiebis koordinirebisaTvis. am organizaciebma erTgvarad
gaaioles teroristTa Sepyroba da zogjer xelic SeuSales teroristuli
aqtebis ganxorcielebas. magaliTad, gamoZiebis federaluri biurosa da
centraluri sadazvevrvo saagentos maRali rangis warmomadgenlebma iTa-
namSromles ruseTTan saerTaSoriso teroristul dajgufebebsa da birT-
vuli iaraRis SesaZlo kontrabandistebs Soris kavSiris gamosavlenad.
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas SeuZlia miaRwios swraf warmatebas, roca
misi mizani konkretul teroristul problemebTan brZolaa da mokavSire
qveynebs Soris arsebobs urTierTgageba da koordinacia. misi dadebiTi Tu
uaryofiTi mxareebi gamovlinda 1986 wlis aprilSi, roca prezidentma ron-
ald reiganma gasca libiaze saraketo Setevis brZaneba. es qveyana saerTa-
Soriso terorizmis Ria mxardamWerad miiCneoda. Tavdapirvelad britaneTi
544 politika Zaladobis gziT

momxre iyo aSS-is mier dartymis ganxorcielebisa. frangebs SeeSindaT ter-

oristTa SuriZiebisa da uari uTxres britaneTis bazebidan afrenil aSS-is
samxedro TviTmfrinavebs gadaekveTaT safrangeTis sahaero sivrce.
aSS-is sadamsjelo sahaero dartyma warmatebuli gamodga da male gaCnda
mravalmxrivi konsensusis niSnebic. 1986 wlis aprilSi evropis Tanamego-
brobam xma misca libiaze ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebas da 1986 wlis zaf-
xulSi libiis moqalaqeebi gaaZeves britaneTidan, safrangeTidan, dasavleT
germaniidan, italiidan, espaneTidan, daniidan, belgiidan, niderlandebi-
dan da luqsemburgidan. mogvianebiT, loqerbis [Sotlandia] Tavze samgza-
vro TviTmfrinavebis afeTqebaSi dadanaSaulebuli libielebi daapatimres.
isini haagis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos winaSe 2000 wels warsdgnen. imis
miuxedavad, rom es loqerbis tragediidan didi xnis Semdeg moxda, cxadi
gaxda, rom mTavrobaTSoris TanamSromlobas SeuZlia teroristebis dasjas
Seuwyos xeli.

unilateraluri zomebi

zogi kontrteroristuli strategia elementaruli Cans, Tumca mxolod

erTi SexedviT. magaliTad, bevr aeroportSi gamZafrda usafrTxoebis zome-
bi 1985 wlis teroristuli sisxliani sasaklaoebis Semdeg, magram aSS-Si es
saTanadod ar gakeTda 11 seqtembris teraqtamde. erT dResac, oTxi komer-
ciuli TviTmfrinavi TiTqmis erTdroulad gaitaces aRmosavleT sanapir-
os sami sxvadasxva aeroportidan da, rogorc Cans, gamtaceblebma moaxeres
TviTmfrinavebSi iaraRis Setanac.
bevr xelisuflebas sjera, rom Sekaveba da angariSworeba terorizmTan
brZolis erTaderTi efeqtiani saSualebaa. am TvalsazrisiT, terorizmis
winaaRmdeg brZola moiTxovs sul mcire teroristebTan molaparakebaze
uaris Tqmas, gansakuTrebiT roca saqmeSi CarTuli arian mZevlebi an samo-
qalaqo samizneebze tavdasxma ar wydeba. sxvagvarad moqceva marcxisaTvis
ganwiruli da borotebis dajildoebis tolfasi iqneboda, rac momavalSic
waaxalisebda msgavs Tavdasxmebs.

perus `ganaTebuli gza~ terorizmis winaaRmdeg

warmatebisaken

Sendero Luminoso _ `ganaTebuli gza~ 1980 wels perus demokratiul qvey-

nad gadaqcevasTan erTad gaCnda. Tavdapirvelad, agrarul safuZvelze
Seqmnilma teroristulma organizaciam saarCevno yuTebi dawva da gasa-
frTxileblad mkvdari ZaRlebis dakidebiT gaiTqva saxeli, mogvianebiT
ki yuradReba masobriv Zaladobas miapyro. Zaladoba zogjer regionul
omSi gadaizrdeboda xolme sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebis dabomb-
vis, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa da ubralo moqalaqeTa
mkvlelobebis CaTvliT. 1992 wlisaTvis 5 aTas wevriani Zlieri organiza-
 terorizmi 545
ciis kiserze daaxloebiT 23 aTasi mkvleloba da 20 mlrd dolaris zarali
iyo. organizaciis lideri qarizmatuli abimal guzmani saSualo klasis
warmomadgeneli da yofili filosofiis maswavlebeli iyo. misi xelmZRvan-
elobiT `ganaTebuli gza~ mxars uWers da maoisturis msgavs ideologias.
jgufis gamorCeuli niSani iyo yvela sxva samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo,
samoqalaqo, reformistuli Tu radikaluri organizaciis mimarT mtroba.
mis mtrebs Soris iyo ufro mcirericxovani, naklebad Zaladobrivi memar-
cxene teroristuli organizacia revoluciuri moZraoba tupak amaru,
romelsac XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis mijnasa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
Zalze momgebian narkotikebis operaciebze kontrolis brZola mougo. tu-
pak amaru gauCinarda politikuri scenidan, magram 1996 wlis dekemberSi
kvlav gamoCnda, roca diplomatiuri miRebis dros misma partizanebma alya
Semoartyes iaponiis elCis adgilsamyofels da mZevlad aiyvanes (bevri maT-
gani oTxi TviT) mravali maRalCinosani (isini gaaTavisufles mas Semdeg,
rac uSiSroebis Zalebma teroristebis adgilsamyofeli SturmiT aiRes da
partizanebi mokles).
XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi guzmansa da `ganaTebul gzas~ perus ramdenime
susti demokratiuli xelisufleba daupirispirda. verc erTma ver SeZlo
hiperinflaciis, maRali umuSevrobis, uzarmazari sagareo valis, farTod
gavrcelebuli siRaribis, narkobaronebisa da xelisuflebis korufciis
(terorizmze rom araferi vTqvaT) daTrgunva. 1992 wlis 5 aprils peruSi
movlenebi radikalurad Seicvala. gadawyvita ra mkacri da mtkice moqmede-
bebis kursis aReba, prezidentma alberto fuximorim sruli Zalaufleba
aiRo xelSi. man SeaCera konstituciis moqmedeba, daSala arCeuli kongresi
da mniSvnelovnad SeaCera sasamarTlos muSaoba. fuximoris akritikebdnen
samxedro moqmedebebis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, eqvsi Tvis Semdeg guzmani
cixeSi ijda. metic, 1993 wels politikur mkvlelobaTa raodenoba 50%-iT
Semcirda da kleba momdevno welsac gagrZelda. warmatebuli iyo fuximo-
ris ekonomikuri politikac: 7%-ianma zrdis tempma perus laTinuri ameri-
kaSi Zlieri ekonomikis saxeli moutana. mniSvnelovnad Semcirda inflaciis
done. [2000 wels fuximori avtoritarizmis da adamianis uflebebis Selax-
vis braldebiT gadaayenes _ mTargmn. Sen.]
guzmanis daWeris Semdeg `ganaTebul gzas~ daSlis safrTxe emuqreboda,
radgan misi aTasobiT wevri dapatimrebuli iyo. mogvianebiT, organizacia
kvlav aRdga. miuxedavad imisa, rom `ganaTebuli gzis~ wevrebis raodenoba
sagrZnoblad Semcirda, xolo ideologia bundovani gaxda, organizacia
arsebobas ganagrZobda oskar ramires durandis (guzmanis Zveli megobris)
xelmZRvanelobiT. is kvlav axorcielebda misTvis Cveul Zaladobis aqtebs,
Tumca ukve Semcirebuli masStabiT. organizacia kvlav Cafluli iyo nar-
kotikebis aralegalur vaWrobaSi.
rogori Canda momavali? perus ukiduresi ekonomikuri vardnis garda, sa-
varaudoa, rom `ganaTebuli gza~ an teroristul organizaciad darCeba, an
sazogadoebisaTvis sxvagvar safrTxed transformirdeba _ magaliTad, spe-
cializdeba organizebul danaSaulze (transformacia, romelic ukve gani-
cada ramdenime teroristulma dajgufebam kolumbiasa da braziliaSi).
546 politika Zaladobis gziT

kontrterorizmma imuSava iq, sadac mTavrobebma gamoamJRavnes neba da

SesaZlebloba, mieRoT mtkice da prevenciuli (profilaqtikuri) samxedro
kontrzomebi. 1976 wels israelis komandosebis mamacurma reidma ugandis
entebes aeroportSi daamtkica, rom teroristebi ar arian daumarcxeble-
bi maSinac ki, roca maT mZevlebi hyavT. igive gaakeTes komandosebma 1996
wlis dekemberSi, roca tupak amarus revoluciur moZraobas limaSi (peru)
mZevlad hyavda ayvanili adamianebi iaponiis saelCoSi. mZevalTa daxsnis
operaciebSi warmatebisaTvis saWiroa kargad gawvrTnili, swrafad moqmed
komandosTa erTeulebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, germaniis GCG-9, romelmac
gaaTavisufla lufthanzas gatacebul TviTmfrinavSi myofi mZevlebi moga-
diSuSi, somaliSi 1977 wels. aRsaniSnavia aseve britanelTa SAS (Special Air Ser-
vice) da aSS-s Delta Force. adgilobrivi policiis samsaxurebi ar arian teror-
istebTan gasamklavebad saTanadod aRWurvili da gawvrTnili:

roca SAS-Tan erTad muSaob iseT arealSi, rogoricaa qalaqi arma-

Si [CrdiloeT irlandia], sul male acnobiereb, rom omis monawile xar
da ara sapolicio operaciisa. Ramidan Ramemde irlandiis respubli-
kuri armiis aqtivistTa danayofebi [mtris zurgSi aRweven] usafrTxo
samxreTisaken da [gadaadgildebian] Tavisuflad iseTi adgilebisaken,
romlebic TavianTTvis usafrTxo gaxades mkvlelobiT, wamebiT, mo-
tacebebiTa da sxva danaSaulebebiT. isini rTul iaraRs iyeneben, [maT
Soris], msxvilkalibrian tyviamfrqvevebs, saraketo danadgarebs, fu-
gasur naRmebsa da mravalnair asafeTqebel nivTierebebs. audiomeT-
valyureobis meSveobiT Sen usmen maT Sexvedrebs, sadac gaicema sabo-
taJis mowyobis brZanebebi, romlebmac moqalaqeebi unda Seiwiros.
samoqalaqo sapolicio procedurebs ar SeuZlia gaumklavdes am
saxis safrTxes. Tu Sen daadgen jgufis adgilsamyofels, savaWro cen-
trze organizebuli Tavdasxmis procesSi, sadac rZis bidonebi savsea
asafeTqeblebiTa da lursmnebiT, masTan gasamklaveblad sabrZolo
patruls agzavni da ar iZaxeb adgilobriv policiels.35

kontrterorizmi italiaSi: istoriuli warmatebuli SemTxveva

XX saukunis 70-ian wlebis dasavleTSi italia teroris masStabebiT

gamoirCeoda. ukiduresi memarcxene wiTeli brigadebi kapitalizmisa da xe-
lisuflebis `simboloebs~ _ asobiT mosamarTles, mewarmes da politikoss
itacebdnen da klavdnen. 1969-dan 1983 wlamde teroristuli Zaladobis 14
aTasze meti aqti aRiricxa, 409 adamiani mokles, xolo 1366 daWres.
1978 wels wiTelma brigadebma yofili premier-ministri da italiis
erT-erTi wamyvani politikosi aldo moro gaitaces. igi mokles, roca xe-
lisuflebam uari Tqva moros gamtaceblebTan molaparakebaze. sabolood
teroristebi damarcxdnen. aRSfoTebuli sazogadoeba mkacr kontrteror-
istul brZolas iTxovda, ris Sedegadac wiTeli brigadebis wevrTa raode-
 terorizmi 547
noba mkveTrad Semcirda.
rogor SeZlo es italiam? Tavdapirvelad policiam wiTeli brigadis
teroristul dajgufebebSi SeaRwia da misi asobiT wevri daapatimra. Sem-
deg, sasjelis Semsubuqeba SesTavazes im monanie teroristebs, romlebic
aqtivistebisa da sxva teroristebis adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb informa-
cias gadascemdnen. Semdeg, policiam Tavisi Zalebi iseT SezRudul da Se-
darebiT advilad samarTav teroristuli samizneebze mimarTa, rogoricaa
aeroportebi, portebi da sazRvrebi. sabolood, axalma kanonebma policias
uflebamosileba gauzarda satelefono saubrebisa da sxva resursebis
ufro efeqtianad gamoyenebis mizniT.
TanagrZnobis gareSe darCenili italiis teroristebi izolaciaSi moeqcnen
da dRes qveynis stabilurobisaTvis umniSvnelo safrTxes warmoadgenen.

Tumca, iseTi specialuri kontrteroristuli danayofebis arseboba,

rogoric britaneTis SAS-ia, ar aris sakmarisi. xelisuflebas unda surd-
es maTi gamoyeneba. rogorc erTi eqsperti aRniSnavs, kontrteroristuli
politikis mTavari mizania `aCvenos arsebuli sistemis Seucdomloba~.36
warumatebloba, rogoric iyo 1980 wlis aSS mcdeloba, gaeTavisuflebina
tyveebi iranidan, 1985 wels egviptis mcdeloba, daekavebina maltaSi gata-
cebuli TviTmfrinavi, xandaxan gardauvalia xolme da zogjer tragikuli
SedegebiT mTavrdeba, magram kidev ufro tragikuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes
Sedegebi maSin, Tu gadawyvetilebebi ar iqneba droulad miRebuli.
sxva nabijebi, romelTa gadadgmac mTavrobas SeuZlia, moicavs Sei-
araRebisa da feTqebadi nivTierebebis kontrols da albaT, yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani (marTalia, yvelaze Zneli) aris kargi Sida sadazvervo Zalebis
ganviTareba. mxolod teroristTa samalavebis, gadaadgilebisa da gegmebis
Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebiTaa SesaZlebeli maTi Tavdasxmebis Tavidan
acileba. teroristTa samizneebis dacva maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu winas-
war gvecodineba rodis da sad apireben teroristebi dartymis miyenebas.
cxadia, demokratiuli sazogadoeba da is konstituciuri normebi, rom-
lebSic policia da sagamoZiebo samsaxurebi moqmedeben, dabrkolebaa nebismi-
eri xelisuflebisaTvis, romelic terorizmis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba.
moqalaqeebi ar arian miCveulni megobrebis, ojaxis wevrebis, mezoblebisa
da TanamSromlebis TvalTvals. aseve, sadazvervo informaciis mogrovebas
ramdenime saagento axorcielebs, nawilobrv imitom, rom ar moxdes erT-
erTi maTganisTvis zedmeti Zalauflebis miniWeba. aSS-Si, magaliTad, daz-
verva da kontrdazverva erTmaneTisgan mkacrad gamijnulia, centraluri
sadazvervo saagento CIA pasuxismgebelia ucxoeTSi dazvervaze da ekrZa-
leba aSS-is moqalaqeebis an dajgufebaTa winaaRmdeg Sida SpionaJis oper-
aciebSi monawileobis miReba _ kontrdazverva gamoZiebis federaciuli
biuro funqciaa. am biurokratiuli ufskrulis Semcirebis saWiroebam ga-
napiroba 11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg prezident buSis gadawyvetileba,
Seeqmna qveynis usafrTxoebis axali samsaxuri.
548 politika Zaladobis gziT

ra SeuZlia pirovnebas?

moqalaqeebma da firmebma Tavadac mimarTes usafrTxoebis zomebs sa-

kuTari Tavis dasacavad.37 iseve, rogorc bevri mTavroba aZlierebda Tavis
saelCoebisa da sxva sazRvargareTuli dawesebulebebis dacvas 1980-1990-
ian wlebSi, kerZo kompaniebic yovelwliurad milionobiT dolars xarja-
ven dacvis momsaxurebisaTvis aSS-Si da sxvagan.38 dacvis saWiroeba gansa-
kuTrebiT gamoikveTa 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg. bevr moqalaqes ara
aqvs imis saSualeba, rom piradi dacva daiqiraos. magram sazogadoebis si-
frTxiles SeuZlia teroristebisaTvis saqmis sakmaod garTuleba. magali-
Tad, israelSi, sadac terorizmis mudmivi safrTxea, oficialuri infor-
maciiT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi moTavsebuli naRmebis 80%-is
gauvnebelyofa xerxdeba, radgan saeWvo obieqtebs adamianebi cnoben da
maT Sesaxeb droulad acnobeben saWiro instanciebs.39 aSS-Si usafrTxoebis
eqspertTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom momavalSi terorizmisaTvis winaaR-
mdegobis gaweva didwilad iqneba damokidebuli rogorc moqalaqeebis, ise
xelisuflebis sifxizleze. aseve, komerciuli TviTmfrinavebis pilotebi
Tanxmdebian, rom Tu TviTmfrinavis gataceba Sewydeba, es moxdeba mgzavrTa
mzadyofnis gamo, gauswordnen teroristebs da ara imitom, rom aviaci-is
usafrTxoebis inspeqtorebi arian bortze.

SesaZlebelia ki terorizmis Sekaveba?

Tanamedrove terorizmi seriozuli problemaa da rogorc Cans, misi

aRmofxvra mokle xanSi ver moxerxdeba. safrTxe, piriqiT, ufro izrdeba:
birTvuli terorizmi, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, ukve realuria.
cxadia, rom ar arsebobs erTi da sruliad efeqtiani gamosavali teror-
izmis problemidan. Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, arsebobs teroristTa xelsayre-
li pirobebis SezRudvis an Semcirebis gzebi, agreTve dasjis, an ubralod,
terorizmis aRmofxvris meTodebi sawyis etapze, sanam is dramatul zRvars
miaRwevdes (rogorc es moxda italiaSi da ekvadorSi 1970-ian da 1980-ian
wlebSi da alJirSi 1990-ian wlebSi).
warmatebis miuxedavad, mainc arsebobs mniSvnelovani problema: erTma
teroristmac ki SeiZleba uzarmazari ziani miayenos sazogadoebas. am aras-
rulyofil samyaroSi SeuZlebelia terorizmis srulad aRmofxvra, magram
moTminebiT, uryeobiT, gambedaobiTa da sifrTxiliT SeiZleba misi SeCereba
da Tavisuflebis dacva _ es aris uaxlesi warsulidan miRebuli erT-erTi
gakveTili.

daskvna

terorizmi SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc status kvos Secvlaze mimarTuli

 terorizmi 549
politikuri Zalisxmeva, romelic xorcieldeba moqalaqeTa dasaSineblad
Zaladobis gamoyenebiT. igi Tanamedrove samyaroSi yoveldRiuri movlenad
iqca. misi uZvelesi fesvebi religiur konfliqtSia. Tanamedrove teroriz-
mi 1960-iani wlebidan iRebs saTaves.
teroristebi iRvwian qaosisa da dabneulobis klimatis SeqmnisaTvis, im
rwmeniT, rom politikuri arastabiluroba daaCqarebs xelisuflebis dace-
mas. isini qmnian mWidrod dakavSirebul, homogenur, mcire dajgufebebs.
teroristebs SeuZliaT didi safrTxis winaSe daayenon politikuri da eko-
nomikuri problemebis mqone qveynebi. amis magaliTia muslimuri fundamen-
talizmi alJirSi.
imis miuxedavad, rom teroristebi arRveven kanons, isini ar arian dam-
naSaveebi am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT. isini arc partizanebi da Cveu-
lebrivi revolucionerebi arian. yvela teroristi revolucioneria, magram
yvela revolucioneri ar aris teroristi. teroristi iseTi saxis revolu-
cioneria, romelic ar iRvwis politikuri Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad,
misi upirvelesi mizania protesti gamoTqvas da SeebrZolos arsebuli
politikuri wesrigiT gamowveul usamarTlobas Zaladobrivi aqtebis saSu-
alebiT. teroristebi, rogorc wesi, axalgazrdebi, martoxela mamakacebi
arian. maT aseve saerTo aqvT bevri fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebeli, maT Soris
fanatizmi da siZulvili.
sust, avtoritarul mTavrobas da demokratias teroristebi did safrTx-
es uqmnian. demokratia da terorizmi erTmaneTis umowyalo mtrebi arian.
demokratia damokidebulia qveynis mosaxleobis kompromisis survilze da
sxva adamianebis mosazrebis pativiscemaze, teroristebi ki borotmoqmedebi
arian, romlebic nebismier qmedebaze midian miznis misaRwevad. metic, Tavisi
bunebiT demokratiuli qveynebi teroristuli TavdasxmebisaTvis Riaa.
problema, romlis winaSec demokratiuli qveynebi aRmoCndebian xolme
terorizmTan brZolaSi, garTulebulia imiT, rom erTdroulad SenarCu-
nebul unda iqnes individualuri Tavisufleba da daculi iyos erovnuli
usafrTxoeba. demokratiuli qveynebis mier miRebulma unirateralurma Tu
TanamSromlobiTma zomebma dagvanaxa, rom SesaZlebelia terorizmis Seka-
veba magram ara misi srulad aRmofxvra.

sakvanZo sityvebi

terorizmi antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi

saxelmwifo terorizmi
saerTaSoriso terorizmi
saSinao terorizmi
transnacionaluri
terorizmi
nacionalistur-separatistuli
terorizmi
ideologiuri terorizmi
kontrterorizmi
550 politika Zaladobis gziT

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. riT gansxvavdeba terorizmi Cveulebrivi danaSaulisgan? partizanuli

omisgan?
2. rogoria teroristebis tipuri taqtika da rogor aris dakavSirebuli
erTmaneTTan maTi miznebi da saSualebebi?
3. ra fsiqologiuri fesvebi aqvs terorizms da ra aris tipuri teroristis
damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi?
4. ratom aris demokratia daucveli terorizmisgan? SeafaseT terorizmis
safrTxe demokratiuli qveynebis mimarT.
5. ra dabrkolebebi xvdeba kontrteroristul politikas?
6. ra nabiji gadadga konstituciurma demokratiam terorizmisgan Tavis da-
sacavad? kidev risi [Tu saerTod ramis] gakeTeba SeiZleba?

SeniSvnebi:

1. Cindy Coombs. Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century (Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 1997), 1-2.
2. `Nihilism and Terror~, New Republic, September 29, 1986, 11.
3. aseve ix. Martha Crenshaw, `The Causes of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Ter-
rorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls, red. Charles W. Kegley, Jr. (New York:
St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 113.
4. ori klasifikaciis sqema aris TanamimdevrobiT ganxiluli. isini ar
amowuraven literaturaSi mocemul informacias. Tavdapirveli disku-
sia aq mihyveba keglis, romelic eyrdnoba edvard miqolusis `Trends in
International Terrorism,~ in International Terrorism in the Contemporary World,
red. Marius H. Livingston da sxvebi (Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1978);
ix. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., `Characteristics, Causes, and Controls of International
Terrorism: An Introduction,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 5.
5. iqve.
6. gansxvaveba religiasa da ideologias Soris sruliad qreba, roca momxree-
bi Riad misdeven politikur miznebs da religias TavianTi saSualebebis
gasamarTleblad iyeneben. magaliTad, islamisti eqstremistebi xSirad
mouwodeben xalxs jihadisken (wminda omisken) israelis winaaRmdeg da
`jvarosnuli omebisaken~ (Tu bin ladenis epiTets gamoviyenebT), magram
yvela muslimma icis, rom yurani (islamis wminda wigni) mkacrad krZalavs
udanaSaulo adamianisaTvis sicocxlis warTmevas da aranair gamonakliss
ar uSvebs. islami terorizms kidev ufro metad krZalavs, vidre qris-
tianoba.
7. ufro srulyofili ganxilvisaTvis ix. Devid Rapoport, `Religion and Terror:
Thugs, Assassins and Zealots,~ wignSi International Terrorism, ed. Kegley, 146-157.
aseve ix. Leonard Weinberg and Paul Davis, Introduction to Political Terrorism
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 19-23
 terorizmi 551
8. Weinberg and Devis, Political Terrorism, 22
9. Compare Repoport, `Religion and Terror,~ 146, da iqve., 24-26
10. Rushworth M. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 13,
1986, 19.
11. iqve, 20.
12. iqve, ix. aseve sqema 15-1 am TavSi.
13. Walter Laqueur, Terrorism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 220.
14. Paul Johnson, `The Seven Deadly Sins of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terror-
ism, red. Kegley, 65.
15. Carlos Marighella, Mini-Manual for Urban Guerillas, mTargmn. Gene Hanrahan
(Chapel Hill, N.C.: Documentary Publications, 1984). (Tavdapirvelad gamo-
qveynda espanurad 1970 wels).
16. Claire Marighella, The Terror Network: The Secret War of International Terrorism
(New York: Holt, 1981), 21-22.
17. statistika eyrdnoba David E. Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism (New York: Free
Press, 1990), 165.
18. Mohhamad M. Hafez, Middle East Journal 4 (Semodgoma 2000): 584-585.
19. Long, The Anatomy of Terrorism, 17.
20. Walter Laqueur, `The Futility of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red.
Kegley, 69. avtori aRniSnavs am Sexedulebas, magram ar emxroba mas.
21. rogorc adre aRvniSneT. ix. magaliTad, Henry Dietz, `Revolutionary Organi-
zation in the Counterside: Peru,~ wignSi Revolution and Political Change in the
Third World, red. Barry Schutz and Robert Slater (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner,
1990), 135.
22. Laqueur, `Faculty of Terrorism,~ 70; and Walter Laqueur, `Reflections on the Eradi-
cation of Terrorism,~ wignSi International Terrorism, red. Kegley, 207.
23. Coombs, Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century, 68.
24. Rushworth M. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ Christian Science Monitor, May 15,
1986, 18.
25. Eric Hoffer, The True Believer (New York: Harper & Row, 1951), 49.
26. ix. Frederick J. Hacker, Crusaders, Criminals, Crazies: Terror and Terrorism in Our
Time
(New York: Norton, 1977).
27. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ May 15, 1986, 19.
28. sindisis qenjnis naklebobis Sesaxeb ix. Long, Anatomy of Terrorism, 19.
29. Paul McHugh, The Weekly Standard, December 10, 2001.
30. Hoffer, True Believer, 80.
31. iqve, 81.
32. am ganxilvis didi wili dafuZnebulia Weinberg-isa da Devis-s naSromze Po-
litical Terrorism, Tavi 8, 151-188.
33. Mattew Purdy, `Bush’s New Rules to Fight Terror Transform the Legal Landscape,~
New York Times (online edition), December 16, 2001.
34. Weinberg and Devis, Political Terrorism, 168-170.
35. Gayle Rivers, The Specialist: Revelations of a Counterterrorist (New York: Charter
Books, 1985), 40.
552 politika Zaladobis gziT

36. Richard Clutterburck, Protest and the Urban Guerilla (New York: Abelard-Shuman,
1974), 287.
37. ix. generally Brian Jenkins, red., Terrorism and Personal Protection (Boston: But-
ter-worth, 1985)
38. Kidder, `Unmasking Terrorism,~ May 21, 1986, 16.
39. iqve, 17.
T aavv i XV I

omi

po litik
litikaa sx
sxvvaa
saS ualeb eb iT

omis mizezebi
adamianis buneba sazogadoeba
garemo
omis Teoriebi: kritika politi-
kis miRma
totaluri omi: omi, romelSic
yvela
ibrZvis
SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic
aravis surs
birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac
veravin igebs
aris Tu ara omi odesme moralu-
rad gamarTlebuli?
samarTliani omis doqtrina
samarTliani omis doqtrinis
Sefaseba
niurnbergis procesi

553
554 politika Zaladobis gziT

omi saerTaSoriso politikis umTavresi problemaa. prusieli samxedro

Teoretikosi karl fon klauzevici (1780-1831) ambobs, rom `omi politikis
gagrZelebaa, oRond sxva saSualebebiT~. mTavroba yovelTvis acnobierebs,
rom diplomatia SeiZleba uZluri aRmoCndes da Sesabamisad, nebismier dros
gaCaRdes omi mezobel saxelmwifosTan an saxelmwifos SigniT moqiSpe eT-
nikur an religiur jgufebs Soris. cxadia, nebismieri donis politikis
yvelaze didi marcxi gamoixateba mis uunarobaSi, Tavidan aicilos sxvadasx-
va formis SeiaraRebuli konfliqti.
Cveulebriv, rodesac omze saubroben, gulisxmoben saxelmwifoTaSoris
oms _ oms, romelSic ori an meti eri-saxelmwifoa CarTuli. samoqalaqo omi
erTi saxelmwifos teritoriaze mimdinareobs. Tanamedrove samyaroSi am ti-
pis omebi ufro xSiria, vidre damoukidebel saxelwifoebs Soris. partizan-
uli omi aris brZolis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba, romelsac ZiriTadad msubuqad
SeiaraRebuli moZravi SenaerTebi awarmoeben soflebSi (xSirad mebrZolebs
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba sakvebiT da TavSesafriT exmareba). partizanebi,
rogorc wesi, gamiznul Zaladobas mimarTaven armiis, policiisa da xelisu-
flebis winaaRmdeg, rac miznad isaxavs xelisuflebis Sesustebas an damxobas.
omis meoTxe kategoria _ mcire intensivobis konfliqtebi, iwyeba maSin,
rodesac erTi saxelmwifo afinansebs metoqe saxelmwifoSi Zaladobis peri-
odul an xangrZliv gamovlinebas (magaliTad, daqiravebuli jariskacebis
gagzavniT an partizanebis daxmarebiT).
Tu gavixsenebT daRupulTa ricxvs, ganadgurebul qonebas, daxarjul
Tanxebs, cxadi gaxdeba, rom omi adamianis yvelaze damangreveli da fuWi
qmedebaa. mxolod meoce saukuneSi omma 35 milioni adamiani _ maT Soris 25
mln samoqalaqo piri imsxverpla (es Sefaseba 1990 wels gakeTda, roca sauku-
nis dasasrulamde kidev aTi weli iyo darCenili).1 generalma uiliam Sermanma
sakuTar Tavze gamoscada omis saSinelebebi (igi, rogorc meTauri, Tavgamo-
debiT ibrZoda omebSi). amerikis samoqalaqo omis damTavrebdan 15 wlis Sem-
deg warmoTqmul sityvaSi man Tqva: `bevri patara biWi fiqrobs, rom omi dide-
buli ram aris, magram, biWebo, damijereT _ es namdvili jojoxeTia~!
saubedurod, yvelas ar esmis omis saSinelebebi ise, rogorc general
Sermans esmoda. istoriis mravali saxelganTqmuli (an saxelgatexili)
pirovneba omis didebam `Seqmna~. sxvebma ki, vinc sisxlisRvras ar Seurigda,
mainc aRiara omis perversuli momxibvleloba. Cvens welTaRricxvamde merve
saukuneSi berZenma poetma homerosma aRniSna, rom kaci Zilis, siyvarulisa
da cekva-simRerisgan ufro iRleba, vidre omisgan. homerosis Semoqmedeba
miZRvnilia simamacisa da Tavganwirvisadmi, romelsac omi moiTxovs. ber-
Zeni filosofosi aristotele, romelic homerosze 500 wliT adre cxov-
robda, simamaces adamianis upirveles Rirsebad miiCnevda. aristoteles az-
riT, brZolaSi gamoCenili simamace akeTilSobilebda adamians, radganac es
iyo moralurad swori nabiji sikvdilis SiSis sapasuxod, rac, Tavis mxriv,
safrTxes uqmnis politikur sazogadoebas.
aqcenti omis sargeblianobaze ar axasiaTebs mxolod Zvel berZnebs an an-
tikur mwerlebs. albaT, ise aravis mouxdenia omis racionalizacia, rogorc
es germanelma filosofosma hegelma SeZlo (1770-1831). igi amtkicebda: `Tu
 omi 555
saxelmwifoebi ver aRweven urTierTSeTanxmebas da ver xerxdeba maTi sur-
vilebis harmonizacia, maSin omi erTaderTi gamosavalia~. am winadadebaSi
araferi ar aris Sokis momgvreli, Tumca, igi sakmaod pesimisturad JRers.
hegeli ufro Sorsac midis da amtkicebs, rom omi, faqtobrivad, erTaderTi
gamosavalia, radgan `gaWianurebuli da, miT ufro, mudmivi mSvidoba erebs
ryvnis~. mSvidobis dros, hegelis azriT, sazogadoeba dundeba da nawevrde-
ba. `omi aZlierebs saxelmwifoebs. aseve maTTvis, vinc monawileobs samoqa-
laqo daumorCileblobaSi, sazRvrebs gareT brZolaa saWiro, raTa qveynis
SigniT mSvidoba damyardes.~2

ramdeni omi xdeba weliwadSi?

SeiZleba gvegonos, rom es ioli gamosaTvlelia, magram sinamdvileSi

ase araa. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT 1996 weli. centralurma sadazvervo
saagentom ocdarva SeiaraRebuli konfliqti daiTvala mTeli msoflios
masStabiT. imave wels, Tavdacvis informaciis centrma gamoavlina ocdaS-
vidi mimdinare da aTi Camcxrali SeiaraRebuli konfliqti, xolo Tavdac-
vis erovnuli sabWos fondis monacemebiT es ricxvi gacilebiT didi _ sa-
mocdaoTxi iyo. romeli wyaroa sarwmuno?
es gansxvaveba ramdenime faqtoriT aixsneba. maT Soris, upirvelesia sa-
jaro politikis mkvlevari organizaciebis politikuri orientacia. Tav-
dacvis erovnuli sabWos fondi konservatiuli asociaciaa, romelic mxars
uWers Tavdacvis xaziT biujetis zrdas. amitom, gasakviri araa, rom am or-
ganizaciisTvis garemomcveli samyaro gacilebiT saSiSia, xolo mimdinare
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis ricxvi _ ufro didi, vidre liberalurad
ganwyobili Tavdacvis informaciis centrisTvis, romelic xandaxan ukmayo-
filebas gamoTqvams Tavdacvaze daxarjul TanxebTan dakavSirebiT. isic ar
aris gasakviri, rom Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWos fondi konfliqtebs ufro
did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, vidre Tavdacvis informaciis centri. erovnuli
sabWo konfliqtebad miiCnevs ara mxolod SeiaraRebul dapirispirebas, ar-
amed narkotikebTan da organizebul danaSaulTan dakavSirebul inciden-
tebsac.
amgvari gansxvavebebi rom ar arsebobdes, omebis daTvla mainc gaWird-
eboda. omis gansazRvra daRupulTa ricxvis mixedviT imTaviTve SeuZlebe-
lia, radganac omSi monawile arc erTi mxare ar axmaurebs sarwmuno infor-
macias, xolo miukerZoebeli damkvirveblebisTvis Sesabamisi informaciis
xelmisawvdomoba an SezRudulia, an saerTod SeuZlebelia. erovnuli saz-
Rvrebis mixedviT omisa da brZolebis gansazRvra aseve warumatebelia.
magaliTad, Tavdacvis erovnuli sabWo bosniisa da serbeTis konfliqtebs
erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad ganixilavs, xolo centraluri sadazvervo
saagento maT balkaneTis konfliqtad moixseniebs.

hegeli ambobda, rom `msoflios istoria aris msoflios sasamarT-

556 politika Zaladobis gziT

lo~. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, hegelisaTvis saimedoobis an gamZleobis

yvelaze didi gamocda aris ara raRac abstraqtuli moraluri standartebi,
aramed konkretuli warmateba. da radganac msoflio politikaSi warmateba
ZalauflebiT da sididiT izomeba, gamodis, rom Zala da ufleba sinonimebi
yofila.
germanelma filosofosma fridrix nicSem (1844-1900) meti radikalizmi
SesZina am ideas. nicSe zogadad uaryofda pirobiT zneobriobas, xolo qris-
tianul eTikasa da humanurobas gansakuTrebiT ver itanda da sisusted mi-
iCnevda. nicSe eTayvaneboda Zalauflebis agresiul gamovlinebas rogorc
adamianebSi, aseve qveynebSi. igi xotbas asxamda nebisyofas da omis, erTi
SexedviT usiamovno, magram sasikeTo gavlenas erebsa da civilizaciebze.3
daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg es Tema uCveulo ZaliT gacocxldeba
omis mexotbe diqtator adolf hitlerisa da misi aranakleb agresiuli
mokavSiris, benito musolinis mier, romlebic, hegelis da nicSes msgavsad,
abuCad igdebdnen pacifizms. italiuri faSizmis mamis _ musolinis mixed-
viT, `omi adamianis energiis mobilizacias axdens da ganadidebs imaT, visac
Zala Seswevs, mas Tvali gausworos~.4
idealur samyaroSi omi ar iqneboda, magram igi yovelTvis iyo da aris.
omis safrTxe imis imedTan erTad arsebobs, rom erT mSvenier dRes omi aRar
iqneba. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi bevri moazrovne-politikosi (rom araferi
vTqvaT utopist meocnebeebze) imeorebda, rom goni, an RmerTi, an istoria
msoflios gaaTavisuflebda omis agoniisgan. magram es optimistebic ki
TiTqmis verasdros Tanxmebodnen iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa omis gamomwvevi
mizezebi. rasakvirvelia, Tu gvinda, rom aRar iyos omi, upirveles yovlisa,
misi gamomwvevi mizezebi unda aRmovfxvraT.

omis mizezebi

ratom maincdamainc omi? am kiTxvaze martivi pasuxi ar arsebobs, sx-

vadasxva omis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxic sxvadasxvaa. igi damokidebulia mraval
faqtorze, upirveles yovlisa ki _ droze.
cxadia, oms sxvadasxva epoqaSi gansxvavebuli faqtori iwvevda. magali-
Tad, meTormete saukunis evropaSi an axlo aRmosavleTSi mcxovrebi nebis-
mieri miukerZoebeli mkvlevari am periodis gansakuTrebulad xSir da sas-
tik omebs aucileblad religiur aRtkinebas miawerda. paradoqsulia, rom
gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamorCeuli jvarosnuli omebi, romlebic me-
TerTmete saukunis dasasruls daiwyo da TiTqmis 200 wels mimdinareobda,
im rwmeniT iyo gamsWvaluli, rom `RmerTi CvenTanaa~.
religiam Zalze mcire roli Seasrula meoce saukunis ZiriTadi omebis
gaCaRebaSi (Tumca man xeli Seuwyo ufro regionul da adgilobriv omebs).
magaliTad, religiuri fanatizmi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar yofila pirveli
msoflio omis safuZveli. bevri damkvirvebeli am omis dawyebis mizezad na-
cionalizms miiCnevs, romlis Sesaxebac meTormete saukuneSi araferi iyo
cnobili. mkvlevarTa meore nawili omis dawyebas evropul qveynebs Soris
 omi 557
SeiaraRebaSi Sejibrs ukavSirebs da amtkicebs, rom samxedro momzadebis
tempma evropa sabolood omamde miiyvana. mkvlevarTa mesame jgufi impe-
rializms adanaSaulebs: mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi koloniebis
dasapatroneblad dawyebuli brZola omSi gadaizarda maSin, rodesac daupa-
tronebeli aRar darCa arc erTi kolonia aziasa da afrikaSi.
religias arc meore msoflio omis dawyebaSi uTamaSia mTavari roli. misi
umTavresi da gadamwyveti mizezi iyo ideologia (nacionaluri socializmi
germaniaSi, faSizmi _ italiaSi, xolo komunizmi _ sabWoTa kavSirSi). da
mainc, umTavresi `izmi~, romelic germaniis, italiis da iaponiis agresiuli
politikis ukan idga, iyo ultranacionalizmi an, rogorc saerTaSoriso
politikis gamoCenili mkvlevari hans j. morgantau uwodebda, nacionalis-
turi universalizmi. koreis (1950-1953) da vietnamis (1963-1975) omebs geo-
politikuri anu saxelmwifoebrivi da ideologiuri mizezebi daedo safuZ-
vlad. bevri mecnieri miiCnevs, rom swored pragmatizmisa da idealizmis am
nazavma ganapiroba orive omis aradamakmayofilebeli (amerikelebis Tval-
sazrisiT) Sedegebi.
zedapirulad ise Cans, TiTqos orive msoflio omis gamomwvevi mizezebi
radikalurad gansxvavdeboda im mizezebisgan, romlebmac ganapiroba jva-
rosnuli omebis dawyeba. magram, miuxedavad savaraudo (an uSualo) mizeze-
bisa (rogoricaa religiuri fanatizmi, nacionalizmi da ase Semdeg), nebi-
smieri omi aris erTi da imave Zveli `daavadebis~ gamovlineba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom am `senis~ simptomebi da simwvave droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvala.
filosofosebi da Teologebi, romlebic imedovnebdnen, omis fenomenis
SeswavliT moeZebnaT axsna mSvidobisaTvis, 2000 welia cdiloben ipovon
omis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezebi. istoriis yvelaze damangreveli _ meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, mecnierebi maTematikuri da statistikuri modelebis
gamoyenebiT cdiloben problemis arsSi Cawvdomas. am tipis raodenobrivi kv-
leva aris mcdeloba, gamoiyenos sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis meTodologi-
uri Jini da sizuste. am midgomis erT-erTi yvelaze Tavgamodebuli damcveli
jon vaske ambobs:

samyaros filosofiuri analizi, maSinac ki, rodesac is ekuTvnis

iseT did moazrovnes, rogoricaa aristotele, ar iZleva mTlian cod-
nas. Cveni Semecnebis areali gafarTovda mxolod mecnieruli meTodis
ganviTarebis Sedegad. mxolod kontrolirebuli dakvirvebis, samx-
ilebis Segrovebis, frTxili induqciisa da im rwmenis meSveobiT, rom
hipoTeza yovelTvis unda gamoicados miRebamde, SesaZlebeli gaxda
progresis miRweva. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, dadgeba Tu ara eWvqveS priv-
ilegirebuli Teoriebi, es procesi aucilebelia, sanam omisa da mSvi-
dobis Sesaxeb utyuar cnobas moivipovebT. 5

ra nayofi gamoiRo omis Seswavlisadmi mecnierulma midgomam am dromde?

vakses mixedviT, man `daxvewa fiqrebi omze da dasva seriozuli kiTxvebi misi
gagebis Sesaxeb arsebul axsnebTan dakavSirebiT~.6
politologebis erTi nawili ase darwmunebuli ar aris.7 magaliTad, jeims
558 politika Zaladobis gziT

doerti da robert palcgrafi askvian, rom `miuxedavad omis Sesaxeb statis-

tikuri swavlebis (rogorc induqciuri, aseve deduqciuri) gavrcelebisa,
verc erTi maTgani ver xsnis bolomde yvelaze saWirboroto problemas...
ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi isini mxolod sqolioebSi Segvxvdeba da
klasikur Sromad aravin CaTvlis~.8 greg qeSmens am debatebSi neitraluri
pozicia ukavia:

miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs romelime konkretuli Teoria,

romelic axlos mainc mividoda universalur RirebulebasTan, so-
cialur mecnierul kvlevas fuWad ar Cauvlia. zogi Teoria moklebu-
lia faqtobriv safuZvels da maT mxolod miTologiis statusi aqvT
miniWebuli. magram Teoriebis nawilis sandooba msoflio istoriis
faqtebma daadastura. marTalia, gasuli oTxi aTwleulis ganmavloba-
Si socialuri mecnierebis Catarebuli kvleva ver dasrulda omis
Sesaxeb erTiani Teoriis SeqmniT, magram Catarebulma kvlevebma mainc
gazarda omis mizezebis Sesaxeb Cveni codna.9

omis gamomwvevi mizezebis gamokvlevas im sami alternatiuli Teoriis

ganxilviT daviwyebT, romlebic dasavleTis yvelaze TvalsaCino politi-
kuri moazrovneebis naSromebSi gvxvdeba. erT-erTi interpretacia aqcents
adamianis bunebaze akeTebs, meore xazs usvams sazogadoebas (mTavrobis
CaTvliT), mesame yuradRebas amaxvilebs saerTaSoriso garemoSi arsebul
problemebze (magaliTad, sakvebis, wylis, miwis, bunebrivi resursebisa da
a.S. naklebobas), rogorc socialuri da saerTaSoriso konfliqtis gagebis
ZiriTad saSualebaze.10 am sami interpretaciis detaluri analizis Semdeg
ganvixilavT Tanamedrove kvlevebis ramdenime Sedegs, raTa davadasturoT
an uarvyoT es interpretaciebi.

adamianis buneba

isini, vinc oms adamianis bunebis mankier mxared miiCneven, sxvadasxva axsnas
gvTavazoben `cudad moqcevis~ zogadsakacobrio tendenciis Sesaxeb. am mxriv,
qristianobam umniSvnelovanesi kvali daatyo dasavleTis politikur azrovne-
bas.Zvel aRTqmaze dayrdnobiT, adreuli periodis qristiani moazrovneebi
miiCnevdnen, rom mTeli kacobrioba daRdasmulia pirvelyofili codvis anu
adamisa da evas mier saRvTo kanonis darRvevis gamo edemis baRSi. `dabade-
baSi~ moTxrobili dacemis ambavi exeba moralur uZlurebasa da adamianis
codviT gamoxatul sisustes. yvela gagebiT, es aris universaluri mniSvn-
elobis mqone universaluri ambavi, naWuWSi moqceuli msoflios istoria.
cnobili Teologis, netari avgustines (354-430) SexedulebiT, omi aris
safasuri, rasac vixdiT Cveni codvili bunebis gamo. sxva filosofosebic
amJRavneben msgavs pesimizms ise, rom ar asaxeleben pirvelyofil codvas,
rogorc yvela ubedurebis mizezs. berZeni filosofosi platoni omis gamom-
wvevad msoflio batonobisadmi adamianis daucxromel swrafvas asaxelebs.
 omi 559
XVI saukunis italielma moazrovnem, nikolo makiavelim kidev ufro pirquS
ferebSi aRwera adamianis bunebisa da politikis urTierTobis pesimisturi
suraTi. `mTavarSi~ makiaveli werda, rom politikuri warmateba da moral-
uri simarTle xSirad erTmaneTTan ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia:
rac ufro binZur politikur meTods mimarTavs mTavari sakuTari miznebis
dasakmayofileblad, miT ufro mdidrdeba da warmatebuli xdeba igi.
Tu mklevarTa erTi nawili religias, xolo meore nawili filosofias iy-
enebs adamianis agresiuli qmedebebis asaxsnelad, mkvlevarTa mesame nawili
fsiqologias iSveliebs. zigmund froids (1856-1939), fsiqoanalizis fuZem-
debels, miaCnda, rom adamianebi ibadebian `sikvdilis surviliT~ _ TviT-
ganadgurebis Tandayolili tendenciiT, romlis mimarTulebis Secvlasac
isini mogvianebiT umeteswilad axerxeben. rogorc froidi miiCnevda, kon-
fliqtis pirobebSi adamianebi am gamanadgurebel tendencias erTmaneTis
sawinaaRmdegod mimarTaven. aqedan gamomdinare, oms fsiqoTerapiuli fun-
qcia aqvs: es aris TviTdamangreveli impulsis gamodevna. Tumca, am Teoriis
kritikosebi miiCneven, rom es mosazreba mxolod sanaxevrodaa swori _ is ja-
riskacebi, romlebic sCadian mkvlelobas, Tavad ar iReben gadawyvetilebas
omis dawyebis Taobaze, xolo isini, vinc amis Sesaxeb iReben gadawyvetilebas
(da vinc axerxebs mSvidad jdomasa da safrTxis Tavidan acilebas), Tavad ar
ibrZvis. jariskacebis umetesoba Tavis movaleobas asrulebs da garda amisa,
ibrZvian, radgan Tavad msxverplad qceva ar surT da ara imitom, rom isini
bunebiT moZaladeebad arian dabadebuli.
fsiqologTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom agresia adamianis Tandayolili
Tviseba da bunebrivi reaqciaa imedgacruebaze, zogjer ki adamianebi am-
JRavneben `teritoriebze mbrZaneblobis~ imave tips, romliTac xasiaT-
debian cxovelTa SedarebiT dabalganviTarebuli saxeobebi. `teritoriis~
Teoriis mixedviT, farul agresias Rrmad aqvs fesvebi gadgmuli adamianis
bunebaSi da erTi piris an jgufis kuTvnili teritoriisadmi muqara stim-
uls aZlevs agresiul qmedebas.
mklevarTa sxva nawili miiCnevs, rom omis umTavresi mizezi devs ara adamianis
sulSi, aramed mis gonebaSi. adamianebi arc uzneoebi arian da arc SeSlilebi,
isini ufro gonebaClungebi arian, imdenad briyvebi, rom ver xvdebian omis amaoe-
bas. erTi gamoCenili pacifisti pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris werda:

dabrkolebas Cvens gzaze qmnis ara moraluri, aramed inteleqtua-

luri sfero. es imitom ki ar xdeba, rom adamianebi winaswar arian gan-
wyobilni da amitom ver swvdebian samyaros socialur WeSmaritebas,
aramed maT, Tumca modiT, viyoT gulaxdilebi da vTqvaT `Cven~ _ kon-
servatiuli temperamenti da SezRuduli goniereba gvaqvs~. 11

Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) omis gansxvavebul, magram aseve aranakleb usia-

movno axsnas gvTavazobs. is miiCnevs, rom adamianebi bunebiTi mdgomareo-
biT sastikebi da ugunurebi arian (hobsi inglisSi puritanuli revolu-
ciis dros cxovrobda da mas zaravda imaze fiqri, rom erT mSvenier dRes
dabrundeboda qaosi da `yvela gaaCaRebda oms yvelas winaaRmdeg~). magram
560 politika Zaladobis gziT

yvelafris miuxedavad, hobsi realisti iyo da cdilobda Caswvdomoda ada-

mianis bunebas iseTs, rogoric aris da ara iseTs, rogoric unda iyos. erTad-
erTi saSualeba adamianis WeSmariti bunebis gasagebad aris codna imisa,
rogor moiqcevian isini civilizebuli sazogadoebis gareSe, bunebiT piro-
bebSi. dResac mniSvnelovania mis mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi.

hobsi omis Sesaxeb. hobsis Tanaxmad, bunebiT mdgomareobaSi adamianebs

marTavs TviTgadarCenis ZiriTadi instinqti. maT yvelaze ufro sikvdilis
eSiniaT da gansakuTrebiT ufrTxian uecar, moulodnel aRsasruls. Tumca,
sikvdilis SiSi maT ki ar adunebT, aramed piriqiT, agresiulobasa da Za-
ladobas hmatebs, rac am pirobebSi normad iTvleba:

amgvarad, adamianis bunebaSi devs davis sami mizezi. pirveli aris

konkurencia, meore _ gansxvaveba da mesame _ dideba. pirveli adami-
ans moxveWisken ubiZgebs, meore _ usafrTxoebisken, xolo mesame _
reputaciis mopovebisken. pirveli warmoSobs Zaladobas, radgan ada-
mianebs surT ibatonon sxva adamianebze, maT colebze, bavSvebze, dae-
patronon maT saqonels; meore adamianebs aiZulebs, daicvan sakuTari
monapovari, xolo mesame iwvevs Rimils gasxvavebuli azrisa da sxvebis
Sefasebebis mimarT.
aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom maSin, roca adamianebi Tavisu-
flad cxovroben da ar emorCilebian erT saerTo Zalas, cxovroben
iseT pirobebSi, romlebsac SeiZleba omi vuwodoT da es aris yvelas
omi yvelas winaaRmdeg. 12

amdenad, hobsisTvis, bunebiTi mdgomareoba omis mdgomareobasTan igivdeba.

hobsma igive logika gamoiyena Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis
asaxsnelad, romelic gamudmebuli saomari mdgomareobiT xasiaTdeboda.
misi azriT, swored ise, rogorc bunebiT pirobebSi adamianebs marTavs
ZiriTadi survilebi da instinqtebi, aseve, amave instinqtebis mqone lidere-
bi marTaven saxelmwifoebs. da swored ise, rogorc bunebas ar hyavs mTav-
roba, raTa daicvas adamianebi erTmaneTisgan, aseve, saerTaSoriso sistemas
ar hyavs xelisufleba, raTa daicvas saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTisgan.
hobsis azriT, arsebobs davis sami saxe, romlebic Seesabameba adamianis
bunebis sam nakls. esenia: agresiuli omebi, romlebsac safuZvlad udevs
konkurenciis instinqti; TavdacviTi omebi, romlebic gamowveulia SiSiT
da mesame, agonistikuri omebi _ gamowveuli siamayiT da pativmoyvareobiT.
am kompaqturi TeoriiT, hobsi Seecada aexsna ara mxolod is, rogor moiq-
ceodnen sazogadoebis da mTavrobis macivilizebeli gavlenisgan Tavisu-
fali adamianebi (romlebic kisers gamoRadravdnen erTmaneTs, rom ara xe-
lisuflebis mier SemoRebuli kanoni da wesrigi), aramed isic, ratom iwyeben
saxelmwifoebi oms erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg iseT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT,
romlebic gare damkvirveblisaTvis yovelad uazroa.

hobsis memkvidreoba: hans morgenTau, hobsis msgavsad, TavgamodebiT amt-

 omi 561
kicebda, rom adamianebi mankierebi arian. morgenTaus azriT, `adamianuri
buneba, romelSic politikis kanons Tavisi adgili aqvs, ar Secvlila im
droidan moyolebuli, rodesac Cineli, indoeli da berZeni filosofosebi
cdilobdnen aRmoeCinaT es kanonebi~ da `politika, sazogadoebis msgavsad,
imarTeba obieqtur kanonTa wyebiT, romlebsac safuZveli adamianis bunebaSi
udevs.~13 am kanonTa moqmedebis gageba SesaZlebelia `im interesebis meSveobiT,
romlebic Zalauflebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. am gziT politikis konceptu-
alizacia niSnavs, rom adamianebi motivirebulebi arian TviTdainteresebiT,
romelic maT ZalauflebisTvis mudmivi brZolisaTvis ganawyobs. morgenTaum
gansakuTrebiT naTlad gamoxata sakuTari azri, rodesac ganacxada, rom
`saerTaSoriso politika, yvela politikis msgavsad, aris brZola Zalau-
flebisTvis~. rac ar unda iyos saerTaSoriso politikis saboloo mizani,
uSualo mizani mainc Zalauflebaa. `iseve, rogorc misma winamorbedma hobsma,
morgenTaumac uaryo mcdari (idealisturi) mosazreba, romelic amtkicebs,
rom `adamianuri sawyisi keTilia, xolo adamianis buneba _ iolad drekadi
da Tvinieri~. nacvlad amisa, igi mxars uWers realistur mosazrebas, rom `sa-
myaro, romelic arasrulyofilia racionaluri mosazrebidan gamomdinare,
aris im Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi, romelic adamianis sawyisSia~.14
morgenTaus da mis naSromebze dafuZnebuli politikuri Teoriis re-
alisturi skolis mixedviT, adamianis buneba da gandidebis instinqti
erTaderTi Tu ara, erT-erTi wamyvani mizezia, romelic konkurenciasa da
konfliqts iwvevs. amgvari analizi kacobriobas Zalian usiamovno kuTxiT
warmoaCens. magram, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, es mosazreba aris erTaderTi
sarwmuno axsna imisa, Tu ratom xdeba omebi.

sazogadoeba

yvela politikuri moazrovne omis mizezad adamianis fsiqikas an bune-

bas ar miiCnevs. mecnierTa garkveuli nawili omis gaCaRebaSi, zogadad, Ta-
namedrove sazogadoebas adanaSaulebs, romelic saxelmwifos saxiT aris
formirebuli (eqskluziuri politikuri an `wevrobis~ principze agebuli
asociaciebi), xolo meore nawili _ politikuri saxelmwifoebis im konkre-
tul kategorias, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian mSvidobas. am TavSi ganvixi-
lavT politikuri Teoriebisadmi sxvadasxva midgomas da agreTve im li-
derebs, romlebic sazogadoebas an saxelmwifos (sazogadoebis politikuri
CarCo) adanaSauleben omebis gaCaRebaSi.

ruso: damnaSavea qoneba. `adamiani Tavisufal qmnilebadaa dabadebuli, ma-

gram mas mTeli cxovreba borkilebi adevs~, _ eri-saxelmwifoebze mitanili
am ieriSiT daiwyo frangma filosofosma Jan-Jak rusom (1712-1778) klasikad
qceuli naSromi `sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba~ (1762), romelSic pirdapir
gaakritika hobsis mosazreba adamianis muxTal da moZalade bunebasTan da-
kavSirebiT. rusom dasawyisSive ganacxada, rom adamianebi `suleli, magram
mSvidobiani~ arsebebi arian, romlebsac SeuZliaT TanaugrZnon daCagru-
562 politika Zaladobis gziT

lebs (daakvirdiT, ramdenad ewinaaRmdegeba es gansazRvreba `suleli, ma-

gram moZalade~ adamianebis Sesaxeb Tezas, romelic am TavSive ganvixileT).
am kuTxidan Tu SevxedavT, hobsma ubralod Sescoda, rodesac iseTi Tanday-
olili Tvisebebi, rogoricaa ambicia, SiSi da siamaye, miawera bunebiT mdgo-
mareobaSi myof adamianebs. rusos sjeroda, rom es aris socialuri adami-
anisa da ara pirvelyofili adamianis Tviseba. raoden paradoqsulic unda
iyos, antisocialur saqciels socialuri safuZvlebi aqvs; es aris adamia-
nis mankierebis utyuari niSani. am SemTxvevaSi damnaSavea sazogadoeba da ara
adamianis buneba. ruso sakmaod mkveTrad gamoTqvams sakuTar mosazrebas am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT: `cxadia, rom sazogadoebas unda mieweros mkvl-
elobebi, mowamvlis faqtebi, Saragzis yaCaRobebi da amgvar danaSaulebaTa
dasjac ki~.15
rusos swamda, rom sazogadoeba aris yvelanairi problemis mizezi, omis
CaTvliT. is gansakuTrebiT adanaSaulebda kerZo sakuTrebis instituts,
meTvramete saukunis evropis ZiriTad sazrunavs, im ubedurebebisaTvis,
romlebmac mTeli kacobrioba moicva mas Semdeg, rac adamianebma civiliza-
ciis yalb siamovnebaze gacvales pirvelyofili umankoeba. sakuTreba gan-
arCevs adamianebs imiT, rom qmnis usargeblo uTanasworobas janmrTelobis,
statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeebsa da Tan-
daTanobiT _ saxelmwifoebs Soris:

pirveli adamiani, romelmac SemoRoba miwis nakveTi, gonebaSi Caibe-

Wda, rom `es misia~ da ipova adamianebi, romlebic imdenad sulelebi
aRmoCndnen, rom es daijeres, iyo samoqalaqo sazogadoebis WeSmari-
ti fuZemdebeli. ramden danaSauls, oms, mkvlelobasa da saSinelebas
ascdeboda kacobrioba, vinmes rom daeyvira: nu usmenT am matyuaras,
inanebT, Tu daiviwyebT, rom nayofi yvelasia, xolo miwa _ saerTo. 16

rusom Camoayaliba postulati, rom kerZo sakuTrebis Seqmnam safuZveli

Cauyara pirvel politikur sazogadoebas, xolo politikurma sazogadoebam,
Tavis mxriv, damatebiTi, eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas. da gamomdinare iqidan,
rom TiToeuli eri-saxelmwifo meoris pirispir rCeboda, warmoiSva didi
daZabuloba, romelic Semdgom `erTa Soris omebSi, brZolebSi, mkvelobebSi
gadaizarda, ramac SeZra buneba da Searyia goneba~.17 rogorc ruso ambobs,
`adamianuri rasis dayofam sxvadasxva sazogadoebebad~ gamoiwvia is, rom

adamianebi yvelaze Rirseul saqcielad TanamoZmis mkvlelobas mi-

iCnevdnen. TandaTanobiT saqme iqamde mivida, rom adamianebi umiznod
xocavdnen erTmaneTs. brZolis erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi ufro meti mkv-
leloba xdeboda da erTi qalaqis dapyrobas ufro meti saSineleba mos-
devda, vidre es bunebiT mdgomareobaSi mTeli saukunis ganavlobaSi.18

rusos mosazrebam imis Sesaxeb, rom yvela borotebis saTave kerZo sa-
kuTrebaa, Rrma kvali daaCnia Tanamedrove inteleqtualur istorias. im
politikur moazrovneebs Sorisac ki, romlebic uaryofen rusos Sexedule-
 omi 563
bas eri-saxelmwifoebis mankierebis Sesaxeb, mravlad arian isinic, romle-
bic aRiareben mis zogad Teorias: `adamiani kargia, magram adamianebi erTad
_ cudebi~. am Temaze ramdenime variacia warmoiSva meoce saukuneSi. rogorc
davinaxavT, TiToeuli Zireulad gansxvavdeba meorisgan, magram yvela maT-
gani iziarebs mosazrebas, rom is fataluri manki, romelsac omamde mivya-
varT, unda veZeboT sazogadoebaSi da ara adamianis bunebaSi.

damnaSavea nacionalizmi: bevri Tanamedrove moazrovne amtkicebs, rom

omi imTaviTve arsebobs calkeul sazogadoebebSi damoukidebeli mTavro-
bebiT. am potenciuri separatistuli tendenciis ZiriTadi gamoxatulebaa
nacionalizmi (romelsac xSirad jingoizmis an Sovinizmis saxeliTac moix-
senieben, gasakuTrebiT mis radikalur gamovlinebebs). nacionalizmi, Cveu-
lebriv, gulisxmobs konkretuli qveynis moqalaqeebis mier patriotul
grZnobas samSoblos mimarT. erT-erTi cnobili avtori ambobs:

yvela ers Tavisi vardisferi sarke aqvs. amgvari sarkis gansa-

kuTrebuli Tvisebaa gamosaxulebis momxibvlelad warmoCena: is aSo-
rebs naoWebs da xasiaTi da mSveneba pirdapir brwyinavs! TiToeuli eri
sakuTar Tavs miiCnevs yvelaze marTlad... TiToeuli eri darwmune-
bulia (aq sagulisxmoa temperamenti da midrekileba), rom is `RvTis
rCeuli~ eria da `RviTsgan kurTxeul miwaze~ cxovrobs.19

gasakviri ar aris, rom nacionalizms kerpTTayvanismcemlobas uwodeben.

miuxedavad imisa, rom is erTi sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris aZlierebs kavSirs,
erTobasa da TviTSewirvas, Tavad sazogadoebebs Soris, pirdapir Tu iribad,
militarizmis, qsenofobiisa da ormxrivi undoblobis safuZveli xdeba.
SesaZlebelia nacionalizmiT manipulireba ise, rom man mxari dauWiros
agresiul politikas, xolo omi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
nacionalizmis gasaZliereblad. urTierTkavSiri nacionalizmsa da oms So-
ris imdenad meryevi da cvalebadia, rom bevri internacionalisti (Teo-
retikosebis is nawili, romlebic mxars uWeren qveynebs Soris mSvidobasa da
TanamSromlobas xelisuflebaTa aqtiuri TanamSromlobis gziT msoflio
organizaciismagvar struqturaSi) nacionalizms msoflios xalxebs Soris
mSvidobis miRwevis mTavar dabrkolebad miiCnevs.
imdenad, ramdenadac nacionalizmi xelovnuri gatacebaa, anu ufro so-
cialurad aris ganpirobebuli, vidre Tandayolilia, omebis gaCaRebaSi
damnaSavea politikuri sazogadoeba. amgvarma msjelobam misca stimuli
idealistTa erT, meocnebe nawils da maT ukiduresad (kritikosebis azriT
`briyvul~) martiv formulas miagnes: movspoT eri-saxelmwifoebi, maTTan
erTad _ nacionalizmi, nacionalizmTan erTad ki omebic moispoba. meore
nawili ufro praqtikul gamosavals xedavs _ eri-saxelmwifoebis gauqmebis
nacvlad, saWiroa maTi `koreqtireba~.

vilsoni da kanti: damnaSavea tirania. bevri eqsperti Tanamedrove kon-

fliqtebis umTavres wyarod nacionalizms miiCnevs, xolo meore nawili
meoce saukunis ori damangreveli omis gaCaRebaSi despotizms adanaSaulebs.
564 politika Zaladobis gziT

prezidenti vudrou vilsoni iyo pirveli, romelmac win wamoswia es cneba

da faqtobrivad Seecada, am fundamentur pricnipebze samyaros axali mod-
eli aego. pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg vilsoni Seecada gaexangrZlivebina
mSvidoba msoflioSi qartiis meSveobiT, romelic ToTxmeti principisgan
Sedgeboda. igi imedovnebda, rom am principebis dacva SesaZlebels gaxdida
msoflios mSvidobiani gziT marTvas. mis mier SemoTavazebuli msoflios ax-
ali sistemis qvakuTxedia erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ufleba anu adamian-
ebis ufleba, airCion sasurveli mTavroba. vilsonis azriT TviTgamorkvevis
ufleba gaxdeboda demokratiis safuZveli, romelic, bunebrivia, mSvidobis
damkvidrebis ukeTesi saSualebaa, vidre diqtatura.
magram ratom unda gauCndeT demokratiul saxlemwifoebs omis sur-
vili diqtatorul saxelmwifoebze naklebad? meTvramete saukunis ger-
manelma filosofosma emanuil kantma (1724-1804) pirvelma axsna es movlena,
ramac didi gavlena iqonia vilsonze (rogorc erT-erTma kompetenturma
pirma aRniSna, `vilsonma patiosnad gadmoitana kantis maradiuli mSvido-
bis ideebi Tavis ToTxmet principSi~20). kantis naSromis mixedviT imisaT-
vis, raTa saxelmwifoebma SeinarCunon siZliere, saWiroa ganaviTaron ga-
naTleba, komercia da samoqalaqo Tavisufleba. ganaTlebas, kantis azriT,
moaqvs saerTo ganmanaTlebloba, xolo komercia saSualebas aZlevs qveyanas
moipovos ekonomikuri damoukidebloba, xolo es ori faqtori safuZvels
uyris mSvidobas. rac yvelaze mTavaria, farTo politikuri Tavisuflebis
pirobebSi, moqalaqeebi ufro kompetenturebi gaxdebian sazogadoebriv
sakiTxebSi. radganac Tavisufleba yvelaze ufro respublikur wyobaSi mi-
iRweva, amgvari xelisufleba bunebiT ufro mSvidobismoyvarea. mizezi mar-
tivia: respublikaSi, monarqiisa da aristokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan
gansxvavebiT, gadawyvetilebas omis warmoebis Taobaze iReben is adamianebi,
romlebmac Tavadac unda ibrZolon. rogorc kanti ambobs:

respublikis konstitucia axalisebs mSvidobismoyvare saqciels

Semdegi mizeziT: Tu omis dawyebisTvis saWiroa im adamianebis Tanxmo-
ba, romlebmac sakuTar Tavze unda gamoscadon omis mTeli saSinele-
ba, Zalian Zneli dasajerebelia, rom isini xalisiT daTanxmdebian am
binZur TamaSSi monawileobaze. amgvari saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvave-
biT qveynebi, romelTa mTavari sagani ar aris moqalaqe, Zalze iolad
iwyeben oms, rogorc gasarTobs da amisTvis maT seriozuli mizezi ar
sWirdebaT.21

kantma iwinaswarmetyvela msoflio sistemis ufro mSvidobiani model-

is damkvidrebis myari, Tumca SeumCneveli, evoluciuri procesi, rodesac
mTavrobebi gaiTvaliswineben adamianTa umravlesobis azrs. kanti fiqrob-
da, rom omi TandaTanobiT istoriis kuTvnileba gaxdeboda.
kantis mier aRmoCenili kavSiri respublikanizmsa da mSvidobas Soris
vilsonis politikuri kredo gaxda. orive, kanti da vilsoni, miiCnevda, rom
eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmna aris msoflioSi omebis Tavidan acilebis erTad-
erTi gza. ufro konkretulad rom vTqvaT, orive miiswrafvoda demokratiis,
 omi 565

amerikis prezidenti vudro vilsoni, romelsac didi pativiT Sexvdnen did

britaneTSi pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, imedovnebda, rom
msoflios `demokratiisTvis usafrTxo adgilad~ aqcevda, magram misi erovnu-
li TviTgamorkvevis Teoria warumatebeli aRmoCnda da ver SeZlo erebs Soris
omis SeCereba.

ganaTlebisa da Tavisufali vaWrobis globaluri gavrcelebisken mSvido-

bis miRwevisa da SenarCunebis mizniT. vilsoni gansakuTrebiT did mniSnvn-
elobas aniWebda rigiTi moqalaqis zneobasa da saR azrs. igi darwmunda, rom
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ideali aris kacobriobis politikuri xsnis Tavi
da Tavi. mas agreTve sjeroda, rom msoflios xalxebi liberalur demokra-
tiasa da mSvidobas arCevdnen, alternatiuli mTavrobis arCevis saSualeba
rom hqonodaT. da bolos, vilsoni fiqrobda, rom Tu demokratiuli insti-
tutebi iarsebebda yvela qveyanaSi maSin, rogorc calkeuli qveynis, aseve,
zogadad, msoflio sazogadoebrivi azris zneobrivi Zala xels SeuSlida
SeiaraRebul agresias.

lenini: damnaSavea kapitalizmi. im adamianebs Soris, romlebic ar eTanx-

mebodnen ideas, rom mSvidoba emyareboda ufro meti demokratiuli saxelm-
wifos Seqmnasa da diqtaturis aRmofxvras, gaxldaT vilsonis aranakleb
cnobili Tanamedrove, rusuli revoluciis sulisCamdgmeli da yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris pirveli mmarTveli v.i. lenini (1870-1924). lenini gaaf-
TrebiT ewinaaRmdegeboda im burJuaziuli demokratiis ideas, romelsac
TavgamodebiT icavda vilsoni. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive maTgani iwonebda
erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ideas, maTi interpretaciebi am cnebis Sesaxeb
gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. vilsoni amtkicebda, rom nebismieri eri ar-
Cevda demokratias, Tuki arCevanis SesaZlebloba eqneboda demokratiasa da
sxva romelime sistemas Soris. misgan gansxvavebiT, lenini amtkicebda, rom
566 politika Zaladobis gziT

kapitalizmsa da komunizms Soris arCevanis SemTxvevaSi, is aucileblad

komunizmis sasargeblod gadawydeboda. leninisaTvis politikis primati
cxadi iyo. leninis, rogorc karl marqsis mimdevaris, azriT, omi mxolod da
mxolod kapitalistebis interesebs emsaxureboda.
Tavis mniSvnelovan naSromSi `imperializmi: kapitalizmis umaRlesi
safexuri~, leninma kidev ufro gaaRrmava marqsis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
rom dasavluri imperializmi anu gviandeli mecxramete saukunis qiSpi
koloniebisaTvis, udavod miuTiTebda kapitalizmis gadaSenebaze. leninis
azriT, imperializmi iyo im daundobeli brZolebis logikuri gagrZeleba,
rac axasiaTebs monopoliur kapitalizms. misive mosazrebiT, kapitaliste-
bi yovelTvis Seecdebodnen ucxo qveynebis bazrebis dapyrobas, rac maT sa-
Sualebas miscemda, ganexorcielebinaT sarfiani investiciebi an gaeyidaT
saqoneli. amgvarad, monopolisti kapitalistebi sakuTari finansuri Za-
lauflebisa da misi Tanmdevi politikuri gavlenis meSveobiT cdilobdnen
omSi CaeTriaT sazogadoeba sakuTari finansuri sargeblis gazrdis mizniT.
leninis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT:

rodesac afrikaSi evropuli koloniebi teritoriis mxolod erT

meaTeds moicavda (rogorc es 1976 wels iyo), koloniurma politi-
kam, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ganviTareba teritoriebis `Tavisufali
mitacebis~ meTodiT SeZlo, magram rodesac afrikis cxra meaTedi mi-
tacebul iqna (daaxloebiT 1900 wlisTvis) da moxda mTeli msoflios
danawileba, amas mohyva koloniuri monopoliis periodi, ramac, Tavis
mxriv, gamoiwvia gansakuTrebiT mwvave brZola msoflios ganawilebis
an gadanawilebisaTvis.22

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom leninis azriT, omi sarfiani saqmea kapitaliste-

bisTvis da amitom cdiloben isini omis xelSewyoba sakuTar saqmed aqcion.
omis gamomwvevi mizezebis leniniseuli analizi Zalze Sors dgas vil-
sonis Teoriisagan imis Sesaxeb, rom tiranias aucileblad mivyavarT saer-
TaSoriso konfliqtebamde. da mainc, es ori mosazreba erTmaneTs ZiriTad
sakiTxSi emTxveva: orive, vilsonic da leninic amtkicebdnen, rom eri-sax-
elmwifoebi, ufro sworad konkretuli defeqtis mqone eri-saxelmwifoebi,
iwveven omebs. es ori lideri erTmaneTis Tanamedroveebi da amavdroulad
metoqeebic iyvnen. isini ideologiuri wyalgamyofis sapirispiro mxares
idgnen, magram, rusos msgavsad, orive fiqrobda, rom sazogadoebis manki-
erebis aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, msoflioSi samudamo mSvidoba daisadgureb-
da. es manki vilsonisTvis mTavrobis konkretuli tipi iyo, xolo leninisT-
vis _ ekonomikis tipi. orive SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti sakiTxia cvlileba:
Secvale agresiuli eri-saxelmwifoebi da adamianebi simSvidesa da harmo-
niaSi icxovreben.

garemo

TeoretikosTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom omebi gamowveulia deficitiTa

 omi 567
da daucvelobiT, rac dakavSirebulia iseT `bunebriv mtaceblebTan~, ro-
goricaa sicive, SimSili, daavadebebi, qariSxlebi da a.S. es mosazreba filo-
sofos jon lokis (1632-1704) ideebs emTxveva.

lokis Sexeduleba. traqtatSi samoqalaqo mTavrobis Sesaxeb (1690) loki

amtkicebda, rom omebi aris bunebis kanonebis gamoZaxili da ara adamianis
bunebisa an sazogadoebis defeqtebisa. martivad rom vTqvaT, garemo piro-
bebi, romelsac adamiani ver akontrolebs, xSirad ayenebs adamians sikvdil-
sicocxlis sakiTxis pirispir da amitom, konfliqtebic gardauvalia. misi
winamorbedi hobsis msgavsad, lokic ar xuWavda Tvals adamianis bunebis mank-
ierebebze. adamianis bunebis Seswavlam loki im azramde miiyvana, rasac hobsic
emxroboda _ anu TviTgadarCena adamianis ZiriTadi instinqtia. TumcaRa, am
sakiTxze am ori moazrovnis msjeloba erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. erT-erTi kom-
petenturi piris sityvebiT:

lokis mier danaxuli bunebiTi mdgomareoba ar aris iseTi sastiki,

rogoric es hobs warmoedgina. Tu Zalis gamoyeneba uflebis gareSe
Cveulebrivi movlenaa lokiseul bunebiT mdgomareobaSi, es imitom ar
xdeba, rom adamianebis umetesoba borotmoqmedi, veluri an sisxlismsme-
lia; hobsisgan gansxvavebiT loki ar fiqrobs, rom TiToeuli adamiani
erTmaneTis potenciuri mkvlelia. sicocxlisaTvis ZiriTadi safrTxe
bunebiT mdgomareobaSi aris ara mkvlelis tendenciebi adamianebSi, ar-
amed is siRatake da gaWirveba, rac axasiaTebs am mdgomareobas.23

loks swamda, rom siRatake da gaWirveba gardauvalia bunebiT

mdgomareobaSi, radgan, misi azriT, didi Zalixmevaa saWiro yoveldRiuri
sarCos mosapoveblad. am pirobebSi ki, Cveni qoneba unda davicvaT im mezo-
blebisgan, romlebic iswrafvian misi dapatronebisken da im adamianebisgan,
romlebsac SiaT da Raribebi arian. amgvarad, loki problemas ufro mwir
resursebSi (sakvebi, miwa da a.S) xedavda, vidre Sinagan bunebriv xasiaTze.
lokis Sexedulebebi adamianebze, sazogadoebasa da bunebaze mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli omisa da mSvidobis sakiTxebTan. Tu omis warmoSobis mizezebi
unda veZeboT adamianebSi, rogorc es hobs sjeroda, maSin misi aRmofxvris
erTaderTi saSualebaa Sinagani meobis Secvla. xolo, Tu problema unda ve-
ZeboT sazogadoebaSi, rogorc ruso da lenini Tvlidnen, maSin gamosavali
mdgomareobs sazogadoebis (an saxelmwifos) imgvarad gadawyobaSi, rom aR-
moifxvras agresiuli qcevis gamomwvevi faqtorebi. magram, Tu problemaa ara
adamiani an sazogadoeba, aramed bunebaa, maSin erTaderT gamosavlad bunebis
gardaqmnaRa rCeba.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom bunebis transformacia iyo zustad is gza,
romelsac loki Sida sazogadoebaSi konfliqtis aRmofxvris instrumentad
miiCnevda. misi azriT, samoqalaqo xelisuflebam unda izrunos iseTi piro-
bebis damkvidrebaze, romlebic xels Seuwyobs ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis meSveobiT mniSvnelovnad Sesustdeba social-
uri daZabulobis ZiriTadi mizezi _ adamianis mdgomareobis bunebrivi
568 politika Zaladobis gziT

`gaWirveba~. amave dros, Tu bunebis cvalebadobas Caenacvleba organizebuli

sazogadoebis oficia-luri wesebi, mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba imis saWiroe-
ba, rom adamianebma mudmivad akontrolon erTmaneTi. amgvarad, adamianebi
SeZlebdnen sabolood daetovebinaT bunebiTi mdgomareoba, mTeli Tavisi
anarqiiTa da safrTxeebiT.
bunebiTi mdgomareobidan gamosvlis Semdeg, adamianebma aRmoaCines, rom
bedis ironiiT Seabijes sxva _ saerTaSoriso politikis sastik samyaroSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom loks ar mourgia politikis Sesaxeb sakuTari Teoria
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisaTvis, misi msjeloba srulad miesadageba am
sakiTxs. mTavrobis `gamogonebamde~ adamianebi cxovrobdnen Sida anarqi-
aSi. amgvaradve, efeqtiani msoflio xelisuflebis ararsebobis pirobebSi
saxelmwifoebi arseboben saerTaSoriso anarqiaSi. am gagebiT, eri-saxelmwi-
foebs Soris arsebuli damokidebuleba mcirediT gansxvavdeba im damokide-
bulebisagan, romelic arsebobda adamianebs Soris samoqalaqo sazogadoe-
bis Camoyalibebamde. saerTaSoriso bunebiTi mdgomareoba, iseve, rogorc
Tavdapirveli bunebrivi mdgomaroba, mudmivad imyofeba potenciur saomar
viTarebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, TiToeuli eri-saxelmwifo sakuTari Tavis
gadarCenis mizniT moqmedebs mtrul garemoSi, swored ise, rogorc TiToeu-
li adamiani moiqceoda bunebiT mdgomareobaSi.
omis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli da Zvirfasi nadavli teritoriaa da
istoriidan gamomdinare, swored axali teritoriebisa da miwebis, lokis
mixedviT qonebis, dapatronebis gamo xdeba omebis umetesi nawili. gaix-
seneT, mecxramete saukunis bolos evropis saxelmwifoebis brZolas axali
koloniebisaTvis lenini axali bazrebis, iafi muSaxelisa da nedleulis
dapatronebis survils miawerda. mniSvnelovania leninis mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom kapitalis (fuli da qoneba) dagrovebisadmi midrekileba,
romelsac lokic aRwerda, pirdapir ukavSirdeba imperializmis fenomens,
rac, rogorc man iwinaswarmetyvela, msoflios omamde miiyvanda. lenini
Tundac aWarbebdes kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg sakuTari mosazrebis gamoTqmi-
sas, erTi ram cxadia: teritoriuloba yovelTvis ukavSirdeboda da kvlavac
daukavSirdeba oms.
loki im dros moRvaweobda, rodesac jer kidev mravlad iyo evropelebis
mier daupatronebeli da auTvisebeli teritoria. igi aRniSnavda, rom ada-
mianebi harmoniulad icxovobdnen, Tu romelime maTgani ar moindomebda sx-
vebis daCagvras. am faqtebs mivyavarT im azramde, rom mosaxleobis zrdas-
Tan erTad gaizarda moTxovna resursebze, xolo, siRatakis zRvris sakiTxi
ufro da ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. loki amtkicebs, rom preistoriul ada-
mians safrTxe eqmneboda bunebrivi resursebis amowurviT. warmoidgineT,
ramdenad gaZlierda es safrTxe droTa ganmavlobaSi.

bunebrivi resursebis simwire: malTusis koSmari. bevrma Tanamedrove av-

torma ganavrco lokis mier wamoweuli bunebrivi resursebis simwiris Tema. am
Temas Tomas malTusic (1766-1834) Seexo Tavis cnobil naSromSi _ `gamocdile-
ba xalxTmosaxleobis kanonis Sesaxeb~ (1780). riCard folkma (1972), magali-
Tad, gansazRvra `planetaruli safrTxis oTxi ganzomileba~: `omis sistema~,
 omi 569
`mosaxleobis zrda~, `mwiri resursebi~ da `garemos gadatvirTva~.24 safrTxis
es oTxi ganzomileba, folkis mixedviT, erTi problemis erTmaneTTan dakav-
Sirebuli aspeqtebia da aqedan gamomdinare, erTad unda ganvixiloT.
saerTaSoriso konfliqtis mizezebTan dakavSirebiT folkis mosazre-
bebi Seesabameba politikis lokiseul gagebas:

...saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, rasakvirvelia, aris omis sistemis

ukiduresi magaliTi. konfliqtebi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli.
sasicocxlo interesebi mudmivad riskis qveSaa. Zalauflebisa da
resursebis uTanasworoba ubiZgebs saxelmwifoebs daepatronon mezo-
beli saxelmwifoebis kuTvnilebas.25

swored ise, rogorc adamianebi arian daucveli sxvebis Zaladobisgan

bunebiT mdgomareobaSi, mtacebeli eri-saxelmwifoebi safrTxes uqmnian
sxva er-saxelmwifoebs. amitom, istoriis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc folki
amtkicebs, is garemoebebi, romlebic ar emorCilebian konkretuli eri-sax-
elmwifoebis kontrols, aiZulebs maT, ganixilon sakuTari usafrTxoeba
mezobeli saxelmwifoebis saWiroebebis pirdapirpropociulad. aqedan
gamomdinare, miuxedavad im uprecendento ngrevisa, rac pirvel da meore
msoflio omebs mohyva, `mravali nabiji gadaidga, da xSirad warmatebiTac,
omis barbarosobis xarisxis Sesamcireblad, magram faqtobrivad araferi
gakeTebula omis warmomSobi faqtorebis aRmosafxvrelad~.26 konkretulad
romel faqtorebzea laparaki? profesori folki amtkicebs, rom sakvebisa
da wylis maragis xelmisawvdomoba pirdapir kavSirSia uZveles omebTan, rac
kvlavac aqtualur sakiTxad rCeba Tanamedrove omebTan mimarTebaSi:

dRevandeli, masobrivi SimSilis viTarebaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT

uZvelesi kavSiri, rac arsebobs omebsa da sakvebis maragis kontrols
Soris, iseve, rogorc saukuneobrivi gamocdileba, romelic gulisx-
mobs samxedro ZaliT privilegirebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis dacvas.27

sakvebisa da wylis maragze ufro mniSvnelovani, folkis azriT, aris

mosaxleobis demografiuli afeTqebis kontrolis aucilebloba. bevr Sem-
TxvevaSi mosaxleobis zrda planetaruli mniSvnelobisaa. gasagebia, rom
msoflioSi arc erTi saxelmwifo, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad Zlevamosilia
igi, ar grZnobs Tavs bolomde daculad Cveni drois amgvari problemebisa-
gan. 1973 wlis navTobis krizisi kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom yvelaze mdi-
dari da Zlevamosili qveynebic ki SeiZleba daucvelebi gaxdnen. SezRudu-
lia da araproporciulad ganawilebuli ara mxolod navTobi, aramed iseTi
nedleulic, rogoricaa alumini, spilenZi da TuTia. amave dros, msoflios
yvelaze Raribi qveynebi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nedleulis _ sakvebis _
deficits ganicdian.
570 politika Zaladobis gziT

omis Teoriebi: kritika

winamdebare TavSi ganxiluli sami ZiriTadi mosazreba omis ZiriTadi

mizezebis Sesaxeb eyrdnoba dasavleTis politikuri filosofiis funda-
mentur principebs _ adamianis, sazogadoebisa da bunebis triadas. samive
Teoria garkveulwilad gamarTlebulia. erTad aRebuli, es Teoriebi xsnis
omis warmoSobis ZiriTad mizezebs. calke an erTad aRebuli es Teoriebi ki
xsnis, ratom daiwyo konkretuli omebi. maSinac ki, rodesac omi izolire-
bulad mimdinareobs, omis gamomwvevi mizezebi kompleqsuria da Znelia maTi
gamoyeneba sxva SemTxvevebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, rodesac, savaraudod,
egoisturi da Zaladobisaken midrekili adamianuri buneba aris is faqto-
ri, romelic ubiZgebs saxelmwifoTa liderebs awarmoon omi, yvela lideri
ar aris egoisti an moZalade. ufro metic, yvela lideri erTnairad rodi
eqvemdebareba sakuTari xalxis politikur da sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebs,
an oponentebis samxedro SesaZleblobebs. aseve, isini erTnairad ar aRiq-
vamen saSiSroebebsa da riskebs. rac Seexeba eri-saxelmwifoebs, Cans, rom,
sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebi maT omisken an piriqiT, mSvidobisken midrekil
saxelmwifoebad aqcevs. magram ar aris gansazRvruli, konkretulad romeli
maxasiaTeblebi aris dakavSirebuli omis warmoebis tendenciasTan. da bo-
los, maSin, rodesac sakvebisa da sxva resursebis simcire zog saxelmwifos
konfliqtisaken ubiZgebs, es faqtori xSirad iwvevs sapirispiro reaqcias:
daxmarebisa da TanamSromlobis Zlieri survilis saxiT.
ar arsebobs erTi konkretuli ganmarteba, romelic adekvaturad xsnis
yvela omis gamomwvev mizezebs. problemis gamartiveba ufro abrkolebs pa-
suxis moZiebis process. idealizmi da sxvadasxva religiuri mrwamsi imeds
aZlevs omisgan gadaqancul msoflios, magram es imedi mainc uadgiloa.

politikis miRma

mizanSewonilia vivaraudoT, rom Tu yvela Tanasworia, is saxelmwifoe-

bi, romlebic amJRavneben nacionalizms, ufro midrekilebi arian omebisak-
en, vidre politikurad apaTiuri saxlmwifoebi, magram yvela iSviaTad aris
Tanaswori. rasakvirvelia, erovnul saxelmwiofebriobasTan dakavSirebuli
axsna `uZluria omis SemTxvevebis axsnaSi~.28
magram ra vuyoT vilsoniseul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom demokrati-
uli qveynebi bunebiT mSvidobianebi arian, xolo tirania Tanamedrove sa-
myaroSi omis gaCaRebis uTavresi mizezia? mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi bevr-
ma moazrovnem gausva xazi damokidebulebas diqtatorul da omismosurne an
agresul qmedebas Soris. magaliTad, aristotele fiqrobda, rom `tiranebi
omis Semoqmedni arian~. isini sakuTar xalxs omisken ubiZgebdnen im ganzrax-
viT, rom `TavianTi daqvemdebarebulebi mudam dakavebulebi yofiliyvnen da
yovelTvis dasWirvebodaT lideri.~29 zogi Tanamedrove avtori, rogori-
caa hana arendti, amtkicebda, rom totalitaruli xelisufleba imTaviTve
agresiulia.30 meoce saukunis ori mniSvnelovani konfliqti (meore msoflio
 omi 571
omi da koreis omi) wamoiwyes totalitarma diqtatorebma. aseve, stalinma
1930-ian wlebSi, hitlerma _ 1940-ian wlebSi, maom 1950-iani wlebis dasawy-
isSi da pol potma 1975-1979 wlebSi, gaaCaRes omi sakuTar qveynebSi sisxlis-
Rvrisa da masobrivi mkvlelobebis saxiT. saxelmwifo qmedebis ukiduresad
sisxliani es epizodebi adasturebs im faqts, rom totalitari mmarTvelebi
midrekilni arian Zaladobisaken.
arsebobs sxva mosazrebebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs diqtatu-
rasa da organizebul Zaladobas. diqtatorebi srulad akontroleben
SeiaraRebul Zalebs, policiasa da propagandis saSualebebs. xSirad isini
omis gmirebi arian, romlebmac samxedro gamarjvebebiT gaikafes gza Zalau-
flebisken. es warmatebuli jariskacebi, romlebmac xelSi Caigdes marTvis
sadaveebi, iSviaTad amboben uars Zalis gamoyenebaze. amgvari mmarTvelebi-
sTvis omi saerTo saxalxo gadaxvevaa yveldRiuri cxovrebis rutinisgan da
xSirad sxva maxres mimarTavs dagubebul Sida mtrobas, romelic, sxva Sem-
TxvevaSi, diqtatorisken iqneboda mimarTuli. oms SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos
sazogadoebis gamTlianebas, disidentebze mitanil ieriSs da bolos, is Sei-
Zleba diqtatorma gamoiyenos stagnaciis mdgomareobaSi myofi ekonomikis
gasajansaReblad an `miZinebuli~ moqalaqeobis gamosacocxleblad.
ramdenad misaRebic unda iyos es Sexedulebebi, isini mainc ar amtkiceben
sabolood, rom oms yovelTvis despotizmi an araproporciuloba iwvevs.
erT-erTi problema isaa, rom amgvari analizis yvela SemTxvevaze morgeba
martivi ar aris. gavixsenoT Tundac vietnamis omis magaliTi. kenedis, jon-
sonisa da niqsonis administraciebi omis gaCaRebis mizezad komunistebis
agresias asaxelebdnen. Tumca, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi aSS-is sagareo
politikiT ukmayofiloebi brals SeerTebuli Statebis provokaciul an
gauTvlel qmedebebs xdebodnen. amgvarad, gamomdinare iqidan, romeli faq-
tori migvaCnia ufro myarad, vietnamis omi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
imis magaliTi, rom diqtatura ufro midrekilia omisken, vidre demokra-
tiuli reJimi an kidev demokratiul qveynebs diqtatorulze aranaklebad
SeuZliaT mimarTon militarizms.
saerTod, warmomadgenlobiTma demokratiulma qveynebmac ver miaRwies
TvalsaCino warmatebas, Tavidan aecilebinaT omi. magaliTad, me-20 saukune-
Si, indoeTma, msoflios udidesma demokratiulma qveyanam, ramdenime sisx-
lismRvreli omi gadaitana pakistanis winaaRmdeg. arc SeerTebuli Statebis
xelisufleba mdgara ganze: misma samxedroebma 1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg
saomari moqmedebebi wamoiwyes. demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis ar
yofilan aramosurne monawileebi omSi. SeerTebuli Statebi arc ki cdila
Tavidan aeridebina espanur-amerikuli omi 1898 wels. garda amisa, Znelia
Tvali davxuWoT 1914 wlis meqsikis revoluciaSi amerikis Carevis faqtze,
rodesac (arc meti, arc naklebi) swored prezident vilsonis brZanebiT
amerikelma sazRvao qveiTebma alya Semoartyes navsadgur verakuzs, xolo
Semdeg sadamsjelo razmi gaemgzavra meqsikaSi panCo vilas [meqsikis revo-
luciis (1910-1917) erT-erTi lideri _ mTargmn. Sen.] Zalebis winaaRmdeg.
garda amisa, saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebis raodenobrivi analizi
ar adasturebs daskvnas imis Taobaze, rom viTomcda demokratiuli qveynebi
572 politika Zaladobis gziT

omisken naklebad midrekilni arian, vidre avtoritaruli an totalita-

ruli saxelmwifoebi.31 faqtobrivad, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi iseTive
sixSiriT ebmebian saomar moqmedebebSi, rogorc sxva tipis saxelmwifoebi.
zogi mtkicebuleba xels uwyobs im mosazrebas, rom demokratiuli qveynebi
SeiZleba ufro iSviaTad iwyeben oms, magram ufro xSirad uerTdebian maT.32
Tumca, erTi mxriv, kant-vilsoniseuli omis prodasavluri da antidiqta-
toruli mosazrebebi marTalia: demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi Zalian iS-
viaTad (an arasodes) eomebian erTmaneTs (ix. cxrili 16-1).33 WeSmaritad de-
mokratiul qveynebs Soris ukve saukune-naxevaria ar yofila omi.34
aRiareba imisa, rom demokratiuli qveynebi ufro xSirad eomebian sxva
arademokratiul saxelmwifoebs da ara erTimeores, aris demokratiuli
mSvidobis paradoqsi. erT-erTi, mravalmxrivi axsnis Tanaxmad:

demokratiul qveynebSi omis molodini da masTan dakavSirebuli

saSiSroebebi umetes SemTxvevaSi Semcirebulia am qveynebis saerTo
politikuri kulturiT, ormxrivi identobiTa da simpaTiiT, zogadad,
adamianebsa da elitarul wreebs Soris arsebuli mWidro kavSirebiT,
am qveynebis interesTa jgufebis unariT, romelic maT saSualebas
aZlevs, Camoayalibon transnacionaluri koaliciebi, ufro xSiri ko-
munikaciebiTa da ufro pozitiuri ormxrivi aRqmiT.35

urTierTTanmxvedri saxelmwifoebrivi aRqmis sakiTxi SeiZleba gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyos. gaiTvaliswineT, rom demokratiul qveynebSi
mTavrobis Zalaufleba ufro danawevrebuli da SezRudulia, politikuri
liderebi ufro midrekilebi arian kompromisisken, rodesac saqme kon-
frontacias exeba da konstituciur demokratiul qveynebSi pativs scemen
TiToeuli moqalaqis uflebas. yvela es faqtori xels uwyobs politikuri
davis mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas demokratiul qveynebSi. demokratiuli
qveynebi ar uqmnian safrTxes erTmaneTs, rac mWidrod ukavSirdeba saerTo
faseulobebisa da interesebis aRqmas. es mniSvnelovnad amcirebs imis alba-
Tobas, rom sxvadasxva saxis politikuri Zala monawileobdes iseT krizisSi,
romelic oms gamoiwvevs.
aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi ebmebian
omSi, isini arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian, rac imas
niSnavs, rom politikuri gansxvavebis (an daSorebis) xarisxi mTavrobebs
Soris, iseve, rogorc ekonomikuri da kulturuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa
mniSvnelovani iyos.36 amgvari monacemebi amyarebdnen vudro vilsonis daskv-
nas imis Sesaxeb, rom diqtatoruli reJimi demokratiuli wyobis dauZinebe-
li mteria, agreTve, mxars uWers leninis mosazrebas kapitalisturi da ko-
munisturi reJimebis SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb. laTinuri amerikis qveynebis
politikis Sesaxeb Catarebulma erT-erTma kvlevam cxadyo, rom `rac ufro
msgavsia ori qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, politikuri orientacia,
kultura da sarwmunoeba, ufro Sewyobilia maT mier micemuli xmebi gaero-
Si kenWisyrebSi~ da naklebsavaraudoa maT Soris konfliqtis gaCaReba. imave
logikiT, `rac ufro gansxvavebulia ori qveyana ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa
 omi 573
da sididis TvalsazrisiT, miT ufro didia maT Soris konfliqtis arsebobis
albaToba.~37

cxrili 16.1

omebi, 1816-1991

omis tipebi raodenoba*

demokratiebi demokratiebis winaaRmdeg 0

demokratiebi arademokratiebis winaaRmdeg 155
arademokratiebi arademokratiebis winaaRmdeg 198
sul 353

* ganisazRvreba im samxedro qmedebaTa safuZvelze, romlis drosac aranakleb 1000

adamiani daiRupa.
wyaro: Haiku Institut of Peace Research, (October 20, 1991) Tavi 18, 473.

ekonomikis miRma

Tu politika mxolod nawilobriv da bundovnad xsnis konfliqtis arss,

leninis Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom omi gamowveulia ekonomikuri faqtore-
biT, kerZod ki kapitalizmiT, kidev ufro bundovania. mniSvnelovania erTi
faqti: omi win uswrebda rogorc kapitalizms, aseve imperializms, rac imaze
miuTiTebs, rom kapitalizmi ar aris omis gamomwvevi erTaderTi mizezi.38
ufro metic, ar arsebobs istoriuli mtkicebuleba, romelic mxars uWers
leninis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom kapitalisturi saxelmwifoebi gansa-
kuTrebiT midrekilni arian omisa da konfliqtisaken. miuxedavad imisa, rom
zogi omis dakavSireba SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos ekonomikur interesebT-
an, es axsna yvela SemTxvevaSi ar gamodgeba39. garda amisa, damokidebuleba
kapitalizmsa da imperializms Soris bolomde naTlad gansazRvruli araa.
kapitalisturi qveynebis nawili misdevs imperialistur praqtikas da omSic
miuRia monawileoba, magram arsebobs gamonaklisebi, magaliTad, SvedeTi da
Sveicaria. leninis ekonomikuri Teoria Znelad Tu xsnis amgvar gansxvavebas
an imas, ratom amJRavnebs socialisturi qveynebis nawili midrekilebas Sei-
araRebuli agresiisadmi. rogorc erT-erTi mkvlevari ambobs:

sabWoTa kavSirma daipyro baltiispireTis qveynebi (1939), fineTi

(1939), ungreTi (1956), Cexoslovakia (1968) da avRaneTi (1979), CineT-
ma Seteva miitana tibetze (1956), indoeTsa (1962) da vietnamze (1979);
vietnamma Seutia kambojas (1975), sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi erTmaneTs
daupirispirdnen ogadenis irgvliv (1977). 1945-1967 wlebSi momxdari
69 saerTaSoriso konfliqtidan, socialisturma qveynebma monawil-
eoba miiRes TxuTmet maTganSi, rac daaxloebiT 25 procents Seadgens.
574 politika Zaladobis gziT

unda gavixsenoT isic, rom msoflios qveynebis mxolod 15 procents

hqonda socialisturi ekonomika.40

yvelaferi zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri sistemebi ar aris da-

kavSirebuli omebTan. magaliTad, sparseTis yuris omi, romelSic monawil-
eobda koalicia aSS-is meTaurobiT, gamowveuli iyo ekonomikuri motivebiT,
kerZod, arabeTis uSvelebeli sanavTobe sabadoebisa da axlo aRmosavle-
Tis, aziisa da CrdiloeT amerikis evropasTan damakavSirebeli sasicocxlo
arxebis sadam huseinis kontrolisgan dasacavad. magram mxolod ekonomi-
kuri motivebi araa sakmarisi omis gasaCaReblad. imis dasadastureblad,
rom ekonomikuri sistemis erTi konkretuli tipi, qveynis ekonomikuri gan-
viTarebis romelime faza an zogadad ekonomika gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs
omis gaCaRebaSi, argumentebi Zalian mwiria. rodesac akademiuri kvlevebi
ekonomikas erT-erT mizezad miiCnevs, isini ZiriTadad mxolod omebisa da
ekonomikis urTierTkavSiris statistikas eyrdnoba, romelic, rogorc yve-
la mecnierisTvis cnobilia, ar adasturebs mizez-Sedegobriobas.
meore msoflio omidan moyolebuli, omebi ganviTarebadi qveynebis ter-
itoriebze xdeba. xom ar migvaniSnebs es imaze, rom ekonomikurad naklebad
ganviTarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilni arian omisken? ara yovelTvis,
radgan xSir SemTxvevaSi es omebi provocirebulia ganviTarebuli mrewvelo-
bis mqone qveynebis mier. meore msoflio omis Semdeg mimdinare konfliqtebi
suecSi, alJirSi, kongoSi, vietnamSi, avRaneTSi, foklendis kunZulebsa da
eraySi, amis magaliTia. miuxedavad imisa, rom ver davadasturebT myar urT-
ierTkavSirs ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis six-
Sires Soris, arsebobs damamtkicebeli samxilebi, rom ekonomikurad ganvi-
Tarebuli qveynebi ufro midrekilebi arian omisaken, vidre ekonomikurad
naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi.41

zedmeti gamartivebis safrTxe

omis Sesaxeb mravali martivi Teoria arsebobs. magaliTad, zogi raoden-

obrivi Teoretikosi SesaSuri sizustiT gvTavazobs modelebs, romleb-
sac, maTi azriT, mivyavarT omis gamomwvev samxedro aliansamde, muqaramde,
krizisebis seriebamde da a.S.42 garda amisa, amgvarma kvlevebma aCvena, rom
politikuri liderebis mier gadadgmuli iseTi nabijebi, rogoricaa alian-
sis Seqmna omis safrTxis Sesamcireblad, xSir SemTxvevaSi xels uwyobs omis
dawyebis albaTobis zrdas.43 Tumca, dRemde verc erTma kvlevam ver SeZlo
daedasturebina, rom am modelebSi aRwerili moqmedebebi aris omis uSua-
lo mizezebi. TiToeuli es fenomeni SesaZlebelia dakavSirebuli iyos mis
ukan myof meore fenomenTan. ufro metic, TviT yvelaze `tipuri~ modelic
TavisTavad SezRudulia, radgan mxolod im konfliqtebs exeba, romlebic
daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone mTavar saxelmwifoebs Soris xdeba.44
omis Teoretikosebis umetesoba didi xania amtkicebs, rom patara saxel-
mwifoebTan SedarebiT, Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebi ufro midrekilni arian
 omi 575
omisken.45 es albaToba amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac aqvT saku-
Tari gamarjvebis rwmena, ufro ixrebian omebisken.46 Tumca, romelime sax-
elmwifos Zlierebis gansazRvra rTuli saqmea, politikurma liderebma Ses-
aZloa gaangariSebaSi Secdoma dauSvan da gadaWarbebiT Seafason sakuTari
qveynis siZliere an piriqiT, saTanadod ver Seafason mowinaaRmdege (amis
TvalsaCino magaliTia vietnamis omi).47 is qveynebi, romlebic ganicdian Sida
Zaladobas, ufro midrekilni arian omisken Semdegi mizezebis gamo: omma,
SesaZlebelia, gaaerTianos eri an Sida konfliqtebma iol samizned aqcios
qveyana.48 is qveynebi, romlebsac `riskis moyvaruli~ liderebi xelmZRvan-
eloben, ufro xSirad ebmebian omSi.
kidev erTi Sesabamisi faqtoria saerTo sazRvrebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac saerTo sazRvari didia an es xdeba istoriuli mtrebis SemTxveva-
Si.49 garemo faqtorebic udides rols TamaSobs, radgan qveynebi, romlebic
gamoirCevian mosaxleobis zrdis tendenciiT, saWiro resursebis ukmari-
sobiTa da maRali teqnologiebiT, savaraudod ufro xSirad axorcieleben
eqspansiur sagareo politikas, maSin, rodesac mcirericxovani, magram te-
qnologiurad ganviTarebuli qveynebi iSviaTad ebmebian omSi da Tu es sax-
elmwifoebi mainc monawileoben omSi, isini ufro msxverpli arian, vidre
agresori.50 daskvnis saxiT rom vTqvaT, didi, Zlevamosili qveyana swrafi
tempiT mzardi mosaxleobiTa da maRal doneze ganviTarebuli teqnolo-
giiT, romelic esazRvreba istoriul mters da romelsac marTavs riskis
moyvaruli lideri, iqneboda agresiuli omis pirveli kandidati, gansa-
kuTrebiT maSin, Tu es qveyana imyofeba samoqalaqo mRelvarebis an Seiara-
Rebuli ajanyebis pirobebSi.
am TavSi ganxiluli faqtorebis didi nawili, adamianis bunebiT da mwiri
resursebiT dawyebuli da omisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT damTavre-
buli (rogoricaa mosaxleobis raodenoba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da saz-
Rvrebis problemebi), Znelia an sulac SeuZlebeli, Seicvalos. amerikeli
komikosi uil rojeri ambobda, rom msoflioSi mSvidoba mxolod im SemTx-
vevaSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tu qveynebi, adamianebis msgavsad, moZraobas
SeZlebdnen; magram qveynebs ar SeuZliaT moZraoba (Tumca mosaxleobas Seu-
Zlia _ is migrirebs _ gadaadgildeba).
mcdar warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom SesaZlebelia konfliqtebis aR-
mofxvra an maTi dayvana mxolod erT faqtoramde, SeuZlia realurad gaz-
ardos omis albaToba. rogorc 1919-1939 wlebis evropis istoria adas-
turebs, mxolod saerTaSoriso sistemis gadawyobaze koncentrireba da
adamianis bunebis rolis uaryofam waaqeza umowyalo adamianebi omisken da
gzas gauxsna egoist da ambiciur liderebs.51 amerikel, frang da britanel
liderebs 1930-ian wlebSi realurad rom SeefasebinaT ultranacionali-
stebis ideologia an hitleris jojoxeTuri zraxvebi, SesaZlebeli iqne-
boda meore msoflio omis Tavidan acileba.
omTan dakavSirebuli kompleqsuri mizezebisa da faqtorebis axsnam
SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyos konfliqtebis marTvis saerTaSoriso sistemis
mokrZalebul gaumjobesebas mSvidobis dasadgurebis Sesaxeb iluziebis
gaqarwylebis meSveobiT. amgvar mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi martivi gadaw-
576 politika Zaladobis gziT

yvetilebis miRebam, SesaZloa, ufro gaauaresos mdgomaroeba, vidre gadawy-

etilebis saerTod ar miRebam, radgan adamianebi, romlebic yvelaze ufro
cdilobdnen gaemartivebinaT omis sakiTxebi, istoriisaTvis cnobili arian
omis dawyebaSi yvelaze didi wvlilis SetaniT.

totaluri omi: omi, romelSic yvela ibrZvis

totaluri omi sruliad axali fenomenia. is ramdenime arsebiTi niSniT

gansxvavdeba Soreuli warsulis SezRuduli omebisgan. pirvel rigSi, is
ar aris SezRuduli droSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom omSi monawile saxelmwifo
an saxelmwifoebi cdiloben moipovon sruli gamarjveba mowinaaRmdegeze.
maT ver aCerebs veraferi, garda upirobo kapitulaciisa. meore, totalur
omSi yvela saSualeba gamoiyeneba. totalur omSi monawile saxelmwifoebi
iyeneben ganviTarebul teqnologiebs SeiaraRebis moqmedebis manZilis, si-
zustisa da ganadgurebis potencialis gazrdis mizniT. mesame, totaluri
omi arc monawileebiTa SezRuduli. masSi SeiZleba sazogadoebis yvela fena
iyos Cabmulebi.
napoleonis omebi totaluri omis prototipad iTvleba, radgan es aris
amgvari tipis omis pirveli SemTxveva. napoleonma sayovelTao hegemoniis
mopovebis mizniT wamoiwyo es omi. igi ar cnobda araviTar limits drois an
saSualebebis mxriv. napoleons surda gabatonebuliyo mTels evropaze da
hqonda yvela saSualeba, rac saWiro iyo erTiani, centralizebuli saxelm-
wifos SeqmnisaTvis im dros (cxadia, napoleonis epoqaSi ar arsebobda maso-
brivi ganadgurebis iaraRi, aramed iyo konvenciuri iaraRi da armia. napo-
leonis swored amgvarma jarma miwasTan gaaswora moskovi, kremlis CaTvliT,
ruseTis damarcxebis Semdeg). rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, napoleonma Sem-
oiRo armiaSi masobrivi gawvevis idea, rac imas niSnavs, rom man gaaerTiana
uamravi axalgazrda kaci msoflios pirvel saxalxo armiaSi. am dromde jari
Sedgeboda mxolod da mxolod profesionali da daqiravebuli jariskacebi-
sgan. napoleonma aseve warmatebiT gamoiyena nacionalizmis idea, propagan-
da da patriotuli simbolika mTeli sazogadoebis saomari mobilizaciisT-
vis. yvela es inovacia avismomaswavebeli niSani iyo: meoce saukunis pirveli
naxevris ori totaluri omi SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc erTi movlena, ro-
melic, mcire SesvenebiT or ukiduresad mZime spazms Soris, TiTqmis erTi
saukunis win dawyebuli procesebis saSinel kulminaciad iqca.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg totaluri omis cneba kidev ufro saSineli
gaxda, rac sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebasa da mecnierul da te-
qnologiur aRmoCenebs ukavSirdeba. birTvuli epoqis dadgomam mTlianad
Secvala omis strategia da taqtika, aseve samxedro Zalebis moqmedebis
logika da brZolis veli. omis axali saxis msgavsad, es transformaciac to-
taluri iyo.
 omi 577

SemTxveviTi omi: omi, romelic aravis surs

Cven mogvwons, roca vfiqrobT, rom Cvenma liderebma yovelTvis kargad

ician, rasac akeTeben, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme omisa da mSvidobis
sakiTxebs exeba. magram gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebic xdeba. ra moxde-
boda pakistaneli iaraRiT movaWreni indoeTis gavliT rom cdiliyvnen
cimbiris wylulis gamomwvevi tvirTis gatanas da anTraqsis sasikvdilo
sporebi indoeTis dedaqalaqis, niu-delis centrSi maSin gavrcelebuliyo,
rodesac qaSmireli taqsis mZRoli SuqniSnis wiTel Suqze gaivlida da sat-
virTo manqanas daejaxeboda gadatvirTul gzajvaredinze? da ra iqneboda,
es yvelaferi pakistanTan krizisis dros rom momxdariyo? xom SesaZlebelia
indoeTs efiqra, rom pakistani globalur oms iwyebda? pakistans araferi
esaqmeboda am ambavTan, magram indoeTs SeiZleba jer sapasuxo dartyma miey-
enebina da Semdeg daesva kiTxvebi (lodini metismetad sarisko iqneboda
amgvar SemTxvevaSi). am scenariT, sayovelTao birTvuli omi SeiZleboda yo-
filiyo SemTxveviTobis da araswori aRqmis da ara romelime mxaris racio-
naluri gadawyevetilebisa da arCevanis Sedegi.
mcdari aRqmis gamo omebs iwvevs Seqmnili situaciis araswori interp-
retireba da yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia im omebisa, romlebic aravis surs.
SemTxveviTi omebi amgvari omebis erT-erTi variantia. gzavnilis aras-
wori Targmani, Setyobineba, romelic daniSnulebis adgilamde ver mivida,
yuradRebis miRma darCenili an arasworad interpretirebuli diplomati-
uri signali kosmosuri epoqis iaraRebis sistemis SemoRebamde karga xniT
adre aCqarebda ganuzraxvel omebs. teqnologiur epoqaSi, sadac dominirebs
birTvuli iaraRi da balistikuri raketebi, SemTxveviT gamowveuli omebis
saSiSroeba da riski mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. omis eskalacia SesaZlebelia
iyos limitirebuli (da lokalizebuli) konfliqti or saxelmwifos Soris,
rodesac arc erTi mxare Tavdapirvelad ar apirebda mis xelT arsebuli
yvelaze gamanadgurebeli iaraRis gamoyenebas. magram msxverplis ricxvis
zrdasa da brZolis velze situaciis cvlilebasTan erTad, erT-erTi mxare
(savaraudod is, romelic agebs) brZolis bedis sakuTar mxares Semobrunebis
mizniT gamoiyenebs ufro Zlier iaraRs da mowinaaRmdegesac sxva araferi
darCeba, garda imisa, rom imave siZlieris iaraRiT daupirispirdes. im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu orive mxare flobs birTvul iaraRs, amgvari situaciis dinami-
kam SesaZlebelia birTvul omamde miiyvanos saqme. aqedan gamomdinare, is,
rac daiwyo tradiciuli omiT, SeiZleba nabij-nabij mivides sayovelTao
samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolamde.
kaTalitikur omebsac SeuZlia Zaladobis warmoSoba da ganadgure-
ba nebismieri saxelmwifos ganzraxvisgan damoukideblad. istoriulad,
amgvari omebi yvelaze metad aliansebis molaparakebaTa safuZvelze iwye-
ba: Tu aliansis erT wevrze ganxorcielda Seteva, mokavSireebi ebmebian mis
dacvaSi da amgarad, omi kidev ufro farTo masStabiani xdeba. omi SeiZleba
daiwyos, rogorc lokaluri konfliqti or ganviTarebad qveyanas Soris,
romlebsac Zlieri mokavSireebi hyavs. adgilobrivi omi yovelTvis SeiZle-
ba gadaizardos regionul da globalur omSic ki (rogorc es moxda orive
578 politika Zaladobis gziT

msoflio omis SemTxvevaSi).

SesaZlebelia, agreTve, sxva jojoxeTuri scenaric. magaliTad, fsiqiku-
rad SeSlilma adamianma SeiZleba ramenairad moaxerxos birTvuli omis sa-
SiSroebis gamowveva. gulisxmobs Tu ara yvela es scenari sabotaJs, araswor
aRqmas, SemTxveviTobas, eskalacias Tu fatalur movlenebs, gviCvenebs, ro-
gor SeiZleba daiwyos omi winaswarganzraxuli agresiis gareSe.

birTvuli omi: omi, romelsac veravin igebs

masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi mxolod erTxel gamoiyenes. SeerTeb-

ulma Statebma ori atomuri bombi Camoagdo iaponiis qalaqebSi _ hiro-
simasa da nagasakiSi, raTa daesrulebina meore msoflio omi. prezidenti
trumeni daeloda iaponiis umaRlesi mTavarsardlis mier danebebis Sesaxeb
gancxadebas, mas Semdeg, rac pirvelma bombma miwasTan gaaswora hirosima.
sami dRis Semdeg man meore bombis Camogdebis brZaneba gasca. amjerad am
gadawyevetilebam gaamarTla, iaponia danebda. es iyo omSi atomuri iaraRis
gamoyenebis pirveli da ukanaskneli SemTxveva. didi Secdoma iqneba am momge-
biani strategiis xelaxali gamoyeneba. mizezi martivia: rodesac amerikis
prezidentma es gadawyvetileba miiRo 1945 wels, msoflioSi sul orad ori
atomuri bombi arsebobda da isic amerikelebis arsenalSi. prezident tru-
mens ar gauriskavs, radgan mis gadawyvetilebas ar mohyveboda masirebuli
sapasuxo dartyma iaponiis an sxva qveynis mxridan. im droisTvis SeerTebul
Statebs hqonda (marTalia, mcirexniani) birTvuli monopolia.
sabWoTa kavSirma swrafad ganaviTara birTvuli iaraRis programa da
ukve 1950-iani wlebis bolosTvis masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis mTeli
arsenali hqonda, kontinentTaSorisi balistikuri raketebis CaTvliT. mos-
kovma faqtobrivad daamarcxa SeerTebuli Statebi kosmosSi, rodesac 1957
wels gauSva pirveli sateliti vostoki, romelic dedamiwas uvlida gars.
1960-ian wlebSi SeerTebulma Statebma ara mxolod dakarga birTvuli mo-
nopolia, aramed yvelaze Zlevamosili qveynis reputaciac. omis muqarisa
da konfrontaciis epoqas (birTvuli iaraRis muqariT mowinaaRmdegeebis
daSineba) mohyva ueWveli erTierT ganadgurebis an urTierT Sekavebis
epoqa anu situacia, romelSic orive zesaxelmwifos aqvs unari, win aRudges
pirvel dartymas da miayenos meore sapasuxo dartyma mowinaaRmdeges, rac
gamoiwvevs agresorisTvis miuRebel zians.
TiToeuli zesaxelmwifo Zal-Rones ar iSurebda birTvul SejibrSi
gamarjvebulis poziciis mopovebisa da SenarCunebiaTvis. 1970-iani wlebis
dasawyisisTvis, orive supersaxelmwifos uSvelebeli SesaZlebloba hqonda
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRiT gamanadgurebeli dartyma mieyenebina
metoqisTvis. kidev ufro SemaSfoTebeli is iyo, rom orive mxarem aago birT-
vuli wyalqveSa navebi, romlebic moZravi platformis funqcias asrulebda
birTvuli raketebis gaSvebisTvis. orive mxares undoda am Sejibris mogeba,
arc erT maTgans ar surda damarcxeba, magram orive maTganma icoda, rom am
omSi gamarjvebuli ar iqneboda, Tu isini ver SeinarCunebdnen urTierTSeka-
 omi 579
vebis mdgomareobas. kubis birTvuli krizisis dros (1963) es balansi TiTq-
mis dairRva. es iyo gamosafxizlebeli gangaSi. orma dauZienebelma mterma
saswrafod daamyara kavSiri _ axla ukve yvelasTvis cnobili cxeli xazi
_ pirdapiri sakomunikacio gza TeTr saxlsa da kremls Soris katastrofis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT.

aris Tu ara omi odesme moralurad gamarTlebuli?

jerjerobiT omi ganvixileT mxolod da mxolod agresorebis TvalTaxed-

viT. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas msxverplis Sesaxeb? Zalian cota eqsperti
Tu SeewinaaRmdegeba im mosazrebas, rom qveynebs aqvT ufleba, win aRudgnen
SeiaraRebul agresias. rodesac dgeba qveynis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, Tav-
dacva moralurad gamarTlebulia. amitom, miuxedavad benjamin franklinis
mtkicebisa, rom `ar arsebobs kargi omi da cudi mSvidoba~, zogi omi SeiZle-
ba aucileblad da saWirod CavTvaloT. konkretulad romeli omebi miekuT-
vneba am kategorias? vin unda gansazRvros da ramdenad darwmunebulebi
SegviZlia viyoT gansazRvrisas?

samarTliani omis doqtrina

samarTliani omis angariSgasawevi doqtrinis mixedviT arsebobs garemoe-

bebi, romelTa fonze omi SeiZleba iyos `kargi~ ara `sasiamovnos~ an `bune-
brivad sasurvelis~ mniSvnelobiT, aramed qveynis keTildReobisa da samar-
Tlianobis dacvis principidan gamomdinare. es koncefcia Tavdapirvelad
win wamoswies adreuli periodis qristianma Teologebma, kerZod ki netari
avgustinem, xolo Sua saukuneebis filosofosebma kidev ufro daxvewes igi.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi, hugo grociusma (1583-1645) [holandieli filosofosi,
iTvleba saerTaSoriso samarTlis damfuZneblad _ mTargmn. Sen.] da bunebi-
Ti samarTlis sxva Teoretikosebma moaxdines misi xelaxali formulireba.
is mecnierebi, romlebisTvisac misaRebia samarTliani omis cneba, erTsu-
lovnad Tanxmdebian imis Taobaze, rom TavdacviTi omebi gamarTlebulia. Tu
romelime qveyana gaxda moulodneli Tavdasxmis msxverpli, sapasuxo Seteva
moZaladeze mizanSewonilia. zogma Teoretikosma kidev ufro gaafarTova
es doqtrina da ufleba misca mesame mxare-saxelmwifoebs CaerTon agresiis
uZluri msxverplebis dacvaSi. 1991 wlis sparseTis yuris omi, romelsac win
uswrebda erayis mier quveiTis dapyroba, amgvari SemTxvevis naTeli magali-
Tia.
Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi samarTliani omis doqtrinas mxolod Tav-
dacviT omebs ukavSireben, magram adreuli avtorebi yovelTvis ver ax-
dendnen amgvar gansxvavebas. netari avgustines, magaliTad, ezizReboda omi
mTeli Tavisi ubedurebebiT, magram saWirod Tvlida agresiul omebsac ki
iseTi garemoebebisas, rodesac `saxelmwifo uZluria gadaixados kompensa-
cia im zianis gamo, romelic misma moqalaqeebma gamoiwvies an daabrunos is,
580 politika Zaladobis gziT

rac mitacebul iqna.~52 adreuli epoqis sxva qristiani Teologebi, maT Soris
wminda ambrosi (340-397), amtkiceben, rom erebi araTu uflebamosilni, ar-
amed valdebulnic ki arian, maRali principebis dasacavad gaaCaRon agresi-
uli omebi. `kacs aqvs moraluri movaleoba, gamoiyenos Zala, aRudges win
borotebas da SeaCeros igi~, _ werda wminda ambrosi.53 ambrosi acnobierebda
SezRudvebsac agresiuli omis SemTxvevaSi da ambobda, rom omisTvis saWiroa
samarTliani mizezi.
samarTliani omis doqtrina gacxadebulia xuT konkretul postulatSi.
pirveli, omi unda iyos yvelaze bolo saSualeba legitimuri xelisuflebi-
sTvis da mis garda aRar unda arsebobdes romelime politikurad efeqtiani
alternativa; meore, konfliqtis mizezi unda iyos samarTliani. igi unda
daiwyos mxolod im mizniT, rom SeaCeros agresia da gamoasworos usamarT-
loba; mesame, omi ar SeiZleba iyos fuWi. yovelTvis unda iyos imis albaTo-
ba, rom qvyanas, romelic iwyebs oms, aqvs warmatebis Sansi; meoTxe, saWiroa
iyos proporciuloba rogorc drosTan, aseve saSualebebTan mimarTebaSi,
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, omis mizezma unda gaamarTlos daxarjuli fu-
lisa da daRupulTa raodenoba, xolo omSi gamoyenebuli saSualebebi unda
amarTlebdes omis dawyebis mizezs; dabolos, mexuTe, samarTliani omi maqsi-
malurad unda amcirebdes samoqalaqo pirebisadmi miyenebul zaralsa da
sikvdilianobas. Tu daculia zemoT CamoTvlili yvela piroba, omi SeiZleba
gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos.
samarTliani omis doqtrinas safuZvlad udevs samarTlianobis is cneba,
romelic scildeba uSualo saxelmwifo interesebs. gansxvavebiT martivi
nacionalizmisa, rac gamoixateba iseTi lozungebiT, rogoricaa `avia Tu
kargi, mainc Cemi qveyanaa~, samarTliani omis koncefcia Seicavs im moraluri
pasuxismgeblobis Sefasebis standarts, romelic scildeba viwro saxelm-
wifo interesebs. adreuli periodis qristiani Teologebi samarTlianobis
cnebas afuZnebdnen qristianul Teologiur doqtrinasa da sulier moZ-
Rvrebebze. samarTliani omis Tanamedrove doqtrinebi efuZneba bunebiTi
kanonzomierebis filosofias, romlis mixedviT arsebobs adamianis keTil-
dReobasTan dakavSirebuli martivi WeSmaritebebi, aseTi WeSmaritebebi na-
Telia yvela saRad moazrovne adamianisTvis da erTobliobaSi qmnis `yvela-
saTvis samarTlianis~ ideals.

samarTliani omis doqtrinis Sefaseba

im kritikuli SeniSvnebidan, romelic axlavs samarTliani omis doqtri-

nas Tqvens yuradRebas sam ZiriTad maTganze gavamaxvilebT: doqtrina aris
mora luri relativizmi, eTnocentrulad mikerZoebulia da politikurad
ararealuri.

moraluri relativizmi. kritikosTa nawils miaCnia, rom samarTliani omis

koncefcia efuZneba Zalze subieqtur da, aqedan gamomdinare, daudastureb-
el faseulobaTa gansjas, rac moraluri relativizmis saxeliTaa cnobili.
 omi 581
gamomdinare iqidan, rom mosazrebebi gansxvavdeba imis Sesaxeb, vin aris dam-
naSave konkretuli omis dawyebaSi, moraluri pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis
nebismieri mcdeloba xSirad asaxavs ara dazustebul realur faqtebs, ar-
amed damkvirvebelTa mosazrebebs. moraluri relativizmis amgvari tipis
Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi saSualeba mxolod omamdeli da omis Semdgomi
situaciis zedmiwevniT aRweraa, rac mxolod sarwmuno faqtebs daeyrdno-
ba.

eTnocentruloba da nacionalisturi mikerZoeba. msgavsad amisa, dad-

genilia, rom samarTliani omis dasavleli Teoretikosebi exebian mxolod
sakuTar kulturas da cdiloben yuradReba ar miaqcion im omebis gamamar-
Tlebel faqtebs, romlebic sxva kulturis mqone erebma daiwyes. amas Sei-
Zleba eTnocentrizmi ewodos. magaliTad, jihadis (`brZola~ an `saRvTo
omi~) islamuri koncefcia cdunebis, borotebis an `moRalateTa~ winaaRm-
deg, aris agresuli omis moraluri safuZveli, romelsac iSviaTad aRiare-
ben samarTliani omis doqtrinis dasavleli damcvelebi.

politikuri miamitoba. samarTliani omis doqtrinis oponentebis gar-

kveuli nawili ayenebs praqtikuli winaaRmdegobis sakiTxs. maTi mtkice-
biT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba SeTanxmeba samarTliani an
usamarTlo omebis mtkice, miukerZoebeli da sayovelTaod misaRebi gansaz-
Rvrebis Sesaxeb, mainc Zneli iqneba miRebuli doqtrinis marTebulad gam-
oyeneba. iseve, rogorc adamianebi ver iqnebian sakuTari Tavis obieqturi
mosamarTleebi, saxelmwifoebi ver gamoiCenen miukerZoeblobasa da obieq-
turobas im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, romlebSic sakuTari interesebi aqvT.
kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom miukerZoebeli msajulis gareSe, samarTliani
omis doqtrina rCeba im butaforiad, romelsac agresori qveynebi iyeneben
sakuTari keTildReobisken mimarTuli qmedebisa da samxedro Carevebis
gasamarTleblad.
samarTliani omis doqtrinis mxardamWerebi ki Tvlian, rom moraluri
gansja omis Sesaxeb didi xania iTvleba rogorc bunebrivad, aseve saWirod:
bunebrivad im gagebiT, rom `im droidan dawyebuli, rac kacebi da qalebi
omze laparakoben, yovelTvis exebian `sworsa~ da `araswors~54 da saWiro
imitom, rom amis gareSe yvela omi obieqturad (an saqebrad) CaiTvleba.
rogorc cnobilia, ar arsebobs mecnierulad dadasturebuli mtkicebule-
ba, rom agresiuli omi uaresia, vidre prevenciuli, magram aseTi mtkicebule-
ba arc aris saWiro, radgan viciT, rom civsisxliani mkvleloba moralurad
ufro gaumarTlebelia, vidre mkvleloba Tavdacvis mizniT. am gansxvavebas
mxars uWers ara mxolod sisxlis samarTali, aramed saRi azric.
xSirad amboben, rom samarTliani omis doqtrina im adamianebis sasarge-
blod muSaobs, romlebic mxars uWeren mas. es mosazreba simarTlis marcvals
Seicavs. TavisTavad, samarTliani omis doqtrina ar Seicavs sayovelTaod
misaReb standarts, romelic saWiroa eri-saxelmwifos qcevis SesazRudad.
saxelmwifoTa liderebi xSirad monawileoben zneobriv saubrebSi da amave
dros uzneod iqcevian. samarTliani omis doqtrinis SenarCuneba Rirs ara
582 politika Zaladobis gziT

qcevis gasakontroleblad, aramed Sefasebis meTodis saxiT.

niurnbergis procesi

meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg moxda istoriisaTvis cnobili

pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac germaniaSi, qalaq niurnbergSi nacist liderebs
brali wauyenes. maT brali dasdes, pirveli, mSvidobis winaaRmdeg moqmede-
baSi, radgan omis dawyebiT daarRvies saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da Se-
Tanxmebebi; meore, saomari wesebis darRvevaSi, rogoricaa tyveebis mimarT
gamoCenili sisastike, qalaqebis mTliani ganadgureba, dapyrobil qveynebSi
samoqalaqo pirebis mimarT gamoCenili sastiki mopyroba. mesame, kacobrio-
bis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulSi, rac agreTve gulisxmobda mSvidobi-
ani mosaxleobis masobriv xocva-Jletas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nacistebma ver SeZles ebraeli xalxis ganadgureba,
isini Zalian axlos iyvnen dasaxul mizanTan. evropeli ebraelebis masobrivi
Jletis gamo nacisti liderebis dasjis gadawyvetileba efuZneboda damsax-
urebuli ganaCenis gamotanis survils. germanelTa moqmedeba ver gamarTl-
deboda omis faqtiT (omic, rasakvirvelia, hitlerma daiwyo). ufro metic,
germaneli nacistebis mier Cadenil sisastikes analogi ar aqvs Tanamedrove
samyaroSi.
kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenil danaSaulebaTa koncefcia myarad uW-
ers mxars samarTliani omis doqtrinas. nacistebis mier im moraluri prin-
cipebis ugulebelyofa, rom saWiroa udanaSaulo adamianebis wamebisa da
sikvdilisgan dacva, imdenad aSkara iyo da maTi darRveva imdenad TvalSi-
sacemi, rom umciresi eWvis gareSec ki, nacistebis mier Cadenil qmedebebs
aranairi moraluri gamarTleba ar hqonda. marTalia, omis dros Cadenili
danaSaulebebis moraluroba/amoralurobis sakiTxi SeiZleba problemuri
iyos. Tumca, holokostis SemTxvevaze es ar vrceldeba. samarTliani omis
doqtrinaSi miTiTebuli gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, es aris udavod krimi-
naluri saqcieli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli iyo, zogadad,
amgvari procesebis gamarTvis tendencia seriozul SeSfoTebas iwvevs. ioli
ar aris mSvidobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolis iarliyis mikvra konkretul da xSir-
ad uprecedento SemTxvevebSi. sikvdilis banakebma daarRvies kanonis, samarT-
lis, Rirsebis yvela standarti, magram ra vuyoT mokavSireTa mier drezdenis
dabombvis faqts? an germaneli mSvidobiani moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg Cadenil
qmedebebs, romlebzec, rbilad rom vTqvaT, Tvals xuWavda sabWoTa armia?
an hirosimasa da nagasakis mcxovrebTa sasowarkveTas? omSi zneobasTan da
moralTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi xSirad bundovani da upasuxoa.
arsebobs genocidisa da eTnikuri wmendis ufro axali magaliTebi poli-
tikurad motivirebuli masobrivi mkvlelobebis CaTvliT, romlis msgavsic
bosniaSi, ruandaSi, siera-leonesa da sxva qveynebSi moxda 1990-ian wlebSi.
unda wardgnen Tu ara teroristebi marTlmsajulebis winaSe, rTuli iurid-
iuli da zneobrivi sakiTxia, romlis ganxilvasac aq ar vapirebT. vTqvaT, rom
 omi 583
prezidentma buSma 11 teraqti saomar moqmedebad Seafasa. am teraqtma fex-
qveS gaTela uzenaesi zneobrivi da religiuri principebi, kerZod is, rom
arasodes aqvs gamarTleba udanaSaulo adamianebis Jletas. wardgebian Tu
ara al qaidas liderebi an Semsruleblebi odesme marTlmsajulebis winaSe,
damokidebulia imaze, rodis, sad da rogor daakaveben maT (Tu, rasakvirve-
lia, moxerxda zogi maTganis cocxlad ayvana), agreTve imaze, moiyvans Tu
ara sisruleSi aSS-s xelisufleba sakuTar dapirebas, gaasamarTlos isini
samxedro tribunalma da ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom.

daskvna

omis Tavidan acileba yovelTvis ar aris saxelmwifo politikis mizani.

magaliTad, italiis faSisti lideri, benito musolini, yovelTvis xotbas
asxamda oms.
dRemde bevri mcdeloba iyo omis dawyebis mizezebis gamosavlenad. Sede-
gad, masTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi SeiZleba sam kategoriad daiyos: mec-
nierTa nawili mizezs adamianis bunebaSi xedavs, meore nawili sazogadoebas
adanaSaulebs, xolo mesames sjera, rom yvelaferSi damnaSavea dedabuneba
(Seubralebeli garemo). Tomas hobsi fiqrobda, rom omi aris adamianis uku-
RmarTobis pro-duqti. Jan-Jak rusos miaCnda, rom adamiani zogadad kargia,
magram sazogadoeba xdis mas mankiers; jon lokis azriT, adamianis agresia
bunebrivi resursebis simciriT aris gamowveuli (adamianis kontrolis ga-
reT arsebuli obieqturi garemoebebiT). bunebrivi resursebis simwire ukav-
Sirdeba bunebrivi Zalebisa da faqtorebis mravalferovnebas, SimSilis, daa-
vadebebis, qariSxlebis, gvalvebisa da a.S. CaTvliT.
erT faqtorze dafuZnebuli Teoriebi ver xsnis omis gamomwvev mizezebs.
oms ganapirobebs sxvadasxva _ socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da
fsiqologiuri _ faqtori.
daZabulobis pirobebSi, omi SeiZleba daiwyos ise, rom es ewinaaRmdege-
bodes yvela mxaris survils. aseTi arasasurveli omebi xSirad iwyeba aras-
wori interpretaciis, gaugebrobis, SemTxveviTobis, eskalaciis an kaTali-
tikuri reaqciebis Sedegad. daugegmavi omis dawyebis albaToba kidev
erTxel cxadyofs im potenciur safrTxes, rac dakavSirebulia zneobrivi
pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebasTan. xSirad, rodesac omi iwyeba, garkveuli ar
aris, vin an ram gamoiwvia misi dawyeba.
saxelmwifo politikis instrumentad omis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso
samarTlisa da zneobrivi normebis darRvevaa, Tumca, ara yvela omis Sem-
TxvevaSi. samarTliani omis doqtrina amtkicebs, rom Tavdacva da univer-
saluri principebis dacva aris brZolis legitimuri safuZveli, magram am
doqtrinas xSirad akritikeben zneobrivi relativizmis, kulturuli eTno-
centrizmis da politikuri realizmis naklebobis motiviT.
niurnbergis procesze moxda agresiuli omis dros Cadenili danaSaule-
bebis gamo bralis wayeneba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis specialistebma Camoay-
alibes saomar danaSaulebaTa axali kategoria _ danaSaulebani kacobrio-
584 politika Zaladobis gziT

bis winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad imisa, rom niurnbergis procesi gamarTlebuli

iyo, saWiroa amgvar procedurebs maqsimaluri sifrTxiliT movekidoT mo-
mavalSi.

sakvanZo sityvebi

saxelmwifoTaSorisi omi kaTalitikuri omi

samoqalaqo omi nacionalistur-separatmasirebuli
partizanuli omi sapasuxo dartyma
mcire intensivobis konfliqte- birTvuli monopolia
bi urTierT ganadgureba
SeiararebaSi Sejibri urTierT Sekaveba
imperializmi pirveli dartyma
ultranacionalizmi sapasxuxo dadrtyma
bunebiTi mdgomareoba masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRi
internacionalistebi cxeli xazi
erovnuli TviTgamorkveva samarTliani omi
demokratiuli mSvidobis para- moraluri relativizmi
doqsi eTnocentruizmi
SezRuduli omi danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg
upirobo kapitulacia saomari danaSauli
omi mcdari aRqmis gamo danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg
SemTxveviTi omi
omis eskalacia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ramden ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa ganmartebebi omis uSualo mizezebis

Sesaxeb?
2. Tomas hobsis mixedviT, ra aris yvla omis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi? ra
argumentebiT cdilobs hobsi sakuTari Tezisis dacvas?
3. ra aris, rusos azriT, omis ZiriTadi mizezi? riT gansxvavdeba misi mosaz-
reba hobsis mosazrebisgan? ra argumentebs iSveliebs ruso sakuTari mo-
sazrebis dasacavad?
4. im mecnierTa Soris, romlebic omis gamomwvev mTavar mizezad sazogadoe-
bas miiCneven, arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb, sazogadoebis
konkretulad romeli aspeqti ganapirobebs eri-saxelmwifoebis omisken
midrekilebas. daasaxeleT teqstSi warmodgenili oTxi alternatiuli
Teoria.
5. rogor xsnida jon loki omis fenomens? riT gansxvavdeba es mosazreba
hobsis mosazrebebisgan? romeli argumentebiT amyarebs is sakuTar mo-
sazrebas?
 omi 585
6. omis gamomwvevi mizezebis Sesaxeb romeli axsna migaCniaT yvelaze sarwmu-
nod? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
7. ratom aris Zneli ubralod daigmos damnaSave mxare an mxareebi, rodesac
omi iwyeba?
8. saomari xelovnebis daxvewis epoqaSi, sul ufro da ufro SesaZlebeli
xdeba omis dawyeba winaswar ganuzraxvelad. ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba es
moxdes?
9. aris Tu ara yvela omi gaumarTlebeli zneobrivi kuTxiT? pasuxi daasabu-
TeT.
10. aris Tu ara samarTliani omis doqtrinis mxardamWeri da sawinaaRmdego
argumentebi dabalansebuli? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
11. ra uZRoda win niurnbergis sasamarTlo process? ra aris kacobriobis wi-
naaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulebebi? rogor Seesabameba samarTliani omis
doqtrina am konteqsts?
12. mizanSewonili da SesaZlebelia Tu ara niurnbergis tipis procesebis
gamarTva yoveli omis Semdeg?

SeniSvnebi:

1. Paul Seabury da Angelo M. Codevilla, War: Ends and Means (New York: Basic
Books, 1990), 6.
2. G. W. F. Hegel, Philosophy of Rights, Targm. T. M. Knox, wignSi Great Books of the
Western World, tomi 46, red.: R. Hutchins (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica,
1952), 149.
3. Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, Targm. Marion Farber (Lincoln: Uni-
versity of Nebraska Press, 1984), 230-321), aforizmi 477.
4. Benito Mussolini, “The Doctrine of Fascism”, Targm. M. Oakeshott, wignSi Great
Political Thinkers, red. William Ebenstein (New York: Holt, 1965), 621.
5. John Vasquez, “Introduction: Studying War Scientifically”, wignSi The Scientific
Study of Peace and War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan
(New York: Lexington, 1992), xix.
6. iqve, xxii.
7. Tu omis Tvisobriv analizTan dakavSirebuli statistikuri meTodolo-
giis gacnoba gsurT, waikiTxeT Stuart Bremer-isa da sxvaTa avtorobiT
(adaptirebuli Marie Henehan-is mier) ‘The Scientific Study of War: A Learning
Package”, iqve, 373-437.
8. James Dougherty da Robert Pfaltzgraff, Jr., Contending Theories of International
Relations: A Comprehensive Study, me-3 gamocema (New York: HarperCollins,
1990), 356.
9. Greg Cashman, What Causes War? An Introduction to Theories of International
Conflict (New York: Lexington, 1993), 279.
10. es ganxilva aseve moicavs im klasifikaciebis variacias, romelic warmod-
genilia Kenneth N. Waltz-is naSromSi Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical
586 politika Zaladobis gziT

Analysis (New York: Columbia Univesity Press, 1965). vaRiarebT, rom valSi
varT am naSromis winaSe.
11. citata motanilia Sir Norman Angell-is naSromidan Neutrality and Collective
Security, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gamoiyena Edward Hallett Carr-ma wignSi The
Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939 (New York: Harper & Row, 1964). 39.
12. Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (London: Everyman’s Library, 1956). 64.
13. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace,
me-5 gamoc. (New York: McGrow-Hill, 1992), 3-4.
14. iqve, 29.
15. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, FFirst and Second Discourses, Targm. Roger da Judith Mas-
ters, red. Roger Masters (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964), 197. citata aRebu-
lia rusos `meore saubris~ SeniSvnebidan.
16. iqve, 195-196.
17. iqve, `meore saubari~,141-142.
18. iqve, 161.
19. Frederick Hartmann, The Relations of Nations (New-York: Macmillan, 1978), 32.
20. William Galston, Kant and the Problem of History (Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1975), 26-27.
21. Immanuel Kant, “Eternal Peace”, wignSi Immanuel Kant’s Moral and Political Writ-
ings, red. Carl Friedrich (New York: Modern Library, 1949), 458.
22. V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism (New York: International
Publishers, 1939), 124.
23. Robert Goldwin, “John Locke”, wignSi History of Political Philosophy, red. L.
Strauss da J. Cropsey (Skokie, III.: Rand McNally, 1963), 442.
24. Richard Falk, This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival
(New York: Vintage Books, 1972), 106-107.
25. iqve, 105.
26. iqve, 113.
27. iqve, 155.
28. Cashman, What Causes War? 157.
29. Aristotle, The Politics, mTargm. da red. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford Univer-
sity Press, 1962), 1313b, 245.
30. Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt, 1951), 113-114.
31. William Dixon, “Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Con-
flict”, American Political Science Review 88 (March 1994): 14.
32. demokratiuli qveynebis tendenciaze ix. Stuart Bremer-is, ”Are Democracies
Less Likely to Join Wars?” (naSromi warmodgenili iyo Amercian Political Sci-
ence Association-is yovelwliur Sexvedraze, Chicago, September 3-6, 1992).
33. ufro vrclad ix. Brice Russett-is Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton, N.J.,
Princeton University Press, 1993).
34. rogorc miTiTebulia Cashman-is naSromSi What Causes War?, 129.
35. iqve.
36. iqve, 137-139.
37. Rudolph Rummel, “Some Empirical Findings”, World Politics 21 (1969): 238-239.
38. msjeloba SerCeviT mohyveba Cashman-is What Causes War?, 132-134.
 omi 587
39. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, 51-57.
40. iqve, 133.
41. Michael Haas, “Scietal Approaches to the Study of War”, wignSi The War System,
red. Richard Falk da Samuel Kim (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1980), 355-356, 365.
42. ix. John Vasquez, “The Steps to War”, wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and
War: A Text Reader, red. John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington,
1992), 343-370.
43. Jack Lavy, “Alliance Formation and War Behavior: An Analysis of the Great Pow-
ers, 495-1975, wignSi The Scientific Study of Peace and War: A Text Reader, red.
John Vasquez da Marie Henehan (New York: Lexington, 1992), 3-36.
44. Vasquez, “The Steps to War”, 370.
45. Cashman, What Causes War? 137.
46. iqve.
47. Dougherty da Pfaltzgraff, Contending Theories, 354-355.
48. iqve, 145-152; Tumca, rogorc qeSmeni aRniSnavs, mxilebuleba calsaxa ar
aris.
49. iqve, 142-145, amave naSromSia mocemulia kvlevebis Sejameba. ix., aseve Paul
Diehl-is “Arms Races to War: Testing Some Empirical Linkages”, Sociological
Quarterly 26 (Semodgoma 1985): 331-349; da misive “Continuity and Military Esca-
lation in Major Power Rivalries, 1816-1980”, Journal of Politics 47 (noemberi 1985):
1203-1211.
50. Nazli Chourci da Robert North, “Lateral Pressure in International Relations: Con-
cept and Theory”, wignSi Handbook of War Studies, red. Manus Midlarsky (Bos-
ton: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 310-311.
51. Waltz, Man, the State, and War, 233.
52. citirebulia Lee McDonald-is naSromSi Western Political Theory: From Its Ori-
gins to the Present (Orlando, Fla.: Harcourt, 1968), 127.
53. citirebulia Dougherty da Pfaltzgraff, naSromSi Contending Theories of Inter-
national Relations, 151, n. 24.
54. Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (New York: Basic Books, 1968), 1.
588 politika Zaladobis gziT
n aaw
w iili
li V

politika
mTavrobis
gareSe

T av
avii XXV
VII
II
saer aS oriso
saeraS o riso
ur TierT
urT ierT o beb
b eb i:
b rZ
rZoo la Z lie
liereb
reb isvis
isv is

T av
avii XXVVII
IIII
saeT aS o ris
riso o
o rgan izacia(eb
izac ia(eb i):
b rZ
rZoo la w esr
esrigisT
ig is Tvis
v is

589
590
T aavv i XVI
XV I I

saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi

b rZ
rZoo la
Z liereb
lier eb isT
isTvv is
iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgen-
Tau
klasikuri evropuli sistema
sistemuri winapirobebi evropuli
konsensusis marcxi
Tanamedrove globaluri sistema
evrocentrizmis dasasruli bipo-
larobis dasawyisi ideologiis pri-
mati birTvuli omis safrTxe
urTierT Sekaveba
amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da
dRes ra aris erovnuli interesi?
erovnuli interesis dacva
didi debatebi: realizmi da ideal-
izmi
bumerangis efeqti axali sagareo
politikis ZiebaSi idealizmi, ro-
gorc egoizmi: zneobis Zala axali
samyaro, Zveli Cvevebi axali ten-
denciebi, Zveli problemebi ra
xdeba civi omis Semdeg? global-
uri ekonomika regionalizmis aR-
zeveba eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla
aRsasrulis axleburad: `mdumare
gazafxulis~ Tavidan acileba aRsas-
ruli Zveleburad: birTvuli iaraRis
gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba sain-
formacio teqnologiebis revolucia
apokalifsuri xedvebi: civilizacia-
Ta Sejaxeba da anarqia?

591
592 politika mTavrobis gareSe

Cvens welTaRricxvamde 416 wels aTenelebma gemebi da jari spartis

neitraluri koloniis, milosis kunZulis dasapyrobad gagzavnes, romelsac
ar surda omis monawile gamxdariyo.1 aTenelebi, romlebic molaparakebebs
Zalis poziciidan awarmoebdnen, milosis mkvidrTagan upirobo kapitula-
cias moiTxovdnen da eubnebodnen, rom `samarTlianobis sakiTxi mxolod
Tanabar Zalebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebSi dgeba, maSin roca Zlierni
akeTeben imas, risi Zalac SeswevT da sustni urigdebian imas, rasac unda Seu-
rigdnen.~ miloselebma kiTxvis dasmiT gasces pasuxi, `ratom SeiZleba iyos
CvenTvis kargi Tqveni mmarTvelobis qveS yofna?~ `imitom~ upasuxes aTenel-
ebma, rom `Tqven geqnebaT arCevanis gakeTebis upiratesoba damorCilebasa
da sakuTari Tavis ubedurebaSi Cagdebas Soris da Sesabamisad, raki ar ga-
ganadgurebT, Cvenc mogebuli davrCebiT~. miloselebi cdilobdnen daer-
wmunebinaT aTenelebi, rom am or saxelmwifos Soris mSvidobiani urTier-
Tobebi orive mxaris interesebSi Sedioda. Tumca, aTenelebi am logikas ar
iziarebdnen. samarTlianobis sakiTxis uxeSi ugulebelyofiT, isini Tvlid-
nen, rom Tu miloss miscemdnen damoukideblobis SenarCunebis saSualebas,
maSin miloselebi da sxvebic amas aTenis sisusted miiCnevdnen. `Cveni impe-
riis gafarToebiT~, ganagrZobdnen aTenelebi `movipovebT usafrTxoebas.
faqti, rom xarT kunZulovani da SedarebiT susti saxelmwifo, adasturebs,
rom ver SeaferxebT zRvis mbrZaneblebs.~ ase rom, milosis saxelmwifo Za-
lis politikis gaTvlebs Seewira.
aTenelebis Seurigeblobas miloselebi gabedulad da mtkiced dauxvd-
nen. miloselebi kvlav imeorebdnen, rom, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, maT mainc
neitralurad darCena surdaT. aTenelebma ganagrZes kunZulis alyaSi mo-
qceva, miloselebma sapasuxo winaaRmdegoba gauwies. spartelebi movidnen,
magram ver darCnen. Semdeg ubedurebis zarmac Camohkra:

aTenidan demeasis vaJis, filokrates meTaurobiT damatebiTi Za-

lebi gaigzavna da alya ufro gaZlierda. Sida gamcemlobis gamo mi-
loselebi Cabardnen aTenelebs, romlebmac yvela mamakaci daxoces,
qalebi da bavSvebi monebad gayides, Semdeg ki daaxloebiT xuTasamde
kolonisti daasaxles am teritoriaze.

es ambavi iseve ikiTxeba, rogorc erT-erTi sazareli epizodi hari pot-

eris cxovrebidan, swored is, rodesac eSmakeuli voldemori ukan iseTi
gaZlierebuli brundeba, rogoric arasodes yofila. hogvartisagan gansx-
vavebiT milosi realurad arsebuli adgili iyo da Sesabamisad moTxrobaSi
gadmocemuli tragedia realurad moxda. am yvelafris safuZveli pelopo-
nesis omi (Zv. welTaRricxvis 431-404) iyo. Cven ki miloselebis sazareli be-
disweris Sesaxeb viciT imis gamo, rom berZenma istorikosma Tukididem aR-
wera es ambavi.

iyavi realisti: makiaveli da morgenTau

italiuri renesansis epoqis udidesi politikuri moazrovne nikolo ma-

 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 593
kiaveli (1469-1527) werda, rom Wkviani mmarTveli yovelTvis mosagebad unda
TamaSobdes. misive sityvebiT, `Cveni cxovrebis wesi Zalze Sorsaa imisagan,
rogorc unda vcxovrobdeT. vinc sworad cxovrebas Seecdeba, gadarCenis
nacvlad safrTxeSi igdebs Tavs~.2 brZeni mmarTveli _ agrZelebda makiave-
li _ acnobierebs, ra unda gakeTdes misi gavlenis sferos SesanarCuneblad
da gasafarToeblad da ar aZlevs moralur eWvebs misi azrovnebis daCrdil-
vis uflebas. magaliTad, mmarTvelma mxolod maSin unda daicvas micemuli
piroba, roca es mis interesebSia:

keTilgonieri mmarTveli ar unda iyos sakuTari aRTqmis erTguli,

Tuki SeiZleba, rom es erTguleba saziano aRmoCndes misTvis da ukve
aRar arsebobs mizezebi, ramac es aRTqma daadebina. . . yvela kaci kargi
da keTili rom iyos, aseTi qceva ukeTuri iqneboda, magram raki isini
borotni arian da gamudmebiT arRveven imas, rac aRgiTqves, Sen ratom-
Ra unda uerTgulo sakuTar aRTqmas maT mimarT?3

makiavelis mosazreba da miloselTa bedic im faqtis mkafio ilustrirebaa,

rom zneoba naklebad mniSvnelovania saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebSi, vi-
dre saxelmwifos SigniT. manam, sanam saerTaSoriso politika bunebiTi mdgo-
mareobis msgavsia, saxelmwifoebs Soris daZabuloba SenarCundeba da erTad-
erTi pasuxgasacemi SekiTxva iqneba, vin gadarCeba da vin ganadgurdeba.
makiavelis inteleqturi pirdapiroba da politikisadmi ulmoblad re-
alisturi midgoma, SesaZloa, yvelaze warmatebuli politikuri filosofi-
is safuZvelia Tanamedrove msoflioSi. es im gagebiT, rom man gauZlo drois
gamocdas, is kvlavac axdens gavlenas da moyolebuli makiavelis droidan,
misi marTebulobis damadasturebeli faqtebi mravlad dagrovda. Teoria,
rom saxelmwifoebi moqmedeben sakuTari interesebisa da ara idealebis Se-
sabamisad, cnobilia, rogorc politikuri realizmi. amJamad is yvelaze
metad hans morgenTaus (1904-1980) nawerebTan asocirdeba. makiavelis ms-
gavsad, politikuri realistebi nakleb yuradRebas aqceven, rogor unda
iqceodnen qveynebi da akvirdebian, realurad rogor iqcevian isini da cdi-
loben gaarkvion ratom iqcevian ase. TviTgadarCena saxelmwifo politikis
umTavresi amocanaa, xolo gadarCenis uzrunvelyofis saukeTeso gza _ sax-
elmwifos Zlierebis zrdaa. saerTaSoriso politikaSi, amtkicebs morgen-
Tau, rac ar unda iyos saboloo mizani, uSualo mizani yovelTvis Zlirebaa.
ase rom, interesi gansazRvrulia rogorc Zliereba. morgenTausaTvis es ori
koncefcia erTiania _ nebismieri saxelmwifos umTavresi interesi, pirvel
rigSi, Zlierebis miRwevaa, Semdeg ki sxva miznebisa, rogoricaa prestiJi da
a.S., da isic mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini zrdis saxelmwifos Zlierebas.
politikuri realistebi amtkiceben, rom warmateba saerTaSoriso poli-
tikaSi, maSinac ki, roca konfrontacia ar aris, sabolood mainc Zliere-
bazea damokidebuli. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, `Zala, Zliereba SeiZleba gu-
lisxmobdes yvelafers, rac awesebs da inarCunebs erTi adamianis kontrols
meoreze~.4 Zalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti saerTaSoriso politikaSi
samxedro Zlierebaa. Sesabamisad, politikuri realistebi civi gonebiT ga-
594 politika mTavrobis gareSe

nixilaven iseT Temebs, rogoricaa erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi (meti

yovelTvis ukeTesia, vidre naklebi), birTvuli iaraRis kontroli da saer-
TaSoriso organizaciebSi monawileoba (SezRuduli sargeblobiTa da moma-
vlis imedis gareSe).
Tumca, politikuri da samxedro Zliereba sinonimuri araa. sxva faqtore-
bic, maT Soris geopolitikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri qmnian saxelmwifos
Zlierebas. TviT politikuri lideris pirovnuli qarizma da kompetenciac
an saxelmwifo institutebis efeqtianoba aZlevs mas upiratesobas konkuren-
tul da saSiS msoflioSi. morgenTaus Tanaxmad, aramaterialuri faqtorebis,
rogoricaa qarizma, ugulebelyofa `tolfasia prestiJis ugulebelyofisa,
rogorc saerTaSoriso politikaSi damoukidebeli elementisa~.5
saxelmwifos mTavari interesebis optimizacia da gawonasworeba poli-
tikur sibrZnes saWiroebs. morgenTau wers: `realizmi sibrZnes ganixilavs,
rogorc politikuri qmedebis Sedegebis winaswar gazomvas, rac uzenaesi
Rirsebaa politikaSi~.6 sworad interpretirebisa da gamoyenebis SemTxveva-
Si amgvari sibrZne sworad warmarTavs saxelmwifos saqmeebs. erovnuli in-
teresebis realistur Sefasebaze dafuZnebuli sagareo politika aramarto
riskian Tavgadasavlebs, aramed aseve dampyroblur sibrmavesac airidebs,
rac anadgurebs erebsa da civilizaciebs moraluri principebis, idealebis
Tu RmerTis saxeliTac ki~.7 rogorc morgenTau aRniSnavda, erovnuli in-
teresis koncefcia moralistebis daSvebuli Secdomebis sapirispiroa.
cxadia, erovnuli interesi gansxvavdeba qveynidan qveynamde, icvleba wli-
dan wlamde, aseTi interesi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi an droebiTi, pirvelx-
arisxovani an meorexarisxovani, zogadi an specifikuri.
politikuri realistisaTvis warmatebuli saxelmwifo moRvawe isaa, vinc
flobs erovnuli interesebisa da amocanebis erovnul SesaZleblobebT-
an dabalansebis xelovnebas. sibrZne moiTxovs, rom saxelmwifo moRvawem,
msgavsad myidvelisa supermarketSi, ganasxvavos erTmaneTisagan is, rac
aucilebelia da rac, ubralod, sasurvelia. saxelmwifos marTvis codna gu-
lisxmobs eris molodinebisa da survilebis saxelmwifos SesaZleblobebT-
an SesabamisobSi moyvanasa da sasicocxlo da meorexarisxovani interesebis
zustad garCevas. politikuri realizmi sagareo politikaSi gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas moqnilobas, obieqturobasa da sentimentalizmis naklebo-
bas aniWebs. politikuri realisti ityvis, rom saerTaSoriso politikaSi
arseboben ara mudmivi mokavSireebi, aramed mxolod mudmivi interesebi.
morgenTaus azriT, saxelmwifo moRvawe-ebs sxva principebiT saqmianoba ar
epatiebaT, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad amoraluri SeiZleba iyos aseTi
saqcieli Cveulebrivi adamianuri urTierTobebis poziciidan.
saerTaSoriso politikis riskian samyaroSi zneobas aqvs sxva saxe _
Cveni Sida cxovrebis zneobisagan gansxvavebuli, rogorc piraduli, aseve
politikuri. radganac sxva saxelmwifoebic moqmedeben interesebisa da
ara idealebis Sesabamisad, sakuTarma saxelmwifomac aseve unda imoqmedos.
nebismieri saxelmwifo sxvis xarjze sargeblis miRebas cdilobs _ koleq-
tiuri saqcielis amgvari forma advilad SesamCnevi da universaluria. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, morgenTau amtkicebda, rom politikuri realizmi ara mar-
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 595
to xsnis, ratom iqcevian saxelmwifoebi ise, rogorc iqcevian, aramed, aseve
SeuZlia gaakeTos prognozi, rogor moiqcevian isini.

klasikuri evropuli sistema

makiaveli da morgenTau, orive evropis istoriis xmauriani epoqis

produqtebi iyvnen, Tumca sxvadasxva dros. makiavelize zegavlena iqonia im
mZafrma metoqeobam, intrigebma da konfliqtma, rac axasiaTebda XV-XVI sau-
kuneebis italiur qalaq-saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebs. igi
cxovrobda im dros, rodesac Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifo jer kidev Camo-
yalibebis procesSi iyo. klasikuri evropuli sistemis dabadeba makiavelis
gardacvalebidan erTi saukunis Semdeg moxda. morgenTau daibada germani-
aSi I msoflio omamde. am omis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo evropuli sistemis ng-
reva, romelsac monawile saxelmwifoebs Soris wonasworobis SenarCuneba
surda. koleqtiuri gawonasworobis es aqti interesze iyo dafuZnebuli,
is kavSirSi iyo `interesis~ imgvar definiciasTan, romelic sistemis yvela
aqtoris gadarCenas gulisxmobda. evropis cnobili ZalTa wonasworobis
sistema TiTqmis sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebda (ix. sqema 17-1).
is 1648 wels vestfaliis zavis dadebiT daiwyo da dasrulda I msoflio omis
dawyebasTan erTad. napoleonis safrangeTis mokle periodis garda, 266
wlis manZilze, verc erTma saxelmwifom kontinentze hegemoniis damyareba
ver SeZlo, rac TavisTavad aRsaniSnavi miRweva iyo nebismieri epoqisaTvis.

(A) (B) (C)

sqema 17-1. ZalTa wonasworobis regulireba

wonasworoba (A) irRveva axali monawilis damatebiT (B); wonasworoba kvlav aRdgeba
(C) ama Tu im saxelmwifos gadasvliT erTi aliansidan meoreSi.
wyaro: Edward V. Gulick, Europe’s Classical Ballance of Power (New York: Norton, 1967).

sistemuri winapirobebi

saerTaSoriso sistema funqcionirebda efeqtianad, radgan erTi saxelm-

wifo, romelic wonasworobis damcvelis saxeliT iyo cnobili, krizisisa
da konfliqtis viTarebaSi sakuTar samxedro Tu politikur SesaZleblobebs
ufro susti aliansis mxareze gadaisroda xolme. didi britaneTi amgvarad
iqceoda, radganac amis saSualebas geografiuli mdebareoba da samxedro
(gansakuTrebiT sazRvao) SesaZleblobebi aZlevda. kontinentis siaxloves
596 politika mTavrobis gareSe

mdebare kunZulovan saxelmwifos, britaneTs SeeZlo SedarebiT mSvidad

edevnebina Tvali metoqeobisa da konfliqtebisaTvis la manSis srutis
gadaRma. istoriulad, britaneTis mTavari sazrunavi is sakiTxi iyo, vin mar-
Tavda e.w. dablobs (dRevandeli belgiisa da holandiis teritoria), zustad
srutis gaswvriv, romlis sigane yvelaze viwro wertilSi mxolod 22 milia.
zogadad, britaneTi miudgomel cixe-simagres warmoadgenda, radganac verc
erTma saxelmwifom ver SeZlo misi dapyroba. da bolos, britaneTis sazRvao
upiratesobam da ekonomikurma Zlierebam igi Zlieri mokavSire da sazareli
mteri gaxada, Tumca saxmeleTo jaris simcirem mis mier evraziis kontinentze
dominirebis safrTxe gamoricxa.
meore mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic gansazRvravda tradiciul evro-
pul sistemas, iyo ZiriTadi zneobrivi konsensusi _ yvela saxelmwifo erTsa
da imave civilizacias miekuTvneboda. istorikosebma eduard gibonma da ar-
nold toinbim, iseve rogorc filosofosebma emerix de vatelma da Jan Jak
rusom, aRniSnes is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, rac im kulturul da religiur
tradiciebs hqonda, romelic gavrcelda evropul sazogadoebaSi da gadalaxa
saxelmwifo sazRvrebi ZalTa balansis sistemis ayvavebis pirobebSic ki.8
am araordinalur pirobebSi, `saerTaSoriso politika gaxda aristokra-
tiuli garToba, sporti mmarTvelebisaTvis, rodesac yvela TamaSis erTian
wesebs aRiarebs da yvela msgavsi SezRuduli miznebisaTvis ibrZvis~.9 Sez-
Ruduli miznebi niSnavs, rom maSinac ki, rodesac omi gaCaRdeboda, meto-
qeebi ar cdilobdnen erTmaneTis ganadgurebas. umetes SemTxvevaSi, evro-
pis mmarTvelebi, XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblobis, racionalizmis ideebiT
Sepyrobilni, mmarTvelobisas pragmatul midgomas irCevdnen da nebismieri
saxis fanatizms absurdulad da saxifaTod miiCnevdnen. aramarto miznebi,
aramed samxedro da ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebic SezRuduli iyo: mxolod
ramdenime qveyanas Tu SeeZlo qveynis simdidre maRali riskis Semcvel Tavga-
dasavlebSi gaeflanga, amasTan, Tanamedrove teqnologiis ararsebobis gamo
samxedro moqmedebebic SezRuduli iyo.
am panevropuli kulturis kidev erTi SemTxveviTi aspeqti ideologiis
ararseboba gaxldaT. mokavSireTa Secvla garemopirobebis SecvlasTan er-
Tad xdeboda. struqturul sixistes SeeZlo Seeferxebina gawonasworebis
procesi da ufro SesaZlebeli gaexada totaluri omi.

evropuli konsensusis marcxi

ram ganapiroba SedarebiT stabiluri saerTaSoriso wesrigis rRveva, ro-

melic 250 welze meti xnis manZilze arsebobda? pirveli, XIX saukuneSi napo-
leonis mier evropis dapyrobis TiTqmis warmatebulma mcdelobam Seeqmna
pirveli saxalxo armia Tanamedrove istoriaSi da im periodSi nacionalizmis
zrdis Sesaxeb gvauwya. miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTis hegemoniis mcde-
loba sabolood uSedegod damTavrda, is iyo mravali movlenis mauwyebeli da
man miznis erTi garSemo gaerTianebuli eris Zlierebis demonstrireba moax-
dina. TviTon miznis arsi dafuZnebuli iyo adamianTa Tanasworobis feTqebad
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 597
ideaze, romelic gvian XVIII saukunis safrangeTisa da amerikis revoluciebis
Sedegad warmoiSva. napoleonis omebsa da I msoflio oms Soris iseTma idee-
bma, rogorc iyo erTa TviTgamorkveva da universaluri uflebebi, politikis
Sesaxeb fundamenturi Sexedulebebi Secvala da amiT safuZveli gamoacala
Zvel aristokratiul wesrigs.
XIX saukuneSi industriulma revoluciam ekonomikur da teqnologiur
sferoebSi samxedro moqmedebebis arsi Secvala. magaliTad, prusiam gamoiy-
ena rkinigza samxedro Zalebis gadasayvanad avstriisa (1866) da safrange-
Tis (1870) winaaRmdeg. omSi axali saSualebebiT, magaliTad, samxedro daniS-
nulebis Sida wvis Zravebis, moZravi savele artileriisa da ukve I msoflio
omisaTvis, sabrZolo TviTmfrinavebis gamoyenebac aRar iyo ucxo.
bolo faqtori, ramac safuZveli gamoacala evropul sistemas, samxedro
aliansebis simtkice iyo. XIX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, koaliciebi fiqsire-
buli da kargad gamokveTili xdeboda maSin, roca saxelmwifoebi TandaTano-
biT axdendnen samxedro Zalis akumulirebas. mSvidobianobis Jams uprece-
dento danaxarjebma samxedro kvlevebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, SedarebiT
didi, mudmivi armiebis Seqmnam da samxedro Sejibrma kidev ufro gaamwvava
evropis dayofa or dapirispirebul aliansad. amgvarma viTarebam ganapiroba
I msoflio omis dawyeba, ramac ZalTa wonasworobis klasikuri sistemis dasas-
rulis dasawyisi gvamcno.

Tanamedrove globaluri sistema

II msoflio omma ganapiroba axali konfiguraciis warmoqmna, romelic

dResac ganagrZobs msoflio politikis gansazRvras. evropuli sistema ori
supersaxelmwifos mier dominirebulma globalurma sistemam Secvala. am
axal bipolarul sistemaSi orive mxarem uzarmazari saxsrebi totaluri
omis sawarmoeblad saWiro resursebis Seqmnisaken mimarTa da TiToeuli mx-
are erTmaneTs ideologiur mtrad aRiqvamda. civi omi amerikis SeerTebul
Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris 1945 wlidan daiwyo, TiTqmis naxevar sau-
kunes gagrZelda da 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT dasrulda. Sesabam-
isad, mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT msoflio politikis struqturuli maxa-
siaTeblebi amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris metoqeobis magaliTze, manam,
sanam gadavalT Tanamedrove globaluri sistemis ganxilvaze.

evrocentrizmis dasasruli

erT-erTi yvelaze aSkara cvlileba saerTaSoriso politikaSi II msoflio

omis dasrulebis Semdeg evropis saxelmwifoebis gavlenis Semcireba iyo,
romlebic XVII saukunidan saerTaSoriso ZalTa wonasworobis brunvis cen-
trs warmoadgendnen. realurad, evropas Crdili pirvelad ori araevropu-
li Zalis _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da iaponiis gaZlierebam miayena,
risi winapirobebic ukve gvian XIX saukuneSi ikveTeboda. II msoflio omis Sem-
598 politika mTavrobis gareSe

deg naTeli gaxda, rom iseTi tradiciulad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, rogoric

iyo didi britaneTi, safrangeTi da germania, meorexarisxovani saxelmwifoe-
bi gaxdnen. britaneTi iZulebuli gaxda, uari eTqva msoflio masStabis im-
periaze, safrangeTi sakuTari ekonomikis, sazogadoebisa da xelisuflebis
rekonstruqciiT iyo dakavebuli, germania damarcxebuli da danawevrebuli
iyo zonebad, ris Sedegadac ori axali saxelmwifo _ germaniis federaciu-
li respublika (dasavleTi germania) da germaniis demokratiul respublika
(aRmosavleTi germania) warmoiSva. sabWoTa kavSiri, romelmac omis Sedegad
uzarmazari danakargebi ganicada, arnaxulad gaZlierda.
II msoflio omis Semdeg britaneTis, safrangeTis, belgiisa da holandiis
koloniebi maleve daiSala. am yofil koloniur teritoriebze axali sax-
elmwifoebi aRmocendnen, romlebmac or industriul bloks mimarTes samx-
edro da ekonomikuri daxmarebisaTvis.ase rom, mesame samyaro bipolaruli
Zalebis metoqeobis arenad gadaiqca. am brZolis brendi civi omi iyo.

bipolarobis dasawyisi

miuxedavad imisa, rom evropulidan globalur saerTaSoriso sistemaze

gadasvla II msoflio omamde daiwyo, omma es procesi mniSvnelovnad daaC-
qara _ nawilobriv msoflio politikis mTavari aqtorebis, evropis sax-
elmwifoebis mTavari scenidan CamoSorebiT. yofili didi saxelmwifoebis
adgilze, romelTa raodenoba omis dawyebisas Svids Seadgenda, ori super-
saxelmwifo gamoCnda _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri.
amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma evropis dasavleT nawilze proteqtoratis
msgavsi ram Seqmna, xolo sabWoTa kavSirma `satelituri~ imperia _ evropis
aRmosavleT nawilSi.
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, romelmac pirvelma Seqmna da gamoiyena
birTvuli iaraRi, II msoflio omis Semdeg mcire periodis ganmavlobaSi
birTvul monopolias flobda. sabWoTa kavSirma, dasavleli eqspertebis
Tu politikosebis gasaocrad, warmatebiT gamoscada birTvuli iaraRi 1949
wels da amiT moaxdina imis demonstrireba, rom masac hqonda ufleba super-
saxelmwifo yofiliyo.
1950-ian wlebSi samxedro Zlierebisa da ekonomikuri resursebis Tval-
sazrisiT, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da sabWoTa kavSirma yvela dan-
arCeni saxelmwifo daCrdiles. Tumca, maT Soris arsebulma ideologiurma
ufskrulma maT Soris nebismieri saxis TanamSromloba Seaferxa.

ideologiis primati

saerTaSoriso scenaze ori supersaxelmwifos dominireba maT bunebriv

metoqeebad ayalibebda; radganac erTi iyo kapitalisturi da demokratiu-
li, xolo meore komunisturi da diqtatoruli, metoqeobam gansakuTrebiT
saSiSi da mZafri xasiaTi miiRo. II msoflio omis dasasrulisaTvis alian-
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 599
sis wevrTa undobloba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sabWoTa diqtatoris ioseb
stalinis mimarT, rac ganpirobebuli iyo sabWoTa armiis mier germanelebi-
sagan gaTavisuflebuli aRmosavleT evropis dapyrobiTa da stalinis mcd-
elobiT, aeZulebina dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi, uari eTqvaT dasavleT ber-
linze. amerikis SerTebuli Statebisa da misi mokavSireebisaTis aranakleb
SemaSfoTebeli sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1949 wels sakuTari atomuri iaraRis
gamocda gaxda.
amasTan, sabWoTa kavSirma amerikis sagareo politikuri qmedebebi, maT So-
ris didi raodenobis sesxis micemaze uaris Tqma da marSalis gegmis wamow-
yeba, aRiqva, rogorc dasturi, rom `amerikuli imperializmi~ `msoflio
socialisturi sistemis~ dangrevas isaxavda miznad. stalinis mTavarma
ideologma andrei Jdanovma 1947 wels komunisturi partiis yrilobaze ga-
nacxada, rom msoflio or banakad iyo gayofili. am ori banakis doqtrinas
oreuli hyavda dasavleTSi `msoflio komunisturi SeTqmulebis~ saxiT, ro-
melic emyareboda mosazrebas, rom saidumlo komunisturi proeqtis mizans
yvela demokratiuli sazogadoebis damxoba warmoadgenda. retrospeqti-
ulad, amgvari rwmena SesaZloa gadaWarbebulic ki iyos, Tumca orive mxares
arsebulma eqstremalurma ritorikam, romelic savse iyo ideologiuri da-
pirispirebebiT, amgvar intepretacias damajerebloba Semata.
amerikis Sekavebis politika dasavleT evropaSi gavleniani samxedro
aliansis _ CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato)
SeqmniT gaaqtiurda. sabWoTa kavSirma sakuTari samxedro aliansis _ varSa-
vis xelSekrulebis organizaciis SeqmniT upasuxa (Cveulebriv varSavis
xelSekrulebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili), romelic moskovsa da aRmosav-
leT evropas akavSirebda erTmaneTTan. or bloks Soris arsebuli konfron-
taciuli atmosfero kompromisisa da SeTanxmebisaTvis mcire SesaZleblo-
bas tovebda. civi omi wamoiwyo orma gansakuTrebiT Zlierma saxlemwifom,
romelTa miznebi, interesebi da Rirebulebebi urTierTSeuTavsebeli
Canda. ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli cdilobda SewinaaRmdegeboda meo-
ris ambiciebs, uares SemTxvevaSi ki, orive erTmaneTis ganadgurebas isax-
avda miznad. am TvalsazrisiT, omis Semdgomi sistema mkveTrad gansxvavde-
boda im tradiciuli evropuli sistemisagan, romelic man Caanacvla: omisa
da diplomatiis mizani ukve mxolod teritoriebisa da samflobeloebis
gansazRvra aRar iyo.

birTvuli omis safrTxe

rodesac evropuli ZalTa wonaswroba dairRva, saxelmwifoebma omis

warmoebis saSualebebis SezRudvis mizniT konkretuli wesebi daadgines.
XX saukunis orma tqnologiurma garRvevam didad gazarda samxedro Zalis
destruqciuli potenciali. pirvelad Seiqmna sahaero Tavdasxmis, xolo Sem-
deg _ gadazidvis sistemebi, romelTa SesaZleblobebi omis warmoebis Ses-
axeb erTi saukuniT adre arsebul warmodgenebs Zireulad cvlida. meore,
birTvuli fizikis miRwevebma ganapiroba atomuri da wyalbadis bombebis Se-
600 politika mTavrobis gareSe

qmna, romelTac mTeli qalaqebis ganadgureba SeeZlo. am samecniero da te-

qnologiuri miRwevebis Sedegad, amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris arsenali sax-
meleTo da sazRvao raketebiT gaivso. am or saxelmwifos hqonda uzarmazari
SesaZleblobebi: orive mxares gaaCnda sakmarisi raodenobis birTvuli iara-
Ri, rom gaenadgurebinaT erTmaneTi. aseT viTarebaSi farTomasStabiani omi
TviTmkvlelobis tolfasi gaxda. Seqmnili viTarebis aRqmam, rogorc Semdeg
vnaxavT, mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa usafrTxoebis axali
sqemis warmoqmnaSi. igi miznad isaxavda kacobriobis gadarCenas msoflioSi,
romelic ganadgurebis realuri safrTxis winaSe idga.

urTierT Sekaveba

II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis sistema Sekavebis princips

efuZneboda. birTvuli iaraRis uprecedento gamanadgurebelma efeqtma ga-
napiroba Sekavebis principis arseboba, rac konfliqtis prevencias niSnav-
da, ramdenadac iseTi saxelmwifoebis erovnuli Tavdacva, rogorc aSS da
sabWiTa kavSiri iyo, moiTxovda agresorisaTvis yovelgvari SezRudvis gar-
eSe epasuxaT. Sekaveba amoqmedda ara rogorc abstraqtuli idea, aramed ro-
gorc istoriuli aucilebloba. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma birTvuli
monopolia II msoflio omis Semdeg maleve dakarga, Tumca 1970-iani wlebis
Sua periodamde mainc upirates poziciaSi imyofeboda. 1957 wels sabWoTa
kavSirma pirveli sateliti (Tanamgzavri) gauSva orbitaze. sabWoTa kavSiris
mier ganxorcielebulma kosmosurma gasrolam daanaxa mTels msoflios,
rom igi ukve Sori radiusis raketebis Seqmnis teqnologiasac flobda, anu
sabWoTa kavSirs SeeZlo gaesrola iaraRi sakuTari teritoriidan, romelic
pirdapir amerikuli samizneebisaken iqneboda mimarTuli.
1960-iani wlebis bolos, amerikisaTvis uZlevelobis era dasrulda:
sabWoTa kavSirma Seqmna saxmeleTo saraketo sistema, romlis sawinaaRmde-
god adekvaturi Tavdacvis sistema ar arsebobda. axla ukve orive mxare aR-
moCnda birTvuli ufskrulis winaSe. Sekaveba gaxda axali lozungi samxedro
strategiis Sesaxeb debatebSi da II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworo-
bis Semadgeneli nawili. Sekavebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoebi qmnian
birTvul iaraRs ara misi gamoyenebis, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebis mier maTi
gamoyenebis Sekavebis mizniT. aqedan gamomdinare, am saxis iaraRis Sesaqmne-
lad saWiro xarjebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba skolebis, biblioTekebisa
da skverebis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli proeqtebis finansebisagan. am
yvelafris floba moxmarebis gareSe seriozuli Sida politikuri marcxi
iqneboda. amis sapirispirod, birTvuli iaraRis odesme gamoyeneba gamoi-
wvevda bevrad ufro seriozul sagareo politikur marcxs, romelsac See-
Zlo safrTxeSi Caegdo TviT kacobriobis arseboba.
ase rom, Sekaveba fundamenturad fsiqologiuri fenomenia. rogorc ase-
Ti, is sakuTar TavSi maRali riskis mqone pokeris TamaSis elementebs Sei-
cavs. pokeris msgavsad, Sekaveba moicavs garkveul realobaze dafuZnebul
interesTa Sejibrs, radganac gadarCenas safrTxe emuqreba, moTamaSeebma
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 601
minimumamde unda Seamciron riski. blefi am procesis nawilia. amrigad, Tu A
qveyana warmatebiT iyenebs samxedro Zalas, raTa B qveyanas sasurvel sagareo
politikur mizanze uari aTqmevinos, B qveynis prestiJi ilaxeba, xolo A
qveyana fsiqologiur upiratesobas zeimobs. birTvuli Sekaveba efuZneba
ara marto realur Zlierebas, aramed udidesi saSiSroebis pirobebSi orive
mxaris motivebsa da aRqmas.
ramdenime sakvanZo mosazreba udevs safuZvlad birTvuli Sekavebis
Teorias. pirveli, saxelmwifoebi potenciur agresorebTan urTierTobaSi
acxadeben naTlad gamokveTil mzaobas Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenon
birTvuli iaraRi. meore, miuxedavad ormxrivi undoblobisa, orive mxareze
gadawyvetilebis mimRebni racionalurni arian, Sesabamisad arcerTi mxare
ar wamoiwyebs birTvul moqmedebebs, garda im SemTxvevisa, roca igi sakuTar
Tavs sapirispiro dartymisagan icavs. mesame, TiToeul mxares aqvs meore
dartymis (ukugebis) ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, rac gulisxmobs, rom
saxelmwifos birTvuli SesaZleblobebi gauZlebs pirveli dartymis upi-
ratesobas da SeZlebs sapasuxo dartymis ganxorcielebas, romelic Tavdam-
sxmels Sesabamis zians miayenebs.
imisaTvis rom uzrunveleyo misi birTvuli Zalebis sicocxlisunariano-
ba, amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma II msoflio omis Semdeg gancalkevebuli
gadazidvis sistemebi Seqmna. es e.w. sameuli (triada) Sedgeboda saxmeleTo
kontinentTa Sorisi balistikuri raketebis (ICBM), wyalqveSa navidan gas-
aSvebi balistikuri raketebisa (SLBM) da strategiuli aviaciisgan (SAC).
sabWoTa kavSirsac hqonda msgavsi sameulisagan Semdgari Sekavebis sistema.
igi ZiriTadad efuZneboda saxmeleTo saraketo sistemebs, romelic ssrk-s
ufro didi raodenobiT hqonda, vidre amerikis SeerTebul Statebs. amasTan,
amerikis sazRvao Sekavebis sistema bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre sabWoTa
kavSirisa.
Sekavebasa da samxedro SeiraRebaSi upiratesoba II msoflio omis Semdeg
xan erT mxares hqonda xan meores. ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda Seiara-
Rebis mimarTulebasa da tempebs. TiToeul saxelmwifos hqonda specifikuri
miznebi da prioritetebi, rac garkveul SezRudvebs awesebda samxedro xar-
jebze. meore, TiToeuli supersaxelmwifo eWvis TvaliT uyurebda erTma-
neTis qmedebebs. ase magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiris mier 1970-ian wlebSi gama-
lebuli SeiaraRebis wamowyebam aiZula amerika, TviTonac igive gaekeTebina.
am mcdelobebis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo is, rom stabiluri wonasworobis miR-
weva ver xerxdeboda im pirobebSi, rodesac erT saxelmwifos, eqspansiuri
sagareo politikiT, hqonda aSkara upiratesoba birTvuli iaraRis raode-
nobasa da ZlierebaSi. dabolos, Tavisi uaryofiTi gavlena teqnologiamac
iqonia. erTi mxriv, radganac teqnologiebis codna ar SeiZleba ar gavr-
celdes, orive saxelmwifo zedmetad frTxilobda ganiaraRebis sakiTxTan
mimarTebaSi, meore mxriv, SesaZlebloba imisa, rom erT saxelmwifos SeiZle-
ba mieRwia teqnologiuri garRvevisaTvis, sakmaod mniSvnelovani winapiroba
iyo maRali donis samxedro kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis gagrZelebisaTvis.
birTvulma Sekavebam ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi imuSava, Tumca
igi savse iyo daZabulobiTa da safrTxeebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive su-
602 politika mTavrobis gareSe

persaxelmwifo mudmivad arwmunebda danarCen msoflios, rom maT birTvuli

iaraRi mxolod TavdacviTi miznebisaTvis sWirdebodaT, TviTon birTvuli
iaraRis arsenalebis arsebobis faqti xSirad amwvavebda SiSsa da undoblobas.

amerikis sagareo politika: guSin da dRes

miznebsa da saSualebebs Soris gansxvaveba sakvanZoa saerTaSoriso poli-

tikisa da aseve sagareo politikis formulirebisaTvis. sagareo politikur
mizanSi Cven vgulisxmobT im amocanebis erTobliobas, rac ganapirobebs sax-
elmwifoTa qmedebebs, sagareo politikis saSualebebSi ki im strategiebs,
romelsac saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven sakuTari amocanebis realizebis
mizniT. miznebi (amocanebi) Tavisi arsiT aris farTo, mtkiced dafuZnebu-
li da rTulad (nela) cvalebadi. strategiebi ki SeiZleba iyos pragmatuli
da taqtikuri, mTlianad nakarnaxevi im miznebiT, romelic saxelmwifoebs
aqvT. strategia SeiZleba icvlebodes droTa ganmavlobaSi da iyos global-
uri, an regionuli. nebismieri saxelmwifos msgavsad, amerikis SeerTebulma
Statebma or ZiriTad mimarTulebas Soris arCevani unda gaakeTos. man, al-
baT ufro metad, vidre nebismierma sxva saxelmwifom msoflioSi, sagareo
politikuri miznebisa da erovnuli interesebis Secvala moaxdina XX sauku-
nis Sua periodSi.

ra aris erovnuli interesi?

saerTaSoriso politikaSi ori mniSvnelovani da xSirad gameorebadi

strategia aris cnobili _ TavdacviTi anu status kvos strategia da Tav-
dasxmiTi _ eqspansionisturi strategia (eqspansionizmi). saxelmwifoTa
umetesi nawili ambobs, rom isini mimarTaven pirvels, im SemTxvevaSic ki,
roca realurad meore strategias atareben. es TvalTmaqcoba garkveul-
wilad winaswar ganzraxulia da sakuTari Tavis motyuebaa. yvelafers rom
Tavi davaneboT, es xom adamianis bunebaSia, movaxdinoT sakuTari qmedebebis
racionalurad warmosaxva, rodesac maT gamarTlebas ver vaxerxebT.
damkvirveblisaTvis SesaZloa gamoCndes, rom xandaxan TavdacviT, sta-
tus-kvos momxre saxelmwifosa da agresiul saxelmwifos qmedebebs Soris
arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar aris, Tumca motivacia da miznebi maT sakmaod gan-
sxvavebuli aqvT. saxelmwifoebi, romlebic cdiloben gafarToebas da ar-
sebuli Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis Secvlas, amas xSirad swored im sax-
elmwifoebis xarjze akeTeben, visac arsebuli urTierTobebis SenarCuneba
surs. rogorc wesi, eqspansionisti saxelmwifoebi ukmayofiloni arian ar-
sebuli status-kvoTi. am mizeziT, isini cdiloben moaxdinon omis provoci-
reba, wamoiwyon gamalebuli SeiaraReba, xeli Seuwyon revoluciis wamowye-
bas, da zogadad, eswrafvian saerTaSoriso sistemis destabilizacias. aseTi
qmedebebi warmoSobs sakmaod did zneobriv wnexs am saxelmwifoebze, Tumca
TiToeuli SemTxvevis mainc individualurad ganxilva unda moxdes.
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 603
gansxvaveba agresorsa da TavdacviT saxelmwifos Soris sakmaod naTelia
Teoriulad, Tumca praqtikulad sakmaod bundovania. ase rom, Tu mowinaaR-
mdege saxelmwifo ar erTveba SeiaraRebis SejibrSi, status kvo saxelmwifo
mzadaa darCes arsebuli samxedro momzadebis doneze, magram Tu ukmayofilo
metoqe saxelmwifo mis xelT arsebul samxedro arsenals kidev zrdis, maSin
unda vivaraudoT, rom Tundac yvelaze kmayofili status kvo saxelmwifoc
ki iZulebuli gaxdeba igive gaakeTos, oRond, ra Tqma unda, gansxvavebuli mo-
tivaciiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi motivacia eqspansiaa, meore SemTxvevaSi _ sa-
kuTari Tavis dacva.

bediswera

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi yovelTvis acxadebda pretenzias, rom igi

axorcielebda status-kvos politikas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca is far-
Tovdeboda. istoria imisa, rogor gaizarda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
13 Statidan da gadaiWima mTels kontinentze okeanidan okenamde, nebismier-
ma skolis moswavlem icis. Tumca, maswavleblebi iSviaTad warmoaCenen amas
amerikuli imperializmis an eqspansionizmis istoriad, garda im SemTxvevi-
sa, roca moswavleebi da maswavleblebi aborigeni amerikelebi arian. espan-
elebsa da meqsikelebs am sakiTxis gamo davis sruli safuZveli aqvT, aseve
xalxs, vinc cxovrobs texasSi, kaliforniasa an floridaSi (sxva StatebTan
erTad). TviT rusebic ki SeiZleba SeewinaRmdegon (isini dasaxldnen alas-
kaze manam, sanam amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Seiqmneboda) amgvar xedvas.
eqspansionistebi aSS-is kongresSi amas `bedisweras~ uwodebdnen, magram, ro-
gorc Seqspirma Tqva, vardi, Tundac sxva saxeliT, mainc vardia.

zogierTi saxelmwifo uyuradRebod tovebs am tipis saerTaSoriso

sistemaSi warmoqmnil safrTxeebs da cdilobs Tavi daaRwios saerTaSoriso
Zalis politikis TamaSebs. es saxelmwifoebi mimarTaven neitralitetis an
miumxroblobis politikas. neitraluroba gulisxmobs nebismier situaci-
aSi ganze yofnas, maSin roca miumxrobloba zogadad aravis mxareze yofna,
Tumca ara yvela SemTxvevaSi neitralurad darCenaa.
status-kvo strategiebi arsiT konservatiulia. saxelmwifoebi, romle-
bic mimarTaven amgvar strategiebs, miznad arsebuli wonasworobis Senar-
Cunebas isaxaven, isini eTayvanebian stabilurobas, saxelmwifoebs Soris
mSvidobian urTierTobas da yvelaferTan erTad, legitimurobas. sta-
tus-kvo saxelmwifoebi zogadad cdiloben mimarTon iseT instrumentebs,
rogoricaa saerTaSoriso samarTali, mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebebi da glo-
baluri mniSvnelobis organoebi (magaliTad, erTa liga da gaerTianebuli
erebis organizacia), raTa msoflioSi SenarCunebul iqnes Zalauflebis
danawilebis arsebuli forma da prestiJi. Cveulebriv, isini uars amboben
revoluciis gziT mosuli xelisuflebis aRiarebaze, radgan miaCniaT, rom
604 politika mTavrobis gareSe

maT Zalaufleba xelSi arakanonieri gziT Caigdes, an safrTxes uqmnian re-

gionuli an globaluri wonasworobis stabilurobas, anda im motiviT, rom
Zaladobisa da ukanonobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba safuZvels aclis samar-
Tlisa da wesrigis principebs mTels msoflioSi. amerikis sagareo politika
II msoflio omis Semdeg am politikis yvelaze naTeli ilustraciaa _ ameri-
kis SeerTebuli Statebi CineTis xelisuflebis aRiarebaze TiTqmis mTeli
ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ambobda uars, komunistebis mier 1949 wels
Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis gamo.
da mainc, ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanmimdevrulad misdevs status-kvos
strategias TiTqmis yvela frontze. xandaxan politikuri mdgomareoba
romelime konkretul saxelmwifoSi meryeobs eqspansionizmsa da status-
kvo strategiebs Soris. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis diplomatiuri is-
toria am tendenciis ilustrirebis naTeli magaliTia. marTalia, sxvadasxva
dros igi atarebda kontinenturi da kontinents miRma eqspansiis politi-
kas, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi misi arsebobis umetes nawilSi regionuli
da saerTaSoriso status-kvos SenarCunebis princips eyrdnoboda. amgvari
politikis ori magaliTia monros doqtrina da II msoflio omis Semdgomi
mcdeloba, Seekavebina sabWoTa agresia. orive maTgani wignis momdevno
nawilSia ganxiluli.

erovnuli interesis dacva

saxelmwifos grZelvadian miznebsa da moklevadian politikur qmedebebs

Soris sakmaod mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. zRvari miznebsa da yoveldRiur
politikas Soris ramdenime mniSvnelovan sakiTxs warmoSobs. pirveli, miuxe-
davad imisa, Tu romel strategias irCevs saxelmwifo _ eqspansionisturs
Tu status-kvos, is erTdroulad SesaZloa iyenebdes sxvadasxva meTods
gansxvavebul problemebTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, saxelmwifo SeiZleba
cdilobdes status-kvos SenarCunebas sazavo xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT
erT saxelmwifosTan da amavdroulad mimarTavdes eqspansiur politikas
meoresTan mimarTebaSi: magaliTad, 1939 wlis agvistoSi faSisturma ger-
maniam _ eqspansionisturma saxelmwifom, xeli moawera Tavdausxmelobis
paqts sabWoTa kavSirTan, rac man aRmosavleT evropis dasapyrobad gamoiy-
ena.
saxelmwifom SesaZloa airCios eqspansionizmis strategia, roca mas
sjera, rom pirveli dartymis ganxorcieleba da potenciuri mtris teri-
toriis dakaveba aucilebelia misi TviTgadarCenisaTvis. es magaliTebi sxva
sakiTxebzec migviTiTebs, kerZod imaze, rom Zalis gamoyenebis strategiebi
aris moqnili, isini icvleba pirobebis Secvlis Tanmimdevrulad da SeiZle-
ba gardaiqmnas, roca saxelmwifos mmarTveli elita amas saWirod miiCnevs.
amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma araerTxel ganaxorciela laTinuri ameri-
kis saxelmwifoebis dapyroba an samxedro intervencia, xolo mizezad yov-
elTvis an status-kvos SenarCuneba an Cagruli xalxis tiraniisagan gaTavi-
sufleba saxeldeboda.
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 605
monros doqtrina: status kvos dacva. 1823 wlis 2 dekembers prezidentma
jeims monrom kongresisadmi yovelwliur mimarTvaSi gamoacxada monros
doqtrina. am mimarTvaSi man Tqva, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pativs
scemda arsebul politikur konfiguracias msoflios dasavleT naxevars-
feroSi. `evropuli saxelmwifoebis ukve arsebuli koloniebis saqmeebSi
Cven ar CavreulvarT da arc CavereviT~ ganacxada monrom. magram

im qveynebis mimarT, romlebmac gamoacxades damoukidebloba da

inarCuneben mas . . . ver SeveguebiT nebismieri evropuli saxelmwi-
fos mier Seviwroebis an kontrolis nebismier formas da amas aRviq-
vamT, rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mimarT aramegobruli
damokidebulebis gamomJRavnebas.10

am deklaraciiT amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma faqtobrivad ganacxada,

rom am droidan vaSingtoni nebismieri sagareo aqtoris mxridan wonasworobis
darRvevis nebismier mcdelobas SeewinaRmdegeboda. amiT, monros doqtrinam
daumtkica amerikis SeerTebul Statebs ufleba, SeenarCunebina upiratesi
pozicia msoflios TiTqmis naxevarSi _ im naxevarsferoSi, romelsac igi sa-
kuTari saxelmwifo interesebis mniSvnelovan nawilad Tvlida.

istoria, konfliqti da sagareo politika:

axlo aRmosavleTis magaliTi

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi sagareo politikuri miznebis kompleq-

surobisa da orazrovnebis ilustrirebisaTvis, israelsa da arabul sa-
myaros Soris xangrZlivi konfliqtis gaxsenebac ki sakmarisia.
II msoflio omis Semdeg ebraelma nacionalistebma, igive sionistebma,
britanelebisa da arabebis winaaRmdeg palestinaSi sakuTari saxelmwifos
Seqmnis moTxovniT omi wamoiwyes. TavianTi qmedebebis gasamarTleblad maT
mohqondaT istoriuli, bibliuri da samarTlebrivi argumentebi da amt-
kicebdnen, rom holokostis (meore msoflio omis periodSi germaniis nacis-
turi xelisuflebisa da misi mokavSireebis mier ebraelebis winaaRmdeg ganxor-
cielebuli masobrivi genocidi _ mTargm. Sen.) Semdeg ebraelebs usafrTxod
mxolod sakuTar samSobloSi SeiZleboda ecxovraT. oms, romelic maT
wamoiwyes, bevri udanaSaulo adamiani emsxverpla. palestinelma arabma
devnilebma ebraelebi imperialistebad miiCnies. arabma nacionalistebma es
sababad gamoiyenes da sionizmisa da axlad Seqmnili ebrauli saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg saRvTo omi gamoacxades. regionSi arsebulma arabulma qveynebma
uaryves israelis suvereniteti, rac maincdamainc moulodneli ar yo-
fila.
Semdeg radikalma palestinurma dajgufebebma teroristuli aqtebis
ganxorcieleba daiwyes israelis moqalaqeebisa da ramdenime arabuli qvey-
nis, gansakuTrebiT egviptis winaaRmdeg. 1956 wels egviptem suecis arxi Ca-
moarTva safrangeTsa da did britaneTs, romlebic aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars
606 politika mTavrobis gareSe

israels egviptis winaaRmdeg omSi, swored im sakiTxze, Tu vin gaakontroleb-

da arxs. am epizodma kidev ufro gaaZliera arabTa rwmena, rom sionizmi da
dasavluri imperializmi arabul samyaroze gabatonebas isaxavda miznad.
mtrobis gaRvivebis aTwleulis Semdeg, meore omi daiwyo. 1967 wels is-
raelma, romelic pasuxobda egviptidan wamosul safrTxesa da aseve eyrd-
noboda dazvervis samsaxurebis mier mowodebul informacias, rom egvipte
emzadeboda TavdasxmisaTvis, winmswrebi samxedro moqmedebebi ganaxorcie-
la egviptis winaaRmdeg, rac eqvsdRiani omis saxeliT gaxda cnobili. daax-
loebiT erTkviriani samxedro Setakebebis Sedegad israelma daikava arabTa
teritoriebis mniSvnelovani nawili, maT Soris, sinais naxevarkunZuli da
Razas olqi egvipteSi, golanis simaRleebi siriasa da mdinare iordanes
dasavleT sanapiro iordaniaSi. ierusalimi, manam danawevrebuli qalaqi,
mTlianad israelis kontrolos qveS aRmoCnda. am damarcxebiT damcirebul-
ma egviptem da siriam momdevno brZolebisaTvis daiwyes mzadeba. 1973 wels
israelis teritoriebze TavdasxmiT maT 1967 wlis Semdeg Seqmnili status
kvos gadasinjva scades. israeli am SemTxvevaSic Tanabar Zalebs flobda,
Tumca, amjerad, warmatebas ver miaRwia. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma me-
diatoris funqcia ikisra. egviptelebma 1979 wels israelTan sazavo xelSek-
rulebis (kemp-devidis SeTanxmeba) dadebiT daibrunes sinais naxevarkun-
Zuli, magram sxva arabulma saxelmwifoebma egvipte sionizmsa da dasavlur
imperializmTan garigebaSi daadanaSaules.
konfliqti palestinelebsa da ebraelebs Soris 1980-ian wlebSi isev
gamwvavda, rodesac israelma daipyro libanis nawili 1982 wels, im mizniT,
rom sapasuxo qmedebebi ganexorcielebina palestinis gamaTavisuflebe-
li organizaciisa da sxva dajgufebaTa Tavdasxmebze. mogvianebiT pales-
tinelebma wamoiwyes pirveli intifada (ajanyeba) israelis mier md. iordanes
dasavleT sanapirosa da Razas olqis dakavebis gamo. 1990–ian wlebSi droe-
biTi simSvide aRiniSna da pirveli nabijebi gadaidga palestinis saxelmwi-
fos Seqmnisaken. ebraelebsa da palestinel arabebs Soris mSvidoba dairRva
2000 wels, rodesac palestinis gamaTavisuflebelma organizaciam uaryo
konfliqtis mogvarebis Taobaze israelis gegma, romelic, marTalia, bevrad
ufro guluxvi iyo, vidre israelis mier adre gakeTebuli nebismieri daT-
moba, mainc ver daakmayofila palestinis gamaTavisuflebeli organizaciis
lideri iasir arafati. daiwyo meore intifada, bevrad ufro sastiki, vidre
pirveli. sainteresoa, rom orive mxare mudmivad cdilobda sakuTari qmede-
bebis gamarTlebas, oRond, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva argumentebiT. arabebi
acxadebdnen, rom isini icavdnen palestinelTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebas,
xolo ebraelebi apelirebdnen holokostsa da israelis uflebaze, hqonoda
suverenuli saxelmwifo.

Sekaveba: status-kvos gafarToeba. amerikis status-kvos politikis

meore mniSvnelovani magaliTia Sekaveba, romelic 1940-iani wlebis bolos
daiwyo da 1991 wlamde, kerZod ki sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde grZeldebo-
da. II msoflio omma mniSvnelovnad Secvala ZalTa wonasworoba evropaSi
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 607
da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi pirvelad aRmoCnda pirvelxarisxovani
msoflio lideris rolSi, Tumca, mas metoqec gamouCnda. sabWoTa kavSiri,
ioseb stalinis liderobiT, axal sastik safrTxes uqmnida amerikis SeerTe-
buli Statebis usafrTxoebas. im droisaTvis ise Canda, TiTqos asruleba
ewera aleqsis de tokvilis saukunovan winaswarmetyvelebas, rom amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi, TiToeuli `gangebis mier iyvnen xeldadeb-
ulni, rom ebatonaT msoflios naxevarze~.11
amerikuli politikis Semoqmedebma moulodnelad gadawyvites, rom
aRqmuli sabWoTa safrTxisaTvis Sekavebis politikiT epasuxaT, romlis
ZiriTadi safuZvlebi 1947 wlis ivlisSi prestiJul Jurnal Foreign Affairs –Si
dabeWdil statiaSi iyo asaxuli. ucnobi avtori batoni X (Mr. X) im periodSi
saxelmwifo departamentis politikis dagegmvis Stabis gavleniani direq-
tori da mogvianebiT amerikis elCi sabWoTa kavSirSi, jorj qenani gamodga.
qenani werda:

naTelia amerikis SerTebuli Statebis nebismieri politikis mTa-

vari elementi sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT unda iyos grZelvadiani, mom-
Tmeni, magram [saWiroa] myari da fxizeli Sekaveba ruseTis eqspansiuri
tendenciebis mimarT . . . sabWouri zewola dasavleTis samyaros Tavi-
sufal institutebze SeiZleba Sekavdes sapirispiro Zalis sxvadasxva
geografiul da politikur wertilebSi gamoyenebiT.12

qenanma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom Tu Sekavebis politika Tanmimdevrulad

iqneboda gamoyenebuli aTwleulis manZilze, maSin sabWoTa gamowveva mniS-
vnelovnad Semcirdeboda. man aseve gamoTqva varaudi, rom Sekavebis gamar-
Tlebis SemTxvevaSi totalitaruli sabWoTa saxelmwifo sakuTari Sida
politikuri zewolis msxverpli gaxdeboda.
Sekavebis es axali doqtrina sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara aprobirebuli sta-
tus-qvos politika evropasTan mimarTebaSi. misi SesamCnevi siaxle im sta-
tus-kvos iniciativebis specifikur misadagebaSi gamoixateboda, romelic
evropaSi II msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna.
Sekavebis pirveli mTavari gamocda moxda 1947 wels, rodesac saberZneTi
lamis komunisturi amboxebis msxverpli gaxda. mas Semdeg, rac didma bri-
taneTma, romelic aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi tradiciulad sta-
tus-kvos garantoris rols TamaSobda, ganacxada, rom mas aRar SeeZlo dax-
mareboda saberZneTis legitimur mTavrobas, maSin aSS Sevida saberZneTSi.
hari trumenma kongresisadmi gagzavnil daJinebul mimarTvaSi moiTxova
daxmareba gaewiaT TurqeTisa da saberZneTis mTavrobebisaTvis. trumenma
Sekavebis principebis xelaxali formulireba moaxdina, rac Semdeg tru-
menis doqtrinis saxeliT gaxda cnobili: `me mjera, rom amerikis SeerTe-
buli Statebis politika Tavisufali xalxebis mxardaWera unda iyos, im
xalxebisa, romlebic ewinaRmdegebian dapyrobis mcdelobas, rogorc mcire
SeiaraRebuli jgufis, aseve gare Zalis mxridan.~13 mas Semdeg, rac kongresma
daamtkica prezidentis moTxovna, Sekaveba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
oficialuri politika gaxda.
608 politika mTavrobis gareSe

1948 wels CexoslovakiaSi komunisturi mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis mo-

povebas amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi `evropis aRdgenis programiT~, e.w.
marSalis gegmiT gamoexmaura. programiT gaTvaliswinebuli16,5 miliardi
amerikuli dolari omisagan dangreuli evropis qveynebis ekonimikis rekon-
struciisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. es programa Sedgenili iqna evropis ara mato
ekonomikuri, aramed sulieri da politikuri aRdgenisaTvis. im droisaTvis
SiSobdnen, rom komunizmi SeiZleboda mosuliyo `ukana karidan~ anu safr-
angeTisa da italiis gavlenian komunistur partiebs SesaZloa esagreblaT
mosaxleobis saerTo demoralizaciiT da moskovis faruli mxardaWeris
gamoyenebiT moepovebinaT Zalaufleba parizsa da romSi, iseve, rogorc es
praRaSi moxda. ase rom, marSalis gegma aSS-is mier II msoflio omis Semdeg
status-kvos SenarCunebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili iyo.
1949 wels amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma daarRvia is tradicia, ro-
melic saTaves jer kidev misi Seqmnidan iRebda. man mSvidobian dros mxari
dauWira samxedro alianss _ nato (CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis
organizacia), romelic dasavleT evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifos, aSS-
sa da kanadas moicavda. nato iyo Sekavebis strategiis ekonomikuridan samx-
edro sferoze gadatanis logikuri mcdeloba.
1949 wels komunistebis mier CineTis kontinentur nawilze Zalauflebis
mopovebam, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mRelvarebis axali talRa warmoS-
va. 1950 wels, roca koreaSi samxedro Setakebebi daiwyo CrdiloeTis komu-
nistur reJimsa da samxreTis arakomunisturs Soris, amerikis SeeTebulma
Statebma gada-wyvita iseve energiulad aemoqmedebina Sekavebis politika
aziur perimetrze, rogorc amas igi evropaSi akeTebda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom formalurad omi gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT mimdin-
areobda, koreis omi, realurad, aSS-is wamowyebuli iyo misi erovnuli in-
teresebis gansaxorcieleblad, rac mdgomareobda status-kvos SenarCune-
baSi, oRond amjerad aziaSi.
1960-ian wlebSi politikam, romelic pirvel rigSi evropasa da Semdeg
aziaSi komunizmis gavrcelebis SeCerebas isaxavda miznad, mesame samyaros
saxelmwifoebSi antikomunisturi intervenciis forma miiRo. samxedro aR-
Wurviloba, ekonomikuri daxmareba, diplomatiuri mxardaWera da amerikis
birTvuli qolga mimarTuli iyo yvela im saxelmwifosaken, romelic miiC-
neoda, rom komunisturi amboxebis an saxelmwifo gadatrialebis safrTxis
winaSe idga. samxedro intervencia iTvleboda Sesabamis sapasuxo politikad
konkretuli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi. samxedro Sekavebis am strategiam umaR-
les mwvervals 1964-1972 wlebSi, samxreT koreaSi asiaTasobiT amerikeli
jariskacis gagzavnis Semdeg miaRwia, rac miznad isaxavda daxmarebodnen
saxelmwifos komunisturi meamboxeebisa da CrdiloeT vietnamis Zalebis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. vietnamis omis Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
naklebad eyrdnoboda farTomasStabiani samxedro intevenciis strategias
saerTaSoriso status-kvos SesanarCuneblad, Tumca amerikis sagareo poli-
tikis safuZvlebi mainc ucvleli darCa.
adreul 1990-ian wlebSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Sekavebis poli-
tikam misi mTavari mizani dakarga. sabWoTa kavSiris gadawyvetilebam da-
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 609
moukidebloba mieca aRmosavleT evropis yofili sateliti saxelmwifoebi-
saTvis, aseve 1991 wels erayis winaaRmdeg amerikis mier marTuli koaliciis
mxardaWeram da sabWoTa saxelmwifos dezintegraciam imave wels, daadas-
tura, rom amerikis Sekavebis politikam mizans miaRwia. 1991 wlis bolos
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam sabolood gamoavlina, rom sabWoTa safrTxe veRar
Seasrulebda amerikis sagareo politikis qvakuTxedis funqcias. es ki ameri-
kis Sekavebis politikas moZvelebulsa da dromoWmuls xdida.

didi debatebi: realizmi da idealizmi

arsebobs tendencia, rom politikuri realizmi erovnuli interesebis

agresiuli ganxorcielebis sinonimad iqces, ara savaldebulod eqspan-
sionistebi, aramed, magaliTad, intervenciuli. politikuri realistebi
iSviaTad Tu arian zomierni krizisul situaciebSi. magaliTad, 2001 wlis
11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli teroris-
tuli aqtebis Semdeg, prezidentma jorj buSma da misma konservatiulma
respublikurma administraciam yvelas mouwodes agresiuli qmedebebi-
saken damnaSaveebisa da nebismieri im sa xelmwifos winaaRmdeg, vinc saerTa-
Soriso teroristebs mfarvelobda. amerikis mier gamoyenebuli meTodebi
iyo Zalismieri _ dabombva da specialuri sabrZolo danayofebis gadasma
im mizniT, rom (1) daemxoT Talibanis mTavroba, (2) moeklaT an daekavebinaT
osama bin ladeni da gaeneitralebinaT al qaidas teroristuli qseli.
sinamdvileSi, Zalismieri meTodebi yovelTvis eqspansionistur strate-
gias rodi gamoxatavs. amerika ar cdilobda avRaneTis koloniad gadaqcevas.
sakmaod ucnauria, rom status-kvos momxreebi (gansakuTrebiT konserva-
torebi) Zaladobas pirdapir ukavSireben agresias, xolo agresias _ eqspan-
sionizms. amasTan, swored status-kvos damcvelebi (kvlav, gansakuTrebiT
konservatorebi) mimarTaven Zaladobas an afinanseben amboxebebs, rogorc
revoluciuri moZraobebis damarcxebisaken mimarTuli strategiis nawils.
amgvari strategiis momxreebi pretenzias gamoTqvamen, rom idealistebi ari-
an, magram msoflios danarCeni nawili, mcire gamonaklisis garda, gare Zalis
mxridan samxedro intervenciis nebismier mcdelobas mainc imperializmad
afasebs. magaliTad, reiganis administracia (1980-1988ww) xels uwyobda sx-
vadasxva antikomunistur meamboxeebs msoflioSi 1980-ian wlebSi, maT Soris
jgufebs centralur amerikaSi (kontras nikaraguaSi) aziaSi (mujahidebs
avRaneTSi) da afrikaSi (unitas partizanebs angolaSi). prezidenti reigani
veravis gaabriyvebda imiT, rom igi am meamboxe Zalebs, romlebic mas marT-
la moswonda, `TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebs~ uwodebda. es magaliTebi
sagareo politikis analizSi moraluri obieqturobis mniSvnelobis (magram
sirTulis) ilustrirebas axdens. Zalisa da simdidris arsebuli balansis
Secvlaze mimarTuli strategia aucileblad imperializmis an idealizmis
niSani rodia; ufro xSirad, is aCvenebs, rom realizmma, avad Tu kargad, gav-
lena moaxdina politikis Semqmnelebze, rom maT TavianTi qmedebebisaTvis
garkveuli mimarTuleba miecaT.
610 politika mTavrobis gareSe

imis gasagebad, ra aris eqspansionizmi, unda gavigoT isic, ras ar wamoad-

gens igi. magaliTad, yvela is saxelmwifo, romelsac aqvs Tundac terito-
riuli pretenziebi sxva saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi an Zalisa da simdidris
globaluri gadanawilebis Secvla surs, ar aris agresiuli da eqspansionis-
turi. sasazRvro dava TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs, rom modave saxelmwifos
imperiuli zraxvebi aqvs. arc bevri ganviTarebadi saxelmwifos `axali saer-
TaSoriso ekonomikuri wesrigis~ damyarebis moTxovna gulisxmobs amas (rac
globaluri simdidris xelaxla gadanawilebis moTxovnaSi gamoixateba).
status-kvos Secvla amgvari gziT naklebad agresiulia, radganac miznebi
da meTodebi SezRuduli da zomieria da isini pirwmindad politikuri da
diplomatiuria (zewola an darwmuneba) da ara samxedro an ekonomikuri
(daSineba da iZuleba).
civi omis dros politikuri realizmi umniSvnelovanesi Teoria iyo
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis aRsawerad. Zalis eqspansiis an Zalis Senar-
Cunebisa da regionuli sabrZolo strategiebi kargad gaazrebuli da kri-
tikulad Seswavlili gaxldaT im pirobebSi, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri mimarTavdnen gadarCenisa da Zalauflebis mop-
ovebis strategiebs, razedac sxva saxelmwifoebic xSirad reagirebdnen. im
periodSi, sakuTar interess gamodevnebul qveynebs Soris ZaluflebisaTvis
brZolis realisturi Sexeduleba bevri (Tumca ara yvela) politologisaT-
vis saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis srulyofil axsnas uzrunvelyofda. Tumca,
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg, debatebi poli-
tikuri realizmisa da erovnuli interesis cnebis relevanturobis Taobaze
ufro mwvave gaxda.

bumerangis efeqti

`bumerangis efeqtis~ koncefcia civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg akade-

miur wreebSi amerikis sagareo politikis Sesaxeb debatebis umTavresi Tema
iyo (Tumca debatebi sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis umetesad SeumCneve-
li darCa). am terminis popularizacia moaxdina Calmers jonsonma, aziis
sakiTxebis eqspertma, romelmac amave saxelwodebis bestseleri dawera.14
centraluri sadazvervo saagentos analitikosebma realurad es koncefcia
TavisTvis gamoigones, Tumca igi Semdeg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis spe-
cialobis mkvlevarebma gamoiyenes. jonsonis azriT:

es termini gulisxmobs [warsulis] im politikuri qmedebebis arasa-

survel Sedegebs, romelic amerikuli sazogadoebisaTvis [dRemde]
metwilad gasaidumloebuli iyo. is, rasac yoveldRiuri presa aqvey-
nebs _ `teroristTa~ saSineli qmedebebi, `urCi saxelmwifoebi~ an
`iaraRis ukanono movaWreebi~, xSir SemTxvevaSi adrindeli qmedebebis
gamoZaxilia.15

magaliTebad jonsons moaqvs 1988 wels saaviacio kompania pan amerikanis

 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 611
reisi 103-is afeTqeba lokerbis Tavze, SotlandiaSi, romelic misi mtkice-
biT, `iyo samagieros gadaxda reiganis administraciis mier libiaze ganx-
orcielebuli sahaero TavdasxmisaTvis, romlis drosac prezident muamar
kadafis geri daiRupa~.16 is aseve ambobs, rom narkotikebiT vaWroba ameri-
kaSi warsulSi Statebis mier laTinur amerikaSi diqtatorebisa da antiko-
munisturi moZraobis xelSewyobis Sedegia da teroristuli aqtebi amerikis
samizneebze amis ukugamoZaxilia. igi axdens pentagonis teqnologiis depar-
tamentis xelmZRvanelisaTvis 1997 wels gagzavnili moxsenebis citirebas,
rom istoriuli monacemebi aCvenebs urTierTkavSirs amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis mier saerTaSoriso situaciebSi Carevasa da amerikis winaaRmdeg
teroristuli Tavdasxmebis raodenobis zrdas Soris.~17
suraTi, romelsac jonsoni aRwers, sakmaod SemaSfoTebelia:

warsulis gamoZaxilis yvelaze pirdapiri da naTeli forma xSir-

ad maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac msxverpli pasuxobs amerikis saidumlo
Tavdasxmebs, an amerikis mier dafinansebul teroristul kampanias,
an centraluri sadazvervo saagentos mier dagegmil ucxo qveynis
politikuri lideris damxobas. dRes mTels msoflioSi ukve sakmarisi
safuZvelia Seqmnili momavali bumerangis efeqtebisaTvis.18

1999 wels gamoTqmuli es mosazreba winaswarmetyveluri Canda gansa-

kuTrebiT im dReebSi, rodesac teroristebma msoflio savaWro centrsa da
pentagonze Tavdasxmebi ganaxorcieles gatacebuli samgzavro TviTmfri-
navebis gamoyenebiT. jonsonma 1990-1991 wlebis sparseTis yuris omisa da mis
Semdeg periodze, gansakuTrebiT ki im xangrZliv gaWirvebazec dawera, rac
erayma gamoiara amerikis mier ekonomikuri blokadis dawesebis Semdeg. jon-
soni werda, rom `blokadam daavadebebis, cudi kvebisa da araadekvaturi sa-
medicino momsaxurebis gamo daaxloebiT naxevari milioni erayeli moqalaq-
is daRupva gamoiwvia.~ osama bin ladenma da alqaidam 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris
teraqtebi Semdegi argumentebiT `gaamarTles~: (1) amerikis SeerTebulma
Statebma saudis arabeTSi amerikeli jariskacebis ganTavsebiT maTi qveynis
wminda miwa-wyali wabilwa, (2) amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma xeli Seuwyo
israels palestinelTa uflebebis darRvevaSi da (3) amerikam wamoiwyo eko-
nomikuri omi erayis moqalaqeebis winaaRmedg.
prezidentma bil klintonma bin ladeni amerikis or saelCoze Tavdasxma-
Si daadanaSaula 1998 wels, nairobiSi (keniis dedaqalaqi) da dar es salamSi
(tanzaniis dedaqalaqi). sapasuxod man xarTumSi (sudanis dedaqalaqi) farma-
cevtuli qarxana da avRaneTSi al qaidas sawvrTneli bazebi dabomba. verc
erTi am sahaero dartymis Sedegad ver moxerxda mTavari miznis miRweva,
magram sudanze Tavdasxmam sakmaod didi dabneuloba gamoiwvia, rodesac
gairkva, rom farmacevtuli qarxana ar awarmoebda masobrivi ganadgurebis
birTvul iaraRs, rogorc es amerikis SeerTebul Statebs miaCnda. Tumca,

mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma ganagrZes am Tavdasxmebis gamarTleba

terorizmis `Sekavebis~ motiviT, im SemTxvevaSic ki Tu msxverplni ara-
612 politika mTavrobis gareSe

nair kavSirSi ar iyvnen zianTan, romelic aSS-s miadga. msoflioSi am

gziT inergeba momavali `bumerangis efeqtebi~. xelisuflebis warmo-
madgenlebi ugulebelyofen im faqts, rom saelCoebis dabombvaSi dada-
naSaulebuli bin ladeni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis yofili prote-
Jea. rodesac amerika organizebas uwevda avRanel meamboxeebs sabWoTa
kavSiris winaaRmdeg 1980-ian wlebSi, man (bin ladenma) mniSvnelovani
roli iTamaSa sabWoTa kavSiris avRaneTidan gandevnaSi da mxolod 1991
wels Semoutrialda amerikas, radganac man sparseTis yuris omisa da
misi dasrulebis Semdeg mSobliur saudis arabeTSi amerikis jaris gan-
Tavseba sakuTari religiuri rwmenis SebRalvad miiCnia.19

jonsonis analizi da braldeba gansakuTrebiT damajereblad 2001 wlis

11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis fonzec Cans. jonsoni bevri msgavsi mag-
aliTis analizs axdens, romelic misi SefasebiT, sruliad sakmarisia imisaT-
vis, rom gamoiwvio momavali `bumerangis efeqti~ amerikis urTierTobebSi
iaponiasTan (okinava [ganlagebulia samxedro baza _ mTargmn. Sen.]), samxreT
koreasTan (1980 wlis kvanjus Jleta [samxreT koreaSi ajanyeba, romelic
samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT CaaxSves _ mTargmn. Sen.), CineTTan, indonezias-
Tan da sxvebTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom jonsonis kritikis zogierTi adgili
sakmaod mkveTria da wignSi bevri simarTlea naTqvami, misi Sexedulebebi
sakamaToa da xSirad ar aris gaziarebuli akademiuri wrisa da samTavrobo
eqspertebis mier. marTlac, 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebis
periodSi bevri amerikeli eWvis TvaliT uyurebda amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis sagareo politikis nebismier kritikas da bevri politologic am
Sexedulebas eTanxmeboda.

axali sagareo politikis ZiebaSi

saerTaSoriso urTierToebebis zogierTi Teoretikosi kvlav daJinebiT

amtkicebda, rom civi omis Semdgom periodSi bevri araferi Secvlila. isini
agrZeleben erovnuli interesebis cnebis tradiciul misadagebas msoflio
politikasTan. Tumca, Secvlilma garemoebebma (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam)
amerikis SeerTebul Statebs metwilad izolacionisturi anu qveynis Sida
procesebze orientirebuli sagareo politikis gatarebisaken ubiZga. civi
omis Semdgomi realistebis Tanaxmad, amerikis SeerTebul Statebs aRar
hqonda imis fufuneba, rom msoflio policielis roli eTamaSa da arc misi
usafrTxoeba Tu keTildReoba saWiroebda amas. nacvlad amisa, amerikis
SeerTebulma Statebma, `unda ganamtkicos sakuTari usafrTxoeba da keTil-
dReoba ara utopiur miznebze dayrdnobiT da ara mTeli msoflios keTil-
dReobaze zrunviT, aramed . . . bolomde misi erovnuli interesebis gaTval-
iswinebiT.20
neoizolacionistebi anarqiul saerTaSoriso sistemas obieqtur moce-
mulobad miiCneven da amitom rCevebs msoflios Secvlis mcdelobis sawi-
naaRmdegod iZlevian. nacvlad amisa, isini amboben, rom amerikis SeerTe-
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 613
bulma Statebma minimumamde unda Seamciros sagareo konfliqtebSi misi
monawileoba. saerTaSoriso ganxeTqilebebi da konfliqtebi saerTaSor-
iso sistemis damaxasiaTebeli nawilia, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTisagan
sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian zomiT, bunebrivi resursebiT, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebiT, istoriuli gamocdilebiTa da a.S.
Sida politikaze orientirtebuli erovnuli interesebis koncefcia
gamoricxavs im tipis saerTaSoriso ekonomikur iniciativebs, romelic
amerikas pirdapir ar asargeblebs. amavdroulad, is kiTxvis niSnis qveS ay-
enebs amerikis rols arsebul aliansebSi (gansakuTrebiT natoSi) da saer-
TaSoriso organizaciebSi (magaliTad, gaeroSi) da sxva mravalerovnul in-
stitutebSi (rogoricaa msoflio banki da msoflio savaWro organizacia).
da bolos, aman SeiZleba msoflio mesaWis (anu efeqtiani xelmZRvanelobis)
gareSe datovos.
politologebi maqs singeri da aaron vildavski sxva kuTxiT uyureben
civi omis Semdgom saerTaSoriso politikas. isini amtkiceben, rom miuxeda-
vad `axali msoflio wesrigis~ Taobaze saubrebisa, bevri Tanamedrove kri-
tikosi ver axerxebs gaacnobieros is realuri msoflio, romelic civi omis
Semdeg Camoyalibda.21 gansxvavebiT im meocnebeTagan, romlebic acxadeben
erTi politikuri msoflios arsebobis Sesaxeb, da civi omis realistebisa-
gan, vinc axdens sami politikuri samyaros identificirebas, vildavski da
singeri amtkiceben, rom arsebobs ori amgvari msoflio _ erTi, romelic
Sedgeba ganviTarebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan da meore, ro-
melic Sedgeba gaRatakebuli, arademokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan. ufro
metic, isini warmatebul demokratiul qveynebs, rac daaxloebiT msoflio
mosaxleobis 15 procents moicavs, `mSvidobis zonebs~ uwodeben, xolo
ganuviTarebel diqtatorul saxelmwifoebs - `konfliqtis zonebs.~ ori
zona Tu ori msoflio danaxulia, rogorc erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli
da gancalkevebuli. singeri da vildavski midian im daskvnamde, rom Zalauf-
lebrivi dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi kvlav normaa konfliqtur zonaSi.
amasTan erTad, mSvidobianma konkurenciam da ekonomikurma TanamSromlo-
bam Caanacvla omi mSvidobis zonaSi.
am analizis politikuri datvirTva bevris mTqmelia. magaliTad, Tu
amgvari gansxvavebuli da gancalkevebuli zonebi arsebobs, maSin saxelmwi-
foebs mSvidobis zonaSi SeuZliaT ganze gadgnen im Zaladobisa da sisxlis-
Rvrisagan, rac konfliqtis zonaSi xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, samxedro in-
tervencia regionul konfliqtebSi didi sifrTxiliT unda ganxorcieldes.
singerisa da vildavskis Tanaxmad:

Cveni saerTo mizani stabiluri demokratiuli qveynebis ricxvis

zrda unda iyos, anu mSvidobis zona unda gafarTovdes rac SeiZleba
male. vvaraudobT, rom amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma es politika
xuTi mimarTulebiT unda warmarTos: pirveli, mkafiod unda gavmijnoT
Cveni politika demokratiul da arademokratiul qveynebTan mimarTe-
baSi; meore, savaWro barierebis SemcirebiT; mesame, ekonomikuri dax-
marebis gaweviTa da rekomendaciebiT; meoTxe, magaliTis micemiTa da
614 politika mTavrobis gareSe

sabazro ekonomikis xelSewyobiT; sxva demokratiul qveynebTan dau-

Ralavi muSaobiT mSvidobis SenarCunebisa da saerTaSoriso wesrigis
gaumjobesebis mizniT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu samxedro intervencia
gaxdeba aucilebeli. magram ar unda gavataroT iZulebis politika av-
toritarul reJimebze demokratiis Tavsmoxvevis mizniT.22

amgvari analizi optimisturia imdenad, ramdenadac igi gviCvenebs `magali-

Tis micemisa da Cveni bazrebis gaxsnilobis SesaZleblobebs,~ rogorc yvelaze
efeqtian gzas, zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT avtoritarul saxelmwifoebze. ma-
Sasadame, miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sexeduleba avtoritarul saxelmwifoTa
Soris urTierTobebs tradiciuli realisturi TvalTaxedviT ganixilavs,
igi politikas demokratiul saxelmwifoebs Soris sxvagvarad afasebs.

idealizmi, rogorc piradi interesi: zneobis Zala

politikuri realizmi, misi aqcentirebiT Zalaze, egoizmsa da erovnul

interesze, sakamod gavleniani gamodga. jer kidev civi omis damTavrebamde
politikuri realizmis indiferentuloba zneobis sakiTxebis mimarT far-
Tod iyo gakritikebuli. rogorc zeviT vnaxeT, politikuri realizmi na-
klebad iyenebs zneobis ideas, nacvlad amisa, igi keTilganwyobilia iseTi
cnebebis mimarT, rogoricaa faqtebi, interesi da Zala. miiCneven ra moral-
urobis amgvar uaryofas aRmaSfoTeblad, zogierTi politologi mxars
saerTaSoriso politikis alternatiul Sefasebas uWers, rasac idealizms
uwodeben, romelic Rirebulebebs, idealebsa da zneobriv principebs miiC-
nevs mTavar komponentad saxelmwifoTa qmedebebis asaxsnelad, gasagebad
da Sesacvleladac ki. idealebiT daintereseba ara marto gvexmareba, avx-
snaT, ratom iqcevian saxelmwifoebi, ise rogorc iqcevian, aramed aseve
aZlevs mimarTulebas saxelmwifoebs, rogor unda moiqcnen. idealistebi
xSirad miiCneven, rom saxelmwifoebs, msgavsad adamianebisa, surT mSvidoba
da keTildReoba, magram rodesac politikuri liderebi SecdomaSi Sedi-
an iracionaluri Zalebis, magaliTad, ideologiisa da mxurvale naciona-
lizmis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, sanacvlod omebsa da saerTaSoriso daZabu-
lobebs vRebulobT. imisaTvis, rom Semcirdes msoflio daZabuloba, rom
aRdges racionaluroba da sabolood Seewyos xeli mSvidobis ganmtkicebas,
idealistebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas saerTaSoriso samarTals da iseT
globalur organizaciebs aniWeben, rogoric gaerTianebuli erebis or-
ganizaciaa.
idealistebi realistebs xSirad cinikosebad aRiqvamen, sapasuxod re-
alistebi idealistebs gulubryviloebs uwodeben. vin aris marTali? albaT
oriveni. TviT realizmis arqiteqtori, hans morgenTau, ar uaryofs, rom
zneobrivi faqtorebi garkveul rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebSi. zneobis sakiTxis gauTvaliswineblad realistisaTvis Tu nebismieri
sxva Teoriuli skolis warmomadgenlisaTvis, Zalian rTulia eri-saxelm-
wifoTa calkeuli qmedebebis gageba. singeri da vildavski aRniSnaven re-
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 615
alizmis siRrmiseul gavlenas sabWour-amerikuli metoqeobis zenitisas:
`praqtikulad yvelas sjeroda, rom Tu saxelmwifo bevrad ufro Zlieri
iyo, vidre misi mezoblebi, igi sakuTar Zlierebas maT dasapyrobad an gasa-
kontroleblad gamoiyenebda.~23 magram, ra Tqma unda, es arasdros momxdara,
arc civi omis dros da arc mis Semdeg, rodesac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli, rogorc msoflios erTaderTi supersaxelm-
wifo. ase rom, SesaZloa TviT Sekavebac ki zneobrivi principebis gavleniT
iseve avxsnaT, rogorc Zalis politikis urTierTqmedebiT.
zogierTi saxelmwifo lideri sagareo politikis formulirebisas aSka-
rad zneobriv principebs aniWebs upiratesobas, vidre sxvebi. magaliTad,
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi prezidenti vudro vilsoni gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas erTa TviTgamorkvevis principsa da koleqtiur usafrTxoebas
aniWebda, xolo prezidenti jimi karteri aqtiurad uwyobda xels adamianTa
uflebebis globalur gavrcelebas; orive prezidenti garkveul zneobriv
principebs iziarebda. saxelmwifoebi xandaxan altruistulad iqcevian,
magaliTad, im devnilTaTvis TavSesafris micemiT, vinc politikur devnas,
ekonomikur katastrofas, Tu samoqalaqo oms gamoeqca. or msoflio oms So-
ris periodSi britaneTis liderebma scades versalis sazavo xelSekrulebis
Sedegad germaniaze dakisrebuli mkacri pirobebis Semsubuqeba. amgvari
midgoma Sefasda `keTilSobilur idead, romelic fesvgadgmuli aris qris-
tianobaSi, mamacobasa da saerTo gonierebaSi.~24
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro moqmedebebi somaliSi 1992-1994
wlebSi masobrivi SimSilobis aRmofxvris mizniT ganxorcielda. am interven-
cias, romelsac bevri amerikeli jariskacis sicocxle Seewira da aranairi
ekonomikuri Tu samxedro upiratesoba ar moutania amerikisaTvis, mxolod
erovnuli interesis safuZvelze ver avxsniT.25 ufro metic, am intervenciam
islamisti eqstremistebis (osama bin ladenis CaTvliT) gaucxoebis garda
sxva araferi gamoiwvia da maTi SefasebiT, es amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
kidev erTi morigi intervencia iyo islamuri sazogadoebis Sida saqmeebSi.
umetes SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos sagareo politika moicavs rogorc
idealebs, aseve sakuTar interesebsac. magaliTad, marSalis gegma nebismier
SemTxvevaSi didsulovani iyo. ufro metic, TviT uinston CerCili, romelic
Tavis naTqvam nebismier sityvas kargad zomavda, mas `istoriaSi yvelaze uan-
garo qmedebas~ uwodebda.26 magram marSalis gegma aseve miesadageboda ameri-
kis SeerTebuli Statebis II msoflio omis Semdgom status kvos strategiul
politikas da miznad isaxavda stabiluri dasavleTevropuli sazogadoebis
Seqmnas, romelic SeZlebda win aRdgomoda samxedro agresiasa da Signidan
gadatrialebas. msgavsad, germaniam didi daxmareba gauwia ruseTs 1991-92
wlebSi, nawilobriv humanitaruli motivebiT da nawilobriv imis SiSiT,
rom dasustebul ruseTSi mimdinare procesebi gamoiwvevda dasavleT ev-
ropis destabilizacias, es ki, Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvevda didi raodenobiT
devnilebis gadaadgilebas germaniis mimarTulebiT.
marTalia, rom saxelmwifoebi yvelaze ufro TanamgrZnobni maSin arian,
roca maT garkveuli fsoni aqvT dadebuli, magram bevri saxelmwifo xvdeba, rom
SesaZloa kargi sagareo politika kargi saqmeebic iyos da maRali idealebis
616 politika mTavrobis gareSe

mxardaWeramac Seuwyos xeli saxelmwifos interesebis gatarebas. keTilSo-

bilebas xSirad keTili neba mosdevs da keTil nebas `gacvliTi Rirebuleba~
aqvs saerTaSoriso politikaSi (iseve, rogorc nebismier politikaSi).
saxelmwifoebs xandaxan konkretuli erovnuli interesebi dauTmiaT
moraluri principebis gamo. II msoflio omis dros swored dania iyo am mo-
sazrebis naTeli ilustrireba. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi okupirebuli qvey-
ana iyo, faSisturma mTavrobam mas sakmaod farTo politikuri damoukide-
bloba mianiWa. ebrauli warmoSobis moqalaqeebisa da sxva devnilebis dacvis
motiviT, daniis mTavrobam da mosaxleobam Riad ganacxada uari germanelTa
im brZanebebis Sesrulebaze, romelic miznad ebraelTa danarCeni mosaxleo-
bisagan izolacias isaxavda da Sesabamisad, amgvari qmedebiT sakuTari Tavi
Caigdo safrTxeSi. aseTi uCveulo zneobrivi gambedaobis Sedegad, danieleb-
ma `eqstraordinaluri dabrkoleba Seuqmnes germanul gamanadgurebel man-
qanas: es iyo daniis xelisufalTa mier TanamSromlobaze uaris Tqma da adgi-
lobrivi mosaxleobis erTsulovneba ebraelebis gadasarCenad.~27 danielTa
qmedebebis Sedegebi da TviT amgvari qmedebebic sakmaod iSviaTi iyo. Tumca,
`patara daniam, zedmetad sustma imisaTvis, rom Tavdacvaze Zalaze dayrd-
nobiT ezruna, sagareo politika humanitarul motivebze mimarTa. . . da Sed-
egad hitleris dapyroba gadaitana.~28
aRiareba imisa, rom orives, zneobasac da Zalasac SeuZlia garkveuli
rolis Sesruleba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, amtkicebs, rom erovnuli
interesebis farTo gageba orive komponents unda moicavdes. ufro metic,
iseTi zneobrivi principebis msoflios masStabiT gavrceleba, rogori-
caa Tavisufleba, demokratia da adamianTa uflebebi, warmodgenilia, ro-
gorc demokratiul saxelmwifoTa erovnuli interesebis Semadgeneli um-
niSvnelovanesi komponenti. es idea dafuZnebulia varaudze, rom sagareo
politika, romelic indiferentulia zneobis mimarT, ar SeiZleba moral-
urad gamarTlebuli iyos; aseve igi eyrdnoba utilitarul Sexedulebas,
rom demokratiuli saxelmwifoebisagan Semdgari msoflio, romelic pativs
scems Tavisuflebasa da adamianis uflebebs, ufro usafrTxoc iqneba. de-
mokratiuli saxelmwifos erovnuli interesebi xSirad idealizmisa da re-
alizmis elementebs erTdroulad Seicavs. es mniSvnelovan WeSmaritebaze
miuTiTebs: Zala samarTlianobis gareSe ubralo sargeblianobas, maSin,
roca zneoba Zalis gareSe mxolod kargi ganzraxvaa.29

axali samyaro, Zveli Gvevebi

politikur realizmis Teoriis mixedviT, erovnuli interesis cnebis mTa-

vari daSveba ambobs, rom suverenuli qveynebi Tavad cdiloben, gansazRvron
sakuTari interesebi. zogierTi Tanamedrove kritikosi miiCnevs, rom mxolod
sakuTar Tavze orientirebuli erovnuli interesis cneba moZvelebulia. isi-
ni amtkiceben, rom `axali diplomatiis, institutebisa da maregulirebeli
saerTaSoriso reJimebis arsebobaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifoebma
Tavi gaarTvan msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa Soris gazrdil `urTierTdamokide-
bulebas,~ radganac ` erovnuli suverenitetis Cveneuli, sayovelTaod miRe-
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 617
buli Tanxvedra saxelmwifo sazRvrebTan, ukve dromoWmulia.~30
aSkarad gamokveTili ekologiuri gamowvevebi (rogoricaa globaluri
daTboba, mJavuri wvimebi, haeris dabinZureba), iseve, rogorc araganaxlebadi
bunebrivi resursebis swrafi amowurva, Warbmosaxleoba da msoflio siRari-
be globaluria Tavisi mniSvnelobiT da Sesabamisad globaluri midgomebis
SemuSavebas saWiroebs. `ifiqre lokalurad, imoqmede globalurad~, aseTia
Tanamedroveobis devizi. misi arsia is, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT garkveuli
moraluri valdebuleba, rom mxolod viwro, egoisturi interesebis far-
glebSi ar imoqmedon. gadarCenis interesebidan gamomdinare, adrindelma
msoflio wesrigma gza axal msoflio wesrigs unda dauTmos, romelSic glo-
baluri interesebi Caanacvlebs erovnul interesebs. ase rom, sul ufro da
ufro mzardi urTierTdamokidebulebis msoflioSi, nebismieri saxelmwi-
fosaTvis sakuTari keTildReobisa da usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebis saukeTe-
so gza ara SigniT, aramed gareT yureba, saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisaT-
vis karis gaReba da nebis-mieri saxis nacionalisturi tendenciebis (iseTis,
rogoricaa gadametebuli patriotizmi, proteqcionizmi da izolacionizmi)
uaryofaa axali globaluri TviTSegnebis damkvidrebisaTvis.
amgvari midgoma adamianebis azrovnebisa da qmedebebis mkafio cvlile-
bas moiTxovs. is aseve saWiroebs sakuTari interesis bevrad ufro farTo
da gaTviTcnobierebul definicias, vidre es iyo saerTaSoriso politikis
praqtikaSi warsulSi. zogierTi axal msoflio wesrigsa da globalur Ta-
namegobrobas kargad SeniRbul idealizmad aRiqvams. Tumca, am midgomis
momxreebi uaryofen braldebas da amtkiceben, rom politika, romelsac isi-
ni mxars uWeren, Rrmad devs adamianis interesSi da globaluri usafrTxoe-
ba, albaT, TviTgadarCenac ki, msoflio politikis xedvis radikalur gada-
fasebazea damokidebuli. dRevandel msoflioSi, askvnian isini, guSindeli
realizmi araTu dromoWmuli, aramed saSiSicaa.

axali tentebii, Zveli problemebi

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam II msoflio omis Semdgomi ZalTa wonasworobis

sistemis dasasrulis Sesaxeb gvamcno. saxelmwifoebs moulodnelad erT-
maneTTan urTierTobaTa xelaxla gansazRvra mouxdaT. aqedan gamomdinare,
xSirad amtkiceben, rom axali msoflio wesrigi aRmocenebis procesSia. am
axali msoflio politikis dinamikis gageba arsebiTia Tanamedrove saerTa-
Soriso politikis nebismieri Tanmimdevruli xedvisaTvis.
saerTaSoriso politika dRes ar asaxavs ZalTa wonasworobis mkafio
konfiguracias, sadac monawileebi dausrulebeli miznebiT, konfliqturi
interesebiTa da daaxloebiT Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT urTierTqmedeben
stabilurobisa da mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad, ise, rogorc es xdeboda ev-
ropaSi 1648-1914 wlebSi. aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigisaTvis urT-
ierTsapirispiro tendenciebia damaxasiaTebeli, magaliTad, evropuli inte-
graciisaken mimarTuli moZraoba, romelic scdeba tradiciul saxelmwifo
sazRvrebs, religiuri da eTnikuri partikularizmis Tanadrouli zrda
618 politika mTavrobis gareSe

ukve arsebuli saxelmwifoebis SigniT, ramac gamoiwvia sami mravaleTnikuri

saxelmwifos _ sabWoTa kavSiris, iugoslaviisa da Cexoslovakis daSla
evropaSi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis dRevandeli mdgomareoba ufro
droebiTi da gardamavalia da garkveuli drois Semdeg ufro stabilur xa-
siaTs miiRebs.31

ra xdeba civi omis Semdeg?

Cven vcxovrobT gauwonasworebel (daubalansebel) msoflioSi. sabWoTa

imperiis daSlam da adreul 1990-ian wlebSi erayis winaaRmdeg omSi ameri-
kis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro Zlierebis demonstrirebam aSkara gaxa-
da, rom amerika msoflioSi erTaderTi supersaxelmwifoa. es daskvna kidev
ufro ganamtkica amerikis stabilur ekonomikasa da yofil sabWoTa ekonomi-
kas Soris arsebulma aSkara gansxvavebam, aseve amerikis Sida stabilurobisa
da sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva regionSi warmoqmnili arastabilurobis Se-
darebam da dasavluri aliansis SenarCunebam mas Semdegac ki, rac varSavis
xelSekrulebis organizaciam arseboba Sewyvita.
miuxedavad imisa, rom supersaxelmwifos universaluri definicia ar ar-
sebobs, analitikosTa umetesi nawili amtkicebs, rom supersaxelmwifo sam
kriteriums unda akmayofilebdes: pirveli, mas unda hqondes sruli Zliere-
ba anu ara mxolod samxedro Zliereba, aramed ekonomkuri, politikuri,
diplomatiuri da TviT zneobrivic ki; meore, hqondes globaluri xedva,
rac msoflios yvela regionSi sakuTari Zlierebis ganxorcielebis SesaZle-
blobas gulisxmobs; mesame, hqondes saerTaSoriso arenaze liderobis damt-
kicebis survili. am kriteriumebis mixedviT, mxolod amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebi aris supersaxelmwifo. iaponia da germania ekonomikurad Zlieri
qveynebi arian. britaneTsa da safrangeTs aqvs TvalsaCino diplomatiuri
Zliereba da mniSvnelovani samxedro SesaZleblobebi, Tumca ar miiCnevian
ekonomikurad Zlier saxelmwifoebad. ruseTis federacias aqvs uzarmaz-
ari strategiuli birTvuli SesaZleblobebi da garkveuli diplomatiuri
Zliereba, Tumca am etapze sakuTari Sida ekonomikuri problemebiT aris
dakavebuli. CineTs, regionul Zalas, aklia globaluri SesaZleblobebi da
ganviTarebuli mrewveloba.
unipolaruli msoflios erTi Tanamdevi efeqti globaluri daZabulo-
bis Semcirebaa (rasac ver vityviT regionuli konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi).
birTvuli Cixi, romelic civ oms gansazRvravda, ukve aRar aris msoflio
politikis mamoZravebeli Zala. Cacxra ideologiuri konfliqti (kapital-
izmi da demokratia, socializmisa da komunizmis winaaRmdeg) , romelic II
msoflio omis Semdgom msoflios gansazRvravda. es `deideologizacia~
ar gulisxmobs, rom Tanamedrove msoflio bolomde gaTavisuflda gansx-
vavebuli interesebisa da Rirebulebebisagan. es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom
xedva, romelze dayrdnobiTac amerikelebi afasebdnen msoflio politikas
TiTqmis oTxi aTwleulis manZilze, gadasinjvas saWiroebs. realizmi iseve
saWiroa erovnuli TviTgadarCenisaTvis, rogorc adre, magram zustad ra
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 619
aris realisturi sagareo politika Tanamedrove msoflios Secvlili gare-
moebebis pirobebSi, naklebad aSkara da cxadia.
unipolaruli msoflios kidev erTi Sedegi aris is, rom msoflios erTad-
erTi supersaxelmwifo _ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi sagareo faqtorebis
gavlenis Sedegad naklebadaa SezRuduli. Tumca, arc erTi saxelmwifo ar
aris bolomde srulad Tavisufali sakuTar qmedebebSi (gansakuTrebiT
imis gamo, rom bevri saxelmwifo flobs birTvul iaraRs). bevri SezRudva,
romelsac dRes amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ganicdis, TviTon amerikam
daiwesa. es SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri, politikuri da moraluric ki.

globaluri ekonomika

msoflios yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifoebs Soris politikuri kon-

fliqtebis Semcirebis pararelurad izrdeba saerTaSoriso ekonomikis mniS-
vneloba. msoflios saxelmwifoebis dedaqalaqebSi gavrcelebuli sityvaa
globalizacia. bunebrivia, rom omisa da mSvidobis problematikis Semci-
rebis Sedegad, saxelmwifoebi da maTi liderebi biznessa da keTildReobis
uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebs miubrundnen. eWvgareSea, rom dRes saxelmwifoe-
bi ekonomikurad bevrad ufro urTierTdamokidebulni arian, vidre odesme
kacobriobis istoriaSi, Tumca ras niSnavs es yvelaferi? mokled rom vTq-
vaT, ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri Tanam-
Sromlobis, xolo, meore mxriv, ekonomikuri konkurenciis zrdas iwvevs.
msoflio ekonomikis es transformacia umeteswilad didi mravalerovnu-
li korporaciebisa da axali sainformacio teqnologiebis arsebobiTaa
ganpirobebuli, romelsac saxelmwifo sazRvrebi ver abrkolebs. garda
amisa, zogierTi problema, magaliTad, regionuli da garemosdacviTi prob-
lemebi, SeiaraRebis kontrolis SezRuduli formebi, saerTaSoriso valis
sakiTxebi da ekonomikuri politikis Sejereba krizisebis dros, ubralod
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas saWiroebs. magaliTad, msoflio mniSvnelo-
bis mqone ekonomikur sakiTxebs pasuxi gaeca 1997-98 wlebSi, rodesac bevrma
aziurma saxelmwifom moulodneli mkveTri ekonomikuri vardna ganicada.
globaluri ekonomikuri safrTxeebis sapasuxod, SemuSavebul iqna dax-
marebis programa, romelmac pirdapiri sargebeli moutana bevr saxelmwifos,
maT Soris samxreT koreasa da indonezias. am programas xelmZRvanelobda saer-
TaSoriso savaluto fondi _ organizacia, romelSic mravali saxelmwifo
Sedis da miznad msoflioSi ekonomikuri stabilurobis ganmtkicebas isaxavs.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma koordinacia gauwia didi ekonomikuri ses-
xebis gacemas da moiTxova, rom saxelmwifoebs, romelsac is exmareboda, sesxi
mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri reformebis gatarebisTvis gamoeyenebina.
amgvari TanamSromlobiTi mcdelobebis fonzec ki, ekonomikuri
konkurencia saxelmwifoebs Soris mainc izrdeba. xSirad, mTavrobebi cdi-
loben asargeblon sakuTari moqalaqeebi Sida sawarmoebis an soflis meur-
neobis subsidirebiT, importul saqonelze tarifis dawesebiT, an sxva saxis
savaWro barierebis SeqmniT. amgvari proteqcionistuli qmedebebi xels uS-
620 politika mTavrobis gareSe

lis Tavisufal saerTaSoriso vaWrobas da SesaZloa, saerTaSoriso daZabu-

lobac gamoiwvios TviT mokavSireebs Sorisac ki. aseTi daZabulobis naTeli
magaliTi amerikasa da iaponias Soris arsebuli savaWro molaparakebebia.
amerikuli da iaponuri urTierTobebi moulodnelad garTulda iaponiis
xelisuflebis proteqcionistuli politikis gamo. savaWro molaparakebebi
amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da mis evropul mokavSireebs Soris 1993-94
wlebSi daiZaba soflis meurneobisaTvis samTavrobo subsidiebis gacemis
gamo. es magaliTebi kidev erTxel Segvaxsenebs, rom udidesi mniSvnelobis
mqone saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da ekonomikis samyaroSi konkurencia, iseve,
rogorc TanamSromloba, kvlavac arsebobs.

regionalizmis aRzeveba

msoflios umdidresi saxelmwifoebi geografiul ekonomikur gaerTiane-

bebs ayalibeben. xSirad es gaerTianebebi scdeba saxelmwifoTa viwro ekonomi-
kur interesebs da did finansur jildos hpirdeba maT. gansakuTrebiT aR-
saniSnavia dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli TanamSromloba
ekonomikisa da vaWrobis sferoebSi. ase rom, evropis kavSirs aqvs erTiani eko-
nomika erTiani valutiT da mis sazRvrebSi WeSmaritad Tavisufali vaWrobiT.
evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebuli es ekonomikuri TanamSromloba
evoluciuri xasiaTisaa da wlebis manZilze viTardeba ekonomikuri (erTiani
bazari) da samxedro (nato) TanamSromlobis safuZvelze. yvelaze ufro ST-
ambeWdavi is faqti iyo, rom am TanamSromlobiTi urTierTobebis Sedegad
safrangeTsa da germanias Soris arsebuli saukuneobrivi metoqeoba da un-
dobloba daZleul iqna. amasobaSi, 1994 wels amerikis SeerTebulma Stateb-
ma, meqsikam da kanadam gaaformes CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis
xelSekruleba (NAFTA). mogvianebiT, imave wels, gaCnda idea, rom NAFTA-Si
Cilec CaerToT. 1994 wlis dekemberSi, dasavleT naxevarsferos 34 saxelmwi-
fos warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas Tavisufali savaWro zo-
nis Taobaze (SeTanxmebas oficialurad amerikis Tavisufali zona ewoda),
romelic gadaWimuli iqneboda kanadidan argentinis teritoriis CaTvliT.
amgvar ekonomikur gegmas unda moecva bazari daaxloebiT 850 milioni momx-
marebliT, romelic 13 miliardi amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis saq-
onelsa da momsaxurebas moixmarda [es iniciativebi jer-jerobiT ganuxor-
cielebeli rCeba _ mTargmn. Sen.]. da bolos, iaponiam ganamtkica kavSirebi
wynari okeanis auzis sxva saxelmwifoebTan da ikveTeba niSnebi, rom `1990-ian
wlebSi iaponias da aziis axlad industrirebul saxelmwifoebs (samxreTi
korea, singapuri, honkongi da taivani) ZaluZT axali Zlieri blokis Seqmna,
romelic mis wevr saxelmwifoebs vaWrobiT, investiciebiTa da daxmarebe-
biT daakavSirebs erTmaneTTan.~32 es potenciuri regionuli bloki yvelaze
naklebad gamokveTilia am sam alianss Soris da amavdroulad, aRmocenebadi
ekonomikuri manqana CineTis saxiT, sakmaod arTulebs mis realizacias.
ra aRmocendeba ekonomikuri Zlierebis amgvari `samTaviani~ koncentra-
ciisagan? ra Tqma unda, TanamSromloba am ekonomikur blokebs SigniT gaiz-
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 621
rdeba. TanamSromloba aseve urTierTdamokidebulebas niSnavs, kargad an
cudad, rogorc es amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma aRmoaCina adreul 1950-
ian wlebSi, rodesac meqsikis pesos gaufasurebam safrTxe amerikis finansur
bazrebsac Seuqmna. ufro metic, am TanamSromlobidan gamomdinare, bevri
momavali politikuri integraciis imgvar formebs winaswarmetyvelebs, ro-
melic saxelmwifo sazRvrebs gadafaravs.
ufro rTuli kiTxva, romelic ismis, Semdegia: rogor moaxerxebs Ta-
naarsebobas es sami geoekonomikuri bloki? konkurencia maT Soris
gardauvalia. Tumca, amave dros, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis potencial-
ic didia. bolos, savaraudoa, rom samive blokis saxelmwifoebi regionul
savaWro asociaciebSi wevrobiT isargebleben da advili mosalodnelia, rom
maTsa da bevr ganviTarebad saxelmwifos Soris ekonomikur zRvars gazrd-
ian. aseT SemTxvevaSi, regionuli jgufebis arseboba SesaZloa ufro dam-
abrkolebeli, vidre xelisSemwyobi faqtori gaxdes globaluri ekonomikis
aRmocenebisaTvis.

eTnikuri Zaladobis wyevla

maSin, roca mWidro regionulma ekonomikurma TanamSromlobam SesaZloa

xeli Seuwyos iseT saxis politikuri organizaciebis aRmocenebas, romelic
scdeba egoisturi eri-saxelmwifoebis farglebs, eTnikuri daZabulo-
bebi msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi TviT eri-saxelmwifos arsebobas uqmnis
safrTxes. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sakiTxi VIII TavSia ganxiluli, ramdenime
im mniSvnelovan moments unda SevexoT, romelic aRmocenebad saerTaSoriso
wesrigTan aris kavSirSi.
ori ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze msoflioSi eTnikuri konfliqtebis
raodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda. uTanxmoebebi sxvadasxva eTnikur, re-
ligiur da rasobriv jgufebs Soris eri-saxelmwifoebis SigniT da amgvar
jgufebsa da mTavrobebs Soris, miuTiTebs mniSvnelovan faqtze: intensiuri
eTnikuri dapirispirebebi msoflios mxolod erTi romelime regioniT ki ar
Semoifargleba, aramed TiTqmis yvelgan arsebobs.
eTnikuri SuRlis magaliTebi TiTqmis SeuzRudavia. yvelaze cnobil
dapirispirebul eTnikur [da religiur - red. Sen.] jgufebs waroadgenen
siqhebi da muslimebi indoeTSi, frangulad mosaubre kvebekelebi kanadaSi,
qurTebi eraysa da TurqeTSi, Tamilebi Sri-lankaSi da timorelebi indone-
ziaSi. intensiuri eTnikuri daZabuloba dapirispirebul xalxebs Soris
TiTqmis yovelTvis asocirdeba qveynis SigniT politikur brZolasa da Za-
ladobasTan. eTnikur daZabulobebs xSirad gamouwvevia amboxi, samoqalaqo
omi, teroristuli aqti da drogamoSvebiT, qveynebis dezintegraciac ki.
erTi konkretuli problema, romelic asocirdeba eTnikur brZolasTan,
dakavSirebulia devnilebTan da sxva iZulebiT gadaadgilebul adamianebT-
an. 1994 wlis zafxulSi samoqalaqo omma ruandaSi gamoiwvia 200 aTasidan 500
aTasamde adamianis sikvdili, daaxloebiT 3 milionma devnilma (qveynis mo-
saxleobis 40 procenti) scada mezobel zairSi gadasvla (axla zairs kongos
622 politika mTavrobis gareSe

demokratiuli respublika hqvia). saerTaSoriso daxmarebis saagentoebisa

da zairis mTavrobis winaSe masobrivi SimSilobisa da epidemiuri daavade-
bebis problema dadga. omma bosniaSi aseve milionobiT devnili, oboli da
TavSesafris maZiebeli warmoSva 1990-iani wlebis Sua periodSi.
TviT mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris rutinuli samTavrobo val-
debuleba, romelsac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia yovel
aT weliwadSi savaldebulod miiCnevs, SeiZleba safrTxis Semcveli iyos
msoflios sxva regionebSi. eraySi, libanSi, keniasa da pakistanSi, sxva qvey-
nebis msgavsad, eTnikurma uTanxmoebebma daabrkola aRweris Catareba, radgan
`sakanonmdeblo adgilebis, Semosavlebis da sxva sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
gadanawileba sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs Soris damokidebulia imaze, ra
Sedegebs aCvenebs aRwera.~33 aRweris Catarebam TviT omic ki gamoiwvia:

Crdilo-aRmosavleT indoeTSi mdebare asamis StatSi, aRweris

Sedegebma, romlis Tanaxmadac umniSvnelo cvlileba iyo dafiqsireb-
uli bengalelebsa da asamelebs Soris arsebul proporciaSi, 1970-ian
wlebSi gza gaukafa Zaladobriv reaqcias saarCevno siebSi bengaluri
saxelebis zrdis faqtis gamo. amis Sedegad aTasobiT adamiani daiRupa.
aRwera SesaZloa sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi gaxdes eTnikurad dayo-
fil sazogadoebaSi.34

bolos, mniSvnelovania imis gacnobiereba, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebi

ufro kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. bevr saxelmwi-
foSi, rogoricaa araerTi axlad damoukideblobamopovebuli saxelmwifo
yofili sabWoTa kavSiridan, sxvadasxva xalxia warmodgenili, romlebic
gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufebs miekuTvnebian da umetesoba erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblobis survils gamoTqvams da moTxovnasac ayenebs. TviT kanada-
Sic ki, bevri frangulad mosaubre kvebekeli, romelTa raodenoba kanadis
27 milioniani mosaxleobis meoTxeds Seadgens, damoukideblobis moTxov-
nas mxars sakuTari enisa da kulturis SenarCunebis motiviT uWers. kvebek-
Si mcxovreb daaxloebiT 800 aTasi indiels msgavsi moTxovnis argumentad
sakuTari 10000 wliani istoria mohyavs. kvebekelma eskimosebma (inuitebma)
ganacxades, rom isini Seecdebian Seqmnan TavianTi damoukidebeli saxelm-
wifo kvebekisave farglebSi im SemTxvevaSi Tu es ukanaskneli moipovebs da-
moukideblobas. amgvari moTxovnebi aqcents akeTebs im faqtze, rom gazrdi-
li eTnikuri grZnobebi, rac politikis, ekonomikis, enis, diskriminaciisa da
kulturis sakiTxebze paeqrobaSi gamoixateba, SesaZloa, gadamwyveti mamoZ-
ravebeli Zala iyos dRevandel msoflioSi, rac xSirad politikuri erTo-
bis mis yvelaze mcire nawilebad fragmentacias iwvevs.

aRsasruli axaleburad:
`mdumare gazafxulis~ * Tavidan acileba

amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da TiTqmis mTels msoflioSi garemos-

 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 623
dacviTi sakiTxebis umetesi nawili uyuradRebod rCeboda 1960-ian wle-
bamde. mas Semdeg daintereseba garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT didad gaizarda,
iseve, rogorc gaizarda garemosdacviTi jgufebis raodenoba da maTi Sesa-
Zlebloba msoflios masStabiT gavlena moexdinaT mTavrobebze globaluri
ekologiuri sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. es e.w. mwvane partiebi TiTqmis yve-
la wamyvan industriul saxelmwifoSi arsebobs, garda amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am qveyanaSi ufro garemosdacviTi interes-
Ta jgufebi ayvavda. iseT kargad cnobil da finansurad Zlier jgufebs, ro-
goricaa sieras klubi, audubonis sazogadoeba, gadaarCineT delfinebi da
erovnuli bunebis federacia, sakmaod didi politikuri gavlena aqvs. ufro
metic, kvleviTi institutebi monitorings uweven garemos mdgomareobas
da moiTxoven imgvari sajaro politikuri qmedebebis gatarebas, romelic
ekologiur faqtorebs gaiTvaliswinebs.
arcTu ise gasaocaria, rom gasulma aTwleulebma aseTi gazrdili dain-
tereseba gamoiwvia garemosdacviTi sakiTxebiT _ mJavurma wvimebma, globa-
lurma daTbobam, wylis resursebis dakonservebis saWiroebam, tyeebisa da
Tevzis mrewvelobis problemebma iseTi amowurvadi bunebrivi resursebis
gamoyenebam, rogoricaa navTobi, gazi da sxva mineralebi, ubiZga saxelmwi-
foTa meTaurebs eTanamSromlaT garemosdacviTi SeTanxmebebis dasadebad.
miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom amgvari SeTanxmebebis umetesi nawilis gavlena
sakmaod SezRudulia, varaudoben, rom momavalSi maTi raodenoba da mniSvn-
eloba TandaTan ufro gaizrdeba.

aRsasruli Zveleburad:
birTvuli iaraRis gavrcelebis Tavidan acileba

ganadgurebis uzarmazari masStabiT gamowvevis SesaZleblobis gamo, ato-

muri, biologiuri da qimiuri iaraRi _ zogjer maT ABC iaraRs (inglisuri
Atomic, Biological and Chemical Weapons-is _ atomuri, biologiuri da qimiuri
iaraRi. mTargmn. SeniSvna) uwodeben _ TavisTavad gansxvavebul kategoriad
klasificirdeba. (atomuri iaraRi aseve birTvuli iaraRis saxelwodebiT
aris cnobili; _ es ori saxelwodeba urTierTSemcvlelia). garda imisa, rom
am iaraRs SeuZlia gamoiwvios sicocxlis ganadgureba, infrastruqturis
dazianeba da farTomasStabiani ekologiuri dabinZureba, maTi gamoyenebis
Sedegad aseve moxdeba genetikuri mutaciebi, rasac didi gavlena eqneba mo-
maval Taobebze. realurad, maT mier gamowveuli efeqtebis prognozireba an
gakontroleba sakmaod rTulia. saxelmwifoebs, romlebsac aqvs es iaraRi,
surT, rom sxva saxelmwifoebs ar hqondes igi. erayi da CrdiloeTi korea is
ori saxelmwifoa, romelmac scada masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis Seqmna, ra-
sac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da misi mokavSireebi mtkiced upirispird-
ebodnen [Tavisi birTvuli programa aqvs irans _ red. Sen.].
marTalia, arsebobs ABC iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmebebi (ix. VIII
Tavi), magram bevri is saxelmwifoc ki, romelsac ukve aqvs masobrivi ga-
nadgurebis iaraRi, uars acxadebs am SeTanxmebebis xelmoweraze. logikuria,
624 politika mTavrobis gareSe

rom saxelmwifoebrivi arastabiluroba da regionuli konfliqtebi ufro

saSiSi gaxda masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis sistemebis gavrcelebis alba-
Tobis gamo. cxeli wertilebi, magaliTad, CrdiloeT korea aziaSi, safrTxes
uqmnis msoflio stabilurobas. rogorc 17-1 cxrili gviCvenebs, birTvuli
iaraRis mqone saxelmwifoTa raodenoba jer kidev sakmaod mcirea, Tumca,
Tu 1960-ian wlebSi birTvuli iaraRis mflobelTa raodenoba xuTs Seadgen-
da, dRes es ricxvi cxramde gaizarda.

cxrili 17.1
birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba

aqvs savarudod, piroba dado, uari miCneulia,

birTvuli aqvs rom ar Tqva rom cdilobs
iaraRi birTvuli Seqmnis birTvul birTvuli
iaraRi birTvul iaraRze iraRis
iaraRs mopovebas

CineTi israeli alJiri beloru- irani

sia
safran- argentina yazaxeTi erayi*
geTi
didi brazilia ukraina libia*
britaneTi
indoeTi germania CrdiloeT
korea

pakistani iaponia siria

ruseTi samxreTi
afrika

SeerTebu-
li Statebi

* aSS-s libiasTan daaxloebisa da eraySi intervenciis Semdeg es qveynebi aRar iTvle-

bian birTvu-li ambiciebis mqoned. red. Sen.)

aranakleb aRmaSfoTebelia is faqti, rom zogierT ganviTarebad saxelm-

wifos, romelsac aqvs Rirebuli bunebrivi resursebi - magaliTad, navTobiT
mdidari libia, irani da erayi _ miiCneva, rom surs (an surdaT) birTvuli
iaraRis Seqmna. ufro metic, es faqtebi kidev erTxel miuTiTebs birTvuli
iaraRis gavrcelebis safrTxeebis realurobaze. dResdReobiT, birTvuli
iaraRis dasamzadebeli teqnologia farTodaa cnobili da mis dasamzade-
blad saWiro aucilebeli nivTierebebi (magaliTad, gamdidrebuli urani)
gacilebiT advilad moipoveba. erT-erTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, 2000 wlisaT-
vis daaxloebiT 40 saxelmwifos unda hqonoda birTvuli iaraRis sawarmoe-
blad saWiro saSualebebi.35 am iaraRis politikuri, samxedro da simboluri
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 625
mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, miamitobaa velodoT, rom qveynebi (gansa-
kuTrebiT, agresiuli miznebis mqone qveynebi), romelTac ar gaaCniaT aseTi
iaraRi, ar Seecdebian mis Seqmnas.
rac ufro meti iqneba im saxelmwifo Tu arasaxelmwifo aqtorebis (mag-
aliTad, teroristebis) raodenoba, visac eqneba birTvuli, biologiuri Tu
qimiuri iaraRi, miT ufro didia albaToba, rom es iaraRi gamiznulad Tu
umiznod iqneba gamoyenebuli. gavrcelebis uamravi forma arsebobs. magali-
Tad, sabWoTa kavSiris Semdeg birTvuli iaraRi memkvidreobiT ergo ramden-
ime yofil sabWoTa respublikas. Zlieri diplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad
yazaxeTsa da ukrainaSi [aseve belorusSi _ mTargmn. Sen.] arsebuli konti-
nentTaSorisi raketebi ruseTs gadasces.
kidev erTi koSmaruli scenari realobad iqca 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris
Semdeg, roca teroristebma antraqsiT (cimbiruli wylulis virusi) ramden-
ime Tavdasxma ganaxorcieles. kidev ufro did safrTxes Seicavda SesaZle-
bloba, rom teroristul qselebs gamoeyenebinaT atomuri iaraRi dasaxle-
bul adgilebSi radiaciis gasavrceleblad an antraqsze ufro Zlieri
baqteriuli iaraRi.

sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia

axal saerTaSoriso wesrigSi zogierTi procesi miuTiTebs SezRudul,

magram mniSvnelovan tendenciaze, romelic gardaqmnis Tanamedrove er-
saxelmwifoebs (magaliTad, globaluri ekonomikisa da TanamSromlobiTi
organizaciebis zrda, rogoricaa vTqvaT evropis kavSiri). aseve, zogierTi
procesi eri-saxelmwifos dezintegraciaze mianiSnebs (magaliTad, eTni-
kuri daZabulobebi). Tanamedrove realobis kuriozuli faqti is gaxlavT,
rom es orive urTierTsapirispiro tendencia erTdroulad aRiniSneba.
sainteresoa, rogor jdeba sainformacio teqnologiebis revolucia
am modelSi? eWvgareSea, rom sainformacio revolucia realurad mimdin-
areobs. globaluri komunikaciebis SesaZleblobebi gasaocrad gaizarda
ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. muris kanonis Tanaxmad (gordon
muri, intelis TanadamfuZnebeli) gamoTvliTi simZlavre erT dolarze yov-
el 18 TveSi ormagdeba: dRes 2000 dolariani nouTbuqi bevrad ufro Zlieria,
vidre 10 miliondolariani kompiuteri 1970-ian wlebSi. amas emateba isic,
rom 1970-ian wlebSi mxolod daaxloebiT 50000 kompiuteri iyo msoflioSi;
dRes maTi raodenoba daaxloebiT 140 milionamde gaizarda. roca transat-
lantikur satelefono xazs erTdroulad mxolod 138 satelefono saubris
gadacema SeeZlo, dRes es ricxvi 1,5 milions Seadgens. internets msoflios
masStabiT daaxloebiT 50 milionamde momxmarebeli hyavs da maTi raodenoba
kvlav izrdeba.
sainformacio revoluciis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani politikuri
efeqti xelisuflebis mier sakuTar moqalaqeebze kontrolis dawesebis
SesaZleblobis Sesustebaa. moqalaqeebs msoflios masStabiT ukve xeli miu-
wvdebaT informaciis damoukidebel wyaroebze. yvelaferi, dawyebuli mTav-
626 politika mTavrobis gareSe

robis kritikiT da damTavrebuli pornografiiT an kriminal-teroristis

piradi veb-gverdiT `Seqmeni Seni sakuTari birTvuli iaraRi~, xelmisawvdo-
mia nebismieri qveynisaTvis, rogorc wesi, xelisuflebis Zalisxmevis gar-
eSe. sainformacio revolucia TviT im tradiciul kulturebsa da civili-
zaciebs uqmnis safrTxes, romlebic ar iziareben dasavlur Rirebulebebs.
ra Tqma unda, sainformacio revolucias mniSvnelovani politikuri
Sedegebic aqvs, romelTagan zogierTi dRes mxolod nawilobriv SeiZle-
ba davinaxoT. magaliTad, zogadad miCneuli iyo, rom teqnologia tiran
mmarTvelebs sakuTari Zalauflebis gaxangrZlivebis kuTxiT SeeZloT
gamoeyenebinaT (gavixsenoT jorj oruelis mier mis klasikur novelaSi
1984 teleekranebisa da sxva teqnologiebis aRwera, romelsac totalitari
mmarTvelebi iyenebdnen), magram sapirispiroc SesaZloa simarTle iyos:
sainformacio revolucia garkveulwilad xels uwyobs msoflioSi Tavisu-
flebas imiT, rom igi urTulebs arademokratiul liderebs sakuTari moqa-
laqeebis kontrols. ufro metic, Tu teqnologia xels uwyobs Tavisufali
mTavrobebis raodenobis zrdas da demokratiuli qveynebi erTmaneTTan
omisagan Tavs ikaveben, SeiZleba Tu ara vivaraudoT, rom teqnologiurma
revoluciam ufro mSvidobiani msoflios Seqmnas unda Seuwyos xeli?

apokalipsuri xedvebi: civilizaciaTa

Sejaxeba da anarqia?

axali, aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigi marTlac rom gadaizardos

ufro mSvidobian epoqaSi, igi mSvidobas bolomde mainc ver uzrunvelyofs.
kacobriobis istoriaze Tvalis gadavlebac ki Segvaxsenebs, rom konfliqtis
arseboba saukuneebs iTvlis. ase rom, dRevandel civi omis Semdgom epoqaSi,
mecnierebi daoben ara imaze, iqneba Tu ara momavalSi konfliqtebi, aramed
imaze, riTi iqneba igi gansxvavebuli warsulSi arsebuli konfliqtebisagan.
semuel hantingtoni momavali konfliqtis erT-erT yvelaze damaintrigeb-
el da amaRelvebel xedvas gvTavazobs. is amtkicebs, rom civi omis ideolo-
giur dapirispirebebs `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ Secvlis:

konfliqtebis fundamenturi wyaro am axal msoflioSi ukve arc

ideologia da arc ekonomika ar iqneba. kacobriobis gamyofi umniS-
vnelovanesi sazRvrebi da konfliqtis upiratesi wyaroebi kulturiT
ganisazRvreba. eri-saxelmwifo mTavar moqmed pirad darCeba saer-
TaSoriso asparezze, magram globaluri politikis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani konfliqtebi gaiSleba erebsa da jgufebs Soris, romlebic
sxvadasxva civilizacias ekuTvnian. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba msoflio
politikis dominirebadi faqtori gaxdeba. momavalSi, civilizaciaTa
gamyofi sazRvari iqneba axali frontis xazi.36

hantingtonis ganmartebiT civilizacia aris `adamianTa umaRlesi kul-

turuli dajgufeba da maTi kulturuli identobis umaRlesi done, romelic
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 627
adamianebs sxva cocxali arsebebisagan ganasxvavebs~.37 amas garda, didi Tu
patara, bevrisa Tu mxolod erTis momcveli civilizacia, ori ZiriTadi
TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba. pirvelSi Sedis obieqtur faqtorebi, rogori-
caa ena, istoria, Cveulebebi, institutebi da, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
religia.38 ideebi miekuTvneba meore mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas. ase rom,
maSin, roca ideebi individualizmis, liberalizmis, konstitucionalizmis,
adamianis uflebebis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis, kanonis uzenaesobis, de-
mokratiis, Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikisa da eklesiis saxelmwifosagan
damoukideblobis Taobaze dasavluri kulturis fundamenturi aspeqtebia,
hantingtoni Tvlis, rom `es Rirebulebebi mcired Tu aisaxeba islamur, kon-
fuciur, iaponur, induistur, budistur an marTlmadideblur kultureb-
Si.~39 hantingtons miaCnia, rom momavali konfliqtebi mWidrod iqneba dakav-
Sirebuli kulturul identobebTan da adamianebis survilTan, ibrZolon da
mokvdnen im tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis dacvisaTvis, romelTac safrTx-
es amerikanizacia, vesternizacia da globalizacia uqmnis (rac ganviTarebad
samyaroSi bevri adamianis gonebaSi erTmaneTisagan ganuyofeli cnebebia).
rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, civi omis Semdgomi msoflios ganmsazRvrel
Taviseburebas eTnikuri daZabulobebi da konfliqtebi Seadgens. hanting-
tonma Tanamedrove eTnikuri konfliqtebis buneba da geografia Seiswavla.
magaliTad, maT Soris, dapirispireba qristianobaze dafuZnebul dasavlur
evropasa da islamur civilizaciaze dafuZnebul arabul axlo aRmosavleTsa
da CrdiloeT afrikas Soris. aq eTnikurma daZabulobam Zaladobrivi forma
miiRo, magaliTad, dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis mier wamowyebuli samxedro in-
tervenciebi (rogoric iyo sparseTis yuris omi 1991 wels) da teroriristebis
antidasavluri aqtebi islamur da arabul saxelmwifoebSi (gansakuTrebiT,
iranSi, eraySi, libiaSi, egviptesa da siriaSi). kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa
Sejaxebis sxva magaliTebi arsebobs balkaneTSi, sadac marTlmadidebeli
qristianebi da muslimebi mtroben erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc Zveli ruseTis
imperiis periferiebSi. dapirispirebam erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg ganawyo osebi
da inguSebi ruseTSi, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi _ kavkasiaSi.
hantingtonis xedviT, civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba moicavs ara mxolod msof-
lios regionebs Soris konfliqtebs, aramed aseve kulturul konfliqtebs
im arealSi, sadac ori civilizacia Tanaarsebobs. magaliTad, aziaSi Cin-
uri da iaponuri civilizaciebi upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, iseve, rogorc
Cinelebi da tibetelebi (budistebi), Cinelebi da indoelebi (indusebi) da
Cinelebi da muslimebi (centralur da samxreT aziaSi). indoeTis subkonti-
nentze, induisturi umravlesoba indoeTSi ebrZvis sakuTar mravalricxo-
van muslimur umciresobas, iseve, rogorc mezobel pakistans.
evropaSi kulturuli dayofa dasavlur, anu im saxelmwifoebs, romle-
bic iziareben kaTolikur, aRorZinebis, reformaciis, ganmanaTleblobisa
da industriuli revoluciis ideebs da aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebs So-
ris, romlebic ZiriTadad slavuri da marTlmadidebluria da dasavleTis
umTavresi religiuri da inteleqtualuri miRwevebisagan ganze rCebian,
Caenacvla did dapirispirebas rkinis fardis Camoxsnis Semdeg. dRes mas
`xaverdis fardas~ uwodeben. da bolos, dasavleTi naxevarsfero ori gan-
628 politika mTavrobis gareSe

sxvavebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis samSobloa. CrdiloeTi amerika

(amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da kanada) anglofonuria da mkveTrad gan-
icdis britanuli da CrdiloeT-evropuli kulturis, maT Soris protes-
tantizmis, gavlenas. meqsika, centraluri da samxreTi amerika ZiriTadad
espanurenovani da kaTolikuria da adgilobrivi da iberiuli kulturebis
sinTezs warmoadgens.
hantingtoni aqcents akeTebs, rom naTesavi qveynis sindromi, romlis
Sesabamisadac sxvadasxva qveynis adamianebi da liderebi kulturulad ari-
an erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebSi aSkarad iCens Tavs. magaliTad, 1991 wels sparseTis yuris omSi, arabi
elitac da mosaxleobac erays farglebs gareT dasavleTis sawinaaRmdegod
ganewyo. arabTa mxardaWera sxva arabul-islamuri qveynis mimarT, romelsac
Tundac iseTi sastiki diqtatori marTavda, rogoric sadam huseini iyo, na-
Tesauri sindromis gamomJRavnebis mxolod erTi magaliTia. sxva magaliTe-
bia Turqebis mier azerbaijanis (muslimuri) mxardaWera somxeTis winaaR-
mdeg (qristianuli) an dasavleTis mier marTlmadidebeli serbebis dasja,
aseve bosnieli muslimebis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli sisastike.
ufro metic, hantingtoni axdens `gaxleCili qveynebis~ identificirebas,
romlebic sxvadasxva civilizaciasa da kulturas mikuTvnebuli xalxebisa-
gan Sedgeba da dezintegraciis pirveli kandidatebi arian. amis naTeli mag-
aliTebia sabWoTa kavSiri, iugoslavia da meqsika. konfliqtebi gaxleCil
qveynebSi advilad SeiZleba gadaizardos sxvadasxva civilizacias mikuT-
vnebul saxelmwifoebs an jgufebs Soris omSi.
yvelaze ufro avismomaswavebeli elementi hantingtonis civilizaciaTa
Sejaxebis TeoriaSi aris globaluri konfliqtis SesaZlebloba dasavlur
da aradasavlur civilizaciebs Soris (hantingtonis sityvebiT `dasavleTi
_ danarCenis winaaRmdeg~). arabul saxelmwifoebsa da CineTs Soris poli-
tikuri kavSirebis ganviTareba islamur-konfuciuri aliansis Seqmnas moas-
wavebs. osama bin ladenis al qaidas moZraobis warmoSoba antidasavluri, an-
tiiudeur-qristianuli ganwyobebiT amagrebs hantingtonis mTavar Teziss,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas (hantingtons) ar uwinaswarmetyvelebia, ra formas
miiRebda civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba axal saukuneSi. TviT faqti, rom osama bin
ladenma formalurad gamoacxada jihadi `dampyroblebis~ winaaRmdeg da mus-
limebis movaleobad aqcia `amerikelebis ganadgureba yvelgan ~40 miuTiTebs,
rom amerikelebis mier marTuli kampania saerTaSoriso terorizmis winaaRm-
deg bevrad ufro metia, vidre ubralod konfrontacia urC arasaxelmwifoe-
briv aqtorsa da msoflios yvelaze Zlier saxelmwifos Soris. ras niSnavs es
zustad, jer kidev dasadgenia. dagmoben ki arabuli qveynebi ara mxolod bin
ladens, aramed terorizmsac? SeZlebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, gam-
onaxos gza arabTa interesebis dasakmayofileblad (gansakuTrebiT pales-
tinelTa miswrafebebis) ise, rom aman israelTan misi gansakuTrebuli urT-
ierTobebis gawyveta ar gamoiwvios?
hantingtonis Tezisi gamoCenisTanave farTod iqna ganxiluli da azrTa
didi sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. rogorc yvela idea msoflioSi, isic maleve
mieca daviwyebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembramde mainc. 11 se-
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 629
qtembris teroristuli aqtebiT gamowveulma Sokma da SiSma ganapiroba, rom
amerikelebs eZebnaT pasuxebi iseT kiTxvaze, rogoricaa: ratom vZulvarT
maT ase Zalian? pasuxis Ziebam kvlav gamoiwvia daintereseba am Temaze
dawerili naSromebiT, maT Soris hantingtonis, Calmers jonsonisa da Jur-
nalist robert kaplanis naSromebiT, romelmac 1994 wels _ im wels, rode-
sac pirvelad daibomba msoflio savaWro centri, Jurnal Atlantic Monthly-Si
dabeWda statia `momavali anarqia~.41
kaplani amtkicebs, rom `msoflio rukis danawevreba da gadakeTeba mxo-
lod axla iwyeba.~ eri-saxelmwifo im formiT, ra formiTac igi CvenTvis
aris cnobili, ukve moZvelebulia da misi Canacvleba moxdeba ara ufro
didi regionuli dajgufebebiT an msoflio saxelmwifoTi (ise, rogorc amas
idealistebi sulelurad winaswarmetyvelebdnen II msoflio omis Semdeg)
aramed, kaplanis SexedulebiT, politikuri qarborbalebis uformo ZaliT,
romelic isazrdoebs uzarmazari da sakmaod arastabiluri urbanuli kon-
centraciiT, rogoric aris momavlis gadatvirTuli, qaosuri, kriminaluri
qalaqebi. suraTi, romelsac kaplani gvixatavs, SemaSfoTebelia:

warmoidgineT hologramis msgavsi kartografia sam ganzomile-

baSi. am hologramaSi iqneba jgufebisa da sxva erTeulebis urTeirT-
gadamkveTi dakiduli Sreebi, qalaqi-saxelmwifoebisa da sxva erebis
organzomilebiani feradi niSnulebis zemoT, romelic aRniSnavs nar-
kokartelebis, mafiebis da usafrTxoebis kerZo saagentoTa Zalau-
flebas. sazRvrebis magivrad iqneba Zalauflebis moZravi centrebi,
Sua saukuneebis msgavsad. am SreTagan bevri iqneba moZravi. swor adg-
ilze fiqsirebuli da uxeSad gavlebuli xazebis magivrad iqneba bufe-
ruli erTeulebis cvalebadi naxazi, qurTuli da azerbaijanuli buf-
eruli erTeulebis msgavsad TurqeTsa da irans Soris. am proteanul
kartografiul hologramas aseve unda davumatoT sxva faqtorebic,
rogoricaa, mosaxleobis migracia, daavadebebis gavrceleba. ase, rom
amgvari msoflios ruka arasodes iqneba statikuri. es momavali ruka,
savaraudod bolo rukac ki, qaosis mutaciis anarekli iqneba.42

dasavleTi afrika amgvari ulmobeli momavlis magaliTia, sadac sazRvre-

bi realurad qreba, sazogadoeba xdeba eTnikuri konfliqtis wyaro, policia
da politikuri Zalaufleba TandaTanobiT qreba am suraTidan, kriminalebi,
yaCaRebi da korumpirebuli saxelmwifo moxeleebi akontroleben vaWrobas,
Zaladoba gaxSirebulia, avadmyofoba isea modebuli qalaqgareT, rogorc
mkvleli, romelsac gadawyvetili aqvs, daxocos yvela cocxlad darCenili.
ra formas miiRebs momavali konfliqtebi, iqneba es eri-saxelmwifoebis
dezintegracia Tu civilizaciaTa globaluri masStabis Sejaxeba, jerac
gaurkveveli rCeba. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom omis Rrublebi gaagrZelebs
politikis saTamaSo moednebis wyvdiadSi moqcevas yvela doneze _ lokal-
urze, regionulze da saerTaSorisoze. isic eWvgareSea, rom lokaluri kon-
fliqtebi zogierTi saxelmwifos arsebobasa da xelisuflebis stabiluro-
bas safrTxes Seuqmnis da isic, rom erT qveyanaSi Seqmnili arastabilurobis
mezobel saxelmwifoebSi gadadinebac moxdeba. konfliqtis SeCerebisa da
630 politika mTavrobis gareSe

omis Semcirebis warmateba nawilobriv damokidebuli iqneba amave miznebi-

saTvis II msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili saerTaSoriso institutebis efeq-
tianobaze. es institutebi, maT Soris, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia,
Cveni yuradRebis centrSi am wignis daskvniT TavSi moeqceva.

anarqia afrikaSi

siera-leonesa Tu dasavleT afrikis danarCen nawilSi tirania ucxo xili

namdvilad ar aris. is ukve gazrdili ukanonobis Semadgeneli nawilia, rac,
sakuTari mniSvnelobiT, bevrad ufro seriozulia, vidre nebismieri saxis
saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, amboxeba Tu demokratiis damkvidrebis epizo-
duri eqsperimentebi. danaSauli iyo is Tema, razedac Cems megobars, maRali
Tanamdebobis afrikel saxelmwifo moxeles (romlis sicocxles safrTxe
daemuqreba, Tu davasaxeleb), namdvilad surda saubari. danaSaulis Tema
aqcevs dasavleT afrikas Cemi mosazrebebis amosaval wertilad imis Tao-
baze, Tu rogori politikuri xasiaTi eqneba Cvens planetas XXI saukuneSi.
dasavleT afrikis qalaqebi, gansakuTrebiT RamiT, yvelaze saSiSi adgile-
bia dRevandel msoflioSi: Cabnelebuli quCebi; policias xSirad ara aqvs
sawvavi satransporto saSualebebisaTvis; SeiaraRebuli Ramis qurdebi da
manqanebis mZarcvelebi mravlad arian. ` mTavroba siera-leoneSi daRamebis
Semdeg yovelgvari gavlenis gareSe rCeba,~ ambobs erT-erTi ucxoeli. 2000
wlis seqtemberSi, rodesac dedaqalaqSi, friTaunSi viyavi, kalaSnikovis av-
tomatiT SeiaraRebuli 8 piri SeiWra erTi amerikelis sacxovrebel saxlSi.
maT is SeboWes da gaZarcves. daiviwyeT maiami: usafrTxoebis adekvaturi
zomebis ararsebobis gamo aSS-s transportis mdivnis gadawyvetilebiT
Sewyda pirdapiri frenebi amerikasa da muhamed murtalas saxelobis aero-
ports Soris, romelic mezo-bel nigeriul qalaq lagosSi mdebareobs. es
erT-erTia, im arcTu mravalricxovan SemTxvevas Soris, rodesac amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobam ucxo qveynis aeroports danaSaulebrivi
kavSirebis gamo embargo daado. abijanSi, spilos Zvlis sanapiros dedaqa-
laqSi, restornebSi Sens manqanasa da Sesasvlels Soris, TxuTmetiode
nabijis moSorebiT moZraoben SeiaraRebuli dacvis samsaxuris warmomad-
genlebi da geqmneba Semzaravi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori SeiZle-
ba iyos amerikis qalaqebi momavalSi. italieli elCi daiRupa maSin, roca
mZarcvelebi Tavs daesxnen abijanis erT-erT restorans. nigerieli elCis
ojaxis wevrebi Tavis sacxovrebelSive SeboWes da gaZarcves. universite-
tis studentebma spilos Zvlis sanapiroSi daiWires yaCaRebi, romlebic maT
sacxovreblebs Zarcvavdnen, yelze yulfi moabes da dawves. yvelafers spi-
los Zvlis sanapiros erT-erTi policieli uyurebda, magram SiSiT Carevas
ver bedavda. roca abijanis avtobusis sadgurze mivdiodi, axalgazrda ada-
mianebis jgufi mousvenari TvalebiT uyurebda Cems taqss, xels urtyamdnen
manqanis minebs da moiTxovdnen qiras Cemi bargis waRebisaTvis, miuxedavad
imisa, rom mxolod erTi patara xelCanTa mqonda. dasavleT afrikuli eqvsi
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 631
qveynis sxvadasxva qalaqSi yvelgan vxedavdi axalgazrda adamianebis aseT-
save brboebs. isini hgavdnen gaTavisuflebul molekulebs Zalian arastabi-
lur sazogadoebriv garemoSi, romelic aalebis piras iyo misuli. `rogorc
xedav, afrikis soflebSi bunebriv movlenad aris miCneuli, ikvebo nebismier
magidaze da Tavi Seafaro nebismier qoxs, magram qalaqebSi amgvari Temuri
pirobebi ukve aRar arsebobs _ Ramis gasaTevad unda gadaixado da saWmelad
unda migiwvion. rodesac axalgazrda adamianebi aRmoaCenen, rom naTesavebi
veRar Seifareben, isini gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian, uerTdebian
sxva emigrantebs da TandaTanobiT kriminalur saqmianobaSic erTvebian~, _
miTxra Cemma megobarma ministrma.
`arabuli CrdiloeT afrikis gaRaribebul nawilebSi,~ _ gaagrZela man,
_ `naklebi danaSaulia, imitom, rom islami uzrunvelyofs socialur simt-
kices: ganaTlebisa da indoqtrinaciis gziT. aq, dasavleT afrikaSi, zeda-
pirulad islamic da qristianobacaa warmodgenili. dasavluri religia
ZirgamoTxrilia animisturi rwmenebiT, romelic SeuTavsebelia moralur
sazogadoebasTan, radganac is dafuZnebulia iracionalur sulis Zalau-
flebaze. aq suli gamoyenebulia, raTa nebaze miuSvan erTi pirovnebis Su-
risZieba meoris sawinaaRmdegod an erTi jgufisa meoris winaaRmdeg.~ libe-
riis samoqalaqo omis dros Cadenili bevri Zaladoba jujus sulis rwmenas
ukavSirdeboda. BBC-im Tavis Jurnal Focus on Africa-Si aRwera, rom siera-
leones samoqalaqo omSi amboxebulebs `win miuZRoda axalgazrda sruliad
SiSveli qali ukusvliT, romelic gzas sarkeSi xedavda. siSiSvle mas armiis
poziciebis gadakveTas uadvilebda da iq marxavda Tavis silamazes ...raTa
ajanyebulTa warmatebis Sansi gaezarda.~

nawyveti Robert D. Kaplan-is wignidan The Coming Anarchy, New York: Vintage Books,
2001, 4-6.

daskvna

centraluri xelisuflebis ararsebobis gamo saerTaSoriso politikis

moqmedeba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo Tu Sida politikasagan.
qalaq melosis bediswera saerTaSoriso arenaze samxedro Zlierebis upira-
tesi mniSvnelobis ilustrirebas axdens. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola saer-
TaSoriso sistemis bunebis Semadgeneli nawilia. yoveli suverenuli sax-
elmwifo status kvos Secvlis msurvel sxva saxelmwifosTan konkurenciis
pirobebSi sakuTari erovnuli interesebis dacvas cdilobs. erovnuli in-
teresis koncefcia orazrovania, Tumca, moicavs yvelafers, rasac saxelm-
wifo liderebi sakuTari qveynis grZelvadiani usafrTxoebisa Tu keTil-
dReobis xelSemwyobad miiCneven.
saerTaSoriso politikis mkvlevarebma unda ganasxvavon erTmaneTisa-
gan sagareo politikuri miznebi da am miznebis miRwevis saSualebebi. sax-
elmwifoebi sxvadasxva saSualebebs irCeven, Tumca, es arCevani yovelTvis
632 politika mTavrobis gareSe

erTi umTavresi mizniT _ saxelmwifoebis Zlierebis zrdis surviliTaa

ganpirobebuli. zogierTi saxelmwifo kmayofilia Zalis arsebuli gadan-
awilebiT da mxolod arsebuli status kvos SenarCunebas cdilobs, sxvebi
ukmayofiloni arian da Sesabamisad, misi Secvlisaken iswrafvian. yvela sax-
elmwifo, romelsac surs konkurentunariani iyos saerTaSoriso arenaze,
mudmivadaa CarTuli sakuTari Zlierebis gazrdis procesSi. mxolod ram-
denime saxelmwifo Tu axerxebs, Tavi aaridos Zlierebis SenarCunebasa da
Zlierebis gazrdas Soris arCevanis gakeTebas; isini, zogadad, Zalis poli-
tikis uaryofas cdiloben.
monros doqtrina miznad isaxavda gaexangrZlivebina regionuli status
kvo dasavleT naxevarsferoSi; aseve, sabWoTa kavSiridan momavali safrTxis
Sekaveba SesaZlebeli iyo globaluri status kvos strategiiT, romelic
amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma SeimuSava II msoflio omis Semdeg. civi omis
Semdeg periodSi, zogierTma politologma politikuri realizmis Teo-
riaze daydnobiT daiwyo mtkiceba, rom amerikis SeerTebul Statebs unda
miemarTa izolacionizmis strategiisaTvis. sxvebis azriT ki saerTaSor-
iso politikuri sistemis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi mniSvnelovani meqanizmi
iyo Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso politikis gasagebad da amerikis sagareo
politikis gansasazRvrad. marTalia, politikuri realizmi warsulSi
saerTaSoriso politikis axsnas gvTavazobda, dRes mas akritikeben zneo-
bis sakiTxis mimarT misi indiferentuli damokidebulebisa da erovnuli
interesis koncefciaze aqcentirebis gamo, globaluri problemebis arse-
bobis fonze.
tradiciuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistema, romelic formalurad 1648
wlidan arsebobda, SezRuduli iyo masStabiT. evropuli sistemis erTi upi-
ratesoba is iyo, rom misi yvela wevri iziarebda saerTo Rirebulebebsa da
rwmenebs. didi britaneTi moqmedebda, rogorc wonasworobis damcveli. ev-
ropuli sistema muSaobda, radgan miznebi da saSualebebi SezRuduli, xolo
aliansebi moqnili iyo. XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi am pirobebis Secvlam Zal-
Ta wonasworobis sistemis daSlas daudo saTave.
II msoflio omis Semdeg, Zveli evropuli multipolaruli sistemis adgil-
ze bipolaruli sistema Camoyalibda. geografiulad ufro farTe, vidre
misi winamorbedi, am bipolaruli sistemis mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo sasti-
ki dapirispireba or supersaxelmwifos _ amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da
sabWoTa kavSirs Soris. siRrmiseuli ideologiuri gansxvavebebi da birTvu-
li holokostis safrTxe am metoqeobis Tavisebureba iyo. 1960-iani wlebis
bolosTvis, strategiuli Cixis viTarebam, romelic efuZneboda urTierT
Sekavebas, am or titans Soris omi iracionaluri gaxada.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasa da civi omis damTavrebasTan erTad, axali
saerTaSoriso wesrigi iwyebs aRmocenebas. sayuradReboa, rom es ZalTa
wonasworobis sistema ki ar aris, aramed igi sxvadasxva saxis tendenciebs
amJRavnebs. ufro metic, sakmarisi safuZvelia imisaTvis, raTa virwmunoT,
rom es sistema droebiTi da gardamavali iqneba.
aRmocenebadi saerTaSoriso wesrigi unipolarulia, romlis saTaveSi
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia. TanamSromloba da konkurencia ekonomikuri
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 633
sakiTxebis garSemo gaizarda. ufro metic, ekonomikuri Zliereba koncen-
trirebuli xdeba sam regionSi: dasavleT evropaSi, amerikasa da iaponiaSi.
damafiqrebelia msoflio masStabiT eTnikuri konfliqtebis raodenobis
zrda. gaumjobesebuli saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis Sedegad globaluri
garemosdacviTi problemebi ufro met yuradRebas iqcevs. Tumca, ganviTa-
rebad qveynebSi masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrceleba msoflio sta-
bilurobas sakmaod did safrTxes uqmnis. da bolos, miuxedavad imisa, rom
momavali konfliqtebis wyaro ucnobia, erTi gavleniani mecnieris mtkice-
biT, is kulturuli gansxvavebulobidan amoizrdeba da mas civilizaciaTa
Sejaxebis forma eqneba.

sakvanZo sityvebi

politikuri realizmi eqspansionizmi

ZalTa wonasworobis sistema neitraliteti
wonasworobis damcveli miumxrobloba
bipolaruli sistema monros doqtrina
marSalis gegma Sekaveba
CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSek- trumenis doqtrina
rulebis idealizmi
organizacia (nato) globalizacia
varSavis xelSekruleba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
erovnuli interesi naTesavi qveynis sindromi
status kvos strategia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. ras gveubneba aTenelTa da meloselTa dapirispirebis Tukidideseuli

aRwera saerTaSoriso politikis bunebis Taobaze?
2. ra moiazreba politikisadmi makiavelistur damokidebulebaSi? ra saxis
msoflmxedvelobas gulisxmobs amgvari midgoma?
3. ras gulisxmobs cneba `erovnuli interesi~? rogor iyeneben politikuri
realistebi am termins?
4. romeli ori ZiriTadi sagareo politikuri strategia aris xelmisawvdomi
saxelmwifoebisaTvis?
5. ra igulisxmeba ZalTa wonasworobaSi? rogor muSaobda tradiciuli ev-
ropuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistema? ra iyo misi mTavari maxasiaTeblebi?
ratom SeZlo man met-naklebad warmatebulad funqcionireba 260 wlis gan-
mavlobaSi?
6. ram gamoiwvia klasikuri evropuli ZalTa wonasworobis sistemis rRveva?
634 politika mTavrobis gareSe

7. riTi gansxvavdeboda II msoflio omis Semdgomi saerTaSoriso sistema misi

winamorbedebisagan?
8. aris Tu ara dRes ZalTa wonasworoba?
9. ra qmnis mSvidobis mTavar safrTxes dRevandel msoflioSi?

SeniSvnebi

1. citirebebi am diskusiidan ekuTvnis Tukidides ‘The Melian Conference,’ in

Readings in World Politics, me-2 gamoc., red., Robert Goldwin and Tony Pearce
(new York: Oxford University Press, 1970),472-478.
2. Niccolo Machiaveli, The Prince, in The Prince and Discourses (New York: Modern
Library, 1952), 56.
3. iqve, 64
4. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace,
me-5 gamoc., (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992), 11.
5. iqve, 22-23.
6. iqve, 11.
7. iqve, 11.
8. iqve, 221-223.
9. iqve, 27.
10. citirebulia, Alexander De Conde, A History of American Foreign Policy:
Growth to World Power, tomi 1, me-3 gamoc., (New York: Scribner’s, 1978), 130.
11. Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America, tomi 1 (New York: Schocken Books,
1961), 522.
12. George F. Kennan, ``Sources of Soviet Conduct,`` in Caging the Bear: Containment
and the Cold War, red. Charles Gati (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974), 18.
13. Congressional Record, 80 Cong., 1st sess. (March 1947), 1981.
14. ix. Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire
(New York: Holt, 2000).
15. iqve, 8.
16. iqve.
17. iqve, 9.
18. iqve.
19. iqve, 11.
20. magaliTisaTvis ix. Alan Tonelson, ``What is the National Interest?`` in America’s
National Interest in a Post Cold War World, red. Alvin Z. Rubinstein (New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1994), 56. aseve, Barbara Conry, U.S. ``Global Leadership``: A Euphe-
mism for World Policeman, Policy Analysis No. 267 (CATO Institute, February 8,
1997).
21 Max Singer and Aaron Wildavsky, The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of
Turmoil (Chatham House, 1996), 5-6.
22. iqve, 199.
23. iqve, 5.
 saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi 635
24. Martin Gilbert, The Roots of Appeasement (New York: New American Library,
1996).
25. miuxedavad ramdenime eqspertis gancxadebisa, rom prezident klintonma
amgvari politikis gatarebiT ganimtkica politikuri kavSirebi afro-
amerikel kongresmenebTan, mainc unda davuSvaT, rom es mis mTavar mizans
ar warmoadgenda. altruizmis saintereso SemTxveva moxda 1920-1921
wlebSi, rodesac sazareli SimSili sufevda sabWoTa kavSiris teritori-
aze. miuxedavad sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier antikapitalisturi revolu-
ciebis aqtiuri mxardaWerisa, amerikis mTavrobam daxmarebis organizacia
(huveris komisia) Seqmna. am organizaciis xelmZRvanelobiT milionobiT
dolaris Rirebulebis sakvebi iqna gagzavnili da milionobiT adamiani ga-
darCa volgis regionSi. im periodis oficialurma sabWoTa gazeTma aRniS-
na kidevac, rom `yvela kapitalistur saxelmwifos Soris, mxolod ameri-
kis SeerTebulma Statebma aRmogviCina drouli da realuri daxmareba.~
cit. Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1973,
me-2 gamoc., (New York: Praeger, 1974) 148.
26. cit. Marvin Jones, The Fifteen Weeks ( New York: Harbinger, 1955 ), 256.
27. Raul Hilberg, The destruction of the European Jews (New York: Harper&Row,
1961), 358-359.
28. Arnold Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (Balti-
more: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965), 93.
29. mosazreba, rom idealizmsa da realizms Soris gansxvaveba igivea, rac gan-
sxvaveba principsa da gonivrulobas Soris naTan tarkovs ekuTvnis. Na-
than Tarcov, Principle and Prudence in Foreign Policy: The Founders Perspective,
The Puiblic Interest 76 (Summer 1984) 45-60.
30. Jessica Tuchman Mathews, ``The Environment and International Security,`` in
World Security: Challenges for a New Century, me-2 gamoc., red. Michael Klare
and Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martin Press, 1994), 286.
31. gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia Charles Krauthammer, ``The Lonely Superpower,``
New Republic, July 29, 1991. 23-27. Cveni msjeloba ramdenime mniSvnelovan
aspeqtSi rauthammer-isas emTxveva.
32. Joan Edelman Spero, The Politics of International Economic Relations, me-4 gamoc.,
(New York:St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 229.
33. Donald Horowitz, ‘Ethical and National Conflict’, in World Security Challenges for
a New Century, red. Klare and Thomas, 175.
34. iqve, 176.
35. Charles Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, World Poitics: Trend and Transforma-
tion, me-6 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 395-396.
36. Samuel Huntington, ‘The Clash of Civilizations?’ Foreign Affairs 72 (Summer 1993):
22-43; and Samuel Huntington, ‘If Not Civilizations, What? Paradigms of the Post-
Cold War Era’, Foreign Affairs 72 (December 1993): 24-39; amis Semdeg, hanting-
tonma am sakiTxis Sesaxeb sakuTari TvalTaxedva gamoaqveyna wignSi The Clash
of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Simon & Schuster,
1996).
37. Huntington, ‘Clash of Civilizations’, 24.
636 politika mTavrobis gareSe

38. iqve, 25, 26.

39. iqve, 40.
40. Judith Miller, ‘A Child of Privilege Who Champions Terror’, New York Times, Sep-
tember 14, 2001, veb-gverdi.
41. Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy (New York: Vintage Books, 2001). es best-
seleri arsebiTad gamoqveynebul naSromTa krebulia.
42. iqve, 50-51.
T aavv i XV I I I

saerTaSoiso
orgnizaciebi

b rZ
rZola
o la
w esrgisT
esrg isT vis
v is

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi mso-

flio asparezze
mravalerovnuli korporaciebi
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da
samTavrobo oranizaciebi
gaerTianebuli erebis orga-
nizacia (gaero)
istoriuli foni: erTa liga
gaeros daarseba gaero civi
omis dros gaero civi omis Sem-
deg didi saerTaSoriso orga-
nizaciebis problemebi
saerTaSoriso samarTali
sargeblianoba Sesruleba da
iZuleba saerTaSoriso samarTa-
li Tanamedrove epoqaSi saerTa-
Soriso samarTlis SezRuduloba
saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefase-
ba
mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisaken

637
638 politika mTavrobis gareSe

Tu gsurs mSvidoba, emzade omisaTvis _ uxsovari droidan es gamonaTqva-

mi politikur realistTa kredo iyo. istoria gvaswavlis, rom konfliqti
adamianuri realobis nawilia da omis Tavidan acileba an mere SeCereba,
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sifxizliTa da samxedro mzadyofnis politiki-
Taa SesaZlebeli. Tumca am Sexedulebas yovelTvis hyavda oponentebi. Cven
vcxovrobT samyaroSi, sadac

sawvavis fasi amerikis benzogasamarT sadgurebze ucxo qveynebis

dedaqalaqebSi dgindeba... amerikeli momxmareblisaTvis feradi tele-
vizorebis xelmisawvdomobas gansazRvravs ara mxolod Sida bazris
Zalebi, aramed SeTanxmebebi, erTi mxriv, vaSingtonsa da meore mxriv,
tokios, taipeisa da seuls Soris... kremlSi miRebuli gadawyvetile-
bebi gavlenas axdens amerikul gadasaxadebze da aseve imaze, Tu raSi
daixarjeba amoRebuli Tanxebi... miwodeba gansazRvravs keTildReo-
bas yvelgan, xolo iq, sadac yvelaferi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli,
saWiroa axleburi azrovneba da axali konceptualuri midgomebi.1

saxelmwifoTa erovnuli meurneobebi sul ufro erwymis msoflio eko-

nomikas. amgvar ganviTarebas bevri winaswarmetyvelebda da miesalmeboda
didi xniT adre, vidre es realobad iqceoda. egreT wodebuli funqciona-
listebi amtkicebdnen, rom efeqtiani saerTaSoriso organizaciebi xels
Seuwyobda TanamSromlobas msoflio masStabiT da es TanamSromloba, Tavis
mxriv, warmoSobda saerTo ekonomikur interesebs, xels Seuwyobda saerTa-
Soriso urTierTgagebas da Seamcirebda msoflio daZabulobasa da saomar
moqmedebebs. azrovnebis am skolam, romelsac funqcionalizmi ewodeba,
meore msoflio omis Semdeg akademiuri sazogadoebis didi yuradReba miiq-
cia. mis momxreebs swamdaT, rom erovnul sazRvrebs gacilebuli mSvidobis,
vaWrobisa da TanamSromlobis upiratesobebi sazogadoebas sabolood vi-
wro erovnuli interesebis uaryofamde miiyvanda.
is, rasac guSin funqcionalizmi ewodeboda, dRes urTierTdamokidebu-
lebis saxeliTaa cnobili. es termini aRniSnavs erebs Soris arsebuli axlo
kavSirebis rTul qsels, romelic, zogierTis TqmiT, TviT saerTaSoriso
wesrigis safuZvels cvlis. kerZod, msoflio ekonomikis mudmivma ganviTa-
rebam da zrdam gamoiwvia zeerovnuli (supranacionaluri) struqturebis
warmoqmna, romlis mizania uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi regulaciebi da moixs-
nas xelovnuri dabrkolebebi (rogoricaa tarifebi da savaWro kvotebi).
regionuli savaWro kavSirebis zrda da ekonomikuri integraciisken svla
naTlad aisaxa evrokavSiris 1992 wlis gadawyvetilebaSi, Seeqmna erTiani
ekonomikuri zona. iseTi zeerovnuli struqturebis warmoqmna, rogoricaa
amerikis erTiani bazari karibis zRvis auzSi, merkosuri _ samxreT amerikis
samxreTSi, aziisa da wynari okeanis auzis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis fo-
rumi da samxreT aziis regionuli TanamSromlobis asociacia (SAARS), asax-
avs regionuli integraciis mimarT im did interess, romelic evropis farg-
lebs gareTac arsebobs. am ganviTarebis saboloo Sedegi, savaraudod, iqneba
gazrdili TanamSromloba da erTa Soris arsebuli samxedro konfliqtebis
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 639
ekonomikuri konkurenciiT Canacvleba. sabolood, racionaluri interesi
ubiZgebs yvela saxelmwifos aRiaros, rom Tavisufali vaWroba da inves-
ticiebi sargeblis momtania yvela erisaTvis.
gamoiwvia Tu ara amgvari ekonomikuri gaerTianebebis zrdam keTildRe-
obis garda mSvidobis sakiTxis win wamowevac? da namdvilad Seuwyo Tu ara
xeli aseT TanamSromlobas globaluri da regionuli organizaciebis, maT
Soris, ramdenime universaluri organizaciis (rogoricaa gaero) Seqmnam an
saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis SemuSavebam da cxovrebaSi gatarebam?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad jer msoflioSi arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis
zeerovnuli struqturis ganxilvaa saWiro.

arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi msoflio asparezze

saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas, saxelmwifoebis garda, xels uwyoben

arasaxelmwifo subieqtebic. aseT organizaciebs, Cveulebriv, arasaxelm-
wifo aqtorebs uwodeben. multinacionaluri korporaciebi, arasamTavro-
bo organizaciebi da saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi arasax-
elmwifo institutebis sami ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi formaa, romlebic
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs msoflio politikaSi.

multinacionaluri korporaciebi

kompaniebs, `ucxouri filialebiT, romlebsac firmis produqcia da mar-

ketingi qveynis farglebs gareT gaaqvT,~ Cveulebriv, multinacionalur
(mravalerovnul) korporaciebs (MNC) uwodeben. `Tanamedrove multina-
cionaluri korporacia aris Svilobil kompaniaTa globaluri qseli.~2 Zli-
er, aSS-Si dafuZnebul multinacionalur korporaciaTa magaliTs warmoad-
gens jeneral motorsi, maikrosofti, eqsoni, koka-kola, makdonaldsi da
inteli. gasaocari iyo meore msoflio omis bolodan multinacionalur ko-
rporaciaTa aRmavloba. 1990-iani wlebSi amgvar korporaciebSi dasaqmebuli
iyo 73 milioni adamiani, rac msoflios anazRaurebadi arasasoflosameur-
neo samuSao adgilebis 10% da samrewvelo qveynebSi dasaqmebulTa daax-
loebiT 20%-s Seadgenda. pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri gziT dasaqmebulTa
ricxvi, sul mcire, 150 milioni adamiani iyo, rac mTlianad anazRaureba-
di, arasasoflo-sameurneo samuSao adgilebis 20%-s Seadgenda.3 amasTan,
1990-ian wlebSi msoflios 350 umsxvilesi multinacionaluri korporacia
msoflio saqonelbrunvis TiTqmis 40%-s moicavda. amJamad, zogi umdidre-
si mravalerovnuli kompaniis wliuri gayidvebi bevri suverenuli qveynis
mTlian Sida produqts aWarbebs.4 msoflio masStabiT korporaciebis gayid-
vebi yovelwliurad mraval trilion dolars Seadgens.5 ukve gasagebi xdeba,
ratom miaCnia zogierTs, rom axali msoflio wesrigi fundamenturad gansx-
vavdeba winamorbedisagan:
640 politika mTavrobis gareSe

axla Zalis balansze fiqris dro ar aris. iseTma zesaxelmwifomac

ki, rogoricaa SeerTebuli Statebi, sakuTar Tavze gamoscada, rom
mcdeloba, Seaferxo vaWrobisa da investirebis nakadi iseT qveynebSi,
rogoricaa irani da kuba, ara marto araefeqtiani, aramed finansurad
wamgebianicaa. multinacionaluri korporaciebi, romelTac erT dros
qonebas arTmevdnen an angariSebs uyadaRebdnen, ukrZalavdnen vaWro-
bas mtrul qveynebTan da uaxlesi maRali teqnologiebisa da defici-
turi saqonlis Tavisufal yidva-gayidvas, axla Tavad gansazRvraven
sagareo politikas.6

gaumjobesebulma teqnologiam da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis cvlam

xeli Seuwyo multinacionaluri korporaciebis zrdas. Tanamedrove kom-
piuterebma, komunikaciebma da satransporto teqnologiebma Seqmnes kor-
poratiuli gafarToebis, integraciisa da pirovnuli mobilobis saSualeba.
globaluri ekonomikis zrdam xeli Seuwyo am process (1950 wlidan moyole-
buli msoflio vaWroba 10-jer da metad gaizarda), sul ufro metma korpo-
raciam gaxsna filiali sazRvargareT, raTa moepovebina upiratesoba axali
bazrebisa da muSaxelis Semcirebuli Rirebulebis kuTxiT.7
CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropisa da (bolo dromde) iaponiis
ZiriTadi bankebi warmoadgendnen fuladi saxsrebis ZiriTad wyaros mul-
tinacionaluri korporaciebis msoflio gafarToebisaTvis. Tavad es gigan-
turi bankebic mravalerovnulia da trilionobiT dolaris aqciebs floben.
1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi (iaponiis ekonomikis daRmasvlamde da safinan-
so sistemis TiTqmis srul ganadgurebamde) udidesi multinacionaluri
bankebis naxevarze meti iaponuri iyo, danarCenebi ki umetesad SeerTebul
Statebsa da dasavleT evropaSia ganlagebuli. msoflio bankTan da saer-
TaSoriso savaluto fondTan erTad, romlebic gaeros specializebuli
saagentoebia, multinacionaluri bankebi gadamwyvet rols asruleben inve-
stirebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobaSi.
arastabilur wlebSi komerciuli bankebic cdilobdnen msoflios fi-
nansuri sistemis dabalansebas. 1973-74 wlebis zamTarSi, rodesac navTobis
fasi gaoTxmagda da 1979-80 wlebSi kvlav orjer da metad gaizarda, erovnul
simdidreebs Soris uceb didi uTanasworoba gaCnda, gansakuTrebiT ganviTa-
rebad qveynebSi. am wlebSi saerTaSoriso sabanko sistema uzrunvelyofda
stabilurobas navTobiT mdidari qveynebidan amoRebuli fulis gasesxebiT
im qveynebze, romlebic naRdi fulis naklebobas ganicdidnen an navTobze
maRali fasebis gamo xeli ar miuwvdebodaT kvebis produqtebze.
multinacionaluri korporaciebi momavalSic iarsebebs. zogierTi
miesalmeba maT arsebobas da amtkicebs, rom isini zrdian msoflio konkuren-
cias, aumjobeseben ekonomikur efeqtianobas da xels uwyoben teqnologiur
ganviTarebas. da mainc, multinacionaluri korporaciebis warmoqmnam SeS-
foTeba gamoiwvia mraval qveyanaSi. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom aseTi ko-
rporaciebi Zalze xSirad orientirebulni arian mogebaze da yuradRebas
ar aqceven im zians, rasac am procesSi maspinZel qveynebs ayeneben da isini
ukanonod erevian maspinZeli qveynebis Sida saqmeebSi (magaliTad, CileSi
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 641
1970-ian wlebSi). am mxriv, vinaidan isini erTi romelime saxelmwifos samar-
Tlebrivi kontrolis farglebs gareT moqmedeben, seriozul problemas
uqmnian tradiciuli teritoriuli saxelmwifos suverenitetsa da saerTa-
Soriso sistemis erTianobas.

rogori safuZvlianic ar unda iyos es kritika, udavoa, rom mul-

tinacionaluri korporaciebi koleqtiurad Tu individualurad
mZlavri Zalaa Tanamedrove msoflio politikaSi. erTi cnobili poli-
tikosis sityvebiT: mravalerovnuli firmebi, romlebic koordinire-
bas uweven warmoebas globaluri masStabiT da sakuTar nawarms mTels
msoflioSi anawileben, globaluri urTierTdamokidebulebis Zalze
STambeWdavi manifestaciaa. isini kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben msoflio
politikis models, romelic erovnuli TviTkmarobis ideas efuZneba
da sazRvrebs miRma urTierTobebs gamonaklis SemTxvevad ganixilavs.
erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, isini XIX saukunis industriuli revo-
luciis saerTaSoriso ekvivalentia; meore mosazrebis Tanaxmad ki, Se-
saZloa isini momavalSi msoflio ekonomikis safuZvlad iqces.8

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo da samTavrobo organizaciebi

arsebobs saerTaSoriso organizaciebis ori ZiriTadi tipi: organizacias,

romelic Sedgeba kerZo pirebisa da maTi gaerTianebebisagan, ewodeba saer-
TaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia (INGO), xolo saerTaSoriso orga-
nizacias, romlis wevrebsac mTavrobebi warmoadgenen, saerTaSoriso sam-
Tavrobo (saxelmwifoTaSorisi) organizacia (IGO) ewodeba. orive maTgani
sxvadasxva saxis gaerTianebas moicavs (ix. cxrili 18-1 da 18-2). am TavSi yu-
radRebas gavamaxvilebT saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebze, radgan
isini ufro pirdapiri gziT axdenen gavlenas msoflio politikasa da saer-
TaSoriso mSvidobis gzebis Ziebaze.
Tanamedrove epoqis pirveli TvalsaCino samTavrobo saerTaSoriso or-
ganizacia iyo saRvTo kavSiri. igi 1815 wels Seiqmna ruseTis, avstriisa da
prusiis mier evropaSi revoluciuri demokratiuli moZraobis CasaxSobad.
saerTod, samTavrobo saerTaSoriso organizaciebi mniSvnelovani gaxda
or msoflio oms Soris periodSi (1919-1939 wlebSi). istoriaSi pirveli
universaluri saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia iyo erTa liga da
masTan dakavSirebuli institutebi. 1940 wlisaTvis ukve 80-ze meti saerTa-
Soriso samTavrobo organizacia da 500-mde saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo
organizacia iyo; meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi orive tipis orga-
nizaciaTa ricxvi gamudmebiT izrdeboda (ix. cxrili 18-1).
brZola, Riaa yvelasaTvis. meore mxriv, afrikis erTobis organizaciis
wevroba SezRudulia regionuli CarCoebiT, magram emsaxureba ramden-
ime saerTo mizans ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri xaziT. gaero
msoflios gamorCeul saerTaSoriso organizaciad iTvleba im mizezebis
gamo, romlebic momdevno TavSia axsnili.
642 politika mTavrobis gareSe

cxrili 18.1

zogierTi tipuri saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizacia (INGO)

afro-aziel xalxTa solidarobis organizacia

saerTaSoriso amnistia
arab iuristTa kavSiri
evropel mauwyebelTa kavSiri
aziel qalTa asociaciebis federacia
sahaero transportis saerTaSoriso federacia
qalTa saerTaSoriso aliansi
saerTaSoriso savaWro palata
wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti
akordionistTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia
arabul profkavSirTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia
Tavisufal profkavSirTa saerTaSoriso konfederacia
koridis mowinaaRmdegeTa saerTaSoriso sabWo
samecniero kavSirTa saerTaSoriso sabWo
kriminaluro policiis saerTaSoriso organizacia
aviakompaniebis pilotTa asociaciebis saerTaSoriso federacia
xelburTis saerTaSoriso federacia
saerTaSoriso olimpiuri komiteti
politikuri mecnierebis saerTaSoriso asociacia
venerul daavadebebTan da treponematozTan brZolis saerTaSor-
iso kavSiri
adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaT saerTaSoriso kavSiri
laTinoamerikel gemTmflobelTa asociacia
sareklamo saagentoTa skandinaviuri asociacia
rotari saerTaSoriso fondi
xsnis armia
gadavarCinoT bavSvebi
eklesiaTa msoflio kavSiri
ebrael JurnalistTa msoflio federacia
ostat mkeravTa msoflio federacia
gaerTianebuli erebis asociaciaTa msoflio federacia

zeerovnul, transnacionalur da saerTaSoriso struqturaTa mraval-

ferovneba qmnis imas, rasac erTi avtori `urTierT damokidebulebis qsels~
uwodebs.10 Cven saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciaTa or gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan tips mimovixilavT: ekonomikur TanamSromlobas (kerZod,
evrokavSirs) da samxedro aliansebs (kerZod, natos, romelic amJamad cvli-
lebebs ganicdis civi omis dasrulebis gamo).
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 643

cxrili 18.2

zogierTi tipuri saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizacia (IGO)

afrikis ganviTarebis fondi

afrikis miwis Txilis sabWo
arabuli safosto kavSiri
aziis ganviTarebis banki
aziisa da wynari okeanis auzis qveynebis ekonomikuri sabWo
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis saxelmwifoTa asociacia
centraluri amerikis erTiani bazari
evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia
sayovelTao ekonomikuri daxmarebis sabWo
evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba
evropis kosmosuri saagento
sursaTisa da soflis meurneobis organizacia
yureTa TanamSromlobis sabWo
tropikuli Tinusis interamerikuli komisia
ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis saerTaSoriso banki
samoqalaqo aviaciis saerTaSoriso organizacia
yavis saerTaSoriso organizacia
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia
zeiTunis zeTis saerTaSoriso sabWo
wiTeli kaliebis (akaciis) kontrolis saerTaSoriso organizacia
centraluri da
samxreT afrikisaTvis
telekomunikaciebis satelitis saerTaSoriso organizacia
veSapTWeris saerTaSoriso komisia
laTinuri amerikis Tavisufali savaWro asociacia
CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia (NATO)
afrikis erTobis organizacia
amerikis saxelmwifoTa organizacia
navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizacia (OPEC)
bananis eqsportior qveyanaTa kavSiri
gaeros saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da kulturis organizacia
(UNESCO)
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)
universaluri (sayovelTao) safosto kavSiri
jandacvis msoflio organizacia

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba. meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis

yvelaze mniSvnelovani saerTSoriso xelSekrulebebis did nawils Seadgens
savaWro SeTanxmebebi. maTi did umravlesoba mxolod ormxrivi iyo (moicav-
644 politika mTavrobis gareSe

da mxolod or qveyanas). arsebobs mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri SeTanxmebebis

sul mcire, 5 gamorCeuli forma, maT Soris:

• preferenciuli (upiratesobis) savaWro SeTanxmebebi. amgvari SeTanx-

mebebiT ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba mianiWos erTmaneTs eqskluziuri
savaWro uflebebi, sabaJo tarifebis urTierTSemcirebis CaTvliT. erT-
erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia britaneTis Tanamegobroba, romelic didi
britaneTisa da misi yofili mravali koloniisagan Sedgeba.
• aradiskriminaciuli savaWro organizaciebi. misi ideaa, xeli Seuwyos
ufro mWidro savaWro urTierTobebis damyarebas globaluri an regio-
nuli masStabiT. amgvari SeTanxmebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamedrove
magaliTia msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO), romelsac adre erqva
sayovelTao SeTanxmeba vaWrobasa da tarifze (GATT); kidev erTi aseTi or-
ganizaciaa evropis Tavisufali vaWrobis asocoacia (EFTA), romlis mocu-
loba da gavlena evrokavSiris Seqmnis Semdeg Semcirda (ix. CanarTi `evro-
kavSiri: Camoyalibebis istoria~).
• Tavisufali savaWro zonebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi scildeba
preferenciul sistemebs imiT, rom masSi srulad aris aRmofxvrili
savaWro barierebi wevr qveynebs Soris. wevr saxelmwifoTa
mTavrobebi Tmoben savaWro politikis gansazRvris suverenul
uflebas sxva wevr qveynebTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca inarCuneben srul
Tavisuflebas, gansazRvron sakuTari saxelmwifo savaWro politika
arawevr qveynebTan. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia CrdiloeT amerikis
Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA), romelic warmatebiT
Sedga 1993 wels aSS-s, kanadasa da meqsikas Soris da momdevno wlebSi
igegmeba misi gafarToeba centralur da samxreT amerikaSic.
• sabaJo kavSiri. aseTi ekonomikuri TanamSromloba Tavisufal
savaWro zonebze erTi safexuriT maRla dgas da efuZneba rogorc
Tavisufal vaWrobas wevr saxelmwifoTa Soris, ise erTian sagareo
tarifs arawevr qveynebTan nebismieri saxis vaWrobaze. magaliTad,
merkosuris savaWro SeTanxmeba, romelic moicavs 4 sruluflebian
wevrs (argentina, paragvai, brazilia da urugvai) da or asocirebul
wevrs (Cile da bolivia), xels uwyobs Tavisufal vaWrobas wevr
qveynebs Soris, Tumca 14%-ian saerTo gare tarifs awesebs warmoebis
saSualebebze.
• ekonomikuri kavSirebi. aseTi SeTanxmebebi uzrunvelyofs erTa Soris
ekonomikuri integraciis mniSvnelovan dones, aseve gulisxmobs
suverenitetis nawilobriv daTmobas. aseTi zesaxelmwifoebrivi
organizaciis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia evrokavSiri (EU),
romelsac CanarTSi ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.

samxedro aliansebi. samxedro alianss iSviaTad ganixilaven saerTaSori-

so samTavrobo organizaciad, Tumca, faqtobrivad, isini warmoadgenen
mTavrobaTSorisi urTierTobis pirvel formas, romelic Tanamedrove sax-
elmwifo sistemaSi warmoiqmna. me-17 saukuneSi am sistemis Camoyalibebidan
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 645
dawyebuli, aseTi aliansebi saerTaSoriso politikis ZiriTadi atributia.
samxedro aliansis mizani potenciur Tu ukve arsebul mterTan brZola an
misi Sekavebaa. gasakviria araa, rom aliansi, Tavis mxriv, sxva alianss war-
moqmnis. ase rom, samxedro aliansi xSirad SeiraRebaSi Sejibris nawilia,
rasac, Cveulebriv, omebi mohyveboda. am faqtma zogierTi politologi da
msoflio lideri im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom samxedro aliansi iyo saerTa-
Soriso TanamSromlobis iseTi forma, romelic, raoden paradoqsulic unda
iyos, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda msoflio mSvidobasa da wesrigTan. magali-
Tad, prezident vudro vilsons miaCnda, rom pirveli msoflio omis erT-erT
mTavari mizezi samxedro aliansebi iyo; rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, man scada
daearsebina `Ria garigebis~ principze dafuZnebuli axali saerTaSoriso
organizacia (erTa liga). mas swamda, rom aseTi aliansi aRmofxvrida samx-
edro aliansebis saWiroebas (romlebic saukuneebis manZilze saidumlod
iqmneboda da zogjer bolomde saidumlod rCeboda).
aliansebi ar gamqrala. meore msoflio omis Sedeg SeerTebuli Statebi
Seecada, sabWoTa kavSiris mxridan dasavleT evropisadmi momdinare safrTxe
CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (nato) SeqmniT aecile-
bina. SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis es iyo mSvidobianobis perodSi miRebuli
pirveli samxedro kavSiri, mas Semdeg, rac jorj vaSingtonma Tavis cnobil
`gamosamSvidobebel mimarTvaSi~ axalgazrda amerikeli eri gaafrTxila,
arasodes Cabmuliyo `SemboWvel aliansSi~. sabWoTa kavSirma natos 1955
wels varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis (aseve cnobilia, rogorc varSa-
vis xelSekruleba) SeqmniT upasuxa.
varSavis xelSekruleba daiSala 1989 wels, rodesac aRmosavleT evropa-
Si komunisturi reJimi daemxo (sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde ori wliT adre).
ase rom, natom Seasrula Tavisi Tavdapirveli misia, magram imis magier, rom
daSliliyo, SeerTebuli StatebiT saTaveSi axali mizezi moZebna arsebobis
gasagrZeleblad da axali tipis aliansad iqca. vinaidan misi yuradReba aRar
iyo mimarTuli mtris damarcxebisaken, nato Seecada evropaSi axali roli
Seesrulebina rogorc mSvidobismyofels. natos axladCamoyalibebuli mi-
siis pirveli gamocda iyo bosniis omi [aseve omi kosovoSi. dRes nato-s mTa-
var gamowvevad avRaneTSi mimdinare samSvidobo operacia miiCneva. red. Sen.].
nato amJamadac gafarToebis procesSia. misi 26 wevridan oris garda (aSS da
kanada) yvela evropuli saxelmwifoa. 2004 wels natos sruluflebian wevr-
Ta ricxvi 26-mde gaizarda [2009 wlidan wevrTa ricxvi 28-mde gaizarda _
red. Sen.]. natos gafarToebas xels uwyobs 2 mizezi: erTi is, rom natos arse-
bobis samxedro mizani politikuriT Seicvala, meore ki is, rom aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebisTvis wevrobaze uaris Tqma iqneboda civi omis dasrulebis
Semdeg aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropis dayofis gagrZeleba.
natos axali roli, iyos evropis `policieli~, azrTa sxvadasxvaobas
iwvevs. zogierTi kritikosi eWvqveS ayenebs misi arsebobis saWiroebas civi
omis dasrulebis Semdgom. amas garda, rusi nacionalistebi amtkiceben,
rom aliansSi moskovis yofili aRmosavleT evropeli mokavSireebis miReba,
aris agresiuli politika, romlis mizania ruseTis federaciis izolacia
evropisgan da evropis xelaxali gadanawileba ruseTis sazianod. natos ga-
646 politika mTavrobis gareSe

farToebis mowinaaRmdegeebi SeerTebul StatebSi amtkiceben, rom es kvlav

gamoiwvevs evropis dayofas da ufro gaamwvavebs urTierTobas SeerTebul
Statebsa da ruseTs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, safrTxes Seuqmnis evropis sta-
bilurobas.

evrokavSiri: Gamoyalibeba istoria

evrokavSirs adre evropis Tanamegobroba ewodeboda. misi istoria

iwyeba 1952 wels, roca safrangeTma, dasavleT germaniam, italiam, belgiam,
luqsemburgma da niderlandebma daaarses evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis
gaerTaineba (ECSC). 1957 eqvsma saxelmwifom dado ori xelSekruleba romSi
(romis xelSekrulebebi), ramac samarTlebrivi safuZveli Cauyara evropis
ekonomikur Tanamegobrobas (EEC) da evropis atomuri energiis Tanamego-
brobas (Euratom). 1987 wels xeli moaweres erTian evropul aqts, romelmac
gaaerTiana aqamde arsebuli samarTlebrivi dokumentebi. mniSvnelovani iyo
1992 wels maastrixtis SeTanxmeba, ris Semdegac evropis gaerTianebas evro-
kavSiri ewoda.
dReisaTvis evrokavSiri uzrunvelyofs xalxis, saqonlis, kapitalisa
da momsaxurebis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas wevr qveynebs Soris. 2002 wli-
dan mimoqcevaSia erTiani valuta evro. evrokavSirma Seqmna zesaxelmwifoe-
brivi funqciis mqone institutebi: evropuli sabWo, ministrTa sabWo, evro-
komisia, evroparlamenti, sasamarTlo da a.S.
evropis Tanamegobroba eqvsma qveyanam daafuZna. dRes evrokavSiris
wevria 27 qveyana: dania, irlandia, didi britaneTi (1973), saberZneTi (1981),
portugalia, espaneTi (1986), avstria, fineTi (1995), SvedeTi (1995), polone-
Ti, ungreTi, CexeTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, litva, latvia, estoneTi, kvipro-
si, malta (2004), bulgareTi, rumineTi (2007).

azrTa aseTi sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, nato kvlavac gaagrZelebs ar-

sebobas. Tumca, kiTxvebi kvlav rCeba. gaamarTlebs Tu ara nato, rogorc
samSvidobo aliansi? ra Sedegebs miaRwevs igi sabolood? da rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, namdvilad Seuwyobs Tu ara igi xels evropaSi mSvidobisa da
wesrigis damyarebas?

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero)

gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia aris istoriaSi yvelaze ambiciuri

mcdeloba, Seiqmnas universaluri saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelsac
Seswevs Zala, Seqmnas CarCoebi msoflio mSvidobisaTvis da Tundac samxedro
zegavlenis gziT uzrunvelyos samarTlianobis dacva mTels msoflioSi.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaeros Seqmna ar iyo pirveli aseTi mcdeloba.
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 647

istoriuli foni: erTa liga

gaeros arsis gasagebad saWiroa misi ganxilva istoriul konteqstSi.

mecxramete saukunidan moyolebuli ramdenime saerTaSoriso samSvidobo
gaerTianeba daarsda da Cveulebriv, es damangreveli omebis Semdgom xde-
boda. saRvTo kavSiri, romelic 1815 wels, napoleonis omebis Semdeg Seiqmna,
iyo evropis uZlieres saxelmwifoTa mcdeloba, Sexvedrebisa da konferen-
ciebis gziT gaekontrolebinaT saerTaSoriso situacia. ufro daxvewili
organizacia iyo erTa liga, romelic pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, 1919
wels Camoyalibda.
1919 wels, rodesac erTa ligis SeTanxmeba oficialurad gaformda,
mis daarsebas vilsonianelebi ise miesalmnen, rogorc msoflio istoriaSi
axali epoqis dawyebas. erTa ligis meqanizmebi iyo asamblea, sabWo da mud-
mivi samdivno. asamblea iyo saTaTbiro organo, romelic Sedgeboda wevri
qveynebis warmomadgenlebisagan. TiToeul wevrs hqonda Tanabari Zalis xma.
raime gadawyvetilebis misaRebad saWiro iyo erTsulovani mxardaWeris mop-
oveba, rac imas niSnavda, rom yvela saxelmwifo, raoden patarac unda yofil-
iyo igi, sargeblobda vetos uflebiT TiTqmis nebismier gadawyvetilebaze.
ufro mcire sabWo oTxi mudmivi da oTxi aramudmivi wevrisagan Sedgeboda.
sabWos movaleobaSi Sedioda safrTxis arsebobis gamoZieba da moxseneba
asambleisaTvis, agreTve rekomendaciis micema saTanado zomebis misaRebad.
am orive organos saqmianobas koordinacias uwevda mudmivi samdivno, erTa
ligis administraciuli erTeuli.
sxva miznebTan erTad, erTa ligis upirvelesi ambiciuri mizani iyo saer-
TaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCuneba da amave dros, agresori qveynebisaTvis sa-
magieros gadaxda _ mSvidoba da sasjeli, es iyo `erTi medlis ori mxare~.
omi (rogorc danaSauli) aRar iyo racionaluri, radgan Tavdasxma erT rome-
lime wevrze niSnavda Tavdasxmas yvela maTganze. am kuTxiT ligam moaxdina
prezident vudro vilsonis survilis institutionalizacia, Caenacvle-
bina ZalTa tradiciuli balansi `qveyanaTa erTiani, yovlismomcveli, Zl-
ieri gundiT, romelic gaxdeboda msoflioSi mSvidobis garanti~.11 mTavari
iyo iseTi STambeWdavi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmna, rom arc
erT saxelmwifos, visac arsebuli mdgomareobis darRveva moundeboda, ar
hqonoda raime Sansi mis winaaRmdeg. nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic saer-
TaSoriso mSvidobas daarRvevda, daupirispirdeboda kanonmorCili qvey-
nebis gaerTianebuli samxedro Zalebi. erTa ligis damaarsebelTa azriT,
aseTi Zalis mxolod arsebobac ki SeaCerebda potenciur agresorebs, isini
ver gabedavdnen mis gamocdas.
prezident vlsonis mxardaWeris miuxedavad, SeerTebuli Statebi Tavi-
danve ganze gadga (radgan senatSi myofi respublikelebi am xelSekrulebis
damtkicebas ewinaaRmdegebodnen). es nabiji erTa ligis momavali warumate-
blobebisa da saboloo daSlis momaswavebeli iyo. 1930-iani wlebis dasawy-
isSi Tavi iCina mwvave metoqeobam da erovnuli interesebis konfliqtma.
Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom erTa liga marcxisaTvis iyo
ganwiruli. pirvel rigSi, igi msoflio organizaciad miiCneoda, magram ar
648 politika mTavrobis gareSe

yofila sayovelTaod aRiarebuli (rogorc SeerTebuli Statebi, ise ax-

alwarmoqmnili sabWoTa kavSiri ligis gareT rCebodnen, Tumca, sruliad
sxvadasxva mizezis gamo). meore, mas hqonda proceduruli xarvezebi: nebi-
smieri samxedro Tu sapolicio qmedebisaTvis saWiro iyo erTsulovani
mxardaWera, rac faqtobrivad garantia iyo imisaTvis, rom krizisis SemTx-
vevaSi liga paralizebuli iqneboda, radgan yvelas, didsa Tu mcire sax-
elmwifos, vetos ufleba hqonda. mesame, koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis zomebs
qartiis mixedviT ganapirobebda agresia, Tumca, qartia ar ganmartavda, ra
iTvleboda agresiad. wevri qveynebi mis gansazRvraze verc abstraqtulad
SeTanxmdnen da verc Semdgom, krizisul situaciebSi, rodesac hitlerma
germaniis rainis olqis remilitarizacia moaxdina, italia eTiopiaSi Sei-
Wra, germania daemuqra (da sabolood SeiWra kidec) poloneTsa da Cexoslo-
vakias, xolo iaponiam aziis dapyroba daiwyo.
da bolos, erTa ligis warmateba yvelaze metad damokidebuli iyo
SeerTebul Statebze, radgan pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ZalTa balans-
ma dasavleT evropidan ufro globaluri saxelmwifos xelSi gadainacvla.
am omma SeerTebuli Statebi win wamowia msoflio asarezze da ramdenime
weliwadSi daimsxvra miTi evrocentruli msoflios Sesaxeb. aqedan gamom-
dinare, ZalTa gadanawileba ukve moicavda msoflios yvela saxelmwifosa
da regions da manamde arsebuli udidesi saxelmwifoebi an saerTod gaqrnen
(avstria-ungreTis imperia da mefis ruseTi), an daiCrdilnen iseTi saxelm-
wifoebis gverdiT, rogorebicaa SeerTebuli Statebi, sabWoTa kavSiri, ia-
ponia da (sabolood) CineTi.

gaeros organizaciis daarseba

uzarmazarma ngrevam, gamaognebeli raodenobis msxverplma da meore

msoflio omis saSinelma axalma iaraRma kvlav wamoWra Zlieri saerTaSoriso
organizaciis daarsebis gziT msoflio mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis aucile-
bloba. gaeros damaarseblebi acnobierebdnen, rom organizaciis warmatebi-
saTvis is erTa ligaze maRla unda mdgariyo. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTa
ligas sul mcire, ori fataluri nakli hqonda: pirveli, misi yvela wevri
Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobda saxelmwifoTa gansxvavebuli Zlierebis
miuxedavad. asambleaSi yvela wevr saxelmwifos erTi vetos ufleba hqonda;
meore, sabWoSic ki, sadac Zlieri saxelmwifoebi mudmivi wevrebi iyvnen, ar-
amudmiv wevrebsac hqondaT vetos ufleba. amis Sedegad, sust saxelmwifoe-
bs zedmeti gavlena gaaCndaT, xolo Zlierebs piriqiT _ mcire. ligis kidev
erTi didi sisuste misi arasruloba gaxldaT. SesaZloa, ligis samSvidobo
miznebi msoflio masStabis iyo, magram misi wevroba SezRuduli iyo. ram-
denime Zlieri saxelmwifos aryofna, gansakuTrebiT SeerTebuli Statebisa,
niSnavda, rom ligis mandati mxolod Teoriulad iyo sayovelTao, praqti-
kulad ki _ SezRuduli.
1945 wels gaeros damaarseblebi miznad isaxavdnen erTa ligis koleq-
tiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis xarvezebis gamosworebas. didi Zalisxmeva
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 649
daWirda imas, rom arc erTi potenciuri wevri ar darCeniliyo axali orga-
nizaciis miRma (ix. cxrili 18-2). generaluri asamblea Camoyalibda saTaT-
biro organod, sadac yvela wevr qveyanas Tanabari warmomadgeneli hyavs da
xmis ufleba aqvs. gaeros qartiis Tanaxmad Seiqmna uSiSroebis sabWo, romlis
`ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobaa saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis
SenarCunebaa~. qartia azustebs, rom es organo Sedgeba xuTi mudmivi wevr-
isa (aSS, sabWoTa kavSiri [romelic ukve ruseTma Secvala], gaerTianebuli
samefo, safrangeTi da CineTi) da aTi aramudmivi wevrisagan. erTa ligisagan
gansxvavebiT, mxolod, egreT wodebul did xuTeuls mieca vetos ufleba
zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxze, magaliTad, rogoricaa generaluri mdiv-
nis arCeva da aseve mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis zomebi. am gziT, gaeros qar-
tia Seecada gamoesworebina legaluri Tanasworobis anomalia politikuri
uTanasworobis pirobebSi. gaeroSi TiToeul wevr qveyanas ekisreba pasux-
ismgeblobebi, romlebic Seesabameba TiToeuli maTganis SesaZleblobebs.
gaeros qartiis me-7 TavSi _ `qmedebani mSvidobisadmi muqaris, mSvido-
bis darrvevisa da agresiis aqciebis mimarT~ _ aRwerilia, Tu rogor unda
moxdes am movaleobebis ganxorcieleba. 39-e muxlSi dazustebulia, rom
uSiSroebis sabWo wyvets, arsebobs Tu ara muqara da dairRva Tu ara mSvi-
doba an ganxorcielda agresiis aqti. amis Sesabamisad igi gascems rekomen-
daciebs an wyvets, ra zomebi unda iqnes miRebuli me-41 da 42-e muxlebis Ses-
abamisad saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad. Sesabamis
muxlebSi gawerilia, rogor unda aRasrulos uSiSroebis sabWom sakuTari
movaleobebi. 41-e muxli exeba ekonomikur sanqciebs `ekonomikuri urTier-
Tobebis, sarkinigzo, sazRvao, sahaero, safosto, satelegrafo, radio da
komunikaciis sxva saSualebebis nawilobrivi an sruli Sewyvetis CaTvliT.~
42-e muxli aregulirebs iseT situaciebs, sadac ekonomikuri sanqciebi ara-
sakmarisia; aseT SemTxvevebSi uSiSroebis sabWom, SesaZloa, ganaxorcielos
sahaero, sazRvao an saxmeleTo operaciebi, romlebic aucilebelia saerTa-
Soriso mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad an aRsadgenad. SesaZloa, es gulisxmob-
des manevrebs, blokadas an sxva operaciebs wevri qveynebis sahaero, sazRvao
an saxmeleTo Zalebis mier. me-7 Tavis danarCeni muxlebi eTmoba koleqti-
uri usafrTxoebis sistemis samxedro komponentebis mowyobas, samxedro-
saStato komitetis daarsebis CaTvliT (muxli 47).
am muxlebiT gansazRvrulma saerTaSoriso samSvidobo meqanizmebma
bevrad gadaaWarba erTa ligis Sesabamis meqanizmebs. ufro metic, ro-
gorc gaeros egreT wodebuli specializebuli organizaciebis daarsebam
cxadyo, gaero gascda mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis funqciebs. am
organizaciebis wyalobiT, gaero did rols asrulebs mTels msoflioSi
sxvadasxva saxis katastrofebTan brZolis, ltolvilTa gansaxlebis, sur-
saTisa da soflis meurneobis sferoSi teqnikuri daxmarebis, jandacvasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebisa da mravali sxva TvalsazrisiT. igi
aseve xels uwyobs cxovrebis donis amaRlebas iseTi samsaxurebis saSuale-
biT, rogoricaa ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo (ECOSOC) da gaeros bavS-
vTa fondi (UNICEF). da bolos, msoflio bankis (WB), saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondisa (IMF) da gaeros vaWrobisa da ganviTarebis konferenciis (UNCTAD)
650 politika mTavrobis gareSe

saSualebiT gaero exmareba ekonomiurad gaWirvebul saxelmwifoebs. spe-

cializebuli organizaciebis simravle cxadyofs, rom gaeros mizani Tavi-
danve ara mxolod msoflio omis Tavidan acileba, aramed msoflioSi keTil-
dReobis xelSewyobac iyo.
Tumca, gaeros qartia namdvilad ar iyo gamiznuli, rogorc msoflio
mTavrobis modeli. qartiis meore abzacis meSvide muxlSi naTlad aris naTq-
vami, rom `nebismieri qveynis saSinao iurisdiqcia~ gaeros kompetencias
scildeba. garda amisa, meore muxlSi calsaxad aris naTqvami, rom gaero
`efuZneba mis wevrTa suverenuli Tanasworobis princips.~
amis miuxedavad, gaeros wevrTa Tanasworobas zRudavs qartiis sxva mux-
lebi, romlebic organizaciis SigniT met Zalauflebas aniWebs yvelaze Zli-
er saxelmwifoebs. aseTi muxlebis miRebis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo Zlieri sax-
elmwifoebis mizidva gaeroSi. magram arsebobda kidev erTi, ufro sapatio
mizezi: gaeros Seqmnis Tavdapirvel momxreTa nawili am axal saerTaSor-
iso organizacias ganixilavda ara mxolod rogorc suverenul saxelmwi-
foTa asociacias, aramed rogorc msoflio mTavrobis winamorbeds. Tuki es
odesme realobad iqceoda, Zlier saxelmwifoebs sust qveynebTan SedarebiT
didi roli daekisrebodaT. ase rom, qartiaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi im
idealizmisa da realizmis anareklia, romelic gaeros Seqmnisas arsebobda;
xolo im idealistTaTvis, romlebic `erTiani msoflios~ Seqmnaze ocne-
bobdnen, es gaxldaT garkveuli daTmoba warsulisadmi, rac, maTi azriT,
aucilebeli iyo momavlisaTvis gzis gasakvalad.

gaero civi omis dros

samwuxarod, gaerom Tavi ver aarida zogierT im problemas, romelmac

Tavis droze erTa liga daasamara. calkeuli saxelmwifoebi, ubralod, mzad
ar iyvnen im doziT SeetanaT wvlili gaeroSi, rasac misi normaluri funq-
cionireba moiTxovda. maT arc sakuTari suverenitetis daTmoba surdaT.
erTi mxriv, qartia ramdenime sakiTxSi avaldebulebs wevr qveynebs, imoq-
medon kanonis uzenaesobis dacviT da uSiSroebis sabWos aniWebs uflebas,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dasajos isini. meore mxriv, qartiaSi aris ramdenime
punqti, romelic mis wevrebs saSualebas aZlevs gverdi auaron sakuTari
movaleobebis Sesruleba. magaliTad, 51-e muxlSi naTqvamia, rom `arsebul
qartiaSi veraferi SezRudavs saxelmwifoTa udavo uflebas individualuri
da koleqtiuri Tavdacvis Sesaxeb~. vinaidan `Tavdacva~ Zalis gamoyenebis
legaluri gamarTlebaa da calkeul saxelmwifoebs ufleba aqvT Tavdac-
vis motiviT, faqtobrivad, gaamarTlon yvelanairi qmedeba sakuTari sax-
elmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, aseTi debuleba agresias mwvane Suqs
aZlevs. dilema saxezea: iseTi punqtebis gareSe, rogoricaa 51-e muxli, qvey-
nebi gaeros qartias ar miiRebdnen; aseTi muxlebiT ki misi misiis Sesruleba
eWvqveS dgeba.
kidev erTi problema, romelic gaeros bolo dromde sdevda Tan, iyo mud-
mivi daZabuloba SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris, rac civi
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 651
sqema 18-2 gaerTianebuli erebis sistema

gaerTianebulma erebma, msoflios umniSvnelovanesma saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciam, mraval

Svilobil, SedarebiT mcire samTavrobo organizacias Cauyara safuZveli.
wyaro: adaptirebulia The World Factbook 1996, Central Intelligence Agency, 1997, da ‘Current Peacekeeping
Operations’, UN Department of Public Information, 1997.

mTavari komiteti UNRWA UNSCOM _ gaeros samxedro Stabis komiteti

palestinel specialuri komisia
mudmivmoqmedi da ltolvilTa daxmarebis MINURSO
da samuSaoTa orga- gaeros sakompen-
saproceduro komiteti gaeros misia dasavleT saharaSi
nizebis gaeros axlo sacio komisia
referendumisaTvis
aRmosavleTis saagento
sxva daqvemdebarebuli (1991 w. seqtembridan _ dRemde)
gaeros eray-iranis
organoebi
sazRvris damdgeni komisia
MONUC
IAEA _ atomuri energiis gaeros misia kongos demokratiul respub-
saerTaSoriso saagento likaSi (1999 w. dekemberidan _ dRemde)
uSiSroebis sabWo

sameurveo sabWo UNDOF _ gaeros teritoriuli dayofis

generaluri asamblea samdivno sadamkvirveblo Zalebi (golanis maRlobi)
(1974 w. ivnisidan - dRemde)
saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlo ekonomikuri da FAO
UNFICYP
socialuri sabWo gaeros sursaTisa da soflis
gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi kviprosSi
meurneobis organizacia
(1974 w. martidan _ dRemde)
ICAO
UN samoqalaqo aviaciis
regionuli UNIFIL
saerTaSoriso organizacia
gaeros specialuri komisiebi gaeros droebiTi Zalebi libanSi
fondi IBRD (1978 w. martidan _ dRemde)
funqciuri rekonstruqciisa da ganviTa-
UNCTAD komisiebi rebis saerTaSoriso banki UNIKOM
vaWrobisa da IDA gaeros erayisa da quveiTis
ganviTarebis mudmivmoqmedi ganviTarebis sadamkvirveblo misia
gaeros konferencia komiteti saerTaSoriso asociacia (1991 w. seqtembridan -2003)
IFC
UNDP saeqsperto saerTaSoriso safinanso UNMIBH
gaeros ganviTarebis organoebi korporacia gaeros misia bosniasa da hercegovinaSi
programa (1995 w. dekembridan _ 2002)
IFAD
soflis meurneobis
UNEP ganviTarebis UNMOGIP
gaeros garemos dacvis saerTaSoriso fondi gaeros samxedro sadamkvrveblo jgufi
programa indoeTsa da pakistanSi
ILO
Sromis saerTaSoriso (1949 w. ianvridan - 2002)
UNFPA organizacia
gaeros mosaxleobis UNMOP
IMF
fondi gaeros damkvirvebelTa
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
misia prevlakaSi (xorvatia)
UNHCR IMO (1996 w. ianvridan _ dRemde)
gaeros ltolvilTa saerTaSoriso
sazRvao organizacia
umaRlesi komisari UNMIK
ITU gaeros droebiTi administraciuli misia
UNICEF telekomunikaciebis kosovoSi (1999 w. ivnisidan _ dRemde)
gaeros bavSvTa fondi saerTaSoriso gaerTianeba

UNESCO
UNITAR gaeros ganaTlebis,
gaeros treiningisa da mecnierebisa da
kvlevisainstituti kulturis organizacia
UNIDO
UNRISD gaeros samrewvelo
gaeros socialuri ganviTarebis organizacia
ganviTarebis kvleviTi UPU
instituti sayovelTao safosto
kavSiri
UNU
WHO
gaeros universiteti jandacvis msoflio organiz.
UNOMIG
gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia saqarTveloSi
(1993 w. agvistodan _ 2009)
UNMEE
gaeros misia eTiopiasa da eritreaSi
(2000 w. ivlisidan _ 2008)
UNAMSIL
gaeros misia siera leoneSi
(1999 w. oqtombridan _ 2005)

WIPO
WFP UNMISET
inteleqturi
msoflio gaeros daxmarebis misia aRmosavleT
sakuTrebis dacvis msoflio
sasursaTo programa organizacia timorSi (2002 w. maisidan _ 2005)

WMO
UNTSO
msoflio meteorologiuri
gaeros zavis sameTvalyureo organizacia
organizacia
(axlo aRmosavleTi)
gaeros ZiriTadi organoebi WTO (1948 w. ivnisidan _ dRemde)
• gaeros sxva organoebi msoflio savaWro organiz.
specializebuli saagentoebi da sxva
avtonomiuri organizaciebi sistemis SigniT
652 politika mTavrobis gareSe

omis periodSi gaeros muSaobas aferxebda. vinaidan asambleaSi umravlesoba

xan erT xan meore saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda, gaeros ganzraxvaTa umetesoba
CixSi eqceoda. umetes SemTxvevaSi ver xerxdeboda im konsensusis miRweva,
rac saWiro iyo uSiSroebis sabWoSi koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb gadaw-
yvetilebis misaRebad. Tu sabWoTa kavSiri ar gamoiyenebda vetos uflebas
raime sadavo gadawyvetilebaze, maSin amas SeerTebuli Statebi akeTebda.
amis miuxedavad, konfliqtis marTvaSi gaeros SezRuduli funqciebi
yovelTvis uSedego ar iyo. sxvadasxva dros gaerom didi wvlili Seitana
mSvidobis damyarebaSi specialuri Suamavlebis, zavebze zedamxedvelobis
gaweviT, naxevrad gasamxedroebuli Zalebis gagzavniT msoflios mraval
kuTxeSi, kviprosis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da kongos CaTvliT. marTalia, es
mcdelobebi yovelTvis SezRuduli iyo masStabebisa da warmatebis Tval-
sazrisiT, igi mainc Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda.

gaero civi omis Semdeg

1980-iani wlebis Sua da bolo periodi uprecedento iyo gaeros uSiSroe-

bis sabWos xuTi mudmivi wevris, gansakuTrebiT ki SeerTebuli Statebisa da
sabWoTa kavSiris TanamSromlobis TvalsazrisiT. am mxriv katalizatoris
roli Seasrula sabWoTa kavSiris axalma Semrigeblurma sagareo politikam
mixeil gorbaCovis iniciativiT. 1991 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg,
SeerTebuli Statebi konkurentis gareSe darCa gaeroSi. pirvelad misi arse-
bobis istoriaSi, gaerosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaxda erTsulovneba miznis
misaRwevad da ara mwvave konfliqti mis or uZlieres wevrs Soris. amas ori
mniSvnelovani Sedegi mohyva: pirveli, gaeros midgoma saerTaSoriso mSvi-
dobis dacvis mimarT ufro mkacri gaxda da zogjer mSvidobis dacvis farg-
lebsac ki scildeboda (ix. cxrili 18-3).12 meore, man gasca sanqcia koleqti-
uri samxedro moqmedebis Sesaxeb erayis winaaRmdeg, rodesac es ukanaskneli
quveiTSi SeiWra.

samSvidobo misiebis gaZliereba. is faqti, rom axali aTaswleulis

dasawyisSi gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi mTels msoflioSi iyo ganlagebuli,
miuTiTebda gaeros rolis zrdaze civi omis Semdeg saerTaSoriso asparez-
ze. 88 qveynis sul mcire 47 aTasi mSvidobismyofeli msaxurobda gaeros 15
misiaSi. civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg ufro meti samSvidobo misia ganxor-
cielda, vidre mTeli civi omis epoqaSi (romelic daaxloebiT ramdenime
aTwleuls gagrZelda). mTlianad, 1948-2001 wlebSi sul ormocdaToTxmeti
samSvidobo misia Sesrulda.
gaeros bolodroindeli samSvidobo qmedebebi moicavda mravali saxis mi-
sias, romelTagan bevri am organizaciisaTvis uprecedento iyo. Tavis mxriv,
es qmedebebi masStabebiTac gansxvavdeboda. mxolod ormocdaaTi damkvirve-
beli uwyobda xels sabWoTa kavSiris gamosvlas avRaneTidan 1988 wels. 1989
wels ki gaeros 109 qveynis samxedro personali dasWirda namibiaSi mSvidobisa
da qveynis damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad. gaeros mSvidobismyofelebs
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 653
DOMREP _ generaluri UNMIK _ gaeros droebiTi UNTSO _ gaeros
sqema 18-3 gaeros dasrulebuli da
mdivnis warmomadgenlis misia kosovoSi (1999 w. ivnisidan zavis sameTvalyureo
misia dominikis _ dRemde) organizacia (1948 w. mimdinare samSvidobo operaciebi [2002
respublikaSi (1965 w. maisi ivnisidan _ dRemde) (axlo wlis mdgomareobiT
UNIPROFOR _ gaeros
_ 1966 w. oqtomberi) aRmosavleTi) wyaro: United Nations, ‘Peacekeeping,’
TavdacviTi Zalebi (1995 w.
marti _ 1996 w. ianvari) (yof. www.un.org/peace, accessed May 22,
UNMIH _ gaeros misia UNIFIL _ gaeros droebiTi
haitiSi (1983 w.seqtemberi _ iugoslavia) Zalebi libanSi (1978 w. 2002. ibeWdeba gaerTianebuli erebis
1996 w.ivnisi) martidan _ dRemde) nebarTviT.
UNCRO _ gaeros ndobis
UNSMIH _ gaeros
aRdgenis operacia xorvatiaSi
mxardamWeri misia haitiSi
(1995 w. marti _ 1996 w. ianvari)
(1996 w. ivlisi _ 1997 w. UNOGIL _ gaeros UNIMOG _ UNIKOM _ UNIMOGIP _
ivlisi) damkvirvebelTa gaeros iran- gaeros erayisa gaeros samxedro
UNPSG _ gaeros samoqalaqo
jgufi libanSi erayis samxedro da quveTis sadamkvirveblo
policiis damxmare jgufi (1998
UNTMIH _ gaeros w. ianvari _ 1998 w. oqtomberi)
(1958 w. ivnisi _ sadamkvirvebli sadamkvirveblo jgufi indoeTsa
gardamavali misia haitiSi 1958 w. dekemberi) jgufi (1988 w. misia (1991 w. da pakistanSi (1949
(yof. iugoslavia)
(1997 w. agvisto _ 1997 w. agvisto _ 1991 w. seqtembridan _ w. ianvridan _
noemberi) UNPREDEP _ gaeros UNDOF _ gaeros Tebervali) dRemde) dRemde)
prevenciuli Zalebi (1995 w. daSoriSorebis
MIPONUH _ gaeros marti - 1999 w. Tebervali) (yof. sadamkvirveblo UNMOT UNIPOM _ UNGOMAP _
samoqalaqo policiis misia iugoslavia) Zalebi (1974 _ gaeros gaeros indoeTi- gaeros saSuamavlo
haitiSi (1997 w. dekemberi _ w. ivnisidan _ damkvirvebelTa pakistanis misia avRaneTsa da
2000 w. marti) UNTAES _ gaeros gardamavali dRemde) (axlo misia tajikeTSi sadamkvirveblo pakistanSi (1998 w.
administracia aRmosavleT aRmosavleTi) (1994 w. dekemberi misia (1965 w. aprili _ 1990 w.
sloveniis, baranjis, da _ 2000 w. maisi) seqtemberi _ 1966 marti)
dasavleT sirmiumisaTvis (1996 w. marti)
w. ianvari - 1998 w. ianvari) UNOMIG _ gaeros
sadamkvirveblo
UNMOP _ gaeros damkvirve- misia saqarTveloSi
(1993 w. agvistodan UNASOG _ gaeros aouzus
belTa misia prevlakaSi (1996 w.
_ dRemde) zolis sadamkvirveblo jgufi
ianvridan - dRemde)
(1994 w. maisi _ 1994 w. ivnisi)
MINGUA _ gaeros UNMIBH _ gaeros misia (afrika)
UNFICYP _ gaeros
adamianis uflebaTa
bosniasa da hercegovinaSi (1995 samSvidobo Zalebi
kontrolis misia
w. dekembridan - dRemde) UNSF _ gaeros uSiSroebis
kviprosze (1964 w.
gvatemalaSi (1997 w. martidan _ dRemde) Zalebi dasavleT axal
ianvridan - dRemde) gvineaSi (dasavleT irsanSi)
(1962 w. oqtomberi _ 1963 w.
aprili)

UNYOM _ gaeros iemenis

ONUCA _ gaeros
sadamkvirveblo jgufi
centralur amerikaSi
(1989 w. noemberi _ 1992
w. ianvari)
ONUSAL _ gaeros
sadamkvirveblo misia
el-salvadorSi (1991
w. ivlisi _ 1995 w.
aprili)
MINURSO _ gaeros
misia referendumisaTvis
dasavleT saharaSi (1991 w.
seqtembridan - dRemde)
UNAMSIL _ gaeros
misia siera-leoneSi
(1999 w. oqtomberi _
dRemde)
UNOMSIL _ gaeros
sadamkvirveblo misia
siera-leoneSi (1998
w. ivlisi _ 1999 w.
oqtomberi)
UNOMIL _ gaeros
sadamkvirveblo misia
liberiaSi (1997 w.
seqtembridan _ dRemde)
UNAVEM I _ gaeros angolis
kontrolis misia I (1989 w.
ianvari _ 1991 w. ivnisi)
UNAVEM II _ gaeros angolis
kontrolis misia II (1991 w.
ivnisi _ 1995 w. Tebervali)
UNAVEM III _ gaeros
angolis kontrolis misia
III (1997 w. ivnisi _ 1999 w.
UNEF I _ gaeros
Tebervali)
pirveli sagangebo
Zalebi (1956 w. noemberi
MONUA _ gaeros
_ 1967 w. ivnisi) (axlo
sadamkvirveblo misia
aRmosavleTi)
angolaSi (1997 w. ivnisi _
1999 w. Tebervali)
UNEF II _ gaeros
meore sagangebo Zalebi UNTAG _ gaeros
(1973 w. oqtomberi _ gardamavali periodis
1979 w. ivlisi) (axlo damxmare jgufi (1989 w.
aRmosavleTi) aprili _ 1990 w. marti)
(namibia)
UNOSOM I _ gaeros
operacia somaliSi I (1992 w.
aprili _ 1993 w. marti)
UNOSOM II _ gaeros
operacia somaliSi II (1993 w.
marti _ 1995 w. marti)
MONUC _ gaeros
organizaciis misia
kongos demokratiul
respublikaSi (1999 w.
dekembridan _ dRemde)
ONUC _ gaeros
operacia kongoSi (1960
w. ivlisi - 1964 w. ivlisi)
MINURCA _ gaeros
misia centraluri
afrikis respublikaSi
(1998 w. aprili _ 2000 w.
Tebervali)
ONUMOZ _ gaeros
operacia mozambikSi (1992
w. dekemberi _ 1994 w.
dekemberi)
sadamkvirveblo misia
(1963 w. ivlisi _ 1964 w.
seqtemberi)
UNMISET _ gaeros daxmare-
bis misia aRmosavleT timor-
Si (2002 w. maisidan _ dRemde)
UNTAET _ gaeros gardama-
vali periodis administ racia
aRmosavleT timorSi (1999 w.
oqtomberi _ 2002 w. maisi)
UNAMIC _ gaeros winsvlis
misia kambojaSi (1991 w.
oqtomberi _ 1992 w. marti)
UNTAC _ gaeros gar-
damavali xelisufleba
kambojaSi (1992 w. marti _
1993 w. seqtemberi)
UNMEE _ gaeros misia eTiopiasa
da eritreaSi (2000 w. ivlisidan
_ dRemde)
UNOMUR _ gaeros
sadamkvirveblo misia ugandasa
da ruandaSi (1993 w. ivnisi _ 1996
w. marti)
UNAMIR _ gaeros daxmarebis
misia ruandaSi (1993 w. oqtomberi
_ 1996 w. marti)

* 2009 wels Sewyvita arseboba

654 politika mTavrobis gareSe

aseve mouwiaT iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWra, rogoricaa arCevnebisaTvis saTana-

do pirobebis Seqmna, diskriminaciuli kanonmdeblobis gauqmeba, patimarTa
gaTavisufleba da samSoblodan gandevnilTa dabruneba.

gaeros jariskacebi zogjer gadamwyvet rols asrulebdnen mSvidobis

SenarCunebaSi mTel msoflioSi. am suraTze naCvenebia, rogor gahyavs
gaeros jariskacs xorvati qali samSvidoboze snaiperis cecxlis safrT-
xis pirobebSi.

1991 wlidan gaeros 400-mde mSvidobismyofelma ikisra axali rolis Ses-

ruleba el-salvadorSi: samoqalaqo omis dasasruls maT Tvalyuri unda
edevnebinaT da daefiqsirebinaT samoqalaqo uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi
da gaewiaT rekomendaciebi maTi saboloo aRmofxvrisaTvis. aseve, 1991 wlis
oqtombridan gaeros mSvidobismyofelebs daevalaT kambojaSi samSvidobo
SeTanxmebis Sesrulebis monitoringi oTx mxares Soris, romlebic manamde
omSi iyvnen CarTulebi. SeTanxmeba moicavda sxvadasxva SeiaraRebuli Za-
lebis ganiaraRebas, 350 aTasi ltolvilis samSobloSi dabrunebas (repatri-
acias) da arCevnebis Catarebis uzrunvelyofas. erTi eqspertis TqmiT, aman
gaeros daakisra `faqtobrivi pasuxismgebloba, emarTa qveyana 18-Tvian gar-
damaval periodSi~.13 1993 wels 40 aTasi mSvidobismyofeli gaigzavna yofil
iugoslaviaSi molaparakebebis xelSesawyobad, ramac qveyana sabolood 1995
wlis noemberSi SeerTebuli Statebis mier lobirebul samSvidobo SeTanx-
mebamde miiyvana. am Zalebma, natos samxedro mxardaWerasa da gaeros mier
dawesebul sanqciebTan erTad, aiZula serbi diqtatori, slobodan miloS-
eviCi, keTilsindisierad ewarmoebina molaparakebebi. mogvianebiT, rodesac
arCevnebSi damarcxebis Semdeg miloSeviCs saxelmwifo sadaveebi waarTves
(da saxalxo mRelvarebis Semdeg, rodesac man scada arCevnebis Sedegebis
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 655
gauqmeba), gaerom didi roli Seasrula yofili diqtatori prezidentisa da
samxedro danaSaulSi braldebuli sxva pirebis gasamarTlebis saqmeSi.
civi omis Semdeg gaeros samSvidobo misia ufro xSiri da ambiciuri gax-
da, vidre odesme yofila. mxolod erTi wlis manZilze (1999 wlis ivnisi-2000
wlis ivlisi) gaerom ganaxorciela samSvidobo misia kosovoSi (iugoslavia),
siera-leoneSi (dasavleTi afrika), aRmosavleT timorSi (indoneziis yo-
fili nawili), kongosa (centraluri afrika) da afrikis koncxze (eTiopia
da eritrea). magram es wamowyebebi, risks Seicavs da warmateba garantire-
buli ar aris. magaliTad, 1992 wels gaerom mSvidobismyofelebi gagzavna
somaliSi, raTa xeli Seewyo SimSilis zRvarze myof mosaxleobaSi sursaTis
usafrTxo darigebisaTvis, magram maT Tavs daesxnen amboxebulebi, romle-
bic gaeros dasavleTis (kerZod ki SeerTebuli Statebis) marionetad moiaz-
rebdnen. gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi, Cveulebriv, cdiloben Tavi aaridon
Zalis gamoyenebas da msxverpls, Tumca es yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli, gan-
sakuTrebiT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ra cxel wertilebSi uwevT maT moqmede-
ba. 1948 wlidan dRemde gaeros samSvidobo Zalebma didi danaklisi ganicada
daRupuli 1600 adamianis CaTvliT. samSvidobo misia libansa (244 msxverpli)
da kviprosSi (170 msxverpli) gansakuTrebiT sarisko iyo. am oridan arc erT
SemTxvevaSi konfliqti ar dasrulebula (meomari mxareebisaTvis misaRebi
gadawyvetileba ar moiZebna) da amitom gaeros samSvidobo Zalebi iq isev
imyofebian. 1990-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli 10 samSvidobo operaciidan
umetesoba 15 adamianze naklebi msxverpliT dasrulda, rasac ver vityviT
siera-leoneze _ aq misiis 46 wevri daiRupa.
gaeros mSvidobismyofelebi yovelTvis verc saWiro politikuri cv-
lilebebis gatarebas axerxeben. kambojaSi mSvidobianoba gaeros jarebis
gasvlis Semdeg didxans ar gagrZelebula: 1997 wlis ivnisSi saxelmwifo
gadatrialebis Sedegad gaeros ambiciurma mcdelobam, xeli Seewyo qveya-
naSi demokratiis ganviTarebisaTvis, marcxi ganicada. yofil iugoslaviaSi
gaeros mSvidobismyofelTa mcdelobam, mieRwiaT cecxlis SewyvetisaTvis,
Sedegi mxolod mas Semdeg gamoiRo, rac natos jarebma sahaero da saxmeleTo
mxardaWera aRmouCina samSvidobo operacias. sabolood, serbeTis armia dam-
arcxda da prezidenti miloSeviCi iZulebuli gaxda, molaparakebebi daewyo.
erT-erTi daskvna, rac gaerom bosniisa da kosovos omebidan gaakeTa, aris is,
rom samSvidobo misia regionul konfliqtebs ver SeaCerebs wevr qveyanaTa
samxedro daxmarebisa da regionuli samxedro aliansis (magaliTad, natos)
mxardaWeris gareSe. faqtobrivad, iugoslaviasa da sxvagan miRebuli gamoc-
dileba mtkice argumentia axali regionuli samxedro jgufebis SeqmnisaT-
vis, romlebic imoqmedeben rogorc gaeros samarTaldamcavi organoebi.
gaeros samSvidobo misia zog regionSi mudmiv realobad iqca konfliqtis
saboloo mowesrigebis gareSe (qaSmiri, kviprosi, libani da zemoT dasax-
elebuli magaliTebi). aseTi misiebi gaeros biujetis xarjebis zrdis mud-
mivi mizezi gaxda. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi gaeros samSvidobo misiebze
weliwadSi 3.2 miliardi aSS dolari ixarjeboda da am Tanxis erTi mesamedi
deficituri iyo. 2001 wlis ivlisidan 2002 wlis ivnisamde gegmis mixedviT
gawerili iyo 3-3,5 miliardi aSS dolaris xarji. mTlianobaSi, 1948 wlidan
656 politika mTavrobis gareSe

2001 wlamde samSvidobo operaciebis saerTo danaxarjma daaxloebiT 23 mil-

iardi aSS dolari Seadgina.
amasTan, saWiroa am cifrebis dinamikaSi ganxilva, rasac gaeros mowi-
naaRmdegeebi iSviaTad akeTeben. SedarebisTvis, SeerTebuli Statebis Tav-
dacvis biujeti mxolod 2001 wels 300 miliardi aSS dolari iyo [2009 wels
aSS-s Tavdacvis xarjebi 700 mlrd aSS dolars aWarbebs - mTargmn. Sen]. pen-
tagonisTvis imave priodSi gamoyofili iyo 48 miliardi aSS dolari axali
vertmfrenebis, 67 miliardi aSS dolari TviTmfrinavebis (F-22) SesaZenad
da 223 miliardi aSS dolari axali erToblivi sabrZolo qvedanayofebis
Sesaqmnelad (JSF). am cifrebTan SedarebiT yvela samSvidobo misiis saerTo
xarji Zalian cotaa. rac unda mokrZalebuli iyos am misiebis warmateba,
mainc warmoudgenelia ukeTesi kapitaldabandeba msoflios gadasaxadebis
gadamxdelTaTvis.

gaero da amerikis sazogadoebrivi azri

sazogadoeba gaeros undoblobas ucxadebs. bevrisaTvis gaugebaria,

sinamdvileSi ra funqciebs asrulebs igi. paradoqsia, magram gaeros imijis
problema yovelTvis gansakuTrebulad mwvaved idga SeerTebul StatebSi,
qveyanaSi, sadac mdebareobs gaeros Stab-bina da romelmac yvelaze didi
roli Seasrula mis CamoyalibebaSi. sazogadoebis undobloba gaeros mimarT
metwilad arainformirebulobiTaa gamowveuli. gaeros miCneva Camoyali-
bebis procesSi myof msoflio mTavrobad, igivea, rac zRapris dajereba.
gaero, msoflio organizaciidan, romlis Tavdapirveli mizani omis Ta-
vidan acileba iyo, gadaiqca organizaciad ufro nakleb ambiciuri mizniT,
rogoricaa mSvidobis xelSewyoba (magaliTad, droebiTi zavis (cecxlis Sew-
yvetis) monitoringi, samSvidobo procesze dakvirveba da naxevrad gasamx-
edroebuli Zalebis ganlageba). is aseve Zalian mosaxerxebeli adgilia wevri
qveynebisaTvis dialogisa da umTavres globalur sakiTxebze molaparake-
bebisTvis. gaero aseve arapirdapir uwyobs xels mSvidobis SenarCunebas,
roca ekonomikur da teqnikur daxmarebas uwevs uRaribes qveynebs.
arc is Seesabameba simarTles, rom gaero mxolod da mxolod SeerTebuli
Statebis nebis Semsrulebelia. piriqiT, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac zogierTma
wevrma qveyanam, maT Soris SeerTebulma Statebmac, uari Tqves sawevros gadax-
daze, rodesac ukmayofilo darCnen ama Tu im gadawyvetilebiT (1998 wlis
martSi SeerTebul Statebs 1.3 miliardi dolari davalianeba hqonda gaeros
mimarT). mTlianobaSi, gaerosadmi sxvadasxva qveynis davalianebam 2.5 mili-
ardi aSS dolari Seadgina, rac TiTqmis orjer metia mis wliur biujetze.
amerikis sazogadoebis nawili miiCnevs, rom amerikam sakuTar Tavze didi
tvirTi aiRo. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom gaeros daaxloebiT 1300 mSvidobis-
myofelidan, romlebic 1945 wlidan sxvadasxva misiisas daiRupnen, mxolod
3 procenti iyo amerikeli. kidev erTi, naklebad cnobili faqtia gaeros
mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri wvlili SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikaSi. niu
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 657
iorkis yofili meris, rudolf julianis gancxadebiT, gaeros wyalobiT niu
iork siTis ekonomika 1990-iani wlebis bolos yovelwliurad 3.2 miliardi
aSS dolaris mogebas naxulobda; niu-iorkSi gaeros Stabbinis arsebobam
30600 samuSao adgili Seqmna, rac 1.2 miliardi dolaris wliur gamomuSave-
bas niSnavs.

koleqtiuri samxedro moqmedeba. 1990 wlis agvistoSi, rodesac erayi

quveiTSi SeiWra, gaerom samxedro operaciiT upasuxa. amgvari koleqtiuri
saomari moqmedeba koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis mizniT, romelsac aSS xelmZ-
Rvanelobda, vudro vilsonis auxdeneli ocneba iyo. misi xedviT erTa ligas
samxedro Zala msoflioSi mSvidobisa da samarTlianobis dasacavad unda
gamoeyenebina. gaeros moqmedeba eraySi analogiuri iyo 1950 wels Crdilo-
eT koreis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba. maSinac, koalicias aSS meTaurobda.
amgvarma moqmedebam maSinac problemebi warmoSva. sabWoTa kavSiri ar monaw-
ileobda am operaciaSi. moskovi kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda amerikis
mier gaeros gamoyenebas Tavisi sateliti (damokidebuli) saxelmwifos,
samxreT koreis dasacavad. marTalia, samxedro misia gaeros droSis qveS mim-
dinareobda, es, egreT wodebuli koreis konfliqti, sinamdvileSi iyo omi,
romelsac SeerTebuli Statebi awarmoebda jer CrdiloeT koreis da Semdeg
CineTis winaaRmdeg. samSvidobo operaciis meTauri, generali duglas makar-
turi angariSvaldebuli iyo aSS-s prezidentis da ara gaeros generaluri
mdivnis mimarT.
kidev oTxi aTwleuli gavida, vidre gaero isev CaerTveboda saerTaSor-
iso koaliciaSi agresoris winaaRmdeg. civi omis dros yvela aseTi mcdelo-
ba uSedegod sruldeboda, radgan TiToeuli zesaxelmwifo vetos uflebas
iyenebda meoris mier SemoTavazebuli Zalismieri gamoyenebis SesazRudad.
1990-91 wlebSi, rodesac SeerTebulma Statebma (britaneTis mxardaWer-
iT) eraySi wamoiwyo samxedro operacia `udabnos qariSxali~, gaeros uSiS-
roebis sabWoSi Seikribnen msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebi, raTa gadaew-
yvitaT, rogor epasuxaT erayis agresiisaTvis. es iyo pirveli didi gamocda
gaerosaTvis civi omisSemdgom periodSi. SeerTebulma Statebma moipova
uSiSroebis sabWos mxardaWera erayis winaaRmdeg rezoluciis misaRebad,
mkacri ekonomikuri sanqciebis dasaweseblad da sabolood miiRo Tanxmoba
Zalis gamoyenebaze quveiTidan erayis armiis gansadevnad.
erayis winaaRmdeg omi amerikis moqmedebis Sedegi iyo. gaeros sakuTari
Zalebi eraySi ar gaugzavnia. generaluri mdivani ver akontrolebda verc
koaliciuri Zalebis ganlagebas da verc maT moqmedebas. iq ar imyofeboda
gaeros generaluri Stabi da Sesabamisad ver xelmZRvanelobda koaliciis
wevrTa (ZiriTadad SeerTebuli Statebisa da britaneTis) mier ganxorciele-
bul samxedro Tu diplomatiur operaciebs. igi arc operaciis dafinanse-
baSi monawileobda. saomar moqmedebebs umTavresad amerikis mokavSireebi:
iaponia, germania, quveiTi da saudis arabeTi afinansebda. amitom, ar Sei-
Zleba erayis winaaRmdeg oms gaeros operacia vuwodoT. igi arc koleqtiur
qmedebad SieZleba CaiTvalos. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, es iyo SeerTebuli
658 politika mTavrobis gareSe

Statebis mier Seqmnili da gaeros mier sanqcirebuli farTomasStabiani ko-

alicia. [sparseTis yuris meore omis dros, aSS-m erayis winaaRmdeg samxedro
operacia uSiSroebis sabWos sanqciis gareSe daiwyo - red. Sen.]

didi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis problemebi

warmatebebis miuxedavad, gaerom ver gaamarTla mis SemqmnelTa yvela

imedi. misi damaarseblebi Seecadnen gadaeWraT is proceduruli probleme-
bi, romlis winaSec idga erTa liga, magaliTad, gadawyvetilebis misaRebad
saWiro konsensusi, romelic ligas xSirad xels uSlida adekvaturi zomebis
miRebaSi. amis miuxedavad, gaeroc araerTxel aRmoCnda imave problemebis
winaSe. proceduruli problemebi xSirad politikuri azrTa sxvadasxvao-
bis Sedegia.

universalurobis problema. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa yvela, metnaklebad mniS-

vnelovani sididisa da gavlenis mqone qveynis darwmuneba, raTa SeuerTdnen
did saerTaSoriso organizaciebs da darCnen mis nawilad. winaaRmdeg SemTx-
vevaSi, adre Tu gvian, krizisul situaciaSi gamomJRavndeba aseTi organiza-
ciis araadekvaturoba da igi daiSleba. erTa ligis magaliTiT TvalsaCino
gaxda, rom saWiroa aseT organizacias SeuerTdes yvela Zlieri saxelmwifo
anu yvela, visac Seswevs Zala, daarRvios sayovelTao mSvidoba. gaeros SemTx-
vevaSi amis TvalsaCino magaliTia CineTis saxalxo respublikas, romelic ori
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gaeros miRma rCeboda. dRes gaero universalur
organizaciaa 192 wevri qveyniT, im juja saxelmwifoebis CaTvliT, romlebic
rukaze wertilebad Canan.

uTanasworobis problema. patara saxelmwifoebi did saxelmwifoe-

bTan Tanasworobas moiTxoven saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. sxvagvari
damokidebuleba Seuracxmyofeli iqneba da SesaZloa sxva saxelmwifos
suverenuli qveynis Sida saqmeebSi Carevis saSualeba misces. imave prin-
cipiT, Zlieri saxelmwifoebi moiTxoven, rom maTi upiratesoba gamoCndes
specialur procedurul sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa vetos ufleba, romliTac
gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mudmivi wevrebi sargebloben. sxva SemTxvevaSi,
isini amas sakuTari mniSvnelobis damcirebad miiCneven. ufro metic, vi-
naidan wevr saxelmwifoTa SefardebiTi Zala droTa ganmavlobaSi icvle-
ba, Tavdapirveli formula, romelic aseT sakiTxebs agvarebs, drodadro
gadaxedvas saWiroebs. zogierT qveyanas, romelsac adre didi Zala hqonda,
unda CamoerTvas uwindeli uflebebi, raTa adgili gaTavisufldes aRmav-
lobis fazaSi myofi saxelmwifoebisaTvis. es bevrad metia, vidre ubralod
`teqnikuri~ problema. verc erTi saerTaSoriso organizacia ver SeinarCu-
nebs sicocxlisunarianobas, Tuki ar gadaWris uTanasworobis problemas da
amave dros ar iqneba imdenad moqnili, rom Seicvalos mdgomareobis cvli-
lebasTan erTad.
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 659
kompetenciis problema. xSirad saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Zala ar Sesw-
evT, gadadgan esa Tu is nabiji, radgan mas esa Tu is saxelmwifo ewinaaRmde-
geba. arada, calkeul aseT saxelmwifoebs vetos ufleba SeiZleba arc hqon-
deT. magaliTad, Tuki ganviTarebadi qveynebi gaerTiandebian, maT SeuZliaT
dablokon generaluri asambleis funqcionireba, SesaZloa uSiSroebis sab-
Wos romelime mudmivi wevri daiyolion, veto daados ama Tu im sakiTxs (an,
Teoriulad, maT SeuZliaT umravlesobis mopovebiT dablokon esa Tu is
sakiTxi uSiSroebis sabWoSi). Sedegad, saerTaSoriso organizaciebs akli-
aT im saxis Zalaufleba sxvadasxva sakiTxis gadasaWrelad, rac sabolood
calkeuli mTavrobis kompetenciaSi Sedis. erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac
maT SeuZliaT, aris sayovelTao interesis sferoSi arsebuli konkretuli
sakiTxebis gadaWra (magaliTad, samSvidobo operaciebi).

erTianobis problema. warsulSi yvelaze warmatebuli saerTaSoriso or-

ganizaciebi iyo aliansebi, romlebic saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg iqmneboda.
amis magaliTia saRvTo kavSiri, romelic safrangeTis aRorZinebis SiSiT
Seiqmna. kidev erTi magaliTia Tanamedrove arabuli liga: rom ara saerTo
mtris (israelis) winaaRmdeg gaerTianebis aucilebloba, arabuli qveynebi,
albaT, am bolo aTwleulebis manZilze sisxlismRvrel brZolaSi CaerTve-
bodnen erTmaneTTan. aseve, rom ara komunisturi eqspansiis safrTxe, 1940-
iani wlebis bolosa da 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, CrdiloeT atlantikis
xelSekrulebis organizacia arasodes daarsdeboda. gaerom erTianobis
piks 1990-91 wlebSi miaRwia, rodesac mas msoflios saxelmwifoTa umetesoba
SeuerTda saerTo metoqis _ erayis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Tumca, ro-
gorc ki realuri safrTxe qreba, aliansic sustdeba.

suverenitetis problema. suvereniteti, anu saxelmwifos uzenaesoba ter-

itoriul farglebs SigniT, safuZvlad udevs oTxive zemoxsenebul proble-
mas. qveyanas suvereniteti an aqvs, an ara, an Tavad wyvets sakuTar Sida saq-
meebs, an ara. rogorc mecxramete saukunis amerikelma politikosma jon
kalhunma erTxel aRniSna, qveyana iseve ar SeiZleba nawilobriv suverenuli
iyos, rogorc qali nawilobriv fexmZime. ase rom, efeqtiani msoflio mTav-
robis Seqmna mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu arsebuli mTavro-
bebi daTanxmdebian daTmon suvereniteti ufro zemdgomi xelisuflebis sa-
sargeblod. am perspeqtivas ki saxelmwifoTa (da politikosTa) umetesoba
Zalze sariskod miiCnevs SiSiT, crurwmenebiTa da undoblobiT gamsWvalu-
li msoflios pirobebSi.

saerTaSoriso samarTali

mSvidobisa da harmoniulobis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia mxolod dRe-

vandeli eri-saxelmwifoebis sistemis pirobebSi. am konteqstSi saerTaSor-
iso samarTals SeuZlia gaaZlieros saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, raTa maT
ufro mSvidobiani da usafrTxo msoflios ganviTarebas Seuwyon xeli.
660 politika mTavrobis gareSe

350 wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso sistema regulirdeba saerTaSor-

iso samarTliT. es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs saxelmwifoTa uflebebsa da
movaleobebs erTmaneTis mimarT. `TamaSis wesebi~, romlebic suverenulma
saxelmwifoebma aRiares, ZiriTadad xelSekrulebebiT gamoixateba. saerTa-
Soriso samarTlis sxva, aseve farTod aRiarebuli wyaroebia Cveuleba da
konvencia; samarTlianobasa da moralze dafuZnebuli zogadi principebi;
agreTve, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi da avtoritetuli iuristebis swav-
lebani.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze cnobil kodifikaciad rCeba hugo gro-
ciusis (omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb naSromi), romelic gamoqveynda 1625 wels,
ocdasami wliT adre, sanam 1648 wels vestfaliis zaviT eri-saxelmwifoTa
sistemis dabadeba oficialurad gamocxaddeboda. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis warmoSoba daemTxva TamaSis wesebis
Camoyalibebas, romliTac saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mowesrigeba xdeba.
vestfaliis zavis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso samarTali yoveldRiuri msoflio
politikis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda.

sargeblianoba

erTi wuTiT warmoidgineT uamravi praqtikuli SekiTxva, romlebzec sar-

wmuno pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia saerTaSoriso normebisa da konvenciebis
gareSe. rogor SeiZleba ganisazRvros sazRvrebi xmeleTsa da zRvaze? da-
vuSvaT, or saxelmwifos Soris sazRvarze mdinarea, vin gadawyvetda: (1) sad
unda gaevlo sazRvars: mdinaris napirebs Soris, mis kalapotze, Tu mdinaris
zustad centrSi; (2) mdinare unda yofiliyo Tu ara naosnobisTvis Ria erTi
saxelmwifosaTvis, orive saxelmwifosaTvis, Tu arc erTisaTvis; (3) aqvT Tu
ara mdinaris saTaveSi mdebare saxelmwifoebs dambebis, hidroeleqtrosad-
gurebisa da rezervuarebis aSenebis ufleba mdinareebze, romlebic dinebis
boloSi sxva saxelmwifoebis teritoriazec miedineba? am saxis kiTxvebi
Tavs iCendnen saerTaSoriso urTierTobis bevr sxva SemTxvevasa da sferoSi.
ras SeuZlia ama Tu im ucxo qveyanaSi akreditebuli diplomatiuri warmo-
madgenlebis usafrTxoebis garantireba? rogor mowesrigdeba moZraoba Ria
zRvaSi? vin wyvets, unda hqondes Tu ara neitralur saxelmwifos ufleba,
gaagrZelos normaluri savaWro urTierToba omSi CarTul orive dapiri-
spirebul mxaresTan? esaa ramdenime im arsebiTi mniSvnelobis sakiTxTagan,
romelTa gadawyvetac uaRresad rTuli iqneboda saerTaSoriso samarTlis
arsebobis gareSe.

Sesruleba da iZuleba

gasaocaria, magram saerTaSoriso samarTals adgenen da axorcieleben is

saxelmwifoebi, romelTa SesazRudadac iqmneba igi. rogorc erTi avtori
aRniSnavs:
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 661
Tavisi arsebobis oTxasi wlis manZilze, saerTaSoriso samarTalis
zedmiwevniT akvirdebodnen. roca misi erT-erTi kanoni irRveoda,
amas yovelTvis ar mohyveboda saTanado reagireba. xolo roca sadam-
sjelo qmedebas mimarTavdnen, is ar iyo yovelTvis efeqtiani. da mainc,
ar iqneba swori uarvyoT saerTaSoriso samarTlis, rogorc savalde-
bulo wesebis sistemis arseboba.14

saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganxorcieleba yovelTvis did siZneleebs ukav-

Sirdeboda. damnaSaves saxelmwifo sjis kanonis ZaliT, magram saerTaSor-
iso sferoSi arc erTi saxelmwifo ar aris mmarTveli (cxadia, arc gaero).
cxadia isic, rom SeuZlebelia saxelmwifoTa dapatimreba, gasamarTleba da
cixeSi Casma. Tumca, maTi dasja mainc SesaZlebelia. mTavrobaTa funqciuri
ekvivalenti saerTaSoriso sistemaSi ZalTa balansia. sxva sityvebiT, `kanon-
damrRvevebad miCneuli~ saxelmwifoebi, sxva saxelmwifoebisgan diploma-
tiuri SezRudvebis, ekonomikuri embargos an blokadis msxverplni xdebian.
eqstremalur situaciaSi SesaZlebelia maT sazRvrebSi SeWra da dapyroba.
aseve, ar aris marTali mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso samarTals aranairi
Zala ar aqvs da did eri-saxelmwifoebs arasdros mouwevT daemorCilon mis
diqtats. sinamdvileSi saerTaSoriso da saxelmwifos samarTals Soris gan-
sxvaveba intensivobazea damokidebuli: im dros, roca rigiTi moqalaqeebi,
rogorc wesi, umal elian sasjels kanonis darRvevisas, mTavrobebs ufro
xSirad SeuZliaT daarRvion kanoni da darCnen dausjelni. amis gaTval-
iswinebiT, politikuri zewola saerTaSoriso samarTlis moTxovnaTa Sesas-
ruleblad realuri da azriania. amis Tanamedrove magaliTi iyo serbeTis
xelisuflebis mier iZulebis gziT miRebuli gadawyvetileba eqs-prezident
miloSeviCis gaeros tribunalisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb.
sapasuxo politikuri reaqciis SiSi ar aris imis erTaderTi mizezi, rom
mTavrobaTa umravlesoba umeteswilad mihyveba saerTaSoriso TamaSis we-
sebs. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, yvela qveyanas SeuZlia saerTaSoriso wesebisa
da regulaciebis unificirebuli sistemidan sargeblis miReba. am wesebis
gareSe saerTaSoriso vaWroba, mogzauroba da turizmi Zalian garTulde-
boda, xolo saerTaSoriso finansuri transaqciebi, ucxouri investiciebi,
teqnologiuri transferi, safosto da telekomunikaciebi lamis SeuZle-
beli iqneboda. diplomatiuri imunitetis saguldagulod damuSavebuli da
farTod aRiarebuli wesebis gareSe Zalian cota mTavroba gagzavnida Tavis
warmomadgenels ucxo qveynis dedaqalaqSi. arsebul garemoebebSi saeWvoa,
SeuZlia Tu ara nebismier mTavrobas, qedmaRlurad Sexedos saerTaSoriso
samarTals. diplomatiuri izolaciis, ekonomikuri ngrevisa da samxedro
SurisZiebis safrTxis winaSe mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi, xelSkrulebebs, kon-
venciebsa da zogad wesebs mxolod yvelaze eqstremalur, gamonaklis situa-
ciebSi arRveven.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis SemTxvevaSic Zala yvela saxis politikis
safuZvlad rCeba. uzrunvelmyofi Zalis gareSe kanoni farsia. saerTaSor-
iso scenaze policiis rols saerTaSoriso aqtorebi individualurad an
koleqtiurad TamaSoben. amrigad, ZalTa balansi `aucilebeli mdgomareo-
662 politika mTavrobis gareSe

baa TviT saerTaSoriso samarTlis arsebobisaTvis.~15

saerTaSoriso samarTali Tanamedrove epoqaSi

meore msoflio omamde saerTaSoriso samarTlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

nawili gaxldaT Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi, riTac Camoayalibes omis we-
sebi. 1945 wlidan saerTaSoriso samarTali gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda ram-
denime mniSvnelovan sferoSi, maT Soris, SeiaraRebis kontrolis sakiTxebSi.
samomavlod, mosalodnelia, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali dainteresdeba
ekologiuri problemebiT.

Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi. mecxramete saukunis Sua xanebamde omis

wesebi gansazRvruli ar iyo. 1856 wels ramdenime Zlierma saxelmwifom mxari
dauWira mravalmxriv saerTaSoriso konferenciaTa seriebs, romelic dag-
virgvinda parizis deklaraciiT, romelic zRudavda oms zRvaSi, ukanonod
acxadebda mekobreobasa da akanonebda sazRvao blokadis formebs. ufro
mniSvnelovani iyo 1864 wlis Jenevis konvencia (gadaxedil iqna 1906 wels),
romelic exeboda brZolis velze daWrilTa mopyrobas. kidev ufro didi mniS-
vnelobis iyo 1899 wlis haagis konvencia, romelmac gaamaxvila yuradReba
saxmeleTo omis wesebze. 1907 wels haagis meore konferenciaze gadaixeda 1899
wlis normebi meomar da neitralur saxelmwifoTa uflebebisa da movaleo-
bebis Sesaxeb. aseve, wamoWril iqna sakiTxebi axali saxis iaraRis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa e. w. `centrdakarguli~ tyviebi [tyvia, romelic mizanSi
moxvedris Semdeg iSleba da mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs msxverpls, amJamad
akrZalulia - mTargmn. Sen.] momwamvleli gazi da gaziT savse naRmebi.

SeiaraRebaze kontrolis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi. arc erTi sakiTxi ar Canda

imdenad mniSvnelovani, rogorc SeiaraRebaze ormxrivi kontrolis Sesaxeb
molaparakebebi aSS-sa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris civi omis dros (ix. cxrili
18-3). imis miuxedavad, rom es molaparakebebi mravalricxovani da sapirisp-
iro iyo, maT birTvul Sekavebaze gavlena mainc moaxdines.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam, gaumjobesebulma urTierTobam aSS-sa da ruseTs
Soris, ubiZga aSS-sa da ruseTs SeiaraRebis SezRudvis sakiTxebze molapara-
keba gaemarTaT. yvelaze mniSvnelovania 1993 wlis strategiuli SeiaraRebis
Semcirebis xelSekruleba II (START II), romlis safuZvelzec birTvuli qo-
binebis raodenoba, pirveli msgavsi xelSekrulebis mixedviT Semcirebul
donesTan SedarebiT, kidev 60 procentiT Semcirda. metic, START II-ma akrZala
mravalqobiniani saxmeleTo raketebi da Seamcira wyalqveSa gemebis atomuri
qobinebic. aSS-sa da ruseTs imedi hqondaT, rom `SeZlebdnen gamanadgure-
beli omis safrTxis Semcirebas iseTi saxis birTvuli iaraRis akrZalviT,
romelsac orive zesaxelmwifo gamoiyenebda prevenciuli dartymisas.~16
bolo ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiaraRebis kontrolis mizniT miRe-
buli xelSekrulebebi mravalmxrivi gaxda da mas miuerTda msoflios bevri
qveyana. molaparakebaTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia:
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 663
• 1959 wlis antarqtidis SeTanxmebam akrZala yvela saxis samxedro saqmi-
anoba antarqtidis kontinentze da yovel xelmomwer mxares misca sahaero
meTvalyureobis ufleba. aseve, akrZala birTvuli mrewvelobis narCenebiT
garemos dabinZureba da waaxalisa TanamSromloba samecniero gamokvlevebi-
sas.
• 1967 wlis kosmosis SeTanxmebam akrZala kosmosSi birTvuli iaraRis,
mTvaresa da planetebze samxedro bazebis ganlageba da akrZala kosmosur
sivrceze romelime saxelmwifos pretenziebi.
• 1968 wlis birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmebam SezRuda
xelmomweri qveynebi birTvuli iaraRisa da masalebis gacemasa da miRebaSi.
im dros, roca qveyanaTa umravlesobam xeli moawera am molaparakebas, ram-
denime xelmomweri ar emorCileboda am wess. irans, erays, libias, pakistan-
sa da indoeTs xeli ar mouweriaT am SeTanxmebaze.
• 1971 wlis zRvis fskeris SeTanxmebam akrZala birTvuli iaraRis gamoc-
da wyalqveS TiToeuli qveynis 12-miliani sasazRvro radiusis gareT.
• 1972 wlis biologiur iaraRis konvenciam savaldebulo gaxada biolo-
giuri rezervebis ganadgureba da ukanonod gamoacxada am saxis iaraRis
Senaxva da warmoeba.
• 1993 wlis qimiuri iaraRis konvencia miznad isaxavs aTi wlis ganmav-
lobaSi qimiuri iaraRis ganadgurebas. aSS-is senatma SeTanxmebis ratifi-
kacia 1997 wels moaxdina.

amgvari SeTanxmebebis molodini usasrulo araa. mTavrobebi, rogorc wesi,

xels ar aweren xelSekrulebebs, romlebic arasasurvel valdebulebebs uwe-
sebs mas. magaliTad, aSS-m gamoacxada, rom mas isedac ar ganuzraxavs qimiuri
iaraRis ganviTareba (erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad ar eyrd-
noboda am saxis iaraRs) im dros, roca man xeli moawera qimiuri iaraRis kon-
vencias. iq, sadac qcevis wesebis Sesaxeb molaparakeba qveynebisagan moiTxovs
maTTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze uaris Tqmas, saerTaSoriso samarTali ar
aris sakmarisad efeqturi.

saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemos dacva. mosalodnelia, rom moma-

valSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis is nawili, romelic garemosa da ekologias
Seexeba, sagrZnoblad gaizrdeba da gafarTovdeba. zog mecniers miaCnia,
rom iaraRis SezRudvis molaparakebebis gamocdileba safuZvlad daedeba
transnacionaluri ekologiuri molaparakebebis axal epoqas.
ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, rogoricaa monrealis protokoli, ro-
melic krZalavs ozonis garsisaTvis saSiS nivTierebaTa gamoyenebas (ix. Can-
arTi `saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemo: monrealis protokoli~), saerTa-
Soriso ekologiur molaparakebaTa raodenoba da farglebi SezRudulia.
SeiaraRebis msgavsad, ekologiuri sakiTxebic, rogorc wesi, erovnuli su-
verenitetis sferoSi eqceva. Tumca resursebis amowurva, gadaSenebis zR-
varze myofi saxeobebi da adamianis mier gamowveuli cvlilebebi biosfer-
oSi is sakiTxebia, romlebic, birTvuli omis SesaZleblobis msgavsad, yvela
qveyanaze axdens gavlenas.
664 politika mTavrobis gareSe

cxrili 18.3
SeiaraRebis kontrolis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi
SeerTebul Statebsa dayofil sabWoTa kavSirs/ruseTs Soris
TariRi SeTanxmeba ZiriTadi miznebi

1963 cxeli xazis Sesaxeb amyarebs mTavrobebs Soris pirdapir radio da satele-
grafo sakomunikacio sistemas, romelic gamoiyeneba
krizisis periodebSi.

1971 cxeli xazis modernizaciis Sesaxeb safuZvels uyris cxeli xazis satelituri sakomunika-
cio sistemis amoqmedebas.

1971 birTvuli avariebis Sesaxeb qmnis birTvuli iaraRis SemTxveviTi an arasanqcire-

buli afeTqebis Sesaxeb Setyobinebis process; qmnis
SemTxveviTobis Tavidan acilebis garantiebs.

1972 antibalistikuri raketebis Sesaxeb zRudavs antibalistikuri raketebisagan dacvis sis-

(SALT 1) temebis gafarToebas erT teritoriaze da krZalavs
kosmosuri raketsawinaaRmdego dacvis sistemebis Se-
qmnas.
1972 SALT 1-is droebiTi xelSekruleba Tav-
dasxmis strategiuli iaraRis Sesaxeb xuTwliani periodiT yinavs supersaxelmwifoTa xelT
arsebuli balistikuri raketis gamSvebis mowyobilo-
bebis mTlian raodenobas.
1972 droebiTi SeTanxmebis protokoli
ganmartavs da aZlierebs strategiul iaraRze Tavda-
pirvel SezRudvas.
1972 Ria zRvis Sesaxeb
ayalibebs okeaniaze krizisis gamomwvevi incidentebis
Tavidan acilebis procedurebs.
1973 birTvuli omis Tavidan acilebis
Sesaxeb supersaxelmwifoTagan moiTxovs konsultaciebs
birTvuli omis safrTxis gaCenis SemTxvevaSi.

1974 birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa gamoc- zRudavs 150 kilotonaze meti wonis birTvuli iaraRis
dilebis SezRudvis Seesaxeb araregalur gamocdas.

1974 antibalistikuri raketebis Sesaxeb

SeTanxmebis protokoli
1976 birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa gamocdis
SezRudvis Sesaxeb samSvidobo miznebiT
amcirebs antibalistikuri raketebis dasaSveb raode-
nobas erT teriroriaze.
afarToebs 1974 wlis SeTanxmebiT gansazRvrul
akrZalvas birTvuli iaraRis miwisqveSa gamocdis Tao-
baze; moiTxovs damkvirveblebis daswrebas 150 kilo-
tonaze meti wonis iaraRis gamocdisas.

1977 konvencia samxedro an nebismieri sxva

mtruli miznebiT garemos Semcvleli te- krZalavs iaraRs, romelic planetis ekologiis modi-
qnikis gamoyenebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb ficirebis safrTxes qmnis.

1979 Salt II (araratificirebuli)

awesebs strategiuli matareblebis, MIRV-ed raketebis,
grZeldistanciuri bombdamSenis, frTiani raketebis,
kontinentTaSorisi balistikuri raketebis da sxva iara-
Ris zRvars; zRudavs iaraRis gamocdas.
1987 birTvuli riskis Semcirebis centrebis
Sesaxeb orive qveynis dedaqalaqSi qmnis birTvul krizisis
marTvis berketebs.
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 665
TariRi SeTanxmeba ZiriTadi miznebi

1987 saSualo radiusis birTvuli anadgurebs SeerTebul Statebisa da ssrk-s saxmeleTo, sa-
Zalebis SeTanxmeba Sualo da mokle radiusis birTvul iaraRs evropaSi da rTavs
adgilze inspeqtirebis uflebas

1990 qimiuri iaraRis ganadgurebis bolos uRebs qimiuri iaraRis warmoebas; anaxevrebs qimiuri
Sesaxeb iaraRis inventaris raodenobas 1999 wlisaTvis, xolo 2002
wlis bolosaTvis 5 aTas metrul tonamde amcirebs.

1990 molaparakebebi birTvuli gamoc- axali protokoli aumjobesebs verifikaciis procedurebs.

dis Sesaxeb

1991 START (SeTanxmeba strategiuli 30%-iT amcirebs strategiuli birTvuli iaraRis arsenals.
iaraRis Semcirebis Sesaxeb)

1992 START I protokoli ruseTis, belorusiis, ukrainisa da yazaxeTisagan moiTxovs

strategiuli iaraRis Semcirebas yofili ssrk-s mier START-
iT SeTanxmebuli pirobebis mixedviT.

1992 Ria cis SeTanxmeba nebas rTavs SeuiaraRebel TviTmfrinavebs dakvirvebis

mizniT ifrinon SeerTebuli Statebis, ruseTisa da maTi mo-
kavSireebis Tavze.

1992 erToblivi safrTxis Semcirebis uzrunvelyofs ruseTs mravalgvari mowyobilobebiTa da

Sesaxeb daxmarebiT strategiuli matareblebis sistemis usafrTxo
ganadgurebis, birTvuli sabrZolo muxtis transpor-
tirebis, birTvuli iaraRis radiaqtiuli narCenebis damarx-
visas fizikuri dacvis, sabrZolo muxtis balansirebis da
qimiuri da biologiuri iaraRis ganadgurebisa da mowyobi-
lobaTa demontaJisaTvis.

1993 START II 2003 wlisaTvis amcirebs SeerTebul Statebsa da ruseTSi

strategiuli birTvuli qobinebis raodenobas 3000-dan
3500-mde; krZalavs mravaljeradi gamoyenebis saxmeleTo
sistemebs.
1995
Zalze gamdidrebuli uranis amcirebs birTvuli sabrZolo daSlis Sedegad miRebuli
Sesaxeb birTvuli sawvavis diversiisa da moparvis risks samTavrobo
Sesyidvebisa da samoqalaqo daniSnulebis reaqtorSi sawva-
vad gamoyenebis gziT.
1997
birTvuli sawvavis Semcirebis krZalavs birTvuli sawvavis warmoebas birTvuli iaraRis an
Sesaxeb sxva birTvuli afeTqebis mowyobilobebisaTvis.

1997 avaldebulebs SeerTebul Statebs xeli Seuwyos ruseTSi

konversiis Sesaxeb plutonis mwarmoebeli darCenili sami reaqtoris gadakeTe-
bas ise, rom veRar awarmoos iaraRis klasis plutoni; pro-
eqtis dasruleba 2000 wlis bolosaTvis iyo navaraudevi,
magram savaraudoa, rom 2002 wlisTvis dasruldeba.

1998 wels moskovis samitze ganaxlebuli xelSekruleba, rom

1997 START III SeerTebuli Statebi da ruseTi aRar ganadgebs 2000-2500-ze
met strategiul birTvul sabrZolo qobins kontinentTa-
Soris balistikur raketebze, wyalqveSa navis balistikur
raketebze da strategiul bombdamSenebze 2007 wlis 31
dekembrisaTvis, START II-is xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis
molodinSi.
666 politika mTavrobis gareSe

saerTaSoriso samarTali da garemo: monrealis protokoli

monrealis protokoli, formalurad cnobili, rogorc protokoli

nivTierebebze, romlebic cveTen ozonis safars, aRiarebulia yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan ekologiur SeTanxmebad istoriaSi da saerTaSoriso samarTlis
axali epoqis momaswavebel modelad. kibos gamomwvevi ultraiisferi ra-
diaciisgan planetis damcavi ozonis sferos eroziam SeaSfoTa msoflio
sazogadoeba. 1986 wels ocdasamma saxelmwifom SeimuSava 1999 wlisaTvis
florofluorokarbonebis (cnobilia CFC saxeliT da farTod gamoiyeneba
avtomobilebis kondicionerebSi) 50 procentiT Semcirebis gegma. 1990 wels
londonSi ganaxlda molaparakeba, romlis mixedviTac 2000 wlisaTvis CFC
srulad unda aRmofxvriliyo. ori wlis Semdeg kopenhagenSi 80-ze meti
qveynis warmomadgenlebi SeTanxmdnen, es vada 1996 wlamde gadmoewiaT da
aekrZalaT ramdenime saziano nivTiereba. 1992 wels aSS-m erTpirovnulad
gamoacxada Tanxmoba monrealis protokolis modifikaciaze.
monrealis protokolis modifikaciis uprecedento masStabebma daamS-
vida garemos cvilebiT SeSinebuli bevri adamiani. da mainc, molaparakebis
Sedegebis ganxorcieleba rTuli aRmoCnda. Zalian neli tempebiT mimdin-
areobda ganviTarebadi qveynebisa saerTaSoriso subsidireba, raTa maT SeeZ-
inaT iseTi teqnologiebi, romelic ar daazianebda ozons. xelSekrulebis
kritika sxvadasxva mxridan gaismoda. zogs xelSekruleba usargeblod mi-
aCnda, sxvebs sjerodaT, rom is Zalian cotas cvlida.
da mainc, arsebobda faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebi, rom es mniSvnelovani
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba SeiZleba efeqtianad moqmedebdes. 1997 wels
gamoqveynebuli holandiuri kvlevisas erTmaneTs Seadares sam mosalod-
nel scenari: pirveli, ar arsebobda araviTari SezRudvebi ozonis fenis
gamanadgurebel qimiur nivTierebebze; meore, xorcieldeboda monrealis 1987
wlis protokolis SeTanxmebebi da mesame, xorcieldeboda ufro mkacri ko-
penhagenis SeTanxmebebi. Sedegebi STambeWdavi aRmoCnda. `Tu SeadarebT imas,
ra SeiZleba momxdariyo sxva SemTxvevaSi, dainaxavT saocar warmatebas.~

globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb molaparakeba (ganxiluli msoflio li-

derebis mier kiotoSi, iaponia, 1997 wlis dekemberSi) kargi magaliTia imisa,
raoden Znelia saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba. bevri
mecnieri, maT Soris geofizikosebi da meteorologebi, winaswarmetyvele-
ben dedamiwaze globalur daTbobas momaval saukuneSi. msoflio masStabis
globaluri daTbobis efeqti SeiZleba damRupveli iyos, uaryofiTad imo-
qmedos msoflio klimatze, gamofitos niadagi da gamoiwvios zRvis donis
mateba, rac daemuqreba bevr sanapiro qveyanas.
globaluri daTbobis umTavresi mizezia naxSirorJangi, romelic war-
moiqmneba navTobis, naxSirisa da sxvaTa Sida wvis ZravaSi wvis Sedegad. magram
aSS-Si arsebobs politikuri opozicia nebismier molaparakebaze, romelic
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 667
xels SeuSlida, SeaCerebda an SezRudavda sawvavis moxmarebas. profkavSirebs
afiqrebs samuSao adgilebis dakargva. mrewvelobis umsxvilesi dargebis
warmomadgenlebi damatebiTi samarTlebrivi SeRavaTebis dawesebas iTxoven.
skeptikosebi kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben kompiuteruli modelirebis gziT
miRebul Sedegebs da eeWvebaT, rom globaluri daTboba saerTod moxdeba.
fiqroben, rom SesaZlebelia misi Sedegebis advilad gadatana.
am sakiTxze msoflioSi mravali gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs. ev-
ropis qveynebi ekologiuri standartebis momxreni arian, rac mxardaWeras
ver poulobs aSS kongresSi. karibis zRvisa da wynari okeanis samxreTiT
mdebare qveynebis mcire raodenoba sakuTar Tavs globaluri daTbobisas
yvelaze maRali riskis qveS miiCnevs (magaliTad, zRvis donis mxolod ori
futiT matebasac ki SeuZlia safrTxeSi Caagdos maTi sanapiro biznesi da
daabinZuros wyali). es qveynebi kidev ufro mkacr standartebs lobireben,
vidre evropa. am dros, ganviTarebadma qveynebma, maT Soris CineTma, in-
doeTma da braziliam, uari Tqves nebismieri saxis molaparakebaze. navTob-
mompovebeli qveynebi, rogoricaa saudis arabeTi, nebismieri saxis momaval
molaparakebas miiCneven ekonomikurad sazianod da agrZeleben maT katego-
riul oponirebas.
erT-erTi pirveli umniSvnelovanesi sagareo politikuri gadawyvetile-
ba, romelic jorj buSma miiRo, iyo is, rom xels ar moawerda kiotos xelSek-
rulebas. am gadawyvetilebam farTo kritika daimsaxura sazRvargareT, qvey-
nis SigniT ki sapirispiro reaqcia gamoiwvia. globaluri daTbobis Sesaxeb
xelSekrulebis gaurkveveli Sinaarsi kidev erTi mxarea, raSic is Seiara-
Rebis SezRudvis xelSekrulebebs waagavs: maTze mosalaparakeblad mravali
welia saWiro, kidev ufro meti _ maT gansaxorcieleblad da es procesi
yovelTvis politikosebisa da politikis gavlenis qveS aris.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRuduloba

xelSekrulebebi, romelTa mizania omis ukanonod cnoba (magaliTad 1928

wlis brian-kelogis paqti, romlis ratifikaciac sabolood samocdaoTxma
qveyanam moaxdina) da molaparakebebi, romlebic mSvidobisa da saerTaSor-
iso urTierTgagebis ganviTarebisaTvis imarTeba (magaliTad gaeros qar-
tia), iSviaTad uZleben drois gamocdas an saxelmwifoTa ambiciebs. mezobe-
li qveynebis mier xelmowerili yvelaze Tavmdabali `megobrobis~ paqtebic
ki saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi irRveoda.
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemas aklia sami praqtikuli winapiroba
msoflio samarTlebrivi normebis misaRebad. pirveli, dResdReobiT ar ar-
sebobs saerTaSoriso sakanonmdeblo organo, generaluri asambleis garda,
romlis Zalauflebac umniSvneloa. meore, arc erT saerTaSoriso aRmas-
rulebel organos ar aqvs ufleba, inicireba moaxdinos da ganaxorcielos
saerTaSoriso samarTali (simbolurad, gaeros generalur mdivans akisria
es movaleoba, magram, am SemTxvevaSic, am organos brZanebebs ar aqvs real-
uri Zala). mesame, ar arsebobs saSualeba, aiZulo suverenuli mTavrobebi,
668 politika mTavrobis gareSe

uTanxmoebebi gansaxilvelad warudginon saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos an

daemorCilon mis verdiqts.
gadawyvetilebebis ganxorcieleba aris im eri-saxelmwifoebis preroga-
tiva, romlebic xSirad am gadawyvetilebebs naxevrad an saerTod ar axor-
cieleben. manam, sanam saerTaSoriso samarTals aklia ganWvretadoba da Tan-
mimdevruloba, kanonis uzenaesobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, is mTavrobebis
mxolod darwmunebas Tu SeZlebs, magram ara iZulebisas.

saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo. saerTaSoriso samarTlis moqmedebis araefeq-

tianoba naTlad Cans saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos muSaobaSi. saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlo gaurkveveli institutia, romelic ikribeba haagaSi (holandiis
Zvel dedaqalaqSi). igi gaeros qartiaSi Camoyalibebuli eqvsi umTavresi
organodan erT-erTia. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo aris sruliad kanonierad
dafuZnebuli sasamarTlo organo mosamarTleebiT, proceduruli kanonebi-
Ta da tribunaliT, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom mas aklia cxadad
dadgenili iurisdiqcia.
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo erT-erTia dasavleTis samyaros im sasamarTlo-
Tagan, romelsac gansaxilveli saqme iSviaTad aqvs. samuSaos nakleboba warmo-
Sobilia ara saerTaSoriso uTanxmoebaTa ararsebobiT, aramed uTanxmoebaTa
mimarTebaSi sasamarTlos gaurkveveli iurisdiqciiT. monawile saxelmwifoe-
bma unda imoqmedon saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos 36-e muxlis mixedviT, romelic
ambobs:

mocemuli wesdebis xelmomwer qveynebs nebismier dros SeuZli-

aT gamoacxadon, rom im qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic aseve aRi-
arebs am valdebulebas, isinic aRiareben savaldebulod sasamarTlos
iurisdiqcias yvela samarTlebriv uTanxmoebaSi, romelic exeba: (1)
xelSekrulebis interpretacias, (2) nebismier kiTxvas saerTaSoriso
samarTalTan dakavSirebiT, (3) nebismieri faqtis arsebobas, romelic
dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi arRvevs saerTaSoriso movaleobas.

sxva sityvebiT, mTavrobebi kanoniT movaleni arian daemorCilon sa-

samarTlos gadawyvetilebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT micemuli aqvT
Tanxmoba sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvaze. maT SeuZliaT winaswar gaa-
keTon deklaracia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb, rogorc
maT 36-e muxli mouwodebs an daemorCilon mas garkveuli pirobebis gaTval-
iswinebiT.
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos arsebobis pirveli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi
42-ma mTavrobam gamoTqva survili, damorCileboda sasamarTlos savaldeb-
ulo iurisdiqcias. es kanonze dafuZnebuli msoflio wesrigis mimarTule-
biT win gadadgmul nabijad iyo aRqmuli. Tumca, saerTaSoriso saqmeebSi, is-
eve, rogorc zogadad cxovrebaSi, yvelaferi ise araa, rogorc Cans. am mxriv
sainteresoa amerikis damokidebuleba 36-e muxlis mimarT. aSS-sgan, moelo-
dnen, rom is ufro medgrad ibrZolebda saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativis-
cemaze dafuZnebuli stabiluri da mowesrigebuli samyarosaTvis, magram
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 669
aSS-s 1946 wlis 14 agvistos deklaracia, rom amerika Tanxmobas acxadebda
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiqciaze, sinamdvileSi
diplomatiuri xriki iyo. is acxadebda:

deklaracia ar gamoiyeneba, roca saqme exeba: a) uTanxmoebebs,

romlTa gadaWrasac mxareebi andoben sxva tribunals ukve arsebuli
molaparakebebis safuZvelze an romelTa gadaWrac SesaZlebelia mo-
mavalSi; b) im uTanxmoebebs, romlebic exeba arsebiTad aSS-is saSinao
iurisdiqciaSi arsebul sakiTxebs, radgan mas Tavad amerika gadaw-
yvets; g) uTanxmoebebs, romlebic Tavs iCens mravalmxrivi xelSek-
rulebebidan garda im SemTxvevebisa, Tu (1) SeTanxmebis yvela monawile
mxare, romlebzec gavlenas axdens gadawyvetileba, aris saerTaSoriso
sasamarTloSi ganxilvis mxare an (2) aSS-i eTanxmeba iurisdiqcias.

es niSnavs, rom aSS daTanxmdeba sasamarTlos savaldebulo iurisdiqcias

mxolod misTvis sasurvel SemTxvevaSi da ara avtomaturad. aSS-is Tanxmoba
savaldebulo iurisdiqciaze ar iyo unikaluri. Tanamedrove samyaros arc
erTi mTavroba ar daTanxmebula upirobod damorCileboda saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlos.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo. vinmem SeiZ-

leba ifiqros, rom Tu aSS an sxva romelime saxelmwifo itvirTavda lidero-
bas saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosTan gonieri urTierTobis damyarebis saqme-
Si, SesaZloa, sxva qveynebic mihyolodnen maT kvals. ram unda SeuSalos xeli
aSS-s da, vTqvaT, did britaneTs, raTa maT dadon piroba, rom momavalSi maT
Soris uTanxmoebaTa gadawyvetas msoflio sasamarTlos andobdnen? yovel
SemTxvevaSi, garegnulad mainc arafers SeeZlo daebrkolebina qveynebs So-
ris aseTi xelSekrulebis dadeba. Tumca, es SesaZlebelic rom yofiliyo,
ratom iqneboda saWiro? erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi aSS-sa da britaneTs
Zalian mcire uTanxmoeba Tu hqoniaT, romelic xangrZliv molaparakebas
saWiroebda; nebismieri uTanxmoeba momavalSic mcire da umniSvnelo iqneba,
axlo mokavSireebSi iSviaTia azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, romelsac sasamarTlo
garCeva dasWirdeba. cxadia, savaldebulo iurisdiqciis efeqtianoba ver
gaizomeba, roca or mTavrobas esoden megobrul urTierToba aqvs erTmaneT-
Tan. nebismieri uTanxmoeba, romlis gamosworebac SeuZlebelia Cveulebrivi
diplomatiis gziT, isedac gadaecema gasarCevad saerTaSoriso tribunals.
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos sargebloanoba gamoicada 1980-ian wlebSi,
nikaraguis yofil marqsistul reJimsa da reiganis administracias Soris
warmoSobili dapirispirebisas. 1985 wels aRiZra saqme saerTaSoriso sa-
samarTloSi aSS-is winaaRmdeg. is daadanaSaules sazRvris danaRmvasa da
ajanyebulTa mxardaWeraSi. saxelmwifo departamentma gamoacxada, rom aSS-
is mTavroba process boikots ucxadebda da uars ambobda nikaraguis mTav-
robasTan molaparakebebze. prezidentma reiganma es qmedeba imiT gaamarTla,
rom nikaragua sasamarTlos politikuri da propagandistuli miznebisaT-
vis iyenebda. 1986 wlis ivnisSi sasamarTlom aSS-is gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni
670 politika mTavrobis gareSe

gamoitana. nikaraguis iniciativiT gaeros usafrTxoebis sabWom kenWi uyara

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis mxardaWeris sakiTxs. kenWisyra aSS-is sawi-
naaRmdegod dasrulda: 11 xma 1-is winaaRmdeg (didma britaneTma, safrangeT-
ma da tailandma Tavi Seikaves, aSS-m vetos ufleba gamoiyena). samwuxarod,
rogorc es winaaRmdegobebiT savse saqme gviCvenebs, savaldebulo iuiris-
diqciasTan dakavSirebuli problema, iseve, rogorc zogadad saerTaSoriso
samarTali, yvelaze naklebefeqtiani iq, sadac yvelaze metad saWiroa.
1998 wlis TebervalSi saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom mniSvnelovan saqmeSi
kidev erTxel gamoitana ganaCeni aSS-is winaaRmdeg. amjerad saqme exeboda
uTanxmoebas, romelmac Tavi iCina 1988 wels loqerbi (Sotlandia) Tavze `pan
amerikis~ aviaxazebis 103-e reisis TviTmfrinavis teroristul afeTqebas-
Tan dakavSirebiT. am dros 259 adamiani daiRupa (plus 11 adamiani miwaze). aSS
da didi britaneTi intensiurad ibrZodnen libiisaTvis gaeros sanqciebis
dasaweseblad, mas mere, rac libiis mTavrobam uari Tqva teroristul aqtSi
eWvmitanili ori libieli nacionalistis eqstradiciaze. sanqciebi dawesda
1992 wels da agrZelebda moqmedebas. libiis mTavrobam saqme gansaxilve-
lad saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos warudgina, magram aSS irwmuneboda, rom
sasamarTlos ar hqonda am saqmeSi iurisdiqcia. es proceduruli sakiTxi
mosamarTleebma sabolood gadawyvites 1998 wels.
am saqmeSi politikuri da samarTlebrivi manevrireba erTadroulad mim-
dinareobda. aSS zewolas axdenda libiaze, raTa mas gadaeca eWvmitanilebi
haagisaTvis, oRond ara saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos, aramed Sotlandiuri
sasamrTlos iurisdiqciaSi. 1998 wlis bolos libia daTanxmda aSS-is SeTava-
zebas da 1999 wels gadasca eWvmitanilebi gaeros. sajaro sasamarTlo pro-
cesi gaimarTa 2000 wels, xolo 2001 wlis ianvarSi erT-erTi libieli (libi-
is dazvervis yofili agenti), romelsac brali edeboda loqerbis masobriv
mkvlelobebSi, damnaSaved cnes Sotlandielma mosamarTleebma da 20 wliani
patimroba miusajes. meore eWvmitanili gaamarTles da libiaSi dabrunebis
ufleba misces.
am ganaCeniT saqme ar daxurula da arc aSS daTanxmebula libiisaTvis
gaeros sanqciebis Sewyvetas. Tumca, am SemTxveviT Semzadda niadagi libiisa
da dasavleTis (kerZod, aSS-is) xelaxali daaxloebisaTvis.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sefaseba

suverenuli saxelmwifoebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis uyoymanod aRiare-

baze maRla saxelmwifo interesebs ayeneben. ra Tqma unda, am TvalsazrisiT
erebi gansxvavdebian _ zogi saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesebs iSviaTad ar-
Rvevs, sxvebs, SeiZleba, saerTod ar anaRvlebdeT es wesebi da maT mxolod
mizanSewonilobis, mogebis TvalsazrisiT emorCilebodnen. nebismier SemTx-
vevaSi, faqti, rom qveynebi arian samarTlis ZaliT SeboWilni, niSnavs, rom
saerTaSoriso samarTals isini daemorCilebian mxolod maSin, roca amgvari
qceva qveynis interesebSi Sedis. sxva sityvebiT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis mor-
Cileba da pativiscema, sabolood, saxelmwifo intereszea damokidebuli.
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 671
aris Tu ara aqedan gamomdinare, samarTlis principebi, umniSvnelo saer-
TaSoriso politikaSi? saqme ase calsaxad araa; saerTaSoriso samarTals
didi mniSvneloba aqvs mTavrobebisa da mmarTvelebis qmedebaTa gagebisa
da SefasebisaTvis. xandaxan SesaZlebelia mTavrobaTa dasja (magaliTad,
sanqciebis gziT, rogorc erayis, iranis, CrdiloeT koreisa da bevri sxva
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi). mmarTvelebi aseve SesaZlebelia
daisajon, magaliTad, yofili iugoslaviis prezidenti slobodan miloS-
eviCi saerTaSoriso tribunalis winaSe warsdga 2002 wels.
saerTaSoriso politikuri cxovrebis pirveli principia erovnuli
TviTgadarCena. saerTaSoriso samarTali warmatebulia maSin, roca is em-
saxureba gansakuTrebiT Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebis erovnul interesebs.
aseT dros saerTaSoriso samarTlis meqanizmi (rogorc wesi, saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlo) iwyebs moqmedebas. Tumca, wamyvan Zalebs mainc urCevniaT gamo-
savlis miRwevis tradiciuli da samxedro saSualebebi (sadac Sedegs ufro
kargad akontroleben), vidre sasamarTlo saSualebebi (sadac Sedegze kon-
trols gadascemen im mosamarTleebs, romelTa erTguleba garantirebuli
araa). albaT, movida imis dro, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis roli da saer-
TaSoriso sasamarTlos prestiJi gaizardos.

mudmivi swrafva mSvidobisken

2001 wels gaerom da misma generalurma mdivanma kofi ananma miiRes no-
belis mSvidobis premia, radgan isini iRvwodnen mSvidobiani msoflios Ses-
aqmnelad. es iyo msoflio istoriaSi yvelaze warmatebuli saerTaSoriso
organizaciis aRiareba. SesaZlebelia, gaeros amgvari sityvebiT daxasiaTeba
bevris mTqmelia Tavad samyaroze (da msoflios istoriaze). sinamdvileSi,
gaeros miRwevebi iyo mcire, magram arc sul mTlad umniSvnelo.
1945 wlis Semdeg SedarebiT stabiluri wesrigs ZalTa balansis poli-
tika da birTvuli Sekaveba amyarebda, xolo civi omis dasasrulma warmoSva
ara mxolod wesrigis damyarebis axali gzebi, aramed axali safrTxeebi da
arastabilurobis wyaroebic. jer kidev ucnobia, SeZlebs Tu ara qaosis
mudmivi Zalebis dabalansebas axali saerTaSoriso organizaciebis gaCena
da Zvelebis ganviTareba.
saerTaSoriso samarTali da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ver Secvlis
diplomatiasa da oms (an mis safrTxes), rogorc saSualebebs, romelTa meS-
veobiTac eri-saxelmwiofoebi agvareben uTanxmoebaTa umravlesobas. ar
unda velodeT, rom saerTaSoriso samarTlis pativiscema an xelSekrule-
baTa xelSeuxebloba moimatebs imdenad, rom Zala aRar iyos omis SeCerebis
an SezRudvis mTavari saSualeba.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebs SeuZliaT dagvexmaron konfliqtebis mar-
Tvis uzarmazari davalebis SesrulebaSi, Tumca, isini ver gadaWrian yvela
konfliqts yvelgan. mowesrigebuli msoflio naklebad iqneboda ganwyobili
omisaTvis. SesaZloa, is yvela gagebiT ukeTesi samyaro yofiliyo. asec rom
iyos, logikuri Secdoma iqneboda imis Tqma, rom vinaidan omi wesrigis ararse-
672 politika mTavrobis gareSe

bobaa, amitom wesrigis arseboba avtomaturad niSnavs omis ararsebobas.

faqtobrivad, ar arsebobs swrafi warmateba. arc erT calkeul faqts an
movlenas, misi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, ar SeuZlia gaxdes iseTi msofli-
os winapiroba, sadac aRar iqneba omi. ideologiuri mtrobis dasruleba
msoflios umsxviles da uZlieres saxelmwifoebs Soris mniSvnelovani win
gadadgmuli nabijia ufro usafrTxo da janmrTeli msofliosaken. magram
es, samwuxarod, ar aris maradiuli mSvidobis garantia.
amrigad, Zieba grZeldeba. imis miuxedavad, rom mSvidoba rCeba miuRw-
eveli, omis Tavidan acilebis saWiroeba, gansakuTrebiT umsxvilesi omebisa
masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gamoyenebiT, imdenad aucilebelia, rom
adamianebi gamudmebiT eZeben konfliqtebis mogvarebis gzebs. aris Tu ara
konfliqtis marTva sakmarisi? unda vecadoT Tu ara konfliqtis srul aR-
mofxvras? naTqvamia, rom politika aris SesaZleblobebis xelovneba. Tumca,
konfliqtebTan ufro warmatebiT gamklavebis gzebis monaxva dRes msofli-
os Zalian sWirdeba.

daskvna

ra wvlili miuZRvis saerTaSoriso organizaciebsa da saerTaSoriso

samarTals mSvidobiani samyaros SenebaSi? vaWrobaze, mogzaurobasa da yve-
la saxis mimosvlaze saxelmwifo barierebis Semcireba aisaxa Tanamedrove
msoflioSi arasamTavrobo aqtorebis zrdaSi, maT Sorisaa multinacio-
naluri korporaciebi, saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi da saer-
TaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. mravalerovnulma ekonomikurma
SeTanxmebebma da samxedro kavSirebma aseve gaaZlieres regionuli da saer-
TaSoriso urTierTdamokidebuleba.
miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da saerTaSoriso Se-
Tanxmebebis es STambeWdavi qseli Tavisufali ar aris saxelmwifo SuRl-
isagan. mravalmxrivma saerTaSoriso organizaciebma daamtkices TavianTi
dadebiTi roli saerTaSoriso arenaze xangrZlivi mSvidobisa da stabilu-
robis uzrunvelyofaSi. meoce saukuneSi erTa liga daiSala dapirispire-
buli erovnuli interesebis gamo. civi omis ganmavlobaSi gaero mraval
dabrkolebas gadaawyda, Tumca warmatebasac miaRwia, rogorc mSvidobis
SenarCunebis institutma. muSaoba mSvidobis SenarCunebis sferoSi gaizar-
da civi omisSemdgom samyaroSi. am periodSi Sedga gaeros egidiT koleqti-
uri samxedro aqcia erayis winaaRmdeg.
saerTaSoriso samarTali aregulirebs da aiolebs urTierTobebs da-
moukidebel saxelmwifoebs Soris, romelTa urTierToba sxva mxriv Sei-
Zleba qaosuri iyos. rogorc gaeros, saerTaSoriso samarTalsac, zogadad,
araTanmimdevruli istoria aqvs. saerTaSorso samarTlis Tanamedrove mag-
aliTebia Jenevisa da haagis konvenciebi, romlebmac gansazRvres omis we-
sebi da daadgines SeiaraRebis SemzRudveli mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebi.
saerTaSoriso ekologiuri molaparakebebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis sul
ufro metad mniSvnelovani nawili xdeba. saerTaSoriso samarTlis SezRud-
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 673
vebi aSkara xdeba im siZneleebis ganxilvisas, romlebsac saerTaSoriso sa-
samarTlo awydeba. gaerosa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sisustes ganapiro-
bebs is, rom maT ar SeswevT unari gadawonon erovnuli interesebi.

sakvanZo sityvebi

funqcionalizm funqcionalistebi Jenevis konvencia

urTierTdamokidebuleba
arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi
multinacionaluri korporaciea
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo orga-
nizaciebi (INGO)
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo orga-
nizaciebi (IGO)
britaneTis Tanamegobroba
msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO)
CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali
vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA)
evrokavSiri (EU)
erTa liga
koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba
saSinao iurisdiqcia
saerTaSoriso samarTali
haagis konvencia
strategiuli SeiaraRebis Sem-
cirebis xelSekruleba II (START
II)
antarqtidis SeTanxmeba
kosmosis SeTanxmeba
birTvuli iaraRis gauvrcele-
blobis SeTanxmeba
zRvis fskeris SeTanxmeba
konvencia biologiuri iaraRis
Sesaxeb
konvencia qimiuri iaraRis
Sesaxeb
saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
savaldebulo iurisdiqcia

kiTxvebi gameorebisaTvis

1. gansazRvreT arasamTavrobo faqtorebi saerTaSoriso politikaSi. ra

gavlena aqvs mas saerTaSoriso sistemaze?
2. ram ganapiroba gaeros daarseba? riT gansxvavdeba igi erTa ligisagan?
3. ras akeTebs gaeros uSiSroebis sabWo da rogor iRebs is gadawyvetile-
bebs?
4. sad gamoiyenes gaeros samSvidobo operaciebi yvelaze metad 1990-ian wle-
bamde? rogor Seicvala saerTaSoriso mSvidobis SenarCunebis konteqsti
civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg? CamoTvaleT adgilmdebareoba sami an oTxi
yvelaze ambiciuri samSvidobo misiisa bolo wlebSi.
5. asrulebs Tu ara saerTaSoriso samarTali pozitiur rols Tanamedrove
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
6. ra SezRudvebi aqvs saerTaSoriso samarTals?
7. ramdenad efeqtianad funqcionirebs saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo?
8. risi gakeTeba aris SesaZlebeli msoflio politikaSi saerTaSoriso
samarTlis rolis gazrdisaTvis?
674 politika mTavrobis gareSe

9. aniWebs Tu ara msoflio politikis tendenciebi upiratesobas saerTa-

Soriso sasamarTlos? ufro farTo rols aniWebs mas, Tu ufro mcires?

SeniSvnebi:

1. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkopf, American Foreign Policy: Pattern and
Process, me-2 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987), 149-150.
2. pirveli citata aris Joan Edelman Spero-s naSromSi The Politics of Economic
Relations, me-4 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), 104. meore ki Bruce
Kogut-is Foreign Policy (Spring 1998): 7; online at www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/
m1181/n110/20492572/.
3. rogorc gaeros World Investment Report-Si aris naTqvami. reziumesaTvis ix.
Francis Williams, `Global Business: A Fact of Life _ UNCTAD’s World Investment
Report Assesses the Role of Multinationals,’ Financial Times, August 31, 1994, 4.
4. Lester Brown, et al., Vital Signs: The Trends That Are Shaping Our Future (New
York: Norton, 1993), 74.
5. Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and Eugene Wittkoph, World Politics: Trend and Transfor-
mation, me-6 gamoc., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 129.
6. Kogut, Foreign Policy, 1; online reprint at findarticles.com
7. Joan Edelman Spero, The Politics of Economic Relations, 112-113.
8. George Modelski, ed., Transnational Corporations and World Order (New York:
Freeman, 1979),3.
9. Kegley and Wittkopf axdenen IGO-ebis klasifikacias wevrobis moculobisa
da miznebis raodenobis mixedviT. aq mocemulia maTze miTiTeba. ix. Kegley
and Wittkopf, World Politics, 144-148.
10. Harold K. Jacobson, Networks of Interdependence: International Organization and
the Global Political System (New York: Knopf, 1979).
11. citirebuli Inis L. Claude, Jr., Power and International Relations-Si (New York:
Random House, 1962), 97.
12. Margaret Karns, `Maintaining International Peace and Security: UN Peacekeeping
and Peacemaking,’ in World Security: Challenges for a New Century, me-4 gamoc.,
red. Michael Klare da Daniel Thomas (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 199.
Cveni msjeloba gaeros rolis Sesaxeb civi omis Semdeg eTanxmeba karnesas
da Cven valSi varT misi naSromis winaSe.
13. Karns, Maintaining International Peace, 206.
14. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace,
me-5 gamoc., (New York, Knopf, 1978), 281.
15. Lassa Francis Oppenheim, International Law: A Treatise, nawili 1, me-2 gamoc.,
(London: Longman, 1912), 281.
16. Kegley, Jr., and Wittkopf, World Politics, 472.
17. es citata gadmotanilia Associated Press-dan, Semdegi statiis mixedviT
Henry Slapper, Guus J. M. Velders, John S. Daniel, Frank R. de Gruijl, and Jan C.
van der Leun, `Estimates of Ozone Deplation and Skin Cancer Incidence to Examine
the Vienna Convention Achievements,’ Nature 384 (November 1996): 256-258.
 saerTaSoriso organizaciebi 675

sityvari:

adamianis buneba – adamianTa saerTo niSnebi, romlebic gansazRvravs maT

reaqciebs garemosa da sxva adamianebis mimarT.
adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia – 1789 wlis agvistoSi safrangeTis erovnuli
asambleis mier miRebuli es mokle manifesti Seiqmna rogorc
preambula mogvianebiT dasaweri liberalur-demokratiuli
konstituciisa; man suverenuli Zalaufleba ers mianiWa,
magram SezRuda igi sicocxlis, sakuTrebis da usafrTxoebis
individualuri uflebebiT.
administraciuli decentralizacia – marTvis kompetenciebis gadacema
centraluri xelisuflebisgan adgilobrivi biu-
rokratiisTvis.
avtokratia – erTi mmarTvelis SeuzRudavi politikuri Zalaufleba.
avtoritarizmi – am terminiT xasiaTdeba saxelmwifoebi, sadac mTeli
legitimuri Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia erTi
pirovnebis (diqtatoris) an mcire jgufis (oligarqiis)
xelSi, individualuri uflebebi saxelmwifos neba-
survils eqvemdebareba, xolo politikuri Zalauflebis
SesanarCuneblad yvela SesaZlo saSualeba gamoiyeneba.
avtoriteti – xelisuflebis unari, sazogadoebis wevrTa morCileba
daimsaxuros.
aziuri gripi – termini, romliTac aRniSnaven 1997 wlis areulobas aziis
safondo birjebze, finansur institutebsa da ekonomikebSi.
amerikis revolucia (1775-83) – am epoqalurma movlenam, romelsac agreTve
“damoukideblobisTvis oms” an “revoluciur oms” uwodeben,
bolo mouRo amerikis camet koloniaze didi britaneTis
batonobas da 1787-89 wlebSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
Seqmnas daudo safuZveli; mas Cveulebriv 1776 wels
damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebiT aTariReben.
amerikuli konservatizmi – politikuri midgoma aSS-Si, romelic sxva
RirebulebebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas ekonomikur
keTildReobas, usafrTxoebas da tradicias aniWebs.
amerikuli liberalizmi – politikuri midgoma aSS-Si, romelic sxva
RirebulebebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas individualizms,
Tanasworobas da samoqalaqo uflebebs aniWebs.
anarqizmi – doqtrina, romelic principulad ewinaaRmdegeba nebismieri saxis
xelisuflebis arsebobas da xSirad ukanono da Zaladobrivi
meTodebiT ebrZvis mas.
angariSsworeba (retribution) – damnaSaveTa dasja imis safuZelze, rom maT
boroteba Caidines da tanjvas imsaxureben.
antarqtidis SeTanxmeba – saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelic karZalavs
yovelgvar samxedro saqmianobas antarqtidis kontinentze
da uSvebs iq nebismieri qveynis mier ganxorcielebul
676
RonisZiebaTa inspeqtirebas. is agreTve auqmebs nebismieri
qveynis teritoriul pretenziebs antarqtidis mimarT da
xelmomwer mxareebs avaldebulebs mSvidobian TanamSromlobas
kvlevebis sferoSi.
antisaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmi – terorizmi, mimarTuli xelisuflebis da
saxelmwifo institutebis winaaRmdeg.
arakonvenciuri monawileoba – politikuri aqtivobis formebi, romlebic
kanons ar ewinaaRmdegeba, magram moqalaqeTa umravlesobis
mxridan gakicxvas imsaxurebs.
arasamarTlebrivi monawileoba – politikuri saqmianoba, romelic
winaaRmdegobaSi modis saxelmwifos kanonebTan.
arasaxelmwifo aqtorebi – eri-saxelmwifoebisgan gansxavebuli moqmedi pirebi,
rogoricaa multinacionaluri korporaciebi, arasamTavrobo
organizaciebi, saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi,
romlebic garkveul rols TamaSoben saerTaSoriso
politikaSi.
araZaladobrivi winaaRmdegoba – konfrontaciisa da protestis araZaladobrivi
forma; mas xandaxan “samoqalaqo daumorCileblobasac”
uwodeben.
asi yvavilis kampania – mokle periodi CineTis istoriaSi (1956 w.), rodesac
mao Ze-dunma gasaqani misca gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da
individualizms. es politika Seicvala reJimis mimarT
gaxSirebuli kritikis pasuxad.
askriptiuli sazogadoeba – sazogadoeba, romelSic individs statusi da
mdgomareoba ganesazRvreba misi religiiT, sqesiT, asakiT an
sxva msgavsi niSniT.
axali industriuli qveynebi – qveynebi, romlebmac bolo aTwleulebSi miaRwies
ekonomikis ayvavebas, industriis saeqsporto dargebis
ganviTarebas da saSualo klasis swraf zrdas: magaliTad,
samxreT korea, taivani, singapuri, tailandi.
balfuris deklaracia – ase ewoda britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris
pativsacemad, romelmac 1947 wels gamoacxada, rom “britaneTi
mxars uWers palestinaSi ebraeli xalxisTvis erovnuli saxlis
dafuZnebas” da ikisra valdebuleba, rom “xels Seuwyobs am
miznis miRwevas im pirobiT, rom araferi unda gakeTdes iseTi,
rac Selaxavs palestinis arsebuli ara-ebrauli Temebis
samoqalaqo da religiur uflebebs an romelime sxva qveyanaSi
mcxovreb ebraelTa uflebebs da politikur statuss”.
bastilia – safrangeTis revoluciis dros (1789) es iyo parizis avadsaxsenebeli
samefo sapyrobile; 1789 wlis 14 ivliss bastiliaze xalxis
ieriSma da tusaRTa gaTavisuflebam mZime dartyma miayena
monarqias da safrangeTis istoriaSi mTeli epoqis aRsasrulis
simbolod iqca. mogvianebiT revolucionerebi giliotiniT
gauswordnen TviT burbonTa samefo dinastias, kerZod mefe
lui XVI-s da mis eqstravagantul meuRles, dedofal maria
 677
antuanetas.
bikameralizmi – ix. orpalatiani sistema.
bipolaruli sistema – ix. orpolusiani sistema.
birTvuli iaraRis gauvrceleblobis SeTanxmeba – 1968 wels Seqmnili
saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romlis mizania Seaferxos
birTvuli iaraRis armqone erebis mier aseTi iaraRis mopoveba.
mas ar SeuerTdnen safrangeTi, CineTi da sxva qveynebi,
romlebic aqtiurad cdilobdnen birTvuli iaraRis xelSi
Cagdebas.
birTvuli monopolia – mas adgili aqvs, roca dapirispirebaSi myofi ori
qveynidan erTs birTvuli iaraRis gamoyenebis realuri
SesaZlebloba aqvs; meore msoflio omis Semdeg SeerTebuli
Statebi daaxloebiT aTi wlis manZlze inarCunebdnen birTvul
monopolias.
biujetis deficiti – centraluri xelisuflebis mier wlis ganmavlobaSi
imaze metis daxarjva, vidre is Semosavlebis saxiT iRebs.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi es deficiti saxelmwifo valad iqceva
da mniSvnelovani xangrZlivvadiani gavlena aqvT qveynis
ekonomikis sijansaResa da keTildReobaze (ix. agreTve
erovnuli vali).
bihevioralistebi – am mimdinareobis momxreebi politikis Seswavlisas qcevas
ZiriTadad faqtebze dayrdnobiT afaseben.
bihevioristuli fsiqologia – fsiqologiis skola, romlis Tanaxmadac
adamianTa da cxovelTa qcevas garemodan an sxva adamianebisgan
miRebuli stimulebi (gamRizianeblebi) gansazRvravs;
Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia adamianTa da cxovelTa qceviT
manipulireba, Tu sasurvel qcevas pozitiur stimulebs
SevuTanadebT, xolo arasasurvels – negatiurs.
bihevioraluri inJineria – waxalisebisa da sasjelis kargad daprogramebuli
gamoyeneba individsa Tu cxovelSi qcevis sasurveli wesebis
dasamkvidreblad.
breidis kanoni – prezident ronal reiganis pirveli pres-mdivnis jeims
breidis saxeliT cnobili kanoni (ZalaSi Sevida 1994 wels),
romelic iaraRis yidvisas xuTdRian mosacdel vadas awesebs;
misi mizania, dro misces samarTaldacvis organoebs, gaarkvion,
myidveli nasamarTlevi xom ar aris. (breidi mZimed daiWra
1981 wels prezident reiganze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmis
dros).
britaneTis Tanamegobroba – TvalsaCino magaliTi preferenciuli savaWro
SeTanxmebisa, rodesac ramdenime saxelmwifo Tanxmdeba,
erTmaneTs eqskluziuri savaWro upiratesobebi mianiWos.
moicavs did britaneTs da misi yofili koloniebis
umravlesobas.
britaneTis raji – britaneTis koloniuri mmarTveloba aziis subkontinentze
me-18 saukunidan 1947 wlamde, rodesac indoeTma da pakistanma
678
damoukidebloba moipoves.
bundesrati – zeda palata germanul federalur sistemaSi. mis wevrebs,
romelTac uSualod niSnaven qveynis miwebi (Länder), ZiriTadad
araformaluri gavlena aqvT sakanonmdeblo procesze.
bundestagi – qveda palata germanul federalur sistemaSi, romelsac wamyvani
roli aqvs qveynis sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi.
bunebiTi mdgomareoba – adamianTa cxovrebis wesi manamde, sanam Seiqmneboda
qcevis socialuri kodeqsebi da normaluri adamianuri qcevis
kontrolis koleqtiuri teqnikebi.
burJuazia – marqsistul ideologiaSi, kapitalistTa klasi.
“gamarjvebuls yvelaferi miaqvs” (winner-takes-all) – saarCevno sistema,
romelSic imarjvebs kandidati, vinc yvelaze met xmas iRebs.
gamoCenili liderebi – individebi, visac gansakuTrebuli politikuri sibrZnisa
da unarebis meSveobiT Tavisi qveynebi gansakuTrebuli
gansacdelidan gamoyavs.
ganviTarebadi qveynebi – qveynebi, sadac ar aris uzrunvelyofili politikuri
Zalauflebis gadacemis meqanizmebi, saxelmwifos mxridan
servisebi da piradi usafrTxoeba.
ganmeorebadi gamokiTxvebi (tracking polls)– amomrCevelTa erTsa da imave
SerCevasTan ramdenjerme Catarebuli gamokiTxvebi, romelTa
mizania droSi cvalebadi ganwyobebis dinamikis Seswavla.
gancalkevebis kunZulebi – ojaxi, eklesia Tu sxva socialuri organizacia,
romlis SigniTac SeiZleba SenarCundes Sida winaaRmdegoba
gabatonebuli totalitaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg.
garantirebuli urTierTgandgureba – CixSi Sesuli dapirispireba birTvuli
SeiaraRebis sferoSi, rodesac orive mowinaaRmdege
saxelmwifom icis, rom Tu erT-erTi oms wamoiwyebs, Tavdasxmis
obieqts gancdili moulodneli birTvuli Setevis miuxedavad
mainc darCeba sapasuxo, “meore dartymis” sakmarisi unari, rom
agresors miuReblad mZime ziani miayenos. civi omis dros amas
eyrdnoboda or zesaxelmwifos Soris stabiluri strategiuli
urTierToba.
gaorebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (dual executive)– saparlamento
sistemebSi miRebuli funqciebis ganawileba or pirovnebas –
saxelmwifos meTaursa da umaRles aRmasrulebel Tanamdebobis
pirs Soris. ukanasknelis rols premier-ministri asrulebs,
xolo saxelmwifos ceremoniul meTaurad romelime sxva
arCeuli piri (prezidenti) an monarqi gvevlineba.
gaucxoeba – ubralo moqalaqeebis ganwyoba, rom politikuri monawileobis
normalur formebs Sedegi ar moaqvs an rom maT ar eZlevaT
politikur procesebSi qmediTi monawileobis SesaZlebloba.
gayofili aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba (divided executive)– viTareba
safrangeTis xelisuflebaSi, rodesac prezidenti da
premier-ministri xSirad sxvadasxva partiebsa Tu politikur
msoflmxedvelobebs warmoadgenen.
 679
gawveva – pirdapiri kenWisyra arCeuli Tanamdebobis piris gadasayeneblad.
genderuli gansvla – es termini gamoiyeneba SeerTebul StatebSi qalebisa
da mamakacebis saarCevno qcevebs Soris gansxvavebaTa
dasaxasiaTeblad. gansxvaveba yvelaze TvalsaCinoa
im politikur problemebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic
xelisuflebis mier Zalis gamoyenebis marTebulobas exeba.
generaluri Statebi (Estates-General) – safrangeTis sakanonmdeblo organo
1789 wlamde, romelSic warmodgenili iyo sami wodeba –
samRvdeloeba, Tavadaznauroba da ubralo xalxi.
gestapo – nacistur germaniaSi ase erqva saidumlo saxelmwifo policias –
hitleris instruments, romelsac is ebraelTa da politikur
oponentTa masobrivi teroris gasatareblad iyenebda.
glasnosti – sityva-sityvtiT niSnavs “Riaobas”; es termini aRniSnavs sabWoTa
kavSirSi mixeil gorbaCovis mier cenzuris Sekvecas da
politikuri debatebisa da gansxvavebuli azrisTvis asparezis
Seqmnas.
glasnostis pirveladobis modeli – ganviTarebis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac
liberaluri politikuri reformebi win unda uswrebdes
ekonomikur reformebs.
globalizacia – procesi, ris Sedegadac teqnologiurad yvelaze
ganviTarebuli demokratiebis Rirebulebebi, ganwyobebi,
damokidebulebebi da produqtebi mTel msoflioSi vrceldeba
mas-mediisa da vaWrobis meSveobiT.
gomindani – CineTis nacionalisturi partia Can kai-Sis liderobiT. 1949 wels
daamarcxa mao Ze-dunma.
gradualizmi – rwmena, rom mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi unda
ganxorcieldes TandaTanobiT, reformebis gziT, da ara
erTbaSad, revoluciuri wesiT.
gulagis arqipelagi – metaforuli saxeli, riTac cnobilia yofil sabWoTa
kavSirSi ioseb stalinis mier Seqmnili da saidumlo policiis
mier marTuli monuri Sromis banakebi, sadac gansxvavebulad
moazrovne da politikurad arasasurvel pirebs agzavnidnen.
damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT) – sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis
Semdeg Semqnili axlad suverenuli qveynebis susti federacia.
masSi Sevida TiTqmis yvela respublika, manamde ssrk nawili
rom iyo.
danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg – danaSaulis kategoria, romelic pirvelad
niurgbergSi nacisti samxedro damnaSaveebis gasamarTlebisas
gamoiyenes; mieyeneba milionobiT udanaSaulo moqalaqis
ganurCevlad ganadgurebis SemTxvevebs.
danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg – samxedro damnaSaveTa niurbergis
sasamarTloze gamoyenebuli kategoria, romelic mieyeneba
saerTaSoriso mSvidobis darRvevas gaumarTlebeli, agresiuli
omiT.
daqvemdebarebis Teoria – mis mixedviT ganviTarebadi qveynebi Raribi da
680
mdidar erebze damokidebuli rCebian didi xnis manZilze
kolonializmis formaluri dasrulebis Semdeg, radgan
industriuli erebi (dasavleTi) yvela Rones (politikurs,
ekonomikurs, samxedrosa da kulturuls) xmaroben nakleb
ganviTarebuli da Warbi iafi muSa xelis mqone qveynebis
mxridan konkurenciis aRsakveTad. amiT narCundeba msoflio
ekonomikuri sistema, sadac dabalia fasebi nedleulsa da
soflis meurneobis produqtebze.
devolucia – aSS federalizmis konteqstSi es aris Statebisa da adgilobrivi
xelisuflebisTvis meti uflebebis miniWeba, raTa maT
vaSingtonis Carevis gareSe SemoiRon kanonebi, gaataron
politika da miiRon gadawyvetilebebi.
deitonis SeTanxmebebi – 1995 wels parizSi (safrangeTi) xelmowerili
samSvidobo SeTanxmeba bosniis omis dasrulebis Taobaze; man
qveynis teritoriis 49 procenti serbebs gadasca, xolo 51
procenti – muslimebsa da xorvatebs, saraevos dedaqalaqis
statusi SeunarCuna da Seqmna centraluri xelisufleba
koleqtiuri saprezidento mmarTvelobiTa da parlamentiT.
demagogi – adamiani, romelic saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis mopovebas cdilobs
popularuli SiSebisa da crurwmenebis manipulirebiT, Semdeg
ki Tanamdebobas piradi gamorCenisTvis iyenebs.
“demokratizacia” – mixeil gorbaCovis SemoRebuli politika yofil sabWoTa
kavSirSi demokratiul reformaTa wasaxaliseblad, rac
agreTve gulisxmobda met konkurencias komunisturi partiis
SigniT.
demokratiis kedeli – kedeli pekinis centrSi, romelzec 1978 wlidan dauSves
reJimis sajaro kritika.
demokratiis korelatebi – pirobebi da garemoebebi, romlebic erSi demokratiis
Seqmnasa da SenarCunebasTan pozitiur korelaciaSi myofad
miiCneva.
demokratiuli mSvidobis paradoqsi – demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi
xSirad arian samxedro TavlsazrisiT Zlieri, eomebian sxva
saxelmwifoebs, axdenen samxedro intervencias, xandaxan
agresiis aqtebs Cadian, magram erTmaneTs ar eomebian.
demokratiuli socializmi – mmarTvelobis forma, romelic emyareba saerTo-
saxalxo arCevnebs, ekonomikis ZiriTad seqtorebze saxelmwifo
sakuTrebasa da kontrols da moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze
mimarTul farTo socialur programebs jandacvisa da
ganaTlebis sferoSi.
diadi proletaruli kulturuli revolucia – 1966 wels dawyebuli qaoturi
periodi, rodesac mao Ze-dunis miTiTebiT CineTis axalgazrdebi
(“wiTeli gvardia”) Tavs esxmodnen biurokratiul da samxedro
Tanamdebobis pirebs kapitalisturi da materialisturi
tendenciebis aRmofxvris sababiT. eWvmitanil Tanamdebobis
pirebs iZulebiT agzavnidnen SromiT koloniebSi
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“gamosasworeblad”.
dialeqtikuri materializmi – karl marqsis Teoria istoriuli progresis
Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac ekonomikuri klasebi erTmaneTTan
brZoliT safuZvels uqmnian ekonomikur sistemaTa
ganviTarebad Tanmimdevrobas, romelic sabolood uklaso
sazogadoebis SeqmniT dasruldeba.
didi naxtomi – CineTis ekonomikuri struqturis gardaqmnisa da modernizaciis
mcdeloba mao Ze-dunis mier 1950-iani wlebis bolos da 1960-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi; am dros mTeli mosaxleoba mobilizebuli
iyo TviTkmar komunebad, romelTa SigniT yovelgvari
saqmianoba jgufuri wesiT mimdinareobda.
distopia – sazogadoeba, romlis Semqmnelebs srulyofili politikuri
wesrigis Camoyalibeba swaddaT, magram aRmoaCines, rom
Zalauflebis SenarCuneba mxolod ZaladobiT da komunikaciis
saSualebebze uxeSi monopoliiT SeeZloT.
disciplinebuli partiebi – saparlamento demokratiebSi es niSnavs imas, rom
kanonmdeblebi rogorc wesi erTiani partiuli jgufebis saxiT
aZleven xmas partiuli platformis mxadasaWerad.
doqtor bonebis saqme – precedenti inglisis sasamarTloSi (1610 w.), rodesac
iuristma edvard qouqma Camoyaliba principi, riTac kanonis
uzenaesobasTan winaaRmdegobaSi mosuli sakanonmdeblo
aqtebi Zaladakargulad cxaddeba.
duma – sruli oficialuri saxelia “saxelmwifo duma” an “saTaTbiro”; ase qvia
ruseTis erovnuli sakananmdeblo organos – federaluri
sakrebulos qveda palatas. is 1993 wlis konstituciiT aRdga
mas Semdeg, rac 1917 wels gaauqmes. masSi Sedis 450 deputati,
romelTagan naxevars saerTo-erovnuli partiuli siebiT
irCeven, meore naxevars ki – erTmandatiani olqebidan.
evgenika – saxeobaTa memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebis kontrolze mimarTuli
moZRvreba; Cveulebriv, is mimarTavs SerCeviT Sejvarebas
saxeobis gaumjobesebis mizniT.
evrokavSiri – evropeli erebis ekonomikuri asociacia; adre cnobili iyo
rogorc saerTo bazari an evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba.
evrokomunizmi – tradiciuli sabWoTa komunisturi Teoriis saxecvlileba
dasavleT evropaSi, romelmac uari Tqva Zaladobriv
revoluciasa da diqtaturaze da arsebuli saxelisuflebo
struqturebis arCevnebis gziT gakontrolebas mianiWa
upiratesoba.
eTnikuri wmenda – bosniaSi gavrcelebuli praqtika, rodesac muslimanebs
ZaladobiT aZevebdnen qalaqebidan da soflebidan.
eTnocentrizmi – erebis uunaroba, met-naklebad obieqturad Seafason
sakuTari qmedeba nacionalizmis ideologiis gamo.
ekonomikuri SeRweva – gavlena, romelsac erTi an ramdenime qveyana
axorcielebs winarevoluciur periodSi myofi qveynis
ekonomikur cxovrebaze.
682
erTguli (loialuri) opozicia – inglisSi Camoyalibebuli rwmena, rom
ZalauflebaSi armyof partias ekisreba pasuxismgebloba,
alternatuli politikuri strategiebi da programebi
Camoayalibos. aseT partias xandaxan “erTgul (loialur)
opozicias” uwodeben.
erToba – ix. Temi.
eri (nacia) – Tumca es termini xSirad saxelmwifos da qveynis sinonimad
ixmareba, is aRniSnavs gamorCeuli enisa da kulturis mqone
specifikur xalxs an did erTnikur jgufs. magaliTad,
frangebi, holandielebi, Cinelebi da iaponelebi qmnian
rogorc ers, aseve saxelmwifos (swored aqedan warmodgeba
termini “eri-saxelmwifo”). magram yvela ers ara aqvs imis
iRbali, rom sakuTari saxelmwifo hqondes – amis Tanamedrove
magliTebia qurTebi (cxovroben TurqeTSi, iransa da eraySi),
palestinelebi (dasavleT sanapiro da Raza, libani, iordania),
puStunebi (avRaneTi), uigurebi da tibetelebi (CineTi).
eri-saxelmwifo – geografiulad gansazRvruli erToba, romelsac erTi
xelisufleba aqvs.
eris mSenebloba – procesi, ris Sedegadac mocemuli teritoriis
macxovreblebma, maTi eTnikuri, religiuri Tu lingvisturi
maxasiTeblebis miuxedavad, Tavi unda gaaigivon Sesabamisi
eri-saxelmwifos simboloebTan da institutebTan.
erovnuli asamblea – safrangeTis orpalatiani sakanonmdeblo organos qveda
da politikurad wamyvani palata, romelic yvela kanons iRebs.
erovnuli TviTgamorkveva – eris ufleba, sakuTari xelisufleba Tavad
airCios.
erovnuli vali – yovelwliuri sabiujeto deficitebis TandaTanobiTi
akumulacia, rac iqmneba imis Sedegad, rom mTavroba xarjavs
mets, vidre Semosavali aqvs. es aiZulebs xelisuflebas, fuli
isesxos xarjebis gasastumreblad, ris Sedegadac msxvili
Tanxebis gadaxda uxdeba sabanko procentis dasafarad, rac
TiToeuli wlis saxelmwifo biujets akldeba.
erovnuli interesi – politikis mizani, mimarTuli eris gavlenisa da prestiJis
SenarCunebasa Tu gazrdaze.
erovnuli usafrTxoeba – qveynis dacva sagareo Tu saSinao mtrisgan.
eqspansionizmi – qveynis strategia, mimarTuli misi teritoriis an gavlenis
gasafarToeblad.
vaimaris respublika – ase erqva germaniaSi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg,
1919 wels q. vaimarSi gamarTuli sakonstitucio konvenciis
gadawyvetilebiT dafuZnebul konstituciur demokratias. mas
politikuri da ekonomikuri arastabilobis periodSi mouwia
arseboba da 1933 wels hitleris xelisuflebaSi mosvliT
dasrulda.
“varskvlavTa palata” (Star Chamber) – istoriulad ase uwodebdnen sasamarTlos
inglisSi, romlis iurisdiqciac gafarTovda saimisod,
 683
rom mefes SeuzRudvelad SeZleboda daesaja nebismieri
qveSemrdomi misi brZanebis SeusruleblobisTvis.
varSavis xelSekruleba – 1955 wels sabWoTa kavSirisa da misi satelitebis mier
Seqmnili samxedro bloki, riTac Seiqmna erTiani samxedro
sardloba da sabWoTa kavSirs mieca SesaZlebloba, sateliti
saxelmwifoebis teritoriaze didi samxedro kontingenti
hqonoda am qveynebis gare agresiisgan dacvis gamocxadebuli
mizniT.
vaWrobis pirobebi – saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi ase qvia qveynis mier
msoflio bazarze SeZenili produqtebis (saqonlis, nawarmis,
momsaxurebis) fass mis mier gayiduli produqtebis fasTan
mimarTebaSi. sxvadasxva saxis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
fasebis struqtura saerTaSoriso bazarze ar aris
xelsayreli sasoflo-sameurneo produqciisa da nedleulis
mwarmoeblebisaTvis, radgan samrewvelo nawarmi maTTan
SedarebiT Cveulebiv ufro Zviria.
zRvis fskeris SeTanxmeba – saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba, romelic krZalavs
birTvuli iaraRis ganTavsebas zRvis fskerze 29-miliani
teritoriuli sazRvris miRma.
Tavisufali (laisser-faire) kapitalizmi – ekomomikuri wyoba, damyarebuli im
ideaze, rom centralizebuli saxelmwifos regulirebisagan
Tavisufali bazari ekonomikuri sistemis saukeTeso
regulatoria.
Tavisufali mewarmeoba – sxva saxeli kerZo mewarmeobisTvis, romelsac
saxelmwifo zedmetad ar aferxebs Tavisi regulaciebiT
da SezRudvebiT; misi sawinaaRmdegoa saxelmwifos mier
kontrolirebadi ekonomika an biznesebisa da mrewvelobis
saxelmwifo sakuTreba.
Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika – decentralizebuli ekonomika, romelSic
fasebi, xelfasebi da sabanko procenti, iseve rogorc
warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis erTobliobas
miwodebisa da moTxovnis Zalebi gansazRvravs da ara
saxelmwifo.
Tanaarseboba – ix. kohabitacia.
TanatolTa jgufi – asakiTa da sxva maxasiaTeblebiT msgavs adamianTa jgufi.
Temi – individTa nebismieri asociacia, romelic emyareba geografiul,
eTikur, religiur Tu eTnikur niSnebze dafuZnebul saerTo
identobas.
Teokratia – xelisufleba, romelic eyrdnoba religias da romelSic
samRvdeloeba dominirebs.
idealizmi – politikuri filosofia, romelic saxelmwifoTa qcevis gasagebad
da, SesaZloa, Sesacvlelad sakvanZo mniSvnelobas aniWebs
Rirebulebebs, idealebsa da moralur principebs.
ideologia – myari, winaswar gansazRvruli warmodgenebis erToblioba
sazogado sikeTis miRwevis saukeTeso gzebze, gaziarebuli
684
politikosebisa Tu moqalaqeebis mier.
ideologiuri terori – teroris forma, Cveulebriv marqsistuli
mimarTulebisa, romelic miznad isaxavs saxelmwifos
damxobas.
imperializmi – teritoriuli gafarToebis (imperiis mSeneblobis) politika,
xSirad samxedro dapyrobis gziT. warmoiSoba sityvidan
“imperia”.
individualizmi – aleqsis de tokvilis mixedviT, ase qvia adamianis grZnobebis
sakuTar Tavze problemebze mimarTvas, mTliani sazogadoebis
zogadi wuxilebisgan Tavis gamoyofas. jon stuart milis
mixedviT, es adamianis is Tvisebaa, rac mas cxovelebisagan
ganasxvavebs da mis gansakuTrebulobasa da Rirsebas
gansazRvravs.
instituciuri revoluciuri partia – meqsikis dominanturi politikuri partia
1929 wlidan bolo periodamde; mas arCevnebi ar waugia 2000
wlamde, rodesac erovnuli qmedebis partiis warmomadgenelma
vinsente foqsma saprezidento arCevnebi moigo.
interesTa jgufi – adamianTa erToblioba, romelic cdilobs, gavlena
moaxdinos politikasa da kanonmdeblobaze specialur
interesTa gansazRvrul sferoSi, risTvisac iyenebs lobirebas,
partiebisTvis finansur Sewirulobebs da sxva xerxebs.
internacionalistebi – Teoretikosebi, romlebic upiratesobas aniWeben
erebs Soris mSvidobas da TanamSromlobas da saamisod mxars
uWeren yvela mTavrobis monawileobas raime saxis msoflio
organizaciaSi.
intifada – arabulad “ajanyebas” niSnavs; ase daerqva palestinelTa ajanyebas
dasavleTi sanapirosa da Razas seqtoris israelis mier
okupaciis winaaRmdeg 1987-1993 da 2001-02 wlebSi. meore
intifada Zaladobis gansakuTrebuli eskalaciiT aRiniSna
– eqstremistuli palestinuri dajgufebebi xSirad iyenebdnen
afeTqebebs kamikaZe (TviTmkvleli) terorostebis mier,
israeli ki okupirebuli teritoriebis dasaSoSmineblad
uaRresad mkacr meTodebs mimarTavda.
kaTalitikuri omi – konfliqti, romelic lokaluri da SezRuduli Sejaxebis
saxiT iwyeba, magram farTo omSi gadaizrdeba mas Semdeg,
rac samxedro aliansebis gaaqtiurebis Sedegad masSi sxva
monawileebi CaerTvebian.
kapitalisturi dagrovebis kanoni – karl marqsis mixedviT, es aris Seuvali
kanoni, risi ZaliTac yvelaze Zlieri da xarbi kapitalistebi
TandaTanobiT moicileben ufro sust konkurentebs da
gazrdian bazarze kontrols.
kanoni ex post facto – kanoni, romelic ukana ricxviT axdens Cadenis momentSi
kanonierad miCneuli qmedebis kriminalizacias.
kanonis uzenaesoba – am koncefciis Tanaxmad, xelisuflebis da misi
Tanamdebobis pirebis Zalaufleba da diskrecia SezRuduli
 685
unda iyos uzenaesi neitraluri wesebis erTobliobiT,
romlebic xels uSlis mTavrobis mxridan TviTnebur da
usamarTlo moqmedebas.
kapitalizmi – kerZo mewarmoebaze damyarebuli da mogebis motiviT warmarTuli
sabazro ekonomikis sistema; is komunizmis sapirispiroa da
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli
centralurad dagegmili ekonomikis sistemisagan.
keTildReobis saxelmwifo – saxelmwifo, romlis xelisuflebis upirvelesi
sazrunavia Tavisi moqalaqeebis socialuri uzrunvelyofa
da romelic am mizans aRwevs specifikuri sajaro politikiT,
rogoricaa janmrTelobis dazRveva, minimaluri xelfasi da
subsidiebi binebis asaSeneblad.
kemp devidis SeTanxmeba – 1979 wlis SeTanmxmeba, riTac israelma sinas
naxevarkunZuli daubruna egiptes da sanacvlod egiptesgan
misi arsebobis uflebis aRiareba miiRo; yofilma mtrebma
sruli diplomatiuri urTierToba daamyares da erTmaneTTan
mSvidobis SenarCunebis valdebuleba aiRes.
kerZo interesTa jgufebi – maTi wevrebis pirad interesTa dasakmayofileblad
Seqmnili jgufebi.
koaliciuri mTavroba – politikuri situacia mravalpartiul saparlamento
sistemebSi, romlis drosac arc erT partias ara aqvs
umravlesoba da yvelaze Zlieri partia droebiT kavSirs
amyarebs ufro mcire partiebTan sakanonmdeblo organoSi
umravlesobis mosapoveblad.
koleqtivizacia – miwisa da warmoebis yvela sxva saSualebis saxelmwifo
sakuTrebaSi gadasvla.
koleqtivizmi – rwmena, rom saerTo keTildReobisTvis ukeTesia, politikuri
erTeulis SigniT arsebuli warmoebis da ganawilebis
saSualebebi saerTo (da ara individualur) sakuTrebaSi iyos.
koleqtiuri usafrTxoeba – saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi am mizniT
ideba SeTanxmeba ramdenime qveyanas Soris erTiani Zlieri
gaerTianebis Seqmnaze, romelic daupirispirdeba nebismier
qveyanas, romelic agresiis aqts Caidens. raki verc erTi
calke aRebuli eri ver ajobebs koleqtiur Zalas, agresia
warumatebeli aRmoCndeba.
kolonializmi – politika, romelic ganuviTarebeli regionebis da susti
qveynebis ekonomikur da politikur saqmeebze gabatonebas
cdilobs. mas “imperializmsac” uwodeben.
komunizmis pirveli stadia – marqsistul TeoriaSi ase uwodeben kapitalizmis
damxobis momdevno periods, romlis drosac proletariati
amyarebs mSromelTa diqtaturas kontr-revoluciis Tavidan
asacileblad da socialisturi ekonomikuri sistemis
dasamyareblad.
komunizmis pirveli stadia – marqsistul TeoriaSi ase uwodeben utopiur
uklaso sazogadoebas, romelSic adamianebi maqsimalur
686
TviTgamoxatvas aRweven, sazogadoeba TanamSromlobis da
harmoniis mdgomareobaSia, xolo omi sruliad gamoricxulia.
konvencia biologiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb – 1972 wlis saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba
iaraRis kontrolis sferoSi, romelmac monawile qveynebi
daavaldebula, gaenadgurebinaT biologiuri iaraRis
arsebuli maragebi da ukanonod gamoacxada aseTi iaraRis
warmoeba da Senaxva.
konvencia qimiuri iaraRis Sesaxeb – 1993 wlis saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba
iaraRis kontrolis sferoSi, romlis ZaliTac qimiuri
iaraRi aTi wlis vadaSi unda moispos. is moiTxovs qimiuri
iaraRis maragebis ganadgurebas da, aseTi iaraRis warmoebis
Sewyvetis mizniT, im kompaniebis monitorings, romelTa
produqcia SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas nervuli agentebis
dasamzadeblad.
konvenciuri monawileoba – CarTva politikuri aqtivobis yvelaze
gavrcelebul da martiv formebSi, rogoricaa xmis micema,
mediaSi politikuri sakiTxebis midevneba da politikur
mitingebze misvla.
konservatizmi – politikuri filosofia, romelic sxva RirebulebebTan
SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs keTildReobas, usafrTxoebas
da tradicias.
konstitucia – xelisuflebis mowyobisa da moqmedebis ZiriTadi wesebis
gansazRvra.
konstitucionalizmi – ix. kanonis uzenaesoba.
konstituciuri demokratia – umravlesobis nebis principze agebuli
SezRuduli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelSic politikuri
Zalaufleba daqsaqsulia mraval dajgufebasa da interesTa
jgufs Soris, xolo saxelisuflebo moqmedebebi da institutebi
konstituciiT gansazRvrul wesebs unda Seesabamos.
kontrterorizmi – terorizmTan sabrZolvelad gamoyenebuli meTodebi.
kohabitacia (Tanaarseboba) – safrangeTSi ase uwodeben gayofili
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis iZulebiT Tanaarsebobas.
kosmosis SeTanxmeba – SeerTebul Statebsa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs Soris
dadebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelmac akrZala
kosmosSi iaraRis Setana, kosmosze erovnuli suverenitetis
gavrceleba, da waaxalisa TanamSromloba da informaciis
gacvla kosmosuri kvlevebis sferoSi.
kulakebi – SeZlebuli miwaTmflobelebis klasi ruseTis sazogadoebaSi,
romelic ioseb stalinma gaanadgura, radgan isini
ewinaaRmdegebodnen saxelmwifo kontrolis qveS myofi didi
koleqtiuri meurneobebis Seqmnis miseul programas.
legitimuri xelisufleba – mTavrobis samarTlebrivi da moraluri ufleba,
marTos garkveuli mosaxleoba da konkretuli teritoria.
legitimuroba – politikuri Zalauflebis aRsruleba adamianTa erTobis
SigniT mis wevrTa mier wesebis nebayoflobiTi dacvis
 687
safuZvelze.
liberalizacia – yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi ase uwodebdnen represiuli saSinao
politikis Serbilebas. sabWoTa istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
iyo liberalizaciisa da represiis monacvleoba.
liberalizmi – politikuri filosofia, romelic yvela sxva RirebulebasTan
SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs individualizms, Tanasworobas
da samoqalaqo uflebebs.
liberaluri ganaTleba – ganaTleba, romelic xazs usvams kritikuli
azrovnebis unarTa ganviTarebas literaturis, filosofiis,
istoriisa da mecnierebis Seswavlis gziT.
liberaluri tradicia – 300-wliani tradicia dasavlur politikur
azrovnebaSi, romlis azriTac xelisuflebis mizani
individualur uflebaTa win wamoweva da dacvaa. amerikuli
liberalizmisa da amerikuli konservatizmis damcvelTa
Soris didi xania mimdinareobs dava imis Taobaze, romel
individualur uflebebs unda mieniWos upiratesoba.
libertarianeloba – moZRvreba, damyarebuli rwmenaze, rom xelisufleba
aucilebeli borotebaa, romelic rac SeiZleba naklebad unda
Caerios individualur Tavisuflebasa da pirad cxovrebaSi.
uwodeben agreTve “minimalizms”.
loialuri opozicia – ix. erTguli opozicia.
lobistebi – adamianebi, romlebic cdiloben, gavlena moaxdinon xelisuflebis
politikaze raime specialuri interesis sasargeblod.
lok sabha – indoeTis federaluri parlamentis pirdapiri xmis micemiT
arCeuli qveda palata. indoeTSi, iseve rogorc gaerTianebul
samefoSi da sxva sapalamento sistemebSi, mTavrobebi iqmneba
qveda palatis umravlesobaSi myofi partiis (an partiaTa
koaliciis) mier saerTo-erovnuli arCevnebis Semdeg.
magna karta (magana carta, TavisuflebaTa didi qartia) – 1215 wels mefe jonis
mier misi baronebis mimarT gakeTebuli politikuri daTmobebi,
ramac inglisSi kanonis uzenaesobas Cauyara safuZveli.
maJoritaruli sistema (first past the post) – gaerTianebul samefosa da SeerTebul
StatebSi gamoyenebuli saarCevno sistema, romliTac
sakanonmdeblo organos kandidatebi erTmandatian olqebSi
iyrian kenWs da imarjvebs is, vinc sxvaze met xmas daagrovebs.
zogierT sxva qveyanaSi – magaliTad, safrangeTSi – Tu verc
erTma kandidatma xmebis gansazRvrul procentze meti ver
moagrova, or yvelaze Zlier kandidats Soris kenWisyris meore
turi cxaddeba. es wesi xels aZlevs farTo da myari socialuri
bazis mqone partiebs da orpartiuli sistemis Camoyalibebas
uqmnis safuZvels. kritikosebis azriT, is arademokratiulia,
radgan gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobebs uqmnis patara an axal
partiebs da amomrCevels dilemis winaSe ayenebs: an xma misces
mxolod politikuri speqtris centrTan axlos mdgom, wamyvani
partiis kandidatebs, an gaflangos Tavisi xma gamarjvebis
688
Sansis armqone kandidatis mxardaWeriT.
marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi – samarTliani iuridiuli procedurebis
garantia; aSS konstituciaSi mas me-5 da me-15 Sesworebebi
adgens.
marqsistebi – karl marqsis (1818-1883) politikuri filosofiis mimdevrebi,
romlis mixedviTac momavali ekuTvnoda industriul Cagrul
klass (“proletariats”) da rom saboloo jamSi “uklaso
sazogadoeba” Secvlida sakuTrebis mixedviT klasebad dayofil
sazogadoebas; civi omis (1947-91) dros am termins SecdomiT
miuyenebdnen yvelas, vinc sabWoTa kavSiris Tu CineTis saxalxo
respublikis ideologias emxroboda dasavleTis winaaRmdeg.
marSalis gegma – meore msoflio omis Semdeg dasavleT evropisadmi masiuri
ekonomikuri daxmarebis programa. mas safuZvlad edo SiSi,
rom omiT gaCanagebul qveynebs komunisturi revoluciebis
safrTxe Seeqmneboda.
masirebuli sapasuxo dartyma – samxedro-stretegiuli doqtrina, romelic
birTvuli kontrdartymis realistur muqaras eyrdnoboda.
mas SeerTebuli Statebi 1950-ian wlebSi, amerikuli birTvuli
monopoliis mokle periodSi iyenebda. am doqtrinis Tanaxmad,
Tu sabWoTa kavSiri SeerTebul Statebs an mis romelime
mokavSires konvenciuri iaraRis gamoyenebiT daesxmeboda
Tavs, SeerTebuli Statebi birTvuli dartymiT upasuxebda.
masmedia – masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi, rogoricaa televizia, radio,
filmebi, wignebi, Jurnal-gazeTebi.
masobrivi mobilizaciis reJimebi – totalitaruli saxelmwifoebi maTi
evoluciis yvelaze aqtiur etapze, roca isini xels uwyobdnen
moqalaqeTa monawileobas mitingebsa da politikur
SekrebebSi.
masobrivi moZraoba – lideris da/an ideologiis erTgul mimdevarTa nebismieri
didi jgufi, romelic mzadaa moZraobis gulisTvis nebismieri
msxverpli gaiRos.
meiZis restavracia – iaponiis feodaluri xanis dasasruli 1868 wels, rodesac
gavlenian individTa mcire jgufma taxtze dasva simboluri
Zalauflebis mqone imperatori, wamoiwyo ekonomikuri
modernizaciis programa da Tanamedrove saxelmwufo
biurokratia Camoayaliba.
meore dartyma – simetriuli sapasuxo dartyma birTvuli Tavdasxmis winaaRmdeg;
paradoqsia, magram “meore dartymis unari” arsebiTad amcirebs
imis albaTobas, rom birTvuli dapirispireba realur birTvul
omSi gadaizrdeba.
meore samyaro – komunisturi saxelmwifoebi.
mesame samyaro – ase uwodeben aziis, afrikis da laTinuri amerikis ganviTarebad
qveynebs, romelTa umravlesoba adre evropis kolonia iyo. es
qveynebi rogorc wesi Raribi da mWidrod dasaxlebulia.
mzardi molodinebis revolucia – ganviTarebis gziT miRweuli revolucia,
 689
romelsac mesame samyaros qveynebma unda ganicadon pirveli
da meore samyaroebis warmatebaTa mibaZviT.
mTavroba – pirovnebebi da institutebi, romlebic qmnian da amkvidreben
wesebsa da kanonebs adamianTa ufro didi erTobebisTvis.
ministrTa koleqtiuri pasuxismgebloba – britanul sistemaSi es principi
kabinetis ministrebs mTavrobis yvela qmedebaze da
gadawyvetilebaze saerTo pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs;
ministrebi Riad da sajarod ar upirispirdebian oficialur
politikas an premier-ministris nabijebs, Tumca daxurul
Sexvedrebze SeuZliaT idavon da gansxvavebuli azri gamoTqvan
sxvadasxva sakiTxze (da ueWvelad asec iqcevian).
miumxrobloba – civi omis periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli politika, rodesac
mravali ganviTarebadi qveyana (maSin maT “mesame samyaros”
qveynebs uwodebdnen) arCevda, ar mimxroboda arc SeerTebul
Statebsa da mis mokavSireebs (“dasavleTs”) da arc sabWoTa
kavSirsa da mis mokavSireebs (“aRmosavleTs”). miumxrobloba
imiT gansxvavdeba neitralitetisgan, rom is ar gamoricxavs
lokalur konfliqtebSi qveynis Carevas an agresiul moqmedebas,
da rom meore msoflio omamde is ar qceula mniSvnelovan
cnebad saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.
miuRebeli zarali – omis dros ase uwodeben ngrevis dones, romelic potenciur
agresors sxva qveyanaze Tavdasxmis cTunebas gauqrobs. swored
am mizniT aviTareben birTvuli strategiis doqtrinaSi meore
dartymis unars: man unda Seakavos winaswari an prevenciuli
birTvuli Seteva (“pirveli dartyma”).
miwodebisa da moTxovnis kanoni – kapitalisturi anu sabazro ekonomikis
safuZvlad myofi es principi adgens, rom ekonomikis saukeTeso
regulatoria bazris “uxilavi xeli”, anu Tavisufali da
SeuzRudavi ekonomikuri aqtivobis savaraudod racionaluri
Sedegi. kerZod, es Sedegi moaqvs sakuTari egoisturi
interesebis mqone Tavisufali individebis (mwarmoeblebis,
momxmareblebis, mewarmeebis, mSromelebis) racionaluri
gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze aRmocenebul kanonzomierebebs
warmoebis, ganawilebis, dabandebis da moxmarebis sferoSi.
mogolebi – muslimi dampyroblebi, romlebmac dinastiuri imperia Seqmnes aziis
sub-kontinentze; maTi yvelaze gamoCenili mmarTvelebi iyvnen
baburi (1483-1530), akbari (1556-1605), Sah iahani (1628-1658) da
aurangzebi (1658-1707). Sah iahani taj-maxalis arqiteqtoric
iyo.
mozaikuri sazogadoeba – socialur-kulturuli mravalferovnebis
gansakuTrebiT maRali doniT gamorCeuli sazogadoeba (aseTi
ram gavrcelebulia afrikis da laTinuri amerikis erebSi). am
niSans SeuZlia, qveynis ganviTareba Seaferxos.
monarqistebi – mxardamWerebi sistemisa, romelSic politikuri Zalaufleba
ekuTvnis erT pirovnebas (magaliTad, mefes), romelic piradi
690
gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze marTavs.
monawileoba – aqtiuri CarTuloba politikur saqmeebSi, rac SeiZleba
gulisxmobdes moqmedebis saxeTa farTo speqtrs – xmis
micemiTa da masobrivi protestiT dawyebuli da SeiaraRebuli
ajanyebiTa da terorizmiT damTavrebuli.
monros doqtrina – aSS prezidentis jeims monros mier formulirebuli
status qvoze mimarTuli politika, romlis Tanaxmadac
SeerTebuli Statebi unda SeewinaaRmdegos gare Zalebis
nebismier mcdelobas, Secvalon ZalTa balansi dasavleT
naxevarsferoSi.
moraluri relativizmi – azri, rom yvela moraluri msjeloba arsebiTad
subieqturia da mxolod maTi gamomTqmeli pirovnebisTvis aqvs
Zala. am koncefciis Tanaxmad, ar arsebobs romelime mosazreba
moralis sakiTxze, romelic ramiT jobia nebismier sxvas.
moqalaqeoba – ufleba da movaleoba, konstruqciuli monawileoba miiRo
TviTmmarTvelobis mimdinare funqciobaSi.
mravalerovani saxelmwifoebi – suverenuli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa
kontrolirebad teritoriaze cxovrobs ori an meti (xandaxan
gacilebiT meti) eTnolingvisturi jgufi (an eri); sagulisxmo
magaliTebia indoeTi, nigeria, ruseTi, CineTi, yofili
iugoslavia.
mravaljeradi ganadgurebis unari (overkill) – imaze gacilebiT ufro didi
birTvuli arsenalis floba, vidre saWiroa mtris sruli
ganadgurebisTvis.
msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO) – aradiskriminaciuli savaWro
organizacia, risi mizanicaa globalur Tu regionul doneze
daubrkolebeli savaWro urTierTobebis mxardaWera. adre mas
erqva sayovelTao xelSekruleba vaWrobasa da tarifebze.
msoflio sasamarTlo – aseve cnobilia rogorc “saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo”
(International Court of Justice) – gaeros ZiriTadi sasamarTlo
organo; sasamarTlo ganixilavs nebismier saqmes, riTac
masSi Sedian misi iurisdiqciis nebayoflobiT maRiarebeli
mxareebi.
mtkicebulebis uaryofis wesi (dauSvebeli mtkicebuleba) – samarTlebriv
procedurebSi ase qvia wess, romlis ZaliTac konstituciuri
moTxovnebis darRveviT mopovebuli mtkicebuleba ver
gamoiyeneba sasamarTloSi braldebulis winaaRmdeg.
multinacionaluri korporaca – kompania, romlis saqmianobis mniSvnelovani
nawili sxvadasxva qveyanaSia ganawilebuli.
mcire intensivobis konfliqti – aseTi ram xdeba, roca erTi saxelmwifo
afinansebs, asponsorebs da exmareba Zaladobis sporadul da
xangrZliv gamoyenebas metoqe qveyanaSi.
mwvane revolucia – soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis dramatuli zrda
Tanamedrove sairigacio sistemebisa da qimiuri sasuqebis
Setanis Sedegad, damaxasiaTebeli Tanamedrove indoeTis,
 691
meqsikis, taivanisa da filipinebisTvis.
mwiri informaciis racionaloba – idea, rom moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT, azriani
arCevani gaakeTon (magaliTad, gonivrulad miscen xma)
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini arasakmarisad erkvevian sajaro
politikaSi, kandidatebis av-kargianobaSi da mimdinare
problemebSi.
naTesavi qveynis sindromi – viTareba, romlis drosac erTmaneTTan
kulturulad dakavSirebuli qveynebi da liderebi msgavs
poziciebs icaven.
nato (CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia) – 1949 wels
daarsebuli samxedro kavSiri, romelSic Crdilo amerikisa da
evropis saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba Sedis. misi Tavdapirveli
mizani iyo evropaSi sabWoTa kavSiris agresiis aRkveTa.
nacia – ix. eri.
nacionalistur-separatistuli terorizmi – terorizmis forma, romelsac
sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis maZiebeli jgufebi misdeven.
maTi saqmianoba Cveulebriv mocemul erovnul sazRvrebSia
moqceuli.
neitraliteti – politika, romelic upirobo prioritetad miiCnevs omSi
Caubmelobas. saamisod qveyana mezoblebis mimarT raime muqaras
erideba, mxolod TavdacviT samxedro resursebs inarCunebs
da arasodes emxroba konfliqtis romelime mxares. fineTi,
SvedeTi da Sveicaria neitralitetis politikis warmatebiT
ganxorcielebis magaliTebia.
nihilizmi – msoflmxedveloba, ris Tanaxmadac yvela arsebuli socialuri da
politikuri institutis ganadgureba TavisTavad sasurveli
mizania.
nomenklatura – yofili sabWoTa komunisturi partiis sistema, riTac
is akontrolebda yvela mniSvnelovan administraciul
Tanamdebobas da amiT uzunvelyofda mimdinare
gadawyvetilebebis mimRebTa mxardaWeras da erTgulebas.
oligarqia – avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac gavlenian
individTa mcire jgufi srulad akontrolebs Zalauflebas.
oligarqiis rkinis kanoni – elitisturi Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac nebismieri
didi organizaciis (mag., politikuri partiis, profesiuli
kavSiris) marTvis saWiroebebs TavisTavad mivyavarT
mdgomareobamde, roca informaciisa da komunikaciis
misawvdomoba da maTze kontroli biurokratTa mcire
jgufiTaa SemozRuduli. amis gamo es jgufi organizaciis
farglebSi Zalauflebis yvela berkets eufleba.
omi mcdari aRqmis gamo – saomari konfliqti imis gamo, rom or qveyanas
arasworad esmis erTmaneTis namdvili ganzraxvebi.
omis eskalacia – saomar konfliqtSi ase qvia gadasvlas SedarebiT ufro
lokaluri da SezRuduli Setakebebidan srulmasStabian omze.
Cveulebriv es xdeba, roca mocemul momentSi wagebuli mxare
692
brZolaSi gardatexis Sesatanad Tavisi samxedro Zalis mkveTr
gazrdas gadawyvets, da es tendencia grZeldeba, sanam orive
mxare omSi Tavisi sruli potencialiT ar Caebmeba.
orpalatiani sistema (bikameralizmi) – sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis dayofa
or palatad.
orpolusiani (bipolaruli) sistema – ZalTa balansis tradiciuli evropuli
sistemis gardaqmna or mtrul banakad, romelTac SeerTebuli
Statebi da yofili sabWoTa kavSiri edgnen saTaveSi. TiToeuli
flobda gadamwyvet samxedro da ekonomikur upiratesobas
da mkveTrad upirispirdeboda metoqis politikasa da
ideologias.
palestina – libanis da siriis samxreTiT da iordaniis dasavleTiT mdebare
teritoria, romelsac bibliur dros iudeasa da samarias
uwodebdnen. dRes am teritoriis udides nawilze arsebobs
israelis eri-saxelmwifo, romelic 1947 wels Seiqmna
SeerTebuli Statebisa da didi britaneTis mxadaWeriT.
palestineli arabebi – palestinis yofili teritoriis (misi udidesi nawili
dRes israelia) arabi macxovreblebi. sxva arabTa umravlesobis
msgavsad, palestineli arabebic muslimanebi arian.
milionobiT palestinels iZulebiT gadasaxleba mouxda meore
msoflio omis Semdeg, roca ebraelma emigrantebma, ZiriTadad
evropidan, istoriuli samSoblos aRdgenis ocneba aisrules.
aman saTave daudo xangrZliv dapirispirebas palestinel
arabTa da israels Soris.
partizanuli omi – mcire mobilur erTeulebad moqnilad organizebuli
samxedro dajgufebebis taqtika, romlebic terorisa da
sabotaJis aqtebs axorcieleben, Semdeg ki samoqalaqo
mosaxleobaSi iTqvifebian.
partiis yriloba – sabWoTa sistemis umaRlesi politikuri organo, romelic
xuT weliwadSi erTxel ikribeboda. formalurad is partiis
wevrebs wamoadgenda, sinamdvileSi ki mmarTveli elitis mier
gatarebuli politikis legitimacias emsaxureboda.
partiuloba – Tagvanwirvis, enTuziazmisa da upirobo erTgulebis
suliskveTeba, rac komunisturi partiis wevrebs
moeTxoveboda.
pauperizaciis kanoni – am debulebiT karl marqss surda imis Tqma, rom raki
kapitalizms axasiaTebs Tandayolili midrekileba krizisebisa
da umuSevrobis zrdisken, muSebi garduvalad gadadian Warbi
muSaxelis kategoriaSi.
patron-klienteluri urTierToba – politikuri monawileobis forma,
ufro metad gavrcelebuli ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rodesac,
ierarqiuli sistemis farglebSi, gavleniani pirebi garkveuli
sikeTeebis sanacvlod moipoveben xmebs, finansur saxsrebs da
imtkiceben politikuri Zalauflebis bazas.
perestroika – am terminiT aRniSnavdnen mixeil gorbaCovis sxvadasxva
 693
mcdelobas, gardaeqmna sabWoTa ekonomika misi socialisturi
xasiaTis sruli uaryofis gareSe.
perestroikis pirveladobis modeli – erovnuli ganviTarebis Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmadac liberaluri sabazro reformebi win unda
uswrebdes politikur reformebs.

pirdapiri demokratia – mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac gadawyvetilebebi

uSualod moqalaqeebisa da ara maTi warmomadgenlebis mier
miiReba.
pirveli dartyma – moulodneli an winmswrebi Tavdasxma birTvuli iaraRis
gamoyenebiT.
pirveli samyaro – industriuli demokratiebi.
piruku diskriminacia – masze saubroven maSin, rodesac pozitiuri qmedebebi,
romelTa mizania istoriulad Cagrul jgufebs daexmaron
samsaxuris, sacxovreblis da ganaTlebis mopovebaSi,
umravlesobisTvis Semaferxebel faqtorebad iqceva. es
umciresobebis da genderuli diskriminaciis msxverplTaTvis
upiratesobis miniWebis gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegia.
plebisciti – kenWisyra, romelic qveyanaSi tardeba sajaro politikis
konkretul problemaze.
pluralistebi – am Tvalsazrisis momxreebi Tvlian, rom raki nebismier did
demokratiaSi politikuri procesi decentralizebuli da
instituciurad danawevrebulia, politikuri Zalauflebis
struqturebis kontroli SeuZliaT mxolod specialur
interesTa SemozRudul sivrceSi Seqmnil, erTi sakiTxis
garSemo gaerTianebul koaliciebs.
propaganda – mas-mediis gamoyeneba mosaxleobaSi sasurveli Sexedulebebis
Casanergad da xalxis azrebisa da qmedebis sasurveli
mimarTulebiT warsamarTad.
proporciuli warmomadgenloba – politikuri struqtura, ris pirobebSic
sakanonmdeblo organos mandatebi partiebs Soris nawildeba
amomrCevelTa miRebuli xmebis wilis Sesabamisad.
proletariati – marqsistul TeoriaSi, muSaTa klasi.
pozitiuri qmedebebi – socialurad an ekonomikurad uares mdgomareobaSi
myofi jgufebis wevrebisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba
warsuli diskriminaciis gamo dakarguli SesaZleblobebis
sakompensaciod.
politbiuro – patara jgufi, romelic yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi umaRlesi
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organo iyo. misi wevrebi xSirad
imavdroulad komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis
mdivnebi an wamyvani dargebis ministrebi iyvnen.
politika – procesi, ris Sedegadac sazogadoeba irCevs da gadawyvetilebebis
misaRebad saWiro ZalauflebiT aRWurvavs Tavis mmarTvelebs,
moqmedebs saerTo miznebis misaRwevad da agvarebs konfliqtebs
Tavis SigniT.
694
politikis axali gageba – meTvramete saukunis doqtrina, ris Tanaxmadac
politikuri sistema SeiZleba ise moewyos, rom Seiqmnas
kompetenturi mTavroba, magram Tavidan iyos acilebuli
Zalauflebis zedmeti centralizaciidan gamomdinare
tirania.
“politiko” – aSS-Si ase uwodeben kanonmdebels, romelic maTTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebSi amorCevelTa nebas
misdevs, magram sakuTar mosazrebebs eyrdnoba im sferoebSi,
rac nakleb aRelvebs amomrCevlebs an sasicocxlo mniSvneloba
aqvs eris keTidReobisTvis.
politikuri apaTia – politikuri monawileobis mimarT interesis arqona.
politikuri ganviTareba – xelisuflebis unari, efeqturad gamoiyenos
Zalaufleba, wesrigi da sazogadoebrivi samsaxurebis muSaoba
uzrunvelyos, amasTan Tavidan aicilos cvlilebebi liderTa
Soris.
politikuri partia – individTa nebismieri jgufi, romelic erTmaneTs
eTanxmeba sajaro politikis zogierT an yvela sakiTxze
da organizdeba im mizniT, rom Tavisi wevrebis meSveobiT
xelisuflebis kontrols miaRwios.
politikuri realizmi – filosofia, romlis Tanaxmadac yvela politikur
urTierTobaSi sakvanZo faqtori Zalauflebaa, amitom
saWiroa misi pragmatuli da gamozomili gamoyeneba erovnuli
interesebis dasakmayofileblad. ganxorcielebuli
politika fasdeba rogorc kargi an cudi imis mixedviT, Tu
ramdenad sasikeToa is erovnuli interesebisTvis da ara misi
moralurobis xarisxiT.
politikuri socializacia – procesi, riTac sazogadoebis wevrebi iTviseben
maTi garemos Zireul Rirebulebebs da emzadebian samoqalaqo
movaleobaTa Sesasruleblad.
politikuri qmedebis komitetebi – konkretuli kandidatebis mxardasaWerad
an sawinaaRmdegod warmarTuli kampaniebisTvis saxsrebis
mosazidad Seqmnili jgufebi aSS-Si.
politikuri qmedunarianoba – politikur saqmianobaSi qmediTi monawileobis
unari, romelsac Cveulebriv safuZvlad udevs ganaTleba,
socialuri statusi da sakuTari Tavis rwmena.
politikuri SeRweva – ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyoba gzebis da
xidebis mSeneblobiT, satelefono xazebis gayvaniT, raTa
saboloo jamSi ufro integrirebuli erovnuli ekonomika
Camoyalibdes.
policiuri Zalaufleba – saxelmwifoTa unari, SeinarCunon Sida mSvidoba
da wesrigi, uzrunvelyon ganaTleba da zogadad dacvan
adamianebis janmrTeloba, usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba.
prefeqti – safrangeTSi ase qviaT mniSvnelovani saxelisuflebo organoebis
xelmZRvanelebs.
proletariati – muSaTa klasis sinonimia marqsistul TeoriaSi.
 695
proletariatis diqtatura – marqsistul TeoriaSi es aris muSaTa revoluciis
uSualod momdevno stadia, romlis drosac saxelmwifos
komunisturi partia akontrolebs da mas kapitalisturi
reaqciisa Tu kontrrevoluciisgan icavs; proletariatis
diqtaturas wminda komunizmisa da uklaso sazogadoebisken
mivyavarT.
proporciuli siebis sistema – proporciuli waromadgenlobis meTodi, romlis
drosac partiebi qmnian sakuTari kandidatebis ranJirebul
sias da mis mixedviT SeyavT isini sakanonmdeblo organoSi.
Jenevis konvencia – saerTaSoriso samarTlis korpusi, romelic adgens omis
dros daWrilTa, tyveTa da omis zonaSi moxvedril samoqalaqo
pirTa mimarT mopyrobis wesebs.
rajia sabha – indoeTis federaluri parlamentis zeda palata – Statebis
arapirdapir arCeuli sabWo.
“rbili fuli” (soft money)- (aSS-Si) iseTi Sewirulobebi politikuri partiebis
erovnuli komitetebisadmi, rodesac partia ar aris
angariSvaldebuli federaluri saarCevno komisiis mimarT im
pirobiT, rom fuli konkretuli kandidatis saWiroebisTvis
ar iqneba gamoyenebuli; erovnuli komitetebi ase miRebul
Tanxebs gadascemen partiul organizaciebs Statebis doneze,
romelTac Cveulebriv angariSvaldebulebis nakleb mkacri
wesebi aqvT. kritikosebi “rbil fuls” uwodeben uzarmazar
xvrels kanonmdeblobaSi partiebis dafinansebis Sesaxeb da mas
legalizebul korufcias uTanabreben.
revolucia – sazogadoebis politikuri da socialuri institutebis
Zirfesviani Secvla, rasac xSirad Tan axlavs Zaladoba,
kulturuli dapirispireba da samoqalaqo omi.
revoluciis ufleba – jon lokis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, Tu xelisufleba
Tavisi moqmedebiT sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis da sakuTrebis
Zireul uflebebs laxavs, moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT, ajanydnen
da Secvalon is axliT, romelic marTebulad Seasrulebs Tavis
amocanebs.
revoluciuri komunizmi – ideologia, romlis Tanaxmadac kapitalisturi
sistema muSaTa klasis Zaladobrivma ajanyebam unda daamxos
da sajaro sakuTrebiTa da saxelisuflebo kontrolze
damyarebuli ekonomikuri sistemiT Secvalos.
revoluciuri omi – amerikis omi damoukideblebisTvis (1975-83); ix. amerikis
revolucia.
rektifikacia – maoistur CineTSi ase erqva yvela “kapitalisturad” miCneuli
Tvisebis – mag., materializmisa da individualizmis,
aRmofxvras.
respublika – mmarTvelobis forma, romlis drosac suverenitetis
matarebelia mocemuli qveynis xalxi da ara misi mmarTvelebi.
respublikebis udidesi umravlesoba dRes demokratiuli
anu warmomadgenlobiTia, rac niSnavs, rom suverenul
696
Zalauflebas axorcieleben moqalaqeTa mier arCeuli da maT
winaSe pasuxismgebeli warmomadgenlebi.
referendumi – xmis micema, riTac moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT pirdapir gaauqmon
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
saapelacio sasamarTlo – sasamarTlo, romelic ganixilavs saCivrebs saolqo
sasamarTlos mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze.
sabotaJi – xelisuflebisTvis Ziris gamoTxris mcdeloba, xSirad gare Zalebis
daxmarebiT.
saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebi – saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,
romelTa wevrebic kerZo pirebi da jgufebi arian.
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi – gaeros mier Seqmnili saerTaSoriso
organizacia, romelSic mravali qveynis mTavroba Sedis. misi
mizania xeli Seuwyos globalur TanamSromlobas savaluto
sferoSi, saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa da ekonomikur stabilobas.
is aseve exmareba sagadasaxado balansis gaTanabrebas wevri
qveynebisTvis sakuTari fondidan sesxebis gacemiT.
saerTaSoriso samarTali – CveulebaTa, xelSekrulebaTa da sazogadod
miRebul wesTa erToblioba, romlebic gansazRvravs erebis
uflebebsa da movaleobebs erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi.
saerTaSoriso samTavrobo organizaciebi – saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,
romelTa wevrebic mTavrobebi arian.
saerTaSoriso terorizmi – terorizmis forma, romelSic erTi qveyana sxva
qveynis xelisuflebas upirispirdeba. xandaxan “saxelmwifos
dasponsorebul terorizmsac” uwodeben.

savaldebulo iurisdiqcia – samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, daemorCilo

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas. msoflio sasamarTlos
arsebobis pirveli oci wlis manZilze ormocdaori qveynis
xelisuflebam ganacxada mzaoba, eRiarebina misi savaldebulo
iurisdiqcia.
sazogado sikeTe – politikuri erTobis wevrTa mier gaziarebuli Sexedulebebi
imis Taobaze, Tu ra miznebis miRwevas unda emsaxurebodes
xelisufleba: magaliTad, man unda uzrunvelyos usafrTxoebis,
keTildReobis, Tanasworobis, Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobis
maqsimaluri done yvela moqalaqisTvis.
sazogadoebriv interesTa jgufebi – jgufebi, romlebic mxars uWeren
RonisZiebebs, romlebic maTi azriT mTel sazogadoebas
waadgeba.
sazogadoebrivi azri – moqalaqeTa Sexedulebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
saxelisuflebo Tanamdebobis pirTa gadawyvetilebebze da
qcevaze.
sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva – moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva maTi Sexedulebebis
gasagebad.
 697
saliamis taqtika – am meTodebiT v. i. lenini TiSavda Tavis oponentebs mcire
jgufebad, romlTac erTmaneTs upirispirebda da iolad
amarcxebda.
samarTliani omi – TavdacviTi omi, an omi, romelic erTaderTi saSualebaa
qveynis mier dasaxuli marTebuli miznis misaRwevad.
samarTlianoba – sazogadoebis SigniT sikeTeebisa da movaleobebis ganawileba
damsaxurebis mixedviT.
samoqalaqo ganaTleba – potenciur moqalaqeebSi im Zireuli Rirebulebebisa
da Sexedulebebis STanergva, romlebic safuZvlad udevs
mocemul wesrigs.
samoqalaqo daumorCilebloba – kanonis araZaladobrivi da Ria darRveva,
risi mizanicaa iuridiuli, politikuri Tu socialuri
usamarTlobis warmoCena.
samoqalaqo liderebi – individebi, romlebic seriozul gavlenas
axdenen xelisuflebaze raime oficialuri Tanamdebobis
daukaveblad.
samoqalaqo omi – omi eris geografiul Tu politikur nawilebs Soris.
saomari danaSauli – omis dros Cadenili danaSauli, romelic serozulad
arRvevs omis zogadad aRiarebuli wesebs.
saparlamento sistema – demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sistema, romlis drosac
xelisufleba koncentrirebulia sakanonmdeblo organoSi,
romelic irCevs premier-ministrs da kabinetis wevrebs. maT
imden xans SeuZliaT Tanamdebobaze yofna, ramden xansac
parlamentSi umravlesobis mxardaWera eqnebaT.
saparlamento suvereniteti – did britaneTSi ase uwodeben dauwerel
konstituciur princips, risi ZaliTac britaneTis parlamenti
uzenaesi sakanonmdeblo organoa; parlamentis mier miRebuli
kanonebi ar eqvemdebareba samarTlebriv gadasinjvas da arc
samefo taxts SeuZlia maTi gauqmeba.
saprezidento sistema – mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma, romelSic
umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli Tanamdebobis piri saerTo-
saxalxo xmis micemiT airCeva fiqsirebuli vadiT, xolo misi
uflebamosileba mkafiodaa gamijnuli xelisuflebis sxva
Stoebisgan.
sasamarTlo gadasinjva – sasamarTlos ufleba, xelisuflebis aqtebi
arakonstituciurad, maSasadame Zaladakargulad
gamoacxados.
safrangeTis revolucia (1789) – man safrangeTSi burbonebis dinastia daamxo
Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da Zmobis (liberté, egalité, fraternité)
698
saxeliT, konservatuli, aristokratuli da roialisturi
institutebiT marTul evropaSi liberalizmis virusi
Seitana da napoleon bonapartis mmarTveloba moamzada; man
safrangeTis pirvel respublikasa da napoleonis omebs Cauyara
safuZveli.
saSinao iurisdiqcia – arsebiTad suverenuli saxelmwifos ganmgeblobas
mikuTvnebuli saqmeebi.
saSinao terorizmi – terorizmis forma, romelsac axorcieleben adamianebi
qveynis SigniT romelime mTavrobasTan kavSiris gareSe.
saxelmwifo – damoukidebeli politikur-administraciuli erTeuli,
romelsac gaaCnia mocemuli mosaxleobis loialoba,
axorcielebs monopolias Zalis legitimur gamoyenebaze
da akontrolebs teritorias, razec misi moqalaqeebi Tu
qveSemrdomebi cxovroben.
saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebi – omebi suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris.
saxelSelaxulTa bili (bill of attander) – saparlamento aqti, romelic pirovnebas
damnaSaved cnobs da sasjels ufardebs sasamarTlo procesis
gareSe.
saxelmwifo gadatrialeba (coup d’état) – saxelmwifo Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis
mcdeloba alternatuli jgufis (xSirad samxedroebis) mier,
visac ZiriTad saxelisuflebo institutebze kontrolis
mopoveba surs mmarTvelobis formis an sazogadoebis
Zirfesviani Secvlis gareSe.
saxelmwifo moRvawe – xelisuflebaSi myofi politikosi, visac gaaCnia
gamorCeuli politikuri unarebi da praqtikuli sibrZne,
sazogado sikeTeze zrunavs da adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovan
pozitiur Sedegebsac aRwevs.
saxelmwifos armqone erebi – xalxebi an erebi, romlebic sxvadasxva
saxelmwifoSi an farTo teritoriaze cxovroben da ar gaaCniaT
sakuTari avtonomiuri, damoukidebeli Tu suverenuli
mmarTvelobiTi struqtura; aseTi xalxebis magaliTebia
qurTebi, palestinelebi, tibetelebi (ix. eri).
saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba – saxelmwifos saqmeTa unariani gaZRola.
saxelmwifos mSenebloba – iseTi politikuri institutebis Seqmna, romelTac
xelewifeba qveynis SigniT saxelisuflebo funqciebis
ganxorcieleba da resursebis ganawileba.
saxelmwifo terorizmi – Zaladobrivi meTodebi, rasac saxelmwifos
usafrTxoebis samsaxurebi iyeneben sakuTari xalxis
dasaSineblad da dasaSoSmineblad.
 699
sajaro sikeTe – ix. sazogado sikeTe
sionizmi – moZraoba, romlis Tavdapirveli mizani iyo ebraelTa erovnuli
saxelmwifos – israelis aRdgena, dRes ki mis mxardasaWerad
iRwvis.
socializmi – es ideologia koleqtiur da saxelmwifo sakuTrebas upiratesobas
aniWebs individualur da kerZo sakuTrebasTan SedarebiT.
status kvos strategia – saxelmwifos amgvari politika miznad isaxavs,
SeinarCunos ZalTa arsebuli balansi koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebis meqanizmebis, diplomatiisa da molaparakebebis
gamoyenebiT, aseve eswrafvis mis legitimacias saerTaSoriso
samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebismeSveobiT.
strategiuli gamokiTxva – sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis am tips iyeneben
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra poziciebi unda daikavos kandidatma da
ra saxis politikuri reklama Seuqmnis mas pozitiur imijs.
strategiuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis xelSekruleba II (START II) – SeerTebul
Statebsa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs Soris dadebuli
xelSekruleba strategiuli birTvuli SeiaraRebis
SezRudvaze.
stratificirebuli SerCeva - sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvis am
nairsaxeobaSi respondentebi SeirCevian asakis, Semosavlis,
socialur-ekonomikuri statusis da msgavsi niSnebis mixedviT
im angariSiT, rom SerCeva mTlianad sazogadoebis struqturas
Seesabamebodes; gansxvavdeba SemTxveviTi SerCevisagan.
suvereniteti – mTavrobis unari, realurad ganaxorcielos uzenaesi
Zalaufleba saxelmwifoSi.
terorizmi – politikuri aqtivoba, romelic Tavisi miznebis misaRwevad
eyrdoba Zaladobas an Zaladobis muqaras.
teroris mefoba – adamianTa masobrivi dasja safrangeTis revoluciis dros
maqsimilian robespierisa da misive sajaro usafrTxoebis
komitetis brZanebiT. ase uswordebodnen adamianebs, visi
Sexedulebebic revolucionerTa utopiuri idealebisgan
gansxvavdeboda.
tiananmenis moednis Jleta – 1989 wels mosamsaxureebma da studentebma
pekinSi tiananmenis moedanze gamarTes mitingi demokratiuli
Tavisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis sistemis reformis
moTxovnebiT. jarma Zaladobrivad CaaxSo saprotesto aqcia,
ris Sedegadac daixoca 1500 da daSavda aTi aTasamde adamiani.
totalitarizmi – politikuri sistema, romelSic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela sferos, ekonomikasa da xelisuflebas mkacrad
700
akontrolebs mmarTveli elita.
tradicionalistebi – Teoretikosebi, romelTa mier politikis Seswavla
fundamentur da “maradiul” problemebSi CaRrmavebas
emyareba.
tradiciuli sazogadoebebi – aseTi sazogadoebebi warsulze arian
orientirebuli da winaaRmdegobas uweven cvlilebebs. maTi
gavrcelebuli niSnebia siRaribe, ekonomikis ZiriTadad
agraruli xasiaTi, wera-kiTxvis dabali done da maRali
Sobadoba.
transnacionaluri terorizmi – aseT ramesTan gvaqvs saqme, roca sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi moqmedi teroristuli jgufebi erTmaneTTan
TanamSromloben an mocemuli teroristuli jgufis saqmianoba
saxelmwifo sazRvrebs kveTs.
trumenis doqtrina – aSS prezidentis hari trumenis dapireba, rom misi qveyana
daexmareba yvela Tavisufal qveyanas, romelsac SeiaraRebuli
umciresobis mier ganxorcielebuli revolucia an gare agresia
daemuqreba.
tutelaJi – yvela adgilobrivad miRebul gadawyvetilebaze centralizebuli
biurokratiuli kontrolis sistema, romelic gamoiyeneba
mmarTvelobis unitarul sistemebSi (magaliTad,
safrangeTSi).
ubralo umravlesoba – amomrCevelTa yvelaze didi nawili.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo (aSS-Si) – umaRlesi donis federaluri sasamarTlo,
romelic wyvets samarTlis interpretaciasTan Tu
sakonstitucio principebTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebiT
rTul sakiTxebs.
ultranacionalizmi – ukiduresi nacionalizmi, romelsac xSirad faSizms
adareben; agresiuli memarjvene orientacia, romelsac
Cveulebriv axasiaTebs militarizmi, rasizmi da qsenofobia.
umravlesobis mmarTveloba – principi, romlis Tanaxmadac upiratesoba eniWeba
kandidats an programas, romelic miiRebs amomrCevelTa xmebis
naxevars plus erT xmas mainc.
umravlesobis tirania – politikuri situacia, romelSic dominanturi jgufi
xelisuflebis kontrols iyenebs umciresobis jgufebis
dasaCagrad.
undoblobis votumi – saparlamento demokratiebSi ase qvia kenWisyras
parlamentSi, romelic mTavrobam aucileblad unda moigos,
raTa xelisuflebaSi darCes.
unitaruli sistema – sistema, sadac adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvis uflebaTa
 politikuri monawileoba 701
delegireba centraluri mTavrobis nebazea damokidebuli.
upirobo kapitulacia – arCevani, romelsac meomari mxare damarcxebis piras
misul mowinaaRmdeges aZlevs: an dauyonebliv danebdi (riTac
gamarjvebulis keTil nebaze mTlianad damokidebuli darCebi),
an bolomde ganadgurdi.
urTierTdamokidebuleba – politikuri moZRvreba, romlis Tanaxmadac arc
erT ers ar SeuZlia sruli izolacia sxva erebis politikuri,
ekonomikuri da kulturuli qmedebebisgan, da rom amis gamo
iqmneba erovnul interesebze maRla mdgomi saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mzardi qseli.
urTierTSekaveba – am Teoriis Tanaxmad agresiuli omebi Tavidan SeiZleba
aviciloT, Tu Tavdasxmis potenciur obieqts sakmarisi
samxedro Zala eqneba saimisod, rom nebismieri SesaZlo
agresori saTanadod dasajos.
utopia – srulyofili politikuri da socialuri sistemis warmosaxva.
utopisti socialistebi – adamianebi, visac swamda, rom SesaZlebelia qonebis
warmatebuli erToblivi marTva, riTac gadaiWreba yvelaze
mniSvnelovani politikuri problemebi.
uflebaTa peticia – inglisis parlamentis mier 1628 wels gamocemuli aqti,
romelmac daawesa marTebuli samarTlebrivi procesi da
SezRuda mefis mier gadasaxadebis dawesebis ufleba.
ujredebi – mcire, mWidrod dakavSirebuli qveda donis organizaciuli
erTeulebi v. i. leninis bolSevikur partiaSi.
faSizmi – totalitaruli politikuri sistema, romelsac saTaveSi udgas
popularuli qarizmatuli politikuri lideri da romelSic
erTaderTi politikuri partiisa da kargad marTuli Zaladobis
meSveobiT sruli politikuri da socialuri kontroli
xorcieldeba. faSizmi imiT gansxvavdeba komunizmisgan, rom
Tumca ekonomikur struqturas saxelmwifo akontrolebs, is
kerZo mesakuTreTa xelSia.
federalizmi – SezRuduli mmarTvelobis sistema, romelic emyareba
Zalauflebis ganawilebas centralur xelisuflebasa da ufro
mcire regionul erTeulebs Soris.
federaluri asamblea – ruseTis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organo, orpalatiani
parlamenti, Seqmnili 1993 wlis konstituciiT. masSi Sedis
zeda (saxelmwifo duma) da qveda (federaciis sabWo) palatebi.
federaluri erTeuli (“Stati”, “miwa” – da a. S.) – ZiriTadi politikur-
administraciuli erTeuli federalur sistemaSi. is
suverenuli ar aris da Cveulebriv damokidebulia centralur
702 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

xelisuflebaze iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa resursebis

(sagadasaxado transferebis da grantebis) gamoyofa, Tavdacva
(samxedro usafrTxoeba da sagangebo situaciebSi daxmareba),
agreTve sxva federalur erTeulebTan da ucxo qveynebTan
ekonomikuri urTierToba.
federaciis sabWo – ruseTis erovnuli sakanonmdeblo organos, federaluri
asambleis zeda palata, Seqmnili 1993 wlis konstituciiT. masSi
Sedis 178 warmomadgneli – or-ori TiToeuli 89 teritoriuli
erTeulidan.
filosofosi mefeebi – brZeni filosofosebi, romlebic platonis
“saxelmwifoSi” aRweril idealur qalaqSi mmarTvelebad
gvevlinebian.
fokus-jgufebi – adamianTa mcire jgufebi, romlebic komunikaciebis eqspertis
xelmZRvanelobiT ganixilaven konkretul sakiTxebs.
funqcionalizmi/funqcionalistebi – am politikuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
ekonomikuri da socialuri funqciebis TandaTanobiTi
gadacema saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobiTi organizaciebisTvis
(rogoricaa gaeros specializebuli saagentoebi – magaliTad,
iunesko), sabolood saerTaSoriso doneze gadaanacvlebs
realur Zalauflebas da aq moaxdens politikuri qmedebis
integracias.
qarizmatuli lideri – politikuri lideri, romlis legitimuroba mosaxleobis
mxridan Tayvaniscemas emyareba. aseTi Tayvaniscemis
safuZveli SeiZleba iyos warsuli sagmiro saqmeebi (realuri
an warmosaxviTi), pirovnuli oratoruli niWi Tu politikuri
nawerebi.
qaSmiri – indoeTsa da pakistans Soris sadavo teritoria. qaSmiris udides
nawilze kontrols induisturi umravlesobis mqone indoeTi
axorcielebs, magram TviT am provinciis mosaxleobis
umravlesoba muslimania, anu pakistanis oficialur religias
misdevs. 1947 wels damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg
indoeTma da pakistanma samjer iomes qaSmiris gamo, 2000-2001
wlebSi ki daZabulobam kvlav imata. indoeTsac da pakistansac
arsenalSi birTvuli iaraRi aqvs.
qveyana – rogorc politikuri termini, is daaxloebiT Seesabameba saxelmwifos
da SeiZleba “eris” da “eri-saxelmwifos” sinonimad iyos
gamoyenebuli. sityva “qveyana” SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas mis
mimarT siyvarulis gamosaxatavadac (magaliTad, patriotul
leqsebsa da simRerebSi), radgan “saxelmwifosgan” gansxvavebiT
 politikuri monawileoba 703
mas emociuri elferic aqvs.
qneseTi – israelis erTpalatiani parlamenti.
SezRuduli omi – totaluri omis (magaliTad, totaluri birTvuli omis)
sapirispiro cneba.
SezRuduli xelisufleba – koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmadac xelisufleba ver
gadadgams nabijs, rac ginda bevrma adamianma moisurvos es,
romelic winaaRmdegobaSi Seva konstituciur principebTan
– magaliTad, samarTalTan.
SeiaraRebaSi Sejibri – moqipSe saxelmwifoebis mier urTirTsawinaaRmdegod
mimarTuli iaraRis momarageba; es procesi xels uwyobs
SeiaraRebis sistemebis dargSi kvlevis da teqnologiebis
ganviTarebas, zogi eqspertis azriT ki omis mizezic SeiZleba
gaxdes.
Sekaveba – SeerTebuli Statebis politika meore msoflio omis Semdgeg, romelic
globaluri status-kvos SenarCunebaze iyo mimarTuli.
termini ukavSirdeba SeerTebuli Statebis mcdelobas,
Seekavebina sabWoTa kavSiri, raTa mas ver SeZleboda Semdgom
gaefarTovebina Tavisi kontrolis sfero ise, rogorc es
aRmosavleT evropaSi gaakeTa. am politikidan amoizarda nato,
marSalis gegma, koreisa da vietnamis omebi.
Sekaveba da gawonasworeba – sakonstitucio saSualebebi, romlebic saSualebas
aZlevs saxelisuflebo Stoebs, win aRudgnen Zalauflebis
ukanono gadametebas sxva Stoebis mier.
SekiTxvebis saaTi – did britaneTSi ase qvia yoveli kviris orSabaTidan
xuTSabaTamde sagangebod gamoyofil dros, rodesac misi
udidebulesobis loialuri opozicia (xelisuflebaSi armyofi
partia) axdens mTavrobis (xelisuflebaSi myofi partiis)
qmedebaTa da gadawyvetilebaTa kritikas da gamokvlevas;
yoveli kviris ganmavlobaSi premier-ministri orjer aris
movale, upasuxos mwvave SekiTxvebs opoziciis mxridan.
SemTxveviTi omi – birTvuli Seteva winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe Secdomis an
araswori gaTvlis gamo (Tanamedrove epoqaSi).
SemTxveviTi SerCeva – gamokiTxvis meTodi, rodesac adamianebi (respondentebi)
SemTxveviTi wesiT SeirCevian mosaxleobis saerTo masidan (ix.
agreTve stratificirebuli SerCeva).
Sereuli ekonomika – ekonomikuri sistema, romelic axamebs rogorc
saxelmwifo, ise kerZo mflobelobaSi myof sawarmoebs.
Sereuli reJimi – saxelmwifo, romelSic Zalauflebis sxvadasxa Sto sxvadasxva
socialur klass wamoadgens.
704 politikis samoqalaqo ganzomileba

Stati – ix. “federaluri erTeuli“.

“Calis gamokiTxvebi” – aramecnieruli kvlevebi; sazogadoebrivi azris martivi,
iafi gamokiTxebi, romlebic xSirad manipulaciis da borotad
gamoyenebis sagnad iqceva.
Cveulebrivi politikosebi – individebi, visi prioritetic arCevnebis
(xelaxla) mogebaa.
CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA) – 1994 wels
SeerTebuli Statebis, meqsikisa da kanadis mier dadebuli
xelSekruleba, riTac sami eri SeTanxmda erTmaneTTan vaWroba
Tavisufal reJimSi an Semcirebuli tarifebiT ewarmoebina.
CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia – ix. nato.
centraluri komiteti – jgufi, romelic marTavda sabWoTa komunistur
partias mis yrilobaTa Soris. mis wevrebs partiis liderebi
arCevdnen.
civi omi – daZabulobis maRali done SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa
kavSirs Soris, romlis drosac gavlenis gasaZliereblad
mxareebi iyenebdnen diplomatiur manevrebs, urTierTmtrul
propagandas, ekonomikur sanqciebsa da samxedro Zlierebis
zrdas.
cxeli xazi – vaSingtonsa da moskovs Soris komunikaciis daculi pirdapiri xazi,
romelic 1963 wels, civi omis pikSi Seiqmna gaufrTxileblobiT
gamowveuli birTvuli katastrofis Tavidan asacileblad.
Zalaufleba – adamianTa da institutTa qcevaze gavlenis moxdenis an
misi kontrolis unari rogorc darwmunebis, ise iZulebis
meSveobiT.
ZalauflebaTa danawileba – xelisuflebis organizeba erTmaneTisgan
gamoyofili sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo
funqciebis mixedviT; TiToeul Stos angariSveldebulebis
damoukidebeli wesi, agreTve gansxvavebuli kompetencia da
movaleobebi aqvs.
ZalauflebaTa Serwyma (fusion of powers)– yovelgvari mmarTvelobiTi
Zalauflebis Serwyma sakanonmdeblo organoSi, rac
saparlamento sistemisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
ZalTa wonasworobis (balansis) sistema – saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
klasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi principi, romlis Tanaxmadac
daaxloebiT Tanabari Zalis mqone qveynebi cdiloben arsebuli
viTarebis SenarCunebas imiT, rom saSualebas ar aZleven
nebismier saxelmwifos, sxvebze upiratesoba moipovos.
ZalTa balansis sistemaSi monawile erebi aliansebs qmnian da
 politikuri monawileoba 705
SezRudul omebSi ibrZvian, xolo erTi qveyana wonasworobis
damcvelis rols TamaSobs imiT, rom rigrigobiT uWers mxars
moqiSpe blokebs ZalTa balansis SesanarCuneblad.
ZiriTadi kanoni – 1949 wlis dasavleT germaniis konstitucia.
WeSmariti morwmune – adamiani, romelic Tavidan bolomde erTgulia
revoluciuri moZraobisa da fanatizmis niSnebs avlens ideis
mxardaWerasa da misTvis TavganwirvaSi.
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia – samoqalaqo monawileobis forma, risi
meSveobiTac moqalaqeebi irCeven Tavis warmomadgenlebs
xelisuflebaSi.
warmomadgenlobis delegaciuri Teoria – mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac
arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi Tavisi saarCevno olqis
Sexedulebebs unda asaxavdnen.
warmomadgenlobis meurveobiTi Teoria – mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac
arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi unda iqceodnen rogorc
liderebi, romlebic Tavisi amomrCevlebis interesebSi
kompetentur arCevans akeTeben.
wmenda – ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi yvela metoqis Tavidan mocileba
masobrivi dapatimrebebis, cixeSi Casmis, qveynidan gaZevebis
da mkvlelobebis gziT. xSirad mimarTulia yofili
Tanamzraxvelebis da maTi momxreebis winaaRmdeg, romelTac
sakmarisi gavlena aqvT (realurad an xelisuflebis azriT),
raTa safrTxe Seuqmnan gabatonebul elitas.
wonasworobis damcveli – qveyana ZalTa wonasworobis sistemaSi, romelic
konfliqtebis dros arbitris funqcias asrulebs da
morigeobiT emxroba sxvadasxva mxares politikuri balansis
SesanarCuneblad.
xunta – mmarTveli oligarqia, Cveulebriv samxedro oficrebisgan Semdgari.
haagis konvencia – farTod gaziarebuli wesebis erToblioba, romelic
gansazRvravs rogorc meomari, ise neitraluri mxareebis
qmedebebs saxmeleTo omebis dros, maT mier axali iaraRis
gamoyenebas da sxva uflebebsa da movaleobebs.
habeas korpusi (habeas corpus act) – 1679 wels inglisis parlamentis mier
miRebuli aqti, romelmac gaaZliera inglisis moqalaqeTa
ufleba, daculi yofiliyvnen kanonis mier.