1

q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;

woufwmrSwfwrf;ESifh tawG;tac:rsm;

yxrESdyfjcif;trSm

1953 ckESpfwGif uREkfyf\ &wemykH0w¬Kudk ausmif;okH;pmtkyf

tjzpfESifh jyXmef;pOftcgu ausmif;okH; pmtkyf jyXmef;a&; aumfrwD\
rSwfcsufwGif ]] pma&;q&mtaMumif;udk vnf; avhvm&rnf }} [laom
tcsufwck azmfjyyg&Sd\/ &wemykH0w¬K a&;q&m jzpfaom uREkfyf
taMumif;udk ausmif;om;rsm;avhvm&rnfqdkvQif tcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;uJUodkU
]yDrdk;eif;\ yDrdk;eif;}? ]r[maqG\ r[maqG} tp&Sdonfh udk,fwdkif
a&;om;aom tw¬KyÜwÅd pmtkyfrsKd; a&;xkwfzl;jcif; r&Sdao;onfh
twGufaMumifh ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;ü tcuftcJ BuKH&zG,f&Sdonf[k
oabm&onfESifh uREkfyfonf ]OD;azodef;\ a&TOa'gif;}[laom trnfjzifh
uREkfyf\tw¬KyÜwÅdudk tMurf;zsif;taejzifha&;om; &dkufESdyfcJUbl;ygonf/
xkdtrnfudkrSnfh&mü uREkfyf\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm q&m yDrdk;eif;ESifh r[maqGwkdU
rSnfhxm;Muonfh pmtkyftrnfrsm;ESifh tqifuJGap&ef jzpfygonf/
okdU&mwGif a&TOa'gif;onf OD;azodef;yif jzpfonf[k rodMuoltcsKdU
]a&TOa'gif; }tw¬KyÜwÅdudk OD;azodef;qkdaom vlwa,mufu a&;xkwfjcif;
jzpfonf[k rSwfxifcJUMuavonf/

2 
 ] OD;azodef;\ a&TOa'gif; } pmtkyfwGif &wemykH0w¬K? oif&onfh
ausmif;ol ausmif;om; rsm;twGuf oufouf&nf&G,fonfhtwdkif; uREkfyf\
rsKd;&dk;ZmwdESifh arG;zGm;onfhckESpfouú&mZftjyif tvkyftudkif trsKd;rsKd;rQ
avmufudkom xnfhoGif;azmfjycJUonf jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyftaMumif;udk
odvkdolrsm;tzkdU rpkHvif&kH omru ,if;odkUaom tw¬KyÜwÅdrsKd;udk zwf&Ijcif;
tm;jzifh tusKd;aus;Zl; rsm;vSrnfvnf; r[kwfyg/ þtaMumif;udk uREkfyf
em;vnfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm ausmif;okH;pmtkyf aumfrwD\
rSwfcsuft&ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tzkdUvdkvm;csufjynfhpkH&kHuav; twGuf
qdkíxdkrQESifhyif auseyfcJUygonf/

txufygpmtkyf xGufvmNyD;onfhaemuf vlxkarmifESHwkdUu (txl;

ojzifh rtrmu) ]]OD;av;odef;tw¬KyÜwÅdudk jynfhjynfhpkHpkH wtkyf a&;xkwf
prf;ygtkH;}} [k wkdufwGef;Mu\/ xkdtcg uREkfyfu rdrd\ tw¬KyÜwÅdudk
a&;om;jcif;[lonfrSm wdkif;jynfwGifwenf;enf;ESifh BuD;us,f NyD; ]vlwvkH;
olwvkH;} jzpfvmMuolrsm;oma&;avh&SdaMumif;? rdrdrSm bm wvkH;rQjzpfrvm
ao;ojzifh rdrdtaMumif;udk tjcm;vlrsm;u a&;xdkufonf xifMuvQif
a&;Muap? rdrdudkf,fwkdifa&;ygu udk,fh[mudk,f txifBuD;ol wa,muf
[lí tjcm;vlrsm; uJU&JUpGyfpGJp&mjzpfvdrhfrnfh taMumif; jyefajym ygonf/
xdktcg rtrmu udk,fhtaMumif;udkudk,f a&;jcif;[lonfrSm ]vlwvkH;
olwvkH;} jzpfvmrSa&;xdkufonf r[kwfaMumif;? tu,fí {&mr vlBuD;
wa,mufjzpfvmapumrlvnf; ]igvdkvl &Sdao;vm;} qkdonfh oabmrsKd;ESifh
[dwfxkwf a&;om;jcif;rsKd;jzpfcJU&if pmzwfoltzkdU tusKd; rsm;oifhoavmuf
rrsm;yJjzpfEdkifaMumif;? BuD;us,fvSaom yk*¾dKvfwOD;yif r[kwfapumrl
pma&;wwfaompma&;q&m wa,mufjzpfyguzwfcsifhpzG,f jzpfEdkifonfhjyif

3 
pmzwfolrsm;tzkdUü oifcef;pm ,lEdkifavmufonfh pmtkyf rsKd;jzpfvmEdkif
aMumif;rsm;ESifh taMumif;jy ajymqdkavonf/

uREkfyfonf rtrm\taMumif;jycsufESifh ywfoufí tcsdefMum&SnfpGm

pOf;pm;cJUygonf/

ol\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;onf cdkifvkHonf[k uREkfyfqkH;jzwfvdkufonfh

tjyif uREkfyfudk,fwdkif xyfrHawGU&Sd &aomtaMumif; rsm;udkvnf; wifjy
vdkygao;onf/ uREkfyfrSm taemufwkdif; 0w¬K rsm;teufrS  (  Classics  ) 

pHerlem wifavmufonf[k ynm&Sdrsm; owfrSwfxm;onfh 0w¬K

tajrmuftjrm;udk zwf&IcJUzl;&mwGif 4if;wkdUudk tb,fhaMumifh xdkuJUodkU
a&G;cs,f owfrSwfMuygoenf;[k uREkfyfpl;prf; &SmazGMunfh ygonf/
uREkfyfawGU&Sd&aom taMumif;w&yfrSm xdkpmtkyfrsm;onf vlUobm0udk
rSefuefpGmESifh opöm&SdpGmay:vGifxif&Sm;ap&ef tjzpftysufrsm;udk pdwful;jzifh
pDpOfzefwD;NyD; ZmwfuGuf Zmwfvrf;jzifh 0w¬Kjzpfatmif a&;om; wifjyjcif;
onftaMumif;BuD; w&yfjzpfonf[k awGU&Sd&ygonf/ uREkfyf\tw¬KyÜwÅdudk
&dk;om;pGmwifjyonfqdkvQif tjzpftysuf tppftrSefudk wifjyjcif;jzpfonfh
twGufaMumifh ( 0w¬Krsm;uJUokdU ) obm0 usrusudk pOf;pm;p&mrvdk?
a&;om;ol udk,fEIdufu &dk;om;zdkU omvdkonf[k pOf;pm;rdygonf/
þwGif t[kwf wu,f &dk;om; Edkifygrnfavm? rdrd\ *kPfoa&udk
xdcdkufrnfpdk;onfESifh wpdwfudk wtdwfvkyfjcif;? trnf;udktjzLvkyfjcif;?
taumif;udkcsJUxGifNyD; tqdk;udk jrKyfxm;jcif;tp&Sdonfh r&dk;om;aom
uavmiform;\ tjyKtrlrsKd;rS a&SmifMuOfEdkif ygrnfavm[k rdrdudk,fudk
ppfaq;Munfh &mwGif uREkfyfonf pmtkyfaumif;wtkyf ay:xGufa&;

4 
twGuf yk*¾dKvftaejzifh rdrdtzdkU txifBuD;cHvdkjcif; wnf;[laom rme 
( Vanity )  udk pGefUvTwf ygawmhrnf[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufygonf/

vlUobm0udk xif&Sm;atmif wifjyjcif;qdk&mü vlom;tm;vkH;ESifh

oufqdkifaomobm0tjyif yk*¾dKvftoD;oD;ESifh oufqdkifaom obm0 
(  Individual  Nature  )  [lí &Sdygao;onf/ rdrd\ tw¬KyÜwÅdudk
a&;om;azmfjyrnfjzpfaom uREfkyftzdkUrSm vlom;tm;vkH;ESifh oufqdkifaom
obm0ESifh pnf;vGwf 'kH;vGwf} rjzpfapyJ uREkfyfü txl;wvnf woD;
wjcm;wnf&Sdonfh obm0udkvnf; azmfjy&efwm0ef&Sdonfjzpf&m (4if;wm0ef
onf ao;i,fvG,fulaom wm0efwckr[kwfaomfvnf; ) uREkfyf\ r&Suf
raMumuf oabmxm;Edkifjcif;? &dk;om;jcif;? ajzmifhpif;jcif;? opömw&m;udk
jrwfEdk;jcif;rsm;tm;vkH;jzifh tqdkygwm0efudkausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifEdkif
aumif;yg\[k arQmfvifhrdygonf/ uREkfyf\t&nftcsif;ESifh ywfoufírl
(rSefrnf rSm;rnfrajymwwf ) vltoD;oD;\ tZöswÅoEÅmefü uwfuwf
owfowfwnf&Sdwwfonfh tvGefodrfarGUvSaom obm0uav; tcsKdUudk
azmfxkwfwifjywwfonfh yg&rDcHyg&Sdonf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ þonfrSm
uREkfyf\ tm;udk;BuD;wck jzpfygonf/

uREkfyfonf y#doaE¨"mwfcHtm;jzifh vl,kwfrmwa,mufvnf; r[kwf?

olawmfaumif; wa,mufvnf; r[kwf? tv,ftvwf twef;tpm;
wa,mufjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfay&m ywf0ef;usiftajctae\ jyKjyifrI
twGufaMumifh aumif;aomtcsif;t&mrsm;ESifh raumif;aomtcsif;t&m
rsm;onf b,fykHb,fenf; 0ifvmMuykH? rdbrsm;xHrS qufcH&ykH? b0
tpOftqufrS ygvmykH&onfh tcsif;t&mrsm;vnf; &SdykH? 4if;wkdUtm;vkH;udk
aygif;pyfNyD;cgrS ,ck vuf&Sd a&TOa'gif;qdkonfh tbdk;BuD; wa,muf

5 
jzpfvm&ykHtaMumif;udk ca&aphwGif;usazmfjyvdkfonfh &nf&G,fcsufvnf;
&Sdygonf/ uREkfyf\woufwmrSwfwrf;udkaphaphpyfpyf zwf&Iolrsm;teuf
vuf&Sd a&TOa'gif;udk odMuoljzpfygu ]]aMomf..Mo.. 'DvlBuD;[m 'gaMumifh
*GpmBuD;jzpfaewmyJudk;}} [lí qkH;jzwfcsuf csMuygvQif vnf; uREkfyftzdkU
epfemonf[kxifvdrfhrnf r[kwfonfhjyif pma&;q&m wa,muftaejzifh
vufpGrf;xufvSNyD;[líyif *kPf,lvdrfhrnfxifygonf/

uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;rSm tjypftemtqmESifh cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;udk 0efcH

azmfjyonfh  (Confessions)  ajzmifhcsufrsm; oufoufvnf;r[kwf?
rdrdukd,fudk txifBuD;apvdkí taumif;awGcsnf;a&G;NyD; csJUxGifwifjy
jcif;rsKd;vnf;r[kwf? uREkfyfwoufwmü pdwfudkxdcdkufjcif;aMumifh trSwfxif
vsuf&Sdonfh tjzpftysuftaMumif;t&mrsm;udk uREkfyfowd&oavmuf
a&;om;azmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfü xdckdufjcif;[lonf rSm
auseyfaomaMumifh xdcdkufjcif;rsm;vnf;&Sdí rauseyfaomaMumifhxdckdufjcif;
rsm;vnf;&SdMuayonf/ &Hzef&Hcg rdrdudk,fudk aumif;aom tuGufüxm;í
aumif;aom t&nftcsif;uav;rsm;udk azmfjyrdonfhtcg (enf;awmhenf;
ygonf) udk,f&nfaoG;csifwwfonf[k xifrSwfrdMuygu uREkfyf\raumif;
jcif;? nHUzsif;jcif; pdwf"mwfaysmhjcif; taMumif;rsm;udkvnf; ruG,fr0Suf
rzkH;rzdazmfjyjcif;rsm;udkvnf; owdjyKMujcif;tm;jzifh cGifhvTwfEdkifMuvdrhfrnf
[k arQmfvifhygonf/

uREkfyf\ aysmhnHUrIrsm;ESifh cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;rSm rSwfwrf;wavQmufvkH;

wGif tzefwvJvJ awGU&Sd&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh pmzwfoltcsKdUu uREkfyf\
&dk;om;jcif;udk obmuszG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; &mcdkifEIef;trsm;url ]]vufpowf
awmY 'DvlBuD;[m vla&SmfBuD;wa,mufygwum;}}[k qkH;jzwfMu rnfudkvnf;

6 
uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdygonf/ þwGifuREkfyfonf urÇmausmf tw¬KyÜwÅda&;q&mBud;
abmhpf0Jvf taMumif;udk owd&rdygonf/ abmhpf0Jvfonf urÇmausmf
pma&;q&mBuD;wOD;jzpfaom a'gufwm*Refqif\ tw¬KyÜwÅdudka&;om;cJU&m
ol\tw¬KyÜwÅdpmtkyf(Biography)onf urÇmay: wGif taumif;qkH;aom
tw¬KyÜwÅdpmtkyfjzpf&kHomru 'kwd,vkdufaom tw¬KyÜwÅdpmtkyfonf
abmhpf0Jvf\ pmtkyfaemufrS rdkifaygif;rsm;pGm jywfusef&pfonf[k
pma&;q&mBuD; avmh'frauúmav;u csD;usL;a&;om; zl;avonf/
abmhpf0Jvf\ pmtkyfwGif a'gufwm*RefqifESifhawGUwdkif; tjyeftvSef
pum;Edkifvkí ajymMuonfrsm;wGif a'gufwm*Refqifucsnf; EdkifNyD;
abmhpf0Jvfu jywfjywfowfowf ]acG;us0ufus} &IH;cJU&ykHrsm;udk t&SufriJUyJ
&J&Jwif;wif; uGufuGufuGif;uGif; jynfhjynfhpkHpkHtao;pdwf a&;om;azmfjy
xm;avonf/4if;pmtkyfwGif a'gufwm*Refqif awmfoavmuf abmhpf0Jvf
nHU&ma&mufae\/ a'gufwm*Refqif\awmfjcif;onf abmhpf0Jvf \nHUjcif;
aMumifh (vuG,faeUnwGifjrif&aom aomMumMu,fuJUodkU) tpGrf;ukef
awmufajymifNyD; taumif;qkH; pmtkyfBuD; jzpfvm&avonf/
wurÇmvkH;onf abmhpf0Jvf\ pmtkyfBuD;udk csD;usL;í rqkH;&SdaepOf
abmhpf0Jvf uG,fvGefaomtcgü ol\om;u rnfokdUajymonf xifMu
oenf;/ zcif\ pmtkyfausmfapmrIaMumifh om;jzpfolu *kPf,lonf
xifMuoavm/ olUom;urdrdwwfEdkifcJUvQif zcifa&;cJUonfh tw¬KyÜwÅd
pmtkyfrsm;udk urÇmay:wGif&Sd&SdorQ tm;vkH;0,fNyD; rD;&IdUypfcsifonf[k
ajymzl;onfqkd\/ taMumif;rlum; xkdpmtkyfBuD;wGif olUzcifonf
(pma&;aumif;aomfvnf;) yk*¾dKvftaejzifh vlnHUwa,mufjzpf&aomaMumifh
[kqdkavonf/ uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;rSmvnf; uREkfyf\tquftEG,f
aemifvmaemifom;rsm;u abmhpf0Jvf\ om;enf;wl rD;&IdUypfcsifMuacsrnf

7 
avm[k pOf;pm;rdzl;ygonf/ aemufqkH;ürl rD;&IdUawmhrS &IdUap? vlUobm0udk
&dk;om;pGm wifjyjcif;tm;jzifh pGefUpm;vkdufygOD;rnf[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkuf
ygawmhonf/

uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;rSmtw¬KyÜwÅdoufoufr[kwf? tawG;tac:rsm;vnf;
xnfhoGif;azmfjyyg&Sd\/ uREkfyf\ tawG;tac:rsm;rSmvnf; edAÁmefqdkonfrSm
b,fodkUenf;? r*fpdwÅyÜg'f[lonfrSm b,fvdkrsm;aeavoenf; ponfjzifh
tajcmufwdkuf Avmoufouf a&mf&rf;rSef;qonfh tawG;tac: trsKd;tpm;
r[kwf? udk,fwdkifBuKHawGUonfh tjzpftysuf tcsif;t&mrsm; tay:wGif
tajcwnfum vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:wifjyxm;jcif;rsKd; jzpfygaom aMumifh
uREkfyf,lqonfhtwkdif; ]wcsufvGwf} vufcHEdkif vufrcHEdkif tyxm;í
[kwfavmufoifh r[kwfavmufoifhudk pOf;pm; qifjcifp&m tcsif;t&m
rsKd;ajrmufjrm;pGm yg&Sdonf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ vGefcJUNyD;aom acwfrsm;url
rd&kd;zvm t,ltqESifh uGJvJGcJUvQif y&dowfodkU wifjy&efyif cJ,Of;cJU
onfjzpf&m? þacwfwGifrlum; udk,fydkifOmPfjzifh EIdif;csdefqkH;jzwf &Jonfh
pmzwfy&dowf wkd;wufrsm;jym;vmonf[k ,kHMunfonfhtavsmuf pGefUpm;
wifjyvdkufaom tawG;tac:rsm;vnf; yg&Sdygonf/

woufwmrSwfwrf;udk a&;om;&mü uREkfyf\ ta&;tBuD;qkH;jzpfaom

&nf&G,fcsufrSm i,f&G,fEke,fpOftcg aysmfaysmfaecsifwwfí ]vlpkH}wa,muf
jzpfcsifonfh ]vla&Smf} wa,mufonfyif tcsdefwefaomtcgü owdw&m;&í
a*gwrAk'¨ a[mjyawmrlcJUonfh usifhpOfrsm;t& rdrd\pdwfudk apmifhMunfhum
xdef;odrf;ay;onfh tavhtusifh(MindCulture)jyKvkyfygu usrf;wwfq&m
rsm; OD;acgif;ukwf Mu&onfh avmukwÅ&ma&;qdkif&m usrf;wapmifwzGJU
jyKpkEdkifcJUjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmjynfAk'¨bmomavmuü trSwfxif&pfatmif

8 
pGrf;aqmifEdkifayonf wum;[k tm;us&pfapzkdU arQmfvifh,kHMunfcsufyif
jzpfyg ownf;/

a&TOa'gif;

21.10.61

9 
'kwd,ESdyfjcif;trSm

woufwmrSwfwrf; yxrESdyfjcif;udk zwf&IMuaom pmzwfy&dowf

tcsKdUu uREkfyfonf 4if;pmtkyf 4wGJwGif azmfjycJUonf tcsif;t&mrsm;teuf
4if;wdkUoabmrusEdkifonfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk pmjzifh a&;om;ay;ydkU
Muonf/ xdkolwkdUonf tw¬KyÜwÅdqdkygu pmzwfolwkdU twkcdk; enf;,lxdkuf
onfh tjzpftysuf taMumif;t&mrsm;udkom xnfhoGif; azmfjyxdkufonf[k
,lqMu[ef vu©Pm&Sdonf/
woufwmrSwfwrf; pmtkyf 4wGJudk a&;om;azmfjycJU&mü uREkfyf\
&nf&G,fcsufrSm ]a&TOa'gif;}wnf;[laom yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;onf csD;usL;zG,f
aumif;aom vlwa,mufjzpfonf[lí pmzwfolrsm;,lqMu&ef &nf&G,fcsuf
r&Sd/ vlcsD;rGrf;cHvdkí rSwfwrf;udk a&;xkwfjcif;vnf;r[kwf/ ]a&TOa'gif;}onf
rnfodkUaom vlwa,mufjzpfonfudk opöm&SdpGm o&kyfazmfjyjcif;tm;jzifh
[kwfwdkif;rSef&m rdrdtjzpftysufrsm;ESifhwuG rdrdtawG;tac:rsm;udk pmzwf
y&dowfodkUwifjy&ef &nf&G,fcsufrQom&Sdygonf/ tcsKdUae&mrsm;ü uREkfyf
onf &SufzG,f&maumif; aom rdrd\nHUzsif;rIrsm;udkyif pmzwfolwkdUtm;
ruG,fr0Suf? rzkH;rzdyJ &dk;om;pGm wifjycJUygonf/ uJU&JUcsifvQifvnf;
uJU&JUMuap? ajymifavSmifcsifvQifvnf; ajymifavSmifMuap[k oabmxm;um
[kwfrSeforQ twdkif;omwifjycJUygonf/
tcsKdUaom tw¬KyÜwÅdpmtkyfrsm;ü pma&;q&onf aumif;ayhqdkaom
t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifhawmufajymifaom tjyKtrlrsm;udkom azmfjyavh&Sd&m
rdr\
d tjzpftysufudk rdrdudk,fwdkif a&;om;azmfjyonfh woufwm rSwfwrf;
pmtkyfwGif xdkuJUodkUjyKrlygu tw¬KyÜwÅda&;om;enf; tpOftvmudk
em;vnfaomy&dowf\uJU&JUoN*FKd[ftjypfqkdjcif;udk cH&zG,f&m&Sad yvdrfYrnf/

10 
uREkfyfonf vufcH&&Sdxm;onfh txufygjypfwifpm rsKd;udk onf;cH&rnf
jzpfaomfvnf; nHUzsif;rIrsm;udk jrKyfxm;&ef vlcsD;rGrf;p&m toufwm
rsKd;udkomvQif a&;om;azmfjyrdygu yg;&nfeyf&nf&Sdaom y&dowf\
jypfwifuJU&JUjcif;udk aMumufvSygonf/
tw¬KyÜwÅd pmtkyfrsm;teufwGif ausmfapmxif&Sm;qkH;jzpfaom
]abmhpf0Jvf}\ ]a'gufwm*Refqif}pmtkyfwGif pma&;q&m abmhpf0Jvfonf
rdr\
d nHUzsif;aom tcsufrsm;udkazmfjyí a'gufwm*Refqif\ awmufajymif
aom ajymykHqdkykH pum;vkH;rsm;udkum; wavQmufvkH;azmfjycJUonfhtwGuf
pma&;ol abmhpf0JvfrSm vlnHUwa,muf[lí xifrSwfzG,f&mjzpfoGm;\/
odkU&mwGif ol\ tw¬KyÜwÅdpmtkyfrSm urÇmay:wGif a&;cJUMuorQaom
tw¬KyÜwÅdrsm;teuf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;onfh 4if;pmtkyfonf
tjcm;tjcm;aom tw¬KyÜwÅdpmtkyfrsm;xuf tjywftouf omvGef
aumif;rGefygayonf[k urÇmausmf pma&;q&mBuD; rauúmav;u
azmfxkwfcsD;usL;cJUavonf/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; ]nHUvQifnHYyap?pmtkyfaumif;
vQif awmfNyD}[k oabmxm;rdygaMumif;/

a&TOa'gif;
19-6-68

11 
 q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;

woufwmrSwfwrf;ESifh tawG;tac:rsm;

yxrydkif;

uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;

vlwa,mufonf pkHaxmufrif;BuD;xH tvkyfavQmufxm;onfhtcg

rif;BuD;onf xdkvl\ Oy"d&kyfudk oabmusonfESifh 4if;\t&nftcsif;udk
prf;oyfí oifhawmfvQif &mxl;cefUxm;vdkaomtBuHjzpf\/ okdUjzpfí
rif;BuD;onf rdrdodvdkaom yk*¾dKvfwOD;\trnf? ae&yfESifh tvkyftudkifwkdU
udkajymjyNyD;vQif xdkyk*¾dKvftm; rsufpdatmufrS taysmufrcHyJ aeUa&mnyg
t&dyfozG,f wG,fuyfvkdufygvsuf 4if;ajymorQ vkyforQ tvkH;pkHudk
rdrdxHodkU tpD&ifcHpm wifydkU&rnfhtaMumif; ajymjyav\/ tvkyfavQmuf
xm;aomvlonf rif;BuD;odvdkaom yk*¾dKvfESifh rdwfaqGvnf;r[kwf? &efol
vnf;r[kwfav&um; xdkyk*¾dKvfajymorQ vkyforQwkdUudk rdrdjrif&onfh
twdkif;? Mum;&onfhtwdkif; wdusrSefuefpGma&;om; tpD&ifcH&ayvdrfhrnf/
raumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk zkH;zdjcif;vnf;r&Sd? aumif;aomtcsif;t&m
rsm;udk csHUxGifjcif;vnf;rjyK? csD;ajrSmufjcif;vnf;rjyK? acsmufwGef;jcif;vnf;
r&Sd? rdrd\ tjriftMum;twdkif; &dk;om;pGm tpD&ifcHayvdrfhrnf/
xdkenf;wlpGm uREkfyfrSmvnf; rdrdtaMumif;udk a&;om;&mwGif
txufyg pkHaxmufavmif;uJUodkU oabmxm;í tom;vnf;r,l? &Sufvnf;
r&Suf? [kwfrSeforQudk ]t&if;wdkif;} a&;om;azmfjy&efBuH&G,fyg onf/

12 
pkHaxmufavmif;onf xdkyk*¾dKvf\ pdwftBuHrsm;udk odEdkifcGifh &Sdrnfr[kwf
ay&m?uREkfyfrSmrl rdrdtBuHtpnfESifhpdwful;rsm;udkygod&onfjzpfí pkHaxmuf
\ tpD&ifcHpmxuf jynfhpkHEdkifcGifh &Sdygonf/ rnfolrqdk EIdufEIdufcRwfcRwf
ppfaq;vkdufonfhtcg taumif;csnf;vnf; rjzpfEdkif/ tqdk;csnf;vnf;
rjzpfEkdif/ taumif;ESifhtqdk; (tenf;ESifhtrsm;) a&m>yrf;vsuf &Sdjcif;udkom
awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfudk,füvnf; þenf;twl taumif;ESifhtqdk;
a&maESmvsuf &Sd&rnfomjzpf&m aumif;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyonfh
tvSnfhwGif ]*kPf,lonf} odkUr[kwf ]<um;0gonf}[lí olwyg;pGyfpGJrnf
udkvnf; raMumuf? raumif;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyonfhtvSnfh
wGif ]w,fa&SmfwJU vlyJ}[lí olwyg; uJU&JUrnfudkvnf; r&Suf? aumif;vQif
aumif;oavmuf? raumif;vQif raumif;oavmuf &dk;om;pGm wifjyvdrhfrnf
jzpfygonf/

þrSwfwrf;udk a&;om;&mü uREkfy\

f &nf&G,fcsufrSm aumif;aom
tcsif;t&mrsm; twGufolwyg;wkdU\ txifBuD;jcif;cHvdkaomaMumifhr[kwf?
raumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk azmfxkwf0efcHvdkaomaMumifhvnf;r[kwf?
aumif;aomtcsif;t&monf uREkfyftwGif;okdU tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh
a&mufvmonf? raumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;onfvnf; uREkfyf\
tZöswÅoEÅmefodkU b,fykHb,fenf; a&mufvmonfqkdjcif;udk (vlUobm0
avhvmjcif;taejzifh) xif&Sm;atmif azmfjyvdkaomaMumifhrQom jzpfygonf/
uREkfyf\ vufawGUt&qdkygrl vlowÅ0gonf b0oHo&m tqufqufrS
ygcJUonfh OmOfuav;rsm;? 0goemtxkHuav;rsm;um;wbuf? ywf0ef;usif
u jyKjyifjcif;cH&csufrsm;um; wbuf a&maESmaygif;pyfvsuf&Sd&m uREkfyf
tzkdU&mü rnfonfum; twdwf\zefwD;csuf jzpfonf? rnfonfum;

13 
ypöKyÜefb0\ jyKjyifrI jzpfonfqkdjcif;udk (OmPfrSDoavmuf) ydkif;jcm;a0zefí
wifjyvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ vdk&if;tcsKyfü uREkfyftaMumif;udk uREkfyfa&;om;
azmfjyjcif;jzpfapumrl (trsKd;orD;pma&;q&mwOD;u a0zefzl;onfhtwkdif;)
igwnf;[laom pdwfxm;rygyJ tjyifvlwa,muftaejzifh a&;om;zkdUBudK;pm;
rnfjzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\pmüigoabm(yvTm;vdkaomoabm) rnfrQavmuf
uif; ruif;udkrl pmzwfolwkdU qkH;jzwfMu&ef jzpfygonf/
uREkfyf\tjzpftysufrsm;rSm twÅKyÜw¬d &dk;&dk;taejzifh a&;om;azmfjy
rnfqdkygu cyf&Tef;&Tef;a&;wwfol r[kwfcJUvQif (a&;wwfolvnf;
&Sm;onf) ajcmufuyfNiD;aiGUzG,faumif;aom taMumif; t&mrsm;yg&Sdwwf
onfjzpfaomaMumifh tjzpftysufoufoufrQru tawG;tac:rsm;vnf;
oufqkdif&mae&mrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygonf/ uREkfyf\tawG;tac:
rsm;rSmvnf; (rSefuefjcif;? rrSefuefjcif;udk tyxm;í) tpOftvm
ynm&Sdrsm;\ t,ltqrsm;ESifh uJGvJGrIrsm; &Sdvdrfhrnfjzpf&m rnfonfu
obm0us rusudk pmzwfolwkdU pOf;pm;p&m &Sdjcif;tm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
jzpfvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/

a&S;OD;pGm rSwfrdaomt&m

tjcm;wae&mü uREkfyfonf vljzpfvmonfrSpí a&S;OD;pGm rSwfrdaom

tcsif;t&mrSm ar;aphuGJí woufywfvkH; xif&Sm;aom trSwftom;wck
jzpf&avmufatmif trm&Gwf xifjcif;taMumif;udk a&;om;cJUbl;&m
xdkUaemufwGif xyfrHí aphaphawG;jyefaomtcgü 4if;xuf tvsifusaom
tjzpftysufwckudk owd&rdygonf/ uREkfyfrSm om;OD;jzpfí 'kwd,
arG;zGm;onfh uREkfyf\ESronf uREkfyfxufokH;ESpfcefUi,f&m taemufwdkif;

14 
jynfrsm;ü 7v? 10vrQom rdcifEdkUudk wkdufauR;Muonfqdk aomfvnf;
uREkfyfrSm ESpfESpfausmfrQ EdkUpdkUcGifh&ygvsufESifhyif rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm;
]EdkUrsufom;}uav;[kqdkum txl;*&kpdkufí taumif;qkH;qdkaom
pm;p&mrsm;udk auR;arG;Muonf/ (xdkpOfu EdkUAl;wdkufaom tavhtx
&SdMuao;[ef rwlay/) ykpGefwkyfaMumf? 0ufom;uif? MuufaygifaMumf paom
pm;p&mrsm;onf uREkfyftwGufjzpfí rdbrsm;rlum; Muuf&dk;ESifh 0ufqD
0ufacgufavmufom pm;Muonf/ zcif\ESrrsm;? rdcif\nDrrsm;
onfuREkfyfwkdUaetdrfodkU wa,mufwvSnfhvma&mufí uREkfyftm;xdef;&ef
twGuf twlwuG aexdkifMu&m tdrfwGif uREkfyf\ t&D;wa,mufa,muf
jzpfap? ta':wa,mufa,mufjzpfap b,ftcgrQ jywfawmhonfr&Sdacs/
wcgw&H ESpfa,mufjyL; okH;a,mufjyL;yif &SdwwfMu\/ 4if;wkdUonf
uREfkyftm; txufyg pm;p&mtaumif;rsm;udk 0g;ícGHMu&\/ ESruav;arG;
NyD;í uREfkyfokH;ESpfom;t&G,fausmfausmf&SdonfwGif uREkfyfonf pm;p&mrsm;
0g;cGHaomt&D;rsm; ta':rsm;udk oabmrusawmhyJ rdcifcGHU&rnf[k wpmpm
ylqmjcif;udk rSwfrdonf/
uREkfyfBuD;jyif;vmaomtcg waeUoü rdcifu pum;pyfrdonfESifh
]]armifazodef;wkdUrsm; tpm;awmh oGm;rprf;aveJU? 0g;cGHUwJUt&G,fuwnf;u
olUt&D;awG ta':awG cGHUwmudkrBudKufbl; igudkf,fwdkif 0g;cGHU&w,f?
[kwfvJ [kwfrSmaygh? aumif;rav;awGuawmh 0g;NyD; tcsKd&nftcsKdUudk
rsKdcsMurSmudk;? tpm;taomufrsm;awmh i,fuwnf;u 'Davmuf
em;vnfwJU taumifyJ}}[k ajymbl;&Smonf/ uREkfyfonf tcsKd&nf rsKdcsjcif;
twGufaMumifh t&omnHUoGm;jcif;[lí i,fpOfu rodaomfvnf; rdcif
0g;cGHUjcif;ESifh t&D;rsm; 0g;cGHUjcif;wkdU\ jcm;em;jcif;udk i,fi,fuwnf;u
odaMumif; rSwfrdao;onf/ uREfkyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; ]vQm}onf t&mom

15 
odjcif;ESifh pum;ajymjcif;wnf;[laom tvkyfESpfrsKd; vkyfwwf&mwGif
uREkfyf\ ]vQm}um; yxrtvkyfü uRrf;usifvGef;í 'kwd,tvkyfbufü
avQmhae[efwlonf/ tcsKdtcsOf tief tpyftqdrfh tcg;rSpí
aumif;raumif; t&om trsKd;rsKd;wkdUudk uREkfyfonf olwyg;wkdUxuf
tao;pdwfodwwf\/ taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;ü 0dkfift&uf ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;
onf]vQm} tpGrf;xufaom vlrsm;udk t&ufNrD;orm;  (Wine  Taster) 

tjzpfESifh vcaxmifaomif;ay;í iSm;xm;Muonfqdk&m uREkfyf\ ]vQm}

tpGrf;rSm wbufwvrf;wGif tokH;rcsEdkifyJ pum;rajymwwfjcif;omvQif
tzwfwifvsuf&SdaomaMumifh wenf;tm;jzifh ]vljzpf&IH;onf}qkd&rnfavm
rajymwwfay/
ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyifrIrcH&ao;rD (toufav;ig;ESpft&G,fü)
uREkfyf\ ]yifudk} pdwfaeoabmxm;udk rdbrsm; ajymbl;orQESifh
uREkfyfjyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;jzifh rSwfrdorQrSm uREfkyfonf rdbrsm;udk cspfvnf;
cspfí aMumufvnf;aMumufwwf\/ zcifudkrl tcspfxuf taMumufu ydkí
rdciftm;rlum; tcspfESifhtaMumuf tnDtrQavmuf&Sdvdrhfrnf/ wa,muf
wnf;&Sdao;aom ESruav;udkvnf; tjcm;aom armifESrrsm; cspfMujcif;
xuf ydkí tvGefMuifemonf/ (MuifemykHudk wae&mü azmfjyygOD;rnf/)
tvGef ]aqmh}csifwwfí upm;azmfoli,fcsif;udk tvGefw&m cifrifwwf
onf/ t&G,fESifh rvkdufatmif vnfcsifywfcsifwwfí cspfaomoli,fcsif;
rsm;aemufodkU waumufaumuf vdkufaewwfonf/ xkdpOfu pdwfrwdkwwf
ao;? oabmaumif;onf[k rdcifu ajymbl;onf/ udk,fvkH;udkf,faygufrSm
(rdcifpum;twkdif;) cyfzdkifhzdkifhESifh tdtdpufpuf&Sdonf/ BuD;jyif;vmaom
tcgürl ydefydef&Snf&Snf jzpfvmjcif;udk awGU&í aq;jyif;vdyfudk ckHay:wifNyD;

16 
aq;vdyfonfu vSdrfhvdkufouJUodkU udk,fvkH;avsmhNyD; t&yf&SnfxGufvm&
jcif;ayavm[k pOf;pm;rdonf/

tEdkifusifhcH&jcif;

uREkfyf\ uHqdk;jcif;wckrSm uav;b0rSpí ausmif;xGufonfhwdkif

atmif udk,fhxufBuD;aom oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhcsnf; aygif;oif;&í
tEdkifusifhjcif; tcH&qkH; wa,mufjzpfonf/ þtjcif;t&monf uREkfyf\
pdwfaeoabmxm;udk woufvkH;twGuf ajymif;vJoGm;ap&onf[k ,lq\/
yxrOD;qkH;uREkfyftm; tEdkifusifhaom tdrfeD;csif; upm;azmfrSm ausmif;raerD
av;ig;ESpfom;t&G,fü jzpf\/ xdkoli,fonf uREkfyfxuf okH;ESpfcefU
toufBuD;í uREkfyfu olUtm; cspfvdkufykHrSm rdbrsm;ESifhcGJí olESifhtwl
tdyfcGifh&vQif tdyfEdkif\/ (þum; uREkfyf\tjypf[k qdk&rnfxifonf/)
eHeufvif;vQif xdkoli,ftdrfodkU ul;oGm;í pm;&kH tdyf&kHrQavmufom tdrfodkU
jyefawmhonf/ waeUywfvkH; olUaemufrS waumufaumuf vdkufaeawmh\/
okdUqdkvQif xkdoli,fuvnf; uREkfyftm; uREfkyfcspfovdk cspfcifwG,fwm
jcif;&Sdygoavm? r[kwfacs/ uREkfyfü pm;p&mwck&SdvQif wa,mufwnf;
rpm;EdkifyJ olUqDodkU ,lajy;íMunfjzLpGm a0pm;Muonf/ tdrfü&Sdao;vQif
vnf; olu ],lacstkH;}[k ckdif;ojzifh ckd;auR;&ao;onf/ olUüpm;p&m
&Sdaomtcgrlum; uREfkyftm; wzJUw&GJUrQray;yJ &,fumarmumESifh
aMumifawmifMunhfí pm;wwfonf/ þrQavmufomqdk ygrlum; uREkfyf\
pdwfü xdcdkufjcif;r&Sdyg/ trSwfvnf;rxm;yg/ uREkfyfpm;p&m &wdkif;
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ,lajy;í cJGa0pm;aomufonfom jzpfygonf/ okdU&mwGif
0rf;enf;zG,ftaumif;qkH;aom tjyKtrlrSm xdkoli,fonf uREkfyfESifh &,fum

17 
armum aysmf&TifpGm upm;ae&jcif;xuf uREkfyfidk,dkae onfudkjrif&vQif
omíoabmus[ef&Sd\/ olu jrif;pD;csifonfqdkvQif uREkfyfrSm rEdkifhwEdkif
ESifh ausmydk;&\/ ESpfa,mufpvkH; aysmfMuí w[D;[D;&,f \/
twefMumaomf xdkoli,fonf pdwfazmufjyefvmí ]][JUjrif;-aES;w,fuG?
jrefjrefajy;}}[k qdkum uREkfyf\ ajcovkH;rsm;udk ol\ajcaxmuf
jzifhcwfav&m uREkfyfvnf; ',D;',dkifESifh wwfEdkiforQ jrefjrefajy;&\/
þtxJrSyif olu tm;r&ao;yJ 0g;jcrf;wacsmif;udk qif;,lí
ausmay:odkUjyefwufNyD;vQif uREkfyf\aygifrsm;udk w&GD;&GD; &dkufav&m
uREkfyfrSmajy;,if; [yfxdk;vJí idk&ygawmhonf/ þwGifrS olu tm;&yg;&
[uf[ufyufyuf &,farmavawmhonf/
xdkoli,fonf uREkfyftm; txufygenf;ESifhwuG rsm;pGmaom tjcm;
enf;rsKd;pkHwkdUjzifh tEdkifusifhavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf ol\ nOf;yef;
ESdyfpufenf;ESifh wuG rdbrsm;tm; rwdkifwef;yJ Budwfí cHcJU\/ tu,fí
wdkifwef;cJUaom olESifh rupm;&awmhyJ wm;jrpfvdrhfrnf[k uREkfyfodaom
aMumifhjzpf\/ wcgw&H uREkfyf\rdcifu idkoHMum;íac:vdkuf&m olu
]]a[haumif rsuf&nfawG okwfoGm;uG}}[k ajymonfESifh rsuf&nfrsm;udk
vkHcsnfjzifh okwfum rdcifa&SUodkU [efvkyfí 0ifoGm;&avonf/
waeUoü xdkoli,fESifh uREkfyfonfavSum;ay:ü&SdpOfolonf rawmf
wqjzpfav[efESifh uREkfyftm; avSum;ay:rS wGef;csvdkufojzifh ajrBuD;ESifh
OD;acgif; aqmifhrdum tawmfemoGm;\/ ]]a[haumifridkeJUuG}}[k olu
ajymaomfvnf; emusifvSaom a0'emaMumifh wtm;[pfí idkvkdufrd&m
uREkfyf\ rdcifajy;vmí tjzpftysufudk ar;ojzifh ]]avSum;ay:rS
acsmus&ygonf}}[k ajymvkdufonf/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm zcifESifhrwl/
pdwfwif;ol wa,mufjzpfí uREkfyf\OD;acgif;ü 'Pf&m &Sdr&SdMunhfNyD;aemuf

18 
aoG;xGufoH,dk rawGU&onfESifh ]]udk,fhzmom aqmhvdkU cdkufrdwmrsm;
'gavmufBuD; idk&ovm;}}[kajym\/ þwGif uREkfyftm; tjypfwifaom
t"dyÜm,foufa&mufonfESifh rcHcsifaomaMumifh ]]udk,fhbmomr[kwfbl;
tar&JU? [dkaumifu wGef;cswm}}[k vTwfueJ ajymrdavonf/ xdktcg
rdcifonf a'gowBuD;ESifh [dkaumif\OD;pGef;zkwfudk qGJESDrfum ausmudk
okH;av;csuf xkavonf/ 4if;aemufuREkfyfudkqJGac:í tdrfodkUjyefvmMu
onf/ [dkaumif\rdcifESifh tpfrrsm;rSm ig;pdrf;onfrsm;jzpfí tdrfür&Sdckduf
jzpfav&m aps;rSjyefvmMuaomtcgwGif [dkaumif\wdkifwef;csufaMumifh
tdrfeD;csif; &efjzpfMuavawmh\/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm eef;wGif;ol jzpfaomfvnf;
a'goBuD;aomtrsKd;jzpfí jzpfrdvQif ravQmhcsifwwfaom 0goemtwdkif;
ig;pdrf;onf om;trdokH;a,muf (rdcifESifh orD;ESpfa,muf) wkdUtm;
csHUvifhvkyfao;&m t&yfujzefajzí NyD;oGm;&onf/ uREkfyftzdkU&müum;
xdkaeUrSpí [dkaumifESifh aygif;oif;cGifh ra&awmhacs/ odkUaomf
rdbrsm;\trdefUudk rawmfvSef0HUíom ae&onf/ uREkfyftm; avSum;ay:rS
wGef;csaomtaumifudk pdwfremyJ ac:csifaomaMumifh pdwfxJü w&G&G
jzpfvsuf &Sdonf/ uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmufrSm uREkfyfonf [dkaumif\
ESdyfpufjcif;udk wESpfcefUavmuf cHcJU&onf/

oDv&Sifausmif;

xdktcsdefrSpí rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; [dkaumifESifh raygif;rdap&ef

pmoifausmif;okdUydkUavawmhonf/ ausmif;rSm oDv&SifBuD;wyg;wnfaxmif
xm;onfhpmoifausmif;jzpfav&muREkfyfxuf&SpfESpfcefUBuD;aom (rdcif\nDr)

19 
ta':wa,mufESifhtwl ausmif;wuf uREfkyftm;umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;
avonf/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;teufwGif uREfkyfyif ti,fqkH;jzpf
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u xdyfxdk;? acgif;ykwf vkyfcsifMuaomfvnf; ta':
ausmif;ol\umuG,frIaMumifhxkdausmif;ütawmfoufomcGifh&cJUonf/okdUESifh
yif uREkfyf\ta': ausmif;rwufaom waeUü ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf
uREkfyftm; 0dkifíusDp,fMuonf/ rdbrsm;onf xdkacwfu cspfwwfaom
rdbrsm;\xkH;pHtwdkif; uREkfyftm; uw¬Dyga&TaZmowfonfh (Zmwfrif;om;
rsm;0wfaom) abmif;bDuav;jzifh qifjyifxm;&m ausmif;om;rsm;onf
uREkfyf\ ajymifvufaom uw¬Dygabmif;bDudk rsufrkef;usKd;Muonfh
vu©PmESifh abmif;bDtem;uGyf a&TcsnfrQifrsm;udk qGíEIwfMu\/ tcgwkdif;
rlum; ta':\umuG,frIaMumifh a&TcsnfwrQifwavrQom tEkwfcH&\/
ta':rygaom xdkaeUürl ausmif;om;tm;vkH; 0dkifí Ekwf,lvdkufMuaom
aMumifh tem;owfaom a&TcsnfwrQifrQ rusefawmhyJ uw¬Dygabmif;bDcsnf;
ikH;wdwdESifh tdrfodkUjyefvm&avonf/ rdzrsm;onf tvGefrcHcsií oDv&Sif
BuD;tm; wkdifwef;av&m oDv&SifBuD;onf uREkfyfu vufnId;xkd;jyaom
ausmif;ol ausmif;om; tm;vkH;udk&dkufavawmhonf/ xkdaeUrSí t&dkufcH&
aomausmif;om;rsm;onf uREkfyftm; &efnId;zGHUMuonfhvu©PmESifh
ta':tvpfwGif xdk;MuacgufMuav&m uav;uwnf;u tawmftwefESifh
ridkwwfoljzpí BudwfcHcJU&onf/
[dkaumif\ ESdyfpyfjcif;rS vGwfcUJ&NyDqkdaomfvnf; wa,muf\vufrS
trsm;\vufodkU a&muf&jcif;jzpfí uREkfyfrSm ausmif;om;t&G,f uav;tm;
vkH;udkrkef;csifovdkvdk jzpfvmcJUavNyD/ uav;tcsif;csif; awGU&onfhtcg
vnfyif;udkajy;ízufcsifaom pdwfrsKd;&SdcJU&mrS rouFmaom pdwfrsKd;ESifh
cyfa0;a0;rS vSrf;Munfhaom tjzpfrsKd;odkU ajymif;vJvmcJUavNyD/

20 
 uREfkyfonf i,fpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefajymif;qifjcifonfhtcg
(azmfjyvwHUaom tjcif;t&mrsm;aMumifh) rdrdukd,fudk ]jzLaumif}ESifh EIdif;
,SOfrdonf/ jzLaumifonf rnfolUtm;rQ &efrljcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;
]tem;ruyfcJUeJU? wG,fvkdufr,f}qkdaom taejzifh udk,fü&Sdaom ql;rsm;udk
axmifxm;wwfonfqdk&m uREfkyfrSmvnf; [dkaumifESifh qufqH&bl;jcif;w
csuf? oDv&Sifausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqH&bl;jcif;wcsufaMumifh uREkfyf\
obm0wGif ql;uav;ESpfacsmif; aygufvmcJUavNyD/ þonfrSm yxrqkH;
aomql;ESpfacsmif;jzpfav&m a&SUtzkdUwGifvnf; þrQru cRefxufaom
ql;rsm;jzpfay:vmykHudk tqifhqifhazmfjyygOD;rnf/
av;ig;ESpfom; t&G,füyif uREkfyfonf uav;tcsif;csif;tay:ü
cspfcifpdwf ayghavsmhvmcJUaomfvnf; uREkfyf\rdbrsm;ESifhywfoufírlum;
uREkfyfuvnf; tvGefcspfí 4if;wkdU\ cspfjcif;udkvnf; ,kHrSm;oHo,
r&Sdacs/ uREfkyf\ESruav;tay:ü uREkfyfMuifemjcif;udk txufwGif
t>rufrQ azmfjycJU&m 4if;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyf\pdwfü xdckdufcJUbl;ykHludk
azmfjy&ayOD; rnf/ tcsKdUuav;rsm;onf i,fpOfu tvGefaumif;í
BuD;jyif;vmrS qkd;wwfykH? tcsKdUrSmvnf; i,fpOfu tvGefqdk;wwfMuí
BuD;umrSaumif; wwfykHwkdUudk vlB uD;rsm; ajymavh&SdMu\/ ESruav;rSm
BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg ütvGefaumif;aomfvnf; i,fpOfurl tvGefqkd;vS\/
(uG,fvGef&SmonfrSm ESpfaygif; 30ausmfNyD/) ESruav;onf nwdkif;wGif
apmapmtdyfwwfí oef;acgifausmfaom tcsdefwGif tdyfa&;0onfh
vu©PmESifhwusnfusnfyl qmwwf\/ [dk[mpm;csifonf? onf[m
pm;csifonf ponfjzifh em;ylem; qmvkyfwwfí rdcifu acsmhcsnfwcg
acsmufcsnfwvSnfhjzifh odyf&\/ wcgw&H jrefjreftdyfí wcgw&Hvnf;
wtDtDESifh tMumBuD; idkaewwf\/ wnoü uREkfyfonf

21 
ESruav;idkoHaMumifh Edk;vmí Munfhvkdufaomtcg uav;rSm
tdrfjyifodkUa&mufaeí rdcifESifhzcifwkdUu tdfrftwGif; wHcg;teD;rS &yfum
]]rwdwfbl;vm;? wdwfrSzGifhay;r,f}[kajym&m uav;url ]csrf;vSygNyD?
zGifhay;yg? zGifhay;yg}[k idkvsufomajym\/ tidkrwdwfacs/ &moDum;
aqmif;Owk&moDjzpfí uREfkyfudk,fwdkif apmifNcKHxJü auG;vsuf&Sd
jcif;udkrSwfrd\/ uav;uvnf;idk? rdbrsm;uvnf; wHcg;zGifhray;yJ
]]wdwfav? rwdwfbl;vm;? rcsrf;bl;vm;}[k ar;vsuf&Sd&m uREfkyfrSm
tdrfjyifü ESruav;\ csrf;at;&SmvSrnfh tjzpfudk oem;vSojzifh
apmifNcKHxJü wdwfwqdwf Budwfum rsuf&nfrsm; &TJatmifidkrdonf/ rdbrsm;
tm; awmif;yefay;zkdU rqdkxm;bd uREfkyfEdk;aeonfhtjzpfudkyif rodap0HUay/
þwGif om;orD;rsm;udk tvGefcspfcif wwfonf[k ,lqonfh
(,ckwkdifvnf; ,kHrSm;jcif;r&Sdyg/) trdtzrsm;tm; ESruav;tm; nSOf;qJESdyf
pufMuonf[laom txifuyfa&mufvmojzifh uREfkyfrSm pdwfxJwGif
tvGefraumif;vmyJ wwd,ql;wacsmif;aygufvm&jyefygonf/

,ckrS zGifhajymjcif;

þodkU a&;om;jcif;twGufaMumifh rdbrsm;tay:ü uREkfyfpdwfxm;ykHudk

pmzwfolwdkUtxifvGJrnfpdk;ojzifh &Sif;vif; azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf
txufyg tjzpftysufudk rdcif zcifwkdUtm; vnf;aumif;? uG,fvGefoltm;
vnf;aumif;? ,ck &Sdaeaom nDwa,muftm;vnf;aumif;? tjcm;olwpkH
wa,muftm;vnf;aumif; woufywfvkH; wBudrfwcg wcGef;wyg'rQ
zGifhajymjybl;jcif;r&Sdonfum;rSefygonf/ woufvkH;rajymyJjrKHxm;cJYygvsuf
,ckrS xnfhía&;&jcif;rSm uREkfyf\ pdwfajymif;vJykH tjcif;t&mrsm;udk jynfhpkH

22 
atmifazmfjyrnf[k azmfxkwfaMunmxm;cJUonfhtwkdif; vlUobm0udkwifjy
vkdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ 1930 jynfhESpf yJcl;NrdKUivsifBuD;wGif uREkfyfwkdU\
tdrfom;tm;vkH;onf (rdcifvnf;ygonf) tdrfay:rS qif;ajy;Muí vrf;r
BuD;ay: av;bufaxmufolaxmuf ?0rf;vsm;arSmufolarSmuf &SdaeMu pOf
uREkfyfonf vIdif;rsm;ozG,f tvdyfvdyfxvsuf&Sdaom ajrBuD;udkjrif&í
tm;ri,fpbl; i,frdonf/ tm;i,fjcif;um; tcdkiftrmqkH; [lí pdwfcs
,kHMunfx;onfh [myx0DajrBuD;udk,füuþuJUodkU vIyfcgaevsifigonf
tb,frSm aep&m&sdawmhtHUenf;[laom pdfwful;0ifvmjcif;amumifh jzpf\/
xkdnOfhuvnf; uREkfyfESifh ESruav;wkdUtm; cspfcifrIESifh ywfoufí
vkH;0'Gd[ oHo,r&SdcJUbl;ojzifh tvkH;pkH ,kHMunftm;udk;aom rdbESpfyg;wkdU
udk,fwdkifu ESruav;tm; (uREkfyf\txift&) &ufpufpGmjyKrljcif;udk
rsufpdESifh udk,fwkdifjrif&aomtcg &ifxJüqdkUí cdkudk;&mrJU jzpfoGm;cJU&
ygonf/ uREkfyfajym&Jygonf/ rdbESpfyg;tay:ü uREkfyfpdwfemjcif;vnf;
r[kwf? pdwfqkd; jcif;vnf;r[kwf? pdwfxJü tBuD;tus,ftHUtm;oifhí
]b,fhES,fygvdrfh? b,fvkdygvdrfh} tp&Sdojzifh txyfxyfar;um
pdwftm;i,frdjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/ þtwGufaMumifh uREkfyf\
obm0üql;wacsmif;xyfí aygufvmjcif;um; trSefjzpfygonf/

pdwfwkdpjyKjcif;

aemufwaeUeHeuf uREkfyftdyf&mrS xaomtcg EGm;EdkUonf ykPÖm;r

a&mufaeavNyD/ rMumao;rDu uREkfyftenf;i,f rusef;rrmjzpfonfESifh
OD;av;wa,mufu MuufjzLuav;waumif ]crJ}ay;xm;&m uREkfyfonf
MuufjzLuav;udk tvGefcspfí wayGUayGUwydkufydkufESifh upm;avh&Sd\/

23 
rusef;rrmNyD;cgpjzpfí rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; aeUwdkif; EGm;EdkUt0ufom
aomufapav&m ykPÖm;rxHrS eHeufwdkif; EGm;EdkU,l&efrSm uREkfyf\wm0efjzpf
\/ uREkfyfonf ykPÖm;rudkjrifí EGm;EdkUxnfh&ef ZvkH,lNyD;vQif ykPÖm;ra&SUücs
xm;í rsufESmopfpOf ykPÖm;ronf EGm;EdkUudk csifhxnfhNyD;aemuf xGufoGm;
\/ uREkfyfonf rsufESmopfNyD;aemuf EGm;EdkUZvkH&Sd&modkUavQmufvm&m
MuufjzLuav;onf ZvkHxJrSEGm;EdkUudk EIwfoD;jzifhESpfum aomufaeonfudk
awGU&\/ þwGifuREkfyfonf Muufuav;udkzrf;í ajrBuD;ay:okdU
aygufvkduf &mraoaomfvnf; qefUiifqefUiifESifh twefMumcH&&Smonf/
rdbrsm;onf uREkfyf\&ufpufaomtjyKtrludk jrifMuí tHUtm;oifhum
wa,mufrsufESm udk wa,mufMunfhaeMu\/ vludkaomfvnf;aumif;?
wd&pämefudkaomf vnf;aumif; &uf&ufpufpuf jyKvkyfjcif;rSm þtBudrfonf
yxrtBudrf jzpfonf[k rdcifuajymí ]]Muufuav;aomufvdkU
b,favmufukefoGm; rSmvJ om;&,f}}[k qdk\/ uREkfyfjyKvkdufjcif;rSm
rdcifxifonfhtwdkif; EGm;EdkU udk ESajrmaomaMumifhayavm? ,refnOfhu
ESruav;\ jzpftifudk jrif& ojzifh pdwfwkdvsuf&SdaomaMumifhayavm/
odkUwnf;r[kwf xdktaMumif;ESpf &yfaygif;pyfjcif;aMumifhayavm rajymEdkif
atmif&Sdygonf/

rJtdk;wef;&yfuGuf

uREkfyfwkdUonf xdktcsdefü rEÅav;NrdKU oif;csKdif;awmf wHwm;ajrmuf

buf a&Twacsmif;eHab;&Sd rJtkd;wef;&yfuGufü aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m
zcif\tvkyfrSm ydef;wef; zdeyfaxmifq&mjzpfí tvkyform;av;ig;a,muf
&Sdavonf/ xdk&yfuGufom;rsm;rlum; csnfMurf;udk rJe,fqdk;aomtvkyfjzifh

24 
toufarG;Muí 4if;&yfuGufrSmvnf; rJUtdk;wef;[k ac:wGifjcif;jzpfavonf/
a&Twacsmif; urf;yg;wGif tvkyform;toD;oD;onf 0rf;bJOtkd;BuD;ESpfvkH;\
tv,frS xdkifvsuf vufrsm;jzifharTum rJe,fqdk;jcif;tvkyfudk woDwwef;
BuD; vkyfMuonfrSm (uREkfyfwkdU uav;oli,frsm;tzkdU) aysmfp&mBuD;[k
xifcJUrdonf/ (rMumao;rDu 4if;&yfuGufodkU tvGrf;ajy oGm;Munfh&m
a&S;u rJtdk;wef;ESifhrwlawmhyJ rJe,fqkd;aomtvkyfudkvnf; wOD;wa,muf
rQ vkyfudkifonfudk rawGUcJU&ay/)

þ&yfuGufuav;\ xl;jcm;csufwckudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ rEÅav;

NrdKUBuD;ü awm&Gmrsm;rS ajymif;a&TUvmMuonfh tdrfaxmifonfrsm; onf
olU&GmESifh olUtpk OruGJ odkufrysuf aygif;pkaexdkifavh&SdMuav&m
tcsKdUaomt&yfrsm;ESifh ]0if;}rsm;rSm 4if;wkdUaexdkifcJUonfh rlv&Gmtrnfrsm;
jzifhyif rSnfhac:Muavonf/ Oyrm-&GmomrS ajymif;vma&TUvmaom
vlrsm;aMumifh ]&Gmomwef;}[lí vnf;aumif;? acgawm&GmrS ajymif;a&TUvm
Muaom olrsm;aMumifh ]acgawm0if;}[lívnf;aumif; rSnfhac:Muavonf/
rJtdk;wef;&yfuGufrSmrl tvkyftudkifudk tpJGjyKí rSnfhac:Mujcif;
jzpfaomfvnf; 4if;t&yfol t&yfom;rsm;rlum; tm;vkH;vkdyif rkH&Gme,f
urf;jzL&GmrSjzpfMu avonf/ uREkfyfwkdUrSmrl zcif\ESrwa,mufu
4if;t&yfom;ESifh tdrfaxmif usonfESifh tdrf&m0,fNyD; "m;wef;rS
ajymif;a&TUvmMujcif;jzpfavonf/ þ&yfuGufol &yfuGufom;rsm;\
xl;jcm;csufwckrSm rEÅav;NrdKUBuD;wGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aexdkifcJUMuNyD;
jzpfaomfvnf; 0wfykHpm;ykH? ajymykHqdkykH? aeykH xdkifykH tvkH;pkHrSm
rEÅav;NrdKUolNrdKUom;ESifh vkH;0rwl? rwlwjcm; &Sdaejcif;yif jzpfonf/
waeUoü uREkfyfonf uREkfyfwkdU\aetdrfESifh ESpftdrfjcm;&Sdaom

25 
]t&D;}\aetdrfodkU oGm;vnfí jyefvmaomtcg rdcifu ]]ighom;bmrsm;
auR;vkdufovJ[JU}}[k ar;&m? uREkfyfu ]]bdk;bdk;bwfowf[if; pm;cJU&
w,ftar}}[k jyefajymojzifh rdcifrSm [uf[ufyufyuf&,farmavonf/
(4if;t&yfü trJ0rf;wGif;o;udk ]]bkd;odk;bwfowf}}[k ac:onf/) þwGif
rdcifuzciftm; ]]'Dt&yfrSm MumMumaevdkU rjzpfygbl; udk&if? uav;awG
urf;jzLpum; ajymukefMuawmhrSmyJ}}[k ajymavonf/

atmufjynfqif;Mujcif;

waeUoü uREkfyf\zcifonf yJcl;NrdKUe,f wm0blwm usKdufy'dkif&Gm&Sd

ol\baxG;wa,mufxHrS pmwapmif&&Sd\/ (4if;baxG;rSm rdcif\Zmwdjzpf
onfha&Tbdke,f refusnf;wkH&GmrS ajymif;a&TUoGm;oljzpf\/ refusnf;wkH&GmrSm
vnf; vuf0JokE´&aMumifh þacwfwGif vlodrsm;aom &Gmuav;jzpfonf/)
4if;pmü atmufjynfatmuf&GmwGif a&Txnf vuf0wfvufpm;rsm; a&mif;cs
aumif;vSaomaMumifh tjrwftpGef; &EdkifaMumif;? rdrduyif ulnDí
a&mif;csay;rnfhtaMumif; yg&Sdavonf/ xdktcsdefüydef;wef; zdeyftvkyfrSm
cyfyg;yg;&Sdaom &moDjzpfav&m rdbrsm;onf &SdpkrJUpkuav;rsm;udk xkcGJí
a&Txnfvuf0wfvufpm;rsm; 0,f,lum om;trd om;tz av;a,muf
atmufjynfodkUqif;oGm;Mu\/usKdufy'dkif&GmokdU a&mufMuaomtcg aygifwGif
]uRJtom;rmem} aygufí rxEdkifyJ&Sd&m 4if;\baxG;u vuf0wfvufpm;
rsm;udk a&mif;csay;&efwm0ef,lrnfqdkí tyfvdkuf&\/ ]uRJtom;rmem}
qkdonfrSm tvGefqkd;í aowwfonf[k ajymMu\/ baxG;\ om;ESpf
a,mufwkdUonf uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrudk tvGef ]usDpm;}oefMuí ESruav;
tm;wa,mufu ypfay;vdkuf? wa,mufuzrf;vdkuf jyKvkyfMu&mwGif

26 
rdcifrSm tonf;zdkvSonfESifh uefUuGufaomfvnf; olwkdUnDtpfudkESpfa,muf
u ]]udpör&Sdygbl; trBuD;&,f? roum ao&kHayghAsm}}[k ajymMuavonf/
uREkfyftm;vnf; xkdenf;wljyKMuao;&m uREkfyfu vufudkudkufvdkufojzifh
]]acG;uav;ygvm;[}}[k qkdum em;o,fudktykwfcH&ao;onf/ þtawm
wGif;zcifrSmvnf; aornf&Sifrnfrodaom tajctaeü &Sdae&m uREkfyfrSm
rdcif\'ku©rsm;udkjrif&í uREkfyf\obm0wGif ql;wacsmif;aygufvmcJU
jyefavNyD/ rdcifrSm uREkfyfodorQ woufvkH;wGif b,ftcgrS avQmhbl;onf
r&Sd? þwBudrfürl tcsKdUrdef;rrsm;uJUodkUrsuf&nfusjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; rsufESm
wck vkH; wrsKd;jzpfí BudwfcH&&Smonf/
uREkfyfwkdUü a&mif;cs&ef ygvmaoma&Txnfrsm;rSm a&mufuwnf;u
baxG;(uREkfyf\bkd;av;) vuf0,fodkU tyfvkdufav&m bdk;av;onfol\vl
rsm;udk [dk&Gm onf&Gmrsm;okdU vSnfhvnfa&mif;csap\/ waeUoü ypönf;rsm;
ESifhvTwfvdkufaom bkd;av;\a,mufzwa,mufonf vufarmif;wGif"m;
ESifhxkd;aom'Pf&mESifh jyefvmí ypönf;tm;vkH;udk vk,ljcif;cH&aMumif;
ajymavonf/ rdbrsm;rSm&SdpkrJUpkuav;udk tm;vkH;xkcJGí &if;ESD;vmcJUjcif;jzpf
aomaMumifh zcifrSm temaysmufcgeD;wGifrS pdwfxdcdkufí tzsm;BuD; zsm;vm
&&Smjyefonf/ rdcifrlum; pdwfwif;oljzpfí orD;uav;udk ajrSmufupm;pOf
uavmufrQ rsufESmysufonf[k uREkfyfrxifay/ (ypönf;rsm; vk,ljcif;cH&
onfqdkjcif;rSm vnfq,fjcif;rQom jzpfonf[k aemufydkif;wGif Mum;od&\/
rdcif zcifrsm;rSm tvGef ]&dk;}olrsm;jzpf 4if;wkdU\ woufwmwGif
okH;Budrfwkdifwdkif eifhvSatmif vlvdrfcH&jcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/) ypönf;rsm;
ajymifonfhaemuf bkd;av;vifr,m;onf uREkfyfwkdUom;tz av;a,muf
tm; auR;xm;&jcif;twGuf 0efav;aomaMumifhayavm? udk,fhwludk
udk,fvdrf&jcif;twGuf rsufESmylaomaMumifhayavm rqkdEdkif/ uREkfyfwkdUtay:

27 
wGif rsufESmxm;wrsKd;jyifvmjcif;udk uREkfyfyifod\/ rdbrsm;rSmrlum;
qdkzG,f&mr&Sdacs/ rEÅav;odkUjyef&eftwGuf p&dwftenf;i,f&Sdaomfvnf;
zcif\ rusef;rmjcif;twGufaMumifh tcufBuD;BuKHaeMu&onf/
þtawmtwGif;ü bkd;av;\om;ESpfa,mufu uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrtm;
usD;pm;vkdufMuonfrsm;rSm ,cifuxufyif rdcifu "m;ESifhckwfrnf BuHpnf
rdaMumif;ESifh aemifwGif uREkfyftm;ajymjybl;onf/ aemufqkH;ü rdcifzcifwdkU
pDpOfMuonfrSm temaumif;pGmrusufrcsif; zcifae&pfíuREkfyfwkdUom;trd
okH;a,muf rEÅa v;odkU jyefESifhMu&efjzpfavonf/ cGJcgeD;ü rdcifonf þvlpk
vufrSvGwfayNyD[k atmufarhaomaMumifhayavmrqdkEdkif? rsufESmnId;i,f
jcif;r&SdvSaomfvnf; zcifrlum;idk&Smavonf/ usKdufy'dkif&GmrS wm0blwm&kH
odkU om;trdokH;a,muf vSnf;ESifh xGufvmMu&mwGif (rnfolrQ vdkufírydkU
Mu? zcifvnf; rydkUEdkif&Smacs) vrf;c&D; vSnf;ay:ürl rdcifonf
rsuf&nfwcg ESpfcg0dkif;vmjcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&onf/ okdUaomf okwfodrf;
avmufatmifum; r[kwf? jyefí&Iyf,lvkduf[efwlonf/ uREkfyfonf
rdcif\pdwfudkod[efESifh rjrifcsifjyKí rdcif\&ifcGifxufü ayGUxm;onfh
ESruav;udk uREkfyf\&ifcGif ay:odkU a&GU,lvkdufonf/ rdcifonf uREkfyf\
tjyKtrludk oabmusonfESifh woufvkH;ajymí rqkH;atmif&Sdav&m
uREkfyfvnf; tm;&MunfEl;vSonf/

jyefvmMujcif;

wm0blwm&kHokdUa&mufMuí vufrSwf0,f&mwGif rdcifonf vlBuD;

twGuf vufrSwfwapmifom0,fí uREkfyftwGuf uav;vufrSwf r0,f
awmhacs/ tvmc&D;ü uREkfyftwGuf 0,fygvsuf tjyefc&D;ü r0,fjcif; rSm

28 
ydkufqHenf;yg;aomaMumifh[k uREkfyfod&\/ okdU&mwGif blwm&kHrS rD;&xm;
tvkyform;wa,mufESifh em;vnfrI,lxm;onf[k aemifwGif rdcifu
ajymíod&\/ rD;&xm;qdkufcgeD;wGif blwm&kH0ü apmifhvsuf&Sdaom vufrSwf
ppfESifhvJGap&ef rdcifonf uREkfyftm; rD;&xm;tvkyform;\
vufodkUtyfvdkuf\/þtpDtpOftaMumif;udk bmrQ em;rvnfaomuREkfyfrSm
xdkvlESifh twlvdkufoGm;í blwm&kH\tjyifodkU a&mufcJUNyD;aomfvnf;
w&yfwaus; wGif vlpdrf;wa,mufESifh Mum&SnfpGmae&jcif;udk&GHUonfESifh
tjyifodkUa&mufNyD; umrS rdcif&Sd&modkU jyefvm\/ rdcifurl uREkfyf\
OD;acgif;udk acgufíjyefoGm; ckdif;ojzifh xGufvmjyef\/ aemufwBudrf
jyefoGm;&m cyfemem acgufívTwf vdkufjyef\/ wwd,tBudrfürlum; rdcif
emBuD;pGm acgufvTwfvkdufav&m uREkfyfrSm OD;acgif;udkyGwfowf&if;
udk,fhrdcifxHodkU udk,foGm;rdjcif;twGuf tacgufcH&onfrSm em;rvnfEdkif
atmif jzpfí ]b,fhES,f[mygvdrfh? b,fvkdygvdrfh} ponfjzifh tBuD;tus,f
pdwf&Ijcif;aMumifh uREkfyf\obm0ü ql;wacsmif;aygufvmcJUjyefavNyD/
þtaMumif;udk BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgü rdciftm; uREkfyfuajymjy&mwGif
rdcifrSm rsuf&nfrsm; 0dkif;vmonfhtxJrS &,farmvsuf ]]ighom;ES,f
rSwfrdvdkufwmygvm;uG,f? tarvJpdwf&IyfvGef; vdkUa[h}}[kajymojzifh
uREkfyfuvnf; ]]uRefawmfutarhudkpdwfremygbl;? avmuBuD;[mw,fNyD;
*Gusyguvm;vdkU pdwf&IyfrdwmygyJtar&JU}}[k ajym&bl;avonf/

29 
zcifa&mufvmjcif;

rEÅav;odkU uREkfyfwkdU om;trdokH;a,mufjyefa&mufí (rdcif\pum;

t&) wvwdwd jynfhaomaeUü zcifjyefa&mufvmojzifh tvGef0rf;omMu
av&m? 0rf;tomqkH; vlrSm zcifjzpfí 0rf;omrItenf;qkH;rSm uREkfyfyifjzpf
avonf/ zcif\0rf;omjcif;udk em;vnfEdkifMurnf jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\
0rf;omrIenf;yg;ykHudk &Sif;jyzdkU vkdayvdrfhrnf/
tcsKdUaom rdcifrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaet& usqif;aom
tcgrsm;wGif om;orD;rsm;tay:MuifemrI avsmhyg;ouJUodkU aigufvm;?
irf;vm;? &dkufvm;? ESufvm; jyKwwfMuav&m zcifjyefra&mufrD uREkfyfwkdU
om;trdokH;a,mufonf tnHHUqHk;aom [if;rsm;udkom pm;Mu&aomfvnf;
rdcifonf uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrtay:üa&S;uxuf ydkíMuifemonf/ rkefUyJom;
a&pmponfrsm;udkvnf;awmif;wdkif; 0,fauR;onf/ xdkUxuf ta&;BuD;onf
rSmum; uREkfyftm;vnf; ([dkaumifESifh aygif;jcif;rSwyg;) vGwfvyfjcif;
ay;xm;í t&yfxJwGif vnfcsifwkdif;vnfywfcGifh&onf/ oDv&Sifausmif;
rSvnf; EkwfvdkufNyDjzpfí uREkfyfrSwfrdorQ uav;b0wGif taysmfqkH;aom
uvm tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfavonf/ zcifjyefa&mufvm aom tcgürlum;
txufyg tcGifhta&;rsm; qkH;&IH;&acsawmhrnf[k uREkfyfodaomaMumifh
uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwf 0rf;omjcif;r&SdaMumif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

30 
tvkyf&kHa&GUjcif;

rsm;rMumrDzcifonf tvkyform;rsm;udkjyefpkí ydef;wef;zdeyftvkyfudk

jyefaumuf\/ odkU&mwGif rJtdk;wef;t&yfrSm aps;csKdjzifh tawmfvSrf;í
tjcm;aomzdeyfaxmifq&mrsm;vnf; þt&yfxJwGif wOD;rQr&Sdav&um;
aps;csKdxJü zdeyfqdkifxGufaom qdkif&Sifrsm;onf þt&yfodkU rvmvdkMuyJ
jzpfaeMuojzifh ta&mif;yg;vS\/ okdUjzpfí zcifonf aps;csKdtaemufbufü
&Sdaom yJykyfwef;&yfuGufwGif tdrfcef;uav;iSm;í tvkyform;rsm;ESifh
tvkyf&kHuav;zGifhav\/ tdrfcef;uav;rSm cyfusOf;usOf;jzpfí rJtdk;wef;ae
tdrfü tdyf&pm;&NyD; yJykyfwef;tdrfcef;rSm tvkyf&kHtwGuf oufoufjzpfav
onf/ zcifESifhtvkyform;rsm;onf xrif;udkeHeufapmapm pm;oGm;Muí
ae0ifvkeD;umrS rJtdk;wef;aetdrfodkU jyefvmMu\/ tvkyform; okH;av;
a,mufwkdUrSm rJtdk;wef;&yfuGufwGif aeMuolrsm;jzpfavonf/

vlausmif;odkUa&mufjcif;

waeUoü rdcifESifhtwl eef;wGif;oljzpfcJUbl;í tvGefcifrifcJUMuonf

qkdaom rdef;rBuD;wa,mufonf (touf 30 cefUrQom &Sdao;ojzifh
,cktjriftm;jzifh rdef;rwa,muf[k ac:&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; xdkpOfu
tjriftm;jzifh ]rdef;rBuD;}[k a&;vkduf&onf/ xdkrdef;ronf uREkfyf\rsufpdü
waeUwjcm;BuD;íBuD;í oGm;ykHudkvnf; azmfjyygrnf/) uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfodkU
tvnftywf vmav&m ausmif;olt&G,frdef;uav;wa,mufvnf; ygvm
avonf/ rdcifwkdUpum;ajymvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfESifhrdef;uav;onf

31 
upm;azmfjzpfvmMuí tawmfcifrifvsuf &SdMuavNyD/ rdef;uav;rSm
uREkfyfxuf okH;ESpfavmufBuD;vdrfhrnfxifonf/ {nfhonfrdef;rBuD;onf
rdcifESifh pum;ajym&mrSm uREkfy\
f taMumif;udkar;onfwGif rdcifu i,fvGef;
aomaMumifh oDv&Sifausmif;ü tprf;xm;NyD;rS Ekwfxm;&aMumif;ajym\/
(rdef;rBuD;rSm tysKd;BuD;jzpfí ausmif;axmifpm;onf[kod&onf/) xdktcg
rdef;rBuD;u ol\ausmif;rSmtdrfawmf&mbk&m; ta&SUbufü&SdaMumif;? uREkfyf
tm;olUausmif;üxm;vQif zcifESifhtwl vdkufvmínaewGifvnf; zcifESifh
twljyefEdkifaomaMumifh tvGeftqifajyaMumif; ajym\/ (yJykyfwef;ESifhol\
pmoifausmif;rSm wjyausmfausmfrQoma0;onf/) xdkUaemufrdcifu i,fvGef;
vQifausmif;om;BuD;awGu ESdyfpufwwfaMumif;ajym&m q&mrBuD;u
]]pdwfomcsyg cifav;&,f? uRefrudk,fwdkif apmifhNyD;Munfhay;yghr,f? rylygeJU
b,folrS rESdyfpufygbl;}}[kajymNyD;vQif uREkfyftm; olUteD;odkU ac:,lum
ausmoyf&ifoyfjzifh csKdompGmacsmharmh,if; pum;ajymav\/ uREkfyfonf
q&mr\ MuifemykH&aomtjyKtrludk oabmusonfwaMumif;? ¤if;ESifhtwl
ygvmaom rdef;uav;tm;vnf; csufcsif;yifcifrifvsuf&Sdonfu waMumif;
aMumifh rdcifuar;aomtcg ]]ausmif;aeygr,f}}[k tajzay;vdkufav\/

ESpfoufvSaomypönf;

¤if;aeUnae zcifjyefvmí rdcifuajymjyaomtcg ynmudktvGefvdk

vm;aom uREkfyf\zcifrSm0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfí uREkfyftzdkUt0wftpm;opf
rsm; csKyfMuNyD;vQif oyf&yfatmifjyifqifí ausmif;okdUtyfMuavonf/ rJtdk;
wef;ESifh tdrfawmf&mbk&m;rSm ig;ESpfom;ausmfausmfrQom&Sdao;aom uREkfyf
tzdkU&mü aeUpOftoGm;tjyef c&D;jzpfaomaMumifh awmfawmanmif;ay &m

32 
tjyefc&D;wGif wcgw&HzcifuwvSnfh? tvkyform;rsm;uwvSnfh yckH;ay:
wGifxrf;wwfMuavonf/ eHeufwGif xrif;apmapmBuD;pm;í zcifwkdU
ESifhtwlvdkuf&ojzifh aeUcif;wGif tvGefqmavmifvSonfjzpf&m? rdbrsm;
onf ,Gef;xnftkyfuav;wGif xrif;[if;rsm;xnfhí qdkif;uav;jzifh qGJ,l
oGm;zdkUpDrHay;Mujcif;aMumifh uREkfyfpdwfxJü 0rf;omvdkufykH? aus;Zl;wif
vdkufykHrsm;udk ,aeUwdkif rSwfrdygao;onf/ xdkacwfü oHqifhrsm;
rokH;Muao;yJ ,Gef;xnftkyfBuD;rsm;jzifh bk&m;oGm; ausmif;wufacgif;&Guf
oGm;Muav&m uREkfyftzdkU tkyfti,ftpm;uav; 0,fay;jcif;twGuf0rf;om
vSí tdyf&mxJrSyif wcgwcgxí Munfhrdygao;onf/ rdbrsm;vnf; uREkfyf
ESpfoufjcif;udkjrifMuí oabmus&Smonf/ (uREkfyftzdkU 0,fay;aom ypönf;
rsm;teuf xdk,Gef;xnftkyfuav;xuf uREkfyftm; aysmfjrL;apaom tjcm;
ypönf;udk rrSwfrdyg/)

yxrü rdcif\rdwfaqGq&mrBuD;onf (vufaxmufq&mruav;

ESpfa,mufvnf; &Sdonf/) rdciftm; uwdxm;cJUonfhtwkdif;yif uREkfyftm;
txl;wvnf*&kpkdufygayonf/ uREkfyf\,Gef;xnftkyfuav;udkzGifhMunfhí
[if;rsm;nHUvQif [if;aumif;uav; wwkH;wav xnfhay;ojzifh
(tpm;aumif; cifrifwwfaom uREkfyftzdkU) 0rf;omvkH;qdkUrwwf aysmfvSí
aus;Zl;vnf;wifrdonf/ tdrfodkUtvnfvmpOfu ygvmaom ausmif;ol
uav;ESifhvnf; jyefqufrdojzifh MunfEl;vSonf/ odkU&mwGifuREkfyfrSm
wausmif;vkH;wGif ti,fqkH;vnf;jzpfí ta0;qkH;aom t&yfrS vm&aom
ausmif;om;uav;vnf;jzpfonf/ &G,fwlwa,muf ESpfa,muf&Sdaomfvnf;
ausmif;ywf0ef;usifü aeMuolrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh aeUcif;acwÅausmif;qif;
csdefwGif olwkdU\tdrfodkUjyefí pm;aomufMu&m uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;om

33 
tkyfuav;zGifhí pm;&ol&SdaomaMumifh wenf;tm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,faom
ausmif;om;uav;wa,muf[lí oabmxm;avmufMuonf xifygonf/
odkU&mwGif xdkodkUum;r[kwfacs/

¤if;pmoifausmif;Esifhywfoufí uREkfyfrauseyfaom taMumif;t&m

rsm;udk razmfjyrD auseyfaom tcsufrsm;udk azmfjyygOD;rnf/ oDv&Sifausmif;
ü aecJU&pOfu uREkfyftm; [dkaumif\ESdyfpufjcif;rS vGwfap&ef[laom
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh rdbrsm;u tyfxm;jcif;jzpf&m pmoif&ef i,fvGef;onfh
twGufaMumifh ausmif;wGif ]acG;0ifpm;}tjzpfESifh uREkfyf\ta':teD;wGif
xdkifae&jcif;rQom rsm;\/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; pma&;MuaomtcsdefwGif
uREkfyfrSm opfom;wGif tdk;rnf;okwfxm;onfhoifykef;ay:ü uHUulqHjzifh
]0vkH;}rsm; a&;&jcif;udkom rSwfrdonf/ 0vkH;rS wqifhwuf&aomtcg
]ei,f}rsm;a&;&\/ ]ei,f}rsm;a&;aomtcgwGif acgif;BuD;BuD;rjzpfap&[k
oDv&SifBuD;u ajymjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ pmtHaomtcg
]]earmAk'¨g}}rS rwufcJU&ao;ay/ (uBuD;) (cauG;) paom tu©&mrsm;udk
roif&ao;rD }}earmAk'¨g}}udk a&S;OD;pGm oifay;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufudk uREkfyf
,ckwdkif em;rvnfao;ay/

pdwf0ifpm;aomtcsuf

oDv&Sifausmif;rS vlausmif;odkU a&mufaomtcgürl (uBuD;) (cauG;)

tu©&mrsm;udk oif&í (uBuD;a&;u)odkU a&mufaomtcg uREkfyf\pdwfü
jzpfay:vmaom tjcif;t&mwckudk rSwfrdao;onf/ uREkfyfuJUodkU (uBuD;a&;
u) (cauG;a&c) ponfjzifh ]tH}Mu&aom uav;rsm;u wwef;? rsufESm

34 
csif;qdkiftwef;ü (uBuD;a&uowfuuf) (cauG;a&uowfcuf) ponfjzifh
]tH}Mu&olrsm;&SdMu\/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tm;vkH;onf xdkacwfpmoif
ausmif;rsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif; atmfítHMu&m tcsKdUuvnf; toHukef[pfí
tHMu\/ (þonfrS tusifhygí ouFef;0wfNyD; pmtHaomtcgü ]][meHeH?
[meHeH}}[lí tHMujcif;jzpf[ef&Sdonf/) vlausmif;ü uREkfyfonf q&mrBuD;
xHodkU wkdifawmjcif;\ tusKd;r&Sdjcif;udkodvmonfjzpfí uREkfyftay:ü ]npf}
aomausmif;om;qdkvQif uREkfyfxuf 2 ESpf 3 ESpfavmufom toufBuD;ol
jzpfyguzufwG,fí owfavawmhonf/ npfcsifoluvnf; rsm;í owfykwf
&onfrSm aeUwdkif;vdkyif jzpfaeawmh\/ þwGif q&mrBuD;onf uREkfyftm;
cPcP&efjzpfaom aumifuav;qdkum zdí&dkufawmhonf/ rdcif\
rdwfaqGjzpfí vdr®map&efqkdaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh olwyg;xuf zdí&dkufjcif;
vnf;jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyftzdkUrlum; vm;vm;rS rw&m;aom
q&mrBuD;[lí rausrcsrf;jzpfcJU&onf/ þaemufydkif;ü uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonf
um;q&mrBuD;onf tysKdBuD;jzpfí om;orD;rarG;bl;onfhtwGufaMumifh
uav;oli,frsm;\ jyóemrsm;udk rodom;qdk&Gm;vSonf[k qkH;jzwfcsufcs
rdygawmhonf/

uREkfyf\zcif

uREkfyftaMumif;udka&;vQif uREkfyf\rdbrsm;taMumif;udkvnf;
azmfjyyg rS uREkfyftzdkUrSm &kyfvkH;ay:ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyf\zcifrSm
a&Tbdkawmifvuf (jrif;e,f[kac:onf/) refusnf;wkH&Gmom; OD;at&mjzpf\/
zcif\trnfrSm jrefrmjynfwGif tvGef&Sm;í rMumao;rDurS emrnfwlaom
qdkif;bkwfwckudk awGU&bl;onf/ zcifESifhemrnfwlaomaMumifh vludk,fwdkif

35 
udkvnf;awGUjrifvdk apumrl ,aeUwdkifrawGU&bl;ao;ay/ a&Tbkdawmif
vufudk ]jrif;e,f}[k ac:wGifjcif;rSm jrefrmbk&if tqufqufvufxufwGif
jrif;trIxrf; (jrif;wyfppfom;) rsm; xGufaome,fjzpfaomaMumifh jzpf\/
uREkfyfudk,fwkdif (jrif;yJGorm;wa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf;) jrif;0goem
ygoljzpfí jrif;ESifhywf oufaom A[kokwavhvm&mwGif ¤if;e,fom;
rsm;uJUodkU jrif; ]tom;us} pD;enf;taMumif;udk em;vnfol&Sm;yg;
aMumif;awGU&\/ refusnf;wkH&Gmuav;rSm tdrfajcw&mausmf cefUrQom
&Sdaomfvnf; rif;vuf0JoE´&\ Zmwdcsuf a<ua'ojzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh
vlodrsm;aom &Gmuav;jzpf\/ (¤if;e,fwGif 0ufvufblwmteD;rS
refusnf;wkHESifh a&Tbdkajrmufvuf cifOD;blwmteD;rS refusnf;wkH[lí
&GmESpf&Gm&Sday&m uG,fvGefolZmwfrif;om; OD;zdk;pdefBuD;u rif;vuf0JokE´&
arG;zGm;onfh&GmrSm cifOD;teD;rS refusnf;wkH &Gmjzpfonf[k rSm;,Gif;ajymqdk
bl;onfhtwGuf &Sif;vif;azmfjyrnf BuHpnfbl; aomfvnf; ,ckrSyif
tvsOf;oihfí xnfhoGif;a&;om;vdkuf&ygawmhonf/ rif;vuf0JokE´&
arG;zGm;onfh tdrfae&mtrSwftom;rsm;udk q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\
wdkufwGef;csuft& aemufaygufpma&;q&m uav;rsm;tm; uREkfyfnGefjy
cJU&bl;ygonf/)

*kPf,lwwfjcif;

uREkfyf\zcifrSm uREkfyfuJUodkU ]vlpkH} wa,mufr[kwf? tvGef]&dk;}onfh

tEG,ftqufjzpfí bkd;pOfabmifqufwdkifatmif aot&ufudk vQmay:wGif
rwifbl;jcif;udk tom;,lí ajymavh&Sdolrsm;jzpfMu\/ zcifrSm aqGBuD;rsKd;
BuD;jzpfí ¤if;e,fw0dkuf&Sd &Gmrsm;wGif ol\aqGrsKd; r&Sdaom&Gm[lír&Sdonfh

36 
jyif aqGrsKd;rsm;rSmvnf; pm;EdkifaomufEdkif tajctae&SdMuolrsm;jzpfí
tcsKdUrSmv,fajr{u<u,f0olrsm; jzpfMuavonf/ uREkfyfBuD;jyif;í &efukef
ol&d,w0dkufwGif t,f'DwmjzpfvmNyD;aemuftcGifh,lí xdke,fodkU tvnf
tywf a&muf&mwGif zcifESifhuREkfyfwdkU vSnf;wpD;jzifh [dk&Gmonf&Gm
vSnfhvnfum ]]ighom; t,f'DwmjzpfvmNyDuG,f}}[k aqGrsKd;rsm;tm;
ajymjy&jcif;? ]]'D[mu ighnDuG,fh? 'D&GmrSmawmh olu ajrydkif&SifoaX;
wa,mufuG,fh}}[lí uREkfyftm; ajymjy&jcif;wdkUaMumifh zcifrSmtarm
om;&Sdawmhonf/ zcifonf rdcifESifhrwl? ol\aqGrsKd;twGuf tawmf*kPf,l
csif&Smonf/

oDaygrif;udkom arQmfMujcif;

zcifonf &Gmausmif;bkef;BuD;\ nDESpf0rf;uJGawmfoljzpfí ([dkacwfu

xkH;pHtwdkif;) udk&iftjzpfESifhav;ig;ajcmufESpfcefU aecJU&m toufjynfhaom
tcgwGif &[ef;cHzdkU bkef;awmfBuD;updwful;xm;\/ awm&Gmü arG;zGm;&ol
jzpfonfhtjyif bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif ESpfaygif;twefMumaecJU&oluvnf;
jzpfonfESifh tvGefUtvGef ]&dk;}&Smonf/ odkU&mwGif &[ef;cHEdkifonfh
t&G,fodkU a&mufaomtcgü tawmfyg;&nfeyf&nf&dSykH&aom ol\zcifonf
&[ef;cHjcif;udk tm;ray;yJ rEÅav;NrdKUodkUqif;í oDaygbk&if\ vTwf&kH;wGif
pma&;uav;tjzpfESifh trIxrf;&ef rdwfaqGwa,mufxHwGif tyfESHvdkufav
onf/ (xdkacwfürl pma&;wkdif;tm; pma&;BuD;[k rac:Mu? ]pma&;BuD;}qdk
olrSm vTwf&kH;wGif{&mr trIxrf;BuD;wa,mufjzpfí olUtxufwGif
0efaxmuf? xdkUaemuf twGif;0efjzpfvmEdkifolwa,mufjzpfavonf/)
1247ckESpfwGif oDaygbk&if ygawmfrlí zcifrSm t*Fvdyftpdk;&

37 
vufatmufwGif trIxrf;EdkifcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; (trIxrf;olrsm;vnf;
aemufydkif;wGif ppfuJ&mxl;txdwdk;wufMuonf/) zcif\trsKd;rsm;u
oDaygbk&ifjyefvmvdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfarQmfvifhMuaomaMumifh zciftm;
t*FvdyfvufatmufwGif trIrxrf;zdkU zsufMuonf/ 1250 jynfhESpfwGif
rdcifESifhtaMumif;ygí 1251 ckESpfwGif uREkfyfvlUjynfodkUa&mufvmonf/

q&mawmf\aus;Zl;

uREkfyf\t&yfrSm zcifxuf 2 vufrcefUjrifhí 5ay? 10vufr &Sdaom

aMumifh trsKd;taqGxJwGif t&yftjrifhqkH; wa,muftaejzifh vljzpfvm&
onf/ zcifonf ]vl&dk;vlaumif;BuD;}wa,mufjzpfí a'goenf;onf?
ESdrfhcsonf/ odrfarGUEl;nHUaom pdwfoabm&Sdonf? aMumufwwfonf?
A[kokwvdkvm;onf[k uREkfyfem;vnf\/ rdcif\tazurl ]vlnHU}
wa,muf[k xifaomaMumifh ol\orD;ESifhaumif;aumif;BuD; oabmrwl[k
uREkfyfMum;&bl;\/ odkUaomf &dk;om;ykH&jcif; wckwnf;aMumifh ay;pm;
vdkufjcif;jzpfonfqdk\/ odkUqkdaomfvnf; zcifonf pOf;pm;OmPf
acvSolwa,mufr[kwfay&m awmifolrd&dk;zvm tpOftvmwdkUaMumifh
cyfEkHEkH&SdykH&aomfvnf; rEÅav;NrdKUü yk*K¾d vfxl;wyg;jzpfoaom Nrdwfq&mawmf
bk&m;ESifY awGUqkH&onfwGifrS OmPfyGifhvif;í (olUacwfESihfol) vlwvkH;
olwvkH;jzpfvmcJUavonf/ (pD;yGm;a&;udkrqdkvdk? rd&dk;zvm t,ltqrsm;udk
pGefUy,f0HUonfowÅd&Sdjcif;udkqdkvdkygonf/)

38 
uREkfyf\rdcif

rdcifrSmrl rif;wkef;bk&if\ ]pm;awmfcJ} (xrif;[if;csuf&ol)rS

aygufzGm;cJUoljzpf\/ xdkacwfürl &Sifbk&if\ ]zdeyfudkif}? ]xD;rdk;}?
]uGrf;tpfudkif} paom trIxrf;rsm;yif rsufESmBuD;aom acwfjzpfí
xrif;[if;csuf&aom tvkyfrSm *kPfi,fonf[k r,lqMuay/ uREkfyftbdk;
\ &xl;udktaMumif;jyKí uREkfyf\rdcifrSmvnf; t&G,fa&mufaomtcgwGif
]rif;ESpfyg;}wkdU\ ]pmawmfzwf}jzpfvm&onf/ t&G,fi,fao;aomaMumifh
(18ESpforD;) pmawmfzwfBuD;rsm;jzpfMuonfh ]ocifBuD;}rsm;vufatmufwGif
pmawmfzwfuav;rQom jzpfcJU&ao;aomfvnf; rdcifrSm tvGeftoHaumif;
vSonf/ uREkfyfi,fpOfu ykcufxJü tdyfrnfjyKpOf rdcifu aw;csif;qdkí
ykcufvTJjcif;udk zcif\zdeyftvkyform;rsm;u em;axmifMu&aomaMumifh
uREkfyftdyfrnfhtcsdefudk apmifharQmfaeMuonf[k tvkyform;rsm;ajymMuonf/
rdcifoDqkdwwfjcif;rSm ywfysKd;? ,dk;',m;? oDcsif;BuD; oDcsif;cefUr[kwfyJ
&wk? &uef? ysKdU? tJU? tdkif ponfwkdUomjzpfí cefUnm;vGef;vSaomfvnf;
toHaumif;onfhtwGufaMumifh em;axmifíaumif;jcif;udk uREkfyfvnf;
Mum;&bl;onf/ touf 50 ausmfcefUwdkifatmif toHrysufao;ojzifh
&Hzef&Hcg uREkfyfwkdUom;orD;rsm;\ awmif;yefjcif;aMumifh qdkíjy&Smjcif;
udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ uREkfyfrSm rdcif\toHudk rrSDaomfvnf;
tcsKdUaom ysKdUBuD; rsm;udk rdcif\oifjyrIaMumifh awmfuausatmif
qkdwwfonfjzpfí 0goemygaom rdwfaqGrsm;tay:ü tom;,lcJU&
bl;ygonf/

39 
a'goBuD;aomtrsKd;

zcif\pdwfEl;nHUodrfarGUoavmuf rdcifrSm pdwfqwfjcif;?

pdwfxufjcif;? pdwfwif;jcif;? r[kwfrcHwwfjcif;? raMumufwwfjcif;paom
tjcif;t&mwkdU&Sd\/ wae&mü rdciftm; ]a'goBuD;aomtrsKd;}[lí
a&;om;bl;&m rdcif\taz (uREkfyf\tbdk;) taMumif;udkowd&í a&;cJUjcif;
jzpf\/ uREkfyfi,fpOfurdcif\armifwa,muf (uREkfyf\OD;av;)tm;
olUxufBuD;aom vlwa,mufu tEdkifusifhum apmfum;vdkuf&mwGif
tbdk;onf tom;rsm; qwfqwfwkefatmif a'goxGufonfESifh xdkoludk
oGm;íowfygawmhrnf[k "m;udkifvsuf xGufoGm;ojzifh aqGrsKd;tm;vkH;u
0dkif;íawmif;yefMuaomfvnf; r&yJ&Sd&mwGif xdkvl\zcifonf tbdk;
taMumif;udkodí om;ESifhtwlajy;vmNyD;vQif tbdk;tm;0efcsawmif;yef
Muavonf/ okdUESifhvnf; tbdk;urausEdkifao;onfESifh apmfum;oludk,f
wkdif ESpfcsuf? okH;csufrQ ]taxmif;cHNyD;onfhaemufrS auseyfavawmhonf/
þae&mü xdkom;tzajy;vmjcif;rSm tbdfk;\a'goudkaMumufíom r[kwf?
]pm;awmfcJ} wa,muf[laom &mxl;udkvnf; &GHUMuykH&onf[k uREkfyf
xifrd\/ jrefrmbk&ifrsm;\ rif;rIxrf;rsm;tm; t*FvdyfvufxufuREkfyf
i,fpOfutxd av;pm;rI&SdMujcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

tbdk;\Mo0g'

uREkfyf\tbdk;rSm uREkfyf 10 ESpfom;cefUt&G,fwGif uG,fvGefav&m

tbkd;\ pum;wcGef;onf uREkfyf\em;xJpGJxifvsuf&SdcJUí uREkfyftzdkU&mü
0goemwckuJUodkUjzpfvm&ykHudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ waeUoü tbdfk;onf

40 
uREkfyf\zcifr&SdckdufwGif olUom;rsm; taMumif;udk rdciftm; ajymjyvsuf
&SdpOf ]]a,musmf;qdkwmrsKd;[m rdef;rr[kwfbl;orD;&JU? ]pkH}ap&r,f? ighom;
rsm;qdkvQif ]pkH}rS iguBudKufw,f? ighorD;&JU a,musmf;u pdwfaumif;
ESvkH;aumif;awmh &Sd&Smyg&JU? EdkUayr,fh rpkHbl;uG,fh}}[kajymbl;avonf/
uREfkyf BuD;jyif;vmaom tcsdefü tcGifhBuKHwdkif; tbdk;\pum;onf
pdwfxJwGifay:vmonfcsif;jzpfí olwyg;tm; xdyg;epfematmif usL;ausmf
apmfum;aom tjyKtrlrsKd; r[kwforQ umvywfvkH; tbkd;\ Mo0g'twkdif;
vdkufemjcif;aMumifh uREkfyfudk,fwdkif ]vlpkH}wa,mufjzpf vmcJU&onf/
þtwGufaMumifh txdkuftavsmufemrnfysufapjcif;udk 0efcH&rnfjzpf
aomfvnf; uREkfyf\pdwfü w&HwqpfrQ aemifw&bl;onf r&Sdjcif;udkvnf;
ajym&Jygonf/

b0wmudkajymif;vJapaom tcsuf

rdcifzcifwkdUonf aps;csKdtaemufbuf a&Twmacsmif; ajrmif;aygifteD;

&Sd &dkifwef;t&yfü tdrfuav;wvkH; 0,f,l&&SdaomtcgwGif rJtdk;wef;&Sd
aetdrfudka&mif;csí yJykyfwef;ytdrfcef;udkvnf; pGefUvTwfNyD;vQif ajymif;a&GU
aexdkifMuav\/ ¤if;&yfuGufü aexdkifaeMupOf uREkfy\
f toufwmudk
jyKjyifajymif;vGJapcJUonfh tjcif;t&mwckjzpfay:cJU\/ ¤if;&yfuGufteD;&Sd
]av;q,fawmfrif;}ac:jrefrmrif;vufxufu t&m&SdBuD;wa,muf&Sd&m?
¤if;tbdk;BuD;onf uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfokdU nwdkif;vmíw&m;a[majymavh&S\
d /
xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD; a[majymonfhw&m;rSm Ak'¨bmom rd&dk;zvm a[majymMuonfh
w&m;rsKd;r[kwfyJ ]r*foHzdkvfoH} rsKd;yg&Sdav&m (xdkpOfurl tvGefqef;onf[k
,lqMuonf/) rdbrsm;onf ]em;yg;aom} yk*¾dKvfrsKd;jzpfí rnfonfh

41 
q&mawmf\ Mo0g'jzpfygoenf;[k pkHprf;ar;jref;Mu&m 'u©dP0efwdkuf&Sd
Nrdwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Mo0g'jzpfaMumif;od&SdMu&\/ ¤if;q&mawmf
bk&m;BuD;\ ausmif;wGif ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oif&dk;oifpOf enf;jzifh
r[kwfyJ bmoma&;qkdif&m pmayrsm;udkvnf; wenf;wzkHoifjy onf/
*Pef;ocsmFponfrsm; oifjyonfh vufaxmufq&mrsm;vnf;&Sdí
tpdk;&pmppfvnf;cHonf[kMum;od&onfwGif uREkfyftm; vlausmif;rS Ekwfí
'u©dP0efwdkuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;okdU ajymif;a&TUtyfESHav\/ tu,fí
uREkfyfonf ¤if;ausmif;odkU ra&mufcJUvQif BuD;jyif;aomtcgwGif zdeyfaxmif
q&mwa,mufa,mufaomfvnf;aumif;? aps;csKdxJü qdkifxdkifía&mif;aom
zdeyfonfwa,mufa,mufaomfvn;faumif; jzpfvmzdkUom &Sdayonf/

bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;

'u©dP0efwkduf Nrdwfq&mawmf\ ausmif;odkUtyfESHaomtcg uREkfyfrSm

ckESpfESpfom; t&G,f&Sdí vlausmif;rS oifykef;BuD;ukefNyD; r*Fvokwf? twGif;
atmifjcif;? tjyifatmifjcif;paom oif&dk;pmrsm; ukefcJUNyD;avNyD/
¤if;bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif q&mawmfonf tjcm;aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSmuJU
odkUoif&dk;oifpOf pmrsm;udkroifyJ q&mawmfudk,fwdkif a&;pD&ifaom
pmrsm;udk oiftHMu&\/ uREkfyfrSm rSwfOmPftawmfaumif;í q&mawmfu
ydkUcsaom pmrsm;udk tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;xuf &vG,fonfjzpfaom
aMumifh q&mawmfu avSmfwdkif;ajy;onfh }avSajy;uav;} [ktrnfrSnfhum
csD;usL;jcif;cH&onfESifhtwl tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ remvdkjcif;vnf;
cH&avonf/ þausmif;wGifvnf; uREkfyfonfyif ti,fqkH;jzpfí tjcm;
ausmif;om;rsm;rSm tenf;qkH; q,fESpfom;t&G,f &SdaeMuavNyD/

42 
q&mawmfonf <uoGm;&mt&yfwkdif;odkU uREkfyftm; ac:oGm;í y&dowfa&SU
wGif ¤if;oifMum;xm;onfh bmoma&;pmayrsm;udk tar;tajzoabmjzifh
uREkfyftm;ar;&m uREkfyfuoGufvufpGm ajzEkdifonfhtwGufaMumifh tcsKdUaom
vlBuD;rdef;rBuD;rsm;u ]om;uav; awmfcsifonf} ]wluav;jzpfapcsifonf}
ponfjzifh awmifhw ajymqdkMujcif;rsm;udk uREkfyfMum;&\/ y&dwfowfa&SUü
q&mawmfESifhuREkfyftar;tajzvkyfjcif;udk Mum;emMu&aom t&yfol
t&yfom;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkU\ om;rsm;udk q&mawmf\ ausmif;odkUrxm;csif
olr&Sdoavmufjzpf\/ þenf;tm;jzifh q&mawmf\ausmif;rSm ausmif;om;
rsm;pnfum;rsm;jym;onfxuf rsm;jym;vmcJU&m uREkfyfonfyif ]w,fMuuf}
uav;jzpfaecJUavNyD/ pifppfrSm tar;tajzrsm;onf uREkfyf\ OmPfpGrf;jzifh
ajzqdk&jcif;r[kwfyJ ]usufpm}rQomjzpfaomfvnf; rMum;bl;aom
rdbrsm;tzdkUrl wtHUwMojzpfMu&avonf/

oifMum;ykHerlem

tar;tajzudk Oyrm wckjyygOD;rnf/

]]vl b,fhES,fa&;ovJ}}
]]va&;ESpfacsmif;iif vl}}
]]b,folUudk vlac:ovJ}}
]]&kyfemrfESpfyg;udk vlac:ygonf}}
]]&kyfb,favmuf&SdovJ}}
]]&kyf tX0DoH (28) &Sdygonf}}
]]bmudk ]emrf}ac:ovJ}}
]]pdwf? apwodufudk emrfac:ygonf}}

43 
 ]]apwoduf b,favmuf&SdovJ}}
]]apwoduf 'Gdynmo (52) &Sdygonf}}
]]pdwf wck,kwf 90? tus,f 121yg; &Sdygonf}}
]]pdwf b,favmuf&SdovJ}}
]]b,fpdwf b,fpdwfrsm;wkef;}}
]]avmbrlpdwf 8ck? a'gorl pdwf2ck? arm[rlpdwf 2ck
aygif;tukodkfvf12ck}} ponfjzifh 89 rsKd;aom pdwfwkdUudk a&wGuf&Gwfqdkjy&
avonf/ þonfrSm ]usufpm}yifjzpfaomfvnf; 7 ESpfom;t&G,f
oli,fuav;wa,mufu y&dowfxJü oGufoGufvufvuf &Gwfqdkjyjcif;
udkjrifMuMum;Mu&aom t&yfolt&yfom;rsm;u ]]'Doli,fuav;
oN*ØwwfaeNyD}}[k uREkfyftm; csD;rGrf;umayGUMu? zufMu? rkefUa<u;Mu
avonf/

taumif;ESifhtqdk;wGJjcif;

þonfum; uREkfyftzdkU [efusvSyg\/ odkU&mwGif taumif;ESifhtqdk;

'GefwJGí jzpfwwfaomZmwm&Sifjzpfonf[k eu©wfq&mBuD;wa,mufu
(aemufydkif;wGif) a[mbl;onfhtwkdif; q&mawmf\ ]vufoyfarG;} wynfh
uav;wa,muf jzpf&jcif;twGufaMumifh raumif;aom tjcif;t&mrsm;
wGJvsufvdkufygvmawmhonf/ þausmif;odkU uREkfyfra&mufrDtcsdefu
pmawmfaom ausmif;om;uav;wa,mufonf uREkfyfuJUodkUyif
q&mawmfaemufodkUwaumufaumufvkduf&bl;\/
uREkfyfa&mufvmaomtcgürl uREkfyfu olUxufokH;ESpfi,fí olUuJUokdUyif
q&mawmf\ tar;rsm;udkajzwwfonfjzpf aomaMumifh q&mawmfonf

44 
omí ]yGJusjcif;}udk vkdvm;onfESifh olUtpm; uREkfyftm;ac:avawmhonf/
þodkUaom tjcif;t&mudk ¤if;ausmif;om;onf rvdkvm;Edkifonfh
vu©PmESifh uREkfyftay:wGif taumufOmPfBuH[efwlayonf/

tEdkifusifhcHcJU&ykH

txufwGifazmfjycJUbl;onfhtwdkif; uREkfyfrSm (xdkacwfu ausmif;om;

oli,fwkdU\ upm;enf;jzpfonf) ]ayoD;ypfjcif;ü} vufajzmifhjcif;twGuf
aMumifhtrsm;tm;jzifh Edkifwwfoljzpfonf/ ydkufqHwjym;vQif ayoD; (a*:vD)
10vkH;&í upm;Mu&mwGif waeUwGif ydkufqH2jym;? 3jym; ponfjzifh
aeUwdkfif;vdkyif Edkifavh&S\
d / uREkfyftm; rdbrsm;u waeUvQif rkefUzdk;ydkufqH 2
jym;ay;avh&Sd&m ayoD;ypfjcif;rS Edkif&jcif;aMumifh wyJ? ig;jym; okH;ae&\/
ayoD;ypfMu&mwGifvnf; cyfBuD;BuD; ausmif;om;0dkif;ESifh uav;0dkif;[lí
ESpf0dkif;&Sd&m uav;0dkif;wGifrl txufygausmif;om;wa,mufrSwyg;
uREkfyfonf vuftajzmifhqkH;jzpf\/ xdkausmif;om;onf uREkfyftm; olESifh
ESpfa,mufwnf;upm;&efaoG;aqmifav&m uREkfyfrSmvnf; vltuav;
wa,muf r[kwfaomaMumifh jiif;y,fcJU\/ okdU&mwGif xdkoli,fonf
uREkfyfxuftoufokH;ESpfcefU BuD;onfjzpfí uREkfyftm; acsmhcsnfwcg?
jrLcsnfwvSnfh? acsmufcsnfwrsKd;jzifh? aeU&SdorQ uyfíEl;ESyfav&um;
uREkfyfrSm olESifhupm;&ef oabmwlrdavawmhonf/ wcgw&H olu
npfonfESifh uREkfyfu rcHyJ owfykwfMu&mwGif 7 ESpfom;ESifh 10 ESpfom;
jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfyifemí &IH;&avonf/ þuJUodkU jzpf&zefrsm;vwf
aomf uREkfyfrSm olESifhrupm;yJvnf;rae&? upm;wdkif;vnf; &IH;&onfom

45 
jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyf&cJUaom rkefUzdk;ydkufqHESpfjym;rSm wjym;zdk;rQ
rkefUrpm;&yJ olUvufxJodkU a&mufoGm;ygavawmhonf/
odkUqdkvQif vGwfajrmuf&ef enf;vrf;r&Sdoavm? q&mawmftm;
tb,fhaMumifh ravQmufxm;oenf;[k ar;&ef&Sd\/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;
[lonfrSm bkef;BuD;tm; b,frQavmuf aMumuf&onfudk bkef;BuD;ausmif;
om;rsm;om odMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfonf q&mawmf\ vufoyfarG;wynfh
uav;wa,mufyifjzpfaomfvnf; avQmufxm;wdkufawmjcif; rjyK0HUacs/
wcgu onf;rcHEdkifvSojzifh q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;wdkifwef;&mwGif
q&mawmfonf xdkoli,ftm;&dkufzl;\/ odkU&mwGif xdkoli,fonf þtwGuf
aMumifhuREkfyftay:ü wkd;íqkd;vmavm&m q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;&ef
yifr0HUyJ&Sdawmhonf/ tb,fhaMumifh þokdUjzpf&oenf;[k ar;ygrl
bkkef;BuD;ausmif;om; wa,muftaejzifh q&mawmftm; em;yl&rnfudk
aMumufonfhtwGuf[k ajzqdk&ayrnf/

ausmif;vufa0SUyGJrsm;

xkdausmif;om;onf uREkfyftay:ü qdk;onfxuf qdk;vmao;\/

olESifhay;oD;ypfMuojzifh uREkfyf\rkefUzdk;ydkufqHESpfjym;ukefí ausmif;wufcsdef
ra&mufao;onfhtcgolu ayoD;rsm;xkwfacs;NyD; qufvufupm;zdkU
rsufESmcsKdaoG;av&m uREkfyfrSm olUudk&GHUonfESifh rjiif;0HUyJ qufvufí
upm;&\/ ydkufqHwjym;zdk;ta<u;wifoGm;aomtcg eufjzefwGif t&if;
wjym;? twdk;wjym;[kqdkum uREkfyfxHrS ydkufqHESpfjym;awmif;\/ ray;[k
jiif;vQif vkí,l\/ ]]bkef;BuD;udkavQmufvQif rif;aoayawmh}}[k uREkfyftm;

46 
Ncdrf;ajcmufao;\/ uREkfyfrSm ¤if;t&G,fwGif rdcif\owÅdrsKd;r&Sd/ zcif\
aysmhnHUaompdwfrsKd;&Sd[efwlonf/ odkUESifhyif &G,fwlcsif;jzpfygu
&IH;onfjzpfap? Edkifonfjzpfap tavQmhray;yJ wG,fowfcJUbl;onfh
tBudrfaygif;vnf; rsm;cJUvSygNyD/ xdkacwfrSm þacwfESifh rwlatmif
ausmif;om;csif; owfykwfxkd;BudwfMujcif;rSm aeUwdkif;udpöjzpfonf/
q&mawmftm; ravQmufpwrf;qdkí oabmwlowfykwfMuaom vufa0SUyJG
uav;rsm;rSm waeUvQif wyJGESpfyJG&SdNrJjzpf\/ xdkacwfü EdkifiHausmf
vufa0SUorm;BuD;rsm;jzpfMuonfh rdk;BudK;? ay:odkif;? usm;ysH? usm;euf
ponfwkdUuvnf; tdrfawmf&mbk&m;ajrmufbuf&Sd ]bk&m;ikwfwdk}teD;wGif
&kHoGif;vsuf&Sd&m ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf ausmif;om;uav;ESifh
ausmif;om;vwfrsm;udkajrSmufay;í ]rif;urkd;BudK;uG? rif;u ay:odkif;uG?
rif;u aygifjzLibuG? rif;u tkwfESJzkwf zkd;wkwfuG} ponfjzifh
emrnfBuD;rsm;rSnfhNyD;vQif &G,fwlcsif;wJGay;um xkd;owfap\/
owfykwfMupOftwGif; ¤if;wkdUu vufa0SUqdkif;toGm;rsKd;udk yg;pyfjzifh
wD;ay;Mu&m uav;rsm;vnf; rdkufpdwf0ifí oJoJrJrJ xdk;owfMuavawmh
onf/ þodkUjzifh uREkfyfuJUokdUaom ausmif;om;i,fuav;rsm;rSm
EIwfcrf;pkwfjywfjcif;? ezl;a&mifjcif;? rsufuGif;ndKjcif; ponfh 'Pf&m'Pf
csufrsm;Esifh tdrfodkUjyefMuonfu rsm;avonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh uREkfyfwkdU
ausmif;om;i,fuav;rsm;rSm ]wdkufMuuf}uav;ozG,f ]cGyf}zdkU OD;rav;yJ
jzpfukefMuavNyD/

trsKd;rsKd;nSOf;qJykH

47 
 uREkfyfonf owfykwfjcif;tvkyfü ]&G,fwlvQif vlra&G;} qdkaom
tjzpfodkUa&mufcJUaomfvnf; uREkfyf\uHqdk;jcif;wckrSm uREkfyfxufBuD;aom
txufyg ausmif;om;u (uREkfyftm; remvdkonfhvu©PmESifh) uyfí
nOf;qJrIcH&jcif;yifjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf ol\ta<u;udk aeUwdkif; t&if;
wjym;? twkd;wjym; qyf&í rkefUzkd;&aom ydkufqHESpfjym;teufrS wjym;zdk;rQ
rkefU0,frpm;&yJ tiwfae&onfhtxJ uyif ol\ta<u;rsm;onf aeUwdkif;
wufvsufom&Sd\/
ydkufqHESpfjym;cefU a<u;wifrdonfqdkvQifyif ay;qyfí ajyonfr&Sd
awmhyJ wrl;? wrwf? ig;rl; ponfjzifh wufíwufíom oGm;awmh\/
tcsKdUaom ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf uREkfyfudkoem;Muí uREkfyfbufrS
ckcHumuG,fajymay;Mu&m xdkw&uftwGufom uREkfyftzdkU oufom&m&í
rkefUuav;ESpfjym;zdk; 0,fpm;&\/ crsmrsm;uvnf; aeUwdkif;apmifhí
ajymay;EdkifMuonf r[kwfaomaMumifh aemufaeUrsm;wGif uREkfyfrSm
rkefUiwfNrJwdkif; iwf&jyef\/ aemufqkH;wGif uREkfyf\jzpftifonf q&mawmf
\em;okdUaygufa&mufí uREkfyf\zcifudkrSm,lNyD;vQif xkdausmif;om;\
ta<u; rsm;udkay;qyfap&m wBudrfvQif ig;rl;? ajcmufrl;? okH;rwf ponfjzifh
ay;qyf&\/ a<u;qyfNyD;cgp &ufrsm;wGifuREkfyftvGefaysmfrdjcif;udk rSwfrd
ao;onf/ odkU&mwGifMum&SnfpGm r[kwfacs/ xkdausmif;om;onf uREkfyftm;
trsKd;rsKd;aomenf;jzifh acsmharmhESL;ESyfNcdrf;ajcmufav&m &ufowÅwywf
twGif;wGif b,fvkdub,fvkdjzpfonf rrSwfrd? ol\ta<u;ESpfjym;rQ wif
oGm;avNyD/ okdUqdkvQif aeUpOfESpfjym;ay;qyfonfhtxJrS wrwf? ig;rl;jzpf
oGm;atmif ol\twkd;EIef;jzifh zvS,fvkdufjyefavawmhonf/ xdktcgwGif
owif;aygufMum;jyefí zcifu a<u;qyf&jyefav&m xdkodkUaom
tBudrfrsKd;rSm av;ig;Budrfxufenf;rnfrxifay/ yxrü zcifonf uREkfyf\

48 
i,fvGef;aomtjzpfaMumifh MunfjzLpGmay;qyf&Smaomfvnf; aemuftBudrf
rsm;ürl uREkfyftm; &dkufESufavawmhonf/ zcif\&dkufESufjcif; rsm;onf
roufomvSjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

]cspfwD;}jzpfbl;avoavm

uREkfyfrSm wausmif;vkH;wGif pmtawmfqkH;aom ausmif;om;uav;

wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfuJUokdU pdwfqif;&Jaom ausmif;om;onf
þausmif;wGifvnf;aumif;? tjcm;ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf;aumif; wa,mufrQ
&Sdvdrfhrnfrxifay/ ausmif;üvnf;aumif;? tdrfüvnf;aumif; pdwfcsvufcs
at;at;aq;aq; ae&onf[lí wem&DrQ r&SdcJUacs/ ausmif;ü&SdpOf a<u;&Sif
ausmif;om;\rsufESmudkMunfhae&\/ olpdwfrxifvQif ¤if;aeUtzdkU
ydkufqHESpfjym; ay;qyfNyD;onfhtxJrSyif a<u;a[mif;awmif;NyD; uREkfyf\
pmtkyfuav; rsm;udk qJGívkwwf\/ þtjzpfudk q&mawmfodrnfh
ta&;twGufvnf; uREfkyfyifylyef&\/ tdrfü&SdpOfwGifvnf; a<u;wifjcif;
taMumif;udk rdbrsm;\ em;okdUaygufMum;rnfudkvnf; uREkfyfyif ylyef&
onf/ uREkfyfuJUokdU pdwfyl&aomausmif;om;onf ]þausmif; xdkausmif;wGif
omru þacwf a&S;acwfrsm;wGifvnf; &Sdygavrnfavm}[k atmufarhrd
onf/ 1956ckESpf wGif zqyvtpdk;&u uREkfyftm; axmifodkUydkU&kHru
axmifxJü ]wdkufydwf} cH&onfhtcg ]ighrSm vufiif;tjypfr&Sdaomfvnf;
i,fpOfu pmuav;arG;cJUbl;onfhtjypfaMumifh jzpfwef&monf}[k pOf;pm;rd
bl;&m xdkausmif;om;taMumif;udk ,ckowd&aomtcgü ]igonfb0ü
cspfwD;jzpfcJU bl;avoavm}[k awG;awmrdygawmhonf/ xdkausmif;om;onf
þpma&; aomtcsdefwGif touf&Sifvsufyif&Sdao;í ¤if;tm; wcgw&H

49 
awGUjrif& aomtcgrsm;wGif tmCmwxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; ]ig\obm0
wGif ql;BuD;wacsmif;aygufvmatmif zefwD;olum; olyifjzpfonf}[k
owdr&yJ aeEdkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/

Nrdwfq&mawmf

Nrdwfq&mawmf\ausmif;rSm 'u©dP0efwdkufwGif omru rEÅav;NrdKU

ay:&Sd bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm; teufwGif ausmif;om;tpnfum;qkH; aom
ausmif;jzpfí ausmif;om;rdbrsm;onfvnf; rEÅav;om;rsm;tm;
a&wGufjcif;tvkdUiSm wa,mufpD 1?2?3 ponfjzifh &Gwfqdkap&m aemufqkH;
ausmif;om;u 64[k qdkvkdufjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdygao;onf/ rSwfrdykHrSm
xdkausmif;om;onf a&mifxkH;uav;ESifh a&SUokdUudkif;um olUtvSnhfa&muf
atmif apmifhMunfhae&mrS olUtxufu vlu63[k qdkvdkfufonfESifh
wNydKifeuf olu ]]ajcmuf? ajcmuf? ajcmufq,hfav;}}[k qdkvdkuf&m
wausmif;vkH;0dkif;í&,fvkdufMu\/ uREkfyfvnf; tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
twl &,fvdkufrdonf/ xdkoli,frSm ]pum;xpf}olwa,mufjzpfav&m
uREkfyfrSmvnf; xdkaeUrSpí pum;xpfvmawmhonf[k rSwfrdonf/ tjcm;
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ]rul;}yJ uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;udkom ul;&jcif;rSm um;
([kwfr[kwftyxm;í) uREkfy\
f xifjrifcsufudk oufqkdif&mae&mwGif
azmfjyygrnf/

50 
xl;jcm;aomq&mawmf

Nrdwfausmif;(]bdwfausmif;}ac:Muonf/)\ pnfum;jcif;taMumif;&if;
rSm q&mawmfOd;eE´onf Nrdwfe,fom;jzpfí t*FvdyfvufatmufodkU
tvsifqkH;usa&mufcJUonfhe,f jzpfonfhtavsmufrEÅav;NrdKUwGif acwftrSD
qkH;aom &[ef;wyg;jzpf\/ acwfrSDykHum; bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;wkdif; onf
&[ef;jyKMurnfr[kwfyJ vlUtjzpfESifh 0rf;pm&SmrSD;Mu&rnfjzpfaom aMumifh
tenf;qkH; twGuftcsuf (*Pef;ocsmF)wwfMurS jzpfrnfqkdum
]]abma'ykwÅ}}rQavmufESifh rNyD;apyJ vufaxmufq&mrsm;xm;um
avmuDynm oifjyap\/ tpdk;&uvnf; acwfrSDaom bkef;awmfBuD;[k
em;vnfum vufaxmufq&mrsm;twGuf vcay;\/ 'kwd,taMumif;
w&yfrSmvnf; Nrdwfq&mawmfonf xGwfacgifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\
ausmif;wGif oDwif;okH;cJUpOfu owdyXmefenf;twkdif; tm;xkwfcJUí
(t&d,mjzpfonf[k rdbrsm;vnf; ,kHMunfonf/ uREkfyfvnf; þaemufydkif;
wGif,kHMunfonf/) r*fw&m; zdkvfw&m;[lonfrSm &apaumif;aomacwf
&Sdao;onf[k a[majym&kHru tm;xkwfvdkolrsm;tm;vnf; enf;vrf;nTefjy
awmfrlonf/ xdkacwfwGif (v,fwDq&mawmfvnf; rausmfMum;ao;ojzifh)
edAÁmefr*fzdkvf[lonfrSm &Edkifaomacwfr&SdawmhNyD[k jrefrmjynf &[ef;
avmu wckvkH;u ,lqvsuf&Sd&m ]vl}qdkonfrSmum; &[ef;rsm;NyD; vQif
NyD;Mu&aomacwfjzpf\/ þwGif 'u©dP0efwkduf&Sd *dkPf;csKyfq&mawmf
rsm;onf*Pef;ocsmFoifay;íausmif;om;pnfum;jcif;udkvnf; Munfhvdk[ef
rwl? r*fzdkvfudk &paumif;ao;onfh qdkjcif;twGufvnf; ]em;uavm}
[efwl&avum; Nrdwfq&mawmfudk ]MuOf}Muav\/

51 
]pmjzL} oif&awmhrnf

bkef;BuD;ausmif;ü uREkfyftouf udk;ESpfom;t&G,fwdkif

a&mufvwfaomf armfvNrdKifNrdKU aumhu&dwf&GmrS bJGUawmf OD;wdavmuac:
&[ef;wyg;onf rEÅav;NrdKUodkU <ua&mufvm&m t*Fvdyfpmwwfjzpfí
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; t*Fvdyfpmoifay;vdkonfqkdaomaMumifh Nrdwfq&mawmf
\ ausmif;ESifhtHusjzpfaeawmhonf/ tjcm;aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rSm
*Pef;ocsmFudkrQ oifay;zkdUoabmrwlyJ&Sd&m t*Fvdyfpm (pmjzL) rlum;
vufcHzdkU a0;ao;\/ þwGif OD;wdavmurSm Nrdwfq&mawmf\
ausmif;wGifoDwif;okH;í pkaqmif;NyD; &&Sdxm;aom ausmif;om;okH;av;q,f
wkdUtm; t*Fvdyfpmoifjyay;av&m uREkfyfrSmvnf; wa,muf tygt0if
jzpf\/ vuf&Sdausmif;om;aygif; 60ausmfteuf ]pmjzL} oifawmhrnf
qkdojzifh tcsKdUvnf; EkwfxGufí tcsKdUvnf; wkd;vmav&m EkwfxGufoGm;
onfh ausmif;om;rsm;teuf uREkfyf\ ]cspfwD;}vnf; ygoGm;NyD jzpfaom
aMumifh uREkfyftzdkUrSm 0efxkyfBuD;wck uscJUayNyD/

aps;csKdawmf yxrrD;

xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyf\rdbrsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;ESifh ]wjy}cefU

avmufom a0;aom&dkifwef;t&yfrS 17]jy}a0;onfh &efESifwHcg;udk
ajymif;a&TUMujyefavNyD/ xdkt&yfodkU rajymif;a&TUrD &dkifwef;&yfü aepOfu
uREkfyftwGuf rSwfavmufom;avmuf oifcef;pmBuD;wck &apaom
tjzpftysufwckudkazmfjyvdk\/ wnoü aps;csKdawmfBuD;udk yxrtBudrf

52 
rD;avmifav&m uREkfyfwkdU aetdrfESifhaps;csKdawmfBuD;rSm a&Twacsmif;rQom
jcm;onfjzpfí uREkfyf\woufwmwGif rD;tBuD;tus,favmifjcif;udk
yxrtBudrf ]*&if;pwif;}rS Munfh&jcif;jzpfonf/ wnOfhywfvkH;
avmifjcif;udk wnOfhywfvkH;vdkyif w&yfvkH; xkdifMunfhMu\/ a&pufrsm;
[kwÅdywÅdr&Sdao;onfh acwfjzpfí wydkif;wprQ Nidrf;owfxm;onfh ae&m
rsm;wGif wcPwmrQomNidrf;í watmifhrQMumvQif wzefxí awmufavmif
jyefavonf/ ypönf;rsKd;pkHavmifjcif;jzpfí anSmfeHUtrsKd;pkHeH Mu&onfhjyif
aygufuJGoH trsKd;rsKd;vnf;Mum;Mu&\/ rD;awmufrsm;onf wae&mü
wcgw&H Nidrf;awmhrnfuJUodkUjzpfNyD;rS qD?a&eHqDpaom avmifpmrsm;odkU
ul;puf&mwGif rdk;xdk;onfh rD;awmufBuD;rsm; [kef;ueJxí
awmufvmjyef\/ odkUjzpf&mwGif idkufrsOf;pjyKvmaom rD;Munfhy&dowf
BuD;rSm rsufvkH;rsm;NyJí vmMujyefonf/

aiG&Tifaom&ufydkif;

rD;avmifNyD;onfhaemuf &ufowÅywf ausmfausmfrQtwGif;ü

rD;avmifuGif;BuD;onf uREkfyfwkdUausmif;om;t&G,f oli,frsm; tzdkU&mü
tifydkUvdkifpifXmeBuD;wck jzpfaeawmh\/ 1950jynfhESpfavmufqDu
&efukefodkU uREkfyfqif;oGm;&mwGif aeUcsif;ncsif; oaX;jzpfoGm;onfh
]bdfkifukefonf}rsm;taMumif;udk pD;yGm;a&;orm; tcsif;csif; ajymMujcif;rsm;
Mum;&onfhtcg uREkfyfrSmi,fpOfuaps;csKdawmf rD;avmifuGif;BuD;udk bGm;ueJ
owd&rdonf/ eHeufvif;onfESifhwNydKifeuf ykyk&G&G[lorQ onfrD;avmif
uGif;BuD;okdU avQmufvmMuí oHaumufwacsmif;pDESifh þ[mudkvSef
[dk[mudkzGifhponfjzifh tESHUtjym; xdk;qGarGaESmuf &SmazGMuav&m

53 
ae0ifonfh tqkH;ü wusyf ESpfusyf ig;usyfwefrsm;udk vlwdkif;vdk&í 50dwef
100dwef wdkifatmif &Muolrsm;vnf; &SdMuavonf/ tcsKdUrSm
a&TqdkifaiGqdkifwef;rS a&TcJaiGcJrsm;udkyif &&SdMuonfqdk\/ jymykHxJrSm
&Smí&Muaom ypönf;rsm;udk apmifhí0,f,lMuonfh vmbfjrifolrsm;vnf;
&efukefMuufwef;yrm ay:vmMuonf/ uREkfyfonfvnf; rdbrsm; rodapyJ
ausmif;tm;vyfcsdefwGif tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifhtwl vkdufí jymykHudk
arTjcif;jzifhwaeUvQif okH;yJav;yJrQ &&Sdav&m rkefUzdk;ESpfjym;om&aom
oli,fwa,muf tzdkUü vmbfoyfyum&TifvSí vGefpGmauseyfcJUav\/

]aps;orm;} jzpfvmMujcif;

uREkfyftxl;ojzifh wifjyvdkaom tjcif;t&mrSm ydkufqH&Tifbl;jcif;

aMumifh uREkfyfysufpD;vm&ykHyifjzpfavonf/ aps;csKdawmfBuD; jymykHjzpfpOfu
okH;yJ wrwfokH;Edkifaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf jymykHay:wGif qdkifwef;rsm;
jzpfvmaomtcgü ydkufqH0ifayguf r&SdMuawmhojzifh BuHrdBuH&m BuH&awmh
onf/ (xdkacwfurl acgufqJGwvkH;wyJ? rkefUwDESpfjym;? zmvl'g cGufuav;
wyJ? cGufBuD;wrl;? pD;u&ufwjym; av;vdyf? ]zifqDpGyf}okH;vdyf&aom
acwfjzpfaomaMumifh okH;yJwrwfqdkvQif oaX;om;rsKd;ozG,f okH;EdkifMu
onf/ uREkfyfwkdUausmif;ü oaX;OD;bZH\ om;wa,muf&Sd&m olyif
rkefUzkd;ajcmufjym;om&onf/) ausmif;om;rsm;onf aps;csKdjymykH (pm;usuf)
uG,faysmufí wJwef;qdkifrsm; ay:aygufvm&mwGif (vdkufpifydwfvdkufaom
ukefonfBuD;rsm;uJUodkU) pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;awG awGUBuKH&av\/
þwGif tcsKdUausmif;om;rsm;onf aps;qdkifrsm;rS tvpfEIdkufaom pepfudk
wDxGifMu\/ txl;ojzifh ukefpkHa&mif;aom usLvD,mqdkifrsm;rSm

54 
¤if;wkdUusufpm;&maom Xmejzpf\/ ausmif;om;cyfBuD;BuD; av;ig;a,muf
wkdUonf ausmif;tm;csdefwGif aps;csKdodkUoGm;í jyefvmaomtcgü a*:vDrsm;?
riftkd;rsm;? vufudkifyk0grsm;? cJwHrsm; tp&Sdonfh ypönf;uav;rsm; toD;oD;
ygvmMu&m wa,mufvQif ig;rl;wef? ajcmufrl;wef ponfjzifh &cJUMu\/
¤if;wkdU\ ]yG}jcif;udkjrifMu&í aps;csKdoGm;aom ausmif;om;ta& twGuf
yGm;rsm;vm&m aemufqkH;wGif ydkufqH&Tifaom oaX;om;ESifh vufzGmaom
rdbwdkU\om; tenf;i,frSwyg; aps;orm;jzpfukefMuavawmh onf/

twkjriftwwfoif

waeUoü uREkfyfonfvnf; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ ydkufqH&Tifjcif;udk

oGm;&nfusvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfudkcifrifaom ausmif;om;BuD;wa,mufu
]]a[haumif azodef;? igeJUvdkufcJUygvm;uG? bmrSrcufbl;? igvkyfovdkom
Munfhvkyf}}[kqdkum vpfykHvpfenf;udk oGefoifav&m uREkfyfvnf;vkdufyg
oGm;av\/ uREkfyfwkdUtzJGUrSm okH;av;a,muf&Sdí uREkfyfonfolwkdU\vpfykH
vpfenf;udk vufawGUoifcef;pm,l&kHom,lcJUNyD; yxrwacgufjyefvmcJU\/
'kwd,wacgufürl uREkfyf\tzGJUom;rsm;u ypönf;rsm; 0,fcsifjyKí
aps;qpfvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfonf zvfa*:vD'dk;BuD;wvkH;udk EIduf,lí
cg;ydkufxJodkU xnfhvdkuf\/ EIduf,laomtcgwGif vufwkefaomfvnf;
cg;ydkufxJodkU xnfhNyD;onfhwdkifatmif qdkif&Sifu rjrifaomaMumifh
]w,f[kwfwJUtvkyfygwum;} [kESpfodrfhrd\/ xdkcPü tjcm;qdkifrS
usLvD,mukvm;wa,mufajy;vmí uREkfyf\cg;ydkufudk EIdufprf;onfwGif
zvfa*:vDBuD;udk awGUoGm;\/ þwGifqdkif&Sifqif;vmí uREkfyf\eo,fudk
wcsufESpfcsufykwfNyD; *gwfwJodkUydkU&efqJGac:av&m uREkfyf\tzGJUom;rsm;

55 
0dkif;vmMuí ]]a[h bmvJuG ukvm;? uav;udkrif;bmvkyfwmvJ? rifh
wqdkifxJ zvfa*:vD a&mif;ovm;? [dkbufwef;qdkifu ol0,fcJUwm?
igwkdUodw,f? ay;a*:vD}}[kqdkum uvm;vufxJrS a*:vDudkvk,ufí
qJqJqdkqkdESifhxGufvmcJUMuav\/ ¤if;zvfa*:vDudk uREkfyf&aomfvnf;
xifoavmuf rvG,fulvS[k qkH;jzwfum xdkvlpkESifhvnf; rvdkuf0HU?
olwyg;\ypönf;udkvnf; rEIduf0HUawmhyJ oifcef;pm&cJUygonf/ waeUoü
uREkfyfonfvnf; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ ydkufqH&Tifjcif;udk oGm;&nfus
vsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfudkcifrifaom ausmif;om;BuD;wa,mufu ]]a[haumif
azodef;? igeJUvdkufcJUygvm;uG? bmrSrcufbl;? igvkyfovdkom
Munfhvkyf}}[kqdkum vpfykHvpfenf;udk oGefoifav&m uREkfyfvnf;vkdufyg
oGm;av\/ uREkfyfwkdUtzJGUrSm okH;av;a,muf&Sdí uREkfyfonfolwkdU\vpfykH
vpfenf;udk vufawGUoifcef;pm,l&kHom,lcJUNyD; yxrwacgufjyefvmcJU\/
'kwd,wacgufürl uREkfyf\tzGJUom;rsm;u ypönf;rsm; 0,fcsifjyKí
aps;qpfvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfonf zvfa*:vD'dk;BuD;wvkH;udk EIduf,lí
cg;ydkufxJodkU xnfhvdkuf\/ EIduf,laomtcgwGif vufwkefaomfvnf;
cg;ydkufxJodkU xnfhNyD;onfhwdkifatmif qdkif&Sifu rjrifaomaMumifh
]w,f[kwfwJUtvkyfygwum;} [kESpfodrfhrd\/ xdkcPü tjcm;qdkifrS
usLvD,mukvm;wa,mufajy;vmí uREkfyf\cg;ydkufudk EIdufprf;onf
xdktacgufwGif atmifjrifygu b,frQavmufMumatmif EIdufaeOD;rnf
rqdkEDkifay/

56 
Mum;&cJaomt*FvdyfpmoH

Nrdwfq&mawmf\ ausmif;ü OD;wdavmua&mufvmí t*Fvdyfpmoifp

jyKonfwGif rdbrsm;onfausmif;eD;aom &dkifwef;&yfrS &ifESifwHcg;odkU
a&TUajymif;Mu&jyef\/ &efESifwHcg;ESifh 'u©dP0efwdkufrSm 17 ]jy}a0;aomf
vnf; rdbrsm;onf Nrdwfq&mawmfudk MunfndKonfuwaMumif;?
uREkfyftm;vnf; t*FvdyfpmoifapvdkonfwaMumif;aMumifh t&yfa&TUaomf
vnf; ausmif;ra&TUyJ þa0;vSaomc&d;udkaeUwdkif; toGm;tjyefvrf;avQmuf
ap\/ &efESifwHcg;&yfuGufrSm rdcif\aqGrsKd;rsm;aexdkifMuaom&yfuGufjzpf
av&m (uREkfyf\tbdk;vnf;&Sdao;onf/) uREkfyfonf oli,fwef;
]y&dkifrm}zwf pmtkyfwGif pD-at-uufwf  (Cat)  tm&f-at-wD &ufwf  (Rat) 
tufpf-at-wD qufwf  (Sat)  ponfjzifhzwfjyaomtcg tbkd;ESifhwuG
rdcif\ aqGrsKd;rsm;onf 0dkif;tkHem;axmifMu,if; ]vQmvdyfoH}ygíyDoonf?
em;axmifíaumif;onf ponfrsm;jzihf csD;rGrf;MuaomaMumifh uREkfyf&if
aumhí*kPf,lrdjcif;udkrSwfrdygao;onf/ xdkpOfu t*Fvdyfpm[lonfrSm
t&yfol t&yfom;rsm;tzdkU Mum;&cJvS aomaMumifh tdfrfeD;em;csif;rsm;yif
vmíem;axmifMuonf/ uREkfyf\tbdk;url tjcm;aoma&S;vlBuD;rsm; uJUodkU
]pmjzL}[lí r&Iwfcsonfhjyif ]]ighajr;wa,muf ]vlpkH}uav; jzpfawmhr,f}}
[k 0rf;omtm;& ajym&Smao;\/ uREkfyfuvnf; aemufydkif;wGif twdk;ESifh
]pkH}íjyvdkufjcif;udk tbdk;wa,mufjrifroGm;&&Sm[k ,ckowd&rdao;onf/

57 
tm*kHaqmifaomacwf

aetdfrfrSmausmif;okdUoGm;aomtcg uREkfyfonf pdefyDwmausmif;teD;rS

jzwfoGm;&í tvGefw&mt*Fvdyfpum;ajymonfh pdwfyDwmausmif;olrsm;
ajymoHudk Mum;&onfwGif tvGefajymcsifí igvnf;waeUawmh ajymvdkuf&
OD;rnf[k tm;cJxm;\/ xdkpOfu uREkfyfrSm EIwfvQmoGufvufaom
oli,fwa,mufjzpfí pum;tenf;i,fxpfaomfvnf; &GHU&Sufjcif;r&SdyJ
pdefyDwmausmif;rS todausmif;om;uav;wa,mufESifh ¤if;wkdUausmif;teD;
qkHrdMuonfwGif uREkfyfu wwd,wef;zwfpm  (Royal  Teader)  xJrSvnf;
aumif;? eJUpfzD;vf'f  (Nesfield)  \o'´gpmtkyfxJrSvnf;aumif; &Gwfqdkjy
vdkuf&m ¤if;ausmif;om;rSm tawmfrsufvkH;jyL;íoGm;\/ (uREkfyfwdkU\q&m
OD;wdavmuonf zwfpmtkyfudkvnf;aumif;? o'´gpmtkyfudkvnf;aumif;?
yxrwef;rS wwd,wef;wdkifatmif tm*kHaqmifap&m uREkfyftxufwef;
rsm;odkUa&mufaomtcg t*Fvdyfpmü yxr&í BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgüvnf;
t*Fvdyfpm a&;wwfonf[k emrnf&jcif;rSm i,fpOfu tm*kHaqmifcJU&jcif;
onftaMumif;w&yfjzpfacsoavm[k pOf;pm;rdonf/)

tenf;enf;aqmhjcif;

þtcsdefwGif uREkfyfütusifhqkd;uav;rsm; 0ifvmcJUonf/ rdcif\

armifBuD;rS arG;onfhom;BuD; (uREkfyf\tpfudk) armifyktm; t*Fvdyfpm
wwfapvdkí uREkfyfwkdU\ Nrdwfausmif;okdUtyfESHav&m yxrü uREkfyftzdkU
oGm;azmfjyefazmf &onfqdkum tvGefae&mus\/ ESpfa,mufom; twloGm;
twljyefMu&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf a&Twacsmif; ajrmif;aygifwavQmufwGif

58 
a*:vDwvkH;pDESifh axGcif;vsufavQmufvmMu\/ axGcif;jcif;[lonfrSm
wa,muf\a*:vDudk wa,mufu xddrSefatmif wvSnfhpDypf,if;
vrf;avQmufvmMujcif;jzpfonf/ þenf;rSm upm;,if; vrf;avQmufvm
Mujcif;jzpfaomaMumifh ajcanmif;rSef;rod[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; wnfhwnfh
ajzmifhajzmifh vrf;avQmufjcif;r[kwfyJ auGUauGUaumufaumufESifh a*:vDudk
aumuf,l&jcif;? rSef;csdef&jcif;? wvSnfhpD ypf&jcif;wkdUaMumifh tvGeftcsdef
ukefvSojzifh nae4em&DwGif ausmif;rSvTwfvkdufaomfvnf; ae0ifpkyfpkyf
uef;rS tdrfodkUa&mufvmMuonf/ wcgw&HwGifvnf; axGcif;&jcif;udk
NiD;aiGUvmMuonfESifh wenf;wzkH ajymif;í aqmhMuao;\/

wrsKd;wzkHaqmhjcif;

a&Twacsmif;ajrmif;abmifwavQmuf&Sd a&pyfwGif uecdkyifrsm;?

qifESmarmif;yifrsm;? ukvm;rsufpdyifrsm; aygufa&mufvsuf&Sd&m
¤if;tyifrsm;\xdyfzsm;ü teDa&mif? t0ga&mif? tndKa&mif&Sdaom
ykpOf;aumifrsm; em;vsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfwdkU nDtpfudkESpfa,mufonf
jrif;NrD;wyifpD&Smí wbuftzsm;udk0g;jcrf;wck\ xdyfücsnfum tjcm;buf
tzsm;wGif ESrf;aphyrmP&Sdonfh ysm;za,mif;vkH;uav;udk uyfxm;\/
xdkUaemuf uREkfyfwkdUonf þenf;jyifqifxm;aom ]jrm;wH} wckpDudkifvsuf
tyifuav;rsm;xdyfwGif em;vsuf&Sdaom ykpOf;aumif uav;rsm;\a&SUwGif
za,mif;vkH;uav;udk (¤if;wdkU\tpm) ydk;aumifuav; xifrSwfonfESifh
0DueJjrnfum xysHvmNyD;vQif za,mif;vkH;uav;udk vIyfí
vIyfízrf;vdkuf\/ ¤if;\oGm;rsm;onf za,mif;vkH;wGif pl;0ifí jyefEkwf&ef
rjzpfEdkifyJ&Sd&um; uREkfyfwdkUonf ykpOf;aumifudktvG,fwulzrf;,lEdkifonf/

59 
(Oa&mywkdufom;rsm; ig;rQm;jcif;tkvyfjzifh tysif;ajzMuonf[k uREkfyfzwf&
aomtcg igwkdUykpOf;zrf;jcif;rQavmuf aysmfygavp}[k atmufarhrdonf/
olkwdkUonf a&atmufü&Sdaom ig;aumifudkrjrif&yJ ig;pmjzifh jrLMu&jcif;jzpf
&m uREkfyfwkdUum; ykpOf;aumifudktxift&Sm;jrifEdkif\/ tcsKdUykpOf;onf
&kwfw&ufudkufzrf;jcif;rjyKao;yJ ol\OD;acgif;wGifwnf&Sdaom rsufvkH;rsm;
udk ]uv,fuv,f} vkyfum rouFmaom trlt&mjzifh plprf;qifjcifaeonf
wGif jrif;NrD;zsm;ü&Sdaom za,mif;vkH;uav;udk ydk;aumifESifhwlatmif
vkyfay;&onfrsm;rSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSonf/ wcgw&HwGif
ykpOf;aumifonf za,mif;vkH;uav;udk udkufzrf;awmhrnfvkyfNyD;rS
&pfywfysHoef;um Munfhí ]eifwdUkavmufrsm; yg;vdkU[,f}[k qdkonfh
oabmESifh 0DueJjrnfum ysHajy;oGm;avawmh\/) uREkfyfwkdUonf rdxm;aom
ykpOf;rsm;udk bmrQ rvkyfwwf/ tuFsDtdwfaxmifxJwGif vufudkify0gjzifh
zdxm;í tdrfteD;odkUa&mufaomtcgrS vTwfypfcJUMuavonf/

a&Twacsmif;\jzm;a,mif;rI

uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudkESpfa,mufonf &efESifwHcg;rS ausmif;odkUxGufvm

Mu&mwGif a&S;OD;pGm a&Twacsmif;udkjzwfausmfonfh tajrmufwef;wHwm;odkU
a&mufMu\/ xdkae&mrSpí 'u©dP0efwkdufbufodkU csKd;0if&onfh
qdkif;wef;wHwm;odkU ra&mufrD a&qdyfaygif; w'gZifcefUrQ&Sd&m
0dZ ,rif;om;\ aemufygwynfhrsm;tm; bDvl;rrsm;u tm&kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdUjzifh
jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifavawmhonf/ xdkacwfua&Twacsmif;rSm ,ckuJUodkU
a&qkd;ajrmif;r[kwf? rwÅ&mtxufrS pD;qif;vmcJUí? vGefawmif;? 0g;&if;
wkwf? awmifNyKH;? o&uef? uefydkif paom&Gmrsm;udkjzwfausmfNyD;vQif tdk;zdkudk

60 
ausmfí rEÅav;NrdKUxJodkU0ifvmonfh a&&Sifacsmif;jzpfaomaMumifh
tawmfMunfvifí woGifoGifpD;qif;vsuf&Sd\/ a&udkjrif&vQif (aoawmhrS
aoa&m) ajy;qif;í ckefayguf,uful;csifwwfaom ausmif;om;t&G,f
uREkfyfwdkUnDtpfudkESpfa,mufrSm a&qdyfwdkif;ü tjcm;oli,fuav;rsm;
aysmf&TifpGm a&csKd;Mujcif;udk jrif&jcif;? wbGrf;bGrf; ul;,ufMuaoma&oH ESifh
jrL;wl;atmf[pfMuaom oli,foHrsm;udk Mum;&jcif;? arSmfyif uav;rsm;
arsmvuf&Sdaom a&rS&eHUwrsKd;udk &I&Iduf&jcif;? a&\at;jraomtawGUudk
pdwful;jzifhvGrf;&jcif;wnf;[laom tm&kHtrsKd;rsKd;wkdU\ aoG;aqmifrIaMumifh
a&qdyfwckESpfckwGif BudwfícHEdkifMuaomfvnf; wwd,? pwkw¦
ponfha&qdyfrsm;odkU a&muf&mwGifrlum; wa,muf\ rsufESmudkwa,muf
MunfhaeMuavNyD/ þtawmtwGif; twlwuG a&csKd;aeusjzpfonfh
vluav;rsm;u ]]a[haumifawG vmMuvuGm? tapmBuD;&Sdygao;w,f}}[k
[pfac:vkdufMuaomtcgwGifrlum; uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf pmtkyfuav;
rsm;udkypfcs? t0wfudkcRwfíykHNyD;vQif a&xJodkU 'dkifAifxdk;qif; vkdufMu
avawmhonf/

pdwfaA'g\vufoHvdk

uREkfyfwkdUrlvBuH&G,fcsufrSm cPwjzKwfa&csKd;NyD;aemuf ausmif;csdefrSD

atmif wufMu&efjzpf\/ wcgw&Hvnf; ausmif;wufrSDí wcgw&Hvnf;
ausmif;wufaemufusojzifh t&dkufcHMu&\/ xdkUaemufwGifrl taysmfMuL;í
ausmif;csdefvGefoGma;omtcgrsm;wGif t&dkufcH&rnfudk aMumufonfESifh
ausmif;rwufyJ ausmif;ajy;zdkUoabmwl qkH;jzwfvkdufMuav\/ wcgw&H
wGifvnf; tdrfüvkyf&efay;vkdufonfhtvkyf  (Home Work)  udkrvkyfcJUrdMuo

61 
jzifh t&dkufcH&rnf[k odonfESifha&qdyfrSwrifrwufyJ ausmif;ajy;
vkdufMu\/ aemufwaeUwGif aeraumif;aomaMumifh[k vdrfíajymjcif;
tm;jzifh t&dkufvGwfatmif BudK;pm;Mu\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\ ynma&;
twGuf rnfonfhrdbESifhrQrwlatmif *&kpdkufwwfaom uREkfyf\ zcifonf
ausmif;odkU&Hzef&Hcg0ifvmí ,refaeUu uREkfyfwdkUausmif;rwuf jcif;ESifh
qkH;pnf;onfhtcg uREkfyfwkdU\ tvdfrfay:í ]ESpfxyfuGrf;}t&dkufcHMu &\/
q&mawmfonfausmif;ajy;aom ausmif;om;tm; Murf;jyifay:wGif
tvsm;arSmufapí ajcvufrsm;udkausmif;om;av;a,mufwkdUu wbufpD
udkifxm;pOfBudrfvkH;jzifh 10wdwd&dkufavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfwkdUt&dkufcH&jcif;udk
zcifjrif&aomfvnf; rauseyfao;ojzifh tdrfodkUa&mufaomtcgü xyfí&dkuf
ao;\/ zcif\vufrSmtoufBuD;NyD;jzpfaom q&mawmf\vufxufjyif;
aomaMumifh ESpfqokH;q ydkíem\/ wcgu uREkfyftm; zcif&dkufí
armifyktm; olUtaz(rdcif\armif) u&dkufav&m orD;a,mufz
ESpfa,mufonfudk,fhom;udkudk,f&dkufMu&mwGif wa,mufESifhwa,muf
olUxufigematmif vufpGrf;jyMuonfhvu©PmESifh zcifu uREkfyf\vuf
armif;udk aq;jyif;vdyfrD;ESifhxdk;qJwGif OD;BuD;u armifyk\i,fxdyfudk
ydef;wef;zdeyfjzifhckwfvkdufonfESifh aoG;rsm;jzmqif;í vmawmhonf/
armifykrSmvnf; uREkfyf\ar;aphtrm&GwfuJUodkU xdyfwnfhwnfhwGif
okH;vufrcefU&Sdaomtrm&GwfBuD;wck ao&mygoGm;&Smonf/ uREkfyf\
zcifrSm tjcm;aomzcifrsm;xuf t&dkufoefonfrSefaomfvnf; ynmvdkvm;
jcif;ESifh uREkfyf\rkdufrJjcif;udk uREkfyfem;vnfonfjzpfaomaMumifh txufyg
&dkufjcif; rsKd;twGufpdwfxJü rnfodkUrQr&SdcJUyg/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\pdwfxJü
xdcdkufap aom &dkfufjcif;rsm;vnf;&Sdí oufqdkif&mae&mwGifrS azmfjyygrnf/

62 
zcifESifh ]eifvm;igvm;}

uREkfyftm; t*Fvdyfpmoifjyofh OD;wdavmurSmvnf; uREkfyf\zcifESifh

]eifvm;igvm;}qkd&avmufatmif t&dkufoefvSaom q&mwyg;jzpf\/
&Hzef&Hcg ausmif;ajy;wwfonfhtxJrSyif twef;xJü ausmif;om;q,f
a,muf&Sdonfhteuf 'kwd,aomfvnf;aumif;? wwd,aomfvnf;aumif;?
vkdufEdkifcJUoljzpf\/ usuf&efay;vdkufaom pmudkaeUwkdif;ppfí wvkH;r&vQif
BudrfvkH;jzifhwcsuf&dkufavh&Sd&m uREkfyfyif waeUvQif tenf;qkH; okH;av;csuf
t&dkufvGwfaom ausmif;om;[líum; wa,mufrQr&SdcJUacs/ aeUpOfwwf
aom pmudkomru pma[mif;rsm;udkvnf; &ufowÅywfwBudrf (tzdwf
aeUwdkif;) jyefvnfppfaq;avh&Sd&m xdkaeUtwGufrSmrlum; Budrf2vkH;
3vkH;jzef;jzef;uJG&onfcsnf;jzpfavonf/ odkUESifhvnf; uREkfyfwkdUausmif;om;
rsm;onf OD;yOöif;taMumif;udk wcGef;rQraumif;ajymjcif; rMum;&? q&mu
wynfhtm; &dkufjcif;onf xkH;pHjzpfonf[k vufcHMuí q&mtay:wGif
cspfaMumuf&dkaopdwf &SdMuonfcsnf;BuKHcJU&avonf/ wcgu OD;yOöif;
rusef;rrm&Sd&mwGif (pmoifrI&yfem;cGifh&&Sdí ausmif;om;rsm;xkH;pHtwkdif;
0rf;omMuonfhtxJrSyif) OD;yOöif;\usef;rma&;twGuf rdbozG,f
pdk;&drfylyefMujcif;udkvnf; BuKH&bl;onf/
uREkfyf\tpfudk w0rf;uJGarmifykESifhuREkfyfrSm ]ausmif;ajy;a&m*g}
pJGuyfvsuf&SdMuí rnfrQyif&dkufESufqkH;raomfvnf; &ufaygif; ESpfq,f
okH;q,f rQavmufom ausmif;rSefrSefwufMuí waeUwGifa&qdyf rsm;\
jzm;a,mif;rIaMumifh ausmif;ajy;NrJwdkif; ajy;Mujyefav\/ uREkfyfwdkU
vkyfMuykHum; aysmfp&mBuD;awmh r[kwfvSyg/ ausmif;rwuf&vQif
NyD;a&mqkdaom ]ysif;pdwf}rsKd;0ifvmjcif;omjzpfwef&monf/ a&qdyfü

63 
a&csKd;írGef;wnfh tcsdefcefUwdkif a&mufa omtcg tvGefa&0ojzifh
EIwfcrf;rsm;jymí ckdufcdkufwkefcsrf;at;vm&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf ukef;ay:odkU
wufí yufvufvSefum aevSef;Mu\/ &ifbwfylaomtcg
0rf;vsm;arSmufí ausmudkaeylvSef;Mu\/ þodkUjzifhwudk,fvkH;
&Sef;&Sef;awmuf ylavmifvmonfhtcg a&xJodkUckefqif;Mujyefavonf/
waeUywfvkH; xdkuJUodkUylcsnfat;csnfcHcJUjcif;twGufaMumifh tusifh&NyD;
uREkfyfBuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGif tat;rdjcif; enf;yg;avoavm[k
xifrdonf/ okdU&mwGif ,cktbkd;BuD;jzpfvmaomtcgrl olwyg;enf;wl
tat;rdwwfvmaomaMumifh ¤if;txifudk jyifqifvdkuf&jyefonf/
qmavmifaomtcgrsm;wGif a&Twacsmif; ajrmif;aygifü tcsKdUtyfrsm;&SdNcH
rsm;xJrS rmvumoD;? oajyoD;paom opfoD;rsm;udk cl;pm;Muí vQmESifh
EIwfcrf;rsm;jymvsuf&SdMu&m tdrfjyefcgeD;wGifrS ovJESifhyGwfwkdufum
a&aq;cJUMuavonf/

ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;

rdbrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdU\ ausmif;ajy;a&m*gudk tjrpfjywfatmif

rukoEdkifyJ&Sd&mwGif ESpfa,mufwGJvsuf &SdaomaMumifhom ausmif;ajy;Mu
onf[k,lqí uREkfyf\OD;BuD;onf armifykudkausmif;Ekwfvdkufav\/
xifvnf; xifp&may/ uREkfyfrSmwa,mufwnf; ausmif;wuf&onfrSpí
ausmif;wufjyefonf/ tdrfokdUvnf; (axGrcif;&aomaMumifh) apmapm
jyefa&mufonf/ wcgw&Hjrif;&xm;tqifoifhaomtcgrsm;wGif aemufNrD;
ckdpD; cJUojzifh omíapmapmyifa&mufao;\/

64 
 odkU&mwGif rdbrsm;onf uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; c&D;a0;BuD; oGm;&jcif;
twGuf oem;MuonfESifh pdwful;wrsKd;&Mujyef\/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;ü
udk&ifvlxGuf ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;av;ig;a,muf&Sd&m uREkfyftm;vnf;
ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpfESifh tprf;xm;Mu\/ uREkfyfuvnf;ajcanmif;
oufomonfuwaMumif;? tdrfrSmxuf ausmif;wGif uav;bm0
ajy;vTm;upm;zdkU tcsdefvnf;&? tcGifhvnf;omonfwaMumif;aMumifh
oabmwlvdkuf\/ (uREkfyf\zcifrSm uREfkyftm;ynmvnf;wwfí
tvGefvnf; ]vdrfrm}apcsifaomaMumifh tdrfwGif t&yfxJu oli,frsm;
ESifhupm;cGifhrjyKyJ&NyD;aompmrsm;udk &Gwfaeap\/ Buufaumif; BudK;ESifhruGm
ap&}[laom pum;rSmzcif\aqmifyk'fjzpfí uREkfyftay:wGif 4if;twdkif;
usifhokH;&\/ upm;jcif;onf bmrQtusKd;r&Sd? pmtHjcif;omvQif
ynmwwfaponf[k cPcPajymavh&Sd\/) okdUjzpfí uREkfyfonf/
ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;aezdkUpDrHaomtcg 0rf;omrdav\/

ausmif;[if;av;

aeUausmif;om;rsm;teufüyif ti,fqkH;jzpfaom uREkfyfrSm udk&if

vlxGuf ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;rsm;txJwGifrl tjywftowf ti,fqkH;jzpf
vm&jyefavNyD/ eHeufü bkef;awmfBuD;ESifh OD;yOöif;rsm;? xkdUaemuf udk&ifrsm;
bkOf;ay;NyD;onfh xrif;[if;rsm;udk uREkfyfwkdU ausmif;om;rsm;pm; Mu&mwGif
0ufom;? Muufom;paom [if;aumif;uav; wcGufwavygao;\/
xrif;yJGü xdkifMuonfESifh wNydKifeuf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf
tvGefrsufpd&Sifí vufoGufolrsm; jzpfonfhtavsmuf[if;aumif;rsm;udk
yef;uefyg arSmufoGefí ,lvkdufMu&mwGif uREkfyftzdkUrSm iHjym&nfazsmf?

65 
csOfaygif[if;? pm;awmfyJrsm;udk rQpfavmufomusefavwmhonf/
[if;aumif;uav; wwkH;jzpfap ygrSpm;wwfaom uREkfyfrSm xrif;udk
tEdkifEdkifrsKdcs&\/ aemufweyfwGif ]olwkdUvdk vufoGufrSjzpfrnf}[k
oabmydkufum OD;atmifEIdufzdkU BudK;pm;yg\/ odkU&mwGif ausmif;om;BuD;
rsm;onf uREkfyf\vufxJrS vk,lMuonfcsnf; BuKH&\/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfrSm
tvSLtwef;ESifh qGrfauR;&SdygrS [if;aumif;uav;rsm; pm;&awmh\/
npmtwGufrl eHeufpmrSusefaom csOfaygif;[if;? refusnf;&Guf[if;?
ig;ydcsuf? [if;csKd[if;? rQpf[if; (tvSLtwef;&SdvQifvnf;) 0ufom;[if;?
ig;aMumfponfh [if;aygif;pkHudka&mítdk;BuD;wvkH;wGif ]ausmif;[if;av;}
usKdípm;Mu\/ npmtzdkUwGif [if;aumif;rygaom aeUyifjzpfapumrl
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm; vkpm;onfh [if;aumif;udk rjrif&aomaMumifh
tvGefqmwwfaomt&G,fvnf;jzpfí NrdefvS\/ ]ausmif;[if;av;rSm}
teHUwrsKd;&í BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGif wcgw&HawmifhwrdonfESifh
[if;rsm;udk wrifwuma&maESmNyD; usKdípm;bl;ygao;onf/ okdU&mwGif
usKdaeus ]ausmif;tdk;} r[kwfaomaMumifh [if;aumif;zwfawG xnfhojzifh
t&om &Sdaomfvnf;ausmif;[if;av;eHUudk rrSDatmif &Sdawmhonf/

jyefajy;cJUjcif;

uREkfyfonf ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpfwGif tpm;taomuf

qif;&Jaomfvnf; vGwfvyfpGmupm;cGifh&jcif;aMumifh pdwfnpfavmufatmif
r&SdvSay/ zcifu upm;cGifhvkH;0ray;jcif;twGufaMumifh uREkfyfrSm
upm;jcif;udk txl;ckHrifaom oli,fwa,muf jzpfvmonfxif\/
ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;b0ü npmpm;NyD;í xifovkdae&jcif;twGuf

66 
tvGefaysmfaomfvnf; nOfhtcsdefrsm;ürl ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\
usD;pm;jcif;aMumifh pdwfnpf&\/ rdbrsm;ESifh cGJcGmí rtdyfcJU&bl;onfh
uREkfyfrSmcGJumpüvGwfvyfjcif;aMumifh aysmfrdaomfvnf; &ufowÅywf
Mum&Sdaomtcg rdcifudk vGrf;q Gwfaompdwfjzpfvmí nOfhtcsdefrsm;wGifrl
nId;i,fpjyKvmavNyD/ þtxJwGif ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u teif;cdkif;jcif;?
aygifudkvufoD;ESifh jznf;nSif;pGmxkckdif;jcif;? rD;cGufrIwfaomtcgü
OD;pGef;zkwfudk qGJoluqJG? ausmudkqdwfoluqdwf? cg;udk]uvdxkd;}oluxkd;
ponfjzifh usDp,fMuavawmh\/ nwdkif;vdkyif xdkuJUodkUtenf;ESifhtrsm;
usDpm;Mu&mrS wnürl oef;acgifausmfonfhwdkifatmif uvdMuav&um;
eufjzefnae ausmif;qif;csdefwGif uREkfyfonf tdrfawmf&mbk&m;xJokdU
0ifcsifjyKí 17 jya0;aomc&D;udk w[kefwnf;ajy;um armBuD;yef;BuD;ESifh
tdrfodkUa&mufvmjcif;udk rSwfrdygao;onf/ rdbrsm;tm; tjzpftysufudk
ajymjy&mwGif uREkfyftm; ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; rxm;awmhyJ aeUausmif;om;
tjzifhESifhausmif;wufapygawmhonf/ (4if;tjzpftysufaMumifhayavm rod?
uREkfyfBuD;jyif;vmaomtcg uav;oli,frsm;udk idkatmif usDpm;csifwwf
olrsm;tm; &efolozG,f tjrifuyfvSygonf/)

aemufNrD;ckdpD;jcif;

armifykudk ausmif;Ekwfvdkufí uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; ausmif;wuf&

onfwGif ausmif;ajy;a&m*grS oufom&m&í ausmif;rSefrSef wufvsuf&Sd
aomfvnf; vu©PmrSm tjrpfjywfao;jcif;r[kwf? ]ikwf}aejcif;rQomjzpfí
ausmif;om;BuD;jzpfvmaomtcsdefwGif wcsDwcsDay: vmwwfao;\/
rnfodkUyifjzpfap bkef;BuD;ausmif;ü aepOftwGif;rl ausmif;ajy;onf

67 
r&Sdawmhyg/ okdUyifjzpfvifhupm; wa,mufwnf; ausmif;oGm;&jcif;rSm
ysif;vnf;ysif;? ajcaxmufvnf; anmif;onfESifh jrif;&xm;aemufNrD;
cdkzdkUtusifhvkyfawmhonf/ jrif;&xm;rsm;onf a&Twacsmif;aygif (ajrvrf;)rS
rarmif;yJ ausmufvrf;wGifom armif;MuaomaMumifh ausmif;rStjyefwGif
aps;csKdudkjzwfí 84 vrf;wavQmuf ajrmufodkUavQmufvm,if; aemufodkU
cPcP vSnfhMunfh& \/ jrif;&xm;wpif; armif;vmaomtcg
ausmufvrf;eab;&Sd ajrvrf;ay:wGif avQmufcJU&mrS ausmufvrf;bufodkU
rodrom csOf;uyfvkduf&\/ xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ruyf0HUay/ þokdUjyK&jcif;rSm
jrif;&xm; ukvm;tay:&Sd [efvkyf&jcif;jzpf\/ jrif;&xm;ukvm;rsm;onf
aemufNrD;cdkpD; aomoli,frsm;udk MumyGwfESifhvSrf;í&dkufwwfay&m uREkfyfu
ol\jrif;&xm;udk aemufNrD;cdkrnfh BuH&G,fcsuf vkH;0r&Sdav[efjzifh
tjcm;bufodkU rsufESmvSnfhum vrf;avQmufvm&\/ jrif;&xm;onf
uREkfyfudkrSDvmí ausmfwuf&mwGif tcsKdUukvm;onf vrf;eab;rSavQmuf
aomaumifuav;rsm;udk rsufapmif;xkd;um tuJcwfwwfaMumif;
uREkfyfodaomaMumifh olUjrif;&xm;udk*&krpdkufav[efjzifh rsufESmvTJum
vrf;avQmufvm&jcif;jzpf\/ ausmfwufoGm;onfhtcgwGifvnf;&kwfw&uf
ajy;írvdkufao;yJ ukvm;uvSnfhMunfhrMunfhudk apmifhMunfh&ao;\/
awmfawmfuav;a0;í pdwfcs&aomtcgrSom ajy;vkdufNyD; aemufNrD;
cdk&avonf/ ckd;aMumifckd;0SufjyKaom tvkyfrsKd;rSmvG,fulvSonf r[kwfacs/

&efyJGrdoGm;jcif;

jrif;&xm;aemufckHay:wGif 0rf;vsm;arSmufumaexm;wus ckdpD;vmpOf

wcgw&Hjrif;&xm;onf &kwfw&uf &yfvkdufonfjzpfap? rvdkaom

68 
vrf;bufodkU auGUcsKd;vdkufonfjzpfap &kwfw&ufavQmqif;&jyef\/
auGUoGm;aom tcgüukvm;onf aemufodkU vSnfhMunfhckdufESifhBuKHí
uREkfyfudkjrifojzifhMumyGwfudkjyoGm;&m uREkfyfuvnf; vufoD;uav;udk
jyvdkufao;onf/ wcgw&HwGifrl 0rf;vsm;arSmufum ckdpD;pOfvrf;ab;rS
vlaemufuav;wa,mufu ]]a[; *gvd0gvm;}}[k ac:um&xm;aemufNrD;
odkUvufnId;nTefjyojzifh ysm,D;ysm,m avQmqif;vkduf&\/ aemufuscJUvQif
&TDueJjrnfívmaom MumyGwfonf ausmay:odkUvnf;aumif;? OD;acgif;ay:
odkUvnf;aumif; trSwfwHqdyf&dkufESdyfvkdufojzifh t&Id;rsm;xifaecJUavNyD/
þuJUodkUcH&aomtcgrsm;wGif a'goxGufvmojzifh uREkfyfonf [pfatmf
ajymaom aumifuav;udk vSrf;Munhfvdkufí &G,fwlcsif; jzpfaeygu
wcsDwyJGowfykwfcJU&ao;onf/ waeUwü þenf;jzifh aumifuav;ESifh
owfykwfaepOf rdcifESifhzcifwdkUaps;csKdrS zdeyfvkyf&eftwGuf ouúvyfxnfESifh
tjcm;ypönf;rsm;0,fí jrif;&xm;jzifh jyefvmMuonfESifh uREkfyfwkdUudk
jrifoGm;\/ zcifonf jrif;&xm;ay:rSqif;vmí aumifuav;
wa,mufESifhowfykwf&rnfavmqdkum tdrfa&mufrS &dkufOD;rnfl[kBuKH;0g;
ao;&m rdcifu]]udk&ifhrvJ bmrar;? nmrar;eJU &dkufcsifwmcsnfyJudk;}}[k
ajymojzifh zcifu ]]&efjzpfwmudk;As}}[k jyefajymonfwGif rdcifu
]]jzpfoifhvJjzpf&rSmaygh udk&if}}[k cyfwif;wif; jyefajymonfESifh uREkfyft&dkuf
vGwfoGm;&bl;avonf/

EIwfwdkufcsufay;jcif;

uREkfyfonf zcif\obm0udk rdcifobm0uJUokdU rBudKufEdkifaomf

vnf; zcif\ynmvkdvm;aom 0goemtaMumif;udk csD;usL;azmfjy&

69 
ayOD;rnf/ uREkfyf okH;ESpfausmfav;ESpfom;&Sdí pum;ajymwwfp
jyKonfqdkvQifyif zcifonf zdeyfvkyfzdkU u&d,mrsm;0,f&efoGm;wdkif;
uREkfyftm; yckH;ay:wGifxrf;vsuf vu©Pma&;okH;yg;? £wdydaom b*0g?
a[wkypöa,mpaom pmrsm;udk EIwfwkdufcsay;ojzifh uREkfyf&Gwfqdk
wwfaeavNyD/ uBuD; cauG;rQ roif&ao;rD txufygpmrsm;udk ryDuvm
yDuvmjzifh vlB uD;rsm;a&SUü &Gwfqdkckdif;jyjcif;tm;jzifh tom;,lwwf&Smonf/
uREkfyftm; vlxl;uav;[lítjcm;olrsm;u csD;rGrf;Muaomtcg zcifrSm
tvGef*kPf,laomfvnf; uREkfyfrlum; 0rf;omjcif;r&Sd? tjcm;uav;rsm;uJU
odkU rupm;&jcif;twGufom 0rf;enf;rdonf/ BuD;jyif;aomtcgü
pOf;pm;rdonfum;arsmufyJGjyaomtcgüwGif y&dowfu Mobmvufckyf
wD;jcif;twGuf 0rf;omjcif;r&Sdaom arsmufuav;ESifh wlavawmhonf[lí
jzpfonf/

ynmtm;ay;ykH

bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif t*Fvdyfpm oifcgpü ausmif;om;okH;av;q,f

cefU wNydKifeufwnf; oifMu&m okH;vcefUMumaomtcgwGif tawmfqkH;aom
ausmif;om;10a,mufudk a&G;í xdyfwef;wwef;zGJUvkdufonfwGif uREkfyfonf
'kwd,vdkuf\/ yxr&aom ausmif;om;onf uREkfyfxuftoufokH;ESpfBuD;
í uREkfyfatmufwGifvnf; uREkfyfxuftoufav;ig;ESpfBuD;olrsm;yif &SdMu
onf/ xdktcsdefrSpí uREkfyfwkdUxdyfwef;ausmif;om; q,fa,muftm; okH;v
wBudrf pmar;yJGjyKvkyfav&m uREkfyf\zcifonf xdyfqkH;rSatmifaom
ausmif;om;okH;a,muftwGuf qktjzpfESifhcsD;jrSifh&ef Avmpmtkyfrsm;?
cJwHrsm;? riftdk;rsm;? csKdcsOfrsm; 0,fvmcJUNyD;vQif OD;yOöif;xHwGif

70 
tyfESHxm;\/ yxratmifjrifoltwGufaps;csKdxJrS azmifwdefwacsmif;
0,fcJUjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrd\/ uREkfyfonf azmifwdefvdkcsifvSí
ylqmaomfvnf;0,fray;yJ ]azmifwdefvkdcsifvQif yxr&atmifrif;BudK;pm;}[k
zcifu jyefajymavonf/
uREkfyfum; yxrr&? 'kwd,ESifh wwd,rQom vdkufcJUEdkifaomaMumifh
zcif\azmifwdefqkudk uREkfyfr&? b,fawmhrSvnf; 0,fray;acs/
uREkfyf\rdbrsm;rSm xdkpOfu pD;yGm;a&; acsmifvnfvSonf r[kwfonfhtxJrS
ausmif;om;rsm;tm; okH;av;ig;usyfwefrQpDjzifh pm;ar;yGJvkyfwdkif;qkay;jcif;
wnf;[laom csD;jrifhrIonf a&S;cwfrS þacwfwdkifatmif rnfonfh
ausmif;om;rsm;\rdbrsm;rS jyKvkyfonf[krBuKH bl;ay&um; arG;ozcif\
ynma&;ajrSmufpm;tm;ay;jcif;wnf;[laom 0goemESifhapwemudk vIdufvSJ
pGm MunfndKrdygonf/ zcifonf uREkfyftay:ü tkyfcsKyfykH wif;usyf
vGef;onf[k rauseyfjcif;tBudrfBudrf jzpfcJU&bl;aomfvnf; þtcsuf
wpfckudk ESvkH;oGif;jcif;tm;jzifh ajzazsmufcJU&ygonf/

xdyfxkd;íwuf&aompepf

bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;ü OD;wdavmu\ pmoifykH xl;qef;aom

tcsufwckudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ aeUpOfwufay;aom pmrsm;udk wvkH;r&vQif
wcsuf&dkufaMumif; azmfjycJUbl;&m? okH;wef;odkU uREkfyfwdkUa&mufMuaomtcg
OD;yOöif;onf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; udk,fwdkif&dkuf&í vufanmif;aomaMumifh
ayavm? okdUwnf;r[kwf BudrfvkH;zdk; rwwfEdkifaomaMumifhayavm rqdkEdkif?
qkH;rykH wenf;wDxGifvdkuf\/ uREkfyfwdkU ausmif;om;q,fa,mufonf
pDwef;vsuf &yfaeMupOf xdyfqkH;ausmif;om;tm;pmwvkH;ar;vkduf\/

71 
xdkolu ajzEdkifvQif 'kwd,vltm; tjcm;pmwvkH;ar;\/ ,if;okdUwa,mufpD
ar;oGm;&m rajzEdkifol &Sdonfhtcg aemufvltm;ar;í xdkoluajzEdkifvQif
rajzEdkifaomvl\xdyfudkwcsufxkd;NyD; ol\ae&modkUwuf&\/ rajzEdkifí
atmufodkU a&TUay;&aomvlrSm þrQESifh rNyD;ao;yJaemufwvkH;ar;jyef&m
rajzEdkifjyefu ajzEdkifaom atmufvl\ xdyfxkd;jcif;cH&NyD; wae&m
qif;&jyef\/ pmwvkH;rSrusufcJU&ol jzpfygrl wa,mufNyD;wa,muf
wwef;vkH;\xdyfxkd;cH,if; atmufqkH;okdUa&mufoGm;avawmh\/ wcgw&H
wGif cufaompmwvkH;udk xdfyfqkH;vltm;ar;í rajzwwfojzifh 'kwd,vl
tm;ar;&m xkdoluvnf;rajzwwfvQif ]aemufwa,muf? aemufwa,muf}
qdkum wwef;vkH;qkH;atmifar;oGm;\/ wcgw&HwGif atmufqkH;vlokdU
a&mufumrS ajzEdkifjcif;vnf;&Sdav&m xkdolonfwwef;vkH; udk ]xdyfxkd;}NyD;
txufqkH;okdU wufoGm;&av\/ wcgw&Hürl wwef;vkH;\ xdyfxkd;cH&NyD;
atmufqkH;odkU qif;oGm;&aomvlonf wwef;vkH;udk ]xdyfxkd;}NyD; txuf
qkH;odkU jyefa&mufoGm;jcif;rsm;vnf;&Sdavonf/ yxrü ausmif;om;rsm;onf
pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom pepfwck[lí awmfawmf oabmusMuonf/
aemufydkif;ürl tjypftemtqmrsm; awGUvmMu\/

wenf;awmhaumif;onf

ausmif;om;rsm;onf ueOD;ü cyfrSefrSef ]xdk;}Muaomfvnf; aeU&uf

&SnfMumaomtcgwGif ighudkememxkd;onf? olUudknSmonf ponfrsm;jzifh
trSwfxm;um &efNidK;zGJUvmMu\/ rdrdtm; ememBuD;xkd;aomvludk
tcGifh&aomtcgwGif ememBuD;jyefxkd;í rdrdtm;nSmaomvludk nSmíxkd;\/

72 
OD;yOöif;onf ememxkd;jcif;udk cGifhvTwfaomfvnf; nSmxkd;aomvludkac:í
]]'Dvdkxkd;&w,fuG}}[kqdkum xkdol\OD;acgif;udk ememBuD;xkd;jyavonf/
þwGif uREkfyfwdkUrSm rnfolUtm;rqdk ememxkd;vQifomxkd;onf? ]nSm}onf[l
íum; rvkyf0HUMuawmhay/ xdkUjyif uREkfyfwdkUtwef;xJü toufvnf;BuD;í
00wkwfwkwfESifh Avaumif;aom ausmif;om;BuD;wa,muf&Sd&m xdkolu
xkd;&aomtvSnfhwGif cyfrSefrSefxkd;aomfvnf; av;vHvSaom ol\vufoD;
BuD;aMumifh uREkfyfuJUodkUaom aumifuav;rSmykí ykí0ifoGm;av\/
uREkfyfwkdUteufwGif touftBuD;qkH;jzpfí ydefydef&Snf&Snf ausmif;om;BuD;
wa,mufvnf;&Sdao;\/ xdkolrSm 18 ESpfom;t&G,fwGif t&yf 5ay
10vufrcefU &SdaeavNyD/ uREkfyfonf xdkvlBuD;tm; xdk;&ef&Sdaomtcg
ol\OD;acgif;udkol\OD;acgif;udk rSDatmif rvSrf;Edkifojzifh ckefíxdk;&m
tm;vkH;u &,fMu\/ wcgurl vltrsm;&,fMurnfpdk;onfh vu©PmESifh
ol\OD;acgif;udkikHUay;&m þonfrSmvnf; oufom&mr&yJ &,fNrJwdkif;
&,fMuavonf/ (ppftwGif;ü ouFef;0wfaeonfh xdkvlBuD;tm;
bkef;BuD;ausmif;wausmif;ü awGUqkHrdMu&mwGif þtaMumif;udk oluyif
ajymí &,fMu&ao;onf/) xdkvlBuD;onf uREkfyfawGUbl;orQaom
vlrsm;teufwGif oabmtaumif;qkH; wa,mufjzpf\/ xkdtcsdefürl
uREkfyfxuf t&yfwvufrcefUavmufomjrifhawmh\/ (,ckrlum; ysHvGef
awmfrl &SmavNyD/) uREkfyfrSm twef;xJwGif tawmfqkH;xJujzpfygvsuf
(eHygwfcsdwfxJwGifygonf/) waeUvQiftenf;qkH; av;ig;csuf
txkd;cH&ojzifh vl0BuD;\ vufoD;csufrdaomaeUrsm;wGif OD;acgif;usdef;ao;
&m nHUzsif;í q,fhav;ig;csuf txkd;cH&olrsm;tzdkUrSm b,fvdkae&SmMurnf
rajymwwfay/ uREkfyfwdkUonfwaeUvkH; twef;txufESifh atmufqif;csnf
wufcsnf&SdaeMuav&m aemufqkH;tcsdefwGif rdrdwkdU\ae&mtpDtpOfudk

73 
rSwfom;xm;í aemufwaeUwGif 4if;tpDtpOftwdkif; &yfMu&av\/
,ckjyefíMunfhaomf rnfonfhausmif;wGifrS rBuKHcJUbl;onfhpepf jzpfaomf
vnf; ausmif;om;rsm; pmusufapzdkUwkdufwGef;a&;wGif tvGeft&m a&muf
aom pepfwckjzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfcsuf cscsif\/ okdU&mwGif þpepftwkdif;
vdkufemusifhokH;MuzkdU tBuHay;wkdufwGef;jcif;um; r[kwfay/

Ak'¨bmom(bD?wD?tif)ausmif;jzpfvmykH

xdyfqkH;jzpfaom uREkfyfwkdUausmif;om;q,fa,mufonf av;wef;odkU

a&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyfwdkUatmufwGifvnf; yxrwef;rS wwd,wef;
txd wwef;vQif ausmif;om;q,fhav;ig;a,mufpD&SdMuojzifh ausmif;om;
pkpkaygif; 60 cefU&SdaeavNyD/ xdktcsdefwGif ynmtkyf( 0efaxmufrif;
[kac:Muonf/) OD;ausmf&efESifh qufrdí tpdk;& pmppfcHausmif; jzpfatmif
pHrHMu\/ t&m&SdwpfOD;jzpfaom OD;ausmf&ef\ 0g,rpdkufxkwfrI aMumifh
tvGwfynmoifbkef;BuD;ausmif;tjzpfrS tpdk;&pmppfcHAk'¨bmom ausmif;BuD;
jzpfvm&onf rSefaomfvnf; rlvblw tppftrSefrSmNrdwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
OD;eE´ESifh OD;yOöif;OD;wdavmuwkdU\ vkHUvya,m*wkdUaMumifh jzpfayonf/
bD?wD?tifac: Ak'¨bmomausmif;BuD; us,fvmaomtcsdefwGif &[ef;awmf
ESpfyg;wkdU\ bJGUawmfrsm;wdrfjrKyf OD;ausmf&ef\trnfomvQif wnfaxmifol
tjzpfESifh xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vsuf&Sd cJUjcif;twGufaMumifh Nrdwfq&mawmf
bk&m;tzdkU&mü rnfokdUrQr&Sdaomfvnf; OD;wdavmu udk,fawmfurl auseyf
onfhvu©Pmr&SdyJ uavmiform; wa,mufjzpfvm aom uREkfyftm;
þtaMumif;udkazmfxkwfa&;om;&efwkduf wGef;bl;\/ uREkfyfuvnf; a&;yg
rnf[k uwday;cJUbl;\/ okdU&mwGif tcgtcGifhroifh onfhtwGufaMumifh

74 
ra&;jzpfyJ&SdcJU&m ESpfyg;vkH; ysHvGefawmfrlNyD jzpfaom ,cktcsdefrSyif
þtaMumif;udka&;&ygawmhrnf/ Nrdwfq&mawmf bk&m;BuD; twGufum;
udpör&Sd? OD;wdavmu udk,fawmftwGufrl ruG,fvGefrDa&;jyjcif;tm;jzifh
aus;Zl;rqyfEdkifjcif;twGuf vGrf;qGwf0rf;enf; rdygonf/

vlwdkif;atmifapaomenf;

1900 jynfhESpfwGif qdkif;wef;&yfü wdkufwvkH;iSm;í 'u©dP0efwdkuf

Nrdwfausmif;rS ausmif;om;aygif; 90?100rQ ajymif;a&TUNyD;vQif Ak'¨omoem
Ek*¾(bD?wD?tif) tpdk;&pmppfcH t*Fvdyfjrefrm ESpfbmomoif ausmif;BuD;
trnfESifh pwifzGifhvSpfcJUavonf/ xdyfqkH;jzpfaom uREkfyfwdkUausmif;om;
q,fa,muftm; t*Fvdyfpm píoifaomtcsdefrSonf 4if;ESpf 'DZifbmv
wGif uREkfyfwkdUtm; av;wef;pmar;yJGodkUoGif;í tpdk;&pmppfcHapaom
tcsdefwdkifatmif wESpfESifhokH;vrQomtcsdefMum\/ okdUESifhyif uREkfyfwdkU
ausmif;om;q,fa,mufvkH;onf av;wef;pmar;yJG atmifjrifMu&avum;
rEÅav;wNrdKUvkH; [dk;av;wausmf jzpfí ausmif;om;ta&twGufrSmvnf;
ausmif;rqHUatmif wkd;wufrsm;jym; vmav\/ þrQaom tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;
twGif;üq,fa,mufvkH;atmifjrif Mujcif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;tm; pmrusuf
yJaeírjzpfatmif usyfwnf;pGm oifjyaom OD;yOöif; OD;wdavmu\
aus;Zl;yifjzpfonf[k rSwfcsufay;vkduf& ayonf/

75 
q&mESifhwynfhoabmxm;

þae&mwGif OD;yOöif;OD;wdavmutaMumif; qufvufí azmfjy

yg&apOD;/ OD;wdavmuonf uREkfyfwdkUig;wef;odkUwufaomESpfü &[ef;b0
udk aysmfydkuf[efr&SdyJ vlxGufí tdrfaxmifusoGm;avNyD OD;wdavmutm;
uREkfyfwkdUausmif;om;rsm;u rnfrQavmuf cspfaMumuf&dkao&SdMuykHudk BuD;jyif;
vmaomtcgwGif tcsif;csif;ajymí &,frdMuao;onf/ &,frdMujcif;rSm
uREkfyfwdkU BuD;jyif;vmMuí touf30ausmf 40t&G,fwGif om;r,m;
tvkyftudkifESifh jzpfaeMuaomfvnf; wcgw&Hvl0wfvJNyD;jzpfonfh
OD;wdavmuESifh rawmfwq qkHrdMu&müq&mwpfcGef;? t&Sifbk&m;wcGef;?
cifAsm; uRefawmfwcGef;ESifh ua,mifacsmufcsm;jzpfum aMumuf'l;wkefvsuf
pum;rajymwwfatmif jzpfM u&aomaMumifhjzpfavonf/ uREkfyfudk,fawGU
tjzpftysufwckudk azmfjy&aomf 1919 ckESpfwGif uREkfyfonf ol&d,wdkufü
r*¾Zif;t,f'DwmtjzpfESifh vkyfudkifvsuf&SdpOf OD;wdavmu (vltrnf
OD;xGef;0if;)onf wkdufay:okdUwufvmí uREkfyfESifhuyfvsuf&Sdaom
pm;yJGwGifxkdifaom t,f'Dwmwa,mufESifhpum;ajymonfudk uREkfyfjrifyg
vsuf EIwfquf&rnfudkaMumufonfESifh rjrifcsifjyKí ikHUaevdkuf\/
aemufwacgufjyefaomtcgürl &dkif;&musawmhrnf[k atmufarhí
xdkif&mrSxNyD; EIwfqufonfwGifrS OD;yOöif; (q&m)u 0rf;omtm;&ESifh
zufvSJwuif;jyKayonf/
]]ig waeUu wacgufvmao;w,fuG,fh? rif; r&Sdbl;vm;}}
]]wifyg? wynfhawmf- uRefawmf tvkyf&IyfaevdkU armfhrMunfh
vkdufrdvdkUyg q&m}}[k jyefajym&onf/

76 
 q&monf vlyg;wa,mufjzpfí uREkfyftaMumif;udk &dyfrdojzifh NyKH;pdpd
Munfhjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfem;vnfonf/ q&monf wynfhwa,muf
t,f'Dwmjzpfjcif;twGuf *kPf,l&Smonfh vu©PmESifh 0rf;omtm;&
ajymoGm;&Sm\/ þtaMumif;udk ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;awGUwdkif; uREkfyfu
ajymjy&m olwkdUuvnf; þenf;ESifhjzpfbl;aMumif; jyefajymMu\/ uREkfyfwkdU
u q&mqdkonfrSm &dkufydkifonf[lívnf;aumif;? OD;yOöif;jzpfaomaMumifh
omí&dkufydkifonf[lívnf;aumif; em;vnfMuí (&dkufvGef;onf[k
xifMuapumrl) q&mOD;xGef;0if;tay:ü qefUusifaom pdwfrsKd;
r&SdMujcif;pdk;pOf;rQ rSefaomfvnf; i,fpOfu aMumufcJU&jcif; twGufaMumifh
taMumufrajyEdkifonfESifh rsufESmcsif;rqdkif vdkMujcif; yifjzpfygonf/
þacwf q&mwynfhrsm;url &,fcsifaumif; &,fcsifMuay vdrfhrnf/

usDpm;vGefjcif;

ausmif;om;csif;u ESdyfpufbl;jcif;rsm;udk pmjzifha&;í rSwfom;xm;

avoavm[k ajymcsifonf/ ajymMuap? qkdif;wef;ausmif;okdU ajymif;cgpwGif
uREkfyfcH&onfh tjzpftysufwckudk azmfjyvdkao;\/ zcifonf zdeyfaxmif
q&mjzpfonfhtavsmuf uREkfyftwGuf ydef;wef; zdeyfuav;rsm; qef;qef;
jym;jym;vSvSyyjzpfatmif py,f&S,f csKyfvkyfay;avh&S\
d / ausmif;om;wdkif;
onf uREkfyf\ zdeyfuav;udk ikHUMunhfMu\/ Munhfvnf;Munfhoifh\/
waeUoü OD;wdavmuonf aysmfbG,fNrdKUodkU tvnf<uoGm;í jyefvnf
<ua&mufvm&mwGif q&mrsm;a&m? ausmif;om;rsm;yg wausmif;vkH; BudKqdk
MuzkdU pDpOfxm;\/ xdkaeUwGif ausmif;om;wdkif; 0wfaumif;pm;vSESifh
vmMuí blwm&kHodkU pDwef;um vrf;avQmufMu &rnfjzpf\/ qdkif;wef;

77 
ausmif;rSm ESpfxyfwdkufjzpfí atmufxyfwGif zdeyfpD;&aomfvnf; tay:xyf
wGif zdeyfcRwfMu&\/ uREkfyfrSm tay:xyfodkU udpöwckESifh wufoGm;í
avSum;wGif zdeyfqef;uav;udk cRwfxm;cJU&m jyefqif;vmaomtcgü
rawGU&awmhacs/ zdeyfuav;rSm rnfol\ zdeyfESifhrQrwlaomaMumifh
rSm;Edkifp&mr&Sd? wrifwumaemufajymifí 0Sufxm;onfjzpfap ckd;xm;onf
jzpfap jzpf&ayrnf/ zdeyfaysmufaom udpörQavmufESifh q&mrsm;tm; wdkif&ef
xkH;pHr&SdaomaMumifh udk,fhzmom &Sm&\/ rawGUacs/

'ku©a0'em

pmydkU&xm;onf rEÅav;blwm&kHokdU aeUv,fwem&DwGif qdkufrnf

jzpfí ausmif;om;rsm;onf 12 em&DwdwdwGif qdkif;wef;ausmif;rS pDwef;um
xGufMu&efjzpf\/ &moDrSm waygif;vjzpfíjcpfjcpfpvefatmif yljyif;vsuf
&SdavNyD/ uREkfyfüzddeyfaysmufjcif;udk q&mrsm;tm; rajym0HUonfESifh
tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh twlpDwef;í vdkuf&\/ ylvSonfhajrBuD;rSm
',ftkd;uif;uJUokdU&Sdojzifh ajcaxmufwbufcswdkif; uysmu,m jyefajrSmuf
um aemufajcwbuftm; tvSnfay;&jcif;aMumifhckefqGckefqGjzpf ae\/
okdU&mwGif uREkfyfrSm OD;yOöif;\ &dkufESufjcif;ESifh zcif\&dkufESufjcif;
tMum;wGifvljzpfvm&jcif;aomaMumifh 'ku©a0'emcHpm;&jcif;ü tavhtusifh

&Sdonfjzpfí olwyg;wdkUxuf (vlBuD;vli,fra&G cHEdkif&nf&Sdoljzpf\/

ajcz0g;rsm; ylvSjcif;aMumifh ckefcsifovdkvdk? aygufcsifovdkvkd?
ajy;csifovkdvdkjzpfcJU&aomfvnf; tHBudwfí cHcJUEdkifygonf/ okdU&mwGif
rD;&xm;oHvrf;udk jzwfa usmf aqmufvkyfxm;onfhwHwm;ukef;BuD;ay:odkU
a&mufMuaomtcgürlum; ajrBuD;udk eif;vmcJU&mrS opfom;ysOfjym;udk

78 
eif;vdkuf&jcif;aMumifh ESpfqrQylavmifjcif;udk cHpm;&ojzifh av;ig;vSrf;
oGm;rd&mwGif rcHr&yfEdkifawmhyJ ]awmufavQmufajy;oGm;awmh rnf}BuHrd\/
okdUqdkvQif q&m\&dkufESufjcif;cH&rnf[k odaomaMumifh rajy;0HUyJ
tHBudwfcH,if; ]tvdkav; tr,fav;}[k nnf;csifvm\/ okdU&mwGif
ausmif;om;rsm;&,fMurnfudk &SufonfESifh nnf;nLrnfhtoHudk rsKdcsvkduf&m
rsuf&nfrsm; ,dkusvmawmhonf/ þwGif uREkfyfonf ]ausmif;om;wa,muf
a,muf\ npfywfjcif;aMumifh igcH&avjcif;} [katmufarhum ]ql;wacsmif;}
aygufvm&jyefygawmhonf/ xdknaewGif tdrfodkU jyefa&mufaomtcg
ae&mwdkif;&dkufcsifwwfaom zcifrodapyJ rdciftm;ajymjyí rdcif\
tumtuG,faMumifh uREkfyftzdkUoufom&m&avawmhonf/ zcif\obm0
rSm rdrdu tjrwfwEdk; txl;wvnf csKyfvkyfay;xm;onfh zdeyfopfudk
vkHNcKHatmif rxdef;odrf;Edkif&oavm[laom tjrifrsKd;om&Sdwwfí tawmf
aMumufzdkUaumif;avonf/

rnfol\tjypfay;enf;

uREkfyftay:üzcifu cspfcifykH? *&kpdkufykHwkdUrSm rsm;vGef;tm;BuD;onf

[k awmifhwrdaomtcgrsm;vnf; &Sd\/ OD;wdavmu jyefa&mufvmonfh
aemuf waygif;vjynfhausmf 5 &ufaeUwGifa&Tpm&Hbk&m;yJGokdU <u&efpDpOf&m
OD;yOöif;u uREkfyftm; ]]4if;\wlESpfa,mufESifhtwl vkdufcsifvdkufEdkifonf}}
[ktrdefU&Sdí uREkfyfvnf; ra&mufbl;onfh a&Tpm&HyJGokdU vkdufcsifvSonfESifh
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omvufcHav\/ tdrfokdUa&mufí rdbrsm;tm; ajymjyaom
tcg rdcifucGifhjyKaomfvnf; zcifurltaMumuftuefuefU uGufav\/
okdUuefUuGuf&mwGif rnfonfhtaMumif;rS rjyEdkifyJ oludk,fwdkifrygaom

79 
vrf;c&D;wGif uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; ygonf/ OD;yOöif;udk vkdufydkUonfh
yGJuawmfwtdrfvkH;vnf;ygMuonf/ þtxJrSyif uREkfyf\ vkHNcKHa&;twGuf
pdwfrcsaomaMumifh bk&m;yJGodkU rxnfhvkdufEdkifqdkjcif;rSm (OD;yOöif;udk,fEIduf
uyif) vGefvGef;onf[k ,lqaeavNyD/ okdUaomf OD;yOöif;onf
zciftm;rnfokdUrQrajym ]]rifhzmomMunhfvkyfav}}[k uREkfyftm; vTJxm;\/
uREkfyfum; 11 ESpfom;t&G,f&SdavNyD/ a&Tpm&Hbk&m;yJG\ aysmfp&maumif;jcif;
taMumif;udk Mum;&bl;aom uREkfyfrSmvnf; rvkduf&vQif ao&ravmuf
jzpfaeavNyD/ uREkfyfvnf; xdkt&G,fodkU wkdifatmif zcifpum;udk
rjrifuG,f&mü azmufzsufcJUrdbl;aomf vnf; wdkuf&dkufqefUusifbuf
jyKbl;jcif;um; r&Sdao;ay/ þtBudrfwGifrl um;zcif\ wm;jrpfjcif;onf
w&m;enf;vnf;rus[k ,lqonfESifh tdrfrS ajymifajymifxGufoGm;í
bk&m;yGJokdU vdkufoGm;av\/ (trSefudkajym&vQif uREkfyfrSmbk&m;yJG
wavQmufvkH;wGif zcif\rMunf&TifaomrsufESmudkom jrifvsuf&Sdaom
aMumifh arQmfvifhoavmuf raysmfcJU&ay/)
tdrfodkUjyefa&mufaomtcsdefü zcifonf uREfkfyftay:wGif a&S;uuJUodkU
r[kwfyJ ]cyfwef;wef;} vkyfaeav&m uREkfyfuvnf; rdrdrSefonf[kxifum
cyfwef;wef;yif wkHUjyefrdonf/ þtjzpftysufrSmrnfol\ tjypfjzpfonf[k
uREkfyfrqkH;jzwfvkdaomfvnf; xdktcsdefrSpíuREkfyfwkdUom;tzESpfa,mufrSm
MuifemrIavsmhyg;vmjcif;um; trSefjzpfonf/ zcifu [efvkyfí wif;rmjcif;
jzpfcsifjzpfrnf/ uREkfyfurlusyfwnf;vGef;aom zcifwa,muf[k
wu,fjrifvmí ol\cspfvGef;jcif;twGuf 0rf;romEdkifatmifjzpf
rdawmhonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf om;orD;wdkUrnfonf rdbtay:ü
tvkH;pkHauseyfí rdrdwdkU\aetdrfü aysmfydkufoifhonfjzpf&m uREkfyfrSm
xdkuJUodkUrjzpf&yJ pnf;vkH;aompdwfrsKd; avsmhyg;oGm;ayaomaMumifhwnf;/

80 
þodkUa&;jcif; tm;jzifh zciftm; tjypfwifvkdjcif;r[kwf/ uREkfyf\
uHraumif;jcif;[líom qdkvdkygonf/

,luvpf vlrjzpf

1901 ckESpfwGif uREkfyfwkdUtwef;om; 10 a,mufonf 5

wef;okdUwufMu&\/ OD;wdavmuonf ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhywfoufí
rauseyfonfh vu©PmESifh uREkfyfwkdUtm; udk,fwdkifroifjyawmhyJ
twef;jyq&mrsm; iSm;&rf;oifjyap&m q&maygif;av;ig;a,muf vJvS,f
onfhtxJwGif q&mjzpfwef;atmifolwa,mufrQ ryg&SdyJ 7 wef; atmifcgp
vlrsm;? pma&;jyKwfrsm;? tvkyfvufrJU Akdvfujym;wa,muf ponfjzifh
ESpfvwBudrfcefU tajymif;tvJ jzpfae\/ twef;om;rsm;onf
t*FvdyfbmomwGif awmfMuaomfvnf; topfpufpuf bmom&yf
wckjzpfaom ]*JMoarBwD}ü tcuftcJawGUMu\/ xdkpOfurl ],luvpf}
[kac:Muí tvGefcufonfhtaejzifh ],luvpfvlrjzpf}[k ausmif;om;rsm;
ajymMu\/ þtawmtwGif; ausmif;uvnf; qdkif;wef;&yfrS rvGefaq;&dk;
0if;okdU a&TUajymif;&jyefav&mq&mrsm;u ],luvpf}udkvli,frsm;
oabmaygufatmif roifjywwfonfh twGufaMumifh pmar;yJGwGif
ausmif;om;BuD; av;a,mufrQom atmifjrifí (uREkfyftygt0if)
ausmif;om;uav;ajcmufa,muf us&IH;Muavonf/ þwGif tus&IH;
rsm;vGef;onfqdkum uREkfyfrSwyg; us&IH;aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf
tjcm;ausmif;rsm;odkU ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muav\/ uREkfyf\rdbrsm;url
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; wnfaxmifcJUaom Ak'¨bmomausmif;[lí opöm&Sdonfh
vu©PmESifh uREkfyftm;ajymif;a&TUjcif;rjyKay/

81 
uREkfyf\ewfrif;BuD;

uREkfyfwdkUausmif;rSm xdyfqkH;wef;jzpfaom 5wef;orm;rsm;

atmifMuaomtcgwGif 6wef;zGifhEdkifaom tajctaer&SdonfESifh pdefyDwm?
atbDtrfpaom c&pf,efomoemjyK ausmif;BuD;rsm;okdU ajymif;a&TUí
qufvuf oifMum;Mu\/ atmifjrifaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl ratmif
jrifaom ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; txufygtaMumif;aMumifh ajymif;a&TU
oGm;Muojzifh twef;wlausmif;om;a[mif;qdkí uREkfyfwa,muf wnf;
usef&pfavawmhonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ajymif;a&TU jcif;xuf uREkfyftm;
tumtuG,fay;cJUonfh ausmif;om;BuD;wa,muf ajymif;a&TUoGm;jcif;
aMumifh uREkfyf\pdwfüxdcdkufykHudk azmfjyvdkygao;onf/ ol\trnfrSm
]xGef;vS}[kac:í (uREkfyf\rdbrsm;rSwyg;) uREkfyftay:ü wu,farwÅm
u&kPmxm;onfh yxrOD;qkH;aom ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpf\/ xdkolonf
bkef;BuD;ausmif;ü ausmif;om;uav;rsm;tm; vufa0SUwdkufay; onfh
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;teufwGifwa,muftygt0ifjzpfíuREkfyfESifh ]owfbuf}
a&G;ay;aomtcgrsm;ü uREkfyftay:nSmwmrI&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyf&dyfrdcJU onf/
tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u uREkfyfxuftenf;i,fBuD;aom ausmif;om; ESifh
]buf}ay;rnfjyKaom udkxGef;vSu ]rvkyfygeJUuG? 'Duav;u tdrfta0;
BuD;vm&&Smwm}[k ajymí nDwlrS uREkfyfESifhwGJay;\/ ]cspfwD;}u uREkfyftm;
]ypönf;0g;&rf;zrf;}aomtcgrsm;wGifvnf; udkxGef;vSuyif u,fq,fcJUojzifh
uREkfyfrkefUpm;&\/ udkxGef;vSonf uREkfyfxuf ig;ESpfcefUBuD;í ol\nDyif
uREfkyfxuf ESpfESpfcefUBuD;ao;&m nDt&if;u uREkfyftm;tEdkifusifhrnf

82 
jyKjcif;udkyif olodygu uREkfyfbufrS vdkuf\/ olwkdUnDtpfudkonf
tcsif;csif; pum;rajym/ udkxGef;vSonf uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;udkom
ta&mw0if&Sdí olUnDxufyif uREkfyfudk cspfonf[kyif xifrd\/
[kwfr[kwfum; rajymwwf/ uREkfyfurl 4if;txifaMumifh udkxGef;vStm;
wkd;ícspfrd&m? udkxGef;vSuvnf; þtwGufaMumifh wdk;íMuifemykH&onf/
þokdUjzifh uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufrSm wESpfxufwESpfcifrifvmMuí &G,fwl
r[kwfaomfvnf; wyl;wGJwGJ &SdMuav\/

tawmfqkH;vlwa,muf

csm;vfpf'pfuif; a';Apfaumhyg;zD;vf(David  Copperfield)  0w¦KBuD;udk

zwfbl;olrsm;onf pwD;,m;zdkUof  (Steerfoth)  udkrrSwfrdyJ aeEdkifMurnf
r[kwfay/ uREkfyfonf 4if;0w¦Kudkzwfvkduf&onfESifh wNydKifeuf udkxGef;vS
udkcsufcsif;owd&\/udkxGef;vSonf tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;xuf udk,fum,
tm;jzifhom OD;acgif;wvkH; jrifhonfr[kwf/ rSwfOmPfaumif;jcif;? pOf;pm;
wwfjcif;? yg;eyfjcif;? vla&vnfjcif;paom t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufívnf; tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;xuf OD;acgif;wvkH;jrifhonf[k
uREkfyfqdkcsif\/ 0w¦KxJrS pwD;,m;zkdUofrSm vlysKdayguft&G,fwGif qkH;&IH;
&ouJUokdU udkxGef;vSrSmvnf; 4if;touft&G,füyif toufqkH;&IH;&jcif;
vnf; wlMu\/ vdifudpöESifhywfoufí toufqkH;&IH;Mu&jcif;vnf;wl\/
okdU&mwGif pwD;,m;zkdUof\ qkH;&IH;&jcif;rSmnpfywfrIruif;yJ&Sd&m? udkxGef;vS
\ qkH;&IH;&jcif;rlum; npfypfrIrygyJ aq;aumif;0g;aumif; ray:ayguf
ao;onfh acwfaMumifhjzpf\/ udkxGef;vSonf 5wef;atmifNyD;uwnf;u
uREkfyfESifhuGJuGmoGm;í wausmif;pDwwef;pDjzpfoGm;Muav&m? twef;wdkif;

83 
wGif q&mwdkif;\ csD;rGrf;jcif;cH&í 4if;aoqkH;aomtcgü twef;q&mu
tvGefESajrmzdkUaumif;aom ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfí olUuJUodkUrjzpfMu
ap&ef uREkfyfwkdUtm; owday;jcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ (aoqkH;aom
tcgwGif udkxGef;vSrSm 9wef;okdUa&mufí uREkfyfrSmvnf; 8wef;okdUa&muf
avNyD/) uREkfyfonf woufwmwGif ]vlawmfrsm;udk owdxm;í
apmifhMunfhwwfoljzpf&m? uREkfyfawGUbl;onfh ]vlawmf}ESpfa,mufteufwGif
udkxGef;vSvnf; wa,mufjzpfayonf/ þvltouf&SnfcJUvQif {uEÅ
BuD;yGm;&rnf[k uREkfyfajym&Jonf/ ausmif;ü twlaeMupOf (uREkfyftm;
tumtuG,fay;aom aus;Zl;aMumifh ayavmrod) uREkfyfonf udkxGef;vS\
opöm&SdaomacG;uav;  (Faithful  Dog)  uJUodkUvnf;aumif;?
a&mfbifqifu&l;qdk;\wynfh z&dkufa';uJUokdUvnf; aumif; olUaemufrS
waumufaumuf vkdufumol\trIBuD;i,fwkdUudk aqmif&Gufay;&jcif;
twGuf MunfEl;rd\/ 5 wef;pmar;yJGü olatmifí uREkfyfusojzifh
cGJcgeD;wGif udkxGef;vSonf uREkfyftm;ausmif;aemufaz;odkUac: í uREkfyf\
yckH;udkzufnSpf,if; rsuf&nfrsm; 0dkif;vm&m? uREkfyfuvnf; &IdufBuD;wiif
idk,dkrdavonf/ (uREkfyfwdkU jrefrmvlrsKd;onf rdwfaqGoli,fcsif; ESifh
aqGrsKd;rdbponfrsm;tay:ü cifrifjcif;udk azmfxkwfjyojcif; enf;vSaom
vlrsKd;jzpf&m? uREkfyftzdkU&mwGifvnf; rsuf&nfusonftxd azmfxkwfjyo
rdjcif;rSm woufvkH;wGif xdktBudrfyxrqkH;tBudrfjzpfygonf/)

ausmif;ajymif;a&TU&jcif;

5wef;ü 'kwd,ESpfaeí twef;om;opfrsm; txJwGifAkdvfpJG&aomf

vnf; 0rf;omvSonfr&Sd? udkxGef;vStrSL;&Sdonfh vla[mif;rsm;udkom

84 
wvGrf;wnf;vGrf;vsuf&Sdygawmhonf/ OD;yOöif;OD;wdavmurSmvnf; vlxGuf
oGm;NyD;jzpfí t&dkufcH&zdkU r&SdonfhtxJrSmyif tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh
twlwuG t&dkufcH&bl;jcif;rsm;udk owd&í vGrf;ovdkvdkjzpfrdygao;onf/
þESpfürl wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yJG  (Entrance)  ESifh puúif'&D q&mjzpfwef;
atmifonfh q&maumif;wa,muf a&mufvmonfESifhcufvSonf xifcJU
aom ],luvpf}udk uREkfyfoabmaygufatmif oifjyEdkifay&m? ,cifESpf
uwnf;u þq&mrsKd;ESifhawGU&vQif tvG,fwulyif atmifjrifEdkif
vdrfhrnf[kxifrdonf/ 1902ESpfwGif uREkfyf5 wef;atmifaomtcg
Ak'¨bmomausmif;rSm 6 wef;ausmif;zGifhEdkifaom tajctaer&Sdao;onfESifh
uREkfyfrSm at? bD? trf ausmif; (tar&duefausmif;)odkU ajymif;a&TUí
ausmif;a0;aom 'ku©rSvGwfajrmufNyD;ygNyD/

ausmif;BuD;\t&Sdef

vGefcJUaom 2 ESpfcefUrSpí ausmif;om;wdkU BuKH&wwfaom 'ku©rsm;rS

vGwfajrmufovdkjzpfcJUaomfvnf; uREkfyftzdkUü 6wef;ausmif;om;b0
(1903-ckESpf)rSm rarhEdkifqkH;aom tjcif;t&mrsm;jzifhjynfhESufvsuf&Sd\/
ausmif;om;wdkif; (txl;ojzifhi,f&G,folwkdif;)onf ausmif;wausmif;rS
wausmif;okdU ajymif;a&GUoifMum;&onfhtcg &GHUwGefUwGefU jzpfwwfjcif;rSm
"r®wmyifjzpfonfxif\/ uREkfyftzdkU&müum; xdkrQavmufru xdwfvefU
wkefvIyfzG,fBuD;wckyif jzpfcJU&onf/ yxrtcsufü uREkfyfonfi,fpOfu
vlaMumufwwf\/ (uREkfyfzcifrSmvnf; xdkenf;wlyifjzpfcJU&m? om;tz
ESpfa,mufvkH;rSm BuD;jyif;vmMuaom tcgwGifrS olUenf;ESifhol vlaMumuf
wwfaom a&m*gaysmufuif;vmMuonf/) 'kwd,tcsufü uREkfyfaecJU&aom

85 
Ak'¨bmomausmif;rSm xdkpOfu ausmif;om;OD;a&w&mcefUrQom&Sdonfh
t&yfausmif;uav;rQomjzpf&m? tar&duef ausmif;rSmrl ausmif;om; 300
ausmf&Sdí BuD;us,faom taqmufttkHBuD;rsm;? tcReftwufawGESifh
jrifhrm;vSaom bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;BuD;? us,f0ef;aom 0if;BuD;? abmvkH;uGif;
BuD; ponfwkdUjzifh x,fx,f0g0g cefUcefUnm;nm;? om;om;em;em;
&SdvSonfjzpfaomaMumifh t&yfom;rsm; jzwfoef;oGm;vmjcif; rjyK0HUavmuf
atmift&SdeftapmfBuD;vSonf/ xdkodkUaom ausmif;BuD;odkU ausmif;uav;rS
ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfonfh uREkfyfa&mufoGm;&onfhtcg ajrBuD;udkyif
&J&Jreif;0HUavmufatmif ausmuf'l;wkefrdygonf/ (þonfrSm bkef;BuD;
ausmif;om;\ obm0jzpf[efwl\/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;rsm;onf
ausmif;0if;xJüzdeyfcRwfMu&onf/) wwd,tcsufü 6wef;jyq&m
q&mEdkifrSm ausmif;q&mrsm;teufwGif emrnfBuD;wa,mufjzpfí {&mr
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;udkyif ]rsOf;vkH;}ESifh &dkufonf[kajymoHMum;&\/ uREkfyfrSm
Ak'¨bmomausmif;wGif ESpfESpfcefU t&dkufvGwfcJUaomfvnf; t&dkufcH&aom
a0'emESifhywfoufí (ausmif;a&mtdrfyg) tusifh&cJUol jzpfojzifh
aMumufvSatmifr&Sdaomfvnf; &dkufaeusolu&dkufjcif;r[kwfonfh twGuf
aMumifh tvGefxdwfvsuf&Sd\/ (emusifjcif;twlwl jzpfaomfvnf;
]rsufESmod}\&dkufjcif;ESifholpdrf;\&dkufjcif;wdkU rwlykHudk em;vnfaumif;rS
em;vnfMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfuJUokdU&dkufjcif;trsKd;rsKd;cH&bl;rSom em;vnf
Edkif vdrfhrnfxifonf/) odkUjzpf&um; uREkfyfrSm ausmif;tyfNyD;í yxrOD;aeU
ausmif;wuf&aom eHeufwGif 1956 ckESpfu axmifxJokdU zrf;ac:oGm;aom
eHeufxufyifwkefvIyf acsmufcsm;jcif;jzpfay:vmonf/

86 
or®ma'oewf

tar&duefausmif;okdU ydkUaomtcgü uREkfyf\tm;udk;BuD;wckrSm

ig\]or®ma'0ewfBuD;} udkxGef;vSwa,muf &Sdonf[laom tcsufyifjzpf\/
uREkfyfonf ausmif;wuf&aom yxreHeufüa&mufvQif a&mufcsif;
udkxGef;vSudk vdkuf&SmíawGU&m udkxGef;vSonf uREkfyfudkjrif&í 0rf;om
aomfvnf; Ak'¨bmomausmif;rSmuJUokdU uREkfyfESifhwyl;wGJwJGvkyfcsif[ef
rwlawmhyJ olESifhtwef;wl&G,fwlausmif;om;BuD; tcsif;csif;om aygif;oif;
csifykH&onf/ ausmif;om;&G,fwlcsif;rsm;teufwGifvnf; udkxGef;vS onf
]0dkif;xdkifq&mBuD;} jzpfaejcif;udkawGU&\/ þolkum; rnfoly&dowf?
rnfodkUaom vlpm;rsKd;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqH&onfjzpfap ]acgif;olBuD;}
jzpf&rnfh vlwa,muf[lí uREkfyfodNyD;jzpfygonf/ udkxGef;vSonf
uREkfyfarQmfvifhouJUodkU tumtuG,fay;EdkifrnfhykH r&aomfvnf; ]]ta&;
taMumif;&SdvQif ighudkajym}}[k rSmxm;azmf&ayojzifh txkduftavsmuf
tm;&SdcJUrdonf/

"r®oDcsif;oDqdk&jcif;

9 em&Dxdk;í bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;BuD;rS acgif;avmif;BuD;xdk;onfESifh

wNydKifeuf uREkfyf&ifxJü 'dwfueJjzpfoGm;\/ þokdUxdwf&jcif;rSm
ausmif;wufzdkU vefUonfhtxJwGif Ak'¨bmom ausmif;rSmuJUokdU
vufvIyfacgif;avmif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ BudK;BuD;jzifhqGJ&NyD; ]wm0g}pifjrifhBuD;ay:rS
w&yfvkH;Mum;&avmufatmifjrnf[def;aom acgif;avmif;oHBuD;uvnf;
vludkvSefUay;ouJUokdU &SdaomaMumifhjzpf\/ ausmif;wufaomtcgü

87 
ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkU\ twef;rsm;odkU roGm;&ao;yJ
ausmif;BuD;tay:xyf&Sd cef;raqmifBuD;odkUoGm;Mu&\/ ausmif;tkyf
q&mBuD; u rkwfqdwfarG;BuD; wzGm;zGm;ESifh pifjrifhay:üxdkifvsuf&Sd pOf 300
cefUrQaom ausmif;om;rsm;onf ESpfa,mufwJGxdkif&aom ckHrsm;ay:wGif
NidrfoufpGmxdkifvsuf&SdMuav&m? þrQavmuf us,f0ef;aom cef;rBuD;udk
vnf;aumif;? þrQavmuf ajrmufjrm;pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;udk
vnf;aumif; rjrifbl;onfh uREkfyftzdkUrSm tvdkvdkvefUvsuf &Sd\/
xdkUaemuf"r®oDcsif; oDqdk&eftwGuf wNydKifeufwnf; xvdkufMu
ojzifh ]0kef;}ueJjrnf[def;oGm;aom toHBuD;onfvnf; uREkfyftm; wkd;í
&ifzdkvIdufap\/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;u "r®oDcsif;eHygwfudk ajymvkdufojzifh
ausmif;om;rsm;onf ESpfa,mufvQif wtkyfuspDudkifxm;Muonfh
"r®oDcsif;pmtkyfudkvSefMuí oDqdk&rnfh oDcsif;ydk'fudkawGUMuaomtcg
ausmif;tkyfBuD;u pwifoDqdkvkdufonfESifhwNydKifeuf ausmif;om;rsm;a&m
ausmif;q&mrsm;yg wnDwnmwnf; oDqdkMuavukef\/

MunfEl;zG,faomtoH

c&pf,ef"r®oDcsif;oHudk rMum;&bl;onfh uREkfyfrSm tawmfcefUnm;í

pdwfxdckdufapaom aw;oHjzpfonfxif\/ uREkfyfonf Ak'¨taMumif;t&mudk
cefUnm;pGm pDukH;a&;pyfxm;onfh ]aAm"danmifa&T? Ak'¨a[atmuf?
qef;Mu,faygufom;? a&mifawmufyv’if? ordkufjyifxuf} tp&Sdaom
vuFmBuD;udkrdcif\ csKdat;cefUnm;vSaomtoHjzifh &Gwfqdkjyjcif;udk
Mum;&bl;í yDwdjzpfcJUbl;onfjzpfygvsuf c&pf,ef"r®oDcsif;udk Mum;&aom
tcgwGif wrsKd;pDcefUygayonf[k atmufarhrd\/ Ak'¨\tjzpfawmf?

88 
*kPfawmfwkdUESifh ywfoufí yDwdjzpf&atmif &Gwfqdkjcif;udk
rMum;&bl;&SmMuyJ ]]Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd}}[lí bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; &GwfqdkoHrQ
avmufudkom Mum;&bl;onfh &yfa0;rS tyfESHxm;aom ausmif;om;uav;
rsm;tzdkUrSm c&pf,ef"r®oDcsif;udk Mum;&jcif;wckwnf;ESifh yifpdwfMunfEl;í
4if;bmomudkt[kwfB uD;xifum ul;ajymif;,kHMunfoGm;&Sm jcif;onf tHUMo
xdkufonfr[kwf[k uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdygonf/ "r®oDcsif; qdkNyD;Muonfhaemuf
qkawmif;jcif;ESifh ausmif;udpöt00wkdUudk ausmif;tkyfBuD;u ajymjyjcif;
ponfjzifh aqmif&GufNyD;MuaomtcgrS ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;
rsm;onf cef;rBuD;rS qif;vmMuí twef;toD;oD;odkU 0ifMu&avonf/

£ajE´aumif;vSaom q&mEdkif

6 wef;oifjyaomtcef;rSm wausmif;vkH;wGif tus,fqkH;jzpfí

aMumufvSygonfqkdaom uREkfyftm; NzJacsmufouJUodkU &Sdaejyef\/
jzpf&ykHrSm uHtm;avsmfpGm 4if;ESpfü 6wef; ausmif;om;rsm;onf
wausmif;vkH;&Sd twef;wumwkdUwGif trsm;qkH;jzpfonfESifh 4if;tcef;BuD;
odkUa&TUajymif;oifjy &jcif;jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonf twef;om;wa,mufESifh
twlwGJvsuf ESpfa,mufxdkif&aompma&;ckHwckHü xdkifrdonfESifh wNydKifeuf
emrnfBuD;vSaom q&mEdkifonf twef;xJodkU 0ifvmav\/ q&mEdkifrSm
uREkfyfawGUcJU&aom ausmif;q&m 15a,mufcefUwdkUteufwGif xl;jcm;aom
Oy"d&kyf&Sdolwa,mufjzpfayonf/ tom;jzLjzL vlzvHwa,mufrQomjzpfí
aMumufp&mBuD;r[kwf[k xif&aomfvnf; EIwfcrf;arG;uav;oufoufESifh
tvGef£ajE´BuD;aom q&mwa,mufjzpfí uREkfyfjrif&onfhav;ig;v
twGif;wGif wBudrfwcgrQNyKH;jcif;&,fjcif;&dSonfudk rawGU&bl;acs/

89 
rsufESmxm; qdk;vSonfhum;r[kwf? £ajE´BuD;jcif;oufouf aMumifh
aMumuf&jcif;jzpf\/ tar&duefausmif;onf xdkacwfüausmif;om;
qkd;BuD;rsm; tvGefaygonf[k rEÅav;NrdKUwGif emrnfBuD;vsuf&Sd&m nOfhtcsdef
rsm;wGif ausmif;jyifokdUxGufí c&D;oGm;olrsm;\ y0gudkcRwf,laom
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;yif &Sdonf[kajymMu\/ q&mEdkifrSm 6wef;jy
q&momr[kwf ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; ]abmf'g}rsm;udktkyfcsKyf&aom
q&mvnf;jzpfay&m ausmif;om;qkd;BuD;rsm;onf EIwfcrf;arG; pkwfzGm;ESifh
aigufvm;atmfvm; Ncdrf;ajcmufaom abmf'gq&mrsKd;udkraMumufMu? rsufESm
ydk;oufum £ajE´ESifhvSrf;íMunhfwwfaom q&mEdkifudkom aMumufMuonf
[kajymMu\/ q&mEdkifonf rsufvkH;ESifh &dkufwwfonf[k emrnfBuD;vsuf
&Sdaomfvnf; cPcP&dkuf&onfr[kwf/ 4if;tm;tmcHaom ausmif;om;
qdk;BuD;wa,mufudk &dkufzl;jcif;aMumifh emrnfBuD;jcif;jzpf\/ okdU&mwGif
þtaMumif;udk aemufrSod&aom uREkfyftzdkUrSm q&mEdkif0ifvmjcif;udk
jrif&&kHESifh aMumuf'l;wkefrdygawmhonf/

tuJprf;Mujcif;

uREkfyfuaMumufrnfhomaMumuf&onf/q&mEdkif\&dkufjcif;udkwBudrfrQ
rcHcJU&bl;yg/ ausmif;BuD;udk aMumufonfESifh q&mudkyg a&míaMumufjcif;
jzpf[efwlygonf/ tar&duefausmif;okdUa&mufcgptcsdefü uREkfyfonf
twef;xJwGif ti,fqkH;jzpfí (&G,fwlwa,muf ESpfa,muf awmh&Sdygonf/)
]cJrSefbl;aom pmoli,f}qdkouJUodkU uREkfyftm; tEdkifusifh Muvdrfhrnf
txifESifh ukyfukyfuav;aepOf tuJprf;aom ausmif;om; ESpfa,muf
okH;a,mufESifh BuKH&ao;\/ wpfa,mufu uREkfyftm; aumfzD

90 
(ESpfjym;wef)wcGuf twdkufcdkif;í tjcm;wa,mufu vufudkify0gudk uyfí
awmif;\/ rkefUzdk;ESpfjym;om&aom uREkfyfrSm xkdoltm;uREkfyfraomufyJ
aumfzDwdkufvdkufEdkifaomfvnf; vufudkify0gudkrl tvGefESajrm\/ xdkvuf
udkify0grSm atmufjynfu t&D;wa,mufu ydkUvdkufonfh wxnfwnf;
aomydk;vufudkify0gav;jzpfí tem;uGyfwGif aq;a&mifpkHjzifh ESdyfxm;onfh
tvHuav;rsm; yg&Sdjcif;udkrSwfrdao;\/ 4if;udk em;ylem;qmESifh
uyfíawmif;aom ausmif;om;rSm uREkfyfxuftenf;i,frQomBuD;í
aMumufavmufatmif r[kwfaomfvnf; olu]abmf'g}jzpfonfwaMumif;?
uREkfyfuvlopfjzpfonfwaMumif;aMumifh aemufqkH;wGif em;at;apawmhqdkí
ESajrmvsufESifh ay;vkduf&onf/ þum;&Sdygapawmh/ odkUaomfuREkfyf\pdwfudk
nId;i,fatmifwrifvkyfaom ausmif;om;BuD;wa,muftaMumif;udk azmfjy
csifygao;\/ uREkfyfrSm ausmif;BuD;ü vlopfuav; wa,mufyDyD
tm;vyfcsdefrsm;wGifopfyif&dyfü jrufcif;ay:wGif wa,mufwnf;
oGm;xdkifavh &Sd&m waeUoü uREkfyfwkdUtwef;om;jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfxuf
tenf;qkH; 5ESpfcefUBuD;í vlysKdBuD;zm;zm;jzpfaom abmf'gausmif;om;BuD;
wa,mufonf teD;okdUcsOf;uyfí-
]]a[haumifav;? rif;b,fausmif;u a&mufvmwmvJ}}
]]bD?wD?tif ausmif;uygAsm}}
]]rifhudk igMunfh&wm arwÅmr&SdvdkufwmuGm}}[k tajcmufwdkufouf
ouf ajymoGm;avonf/ 4if;ausmif;om;onf arwÅmw&m; a&SUxm;&rnf
qdkaom c&pfawmfudk udk;uG,foljzpfaMumif; aemifaomtcgü od&ay&m
ausmif;xGufNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrDtwGif; ykvdyfa&m*gESifh aoqkH;oGm;onf[k
Mum;od&\/ uREkfyfrSm vlwbufom;udk MuifemrIacgif;yg;olwa,muf
r[kwfaomfvnf; xdkol\aojcif; owif;uJUokdU uREkfyf\ESvkH;ü xdcdkufrI

91 
enf;yg;jcif;udk rBuKH&bl;ay/ xdko\
l pum;wcGef;onfvnf; ]ql;}
wacsmif;aygufaponf[k uREkfyf,lqrdonf/ (uREkfyftay:üarwÅm
r&Sdjcif;um;xm;ygawmh/ jzpfEdkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif bmtaMumif;rSr&SdyJ
oufoufzGifhajymvmjcif;um; udk,fhxufi,foludk tEdkifusifh&m
a&mufygonf/)

wwfoavmufrjy0HUjcif;

6 wef;ü&SdpOf twef;om;rsm;tvGefaMumufMuaom q&mEdkif

uG,fvGefav&m þtwef;wGifvnf; 5 wef;rSmuJUodkUyif ausmif;q&m
av;ig;a,muf\oifjyjcif;cHcJU&\/ 4if;twef;wGifuREkfyfrSm t&SdefESifhvefUí
ausmif;om;wkdif;udk aMumufNyD;OD;acgif;razmf0HUyJ&SdonfESifh tnw&ausmif;
om;uav;wa,mufjzpfaecJU\/ wcgw&Ht*Fvdyfbmom&yfESifh ywfouf
aomar;cGef;wckudktjcm;twef;om;rsm;rajzEdkifMuyJ&Sd&m uREkfyfajzwwf
vsufESifhyif rajz0HUonfESifh qdwfqdwfaevdkufrdjcif;rsm;vnf;&Sd\/
ausmif;om;b0 wGif þ6 wef;rSmuJUodkU wdrfjrKyfaomtjzpfrsKd;udk
uREkfyftzdkU&müwcgrQ rBuKHzl;ay/ xdkESpf pmar;yJGusif;yaomtcg ynm0ef 
Mr.  Wedderspoon  udk,fwdkifvmí t*Fvdyfbmom&yfwGif EIwfwdkufar;cGef; 
Oral  Test  rsm;jzifh ppfaq;&mwGif uREkfyfonftwef;xJrSmuJUokdU
ausmif;om;BuD;awGudk aMumufpdwfr&SdawmhyJ udk,fajzEdkifrS udk,fatmif
rnf[k odonfhtwGufaMumifh tjcm;vlrsm; rajzEdkifaom ykpämrsm;udk&J&J0HU0HU
ajzqdkvdkuf&m ynm0efvnf;oabmusí ausmif;tkyfBuD;vnf; tm;&ykH&
onf/ xdkESpfwGif t*Fvdyfbmomar;cGef;rsm; cufvSí 6wef;om;
w0ufausmfausmfrQ us&IH;Muaomfvnf; uREkfyfatmifcJUonf/ xdkacwfwGif

92 
4wef;rS 8wef;wdkifatmif tpdk;&ppfpmar;yGJrsm;jzpfí 9wef; ]tifx&if;} 
Entrance  ac:wuúodkvf0ifpmar;yGJrSm umvuwÅm; ,leDAmpDwDrS
ppfaq;avonf/

tajctaewufvmjcif;

7 wef;odkUwuf&aomtcg uREkfyfrSm twef;xJüomru ausmif;üyif

vlwvkH;olwvkH;jzpfvmcJUavNyD/ jzpfvmykHum; twef;q&monf
t*Fvdyfbmomü tprf;pmar;yJGrsm;wGif uREkfyfcsnf;yxr&jcif;udk
awGU&onfESifh paumvm;&Spf pmar;yJGodkUoGif;zkdU uREkfyftm;a&G;cs,f\/
uREkfyfESifhtwltjcm;ausmif;om;okH;a,muftm;vnf; a&G;cs,f&m 4if;wkdU
teufwGif puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;OD;&Dvnf;yg0if\/ (xdkokH;a,mufvkH;rSm 7
wef;ausmif;om;qdkvQif ausmif;wGif tawmfrsufESmyGifhvef;ítxufwef;
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ todtrSwfjyKjcif;cH&avonf/ uREkfyf\
]orma'0ewf}udkxGef;vSrSmvnf; þtwGufaMumifh uREkfyftm; ausmoyf
&ifoyfjyKvkyfum csD;usL;ayonf/ olUESpfwGifolvnf;0ifcJU&\/ okdU&mwGif
tar&duefausmif;rS paumvm;&Spf atmifolwa,mufrQ rxGufcJUay/

qE´jyjcif;wrsKd;

ausmif;ü uREkfyf\tajctae wkd;wufvsuf&SdpOf tdrfürlum;

usqif;vsuf&Sd\/ zcifonf ausmif;ütajctae aumif;jcif;udkMum;od&í
uREkfyftm; t0wfaumif; tpm;aumif;rsm;jzifhajrSmufpm;aomfvnf;
]Muufaumif; BudK;ruGm}qdkaom ol\aqmifyk'ft& uREkfyftm;vdrfrmonf

93 
xufvdrfrmatmifqkdí a&S;uxufyifusyfwnf;csifao;\/ uREkfyfrSmvnf;
t&G,ftavsmufpGef(avwHcGef)vTwfjcif;? xkyfqD;jcif;? zefwkdUjcif;? zefckefjcif;
paomupm;enf;rsm;udk upm;csif\/ xkdtcsdefüuREkfyftoufrSm q,fhav;
ig;ESpf &SdNyDjzpf&m xdkacwfu ]pGefvTwfjcif;}tvkyfrSm vlysKdayguf t&G,frS
pítouf 25?30 t&G,fwdkifatmif upm;Muí naewdkif; aumif;uifwGif
a&mifpkHavwHcGefrsm;jzifh &IyfaxG;vsuf&Sd\/ ]pGefwaumif} jywfoGm;onfhtcg
wkwfwdkwkwf&Snf? 0g;vkH;? 0g;jcrf;? ql;cufponfrsm; udkifaqmifvsuf
]pGef}vkdufMuaom uav;oli,fcsif;rsm;uvnf; ajccsif;vdrfvsuf&Sd\/
uRekfyfpGefvTwfvkdufprf;csifonfrSmum; bmESifhrQrwlacs/ ausmif;rStjyef
naecif;wGif tdrfa&SUüxkdifumolwyg; vTwfMuaom pGefrsm;udk armhfíom
Munfhae&\/ upm;cGifhr&acs/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfü rdcif\cGifhjyKcsuft&
0,fxm;onfh a&mufvkH;? tyfcsnf? avwHcGefwkdUum; tjynfhtpkH&S\
d /
4if;wkdUrSmzcifr&SdckdufwGif upm;&efjzpf\/ wnaeü uREkfyfonf
ausmif;rSjyefvmí zcifr&SdckdufBuKHonfESifh avwHcGef udkxkwfí vTwf&m
avwHcGefonf aumif;uifodkUa&mufí av[kefpD;aejcif; udkMunfEl;pGmESifh
armhfMunfhaepOf aemufrSausmudkAsif;ueJcsvkdufjcif;udkod vkduf\/ uREkfyf
um; zcifjzpfonf[k csufcsif;odonfESifh vefUzsyfjcif;r&Sd? avwHcGefudkom
jyefí&kyfodrf;\/ pdwfxJü ]&dkufprf;ygap}[katmufarUí cyfjznf;jznf;
yif&kyfodrf;ae\/ zcifonfuREkfyf\cHwHwH&Sdaom trlt&mudk &dyfrdí
ememBuD;&dkufav&m uREkfyfrSm tvGefemusifaomfvnf; uwdkufu&dkuf
rodrf;yJ rSefrSefBuD;om odrf;ae\/ þtcsif;t&mudkrdcifjrifí
ajy;vmNyD;vQif zciftm; pum;ajymajymí ac:oGm;avonf/

94 
xGufajy;csifpdwfay:vmjcif;

aemufokH;av;&ufwGif uREkfyfausmif;rSjyefvmaomtcg zcif&Sdae

ojzifh pmtkyfrsm;udkcsí xkH;pHtwkdif;aumif;uifodkU armfhMunfhae\/ rMumrD
zcifvnf; t0wfrsm;vJí xGufoGm;ojzifhuREkfyfvnf; a&mufvkH;ESifh
avwHcGefudk (0Sufxm;aom ae&mrS) xkwfvm\/ avwHcGefudkuav;
wa,mufu ]xkd;}ay;ojzifh cg;udkaumhum ]wkyf}vsuf&SdpOf zcifjyefvmí
&dkufjyef\/ olUyg;pyfuvnf; ]eifhavmufrsm; yg;vkdU[,f? igwrif
jyefMunfhwm? eifupm;r,fqkdwm igodw,f}}[kajym\/
þwGif uREkfyf\pdwfxJü b,fuJUodkUjzpfoGm;onfrod? a&mufvkH;a&m?
avwHcGefyg aygufcJGypfvdkufNyD; xdkaeUrSpí avwHcGefrvTwfawmhacs/
okdUaomf taumif;r[kwf? zciftay:wGif tvGefU tvGefrauseyfaompdwf
jzpfay:vmonf/ awmfvSefcsifaompdwfrsKd;um; r[kwf? xGufajy;csifaom
pdwfjzpfvmcJUonf/ uREkfyf\rdcifonf zcif\apwem vGefuJjcif;udk
em;vnfí uREkfyftm; &Hzef&Hcgupm;cGifhay;zdkUajym&m wcgw&HwGif rdciftm;
rjiif;vdkonfESifh cGifhjyKjcif;rsm;&Sdyg\/ okdU&mwGif trsm;tm;jzifhrlum;
NidrfNidrf xdkifaeNyD; pmtHjcif;onf vlwdkif;tzdkU (uav;oli,frsm;rusef)
taumif;qkH;jzpfonf[k wxpfcs rSwf,lxm;avonf/

upm;rkef;aomzcif

uREkfyfwkdUaexdkifvsuf&Sdaom *kHwef;&yfaq;&dk;0if;xJwGif uREkfyfESifh

&G,fwlcsif;jzpfonfh a,musfm;uav;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm; ig;a,muf
ajcmufa,muf&Sd&m rdef;uav;ESpfa,muf okH;a,mufwkdUrSm zcifu

95 
(avmuDrIa&;&mESifhywfoufí) q&mwqluJUodkU tav;jyKaom
yk*K¾d vfBuD;wOD;\ orD;rsm;jzpfMu\/ vomaomnOfhrsm;wGif uREkfyfwkdU
a,musfm;uav;? rdef;uav;rsm;onf (q,fhokH;av;ESpft&G,frsm;jzpfMuí)
xkyfqD;wrf;? zefwdkUwrf;? zefckefwrf;ponfh xkdacwfu upm;Muaom
enf;rsm;twdkif;upm;Mu\/ tvGefvnf; aysmfMu\/ uREkfyfonf ausmif;pm
rsm;udk usufNyD;aomtcg4if;wkdUESifhtwl upm;csifvS\/ okdU&mwGif zcif\
upm;rkef;aom 0goemaMumifh &Hzef&HcgrQom upm;cGifh&\/ xdkuJUodkU
tcGifh&jcif;onfyifvQif rdcif\tultnDaMumifhjzpf\/ wcgw&HwGif
upm;cGifhjyKxm;ojzifh upm;aecdkuftwGif;rSmyif {nfhonfwa,mufa,muf
a&mufvmí (Nrdwfq&mawmfoifMum;xm;cJUonfh) ]vlb,fhES,fa&;yghr,f}?
]bmudkvlac:ovJ} tp&Sdaom ar;cGef;rsm;jzifh tar;tjzjyKvkyf&ef uREkfyftm;
ac:,lavh&Sdavonf/ zcifonf uREkfyfynmwwfjcif;udk vkdvm;&kHomru
ao;yJ wwfjcif;udkvnf; vlodatmifjycsifwwfonfh 0goem&Sdol
jzpfavonf/ ]vlb,fhES,fa&;yghr,f} tp&Sdaomtar;tajzrsm; rSm
i,f&G,fpOfu ]yJGus}cJUbl;aomfvnf; 7 wef; ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpf í
14-5ESpft&G,f&Sdaeaom uRekfyftzdkU&mü &Sufwwfwwf&Sdrdygawmhonf/
xdktxJwGif ]{nfhonfaMumifhayavm}[laomawG;awmrI 0ifvmwwfao;
onfjzpfí uREkfyftzdkU&mü vGefpGmyifrausreyfjzpfcJU&onf/ a,musfm;
uav; wa,mufjzpfonfh uREkfyftzdkUü þrQavmuf uwfuwfowfowf
usyfusyf wnf;wnf;qkH;ryJUjyifay;onfqkdygvQif uREkfyfxufokH;ESpfrQ
i,fonfh ESrwa,muftwGufrlum; ajymzG,f&m r&Sdawmhacs/ olUxufBuD;
onfh rdef;uav;rsm; aysmfaysmfBuD; upm;aeMujcif;udk udk,fhtdrfay:rS
jrif&jcif;? Mum;&jcif;rSwyg; a&maESmupm;cGifh&onfh tBudrfaygif;
tvGefenf;vS\/ tdrfüzcifr&SdyJ &yfa0;okdUoGm;aeonfh tcgrsKd;rSwyg;

96 
ESruav;rSm upm;cGifhr&SdaomaMumifh rdef;uav;b0wGif 10 BudrfrQyif
upm;bl;&Smygav\avm[k uRekfyfwGufcsufoem;rdygonf/

yJGMunfhjcif;aMumifh i&JBuD;owJU

yJGvrf;obifESifhywfoufívnf; uREkfyfausmif;b0wGif wBudrfwcg

MunfjzLpGm Munfh&bl;onf[k rrSwfrdoavmuf&Sday&m ESruav;rlum;
wBudrfrQyif rMunfh&Sm&bl;aMumif; uREkfyfaumif;aumif;od\/ zcifudk,f
uvnf; 4if;\orD;onf wBudrfwcgrQ yGJvrf;obifrsm;odkU oGm;&bl;
jcif;r&Sdonfudk tom;,lí ajymavh&Sd\/ zcifonf e*dkuwnf;u aw;*Dw
qdktuESifh uAsmrsm;udk &omcHwwfaom ]em;}  (Musical  Ear)  yg&Sdol
r[kwf&onfhtxJwGif þtvkyfrsKd;onftyg,fodkU vm;apwwfonf[k
rd&dk;zvm tpOftvmt& ,lqvmcJUoljzpf\/ rdcifurl eef;wGif;oljzpfí
oDaygbk&if vufxufü nOfhpOfnOfhwdkif; yGJMunfhcJU&bl;onfhjyif
]*Dwem;}rsKd;vnf; &Sdoljzpfí 4if;wkdUESpfOD; nm;cgptcsdefu yJGMunfhoifh
roifhudpötwGuf wusufusufjzpfcJUMuonfqdk \/ okdU&mwGifzcifu
avQmhay;&onfomrsm;cJU\/ aemufydkif;ürl Nrdwfq&mawmf\usifhpOft&
vdkufemusifhBuHMu&mwGif rdcifonf yJGMunfhjcif;aMumifh i&JBuD;onf[k
r,lq aomfvnf; w&m;tvkyfESifh qefUusifbufjzpfonfqkdum
vkH;0]yJG}jzwfvkdufavawmhonf/ uREkfyfwdkU armifESr\ uHqdk;jcif;rSm
xdktcsdefwGifrSvlvm;ajrmuf vmMu&jcif;yifjzpfonf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSm
yJGvrf;obifrsm;udkwBudrfwcgrQ MunfjzLpGmrMunfh&[k txufwGif
a&;om;cJU&m ]MunfjzLpGm} [laom pum;vkH;udk wrifwum okH;EIef;

97 
vkdufjcif;jzpf\/ t"dyÜg,frSm rdbrsm;\ cGifhjyKcsuft& rMunfh&bl;
aomfvnf; wdwfwdwfckd;MunfhaomtBudrfrsm;rl um;tenf;i,f&Sdygonf/

yGJckd;Munfh&jcif;

yJGcdk;MunfhrIESifhywfoufí uREkfyft&dkufcH&ykHudk rSwfrdygao;\/

uRekfyfwkdU\ aetdrfwGif rdbrsm;onf txufxyfütdyfí uREkfyfESifh
armifykrSm atmufxyfwGif tdyfM u\/ (armifykrSm 4if;\rdcifzcifwkdU
uG,fvGefNyDjzpfí uREkfyfwdkUESifh twlae\/) tjcm;tvkyform; ESpfa,muf?
okH;a,mufwkdUvnf; atmufxyfwGiftdyfMu\/ wnOFhoü uREkfyfwdkUaetdrf
ESifh ESpfjyjcm;aom &yfuGufwGif q&mykESifh udkbausmhwkdU\ &kyfao;yJGcHav&m
uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudkESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf naeapmif;u wnf;u
xdknwGifyJGMunfhMuzdkU wkdifyifxm;Mu\/ (zcif\0g'rSm udk,fhtdrfü
udk,faeaom tvkyform;rsm;tm; csKyfcs,fjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdUtdrfü
aeaom tvkyform;rsm;tm;rl olUqE´twkdif;vdkufemapvdk\/ twlae
tvkyform;rsm;onf zcif\oabmudk odM uonfESifh yJGMunfhzdkU
cGifhrawmif;0HUMuacs/) xdknOfhü txufxyfwGif zcifwkdUtdyfMuonfESifh
wNydKifeuf uRekfyfwkdUnDtpfudkESifh tvkyform; okH;a,mufwkdUonf
zdeyfu&d,mrsm;jzpfonfh ckH?om;a&? oJBudK;? z0g;paom ypönf;rsm;udk
tdyf&mrsm;ay:wGif pD;cif;xm;í tay:,Hü apmifNcKHay;NyD;vQif q&myk\
&kyfao;yJGokdUoGm;Muav\/ q&mykESifhudkbausmhwdkUuvnf; em;0ifqdrfh
avmufatmif aumif;Muygayonf/ udkbausmhonf q&mykESifhcGJcGmí
pifNydKif axmifrnfh tBuH&Sdonfudkq&myku &dyfrdí ]]ausmhazvif?
raewrifoGm;? tarvifrsm;&acstkH;awmhr,f}}[laom aw;csif;jzifh rif;om;

98 
udkbausmhtm; ]cJeJU}av&m y&dowfuvnf;vufckywf wajzmif;ajzmif;
jzifhMobmay;Muavonf/ ,if;odkUem;axmif&ojzifh yDwdjzpf
&onfhtxJüyiftdrfudk owd&í &ifxJü aEG;ueJjzpfrdao;&m armifykuvnf;
wkdUtwl jzpf&onf[k ajymbl;onf/ rif;om; rif;orD; ]ESpfyg;oGm;}NyD;í
idkcsif;wyk'favmuf em;axmifNyD;aomtcg 2 em&Dausmf ausmfcefU&SdNyDjzpfí
tdrfodkUjyefNyD; tdyfrnfjyKMu&mwGif tdyf&mae&mrsm;rSm xm;cJUonfhtwdkif;
&Sdaejcif;udk awGU&ípdwfcsvufcs tdyfvkdufMuav\/

tvdrfrdjcif;

]]&TD;? &Trf;? AsKH;? Asif;}}[laom toHrsm;Mum;&jcif;ESifhtwl ajcovkH;? aygif?

ausm ponfwkdUrS pyfzsOf;zsOf;a0'emrsm;cHpm;&í tvl;vl;tvJvJESifh
ysm,D;ysm,m xvdkufMu&mwGif armifykESifhuREkfyftm; ]*syfvSefwkwf}ESifh
&dkufaeaom zcifudkjrifMu&\/ (]*syfvSefwkwf}[lonfrSm pufcsKyfxm;aom
ouúvyfoJBudK;udk twGif;tjyif vSef&eftwGuf jyKvkyfxm;onfh
vufeufud&d,m wckjzpf&m tvsm;wawmifomom&Sdonfh cRefxufaom
0g;jcrf;wckjzpfonf/ 4if;rSm &ifhrmaom 0g;udkacsmarGUatmif"m;jzifh
oyfxm;jcif;jzpf&m rnfrQavmuf&ifhí rnfrQavmufrmaom 0g;jzpfonfudk
armifykESifh uREkfyftodqkH;jzpfonf/ zcifonf BudrfrokH;yJ 4if;wkwfudk
tNrJokH;avh&Sd\/) jzpf[efvu©Pm&SdonfrSm uREkfyfwkdUonf yGJrSjyefvmMu
aomtcg tawmfnOfheufNyDjzpfí tcgwkdif;uJUodkU apmapmrxEdkifMuyJH
tdyfaysmfvsuf&SdMuonfü zcifu &dkufEId;jcif;jzpfonf[k xifaeMu\/
okdU&mwGif xdkokdUum; ruao; nOfhuwnf;u zcifatmufodkUqif;vmí

99 
zkH;xm;aomapmifrsm;udk vSefMunfh&mwGif uREkfyfwdkUudkrawGUyJ zdeyfud&d,m
rsm; pDcif;xm;jcif;udkawGUoGm;cJUavNyD/

awGUu& &dkufcsifwwfonf

uREkfyfwkdUpDrHxm;cJUaom apmifrsm;ESifh tdyf&mrsm;udkzcifawGU&aomtcgu

&,fcsifavoavmrajymwwf? eHeufcif;ü uREkfyfESifh armifykudk &dkufaeaom
tcgürlum; &,fcsifonfh rsufESmxm;rsKd;vkH;0rawGU&yJ tvGefpdwfqdk;[efESifh
&Iwif;um ememBuD;&dkufaejcif;udkom awGU&\/ uREkfyfESifharmifykwkdUrSm
emjcif;ESifh xdwfvefUjcif;wdkU rnfonfhbufu tav;csdefomaeonf[k
rajymEdkifyJ wkwfusaomae&mrsm;okdU vufjzifhyGwf,if; ]w&TD;&TD; w&TJ&TJ}atmf
aeMupOf uREkfyfwdkUESifh yJGtwlwlMunfhaom tvkyform;wa,mufonf
uREkfyfudkcifrifí oem;aomaMumifhayavm? okdUwnf;r[kwf yJGtwlwl
Munfhrdjcif;aMumifh olüvnf; pdwfraumif;jzpf&aomaMumifhayavm?
okdUwnf;r[kwfq&m\ om;wa,muft&dkufcH&onfü zsefajzzdkU wm0ef
&Sdonf [k,lqaomaMumifhayavm rajymwwf/ uREkfyf\a&SUodkU ajy;0ifum
uREkfyftm; tumtuG,fay;vsuf ]]uRefawmfhudk&dkufyg q&mcifAsm;?
uRefawmfhudk&dkufygcifAsm;}}[kqdkum ausmudkukef;í ay;av\/ þwGif
uREkfyf\zcifonf rnfokdUjyKonfxifMuoenf;/ uREkfyfESifh armifykudk
vkH;vkH; vTwfxm;cJUí xdktvkyform;udkcsnf; oJoJrJrJ &dkufavawmhonf/
þwGif rdcifonf ]]udk&ifb,fhES,fvkyfwmwkef; udk&if}}[k owday;umrS
4if;tvkyform;rSm oufom&m &avawmhonf/ odkUESifhvnf; q,fhav;ig;
csufxufrenf; t&dkufcH&NyD;&SmavNyD/ xdktvkyform;twGufaMumifh

100 
uREkfyfwkdUrSm oufom&m&aomfvnf; 4if;tvkyform;tay:ü zcif\jyKrlykH
onf uREkfyf\ESvkH;om;wGiftrSwfB uD;wck xifaecJUavonf/

yxrOD; &nf;pm;pmay;jcif;

uREkfyf 7 wef;ü&SdpOf uREkfyf\ESvkH;om;wGif rysufEdkifaom 'kwd,trSwfwck

jzpf&ykHudkvnf; azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ 7 wef;pmar;yJG 0ifcgeD; tcsdefwGif
uREkfyfrSm touf 15 ESpft&G,f &SdcJUNyDjzpf&m aemfref ausmif;oluav;
wa,mufESifh pmay;pm,l vkyfcJUrd\/ rdef;uav;rSm uREkfyfESifhxkyfqD;wrf;
upm;bufwa,mufjzpfí ta&mw0if ac:iifqufqHvsuf&SdMu&mwGif
tvkyform;rsm;u uREkfyftm; ajrSmufay;MuonfESifh pmwapmifay;bl;\/
pmxJwGif bmrQa&;xnfhwwfonfr[kwf/ tvkyform;wa,mufu
a&;pyfay;onfh aw;xyfwyk'fudk ul;a&;í ay;vkdufjcif;omjzpf\/
rdef;uav;xHrSvnf; 4if;enf;wl aw;xyfwyk'fudk jyefbl;avonf/
xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdUt&yfxJü uREkfyfxuftwef;i,faomfvnf;
toufokH;ESpfcefUBuD;aom ausmif;aebufwa,mufESifh uREkfyfrSmrcGJEdkif?
rcGmEdkifatmif cspfcifvsuf&Sd&m wa,muftaMumif;udk wa,muftm;
ajymrdMu\/ þwGifolUüvnf;aemfrefausmif;olwa,mufESifh cspfBudKufae
aMumif; uREkfyfod&\/ uREkfyfem;vnfoavmufrSm olwkdU\cspfjcif;onf
tysKdvlysKdcspfjcif;jzpf[ef&Sdí uREkfyf\tcspfa&;um; aw;xyfwyk'fpD
tjyeftvSef ay;Mubl;jcif;rQom jzpfojzifh pdwfxJüxdcdkufvS
onfhr[kwfvSacs/ (uREkfyfrSm xdktcsdefu ]BuD;aumif0if} onf[kac:Muonfh
t&G,fa&mufaom txdrf;trSwfyif rjyao;aMumif; rSwfrd\/) odkU&mwGif
&nf;pm;udk,fpDESifh vlvm;ajrmufvsuf &SdNyD[la omtxifudk uREkfyfoabm

101 
usvSí 4if;oli,fcsif;ESifh udk,fh]rsm}taMumif; udk,fajym&jcif;udk
Nrdef&SufvSonf/ ol\&nf;pm;ESifh uREkfyf\ rdef;uav;rSm aemfrefausmif;ol
csnf;jzpfMuí uREkfyfwkdUonf twlwuG ausmif;ajy;NyD; ydk;yef;Mu&ef
oabmwlMuav\/

tazmfaumif;vQifygwwfjcif;

,cktcsdefrSjyefí MunfhaomfxdkpOfu pdwfxm;onfvnf;aumif;? tBuH

tpnfonfvnf;aumif;? cspfBudKufygonfqdkaom arwÅmpdwf (vdifpdwf
"mwf) onfvnf;aumif; ,kwÅdywÅdr&Sd/ bmavmufrQvnf; eufeJBuD;us,f
onf r[kwfacs/ okdU&mwGif xdkpOfu uREkkfyf\pdwftxif rSmrl uRekfyf\
ESvkH;om;wGif tcspfa&m*gBuD; pJGuyfaeNyDjzpfaomaMumifh waeUrjrif&vQif
ao&awmhravmuftxifa&mufvsuf&Sd\/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfwkdUoli,fcsif;
ESpfa,mufonf pmtkyfuav;rsm; udk,fpDESifh tdrfrSxGuf vmMuí
aemfrefausmif;bufqDodkU csKd;um a&TusD;jrifhbk&m;qDodkU okwfMuav\/
uREkfyfrSm ausmif;rajy;yJ twefMum aecJUNyD;onfhaemuf tvG,fwulESifh
ausmif;ajy;rdjcif;rSm tjrpfrjywfcJUonfh ]a&m*ga[mif;} jyefíxjcif;yif
jzpfwef&monf/ uREkfyf\ nHUzsif;csufwckrSmvnf; wu,fcifrifol
wa,mufu raumif;rIudkjzpfap? aumif;rIudkjzpfap uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;
jyKvkyfzdkU wdkufwGef;í r&aomfvnf; wkdufwGef;oluygjyKvkyfrnfqdkvQif
bmrqdkvdkufí vkyfcsifwwf? vkyfrdwwfjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ þrQavmuf
tazmfcifrifwwfolwa,muf tzdkUü wu,fhvl,kwfrmrsm;ESifh cifcifrifrif
jzpfzdkU tcGifhr&cJUjcif;rSm uREkfyf\ uHaumif;jcif;wck[lí qdk&ayrnf/

102 
cspfrScspfygavp

uRekfyfwdkUESpfa,mufonf a&TusD;jrifhbk&m;odkU a&mufMuaomtcg aemfref

ausmif; rwufao;ojzifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;0if;BuD;
twGif; þwpk xkdwpk &SdaeMuav&m a&TusD;jrifhbk&m;ESifh aemfrefausmif;rSm
ausmufvrf;rQom jcm;vsuf&SdonfwGif uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf bk&m;
tkwfwHwdkif;ay:odkU wufum uREkfyfwkdU\ rdef;uav;rsm; jrifatmif
rsufESmjyvdkufMu\/ rdef;uav;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdU vmMurnf[lí rodMu
aomaMumifh jrifMuaomtcgü tHUMoMuykH &aomfvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;omjzpfMuonfh vu©Pmr&Sdacs/ uREkfyfonf 4if;wdkU\trlt&mudk
rauseyfonfESifh oli,fcsif;tm; ajymaomtcg oli,fcsif;u ]]ighvl&m?
olwkdUrSmvJ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG&Sdw,fuG? 0rf;omtm;& rsufESmxm;
rsKd;jyvdkufvdkU &dyfrdoGm;vQif &Sufp&mBuD; jzpfaerSmaygh}}[k ajymjyojzifh
auseyfvkduf&avonf/ ausmif;wufoGm; onfhaemuf uREkfyfwdkUonf
a&TusD;jrifhbk&m;0if;twGif;&SdZ&yfrsm;? wefaqmif; rsm;odkU vSnfhvnfMunfh&I
jcif;? ckHwef;vsm;&SnfBuD;rsm;ay:ü yufvufvSefum pdwful;,Ofjcif;?
wa&;warm tdyfjcif;jzifh tcsdefjzKef;Mu&\/ rGef;wnfhcgeD;wGif aemfref
ausmif;odkU aps;a&mif;&efvmMuaom rkefUonfrsm;xHrS ukvm;yJokyf
wjym;zdk;ESifh b&maMumf wjym;zdk;pD 0,fpm;Mu\/ (uREkfyfrSm 7 wef;odkU
a&mufonftxd rkefUzdk;ESpfjym;om&í 8 wef;a&mufrS wyJ&avonf/)
tm;vyfcsdefay;í ausmif;om;rsm; qif;vmMuaomtcgwGif oli,fcsif;onf
bk&m;wHwdkif;ay:odkUwufí rsufESm jyjyefav&m uREkfyfrlum; &SufonfESifh
wHwdkif;ay:okdUrwufyJ ukyfíaeawmhonf/ þwBudrfausmif;ajy;jcif;ESifh

103 
ywfoufí uREkfyf\pdwfxJütrSwfw& usef&pfcJUaom tjcif;t&m
wckudkaemifwGifrS wifjyygOD;rnf/

refusnf;oD;pm;enf;wrsKd;

12 em&Drxdk;rDu 2jym;zdk;0,fpm;xm;Muonfhb&maMumfESifh ukvm;yJokyfwdkU

rSmokH;em&Dxdk;aomtcgü 0rf;xJwGif nufnufaMuMuonfh vu©PmESifh
qmavmifrGwfodyfvsuf &SdMuavNyD/ ausmif;wufaomaeUrsm;wGifvnf;
þenf;twl 2jym;zdk;rQompm;&ygvsuf þrQavmufrqmvS? xdkaeUürl
tNidrfraeMuyJ [dkavQmufonfavQmuf? [dkckefonfvTm; vkyfMuonfhtwGuf
aMumifh tdrfrSpm;cJUaom xrif;a&m? b&maMumfESifh ukvm;yJokyfwkdUyg
aphaphnufnufaMuukefMuonfESifh ][yfwyfpGJ}qdk&ravmuf raeEdkif
rxdkifEdkif&yfwnf&mr&atmif qmavmifrGwfodyfvsuf&SdMuavNyD/ ydkufqH
vnf;wjym;rS rusefawmhacs/ þwGifuREkfyfwkdUonf refusnf;yif
ay:odkUwufí refusnf;oD; (r'efoD;)rsm;cl;Mu&m cg;ydkufwvkH; pD&cJUí
qif;vmMu\/ wHwdkif;udkrSDvsuf pm;Murnf jyifaomtcg wawmifhrQpD
pm;NyD;onfhaemuf qm;rygojzifh rpm;EdkifyJ jzpfaeMu\/ teD;tyg;ü
tdrfrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; todr[kwfaomaMumifh rawmif;0HUMuacs/ xdktcg
oli,fcsif;u ]]aetkH;uG}}[kqdkum olaomufNyD;íypfxm;aom uGrf;oD;zuf
aq;vdyfESpfwkdESifh refusnf;udkif;tajcmufrsm;udkvdkufí aumufNyD;aemuf
pkykHírD;&IdUav\/ aemufqkH;ü rD;Nidrf;íjymykHuav; usef&pf&mwGif
olonfcg;ydkufxJrS refusnf;oD;rsm;udkxkwfíjymESifh wdkUpm;,if; uREkfyftm;
acgif;ndwfac:avonf/ uREkfyfonf olvkyfovdkvkyfí jrnf;Munfh&m?
qm;ESifhwkdUpm;&jcif;xufyif aumif;ao;í cyfcsKdcsKdt&omwrsKd; 0ifvmonf

104 
[kyif xifrd\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap? uREkfyfwkdUonf refusnf;oD;wcg;ydkufpDudk
þenf;jzifh cRwfvkdufM uí rGwfodyfjcif; ajyaysmufMuavNyD/

tajcmufwdkufyDwdjzpfykH

ausmif;qif;csdefwkdif a&mufaomtcg uREkfyfwkdU\ rdef;uav;ESpfa,mufonf

ausmif;xJrS twlwGJum xGufvmMuí tdrfbufodkU jyefMupOf aemufodkU
rMumrMum vSnfhMunfhMu\/ odkU&mwGifuREkfyfwkdUurl tjcm;ausmif;ol
ausmif;om;rsm; jrifMurnfpdk;onfESifh cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSyifvdkufvmMuí
ausmif;ESifh tawmfBuD; a0;aomtcgrS csOf;uyfMuavonf/ a&SUavQmufürl
olwkdUrdef;uav;ESpfa,mufuwwGJ? uRekfyfwkdUa,musmf;uav;ESpfa,mufu
wwGJ awmifa&mufajrmufa&muf axG&mav;yg;pum;rsKd;awGudkajym,if;
avQmufvmMuavonf/ þrQavmufqdkvQifbmrsm; rufarmavmufp&m
&Sdygoenf;/ uREkfyf\rdef;uav;u ]]a[harmifazodef; rifhtdrfu odoGm;,if
t&dkufcHae&r,faemf? rif;wkdUtazBuD;u &dkufwwfygbdoeJU}}[laom
pum;wvkH;onfomvQif udk,fa&;udk,fwmyg&Sdav&m? usefaompum;rsm;rSm
awmifpOfa&r& tv[ópum;rsKd;om jzpfavonf/ okdUESifhvnf;uREkfyfrSm
xdkpOfu yDwdtBuD;tus,fjzpfcJU&avonf/ (xdkpOfu yDwdjzpfrdjcif;udk
aumif;aumif;BuD;rSwfrdíom a&;vkduf&onf/) rjzpfpavmuf uav;
twGuf yDwdjzpfcUJ&aomfvnf; cHp&m&Sdaomtcgü epfepfememcHvdkuf& ykHudk
azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/

105 
owif;aygufMum;avNyD

uREkfyftdrfodkU jyefa&mufaomtcg zcifa&m rdcifyg rsufESmxm;wrsKd;

jzpfaeMujcif;udkjrifvkduf&ojzifh &ifxJü 'dwfueJjzpfoGm;\/ igvkyforQawG
udkodoGm;ukefavNyD[k &dyfrdaomfvnf; b,frQavmuf odMuonf?
b,fuJUodkU odxm;Muonf qdkjcif;udkrlum; csufcsif; uREkfyfrod&ao;/
aemifwGifrS od&jcif;jzpfonf/ rdzrsm;odMuykHum; þokdUwnf;/
uREkfyfausmif;onfqdkvQif rMumrwif rdbrsm;odapzdkUzefwD;wwfonfh
xkH;pHtwkdif; zcifonfausmif;odkU 0ifrMunfhonfrSm MumvSNyDjzpfygvsuf
xdkaeUwGifrS (bmowif;Mum;&onfrod) 7wef;ausmif;cef;odkU 0ifMunfh&m?
uREkfyfausmif;ajy;aMumif;od&í tdrfodkUjyefvmNyD;vQif uREkfyftaMumif;udk
pkHprf;av\/ þwGifrdbrsm;Mum;od&onfrSmum; uREkfyfonf aemfrefausmif;
oluav;wa,mufESifh pmay;pm,lvkyfaeaMumif; (pifppfrSmaw;xyf
wyk'fpDomay;Mubl;ygonf/) xdkrdef;uav;onf uREkfyfudk cspfBudKufonf
r[kwf? uRekfyfESifhtwl ausmif;ajy;aomoli,fcsif;ESifh orD;&nf;pm;
jzpfaMumif;? 4if;wkdUESpfa,mufvkH;onf uRefkyfudk tumtuG,f,lNyD;
BudKufaeMuí uREkfyftm;]vSrfh}xm;Mujcif;jzpfaMumif; ponfrsm;jzifh
owif;&&Sdxm;Mu\/ 4if;owif;twkdif; [kwfr[kwfudkrl uREkfyf,aeUwdkif
rajymEdkifyJ &Sdygawmhonf/

106 
t&SufBuD;uJG&jcif;

uREkfyfonf rdbrsm;\rsufESmxm; r[efjcif;udk jrif&í &ifzdkvIdufvsuf

tdrfay:odkUwufNyD;vQif pmtkyfuav;rsm;udk pm;ayJay:okdUypfwifqJwGif
rdcifa&m zcifygvdkufvmMuí uRekfyf\t0wftpm;rsm;udkqJGcRwfMuav\/
uREkfyfuNidrf0yfpGmrcHyJ &kef;uefonfwGif tvkyform; 2a,mu 3a,muf
wkdUudkac:í 4if;wkdUtultnDjzifh uREkfyftuFsDrsm; a&mvkHcsnfrsm;udk yg
wudk,fvkH; wkH;vkH;cRwfMu\/ xdkUaemufuREkfyftm; tdrfay:xyfrS atmufokdU
qGJcsvmMuí tdrfa&SUokdU qGJac:Mu\/ uREkfyfwkdU\tdrfaU&SUü a&wGif;&Sdav&m
wkH;vkH;jzpfaeaom uREkfyftm; a&wGif;wdkifü wkyfcsnfxm;Muav\/
þenf;jzifh em&D0ufcefU (uREkfyf\txifrSm wESpfavmufMuonf/)
wkH;vkH;ypfxm;av&m? t&yfxJrS uav;vlB uD;rsm;onf cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS
Munfhí NyKH;Mu&,fMuavonf/ tvGef&Sufvsuf&Sdaom uREkfyfurl
cyfeD;eD;csOf;uyfí Munfhaomvlrsm;udk qJí vTwfrdygonf/ csnfwkyfxm;
&mrS BudK;ajzNyD; t0wfrsm;0wf&aomtcgwGif qHyifnSyf ukvm;wa,muf
udkac:í uREkfyf\ AkdvfauudkjzwfNyD; acgif;wkH;&dwfapygonf/

EkHjcif;onf vdrfrmjcif;r[kwf

uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\rdkufrJjcif;udk usyfjynfhwif;jynfh0efcHygonf/ okdU&mwGif

uREkfyf\tjypfrSmrdbtm; rav;rpm;jyKjcif;vnf;r[kwf? apmfum;armfum;
ajymrdjcif;vnf;r[kwf? r&dkraojyKjcif;vnf;r[kwf/ &l;rdkufrdjcif;oufouf
rQomjzpfygonf/ þrQavmufaomjypfcsufESifh þrQavmufpdwfudkxdcdkuf

107 
atmif'Pfay;qkH;rjcif;rSmrsm;vGef;onf[k xifygonf/ uREkfyf\rdbrsm;
em;rvnf&SmMuaom tcsufrSmom;orD;udk t&SufcJGaomenf;jzifh qkH;rjcif;
onf aumif;onf? vdrfrmaponf? aemifMuOfonf[kxifrSwf&SmMujcif;yif
jzpfonf/ ]aemiffMuOfonf} qdkjcif;um; [kwfavrnfavmrqdkEdkif? cH&aom
om;orD;\pdwfudk EkH&SmoGm;apjcif;udkrlum; cH&bl;aom uREkfyfodygonf/
vl[lonfrSmolUt&G,fuav;ESifhol olUukd,fudk,fudkav;pm;rI  (self­respect) 
&SdMu&rnf? &Sdatmif BudK;pm;Mu&rnfjzpf&m? rdbrsm;\qkH;rykH rlum;
uREkfyf\pdwfudktnGefUcsKd;vdkufbdouJUodkUjzpfoGm;ygawmhonf/
uREkfyfonft&yfxJüvnf;aumif;? ausmif;üvnf;aumif; (ausmif;okdUvnf;
owif;aygufMum;onf/) uav;vlBuD;rsm;\rsufESmudk &J&JrMunfh0HUatmif
jzpf&ygonf/ (uREkfyfwGif oufom&m&apaom tcsufwckrSm 15ESpfom;
qkdaomfvnf; BuD;xGm;rIaemufusí BuD;aumifr0ifao;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
okdUr[kwfygu 4if;'Pfwacsmif;ay:aygufvm&kHrQru? EkHaompdwf"mwf 
(Inferiority  Complex)  0ifvmjcif;udkvnf;owdjyKrday&m? BuD;jyif;vmaom
tcgwGif taemufwdkif;rS pmaumif;ayaumif;BuD;rsm;udkzwf &Iumqifjcif
okH;oyfcGifh&aomtcgrS tawmftwef avsmhyg;oGm;onf[k xifrdygonf/
em;rvnf&SmMuíapwemaumif;ESifh (vdrfrmatmif) qkH;rMu aom obm0
udk awGU&onfhtcgwkdif; txufygtjzpftysufudkowd&í ]ig\uHraumif;
jcif;aywnf;}[k atmif;arhrdygawmhonf/

&Sufwwfí omqdk;onf

aemfrefausmif;oluav;ESifh ywfoufí rdbrsm;\ xifjrifcsufonf [kwf

r[kwf? rSef rrSef udkvnf;uREkfyfpkHprf;&ef rvdkr&Sdawmh? rdbrsm;u rdrdwkdU

108 
om;udk þrQavmuf tonf;EkHonf[k txifa&mufMujcif;onfyifvQif
udk,fhudk,fudk&SufvSí xkdrdef;uav;udk b,ftcgrS vSrf;rMunfhawmhyg/
wvcefUtwGif;ü uREkfyfonf tdrfeD;csif; t&yfolt&yfom;uav;rsm;ESifh
vnf; rupm;? vlolav;yg;jrifatmifyif rxdkifawmh? ausmif;oGm;
ausmif;jyefrsm;wGif ajrBuD;odkUikHUum rsufESmudkatmufcsufvsuf ajcukef
okwfíoGm;ygonf/ wu,fht&G,f ra&mufao;oljzpfí &SufaMumuf
aompdwfonf Mum&SnfpGmrjzpfyJ wvausmfcefU&Sdaomtcg oufom&m&í
aysmufrwwf&Sdaomfvnf; udk,fhudk,fudk EkHonfxifaom pdwfrlum;
þrQavmuf azsmufzsufzdkU rvG,fulojzifh toufav;ig;q,ft&G,fwdkif
atmif tpGef;xifvsuf&Sdygawmhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí uREkfyfrSm tenf;i,f
pum;xpfcJU&mrS udkd,fhudk,fudk ydkíowdjyKrdonfhtwGuf  (More 

Selfconscious)  ydkíqdk;vmygonf/

a&S;OD;pGmpum;xpfjcif; ul;pufcJUykH taMumif;udk txufwGif azmfjycJUbl;&m

uREkfyfrSm e*dkuwnf;u tjcm;vlrsm;xuf udk,fhudk,fudk vSnfhMunfhrd
wwfaom tavhtusifh&Sdol jzpfí twlwl&,frdMujcif;jzpfygvsuf uREkfyf
wa,mufwnf;udkom ul;pufcJUjcif; jzpf[efwl\/ udk,fwkH;vkH;
jyvdkuf&onfhaemufürl omíqdk; vmonf[k uREkfyfowdjyKrdygonf/
(þudpörsKd;ü uREkfyftvGef&Sufwwfí a&csKd;cef;xJüyifa&vJydkif;ygrS
a&csKd;wwfoljzpf&m tbkd;BuD;tdkjzpfvmaomtcgrS oufom&m&awmhonf/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; rdbrsm;\'Pfay;jcif;onf uREkfyf\pdwfudkomí xdcdkuf
apcJUonf/

109 
yxrOD; rdwfaqGrsm;

4if;ESpf 7wef;pmar;yJGwGif rEÅav;NrdKU&Sdausmif;wkdif;yif tust&IH; rsm;Mu

aomfvnf; tar&duefausmif;rS paumvm;&Spf0ifzkdU a&G;cs,fxm;onfh
uREkfyfwkdUausmif;om;av;a,mufvkH;yif atmifjrifMuonf/ tcsKdUausmif;rsm;
ürl awmfvSygonfqdkí paumvm;&SpfoGif;zdkU a&G;cs,fxm;onfhausmif;om;
rsm;yif us&IH;Mu\/ xkdpOfu xkH;pHrSm 7wef;ausmif;om;rsm;onf
&dk;&dk;pmar;yGJudk ajzqdkatmifjrifNyD;rS paumvm;&Spfpmar;yGJwGif ajzqdk&í
4if;udk atmifjrifaomtcgwGif 8wef;ESifh 9wef;oif&eftwGuf wv
16usyf&\/ (16usyf[laom aiGrSmvnf; xkdpOfurenf;vS? ykvdyftrIxrf;
wa,muf\vcrSm 11usyf? 10yJrQom jzpfavonf/) uREkfyftzkdU&mürl
paumvm;&Spf pmar;yGJudkratmifjrifaomfvnf; 4if;pmar;yJGudk taMumif;jyKí
tvGefcspfcifMuifemaom twef;wloli,fcsif;okH;a,muf wNydKifwnf;
yxrtBudrf&&Sdjcif;aMumifh xl;jcm;aomESpfjzpfonf[k rSwfwrf;wif&onf/
at?bD?trf ausmif;odkUa&mufuwnf;u uREkfyfrSm cifrifaom oli,fcsif;
[lír&Sd? todrdwfaqGzGJUrnfholvnf;r&Sd twef;xJrSm a&m ausmif;xJüyg
]]waumif<uuf wrsufESm}}qdkovdk ukyfukyfuav; aecJU&onfjzpf&m
paumvm;&Spf pmar;yGJ 0ifcgeD;wGifrS ausmif;om;av;a,mufaygif;
pnf;vkH;rdMuí tvGefw&m cifrif&if;ESD;aom tjzpfodkU a&mufcJU&onf/
rdwfaqGwa,mufrQr&SdcJUbl;ojzifh b,folUtm;rQ rcspfcJU&aom uREkfyfrSm
wNydKifeufwnf; okH;OD;BuD;&aomtcgü aysmfvdkufykHrSm (wcgw&H
olwkdUtaMumif;awGudkpOf;pm;&jcif;aMumifh)tdyfraysmfEdkifatmif &Sdbl;ygonf/

110 
&wemykHqdkufaomESpf

8 wef;odkUwuf&aomESpf(1905ckESpf)onf uREkfyftzkdU&mü ausmif;om;b0

wGif ]]&wemykHqdkuf}}aomESpf[lí qdkoifh\/ tvGefcspfcifaom twef;om;
okH;a,mufwNydKifeufwnf; &&Sdonfhjyif[dlvl onfvlrsm;uvnf; ac:csif
ajymcsif&SdMuonf/ ausmif;okdUa&mufonfrSm 2 ESpfjynfhcJUNyDjzpfírkwfqdwfzGm;
BuD;ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;udkvnf; rvefUawmh/ rkd;xkd;onf[k xifcJUrdaom
]wm0g}tcRefBuD;udkvnf; aMumufp&mrxifawmh/ (ausmif;om;wa,mufESifh
wdwfwqdwf wufíyifMunfhNyD;cJUavNyD/) ausmif;om;jriforQonf
uREkfyfudk ]us,f}vdrfhrnf[lívnf; rpdk;&drfawmh/ þausmif;onf
igwkdUausmif; jzpfonf[k ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif oabmxdm;EdkifcJUavNyD/ uREkfyfonf
i,fpOfuwnf;u twdwfudkjyefajymif;owd&í vuf&SdtajctaeESifh
EIdif;,SOfMunfhwwfaom tavh&Sdolwa,mufjzpfav&m 8wef;odkUwuf&NyD;
onfhaemuf 6wef; ausmif;om;uav;tjzpfESifh a&S;OD;pGm ausmif;wuf&aom
eHeufudk owd&rdwkdif; awmifay:rS awmifajcokdU jyefMunfh&onfhES,f
tajctaeuGmjcm;ykHudk NyKH;rdygonf/

Mumavaumif;avjzpfvmjcif;

at?bD?trf ausmif;ü uREkfyfwkdU\ 7wef;q&mESifh 8wef;q&mwdkUrSm

tdrfeD;csif; jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf 8wef;odkU uREkfyfwkdU wufoGm;Muaom
tcg 8wef;q&monf twef;om;opfrsm;teuf rnfolrnf0gwkdU
awmfonfqdkjcif;udk odESifhNyD;avNyD/ xdkpOfu 7wef;q&mESifh 8wef;q&m
wkdUonf t*Fvdyfpmudktxl;tav;ay;Muolrsm;jzpfí uREkfyfwkdU paumvm;

111 
&SpfajzcJUolav;a,mufudk 8wef;q&mu tav;ay;NyD; zdíoifjy av&m
4if;wkdUteufwGif uREkfyfrSm t*FvdyfbmomawmfvsufESifh ausmif;ajy;wwf
aom aumifuav;[k odxm;onfESifh txl;wvnfzdí oifjyayonf/
xkdUaMumifh uREkfyfpmrusufvQifvnf; q&muodí pmusufvQifvnf;
wwef;vkH;odatmif aMumfjimay;ouJUokdU xif&Sm;aponf/ þwGif uREkfyfrSm
pmrBudK;pm;yJaeí rjzpfaom tajcodkU a&mufaeavawmhonf/
uREkfyftzdkU&mü aumif;jcif;w&yfyif/

ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ ]vufcsm}

uREkfyfrSm ausmif;oufwwavQmufvkH;wGif (udkxGef;vSwa,mufrSwyg;)

cifrif&if;EDS;olr&SdcJUbl;ojzifh 8wef;odkUa&mufcgrS okH;a,mufyl; wNydKifeuf
&&Sdjcif;twGuf yDwdjzpf&ykHudkrazmfjyyJ raeEdkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/
uREkfyfwkdU av;a,mufteuf udkazqdkolrSm uREkfyfwkdUxufav;ESpfcefUBuD;í
usefESpfa,mufrSm uREkfyfESifh &G,fwlrsm;jzpfMu\/ pifppftm;jzifh udkazonf
acgifolBuD;jzpfxdkufaomfvnf; okH;a,mufvkH;onf uREkfyftm; tcspfqkH;
jzpfí uREkfyf\tqkH;tjzwfudk em,lMuonf/ uREkfyfum;udkxGef;vSuJUodkU
obm0acgif;aqmifwa,muf  (Born  Leader)  r[kwfygyJvsuf
arwÅmtavsmufwifajrSmufMujcif;jzpf&m uREkfyfurl txdkuftavsmuf
yg;&nfeyf&nf&SdonfESifh udkaz\tvdkudkMunfhí tqkH;tjzwf ay;wwf
avonf/ &G,fwlESpfa,mufteuf wa,mufrSm puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;
OD;&D;jzpfvmí tjcm;wa,mufrSm w&kwfujym;uav; pufacGqdkoljzpf\/
uREkfyfwkdUav;a,mufonf ausmif;rwufrD em&D0ufcefU apmapma&mufí
]tpnf;ta0;}xdkifjcif;? aeUvnftm;vyfcsdef wem&Dteuf em&D0ufcefU

112 
opfyif&dyfatmufwGif twlxdkifMujcif;jzifh rSefrSefBuD; tcsdefjzKef;Mu\/
4if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;üudkazonf &nf;pm;xm;jcif;tvkyfESifh ywfoufí
vufawGUrsm;vSolwa,mufjzpfonfhtavsmuf tNrJwrf; ]vufcsm}ay;avh
&Sd&m wcgw&HwGif tjcm;ausmif;om;uav;rsm;vnf; Mum;emMuí tcsKdU
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkU\ tawGUtBuKHrsm;udk pGufzuf
ajymjyavh&SdMu\/ vufcsmq&mrsm;teuf udkzkd;0kdufqdkol\ vufcsmwyk'f
udk uREkfyfrSwfrdygao;onf/

vlacsm udkzdk;0dkuf

udkzdk;0dkufum; ausmif;om;b0rSpí uREkfyfawGUbl;orQ jrifbl;orQaom

a,musfm;rsm; (Zmwfrif;om; tygt0if) teufwGif tacsmqkH;? tvSqkH;
vlwa,mufjzpf\/ olESifh,SOfEdkifolrSm emrnfBuD;vSonfh rEÅav;NrdKUom;
]]abmif,maqmif'if armifBuD;}}wa,mufom &Sdonfxif\/ udkarmifBuD;
\acsmjcif;rSm rsufESmxm;csKdjcif;ESifh 0wfykHpm;ykH udk,faeudk,f[ef *dkufqdkuf
aumif;jcif;wkdUu taxmuftuljyKvsuf&Sd&m rsufESmoufoufudk Munfhrnf
qdkygrlum; udkzkd;0dkufudk rSDaoma,musfm;[lí uREkfyfwoufvkH;
rawGU&bl;acs/ tvGefMunfvifí tpOfNyHK;vsuf&Sdaom rsufvkH;rsm;?
xif&Sm;í jywfom;aom rsufckef;? &Snfvsm;í aumhvefvsuf&Sdaom
rsufawmifarG;rsm;? us,fjyefUnDnmaom r[mezl;? ajzmifhpif;aomESmwH?
jzLpifí nDnmaom oGm;rsm;? tpGef;ESpfbufütxufodkU ysHwufonf
xif&aomyg;pyf? cyfoG,foG,f&Sdaom rsufESm\tqkH;ü rcRef;vGef;
rjym;vGef;yJ taeawmf&kH&Sdonfh ar;aphwdkUjzifh wcsufjrifvkduf&vQif
aemufxyfí rMunfhyJ raeEdkifonfh ]tvefUwMum;} acsmvSaom rsufESmrsKd;

113 
&Sdoljzpf\/ txl;ojzifh rSwfrdavmufaom tjcif;t&monfum; ol\
tom;yifjzpf\/ jrefrmvlrsKd;onf tom;jzLESifh tom;0gwkdUteuf
tom;0gudkydkíESpfoufwwfMuonfjzpf&m udkzkd;0dkuf\ tom;0gykHrsKd;rSm
azsmhawmhaom 0gjcif;rsKd;r[kwf? &J&Jwif;wif; xdefxdefvif; vsuf
a&Ta&mif0if;onf[k xif&avmufaom 0gjcif;rsKd;jzpf&onfhtxJwGif
nufanmacsmarGUvdkufyKhuvnf; rnfolESifhrQrwl[k uREkfyfxifrdonf/
]]tuRrf;0if tqifajy}}[laom jrefrmpum;&Sday&m uREkfyfonf udkzdk;0dkufudk
cifrifaomaMumifh ol\&kyftqif;udk txifBuD;jcif;r[kwf? olESifh uREkfyfrSm
wwef;wnf;jzpf&bl;jcif;rwyg; t&G,fcsif;vnf;uGmí ae&yfcsif;vnf;
reD;aomaMumifh ESpfBudrfokH;BudrfrQom ac:bl;ajymbl;ygonf/ þrQavmuf
vSyacsmarmolwa,mufu uREkfyftm; wcgw&H ac:bl;jcif;twGufyif
]vlopfuav; wa,mufjzpfaom uREkfyftzdkUü 0rf;omrdjcif;udk rSwfrdygao;
onf/

rSwfom;avmufaom pkHprf;enf;

bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;\ awmifbufü&Sdaom BudKUyifatmufü ]jrmvufcsm}

ay;Muaomausmif;om;BuD;rsm;teufwGif udkzdk;0dkufESifh udkazwkdUonf
tajymifajrmufqkH;aom q&mBuD;rsm;jzpfMuonf[k uREkfyfrSwfrd\/ udkazrSm
txufcsif;wGif;e,f rif;uif;NrdKUom; wa,mufjzpfí aEG&moDausmif;(45)
&ufydwfwkdif; rdrd\XmaeokdU jyef&oljzpfav&m wESpfwacgufjyefwkdif;
&nf;pm;wa,mufxm;EdkifoljzpfonfESifh ol\vufcsmrsm;onf qifajymif;
qifuJGjzpfí pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSayonf/ udkzdk;0dkufrlum;
rEÅav;om;jzpfí XmeDjyefumrS wESpfwa,mufr[kwf? &kyfuvnf;

114 
tvGefacsm? tajymuvnf; tvGefaumif;? oyfoyf&yf&yfESifh 0wfaumif;
pm;vS 0wfwwfolvnf; jzpfaomaMumifh (uREkfyf\cefUrSef;ajct&) wv
wa,mufavmuf awGUEdkifoljzpf[efwlayonf/ udkzkd;0dkuf\rSwfom;zG,f
aom ]vufcsm}rsm;teuf txl;ojzifh rSwfom;rdaom vufcsmwckrSm
csufcsif;awGU&aom rdef;uav;wa,mufonf rdrdtay:ü pdwf0ifpm;rI
&Sdr&Sdudk tuJcwfaom enf;taMumif;jzpf\/ (þtaMumif;udkrl uREkfyfrSwf
rdoavmuf ol\pum;twdkif;azmfjyygrnf/) ]]rif;wkdUyJGMunfhw,fqdkygawmh
uGm? udk,fhae&mrSm xdkifvdkufvQif xdkifvdkufcsif; udk,fhywf0ef;usifudk
vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&w,f? b,f]jrm}[m edyfovJqdkwm &SmMunhfvkduf?
awmfawmfuav;MumMumxdkifrdwJUtcgrSm udkf,foabmuswJU]jrm}[m udk,feJU
rsufvkH;csif; qdkifrdrqdkifrdudk tuJcwfEdkifvdrfhr,f? aumif;NyD? cPcP
wa,mufudkwa,muf vSrf;MunfhMuvdkU rsufvkH;csif; wdkufqdkifrdw,f
qdkygawmh? wxpfwufNyD; prf;MunfhvdkuftkH;? prf;ykHuawmh 'DvdkuG? rif;wdkU
xdkifwJUae&meJU ]jrm}xdkifwJUae&meJU wnfhwnfhBuD;jzpfaevdkU wa,mufeJU
wa,mufjrifEdkif&muaeNyD; rif;wdkUu eJeJav; a&TUxdkifvdkuf&r,f? 'DtcgrSm
rsufpdcsif; rwdkifqdkifEkdifyJ eJeJuG,foGm;w,f qdkygawmh? ]jrm}urif;udk
pdwf0ifpm;&dk;rSefvQif oludk,fwdkifu ae&ma&TUNyD; jyifxdkifvdrfhr,f?
'DvdkwcgESpfcgjyifxdkifw,fqdkvQifawmh aocsmaygufyJ? olUaemufuvdkuf?
olUt&yfwkdU aetdrfwkdUpkHprf;NyD; tqufom&Smayawmh? olUudk,fEIdufu
tqufvkyfay;wmrsKd;awmif BuKH&wwfw,f}}[kajymjyav onf/
udkzdk;0dkufrSm ]tvefUwMum;}acsmoljzpfí vlykHxJwGif xif;xif;BuD;
ay:aernfh vlwa,mufjzpfaomaMumifh (tjcm;vlrsm;tzdkU woufwcg
BuKH&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;) olUtzdkUrSm yJGwkdif;]pGH}avmufonf[k xifrdbl;
ygonf/

115 
]abmf'g}tvkyform;rsm;

8wef;ü&SdpOf uREkfyf\ tusifhqkd;rsm; uyfa&mufvmjcif;udk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/

zcif\tvkyfrSm tawmfwkd;wufvmí zdeyfcsKyf tvkyform;aygif;
av;ig;q,f jzpfvmav&m rsm;aomtm;jzifh udk,fhtdrfrS udk,fcsKyfvkyfNyD;
vmydkUMuaomfvnf; wusdyfcefUwdkUrSmrl uREkfyf\tdrfücsKyfvkyfMuavonf/
4if;wkdUteufwGif ]z0g;xdk;}aom rdef;rtvkyform;rsm;vnf; &SdMuí
4if;wkdUtcsif;csif;cspfBudKufNyD; tdrfaxmifusolwdkUvnf; renf;vSay/
tvkyfvkyf&kHomru csufjyKwfpm;aomufNyD; tdrfütdyfMuaoma,mufsm;
rdef;rrsm;yif av;ig;a,muf &Sdwwfao;\/ vlysKdtvkyform; ESpfa,muf
cefUavmufrSmrl uREkfyfwkdUtdrfüabmf'gaeMuí vc av;usyfrQESifh
xrif;auR;&jcif;udkvnf; rSwfrdygao;onf/ xrif;vc av;usyf[lonfrSm
þacwfwGif vufzuf&nfMurf;zkd;yif r&SdaomaMumifh tHUzG,f&mwckjzpfae
ayvdrfhrnf/ tvkyform;wa,mufvQif 10-12 usyfrQom aeUwGuf
udkufMuí 15 usyf&aomtvkyform;onfvl&nfcRefwa,mufjzpf
vm&aom acwfjzpf\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap av;usyf[laom xrif;zkd;onf
(uREkfyfwkdUpm;ovdk auR;&jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh) enf;vGef;vSaomfvnf;
4if;wkdU\vkyftm;ay:rS&aom tjrwfaMumifh auR;Edkifjcif;jzpf[efwlayonf/

a&S;acwftvkyform;rsm;\ tusifh

uREkfyfrSmtdfrfwGif tvkyform;rsm;ESifhtwl ]vufyGef;wwD;}ae&oljzpfonfh

tavsmuftvkyform;rsm;\ pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh tavhtusifhrsm;onf

116 
wjznf;jznf; rodromul;pufvsuf&SdavNyD/ 4if;wkdUonf wa,mufudk
wa,muf ]ESyf}vdkaom pdwfxm;rsKd; tNrJ&SdMuí xlt.aomvlrsm;cHMu&
onfcsnf;jzpf\/ wOD;wa,muf\ 'ku©a&mufjcif;udk jrif&onfhtcg
tm;vkH;u aysmf&TifpGm&,farmwwfMuí xkduJUodkU 'ku©a&mufapjcif;iSm
trsKd;rsKd;aomenf;jzifh usDpm;wwf\/  (Practical  Joke)  Oyrm wa,muf\
ae&müjzpfap? rSDaomwdkifüjzpfap wG,ftyfjrSKyfxm;jcif;? aomufaom
vufzuf&nfMurf;ü i&kwfoD;rkefUcwfxm;jcif;? vufoGufaom tvkyform;
wa,muf\ vufeufud&d,mrsm;udk (tvkyfzifhaES;apjcif;iSm) 0Sufxm;jcif;
rSpíenf;trsKd;rsKd;wnfxGifum&,f&atmifzefwD;wwfMuavonf/
tvkyform;tcsif;csif;omr[kwf? tdrfa&SUrS vrf;avQmufoGm;aom
c&D;onfrsm;tm;yif ]ESyf}wwfMuao;\/ rl;aph? okdUr[kwf rwfaphwaphudk
tdrfa&SUwGif ajrBuD;xJürayghwayghjrKyfxm;í tvG,fwulaumuf,l&ef
rjzpfEdkifapjcif;iSm atmufüwdkifikwfwl;NyD; aumfESifhuyfxm;\/ vrf;oGm;
wa,mufonf tdrfa&SUrS avQmufoGm;pOf rl;aphudkjrifí ukef;aumufvkdufrd
ojzifh&kwfw&ufcGmr&yJ&SdonfwGifrS 0g;ueJ0dkif;í &,fvkdufMuaomtcg
&Sufudk;&Sufuef;ESifh xGufoGm;&Smjcif;rsKd;vnf; jrif&bl;onf/ þxuf
qkd;aom enf;rsKd;vnf;&Sdao;\/ eHeufapmapmBuD; tcsdefwGif yckH;xrf;
orm;rsm;onf [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;udk awmif;ESpfbufü tjynfh tvQHxnfh
um ]u,fu,fu,fu,f}ESifh 'a&marsmyg;xrf;ydk;oGm;avh vm&Sd\/
]yckH;xrf;}wkdUrnfonfrSm zdeyfpD;&dk;xkH;pHr&SdyJ ajcaxmuftwkdif; tajy;tvTm;
oGm;&pNrJyifjzpfav&m? tvkyform;wa,mufonf tdrfa&SUvrf;ay:wGif
wvufrcefU&Sdaom ikwfwdkuav;wacsmif; &dkufxm;\/ tcsKdUvnf;jrifí
a&SmifuGif;oGm;Muaomf vnf; tcsKdUrSm oGm;aeusvrf;jzpfí trSwfrJUyif
pdwfcsvufcsoGm;Mu\/wa,mufaomtxrf;orm;onf (aqmif;&moDwGif)

117 
rkefvmO? rkefvmxkyf paom [if;&Guf[if;oD;rsm;udk awmif;ESpfbufwGif
tjynfhtarmufxnfhvsuf tajy;tvTm;xrf;vm&m &dkufxm;aom wkdifikwf
udk ajcrESifhwdkufrdí ',drf;',dkifjzpfoGm;onfwGif zdeyftvkyform; rsm;
onf OD;acgif;udkikHUum Budwfí&,fM uavonf/ xdkvlonftxrf;udkcsí
tvGefrauseyfaom rsufESifhtdrfbufodkU vSrf;Munfh,if; uGJoGm;aom
ajcrudk ESdyfES,fay;&Smavonf/

npfpdwful;pufjcif;

þpmudka&;om;aom ,cktcsdefüyif uREkfyfonf xdkvl\rsufESmudk

jrifvsuf&Sdí &ifxkremjzpfrdygonf/ okdU&mwGif xdkpOfurl rnfodkU&Sdrnfxif
Muoenf;/ tjcm;tvkyform;rsm;enf;wl Budwfí&,frdygonf/ tb,f
aMumifhenf;[lrl uREkfyfonf tvkyform;rsm;ESifh a&maxG; ,Sufwif
ae&onfwGif 4if;wkdU\pdwf"mwfrsm; ul;pufvsuf&SdygaomaMumifhwnf;/
þodkUjzpf&jcif;rSm &kwfw&ufcsufcsif;r[kwf? wjznf;jznf; wpwp
ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfí olwyg; 'ku©a&mufjcif;ü t&omcHwwfvmjcif;jzpfav
onf/ ]twkjrif twwfoif} [laom pum;onf tvGefrSef\/ okdU&mwGif
þtaMumif;ESifhywfoufí wifjy&ef wcsufusefao;\/ uREkfyfwkdU\
aetdrfodkU ]obm0acgif;aqmif} pdwf"mwfrsKd;&Sdaom tvkyform;wa,muf
a&mufvm&m xkdolonf wvcefUtwGif;üyif tdrf&Sdtvkyform;rsm;\
acgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfvm\/ aumif;aombufüjzpfap? qdk;aombufüjzpfap
xdkolvkyforQvkdufí vkyfMu\/ xkdolOykofapmifhvQif tm;vkH;Oykofapmifhcsif
aompdwfjzpfay:vmMuí xkdolxef;&nfaomufvQifvnf; tenf;qkH;
wykvif;pD aomufMuavawmh\/ uREkfyf\zcifonf xdkolUtaMumif;udk

118 
&dyfrdvmaomtcsdefrSpí 4if;tm; acsmhíaygif;&\/ uREkfyfrlum; tvkyform;
acgif;aqmifwa,mufESifh cifrif&jcif;udkyif t[kwfBuD;xifum jzpfoifhonf
xuf ydkí&if;ESD;rdonfwGif xkdol\]npf}pdwfrsm;onf uREkfyfodkU tawmfBuD;
ul;pufvmcJUavonf/ ]ikwf&dkuf}jcif;paom txufyg,kwfrmrI rsm;rSm
xkdol\wDxGifrIrsm;jzpf\/ uREkfyf\ tZöswÅoEÅmefü ,ckwdkif udef;atmif;
csif udef;atmif;vsuf&SdOD;rnfh ]npf}pdwfuav;rsm;onf xdkolcsxm;cJUonfh
rsKd;aphjzpf&rnf[k qdkcsifonf/ ]udef;atmif;csif udef;atmif;vsuf
&SdOD;rnf}[lí {uefr[kwfonfh taeuefoabmrsKd; a&;om;jcif;rSm vlvm;
ajrmufvmaomtcgwGif uREkfyfonf taemufwdkif;rS urÇmausmf
0w¦KpmtkyfBuD; tajrmuftjrm;udk zwf&I&onfwGifrS udk,fhudk,fudk jyKjyifwef
oavmuf jyKjyifxm;onf[k ,lqaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/

avmif;upm;enf;trsKd;rsKd;

tvkyform;acgif;aqmifxHrS uREkfyfodkUul;pufvmonfh tusifhqdk;wckrSm

avmif;upm;jcif;yifjzpf\/ ]]olwyg;udk tqdk;rcsygESifh? vlwGifygvkdU EGm;udk
usm;udkufonfr[kwfavm}}[k qdkMuvQifvnf; ]]olUudktqdk;csjcif; r[kwf
&yg? ul;pufjcif;udkom wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf}}[k ajzqdk&ygrnf/ Oyrm
rD;aoG;udkudkifrdí vufrnf;cJUvQif rD;aoG;\tjypfr[kwf? udkifrdol\tjypf
omjzpfonf[k em;vnfygonf/ odkU&mwGif i,f&G,fEke,faomtcsdefü
]rD;aoG;}ESifh a&maxG;,Sufwif xm;cH&jcif;rSm uREkfyf\uHraumif;jcif;jzpf
onf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ paeESifh we*FaEGaeUrsm;wGif uREkfyfonf
tvkyform;rsm;\ tvkyfcGifü waeUvkH; tcsdefjzKef;wwf\/
(tjcm;enf;vrf;vnf;r&Sdacs/) olwkdU\ajymenf;? qdkenf;? vSdrfhenf;?

119 
ESyfenf;? tcsif;csif; ]udkufenf;}rsm;onf uREkfyftzdkU em;&nf0vsuf&Sdí
ausmif;wGif]vlyg;}]vlvnf}uav;wa,mufjzpfvm\/
tcsKdUausmif;om;uav;rsm; r&,fwwfaom ]jyufvkH;}udk uREkfyf&,fwwf
avNyD/ þonfwkdUum; rqdk;vS? þrQru qdk;aom tjcif;t&mrsm;vnf;
&Sdao;\/ zcifonfaeUwdkif; aps;csKdodkUoGm;í a&mif;NyD;aom zdeyfrsm;twGuf
aiGawmif;jcif;? ouúvyfpaom ypönf;rsm; 0,f,ljcif; ponfjzifh
aqmif&Gufavh&Sd&m zcifxGufoGm;onfESifh wNydKifeufreD;ra0;&SdtdrfMum;okdU
wa,mufcsif; xoGm;í ]arsmufyef;vSef}aom upm;enf;jzifh upm;Mu\/
t&IH;tEdkifrSmwyJ ajcmufjym;rQomjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfvnf; yg0ifEdkifav
onf/ þokdUjzifh zcifjyefvmvkeD;onfwdkifatmif avmif;upm;Mu\/ xdkrS
wqifhwufvmaomtcg tvkyfcGifESifh reD;ra0;wGifxdkifaeaom
zcifwa,mufvkH;&SdvsufESifhyif tvkyfwbufESifh vQKdU0SufpGm avmif;upm;
enf;udk (acgif;aqmifu)wDxGifjyefavonf/ xdkenf;rSm wa,mufvQif
ydkufqHwjym;pD xnfh0ifNyD;aemuf wa,mufa,mufu ]z0g;}rsm;udk,lí
wck\ausmbufwGif jcpfNyD; arSmufcif;xm;vkduf\/ vlig;a,mufqkdvQif
]z0g;} ig;cktokH;jyKí wckwnf;udkom jcpfrSwf&avonf/ ydkufqHxnfhaom
tvkyform;rsm;onf BudKuf&m]z0g;}wckudk vSef&av&m tjcpfygaom
]z0g;}udk vSefrdonfhvlonf ydkufqHig;jym;udk,l&avonf/ z0g;udkjcpfí
arSmuf&aomvlurl vSefEdkifcGifhr&Sd? tjcm;vlrsm; rvSefyJcsefxm;aom ]z0g;}
onfolUtwGufjzpfí 4if;ütjcpfygcJUvQif ydkufqHig;jym;onf olUypönf;
jzpfoGm;\/ rnfolrqdk z0g;jcpfvkdu jcpfEdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ þenf;um;
zcifaMumifawmif&SdvsufESifh avmif;upm;Edkifaomenf;aywnf;/ waeUvQif
rsm;rsm;BuD;r[kwf? wrl;q,fjym;rQ t&IH;tEdkif &Sdwwfavonf/

120 
avmif;upm;jcif;\qdk;&Gm;ykH

þrS wqifhwufjyefaomf vomaomnOfhrsm;wGif tdrfa&SUü&Sdaom a&wGif;

ay:wGif tyef;ajzoa,mifESifh ]tayguf20}qGJMu\/ uREkfyfvnf;
yg0ifwwfavNyD/ þupm;enf;rSmwrwf okH;rl;xdatmif t&IH;tEdkif&Sdwwf
aom upm;enf;jzpfí uREkfyftzdkU vufudkif&atmif &Sm&onfh tusifhqkd;
wckwwfvm&jyefavNyD/ zcifonf ydkufqHtdwf xnfhxm;aomtusÐudk
ckwifajc&if;wkdifwGif csdwfítdyfavh&Sd&m uREkfyfonfzciftdyfcsdefwGif
wdwfwqdwfxvmí om;a&tdwfxJrS rl;aphrwfaphuav;rsm;teuf (2
usyfzdk;cefU&Sdwwfonf/) rl;aph waphjzpfap? trsm;qkH; rwfaphwaphjzpfap
ckd;,l&onf/ '*Fg;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; odoGm;rnfpdk;aomaMumifh r,l0HUacs/
okdUESifhyif rSwfOmPfaumif;aomzcifonf tdwfudkzGifhí rl;aphrwfaphrsm;
EIdufaomtcgrsm;wGif awG;awmpOf;pm;aom rsufESmxm;rsKd;jzpfay:vmjcif;
udk awGU&wwfojzifh ]ay:}ukefacsawmhrnfavm[k wxdwfwvefUjzpfcJU
&bl;ygonf/ uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmufrSm rdcifonfnaewdkif; aps;0,foGm;&m
wGifydkufqHig;rl;avmufrQESifh wtdrfom;vkH;ESifh tvkyform;wa,mufESpf
a,muftwGufyg vkHavmufatmif wdkif;xGm0,fjcrf;&jcif;udk BuD;jyif;
vmaomtcgü pOf;pm;rd&mwGif uREkfyfjyKcJUbl;orQaomjypfrIrsm;teuf
zcif\tdwfxJrS rl;aph? okdUr[kwf rwfaph EIduf,lrdjcif;twGuf jzpfwwfonfh
ESvkH;ylyefrI(ukuúKpö)rSm tylavmifqkH; jzpfygawmhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí
uREkfyfrSm avmif;upm;jcif; tvkyfü txkH0goemygcJUav&m? 4if;udk
taMumif;jyKí rdb\ypönf;udk EIduf,lcsifwwfaom tusifhqdk;wckvnf;
yl;wJGpJGuyfcJUavNyD/ avmif;upm;wwfjcif;\ qkd;&Gm;jcif; w&yfrSm uREkfyf
onftxnft0wf0,f&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? rkefUpm;&ef twGuf

121 
vnf;aumif; rdb\ypönf;udk rEIdufcJUbl;ygyJvsuf avmif;upm;zdkU twGuf
qdkygu (vufudkifr&SdvQif) rEIdufyJ raeEdkifatmif jzpf&jcif;yif jzpfavonf/
avmif;upm;jcif;[lonfrSm pJGrdvQif rvkyfyJraeEdkifatmif &Sdwwfí
tvGefaMumufzdkUaumif;aom tusifhqdk;wckjzpf\/ avmif;upm;jcif;onf
Edkifcsifaom ]avmb}t&if;cHonf rSefaomfvnf; ]pJG}vmaomtcgürl Edkifjcif;
&IH;jcif;udk tyxm;í upm;ae&rS touf&Sif&avmuf oabmxm;onfh
tajctaersKd;okdU a&muf&jcif;udkvnf; udk,fwdkifBuKH&bl;ygonf/ þtwGuf
aMumifh axmifwef;usavmufonfh tjzpfrsKd;odkU a&mufcJU&bl;jcif;udkvnf;
oufqdkif&mae&mü azmfjyygOD;rnf/

yxrtBudrfcspfBudKufrdjcif;

8 wef;ü&SdpOf uREkfyfwkdU\ 0if;xJwGif uav;oli,frsm; vGefqGJwrf;

upm;Mu&\/ xdkESpfürEÅav;NrdKUwGif rdk;acgifvSítcsKdUt&yfrsm;ü naewdkif;
vGefyJGBuD;rsm;usif;yav&m w&kwfwef;vGefyGJrSm tvGefBuD;us,fí
BudwfBudwfwdk;pnfum;vSonf/ uREkfyfwdkU oli,frsm;vnf; tjcm;t&yf
rsm;rS vGefyJGBuD;rsm;udk twk,lí nwdkif; vGefqGJwrf; upm;Mujcif; jzpfay&m
a,musfm;uav; rdef;uav;rsm;omru vlBuD;rsm;vnf; (usm;a&mryg)
yg0ifMu\/ upm;jcif;qdkí bmrQcGifhrjyKcsifaom uREkfyf\zcifyifvQif
w0if;vkH; qlnHvsuf&SdaomaMumifh cGifhjyK&awmhonf/ vGefyGJwcsDqGJNyD;í
&yfem;vsuf&SdpOf rdef;rBuD;wa,muf\ &ifcGifüxdkifvsuf pdwf0ifpm;aom
trlt&mESifh uREkfyftm; pdkufMunfhaeaom rdef;uav;wa,muf
\rsufESmonf uREkfyf\rsufvkH;rsm;ESifh wyfueJqdkifvdkufrd\/ xdktcdkufü
rdef;uav;\rsufESmonf vqef; 12&uf vrif;ESifh yPm&vsuf

122 
&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyftm; oluxif&Sm;pGm jrifaumif;rS jrifrnf/ uREkfyfurl
olUrsufESmudk xif;xif;BuD; jrifae&onf/ (uREkfyfrSmvlacsmuav;wa,muf
r[kwfaomfvnf; ywf0ef;usif &yfuGufrsm;wGif t&G,fESifhrvdkufatmif
twef;tjrifhqkH;aom t*Fvdyfausmif;om;uav;tjzpfESifh w&yfvkH;u
pdwf0ifpm;rI &SdMujcif;udk uREkfyf&dyfrdí *kPfvnf;,lrdonf/) uREkfyfonf
rde;f uav;ESifh rsufvkH;csif; qdkifrdonfESifhwNydKifeufESvkH;om;onf
&ifbwfudk]'def;}ueJ jrnfrwwf wcsufaqmifhvdkufjcif;udk odvdkuf&onf/
,if;okdUjzpf&jcif;rSm xdkrdef;uav; tm; cspfBudKuf&aumif;rSef;
odaomaMumifhr[kwf? uREkfyftay:ü pdwf0ifpm;ykH&onf[k auseyfrI
&Sd&kHrQaMumifhvnf;r[kwf (ygawmhygonf/) vlausmif;üaecJU&pOfu
]uBuD;a&;uowfuuf}[k pmtHoH Mum;cJU&bl;onfh rdef;uav;ESifh
&kyfqif;oP²mefwljcif;udk owd&vdkufrd aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
tom;nKdjcif;? qH&pfqHawmufxm;jcif;? rsufvkH; tdrfBuD;jcif;rSpí
rsufESmtqifajyykHwdkUrSm wjzwfwnf; qdk&ravmuf wlnDvSay&m yxrü
xdkpOfu rdef;uav;yif jzpfacsoavm[k xifvdkufrd \/ okdU&mwGif
yxrdef;uav;rSm uREkfyfxuf okH;av;ESpfcefUBuD;í þrdef;uav;urlum;
uREkfyfESifh &G,fwljzpfaomaMumifh wa,mufwnf; r[kwfjcif;udk od&yg
avNyD/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap uREkfyf\ESvkH;om;ü rdef;uav;\ ykHoP²mef
&dkufESdyfvdkufNyD;jzpfouJUodkU pGJoGm;cJUNyDjzpf&m xdknOfhtzdkUü vGefqGJzdkU
pdwfr0ifpm;awmhyJ rsufESmcsif;qdkifí MunfhzkdUavmuf om tcGifhtvrf;
&Smvsuf &Sdygawmhonf/ omíxl;qef;onfrSm þrdef;uav;onfvnf;
uefx&dkufwOD;\ orD;jzpfonf[k od&jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ þtaMumif;
udk pOf;pm;rdaom tcgrsm;ü (orD;&nf;pm;yif r[kwfaomfvnf;)

123 
þrdef;uav;um; ig\zl;pm&Sifjzpfí vGJEdkifzdkUr&SdNyD}[k atmufarhcJUrd
ygonf/

woufwmwGif taysmfqkH;aomyJG

8 wef;ausmif;om;tjzpf (1905 ckESpf)onf uREkfyftzdkU&mü ]&wemykHqdkuf

aomESpf}jzpfonf[k txufwGif azmfjycJUay&m 4if;ESpfwGif yxrOD;qkH;
wu,fcspfBudKufolESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif&onfhMunfEl;p&m tjzpfrsKd; tjyif
tjcm;aom aysmfp&mBuD;wckESifhvnf; BuKHcJUayonf/ 4if;rSmum; a&Tpm&H
bk&m;yJGodkUoGm;&aom tjcif;t&maywnf;/ uREkfyf5wef;ü &SdpOfu
]ro'¨g&nfo'¨g&nf} oGm;cJU&jcif;aMumifh xifoavmufraysmfcJU& ojzifh
t>rufrQavmufom azmfjycJU&m þwacgufürl rdk;rjrif avrjrif
qdk&ravmuf aysmf&TifcJU&onfhtwdkif; a&S;acwf a&Tpm&Hbk&m;yJGESifh þacwf
bk&m;yJGwkdU\ jcm;em;ykHudk rrSDvkdufolrsm; em;vnfpdrhfaomiSm a&;om;
azmfjyvdkuf&ayOD;rnf/

yGJxGufMuNyD

ausmif;ydwf&ufwumwkdUwGif t&SnfqkH;jzpfí (xdkacwfu 45

&ufydwfonf/) ausmif;olausmif;om; taygif;wkdU\ tarQmfvifhqkH;
jzpfonfh aEG&moD ausmif;ydwfvkdufonfwGif uREkfyfonfajcaxmuf
ESifhajrBuD; xd&onfrxifyJ avay:ü 0JysHvm&onfhES,f ausmif;rStdrfodkU
ajcukefokwfumjyefvmcJU\/ ESpfwdkif;vnf; þ&ufwGifaysmfyg\/ þESpfrl

124 
um; txl;wvnf aysmfvSygonf/ taMumif;rlum; þnwGif a&Tpm&H
bk&m;yJGodkU oGm;Murnf[k odxm;&aomaMumifhaywnf;/
tdrfodkU a&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf bk&m;yJGodkUoGm;&eftwGuf csufjyKwf
aMumfavSmfjcif;? vSnf;rsm;iSm;&rf;jcif;? ypönf;rsm;jyifqifMujcif; ponfwkdUudk
jrif&onfrSm uREkfyftzdkU&mü NidrfNidrfxdkifraeEdkifyJ aqGUaqGUckefrQ aysmfvSyg
awmhonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaomolonf uREkfyftm;ewfjyonfokdU
tvnftywfvdkufrnfavm[k ar;jim;tHU/ uREkfyfu a&Tpm&HujyefrS
vdkufrnf[k ajymvdrfhrnfxifonf/ waygif;vjynfhausmf 5 &uf n9em&D
tcsdefcefU(vxGufcsdef)wGif uREkfyfwkdUtdrfrS vSnf;ESpfpD;ESifh t&yfxJrSvSnf;
av;ig;pD;wkdUonf wtdrfudk wtdrftoHjyKum wNydKifwnf; twlwuG
xGufvmMu\/ uREkfyfrSm&ifxJü jrL;xl;vGef;vSí ratmifhEdkifonfESifh
aw;csif;wyk'f[pfí qdkvdkufrdonf/ uREkfyfwkdUtdrfrSvSnf;ESpfpD;teuf
wpfpD;wGif uREkfyfwkdUtdrfom;rsm;ESifh rdef;rtvkyform;rsm;ygMuí tjcm;wpD;
wGifa,musfm;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh uREkfyfwdkUpD;eif;vdkufygMu&m zcifrlum;
taysmftyg;rBudKufqdkum rvdkufygacs/ rSefaompum;udkqdk& vQif
uREkfyfonfvGwfvGwfuRwfuRwf aysmfcsifaomaMumifh zcifrvdkufygjcif;
twGuf 0rf;omonf/ uREkfyf\zcifrSm t*Fvdyftac:tm;jzifh  Kill­Joy 

aysmfjcif;udk rMunfhEdkifol[kac:&rnfxifonf/

atmifyifv,furf;&dk;wpfavQmuf

uREkfyfwkdU\t&yfrS vSnf;rsm;onf atmifyifv,furf;&dk;odkU

a&mufMuaomtcg vSnf;wef;&SnfBuD;ESifh qkHrdM uí 4if;txJü ae&m,lum
tygt0ifjyKvsuf armif;ESifMuav\/ xdktcsdefürl vrif;onf tawmfjrifh

125 
vmNyDjzpfí vSnf;wef;BuD;\ &Snfvsm;jcif;udk jrifEdkifavNyD/ okdU&mwGifrnfrQ
avmuf&Snfvsm;onfudkrl rjrifEdkifacs/ rEÅav;wNrdKUvkH;rS bk&m;yJGoGm;rsm;
onf þtcsdefwGif þae&mokdU a&mufatmif(vem&D)jzifh vSnf;armif;vm
jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh waygif;qkHrdMu&mwGif ESpfjyokH;jy &Snfvsm;
ygvdrfhrnf/ xdkpOfurl AD&dkvSnf; wpD;wavrSwyg; jrif;&xm;? jrif;vSnf;?
rdkwmum;? a'gufuwf? buf*Dpaom ,mOfrsKd;ryg/ aygif;rdk;ESifh
EGm;vSnf;awGcsnfhjzpfMuí taES;tjrefr&Sd/ wpD;udkwpD;uausmfwufjcif;
vnf;r&Sd/ (vrf;usOf;aomaMumifh ausmfwuf&efvnf;rjzpfEdkif)/ wpD;aemuf
rS wpD;wjznf;jznf;wtdtd Zdrf&Sd&SdESifh armif;ESifMuavonf/ atmifyifv,f
uefrSm uef[lí ac:Muaomfvnf;pifppftm;jzifh ta&SUawmif&dk;rS pD;usvm
aom rdk;a&rsm;udkwm&dk;jzifh qD;umxm;jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh ]wbufqnf}
BuD;rQom jzpfav&m xdkpOfu aEG&moDjzpfí a&r&Sdaomfvnf; ,ckuJUokdU
v,fuGufrsm;r[kwfyJ uefpGef;yiftp&Sdonfh [if;&Gufyifrsm; aygufa&muf
vsuf &Sd\/ bk&m;oGm;rsm;onf olckd; 'jrvnf; raMumuf&? tcsdefvkí
tvkyfvkyfMuaom acwfr[kwfojzifh uwdkufu&dkuf vnf;oabmrxm;yJ
vomomwGif vSnf;oHwtdtdESifh armif;ESifvmMu&m vSnf;rsm;ay:rS
vnf;aumif;? vSnf;rsm;eHab;rS ajcvsif avQmufolrsm;u vnf;aumif;
aw;csif;oH w[dk[dkESifh uefaygif&dk;wckvkH; qlnHvsuf&Sd\/ awmifNyKH;yJG?
&wemh*lyJGponfh ewfyGJrsm;uJUodkU wa,mufESifhwa,muf aemufajymifjcif;
r&SdyJ £ajE´&&ESifh oGm;Mu&m 0goemygaom a,musfm;uav;tzJGU?
rdef;uav;tzJGUrsm;u wcsDwcsDwGif vSnf;ay:rS qif;um uckefoDqdk
MuNyD;aemuf tm;&aomtcgrS vSnf;ay:odkUjyefwufMu av\/ uREkfyfrSm
tvkyform;rsm;xHrS usufrSwfxm;onfh q&myk\ aw;csif;? udkbausmh\
]NrdKifx}? py,foufBuD;\ ywÅjrm;rSef*l (q'´efqifrif;awmvm;)

126 
ponfrsm;udk okH;xyfav;xyfru qdkNyD;ojzifh armcJUavNyD/ (rdcifoifay;
onfh ]ysKdU}]BudK;}ponfwkdUrSm þae&mrsKd;ESifh ravsmfaomaMumifh csefxm;vdkuf
&onf/)

at;at;aq;aq;acwf

&maygif;rsm;pGm yg0ifonfh vSnf;wef;BuD;jzpfí wcgw&HwGif

vSnf;wpD;wavrQ ]0if&dk;}usKd;wwfao;&m xdktcgwGif vSnf;wef;BuD;
wwef;vkH;&yfem;um vSnf;orm;tm;vkH; 0dkif;0ef; ulnDvkyfudkifay;Mu&\/
tcsdeftpdk;&ouJUokdU&Sdaom acwfjzpfí ]rNyD;ao;bl;vm;} ]jrefjrefvkyfMuprf;
yg}]aemufusaevdrfhr,f}ponfjzifY nnf;nLjcif;?a&&Gwfjcif;r&Sd/vSnf; orm;
awG tvkyfvkyfcdkufwGif bk&m;oGm;rsm;onf [dkrSmw0dkif; onfrSmw0dkif;
ponfjzifh pk&kH;um oDqdkuckefaeMu\/ vSnf;orm;rsm;rSm vnf;
]0if&dk;}twGuf opfyifckwfolckwf? jzwfoljzwf? xpfolxpf? ajzmifholajzmifh?
a&Gola&G? ]wa,mufwcsuf ausmif;om;vuf}qdkbdodkU 0dkif;0ef; vkyfudkif
vkdufMu&m bmrQMumao;onfrxif&rD 0if&dk;wacsmif;ckwfNyD; acsmNyD;
oGif;NyD;jzpfí qufvufxGufEdkifMuavNyD/

aysmf&rSauseyfaomvlrsKd;

wHwdkif;&Snf&GmodkU a&mufMuaomtcg umvom;rsm;onf vSnf;rsm;

ay:rS tvQKdvQKdESifhqif;oGm;Muí tkd;uav;rsm;qJGum jyefvmNyD; vSnf;ay:
okdU jyefwufMu\/ þum;tjcm;r[kwf ]yifusa&}ac: xef;&nfcg;
0,fMujcif;jzpf\/ vSnf;wef;BuD;um; r&yf? ol0if igxGufjzifhwa,muf

127 
wvSnfhpD 0,fMujcif;jzpfMu\/ bk&m;yJGodkU oGm;Mujcif;jzpfaomfvnf;
aysmf&GifrIudk vufrvTwfcsif/ tokbcs&müyif pdefyef;olawmf\
'dk;ywf0dkif;uwD;í bkef;awmfBuD;\ acgif;udkajrSmufupm;csifaom
vlrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh xef;&nfaomufjcif;rQavmuftwGuf tHUMop&m
r[kwfay/ odkU&mwGif þbk&m;yJG\ csD;usK;zG,fwckrSm umvom;rsm;\
vSnf;rsm;ü udk,fh]jrL}tdk;ESifhudk,f armfhMuaomfvnf; awmifNyKH;ponfh
ewfyJGrsKd;rSmuJUokdU rl;oH? ,pfoH? rawmfwa&mf ajymifavSmifoH[lí
wcGef;rQyif rMum;&acs/ uREkfyfwkdU\vSnf;rS tvkyform;rsm;vnf;
bk&m;wumrsm; r[kwfMuojzifh jrLtdk;rsm; 0,faomufMuí uREkfyftm;
vnf;ay;Muao;\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfrSm xdkpOfu þ]pmtxd rwuf&
ao;ojzifh jiif;vdkufEdkifygonf/ trSefrSm rdcifwa,mufvkH;ygonfhyJGrsKd;wGif
þrQavmuf ]pmBuD;ayBuD;}wufí oif&efrjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
waMumif;rSmvnf; uREkfyfonfzcifudkaMumufoavmuf rdciftm;&dkaoav;
pm;ygonf/ jcm;em;ykHum; aMumufjcif;[lonfrSm rjrifuG,f&mwGif
vkyfwwfí &dkaoav;pm;jcif;rlum; rsufarSmufrsufuG,fra&G; MoZmanmif;
wwfjcif;yif jzpfavonf/

aMumufaomfvnf; aysmf\

vSnf;wef;BuD;onf t&kPfrwufrD tcsdefwGif a&Tpm&HrkefawmokdU

0ifvmMu&m tcsKdUae&mrS taiGUwacsmif;acsmif;&Sdaom qifacs;ykHBuD;rsm;
awGUolrsm; awGUMu\/ acs;ykHBuD;rsm;rSm qif,Ofrsm;pGefUcJUjcif;r[kwf?
qif&dk;rsm;\ypönf; jzpfonfqkdojzifh vSnf;rsm;ay:ü toufr&I0HUyJ ukyfí
vdkufaom rdef;rrsm;vnf;&SdMu\/ uREkfyfrlum; tqef;topfqdkvQif

128 
Munfhcsifwwfaom0goemESifh pGefUpm;csifwwfaom txkHtavhaMumifh
tjcm;vlrsm; awGUonfqdkaomae&mokdU vSnf;ay:rSqif;í oGm;Munfhrdatmif
MunfhcJUygao;onf/ acs;ykHBuD;udk jrif&aomtcgü raMumufwwf
onfr[kwf? aMumufcJU&yg\/ okdU&mwGif aMumuf&jcif;onfyifvQif t&om
wckjzpfonf[k uREkfyf ,lqygonf/ qif&dkif;ajc&mrsm;um; tESHUtjym;yif
awGUcJUMu&ojzifh þbk&m;yJGokdU vm&jcif;rSm pGefUpm;cef;BuD;wck  (Great 

Adventure)  taejzifh trSwfxifvsuf&Sdygawmhonf/

tvkyfudk,fpDESifh

&Srf;rdzk&m; &SifrGefv\ em;awmif;uscJUonfqdkaom acsmif;udkjzwf

ausmfí pcef;csrnfhae&modkU a&mufMuaomtcg o&ufyifBuD;rsm;onf
t&Gufcsif; xdrwwf qufpyfumaygufa&mufvsuf&Sdí w&yfwnf;rS
twlvmMuaom vSnf;rsm;onf w0dkif;wnf;jzpfatmif eD;uyfpGm
a&G;cs,fMuí zsm? &dkif? oifjzL;rsm;cif;olucif;? uefUvefUumrsm;
umoluum? rD;zdktwGuf usif;wl;oluwl;? zdkuaemuf&Smolu&Sm?
o&ufzl;aumufoluaumuf? a&cyfolucyf? wHjrufvSJoluvSJ?
xif;acGoluacG tvkyfudk,fpDESifhaysmf&GifpGm aqmif&Gufvsuf&SdMu\/
þtxJwGif wnvkH; wa&;rQrSdwfcJU&olr&SdyJ vSnf;ay:üaMumifawmif
vkdufcJU&olcsnf;jzpfaomfvnf; vwfqwfvdkufMuykHrSm ESif;cHxm;onfh
yef;yGifhrsm;ozG,ftzl;tnGefUwvlvlESifh ckefqGckefqGjzpfvsuf &SdMuavonf/
rnfodkUqdkap uREkfyfwa,mufrlum; txl;wvnf&TifjrL;vsuf&Sd\/
taMumif;rlum; zcifrMunfromESifh vdkufcJU&onfh vGefcJUaomav;ESpfu

129 
wacgufESifh nDtpfudkarmifESr rdcifESifhwuG tdrfeD;csif;rsm;yg vm&onfh
þwacguf\jcm;em;ykHudkrMumcP owd&vsuf &SdayaomaMumifhwnf;/
waygif;vjynfhausmf 5 &ufaeUnü xGufí6&ufaeU eHeufa&mufNyD;
ESpfntdyfum vjynfhausmf 8 &ufeHeufwGifrS jyefMu&aom yJGjzpfí
&uftawmf&Snfoavmuf MunfEl;zG,faumif;vSonf/ ESpfpOfvmonfqdk
aom ig;BuD;rsm;udkMunfh&jcif;? jrpfi,fqdyfü a&csKd;&jcif;? (OoQpfoD;rsm;
aygvSonf? wjym;zdk; 8 vkH;&onf/) aps;wef;BuD;wavQmufavQmuf&jcif;?
a&Tpm&HykwD;rsm;0,fí vnfyif;üpGyf&jcif;? xl;qef;aom apwDawmfudk
zll;&jcif;wkdUrSm vltrsm;aysmfwwfM uaom tjcif;t&mrsm; jzpfayonf/
uREkfyftzdkU&müum; a&csKd;NyD;wufvmí o&ufuif;rsm;wzkwfzkwfa<uus
vsuf&Sdonfh o&ufyifBuD;rsm;\ t&dyfatmifü yltdkufpjyKvmonfh
þwaygif;v&moDwGif yufvufvSefum rkefUyJom;a&pmrsm;? 0g;ae&jcif;
onf aysmfp&mtaumif;qkH;[k qkH;jzwfcJUygonf/ tjcm;aom aysmfp&mBuD;
wckrSm o&ufyifBuD;rsm;atmufü eHeufpm npmpm;aomufMu &mwGif
w&yfwnf;twlvmMuaom vSnf;rsm;rS w0dkif;ESifhw0dkif; wzGJUESifhwzGJU
tqef;tjym;[if;cGufaumif;rsm; tay;t,lvkyfMujcif;aMumifh [if;aygif;
q,fhav;ig;cGufpm;&í armarmESifh aysmfaysmfBuD;&Sdaeaom uREkfyftzdkUrSm
woufwGifwqufwnf; tNrdwf&SufqkH;aom xrif;ig;eyf[lí rSwfwrf;wif
&ygonf/
apwDawmf\ xl;jcm;csufrSm tjcm;aom apwDa wmfrsm;uJUodkU ta&SU?
taemuf? awmif? ajrmuf wnf;[laom t&yfav;rsufESmodkU wnfhwnfhwk&l
rsufESmrrlyJ cyf&GJU&GJU cyfapmif;apmif; &Sdaejcif;yifjzpfavonf/ &Srf;rdzk&m;
&SifrGefvtm; bk&ifujynfawmfjyefap&mwGif apwDawmfudk jrwbufjzifh
ywfum opömjyKí vSnfhvkdufjcif;aMumifh apmif;&GJUoGm;onf[k ajymMuav

130 
onf/ uREkfyfrSm cyfi,fi,fuwnf;uyif pdwful;,Oform; wa,mufjzpfí
tu,fwEÅK þtwdkif;jyKvkyfcJUjcif;rSefygvQif &SifrGefvonf apwDawmf\
þwbufwGif þae&mavmufü xdkifjcif; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k a&mf&rf;rSef;qum
tawmfvGrf;cJU&bl;ygonf/

aemufqkH;aysmfenf;wck

vjynfhausmf 8 &ufaeU eHeufapmapmuyif aumfaZm? uefUvefUum?

zsm? &dkif? oifjzL;rsm; &kyfodrf;í tjyefc&D;twGuf jyifqifMuavNyD/
þbk&m;yJGwGif aemufqkH;aom aysmfjcif;taejzifh umvom;rsm;aysmfMuonfh
tjcif;t&mwckudk rSwfrdao;\/ vSnf;rsm;onf em;awmif;usacsmif;udk
jzwfausmfMu&mwGif tjyefc&D;tzdkUü tqif;bufurf;yg;onf cyfajyajy
&Sdaomfvnf; twufbufurf;yg;rSm tawmfrwfapmufaomaMumifh
vSnf;ay:rSvlrsm; tm;vkH;qif;í vSnf;cGufcsnf;wufMu&\/ okdUESifhyif
urf;yg;\ rwfapmufjcif;aMumifh EGm;rsm;onf wudk,fvkH; taMumNydKif;NydKif;
xonfudk jrif&avmufatmif tm;cJí &kef;wufMu&\/ þwGif
twufbufurf;yg;ü umvom;rsm;onf pk&kH;umapmifhaeMuí vSnf;rsm;udk
wpD;NyD;wpD; urf;yg;twufBuD;wGif wGef;wifay;Mu\/ w,fawmfwJU
vlawGygwum;[k rcsD;rGrf;vkdufygESifhOD;? 4if;wkdUonf vSnf;wpD;udk
urf;yg;apmuftwufBuD;twdkif; wGef;wifMuí xdyfodkUa&mufcgeD;wGif
&kwfw&uf vTwfypfvdkufMuav&m EGm;ESpfaumifrSm vG,ful&mrS trSwfrJU
tcufawGU&onfESifh t&Sdefysufum EGm;a&mvSnf;yg vefusoGm;av\/
þtjcif;t&mudkapmifhí MunfhMuaomy&dowfuvnf; &,farmMuav\/

131 
 þokdUjzifh vSnf;wpD;vQif wacgufrQ 'vdefUacgufauG; jyefusvmNyD;rS
aemufwBudrftwufwGif xdyfodkUa&mufatmif wGef;wifvkdufavonf/
Avaumif;aomEGm;BuD;rsm;vnf; roufomacs/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaom
oefpGrf;vSaom EGm;BuD;rsm;udk urf;yg;xdyfodkU a&mufvkqJqJwGif vTwfay;
vkduf&kHESifh rNyD;yJ vufvTwfcgeD;ü rodromESifh jyefí qGJcsvkdufMu
aomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ tvGeftrif;oefpGef;aom EGm;rsm;ESifh yg;eyfaom
vSnf;orm;rsm;rSwyg; ',D;',dkifESifh aemufjyefvdrfhusMujcif;tm; jzifh
y&dowftm; wBudrfjzpfap azsmfajzoGm;Mu&onfcsnf;jzpfavonf/

yJGoGm;aMumhaMumh yGJjyefarmfharmfh

em;awmif;usacsmif; twufvrf;\ xpfaighrIaMumifh tjyefc&D;wGif

vSnf;rsm;onf tvmc&D;rSmuJUodkU woDwwef;BuD;rarmif;MuawmhyJ
udk,fh&yfuGufESifh udk,fhtkyfpkrQavmufom tazmfvkyfEdkifMuawmh\/ þbk&m;
yJGwGif rdrdudk,fudk taysmfqkH;wa,muftaejzifh oabmxm;rdaom uREkfyfyif
vQif aw;csif; oDqdkcsifpdwf r&SdawmhyJ tvkyform;wa,muf a,muf\
aygifay:wGif OD;acgif;wifí rSdef;csifcJUavNyD/ jzpfvnf; jzpfoifhonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaom uREkfyfrSm okH;nvkH; pkaygif;ygrS 10 em&DrQyif
rtdyfcJUojzifh rsufawmifrsm; pif;aeNyDjzpfaomaMumifhaywnf;/ vdifoabm
ryg&SdyJ vli,fhobm0oufoufjzifh tl&TifjrL;wl;cJU&jcif;rsm;wGif ppfudkif;
awmif&dk;okdU yxrtBudrfa&muf&bl;aom wacgufESifh þwyJGonf
pdwfxJwGif ]pm;NrKHUjyef}í rNyD;qkH;Edkifonfh tjcif;t&mESpfckaywnf;/
ae&Sdeftawmfjyif;vmaomtcg uREkfyfwkdU&yfuGufrS vSnf;av;ig;pD;wdkUonf
t&kPfwufrS xícsufcJUMuonfh xrif;[if;rsm;udk opfyif&dyf

132 
aumif;aumif;wGif &yfem;,if; pm;aomufMuavonf/ a&SUtzdkUwGif
aeuvnf; yljyif;vmojzifh tl&Tifcef;NyD;qkH;í 0rf;AdkufawmifhawmifhESifh
acGMuolwkdUomrsm;awmh\/ tjyefc&D;ü uREkfyftrSwf&aom tjcif;t&m
wckrSm uREkfyfwkdU\vnfyif;ü ]a&Tpm&HykwD;}[kac:onfh xef;&GufykwD;0g
rsm;pGyfvsuf jyefvmMupOf atmifyifv,fuef&dk;&Sd atmifyifv,f&Gmü
usif;yonfh]ay:awmfrl} bk&m;yJGtNyD;ESifh qkHpnf;í 4if;bk&m;yJGjyef
rsm;onfvnf; rEÅav;okdU uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwla&maESmum jyefvmMu\/
4if;yJGjyefrsm;\ vnfyif;wGifvnf; uREkfyfwkdUenf;wl xef;&GufykwD;rsm;
pGyfxm;Muav&m xdkolwkdUonf a&Tpm&Hbk&m;odkU a&mufatmifoGm;&ef
rwwfEdkifojzifh ]aeUcsif;jyef}jzpfEdkifaom þbk&m;yJGokdU vma&mufum
]a&Tpm&Hjyefrsm;}taejzifh rEÅav;NrdKUokdU 0ifMujcif;jzpfonf[k od&avonf/
(uREkfyfwdkU vlrsKd;um; BuHBuHzefzef [efaqmifcsifaom vlrsKd;aywnf;[k
atmufarhcJUrdonf/)

acwfpm;aomaw;wyk'f

8 wef;ü&SdpOf uREkfyftm; txufwef;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifh ESD;ESD;&if;&if;

jzpfaponfh tjcif;t&mwck ay:aygufcJUjcif;udk rSwfrdygao;\/ xdkacwfu
ausmif;om;rsm;\ xkH;pHwckrSm atmufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;onf txuf
wef;BuD;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk MunfndKpGmESifh armfhMunfhMuí
txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;url atmufwef;ausmif;om;uav;rsm;tm;
]]zkwfavwJUig;yd &Sdonf[krrSwf}}qdkaom pum;uJUokdU vlzwfrxifwwfMu
ay/ waeUoü uREkfyfonf aeUausmif;wufcgeD; 15 rdepfcefU vdkao;aom
tcsdefwGif 8 wef;oifaom ausmif;cef;xJü py,foufBuD;qdkonfh

133 
]ywÅjrm;rSef*l} oDcsif;udk wD;wdk;oDqdkjyovsuf&SdpOf tcef;tjyifbufrS
avQmufoGm;Muonfh udkxGef;vStygt0if 9 wef;ausmif;om;wpk
Mum;onfESifh 0ifvmMuí udkxGef;vSu ]]a[hazodef;? 'DoDcsif;udk rif;tp
tqkH;&ovm;}}[k ar;ojzifh uREkfyfu &aMumif;jyefajym\/ þwGif 9wef;
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf uREkfyftm; ausmoyf&ifoyfvkyfMuí pm&GufESifh
cJwHrsm; xkwfMuav\/

cufcJpGmul;&jcif;

þae&mü 4if;aw;csif;\vlBudKufrsm;ykHESifh cJ,Of;pGm uREkfyf&ykHudk

azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ rEÅav;NrdKUwGif xdkacwfu &kyfao;rif;om; rif;orD;rsm;
oDqdkonfh aw;csif;rsm;onf tvGefacwfpm;\/ Zmwfrif;om;
OD;zdk;pdefBuD;rSm xdktcsdefwGif ay:aygufNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; þaemuf
(uREkfyftxift&) 2 ESpf avmufMumrS ol\oDcsif;rsm;udk umvom;rsm;
vrf;avQmufqdkaomtjzpf odkUa&mufvmonf/ xdkpOfu txl;emrnfBuD;í
,aeUwdkiftpm;xdk;&ef (okdUr[kwf EIdif;,SOfíajym&ef) ray:aygufao;onfh
&kyfao;rif;orD;ESifh rif;om;rsm;um; q&myk? udkbausmh? py,foufBuD;?
udkpdefcdk? udkzl;ndKwdkU jzpf\/ 4if;wkdU\yg;pyfrS aw;csif;tqef;rsm;onf
umvom;rsm;\ yg;pyfodkU a&mufonfhtcg 4if;wkdUonf bm*sm? Aswfapmif;
paom wl&d,mrsm;ESifh wGJum ntcsdefrsm;wGif vrf;rsm;ay:üavQmufí
oDqdkwwfMuavonf/ tcsKdUaomvrf;rsm;rSm xdkuJUokdUaom wD;0dkif;rsKd;
w0dkif;NyD; w0dkif;avQmuf vmwwfojzifh vrf;eHab;rS tdrfrsm;rSm
þacwfa&'D,dkrsm; ozG,f tqufrjywfvkbeef;em;axmif&avonf/
uREkfyf&xm;aom py,foufBuD; \ ]ywÅjrm;rSef*l}aw;csif;rSm ay:cgp

134 
vnf;jzpfí umvom;rsm;vnf; r&ao;? useatmif oDqdkwwfolvnf;
r&Sdao;yJ tvGefvnf; vlBudKufrsm; onfESifh wefzdk;&SdvSaom
aw;csif;wyk'fjzpfay\/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; udkxGef;vStrSL;&Sdaom ausmif;om;
BuD;rsm;onf uRekfyfxH ylqmjcif; jzpfavonf/

uREkfyfrsufESmyGifhvdkufykH

þaw;csif;udkuREkfyf&ykHum; þokdUwnf;/ &kyfao;rif;om; py,foufBuD;\

rif;orD; udkatmifomü r,m;i,fwa,muf&Sd&m rif;om; rif;orD;wkdU
rnfonfrSm 4if;wkdU\ aw;csif;opfrsm;udk t&yfom;rsm;okdU ay;avhr&Sdaomf
vnf; rif;orD; udkatmifomrlum; r,m;i,f\ ylqmjcif;aMumifh ay;&\/
uREkfyfwkdUtdrfrS tvkyform;acgif;aqmif udkawmufxGef;onf xdkrdef;rESifh
cifrif&if;ESD;rI&Sdí 4if;aw;csif;udk qdkykHqdkenf;ESifhwuG awmif;,lvmcJU&m
uREkfyfrSm 4if;wkdUxHrS &Sdckd;OD;wifoif,l&jcif;jzpfavonf/ okdUjzpf&um;
udkxGef;vSwdkU vlpktay:ü uREkfyfrsufESm yGifhvdkufykHrSm ajymzG,f&mr&Sd?
]]rif;uav;w,fedyfouGm}}[k cPcP ausmoyf&ifoyf csD;usL;Mubl;
avonf/ uREkfyfuvnf; aw;csif;udkcJcJ,Of;,Of; ,lcJU&onfhtjzpfESifh
wuG ajymjyí useatmifqdkjypOf olwkdUvlpkvnf; vdkufí ul;Muavonf/
uREkfyf\aw;csif;rSm cspfcef;BudKufcef;ESifh ywfoufonfh ]opöm}xm;
aw;csif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ tavmif;awmfq'´efqifrif;tm; aomEkw¦dK&frkqdk;u
cJ,Of;pGmoGm;NyD;tpG,fudk jzwf,ljcif; taMumif;jzpfí rsm;pGmaom umvay:
aw;csif;rsm;uJUokdU ruG,faysmufyJ ESpfaygif;twefMum oDqdkvsuf
usef&pfcJU avonf/ uREkfyfrSm þaw;csif;twGufaMumifh txufwef;
ausmif;om;BuD; rsm;ESifh oduRrf;&kHru? cifrifMuifemjcif;udk cH,l&&Sdav&m

135 
þodkUaomtjcif; t&monf uREkfyftzdkUü olaX;om;rsm;ESifh cifrif&jcif;
xufyif 0rf;yef;wom ESifh *kPf,lcJUrdygonf/ aemufrsm;rMumrDyif
udkxGef;vS uG,fvGef&Smonf/

*kPfj'yfBuD;cJUaom 9 wef;

1905ckESpfukefwGif 8 wef;atmifí 1906ckESpfwGif 9 wef;odkUwuf&av&m

þtwef;rSm wuúokdfvf0if  (Entrance)  twef;jzpfí ausmifwGiftjrifh
qkH;jzpf\/ xdkpOfu jrefrmjynfwGif ,leDAmpDwD r&Sdao;ojzifh wuúodkvf0if
pmar;yJGudk umvuwÅm;,leDAmpDwDrS ppfaq;&ay&m þtjcif;t&monfyif
9 wef;ausmif;om;rsm; ajczsm;axmufp&mjzpfcJUavonf/ taMumif;rlum;
9 wef;pmar;yGJrSm tuf(zf)at? bDat pmar;yGJrsm;enf;wl b*Fvm;pmar;yGJ
[kac:aomaMumifhaywnf;/ uREkfyfwdkUausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmjynfü
oD;oefU,leDAmpDwD r&Sdjcif;aMumifh *kPfi,fonf[lí em;rvnfMu?
b*Fvm;udk txifBuD;Muwkef;jzpfí b*Fvm;pmar;yGJ0if&jcif;onfyif
*kPfj'yfBuD;wck[lí rSwfxifcJUMuavonf/ ausmif;om;wdkUrnfonf
pmar;yGJatmifí twef;wuf&onfqdkvQif 0rf;omMuNrJ jzpfaomfvnf;
wuúodkvf0ifac: 9 wef;okdU wuf&jcif;uJUokdU 0rf;omjcif;? *kPf,lrdjcif;
um;rBuKHcJU&bl;yg/ uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl aetdrfywf0ef;usift&yfrsm;ü 9
wef;orm;[lí xdkpOfuvnf;r&Sd? ,cifuvnf; r&SdcJUbl;onfh
twGufaMumifh tawmfb0ifjrifhcJUrdyg\/ þtwGufaMumifh uREkfyftay:ü
remvdkolrsm;&SdMuaomfvnf; uREkfyftm; ynm&Sduav;wa,mufozG,f
av;pm;Muonfhtwef;uav;orm;rsm;vnf; ajrmufjrm;pGm&SdMuayonf/
tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf 4if;wkdU\ av;ig;wef;ausmif;om;uav;rsm;udk

136 
uREkfyfESifh twl pmusyfygapqdkum uREkfyfwkdU\aetdrfokdU ydkUxm;jcif;
rsm;&Sd\/ xdkvlwkdU\ pdwfü ]y@dwmeOöao0em}qdkonfh r*Fvmw&m;awmf
twdkif; ynm&Sduav;wOD;xHqnf;uyfygap[laom oabmESifh ydkUMuav
oavm rqdkEdkifay/ uREkfyf\zcifum; tawmf*kPf,lykH&onf/

]&ifbwf}rdwfaqG&jcif;

8 wef;okdUwuf&uwnf;u tvGefcifrifaom oli,fcsif;okH;a,muf&Sdjcif;udk

azmfjycJUNyD;jzpf&m 4if;wkdUteufwGif udkazrSm tdrfcsif;uvnf; eD;onfESifh
txl;ojzifh cifrif&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGwa,mufjzpfvmí uREkfyf\
woufwmwGif yxrOD;qkH;aom rdwfaqG&if;  (Bosom  Friend)  wa,muf
jzpfacsonf/ þt*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rSm ]&ifbwfrdwfaqG}[k t"dyÜg,f&Sdav&m
tvGefwdusay:vGifaom tokH;tEIH;jzpf\/ taMumif;rlum; &ifbwfxJü
&Sdaom tjcif;t&mtm;vkH;udk (taumif;a&mtqdk;yg) zGifh[wdkifyifí tBuH
OmPfawmif;Edkifaom rdwfaqGrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ þrdwfaqGrsKd;onf
wa,mufESifhwa,muf [efvkyfjcif;? <um;0gjcif;? *kPfNydKifjcif; r&Sd/
wa,muf'ku©a&mufonfqdkvQif wa,mufu yg;pyfzsm;uav;jzifh
]]0rf;enf;w,fAsm}}[k avmu0wfpum;ajymjcif;r[kwf? pdwfü wu,f
xdcdkufatmif vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf;í aumif;pm;vQifvnf;
t[kwfwu,f 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om (rk'dwmpdwf)jzpfEdkifonfh rdwfaqGrsKd;udk
qdkvdkayonf/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;ü xdkokdUaomrdwfaqGrsKd; b,fESpfa,mufpD
&SdMuonfrqdkEdkif? uRekfyftzdkU&müum; (udkaztygt0if)woufomvkH;ü
okH;av;ig;a,mufrQom BuKH&bl;ygonf/ (þokdUaom rdwfaqGrsKd;rSm
b0a&pufvnf;ygOD;rS awGUEdkif[ef wlayonf/)

137 
wefzdk;&SdvSaom Mo0g'

9 wef;okdUwufí aEG&moD ausmif;ydwfrnfhaeUwGif jrefrmpmoifjyonfh

q&ma&TrSefonf uREkfyftzdkU&mü woufywfvkH; tokH;0ifonfh Mo0g'wck
ay;bl;\/ (q&ma&TrSefrSm uREkfyfwdkU\ 8 wef;q&mjzpfcJU&m 9 wef;okdU
uREkfyfwdkUwufMuaomtcg 9wef;jyq&monf ukvm;vlrsKd;q&mwpfa,muf
jzpfí jrefrmpmrwwfonfESifh q&ma&TrSefu uREkfyfwdkUtm; jrefrmpmoif
ay;í ukvm;q&mopfu 8 wef;udkt*Fvdyfbmom oifay;jcif; jzifh
tvJtvS,fvkyfMuonf/) ausmif;ydwfrnfhnaeü q&ma&TrSefonf uREkfyfwdkU
tm; t*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm; zwfjcif;tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfbmomaumif;aumif;
wwfatmif BudK;pm;MuzdkU a[majymNyD;aemuf ausmif;qif;aomtcgwGif
t*Fvdyf0w¦Kpmtkyf iSm;vdkolrsm;tm; ol\tdrfodkU vdkufcJU&ef ac:oGm;av&m
uREkfyfESifh tjcm;ausmif;om; av;ig;a,muf vkdufoGm;Mu\/ usefvlrsm;
um; ,D;wD;,m;wm;vkyfum rvdkufyJ csefae&pfcJUMuavonf/ vkdufoGm;ol
rsm;teufwGif udkaz? armif&DESifh pufacGwdkU yg0ifMuonf/ pifppfrSm
uREkfyfESifh þoli,fcsif;okH;a,mufonf t*FvdyfbmomwGif tm;usrcH
tNydKiftqdkif BudK;pm;Muolrsm; jzpfavonf/ þtaMumif;udk jyefvnf
okH;oyfonfhtcg uREkfyfwdkUav;a,muftm; cifrif&if;ESD;atmif csnfaESmifay;
aom tjcif;t&monfum; t*Fvdyfbmom &yfü pdwf0ifpm;onfh txkHtavh
csif; wlnDrIyifjzpfwef&macsonf/
(jrif;orm;tcsif;csif;? *Dworm;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;wwfMu
ouJUokdUyif/)

138 
aumif;vdkufonfhpmtkyf

uREkfyf,lcJUrdaompmtkyfrSm csm;vfpf'pfuif; a&;onfhbmebD&wfcs  (Burnaby 

Rudge)  pmtkyfjzpfav&m uREkfyfonf 4if;0w¦Kudk BudK;pm;í zwfygaomf
vnf; t&om cHEdkifavmufatmif jynfhpkHpGm em;rvnfonf waMumif;?
ow¦Ktqifhtwef;uvnf; (uREkfyf\t&G,fESifh rvkdufatmif) jrifhvGef;onf
waMumif;aMumifh 4if;0w¦Kpmtkyfudkcsxm;í udkazxHrS yoDykHjyif0w¦Kudk
iSm;&rf;zwf&Iavonf/ yoDykHjyif0w¦Kaumif;vkdufykHum; ajymrukefEdkifatmif
&Sdygawmh\/ vGefyJGü qkHcJUbl;aomrdef;uav;ESifh orD;&nf; pm;r[kwf
jim;aomfvnf; pdwfxJü cspfBudKufí aeU&SdorQ rsufvkH;csif;qkdif
vsuf&SdMuNyDjzpf&m yoDykHjyifxJüygonfh 0w¦Kaygif;rsm;pGmwkdUrS (Zmwfvdkuf)
rif;orD;rsm;onf xdkrdef;uav;\ &kyfqif;oP²meftwdkif;csnf;jzpfí
rif;om;uav;rSmvnf; uREkfyfudk,fwdkifcsnf;jzpfaeavawmhonf/ vlysKd
ayguf t&G,fvnf;jzpfjyef? pdwfxJü BudKufxm;olvnf;&Sdjyef? pdwful;,Of
wwfaom tavhtxkHuvnf;&Sdjyef? ausmif;ydwfxm;onfh tm;vyfcsdef
vnf;jzpfjyef av&um; uREkfyfrSmpmtkyfudkzwfvdkuf? csxm;NyD; pdwful;vkduf?
wzefaumufzwfvdkuf? ESpfNcdKufaom pmydk'frsm;udkul;,lvkduf ponfjzifh
(tdyfcsdefpm;csdefrSwyg;) tcsdef&SdorQ zwfavawmhonf/ þtwGufaMumifh
tjrwfwckay:xGufonfrSm zcifonf uREkfyftm; tvGefpmBudK;pm;onfqdkí
bm*smwvkH; 0,fay;ayonf/ (zcifonf wD;rIwfoHudk tvGef&GHUrkef;ol
wa,mufjzpf&um; 4if;tjyKtrlrSm uREkfyftm; tpGrf;ukeftvdkvdkuf&Smjcif;
jzpfavonf/)

139 
wefzkd;&Sdaom t*Fvdyfpmacwf

yoDykHjyif0w¦Kudk bmomjyefxm;onfh t*Fvdyfpum; tokH;tEIef;rSm tvGef

aumif;onf[k q&mhq&mrsm;ajymoHMum;bl;ay&m uREkfyfrSm ausmif; 45
&ufydwfonfhtwGif;ü 0w¦KZmwfvrf;\t&omudk cHpm;&kHomru t*Fvdyfpm
a&;ykHa&;enf;udkvnf; usufrSwfxm;onfESifh ausmif;zGifhí pmpDpmukH;wyk'f
a&;om;Mu&onfwGif twef;q&mu uREkfyf\ta&;tom;rSm wjznf;jznf;
r[kwfyJ ckefvTm;íwufoGm;aMumif;  (By  leaps  and  bounds)  csD;usL;ajym
qdkbl;avonf/ [kwfykHvnf;&onf/ pmwESpfoifí wwef;wufaomtcgü
wkd;wufjcif;xuf xdk 45 &uftqkH;ü wkd;wufjcif;onf ydkonf[k
udk,fh[mudk,fvnf; xifrdygonf/ xdkacwfü t*Fvdyfbmom tom;,laom
acwfjzpfí awmfonfqdkvQif wausmif;rS wausmif;okdUvnf;aumif;?
w&kH;rSw&kH;okdUvnf;aumif;? tpdk;&XmewckrS wckodkUvnf;aumif; owif;
ysHUESHUwwfaom acwfjzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonf þtaMumif;udk Mum;bl;
jcif;aMumifh BudK;pm;csifaompdwfjzpfay:jcif;vnf; [kwfEdkifygonf/

toHxGufrSefuefatmifBudK;pm;oifhjcif;

t*Fvdyfbmom&yfESifh ywfoufí uREkfyftzdkU uHaumif;aom tjcif;t&m

wckvnf;azmfjyvdkygonf/ 9wef;q&m ukvm;vlrsKd; rpöwm tif;*vpfpf 
(Mr.Inglis)  qdkolrSm uREkfyfawGUbl;onfh (t*Fvdyfr[kwfaom) vlrsKd;uGJrsm;

140 
teufwGif t*Fvdyfpum;ajym taumif;qkH;xJu wa,mufjzpfonf[k
uREkfyf,lqyg\/ uREkfyfonf emrnfBuD;vSaom OD;aratmif? a'gufwm
barmfpaom jrefrm0wfvkHrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? ukvm;0wfvkHrsm;udk
vnf;aumif; em;axmif&bl;yg\/ xdkvlrsm;onf uREkfyf\q&mESifh wlvQif
omwl&rnf? omonf[k uREkfyfrxifyg/ q&m tif;*vpfpfonf t*FvefokdU
vnf; a&mufbl;í t*Fvdyfpum; toHxGufwGif wdus rSefuefvdkufykHrSm
tcsKdUt*Fvdyfrsm;xufyifomao;onfxif\/ uREkfyfrSmaemufydkif;wGif
t*Fvdyfa&mjrefrmpum;yg ajymcsifaompdwfr&Sdavmufatmif jzpfcJU&aomf
vnf; t*FvdyftoHxGuf rSefuefaprItwGufrl woufvkH; *&kpdkufvmcJUol
jzpf\/ q&mtif;*vpfpf\toHxGuftrSefrsm;onf atmufwef;rsm;rS
uREkfyf\ toHxGuftrSm;rsm;udkjyKjyifajymif;vJap\/ toHrSefxGufzdkUvdkvm;
aom uREkfyfonf atmufwef;rsm;rS oifcJU&onfhtoHxGufESifh q&m
tif;&*vpfpf\ toHxGufwkdU uJGvJGjcif;udk awGU&onfhtcgwdkif; uREkfyfESifh
udkazwdkUonf tdwfaqmiftbd"mwfudk vSefí&SmwwfMuay&m q&m
tif;*vpfpfurSefuefonfcsnf;awGUMu&\/ þrQomruao; BuD;jyif;
vmaomtcgüvnf; vlwwfrsm;ESifh q&m\toHxGuf uGJvGJjcif;udk
awGU&vQifvnf; tbd"mwfudkvSefíMunfhao;&m q&muyif rSefuefjcif;udk
awGU&\/ (þacwfüwuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf t*FvdyftoHxGuf
tvGefcsmonfudk awGU&\/ udk,fhbmompum;r[kwfaomaMumifh toHxGuf
rSm;vQifvnf; rwwfEdkif[k oabmxm;MuaomaMumifhayavm? ausmif;q&m
rsm;udk,fEIdufuvnf; þtwdkif;yif ,lqMuavoavm rajymwwfay/
okdUqdkvQif tvGefrSm;aomt,ltqjzpfonf[k qdkcsifonf/ þudpörsKd;ESifh
ywfoufí t*Fvdyfpum;ykHwckrSm enf;,lxdkuf\/ ]vkyfoifh onfqdkí
vkyfaom tvkyfwckudk (awmftdavsmftdoabmrxm;yJ) aumif;aumif;

141 
jzpfatmifvkyf&rnf}[k qdkavonf/ vlrsKd;uJG\ pmqdkí roifcsifvnf;
aeMuap? oifrdvQifvnf;aumif;aumif;wwfatmif oifxdkufayonf/
vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf oifwdkif;vnf; tcReftrGef rjzpfEdkifjcif;um;rSefygonf/
okdU&mwGif toHxGufrQavmufudk rSefuefatmif ajymwwfac:wwfzdkUrSm
vlrsKd;\*kPfudkaxmufxm;aomtm;jzifh BudK;pm;xdkuf Muonf/ b,folu
bmajymonfjzpfap? t*Fvdyfpum;onfrajymwwfvQif ryD? ryDovQif
txifao;cH&rnfh bmom&yfwckjzpf&m EdkifiHjcm;om;ESifh tquftoG,f
rsm;vSaom þacwfwGif e,fcsJUcJUbl;onfh 0oDaMumifh vlrsKd;udk tmCmw
xm;NyD; olwkdU\bmompum;udk rxDav;pm;jyKrdygu urÇmhtv,fwGif
rsufESmi,fzG,f&m? txifao;cH&zG,f&m &Sdayonf/ ]jrefrmhtoH}rS
tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS NrdKUtrnf? vltrnfrsm;udk rSefuefatmif ac:wwfzkdU
rBudK;pm;Mujcif;rSmvnf; tHUMozdkUaumif;\/ &SufzdkUvnf; aumif;\/
oH&kH;awG&Sdaeaom &efukefNrdKUwGif þudpöonfvG,f uloifh\/ oHrSefrxGuf
wwfjcif;ESifhywfoufí jrefrmowif;pmrsm;onf tvm;wlyif csmvSonf/
urÇmhwdkif;jynfBuD;rsm;rS 0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\ trnfrsm;udkyif wa,mufuwrsKd;
a&;csifovkda&;vsuf&SdMuonf/ tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif þuJUokdU awmftd
avsmftd aygh&Twf&Twf oabmxm;Muonfrxifay/)

om"uwck

9 wef;q&m rpöwm tif;*vpfpfrSm t*Fvdyfpum; ajymjcif;ü tvGefoGuf

tvGefrSefítvGefawmfykHudk taxmuftxm; wifjyygOD;rnf/ waeUoü
Aef;armfNrdKUrS t*Fvdyfpmwwf jrefrme,fydkif0efaxmufwa,mufonf uREkfyf
wdkUESifhtwl 9wef;ü oifvsuf&Sdaom 4if;\om;xHodkUtvnfvm&m wGif

142 
ausmif;tkyfBuD;udk,fwdkif 0efaxmufBuD;tm; uREkfyfwdkUtwef;okdU vdkufydkU\/
xdktcdkufwGifq&mtif;*vpfpfonf uREkfyfwdkUtwef;om;rsm;tm; ]0gwmvl;
ppfyJGrwkdifrDwn} [laomt*Fvdyf vuFmwyk'fudk oifjyvsuf&Sd&m?
ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh 0efaxmufBuD;wdkU 0ifvmMuí ausmif;tkyfBuD;u
q&mtm; ]]oifomoifyg}}[kajymjyNyD; ckHvGwfwckwGif 0ifxdkifMu\/
q&mtif;*vpfpfvnf; qufvufí oifjyav&m vuFmxJrS cufcJaom
pmydk'frsm;udk twef;om;rsm; em;vnfatmif &Sif;vif;ajymjyjcif;tvkyfü
olrwlatmif oGufvufjcif;? jywfom;jcif;? pdwfygvufyg&Sdjcif;? pum;tokH;
tEIef;wdusrSefuefjcif;wnf;[laom t*Fgrsm;aMumifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh
0efaxmufBuD;wdkUonf wa,mufrsufESmudk wa,mufcPcP vSrf;Munfh
Mujcif;udk uREkfyfwkdUjrif&\/ aemufqkH;ü 0efaxmufBuD;ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;
wkdUonf auseyftm;&aom trlt&mESifh xoGm;Muaomtcg q&m
tif;*vpfpfonf pmtkyfudkydwfí wbufodkU vSnfhcdkufwGif uREkfyfwkdU
ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;vnf; þrQavmufaumif;aom oifjyjcif;udk wcgrQ
rBuKHbl;onfESifh pdwfxJrS oabmwl csD;usL;Mu,if; ]a0g}ueJ jrnfaom
toH xGufoGm;rdMuav\/ wu,foifawmh wu,fawmhfonfh
q&mwa,mufaywnf;/

'kwd,om"u

we*FaEG waeUü q&mtif;*vpfpfonf ol\]tcspfawmf} uav;rsm;

jzpfMuonfh armif&DESifh uREkfyftm; apmapmBuD;vrf;avQmuf&ef csdef;qdk
ac:iifoGm;í tdk;zdkbuf&Sd Aspfpuf&kHudkjy\/ oludk,fwdkifu tvGefrnf;ol
wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; rEÅav;NrdKUay:&Sd rsufESmjzLt&m&SdqdkvQif q&mESifh

143 
rodolr&Sdoavmuf todtuRrf;aygonfhtavsmuf Aspfpuf&kHrefae*smtm;
uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufudk puf&kHwckvkH;odkUvkdufjyap\/ NyD;aomtcgtmV*D(pD)
vrf;&Sd AD,mema[mfw,fodkU uREkyfwdkUESpfa,mufudkac:í eHeufpmauR;&m
&kHawmfBuD;rS t&Sef;wdkUtxef;wkdU\ w&kwfacgufqGJrsm;ESifh aps;csKdteD;rS
jrefrmrkefUwDqdkifrsm;ü avmufom pm;cJUbl;onfh uREkfyftzdkUrSm
t*Fvdyfa[mfw,fodkU yxrtBudrfa&mufbl;jcif;jzpfí tcif;tusif;ESifh
pm;aomufzG,f&mrsm;\ om;em;ykHrsm;udk tHUMorqkH;atmif ai;Munfhrdyg
awmhonf/ (trSefrSm AD,mema[mfw,f\ om;em;vSjcif;aMumifh
r[kwfvSyg/ xdkacwfu &kHawmfBuD;rS acgufqGJqdkifrsm;onf þacwf
vQef;pdefa[mfw,fuJUokdU oyfoyf&yf&yfr&SdyJ ayusHaom opfom;pm;yJGwGif
npfywfaom ck&Snfay:ü aqmifhaMumifhxdkifum pm;Mu&aomaMumifhjzpfyg
onf/ 0rf;yJOykHpm;yGJBuD;wGif azG;azG;jzLjzLí yef;yGifhykHrsm;xnfh&ufxm;onfh
pm;yGJcif;t0wfBuD;cif;vsuf yef;pdkufc&m;ESifhwuG qGwfqGwfjzLaom
vufokwfy0grsm;udk yg;vSaom zvfcGufxJüxnfhum jyifqifxm;jcif;rsKd;udk
rnfonfhqdkif rnfonfhtdrfürQ rjrif&bl;ao;yg/ xdkacwfüuREkfyfwkdU\
tdrfüomr[kwf? rdbrsm;xufpD;yGm;a&;tqifhtwef;jrifhaomtdrfrsm;üyif
]vkdufxrif;}udk a<uZvkHjzifh rxnfhyJ qefaq;jcif;awmif; okH;Muwkef;
jzpfygonf/)

yxrqkH;t*FvdyfeHeufpm

a[mfw,fxJokdU uREkfyfwdkU0ifoGm;MuonfESifhwNydKifeuf *g0ef&Snf? tuÐs

vuf&Snfrsm;jzihfoyf&yfpGm 0wfqifxm;onfh Adkvfujym;ruav; okH;a,muf

144 
wkdUonf q&m tif;*vpfpftm; uAsmu,m qD;BudKEIwfqufum
tl,m;zm;,m;pum;ajymMuav&m? uREkfyfrSm tvGeftHUMovsuf &SdonfhtxJrS
yif AsKdif;okH;aumifESifh usD;waumif awGUMuonf[k owd&í NyKH;rdygonf/
Akdvfujym;rav;okH;a,mufrSm þrQavmufjzLvSaomaMumifh r[kwf?
uREkfyfwkdU\q&murnf;vSaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ q&mtif;*vpfpfum;
uREkfyfjrifbl;onfhvlrsm;teufwGif teufqkH; wa,mufjzpfayonf/
tom;rnf;oavmuf awmufajymifonfh tqif;ta&mif t0wfrsKd;udk
tvJvJ0wfqifwwfoljzpfí rEÅav;NrdKUwGif vlrsKd;uJGrsm;txJü
(tjriftm;jzifh) txif&Sm;qkH;yk*¾dKvfwOD;jzpfacs\/ q&mtif;*vpfpfonf
ujym;rokH;a,mufteufrS tacsmqkH;wa,mufudk a&G;íwGJac:um
pm;yJGcef;okdU0ifMuNyD;vQif xdyfrSxdkifav&m uREkfyfESifh armif&DwdkUvnf;
(a,musfm;okH;a,muf rdef;rokH;a,muf&SdonfESifh wa,mufjcm;pDxdkifMu&
ojzifh) vuf0JESifh vusfmwGif ujym;rwa,mufpD &SdaeMuav\/ armif&DrSm
þudpörsKd;wGif uREkfyfxuf ]t0g;0}ykH&í [efrysufvSaomfvnf; uREkfyfrlum;
zifESifhukvm;xdkif xdonfrxif/ &ifwqwfqwfckefvsuf&Sd\/ xdkUaemuf
eHeufpm pm;pOftwGif;üvnf; aumif;? pm;NyD;aomtcgüvnf;aumif;
uRekfyfwkdU\q&m tif;*vpfpf t*Fvdyfpum;ajymvkdufykHrSm w&TD;&TD; w&Twf
&Twf ESifha&yufr0ifatmif &Sdawmh&m ujym;ruav; okH;a,mufrSmvnf;
w[D;[D; w[m;[m; w0g;0g; waomaom&,farmvsuf&SdMuavawmh\/
q&majymonfhtxJwGif t*Fvdyf ]bef;pum;}rsm; a&mnSyfyg&SdaomaMumifh
uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufrSm jynfhpkHatmif em;rvnfMuapumrl udk,f[ef
vuf[efESifhq&m\ rsufESmxm;wkdUaMumifh tawmftwef&dyfrdMuí a&maESm
um &,farmEdkifMu avonf/ q&mtif;*vpfpfonf ausmif;cef;xJwGif
ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh 0efaxmufBuD;tm; tpGrf;jybl;ouJUodkU ol\]tcspfawmf}

145 
uav;rsm;jzpf onfharmif&DESifh uREkfyfwkdUtay:wGif tpGrf;jycsifí wrifpDpOf
xm;jcif;jzpfonf [kuRekfyfwkdU&dyfrdMuaomfvnf; uREkfyftzdkU&mwGifrS wouf
wGif t&,f&qkH; aom eHeufpmpm;yJGwcktaejzifh rSwfwrf;wifxm;rdygonf/
t*Fvdyfpum;ajymjcif;tvkyfwGif t[kwfwu,fawmfonfh yk*¾dKvfwOD;ygay/

ausmif;tkyfBuD;\a0zefcsuf

uRekfyf\pum;xpfwwfjcif;udk q&mtif;*vpfpfodaomfvnf;
t*Fvdyfpum; ajymwwfzdkU tpGrf;tp&Sdonf[k ,lqonfh vu©PmESifh
ausmif;uyJG  (Concert)  üvnf;aumif; pum;&nfvkyGJrsm;üvnf;aumif;
q&mtif;*vpfpfonf armif&DESifh uREkfyftm; tNrJwrf; a&G;cs,fxnfhoGif;í
t*FvdyfvdkajymykHqdkenf;rsm; oifjyay;\/ uREkfyfvnf; BudK;pm;ygonf/
]uyJG} rsm;ü armif&DESifh uREkfyfusufíajym&onfh &,f&TifzG,f tjyeftvSef
pum;rsKd;  (Dialogus)  ajym&mwGifa0zefzdkUrvdkojzifh a0zefjcif;rcH&aomfvnf;
waeUoü t*Fvdyfvdk pum;&nfvkyJGwcktqkH;wGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;u
pum;ajymolrsm;taMumif;udk a0zefygonf/ pifppfrSm uREkfyfonf rdrd\
cRwf,Gif;csufudkodí jiif;aomfvnf; q&mtif;*vpfpf\ tm;ay;rIaMumifh
yg0ifjcif;jzpfygonf/
ausmif;tkyfBuD;onf uREkfyf\taMumif;udk a0zef&mü ]]azodef;u
toHxGufawmhaumif;yg&JU? okdUaomfvJ olU vQmu tmacgifrSm wcsuf
wcsufuyfuyfaewwfw,f}}[k ajymavonf/ uREkfyfonf xdkaeUrSpí
pum;&nfvkyGJrsm;wGif tygt0ifrvkyfawmhyJae&m q&mtif;*vpfpfurl
ausmif;tkyfBuD;tay:ü pdwfqdk;ykH&onf/ uREkfyfonf uHraumif;ojzifh
t*FgrpkHyJarG;cJUvQif &SufzG,f&m[k,lqvdrfhrnfr[kwfouJUodkU pum;xpf

146 
jcif;twGuf &Sufp&m[lí r,lqyg/ okdU&mwGif rdrd\cRwf,Gif;
csufudkodvsufESifh ae&mwumwdkif; pum;ajymcsifonf[k txifcH&rnf
udkum; &SufwwfzdkUem;vnfygonf/ BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgü urÇmhNidrf;csrf;
a&;udpörsm;ü q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;ESifh tjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ wdkufwGef;rI
aMumifh &Hzef&Hcgy&dowfa&SUwGif pum;ajymrdbl;yg\/ uREkfyf\ tcuftcJ
wckrSmpum;rxpfap&atmif owdxm;í ajymEdkifaomfvnf; xdkuJUokdU
owdxm;ae&jcif;onfyif tvkyfBuD;wckjzpfaeojzifh pum;vkH; ajymif
ajrmufatmifjzpfap? t"dyÜg,f&Sif;vif;atmifjzpfap? yGJusavmuf
atmifjzpfap rajymEdkifyJ&SdonfESifh aemufqkH;wGif wcgwnf;vufajrSmufzdkU
qkH;jzwfvdkufNyD;jzpfygonf/ pum;ajymjcif;tvkyfwGif wpuúefU\tydkif;
*Pef; uav;avmufrQaemufusonfjzpfap? wqdwfrQqdkif;iHUxm;&rnfh
ae&mwGif rqkdif;iHUyJ wGef;í ajymvkdufonfjzpfap yJGusifoifhoavmuf
rusjcif;udk uREkfyfem;vnfí pum;ajymaumif;olwkdif;vnf; em;vnfMu
ygonf/ uREkfyfrwwfEdkifojzifhtxufyg cRwf,Gif;csufrsKd;ESpfckvkH; &Sdonf
jzpfaomaMumifh þtvkyfudk wcgwnf; vufavQmhvdkufygawmhonf/

a0vmrif;om;ESifh yvdyfa&m*g

1906ckESpf ukefcgeD;wGif jrefrmjynfodkU t*FvefjynfrS a0vrif;om; 

Prince of Wales  (yOörajrmuf a*smhbk&ifavmif;) tvnftywfa&muf vmí
rsm;rMumrDtwGif; &efukefNrdKUESifh rEÅav;NrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif yvdyfa&m*g
tBuD;tus,f jzpfavawmhonf/ xdkpOfu aumVm[v pum;wcsKdUudk
uREkfyfrSwfrdao;\/ tcsKdUu rEÅav;NrdKUodkU a0vmrif;om;a&mufvmpOf
tvGefpnfum;onfudkjrifí rif;om;u t&m&Sdrsm;tm; ]]pnfum;vGef;tm;

147 
BuD;w,f}}[k ajymaomaMumifh vlOD;a&aygrsm;jcif;jyóemudk ajz&Sif;&ef
twGuf NAdwdoQtpdk;&u yvdyfa&m*gudk wrifwumzefwD;onf[k
ajymMu&m ,kHMunfol tawmfrsm;onfudkawGU&\/ tcsKdUuvnf;
tpdk;&onf t&yfxJü yvdyfydk;rsm;udk vliSm;ívTwfaMumif;? waeUaomf
yvdyfydk;vTwfaomvludk (ydk;ygaom <uufrsm;ESifhwuG) t&yfom;rsm;u
0dkif;zrf;NyD; &dkufESufar;jref;ppfaq;Mu&mwGif xkdvluaiG&ívkyf&ygonf[k
ajzmifhcsufay;aMumif;? xdktjcif;t&mudk uREkfyf\tpfudk armifyku
udk,fwdkifjrifcJU&onf[k uREkfyftm; ajymjyí uREkfyfyif,kHcJUbl;ygonf/
wNrdKUvkH;rlum; þpum;udk ,kHMunfcJUonfrSm tawmfuav;MumcJUavNyD/
waeUoüuREkfyfwkdU 9wef;wGif c&pf,ef usrf;pmoifjyonfh omoemjyK
q&mrBuD;u ]]yvdyfa&m*gydk;rsm; tpdk;&vTwfonfqdkjcif;udk ,kHMunfMu
oavm}}[k twef;om;rsm;tm;ar;í ,kHolrsm;xMu&ef ajymav&m
twef;om;wa,mufESpfa,mufrSwyg; wwef;vkH; (uREkfyfvnf; tygt0if)
xvkdufMuavonf/ þwGif omoemjyKq&mrBuD;\rsufESm tdkoGm;jcif;udk
uREkfyf,aeUwdkif rsufpdxJwGif jrifa,mifrdygao;onf/ q&mrBuD;u
]]igwdkUausmif;rSm tjrifhqkH;twef;rS ausmif;om;rsm;u 'Dpum;rsKd;,kHMunf
Muw,fqdkwm tm;BuD;0rf;enf;p&myJ}}[kajym&Smavonf/ rMumrwifrSmyif
uREkfyf\oli,fcsif;w&kwfujym;uav; pufacGwkdU om;trdESpfa,muf
]yvdyfxJygoGm;&SmMuonf}[kod&ojzifh uREkfyfrSm rEÅav;wGif rae0HUatmif
xdwfvefUvmonfESifhwdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;zdkU rdbrsm;tm;ylqmavawmYonf/

148 
aMumufrufzG,fa&m*gqdk;

xdktcsdefü rEÅav;NrdKUtajctaerSm aMumufp&mBuD;wckjzpfaeygawmhonf/

xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifaeMuolawG tawmfrsm;aeojzifh NrdKUrSm ajcmufuyfwdwf
qdwfvsuf&Sd&m vrf;avQmufoGm;onfhtcg vrf;wbufwcsufwGif
okH;tdrfrSmwtdrf? av;tdrfrSmwtdrf ponfjzifhom ae0HUol&Sdawmhonfudk
awGU&\/ aeolr&Sdonfh tdrfvGwfrsm;wGifvnf; tdrfa&SUü jrifavmufaom
ae&mrsm;wGif  P­1  P­2  paompmvkH;rsm;udkaq;eufjzifh xif&Sm;pGm
a&;xm;jcif;udk awGU&\/ t"dyÜg,frSm yvdyfa&m*gjzifhaoolwa,muf?
okdUr[kwf ESpfa,muf? okdUr[kwf okH;a,muf&SdNyD[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpf\/
wtdrfwavrSmrl  P­4  av;a,muftxd trSwftom;rsKd;udkyif
awGU&avonf/ tcsKdUtdrfrsm;a&SUürl jymykHuav;wGif rD;cdk;uav;wvlvlyif
awGU&wwfao;\/ t"dyÜg,frSm 4if;tdrfü em&Dydkif;twGif;uyif
vlwa,mufa,mu yvdyfa&m*gESifhaoqkH;í tdrf&Sdt0wftpm;rsm;udk
rD;ykH&IdUxm;jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ wdwfqdwfvsuf&Sdaom NrdKUBuD;wGif
txufyg tjcif;t&mrsKd;wkdUudk awGUjrif&onfhtcg tb,folonf
rwkefvIyfracsmufcsm;yJ &SdEdkifygrnfenf;/

wdrf;a&SmifcGifh&jcif;

uREkfyfrSm tawmfacsmufcsm;vsuf&SdNyDjzpfí rdbrsm;tm; wdrf;a&SmifMuzdkUylqm

\/ okdU&mwGifzcif\ (avmuDrIa&;&mwGif) q&mwql todtrSwfjyKxm;
onfhyk*¾dKvfBuD;u tpdk;&onf yvdyfa&m*gudk wrifvkyfonfqdkjcif;udk
r,kHMunfonfESifh yvdyfa&m*g\ul;pufwwfjcif;udkyg r,kHMunfyJ olwkdU

149 
vnf;rajy;? zciftm;vnf; ]]tvum;ygAsm}}[kajymum tm;ay;avh
&Sdavonf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;onf uREkfyf\aMumufwwfjcif;udk odonfESifh
]]azodef;wdkUrsm; aMumufvdkufwm aMumufacs;rsm;ygaeygtkH;r,fuG,fh}}[k
jyuf&,fpum; ajymbl;jcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdao;onf/ aemufqkH;ü
4if;yk*¾KdvfBuD;\tdrfrSyif wa,mufESpfa,mufysufpD;av&m uREkfyftm;vnf;
0ufvufodkU ydkUxm;&efpDpOfMuavawmhonf/ rdbrsm;rlum; tvkyfysufrcH
Edkifojzifh rwdrf;a&SmifMuyJ uREkfyf\ESrwa,mufESifhnDwa,muf (aygif;okH;
a,muf)udkom zcif\a'oodkU ydkUxm;avonf/

awmtvkdufaysmfwwfjcif;

uREkfyfrSm zcif\&GmodkU aumufBuD;wufcsdefrsm;wGif &Hzef&Hcg

a&mufbl;aomf vnf;av;ig;&ufcefUrQom aecJUbl;&m þwacgufMum
&SnfpGm ae&onfwGifrS uREkfyf\aoG;xJü yg&Sd[efwlonfhawmifolobm0rSm
OD;acgif;jyLíjyonfhES,f ay:xGufvmavNyD/ uREkfyfonf awmifolrsm;vkyfMu
onfh (xdktcgüaqmif;&moDjzpfonfhtwdkif;) pyg;odrf;jcif;? pyg;e,fjcif;?
pyg;avSUjcif;? vSnf;armif;jcif;? jrif;pD;jcif; ponfh "avh[lorQwGif tvGef
pdwf0ifpm;í aysmf&TifpGm ulnDaqmif&Gufay; wwfavNyD/ ntcsdef vom
omwGif aumufvIdif;ykHBuD;ay:ü EGm;xD;rsm;a&m EGm;rrsm;yg a&>yrf;yl;wGJ
xm;onf/ BudK;pudk udkifumEGm;rsm;\tv,frS ywfcsmvSnfhvsuf ][dkEGm;
u&dk? 'DEGm; u&dk} ponfrsm;jzifh atmfaigufum pyg;e,f&jcif; tvkyfonf
tvGefaysmfp&maumif;vSí csrf;rSef;rod? at;rSef;rod aumufvIdif;ykH
rnufrcsif; oef;acgifausmfatmif tvkyfvkyfay;avonf/ EGm;vnf; armif;
wwfonf/ jrif;vnf; ususee pD;wwfonf/ ]EGm;ajy; EGm;vkduf} vnf;

150 
armif;wwfonf/ rkd;&moDr[kwf ojzifh xGef,ufjcif;tvkyfudk roif
cJU&aomfvnf; BuD;vmaomtcgü wwfatmifoifcJUao;onf/ uREkfyfonf
awmifolv,form;rsm; vkyfaeustvkyfrsKd;[lorQwGif 0goemygvSí
aysmf&GifpGmaqmif&GufEdkifonf jzpfaomaMumifh ]igonf NrdKUay:ü vljzpf&jcif;
um; rSm;avonf}[k xifrdvmygawmhonf/ uREkfyfonf 4if;a'oü ESpfv
okH;vcefUMumí okH;av;&GmrQ vSnfhvnf aexdkifvsuf&S\
d / zcifonf
wacgufwav tvnfa&mvm&mwGif ]]armifBuD;&JUom;u awmifolbm0
aysmfykH&w,f? tpfudkBuD;&JUom;u EGm;aumif;aumif;armif;wwfaeNyD}}
ponfjzifh aqGrsKd;rsm;u tm;yg;w&ajymMuonfh tazonf oabmus
[efrwlacs/ (EGm;armif;wwfonfqdkjcif;rSm ]EGm;ajy;? EGm;vkduf} armif;wwf
jcif;udkqdkvdkí awmifolwkdif;rwwf? ynm&yfwckjzpfonf/)
zcifurl rdrdudk,fEIdufu tEkyfpkwf*kwfpkwf þtvkyfrsKd;udkrBudKuf
aomaMumfih NrdKUwufNyD; aeEdkifatmif BudK;pm;ygvsuf om;wa,mufu
aus;&Gm"avhjzpfonfh awmifol,mckwftvkyfudk ESpfouf&ygrnfavm[k
rausreyfyifjzpfykH&onf/ uREkfyfvnf; zcif\oabmudk&dyfrdonfESifh
uREkfyf\]ynm}rsm;udkrjy0HUawmhyJ zkH;zdíxm;vkduf&ygawmhonf/ aemufaemif
wGifvnf; zcifonf þtvkyfrsKd;ü uREkfyf0goemygjcif;udk rsufESmom
ray;acs/ rEÅav;NrdKUüyvdyfa&m*gNyD;oGm;í uREkfyfjyef&aomtcg rl;BuD;&GmESifh
refusnf;wkH&GmtMum;ü a&uav; wpyfpyf&Sdaeonfh oJacsmif; uav;
taMumif;udk refusnf;wkH&Gmom; a&S;pmqdkawmfwa,mufu ]&Gmwef;&,f
oG,f? tv,frSm a&,OfESifh tdk jrifolarm}[k pyfqdkxm;cJUonfh xdkoJacsmif;
uav;udk cPcP owd&onfESifh aemufqHwiifiifjzpfrdygao; onf/

151 
pmar;yGJus&IH;jcif;

1907ck ESpfOD;wGif uREkfyfonf rEÅav;okdUjyefa&mufí rwfvtwGif;ü

9wef;pmar;yJG ajzqdk&\/ uREkfyfrSm ]yvdyfajy;}ae&jcif;aMumifhwaMumif;?
twef;pmrsm;xuf 0w¦Krsm;zwfjcif;wGif pdwf0ifpm;cJUaomaMumifhwaMumif;
pmar;yGJwGif us&IH;cJUavonf/ pmar;yGJajzqdkítNyD; wvausmfrQ
tm;vyfaomtcsdefrsm;wGif zcifonf pwD;b&m;om;ukrÜPDrS pma&;BuD; 
Head  Clerk  ESifh tuRrf;w0ifjzpfí uREkfyftm; tulpma&;tjzpf
ESifhvkyfudkif&ef tyfESHxm;onfESifh pwD;tvkyf&kH;odkU rSefrSefwufcJU&\/
pma&;BuD;uvnf; uREkfyftm; t*Fvdyfpm ta&;tom;wGif tpGrf;tp
&Sdonfqdkum pmay;pm,l bufü tvkyfoGif;ay;zdkU BuH&G,fcsuf&S\
d /
tu,fí xdkESpfü pmar;yGJatmif jrifcJUygu uREkfyfrSm pwD;b&m;om;
ukrÜPDwGif pma&;jzpfvmzdkU vrf;rsm;\/ (Mum&Snf vkyfcsifvdrfhrnf
awmhrxifyg/) 9wef;pmar;yJGwGif uREkfyfonf yx0D0ifbmomü
us&IH;onf[kod&\/ trSeftwdkif;ajym&vQif uREkfyftzdkU&mü yx0D0if
bmom&yfuJUodkU ajcmufaoGUNiD;aiGUí pdwf0ifpm;rI enf;yg;aom
bmom&yfonf r&Sdacs/ þjynfrS bm0w¦Kypönf;xGufonf? xkdjynfrS
bmukefxGufonfqdkjcif;rsm;udk rSwfom;&jcif;uJUodkU t"dyÜg,fr&Sdaom
ynm&yfonf avmuür&Sdawmh[k xifcJUrdygonf/ pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdrS
avhvmrSwfpm;csifwwfaom uREkfy\
f 0goemt&qdkvQif aemufwESpfü
atmifcJUjcif;onfyif tHUzG,fwckjzpfawmhonf/

152 
r[mt&SufuJG&ykH

aemufwESpfü atmifcJU&ykHrSm þodkUwnf;/ xdkESpfürl 9 wef;ausmif;

om;rsm;onf yx0D0ifbmom&yfwGif tust&IH;rsm;vSonfqdkum (udkazESifh
tjcm;vlrsm;vnf; yx0D0if bmom&yfüyif us&IH;Muonf/) ausmif;tkyfBuD;
rpöwm x&pfbvD  (Mr.  Tribolet)  udk,fwdkif 9wef;wGif yx0D0ifbmom&yf
udkoifjy\/ (awmfawmfvnf; rSwfrdwwfaom vlBuD;wa,mufygay)
waeUoü twef;xJwGif q&mBuD;onf uREkfyftm; jyifopfjynfajrykHudk
qGJNyD; yg&pfNrdKU? bdk'dkNrdKU? wlvGefNrdKU ponfrsm;ESifh wuG qD;efjrpfudkyg
xnfhay;&ef oifykef;BuD;qDokdU vTwfvkduf\/ þtawmtwGif;ü q&mBuD;
onf tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; yx0D0ifESifhywfoufí þtaMumif;rsm;udk
ar;jref;jcif;? ajymqdkjcif;ponfjzifh ppfaq;vsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfrlum;
ausmufoifykef;BuD;wGif acR;wvkH;vkH;ESifh&yfum ajrykHqGJzdkU BudK;pm;vsuf&Sd\/
uREkfyfrSm jyifopfjynf\ ykHoP²mefudkvnf;aumif;? qD;effjrpf\ pD;qif;ykH
udkvnf;aumif;? yg&pfpaom NrdKUrsm;\wnf&SdykH taetxm;udkvnf;aumif;
vkH;0yif pdwfxJü azmfír&aomaMumifh acR;usvsuf&Sdjcif;jzpf\/ aemufqkH;ü
]wwfEdkifygbl;}[k atmufarhum jyifopfjynf\ykHoP²mefudk av;axmifh
pyfpyfqJGí jrpfESifhNrdKUrsm;udk xnfhcsif&m xnfhxm;vdkuf\/ q&mBuD;onf
uREkfyftm; ausmcdkif;vsuf&Sd&m ausmif;om; rsm;rlum; uRekfyfbuf
odkUvSnfhum xdkifvsuf&SdMuonfESifh uREkfyf\jyifopfjynfykHudk jrifM u&í
wcpfcpf&,faeMuavNyD/ þwGif q&mBuD;onf uREkfyf\ajrykHudk
vSnfhíMunhfvdkufonfESifhwNydKifeuf wwef;vkH; a0gueJ &,fMuav\/
uRekfyf\ ausmif;oufwavQmufvkH;wGif þtBudrfuJUodkU ]t&l;jzpf}&jcif;udk
rBuKHcJU&bl;acs/ olwyg;tm;om &,fEdkifcJUí udk,fwkdifcH&jcif;rlum;

153 
þwBudrf tqdk;qkH;jzpfygonf/ &SufvkdufykHrSmvnf; ajymzG,f&mr&Sd?
q&mBuD; vSnfhírMunfhrD uREkfyfwudk,f vkH; Murf;jyifxJazmufNyD;
ajrrsKdoGm;vQif aumif;vdrfhrnfxifcJUrd\/ trSefrSm uREkfyfonf ykHwl
a&;qJGjcif;ü tvGefnHUzsif;í okH;wef;ausmif;om;uav; wa,mufavmufrQ
ajrykHudk rqGJwwfcJUyg/

Budrf;armif;jcif;cH&ykH

ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&mBuD;yg &,fvdrfhrnf txifESifh vGwfvyfpGm

&,fvdkufrdMuav&m tvGefpdwfqdk;aom q&mBuD;rsufESmudk jrifvkdufMu&
onfwGifrS ,wdjywf toHwdwfoGm;Muavawmh\/ xdkUaemufq&mBuD;u
uREkfyftm; ]]rif; t*Fvdyfpm b,favmufawmfaeayr,fh yx0D0if
ratmifvQifb,fawmhrS rif;ratmifEdkifbl;? aiGwq,fudk a&xJvTifhypfwmeJU
twlwlyJ}}[k ajym\/ (xdkacwfü b*Fvm;pmar;yGJ0ifaMu;rSm aiGwq,f
jzpfonf/) trsm;tm;jzifh vlawmfuav; vkyfvmcJUaom uREkfyfrSm
tvGef&SufonfESifh rsuf&nfrsm; 0dkif;vsuf&SdavNyD/ þwGifrS q&mBuD;u
]]wckawmh&Sdyg&JU rif;u &mZ0ifawmh enfenf;awmfw,f? yx0D0iftwGuf
trSwfudk &mZ0ifeJU&atmif vkyf,layawmh? 'gyJ&SdwmyJ}}[k ajymav\/
yx0D0ifESifh &mZ0ifrSm xdkacwfwGif wwGJwnf; jyKvkyfxm;aomaMumifh
q&mBuD;ajymonfhtwdkif; &mZ0ifudkom zdíBudK;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh 9
wef;atmifcJU&ygawmhonf/

154 
ynmpkHoifjyaom udkaz

uREkfyfESifh cifrifonf[k azmfjycJUaom ausmif;om;okH;a,mufteuf

armif&Dwa,mufwnf; atmifoGm;í pufacGrSm ao&SmNyDjzpf&m uREkfyfESifh
udkazwdkUom usefavawmhonf/ uREkfyfrSm 5 wef;wGifwBudrf? 9 wef;wGif
wBudrf us&IH;cJUNyD;aomfvnf; twef;xJwGif ti,fqkH;wa,mufjzpfaeao;í
q&mtif;*vpfpfu  (Little  Fellow)  aumifi,fuav; wa,muf[k
ac:onfhtwdkif;vlwdkif;uac:Mu\/ 9 wef;atmifonfhESpfwGifrS NAKef;ueJ
xGm;vmí 5 ayESifh 10 vufr&Sd t&yfjrifholwa,mufjzpfvmcJU&m
twef;xJürl ]tnufqkH;}vluav;wa,muf jzpfcJUojzifh abmvkH;upm;jcif;
tvkyfrsKd;udk ta0;rS armfhMunfh&kHom wwfEdkifcJUygonf/ udkazESifh uREkfyfrSm
]uHwltusKd;ay;}us&IH;cJU&jcif;jzpfí wa,mufESifhwa,muf ydkrdkwG,fwmrI
&SdvmNyD;vQif wa,muf\tdfrfodkU wa,mufvmí twlwuG pmusufMu
avonf/ udkazonf uREkfyfxufvnf;BuD;í tawmf]pkH}aom ausmif;om;
BuD;wa,muf jzpfonfhtavsmuf bm*smqJGjcif; paom *DwtvkyfrsKd;
wGifomru ydk;yef;jcif;qdkif&m ]jrm#Dum}ESifh ywfoufívnf; wwGwfwGwf
oifjyay; avonf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfrSm ]q&maumif;wynfh} ryDojcif;udk
a&SUwavQmufwGif awGU&ygvdrfhrnf/

tNydKiftqdkif pma&;jcif;

uREkfyfwkdUoli,fcsif; av;a,mufwGJwGif pufacGuG,fvGefí armif&D

wa,mufwnf; 9wef;atmifNyD; &efukefNrdKU ]bufywpf}aumvdyfodkU
tdkifatoif&ef a&mufoGm;av&m uREkfyfESifharmif&DwdkUonf tawmfrSefrSef

155 
t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh pmay;pm,ljyKvkyfMu\/ xdkacwfu t*Fvdyfvdk 8wef;?
9wef;a&mufí rawmufwacguf a&;wwfonfqdkvQifyif t*Fvdyfvdk
pmay;pm,lvkyfMuaom tavhtx&SdMu\/ jrefrmvdkavhusifhol[lí
wa,mufrQ rawGUcJU&ay/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; t*Fvdyfpmudkom cspfwwfí
t*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm;udkomzwfNyD; t*Fvdyfvdkom( acwftm;avsmfpGm) avhusifh
vmcJUonfhtwdkif; pma&;jcif;tm;jzifh toufarG;&vQif jrefrmpma&;q&m
wa,muf\b0udk tdyfrufrQyif rrufcJUay/ xdktcsdefwGif BuD;yGm;xGef;um;
aeaom jrefrmpma&;q&m[lívnf; rawGU&bl;ao;onfESifh pdwful;rxnfh
cJUrdacs/ rdbrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&; rcdkifvkHvSaomaMumifh p&dwf tukeftus
rsm;onfh aumvdyfausmif;om;tjzpfudk rarQmrSef;Edkifojzifh t*Fvdyfvdk
pma&;q&mjzpfzdkU BuH&G,fcsuf rxm;0HUyg/ wwfEdkifvQif jzpfvdkjcif; udkom
azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ armif&Donf &efukefNrdKU bufywpfaumvdyf
taMumif;rsm;udk uREkfyfxHokdU pma&;avh&Sd&m uREkfyfuvnf; a&S;a[mif;
aESmif;jzpfrsm;udk a&;ydkUavh&Sd\/ uRekfyfwdkU\pmrsm;rSm t*Fvdyfvdk
a&;Mu&kHomru wwfEdkiforQ taumif;qkH;jzpfatmif tjyeftvSefa&;Mu
jcif;jzpfonfudk uREkfyfa&molyg od&SdMuí 4if;pmrsm;udk odrf;qnf;xm;&ef
ESpfOD;vkH; uwdjyKMubl;avonf/ þodkUjzifh armif&D bDatatmifonfhwdkif
atmif uREkfyfESifhpmay;pm,l vkyfcJU&m uREkfyfuvnf; xdktawmtwGif;ü
t*Fvdyf0w¦Kaumif;BuD; tajrmuftjrm; zwfxm;onfjzpfaomaMumifh
armif&Dudk,fwdkifu azmfxkwfcsD;usL;bl;avonf/ ]]igwkdUbDatatmifw,f
qdkayr,fh rxl;ygbl;uGm? rif;vJ igwdkUvdk a&;Edkif'gygyJ? rifhpmawGudk igu
ausmif;om;awGudk jy&ao;w,f? igwkdUtnmom;awGudk txifrao;atmif
vkdU}}[k armif&Duajymbl;\/ (uRekfyfonf armif&D\pmrsm;udk uwdtwdkif;

156 
odrf;qnf;xm;&m ppftwGif;wGif ajy;&vTm;&rIaMumifh aysmufqkH;ukefcJU
ygavNyD/)

jzLpifaomarwÅm

1905ckESpfü vGefyGJwGif rsufESmcsif;qdkifcJUbl;onfh rdef;uav;onf

1908ckESpfü uREkfyf 9wef;atmifaomtcgwGif ola&m uREkfyfyg tysKdvlysKd
uav;awGjzpfukefMuavNyD/ þokH;ESpfrQaom tcsdefumvtwGif; uREkfyf
onf olUrsufESmudk tenf;qkH; waeUwBudrfjrif&atmif BudK;pm;í rjrif&
vQifausauseyfeyf rtdyfEdkifyJjzpfcJU\/ uREkfyf\arwÅmum;ajymí r,kHEdkif
avmufatmifjzLpifygonf/ uREkfyfrSm udkazESifh udkzkd;0dkufwkdU\ ]vufcsm}rsm;
udk Mum;em&jcif;aMumifha,musfm;ESifhrdef;r cspfBudKufMu&mwGif vdifjyóem
\ &nf&G,f&if;oabmudkem;vnfNyD;jzpfygonf/ odkUESifhvnf; uREkfyfonf
xdkrdef;uav;taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí pdwful;,Ofrdaom tcgrsm;wGif
npfnrf;aom pdwful;rsKd;vkH;0ryg&Sd/ rsufESmcsif;qdkifxdkifNyD; Munfhaecsifaom
qE´rsKd;xufrausmfvGefbl;aMumif; ajym&Jygonf/ cspfBudKufcef;rsm;vSaom
yoDykHjyif 0w¦Krsm;udk zwf&IqJ zwf&Icdkufrsm;üyif 4if;rdef;uav;tm;owd&í
Zmwfvkdufae&müxm;um pdwful;,Ofavh&Sdaomf vnf; &kefU&if;Murf;wrf;
onfh &m*ESifhywfoufaom pdwful;w&HwqpfrQ rjzpfay:bl;jcif;udkvnf;
(,kHcsifrS ,kHMuap) &J&Jyif a&;vkduf&ygonf/ þudpörsKd;ESifh ywfoufí
uREkfyf\ pdwfxm;jzLpifjcif;udk om"uwck wifjy&aomf xdkacwfü
umvom;rsm;onf rnfonfhrdef;uav;um; ]umwpf}aumif;onf?
cg;ao;í&ifcsDNyD; zGrf  (Form)  awmifhwif;onf ponfrsm;jzifh
csD;usL;pum;ajymoH Mum;&onfhtcg uREkfyf\pdwfxJü ]'DvlawG[m

157 
bmawGrsm; &Sm&SmazGazG csD;rGrf;aeMuygvdrfhr,f}[k tHUMordygonf/
(uREkfyfoabmusaom rdef;uav;onf txufyg t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;
udk aemiftcgrS jyefawG;í ay:vmaomfvnf; a&S;OD;pGm BudKufrdpOfurl
þtaMumif;udk vkH;0*&krpdkuf owdr&cJUjcif; rSefygonf/) t&yfxJwGif
*dkufqdkfuftusqkH;? udk,fvkH;udk,fayguf tvSqkH;? Munfhí taumif;qkH;
jzpfonf[k uREkfyf\ rdcifudk,fwdkifu csD;rGrf;jcif;udk uREkfyfMum;7bl;í
0rf;omrdaomfvnf; uREkfyf\pdwful;xJwGif &m*pdwfray:/ þodkUaom
rdef;uav;udk Munfhcsifwdkif;MunfhEdkifrnfh olUcifyGef; jzpfzdkUavmufudkom
arQmfvifhcsuf xm;cJUygonf/

Munfhaumif;vkdufykHu

rMumao;rDu oddef;azjrifha&;onfh ]tar}taMumif;udk zwfMunfh&m

wGif uREkfyfESifhpdwful;csif;wkdfufqdkifykHudk owd&í NyKH;rdygao;onf/
odef;azjrifhrSm olUtaz ajrwdkif;pma&;BuD;\ q&mocifjzpfonfh rsufESmjzL
v,f0efudk txifBuD;cJUbl;onfESifh v,f0ef\ ]acs;}onf b,fvdkrsm;
&Sdacsrnfenf;[k wrifwum Munfhbl;onfqdk\/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; þuJUodkU
wrifwumrMunfhbl;apumrl rdef;uav;\acs;onf tjcm;vlrsm;\
acs;uJUodkU eHaumif;rSeHvdrfhrnf/ olUacs;rlum; b,fenf;ESifhrQ eHvdrfhrnf
r[kwf/ zkówDa'0D\ udk,feHUuJUodkU cyfoif;oif;&Sd&rnf? cHwGif;eHUrSmvnf;
arT;BudKifaevdrfhrnf/ eHeuftdyf&mrSxcgpwGif tjcm;rdef;rrsm;uJUokdU rIefrIef
okefokef r[kwf? rzD;rvdrf;yJESifh MunfMunf&Tif&Tif oyfoyf&yf&yf&Sd&rnf
ponfrsm;jzifh pdwful;rdbl;ygonf/ þrdef;uav;\ ]Munfhaumif;}jcif;um;
vlwdkif;ucsD;rGrf;oHMum;&yg\/ uREkfyftzdkU&mürl olUxufvSaom rdef;rrsm;

158 
udk xdkpOfuvnf;aumif;? xdkUaemufüvnf;aumif; awGU&bl;yg\/ okdU&m
wGif oluJUokdU tqifajyí ]Munfhaumif;}aom rdef;r[líum;wa,mufrQyif
rawGU&bl;yg/ tjcm;aom a,musmf;rsm;vnf; udk,fh&nf;pm;udk þtwdkif;
yifrSwfxifMuavoavm rajymwwfay/

159 
 'kwd,ydkif;

azodef;rS armifazodef;odkU

uREkfyf\woufwmwGif u@ig;ckcGJí a&;om;vdk\/ (1)azodef;?

(2)armifazodef;? (3)udkazodef;? (4)OD;azodef;? (5)q&mBuD;[lí
ig;ydkif;cJGjcm; vdk\/ ausmif;om;t&G,f wavQmufvkH;wGif (xdkacwfu xkH;pH
twdkif;) uREkfyftm; ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;u ]azodef;} [lícsnf;ac:Mu\/
rdbq&m orm;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; ]armif}wyfíac:ol &Sm;yg;vS
onf/ 9wef;atmifíausmif;rSxGufonfwGif rdbrsm;udk,fwdkifu ]armifaz
odef;} [kjyifqifac:iifjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrday&m xdktcsdefrSpí vlwdkif;uyif
]azodef;}rac:awmhyJ armifazodef; jzpfvmavNyD/ xdkUaemuf touf 30
eD;vmí (ol&d,wdkufodkUa&mufí) tcsif;csif;u ]udkazodef;} ac:Muonfh
t&G,fokdU a&mufvm&jyefonf/ 50ausmft&G,frS pírl ]OD;azodef;}jzpfvm í
60 ausmfonfhaemufwGifrlum; ]q&mBuD;}[k ac:a0:ol rsm;vmcJUavNyD/
okdUjzpfí uREkfyf\woufwmrSwfwrf;udk wifjy&mwGif txufygtwdkif;
u@ig;ckcJGí azmfjyrnfjzpfygonf/ þpmt&rSm uREkfyfonf 'kwd,t&G,f
okdU a&mufíazodef;rS armifazodef; jzpfvmcJUygavNyD/

taMumif;BuD;av;&yf

]armifazodef;}jzpfvmaom þu@wGif uRekfyfonf vGefcJUNyD;aom

azodef;b0ESifh ywfoufonfh tawG;tac:rsm; jzpfay:vmjcif;udk wifjy&yg
OD;rnf/ azmfjyvwHUaom tjcif;t&mrsm;rSm pmayusrf;*efrsm;rS awGU&Sdjcif;

160 
vnf;r[kwf? taemufwdkif;ynm&Sdrsm;xHrS vufcH&&Sdjcif;vnf;r[kwf?
uREkfyf\tawGUtBuKHrsm;t& tajccHíjzpfay:vmonfh uREkfyftawG;tac:
oufoufrQom jzpfygaomaMumifh BudKufrSvnf; vufcHEdkifonf/
rBudKufvQif y,fEdkifMuygonf/ uREkfy\
f wifjycsufrSm vlowÅ0gonf
av;ckaom taMumif;wkdUaMumifh vlawmf? vla&Smf? vlaumif;? vlqdk;? vl&Iyf?
vlvnf? vl&dk;? vlrdkuf ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;jzpfvmMuonf[k qdkvdkygonf/
xdkav;ckwdkUum; (1) rdcifxHrS&aomt&nftcsif;rsm;? (2) zcifxHrSqufcH
&&Sdonfh aumif;qdk;t&nftcsif;rsm;? (3) owÅ0gudk,fEIdufub0tpOf
tquf vdkufygvmonfh 0goemaumif;qdk;rsm;? (4) ywf0ef;usif\jyKjyifrI
aMumifh jzpf&onfh aumif;qdk; tcsuftvufrsm;[lí&dS&m tqdkygav;ck\
a&maESmaygif;pyfrIonf ]azodef;}wnf;[laom t&G,f (ausmif;xGufcsdef
txd) vluav;wa,muf jzpfvm&onf[kqdkvdk\/ þtaMumif;w&m;
av;ckwdkUonf ]azodef;}wnf;[laom t&G,ftwGif;ü uREkfyf\a&G;cs,frIryg/
a&G;cs,fcGifhaumif;pGmr&&SdyJ twdwfuHu ypfcsvdkuf onfhtwdkif;
jzpfvm&awmhonf[k qdkvdkygonf/ odkU&mwGif þtaMumif;udk
a&SUtzdkUwGifrS qufvuf&Sif;jyrnfjzpfí þae&mü þrQESifhom jzwfxm;&yg
OD;rnf/

zcifxHrS&aomtarG

(1)zcifxHrS qufcH&&Sdonf[k uREkfyf,lqonfh aumif;qdk;tjcif;t&m

rSm (u)aMumufwwfjcif;? (c)ESajrmwwfjcif;? (*)&dk;jcif;  (Simpleness) 

wdkUjzpf\/ (u)aMumufwwfjcif;rSm zcifxHrS qufcH& &Sdonf qdkaomfvnf;

uREkfyfonf rdrd\ aMumufwwfjcif;twGuf auseyfrI r&Sd? zcifurl

161 
]aMumufwwf0efuif;}qdkaom pum;twdkif; auseyfpGm vufcH\/ okdUjzpfí
uREkfyftzdkUrSm 0rf;xJüaMumufwwfaomfvnf; xdktjcif;t&mudk rBudKuf
aomaMumifh BudK;pm;NyD;&J&\/ Oyrm wapäaMumufaomf vnf;ajcmufwwf
onfqdkaom ae&modkU pGefUpm;NyD;oGm;\/ aoewfrudkif wwfyJrkqdk;rsm;ESifh
awmvdkufvnf\/ þonfwkdUrSm pGefUpm;cef;0w¦Krsm; zwfjcif;?
a&;jcif;wkdUaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhpdwf"mwfjzpfayonf/ (c)ESajrmwwfjcif;
wckrSm Mumavqdk;avjzpfvmonfudk awGU&\/ bdk;BuD;tdk jzpfvmaom
þtcsdefwGif pD;yGm;pkzdkU r[kwfaomfvnf; tdkcgrS vufrUJjzpfNyD;
qif;&JrnfudkaMumufonfESifh i,fpOfuxuf vufwGefUvsuf&Sd\/ (*)&dk;jcif;
[lonfrSm ]&dk;om;jcif;}ESifh wjcm;pDjzpf\/ zciftzdkUrSm &dk;jcif;a&m
&dk;om;jcif;yg&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyfrlum; &dk;jcif;udkomqufcHí &dk;om;jcif;
rlum; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh zufvSJwuif;aecJU&jcif;aMumifh zcif\tqifh
twef;udk rrSDawmhyg/ okdU&mwGif olvdk igvdk vlwa,mufavmufawmh
&dk;om;ygao; onf/ þonfrSmvnf; tvkyform;rsm;xHrS ul;pufvm
jcif;rsm;udk 0w¦Kaumif;rsm;jzifh wkdufzsufEdkifaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/
zcifuJUokdU]&dk;jcif;} rSmvnf; uREkfyf\tvkyfoabmjzifh wdkufzsufcJUygNyD/
pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&mwa,muf taejzifh ]vl&dk;}vkyfaeírjzpf?
]&dk;om;jcif;}um; jzpfEdkifygonf/ em;vnfM uapvdkonfrSm ]&dk;om;jcif;}onf
csD;rGrf;xdkufo avmuf ]&dk;jcif;}onf EkH&m t&ma&mufawmhonf/

rdcifxHrS &aomtarG

(2) rdcifxHrS qufcH&&SdcJUonfh qdk;aumif; tarGrsm;rSmum;

(u)pdfwfqufí jzpfrdvQifZGwfrSdwfvkyfcsifwwfjcif;? (c)rme&Sdí pdwfBuD;0if

162 
wwfjcif;? (*)r[kwfrcHcsifwwfjcif;wdkU jzpfavonf/ ]azodef;}t&G,fwGif
4if;tcsif;t&mrsm;onf uREkfyfü tjynfht0&Sdí BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgürl?
aemufxyfawGU&onfh tjzpftysufwdkUaMumifh twdk;tavsmh&Sdvmygonf/
(C)a'goESifhywfoufírlavQmhvQif aumif;onf[k em;vnfvmojzifh
(wu,favQmhjcif; ravQmhjcif;udk tyxm;í) BudK;pm;yg\/ (i)rmeESifh
ywfoufírl rBudK;pm;rdonfhtwGufaMumifh wkd;íyif wufvmonf xifyg
\/ (p)r[kwfrcHcsifwwfjcif;rlum; aemufydkif;wGif tusKd;&Sdr&SdcsifhcsdefzdkU
owdxm;&ef BudK;pm;&aumif;rSef; odvmygonf/ þtjcif;t&monf
aumif;onf[lí vnf;aumif;? raumif;[lívnf;aumif; wxpfcs
qkH;jzwfoifhaom t&mwck r[kwf[lí ,lqvmygonf/ odkU&mwGif
uREkfyf\ pdwfxJü&Sdaom oabmxm;udk zGifha&;&rnf qdkygrlum; uREkfyfonf
(udk,fwdkif rwwfEdkifawmhrS&Sdap) r[kwfrcHcsifwwfjcif; wnf;[laom
pdwfxm;rsKd;&Sdolwa,muftm; vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ MunfndKwwfonfh oabm
xm;&Sdygonf/

oHo&mtpOfu ygvmjcif;

(3) uREkfyfü b0tpOftqufrS vdkufygvmonf[k ,lqonfh 0goem

aumif;qdk;rsm;rSm (u)tazmfaumif;vQif bmrqdkjyKcsifwwfonfh rBuHU
cdkifaompdwf"mwf (txl;ojzifh raumif;aombufü omí ]tnSmvG,f}
wwfonf/) (c)bmrqdkodcsifí pl;prf;csifwwfaom pdwfrsKd;? (*)tqef;
topfqdkvQif (tusKd;&Sdr&Sdtyxm;í) jrnf;prf;csifwwfaom0goem?
(C)olwyg;\xifjrifcsufudk*&krpdkuf? rdrd\,kHMunfcsuftwdkif; usifhBuHcsif
wwfjcif;wdkU jzpfavonf/ (u)rBuHUcdkifaompdwf[lonfrSm raumif;jcif;

163 
oufouf[lí qdk&ayrnf/ þpdwfonf uREkfyf\avmuBuD; yGm;a&;udk
trsm;qkH;zsufqD;\/ BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgü jyKjyifzdkU BudK;pm;aomf vnf;
atmifjrifrIenf;vSonf/ (c)bmrqdkodcsifí pl;prf;csifwwfaom
pdwfrsKd;onf qdk;onf[k rqdkoifh? aumif;usKd;yif ay;wwfyg\/ (*)tqef;
topf jrnf;prf;csifwwfaom 0goemaMumifh taumif;a&mtqdk;ygBuKHcJU&
bl;yg\/ (C)udk,fh,kHMunfcsuftwdkfif; usifhBuHwwfjcif;rSm tcsKdUu
]acgif;rmonf}[kqdkMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; udk,fh[mudk,fawmh auseyfvsuf
&Sdygonf/ udk,fh,kHMunfcsuftwdkif; usifhBuHrdjcif;aMumifh 'ku©awGU&onfjzpf
ap? vluJU&JUcH&onfjzpfap cH&e toifh&Sdygonf/ ,aeUwdkifvnf;
aemifwr&yg/

ywf0ef;usif\jyKjyifrIESpfrsKd;

(4) ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyifrIqdkonfudkrl ESpfydkif;cJGí azmfjyvdk\/

(u)rdrdu a&G;cs,fcGifhr&SdyJtaMumif;tm;avsmfpGm cH&jcif;? (c)rdrdudk,füu
BudKufESpfoufí vufcHjcif;[lí ydkif;jcm;vdk\/ (u)rdrdu a&G;cs,fcGifhr&SdyJ
taMumif;tm;avsmfpGmcH&jcif;[lonfrSm rdbrsm;\ qkH;ryJUjyifrIESifh
xdef;odrf; tkyfcsKyfrIwdkUtjyif i,f&G,fpOfu tawGUtBuKHrsm;vnf; yg0if\/
uREkfyf\ obm0ü wacsmif;NyD; wacsmif; aygufa&mufvmcJUonfh
]ql;}rsm;rSm uREkfyfu jyKjyifEdkifjcif;r&Sd? ]ta&rxl}onfh i,f&G,fEke,faom
t&G,fwGif rnfolrqdk xdkuJUodkU awGUBuKHcHpm;&ygu uREkfyfuJUodkUyif jzpfvm
zkdU rsm;ayvdrfhrnf/ oli,fbm0 upm;jrL;wl;jcif;onf tvsif;tusKd;r&Sd
[laomzcif\ qkH;renf;onfvnf; uREkfyfbmrQrwwfEdkifyJ cH&í uREkfyftm;
]pdwfcsOf}aygufap\/ tvkyform;rsm;\ npfcsif? ESyfcsif? avmif;upm;csif

164 
aom tavhtusifhrsm; ul;pufjcif;onfvnf; uREkfyfbmrQrwwfEdkifyJ
cHvdkuf&jcif;jzpf\/ rnfonfholi,frqdk uREkfyfuJU odkU tvkyform;rsm;ESifh
vufyGef;wwD; ae&onfqdkvQif uREkfyfuJUokdUyif jzpfvmzdkU rsm;ayvdrfhrnf/
okdUjzpfí ]azodef;t&G,f} wavQmufvkH;wGif uREkfyfonf ywf0ef;usif\
jyKjyifrIudk bmrQrwwfEdkifyJ cHcJU&jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkyg\/ yrmqdkaomf
jrpfaMumif;wGifa&;pD;tvdkufarsmyg&onfh azmifESifhwlygonf/

awmfvSefEdkifavmufonfhywf0ef;usif

(c) ausmif;xGufí armifazodef;t&G,fodkU a&mufvmaomtcgrl

jrpfaMumif;wGifa&pD;tvdkuf arsmyg&apumrlvnf; azmifESifhrwlyJ avSmfwuf
yJUwuftjynfhtpkHygonfhavSESifh wlygawmhonf/ xdkt&G,fürl tvkyform;
rsm; tv,fü ypfcscH&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfyJ taygif;toif;udk rdrd\oabm
twdkif; a&G;cs,fEdkifcGifh&SdcJUavNyD/ azodef;t&G,fü jyKcJUbl;onfh trSm;rsm;
twGuf rdrdudk,fudk tjypfrqdkcsifaomfvnf; armifazodef;t&G,frS pí
woufomvkH;\ trSm;rsm;twGufrl wm0ef,lzdkU 0efav;vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/
xdktcsdefrSpí trSm;r&Sdawmh? vlvdrfrmwa,mufjzpfvmawmhonf [kajymqdk
vdkonf rxifMuygavESifh/ BuD;us,faom trSm;BuD;rsm;vnf; rSm;cJUyg
onf/ ydkif;jcm;í azmfjyajymqdkvdkonf rxifMuygavESifh/ BuD;us,faom
trSm;BuD;rsm;vnf; rSm;cJUygonf/ ydkif;jcm;íazmfjy&jcif;rSm rdrdtwGuf
toa&qnfvdkjcif;r[kwf? vl\obm0udk uREkfyfem;vnfovdk &Sif;vif;
atmifwifjyvdkaomaMumifhrQomjzpfyg\/ okdU&mwGifi,fpOfu aygufcJUonfh
ql;rsm; twGufrlum; uREkfyfbmrQrwwfEkdif/ ]]rsufESmcsKduav; ESifh
EIwfvQmcsKdí oabmaumif;vSygonf}}qkdaom vlwa,mufjzpfzdkUrlum;

165 
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ uREkfyfrwwfEdkifawmhNyD/ (jzLaumifonf ,kefuav;
jzpfrvmEkdifouJUodkUyif/) odkU&mwGif pmtkyfaumif;rsm; zwf&jcif; aMumifh
aemufydkif;ü topfxyfrH&&Sdonfh vlUobm0 oabmw&m;rsm;udkrl
oufqdkif&m tydkif;wGifrS azmfjyygOD;rnf/

acwfynmwwf&Sm;aomacwf

1908ckESpfwGif 9 wef;atmifjrifcJUavNyD/ þacwfwuúodkvf0ifpmar;

yGJatmifjrifolrsm;ESifh xdkacwfu atmifjrifolrsm;rSm ]rsufESmyGifh}&mü
rEIdif;,SOfEdkifatmif uGmjcm;\/ xdkacwfurl b*Fvm;pmar;yJGac: 9
wef;atmifol tvGef&Sm;ao;\/ tar&duefausmif;rSESpfpOf 9 wef;orm;
av;ig;&Spfa,mufrQ ajzqdkMu&m wESpfrS wa,mufwavrQom atmifaom
ESpfaygif; woDwwef;BuD;&SdcJUbl;\/ uREkfyfwdkUESpfurl 11a,mufoGif;í
2a,mufwnf;usNyD; 9a,mufatmifaomESpfjzpfí ausmif;tkyfBuD;
vufyef;aygufcwfcsifrwwfjzpfonf[k Mum;vkduf&\/ txufjrefrmjynf
rSm xdkpOfut*Fvdyfpmwwf tvGef&Sm;ao;í av;ig;wef;rQESifh rD;&xm;&kHydkif?
oabFmpma&;? NrdKUtkyfpma&;? ukrÜPDpma&;? ajrwdkif;pma&;ponfjzifh
jzpfEdkifMuay&m ta&;ydkif&kH;rsm;üyif 7wef;atmifaom pma&;BuD;rsm;
rif;rlEdkifaomacwfjzpfavonf/ a&S;OD;pGm aiGpm&if;rif;BuD;jzpfí xdkaemufü
&efukefaumfydka&;&Sif; rif;BuD;jzpfvmonfh OD;qufrSm yxrOD;pGm bDat
atmifaom txufjrefrmjynfom;qdkíNAdwdoQ tpdk;&\ txl;csD;ajrSmuf
jcif;cH&\/ jrefrmvlrsKd;teufrS yxrOD;pGm &mZ0wf0efBuD;  (D.S.P.) 

cefUxm;jcif;cH&onfh OD;xGef;rif;rSmvnf; txufjrefrmjynfom;rsm; teufrS

yxrOD;pGm 9wef;atmifoljzpfí 9wef;atmifvufrSwfudk bk&ifcH

166 
udk,fwdkifu tcrf;tem;ESifh tyfESif;onf[k Mum;&bl;avonf/ (þacwf
9wef;orm;rsm;um; vljzpfaemufusonf[k atmufarh&SmMurnfxifonf/)

rD;yGifhatmifvnfjcif;

uRekfyf 9wef;atmifaomtcsdefü rdbrsm;onf zdeyfaxmifq&mtvkyf

udk pGefUvTwfí rEÅav;rS 0ufvufodkUajymif;a&TUNyD;vQif ]csdwfukefwkdufukef}
yGJpm;tvkyfudk vkkyfudkifvsuf &SdMuavNyD/ rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; &efukef
aumvdyfausmif;okdUydkU&ef pdwful;&Sdbl;aomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;tajctae
raumif;ojzifh rwwfEdkifyJ&SdcJU\/ odkUjzpfíuREkfyfonf ausmif;xGufaom
tcsdefrSmyif tpDtpOfr&SdyJ 0ufvufodkUrvdkufrlí rEÅav;NrdKUwGif zcif\
nD0rf;uJGwa,muf\tdrfü wnf;cdkum Ak'¨bmom ausmif;wGifausmif;q&m
uav;0ifívkyf\/ vcokH;q,frQ&aomfvnf; tawmfuav; okH;avmuf
aomacwfjzpfí BudKufovdk vnfEdkifywfEdkif\/ rdbrsm;uvnf;
pmar;yJGatmifaomaMumifh bdkifpu,f topfwpD;0,fay;cJU&m uREkfyfrSm
zcif\usyfwnf;aom xdef;odrf;jcif;rS vGwfajrmufonfwaMumif;?
waeUvQif rkefUbdk; 6 jym;rQ&mom &cJU&mrS waeUvQif wpfusyf okH;Edkifojzifh
azmazmoDoD jzpfvmonfwaMumif;? bdfkifpu,ftopfwpD; &onf
waMumif;aMumifh (xdkacwfwGif rEÅav;NrdKUü vlwdkif; bdkifpu,f
pD;Edkifonfr[kwf? þacwf *spfum;pD;Edkifjcif;xuf rsufESm&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwdkU
t&yfxJwGif &kH;pma&;oli,fcsif;wa,mufrSwyg; uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;om
bkdifpu,f&Sdonf/) vnfvkdufywfvkdufonfrSm rD;yGifhaeawmh\/
ausmif;wufcsdefESifh pm;csdeftdyfcsdefwkdUrSwyg; tvif;a&mif&SdorQ vnfawmh

167 
\/ rEÅav;NrdKUonf wjyywfvnf twGif;ü av;pdwf0if;rsm; &SdMuonf
csnf;jzpf&m rEÅav;üarG;NyD; tdkíao&olyifjzpfapumrl tqdkyg
av;pdwf0if;wdkif;odkU wNrdKUvkH;aphpkHatmif a&mufbl;olí wa,mufrQyif
&Sdvdrfhrnfrxifay/ uREkfyfrlum; bdkifpu,fopf&NyD;uwnf;u av;pdwf0if;
rsm;udk uGufpdyf&dkufNyD; trSwftom;ESifhwrifwum vSnfhvnfcJUbl;
onfjzpfí uREkfyfuJUodkU 0if;wkdif;ESHUpyfatmifa&mufcJUbl;ol &Sdvdrfhrnf
rxifay/

yJGMunhfESpf

ausmif;xGufNyD;í ausmif;q&mvkyfaomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfü rdwfaqG

opfrsm; wkd;yGm;vsuf&SdavNyD/ ausmif;om;b0ürl ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;rQ
omtaygif;toif;jyKvkyfcJUav&m ausmif;xGufNyD;onfhaemuf udkazrSm
vnf; ol\XmeD (rif;uif;)okdU jyefoGm;NyDjzpfíaps;csKdxJrS aps;onf
umvom; rsm;? þausmif;xdkausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;?
pma&;pmcsDuav;rsm;? ydkufqH&Sdaom rdbrsm;\om;awavuav;rsm;
ponfwkdUESifh tuRrf;w0ifjzpfcJU&avNyD/ þvlpkteufwGif uRekfyfuJUodkU
9wef;atmifol wa,mufrQ r&Sd? t*Fvdyfpmyif oifbl;Muol
enf;yg;vSaomaMumifh xdkolwkdUonf uREkfyftm; ]vlawmf}uav; wa,muf
taeESifh vufcHMuí 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omrdwfzGJUMu\/ ]jrm}jyóemrsKd;rSwyg;
t&yf&yfA[kokwESifh qdkif&mwGif uREkfyf\pum;udkem,lMu\/ MunfhvdkufMu
onfhZmwfyJG? &kyfao;yJG? tNidrfh? &kHyJGqdkonfrsm;rSmvnf;wnrQ
rvkyfoavmufjzpf\/ woufvkH; pdwfcsufvufcs rMunfhcJU&orQ ,ckrS
twdk;ESifhcsí Munhf&\/ zdk;pdefBuD;? pdefuwkH;? atmifAvwnf;[laom

168 
ZmwfyJGrsm;? pdefa'G; pdefaX; wnf;[laom rdef;rZmwfrif;om;rsm;? q&myk?
udkbausmh? py,fouf? udkpdefcdk? udkzl;ndK? udkzkef;rdk;wnf;[laom
&kyfao;rsm;? pdefokH;BuD;? 'kwd,pdefokH? bdvyfjyefpdefwif? tvkHpdefwif?
pdefqif? tkef;pdef? jruav;? jraoG;? a&ausmfpdefyk? qDaMumf
{pdefwnf;[laom tNidrfhrsm;? cspfzG,f? cspfp&m?a&T'*Fg;? wufwdk;paom
tNidrfhvlysufrsm;udk ]a&vJESifh Munfhav awmhonf/ qlylrnfh vlvnf;r&Sd?
tcsdefuvnf;tm;vyf? ydkufqHraygapumrl okH;avmufpGJavmufvnf;&Sd?
vluvnf;usef;rm? t&G,fuvnf; EkysKdav&um; uREkfyfrSm
ausmif;rSxGufaomESpfonf uREkfyf\ woufwmwGif ]yJGMunfhESpf}[lí
ac:xdkfufayonf/

0w¦Kajymorm;b0

umvom;oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh rawGU&aomtcsdefrsm;ESifh yGJrMunfhaom

nrsm;wGif uREkfyfonf yoDykHjyif0w¦K? tqifhtwef;rS wufvmcJUí
xdkacwfu tvGefemrnfBuD;vSonfh NAdwdoQeef;wGif; t&IyfawmfykHBuD; 
(Mysteries  of  the  Court  of  London)  0w¦KBuD;udkvnf;aumif;
vef'efNrdKUt&IyfawmfykHBuD;  (Mysteries  of  London)  0w¦KBuD;udkvnf; aumif;
nOfheufvSatmif zwf&I\/ vdifudpöESifh ywfoufí yoDykHjyif0w¦K rsm;onf
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;aomfvnf; uav;oli,ftqifhtwef;rQ om&Sdí
t&IyfawmfykH0w¦KBuD;rsm;um; umvom;t&G,fBudKuf jzpfonfESifh rtdyfyJ
zwf&rnfqdkygu zwfEdkifaom 0w¦KBuD;rsm;jzpf\/ tysKdvlysKd t&G,frsm;
tzdkU&mwGif &nf;pm;xm;csifpdwfjzpfay:vmatmif a&;om;onfh 0w¦KrsKd;udk
azmfjyygqdkvQif þ0w¦KBuD; ESpftkyfudk a&G;cs,f&ayvdrfhrnf/ þ0w¦KBuD;rsm;

169 
zwfbl;oltcsif;csif; pum;ajymMu&rnfqdkvQif rtdyfwrf; ajymEdkif\/ ajym
vnf;ajymcJUbl;\/ waeUoü uRekfyfonftwef;wl rdef;uav;wa,mufESifh
ppfudkif;awmif&dk;wGif qkHrdMuí þ0w¦KBuD;rsm;udk ESpfa,mufvkH; zwfbl;Mu
onfESifh xdkifíajymvdkufMu&m eHeufqGrf;csufol rsm;xMuaomtcgwGifrS
vluJU&JUrnfpdk;onfESifh tdyf&modkU0ifMu&onf/ rdef;uav;üvnf;aumif;?
uREkfyfüvnf;aumif; cspfBudKufol &SdESifhNyD;jzpfíom awmfawmhonf/
odkUr[kwfygvQif pdwfazmufjyefaumif;azmufjyefM uvdrfhrnf xif\/ tjcm;
vlysKduav;rsm;um; rajymwwf? uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl xdktcsdefü tvGefopöm&Sdí
]zGJESifhqefuJG}[laom pum;ykHtwdkif; oabmxm;rdygawmh onf/ wcgw&H
yJGr&Sdaomnrsm;wGif uREkfyfESifh umvom;wpkwdkUonf vomomü ckwifBuD;
ay:wGif yufvufvSefvsuf uREkfyfutxufyg t&IyfawmfykH0w¦KBuD;rsm;udk
ajymjyavh&Sd&m? twJGaygif; wq,fausmfpD&Sdaom 0w¦Krsm;jzpfygvsuf
tptqkH; jyefajymEdkifí okH;av;nrQ qufvuf ajym&avonf/ þonfrSm
umvom;rsm;tv,fwGif rsufESmyGifhvef;ap onfjzpfí uREkfyfuvnf;
armyef;onf[k ratmufarhcJUacs/

ydk;yef;olrsm;vSaom rdef;uav;

yJGvrf;obifrsm;odkUuREkfyfESifYoGm;twlvmtwljzpfí uREkfyfajymonfh
0w¦Krsm;udk em;axmif&ojzifh uREkfyftm; cifrifav;pm;Muonfh umvom;
oli,fcsif; &Spfa,mufcefU&Sdonfh txJwGif uREkfyfoabmusvsuf&Sdaom
rdef;uav;tm; ydk;yef;ol ESpfa,muf okH;a,muf&Sdyg\/ uREkfyf\aetdrfrSm
xdkrdef;uav;\tdrfESifh teD;uyfqkH; (okH;tdrfavmufomjcm;onf/) jzpfav&
um; 4if;wkdUonf uREkfyfwdkUaetdrfü pcef;csum rdef;uav;tm;ydk;yef;Mu\/

170 
4if;wdkUonfwa,mufpDaygufvmí nOfhtcsdefrsm;wGif rdef;uav;\
tdrfaemufab;ü &pfywfum acsmif;ajrmif;Mu\/ uREkfyfrSmudk,fhpdwfxJü
oabmusjcif;rQomjzpfí rdef;uav;\oabmxm;udk twdtus od&jcif;
r[kwfyJ ]xifajc}rQom &Sdojzifh orD;&nf;pm; r[kwfao;aomaMumifh
uREkfyf\cspfBudKufjcif;udk olwkdUtm;rajym/ olwkdUuvnf; &dyfrd[efr&Sdojzifh
uREkfyftdrfrS ydk;yef;Mujcif; jzpfavonf/ wcgw&HwGif ydk;yef;Muolrsm;u
uREkfyf\9wef;*kPfudk txifBuD;MuonfESifh ]]cifAsm;u tdrfeD;csif;jzpfNyD;
NidrfvSyguvm;As? cifAsm;ydk;vQifawmhajymomajymygAsm? usKyfwdkUaemufqkwf
ay;yghr,f? cifAsm;eJUawmh rNydKif0HUygbl;}}qdkum wD;acgufpkHprf;Mu\/
okdU&mwGif uREkfyfonf 4if;wkdUyef;yef;jcif;rsm;udk rMunfhvdkaomfvnf;
udk,fh&nf;pm;[lí rajymEdkifojzifh bmrQrajymyJ NyKH;íom aevkduf&onf/
trSefudka&;&vQif uREkfyfonfvGefyGJnrSpí xdktcsdefwkdUwdkifatmif pdwfxJu
BudKufaecJUonfrSm (udk,fhbufu aocsmaomfvnf; olUbufuxifajcrQ
omjzpfonf/) ESpfESpfausmf okH;ESpfcefU&SdcJUNyDjzpfaomfvnf; tdrfeD;csif;
yqpf0dkif;ü ESpfBudrfrQ rsufESmcsif;qdkif ]yqpfypf}cJUbl;jcif;rSwyg; ac:bl;jcif;
r&Sd? ta0;rS vSrf;Munfh&kHrQESifh auseyfcJU&ygonf/ uREkfyftaMumif;udk
oli,fcsif; umvom;rsm;tm; todray;aomfvnf; 4if;wkdU\ydk;yef;rI
tajctaeudk uREfkfyfu apmifhMunfhí rnfolrQ ae&mrusao;jcif;udk
od&ojzifh auseyfvsuf &Sdygonf/

olwyg;xufyif xl;avoavm

Ak'¨bmomausmif;ü ausmif;q&mvkyfvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfonf

oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl yJGMunfh&kHomru awmifNyKH;yJG? &wemh*lyJGrsm;odkU

171 
oGm;cJU&m xdkrdef;uav;vnf; 4if;\tdrfom;rsm;ESifh oGm;Muojzifh
tvGeftljrL;cJUbl;yg\/ a&Tpm&H bk&m;yJGü aysmf&jcif;rSm ydk;yef;rI ryg&Sdaom
aMumifh (EIdif;,SOfjcif;tm;jzifh) ajcmufuyfuyf&Sdonf[k qdk&rnfjzpf&m
txufygyJGrlum; tvGefpdkajyvSí &ifwzdkzdkjzpfcJU&ygawmhonf/ &ifzdk&jcif;
rSm um; þyJGwGif tenf;qkH;av;ig;BudrfrQ rdef;uav;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif&
acsawmhrnf[k arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdí owd&wdkif; &ifxJü zdkueJ vIdufueJ
jzpf&ygawmhonf/ rsufESmcsif;qdkifcGifh &awmhrnf[k pOf;pm;vdkufrd&kHESifh &ifzdk
vIduf&jcif;rSm tjcm;vlrsm; BuKHbl;Muavoavm rajymwwf/ uREkfyftzdkUrl
csJUxGifjcif;r[kwf wu,fyifjzpfygonf/ þonfaMumifhvnf; ig\arwÅm
onftvGef eufeJBuD;us,fí vGJEdkifrnf r[kwfawmh[k ,kHMunfrdygonf/
þ,kHMunfcsufrSmvnf; ]uBuD;a&;uowfuwf}[k pmtHaom rdef;uav;ESifh
awGUbl;jcif;onf taxmuftyHU jyKvsuf&Sdygonf/ tcspfonf tawmf
qef;Mu,fayonfwum;/

yxrtBudrf rl;,pfjcif;

uREkfyfonf xdktcsdefokdUwkdifatmif aot&ufudk jrnf;bl;onf

r&Sdao;/ wBudrfu oli,fcsif;rsm;\ wkdufwGef;rIaMumifh bD,mudk wikHrQ
jrnf;Munfh&m cg;vGef;aomaMumifh axG;ypfvdkufbl;\/ þawmifNyKH;yJGü
rlum; oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh twl avSjzifhoGm;Mu&mwGif tjcm;vlrsm; aysmfMu
onfudk jrif&í olwkdU\aysmfenf;udk prf;vdkonfwaMumif;? uREkfyfudk,fü
uvnf; tvGeftljrL;vsuf&Sdí bmrqdkvkyfrnfqdkaom pdwfrsKd;jzpfaeonf
waMumif;aMumifh avSay:wGif wBudrfjyif ESpfBudrfrwdkufwGef;&yJ 0DpuDESifh
qdk'gwcGufudk olwkdUESifhtwl aomufvkduf\/ 0DpuD? b&ef'Dpaom

172 
EdkifiHjcm;t&ufrsm;rSm xdkacwfü rnfrQavmuf aps;csKdygoenf;[lrl
vlwa,muf aiGwq,fqD pkí oGm;Muonfh uREkfyfwkdUtzGJUonf vSnf;c?
avSc? tdyfcESifh xrif;av;eyf twGuf csufjyKp&dwfrsm;yg
z,fxm;NyD;onfhaemuf xif;&l;aowÅmESifh wvkH;tjynfh t&uftrsKd;rsKd;
0,fcJUEdkifMuavonf/ uREkfyfonf yxrtBudrf aomufjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;
tnHUrcHcsifwwfaom 0goemaMumifh olwkdUaomufoavmuf vdkufíaomuf
rd&m aysmf&zdkUa0;pGawmifNyKH;yJGokdU b,fykHb,fenf; a&mufvmonfudkyif
rrSwfrdEdkifay/ aemufwaeUeHeufü wnf;cdkaomtdfrfwGif tdyf&mrSEdk;vmí
0wfxm;onfhvkHcsnfudkMunhfvkduf&m uREkfyf\vkHcsnfr[kwfaMumif;od&í
oli,fcsif;rsm;tm; ar;Munfh\/ od&ykHrSmum; uREkfyfonfavqdyfrS
wnf;cdktdrfodkUvrf;ravQmufEdkifojzifh wGJac:Mu&aMumif;? vrf;wGif vli,f
wa,mufu ol\ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;jzpfygonfqdkum uREkfyfudk
wnf;tdrfokdUa&mufatmif wGJydkUaMumif;? a&mufaomtcg uREkfyf\vkHcsnf
twGuf pdk;&drf&onfqdkum ol\vkHcsnfESifh vJ0wfoGm;NyD; eHeufrSvmí
vJay;ygrnf[k ajymoGm;aMumif; od&av\/ uREkfyfonf tdyf&mrSxí
ol\vkHcsnfudk jzefUMunfh&m ygwdwfvkHcsnf tEGrf;uav;jzpfí
uREkfyf\vkHcsnfrSmum; a,mvkHcsnfyGifhxdk; jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfjyefí
pOf;pm;aomtcg uREkfyftm; wGJíydkUaom ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;\
rsufESmay:vmí jyefvmvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhonfESifh cyfat;at;yif
aevdkuf\/ okdU&mwGif xdkaeUuvnf; ay:rvm? aemufwGifvnf; wouf
vkH;rawGU&awmhacs/ þwGif uREkfyfrSm csnfvkHcsnfrSwyg; tjcm;vkHcsnf
aumif;vnf;ryg/ c;gü0wfvsuf&Sdaom ygwdwfvkHcsnf tEGrf;uav;ESifh
vnf; yGJwkd;&ef rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh wnf;tdrfüom ukyfíae&awmhonf
jzpf&um; rdef;uav;ESifh rsufESmcsif; qdkif&zdkUtwGuf arQmfvifhcsufBuD;pGmESifh

173 
vmcJU&jcif;rSm ]cJavorQ oJa&us} jzpfcJU&ygawmhonf/ odkU&mwGif
oifcef;pmwckawmh&cJUyg\/ yxrtBudrf aomufjcif;ü csufcsif;
vufiif;cHvkduf&jcif;twGufaMumifh ]t&ufaomufcJUvQif rvGefapESifh}
[lonfh a,mvkHcsnfwxnfESifh vJ,lvkduf&aom Mo0g'onf woufvkH;
pJGrSwfavmufonfjzpfí uREkfyftzdkU&mü aemufaemifwGif þtrSm;rsKd;
rSm;cJvSygonf/ (udk,fusifhw&m; ESifh ywfoufonfh Mo0g'rsKd;wdkUrSm
pmavmufESifh rNyD;? olwyg; a[majymívnf; rvkHavmuf/ vufawGUBuKHrS
oabmaygufwwfonfjzpf aomaMumifh uREkfyfonf a,mvkHcsnfqkH;&jcif;
twGuf rESajrmvSay/)

tvpfray;aom rdcif

uREkfyfonf awmifNyHK;yJGwGif rdef;uav;ESifh wBudrfrQ rsufESmcsif;qdkifcGifh

r&ojzifh 0rf;enf;pGmjyefcJU&aomfvnf; (aemuf 15&ufwGif usif;yonfh)
&wemh*lyJGü okH;av;BudrfrQ jrifcJU&ojzifh auseyfcJU&ygonf/ rdef;uav;
wa,muftm; pdwfxJu cspfBudKufonfh tjcm;vlysKduav;rsm;tzdkU&mwGif
b,fuJUokdU&SdMuonfrqdkEdkif? uREkfyftzdkU&mwGifrl rsufESmudkwcPwmuav;
rQjrif&zdkUta&;onf udpöBuD;wckozG,f oabmxm;rdygawmhonf/ waeU
wBudrfrQ jrifzdkUta&;twGuf olwkdUtdrfa&SUodkUbmudpörQr&SdyJ vrf;ovm;&
av&m wacgufrjrif&vQif aemufwacguf xyfí avQmuf&jyefonf/
ta0;t&yfüaeoljzpfvQif awmfygao;\/ ,ckrSm okH;tdrfavmufomjcm;
aomaMumifh omí*Gusonfxif\/ þtxJwGif tdrfeD;yg;csif;rsm;u
&dyfrdoGm;rnfudkvnf; &Sufvdkufrdao;\/ &wemh*lewfyJGodkU twloGm;Mu
onfh oli,fcsif;ajcmufa,mufcefUteuf okH;a,mufavmufu rdef;uav;

174 
tm;ydk;yef;vsuf&Sd&m olwkdUurl ajymifajymifBuD;ydk;í aemufrS waumuf
aumufvdkufMuaomfvnf; uREkfyfurl olwdkUrodapyJ ]tkHUykef;}ydk;enf;rsKd;jzifh
vnf;olwkdUESifhtwl wyl;wJGwJG vkdufygvsuf&Sdavonf/ xdkvlpkteuf
wa,mufwavurl uREkfyftm; ]]cifAsm;eJU tdrfeD;csif;yJAsm? usKyfwdkUuawmh
cifAsm;udkuyf&rSmyJ}}[líyif ajymbl;avonf/ xdkrdef;uav;\xljcm;aom
tajctaewckrSm 4if;rdcifonf rnfhonfhvrf;okdUrQ wa,mufwnf;rvTwf?
tjcm;rdef;uav;rsm;ESifhvnf; taygif;toif; rvkyfapyJ wOD;wnf;aom
orD;ysKduav;udk rsufpdatmufu taysmufrcH qdk&avmufatmif xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smufxm;jcif;yif jzpfavonf/

auseyfpGmESifh tHUMojcif;

rdef;uav;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyfpdwfxJü tMunfEl;qkH;jzpfcJUonfh ywÅjrm;

apwD bk&m;yJGoGm;jcif;? taMumif;udk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ uREkfyfü pdwfMunfEl;
onfqdkaomaMumifh ae&musvSNyD[k rarQmfvifhMuygESifhOD;/ uREkfyf\
yxrtBudrf nHUzsif;rIudkom awGU&rnfjzpfygonf/ uREkfyfonf þwBudrf
wGif umvom;oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh r[kwfyJ Ak'¨bmomausmif; q&mtzJGUESifh
vkdufygoGm;jcif;jzpf&m ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifhtwl oabFmay:odkU wufvdkufrd
onfESifh wNydKifeuf &ifbwfudktwGif;rS wif;ykwfjzifhESufvkduf onfhES,f
uREkfyf\ESvkH;om;onf &ifbwfudk'def;ueJ wdkufaqmifhvdkuf\/ taMumif;rl
um; oabFmESifh wGJvsufvdkufygrnfh orÁefBuD;ay:wGif rdef;uav;wkdU
tdrfom;wpkudk bGm;ueJ jrifvkduf&aomaMumifhjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf
ywÅjrm;apwDyJGawmfodkU 4if;wdkUoGm;vdrfhrnf[k rod&aom aMumifh
þyGJawmfodkUvkdufrnfrBuHpnfyJ umvom; oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh (awmfovif;

175 
vjynfh tzdwfaeU ausmif;ydwf&ufwGif) zdk;pdefBuD;yJGMunfhMuzdkU pdwful;xm;
&m ausmif;q&mrsm;\ ac:iifrIaMumifh tm;emyg;emESifh vkdufygvmcJU&
onfwGif rdef;uav;tm;rarQmfvifhyJ awGU&jcif;aMumifh 0rf;omvkH;qdkUoGm;
jcif;jzpfavonf/ azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; rdef;uav;onf uREkfyfESifhorD;
&nf;pm;r[kwf&apumrl ,cktcsdefwGif uREkfyfodef;xDaygufí aMu;eef;
&onfqdkapOD;? xdktcguavmuf &ifbwfudkaqmifhavmufatmif ESvkH;ckef
vdrfhrnfrxifay/ zGifh[ajymqdk&jcif;? pum;udk vufcHjcif;[lírQ r&Sdao;yJ
rsufvkH;csif;BudKufonfqdkjcif;rSmyif udk,fhtxifoufoufrQom &Sdao;yg
vsuf þrQavmuf wkefvIyf&onfqdkaomvlysKduav;onf awmfawmf&Sm;
vdrfhrnfxifygonf/

vnfoavmuf csOf;uyfjcif;

oabFmxGufaomtcg 4if;wkdUrdom;pkonf oabFmESifh uyfvsuf&Sdonfh

orÁefydkif;wGif aumfaZmcif;vsuf vkdufygvmMu&m uREkfyfonfvnf;
orÁefESifh uyfvsuf&Sdaom oabFmydkif;wGif rwfwwf&yfvsufvdkufav\/
ausmif;q&mtzJGUonf oabFmOD;ydkif;wGif aumfaZmcif;vsuf xdkifívdkufMu
&muREkfyfonf 4if;wkdUaumfaZmteD;odkU rcsOf;uyfawmhyJ oabFmeHab;&Sd
oHwdkifudk rSDvsuf vdkufygvm\/ oabFmESifh orÁefrSm yl;wJGxm;jcif;jzpfaom
aMumifh uREkfyfESifh olwkdUtzJGUonf ESpfvHrQavmufom a0;uGm\/
rdef;uav;tkyfpkü t&yfxJrS tysKdBuD;wa,mufyg&Sd&m tysKdBuD;uyif
uREkfyftm; pwifíEIwfqufojzifh edrdwfaumif;onf[k uREkfyf0rf;omrd\/
xl;qef;jcif;wckrSm uREkfyfwkdUtdrfESifhrdef;uav;\tdrfrSm okH;tdrfausmfavmuf
omjcm;onfqdkaomfvnf; 0if;xJESifh vrf;rwef; jzpfonfwaMumif;?

176 
taygif;toif;rSmvnf; w*dkPf;pDjzpfonfwaMumif;aMumifh wtdrfESifhwtdrf
ac:iifEIwfqufjcif;rS&SdMuyJ udk,fh*kPfESifhudk,f cyfwnfwnfaecJUMuav
onf/ xdkaeUüuREkfyfonf oabFmoHwdkifudkrSDvsuf tysKdBuD;ESifhpum;ajympOf
rdef;uav;\tarESifh tvGefEIwfqufcsifaomf vnf; wcgbl;rQ rvkyfcJU
onfhtxJwGif ydk;yef;olaygrsm;aom orD;acsm wa,muf\ rdcifyDyD
cyfwnfwnfrsufESmxm;rsKd;&Sdonfjzpfí EIwfquf&ef r0HUawmhyJ
tysKdBuD;ESifhom tqufrjywf pum;ajym&awmhonf/ odkUESifh uREkfyfu
wcGef;wavajymonfh jyufvkH;uav;rsm;udk orD;u&,fí tarBuD;u
NyKH;azmf&jcif;twGufyif aus;Zl;wifvSygavNyD/ rdef;uav;\ &kyf&nfESifh
ywfoufí a&;om;&aomf tacsmtvSBuD;wa,muf[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf;
wBudrfjrifvkdufvQif vSnfhírMunhfyJ raeEdkifonfh  (Striking)  &kyfqif;
oP²mefrsKd;&SdaomaMumifh oabFmay:ü vdkufygvmaom umvom;rsm;onf
rdef;uav;tkyfpkudk &pfywfaeMu&mrS [efusaeonfh trlt&mrsKd;jzifh
orÁefbufrS vSrf;ípum;ajymaeonfh uREkfyftm; emvdk[efrwlaom
rsufESmxm;rsm;ESifh MunfhMujcif;udk uREkfyfowdjyKrd\/ tcsKdUuvnf;
(enf;awmhenf;onf/) edyfygayhuGm[laom t"dyÜg,frsKd;ESifh MunfhMuojzifh
uREkfyf\ESvkH;ü acGUvSonf/ wcsufwcsufwGif tysKdBuD;u uvdaom
rsufESmxm;ESifh-
]]armifazodef; ranmif;bl;vm;}}
]]ranmif;aygif trBuD;&m? waeUvkH;&yf& &yf&}}[l ajymvkduf&mwGif
tysKdBuD;ESifhtarBuD;u &,fMuí rdef;uav;um; rsufESmvTJíoGm;onf/
]edyf[}[k pdwfxJuMobmay;vkduf\/

177 
tuJprf;vkdufykH

ywÅjrm;apwDbk&m;atmuf&Sd 0g;csufqdyfurf;odkU oabFmqdkufuyfí

oabFmay:rSqif;NyD; olUacsmifighacsmifwufMu&mwGif rdef;uav;wkdUtkyfpk
wnf;ckdrnfhacsmiftrnfudk rar;vdkufrdonfESifh uGJ&acsawmhrnfavm[k
wxdwfxdwfjzpfrdao;\/okdU&mwGifuREkfyfausmif;q&mtzJGUESifh wacsmifwnf;
wnf;cdkMuonfudkawGU&í 'kwd,tBudrf 0rf;tomBuD; omcJU&jyefygonf/
naeydkif;wGif ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh uREkfyfwkdU onf ]acsmifvnfacsmifywf}
xGufMurnf[k Z&yfrSqif;vmMu&mwGif acsmift0if0&SdZ&yfuwkH;ay:ü
xdkifaeMuonfh uREkfyf\tysKdBuD;ESifh pHa'0DudkawGU&m (pHa'0DrSm rdef;uav;
tm; uREkfyf\pdwful;jzifh rSnfhxm;aom emrnfjzpfonf/) tysKdBuD;u
]]armifazodef;wdkU b,fxdatmif oGm;MurvdkUvJ}}[k ar;onfESifh uREkfyfu
]]b,f&,fvdkU r[kwfygbl; trBuD;? acsmifvnfacsmifywfygyJ}}[kjyefajym\/
]]'Dvdkqdktjyefawmh yef;cl;cJUaemf? NAdZifyef;awG aygvSNyDwJU}}
]]b,folyefrSmvJAs}}
]]trBuD;yefrSmayghuG,fh}}
]]trBuD;vJyefayghAsm? 'djyifvlvJ yeftkH;rSaygh? [kwfbl;vm;}}
þwGif tysKdBuD;onf pHa'0Dtm; NyKH;pdpdrsufESmxm;ESifh
vSrf;Munfhvkduf&m pHa'0Du ]]yefyghr,fawmf yefyghr,f? cl;om cl;cJUyg}}[k
ajymvkduf\/
xdkUaemuf uREkfyfwkdUausmif;q&mtzJGU xGufvmcJUMu&m cyfBuD;BuD;
q&mrsm;u a&SUrSoGm;Muí cyfi,fi,f&SdMuonfh q&mbOD;ESifh uREkfyfu
aemufrSvdkufMu\/ vrf;c&D;wGif uREkfyfonf NAdZifyef;rsm;udk tm;yg;w&
cl;av&m q&mbOD;u-

178 
 ]]AsKdU q&mazodef;? yef;awGbmvkyfzdkUvJ}}
]]ckeifu rSmvdkufwm q&m rMum;bl;vm;}}
]]tdk rvkyfeJUrcl;eJUAs? cifAsm; rMum;bl;bl;vm;}}
]]bmaMumifhvJ q&m}}
]]yef;ay;vQif usdef;auswwfw,fAs}}[kqdkum uREkfyf\vufxJrSyef;
rsm;udk,lí vTifhypfvkduf\/ uREkfyfonfq&mbOD;\ pum;t"dyÜg,fudk
&kwfw&uf em;rvnfonfESifh pOf;pm;aeNyD;rS oabmaygufí yef;tm;vkH;udk
vGifhypfvkduf\/
acsmifokdUjyefa&mufMuaomtcg tysKdBuD;u ]]a[h armifazodef;?
b,frSmvJuG,fh NAdZifyef;}}[kar;&m uREkfyfrSm tajzay;&ef BudKwifpdwful;
xm;NyD; r&SdonfESifh twwjzpfNyD; ]]yef;rawGUbl; trBuD;&JU}}[k jyefajym
vkdufjcif;udk pHa'0DauseyfykHr&acs/
pHa'0DwdkU\Z&yfESifh uREkfyfwdkUZ&yfrSm ,SOfuyfvsuf&Sd&m Z&yfESpfaqmif
tMum;wGif aomufa&tdk;rsm;xm;í ESpfbufvkH;ua&aomufMu&\/
vnfywf&mrS jyefa&mufvmí rMumrDtwGif; pHa'0DESifhuREkfyfonf
aomuftkd;pifüyufyif;oGm;qkHrdMuao;&m (uREkfyfuwrifqkHzdkU rBudK;pm;jcif;
rSefygonf/ tarBuD;udk &GHUvSygonf/) pHa'0Du a&rIwfudk tvsif&í
a&aomufaejcif;udk uREkfyfu apmifhae&\/ uREkfyfonf wckckajymcsifaomf
vnf; bmajym&rnfrodonfESifh ]]yef;rcl;cJUwm pdwfrqdk;ygeJU?
usdef;ausoGm; rSmpdk;vdkUygr&,f}}[k vTwfueJajymvdkuf\/ þwGifpHa'0Donf
a&rIefudkjyefcsí rsufckef;csDum rsufESmxm;wnfwnfBuD;ESifh vSnfjyefoGm;
av\/ pHa'0D\rsufckef;csDykHrSm Zmwfvkdufrif;orD;cifcifEk\ rsufckef;csDykHESifh
wlvSí cifcifEk-bwifhwkdU\ ]wjynfol}Zmwfum;udk Munfh&pOfu pHa'0Dudk
vGrf;rdygao;onf/

179 
rarhEdkifaom rsufESmxm;

bk&ifrwOD;wa,mufESifh pum;ajymvsuf&SdpOf pum;wvkH;rSm;oGm;

ojzifh bk&ifru tvdkrusonfhtaejzifh rsufvkH;jyL;MunfhcH&aom rif;cpm;
a,musfm;onf uREkfyfxufydkí xdwfvefU wkefvIyfvdrfhrnfrxifay/ trSefudk
a&;&vQif uREkfyfonf pHa'0Dtm; cspfBudKufvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; ua&mfacsmfr,f
jyuf&,fpum;ajymzdkU vkH;0r0HUyJ bk&ifrwa,mufuJUokdUyif aMumuf&GUHvsuf
&Sdjcif; rSefygonf/ ]]igawmhoGm;NyD? pdwfqdk;oGm;NyD? b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ?
b,fhES,frS rvkyfwwfbl;? cH&kHyJ}}[k atmufarhum oli,fcsif; udkazudkom
wrf;wrdygawmhonf/
rsufckef;csDjcif;onf tvkdrusaom t"dyÜg,frSwyg; bmrQr&Sd/ igawmh
vGJNyDqdkwm ,lBuKH;r&jzpfvsuf&Sd\/ t*Fvdyf0w¦K tajrmuftjrm;zwfzl;í
19ESpfom; &SdNyDjzpfaom uREkfyfuJUodkU ]a0;}aomvli,fwa,mufonf
þacwfwGif &Sdvdrfhrnfrxifay/ uREkfyfonf pdwfESvkH;nId;i,fpGmESifh
acsmifxJrSxGufvmí apmapmckdufu pHa'0DESifhtysKdBuD;wkdUxdkifcJUMuonfh
Z&yfuwkH;ay:wGif wa,mufwnf;xdkifae\/ cPrQMumaomtcg tysKdBuD;
wa,mufwnf; xGufvmí pyfNzJNzJ rsufESmxm;ESifh ]]a[harmifazodef; rif;u
rudkbmajymvdkufwmvJa[h}}[kar;vkduf&m-
uREkfyfrSm rsufESmxlyloGm;\/
]]pdwfqdk;oGm;ovm; trBuD;&,f}}
]]igharmifu w,f t ao;wmudk;}}
]]b,fvdkygvdrfh trBuD;&,f}}
]]bmrsm; pum;aumif;aeMuwmvJ? araruac:aew,f awmfa&U}}
acsmif0rS[pfac:vdkufolrSm pHa'0Djzpfav&m uREkfyfonf olUrsufESmudkvSrf;

180 
Munfhvdkufaomtcg rcsKdrcsOfvkyfaeaom rsufESmxm;udkjrif&rS ]vTwfap}
trdefUusaom w&m;cHuJUodkU &ifxJü at;oGm;awmhonf/ ightay:ü
pdwfqdk;vQif þrsufESmxm;rsKd; r[kwfEdkif[k aumufEkwfcsuf xkwfEdkifav
onf/ þwGif uREkfyftm;wufvmonfESifh-
]]'Dac:vkdufygtkH; trBuD;&JU}}
]]a[h r? vmygtkH;ath}}
]]rvkyfeJU? araru bkef;BuD;awGudkbdvyf&nfuyfrvdkUwJU jyifukefNyD
awmh}}
tysKdBuD;vnf; xoGm;&av&m tkwfavSum;udk ESpfa,mufwGJwuf
oGm;Muí xdyfodkUa&mufaomtcgwGif pHa'0Donf uREkfyfbufodkU qwfueJ
wcsufvSnfhí MunhfvkdufykH rsufESmxm;rSm ,aeUwdkifrarhEdkifatmif 0Jvsuf
&Sdygawmhonf/ uRekfyfonf xdkrsufESmxm;\ t"dyÜm,fudk trsKd;rsKd;awG;awm
cJU&m aemifwGif jzpfysufaom tjcif;t&mrsm; BuKH&onfwGifrS ]]armif&if t
ykHeJUawmh vGJukefMuygvdrfhr,f}}[k qdkvdk[efwlaMumif; pOf;pm;rdygawmhonf/

zdkoHay;jcif;

xdknü ausmif;q&mtzGJUESifh uREkfyfwkdUonf ywÅjrm;apwD awmifxdyf

odkUwufMuav&m vrf;wavQmufvkH;wGif uREkfyfuJUodkU aw;csif;qdkEdkifol
wa,mufrQr&dSay/ cspfBudKufygonf[k zGifhajymjcif;? wkHUjyef0efcHjcif; r&Sdao;
aomfvnf; uREkfyf\pdwfxJürl ]igwdkUESpfa,mufum; þb0wGif rvGJEdkifawmh
NyD? eHeuf aeUv,f ntcsdefra&G; olUrsufESmudk r0rcsif; MunfhEdkifayawmh
rnf? eD;eD;uyfuyf MunfhEdkifayawmhrnf}[laom pdwful;onf vrf;
wavQmufvkH; cPuav;rS vyfonfrxif? ay:NyD;,if; ay:,if;

181 
jzpfaeawmh\/ acsmifrS xGufcgpwGif OD;zdk;pdefBuD;\ opömxm; aw;csif;
wyk'fudk (&ifxJü jynfhvQHvGef;onfESifh) [pfí oDqdkvdkuf\/
]rodef;nGefU&,feJU armifpdef[m? *a[ESpfjzmul;? a&Tezmpl;&,feJU? a&Tezl;pm
av;av;aemfAs? aMomf-pyfMum;ewfrsm;a&;rS a&;wwfyav}þwyk'fudk
pHa'0DwdkUMum;avmufaomae&mü oDqdkNyD; &yfxm;vkdufonfwGif tysKdBuD;u
]]a[harmifazodef;qkH;atmifqdkuG,fhaemf}}[k ajymvkdufNyD; pHa'0D? tarBuD;?
tysKdBuD;ESifh tjcm;tdrfoltdrfom;wkdU\toHrsm;jzifh 0g;ueJ&,fvkdufMu
av&m yef;ray;zdkU ajymxm;onfh q&mbOD;u ]]q&mazodef;u zdkoHay;
aewm q&mwkdU&JU}}[k ajymvkdufonfESifh qufírqdkawmhyJ ]]aemufrsm;rS
trBuD;a&U}}[kjyefajymNyD; qufvufwufoGm;Muav\/

rarhEdkifaom nwn

awmifxdyf&Sd ywÅjrm;apwDbk&m;okdU a&mufMuaomtcg awmfovif;

vqef;14&uf vuvnf;xdefxdef0if;vsuf {&m0wDjrpfBuD;udk xif;xif;BuD;
jrif&jyef? apwDawmfüvnf; za,mif;wdkifrD;rsm;jzifh 0if;0if;vuf&Sdaejyef?
wD;vdkufonfh e&nf;oHuvnf; qdwfNidrfaomawmifxdyfü ntcsdefwGif
tonf;ESvkH;wdkUudk ,pfoGm;aprwwf om,mjyef? uREkfyf\pdwf"mwfuvnf;
arQmfvifhcsuftrsKd;rsKd;wdkUjzifh jynfhwif;azmif;um;vsuf &Sdjyefav&um;
MunfEl;&TifjrL;vkdufykHrSm woufwmwGifrarhEdkifqkH;aom nwntaejzifh
ESvkH;om;wGif wHqdyfESdyfcwfvsuf &Sdayawmh\/ tcspfESifhywfoufíbmwck
rQ r,fr,f&& r&Sdao;jcif;um; rSefyg\/ okdU&mwGif rsufESmudk
Munfhae&vQif bmvdkao;onf[k rawmifhwyJ auseyfjcif;\
txGwftxdyfodkU a&mufonf[k ,lqavmufatmif wif;wdrfa&mifh&Jjcif;

182 
&SdcJUaom uREkfyftzdkUrSm þrQavmufaom csrf;omrIonfyif {&mrokc
BuD;wck jzpfaeavNyD/ pHa'0Donf tjcm;a,musfm; wOD;wa,muf ESifhrQ
vufrxyforQ umvywfvkH; uREkfyfonfvuf&Sdtajctaexuf wkd;NyD;
reD;pyfcsifvnf;aeap? þtwdkif;ESifhyif av;ig;ESpf apmifhaeEdkifonf
[lí vnf; xdkpOfuxifcJUrdygonf/ ywÅjrm;apwDbk&m;yGJawmfrS tjyefc&D;
wGif oabFmay:ütwlpD;ívdkufcJUMu&m tarBuD;onf a&S;uESifhrwlyJ
uREkfyftm; pdwf0ifpm;aomrsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifh cPcPvSrf;Munfhonf[k
owdjyKrdcJUonf/ okdUaomf þonfrSmvnf; uREkfyf\txifrQom jzpfEdkif\/
Munfhjcif;um;rSefygonf/ pdwf0ifpm;jcif;[lonfrSmum; uREkfyf\txifouf
oufjzpfEdkifonf[kawG;rd\/ pHa'0DESifh yufouforQwGif uREkfyfonf
udk,fudkudk,f txifrBuD;yJ tNrJwGefUqkwfvsuf &SdcJU\/ BudKufvGef;tm;BuD;
aomaMumifhayavm? odkUr[kwf rdrdudk,fudk ,kHMunfrI  Confidence  r&Sdaom
0goemaMumifhayavm rajymEdkifyg/ rnfokdUqdkap ydk;yef;jcif;tvkyfü
tvGefnHUol wa,mufjzpfjcif;udk a&SUwavQmufwGifvnf; awGU&ygvdrfhOD;
rnf/

tysKdBuD;rSwqifh

ywÅjrm;apwDyJGawmfrS jyefa&mufMuonfESifh aemufwaeUnaewGif

tysKdBuD;onf uREkfyfwkdU\aetdrfodkU rvmpzl; aygufvm\/ (þtdrfrSm
uREkfyfwdkUtdrfyif jzpfaomfvnf; zcifonf nD0rf;uJGwa,mufodkU tvkyfyg
vTJay;xm;í 0ufvufokdUajymif;a&TUoGm;av&m uREkfyfvnf;baxG;ESifhtwl
qufvuf aexdkifjcif;jzpf\/) tysKdBuD;a&mufvmaomtcg rvmpzl;
vmjcif;jzpfí tvkyform;rsm;u NyKH;Muao;&m uREkfyfu tysKdBuD;tm;

183 
tay:xyfodkU ac:oGm;aomtcg wa,muf\rsufESmudk wa,mufvSrf;Munfh
Mu\/ uREkfyfonf pHa'0Dtm; cspfBudKuf&mü rnfolUudkrQ todray;yJ
Budwfíydk;jcif;jzpf&m tvkyform;rsm;u uREkfyftm; ]tysKd[dkif;BuD;}ESifh
NidaeNyD[k xifrdMuaMumif;ESifh aemifwGifajymjyMuao;onf/ 4if;tysKdBuD;um;
pHa'0DwdkUtdrfü tuRrf;w0if xGuf0ifvmcJUonfh ]vufuokH;awmifa0S;}jzpf
avonf/ uREkfyfonf tay:xyfwGif tysKd[dkif;BuD;tm; ae&mxdkifcif;ay;í
rsufESmcsif;qdkif xdkifrdMuonfwGif ]aumif;aom}pum; ygcJUonftxifESifh
]zdk;usKdif;wkwf}jzpfrdaomfvnf; wbufüum; rnfonfhpum; tquftoG,f
rQ r&SdygyJESifh ]aumif;aompum;}ygvm&ef rjzpfEdkif[k zsufcsvdkuf\/
xdkUaemuf tysKdBuD;u-
]]armifazodef;? rudk rif;wu,fBudKufwmvm;}}
xdkcPü oabFmqdyfwkef;uxuf jyif;xefaom xkESufjcif;jzifh
uREkfyf\ eH&dk;udk ESvkH;om;u aqmifhí wkd;vdkufonfESifh uREkfyf\rsufESmyif
wrsKd;wrnf jzpfoGm;jcif;udk tysKdBuD; jrifvkduf&onfh vu©PmESifh olyif
tHUtm;oifhoGm;\/ uREkfyfvnf; &kwfw&uf tajzray;EdkifyJ ai;Munfhaerd
ao;\/ aemufwGifrS ]]bmaMumifh ar;wmvJ trBuD;}}
]]ar;qdk 'Dvdkav? tarBuD;u vTwfvkdufw,f armif&JU}}
]][kwfuJUvm;Asm? uRefawmfhudkvSdrfhaewmrsm;vm; trBuD;&,f}}
]]igharmifu w,f&dk;wmudk;? ywÅjrm;apwDyGJrSm rif;eJUtwlwloGm;MuwJU
tzJGUxJu ausmif;q&mwa,mufu aiG3000deJU pdefem;uyfw&H wifyg
r,fwJU? pum;pyfaew,f armifa&U}}
]]b,fwkef;u pyfwmvJAsm? yJGu jyefvmrSvm;}}
]]r[kwfbl; armifa&U? wvavmuf &SdoGm;NyD}}
]]edkU b,fvdkwJUvJAsm}}

184 
 ]]tarBuD;uawmh cyfygygyJ? orD;uvJ rathpum;udk em;axmif&
rSmyJ}}
]][dkuf 'DvdkqdkNyD;Mua&maygh trBuD;&,f}}
]]NyD;MuvdkU&Sd,if 'DudktrBuD; bmvmp&m&SdovJ}}
uREkfyftm; xíckefvkdufcsifonf/
]]udkif;-'gjzifh ajymygtkH; trBuD;}}
]]rudk rif;BudKufaewm b,favmufM umNyDvJuG,fh}}
]]8 wef;uwnf;uygyJAsm}}
]]'DtaMumif;udk tarBuD;u rodbl; armif&JU}}
]]EdkUAsm oluawmh odw,fr[kwfvm; trBuD;&,f}}
]]odwmayghuG,f}}
]]EdkU'gjzifh tarBuD;u ay;pm;wdkif; ,lrSmwJUvm;As}}
]]r,lvdkU b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ? rif;u bmrSajymbl;wmvJ r[kwf?
ywÅjrm;apwDyJGu jyefawmhrS tarBuD;u rif;tuJcwfNyD; trBuD;
vTwfvdkufwmyJ}}
]]EdkU oluaumAsm}}
]]olu rif;vdkyJ &Sufwwfw,f? ighudkawmif bmrSrajymbl;bl;}}
]]trBuD;u b,fvkdxifovJAsm}}
]]trBuD;u tysKdBuD;ayr,fh em;vnfygw,f}}
]]zGifhvdkUawmh rajymbl;bl;aygh}}
]]w,fcufwJU vlyguvm;? a,mufsm;uav;u bmrSrajymbl;yJeJU
rdef;uav;u ajym&rSmvm;armif&,f}}
]]tarBuD;u b,fvkdrSmvdkufovJ trBuD;&JU}}
]]wu,fBudKufvdkU&SdvQif rdbrsm;vTwfNyD; ajymcdkif;ygwJU}}

185 
 ]]wckawmh uRefawmfodcsifw,f trBuD;&,f}}
]]bmrsm;vJawmf}}
]]uRefawmfBudKuwmu wu,fBudKufwmyg? olvJyJ odavmufygw,f?
,ck uRefawmfzGifhajymaeNyD r[kwfvm;? 'Dawmh olUqDu pum;wvkH;&atmif
awmif;NyD; uRefawmfhudkjyefajymyg rdbrsm;udk uRefawmf vTwfygr,f}}
]]olUtarBuD;u armifhqDudk vTwfvkdufvdkU trBuD;vm&NyD[myJ
armif&,f? pdwfcsavmufua&maygh}}
]]'gayr,fh olUqDupum;wvkH;udk uRefawmfMum;csifygao;w,f
trBuD;&,f? wqdwfavmufar;ay;ygAsm}}
]]'Dvdkqdk ar;ay;&wmaygharmif}}
]]wckawmh&Sdw,f trBuD;a&U? uRefawmfuawmh aiG3000dawG?
pdefem;uyfawG bmawGawmhrwwfEdkifaybl;Asm}}
]]'gawGodygw,f? 9 wef;orm;wa,muf[m aiGwifzdkU rvdkygbl;?
trBuD;uvJem;vnfygw,f}}
]]'gjzifh b,fawmhavmuf pum;jyefrSmvJ trBuD;}}
]]eufjzefcgawmh trBuD;&,f? olwkdUom;trdESpfa,muf&,f
rdw¦DvmoGm;MurvdkU? [dkutjyefawmh vmcJUr,f}}
]]rdw¦DvmudkbmvkyfvJAsm}}
]]olUarmifwa,muf&Sdw,f? [kwfvm;? 'DtaMumif;udkwdkifyifrvdkUwJU?
armifuom rdbrsm;eJUpDpOfxm;ayawmh}}
]]olUarmifu oabmrwlbl; qdk,ifaumAsm}}
]]trav; pdwfomcs? olUarmifu 7wef;atmifwJU vlqdk,if
ay;pm;vkdufwJU? igharmifu 2wef;awmifydkaeao;w,f}}

186 
 tysKdBuD;jyefcgeD;ü uREkfyfu aomufa&tkd;pifteD;wGif ]yef;}taMumif;
ajymvdkufrdí rsufarSmifBuD; ukyfovdk? rsufckef;csDovdk vkyfoGm;ykHtaMumif;
ajymjyvkduf&m tysKdBuD;u ]]'DtaMumif;cPcP ajymNyD; trBuD;wdkU
&,fMu&ao;w,f? igharmifu w,f&dk;wmudk;}}[k &,farmumajymí
jyefoGm;av\/
þwGifrS ppfudkif;awmif&dk;ü acsmifavSum;twufwGif pHa'0Du
uRekfyftm; vSnfhMunfhvdkufaom rsufESmxm;ü ]]armif&ifh tykHeJUawmh
vGJukefMuygvdrfhr,f}}[laom t"dyÜg,f&Sdjcif;udk awG;qEdkifygawmhonf/
]ywÅjrm;apwDyJGawmf vdkufrdayvkdUaygh? EdkUjzifh vGJawmhrSmyJ? uHaumif;vdkUyg
wum;}[kvnf; uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdygonf/

jzLpifaomarwÅm

pHa'0Dudk ydk;yef;cJUaom tjzpftysufwGif þtcsdefonf uREkfyftzdkU&mü

arQmfvifhcsuftrsm;qkH;atmifjrifzdkU teD;uyfqkH;aom tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;jzpfí
xdknOfhü uREkfyfonf pHa'0DtaMumif;udk ajymwwfMuonfh oli,fcsif;
umvom;rsm;\0dkif;okdU roGm;awmhyJ udk,fhtdrfüyif pdwful;,Ofvsuf&Sd\/
pdwfxJü&Sdaom tjcif;t&mudka&;&vQif ,cifurl pHa'0DtaMumif;ajymjy
jcif;udk em;axmifEdkifaomfvnf; þnOfhürl csD;rGrf;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;?
uJU&JUjcif;udkvnf;aumif; rMum;csifaompdwfjzifhaecJUavNyD/ ]]udk&ifwkdUeJU
bmqdkifvdkUvJ}}[kar;vkdufcsifonfjzpf&m xkduJUodkU ar;&avmufatmifu
vnf; uREkfyftzdkU&mwGifvnf; bmrQr,fr,f&& ydkifqdkifao;onf
r[kwfaomaMumifh xdk0dkif;udk a&SmifcJUjcif;jzpf\/ udk,fhtjzpfudk jyefíppfaq;
vkdufonfhtcg tysKdBuD;\ pum;oufoufrQom&Sdao;í 4if;\pum;

187 
xJüyif ]]BudKufygonf}}[lí zGifhajymjyjcif;rsKd; ryg&Sd? olUtxifoufouf
rQom&Sdao; \/ odkU&mwGifuREkfyftzdkU&mü pdwful;,OfEdkifzdkU tcsuftvuf
rsm; yg&Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh ysufEdkifaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk z,f&Sm;NyD;
(arwÅm pifMu,f rIaMumifh)npfnrf;aom tjcif;t&mrsm;ryg? udk,fwOD;
wnf;ydkifypönf;tae jzifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifxkdifNyD; 00BuD;MunfhaeEdkifMu
awmhrnf[lonfxuf rydkjcif;udk uREkfyfopömjyK0HUygonf/ pHa'0D\udk,ft*Fg
tvkH;pkHwGif uREkfyf owd&qkH;? pdwftul;rdqkH;tydkif;rSm 4if;\rsufESmyif
jzpf&m wzefxyfí ppfaq;vkdufaomf rsufvkH;yifjzpfygonf/ ]umwpf}awG?
cg;ao;&ifcsDjcif; awGudkvkH;0owdr&jcif; rSefygonf/ jypfcsufawG
AvyG&SdcJUaom uREkfyfudk,fudk uREkfyfjyefíppfaq;vkdufonfhtcgrsm;wGif
pHa'0Dtay:ü xm;&SdonfharwÅm\ jzLpifjcif;onf tauseyfqkH;
jzpfygawmhonf/
aemufwaeUaeUv,fwGif pHa'0Dom;trdESifh tysKdBuD;wkdUonf rdw¦Dvm
okdU rD;&xm;ESifhoGm;Murnfjzpf&m 4if;wkdU\tdrfa&SUodkU jrif;&xm;qdkuf
jcif;udk Mum;vkduf&ojzifh xGufíMunhfcsifaomfvnf; &SufonfESifhyif
rMunfhyJ aevkdufygonf/
,cifurl uREkfyf\arwÅmudk rnfolUtm;rQ zGifhírajymbl;ao;aom
aMumifh r&Sufaomfvnf; ,ckrSmrl tysKdBuD;tm; zGifhajymNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh
tysKdBuD;udkvnf; &Sufonf? tarBuD;udkvnf; &Sufonf/ pHa'0Dudkyif
(pum;jyefr&ao;aomaMumifh) &Sufao;onf/ uRekfyfuJUodkU nHUaomvlysKd
uav;wa,mufonf urÇmavmuwGif &Sdygav\avm[k wcgw&HwGif
udk,fh[mudk,far;rdygonf/

188 
zcif\tpDtpOf

xdkaeUnaewGif zcifa&mufvm\/ zcif\rsufESmudk jrifvkduf&onf

ESifh wNydKifeuf zGifhajym&rnfh udpöudk owd&í 'dwfueJjzpf&\/ zcifurl
]]obufcgrif;vdkufcJU&r,fa[h? ausmif;q&mBuD;udkajymNyD; tm;vkH;jyifqif
xm;}}[k ajymonfESifh uREkfyfu ]]cGifhcHcJU&rSmvm;}}[kar;&m ]]r[kwfbl;
wcgwnf;xGufcJU&rSm}}[k ajymojzifh OD;acgif;BuD;íoGm;\/ aemufqkH;ü
uREkfyfod&onfrSmum; a&TbdkNrdKU ta&;ydkif&kH;wGif tulpma&;vkyfzkdUtwGuf
[ufuvufpma&;BuD;ESifhwuG &kH;tkyfpma&;BuD;ESifhyg pDpOfcJUNyD;jzpfaMumif;?
okH;vtwGif; tvkyfwck &vdrfhrnfhtaMumif; ajymonfwGif uREkfyf\rsufESm
üaoG;qkwfNyD; jzLzyfjzLa&mfjzpfoGm;onf xifvkdufrd\/ uREkfyfuacwÅ
qdkif;zkdU ajymaomfvnf; vufrcHonfESifh pHa'0DtaMumif;ESifh tysKdBuD;\
pum;rsm; taMumif;udk ajymjyav\/
]]'DvdkqdkbmcufovJ? 'DuaeUn igoGm;ajymr,fav}}þwGif uRekfyfu
olwkdUr&Sdao;aMumif;? pHa'0DxHrS pum;jyefudk apmifhae&aMumif; ajyjyav&m
zcifu ]]udpör&Sdbl;? rif;vkdufcJU &kH;ydkUNyD; igwacguf vmajymr,f? auseyfuJU
r[kwfvm;}}[kar;\/ uREkfyfu pHa'0D\pum;wvkH;twGuf apmifhapvdk
aMumif;? tysKdBuD;\pum;oufoufrQom &Sdao;aMumif; ajymaomfvnf;
]]rif;ajymwJUtwkdif;qdkvQif ae&musrSmyguG,f? vkdufomvdkufcJUyg? ig
wacgufvmNyD; ajymygr,f}}[k twif;ac:onfESifh vkdufoGm;&ygawmhonf/

189 
cH&cufqkH;aom &ufowÅywf

a&TbdkNrdKUodkUa&mufMuí &kH;tkyfpma&;BuD;ESifhawGUNyD; pDpOfNyD;&mwGif

(xkdacwfü a&TbdkwNrdKUvkH;ESifh&kH;tm;vkH;wGif 9 wef;atmifol wa,mufrQ
r&Sdao;&m tulpma&;rQavmufjzpfzkdUrSm tcuftcJr&Sd? rsufESmyif
&cJUao;\/) uREkfyfwifyg;wGif aoG;pkemBuD; csufcsif;aygufvmí vrf;yif
ravQmufEdkifyJ&SdonfESifh 0ufvufodkU vkdufvm&jyefonf/ aoG;pkem
[lonfrSm jynfrSnfhNyD;rS aysmuf&aomtemrsKd;jzpfí udpö wef;vef;twGif;
&ufaygif; 20rQavmuf apmifh&rnfhta&;aMumifh uREkfyftzdkU&mü i&Jjynf
ydkUxm;onfhES,f pdwfqif;&JcJU&ygonf/ þta&;wGif uREkfyfzcifum;
awmf&Smygayonf/ rEÅav;rS owif;udkem;axmifí pHa'0DwdkUom;trd
jyefa&mufNyD[k Mum;od&onfESifhwNydKifeuf csufcsif;qif; íajym&m
vufcHvkdufonfqdkaomaMumifh uREkfyf0rf;omvSonf/ okdU&mwGif jynfrSnfhzdkU
rSm &ufowÅywfcefU vdkao;aomaMumifh uREkfyf\woufwmwGif tcH&
cufqkH;aom &ufowÅywf[lírSwfwrf;wifxm;&ygonf/

obmay;Mujcif;

oDwif;uRwfvqef; 13 &ufaeUrSm ousoD[bk&m; qGrf;awmfBuD;

uyfaomaeUjzpfí uREkfyf\aoG;pkemvnf; jynfaygufonfESifh xdkaeUrSmyif
rEÅav;odkU qif;vmcJU\/ naecif;wGif blwm&kHodkUqdkufa&mufí umvom;
oli,fcsif;rsm; &Sdaomae&modkU oGm;av&m wusdyfcefUrQaom oli,fcsif;rsm;
onf xdknOfhü ousoD[qGrf;awmfBuD;uyfodkU oGm;Mu&eftwGuf pk&kH;vsuf
&SdonfESifh tqifoifhawGU&onf/ 4if;wkdUonf uREkfyfudkjrifvQifjrifcsif;

190 
]][pf[pf[l;a&;}}[k okH;BudrfMobmay;vkdufMuojzifh uREkfyftHUtm;oifhoGm;
\/ pkHprf;Munfhaomtcg 4if;wkdUonf zcif\pum;udk pHa'0D\rdcifu
vufcHvdkufaMumif; owif;Mum;MuNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh Mobmay;jcif;jzpf
onf[kod&\/ pHa'0Dudkydk;yef;olrsm;teuf wa,mufurl uREkfyf\vufudk
qGJvsuf ]]uGef*&ufusLav;&Sif;}[k qdkygayonf/ xdknaetzdkUü þvlpk
xJwGif uREkfyfrSm ][D;&dk;}BuD;wa,mufjzpfaeí cPcPMobmay; jcif;cH&\/
tcsKdUuvnf;]]awmfawmfvkHwJU vlwa,mufyJAsm? usKyfwdkUujzifh olUudk
awmif uyf&rvm;rSwfae? armifrif;BuD;om;u ]tHkUykef;BuD;}vkyfae wmudk;As
[k ajymMu\/ tcsKdUuvnf; ]]'gawmhrajymeJUav olUrSmvJrsufpdeJU yJAs}}[k
0ifajym\/ ]]BudKufwmawmh BudKuf&ygw,f? 'Dvdkqdk usKyfwkdU ajcanmif;rcH
bl;ayghAs}}[k ajymoluajymí wa,mufu ]]udk,fBudKufudk,f ydk;ayghAsm?
bmjzpfovJ}}[kajym&m tjcm;wa,mufu ]]olu 9 wef;orm; As? usKyfwdkU
av;ig;wef;eJU bmpGHEdkifrSmvJ}}[k ajymavonf/ þvlpkteuf wGifuREkfyf
xuf &kyfacsmolrsm;? 0wfpm;Edkifolrsm;? 0ifaiG&Sdonfh aps;onf uav;rsm;?
okH;EdkifjzKef;Edkifolrsm;&SdMuygvsuf t*Fvdyfpmudk rnfrQavmuf txifBuD;
aMumif; xif&Sm;vSygonf/

xl;qef;aomMunfhjcif;

xdknOfhü uREkfyfonf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl ousoD[bk&m;yJGokdU

vdkufoGm;aomfvnf; pHa'0Dudk jrifvdkao;onfESifh vlpkESifhcJGNyD; wa,muf
wnf; vkduf&Sm\/ pHa'0DwdkU om;trdonf þbk&m;yGJokdU ESpfwdkif;
vmwwfjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfodNyD;jzpf\/ bk&m;ay:odkUa&mufí ta&SUajrmuf
axmifhtay:rS &yfNyD; bk&m;zl;olrsm;tm; vSrf;MunfhvdkufpOf usOf;ajrmif;

191 
aom taygufuav;wGif pHa'0DESifhuREkfyf rsufESmcsif;qdkif&yfvsufom;
qkHrdMuavawmh\/ xdktcdkuftwefUü rdcifudk rjrif&yJ pHa'0Dwa,muf
wnf;&Sdae&m uRekfyfu 0rf;yef;wom EIwfqufvdkufrnftjyKwGif ol\
xl;qef;aom rsufESmxm;udk jrifvkduf& onfESifh wefUueJ &yfxm;vdkuf&\/
pHa'0Donf uREkfyftm; tvGefajymcsif aompum;wcGef;&Sdonfh vu©PmESifh
pdkufMunfhNyD;rS aemufodkUvSnfhMunfh vkduf&m tarBuD;a&mufvmonfESifh
rajymawmhyJqdkif;xm;vdkuf\/ okdU&mwGif pum;ajymcsifykH&onfh vu©Pm
rSmrl ol\rsufESmü usefvsufyif &Sdao;\/ tarBuD;a&mufvmí uREkfyfudk
jrifaomtcg uREkfyfarQmfvifhaom rsufESmxm;rsKd;r[kwfyJ &Sufovdkvdk
tm;emovdkvkd jzpfaejcif;udkawGU&\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap tarBuD;um;
uREkfyfudkjrif&onfhtwGuf 0rf;omykHr&jcif; um;aocsmvSonf/ uREkfyfonf
om;trdESpfa,mufvkH;\ trlt&mudk em;rvnfEdkifonfESifh EIwfqufrnfh
tBuHudk &kyfodrf;í usOf;ajrmif;aom wHcg;0wGif wdrf;a&Smifay;vkduf&m
a&SUrSxGufvmaom pHa'0Donf ,cifrsufESmxm;twkdif; wcsufvSnfhMunfh
ao;aomfvnf; tarBuD;rlum; rsufESmikHUíoGm;awmh\/ þrdef;rBuD;um;
olUorD;tm;ydk;aom vlysKduav; rsm;udkMunfh&mwGif tvGefrsufvkH;&Jol
wa,mufjzpfaomaMumifhol\ þnOfhtjyKtrludk uREkfyfem;rvnfatmif
&Sdawmhonf/

tarBuD;nmw,f

uREkfyfonf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh rqkHawmhyJ wa,mufwnf;jyefvmí

tysKdBuD;\tdrfokdUoGm;&m tysKdBuD;rSm 4if;\nDrrsm;ESifh yGJMunfhoGm;Muaom
aMumifh rawGUcJU&acs/ owÅd&Sdaom vlysKduav;wa,mufjzpfcJUvQif pum;

192 
vufcHNyD;í w&yfvkH;odaeMuaom udpöjzpfaomaMumifh olwkdU\tdrf
odkUwdkuf&dkufwufNyD; ar;cGifh&Sd\/ uREkfyfvnf;ar;csifvkdufonfrSm tl,m;
vsuf&Sd\/ okdUaomfwa,mufwnf; rwuf0HU? tazmfac:&rnfh vlvnf;
rjrif? oli,fcsif;udkazudkom wrf;wrdygawmhonf/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfonf
yJGodkUrjyefawmhyJ aetdrfodkUjyefvmí baxG;\rdef;rxHwGif pHa'0DwdkU
taMumif;udk pkHprf;ar;jref;av\/ ta':uvnf; zcif\pum;udk vufcH
vkdufonfqdkapumrl vGef;cJUonfhav;ig;&ufavmuftwGif; ukefonfydkif;rS
vlwa,mufu aiGrnfírnfrQ wifornf qdkaomaMumifh tarBuD;u
vufcHvkdufovdkvkd Mum;&aMumif;? c&D;a&mufrqdkufjzpfí naeu
uREkfyftm;rajymyJ xm;cJUaMumif; ponfjzifhajymjyav\/ þpum;t&
axmufvdkufaomf om;trdESpfa,mufwkdU\ rsufESmxm;onf t"dyÜg,f
ay:vGifvsuf&SdavNyD/ uRekfyfrnfrQavmuf rcHcsifvkdufonfudk azmfjy&ef
vdkrnfr[kwfay/ odkUaomf uREkfyftzkdU&mü udk,fhodu©m udk,frvkH
atmifjzpfaejcif;rSm zcif\pum;udk olUrdcifu vufcHvdkufonfqdk
aomfvnf; pHa'0Dudk,füu cspfBudKufygonf[k OD;wdkufjzpfap?
wqifhpum;jzpfap zGifh[0efcHbl;jcif; r&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh uREkfyfonf
pHa'0DudkqlEdkifcGifhr&Sd? tarBuD;udkom qlEdkifrnf? uREkfyfqlcsifolum;
tarBuD;r[kwf? pHa'0Djzpfaeojzifh *Gusvsuf&Sd\/ 0wÅ&m;odaom
orD;wa,mufonf rdb\oabmtwdkif; ay;pm;aomvludk ,lcsifvQif
,lEdkifcGifh&Sd\/ cspfBudKufygonf[k zGifh[0efcHonfhpum;rsKd; OD;wdkuf&&Sdrxm;
onfhvlysKdwa,mufu rdbay;pm;wdkif; ,l&acsrnfavm[k qlylzdkU
tcGifhta&;&Sdonf r[kwfay/

193 
oli,fcsif;rsm;\ tm;ay;rI

xdknOfhwGif uREkfyfrSm *Rrf;o'gvefatmif cH&cufvsuf&Sd\/ &Sufvnf;

&Sufonf/ tvGefvnf;ESajrmonf/ pHa'0Dudka'gyGcsifaomfvnf; (azmfjycJU
onfh twkdif;) a'gyGydkifaom tcGifhta&;uREkfyfür&Sdacs/ tarBuD; tay:ü
a'gyGEdkifaomfvnf; bmrQ tusKd;&Sdrnfr[kwf/ omí t&SufuJGMuzdkU
omjzpfvdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfwGufrd\/ odkUaomf ousoD[ bk&m;yJGü pHa'0D\
rsufESmxm;udk owd&í]bmrsm;ajymcsifygvdrfh}[k odcsifaomqE´jzpfvm\/
þae&mwGif uREkfyf\nHUzsif;rI 0ifvm\/ owÅd&SdoljzpfcJUvQif b,fenf;ESifh
rqdk od&atmifvkyfrnfjzpf\/ uREkfyfurl ]]armifeJUusKyfeJUvJGMuygpdkU}}[l
aompum;rsKd;ajymvdkjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf[k wGufrdonfESifh awGUqkH
ar;jref; zkdUyif rBudK;pm;csifawmhyJ 0ufvufodkUomjyefajy;zdkU pdwful;
jzpfay:vsuf&Sd\/ aemufwaeUeHeuf tdyf&mrSEdk;í 0ufvufodkUjyef&ef
pOf;pm;vsuf&SdpOf umvom; oli,fcsif;rsm;teufrS uREkfyf\ 9 wef;*kPfudk
txl;txifBuD; íuREkfyftm;cifrifav;pm;ol wa,mufonf uREkfyf\
aetdrfokdU a&mufvmí uREkfyftm; rsufESmwrsKd;ESifhMunfhjcif;udk owdjyKrd
onf/ xdkolonf uREkfyftm; MuifemaomrsufESmxm;ESifh MunfhaeNyD;aemuf-
]]owif;ckMum;&w,fAsm? cifAsm;awmh Mum;NyD;NyDvm; rqdkEdkifbl;}}
uREkfyfonf ol\rsufESmxm;udk jrif&jcif;tm;jzifh olajymcsifaom
owif;udk &dyfrdaomfvnf; bmrSrajymyJ qdwfqdwfaevdkufavonf/
]]raeUnuwnf;u bk&m;yJGrSm cifAsm;udkvkduf&SmMuwm rawGUbl;Asm?
usKyfwdkUu ajymcsifvGef;vdkUtludk,m;aeMuwmyJ? olwdkU'Dvdkvkyfwm bm
aumif;ovJAs}}

194 
 ]]ukvm;rsm;ajymMuovkd ]ezl;pm}yavAsm? usKyfawmh'DuaeU
0ufvufjyefawmhr,fAsm oli,fcsif;awGawmif rawGUcsifawmhygbl;}}
]]aMomf cifAsm;vJ Mum;NyD;NyDvm;}}
]]nuyJ Mum;ygw,f}}
]]vmAsm? tjyif cPxGuf&atmif}}
uREkfyfonf t0wfvSJvS,fí vkdufygoGm;av\/
oli,fcsif;onf tjcm;oli,fcsif;wa,muftdrfodkU 0ifíac:NyD;aemuf
okH;a,mufom;onf &kHawmfBuD;odkU oGm;Muav\/ w&kwfqdkifodkU0ifí
yxroli,fcsif;u 0DpuDwcsKd;ESifh qkd'gtjyifpm;p&mrsm;vnf; rSmNyD;aemuf
pHa'0D\ tarBuD;vkyfykHudk 4if;wkdUESpfa,mufu píajymum
uREkfyftm;Muifempum;ajymMuav&m uREkfyfvnf; yxrü 0DpuDudk jiif;rnf
jyKNyD;rS pdwfxGufvmonfESifh twlaomufrdav\/
wa,muf/ / ]][dkieJu aiGuav; ig;axmifwifEdkifwmeJU
ig;pdrf;jrif ig;uifypfowJUAsm? vlcsif;awmh cifAsm;eJUuGmygw,f? eHUomqDeJU
tD;ygyJAsm? cifAsm;aumifu okH;wef;atmifwJUaumifr[kwfbl;}}
wa,muf/ / ]]ynmwGifruygbl;Asm? vlykHcsif;MunfhygtkH;?
[dkaumifhrsufESmu a&SmufoD;aeylvSef;xm;ovdk &IHUaewJUrsufcGufBuD;rsKd;yJ?
cifAsm;u vlacsmBuD;r[kwfayr,hf usKyfwkdUrsufpdxJrSmawmh odyfa,musfm;yD
w,fAs? [kwfwmaygh? b,fvkdrsm; rsufpdolBuD;vJGwJUieJrvJ rqdkEdkif
ygbl;Asm}}
uREkfyf/ /]]tarBuD;cs,fvS,fwmqdkifxifyghAsm}}
wa,muf/ /]][if [kwfvm;? 'Dvdkqdk usKyfwdkUrcHEdkifbl;As?
tdrfa&SUrSm qdkif;bkwfxlNyD; t&SufcJGr,fAsm}}

195 
 wa,muf/ /]]usKyfuawmh 'DvdkBuHw,f? udkarmifuav;udk
oDcsif;pyfcdkif;NyD; olwkdUtdrfa&SUu avQmufqdkapr,fAsm}}
[kwfr[kwf tyxm;í txufygpum;rsm;onf uREkfyftzdkU ESpfodrfh
aponfh pum;rsm;jzpfav&m uREkfyfonf 0DpuDtenf;i,fuav;rQom
(olwkdUpdwfauseyfatmif) aomufí waeUvkH; olwkdUESifhrcJGawmhyJ
vnfywfojzifh 0ufvufodkUrjyefjzpfawmhacs/
xdknOfhü vomomBuD;wGif uREkfyfwkdU umvom;oli,fcsif; 10
a,mufcefUwdkUonf pHa'0D\tdrfa&SU vrf;avQmufMu,if; udkarmifuav;u
udk,fwdkifa&;pyfaom oDcsif;wyk'fudk oludk,fwdkif[pfatmfum oDqdkav\/
4if;aw;csif;rS wyk'fudk uREkfyfrSwfrdonfrSmum;-
]].....trSefudk vif;&rSmjzifh owif;r<um;aygif? '*Fg;udkjzifh rufwm?
&Sufp&m uvufwmay:xif....}}[lonfyifjzpfavonf/
w&yfvkH;onf aw;oHudkMum;Muí tarBuD;\avmfrmrIudk &IwfcsNyD;
uREkfyfudkoem;Mujcif;aMumifh Oauúma',s jzpf&ao;onf[k aemifwGif
ta0;rSuREkfyfMum;&\/ uREkfyfrlum; aemufwaeUeHeufwGif 0ufvufodkU
jyefajy;í a&Tbdkta&;ydkif&kH;wGif tvkyf0ifvkyfavNyD/

uREkfyf\tdyfruf

waeUoü tysKdBuD;xHrS pmwapmif&&Sdav&m 4if;pmü pHa'0Donf

aiG5000dudkvnf; rruf vludkvnf; rvdkcsifygqdkum idk,dkonfhtwGuf
aMumifh tarBuD;u vufavQmhvdkuf&aMumif; yg&Sdonf/ uREkfyfonf
tarBuD;\vkyfykHaMumifh pHa'0DESifhywfoufí &Sufvnf;&Suf? a'gvnf;
azmif;onfESifh olUtaMumif;udkarhaysmuf&ef BudK;pm;vsuf&SdpOf (atmifjrif

196 
jcif;r&Sdyg/) tysKdBuD;\pmudk vufcH&&SdonfwGifzdESdyfxm;onfh Al;nGefUudk
vTwfay;vdkufjcif;uJUodkU cspfpdwfonf aeUcsif;ncsif;BuD;xGm;vmawmh\/
tysKdBuD;\pmwGif pHa'0Du uREkfyftay:ü rnfuJUodkU pdwfxm;onfudk
tus,fw0ifhazmfjyjcif;r&SdyJ uREkfyfuqufvkdvQif toifh&Sdvdrfhrnf [laom
tysKdBuD;\ wifjycsufrQom yg&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfonf pHa'0Dudkvdkcsifvdkuf
onfrSmaovkrwwf jzpfae\/ odkU&mwGif udpörsKd;ü tvGef&Sufwwf
onfhtxJwGif wBudrfvnf;t&SufuGJcJU&NyDjzpfaomaMumifh csDwkHcswkHjzpfum
rqkH;jzwfEdkifyJ jzpfae\/ xkdnOfhü tdyfrufxJwGif tarBuD; onf
idk,dkvsuf&Sdaom pHa'0Dtm; rdcif\pum;udk em;raxmif&aumif;avm [k
Budrf;armif;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk jrif&onf/ tdyf&mrSvefUEdk;&mwGif uREkfyfonf
jyefírtdyfawmhyJ csufcsif;xí pmwapmifa&;av\/

tarBuD;xHay;pm

4if;pmrSmtarBuD;xHodkU ay;&efjzpfav&m t"dyÜm,frSm pHa'0Dtm;

cspfBudKufvmcJUonfrSm okH;ESpfausmfrQ &SdcJUNyDjzpfaMumif;? pHa'0Du arwÅmudk
wkHUjyefonf[k xifrdcJUaomfvnf; pkHprf;cGifhr&aomaMumifh ,aeUwdkif
twdtus rod&ao;aMumif;? t&G,fvnf; i,fMuao;ojzifh ausmif;rS
xGufvmNyD;aemuf tvkyftudkifwckck aexm;wus &&SdaomtcgrS
vli,fcsif; awGUcGifhr&cJUvQif vlBuD;csif;aphpyf,lzdkU BuH&G,fxm;cJUaMumif;?
ywÅjrm;apwDyGJawmfrStjyefwGif tysKdBuD;udk vTwfíajymcdkif;onfhtwGuf
zcifudkuwdkufu&dkuf apvTwf&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? xdkUaemuftarBuD;nm
jcif;aMumifht&SufuGJ&jcif;udk tus,fw0ifh ra&;om;vdkawmhygaMumif;?
okdUaomfpHa'0Dtay:üxm;&SdaomarwÅmrSm olwyg;wkdU\ arwÅmESifhwlrnf

197 
rxif/ tvGefjzLpifaom arwÅmrsKd;jzpfonfhtavsmuf arwÅmudk pHa'0Du
wkHUjyefonfjzpfap rwkHUjyefonfjzpfap (uREkfyfudk ayvm,suHxm;NyD;)
pHa'0DurMunfjzLaom vlwa,mufa,mufESifh ZGwft"r®em;csonfh
tvkyfrsKd;udkawmh awmif;yefvdkaMumif;? rdrdudk,fwdkifrnfolESifhtaMumif;
ygonfjzpfap? pHa'0DtzdkUrSm oludk,fwdkif rESpfNrdKUonfha,mufsm;rsKd;ESifh
ay;pm;cH&jcif;tm;jzifh pdwfqif;&J&onfqdkvQif rdrdrSmvnf; woufywfvkH;
pdwfcsrf;omEdkifzdkU&Sdawmhrnfr[kwfaMumif;? aemufqkH;awmif;yefvdkonfrSm
vlysKdaygufuav;rQom&Sdao;í tnGefUwvlvlqdkavmufol wa,muftm;
t&SufuJGatmifjyKcJU&mwGif cH&oludk,fwdkifu udk,fhtwGuf ta&;qdkjcif;
r[kwfyJ orD;twGuf oufouf awmif;yefjcif; jzpfaomaMumifh vkdufem
vdrhfrnf[k arQmfvifhygaMumif; pHa'0Dudk EIwfqufvdkufcsifaomfvnf;
tcGifhta&;r&SdaomaMumifh tarBuD;udkom EIwfqufvkdufygaMumif;
ponfjzifh yg&Sdavonf/

cspfp&maumif;aomzcif

pmxnfhvkdufNyD;aemuf &ufowÅywfcefUwGif zcifa&mufvmav\/

rsufESmrSm tvGef&Tifvmonf/ zcifonf uREkfyftm; tjyifodkUac:oGm;í
vrf;avQmuf,if; atmufygtjzpftysufudk ajymjyavonf/ pHa'0D\
rcifxHrS 0ufvuf&Sd rdcifzcifwdkUxHodkU vlwa,mufvTwfvkdfufaMumif;?
uREkfyftm;&efukefaumvdyfausmif;odkU (rdbESpfOD;pyf) ydkUay;onfjzpfap?
odkUwnf;r[kwf rdw¦DvmNrdKUta&;ydkfif&kH;wGif pHa'0D\ armifBuD;u tvkyfwck
oGif;ay;onfjzpfap uRekfyfBudKuf&m a&G;EdkifaMumif;? oabmwlnDcJUvQif
tvkyfrSEIwfxGufcJU&ef rSmxm;vkdufaMumif; ajymjyav\/ uREkfyfrSm tvGef

198 
0rf;omonfhtxJrSmyif t&Suf&bl;jcif;udk owd&onfESifh &kwfw&uf
vufrcHao;yJ rdcifzcifwkdU\ oabmxm;udkpkHprf;av&m-
]]igwkdUuawmh oabmusygw,fuG,f}}
]]taruaum}}
]]oluawmif ydkNyD; cspfaeESifhao;w,f armifa&U}}
]][dkwkef;utwGuf r&SufMubl;vm; tazwdkU}}
]]bmjzpfovJuG,fh? tarBuD;uvTJayr,fh orD;u [dkvludk
jiif;abmf&vQif awmfa&maygh}}
uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\zciftm; vlvm;ajrmufaomaeUrSpí erf;csifaom
pdwfrsKd;wBudrfwcgrQjzpfcJUbl;onfr&Sd/ þwBudrfrSmrl zufíerf;vdkufcsif
onf/ ArmhxkH;pH r[kwfaomaMumifhom atmifhíxm;vdkuf&\/ (rdcifonf
pHa'0Dtay:üoHa,mZOf wG,f&Smjcif;udk aemifwGifrS wkd;íod&onf/)

uREkfyf\nHUzsif;rI

uREkfyfonf ta&;ydkif&kH;rS EIwfxGufí zcifESifhtwl 0ufvufodkU

vkdufygoGm;NyD;vQif þwacgufwGif uREkfyfESifhrdcifwdkU rEÅav;okdUoGm;Mu\/
uREkfyf\ESrvnf; ygonf/ baxG;\tdrfokdUa&mufMuaomtcg xdknOfhwGif
rdcifESifhESrwdkUonf pHa'0DtdrfodkU oGm;MuzdkU tpDtpOf&Sd\/ tcsdefwefaom
tcg om;trdESpfa,mufwdkUonf xdktdrfokdUoGm;Mu&m uREkfyfrSmaocsmayguf
udpöjzpfaomaMumifh wkefvIyfjcif;r&SdvSaomfvnf; tenf;i,f a&muf&ufcwf
jzpfvsuf&Sd\/ 15 rdepfcefUMumvwfaomf uREkfyfrSm NidrfoufpGm
apmifharQmfraeEdkifojzifh pHa'0DwdkUtdrfa&SUrS vrf;avQmufoGm;&m uREkfyf\
ESrESifh pHa'0Donf tdrfa&SU0if;xJü ckH&Snfwckay:wGif vrf;bufodkU

199 
rsufESmvSnfhum ,SOfxdkifvsuf &Sdonfudkjrif&\/ vqef; 12 &uf vrif;
onfvnf; pHa'0DESifhESruav;wdkU\ rsufESmrsm;ay:odkU xif;xif;BuD;om
vsuf&Sd&m uREkfyftm; NyKH;vsuf MunfhaeMuaom olwkdU\ rsufESmrsm;udk
xif&Sm;pGmjrif&\/ rdcifESpfOD;wkdUum; tay:xyfwGif uREkfyftaMumif;udk
ajymvsuf&SdMurnf[k uREkfyfodEdkif\/
tdrfudkausmfvGefí wjycefUvrf;avQmufvmcJU&mwGif jAKef;ueJ tBuH
wck ay:vm\/ uREkfyfonf pHa'0D\EIwfrS tajz&atmif ar;vdkaom qE´udk
owd&í þtcsdefonf tvGeftcGifhomaom tcsdefaumif;aywnf;[k
qkH;jzwfum vSnfhvmcJU\/ vrf;c&D;ü &GHU&Sufwwfaom 0goemtavsmuf
pdwful;wck ay:vmjyefonfrSm pHa'0DESifhESruav;xdkifaom ckH&SnfodkU0ifí
xkdif&vQif ESrudk&SufzdkUaumif;onf/ olu tvkdufodpGm a&Smifz,fay;vQif
awmfyg\/ ESrtm;z,fay;zdkU udk,fwdkifajym&vQif &Sufp&mBuD;jzpfvdrfhrnf/
okdUaomf rwwfEdkif? ESrudk&SufraeEdkifawmh[k pdwfwif;um qufvuf
avQmufvmcJU&m teD;okdUa&mufjyefawmhvnf; ESrudk&Sufjcif;? pHa'0Dudk
&GHUjcif;wdkU ESpfckaygif;NyD; aMumuf'l;wkefvmonfESifh 0if;xJodkUr0ifyJ
ausmfvGefavQmufoGm;av\/ twefausmfvGefNyD;aemuf jyefvSnfhvmum
csKd;0ifrnfjyKjyefawmhvnf; ,ciftwkdif;yif wGefUaejyefonfESifh qufvufí
avQmufoGm;&jyef\/
þenf;twkdif; okH;acgufwdwd ausmfcsnfjyefcsnf vkyfae&mwGif
'l;wkefjcif;rSm oufom&mr&yJ wkd;íomwkefvm\/ wwd,tacgufürl
udk,fhudkudk,f qifajcay;í taMumif;&Smonfh taejzifh tdrfay:rS rdcifESpfOD;
qif;vmjcif;udkyif awmifhwouJUodkU jzpfae\/ (,cka&;aom tjcif;t&m
rsm;onf wu,fh[mr[kwfyJ 0w¦Ka&;jcif;jzpfcJUvQif obm0us atmif
ra&;wwfaom 0w¦Ka&;orm;wa,muf[líyif uREkfyftm; pGyfpGJ aumif;

200 
pGyfpJGMuayvdrfhrnf/ bmaMumifh þrQavmuf pHa'0Dudk&GHU&onf
rajymwwfacs/ uREkfyfbufü tm;vkH;&Sdí &GHUp&m bmrQr&SdaMumif;odvsufESifh
'l;wkef&onfrSm ]iwf}csifí jzpf&rnf[k aemifwGif uREkfyfa&&Gwfrdbl;onf/)
aemufqkH;acgufü ESruav;u ]]armifBuD;vm;}}[kvSrf;íar;um
tm;ay;vkdufaomtcgrS 0if;xJokdUcsKd;0ifrnfjyK&mwGif rdbESpfyg;wdkU avSum;
rS qif;awmhrnfjyKjcif;udk jrifonfESifh vSnfhxGufvm&ygawmhonf/ okdUESifh
pHa'0Dtm; ]OD;wuf}ar;zdkUyxrOD;qkH;ESifh aemufqkH;tBudrf&&Sdaom tcGifhta&;
rS vufvGwfoGm;cJU&ygavNyD/ aemufumvrsm;ü ]r&Jaomvlonf rdef;racsm
udk b,fawmhrS r&Edkif}[laom t*Fvdyfpum;ykH udk uREkfyf rMumcP
owd&rdygawmhonf/

Zmwmwkdufjcif;

uREkfyfonf tdrfodkU OD;atmifjyefajy;í rdcifESifhESrjyefvmrnfudk

apmifhvsuf&Sd&m uREkfyfxufi,f&G,fonfh rdef;rom;uav;jzpfaom ESru
uREkfyftm; Munfhí&,fonfwGif uREkfyfrSmwrsKd;&Suf&jyefonf/ &Suf&jyefykH
um; rdrd\nhHzsif;jcif;udk tprStqkH;wdkif jrifoGm;onf[k uREkfyfod&aom
aMumifhaywnf;/ rdcifygvmaomowif;rSm pHa'0D\tarBuD;u ]Zmwmwdkuf}
vdkygonfqdkí uREkfyf\Zmwmudk ydkUvdkuf&ef jzpfavonf/ uREkfyf\
rdbrsm;onf þtvkyfrsKd;wGif t,kHtMunfr&Sdojzifh uREkfyf\ Zmwmyif
zGJUxm;NyD; r&SdonfESifh topfzJGUí ydkUvdkuf&onf/ ZmwmESpfapmifudk
aiGzvm;BuD;wGif xnfhíyk@m;ynm&Sd OD;u0dxHodkU tarBuD;udk,fwdkif
oGm;NyD;wdkufav&m ae&mrus[k a[mvkduf\/ pHa'0DrSm bDvl;eu©wfjzpfí
uREkfyfrSm vleu©wfjzpfonfqdk&m vlESifhbDvl; rwnfh[k qdk\/ ay;pm;cJUvQif

201 
bDvl;uvludk pm;vdrfhrnfqdk\/ uREkfyfrSm þtcsif;t&mrsKd;udk
r,kHMunfonfESifh ]]pm;csifpm;ygap? cHp&m&SdvQif cHzdkUtoifh&Sdygonf}}[k
pum;jyefaomfvnf; tarBuD;u olUorD; rkqdk;rjzpf rcHEdkifonfhtaersKd;
jzifhvSnfhywfum pum;jyefvmonf/ bkef;BuD;ESpfcg&Suf jzpf&jyefavNyD/

BuH&mr&avNyD

xdknOfhü uREkfyfonfpHa'0DESifh ESruav;&Sdaom ckH&SnfodkUcsOf;uyfí

pHa'0DxHrSpum;wcGef; tcdkiftrm&atmif awmif;,lEdkifcJUygrlum; (awmif;&kH
uav;rQ awmif;0HUvQif &vdrfhrnf[lívnf;,kHMunfonf/) rnfonfh
tajctaersKd;ESifh &ifqdkif&onfjzpfap auseyfpGm &ifqdkif&Jyg\/ pum;wcGef;
&vdkufonfqdkuwnf;u uREkfyf\ &GHUaompdwfonf (ya,m*q&mu
ajccsKyfvTwfvdkufaom pkef;ua0uJUodkU)aysmufjy,foGm;NyD; ajym&J? qdk&J?
BuHpnf&J jzpfvmvdrfhrnf xifygonf/ ,ckaomf pHa'0Dtay:üa'gojzpf
avmufonfh tajccH&Smr&ojzifh a'gopdwf\ wif;rmaom taxmuftyHU
vnf; r&yJ&Sd&um; bmvkyf&rnfrod? tawmfaysmhacGvsuf&Sd\/
tarBuD;tay:ü a'gopdwf wcsufwcsufay:vmjcif;rS wyg; pHa'0DESifh
ywfoufí vufqkyfvufudkif bmrQr&Sdjcif;aMumifh pdwfvnf;rqdk;Edkif?
bmrQvnf;rBuHwwfawmhacs/ tysKdBuD;udk csOf;uyfrnfBuHaomfvnf; 4if;rSm
tarBuD;\ ]vl}jzpfaomaMumifh rdef;rBuD;ESifh qefUusifbuftvkyfrsKd;jzifh
uREkfyftm; tultnDay;vdrfhrnf r[kwfaMumif; odNyD;jzpfavonf/

202 
zdíawmif;cH&jcif;

rdcifwkdUum; 0ufvufodkUjyefoGm;MuavNyD/ rdcifrSm Zmwmwkdfufjcif;\

]ta[m}udkyif Mum;roGm;&acs/ rdbrsm;tm; ajymjy&efrSm uREkfyf\wm0ef
jzpfaecJUavNyD/ rnfuJUodkU ajym&ygrnfenf;/ uREkfyf\pdwfudk ppfvkdufaomf
vJG&jcif;aMumifh ESajrmrdjcif;xuf &Sufjcif;u ydkvsuf&Sd\/ t*Fvefjynfü
tcsKdUvli,frsm;onf tvdkrusaom udpöwck jzpfay:onfhtcg oabFmom;
tjzpf ESifhvdkufygoGm;NyD; wjynfwEdkifiHodkU vGifhMuonfqdk&m jrefrmjynfü
]xkduJUodkU vkyfíjzpfEdkifvQif aumif;avpG}[k atmufarhrd\/ uREkfyfonf
t&yfxJwGif rsufESmrazmfyJ tdrfxJüukyfum tBuHxkwfvsufomae\/
waeUoüzcif\ q&mwql[lí azmfjycJUbl;onfh yk*¾dKvfBuD;xHodkUcsOf;uyfí
]pdwfajyvufaysmuf}pum;ajymvsuf&SdpOf xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;tm; uREkfyfu
pHa'0DtaMumif;udk wpkHw&m pum;pyf[yfjcif; r&SdygyJvsuf ajymvdkuf
jcif;rSm-
]]rif;wkdUvufxufu w,fcufw,fuG,fh? pum;wvkH;udk wefzkd;rxm;
Mubl;? awmifvdkvdk ajrmufvkdvkd ,D;wD;,m;wm;eJU [dktpqJG? 'Dtpudkif?
aemufqkH;usawmh rif;xufomwmr&vQif rif;eJUay;pm;vkdufrSmyJ}}[k
vTwfueJ ajymvdkufav\/ uREkfyfrSm rsufESmrsm; xlyl&Sdef;zdef;oGm;\/
uREkfyfem;vnfjcif;um; wrsKd;? olxifonfum; wrsKd;jzpfae\/ uREkfyfu
ZmwmaMumifhxif&m olurltarBuD;}qE´mb,m}rsm;wdkif; orD;uvnf;
oabmwl vdkufemvsuf&Sdonf[k xif\/ þyk*¾dKvfBuD;um; ]vlyg;BuD;}
wa,mufjzpfí olUtxif rSefcsifrSefEdkifonf[k uREkfyfpOF;pm;rd\/ rSefjcif;
rSm;jcif; tyxm;í zcifudk,füu av;pm;aom (zcifonf tawmftwef
yk*K¾d vfrsm;udkav;pm;rI enf;olwOD;jzpfonf/) q&morm; wOD;wa,mufu

203 
uREkfyftay:ü txifao;cH&jcif; (t&l;vkyfcH&onfxifjcif;)twGuf
ajymrjyEdkifatmif &SufvSygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfBuD;ü orD;ysKdrsm; &Sdjcif;twGuf
aMumifh omí&SufvSonf/ uREkfyfuþuJUodkU r[kwf&yg ZmwmaMumifhjzpf&
ygonf[k ajz&Sif;ajymjy&efyif tvdkr&SdawmhyJ yk*¾dKvfBuD;udkOD;csí
aemufwaeUwGif 0ufvufodkU jyefoGm;ygawmhonf/

a&Tbdkütvkyf&jcif;

0ufvufodkU a&mufaomtcg rdbrsm;tm; uREkfyf\0rf;wGif;ü

]AvkHqef}vsuf&Sdaom tjcif;t&mudk zkH;zdum oifhavsmfatmifrQavmufom
ajymjyNyD;vQif a&TbdkNrdKUopfawm&kH;ü vc40dESifh pma&;tvkyfudk tqifoifh
0ifa&mufvkyfudkifygawmhonf/ rEÅav;rS xGufvmcJUonfhaemufwGif
uREkfyfonf pHa'0DtaMumif;udkvnf; rpOf;pm;? rnfolUtm;rQvnf;
pyfírajym? (uREkfyf\ae&yfa[mif;jzpfí rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm;vnf; &SdaeMu
onfh)pHa'0D\t&yfokdUvnf; roGm;yJ vrf;jzwfvkdufonfrSm uREkfyf\
yxrtdrfaxmifusonftxd jzpfygonf/ pHa'0DrSm uREkfyftdrfaxmifusaom
tcsdefü tysKdBuD;tjzpfü&Sdao;\/ uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;udk þae&müacwÅausmf
vGm;í pHa'0DtaMumif;udk tNyD;wkdifvufpowfvkdufygOD;rnf/

aqG;rdaom tjcif;t&mwck

1919 ckESpf rwfvwGif pHa'0DrSm tysKdBuD;b0ESifhyif rEÅav;NrdKUü

uG,fvGefav&m xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfrSm 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh ol&d,wdkufwGif
r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmtvkyfü &SdaecJUavonf/ uG,fvGefaMumif;udkzcifxHrS

204 
pm&aomtcg wu,fcspfBudKufcJUonfh rdef;uav;wa,mufjzpfonfESifhtnD
pdwfüawmfawmfBuD;xdcdkufygonf/ trSefrSm tdrfaxmifrusyJ tysKdBuD;b0ESifh
uG,fvGefjcif;jzpfí ESajrm0rf;enf;aompdwfudk vufcHrdjcif;jzpfyg\/
tdrfaxmifrjyKaom ]i,fcspf}twGufvGrf;qGwfjcif;rSm (]wbD;vdrfh}yif
jzpfapOD;awmh) vGrf;paumif;onf[k uREkfyfem;vnfygonf/ pHa'0Donf
uREkfyftay:ü arwÅmwkHUjyefbl;jcif; &Sdr&Sd od&rnfh tcGifhta&;rSm wcgwnf;
]bkwfydwf}oGm;avNyDwum;[k rSwfcsufcsvkduf\/ okdU&mwGif þodkUum;
r[kwfao;yJ aemufqufwJG owif;wckay:vm&jyefygao;onf/

jzpfaMumif;i,frS ukefpif

1920 jynfhESpfü uREkfyfonf ol&d,wdkufrSxGufcJU&í wwd,tBudrf

tdrfaxmifjyKjyef&m (,ckvuf&Sdtdrfaxmifyifjzpfonf/) uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;
onf ZeD;\XmeDjzpfaom jrawmif&GmrS rdbrsm;&Sdaom refusnf;wkH&GmodkU
a&mufvmMu\/ uREkfyf\rdcifonf wwd,ZeD;udk jrifvQifjrifcsif;auseyf
onfhvu©Pm&Sday&m ZeD;uvnf; rdciftm;MuifemykH&í wbufESifhwbuf
a&pufygMu[ef&Sdonf[k uREkfyftuJcwfr\
d / waeUoü rdciftm;
Muifemaomtrlt&mESifh ayGUcsDvkdufjcif;udkrdcifonf ESpfoufykH&\/
xdkUaemuf ZeD;r&SdcdkufwGif rdcifu ]]rpkd;udkawGU&wm rif;ac:wJU pHa'0Dudk
tvGrf;ajyvdkufwmuG,f}}[k ajym\/
]]bmaMumifhvJ tar}}
]]olwkdUESpfa,muf &kyfcsif; eJeJqifw,fuG,fh}}
]]&kyfcsif;qifwmuawmh xm;ygawmhav? pHa'0Dudk tvGrf;ajyw,fqdk
awmh taru vGrf;aevdkUvm;}}

205 
 ]]vGrf;rdwmayghuG,fh? 'gxuf rif;udkigrajymyJ 0Sufxm;cJUwJU
pum;wck&Sdw,fa[h? ckrSajymawmhr,f}}
]]pHa'0DtaMumif;vm; tar}}
]]at; [kwfw,f? [dkvGefcJUwJU &SpfESpfavmufwkef;u rif;iSufzsm;zsm;
ygavaum}}
]]yxrtdrfaxmif rvSrSL;eJUwkef;uvm; tar}}
]][kwfw,fav? 'Dwkef;u rif;wkdUu r*Fvmaps;em;rSm
aeMuw,fr[kwfvm;? igu0ufvufu rEÅav;udk vmcdkufrSm rifhpHa'0Du
ighwnf;tdrfudk vmNyD; idk&Smw,fuG,fh}} (wnf;tdrfrSmESr\tdrfjzpfonf)
]]bmawGrsm; ajymoGm;ao;ovJ tar}}
]][dkwkef;u rif;zsm;wmudk olMum;ygw,fwJU? aq;&kHawmif
vmMunfhzdkUpdwful;ygw,fwJU? tazmf&Smr&vdkU roGm;jzpfbl;wJU}}
]]onfhjyifaum bmrsm;ajymao;ovJ tar}}
]]oluvJ rifhtwkdif;yJ? &Sufwwfw,f? bmrSawmh rajymbl;?
rsuf&nfawmufawmufuswmyJ? rifhESrudkawmh zufoGm;&Smao;w,f}}
]]'DtaMumif;awGudk bmaMumifh uRefawmfhudk rajymwmvJ tar}}
]]iguawmhajymcsifyg&JU? olraocifu ajymvdkufvQif rif;u
udk;&dk;um;&m; vkyfukefrSmjrifvdkUrajymyJ zkH;xm;cJUwmyJ}}
]]jzpfcsif&m jzpfayghtar&,f? olUtarBuD;udk *Gvkyfvkduf&vQif
uRefawmfauseyfwmaygh}}
]]igvJ BudKufwmyJ? 'gayr,fh rvSrSL;u &Sdao;wmudk;om;&,f? rif;u
vGwfvGwfvyfvyfqdkvQif [kwfom;aygh}}

206 
&Sif;vif;csuf

txufyg tjcif;t&mrsm; jzpfay:vm&ykHrSm þodkUwnf;/ 1910

jynfhESpfü uREkfyfyxrtdrfaxmifusí 1912 ckESpfwGif iSufzsm; tBuD;tus,f
zsm;av&m iSufzsm;aysmufaomtcgwGif uREkfy\
f pdwfonf aemufawmuf
awmufjzpfcJU\/ (tBuD;tus,f zsm;emolwkdUonf a&m*g aysmufaomtcg
wGif xdkuJUodkU jzpfolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf[k uRekfyfMum;bl;\/)
uREkfyfpdwfaemuf ykHum; qkd;qkd;&Gm;&Gm;r[kwf? 0wfopfpm;opfrsm;
0wfívrf;avQmufjcif;? avyef;jcif;? igvkyfvQif bmrqdkjzpfEdkifonf[k
txifBuD;rdjcif;wkdU jzpfavonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfonf tzsm;aysmufí
aq;&kHrS qif;vmaomtcgwGif t0wftpm; trsKd;rsKd; vJvS,fí
a&TrsufrSefwyfum wkwfaumufESifh vrf;avQmuf\/ pHa'0DwkdU\tdrfa&SUudk
(olESifh vJGuwnf;u) a&SmifuGif;vmcJU&m xkdtcgurl pdwfazmufjyefonfh
tavsmuf t&SuftaMumuf r&SdawmhyJ wGifwGifBuD;vrf;avQmufí pHa'0DESifh
wcgw&H rsufESmcsif;qdkif awGU&aomtcgwGif NyKh;í jycJUao;\/
þtjyKtrl rsm;udk jrif&aom pHa'0Donf uREkfyf\pdwfazmufjyefjcif;udk
r&dyfrdonfESifh wzefvmí ydk;jyefonfxifaomaMumifh ikyfaeaom
Muifempdwfjyefay:um rdcifxHodkU vmjcif;jzpfwef&macsonf/

207 
wa&;a&;ay:vmjcif;

uREkfyfonf rdcif\pum;udk Mum;&aomtcgwGifrS pHa'0D\

oabmxm;ESifh ywfoufíoHo, uif;&Sif;onfh tavsmuf atmufyg
tjzpftysufuav;rsm;onf pdwfxJwGif wa&;a&;ay:vmawmhonf/
ywÅjrm;apwD bk&m;yJGwGif pHa'0DwdkUtkyfpku Z&yfokdUtvsifa&mufESifhí
xrif;pm;aecdkufwGif uREkyfwdkUvlpk a&mufvmMuí uREkfyf\toHudkMum;&
onfESifh wNydKifeuf xrif;yJGwGiftarBuD;ESifh tysKdBuD;wkdU\ tMum;rS
uwfuwfowfowf acsmif;Munfhí uREkfyfESifh rsufvkH;csif;wdkufqdkifrdjcif;?
yqpf0dkif;ü pHa'0Du a<uypfí ]tpdwf}usjcif;udk uREkfyfu rjrifvdkuf&ojzifh
yef;uefxJokdUvufEdIfufvdkufrd&m qufvufíypfrnf[k a<uudkEIdufaeaom
pHa'0D\vufudk qkyfudkifrdojzifh vlBuD;awGu &,fMuaomfvnf; pHa'0D
&Suf[efr&SdyJ cspfp&maumif;aom rsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifh uREkfyftm;NyKH;vsufMunfh
jcif;? uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfa&SUrS pHa'0D vrf;avQmufoGm;pOf tdrfay:rS
qif;vmaom uREkfyfESifhrsufESmcsif;qdkif MunfhvdkufMu&m tkwfusKd;tkyfyJUrsm;
cif;xm;ojzifh ZvkH;Zck jzpfaeaom vrf;jzpfípHa'0D cvkwfwdkufrdjcif;?
pHa'0DwdkU\ tdrfa&SUodkU uREkfyfvrf;avQmufoGm;pOf pHa'0Donf xdef;ausmif;
vsuf&Sdaom wluav;udk ajrBuD;ay:wGif csxm;,if; ikHUvsuf&Sd&mrS
uREkfyfudkjrifonfESifh rsufvkH;csif;qkHrdMu&mwGif ol\qGJBudK;onf wluav;
\ qGJBudK;rS avmhuwfoD;ESifh NidoGm;ojzifh tawmfjzKwf,l&bl;jcif; paom
tjcif;t&mrsm;onf rsufpdxJwGif w0J0Jjyefí ay:vmygawmhonf/ þtjzpf
tysufrsm;onf wckpDtaejzifh t"dyÜm,fxif&Sm;aumif;rS xif&Sm;rnf
jzpfaomfvnf; tm;vkH;pkaygif;vdkufaom tcgürlum; uREkfyftm;

208 
cspfBudKufonf[k xifcJUjcif;onf txifBuD;jcif;r[kwf[k,lqEdkifMuayvdrfh
rnfxif\/ okdUESifhvnf; uREkfyfonf þtjzpftysufuav;rsm;udk
jrKyfxm;í rdcif\pum;udkMum;&aomtcgrS uREkfyf\ txifudktwnfjyK
aomtaejzifh azmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/

tBuD;qkH;aom ]ql;} BuD;aygufjcif;

pHa'0DtaMumif;udk þae&mwGif Zmwfodrf;NyD;aemuf 1909 ckESpfwGif

pHa'0DudkvufavQmhvdkufonfh tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;odkUjyefí aumuf&ayOD;rnf/
pHa'0Dtjzpftysufonf uREkfyf\obm0wGif tBuD;qkH;aom]ql;}BuD;
wacsmif;ay:aygufaponfjzpfí vlom;udkcspfcifMuifemwwfonfh pdwfxm;
rsKd; tawmfBuD;avsmhenf; qkwf,kwfoGm;cJUygavNyD/ cspfcifaom rdwfaqG
wa,mufwavrQ þXme xdkXmeponfrsm;wGif BuKHawGU&í tjyeftvSef
Muifemjcif; &SdMuaomfvnf; vlom;aomif;ajymif; taejzifhrlum;
txifBuD;rI r&SdawmhyJ vltrsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHjcif; xuf
wudk,fwnf; ae&aomtjzpfudk ydkrdkESpfoufvmcJUavNyD/ e*dkuwnf;
uwudk,fwnf; aecsifwwfonfh ]OmOf}uav;ygvmcJUonfh txJwGif 
(Introvert  Type)  txufyg tqifrajyrIESifh BuKHvdkuf&aom tcgü
]vlawG[m tvum;ygyJ? wa,mufwnf; aejcif;u aumif;ygao;onf}[l
aomt,ltqonf wkd;íwkd;í jzpfay:vmNyD; omíomí oabmusvm\/
okdUjzpfí a&TbdfkNrdKUopfawm&kH;üpma&;vkyfpOf ,cifwacguf ta&;ydkif&kH;ü
vkyfudkifpOfuavmufrQ todtuRrf; r&SmawmhyJpmtkyfudkom tazmfjyK
ygawmhonf/ todrdwfaqG aygrsm;atmif vkyfay;Edkifonfh baxG;

209 
ESpfa,mufwkdU\aetdrfokdUyif wacgufwavrQavmufom a&mufygawmh
onf/

BuD;yGm;csifpdwf ukefcrf;ykH

tu,fí pHa'0Donf &mxl;&Sdaom vlwa,muf?okdUr[kwf ydkufqH&Sd

aoma,musfm;wa,mufESifh vufxyfonfqdkygu uREkfyfonf baxG;
ESpfa,mufxHokdU csOf;uyfí vufvSrf;rSDoavmuf wwfEdkiforQ tjrifhqkH;
tqifhtwef; rdef;uav;wa,mufa,mufudk &Edkif&ef tm;usrcH *kPfwk
*kPfNydKifoabmrsKd;ESifh BudK;pm;aumif; BudK;pm;rdvdrfhrnfxifonf/ ,ckrSmrl
(olwkdUtqdktwdkif;)eu©wfcsif; rwdkufqdkifí vGJMu&mwGif oludk,fwdkifrSm
vnf; tdrfaxmifjyKonf[k rMum;&aomaMumifh xdkuJUodkU BudK;pm;zdkUrvdkyJ
jzpfae\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\ pdwfxm;ESifhywfoufí BuD;pGmaom
ajymif;vJcsufwckjzpfay:vmcJUykHrSm ,cifurl igonf pHa'0Dudk olwyg;
om;r,m;xuf atmufrusapyJ qifjyifEdkifap&ef &mxl;XmeEÅ&
wkd;wufatmif BudK;pm;&rnf[laom pdwftBuHtpnfrsKd; &SdcJU&m ,ckrSmrlum;
BuD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;twGuf vkH;0owdr&oavmuf jzpfcJU&avNyD/ vlysKd
uav;b0 vScsifycsif? 0wfcsifpm;csifpdwfrsKd;vnf; uG,faysmufoavmuf
jzpfae\/ xkdpOfu a&TbdkNrdKUxJwGif zGifhonfh t&yfxD wckwGif uREkfyfonf
Zmwfxkyf okH;xkyfygonfh "mwfpufwck xDayguf&m (300davmufwefí
aiGwefzkd;&SdaomacwfjzpfaomaMumifh awmfawmf 0,favmuf csrf;avmuf
onf/) 4if;"mwfpufudka&mif;NyD; t0wftpm;ESifh tokH;taqmifrsm; 0,frnf
[kpdwful;NyD;rS pD;yGm;tajc,dkifojzifh rEÅav;odkU wzefajymif;a&GU
aexdkifvsuf&Sdonfh rdbrsm;xHokdU ydkUvdkufygonf/ þonfrSm aiGa&;ESifh

210 
ywfoufírdbrsm;twGuf uREkfyftrsm;qkH; pGefUpm;axmufyHUvdkuf& bl;jcif;
yif jzpfyg\/ (rdbrsm; ajymif;a&TUaexdkifMuaom &yfuGufrSm pHa'0DwdkU
ESifhtwlaeaom ,cif&yfuGuf r[kwf? rdcif\tpfr0rf;uJGwa,mufaeonfh
"m;wef;&yfuGufjzpf\/) uREkfyfonf rdbrsm;ESifh ESruav;nDuav;rsm;
tay:wGif Muifempdwf uif;rJUolwa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf; pHa'0DEsifh
vJG&onfwGif vlUb0udk awmfawmfBuD; pdwfysufoGm;NyD; bmudkrQ
*&krpdkufcsifawmhyJ rxDw&D jzpfvmcJUjcif;aMumifh 0w¦&m;ysufuGufrIrsm;vS
ygonf/ pHa'0DESifh taMumif;yg&vQif vlUb0udk auseyfNyD; ,ckxuf
0w¦&m;odaom om;aumif;wa,mufjzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k xifrdygonf/
(odkUaomf þonfrSm txifrQomjzpfyg\/)

rdbrsm;\ tBuHtpnf

1910 jynfhESpf ESpfOD;avmufwGif rdcifonf uREkfyftwGuf tpDtpOf

wck &Sdonfqdkum tvkyfrS EIwfxGufcJU&efrSmxm;ojzifh rEÅav;okdU
a&mufvmcJU\/ rdcifwkdUum; "m;wef;&yfwGif tpfrawmfola&awmfcifav;\
wkdufü aexdkifvsuf&SdMu\/ rdcifESifhBuD;awmfwkdU\ tpDtpOfum; þdokdU
wnf;/ (uREkfyf\BuD;awmfrSm a&eHacsmif;NrdKUwGif a&eHwGif;tajrmuf
tjrm;&SdcJUí 4if;wkdUudk bDtdkpDukrÜPDokdUa&mif;csjcif;tm;jzifh <u,f0ol
wa,mufjzpfvm\/) BuD;awmfonf tdrfa&SUrif;\ orD;awmf rif;orD;
wa,mufESifh nDtpfrt&if;wrQ csifcifvmcJUMuí twlwuGaexkdifvsuf&Sd
&m 4if;wkdU\pdwful;rSm uREkfyftm; aqGawmfrsKd;awmf (rif;orD;uav;)
wa,mufESifh ay;pm;&ef? xdkUaemuf BuD;awmf\oli,fcsif; rif;orD;rSm
rif;aygufpdk;aygufjzpfí jrefrmjynf twGif;0efcsKyfBuD;xHodkU csOf;uyfNyD;

211 
uREkfyftm;NrdKUtkyfcefUzdkU awmif;cH&ef jzpfav&m (xdkacwfü þtBuHonf
pdwful;,Ofjcif; oufoufr[kwf? uREkfyfESifh ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;
wa,mufrSm 9wef;yif ratmifyJ þenf;jzifh NrdKUtkyfjzpfjcif;udk
jrifbl;ygonf/) BuD;awmfESifhrif;orD;onf uREkfyftm; 4if;tBuHtpnfudk
zdíajymMu&m rdcifzcifwkdUuvnf; oabmwlMu\/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfu
]]Munfhyg&ap}}[k ajymonfESifh BuD;awmfESifhrif;orD;onf uREkfyftm;
4if;tdrfay:odkU ac:oGm;Muav\/

uREkfyf\ 0goemwck

uREkfyf\pdwful;ü rif;orD;[lonfrSm tenf;qkH; oem;urm;

&Sdvdrhfrnf [kxifxm;\/ xkduJUodkUum;rawGU&acs/ &kyftqif;udk xm;ygOD;/
zD;vdrf;jyifqifrIESifh ywfoufíolUacwfESifhol a&SUqkH;rSajy;vsuf&Sdaom pHa'0D
tm; rsufpdusvmcJUaom uREkfyfrSm ]a'gif;wdarmif;wd}ESifh awmfovdk 0wfqif
xm;aom rdef;uav;udk jrif&aomtcgü rnfodkUrQ rxdcdkufyJ&Sdae\/
tjcm;wcsufrSmvnf; uREkfyfudk,füuom cyf&dk;&dk;ESifh 0wfykHcyf&dk;&dk; &Sdae
onf/ rsufpdusawmh xdyfwef;rS uswwfcsifonfjzpf&m rdef;uav;uvnf;
uREkfyftay:ü pdwf0ifpm;onfh trlt&mrawGU&acs/ tu,fí olUbufu
pdwf0ifpm;rIawGU&vQif uREkfyfbufuvnf; ajymif;vJjcif; &Sdaumif;&Sdayrnf/
pHa'0Dudk uREkfyfpJGcJUjcif;rSm tjcm;aomtaMumif;rsm;xuf uREkfyftay:ü
pdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdjcif;udk vGefyGJrSpí tcgcyfodrf; xif&Sm;pGmazmfjyaomaMumifh
jzpf\/ rdef;uav;wa,mufonf rdk;ysHatmif vScsifvSap? uREkfyftay:ü
pdwf0ifpm;jcif;&Sdonfudk rawGU&vQif uREkfyfpJGrufvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ wzef
uREkfyftay:ü &dk;om;pGmpdwf0ifpm;jcif;&Sdonfudk uREkfyfawGU&aomtcgwGif

212 
vnf; uREkfyfuwkHUjyefí pdwf0ifpm;jcif;&Sdvmwwfygonf? þonfum;
uREkfyf\toufwmwavQmufvkH; 0goemaywnf;/ a,musfm;jzpfap?
rdef;rjzpfap? vlBuD;jzpfap? vli,fjzpfap uREkfyfonf þtwdkif;yif
oabmxm;wwf\/ þodkUjyK&rnf[k wrifwum tpDtpOfa&;qJGxm;jcif;
r[kwf? uRekfyf\yifudk,fobm0  (Spontaneous  Reaction)  jzpfygonf/
uREkfyftay:ü pdwf0ifpm;ykHr&aom rdef;uav;wa,muftm; cspfBudKufvm
atmifvlysKdvSnfhzdkUaomfvnf;aumif;? pdwfr0ifpm;aom vlBuD;wOD;
wa,mufxHrS wpkHwck&vdkonfESifh rsufESmcsKdaoG;zdkUaomfvnf;aumif;
vkyfvnf;rvkyfcJU? b,fawmhrSvnf; vkyfvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ þonfrSm
rme[kac:MuvQif rdcifxHrStarGqufcH&jcif;jzpfí bmrSr&csifvnf;&Sdap?
þtwGufaMumifh 0rf;enf;vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/ BuD;awmfESifh rif;orD;onf
uREkfyfESifh rif;orD;av;\tuJudk &dyfrdMuí tjcm;wa,mufESifh prf;MunfhMu
ao;\/ þwa,mufrSm ydk;ukefonfjzpfí oem;urm;&Sdyg\/ okdU&mwGif
pHa'0D\ &kyf&nfudkrrSDyJvsuf rdk;atmufokdU avQmhí rMunfhwwfonfh rme
rsKd; &Sdjcif;udk uREkfyf&dyfrdonfESifh aemufqkwfvdkufygawmhonf/ BuD;awmfurl
uRekfyf\ rdciftm; ]]rifhom;uolU[muvJGvQif zGJeJUqefuGJxif yg&JU
nDr&,f}} [k ajymbl;avonf/

txifBuD;cH&jcif;

1910 jynfhESpf ESpfvnfavmufwGif uREkfyfonf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;

rif;BuD;&kH;wGif vc 50d? 5d? 75d pma&;tvkyfudk &&Sd\/ þ&kH;rSm rEÅav;NrdKU
ütjcm;om&kH;rsm;ESifhrwlyJ 9 wef;atmifaompma&;trsm;qkH;&Sdaom &kH;jzpfí
t*Fvdyfpmynm tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;aom vlrsm;csnf;awGU&\/ tjcm;&kH;BuD;

213 
rsm;rS pma&;rsm;onf ]atmufqdkuf}&MuaomaMumifh tpdk;&vcudk
avQmhxm;[efwlay&m þ&kH;ürlum; uREkfyfonf vpmti,fqkH;jzpfí 300d
txd&aompma&;BuD;rsm;yif &Sdavonf/ þ&kH;BuD;rSm a&Tbdk&kH;rsm;uJUokdU
t*Fvdyfpm rawmufwacguf a&;wwf&kHruyJ awmfawmfom;om;em;em;
a&;wwfonfh pma&;rsm;&SdMuí t*Fvdyfpm 0goemygaom uREkfyftzdkU
pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdvSonf/ uREkfyfrSmvufESdyfpufpma&;uav;wa,mufrQom
jzpfaomfvnf; tvGefzwf&cufaom tdkifpDtufpft&m&SdBuD;rsm;\ ]aomh}
vufa&;udkzwfEdkifí rSefuefpGm pufESdyful;,lEdkifjcif; twGufaMumifh
rMumrDemrnfuav;xGufvm\/ waeUoü xDeHygwfrsm;taMumif;udk
&kH;tkyfESifhwuG pma&;tm;vkH;0dkif;zGJUum aqG;aEG;vsuf&SdMupOf (xdkacwfü
&efukefaMu;eef;xD&Sdonf/) t*Fvdyfujym; &kH;tkyfpma&;BuD;u ]]111111
(wpfajcmufvkH;) odkUr[kwf 222222 (ESpfajcmufvkH;)rSpí *Pef;xyfaom
xDvufrSwfrsKd;onf tjcm;aomeHygwfrsm;xuf aygufzkdUcJ,Of;onf}}[kajym
&m uREkfyfu ]]twlwlyifjzpfonf}}[k ajym\/ tjcm;pma&;rsm;vnf; 0if
rpGufMuyJ em;axmifvsuf &Sd\/ &kH;tkyfuqifajcqifvuf taMumif;jyí
uREkfyfuvnf;  (Law  of  Probability)  jzpfwef&maom vu©PmOya'
pnf;urf;t& wGufíjy\/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfu EIwfjzifhajym&jcif;udk
tm;r&onfESifh t*Fvdyfvdkpmjzifh a&;om;wifjy\/ &kH;om;tm;vkH;onf
uREkfyf\ ajzvTmudk0dkif;0ef; em;axmifMu&m tawmfauseyfMuí &kH;tkyfudk,f
wdkifuvnf; ]]  Theory  pmvdkawmh [kwfonf? vufawGUawmh wrsKd;jzpf
onf}}[kajymjyef\/ þwGif uREkfyfu ]]þudpörsKd;ü pmvdk[kwfvQif
vufawGU vnf; rSef&rnf}}[k xyfqifhwifjyjyef&m pm;a&;tm;vkH;auseyfMu
í&kH;tkyfudk,fwdkifvnf; t&IH;ay;oGm;onf/ þwGif&kH;tkyfESifhwuG &kH;om;tm;
vkH;onf uREkfyf\A[kokwudkvnf;aumif;? usKd;aMumif;qifjcifwwfaom

214 
OmPfudkvnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyfvdkta&;tom;udkvnf;aumif;? txifBuD;
oGm;Mu\/ þ&kH;om;rsm;onf a&Tbdk&kH;om;rsm;xuf t&m&mwGif tqifh
twef; jrifhMuygayonf[k uREkfyfauseyfrdygonf/ wESpfcefUMumaom vc
60d? 5d? 80d &aom pma&;ae&m vpfvyfí (&kH;tkyf\ axmufcHcsuft&)
uREkfyftm; cefUxm;av&m waeUoü ,cifpma&;vkyfoGm;cJUonfh trSm;wck
rSm uREkfyftay:odkU trIywfí rif;BuD;\ xkacsvTmawmif;jcif;cH&\/
uRekfyfonf uREkfyfvufxufü trSm;r[kwfyJ trSm;a[mif;wckjzpfjcif;udk
a&vnf&Sif;vif;pGm xkacsvTma&;í wifvdkuf&m rif;BuD;u ]auseyfzG,fa&;
xm;aomxkacs csufjzpfonf}[k rSwfcsuf csvdkufavonf/ aemufrsm;
rMumrD &kH;tkyfBuD;u ]]a[h azodef; rif;udkrif;BuD;u awmfawmf
oabmusoGm;w,f? BudK;pm;vkyf? rif; wufvrf;&Sdw,f}}[kac:í
ajymygayonf/

vlysKdBuD;jzpfxdkufygvsuf

uREkfyf\cspfa&;jyóemudk jyefajymif;qifjcifvkduf&mwGif uREkfyfonf

pHa'0Dudk cspfBudKufjcif;ESifh wlnDaom arwÅmrsKd;&sdonfh rdef;uav;udkrS
vufxyf,lrnfqdkygu þwoufwGif vlysKdBuD;tjzpfESifhyif b0wkH;zdkU
&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;ygcJUonfh tdrfaxmif okH;qufvkH;tm;vnf;aumif;?
taMumif;rygonfh tcsKdU rdef;rrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; pHa'0Dudk cspfBudKufcJU
jcif;ESifh wlnDaom arwÅmrsKd;rlum; woufwmwGif wOD;wa,mufrQ rBuKHcJU
bl;ay/ tjcm; rdef;rrsm;udkrl udk,fvkH;udk,fayguf oabmusjcif;? udk,f[ef
trlt&mudkBudKufjcif;? ajymykHqdkykHudk ESpfoufjcif; ponfjzifh&SdcJUbl;&m
pHa'0Dudkrl (tjcm;aom udk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;vnf; vlcsD;rGrf;cH&

215 
apumrl) rsufvkH;oufoufudkom uRekfyftxl;ESpfoufcJU\/ yxr
tdrfaxmif\ rsufvkH;rsm;rSm pifppftm;jzifh pHa'0D\ rsufvkH;rsm;xuf
vSyg\/ uREkfyfvnf;odyg\/ okdU&mwGif pHa'0D\MunfhykH Munfhenf;rsKd;
r[kwfaomaMumifh pGJruf&mürrDEdkifyg/ pHa'0Dudk wudk,fvkH;r&vQif aeap
ol\rsufvkH;ESpfvkH;udk t&Sifvdkuf&xm;í rSefaowÅmuav;xJwGif
xnfhxm;NyD; Munfhcsifaomtcgü Munfhae&rnfqdkygu woufvkH;
tdrfaxmifrjyKyJ aeEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifrdygonf/ þrQavmufpJGrufvQif
tb,faMumifh pHa'0DtdrfaxmifrjyKrD rdrdu r,m;,l&ygoenf;[k
ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/ pHa'0DrSm olUacwfwGif pyfol[yfol owif;rsm;onf
uREkfyfxHodkUem;rqHUatmif a&mufvsuf&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyfü tawG;wck
jzpfay:vm\/ tu,fí olvif,lNyD; igr,m;r,lao;vQif ]zdk;usef&pf}
[kac:Muvdrfhrnfqdkum tdrfaxmifzuf&SmzdkU tavmokH;q,ftBuHjzpfvm
ygawmhonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;um; udpör&Sd? uREkfyfrSmrl ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif &yfod
&Gmod ausmfMum;NyD;rS vGJacsmfjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh ]apmifharQmfwkef;
&Sdao;onf}[k t&yfxJu ajymMurnfudk aorwwf&Sufrdygawmhonf/

yxr tdrfaxmif

þokdUaomtajctaewGif uREkfyfonf uREkfyfwdkU&kH;rS pma&;uav;

wa,mufESifh pum;pyfrdMuí ajrwdkif;ausmif;q&mBuD;\ orD;ESpfa,muf
tdrfodkU tvnfvdkufoGm;\/ orD;ti,frvSrSL;rSm rsufckef;rsufvkH;vSol
wa,mufjzpfí pHa'0D\pGJrufjcif;rsKd; r[kwfapumrl awmfavmufNyD[k
oabmus\/ uREkfyftdrfaxmifzuf&Smjcif;rSm ]tavmokH;q,f}&SdvS\/
pHa'0Dvifr,lrD OD;atmifr,m;,lrnfqkdum aemufrS vlvkdufouJUokdU

216 
tajy;tvTm;pdwful;awmh\/ þae&mürl pHa'0Dudk &GHUjcif;rsKd; vkH;0r&SdawmhyJ
&J&JBuD;pum;qdkí jrefjrefBuD;pDrHvdkuf&m &ufydkif;rQtwGif;avmufyif
vufxyfNyD;pD;oGm;cJUavNyD/ xdkpOfurl pHa'0Dvifr&rD tdrfaxmifjyK&jcif;
onfyif ]atmifNyD atmifNyD}[k pdwfxJu a<u;aMumfrdygao;onf/ (tu,fí
aemufydkif;wGif od&onfhtwdkif; pHa'0D\arwÅmudk pdwfcs&í zGifh[0efcHaom
pum;wcGef; &&Sdxm;cJUygrlum; uREkfyfonfaoonftxd apmifhqdkif;aecJU
vdrfhrnf xifrdygonf/ pHa'0DrSm 29 ESpft&G,fwGif uG,fvGefí
uREkfyfrSmtouf 30 rQ&SdygavNyD/)

&mxl;wufjcif;

xdktawmtwGif; uRekfyfrSm &mxl;wkd;wufvsuf&Sdyg\/ tu,fí

pHa'0DonfxdktcsdefwGif tdrfaxmifjyKNyD;jzpfcJUygrl uREkfyfonf tvkyfwGif
olvdk igvdkBuD;yGm;csifaompdwfrsKd;&Sdí olwkdUpHkwGJxufomatmifqdkum
0D&d,pdkufvdrfhrnfxif\/ ,ckrSm pHa'0Donf tysKdBuD;yif&Sdao;í
uRekfyfrSmaemufqHwiifiifjzpfvsuf&Sd\/ &kH;wGif awmfawmf tpte
aumif;aom pm;a&;uav;wa,mufjzpfaeygvsuf olwyg;enf;wl
rBudK;pm;yJ 0wfaus0wfukefrQavmufom tvkyfvkyfvsuf&S\
d / rif;BuD;url
uRekfyfudktawmftxifBuD;í tjcm;pm;a&;wa,muftay:okdU ausmfum
uREkfyftm; ol\awmvdkufpma&;cefUvdkuf\/ vcrSm 75dusyf-5dusyf-
100dusyfrQom jzpfaomfvnf; c&D;p&dwf 100dausmf&avonf/ rif;BuD;onf
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;Xmeudk vnf;aumif;? or0g,rXmeudk vnf;aumif;?
vufrIynmXmeudkvnf;aumif; okH;Xmeudkif&í Xmewckwckonf jrefrm
wjynfvkH;twGuf jzpf&um;e,fvSnfhvkduf&onfrSm em;&awmhonf r&Sdacs/

217 
wvwGif 27 &ufrQ e,fvSnfh&í 3&ufcefUrQom rEÅav;NrdKUüaecGifh
&&Sdygawmhonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyftwGuf c&D;p&dwf100dausmf&jcif;
jzpf&m vcESifh aygif;vdkufvQif 200dcefU&&Sd\/ þonfrSm yxrurÇmppf
rwdkifrdujzpfí ,ckaiG100d ausmfruokH;avmufpJGavmufay onf/
uREkfyf\toufrSm 22ESpfrQom&Sdao;í awmfawmf[efonf[k qdkEdkifavmuf
ygonf/

&efukefodkUyxrtacguf

rif;BuD;\ awmvdkufpma&;b0wGif uREkfyfonf jrefrmjynf

rD;&xm;vrf;wavQmufESifh oabFmvrf;wavQmufvkH;wGif ra&mufbl;aom
NrdKU[lír&Sd? a'oEÅ&A[kokw trsm;BuD;&cJUyg\/ or0g,rtoif;udpöESifh
aomfvnf;aumif;? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udpöESifhaomfvnf;aumif;? vufrI
ynma&;udpöESifhaomfvn;faumif; wckr[kwfwck? wae&mr[kwf
wae&mokdU tNrJoGm;ae&onfhjyif &efukefokdUvnf; vwdkif;a&muf&onfu
rsm;\/ uREkfyfrSm xdktcsdefu &efukefNrdKUokdU aumif;aumif;a&mufbl;ol
r[kwfao;onfESifh &efukefNrdKUESifhwuG NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;tm; txifBuD;cJUykH
udk azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ 1912 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif &efukefNrdKU
*sLbvDa[mvf&kHBuD;ü uREkfyfwdkU\vufrIynmXmeu BuD;rSL;usif;yonfh
vufrIynmjyyJGBuD; jyKvkyf&mwGif rif;BuD;ESifhuREkfyfonf cyfapmapm
BudKwifqif;oGm;Muírif;BuD;u yJcl;uvyfüwnf;&m uREkfyfvnf; olESifhtwl
wnf;&\/ (twlqdkaomfvnf; tapcHrsm;ESifh tdyf&jcif;jzpfonf/)
þwacgufrSm uREkfyftzkdU&mü yxrtacgufjzpfí yuwdawmom;wa,muf
ESifh bmrQrjcm;? tvGefwGefUqkwfvsuf&Sd\/ (awmvkdufpma&;ae&mrSm

218 
pma&;BuD; udkjrpf\ae&mjzpfí udkjrpfcGifh,loGm;aomaMumifh uREkfyfwufí
vkyf&jcif;jzpf&m udkjrpfvnf; uREkfyfudk vmítultnDay;ayonf/)
ra&mufbl;ojzifh &GHUaMumufvsuf&Sdaom &efukefNrdKUBuD;wGif *sLbvDa[mvf&kH
BuD;ü EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m jyyJGBuD;wckudk uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;
(rif;BuD;vufatmufü) OD;pD;vkyfudkif&rnfqdkvQif xGufajy;rdvdrfhrnfxif\/
udkjrpfu ]]rvefUeJUaemfudk,fhvl? rodwm&Sd usKyfudkar;? &J&Jomvkyf}}[k
cPcPtm;ay;&Sm\/ uREkfyfum; pma&;zdkUqdkvQif raMumuf? Am[D&tvkyf
rsKd;rlum; 0goemrygaomaMumifh bmrqdk cufonfcsnf;xifrd\/ rnfrQyif
tm;ay;&Smaomfvnf; uREkfyfum; vefUírqkH;atmif jzpfaeygawmhonf/

wu,fawmfaom vlwa,muf

jyyJGzGifhaomaeUü vmvdkufMuonfh t&m&SdBuD;awG? rsufESmjzLukrÜPD

olaX;BuD;awG? tcsKdUvnf;xD;wnf;? trsm;tm;jzifh pkHwGJponfjzifh
a[mvfBuD;wckvkH; jynfhoGm;\/ xdkpOfu uREkfyfrSm t*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm;
tawmftwefzwfbl;NyDjzpfaomfvnf; aomrwfpfydef;\ vlUtcGifhta&; 
Rights  of  Man  ac:rsufpdzGifhay;onfh pmtkyfa[mif;BuD;rsKd;udk
rzwf&bl;ao;onf jzpfaomaMumifh t*FvdyfvlrsKd;udk tvkH;pkHMunfndKí
tdkifpDtufpft&m&SdBuD; awGudk wpkwa0;wnf;jrif&aom þjyyJGwGif
4if;wdkUtm;vkH;udk tvGefnGwf aompdwfjzpfay:vsuf&Sd\/ ]w,fBuD;us,fyg
aywum;? tifrwefU vltzdk;wefBuD;awGxJwGif iga&mufae&acsonf
wum;}tp&Sdaom pdwful;rsm; jzpfay:vsuf&Sd\/ xkdtxJwGifrif;BuD;uawmf
a':jrar  (Mrs  Hla  Aung)  uvnf; vufa&G;pOf tysKdacsmwodkufESifh
*sLbvDa[mvf0if;BuD;xJwGif rkd;umwJBuD; wnfaqmufvsuf AkdvfBuD;rsm;

219 
tm; vufzuf&nf a&mif;vsuf&Sd&m (ausmif; tvSLaiGtwGufjzpfonf/)
t0wftpm;qifwljzifh pwdkifusus 0wfqifxm; onfh 4if;tysKdacsmrsm;u
AdkvfBuD;ESifh AdkvfrBuD;rsm;okdU csOf;uyfum t*Fvdyfvdk w&Twf&Twfajymvsuf
rkd;umwJodkUwGJxkwfoGm;Mujcif;rsm;onf vnf; uREkfyf\rsufpdü tvGefcefU
x,fí Munfhaumif;vSonf/ Armrdef;rawG t*Fvdyfvdkvnfvnfywfywf
ajymwwfjcif;udk rawGU&bl;ao;onfh uREkfyf(rEÅav;awmom;wa,muf)
tzkdU&mü tvGefBuD;us,fonfxifí wtHUwMojzpfrdygawmhonf/ (rEÅav;
awmom;qdkaomaMumifh rEÅa v;om; rsm;u tjypfrqdkMuygukefvifh?
uREkfyfrSm xdkpOfu rdrdudk,fudk wu,fhawm om;wa,muftaejzifh
jrifvsuf&SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ zsif;onf[k qdkcsifqdk? ]um;}jcif;awmh
r[kwf&yg/) udkjrpfrlum; uREkfyfxuf 6ESpfcefUBuD; onfhjyif
&efukefaumvdyfü tJUzfat oifcJUbl;onfh vlv,fBuD;wa,muf
jzpfaomaMumifh ol\trlt&mudk uREkfyftwkcdk;í rukefEdkifatmif &Sdygawmh
onf/ (udkjrpfrSm ausmif;ü uRekfyfawGUcJUbl;onfh udkxGef;vSESifh
wef;wlxm;xdkufonfh vlwa,mufjzpf&m NrdKUtkyfpmar;yJGatmifí
ta&;ydkiftxdjzpfNyD;rS ppfrjzpfrD uG,fvGefoGm;&Smonf/ NAdwdoQ tpdk;&vuf
xufü ta&;ydkif[lonfrSm tawmftwefESifh jzpfEdkifonfr[kwf?
wu,fawmfaomvlpm;rsKd;omjzpfEdkifonf/ nmwwfvQif jzpfEdkifonf[k
tcsKdUu qkdayvdrfhrnf/ odkUaomf AkdvfBudKufatmif nm&kHESifhrNyD;ao;?
wu,fvnf; awmfrS jzpfEdkifygonf/ &Sdckd;&kHESifh jzpfEdkifvQif ta&;ydkifBuD;awG
trsm;BuD;jzpfukefMuayvdrfhrnf/ udkjrpfonf uREkfyf\ta&;tom;udk
oabmusonfESifh tpte&Sdol wa,muf[k,lqum AkdvfBudKufatmif
rnfodkUvkyf&rnf[k uREkfyftm; oifjyayonf/ okdU&mwGif 4if;bufü
tpGrf;tpr&Sdjcif;udk odjrifonfh vu©PmESifh ]]cifAsm;uawmh

220 
&dk;&dk;vrf;twkdif;vkdufygav? BudK;pm;vQifawmh BuD;yGm;ygw,f}}[k
NyKH;&,fum ajymbl;&Smonf/)

yxrtBudrf pdwfysufrdjcif;

uREkfyfonf t*Fvdyft&m&Sd tdkifpDtufpfrsm;tay:ü txifBuD;í

MunfndKbl;jcif;udk txufwGifazmfjycJU&m yxrtBudrf rausrcsrf; jzpfcJU&
bl;jcif;udk wifjy&ayrnf/ uREkfyf\Adkvfrpöwm uavwifwnf;qdk aom
yJcl;uvyfü uvyfrif;om;{nfhonfrsm;wnf;cdk&eftwGuf taqmufttkH
oD;oefU&Sdav&m {nfhonfAkdvfBuD;rsm;\ tdyfcef;rS a&csKd;cef;odkUoGm;aom
vrf;Mum;uav;wGif uRekfyfESifhtapcHrsm; tdyfMu&\/ weHeufü
AkdvfBuD;wa,mufonf tdyf&mrS apmapmBuD;xí a&csKd;cef;odkU oGm;&mwGif
vrf;Mum;ü&Sdaom uRekfyf\tdyf&mESifhacgif;tkH;rsm;udk ajcaxmufESifh wrif
cwfoGm;\/ tjcm;AdkvfBuD;rsm;onf tapcHrygMuyJ uRekfyf\rif;BuD;
wa,mufonfomvQif uREkfyfESifh csmy&mpDrsm;udk þvrf;Mum;uav;xJü
tdyfapjcif;jzpf&m xdkt&m&Sdonf uREkfyfwdkUudk &Iyfonf[kxifaomaMumifh
aomfvnf;aumif;? okdUwnf;r[kwf uREkfyfwkdU\ rif;BuD;ESifh roifhjrwf
aomaMumifhaomf vnf;aumif;? jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfh rnf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap
uREkfyfum; tcsnf;ESD;oufouf apmfum;jcif;jzpfonf [k,lqonfESifh
Adkvft&m&Sdrsm;ay:wGif txifBuD;rI wxpfavsmhqif;oGm; cJUygavNyD/
þtaMumif;udkrif;BuD;tm; wdkifrnfBuHygao;\/ okdUaomfrif;BuD;u
ta&;,lvQifvnf; ,lrnf/ r,lyJaevQifvnf; aernf/ ta&;,lcJUvQif
AkdfvfESpfa,muf&efjzpfMurnf/ (rpöwmuavwifum; Akdvfcsif;&efjzpfzdkU
OD;rav;ol wa,muf jzpfaMumif;udk aemifwGifod&onf/) ta&;r,lyJ

221 
aevQifvnf; uREkfyf\pdwfü omíxdcdkufrnf/ xdkUaMumifh ta&;,lraumif;?
r,lraumif; jzpfonfqdkum rwdkifyJ xm;vkdufygawmh onf/
þtaMumif;udk udkjrpftm;ajymjy&m ]]olwkdUxJu wcsKdUaumifawG
raumif;bl;Asm? okdUaomf eJawmh eJygw,f}}[k jyefajymavonf/

toGifwlcsif; awGU&ykH

xdkuJUodkU 0ifaiGuav;awmfawmfaumif;vsuf&Sdaom tcsdefwGif

uRekfyf\ cRwf,Gif;csufuav;rsm;onf OD;acgif;jyLí xGufvmMuavNyD/
pHa'0DESifh taMumif;ygcJUygrlum; uREkfyfonf vcESifhpm;í c&D;p&dwfudk
udk,fhom;r,m; vSyatmifqdkum uspfuspfygatmif xkyfNyD; pkxm;onf
jzpfap? okdUwnf;r[kwf olUvuf0,fokdU tyfum pkaqmif;xm;onfjzpfap
jyKvkyfvdrfhrnfxif\/ ,ckaomfaiGuav;&TifvmonfwGif aysmfaysmfuav;
aecsifwwfaom 0goem\zsufqD;jcif;udk cH&avawmhonf/ þ&kH;okdUa&muf
cgpu udkcifarmifwifhtrnf&Sd pma&;wam,mufESifh uREkfyfonf jrifvQifjrif
csif; cifrifMu\/taysmfbufwGif tcsdefjzKef;cJUjcif;aMumifh pmar;yGJratmifcJU
yJ aemufqkH;wGif þ&kH;üpma&;tjzpfESifh 0ifa&muftrIxrf;&avonf/
uREkfyfawGUbl;orQaom ]bdvyfjyef}rsm;teufwGif þvlonf bdvyf\aysmf
p&mtaumif;jcif;udk tusteqkH; ajymjywwfolwa,mufjzpf\/ bdvyfrS
jyefa&mufonfrSm okH;av;ESpf&SdNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ,refaeUurS jyefa&muf
vmonfhES,f vef'efNrdKUBuD;ü olawGUjrifcJU&ykHrsm;taMumif;udk uGif;uGif;
uGufuGuf jrifvmatmif o&kyfygyg ajymjywwfoljzpf\/ uREkfyfuvnf;
vef'efNrdKUBuD;\t&IyfawmfykH0w¦KBuD;rsm;udk zwfxm;oljzpf&m olajymjyaom
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tjynfht0axmufay;Edkifay&um; olESifhuREkfyfrSm

222 
wa,mufESifhwa,muf tjyeftvSef txifBuD;í waeUwjcm;wkd;í
cifrifvmMuavawmhonf/ pdwfrBuHUcdkifykH? aysmfaysmfaecsifwwfykHcsif;vnf;
wlnDMuonfjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufrSm woufywfvkH;
cifrif&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGtjzpfodkU a&mufvmMuavawmhonf/

]pJG}wwfaom 0goem

waeUoü udkcifarmifwifhonf uREkfyftm; bdvd,ufckHwckHodkU acLoGm;í

tjcm;vlwa,mufESifhupm;jy&m pkHcsifaom 0goem&Sdonfh uREkfyfonf
tvGefw&m pdwf0ifpm;pGmESifhapmifhMunfhvsuf&Sd\/ olwkdUupm;NyD;Muaom
tcg uREkfyfonf usLwHudkaumufudkifí abmvkH;rsm;udk xkd;Munfh\/
tvGeft&omawGUvSonf/ xdkUaemuf udkcifarmifwifhtm; oifjyay;apí
bdvd,ufxdk;awmh&m waeUwjcm;0goemBuD;vmawmh\/ wwfEdkifvQif
upm;csif\/ okdU&mwGif xdkpOfurl uREkfyf\vcrSm 50drQom &ao;onfESifh
wem&DvQif wusyfay;&aom upm;enf;rsKd;ü wcgw&HrQavmufom
upm;Edkif\/ rif;BuD;\ awmvdkufpma&;jzpfvmaomtcgürl wvvQif
0ifaiG200dcefU &&SdvmonfjzpfaomaMumifh bdvd,ufckHwGif tcsdeftwef
MumBuD; jzKef;EdkifcJUavNyD/ rif;BuD;ESifh e,fvSnfh&mwGif a&mufav&m
NrdKUBuD;rsm;ü bdvd,ufckH&SmNyD; tm;vyfoavmuf upm;ygawmhonf/
uREkfyfrSm tm;upm;tvkyfrsKd;üjzpfap? avmif;upm;tvkyfrsKd;üjzpfap
tavhtusifhrvkyfyJ aeawmhrSaeap tavhtxvkyfvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf
]pJG} wwfaom tusifhqdk;&Sd\/ bdvd,ufponfh tm;upm;tvkyf
rsKd;üvnf;aumif;? bm*sm? pE´&m;? apmif; paom twD;trIwfrsKd;üvnf;
aumif;? tpjyKvkdufvQif ]pJG}wwfaomaMumifh tjcm;vlrsm;xuf

223 
wwfvG,f\/ okH;vavmuf usifhvkdufvQif wESpform;avmuf wwfvm\/
okdU&mwGif tcReftrGefjzpfvmzdkUum; Zmwmyg[efrwlacs/ tcsKdUu uRekfyf\
wwfvG,fjcif;aMumifh txifBuD;wwfMu\/ okdU&mwGifa&SUavQmufawmh
bmrQr[kwfvSjcif;udk awGUMu&onf/ bdvd,ufü uREkfyfpJGvkdufykHudk
azmfjy&aomf vlESpfa,mufxdkifaeMujcif;udk jrif&onfhtcg uREkfyf\ae&mrS
]u,feif}  (Cannon)  xkd;íprf;awmh\/ tdyf&mxJü yufvufvSeftdyfpOf
jcifaxmifudk bdvd,ufckHozG,fxm;NyD; ]u,feif}? ]tif;aemhfzf}? ]ayghwf}
ponfjzifh pdwful;ESifh xkd;upm;awmhonf/ xkdpOfurl bdvd,ufxkd;jcif;
uJUodkU pdwf0ifpm;zkdUaumif;í aysmfp&maumif;aomtvkyfonf urÇmavmu
BuD;wGif b,frSmrSr&SdacsNyDwum;[k atmufarhrdonf/ t*Fvefjynfü
ajrydkif&SifolaX;BuD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkU\aetdrfü bdvd,ufcef;[k oD;oefU
xm;NyD; bdvd,ufckHwGif rdrd\aetdrfokdU tvnfvmaom {nfhonfrsm;ESifh
upm;Muonf[k zwf&bl;&m þvlrsKd;uJUokdU aysmf&aom vlrsKd;onf
vlUjynfü r&SdEdkifNyD[lí oGm;&nfuscJUrdbl;ygonf/ odkUESifh uREkfyfonf
e,fvSnfhpOfüvnf;aumif;? rEÅav;okdUjyefa&mufaomtcgüvnf;aumif;
bdvd,ufckHwGif wwfEdkiforQ tcsdef&oavmuf upm;ygavawmhonf/

r,m;&ykHta&;BuD;jcif;

uREkfyf\rdwfaqG udkcifarmifwifhESifh uREkfyfrSm bdvd,uf0goemtdk;csif;

wl\/ ol\0ifaiGrSm (uREkfyfuJUodkU c&D;p&dwfr&aomaMumifh) rrsm;vSaomf
vnf; ol\rdba&m? a,mu©rBuD;uyg 0dkif;0ef;axmufyHUMuonfESifh
uRekfyfuJUodkUyif okH;EdkifjzKef;Edkifolwa,mufjzpf\/ okdU&mwGif jcm;em;csuf
wck&SdonfrSm olonf ]pdwfwdkif;us}rdef;rwa,mufudk &&Sdxm;oljzpfí

224 
olUtdrfrSwyg; tjcm;ae&mwGif tenf;qkH;tcsdefjzKef;\/ bdvd,ufckHokdU
wcgw&HwGifomvm í wem&DcefUESifhjyefoGm;avh&sd\/ uREkfyfvnf;
pHa'0DESifhqdkvQif olUtwdkif; jyKvdrfhrnfxif\/ ,ckaomf (uREkfyf\ZeD;ü
tjypfr&Sdaomfvnf;) pHa'0DuJUodkU vIdufvIdufvSJvSJBuD; r[kwfvSaomaMumifh
aiG&TifonfqdkvQifyif bdvd,ufckHrsm;ü tvGeftrif; tcsdefjzKef;rd
ygawmhonf/ ZeD;rSmvnf; uREkfyfxufi,fvSí (vufxyfpOfu 16ESpfrQ
om&Sdao;onf/) acsmifacsmifvnfvnfae&onfqdkvQif awmfavmufNyD
qdkum auseyfEdkifonf jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfrSmausauseyfeyfyif
waeUwjcm; aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aevsuf&Sdygawmhonf/

wckNyD;wck wwfvmykH

waeUoü &rnf;oif;NrdKUAdkvfwJwGif rif;BuD;ESifhuREkfyf pwnf;csvsuf&SdMupOf

rif;BuD;onf&rnf;oif; &mZ0wf0efBuD;tm; AdkvfwJodkUzdwfí npmauR;\/
(4if;wkdUESpfa,mufrSm t*Fvefjynfü wNrdKUwnf;ae ausmif;aebuf
oli,fcsif;rsm; jzpfMuonfqdk\/) olwkdUESpfa,mufonf vomomwGif
AdkvfwJ0&HwmodkUxGufí a&cJpdrfbD,maomuf,if; wnvkH;pum;ajymMujcif;
udkuREkfyfjrif&í tvGefoGm;&nfusrd\/ ]w,fNyD; Zdrf&SdwJUtvkyfygwum;}[k
atmufarhrd\/ xkdnOfhrSmvnf;txl;yltdkufvSí (arv &moDjzpfonf/)
tvGefylaoma'ojzpfonfh &rnf;oif;NrdKUü a&cJpdrfbD,maomufMu&jcif;rSm
(tjrnf; trsKd;rsKd;udkvnf; bGdKifukvm;u jyifay;onf/) vlUavmuwGif
tBuD;qkH;aomZdrfwrsKd;aywnf;[k uREkfyfcsD;usL;rd\/ tm;usrd\/ þwGif
uREkfyfonf rif;BuD;bwÅvmodkU csOf;uyfNyD;rif;BuD;\ pwkd;aowÅmrS
bD,mwvkH;ESifh a&cJ&atmif ESL;NyD; aomufygavawmhonf/ aot&ufonf

225 
(azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif;) uREkfyftzdkU topftqef; r[kwfaomfvn;f
wcgw&Htazmfaumif;ygrS aomufrdcJUjcif;jzpf&m þnOfhürl bD,mudk
wa,mufwnf; aomuf&aomfvnf; a&S;uuJUokdU cg;awmhonfrxifyJ
]av;}aom t&omwrsKd; &Sdonfqdkum wykvif;ukefatmif
aomufEdkifcJUygonf/ ,cifurl tazmfaumif;í? okdUr[kwf aysmfcsifí?
okdUr[kwf aysmfonfqdkí aomufcJUbl;&m xdknOfhürlum; Zdrf&Sdonf[lyif
rSwfxifwwfavNyD/ bD,mESifh bdvd,uf onf tvGefzufrdaom
twGJjzpfonf[k aemifwGif wqifhwufí cHpm;wwfvmygawmhonf/

tnHUcHcJU&jcif;w&yf

bdvd,ufaMumifhwoufwGifwBudrf tnHUcHcJU&bl;jcif;udk
wifjyvdkygao;\/ e,fvSnfh&mrSjyefa&mufvm&mwGif we*FaEGaeU
aeUv,fjzpfí uREkfyfonf r*Fvmvrf;teD;&Sd bdvd,ufckHodkUoGm;rd\/
xdkaeUwGif tm;vyfMuonfhtavsmuf pma&;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
vma&mufMuí wwJGNyD;wwGJupm;Mujcif;udk usefolrsm;onf tvSnfhr&í
xdkifapmifh,if;MunfhaeMu&\/ (xkH;pHrSm a&S;OD;pGma&mufolu a&S;OD;pGm
upm;í wwGJNyD; wwGJ udk,fhtvSnfha&mufrS xíupm;Mu&\/)
wem&DcefUapmifhí uREkfyftvSnfhokdUa&mufojzifh upm;rnf[k uREkfyfwkdUwwGJ
xvdkuf&mwGif cyfaxmifaxmif armif;armif;vlwa,mufxvmí
olUtvSnfhjzpfonf[k jiif;um pm;yJGudk,l\/ uREkfyfuvnf; udk,fhtvSnfh
jzpfonf[kqdkum pm;yGJ&zkdU BudK;pm;\/ olu olU[mol wu,f,kHMunf
avoavm? okdUwnf;r[kwf tEdkifusifh&efBuHpnfavoavm rajymwwfacs/

226 
uREkfyfonf þckHwGif xdkoludk jrifbl;aomfvnf; vlcsif;um; rodMu/
uREkfyf\txifrSm xdkolonf t&yfxJu ]*sydk;}wa,mufjzpfonf xif\/
ol& udk,f& vkMu&mwGif xdkolonf uREkfyfudkwGef;ypfojzifh
uREkfyf,dkifoGm;\/ vJawmhrvJyg/ uREkfyfum; tvGef&SufoGm;avNyD/ olonf
uREkfyfxuf Avtenf;i,fomaomfvnf; ol\Avudk raMumuf? *sydk;
vlrdkufwa,mufjzpfonf xifaomaMumifh wpkHwckjzpfcJUvQif uREkfyfyif
t&Suf&rnf[k pOf;pm;rdonfESifh atmifhcHvdkuf&\/ &SufvkdufonfrSmum;
aovkrwwfjzpfawmh\/ xdkaeUrSpí uREkfyfonf 4if;bdvd,ufckHodkU
roGm;awmhyJ tjcm;ckHrsm;okdUom oGm;\/ waeUoü udkjrpfu ]]cifAsmhaumif
awmh ajymif;oGm;NyDAsKdU}}[k ajymojzifh ]]b,faumifvJ}}[kar;&m ]]cifAsm;eJU
ckHvkMuwJU aumifav}}[k ajym\/ xdkpOfu udkjrpfr&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdí
]]cifAsm;vJ Mum;oudk;}}[k ar;ojzifh Mum;aMumif; jyefajym\/
]]olub,fajymif;&atmif bmaumifvJAs}}[k uREkfyfuar;&m ,pfrsKd;buf
qdkifxdkift&m&Sd  (R.E.O)  jzpfaMumif;ajym\/ þwGifrS uREkfyf,lusKH;r&jzpf
awmhonf/ uREkfyfonf þtaMumif;udkod&vQif ol\wGef;jcif;udk
onf;cHvdrfhrnfr[kwf/ t&yfom; *sydk;vlrdkufwa,muf jzpfonfxifí
BudwfcHvdkuf&jcif; jzpfygonf/
þtaMumif;udk udkjrpftm; ajymjy&m udkjrpfu ]aMomf 'Dvdkvm;?
aumif;ygavAsm}[k jyefajymjy\/ cyf&G,f&G,furl uREkfyfonf þtwGuf
tcJraMuEdkifyJ xdkvlESifh awGU&mt&yfwGif awmif;yefckdif;rnf? rawmif;yef
vQif jzpfcsif&mjzpf owfykwfrnf[k oEédXmefcsxm;cJU&m uHtm;avsmfpGm
wBudrfwcgrQ rawGU&acs/ xdkwBudrf tnHUcHvdkufrdjcif;twGuf uREkfyfonf
rdrdudk,fudkrauseyfqkH;aom nHUzsif;rIwcktaejzifh rSwfwrf;wifxm;\/
aemufaemifwGif þtjzpfrsKd; BuKH&ygu bmbmnmnmrawG;yJ vdktyfvQif

227 
aotxd ckHcHrnf[k oEédXmefcscJUygawmhonf/ &efukefü ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
aecJUí [dkw,faygif; pkHatmif bdvd,ufxkd;cJU&m xdktjzpfrsKd;ESifh
rBuKH&awmhyg/ þtaMumif;udk tus,fw0ifhazmfjyjcif;rSm zcifxHrS&onfh
]aMumufaoG;}udk pGefUpm;cef;pmtkyfrsm; zwfjcif;tm;jzifh z,fxkwf&ykHudk
xif&Sm;pdrfhaomiSm jzpfygonf/ aemufydkif;ürl xpfueJqdk rcHawmhyJ
wkHUjyefwwfjcif;aMumifh udk,fhudk,fü t&dk;ta& tjynfhtpkH &Sdaejcif;yifvQif
uHaumif;aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

wm0efBuD;vSonf

waeUoü rif;BuD;ESifh uREkfyfonf rdw¦Dvm 'dpBwdwf rvIdifbufwGif

or0g,rtoif;rsm;xlaxmifjcif;? ppfaq;jcif;ESifh ywfoufíe,fvSnfh
vsuf &SdMu\/ rpöwm uavwifrSm vlysKdBuD;t&m&Sdwa,mufjzpfí
tdrfaxmifrI ypönf;taumif;qkH; okH;wwfoljzpf&m awmwufaomtcgwGif
ol\ypönf;rsm;twGuf vSnf;okH;pD; tNrJwrf;qifh&\/ ol\yef;uef
cGufa,muf? ZGef;? cuf&if;? "m;? zvfcGuf paom ypönf;rsm;xnfhonfh
opfom; aowÅmBuD;rSm bdvyfrS 0,fvmcJUjcif;jzpfí tvGefoyf&yfpGm
vkyfxm;jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh ypönf;wckESifh wcktMum;wGif ouúvyf
t0dkif;uav;rsm;? t&Snfuav;rsm;? av;axmifhuav;rsm; ponfjzifh
cHxm;&mwGif ypönf;wckESifhwck rxdEdkifojzifh rawmfwq aowÅmBuD;
vdrfhusapOD;awmh ypönf;rsm; ruJGaMuEdkifay/ 0goemygaom uREkfyfonf
bGdKifukvm;\ rD;zdkxJokdU 0ifMunhf&m rD;zdkud&d,mrsm;rSm uwfwavmufxJ
utwdkif; qef;jym;pkHvifvSygayonf/

228 
 awmwufMu&mwGif uREkfyftjyif csmy&mpD ESpfa,muf? ypönf;xdef;
bwÅvmwa,muf? pm;yJGxkd;wa,muf? xrif;csuf  (Cook)  wa,muf?
vufaxmuf xrif;csufwa,muf? ]uGwfpfarwD;}ac: tdk;wdkufukvm;
uav;wa,mufyg&Sd\/ wcgw&HwGif NrdKUBuD;rsm;ü pwnf;csaomtcg
NrdKUay:rS t&m&SdBuD;rsm; zdwfac:um 'if;em;ygwD auR;vkdufacsao;\/
rif;BuD;u uREkfyftm; vSnf;okH;pD;wdkuf&onfh ol\ypönf;rsm;tm;vkH;onf
uREkfyf\wm0efjzpfaMumif;? awmüvdkufygvmaom tapcHrsm;tm;vkH;onf
uREkfyf\MoZmcHrsm;jzpfMuí tppt&m&mwGif uRekfyfuMunfhNyD; pDrH&rnfjzpf
aMumif; ajymjyxm;\/ udkjrpfuvnf; þAdkvfB uD;\ ypönf;cifwG,fwwf
aMumif; ajymxm;bl;avonf/

olBuD;rsm;\ tusifhqdk;wck

waeUoü uREkfyfwdkUonf awm&Gmuav;w&Gmü or0g,rtoif;

udpötwGuf Z&yfwckwGif (AdkvfwJr&Sd) pwnf;cstdyfMu&m nOfhokH;em&Dtcsdef
wGif okH;rdkifcefUa0;aom blwm&kHü rD;&xm;pD;Mu&efjzpf\/ awmvkdufpma&;
\wm0efrSm vdktyfaomvSnf;rsm;udk vdktyffaomtcsdefwGif Z&yfodkU
a&mufatmif olBuD;tm;qifhxm;&ef jzpf\/ tcsKdU&GmolBuD;rsm;onf
toif;rif;BuD;\ &mxl;BuD;jcif;udk odM uaomfvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;bufrS
e,fydkif0efaxmuf? ykvdyfbufrS &mZ0wf0efpaom t&m&Sdrsm;avmuf
raMumufMuyJ cyfayghaygh vkyfwwfMuaomaMumifh vdkaomypönf;rsm;qifhí
awmif;&mwGif pma&;tzdkU tawmf*&kpdkuf&\/ olBuD;rsm;u ayghrnfom
ayghMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdUXmerS t&m&SdBuD;rsm;onf vSnf;cudkvnf;aumif;?
xif;? a&? Muuf? MuufO paom ypönf;rsm;twGufudk vnf;aumif;

229 
owfrSwfxm;aomEIef;twdkif; tjynfht0 ay;Muonfom jzpfavonf/
e,fbuft&m&Sdrsm;xHrSrl rawmif;0HUonfESifh r&vkdufonfrsm;vnf;
Mum;&bl;avonf/ odkUESifhvnf; tcsKdUolBuD;rsm;onf toif;rif;BuD;tm;
tqdyfr&Sdaom ]a&a>r}[k oabmxm;um aumif;pGmrav;pm;yJ aewwf
Mu\/ tjcm;ypönf;um; ta&;rBuD;? vSnf;rsm;udk tcsdefESifh&zdkUum; vGefpGm
ta&;BuD;vS\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaom rD;&xm;rrSDvdkuf[kqdkvQif bm
ajymajym pma&;BuD;\ tjypf jzpf&aomaMumifh aywnf;/

awmvkdufpma&;wdkU Am[D&tvkyf

xdknOfhü rif;BuD;utvkyfvkyfí ola&;aompmrsm;udk uREkfyfu

vufESdyfpufjzifh &dkuful;jcif;vufrSwfxkd;apjcif;? eHygwfwyfjcif;? pm&if;oGif;
jcif;? pmtdwfwGifxnfhíydwfjcif;? wHqdyfacgif;uyfjcif;ponfjzifh aqmif&Guf
NyD;aomtcg 10em&DcJGNyD;avNyD/ þpmrsm;rSm uREkfyfwdkUpD;rnfh rD;&xm;jzifh
&efukefodkUydkU&rnfh tpkd;&pmrsm;jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfwdkUc&D;xGuf&ef tpDtpOf
rSm em&DjyefwcsufwGif tdyf&mrSxMu&ef? vSnf;rsm;a&mufvmaom tcg
ypönf;rsm;wifí wem&DcGJwGif Z&yfrSxGufcGmMu&ef? 2 em&DcGJwGif
blwm&kHodkUa&mufí ypönf;rsm;udk csdefwG,fjcif;? wefqmvkyfjcif;?
NyD;pD;csdefwGif (3 em&Dxdk;aomtcg) rD;&xm;a&mufvmí wufpD;Mu&ef
jzpfav onf/ uREkfyfonf 11 em&DwGif tdyf&mokdU0ifí wem&DwGif
uysmu,mxum tdyf&mvdyfNyD;aemuf vSnf;rsm;udkar;vdkuf&m ra&mufMu
ao;acs/ þwGifolBuD;tdrfodkU csmy&mpDudkapvTwfNyD; ac:cdkif;&ojzifh
wem&DcJGcgeD;rS a&mufvmMu\/ okdUESifhtcsdefvkNyD; uwdkufu&dkufwif?
tajy;tvTm;armif;Mu&ojzifh 2em&D 45 rdepfwGifrS blwm&kHokdU a&mufMuí

230 
ysm,D;ysm,m wefqmvkyfNyD; rD;&xm; 0ifvmavawmhonf/ ]awmfao;&JU}[k
pdwfxJü[D;csrd&m rawmfaom tcsif;t&mwck BuKH&ygawmhonf/

tqlcH&jcif;

aemufwpcef;odkU eHeuf 8 em&DavmufwGif qdkufa&mufMuí (NrdKUBuD;

jzpfonfhtavsmuf) AdkvfwJü wnf;cdkMuMu\/ csmy&mpDrsm;? bwÅvmrsm;?
xrif;csufrsm;onf rdrdwdkUESifh qdkif&mypönf;rsm;udk aexm;wus
pDpOfjyifqifvsuf&SdMupOf tapcHrsm;acgif;csif;&dkufum wD;wdk;wdkifyifvsuf
&SdMujcif;udkjrifí ]]bmjzpfMuwmvJ}}[k uREkfyfuar;\/ ]]rdk;awmh rD;avmif
awmhr,f pma&;BuD;a&}}[k bwÅvmu ajymojzifh uREkfyfxdwfvefUoGm;\/
]]b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ}}[k uREkfyfu xyfíar;awmh rif;BuD;\
&Gufzsifukvm;xdkifwGif csdwfxm;&onfh acgif;tkH;uav; ususef&pfaMumif;
od&av\/ ]][m 'Dvdkqdkrjzpfbl; aps;xJoGm;NyD; r&&atmif &Sm0,facs}}[k
ajymum csmy&mpDwa,mufudk uREkfyfvTwfvkduf\/ rif;BuD;onf eHeufpm
pm;NyD;rS &Gufzsifukvm;xdkifay:wGif owif;pmzwfavh&SdaomaMumifh
tcsdef&ao;onf[k atmufarhum pdwfrylvSyJ&Sdao;\/ rnfonfhenf;rqdk
þypönf;uav;rsKd;twGufrSm tapcHrsm;\tvkyfjzpfí &kH;aowÅmBuD;okH;vkH;
udk ypönf;aphpkHatmifxnfhcJUzdkU wm0ef,l&onfhpma&;BuD;\ tylr[kwfEdkif[k
cyfayghayghyif atmufarhvkduf\/ tvGefqkH;wGufvdkufvQif ]olwkdUtm;
qlonfudk igjrif&acsawmhrnfavm}[líom atmufarhí olwkdUtwGuf
ylyefrdao;\/ acgif;tkH;uav;wvkH;0,fzdkU apvTwfvdkufaom csmy&mpD
armifjyL;vnf; jyefrvmacs/ ]]vluav; pm;p&m,lcJU}}[k rif;BuD;u
awmif;vdkufaomtcgüyif armifjyL;a&mufrvmao;acs/ uREkfyfonf

231 
xrif;csufukvm;tm; jznf;jznf;csuf&ef ]]tmpaw;bmbl? tmpaw;}}
vufodyfxdk; ajymxm;&\/ rif;BuD;onf pm;p&mwyJGNyD;wyJGpm;í
okH;yJGukefonfwdkifatmifvnf; armifjyL;ay:rvmao;acs/ ]]owif;pm,lcJU}}
[kac:vdkuf&mwGifrS armifjyL;onf NrdKUxJrS zwfzwfarmajy;vmí
vufxJwGif acgif;tkH;uav;ygvm\/
xdktcdkufwGif rif;BuD;onf a&csKd;cef;okdU acwÅ0ifoGm;&m uREkfyfu
armifjyL;tm; ar;MunfhonfwGif wNrdKUvkH;ü þacgif;tkH;uav;rsKd; wvkH;rQ
r&SdaomaMumifh tMumBuD;&SmaeNyD;rS aemufqkH;wGif pufcsKyfqdkifwqdkifü
uwdkufu&dkuf csKyf,lcJU&aMumif; ajymjyav\/
]]awmfao;&JUuGm ighvl}}[k uREkfyfu csD;rGrf;rdao;onf/ rif;BuD;onf
a&csKd;cef;rS xGufvmí &Gufzsifukvm;xdkifay:ü xdkifrnfjyKonfwGif
acgif;tkH;uav;udkjrifí wefUueJ jzpfoGm;NyD; ]]pma&;BuD;}}[k ac:vkduf\/
uREkfyf\txifrSm tapcHrsm;azsmufypfcJUaom ypönf;wcktwGuf tpm;xdk;
Edkifatmif uREkfyfu pDrHxm;jcif;aMumifh rsufESmaumif;&vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifh
rd\/ xdkuJokdUum;r[kwfacs/ rif;BuD;ujzpfykHudkar;í uREkfyfutrSef
twdkfif;ajymjy&mwGif rif;BuD;onf rsufESmrsm;eDvmí uREkfyf\ayghavsmhrI
twGuf Budrf;armif;avawmhonf/ uREkfyfuvSnf;udpöESifhwuG pDrH&í
nOfheufatmiftvkyfvkyf&jcif;? &kH;ESifhqdkif&m pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh
zdkifwGJrsm;udk aphpkHatmif *&kpdkuf&jcif;wdkUaMumifh acgif;tkH;uav;udk
*&krpdkufEdkifaMumif;ajymjyav&m rpöwmuavwifonf wkd;ípdwfqdk;vm\/
aemufqkH;ü bmrQrajym0HUawmhyJ qdwfqdwfaevdkuf&ygawmhonf/

232 
qlNyD;í acsmhjcif;

tdkifpDtufpf t&m&Sdwkdif;onf þuJUodkUr[kwf? rif;BuD; rpöwm

uavwifonf vlqef;wa,mufjzpfjcif;udk BuKHbl;olwdkif; odMuygonf/
ol\ 0goemum; qlp&m&SdvQif BuD;i,fra&G; qlwwfí csD;ajrmufp&m
&SdvQifvnf; olUvludk rwufwufatmif xdk;wifay;wwfav onf/
uREkfyfonf þtaMumif;udkodyg\/ &kH;tkyfuvnf; uREkfyfawmvdkuf pma&;
jzpfawmhrnfqdk&mwGif ]]azodef;awmhaumfwmyJ? odyfuHaumif;w,f? 'Daumif
av; BuD;yGm;awmhr,f}}[k tjcm;pma&;rsm;tm; ajymbl;avonf/ okdU&mwGif
uREkfyf\ZmwmrSm tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpfESifh BuD;yGm;zdkU ygvm[ef rwlacs/
rif;BuD;onf uREkfyftm;qlNyD; em&D0ufcefUMumaomtcg uREkfyfudk ac:jyef\/
rsufESmxm;rSm cyfcsKdcsKdjzpfaecJUavNyD/ uREkfyfurwfwwf&yfvsuf &Sd&m
rif;BuD;u teD;okdUcsOf;uyf&efajymojzifh ol\&Gufzsifukvm;xdkifteD; wGif
xdkif&avonf/ xkH;pHtwdkif;olu t*Fvdyfvdkajymaomfvnf; pma&;u
jrefrmvdkajzrS oabmusonf/ ]]uRefawmfrsKd;}}? ]]t&Sifbk&m;}}paom
pum;vkH;rsm;udk Adkvfrsm;ESpfoufMuonf/
]]rifhtouf b,favmuf&SdNyDvJ}}
]]22 ESpf&SdygNyD t&Sifbk&m;}}
]][vdk i,fi,fuav;yguvm;}}
uREkfyf\yg;udk jznf;nSif;pGm qJGívdrfonf/
]]armifrif;eJU uREkfyfeJU q&mwynfhaemf? [kwf&JUvm;}}
]]rSefygw,f t&Sifbk&m;}}
]]q&mwynfhqdkwm q&muqlvQif wynfhu pdwfrqdk;&bl;?
[kwfvm;}}

233 
 ]]rSefvSyg bk&m;}}
]]uREkfyfutvkyfaumif;aumif;vkyfwJUolqdkvQif csD;ajrSmufwwfw,f}}
]]rSefygbk&m;}}
]]aumif;aumif;vkyf? pdwfrnpfygeJU? 'Dacgif;tkH;uav; b,favmuf
ay;&ovJ}}
]]ESpfusyfay;&w,f ajymygw,f bk&m;}}
]]&kH;okH;aiGxJu rxkwfeJU? uREkfyfudk,fydkifaiGpm&if;xJu xkwf,lyg}}
]]rSefygbk&m;}}
]]tvkyfaumif;aumif;vkyf oGm;awmh}}
uREkfyfpdwfaumufavNyD/
rdrdtvkyfü BuD;yGm;apvdkaompdwf&Sdonfh pma&;uav; wa,mufonf
tvGefqlwwfonf[k emrnfBuD;aom t&m&SdwOD;u yg;udkvdrfjzpfum
pum;ajyajymjcif; cH&onfqdkygu pdwftm;wufMuNyD; BudK;pm;í
tvkyfvkyfayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfrlum; xdkuJUokdU r[kwfacs/ rdrd\tjypf
r[kwfygyJvsuf acgif;tkH;uav; aysmufjcif;twGuf qlyl&acsrnfavm[k
ESvkH;okdUcdkufatmif emxm;onfESifh rif;rIxrf;tvkyfonf tvum;tvkyf
jzpfonf/ Adkvfpdwfaumif;vQif aumif;ovdk? Adkvfpdwfqdk;vQif qdk;ovdk
olwdkUoabmtwdkfif;cH&onf/ pdwfqif;&JrI csrf;omrIonf olwkdU\
Munfjcif;aemufjcif; tay:wGif jzpfaomaMumifh rif;BuD;u ESpfodrfhapvdkaom
oabmESifh acsmhí qkH;rjcif; jzpfonf[k uREkfyfem;vnfygvsufESifh
aumif;aumif; pdwfrausyJ jzpfaeygawmhonf/ or0g,rXmebufü
uREkfyfuJUodkU twef;vnf; ratmif? ta&;tom;vnf; rawmf?
AdkvfESifhtxufyg tcGifhta&;rsKd;vnf; r&MuyJvsuf onf;nnf;cHNyD;
ukwfukwfywfywf BudK;pm;xrf;&GufMujcif;tm;jzifh  (Joint­Registrar)

234 
wGJbufrif;BuD;&mxl;wdkifatmif wufMuolrsm;vnf;&Sdavonf/ olwkdUESifh
uREkfyfjcm;em;jcif;rSm BuD;yGm;vdkaomqE´jyif;xefjcif; rjyif;xefjcif;rQom
uGmMu\/ pHa'0DESifh taMumif;ygcJUygrl BuD;yGm;vdkpdwfjzpfay:vmrnfavm
rajymwwfay/

tqifrajyrIwck

rif;BuD;\ awmvdkufpma&;onf xrif;csuf ukvm;okH;a,mufrSwyg;

rif;BuD;\bwÅvm? pm;yJGxdk;ESifh &kH;csmy&mpD ESpfa,mufwdkUtm; (tm;vkH;
Armrsm;jzpfonf/) e,fvSnfhpOftwGif; xrif;auR;&aomxkH;pHwck udkjrpfu
vkyfxm;cJU\/ tvkyfvTJay;cgeD;wGif udkjrpfu ]]'djyif XmeawGrSmawmh
'DvdkxkH;pHr&Sdygbl;? usKyfuawmh xkH;pHvkyfxm;cJUrdNyD? cifAsm;vJ
auR;vkdufygAsm? olwkdUrSmc&D;p&dwfuvJ jzpfavmufatmif r&&SmMuygbl;}}[k
rSmxm;cJUbl;avonf/ uREkfyfvnf; udkjrpfrSmxm;cJUonfhtwdkif;yif auR;yg
onf/ &kH;csmy&mpDwa,mufu csufjyKwfrItwGuf wm0ef,lyg\/ usefol
rsm;um; tvum;pm;Mujcif;jzpf\/ pm;Mu&kHESifhrNyD;ao;/ bwÅvmESifh
pm;yGJxkd;onf uREkfyftm;i,f&G,faom vluav;wa,mufqdkí udkjrpfuJUodkU
rav;pm;csifyJ rxDrJUjrif jyKcsifMuykH&\/ rpöwmuavwif\ 0goemwckrSm
ol\bwÅvmudk vufoyfarG;xm;NyD; &kH;tvkyfrSwyg; t&yf&yfudpörsm;wGif
]vl,kHawmf} wa,muftaejzifh wdkifyifwwfí ]tcspfawmf}wa,mufyif
jzpfcJUavNyD/ or0g,rXmebufü trIxrf;Muaom NrdKUtkyfrsm;? 0efaxmuf
rsm;onf rif;BuD;\tdrfodkU 0ifMuaomtcg bwÅvmudka&S;OD;pGm csOf;uyfNyD;
tmvmy ov’mypum;ajymNyD;rS 0ifMu\/ tcsKdUrSmbwÅvmtwGuf
tao;tzGJ vufaqmifuav;rsm;yif ygvmwwfMu\/ wcgw&H

235 
bwÅvmuyif NrdKUtkyf0efaxmufrsm;tm; ]]OD;wdkUt&yfrSm [0graygbl;vm;?
uRefawmfeJeJ&csifw,f cifAsm}}[k qdkum rSmxm;vkduf&m t&m&Sdrsm;vnf;
,lcJUMu&\/ pifppfrSm bwÅvmonf t&m&Sdrsm;tm; aumif;usKd;aomf
vnf;aumif;? qdk;usKd;aomfvnf;aumif; bmrQ wwfEdkifonfh r[kwf?
wrifowfowf ]rif;rSD pdk;uyf}jzifh Adkvfusjcif; jzpf\/ uREkfyfonf
þtaMumif;rsm;udkodí bwÅvmudk o'¨gMunfjzLr[kwf vSaomfvnf;
udkjrpf\Mo0g't& xrif;awmh auR;ygonf/ okdUaomf raxrJUjrif
vkyfvGef;ykHudk azmfjyygOD;rnf/

'kwd,rÜdpdwfysufjcif;

waeUoü &Gmw&GmwGif uRekfyfwdkUvlpk pwnf;csvsuf&SdpOf uRekfyfonf

aps;0,f&eftwGuf csmy&mpDtm; ydkufqHay;xm;NyD; tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sd\/
awm&Gmrsm;ü aps;0,fjcif;[lonfrSm MuufESifhqD? qefwkdUom jzpfavonf/
xdkaeUü uREkfyfonf rif;BuD;u b@ma&;rif;BuD;xHokdU pm&SnfBuD;wapmif
a&;onfESifh rNyD;rcsif; vufESdyfpufjzifh &dkuful;&jcif;aMumifh 12 em&DcefUwGif
rS eHeufpmpm;Edkifawmhonf/ tvkyfNyD;pD;í xrif;yJGjyifcdkif;aomtcg
bwÅvmESifh pm;yGJxdk;wdkUpm;ESifhNyD;jzpfí uREkfyfESifhcsmy&mpD ESpfa,mufom
usefawmhonf/ xrif;yJGü xdkifvdkufí qmavmifpGmESifh Muufom;[if;cGuf
udkEIdufvdkufaomtcg &iftkyfESifh tonf;r&SdawmhyJ aygifESifht&dk;rsm;om
awGU\/ uREkfyftwGuf &iftkyfjzpfap? tonf;jzpfap xm;&rnfudk
olwkdUodvsufESifh bwÅvmESifh pm;yJGxkd;wdkUu pm;ypfvdkufMuavNyD/
ydkufqHxkwf&olu uREkfyf? csufjyKwf&olum; &kH;csmy&mpDjzpfygvsuf
wrifoufoufAdkvfusjcif; jzpfonf[k uREkfyfem;vnf\/ olwkdU,lqMuykHrSm

236 
um; pma&;BuD;qdkolonf rdrdwdkUocif\ pma&;rQomjzpfí &dkaozdkU rvdk[k
xifMuykH&\/ olwkdUESpfa,mufudk vSrf;Munfhvdkufaomtcg zvfcGufwdkuf
oluwdkufí pm;yGJcif;olu cif;vsuf&Sd\/ qlvdkufcsifonfrSmum;
ajymzG,f&m r&Sdacs/ okdUaomfrif;BuD;\ vljzpfaomaMumifh rql0HUyJ
BudwfcHvdkuf&onfwGif uREkfyfonf tjypfftvkH;pkHudk xdktvkyfay:odkU ykHcsNyD;
]tvum; tvkyfrsKd;yJ}[k rSwfcsuf csvkdufygawmhonf/ okdUaomf
þwacgufvGefyap? aemufwacgufwGif 'DtaumifawGudk xrif;rauR;
awmhNyD[k qkH;jzwfvkduf\/

tpDtpOfwrsKd; vkyfjcif;

aemufwacgufwGif Aef;armfNrdKUa&TusD;em; bk&m;yJGü v,f,m

pdkufysKd;a&; jyyJGygonfESifh uREkfyfwdkUvlpkonf jrpfBuD;em;rS tpdk;&
oabFmuav;ESifh pkefqif;vmMu\/ uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl 'kwd,
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;0efBuD;vnf; ygvm&m ol\pma&;BuD;ESifh uREkfyfonf
bdvd,ufupm;bufjzpfí tvGefaysmfMuonf/ uREkfyftzdkU pm;aomuf&ef
tpDtpOfrSm rif;BuD;\ xrif;csuftm; uREkfyftwGufwaeUwusyfay;ípm;
NyD; bwÅvmESifh pm;yGJxkd;wdkUudk ayvm,suH ypfxm;vkduf\/ csmy&mpD
ESpfa,muftm;rl ydkufqHtenf;i,fomay;í uRekfyfwm0efr,lawmhacs/
þwGifbwÅvmESifh pm;yGJxdk;wdkUonf uREkfyfudk tawmf]atmifh} Mu\/
uREkfyfurl *&krpdkufacs/ rif;BuD;\pma&;u bwÅvmudkvefUraeEdkif[k
oabmxm;vkduf\/ waeUwusyf[laom aiGrSm xdkacwfu tawmfBuD;
t&ma&mufí uREkfyfrSmvnf; xrif;aumif; [if;aumif;pm;&ojzifh
auseyfvSonf/ AdkvfESpfa,mufwdkUonf tpdk;&oabFmtxyfxyf OD;ydkif;rS

237 
vdkufMuí uREkfyfwdkUpma&;ESpfa,mufonf atmufxyf OD;ydkif;rS
vdkfufygvmMu&m tpdk;&tvkyfESifh oGm;cJU&orQwGif Zdrf&SdqkH; c&D;jzpfí
tenf;i,fazmfjyvdkfygonf/

xl;jcm;aom tjcif;t&mESpfck

Aef;armfESifh jrpfBuD;em; c&D;rSm {&m0wDukrÜPDoabFmrsm; oGm;vmjcif;

r&SdyJ tpdk;&oabFmrsm;om oGm;vmonfjzpfaomaMumifh a&mufzdkU tvGef
cJ,Of;aom c&D;jzpf\/ tpdk;&oabFmrsm;onf yifvnf; tvGefa&i,fonfh
({NyDv 15 &ufaeUtxd) tcsdeftydkif;tjcm; twGif;om oGm;vmEdkif\/
jrpfa&i,faomtcsdeftydkif;jcm;udkrS a&G;NyD; oGm;vmMujcif;rSm 4if;a'o
wavQmufü {&m0wDjrpfonf tvGefusOf;onfjzpfí jrpfa& tawmftwef
BuD;onfqdkvQif a&pD;Murf;onfESifh oabFmckwfESifzdkU tvGefcJ,Of;aom
aMumifhjzpf\/ tpdk;&oabFmrSmvnf; BuD;BuD;rm;rm; r[kwf? ti,fpm;
uav;rQom jzpf\/ uREkfyfESifhpma&;BuD; udkbcifwdkUonf ('k0efBuD;\
pma&;jzpfonf) {&m0wDyxrjrpfusOf; taMumif;udk ausmif;ü oifcJUbl;Mu
onfjzpfí þc&D;wGif pdwf0ifpm;zG,f &Icif;rsm;awGUjrif&vdrfhrnf qdkjcif;udk
odMuonfESifh atmufxyf OD;ydkif;wGif arQmfwvifhvifhESifh [efjyifvsuf
&SdMu\/ AdkvfESpfa,mufrlum; txyfxyfwGif rSefajymif;rsm; wudkifudkifESifh
&Gufzsif ukvm;xdkifrsm;ay:ü xdkifvsuf&sdMu\/ jrpfBuD;em; rxGufcGmrDyif
xl;qef;aom tjcif;t&mESpfck awGUjrif&onfrSm {&m0wDjrpf a&onf
uRekfyfa&mufbl;onfh ae&mrsm;teuf rnfonfhae&m? rnfonfh
qdyfurf;ESifhrQrwlyJ aomufa&tdk;rS a&uJUodkUMunfvifí tvGefw&m
at;jraomaMumifh oMum;ESifhoHy&moD;cyfaomufvkdufvQif &Svywf&nf

238 
jzpfoGm;avawmhonf/ (rEÅav;NrdKUüa&mif;aom &Svywf&nfonfyif
a&cJ&Sm;aom aEG&moDü þrQavmuf at;onfrxif/) MunfvifvkdufykH
uvnf; oabFmeHab;ü uyfvsuf&SdMuaom ig;trsKd;rsKd; wdkUrSm zvfaygif;
acsmifxJwGif xnfhxm;onfh a&Tig;rsm;ozG,f xifxif&Sm;&Sm;BuD; jrifEdkif
ayonf/ tjcm;wcsufrSm jrpfurf;yg; wavQmufvkH; aq;BudwfausmufvkH;
rsm;jzifh jzefUBuJvsuf &Sdjcif;yif jzpf\/ jrpfqdyfodkU avQmufvmMupOf
vrf;c&D;ü ausmufwvkH;wavawGUonfESifh rqvmBudwf&ef qdkum
vdkvdkr,fr,f aumuf,lcJU\/ a&SUavQmufvmaom tcg xdkxufvSaom
ausmufvkH;udkawGUonfESifh yxrausmufvkH;udk ypfcsNyD; vJvS,f,lcJU\/
wvkH;xuf wvkH;vSaom ausmufvkH;rsm;udk awGUonfESifh wvkH;NyD;wvkH;
ypfcsum vJvS,f,lcJU&m aemufqkH;wGif jrpfqdyfodkU a&mufí
odef;oef;uka#&Sdaeaom ausmufvkH;rsm;udk jrif&awmhrS vuf&Sdudk ypfcsNyD;
tvSqkH;wvkH;udk a&G;,lcJU&ygonf/

yxrjrpfusOf;

{&m0wDjrpfonf jrpfBuD;em; qdyfurf;üyif tjcm;NrdKUrsm;rS

qdyfurf;rsm;xuf usOf;ajrmif;vSygavNyD/ odkU&mwGif oabFmxGufvmcJUí
yxrjrpfusOf;  (First  Defile)  okdUa&mufaomtcgü jrpfwck\
t&G,fr[kwfawmhyJ acsmif;uav;\t&G,f jzpfvmawmh\/ jrpfaMumif;
usOF;ajrmif;avav a&rsm;onf pkípkívmav jzpf&aomaMumifh a&pD;vnf;
tvGefxefí tvGefw&mvnf; eufykH&onf? tcsKdUae&mrsm;ü 'vwGef;
xkd;qif;aoma&onf a&SUü qD;umvsuf&Sdaom awmifBuD; okdUr[kwf
ausmifaqmifBuD;rsm;udk t[kefjyif;pGmESifh wdkufcdkufonf jzpfaomaMumifh

239 
a&rIef a&rTm;rsm;onf wzGm;zGm; jyefUpifí wa0ga0g wa[ma[m
jrnfaomtoHjzifh qlnHvsuf&Sd\/ urf;wbuf wcsufüum;
tvGefjrifhrm;aom awmifBuD;rsm;onf ZGwftwif; xkd;qif;aom
jrpfa&vkH;udk tomwMunfvrf;rz,fay;csifyJ uwfoD;uwfowf
vkyfMuonfh vu©PmESifh [dkrSqD; onfrSwm;? [dkrSmck onfrSmcH twefwef
BudK;pm;í taESmifht,Suf jyKonfhES,f ae&mwumwdkif;wGif twdkuftcH
vkyfae[efwl\/ tcsKdUae&mwGif wbufü&Sdaom awmifBuD;onf
(ajy;oGm;aom vlwa,mufudk ajcxkd;ícHvkdufjcif;uJUodkU) jrpfa&vkH;\a&SUrS
ausmufpGef;wckxkwfum uefUvefUcHvkduf&m jrpfa&vkH;onf ausmufpGef;udk
tMurf;enf;jzifh NzdKzsuf&ef rwwfEdkfifaom tcgwGif tEkenf;jzifh
yGef;wD;atmif wjznf;jznf; vkH;yg;yg;ap\/ wcgw&HwGif jrpfaMumif;onf
rnfrQ usOf;ajrmif;ygoenf;[lrl oabFmOD;rSxkdifí a&SUodkUarQmfMunfhumvdkuf
vmaom uREkfyfonf a&SUwnfhwnfhüawmifBuD;qD;vsuf &Sdjcif;udkomjrif&í
jrpfaMumif;vkH;aysmufNyD; awmifBuD;udkoabFmOD;jzifh aqmifhawmhrnfhqJqJ
&Sd&mwGifrS vuf,mbufüaomfvnf;aumif;? vuf0Jbufüaomfvnf;aumif;
a&aMumif;uav;ay:vmí 4if;bufodkU qwfueJvSnfhum auGUcsKd;vdkufjcif;
udk jrif&ygawmhonf/ jrpfaMumif; usOf;ajrmif;&onfhtxJwGif
]wawmifqpfcsKd;}auGU&onfh ae&maywum;/ xdkuJUodkU csKd;auGUvsuf&SdpOf
wcsufwcsufwGif oabFmOD;rSjzpfap? wcsufwcsufwGif oabFmyJUydkif;rS
jzpfap ckefcsvdkufygu urf;ay:odkU a&mufEdkifrnf[líyif xif&avmuf
ayonf/

240 
vlUpdwfonf cufvS\

4if;jrpfusOf;t&yfü wbufwcsuf&Sd awmifBuD;rsm;onf jrifhjrifh

rm;rm; BuD;&SdMuí opfyifrsm;xlxyfpGm aygufa&mufvsuf&SdMuojzifh uREkfyf
jrifbl;onfh awmifrsm;teufwGif tpdrf;vef;qkH;jzpfay&m jrpfaMumif;\
usOf;ajrmif;jcif;aMumifh oabFmESifh uyfvsuf&Sd&kHru tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif
oabFmay:odkUyif rkd;vsuf&Sdonfxif&\/ opfyifrsm; ay:üvnf;
arsmufrsm;ESifh awmiSuftrsKd;rsKd;&SdMuí arsmufoH? iSufoHEsifh a&oHwdkU
pkaygif;a&maESmum em;xJokdU xkd;0ifonfjzpfaomaMumifh tcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif
oabFmay:ü tcsif;csif; pum;ajymí rMum;Edkifavmuf atmif qlnHpGm
&Sdaeawmhonf/ (þc&D;rSjyefvmí 1917 ckESpfxkwf &lyeE´D 0w¦Kudk
uREkfyfa&;om;&mwGif xdkpOfu jrifawGUcJUaom&Icif;twdkfif; rSwfrdoavmuf
a&;xnfhcJUjcif;jzpfavonf/) txufxyfü vdkufygvmMuaom AdkvfBuD;
ESpfa,mufwkdUonf &Gufzsifukvm;xdkifudk,fpDESifh rSefajymif;udk Munfhvkduf?
0DpuDqdk'gudk usKdufcsvdkuf? wa,mufuaq;jyif;vdyf? wa,mufu
aq;wHudkzGmvkduf? pum;wajymajymESifh vdkufygvmMu&m uREkfyfwdkU
pma&;ESpfa,mufrSmrl rSefajymif;vnf;ryg/ 0DpuD&Sdaomfvnf;
raomuf0HUMuonfESifh vufzuf&nfMurf;udk pD;u&ufESifhjrnf;&kHjzifh
auseyfMu&onf/ vlUpdwfonf cuf\/ uRekfwkdUonf vufzuf&nfM urf;rQ
ESifh auseyfMu&mrS AdkvfESpfa,mufbmvkyfaeMuonfudk odvdkMuí avSum;rS
acsmif;MunfhvkdufrdMu&mwGif 0DpuDqdk'gudk jrifMu&onfESifh uREkfyfwkdU\
vufzuf&nfMurf;rSm Zdrfr&SdyJ jzpfoGm;&ygawmhonf/ þwGif
bmrqdkjrnf;prf;csifwwfaom uREkfyf\0goemonf [kwfrS[kwfygav\
avm [k ,kHrSm;jcif;wBudrfjzpfcJUrdbl;ygonf/

241 
xkacsvTmawmif;cH&jcif;

vrf;wGif wnOfhtdyfí aemufwaeUwGif Aef;armfNrdKUokdU qdkufa&muf

Mu\/ 'k0efBuD;onf Aef;armfta&;ydkifESifh cifrifoljzpfí 4if;\tdrfü
wnf;cdkav&m rif;BuD;ESifh uREkfyfrSm AdkvfwJü wnf;ckdMu\/ xdknOfhü
uREkfyfESifhpma&;BuD; udkbcifwkdUonf a&TusD;em;bk&m;yJGodkU acwÅavmuf
omoGm;Muí 0goemtdk;rsm;jzpfMuonfhtwdkif; bdvd,ufckHü tcsdefjzKef;Mu
NyD; ckHydwfrS udk,fhae&mokdU toD;oD;jyefoGm;Mu\/ aemufaeU eHeufcif;ü
uREkfyfonf vkyfp&mtvkyfrsm;udkvkyfí eHeufpmpm;NyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf
tapcHwJü&Sdaom uREkfyf\tdyf&mokdU 0iftdyfav\/ aeUv,f ESpfem&DcefUwGif
udkbcifvmEId;NyD; ]]AsKdUq&mBuD; xMunfhygOD;As? cifAsm;pm;yJGrSm rD;avmif
aeav&JU}}[kajym\/ uREkfyfonfAkdvfwJatmufxyfü&Sdaom uREkfyf\tvkyf
pm;yJGokdU oGm;Munfh&m rif;BuD;uxkacsvTmawmif;xm;onfh pmwapmif
udkawGU&\/ t"dyÜm,frSm aeUv,f 12 em&Davmufü tvkyf&Sdíac:&m
rawGU&aMumif;? aeUcif;tcsdefwGif tcGifhr&SdyJ xGufí vnfonfhtwGuf
tb,fhaMumifhtjypfray;xdkufaMumif;udk ckacs&rnfjzpfaMumif;yg&Sdavonf/
pmudkzwfvkduf&onfESifhwNydKifeuf rif;BuD;\tcspfawmf bwÅvm\
vufcsufjzpfonf[k uRekfyfawG;EdkifavNyD/ rif;BuD;uac:cdkif;pOf uREkfyf
tdyfaejcif;udk odvsufESifhbwÅvmu uREkfyfr&Sd[k ajymvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/
&efNidK;um; olwdkUtm; xrif;rauR;onfh twGuf jzpf&ayrnf/ uREkyfonf
udkjrpfuJUokdU tapHrsm;ESifh ajyjypfatmif rqufqHwwfonfh uRekfyf\tjypf
udkodyg\/ okdU&mwGif bwÅvmu uREkfyf&SdygvsufESifh r&Sd[k vdrfvnf
ajymjcif;aMumifh ta&;,lcH&jcif;udkpdwfqkd;onfESifh udkbcifudk oufao

242 
xl&ef rif;BuD;xHokdU ac:oGm;ygonf/ uREkfyfonftdkifpDtufpf t&m&SdBuD;
rsm;udk tcgcyfodrf; &GHUaMumufygonf/ okdU&mwGifrw&m;ojzifh pGyfpJGjcif;
cH&onfESifh a'goxGufvmí aMumufvefUpdwfr&SdawmhyJ tjzpftysuftrSef
udkrif;BuD;tm; a'gojzifh ajymjyí udkbcifudkoufa oxl\/ rif;BuD;onf
bwÅvmudkac:í ar;&m bwÅvmu uREkfyfudk&SmpOf tapcHwJxJokdU
0ifrMunfhrdaMumif;0efcH\/ rif;BuD;onfbwÅvmudk jyefxGufapNyD;aemuf
]]tb,fhaMumifh xdkuJU odkU ajymonfxifoenf;}}[k uREkfyftm;ar;&m
olwdkUudk xrif;rauR;aomaMumifh jzpfonfxifaMumif; ajymjy\/
xdktcgrif;BuD;u olwkdUudkxrif;auR;zdkU wm0efr&SdaMumif;? olwkdUvnf;
c&D;p&dwf&Muí olwkdU[molwdkU pm;EdkifaMumif;ajymavonf/ þudpöü
ri;fBuD;onf uREkfyftay:wGif tjypfwifp&m &SmrawGUaomfvn;f
ol\tcspfawmf bwÅvmESifh tqifrajyrI jzpf&jcif;twGuf uREkfyftay:ü
rsufESmraumif;jcif;udk uREkfyf&dyfrdonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí igonf
bwÅvmudkvnf; tavQmhray;Edkif/ þodkUaombwÅvmwa,muftm;
vufoyfarG;xm;onfh rif;BuD;wa,muf\ vufatmufwGif Munf&SnfpGm
tvkyfvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh pdwfcsrf;omrI &SdEdkifawmhrnf r[kwf[k
qkH;jzwfvdkufav\/

&kH;ajymif;jcif;

aemufrsm;rMumrD 'k0efBuD;\ [ufuvyfpma&;BuD; cGifh,loGm;&mwGif

&kH;ajymif;zdkU avQmufxm;\/ rif;BuD;\awmvdkufpma&;ESifh 'k0efBuD;\
[ufuvyfpma&;\vcrSm twlwljzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\vuf&Sd&mxl;onf
wufvrf;&Sdí c&D;p&dwfvnf;ydkaomaMumifh &kH;tkyfESifhwuG tjcm;pma&;

243 
rsm;u uREkfyf\tBuHtpnfudk zsufM u\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfrlum;
BuD;yGm;jcif;udk oabmrxm;? bwÅvmwa,muftm; OD;pm;ay;onfh
rif;BuD;wa,muf\ vufatmufwGif vufyGef;wwD; ae&onfh awmvdkuf
pma&;tvkyfü pdwfcsrf;omrI r&SdEdkifNyD[k qkH;jzwfum &kH;ajymif;vkduf
ygawmhonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfonf pDbDvdkif;ü&Sdaom rif;BuD;&kH;rS
aAm"dukef;ü&Sdaom v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;'k0efBuD;\&kH;odkU ajymif;a&GUvkdufyg
awmhonf/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;Xme rif;BuD;rSm tdkifpDtufpf t&m&Sdwa,muf
jzpfí 'k0efBuD;rSm v,f,mpdkufysKd;jcif;ynmudk txl;wvnf oifMum;vmcJU
onfh Expert tdwfpywfac: t&m&Sdjzpfavonf/

tusifhqdk;jyefay:vmjcif;

rif;BuD;rpöwm uavwifonf qlylwwfoavmuf 'kwd,0efBuD;

rpöwmaomfrfqifrSm pdwfoabmaumif;onfh vlat;wa,mufjzpf\/
uREkfyfESifh wvcefUrQ tvkyfvkyfrdMuvQif 'k0efBuD;onf uRekfyfudktvGefcifrif
í olUvufatmufü tvkyfvkyf&jcif;rSm pdwfcsrf;omvSonf/ 0efBuD;onf
uREkfyfudktvGef,kHMunfí uREkfyfajymorQNyD;\/ þtjcif;t&monf
uREkfyftzdkU taumif;csnf;r[kwfvSacs/ 0efBuD; awmwufaomtcg
'kwd,pma&;onf 0efBuD;ESifh twlvkduf&av&m uREkfyfrSm [ufuvyf
tjzpfESifh &kH;xdkifusef&pfNyD; tawmfvGefvyfjcif;&\/ &kH;okH;aiGudk uREkfyfyif
udkif&í pm&if;udkvnf; uREkfyfyifudkif&\/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfonf
pHa'0Dudk ydk;yef;pOfu umvom; oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh wzeftqufjzpfí
4if;wkdUESifhtwl bdvd,ufckHü nOfhrsm;wGif tcsdefjzKef;vsuf&Sd\/ xkdpOfu
bdvd,ufckHrsm;wGif bdvd,uf&dk;&dk;ruyJ pupfwvfpf  (Skittles)  ac:

244 
9wdkifupm;enf; acwfpm;vsuf&Sd&m þupm;enf;wGif a*:vDtBuD;tao;
avmif;um;jcif;vnf; wGJzufvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfonfwnvQifwusyf ESpfusyf
avmif;upm;&mrS (i,fpOfu tvkyform;rsm;ESifh avmif;upm;bl;onfh
tavhtusifhaMumifh) ]aoG;BuD;}vmNyD; ig;usyfwq,fponfjzifh avmif;wwf
vmavNyD/ tpyxrü avmif;upm;jcif;tvkyf\ jzm;a,mif; aoG;aqmif
wwfonfh xkH;pHtwkdif;  Beginner's  luck  Edkifonfursm;í &IH;onfu
enf;ojzifh 0rf;omp&mBuD;jzpfae\/ twefMumaomf tEdkifukefí
&IH;rsm;vmcJUavNyD/ þwGif uREkfyfonf vcxkwfaomtcgü xnfhvkduf&\/
þtawmtwGif; avmif;upm;jcif;onf uREkfyftm; tylwjyif; aoG;aqmif
vsuf&SdavNyD/ bdvd,ufckHokdU roGm;awmhygqdkum wnESpfn atmifhaeaomf
vnf; ]]&Suf?&Suf?yGwfa'gif;}}[laom toHrsm;onf em;xJodkU wkd;íwkd;í
0ifvmawmhonf/ raeEdkif? oGm;&awmhonf/ yxrü wvcaiGudk
vnf;aumif;? xdkUaemuf ESpfvcaiGudkvnf;aumif; ,lí,líoGm;av&m
&IH;&onfcsnf;om BuKH&awmh\/ rxl;awmhNyD/ wwufpm;vnf;
MuufoGef[laom pum;udkvnf;aumif;? avSarsm avScsif;vkduf[laom
pum;udkvnf;aumif; owd&í &IH;xm;onfh&kH;aiGudk jyef&atmif
vkyf,ljcif;rSwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf; r&SdawmhNyDqdkum nwdkif;yif
a*:vD&Dkufrdawmhonf/ wcgw&H tenf;i,fEdkifaomfvnf; &IH;xm;onfh
&kH;aiGudk jyefxnfhavmufatmuf rjynfhaomaMumifh qufvufíom upm;&
\/ &kH;aiGxkwfokH;í tpdk;&odvQif axmifusrnf qdkjcif;udk odNyD;jzpfaom
aMumifh pdwfylvdkufykHrSm tqDpm;í tom;rjzpfqdkonfh pum;twkdif;
tawmfydefBuKHvsuf&SdavNyD/ 0efBuD;onf &kH;aiGudk wvwBudrf xkH;pHtwdkif;
ppfaq;aomfvnf; aiGpm&if;udk þES,fxdkES,f zvS,fíjyjcif;aMumifh
0efBuD;rod&Sday/ þokdUjzifh ajcmufvcefU Mumaomtcg &kH;aiGteufrS

245 
usyfwaxmifcefU avsmhvsuf&SdavNyD/ bdvd,ufckHrS jyefvmaomtcg
tdyfraysmfEdkifonfh nrsm;u rsm;ygawmhonf/

uHaumif;vkdU axmifrus

waeUoü vqef;w&ufaeUwGif rif;BuD;&kH;ppfvmrnfhtaMumif;

pm&&Sdav&m xdkaeUrSm 28&uf aeUjzpfí okH;&ufomusefawmh\/
OD;acgif;rD;avmifcJUavNyD/ a&Tuav; &SdpkrJUpkudk a&mif;csvkdufvQifvnf;
300drQavmufom &EdkifrnfjzpfNyD; rxl;awmhNyD/ rD;cHaowÅmxJwGif &kH;aiG
200davmuf&Sdao;\/ 4if;udk,lNyD;oli,fcsif; vlv,fwa,mufudkac:í
w&kwfuvyfodkU wufupm;&m yxrwGif 200davmufEdkifNyD; aemufqkH;ü
ajymifygavawmhonf/ cufacsNyD? rnfokdUvkyfrnfenf;/ xGufajy;vQifvnf;
tusKd;r&SdNyD/ aemufqkH; vukefrnfhaeUwGif uREkfyfonftjzpftysufudk
[kwfwkdif;rSef&mazmfjyí 'k0efBuD;oem;avmufatmif pmwapmifa&;vkduf\/
wnvkH;a&;NyD; eHeufapmapmwGifuREkfyf\a,mufzudk ydkUcdkif;vkduf&m
]]csufcsif;vmcJU}}[k 0efBuD;xHrS pum;jyefvm\/ 0efBuD;onfMuifemaom
rsufESmxm;ESifh uREkfyftm;Munfhvsuf þaiG1000dausmfudk olupdkufxnfhxm;
onfhtaMumif;? olESifhtwlawmwuf&modkUvkdufNyD; &&Sdaom c&D;p&dwfjzifh
jyefqyfí vcudk uRekfyfpm;EdkifaMumif;ajymav&m uREkfyfonf rpöwm
aomfrfqiftm; OD;okH;BudrfcsrdcJUygonf/ xdkaeUrSpí uREkfyfonf
þyk*¾dKvftm; aus;Zl;&SifBuD;tjzpf arwÅmydkUjcif;? uefawmhjcif;tm;jzifh
t&dktaojyKcJU&m ,aeUwdkifvnf;ol&Sd&mt&yfodkUrSef;í arwÅmydkUvsuf
yif&Sdygonf/ uREkfyfonf rdrdudk,fudkaxmifuszdkU Zmwmryg[k atmufarhcJU
&m zqyv tpdk;&vufxufwGifrS axmifodkUydkUjcif;cHcJU&\/ okdUaomf

246 
tjypfr&ojzifh axmifusjcif;r[kwf? tcsKyfcH&jcif;om jzpfonf[k
udk,fh[mudk,f ajzqnfrdygawmhonf/

aysmfyJGpm;xGufjcif;

xdktcsdefrSpí uREkfyfonf c&D;p&dwf&vdkrIaMumifh 'k0efBuD;\

awmvdkufpma&;vkyf&av&m þt&m&SdESifh vdkuf&jcif;rSm rif;BuD; rpöwm
uavwifESifhvdkuf&jcif;xuf aysmfp&maumif;vS\/ xpfueJqdkwkdif;
qlwwfylwwf Budrf;armif;wwfonfh t&m&SdESifh vkduf&NyD;aemuf oem;
Muifemwwfaomt&m&SdESifh vkduf&jcif;rSm ewfjynfa&muf&oavmuf xifrd
yg\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\ZmwmrSm (aA'ifawmhar;Munfhonfr[kwf) tvkyf
wckü Munf&SnfpGm pGJpJGNrJNrJvkyfrnfholwa,muf r[kwfonfhvu©PmESifh
'k0efBuD;\ ta<u;ajyvkeD;csdefwGif rdrdtvkyfü raysmfydkufaompdwfrsKd;
wpwp 0ifvsuf&Sd\/ ,if;odkU&SdpOf uREkfyfonf &kH;pma&;rsm;jzpfMuonfh
Adkvfujym; nDtpfudkwpkESifh rwÅ&me,fqnfBuD;acg t&yfodkUiSufypfvkduf
oGm;\/
uREkfyfwdkUtm;vkH;rSm pma&;rsm;omjzpfí om;om;em;em; oGm;EdkifMu
onfr[kwf? avaoewfwvufpDESifh bdkifpu,fpD;NyD; oGm;Mujcif;jzpf\/
ig;aowÅm paom pm;p&muav;rsm; toifhtwifhygvmMu\/ uREkfyfurl
(jcifudkifvQifiSufzsm; zsm;wwfonf[k zwf&bl;aomaMumifh) jcifaxmif
wvkH;ygvmcJU\/ (aemifwGif azmfjyvwÅHUaom uome,f erf;aygif;&GmokdU
bk&ifcHqm[mukwf bwÅvmwkdUvlpk c&pfprwfwywf awmvnfxGuf
Mujcif;udk BuKH&aomtcgwGif uREkfyfwkdU\awmvnfjcif;rSm tvGef&,f
csifp&muav; wck jzpfvmaomfvn;f) xdkpOfurl udk,fh[muav;ESifhudk,f

247 
tawmfBuD;aysmfcJUygonf/ naecif;wGif vlwa,muf csKd;av;ig;aumif
pD&atmif ypfMuNyD;aemufxif;wkH;BuD;rsm; qdkufxm;onfh rD;zdkBuD;teD;wGif
tarG;EkwfoluEkwf? ckwfoluckwf? aq;oluaq;? aMumfoluaMumf?
csufolucsufNyD; a&a&maom 0DpuDuav;ESifh (qdk'grwwfEdkif) jrnf;Mu
aomufMu&jcif;rSm {&mr ZdrfBuD;wck jzpfaeygawmhonf/ þtawmtwGif;
taumf'D,ifwvkH;ygvmí wD;wwfolu wD;NyD; t*Fvdyfaw;csif;rsm;
0dkif;qdkum uolrsm;u uMuonfwGif tawmfedyfaomaysmfp&mwcktaejzifh
uRekfyf\OD;aESmufwGif trSwfxifvsuf usef&pfcJUygonf/
uREkfyfwdkUvlpk pwnf;csaomae&mü wJuav; ESpfwJ okH;wJ&Sdjcif;udk
uREkfyfrSwfrdao;&m wwJrSm uREkfyfwdkUvlpktwGufjzpf\/ csKd;aMumfESifh 0DpuD
wykvif;ukefí trl;ajyMuaomtcg uREkfyfwdkUonf wJuav;xJodkU
0iftdyfMu\/ uREkfyfonf ygvmaomjcifaxmifudk axmifí tdyf&mjyifav&m
tjcm;vlrsm;rlum; wOD;wa,mufrQ jcifaxmifrygcJUMuay/ xdknOfhrSm
tawmftdkufí jcifudkufjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrd\/ udk,fhae&mESifhudk,f
tdyfMu&mwGif ujym;uav;wa,mufonf jcifudkufvSonfqdkí
uREkfyf\jcifaxmifxJodkU 0ifvm\/ jcifaxmifrSm wa,muftdyfuav;
jzpfaomaMumifh r0ifavmufonfESifh OD;acgif;rQom oGif;yg&apqdkum
uREkfyfbufodkU OD;acgif;qdkufvsuf tdyf\/ twefMumvQif 'kwd,wa,muf
0ifvmjyefí yxrvlESifh ,SOfvsuftdyf\/ þenf;jzifh Adkvfujym;
4a,mufvkH;wa,mufNyD;wa,muf OD;acgif;oGif;xnfhMuNyD; ajcaxmuf
rsm;udk apmifzkH;xm;Muonf/ twefMumaomf olwkdU4a,mufrSm wacgacgESifh
a[mufMuí uREkfyfrSmum; tdyfraysmfEdkifyJ jzpfae\/ jcifaxmifrSm
Zmjcifaxmifr[kwf? ydwfcyfyg;yg;jzifh csKyfxm;jcif;jzpf&m olwkdUtouf&I
xkwfaomtaiGUrsm;onf uREkfyfudk rGef;apojzifh omíyif tdyfraysmfEdkifatmif

248 
jzpfae\/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfonfjcifaxmifudk olwkdUtm;ay;cJUNyD;vQif
wJjyifodkU wa,mufwnf;xGufí tdyfygawmhonf/ jzpf&ykHrSm ayghayghqq
vmcJUMuolrsm;tzdkU udpör&Sd? owd0D&d,ESifh jcifaxmif aqmif,lcJUaom
uREkfyfüomvcHvdkuf&jcif;udk a&SUwGifazmfjyygrnf/ (avmuBuD;um; bmrQ
pdwfcs&onfr[kwfacs/)

xl;qef;aom tjcif;t&mwck

tdrfodkUjyefa&mufNyD;aemuf &ufowÅwywftwGif;wGif uREkfyfrSm

tBuD;tus,f zsm;cUJavNyD/ tzsm;BuD;vGef;aomaMumifh wcsDwcsDwGif
]wuf}oGm;NyD; tMumBuD; owdvpfvsuf&Sd&m uREkfyf\yg;acsmif&kd;rsm;
ig;\yg;[ufuJUodkUum;csnf pkcsnfjzpfaejcif;udk rdbrsm;? r,m;ESifh r&D;wdkU
jrifMu&onf[k aemufwGif ajymMu\/ uREkfyf\rdbrsm;um; zsm;p
uwnf;u a&mufaeMuavNyD/ (xl;qef;aom tjcif;t&mwckrSm tzsm;
aysmufaomtcgwGif uREkfyf\yg;acsmif&dk;ESpfbufwdkUonf rdarG;wdkif;
zarG;wdkif; r[kwfawmhyJ cyfum;um;jzpfvmonf[k vlwdkif;u ajymav
onf/) xdkuJUokdU cPcPwuf&mwGif jyKpkoltm;vkH;onf uREkfyfaoacs
awmhrnfxifMuí idkukefMuonfqdk\/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyftm; rEÅav;
aq;&kHBuD;okdU ydkUMu\/ rydkUrDurl q&m0efac:í ukMuygonf/

odyfqdk;wJUiSufzsm;wJU

rEÅav;aq;&kHBuD;rSm xdkpOfuBuD;BuD;us,fus,f r[kwfao;/  Paying 

Ward  ydkufqHay;&aom 'kwd,wef; olemcef;rSm txufxyf

249 
qif0ifaqmifuav;wGif wnf&Sdí uREkfyfESifhAkdvfujym;av;ig;a,mufrQom
&Sd\/ ydkufqHray;&onfh  Free  Ward  tcef;rsm;rSmvnf; jrefrmvlem
tvGefenf;í w&kwf ukvm; bdef;pm;rsm;avmufom &SdMu\/ ydkufqHay;&
aom tcef;rSmt&yfom;rsm;twGuf waeUwusyf? tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;
twGuf waeU&SpfyJrQom ay;&onf/ aq;&kHokdUa&mufcgpü nwdkif;vkdvdkyif
tzsm;BuD;í 106 'D*&D&SdNyD; owdr&ojzifh nwdkif;yif OD;acgif;ay:okdU
a&cJtdwfwif&onf/ waeUoü uREkfyf\vufrrS aoG;azmuf,loGm;jcif;udk
odvdkufaomfvnf; bmvkyfrnfrodojzifh trSwfrJU aevdkufrd&m oli,fcsif;
armif&D (xdkpOfu NrdKUtkyfjzpfaeonf/) a&mufvmrS od&awmhonf/
armif&Donf vlemar;&ef a&mufvmí uREkfyf\ckwifteD;wGif
uyfvsufxdkifae&mrS acgif;&if;wGif csdwfxm;aom pm&Gufudk jrifonfESifh
xíMunfh\/ wzefjyefíxdkifaomtcgürl ukvm;xdkifudk cyfvSrf;vSrf;
odkUa&GUNyD;rS xdkif\/ uREkfyfonf ol\tjyKtrludk owdjyKvdkufrdaomfvnf;
þokdUrar;yJaeNyD; oljyefoGm;aomtcgrS csdwfxm;aom pm&Gufudk
xíMunfh&m t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf þodkUa&;xm;onfudk awGU&\/  (Malarial 
Parasites  Of  Malignant  Type)  touftEÅ&m,fjyKwwfonfh iSufzsm;ydk;rsKd;
awGU&onfqdkjcif;yifjzpfonf/ vu©PmrSm iSufzsm;ydk; trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfhteuf
uREkfyf\aoG;ü awGU&aom ydk;rsKd;rSm txl;qdk;&Gm;onf qdkjcif;yifjzpfonf/
þwGifrSoli,fcsif;armif&D a&TUxdkifvdkufaomtjyKtrludk uREkfyfem;vnf
awmhonf/ xdktcgrS uREkfyf\tzsm;rSmiSufzsm;jzpfaMumif; uREkfyfod&í
qnfBuD;okdUoGm;pOfu jcifudkufcJUcJU&jcif;aMumifh jzpfaMumif;udkvnf;
uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonf/ tjcm;wcsufrSmvnf; jyif;xefaom trsKd;tpm;[k
qdkxm;jyefojzifh aocsifaoEdkifonf[k uREkyfod&jcif;yifjzpfonf/
,cifurl wufNyD; owdvpfbl;aomfvnf; teD;&Sdvlrsm;uomaornfavm

250 
xifMuonf/ uREkfyfurl owd&aomtcg aowwfonf? aoEdkifonf[lí
wcgrpOf;pm;rdyJ cyfayghaygh cyf&Tif&Tifom aecJUygonf/ xdkUaMumifhrsm;
toufcsrf;om&m&avoavmrajymwwfay/ 4if;pmudk zwf&aom
tcgrSpírl udk,fhudk,fudk awmfawmf av;av;pm;pm; vkyfíaevm
ygawmhonf/ okdU&mwGif e*dkuwnf;u cyfayghayghvlpm;rsKd;jzpfí Mumr&Snf
vSyg/

ZGwf'&Gwf0goem

þae&mwGif uREkfyf\ pdwfazmufjyefjcif;aMumifhayavm? wcgw&HwGif

ZGwf'&Gwfvkyfcsifwwfaom 0goemaMumifhayavm rajymwwf/ uREkfyfvkyfykH
wckudk azmfjyygOD;rnf/ uREkfyfrSmevHxp jzpfaomfvnf; aumif;aumif;BuD;
tzsm;jywfao;[efr&SdonfESifh xrif;[if; rauR;ao;yJaygifrkefUESifh EGm;EdkUudk
csnf; pm;ae&\/ wa,mufwnf;qdkvQifvnf; atmifhtnf;Edkifygao;\/
,ckrlemvHxlvsuf&SdMuonfh Adkvfujym;uav;rsm;u uREkfyfteD;wGif
Muufom;[if;ESifh xrif;pm;Muonfudk jrifae&í arx&Gef Matron
AdkvfrBuD;tm;awmif;&m okH;&ufavmuf apmifhzdkUajym\/ þwGifuRekfyf\
pdwfxJüigonf ,aeUn Muufom;pm;NyD; aocsifao&ap? pm;jzpfatmifpm;
rnf[k oEédXmefcsvkdufav\/ aq;&kHay:wGif rnfoltm;rQckdif;p&mr&SdyJ
ae&mwGif rnfodkUvkyfonf xifMuoenf;/ uREkfyfonftdrfomokdU
oGm;ra,mifa,mifESifh aq;&kHtay:xyfrS qif;vmí aq;&kHa&SUü qdkufaom
"mwf&xm;rsm;onf aq;&kHvlemt0wftpm;ESifhwufvmaom uREkfyftm;
jrifMuí wa,mufa,mufMunfhMu\/ uREkfyfurl rjrifcsifjyKí
xdkifvdkufvm\/ aps;csKdteD; bDvrf; (xdkpOfu cspfwD;wef;ac:onf/)

251 
okdUa&mufaomtcg "mwf&xm;ay:rSqif;NyD; qdwfom;uifESifh Muufom;uif
wrwfzdk;pD0,f\/ xdkae&müpm;aomf anSmfapmfeHaevdrfhrnfqdkum rdbrsm;
wnf;cdkonfh aq;&kH0if;tdrfokdU ,loGm;NyD;tm;vkH;ajymifatmif xdkifí
pm;vdkufonf/ pm;NyD;onfhaemuf qefUiifqefUiifESifh aooGm;vQifvnf;
uREkfyfaemifw&vdrfhrnfr[kwf? taocHzdkU toifhjyifNyD;jzpf\/ þtjyKtrl
rsKd; okH;Budrfxufrenf; uRekfyf\woufwmü vkyfcJUbl;onf/

'l;axmufawmif;yef&jcif;

tHHUMovsuf&Sdaom rdbrsm;udk ESpfodrfhap&ef oifhawmfatmifajymí

vufzuf&nfMurf;wc&m;00BuD;aomufNyD;aemuf uREkfyfonf "mwf&xm;ESifh
yif aq;&kHBuD;okdU jyefoGm;í acsmarmpGm a&mufyg\/ vrf;c&D;üom
acsmarmygonf/ arx&GefAdkvfrBuD;ESifhrlum; tBuD;tus,fyif racsmarmyg/
uRekfyfxGufoGm;onfrSm pkpkaygif; wem&DcJGcefUMumvdrfhrnfjzpf&m xdktawm
twGif;ü q&mrBuD;onf cPcP vmíar;onf[k ujym;uav;rsm;u
ajymMu\/ uREkfyfrlum; tqlcHzdkU jyifNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh tvGeftrif;
rwkefvIyfvSacs/ odkUaomf uREkfyfonf þq&mrBuD;taMumif;udk
rqGuodcJUygrlum; xGufaumif;rS xGuf0HUrnfxif onf/ qlvdkufykHum;
yGufyGuf&dkufoGm;awmh\/ t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;&dk;&dk; tac:&SdorQ qdk;rdkuf
nHUzsif;aom tjyKtrlESifh ywfouforQ ukefcJUygavNyD/ yxrü uREkfyfonf
]em;jyiftdwfr&Sdbl;}[k oabmxm;um qlcsifwkdif;qlonfrsm;udk
rxDw&Dvkyfae\/ AdkvfrBuD;onf uREkfyf\cyfat;at;vkyfaeaom trlt&m
udkjrifonfwGif omíqlvmNyD;vQif emrnf&dkif;rsm;ac:&kHESifh rNyD;awmhyJ
q&m0efBuD;udk wdkif&rnf? xdkrSwqifh uREkfyf\tvkyfXme rif;BuD;okdU

252 
vnf;aumif;? 0efBuD;okdUvnf;aumif; wkdif&rnfponfrsm;jzifh qufvuf
qlyljcif;udk em;NiD;vmNyDjzpfí rnfuJUokdU jyK&ygrnfudk pOf;pm;\/
uREkfyfonf tBuHwck&onfESifh q&mrBuD;tm; vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m
tenf;qkH;rdcift&G,f&Sdaom rdef;rBuD;wa,muf jzpfaejcif;udkawGU&í
tdyf&may:wGif rxDw&Dxdkifae&mrS xNyD;vQif olUa&SUwGif 'l;axmufvsuf
]]uRefawmfrSm;ygw,ftar? 'DtwGuf uRefawmf 0rf;enf;ygw,f? 'ghaMumifh
uRefawmfwdkUAk'¨bmomt& tESdrfhcsqkH;jzpfwJUenf;eJU uRefawmf0efcs
awmif;yefygw,f tar}}[k qdkum vuftkyfcsDvsuf wu,fhapwemESifh
0wfcsvdkufav\/ rdef;rBuD;onf uREkfyf\ &dk;om;ykH&aom tjyKtrludk
jrifvdkuf&onfESifh wNydKifeuf ol\yg;pyfrS a&&Gwfqlyljcif;rsm;rSm
rD;udka&jzifhNidrf;owfvdkufonfhES,f csufcsif;&yfoGm;í uREkfyfrsufESmudk
aphaphMunfh,if; trsufa'go ajyaysmufonfh vu©PmESifh rqdkpavmuf
uav; NyKH;vmvsuf  (That  will  do)  ]]awmfavmufygNyD}}qdkum
xGufoGm;av\/ ujym;uav;rsm;vnf; tHUMoaom trlt&mESifh uREkfyftm;
Munhfvsuf&Sd&mrS wa,mufu  (That  fellow  is  wise)  ]]'Daumif
awmfawmfynm&Sdw,f}}[k olwdkUtcsif;csif; ajymavonf/ (olwdkU\
pdwfxm;udk uREkfyfqifjcifvdkufonfhtcgwGif ]]yJGaumif;wck vufvGwfoGm;
onf}}[k atmufarhMuykH&onf/)

acwÅ pdwfazmufjyefjcif;

wveD;yg; aq;&kHwufí usef;rmojzifh qif;vmaomtcg uREkfyfrSm

(txufydkif;wGiftenf;i,f a&;om; azmfjycJUonfh twkdif;) ]b0ifjrifh}onfh
cRwf,Gif;csufwck usef&pfcJUygonf/ okdU&mwGif þtaMumif;udk

253 
(b0ifjrifholwdkU\ xkH;pHtwdkif;) udk,fh[mudk,f odonfr[kwf?
aysmufoGm;aomtcgrS qifjcifjcif;tm;jzifh od&jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkpOftcg
ESifh ywfoufí &,fp&muav;rsm;jzpf&ykHudk azmfjyvdkygao;onf/ iSufzsm;
aysmufí aq;&kHrS qif;vmNyD; cGifhwv,lxm;onfhtcdkufwGif uRekfyfonf
a&TrsufrSefwvuf (xdkacwfrSm a&TrsufrSefwyfvQif *kPf&Sdonf xifMuí
bDatwdkif;vdkyif wyfMuNyD; &[ef;i,f uav;rsm;vnf; wyfcsifMuonf/)
cs,f&D wkwfaumufwacsmif;? qdwfom;a& vuftdwfjzLwpkH (xdkacwfu
Adkvfrrsm; pGyfMuonf/) acgif;aygif;tvJvJ? (bDataygif;awmh rwwfao;?
&efukefa&mufrS wwfygonf/) tqifaMumifaom ydk;vkH;csnf? zJvkHcsnf
tvJvJ (zJvkHcsnfrSm tvGefawmufajymifí þacwfwGif a,musfm;rsm;
r0wfMuawmhay/) aumif;ayhqdkonfh quúZkH;  (Sexone)  bGwfzdeyf
(xdkacwfü vlwa,mufESifh wa,mufonf tjcm;t&mudkrMunfh? zdeyfudk
a&S;OD;pGm vSrf;Munfhonfhwdkifatmif zdeyfaumif; NydKifMuaom acwfjzpfonf/
wenf;qdkaomf zdeyfaumif; pD;EdkifrS acwfrDonf[k ,lqMuonf/)
&SyftusFDvufrma<uwdkuf? pdwfwkvkyfxm;onfh zvf&SyfMu,foD;? acgif;
aygif;p&Snf&Snf? ydk;tppfajctdwf? qwfcsouúvyf eufjyma&mif
aumif;aumif; ponfwdkUudk tvJvJ 0wfqifí vrf;avQmufavonf/
qdwfom;a&vuftdwfjzLrSwyg; tjcm;aom t0wftpm; tjyiftqifrSm
ravsmfonfr[kwf? olUacwfwGifa&SUqkH;rS ajy;jcif;rQom jzpfaomaMumifh
uREkfyftaMumif;udk wavQmufvkH; odolrsm;u NyKH;Muaomfvnf; w&HpH
vlrsm;url armfhíMunfhMu&onf/ t0wftpm;wGifomru pdwfxJuvnf;
igvkyfvQifbmrqdkatmifjrif&rnf[k xifjrifvsuf&Sd&m pHa'0Dudk&J&JMunfhí
NyKH;jcif;twGufaMumifh rdcifxHodkUvmNyD; idk&SmykHudkvnf; txufwGif
azmfjycJUygNyD/ xdkpOftcgu pHa'0DESifh ESruav;wdkU ,OfxdkifaeMuonfh

254 
tcGifhta&;rsKd; BuKH&vQif 0ifíar;&kHomru vufudkyif qJG0HUvdrfhrnf
xifonf/ odkUqdkvQifvnf; atmifjrifrnf jzpfaMumif;udk aemuftaMumif;
t&mrsm;u oufaocHvsuf&Sdonf/

rdwfaqGopfrsm;

&,fp&mwck jzpf&ykHudk azmfjyvdkao;onfrSm uREkfyfonf &efukefokdU

rif;BuD;ESifh a&mufcJUpOfu ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfonfh armif&D
(puf&Sifw&m;olBuD; jzpfvmonf/) udk0ifharmf (opfawm0efaxmuf
jzpfvmonf/) udkzl;ndK (aiGwdkuf0efaxmuf jzpfvmonf/) wkdUtm;
4if;wkdU\ ausmif;odkUoGm;í awGUbl;\/ udk0ifharmfrSm r*dkvrf;
wdkufcef;wckwGif udkxGef;&Sdef? udkuGef;wnf;[laom (bDattwef;wGif
oifvsuf&Sdonfh) ausmif;om;ESpfa,mufESifhtwl tcef;iSm;íaexdkifvsuf
&Sd&m udk0ifharmfu rdwfqufay;jcif;aMumifh xdkvlESpfa,mufESifh uRekfyfoduRrf;
&kHru uREkfyf&efukef&SdcdkufwGif cPcPawUGí twlvnfywfMubl;onf/
xdkvl okH;a,mufvkH;rSm uREkfyfESifhtwl 9 wef;wESpfwnf; atmifcJUolrsm;
jzpfonfhtavsmuf udk0ifharmfu uREkfyftm;xdkvlESpfa,mufESifh rdwfqufay;
&mwGif uREkfyfrSmolwkdUuJUokdU aumvdyfausmif; ra&mufaomfvnf; tvGef
pmzwfolwa,muf[lí ajymMu\/ þwGif udkxGef;&SdefESifh udkuGef;wkdU onf
rEÅav;om; wa,mufudk ]qwf}Munhfvdkuf& OD;rnf[la om &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
t*Fvdyf 0w¦KBuD;rsm;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyf\t,ltqrsm;udk wD;acguf
pkHprf;Mu\/ uREkfyfuvnf; olwdkU\ bDat twef;pmrsm;udk roif&bl;
ojzifh ruRrf;usifaomfvnf; t*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm;Esifh ywfoufírl &G,fwlvQif
raMumuf[k udk,fh[mudk,f ,kHMunfpdwfcsxm;onfhtavsmuf (bDat

255 
ausmif;om;awGqkd&kHESifh) &GHUaMumufjcif; r&SdyJ &J&Jwif;wif; xifjrifcsuf
ay;awmYonf/ olwkdUzwfbl;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk uREkfyftm;vkH;vdkvdkyif
zwfbl;í uREkfyfzwfbl;aom pmtkyfrsm;taMumif;udk wD;acgufMunfhaom
tcgürl olwdkUu ]]uRefawmfwdkUu ausmif;om;awG &Sdygao;w,fAsm?
cifAsm;vdk pmpkHatmif rzwf&ao;ygbl;? ausmif;pmuvJ wzufudk;As}}[k
ajymMuavonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap udk0ifharmfu ]]usKyfwdkUrEÅav;om;u
racbl;As}}[k ajymvdkuf&mwGif xdkvlESpfa,mufu vIdufvSJpGm 0efcHMuyg
awmhonf/ (xdkacwfurl pmorm;csif;qkHrdMuí ESD;aESmwdkufqdkifMunfh&mwGif
t*Fvdyf0w¦KBuD;rsm;  (Classics)  pkHpkHvifvif zwfbl;olrSm *kPfBuD;wckjzpf
avonf/ xdkrQru 4if;pmtkyfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí awmfawmf ajcajcjrpfjrpf
&Sdatmifxifjrifcsuf ay;wwfjcif;rlum; {&mr*kPfBuD;wck jzpfygawmhonf/
xdkvlESpfa,mufteuf udkuGef;rSm aemifwGif bdvyfrS 0wfvkHjzpfvmí
udkxGef;&SdefrSm rEÅav;NrdKU Ak'¨bmom ausmif;tkyfBuD;jzpfvmygonf/)

b0ifjrifhaomfvnf; rqdk;vS

]b0ifjrifh}vsuf&Sdaomtcsdefu uREkfyfonf pHa'0DwdkUt&yfrS vrf;

avQmufjyefvmí Ak'¨bmomausmif;teD;okdUa&muf&mwGif ausmif;tkyfjzpfae
aom udkxGef;&Sdefudk owd&onfESifh EIwfqufOD;rnf[k csKd;0ifcJU\/ tcsdefrSm
ausmif;tm;csdefjzpfonfESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh tjcm;q&mrsm;onf
tcef;wcef;wGif twlwuG xdkifvsuf&SdMuí udkxGef;&Sdefu q&mrsm;tm;
vufcsmay;aeonfh vu©Pm&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf a&TrsufrSef? wkwfaumuf?
vuftdwfjzLwdkUESifhwuG 0wfaumif;pm;vS0wfvsuf ]quúZkH;} zdeyfudk
&J&Jeif;um 0ifoGm;&mwGif udkxGef;&Sdefonf &efukefü awGUcJUpOfu

256 
]udkazodef;}ESifh rwlaomaMumifh ,D;wD;,m;wm;jzpfí ai;Munfhaeao;\/
þwGif uREkfyfuvuftdwfwbuf udkcRwfum ]]udk,fhvlusKyfudk rrSwfrd
bl;vm;? azodef;avAsm}}[k t*Fvdyfvdkajymvsuf vufudkqefUwef;
ay;vdkuf&m udkxGef;&Sdefonf uysmu,mxvmí uREkfyf\vufudk
0rf;omtm;& qGJvIyfav\/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyftm; ae&mxdkifcif;ay;í
udk0ifharmftaMumif;? udkuGef;taMumif; ponfrsm;udk t*FvdyfvdkajymMu
av&m udkxGef;&Sdefu wcsufwcsufwGif jrefrmvdknSyfaomfvnf; uREkfyfu
jrefrmpum;vkH;0 rokH;aomaMumifh olvnf; t*Fvdyfvdkcsnf; ajym&
awmhonf/ ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm uREkfyfESifh tm;vkH;odMuolrsm;jzpfí
uREkfyfvkyfykHawGudk yg;pyfa[mif;avmif;ESifh ai;Munhfvsuf&SdMu&m uRekfyfu
wa,mufwavtm; OD;acgif;qwfvsuf EIwfqufonfwGif udkxGef;&Sdefu
4if;wkdUbufodkUvSnfhNyD; ]]aemufrS qufajymMuao;wmaygh q&mwdkU}}[k
qdkum oGm;cGifhjyKvdkufav\/ uREkfyfESifh udkxGef;&SdefwkdUvnf; ausmif;wuf
csdefwdkfifatmif qufvufí t*Fvdyfvdkajymvsuf&SdMu&m ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm
pyg;BuD;a>rnIdUaom ,kefrsm;uJUokdU tcef;jyifbufrS w&pfoDoDvkyfum
uReftm;MunhfvdkufMu? olwkdUtcsif;csif; MunhfvdkufMu? wD;wdk;pum;
ajymvdkufMu vkyfaeMuavawmhonf/ ausmif;wufcsdefwdkifcgrS uRekfyfu
udkxGef;&Sdeftm; pwdkifusus vufqGJEIwfqufí xGufvmcJUav&m
ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm rsufvkH;rsm; jyL;Mu&onfESifhyif rsufpdemMurnfudk
pkd;&drf;&ygao;onf/ olwkdUonf ausmif;0if;xJrS xGufvmaom uREkfyftm;
rsufpdwqkH; &yfMunfhaeMujcif;udk uREkfyfu vSnfhMunfhojzifh jrifcJU&
ygao;onf/

257 
ukdxGef;&Sdefu tuJcwfykH

txufyg tjzpftysufwGif ausmif;q&mrsm; (ausmif;aebuf

oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/)ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD; OD;xGef;&SdefwdkU\
trlt&mrsm;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyftzdkU pOf;pm;p&m oifcef;pm,lp&mrsm;
yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;udk 7 ESpfcefUrQ acwfausmfvTm;í
4if;wdkUtaMumif;udk qufvufazmfjyvdkayao;onf/ OD;xGef;&SdefESifh cGJcGmí
xGufvmaomtcsdefürl uRekfyfrSm ]b0ifjrifh}a&m*gt&Sdef &Sdaeao;onf
jzpfaomaMumifh OD;xGef;&Sdef\rsufESmxm;udk vnf;aumif;? ausmif;q&m
rsm;\ rsufESmxm;udkvnf;aumif; uREkfyfowdjyKrdaomfvnf; ]'DvlawG
ighudkawmfawmfvefUoGm;Muonf? tHUMooGm;Muonf? rSwfava&mh[?
ightaMumif;odMuava&mh[} ponfrsm;jzifh udk,fh[mudk,f tvGefauseyf
vmcJUygonf/
OD;xGef;&Sdef\ rsufESmxm;ü uRekfyfudkaumif;pGm em;rvnfonfh
vu©PmrsKd;wcsufwcsufawGU&aomfvnf; uREkfyf\pdwfxJu ]]em;rvnf
r&SdygeJUq&m? 'Dazodef;rS azodef;tppfyg}}[lí tajzay;vsuf &Sd\/
&J&Jwif;wif; oGufoGufvufvuf ajymjcif;rSwyg; uREkfyf\pum;rsm;rSm
trSm;ygonf rqdkEdkifaomaMumifh OD;xGef;&Sdefonf uRekfyf\rsufESmxm;
t"dyÜm,fudk vufcHí þESpfESpfcefUtwGif; onfvlwa,muf onfavmuf
wkd;wufvm&acsoavm[k pOf;pm;jcif;udkyif uREkfyfjrifEdkifonf/ yxrwGif
olUtzdkU jyóemjzpfí aemufqkH;wGif uREkfyftm; txufygtwdkif;vufcHjcif;
udkuREkfyfjrif&onf/ OyrmxdkpOfu bm;rm;u&pfwpf  (Burma  Critic) 

owif;pmt,f'Dwm trIjzpfvsuf&Sd&m 4if;trItaMumif;udk ola&muREkfyfyg

258 
owif;pmwGif vkdufízwfxm;ojzifh aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif uREkfyfu uREkfyf\
xifjrifcsufudk &J&JBuD; ajymcsvdkufojzifh oltHUtm;oifhoGm;jcif;udk
uREkfyfowdjyKvdkufrdonf/ uREkfyf]b0ifrjrifh}rDu þpdwful;rsKd; &Sdcsif&Sdrnf
jzpfaomfvnf; xdkuJUokdU&J&Jwif;wif;ajym0HUrnfr[kwf? aemifwGif
b0ifjrifhaysmufí uREkfyfajymcJUonfh xifjrifcsufudk jyefvnfokH;oyf
aomtcg ]tom;vGwf}r[kwf? taMumif;tusKd; tquftoG,f
tawmfjynfhpkHjcif;udk awGU&ojzifh udk,fh[mudk,f csD;rGrf;&OD;rnfuJUokdU
awGU&ygonf/

aemufwzef awGUjyefjcif;

1919ckESpf aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&ufwGif Ak'¨bmom ausmif;q&m

wpkonf &efukefNrdKUokdUa&mufvmMuí uREkfyf&Sdaeaom ol&d,wdkufodkU
0ifvmMuNyD;vQif vGefcJUaom 7ESpfcefUu OD;xGef;&SdefESifh uREkfyfAk'¨bmom
ausmif;ü awGUMuykHtjcif;t&mudk tm;&yg;& csD;usL;ajymqdk Muavonf/
vu©PmrSm uREkfyf\oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfMuaom xdkausmif;q&m rsm;onf
ausmif;tkyfopf OD;xGef;&Sdef bDattm; tvGefaMumuf&GHUav;pm; aeMu&aom
tcsdef jzpfykH&onf/ (xdktcsdefwGif bDat&Sm;ao;aomacwfjzpf \/)
4if;ausmif;q&mrsm;onf xdkpOfu 6 vcefUrQ uREkfyfü ]b0ifjrifh}aecJU
jcif;udk vkH;0rodMuacs/ olwkdU\rsufpdü 9 wef;rQomatmifí pma&;
wa,mufrQomjzpfaom uREkfyfu olwkdU\emrnfBuD;ausmif;tkyfBuD;udk
&J&Jwif;wif;0ifNyD; t*Fvdyfvdk ]qwf}0HUjcif;twGuf r,kHEdkifavmufatmif
tHUMoMuavonf/

259 
 q&mwa,muf/ /]]usKyfwdkUawmh cifAsm;vkyfoGm;vdkufykHudk
oabmusvdkufwmAsm? ckxufxdajymvdkUrqkH;bl;? 0wfxm;vkdufykHuvJ
wu,fhzuf&SifyJ? cifAsm;t*Fvdyfpmawmfwmuawmh usKyfwkdUodygw,f?
EdkUayr,fh [dkaeUuawmh rxpfraigheJU *dkufeJUqdkufeJU [efeJUyefeJU
pum;vkH;ajymifajymifawGa&G;NyD; ajymoGm;vdkufwmrsm; usKyfwkdUjzifh odyf
tm;&wmyJ? OD;xGef;&Sdefuatmufom;udk;As? usKyfwdkUua[m'g rEÅav;om;uG
vdkUawmif atmfvkdufcsifw,f}}
wa,muf/ /]]aeygtkH;As? cifAsm;u oleJUb,fwkef;u
awGUbl;vdkUvJAs}}
uRekfyf/ /]]rif;BuD;eJU e,fvSnfh,if; &efukefqif;oGm;Muwkef;
uygyJ}}
wa,muf/ /]]b,fESpfcgavmuf awGUbl;xm;vdkUvJAsm}}
uREkfyf/ /]]rrsm;vSygbl;? ESpfcgavmufygyJ}}
]]wa,muf/ /]]'geJUrsm;Asm? wu,fh ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif;
usaewmyJ? usKyfwkdUq&mBuD;udk cifAsm;vdkNydKifbufEdkifwJUvl rEÅav;rSm
wa,mufrS ray:vmao;bl;As}}
wa,muf/ /]][kwfw,fAs? cifAsm;vl[dkaeUuEIwfawmfawmfwGefU
w,f? cifAsm;udk rvTrf;Edkifbl;? usKyfwkdU u auseyfvdkufwmAsm}}
(trSefrSm OD;xGef;&Sdefum; vloGufwa,mufjzpfygonf/)
uREkfyfonf ausmif;q&mrsm;tm; w&kwf[dkw,fwckü xrif;weyf
auR;vdkuf&m awmifa&mufajrmufa&mufajym&mrS OD;xGef;&SdefESifh uREkfyf
taMumif;okdU cPcPvSnfhívmMuygao;onf/ uREkfyfonf pmzwfy&dowf
tm; ]b0ifjrifh}cJUbl;jcif;udk azmfxkwfajymjyaomfvnf; ausmif;q&mrsm;
tm;rlum; todray;cJUyg/ 4if;wkdUteuf wa,mufwavrQonf

260 
þpmudkzwf&vQif &,fcsifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf trSwf&oavmufrSm
wa,mufrusef uG,fvGefukefMu&SmavNyD/

OD;xGef;&SdefESifh awGUjyefjcif;

4if;ESpf aemufydkif;avmufwGif OD;xGef;&Sdefonf (]oajyEkcsdef

wif&efqif&ef yef;awGu rsm;vdkufygbdoESifh? azyk&Sdef t*Fvefeef;ajroGm;
wkdUrSmawmh}[lonfh rpöwmarmifrIdif;? ,ck ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;\
av;csKd;BuD;t&) rEÅav;rS &efukefodkUqif;vmí uREkfyfESifh 0dkiftrfbDat
toif;wdkufwGifwaeUawGUMu\/ olonf uREkfyftm; a&S;utwkdif;
vIdufvSJpGm awGUqkHí pum;ajymMuav&m (uREkfyfrSm ]b0ifjrifh}aysmufaeNyD
jzpfí uREkfyf\trlt&majymif;vJjcif;udk rnfodkUavenf;[k tuJcwf\/)
uREfkyfrSm Ak'¨bmomausmif;ü awGUpOfuuJUokdU &J&J0HU0HUr&SdyJ
cyfwGefUwGefUjzpfaeonf[k olxifykH&\/
xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyf\q&morm;ozG,fjzpfaom OD;bazESifh olonf
wef;wljzpfaeí uREkfyfu atmufusvsuf&SdaomaMumifh wGefUonf[k
olu,lqoavm rajymwwfay/ trSefrSm uREkfyfü ]b0ifjrifh}aysmufNyD;
]ykHrSef}twdkif; jzpfaeaomaMumifhrQom jzpfygonf/ OD;xGef;&Sdefonf uREkfyfESifh
ta&mw0ifjzpfatmif BudK;pm;ao;aomfvnf; uREkfyfü wGefUqkwfrI&Sdjcif;udk
oljrifonfESifh aemufqkH;wGifvufavQmhvdkufygavawmhonf/

261 
jyefajymif;awG;ac:csufrsm;

xdknOhfü uREkfyfonf udkxGef;&SdefESifhjzpfap? tcsKdUvlrsm;ESifhjzpfap

awGUqkHqufqH&mrsm;wGif ]OD;acgif;vQLd;}rdwwfjcif;udk udk,fh[mudkodí
rausreyf&SdonfESifh rdrd\woufwm aemufaMumif;udk jyefajymif;qifjcif
okH;oyfrdygawmhonf/ rnfodkUaom vlpm;rsKd;tay:ü uREkfyf ]OD;acgif;vQLd;}
wwfygoenf;[k ppfaq;vkdufonfhtcg ydkufqH&Sdolrsm;vnf; r[kwf?
&mxl;BuD;rsm;vnf; r[kwfao;/ A[kokw jynfhpkHvSygonf qdkolrsm;vnf;
r[kwfao;/ OmPfaumif;olrsm;vnf; r[kwfao;/ &efukefaumvdyfü
ynmoifcJUí bDatatmifcJUMuolrsm; jzpfonf[k ppfxkwfEdkifcJUygonf/
]]&efukefaumvdyfü ynmoifcJUí bDatatmifolrsm;}}[laom pum;udk
oD;jcm;cGJxkwf azmfjyvdkufjcif;udk owdjyKMuapvdk\/ &efukefü xdkacwfu
&efukefaumvdyf? *syfqifaumvdyf[lí ESpfausmif; &SdcJUbl;&m uREkfyfonf
*sifqifausmif;xGuf bDatxuf &efukefaumvdyfbDatrsm;udk ydkí
]OD;acgif;vQLd;}rd\/ aumvdyfodkUra&mufbl;yJ tvGwfynmoif tjzpfESifh
bDatatmifMuonfh oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf; &SdMuyg\/ uREkfyfonf
4if;wkdUtm; ]OD;acgif;vQLd;}jcif;udk rawGU&yg/ okdUqdkvQif oluawmh
&efukefaumvdyf ausmif;xGufjzpfí ]OD;acgif;vQLd;}&rnf? oluawmh
tvGwfynmoif tjzpfESifh atmifaombDatjzpfaomaMumifh ]OD;acgif;vQLd;}
p&m rvdk[lí wrifwum wGufudef;ESifh jyKvkyfjcif;um; r[kwf&yg/
uREkfyf\rsufpdü vlykHvlyef;ESifh [efyeftaetxm; uGmjcm;jcif;udk awGU&í 
(Unconsciously)  tvdktavsmuf wGefUrdjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/

262 
aumvdyfcsif; uGmjcm;ykH

þtaMumif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef udk,fawGUtjzpftysufwckudk azmfjy

yg&ap/ rif;BuD;\awmvdkufpma&;tjzpfESifh &efukefokdU qif;oGm;pOf
a&Twd*kHbk&m; ajc&if;wGif bkef;BuD;ysH tBuD;tus,fwck&Sd&m xdknOfhwGif
uREkfyfonf *syfqifaumvdyfausmif;om; oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfonfh armif&D?
udkzl;ndKwdkUESifh twlbkef;BuD;ysHokdUoGm;\/ yJGxJwGif udk0ifharmf? udkuGef;?
udkxGef;&SdefwdkU vlpkESifhqkHrdMu\/ 4if;wdkUonf &efukefaumvdyf
ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfMuav&m udk0ifharmfrSm uREkfyfwdkUvlpkESifhtwl rEÅav;
atbDtrfausmif;xGufjzpf\/ udk0ifharmfrSwyg; 4if;wkdUtm;vkH;rSm bDat
qDeD,m twef;om;rsm;jzpfMuavonf/ uREkfyfrSmrl udkuGef;? udkxGef;&SdefwkdU
ESifh awUGbl;NyD; jzpfMuí rdwfquf&efrvdkyJ udk0ifharmfu *syfqif
ausmif;om;rsm;jzpfMuonfh armif&DESifh udkzl;ndKwdkUtm; udkuGef;? udkxGef;&Sdef
wkdUESifhrdwfqufay;\/ xdkESpfa,muf teufwGif udkuGef;onf pwdkiform;
wa,muf jzpfav&m bDattwef;om;csif; wlaomfvnf; *syfqif
ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfonfh armif&DESifhudkzl;ndKwkdUtm;  (Patronising  airs) 

,Of,Ofaus;aus; uav;ESifhtxufpD;oHrsKd;jzifh pum;ajymavonf/

(OD;baz 0efBuD;jzpfpOfu ol\owif;pm uGefz&ifhokdU wufMuolrsm;
teufwGif 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdESifh uREkfyfyg0ifav&m uGefz&ifhNyD;í ESpfa,mufom;
vefjcm;ESifh jyefvmMu&mwGif OD;bcsKduuREkfyftm; 4if;tcsKd;rsKd;vkyfonfESifh
uREkfyfurcHcsifaMumif; jyvdkufojzifhOD;bcsKdwefUíoGm;bl;onf/ cifrifrIum;
avsmhyg;avNyD/ okdUaomf uRekfyf*&krpdkufacs/) ausmif;om;csif; rdwfqufay;
NyD;aemuf twlavQmufMuzdkU udk0ifharmfu ac:&mwGif uRekfyfonf udkuGef;\
]ESdrfayguf}uav;rsm;udk rBudKufaomfvnf; (uRekfyfudkr[kwf? *syfqif

263 
ausmif;om;rsm;udk &nf&G,fonf/) rEÅav;om;csif;jzpfaom udk0ifharmfudk
tm;emonfESifh cyfwGefUwGefUjzpfaeonfh *syfqifausmif;om; ESpfa,muftm;
uREkfyfuwdkufwGef;um twlavQmufMuav\/ armif&DrSm pifppftm;jzifh
vlnHUwa,muf r[kwf? tvGefoGufvufol jzpfonf/ okdU&mwGif
&efukefaumvdyf ausmif;om;ESpfa,mufESifh qkHrduwnf;u EIwfqdwfoGm;NyD;
]]qifjzLrsufESm qifrJ rMunfh0HU}}qdkaom pum;ykHtwdkif; ZufusKd;rwwf
jzpfaeavNyD/ e*dkurS cyf&dk;&dk;&Sdaom udkzl;ndKrlum; ajymzG,f&m r&Sdawmhay/
þtawmtwGif;ü udkuGef;onf udkxGef;&Sdeftm; ,cifuJUodkU
t*Fvdyfvdk rajym? ygVdvdkcsnf;ajymavawmhonf/ (*syfqif aumvdyfwGif
ygVdroif? avm*spfomoif\/) {nfhcHr@yfrsm;teD;odkU csOf;uyf&mwGifvnf;
[dku udkuGef;? 'DuudkxGef;&Sdef ponfjzifh [pfatmfac:iifMu&m bDataygif;
t0ga&mif aoG;wlarG;wl qifxm;Muaom þvlESpfa,mufrSm acgif;aygif;p
uav;awGwvlvlESifh ajcaxmufuav;awG ajrmufawmuf ajrmufawmuf
jzpfaeMujcif;udk uREkfyfjrifrdonf/ {nfhcHr@yf wckESpfckwGif
olwdkUESifhtwl0ifí csKdyJG csOfyJGrsm; pm;aomufM uNyD;aemuf (*syfqifaumvdyf
ausmif;om; ESpfa,mufum; vufzsm;ESifhrQ rwdkU&SmMuacs/) uREkfyfonf
tajctaeudk oabmrusyJ þvlESpfa,mufudk oem;onfESifh wwd,
r@yfodkU0ifrnftjyKwGif uREkfyfuyifEIwfqufí cGJxGufvmMuygawmhonf/
(1914 ckESpfuvnf; uREkfyfonf a&eHacsmif;rS &efukefodkUoabFmjzifhvdkufyg
&mwGif &efukefaumvdyfrS bDatatmifNyD;ol wa,mufESifh *syfqifaumvdyfrS
bDatwa,mufonf uREkfyfESifhtwl c&D;onftjzpf ygvmMuí
tvm;wltjzpfrsKd; cyfqifqifBuKH&bl;&m tao;pdwfazmfjy&ef rvdkawmhyg/)
uREkfyfqdkvdkjcif;rSm xdkacwfü &efukefaumvdyfausmif;xGuf onf
*syfqifaumvdyfausmif;xGufxuf (ynmwwf rwwf tyxm;í)

264 
OD;acgif;axmifjcif;udk awGU&onf/ OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf (yvTm;jcif;udk
rqdkvdk) ]OD;acgif;vQLd;}jcif;xuf BuD;yGm;a&;twGuf taxmuftyHUjzpfjcif;udk
uREkfyfawGU&onf/

uREkfyf\csKdUiJUcsuf

OD;xGef;&SdefESifh 0dkiftrfbDatwGif awGUcJU&aomnü uREkfyfonf rdrd\

]OD;acgif;vQLd;}jcif;udk qifjcifokH;oyfaomtcg igonf olwkdUvdkajymwwf
onf? olwkdUvdka&;wwfonf? olwkdUvdk0wfwwfonf? olwkdUvdk A[kokw
&Sdonf/ okdUygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh ]&GHU&oenf;}[k ppfaq;vdkufonfwGif
tajzxGufvm\/ tajzum; olwdkUuJUodkU bDatatmifvufrSwf
r&SdaomaMumifhr[kwf/ olwkdUuJUodkU &efukefaumvdyf ausmif;ü raecJU&
aomaMumifhjzpfonf[k oabmaygufvmygawmhonf/ xdkuJUokdU oabm
aygufvm&jcif;rSmvnf; a&Twd*kH bk&m;ajc&if; bkef;BuD;ysHü armif&DwdkUvlpkESifh
OD;xGef;&SdefwdkUvl[k qkHrdMujcif;udk pOf;pm;rdaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/
*syfqifaumvdyfaebl;olrsm;u &efukefaumvdyf raebl;olrsm;tm;
]OD;acgif;vQLd;}onf qdkvQif rnfonfh aumvdyfrS raebl;ol wa,mufonf
(rdkuf&l;&Jrsm;rSwyg;) ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} Mu&rnfrSm "r®wmwckozG,f
uREkfyfjrifvmygonf/ þwGifuREkfyfonf aumvdyfausmif; raecJU&bl;
onfhtwGuf yxrtBudrf 0rf;enf;&aumif;rSef; odvmygawmhonf/

265 
a&S;aumvdyfESifh acwfwuúodkvf

tu,fí uREkfyfonf aumvdyfausmif;ü av;ESpfcefUaecJU&bl;onf

qdkygpdkU/ (uREkfyfqnf;yl;xm;cJUonfh A[kokwrsm;udk axmufxm;aomtm;
jzifh) ,ckxufydkNyD; wwfaumif;rS wwfayvdrfhrnf/ (þtaMumif;udk
armif&DESifh udk0ifharmfwdkUuvnf; xkwfazmf0efcHNyD;jzpf&m udk0ifharmfurl ol\
txuft&m&SdxHodkU wifydkU&rnfh ta&;BuD;aom pmrsKd;udk uREkfyftm;yif
a&;cdkif;bl;ygonf/) okdUjzpfvQifaumvdyfausmif; aebl;jcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyf
tzdkU rnfodkUaom tusKd;aus;Zl;xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jzpfay:EdkifzG,f&m &Sdyg
oenf;/ &Sdonf? trsm;BuD;&Sdonf[k uREkfyfoabmaygufvmonf/ uREkfyf\
vuf&SdcsKdUiJUcsufrSm aumvdyfausmif;\ ]av}  (Atmosphere)  udk
av;ESpfavmuf r&SLcJU&jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf;
oufwl&G,fwl bDatrsm;ESifh ,SOfvdkufvQif uREkfyfOD;acgif;vQLd;rdjcif; jzpf\/
igonf olwkdUuJUokdU aumvdyfü raecJU&í nHUonf[k udk,fh[mudk,f
owd&aeaomaMumifh r[kwf? aumvdyf ]av} (ywf0ef;usif)ESifh rxdawGUcJU
&onfh twGufaMumifh ajyajyjypfjypf [efyefrsKd;  (Easy  Manners)  r&SdyJ
]cyfaxmifhaxmifh} jzpfae&jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ aumvdyfausmif;ü
av;ESpfaebl;aom vlwdkif;onf ajyajyjypfjypf jzpfvmawmhonf[k
qdkvdkjcif;um;r[kwf? okdUaomf rae&rDuxuf wkd;wufvmjcif;&Sdonfudk
uREkfyfBudrfzefrsm;pGm avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/
þtaMumif;udkodvQif udk,fhudk,fudk jyKjyif,lEdkifonf r[kwfygavm
[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/ rjzpfEdkif[k uREkfyfu tajzay;vdkonf/ Oyrm
aq;&nfrpdrfcJU&aom om;a&pdrf;onf b,fawmhrS El;El;eyfeyfr&SdyJ

266 
uRyfqwfqwf jzpf&rnfuJUodkUyif aumvdyfausmif;\ taqmufttkHonf
vnf;aumif;? jrufcif;ESifhwuG ajr,muGufvyfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;?
q&mrsm;\ trlt&monfvnf;aumif;? atmufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;xuf
(tenf;ESifhtrsm;) oyfoyf&yf&yf &Sdoltcsif;tcsif; qufqHMu&jcif;onf
vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkUwawGonf omreft&yfom;rsm;xufomonf[laom
pdwfxm;rsKd; tcgcyfodrf;&SdaeMujcif;onfvnf;aumif; i,f&G,folrsm;tzdkU
&mü pdwfBuD;0ifjcif; (aumif;aom t"dyÜm,fESifhokH;onf/) jzpfapEdkifonf[k
uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ (þacwf wuúodkvf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf
]aomauma&maum} jzpfaeaomaMumifh OD;xGef;&SdefESifh OD;uGef;uJUodkUaom
a&S;&efukefaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;vdk þudpöwGif rrSDawmhyJ &Sdcsif&Sdrnf/
odkU&mwGif omreft&yfolt&yfom;rsm;xufrlum; omvsufyif&Sdonfudk
uREkfyfawGU&onf/) uREkfyftzdkU&mü þcsKdUiJUcsufaMumifh ]OD;acgif;vQLd;}
csifaompdwf"mwf  (Inferiority  Complex)  0ifvmonf[k qdkvdkygonf/
OD;acgif;rvQLd;yJ OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf [efBuD;yefBuD;vkyf jcif;ESifh
ra&maxG;apzdkU owdjyKapvdkonf/ [efBuD;yefBuD; vkyfjcif;onf raumif;?
OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf aumif;onf[k qdkvdkygonf/

om"kac:&jcif;

xdknwGifrS uREkfyfonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ jyefí r&Edkifawmhonfh

tcGifhta&; qkH;&IH;rIudkvIdufvSJpGm ESajrmrdygawmhonf/ okdUaomf aumvdyf
ausmif; raeEdkifjcif;rSm uREkfyf\tjypfr[kwf? twdwfuH\ nHUzsif;rI
jzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfvkdufojzifh 0rf;enf;avmufatmif r&Sdyg/ twdwfuHudk
csNyD; 0rf;enf;jcif;onf uREkfyf\0goemr[kwfyg/ xdkUaMumifhvnf;

267 
uREkfyfonf tjcm;vlrsm;xufvlvm;ajrmufuwnf;u pdwfqif;&JrI
enf;cJUygonf/ awG;NyD;aqG;jcif;[lí tvGefenf;jcif;udkqdkvdkyg onf/
xdkpOfu uRekfyfonf 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh om;uav;wa,muf &cJUNyDjzpf&m?
4if;udkrnfonfhenf;rqdkwuúodkvfodkU ydkUjzpfatmifydkUNyD; 4if;\
wdk;wufrIrsm;udk apmifhMunfhavhvmrnf[líyif qkH;jzwfcJU\/ odkU&mwGif
uREkfyf\tdrfaxmifa&;tqifrajyrIaMumifh om;uav;rSm 10wef;ESifh
tvkyfvkyf&NyD; (1956 ckESpfwGif zqyvtpdk;&u uREkfyftm;
axmifxJydkUxm;pOf) b0Zmwfodrf;oGm;&SmavNyD/ þacwfüwuúodkvfwGif
av;ESpfrQ aecGifh&Muaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; (twef;atmifonf
jzpfap ratmifonfjzpfap) uREkfyfwkdUom;tzxuf uHxl;cRefMuygayonf[k
om"kac:vkduf&ygonf/

uREkfyf\tm;udk;

OD;xGef;&SdefESifhrawGUrD txufygtaMumif;rsm;udk rpOf;pm;&ao;

aomtcgurlum; igBudK;pm;vQifomEdkifonf? tenf;qkH; wlEdkifonf/ ighü
olwyg;xuf rnHUaom OmPf&Sdonfponfjzifh txifa&mufcJU\/
csmvfpf'pfuif;\ arQmfwvifhvifh  (Great Expectations)  0w¦KBuD;üypfyfonf
yef;yJorm;vifr,m;ESifh BuD;jyif;cJU&í cyfi,fi,fuyif ynmoifay;NyD; 
(Gentleman)  vlukHxH twef;tpm;jzpfatmif oGefoifay;cJU&m
txdkuftavsmuf xajrmufatmif jrifyg\/ odkUaomf i,f&G,fEke,fpOf
uwnf;u oGefoifay;jcif; jzpfvsufESifhvnf; wuúodkvfausmif;xGuf
wa,mufudk rrSDEdkifaMumif;awGU&onf/ wuúodkvfausmif;BuD;rsm;onf
vli,frsm;\ trlt&mESifh pdwfaeoabmxm;udk jyKjyifcGifh trsm;qkH;&aom

268 
XmeBuD;rsm; jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf  (Good  Breeding)  \wefzdk;udk
em;vnfatmif vkyfMuNyD;vQif ausmif;ol ausmif;om;wkdUtm; udk,fpDukd,fiS
trsm;qkH; cH,l&&SdMuzdkUwdkufwGef;vkduf&onf/ uRekfyftzdkU&mürlum; txuf
ygenf;twdkif; oabmaygufvmojzifh rdrdESifhrqdkifaMumif; em;vnfaom
tcsdefrSpí vlrIqufqHa&; qdkif&mwGifajymifajrmufzdkU rBudK;pm;awmhyJ
pdwful;OmPfESifh uavmifudkom tm;udk;&ygawmhonf/

ESrwa,muftaMumif;

þae&mü uRekfyf\arG;aygufazmfrsm; taMumif;udk nSyfí

azmfjy&ayOD; rnf/ armifESr &Spfa,mufarG;onfhteuf ig;a,mufrSm
i,fpOfuyif aoqkH;Muí ESrwa,mufESifh nDwa,mufrQom BuD;jyif;atmif
touf&SifMu\/ uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;tpavmufü ESruav;tm; tvGef
Muifemí olUtwGufaMumifhyif rdcifzcifrsm;tay:wGif tjypfwifcsifaom
pdwfrsKd;jzpfay:cJUbl;aMumif;a&;om;azmfjycJUbl;&m t&G,fra&mufwa&muf
tcsdefrSpí wOD;ESifhwOD; cyfat;at;jzpfoGm;cJUMu& ygawmhonf/
þodkUjzpf&jcif;rSm jrefrmvlrsKd; armifESifhESrwkdU\ aexkdifMuykH xkH;pHaMumifh
jzpfonf[k uRekfyfjrifrd\/ rsm;pGmaom jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdU\xkH;pHrSm armifESifh
ESrqdkvQif tysKdvlysKdt&G,fodkU a&mufMuaomtcsdefrSpí ta&mw0if
raeMuawmhyJ cyfrSefrSef cyfwe;fwef; aewwfMuonfh tpOftvm&S\
d /
wOD;\tcuftcJuav;rsm;? jyóemav;rsm;udk wOD;tm; wifjyum
aqG;aEG;wdkifyifMuzdkU a0;pG? ta&mw0ifyif raeMuawmhyJ rajymrNyD;aom
pum;rQavmufom ajymMuqdkMu avawmhonf/ þxkH;pH\ aumif;jcif;
qdk;jcif;udk uREkfyfra0zefvdk/ okdU&mwGif wa,mufESifhwa,muf &if;ESD;rI

269 
avsmhyg;jcif;um;trSefjzpf\/ &if;ESD;rIenf;yg;vQif cifrifrI avsmhyg;jcif;
onf t&dyfozG,fvdkufvm&wwfygonf/ wOD;ESifhwOD; rMumcP pum;
ajymcGifh&í jyóemuav;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;wdkifyifcGifh&jcif;
uJUokdU vlESifhvlcsif;cifrifrIjzpfapaom tjcif;t&monf cyf&Sm;&Sm;
&Sdvdrfhrnfxif\/ (oHa,mZOfw&m;\aumif;jcif;qdk;jcif;udktyxm; í)
rMumcP wdkifyifaqG;aEG;cGifh&ol tcsif;csif;udk cPcPowd&wwfjcif;rSm
udk,fawGUjzpfMuvdrfhrnf xifay&m cPcP owd&jcif;onfyif
cifrifjcif;udk jzpfapEdkifayonf/ uREkfyfwifjyvdkjcif;rSm uRekfyfwkdU
armifESronf wtdfrfwnf;wGif twlwuGaeMuaomfvnf; (txufyg
jrefrmxkH;pHaMumifh) BuD;jyif;vmMuavav cifrifrI avsmhyg;avav
jzpfvmMuavonf/
oabmuJGvJGrI? oabmwlnDrI[lí &Sdonfr[kwf/ tvdktavsmuf
cyfat;at; jzpfvmMujcif;jzpfygonf/ uREkfyfyxr tdrfaxmifjyKaomtcsdefü
rdbrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&; tajctae,dkifvsuf&Sdí ESruav;onf tysKdt&G,f
uav; jzpfaeygvsuf uRekfyfonf 0wfcsifpm;csifvSycsifwwf aom
ESruav;tm; raxmufxm;yJ ]zkd;usef&pf}[k vltrsm;u ac:Murnfh
ta&;wckwnf;udkom ta&;wBuD; *&kpdkufum tajy;tvTm;tdrfaxmifjyK
vkdufjcif;rSm uREkfyftzdkU ]trJuGuf}wckjzpfonf[k Budrfzefrsm;pGm
owd&ygonf/ tu,fí i,fpOfuMuifemcJUonfhtwdkif; oabmxm;Edkif
cJUygrl ,kwfpGmhtqkH;ESruav; tdrfaxmifusonf wdkfifatmifjzpfap?
rdbrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae rwfvmonf wdkifatmifjzpfap apmifhqdkif;
vdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ þae&mü ESruav;tm; rdbrsm;\ a&SUrS
xm;í a&;om;&jcif;rSm uRekfyftdrfaxmifjyK aomtcsdefü ESronf
aq;jyif;vdyfaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh rdbrsm;\ wm0efudk &GufcJU&aomaMumifh

270 
jzpfygonf/ ESruav;rSm 1929 ckESpf (36ESpft&G,f) wGif uG,fvGefí
om;orD; 6a,mufusef&pfcJUonf/

nDESifhwlrsm;

uREkfyf\ESratmufwGif nDwa,muf&Sdao;\/ nDrSmrl uREkfyf

tdrfaxmifjyKaom tcsdefwGifrdbrsm;ESifhraeyJ uREkfyfESifhtwl vdkufíae&m
xdkpOfu uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudkESpfa,mufcifrifMuykHrSm rnfonfh nDtpfudkESifhrQ
rwlykHudk rdbESpfyg;wkdUu 0rf;omtm;&ESifh wajymajym&Sd&SmMu\/ uREkfyfonf
nDuav;tm; ausmif;xm;ay;&ef wm0ef,laomfvnf; (okH;wef;rQom
a&mufonf/) uRekfyfawmvdkufpma&;jzpfpOfu wa,mufESifh wa,muf
rcGJcsifMuonfESifh uREkfyfwkdUe,fvSnfh&modkU p&dwftukefcHNyD; ac:oGm;avh
&Sd\/ xdkUaemuf ol&d,wdkufokdU uRekfyfa&mufaomtcgwGifvnf; uREkfyfESifh
yif twlaexdkifvsuf&Sd&m t*Fvdyfpmudk uRekfyfyifoifay;í zwfoifh
zwfxdkufaom t*FvdyfpmtkyfrsKd;udk zwfapjcif;tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfvdk ta&;
tom;wGif uRekfyfudk rrSDaomfvnf; ajyma&;qdkp&Sdjcif;ürl uREkfyfxufyif
omygao;onf/
nDawmfarmifum; uRekfyfuJUokdUrQ wuúokdvf0ifwef; ratmifaomf
vnf; ]OD;acgif;vQLd;}jcif;r&Sd? wuúodkvfrsm; ae&bl;vQif aMumifudk
]tawmifwyf}ay;ouJUokdU jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnfxif\/ ESruarG;cJUonfhwl
wa,mufrSmvnf; nDawmfarmifuJUokdUyif ]OD;acgif;axmif} olwa,muf
jzpfav&m rEÅav;NrdKUwGif vQrf;vQrf;awmufqdkavmufonfh tajctaersKd;
odkUa&mufcJU\/ (&mxl;udkqdkvdkjcif;r[kwf? ]wGifus,f}jcif;udk qdkvdkjcif;
jzpfonf/) olwkdUESpfa,mufonf wuúodkvfteD;okdUyif ra&mufcJUMu

271 
a&mufzkdUvnf;rvdk[lí olwkdUudk,folwdkU (rsufpduef;wapäraMumuf)
xifaumif;xifMuayrnf/ okdU&mwGif uRekfyf\rsufpdüum; wuúodkvf
ausmif;om;\ pdwf"mwfESifh [efyeftrlt&mrsKd;  (Poise)  jznfhpGufay;
vkduf&vQif trsm;BuD;wufzdkU &Sdao;onf[k jrifrdygonf/ ¤if;nDrSm
uREkfyf\wOD;wnf;usef&Sdaom arG;aygufazmfjzpfygawmhonf/ nDuarG;onfh
wlwa,mufrSm uREkfyfESifhpdwfoabmxm;cyfqifqif&Sdonfqdkum olUtazu
auseyfykHr&aomfvnf; wuúodkvfü av;ESpfaecJUbl;onfhtwGufaMumifh
uREkfyfxufomaomtcsuftvufrsm;&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfjrifEdkifygonf/

pdwfavvGifhjcif;

uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;udk tcsdefumvtm;jzifh a&SU odkUausmfvTm;jcif;?

tawG;tac:rsm;udkazmfjyjcif; tjzpftysuftaetm;jzifh eHab;okdU acsmfxGuf
jcif; ponfwkdUudk þae&mwGif &yfwefUí 1914ckESpfodkU jyefqif;um
qufvufazmfjyygawmhrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfonf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;
bufqdkif&m'k0efBuD;\ awmvkdufpma&;tjzpfESifh trIxrf;vsuf&Sd&m 0efBuD;
u pdkufíqyfonfh ta<u;rSmvnf; ausvkeD;ygNyD/ (w&mausmfavmuf
usefawmhonfxif\/) txufydkif;wGif t&dyft>rufazmfjycJUbl;onfhtwkdif;
(uREkfyf\Zmwmt&) tvkyftudkifajymif; vJzdkU tcsdefqdkufa&mufvmonfh
vu©Pm&Sd\/ e,fvSnfh&aomtvkyfudk ]tDwDwD}jzpfvmonfhtjyif ZeD;onf
(yxrtdrfaxmif) ESifhvnf;wusuf usufjzpfpjyKvm\/ olqdk;onf
igqdk;onf [k ra0zefvdkawmhyg/ okdUaomf uREkfyf\avvGifhcsifaomtjypfu
rsm;vdrfhrnf[k 0efcHzdkU toifh&Sdygonf/ aemufqkH;ü ZeD;onfu
¤if;\zcif&Sdonfha&eHacsmif;NrdKUokdU orD;uav;ESifh tvnftywfoGm;csif

272 
onf[k ajym&mwGif uREkfyfu0rf;ajrmufpGmcGifhjyKvdkuf av\/ xdktcsdefwGif
uREkfyfrSm b0ifjrifha&m*g aysmufcJUNyDjzpfaomfvnf; pdwfonftaMumif;rJU
avvGifhvsuf&Sd\/ pHa'0Dum; xdkpOfu&Sdygao;onf/ okdUaomf olUudkowd&
ír[kwf? rnfolUtm;rQvnf; ydk;yef;csifaompdwfrsKd; ay:vmonfr[kwf?
tdrfüraecsifyJ tvum;vnfywfaecsif\/ e,fokdUrxGuf&aom&ufrsm;wGif
&kH;okdUtvkyfoGm;í 0wfaus0wfukefvkyfcJU NyD;aemuf &kH;rSjyefvmaomtcg
oli,fcsif;rsm;\tdrfwGif þwnxdkwn tdyfavh&Sd\/ wcgw&HwGif
bdvd,ufckHü rkd;vif;jcif;rsm;vnf;ygao;\/ rdbrsm;rlum; 0ufvufodkU
a&mufoGm;MujyefavNyD/ wcgw&HwGiftdrfaxmif usvsuf&SdNyDjzpfaom
ESr\tdrfü wnwavtdyf\/ xdk&ufrsm;wGif uRekfyfonf yJUwufrygaom
avSuJUodkU yifv,fxJwGif vIdif;avykwfcwfwdkif; arsmcsif&mokdU arsmyg
vsuf&Sd\/ avmuü uREkfyftzdkU rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufrQ r&Sd? &yfwefU
pOf;pm;jcif;vnf;r&Sd? vkyfcsif&mvkyfí jzpfcsif&mjzpfaeawmh\/
okdUqdkaomfvnf; qkd;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; tvkyfrsKd;um; ryg/ pmzwfcsifvQif
rkd;vif;atmif zwfaewwfao;\/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfESifh tvGef
cifriftuRrf;0ifonfh udkcifarmifwifhwkdU vifr,m;onf tcGifh,lí
[oFmwNrdKUokdUqif;oGm;&m r,m;aoqkH;í udkcifarmifwifhtvkyfxGufvkduf
av\/ tu,fí¤if;wkdUvifr,m;&SdaecJUygrl uREkfyfonf olwkdUtdrfü
pwnf;csvdrfhrnfxif\/ uRekfyfonf aA'ifar;wwfí ar;MunfhcJUvQif
toufwm\vrf;qkHvrf;cGodkU a&mufaeojzifh owdjyK&rnf[k a[maumif;
a[mvdrfhrnf xifonf/ þumvtydkfif;tjcm;uJUodkU uREkfyftzdkU&mü
t"dyÜg,fr&Sdaom tcsdefonf wcgbl;rQ rBuKHcJU&bl;yg/ pdwfnpfjcif;?
aysmfjcif;? awmifhwjcif;? tvsOf;r&SdyJ Avmoufouf avvGifhaejcif;
yifjzpfavonf/

273 
tvkyfjyKwfavNyD

waeUoü uRekfyftm; u,fq,fonfh 'k0efBuD; rpöwmaomfrfqif

cGifh,loGm;av&m avvGifhvsuf&Sdonf uREkfyf\pdwfonf rkefwdkif;ESifh
wdk;a0SUouJUokdU A&rf;AwmjzpfvmcJUavNyD/ r,m;wuJG om;wuJG tdrfr&Sd
,mr&Sdjzpfí tvkyfwufcsifpdwfyif r&SdyJjzpfvm\/ uREkfyf\
pdwftajctaeudk ,cka&;om;azmfjy&mwGif ]jzpfrSjzpf&av}[k qdkMurnfjzpf
aomfvnf; xdktcsdefurl rnfolurQ xl;jcm;onfrxif? jzpf&dk;jzpfpOftwdkif;
[lí om xifMu&\/ we*FaEGaeUwaeUü uRekfyfonf rdwfaqGwa,mufESifh
twl ppfudkif;acsmifodkU tvnfoGm;Mu&mrS bdvd,ufckHodkU a&mufoGm;NyD;
bdvd,ufxkd;Mu\/ nwGif acsmifütdyfNyD; weif;vmaeU eHeufwGif
&kH;wuf&ef&SdvsufESifh bdvd,ufxkd;jyef\/ uREkfyf\baxG;u owif;&í
vmac:aomfvnf; rvkdufacs/ &kH;rS csmy&mpDwa,mufvTwfí
ac:jyefaomfvnf; rvkdufyJ ayuyfae\/ uREkfyfum; touf 25ESpf&SdavNyD/
þt&G,fwGif þuJUokdUjyKolum; tawmf&Sm;vdrfhrnfxifonf/ þenf;
twdkif; av;ig;&uf ayuyfae&mwGif rif;BuD;u uREkfyftm; ]&Drk}  Remove 
vkyfzdkUtrdefUcsvdkuf\/  Dismiss  'pörpfr[kwfacs/ jcm;em;ykHum; uRekfyfonf
tjcm;XmewckwGif trIxrf;EdkifcGifh&Sd\/ 'pörpf[lonfum; tpdk;&tvkyfrS
&moufyef xkwfy,fjcif;jzpfavonf/ uRekfyftaMumif;udk em;pGefem;zsm;
Mum;&olrsm;u tpdk;&aiGrIaMumifh 'pörpfvkyfcH&onf[k ajymMu\/ pifppfrSm
'pörpfvnf;r[kwf? aiGrIvnf;r[kwf? tcsdeftm;jzifhvnf; 2 ESpfcefUuGm
ao;onf/ (1953 ckESpfü yxrtBudrf bmomjyefqk&pOfu uREkfyfonf
qkay;yJGtcrf;tem;wGif pma&;q&mjzpfvm&ykHtaMumif;udk 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek
a&SUüajymjyojzifh y&dowfyJGuscJUbl;onf/) rdef;uav;wa,muftm;

274 
cspfBudKufaMumif;ajymzdkU &Sufwwfaom uREkfyfonf tvkyfjzKwfcH&jcif;udk
{&mry&dowfBuD;xJü xkwfazmfajymzdkUr&Sufwwfjcif;rSm vlqef;wa,mufudk
qdkMuvdrfhrnfxifonf/

yxrurÇmppf

tvkyfjzKwfvdkufaMumif;Mum;&í ppfudkif;NrdKUbdvd,ufckHrS jyefvmaom

tcg uRekfyf\pdwfxJü 0rf;enf;jcif;vnf;r&Sd/ tm;i,fjcif;vnf; r&Sd/
trIxrf;oufav;ESpfudk ESajrmjcif;vnf;r&Sd/ aemifa&;twGuf pdk;&drfylyefjcif;
vnf; r&Sd/ (,kHrS ,kHMurnfavm rqdkEdkif/) t&D;wa,mufu ay;vdkuf
onfhaiGuav; okH;q,frQESifh (ESrxHrS tultnDrawmif;) uRekfyf\
a,mufz&Sdonfh wGHaw;NrdKUokdUxGufvmcJU\/ (tpdk;&aiGrsm;udk avmif;upm;
ypfcJUpOfuvnf; uRekfyfonf rdbrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? tawmf<u,f0aom
BuD;awmftm;vnf;aumif; tylruyfyJ udk,fjyKvQif udk,fcHrnfqdkum
0efBuD;xHodkU pma&;jcif;rSwyg; rnfolUtm;rQ ajymrjyojzifh rdbrsm;onf
aoonfwdkifatmif þtaMumif;udk odroGm;Muacs/) wGHaw;&Sd a,mufzrSm
(r,m;\armifBuD;) ajrpm&if; tifpydwfawmfjzpfí uREkfyfa&mufvmjcif;udk
0rf;omtm;& c&D;OD;BudKjyKygayonf/ ZeD;ESifhorD;rlum; a&eHacsmif;NrdKUwGif
olUzcifESifh twlaexdkifvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf ZlvdkifvwGif wGHaw;odkU
a&mufí Mo*kwfv 4 &ufaeUwGif yxrurÇmppfBuD; jzpfawmhonf/
ppfjzpfaomaeUwGif ajrwdkif;pma&;wa,mufu NAdwdoQESifh jyifopfwdkUu
wbuf? *smreD? MopBwD;,m;wkdUuwbuf wdkufMuonf[k ajymjy&m
t*Fvdyfudk tvGeftxifBuD;vsuf&Sdonfh t*Fvdyfausmif;om;wa,muf
jzpfaom uRekfyfu ]]bmcHEdkifvdrfhrSmvJAsm? cifAsmh *smreDcsufcsif; jyKwfoGm;

275 
rSmaygh}}[k vTwfueJajymvdkufrdjcif;udkrSwfrdao;\/ NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ yg;eyf
jcif; wckrSm t*Fvdyfausmif;om;[lorQtm; olwkdUvlrsKd;udk txifBuD;atmif
oifjyxm;jcif;yifjzpfavonf/

a,mufzwdkif;u,kHMunfjcif;

uREkfyfonf a,mufztm; tvkyfjyKwfcJUonf[k rajymyJ EIwfxGuf

cJUonf[kajymxm;\/ (þpum;rSm rkom;jzpfaomfvnf; pifppftm;jzifh
rlum; rjyKwf jyKwfatmifwrifvkyfjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh rkom;BuD;r[kwf[k
,lqxm;onf/) a,mufzonf rEÅav;NrdKUü tdrfeD;csif;tjzpfESifh aecJUbl;
pOfuyif uREkfyftm; tvGefcifrifí uRekfyfajymjyaom t*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm;udk
¤if;wdkUvifr,m;em;axmifMu&jcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyftay:wGif tBuD;tus,f
wG,fwmrI&Sdayonf/ olonfacwfynm wwfr[kwfojzifh t*Fvdyfpm
tvGefwwfcsifolwa,mufjzpf&m uRekfyfu olESifhtwlawmvdkufí t*Fvdyf
pmoifay;jcif;? 0w¦Krsm;ajymjyjcif;? ol\tvkyftudkifü txdkuftavsmuf
ulnDa&;om;ay;jcif; ponfwdkUaMumifh olESifhtwlaevsuf&Sdaom tpfudk
t&if;xufyif uRekfyfudk ydkícspfcifjcif;rSm vlwdkif;jrifavmufatmif
xif&Sm;ygonf/ okdUjzpfí a,mufzonf uREkfyfa&mufvmjcif;twGuf
olUtzdkU0efrav;onfhjyif taumif;pm;csifwwfaom uREkfyf\0goemudk
odonfhtavsmuf taumif;qkH;aom[if; xrif;rsm;jzifh tvGefMunfjzLpGm
csufjyKwfauR;arG; ygayonf/ aumif;rGefaom[if;vsmrsm;udk vQmay:ü
ydkíxufjrufaumif; rGefap&efqdkum bD,muav;rsm;yif &Hzef0,fay;
ao;\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyftwGuf þrQavmuf tvdkrvdkufzdkU uRekfyfu
ajym&ef owd&ygonf/ okdUESifhvnf; ,kwfpGtqkH; awmwufMuaom

276 
tcgrsm;wGif 0,frdatmif 0,fcJUygao;onf/ uREkfyfonf a,mufzaumif;
aMumif;udkazmfjyavav uRekfyftzdkU&mü aus;Zl;uef;&ma&mufavav
&Sdaejcif;udk aemifwGifawGUMu &rnfjzpfaomfvnf; rSefuefonfhtwdkif;
a&;om;azmfjy&ef wm0ef,lxm;aomtm;jzifh uREkfyf\ qkd;jcif;rdkufjcif;
twGuf rnfuJUodkU tjypfwifMuapumrlvnf; ruG,fr0Suf wifjy&ayrnf/
uREkfyf\xl;jcm;csufwckrSm tdrfaxmif okH;quf&SdcJUonfhteuf a,mufzrsm;
&Sdavonfcsnf;jzpfav&m a,mufzrsm;tm;vkH;onf uRekfyf\ ]bufom;}rsm;
jzpfMuonfcsnf;jzpf\/ r,m;rsm;ESifh uJGcJUaomfvnf;a,mufzrsm;onf
uREkfyfESifhcifrifaom rdwfaqGaumif;rsm;tjzpfESifh qufvufwnf&SdMuí
uRekfyf\aetdrfodkU 0ifxGufoGm;vmum tqufrjywfyJ aewwfMuonf
csnf;jzpfavonf/

ZeD;udkac:&jcif;

wGHaw;NrdKUü a,mufzESifhtwl okH;avvcefUrQ aexdkifrdMu&mwGif

a,mufzonfuREkfyftm; a&eHacsmif;NrdKUü ol\zcifESifhtwl aexdkifvsuf&Sd
aom ZeD; (ol\ESr)ESifh orD;uav;udk oGm;íac:&ef wdkufwGef;av\/
uREkfyfonf tvkyfvufrJUjzpfí 0ifaiGr&Sdao;rD tawmtwGif; a,mufz
tay:ü wm0efwufrnfudk tm;emonfESifh twefwef jiif;aomfvnf;
rD;zdkacsmifwGif olUZeD;twGuftultnD &apEdkifonfqdkum txyfxyf
wdkufwGef;csufaMumifh a&eHacsmif;odkU oGm;íac:&av\/ azmfjyvwHUaom
tjzpftysufrSm uREkfyf\ toufwm wavQmufvkH;wGif t&SufqkH;jzpf
aomfvnf; ta&;BuD;aom tjzpftysuf wckjzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh
ausmfvTm;íroGm;yJ [kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; azmfjyygawmhrnf/

277 
]aAGaAmuf}&awmhrnf

a&eHacsmif;rS jyefa&mufvmMuaomtcgü yxruREkfyfwdkU ZeD;armifESH

ESpfpkHonf tvGefoifhjrwfMuí aysmfaysmfyg;yg; pm;pm;aomufaomufjzifh
vGefpGm auseyfvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfwdkU orD;a,mufz ESpfa,mufvkH;rSm
tpm;orm;rsm;jzpfMuí aumif;ayhqdkaom [if;rsm;udk a,musfm;rsm;u
pdwful;NyD; rdef;rrsm;u csufjyKwfMuí rMumcP aysmfyGJpm;xGufMu\/
nOfhtcsdefrsm;wGif uREkfyfu 0w¦Krsm;ajymjcif;jzifh azsmfajz\/
uREkfyfrSwfrdaom0w¦Krsm; ukefaomtcg a,mufzonf pmtkyfopfrsm;
0,fay;í uREkfyfuzwfNyD; bmomjyefajym&\/ 0w¦KqkH;aomtcg
¤if;0w¦KZmwfvr;fudk rdrdwkdUxifjrifovdka0zefMu\/ uREkfyftzdkU&mwGifvnf;
aemifaemifwGif 0w¦Ka&;orm;wa,mufjzpfvmzdkU taxmuftyHUjzpfapí
ynmwkd;vsuf&Sd\/ waeUoü a,mufz\ZeD;\ rdwfaqGom;trd
ESpfa,mufonf tvnftywfa&mufvmMuav&m orD;jzpfolrSm
uRekfyfwdkUESifh&G,fwl ]tvGwftvyf}jzpfavonf/ ¤if;wkdUom;trdonf
okH;av;&ufrQ wnf;ckdoGm;Mu&m uREkfyfrSm 0w¦Kajym&mwGif em;axmifol
ta&twGufrsm;jym;vmonfESifh omípdwfygvufygajymav\/ þodkUjzifh
wacgufjyif ESpfacgufvmMuí tm;vkH;tuRrf;0ifonfxuf 0ifvmMu&mwGif
a,mufzvifr,m;wkdUuvnf; aysmfyJGpm;xGufMuzdkU cPcP pDpOfí
vSnf;jzifhwrsKd;? avSjzifhwzkH xGufMu\/ xdkaeU&ufrsm;wGif uREkfyfwkdU
orD;a,mufzonf tvGwftvyfjzpfaomrdef;rESifh ta&m0ifonfxuf
0ifvmMuavNyD/ a,mufztwGuf trSefrod&aomfvnf; uRekfyftzkdUrSmrl
¤if;rdef;rtay:ü ]pdwfuGuf}jcif;r&SdyJ &dk;&dk;wef;wef; cifrifrdjcif;jzpfygonf/

278 
okdU&wGif a,mufsm;ESifhrdef;r ta&mw0ifqufqHaom xkH;pHr&Sdonfh
jrefrmvlrsKd;jzpfonfhtavsmuf uRekfyf\ZeD;onf uREkfyftay:üvnf;aumif;?
a,mufaz\ZeD;onf a,mufaztay:üvnf;aumif; ouFmruif;&Sdonfh
trlt&mrsKd;udk uREkfyf&dyfrdpjyKavNyD/ rdef;rvdkufzdkU 0goemvnf;r&Sd?
vdkufvnf;rvkdufcJU bl;aom uRekfyfonf ZeD;\rsufESmxm; ajymif;vJjcif;udk
&dyfrdí cyfwGefUwGefU jzpfoGm;cJUygonf/ tu,fí uREkfyfu taysmfvdkuf
csifOD;awmh a,mufzESifh tvkt,uf BuHpnfrnfr[kwf[kajym&vQif
trSeftwdkif; azmfjyjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/

qlyljcif;cH&ykH

uREkfyf\ZeD;onf t0g;r0&Smaom rdef;rwa,mufjzpf\/ uREkfyfu

{nfhonfrdef;rESifhywfoufí cyfwGefUwGefUjzpfoGm;jcif;udk ol&dyfrdaomfvnf;
y&d,m,f [efaqmifjcif;jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,faumuf,l\/ waeUoü
uREkfyfwdkUvlpkonf aysmfyGJpm;xGufMuí a&qdyfwckwGif a&ul;vsuf&SdMu&m
uREkfyfwdkUteD;wGif avmif;avSuav;wpif;onf arsmvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfwkdU
onf avSuav;ay:okdU wufMuaomtcg tjcm;vlrsm; wwfEdkifaomfvnf;
{nfhonfrdef;rrSm rwwfEdkifyJ 0rf;vsm;xdk;vdkuf? vefusvdkufjzpfae\/
þwGif uREkfyfonf teD;okdUcsOf;uyfí ]&if&Sm;}xm;aom vkHcsnftxufqifh
udkausmbufrSudkifum avSay:odkU ajrSmufwifay;vkdufav\/ xdkUaemuf
ZeD;\rsufESmokdU vSr;fMunfhvdkuf&m tvGefrausrcsrf;jzpfaeaom trlt&m
udkjrifvkduf&\/ ¤if;\txifrSm uREkfyfESifh{nfhonfrdef;ronf tawmf
em;vnfrI &SdaeMuNyD[k ,lq[ef&Sd\/ xkdnOfhü ZeD;onf uREkfyftm;
trsKd;rsKd;emvdkcHcufajymavawmh\/ ZeD;u {nfhonfrdef;ronf uREkfyfuJUokdU

279 
aom tvkyfvufrJUwa,mufudk ta&;vkyfrnfr[kwfaMumif;? ol\armifBuD;
tifpydwfawmfudk ]jzKwf}&atmif vmjcif;jzpfaMumif;? tvkyftudkfif
r&SdyJvsufESifh ]ursif;ausmx}csifonfh twGuf tvGefESvkH;emvSaMumif;?
rdef;rudk uREkfyfub,fvdkyifydk;yef;aomf vnf; tzufvkyfvdrfhrnf r[kwf
aMumi;f? &atmifydk;EdkifvQif q,fjyef,loGm;apvdkaMumif; ponfrsm;jzifh
&Snfvsm;pGm qlylygawmhonf/ uREkfyfonf udk,fhtdrfwGif udk,fhtvkyftudkif
ESifh aeEdkifaomtcgrsKd;ü þuJUokdUqlyljcif;cH&ygu xí ]wD;}vdkfufvdrfh
rnfjzpfonf/ ,ckrlolUarmifBuD; \tdrfürSDcdkuyf&yfae&pOf wrifwum
]ESSdrfvkH;}rsKd;ajymonf[k pdwfemonf waMumif;? tvkyfvufrJUwa,mufudk
tzufvkyfvdrfhrnfr[kwfqdkjcif;onf vnf; uREkfyf\rme  (Vanity) 

udkxdcdkufonfwaMumif;aMumifh wpkHw&m jyefrajymyJ xdkrdef;rudk

&atmif,lrnf[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufav\/

xGufajy;Mujcif;

&dk;&dk;om;om;azmfjy&vQif uREkfyfonf xdkrdef;r\pdwfxm;udk ,cifu

av;av;eufeuftuJcwfrdjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; xdknOfhürl ¤if;\rsufESmxm;
ESifh pum;rsm;udk jyefvnfazmfxkwfokH;oyf&mwGif jzpfEdkifavmufonf[k
xifjrifvm\/ ¤if;xifjrifcsufonf rrSm;acs/ aemufwaeUnü0w¦KajymNyD;í
tdyf&modkU 0ifMuNyD;aemuf oef;acgifausmfaom tcsdefwGif uREkfyfESifh
{nfhonfrdef;rwkdUonf tdyf&mxJü 0wfaom t0wfrsm;ESifh tdrfay:rS
qif;vmcJUMuav\/ yxrü tdrfaemufaz;wGif wdkifyif&efrQom BuH&G,fMu
aomfvnf; rsm;rMumrDtwGif;ü yif tdrfay:rS vufEdSyf"mwfrD;rsm;ESifh
qif;vmMujcif;udk jrifojzifh aemufaz;0if;x&HrS wkd;vQKd;um NcHBuD;rsm;xJü

280 
ajcOD;vSnfh&m avQmufvmMu av\/ uREkyfwkdUonf b,fodkUoGm;rnf[lí
BuH&G,fcsufr&Sd? tdrfrSa0;vQif NyD;a&mqdkonfh oabmESifhtdrfudkausmcdkif;um
arSmifrdkufBuD;xJwGif vufwGJvsuf avQmufoGm;Muav\/ aemufwaeU
eHeufwGif olUüygvmaom ydkufqHuav;jzifh &efukefodkU ul;wdkUoabFmESifh
vdkufMuí 0ufvufodkUrD;&xm;jzifh vdkufygvmcJUav\/ þonfrSm
uREkfyf\ 'kwd,tdrfaxmifjzpfavonf/

pmayavh vmcJUykH

1915 ckESpfwGif uREkfyfonf 0ufvufü rdbrsm;ESifhtwl aexdkifí

t*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm;ESifhtjcm; t*Fvdyfpmayrsm;udk trsm;qkH;zwf&IavhvmcJUyg
onf/ Classics  uavqpfufpf ac: pHwifxm;Muonfh t*Fvdyf0w¦KBuD;rsm;
udk,cifuwnf;u w&mausmfcefUrQ zwfxm;NyD;NyDjzpf&m xdktcsdefürl
abuGef rauúmav;? &wfpfuif? umvdkif;vftp&Sdonfh pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;\
(0w¦Kr[kwfaom) pmay rsm;udk &SmazGzwf&IavhvmcJUygonf/ urÇmausmf
pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;teuf 0guswnfaqmufykHESifha&;[efwGif rauúmav;udk
uREkfyftESpfoufqkH;jzpfí ¤if;yk*¾dKvfBuD;\ ygvDrefrdefUcGef;rsm;? pma&;q&m
ESifh pmtkyfa0zefcsufrsm;? &mZ0if pmtkyfrsm;omru vuFmBuD;rsm;udkyif
wwfEdkifoavmuf&atmif &SmazGí ukefvkrwwf zwf&IcJU\/ rauúmav;\
pmtkyfrsm;udkrl awmufavQmufzwf&I&kHr[kwfyJ pum;tokH;tEIef;ESifh 0gus
wnfaqmufykHwdkUudkyg avhvm\/ þpma&;q&mBuD;\a&;[ef  (Style) 

udkuREkfyfrnfrQavmuf ESpfoufoabmusygoenf;[lrl tcsKdUaom

pmydkf'frsm;onf uREkfyftm; ausmxJü pdrfhueJjzpfí MuufoD;arG;nSif;
xonftxd jzpfapcJU\/ xdkodkUaom pmydk'frsKd;udk uREkfyfonf pmtkyfwGif

281 
cJwHjzifh jcpfrSwfxm;NyD; tm;vyfaomtcsdefrsm;wGif tm*kHaqmifEdkifonf
wdkifatmifusufrSwfxm;\/ rauúmav;uolonf vuFmq&mBuD; rDvfwef 
(Milton)  \ ]aumif;uifbkHrSavQmusjcif;}  (Paradise Lost)  ac: vuFmBuD;udk
tm*kHaqmifEdkifaMumif;? xdkuJUodkU tm*kHaqmifEdkifjcif;rSmvnf; wrifwum
usufrSwfxm;jcif;r[kwf/ oabmusvGef;í tBudrfBudrf txyfxyfzwfxm;
aomaMumifhom jzpfaMumif;a&;om;bl;\/ uREkfyfuvnf; rauúmav;\
tuf'DqiftaMumif; pmwrf;BuD;rsm;udk &GwfqdkjyEdkifonftxd aususufcJU
bl;yg\/ xkduJUodkU &GwfjyEdkifjcif;rSmvnf; wrifwum usufrSwfxm;
aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ (1912 ckESpfOD;wGif bDatwef;üoifvsuf&Sdoaom
armif&DESifhawGUpOf rauúmav;\ tuf'Dqif taMumif;pmrSm bDattwef;
pmjzpfonfhtavsmuf aqG;aEG;Mu,if; uRekfyfu tcsKdUpmydk'frsm;udk
&Gwfjyvdkuf&m armif&DrSm tBuD;tus,frsufvkH; jyL;oGm;bl;\/ þonfrSm
pmorm;wa,muf\ t&omaywnf;/ uRekfyfonf tjcm;vlwa,mufxuf
<um;csifwwfonf  (Vain)  rxifyg/ okdU&mwGif xdkae&mü oli,fcsif;
armif&Dtm; rsufvkH;jyL;atmifvkyfEdkifvdkuf jcif;rSm t0wfwpkH&jcif;xuf
0rf;omrdygonf/ þtjcif;t&mudk pmorm; r[kwfolrsm; em;vnfaumif;rS
vnfMuayrnf/

jrefrmESifht*Fvdyfpm

1915 ckESpfü uREkfyf\pmzwfoufrSm (ausmif;om;b0udk csefvSyfí)

ckESpfESpfausmfcJUygavNyD/ xdktcsdefwGif &G,fwlvQif uREkfyfxufydkí
pmzwfxm;ol r&Sd[kyif rSwfxifcJUyg\/ okdUaomf uREkfyfzwfaom
pmayrsm;rSm t*Fvdyfpm oufoufjzpfí jrefrmbufrS enf;yg;vSonf/

282 
 waeUoü uREkfyf\zcifu jrefrmpmbufwGifvnf; avhvmzdkUoifh
aMumif; owday;onfESifh udk;cef;ysKdU? rCa'0? ZmwfBuD;q,fzJGU
ponfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? £E´m0Ho? 0dZ,um&D paom0w¦Krsm;udk
vnf;aumif; zwf&Iyg\/ odkUaomf uREkfyftzdkUrSm (tusifhygvsuf
&SdaomaMumifhayavmrajymwwf) jrefrmbmom pum;xuf t*Fvdyfbmom
pum;udkydkít&om cHwwfvsuf &SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh t*Fvdyfbmom
pmtkyfrsm;bufodkU jyefa&mufoGm;awmhonf/ pifppfrSmvnf; jrefrmpmtkyf
rsm;onf avmukw¦&mbufüom rsm;jym;í avmuDbufwGif tvGefenf;yg;
ao;\/ avmukw¦&m pmayrsm;onfyif þacwfü wdyd#u tm*kHaqmif
yk*K¾d vfrsm; ay:xGufvsuf &SdaomaMumifh rrsm;vSaMumif; awGU&avNyD/
t*Fvdyfbmom pmtkyfrsm;rlum; toufw&m ae&aom vlom;rsKd;omru
urÇmcsifhatmif ae&aom trsKd;tpm; jzpfapumrl tm*kHrqdkxm;bd
ukefatmif zwf&IzkdUyif wwfEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwfay/

0w¦Ka&;zdkUqkH;jzwfjcif;

0ufvufodkU 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh a&mufvmMuuwnf;u uREkfyfonf

jrefrmpmoifausmif;wnfaxmifonfh nDtm; t*Fvdyfpm oifjyay;jcif;?
ol\ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;tm; *Pef;ocsFmoifjyay; jcif;tm;jzifh
vnf;aumif;? uREkfyf\ZeD;u rdcif\aps;qdkifwGif ulnDa&mif;csay;jcif;?
xrif;[if; csufjyKwfjcif;tm;jzifh vnf;aumif; udk,fh0rf;pmtwGuf toD;oD;
ausyGefatmif tvkyfvkyfMuaomaMumifh uRekfyfwdkU vifr,m;twGuf
wm0efrwufvSay/ odkU&mwGif wnoürlum; r,m;ESifhnDwdkUtm;
0w¦Kwyk'fajymí NyD;qkH;aomtcgwGif ¤if;wkdUESpfa,mufu þrQavmuf

283 
0w¦KawGzwfxm;aom uREkfyfonf udk,fpdwful;jzifh 0w¦Kwyk'f jzpfatmif
zefwD;a&;om;&ef rjzpfEdkifoavm[k ajymMuavonf/ xdkpOftcgurl
tdrfa&SUrdzk&m;\ £E´m0HoESifh 0dZ,um&D 0w¦Krsm;? 0efpma&;\
armifrif;ausmf? csOfaygif&Gufonf armifrIdif;paom 0w¦Krsm;?
(rEÅav;armifcifarmif trnfESifh) v,fwDy@dwOD;armifBuD; a&;onfh
cifjrifhBuD; 0w¦Krsm;tjyif zwfp&m0w¦K [kwÅdywÅdr&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfod\/
txufyg0w¦Kpmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; &nf;pm;wa,mufNyD;wa,muf xm;onfh
vlysKdvSnfhcef;rsm;xufrydkjcif;udkvnf; uRekfyfod\/ okdUjzpfí vlUobm0udk
tao;pdwf wifjyonfh 0w¦KrsKd;  (Novel)  r[kwfyJ cspfcef;? BudKufcef;?
pGefUpm;cef;rSpí tonf;wkef tlwkefjzpfapavmufonfh tjzpftysufrsm;
yg0ifaom0w¦KrsKd;  (Story)  a&;om;&vQif rdrdvnf; wwfEdkifavmufonf/
jrefrmy&dowfuvnf; vufcHvdrfhrnf[k pdwful;jzpfay:vm\/ ,if;odkU
qdkvQif uREkfyfonfpma&;q&mwa,mufjzpfvmí rBuD;yGm;apESifhOD;awmh
00pm;í vSvS0wfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k pOf;pm;rd\/ uREkfyf\ ZeD;rSm
Edk0ifbmv8&ufaeUwGif orD;wa,mufzGm;jrifav&m uREkfyfonf ¤if;nüyif
pwifí&efBuD;atmif 0w¦Kudka&;om;ygawmhonf/

pma&;q&mtwGuf uREkfyf\vufeufrsm;

þae&mwGif uREkfyfpma&;q&m tvkyfudk prf;oyf&mwGif uREkfyfü

toifh&Sdaom ]vufeufu&d,mrsm;}ESifh pdwf"mwfcHudkwifjyvdkygonf/
uREkfyfonf t*Fvdyf0w¦Ktajrmuftjrm;udk zwfbl;í¤if;wkdUudkjyefajymif;
ajymjywwfjcif;? jynfwGif;a'oEÅ&A[kokw awmfawmfBuD;&Sdjcif;? vlUobm0
udk avhvmwwfaom 0goem&Sdjcif;? pma&;jcif;ü 0goemxkHjcif;? (odkUaomf

284 
t*Fvdyfvdkjzpfonf/) tjzpftysufrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfatmif
pyf[yfazmfjywwfjcif;? þonfum; vltrsm;pdwf0ifpm;wwfonf?
þonfum;pdwfr0ifpm;wwfonf [lonfudkydkif;jcm;í odwwfjcif; ponf
wdkUonf uREkfyftzdkU ]vufeufrsm;}jzpfygawmhonf/ uREkfyfwGefUqkwfaom
tcsufwckrSm avhvmxm;jcif;um; t*Fvdyfbmompum;a&;&rnfh 0w¦Kum;
jrefrmvdk jzpfaejcif;yifjzpf\/ t*Fvdyfvdka&;zkdU pdwful;ray:onf r[kwf?
pdwful;ay:yg\/ a&;vQifvnf; txdkuftavsmuf jzpfvdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunf
yg\/ odkUaomf uREkfyf\t*FvdyfpmrSm  (International Standard)  EdkifiHjcm;odkU
xkwfa&mif;avmufonfh tqifhtwef;udkrrSDEdkif? jrefrmjynftwGif;ü
a&mif;&rnfh pmtkyfrsKd;omjzpfEdkifrnf[k od\/ (uREkfyfonf &cdkifjynfom;
wa,muf a&;om;onfh ]rjzL}trnf&Sd t*Fvdyfvdk 0w¦Kwtkyfudk zwf&bl;&m
a&;ykHtawmfaumif;aomfvnf; EdkifiHjcm;pmtkyf tqifhtwef;udkrrSDojzifh
&cdkifjynftwGif;üom usufpm;Edkifjcif;udkawGU&\/ uREkfyfonf vGefpGmUtqkH;
]rjzL0w¦K}tqifhtwef; rsKd;avmufom wwfEdkifrnfjzpfí tusKd;aus;Zl;
rrsm;vSjcif;udk odjrif\/) jrefrmjynftwGif;ü omzwfaom t*Fvdyf
0w¦KpmtkyfxGufcJUvQif EdkifiHjcm;rS t*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm;ESifh ,SOfNydKif&vdrfYrnf
jzpf&m jrefrmvdk a&;ygrlum; pdwf0ifpm;avmufonfh jrefrm0w¦Krsm;
ray:aygufao;onfh tavhtusifh xdkacwfwGif ]Muufqlyif} jzpfEdkifzkdU
vrf;&Sdonf[k wGufudef;&ygonf/ jrefrmvdk pDukH;jcif;ü tavhtusifh
r&Sdapumrl rauúmav;\ 0guswnfaqmufykHrsm;udk avhvmxm;aom
uREkfyftzdkUrSm tcReftrGeftvSty ra&;wwfapumrlvnf; rdrdqdkvdkaom
teuft"dyÜm,fudk uGufuGufuGif;uGif; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;&Sdí csufcsif;
em;vnfapNyD; pmzwf&müvnf;raxmifhrxpf ajyjypfacsmarmjcif; &SdapEdkif

285 
vdrfhrnf[k uREkfyf,kHMunfcJUygonf/ þonfwdkUum; pma&;q&m tvkyfü
uREkfyf\ vufeufrsm;aywnf;/

uREkfyf\pdwf"mwfcH

pma&;jcif;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyf\ pdwf"mwfcH? okdUr[kwf

0goemtcsKdUudk wifjyygOD;rnf uREkfyfonf vdkonfxuf ydkonfxifonfh
,Ofaus;vGef;aom a0g[m& tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk ESmacgif;&IHUcsifwwfaom
0goem&S\
d / uREkfyf\ rdcifonf eef;wGif;olwa,mufjzpfí tysKdawmfrsm;?
&Gmpm; NrdKUpm;rsm;? t&SifocifBuD;rsm;? t&m&Sdt&mcHrsm;\ om;orD;rsm;?
rif;orD; rif;om;ponfh rif;rsKd;rif;EG,frsm;onf uREkfyfwdkU\ aetdrfodkU
rMumcP vma&mufvnfywfavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf ¤if;wdkUtcsif;csif;
pum;ajymMuonfhtcg okH;EIef;Muaom pum;vkH;rsm;udk rsufuG,frS
em;axmifí 0rf;xJüNyKH;avh&sd\/ ¤if;wdkUESifh pum;ajymonfhtcg rnfuJUokdU
ac:a0:okH;EIef;&rnfudk rdcifu oifMum;xm;aomfvnf; wu,fajym&aom
tcgwGif &dk;&dk;yifajymonfESifh rdcif\xdyfacgufjcif; tBudrfBudrfcH&bl;\/
pifppfrSm uREkfyfarhonfr[kwf (rSwfOmPfaumif;ygonf/) wrifwum
ajymjcif;jzpf\/ olwkdUajymMuonfh tokH;tEIef;rsm;udk ]tydkawG}[k
uREkfyfrSwfxif\/ waeUoü ppfuJawmfrif;\tdrfwGif trIxrf;aom
armifNrJqdkolu ]]olwdkUom;orD;rsm; awmh armifarmifBuD;a&? cifarmifBuD;a&?
cifcifBuD;a&eJU wdkUrsm;usawmh ][JU iNrJwJU}? bmaumif;ovJ'g}}[k
nnf;wGm;aom pum;wvkH;onf uREkfyf\em;xJokdU pGyfí0ifoGm;bl;\/
xdkaeUrSpí uREkfyfonf armifNrJ\vljzpf vmNyD; ,Ofaus;onfqdkonfh
pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh olwdkUtcsif;csif;okH;EIef;Mujcif; udk &,fcsifí uREkfyf

286 
udk,füuvnf; rokH;csifawmhacs/ tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf rdrdwkdUom;rsm;tm;
]]armifboef;}? armifb&if} ponfjzifh armifwyfac:NyD; olwyg;\
om;rsm;tm; boef;? b&ifponfjzifh ac:Mujcif;rsm;udkMum;& aomtcg
(armifNrJ\pum;aMumifh) uREkfyf&GHUrkef;wwfvmavNyD/ tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf
]EIwfusKd;}aeojzifh trSwfrJUac:jcif;jzpfEdkifyg\/ okdU&mwGif udk,fhom;rsm;udk
]armif}wyfac:zdkU ]EIwfusKd;}wwfNyD; olwyg;\ om;udkrS tom;tvGwf
ac:jcif;udk uREkfyfcGifhrvTwfEdkifacs/ xdkodkUaomrdbrsKd;u uREkfyftm;
]azodef;}ac:cJUvQif vSnfhrMunfhjcif;rSm i,fpOfuwnf;u (armifNrJESifh
awGUNyD;onfhaemuf) uREkfyf\tusifhwckjzpfygonf/ tapcH wa,mufrQ
omjzpfaom armifNrJu emwwfvQif uREkfyftb,fhaMumifh remwwfyJ
&Sdygrnfenf;/ ausmif;om;rsm;teufwGif uREkfyfrSm toufi,fqkH; jzpfí
þtjzpftysufrsKd; cPcPBuKH&wwfonf/ þokdUaomfrdbrsKd;udk uREkfyf
awmfawmf&GHUwwfcJUavNyD/ uREkfyf\rdbrsm;rlum; uREkfyftm; ]azodef;}
ac:aomfvnf; tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ]armif}wyfíac:avh&Sd\/ uREkfyf
tvGefauseyfonf/

&dkif;onf[kqdkcsifqdkap

tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf rdrdwkdU\om;rsm;tm; ]0efaxmufrif;} ]OD;b,fol}

]OD;b,f0g} [lívnf;aumif;? orD;rsm;tm;vnf; ]rif;uawmf}
]rif;uawmfBuD;} ]a':b,fol} ]a':b,f0g}ponfjzifhvnf;aumif;
ac:wwfMuav&m uREkfyftvGef&,fcsifvSonf/ tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;
OD;atmifaZ,s &Sifbk&ifjzpfcgpü ¤if;\OD;BuD;? OD;av;? BuD;awmf? ta':
paom aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;onf 'efwdkrsm;ESifh eef;awmfxJodkU0ifvmMuí

287 
rSL;BuD;rwf&mrsm;tm; ]]atmifaZ,sb,frSmvJ[&dkU}}[k ar;Muonfqdk&m
uREkfyftvGefoabmusonf/ uREkfyfonfvnf; wlrsm;? om;rsm; b,frQ
avmufBuD;us,fMuap 0if;armif? oif;armif? pdk;Edkif[k ac:&rS auseyf\/
0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf uREkfyf\wlwa,mufjzpfcJUvQifvnf; b,fae&mrS
0efBuD;csKyfac:vdrfhrnfr[kwf/ ]armifEk}yifac:vdrfhrnfjzpfonf/ &[ef;rS
wyg; uREkfyf\vufatmufajcom; aqGrsKd;jzpfcJUvQif tac:ta0: ajymif;vJ
vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ þonfwdkUrSm uREkfyfonfomvQif vrf;rSefusonf[k
qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf? uREkfyf\0goemudkwifjyjcif;rQomjzpf\/ qufvufí
azmfjy&OD;rnfqdkvQif vef'efNrdKUbDbDpD a&'D,dkrSt,fvpfZbuf bk&ifrESifh
tuf'ifbm&m e,fpm;wkdUtaMumif;udk azmfjy&mwGif ]yGJawmfwnfonf}?
]pufawmfac:onf}[laom tokH;EIef;rsKd;jzifh toHvTifhjcif;onfyif uREkfyftzdkU
em;uavmvSonf/ &dkif;onf[k qdkcsifqdkap uREkfyfum; aomrwfpfydef; 
(Thomas  Payne)  \ wynfhjzpfí vlESifhvlcsif; tawmftwefruyJ
tvGeftrif;ajrmufyifhjcif;udk em;cg;olwa,muf jzpfonf/ (rnfodkUqdkap
ya'ao&Zf? {u&mZfacwfonf ukefqkH;cJUavNyD/) uREkfyfonf xD;okH;eef;okH;
tac:ta0:rsm;udk i,fuwnf;u ,Ofyg;cJUolwa,muf jzpfaomfvnf;
trSwftom; jyKvkyfrxm;&kHomru arhaysmufypfzkdUyif BudK;pm;oljzpf\/
uREkfyfa&;xm;aom 0w¦Krsm;wGifvnf; tvGefajrSmufyifh&ma&mufaom
a0g[m&rsm;udk wrifa&Smifwdrf;í &dk;&dk;pum;vkH;rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fokH;eIef;zdkU
vkHUvjyKcJUygonf/ uREkfyfum; pum;vkH;\ ,Ofaus;rIxuf tjyKtrl\
,Ofaus;rIudk tav;ay;oljzpfygonf/

288 
uREkfyftvkyfvkyf&ykH

1915 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 8 &ufaeUnü uREkfyfonf &efBuD;atmif

0w¦Kudk pwifa&;om;av&m Zmwfvdkuf rESif;NrdKiftm; umvom;av;a,muf
u tavmif;tpm;jyKum vlysKdvSnfhMuaom tjzpftysufrSwyg; uREkfyf\
pdwful;jzifh ZmwfuGufqifjcif;jzpfygonf/ av;a,mufoabmwl
vlysKdvSnfhMuaom tjzpftysufrSm ]]vef'efNrdKUBuD;\ t&IyfawmfykHBuD;}}
[laom 0w¦KBuD;rS ckd;,ljcif;jzpfaomfvnf; vlysKdvSnfhykH vSnfhenf;rsm;rSm
cdk;csjcif;r[kwf/ uREkfyf\pdwful;OmPfjzifh tuGufqifxm; jcif;jzpf\/
uREkfyfonfcyfapmapmwGif tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;ESifh pum;ajymaeí
¤if;wkdUtdyf&modkU 0ifMuaomtcgrS a&;om;avh&Sd&m wcgw&HwGif eHeuf
vif;tm;BuD; tcsdefodkUyifwdkifa&muf\/ uREkfyfESifhZeD;wdkUaeMuaom
tdrfuav;rSm 0g;Murf;cif;í 0g;uyfum&Hxm;ojzifh aqmif;avonf
Murf;Mum;ESifh x&HMum;wdkUrSwkd;0if&mwGif tvGefyif csrf;at;vSaomaMumifh
uREkfyf\ukvm;xdkifteD;wGif rD;vif;zdkxm;ítvkyfvkyf&\/ odkUESifhyif
oef;acgifausmfonfhaemufwGif at;vGef;vSojzifh (0ufvufonf
rEÅav;xufcsrf;\/) tvkyf&yfem;um vufacsmif;rsm;udk cPcPrD;uif&
\/ wcgw&HwGif pdwful;awG jrL;aeygvsufESifh csrf;vGef;aomaMumifh
tvkyfodrf;vdkuf&\/ csrf;vQifvnf; csrf;ayrnf/ uREkfyfü&SdpkrJUpkt0wf
tpm;rsm;rSm wGHaw;NrdKUwGif xm;ypfcJU&avNyD/ þenf;jzifh nwdkif;tvkyfvkyf
í aeUtcsdefü tdyfaeygonf/

289 
uREkfyf\pma&;0goem

15&ufcefU a&;rdaomtcg uREkfyf\rdbrsm;? ZeD;ESifhnDwkdUonf

a&;NyD;aom pm&Gufrsm;udk zwfcsifMuvSavNyD/ nDonfNyD;orQaompm&Gufrsm;
udk,lzwfí tvGefaumif;onf[k csD;rGrf;&mwGifrdbrsm;uvnf; odcsifMu
ukefavNyD/ okdUjzpfí 0ufvufü aexdkifvsuf&SdMuaom OD;av;rsm;? t&D;rsm;?
nDrsm;? ESrrsm;udk tm;vkH;ac:,lpk&kH;NyD;vQif nDuzwfjypOf vufzuf&nf
Murf;0dkif;jzifh em;axmifMuav\/ vlysKdvSnfh0w¦Krsm;avmufom zwfbl;
Muí xdwfvefUwkefvIyfzG,frsm;? tonf;at;zG,f tjcif;t&mrsm;yg&Sd aom
uREkfyf\0w¦KrsKd;udk rMum;bl;? rzwfbl;Muonfh aqGrsKd;om;csif; tm;vkH;
wkdUrSm tvGefpdwf0ifpm;Muvsuf tm;yg;w& csD;rGrf;tm;ay;Muygayonf/
rnfonfh0w¦KudkrQ rzwfcJUbl;onfh uREkfyf\ zcifudk,fwdkifrSmyif
]]aumif;oa[h? odcsifvSNyDa[h}} ponfrsm;jzifh cPcPajymvsuf&S\
d /
£E´m0HoESifh 0dZ,um&D 0w¦Krsm;udk nufnufaMu vmcJUaom
rdcifudk,fwdkifuvnf; ]]qe;fw,fa[h? 'grsKd;rMum;bl;bl;a[h}} [kqdkum
wNyKH;NyKH;ESifh tm;ay;&Smonf/ aemiftcgüvlBudKufrsm;rrsm;? ykHESdyfxkwfa0
rnfhol &Sdr&Sdudkyif raocsmao;aomfvnf; uREkfyftzdkUrSm rdbrsm;ESifh
tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;? aqGrsKd;nmwdrsm;u oabmusonfqdk&kHESifhyif MunfEl;
0rf;jrL;vsuf &SdygavNyD/ þokdUjzifh uREkfyfonf ESpfna&;NyD;wdkif;
wwd,nwGif vlpkvla0;ESifh em;axmifMuygawmhonf/ aemufydkif;ürl
ntcsdefüa&;aom aumfyDrsm;udkaeUtcsdefwGif zl;puufpm&Gufay:ü tacsm
ul;&ygonf/ pmt&SnfBuD;a&;om;jcif;rSm þtBudrfonf yxrtBudrf
jzpfaomfvnf; zl;puufpm&GufrsufESm 140ausmf&Sdaom þ&efBuD;atmif

290 
0w¦Kudk tMurf;rS tacsmul;&mwGif pmrsufESmav;ig;&GufwGifrS wvkH;wav
rQom trSm;jyifcsuf&Sdjcif;onf uREkfyf\xl;jcm;csufw&yfjzpf onf[k
qdkoifh\/ awmfvfpwGdKifpaom pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;onf rdrdwkdUa&;
aompmudk okH;avig;Budrf (wcgw&Hq,fBudrfrQyif)jyifqifa&;ul;Muonf[k
Mum;&\/ urÇmausmfpma&;q&mBuD;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfcsufxkwfum olwkdUum;
jyifa&;&onf? uREkfyfum; jyifra&;&aomaMumifh uREkfyfuyif omao;onf
[k qdkvdk&if;r[kwf&yg/ uREkfyf\0goemudk azmfjyjcif;rQom jzpfyg\/
uREkfyfonf pmtkyfudkrqdkxm;ESifh aqmif;yg;wyk'fudkyif ESpfBudrf okH;Budrf
jyifa&;&vQif ysif;onfESifhyif ao&vdrfhrnfxif\/ a&;NyD;aompmudk
jyefízwfonfhtcg trSm;&SmzdkUavmufom *&kpdkufrday&m omíaumif;atmif
&nf&G,fcsufrlum; &SdcJvSygonf/ xdkUtwGufaMumifh awmfvfpwGdKifwkdUuJUodkU
yxrwef; pma&;q&mwa,mufrjzpfvmvQifvnf; auseyfEdkifygonf/

&efBuD;atmifpGHavNyD

1916 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 21 &ufaeUwGif &efBuD;atmif0w¦Kudk

tacsmul;NyD;onftxd NyD;pD;cJUavNyD/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;Xmebufü
trIxrf;cJUpOfu ol&d,OD;baztaMumif;udk pma&;wa,mufuajymí
od&bl;\/ uREkfyfonf jrefrmjynfwGif jrefrm0w¦Krsm; tajctaetaMumif;
udkpm&SnfBuD;wapmifa&;om;í ol&d,wdkuftkyf OD;bazxHokdU 0w¦KESifhwuG
ydkUvdkuf\/ uavmiform;rsm;tzdkUrSm yxrOD;pGm wifydkUonfh ]pm}onf
rnfrQavmuf ta&;BuD;jcif;udk odMuNyD;jzpf\/ taysmfa&;jcif;r[kwfyJ
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;twGuf &nf&G,fcsufjzifh prf;oyfjcif;jzpfonfh

291 
uREkfyftzdkUrSm vGefpGmyifta&;BuD;\/ (pHa'0D\rdcifxHokdU uREkfyf\zcif
oGm;íajymbl;pOfu ta&;BuD;ykHESifh pdwfxJwGif EIdif;,SOfvdkufonfhtcg
tenf;i,frQom avsmhawmhonfxif\/) wvMumaomfvnf; vufcH&&Sd
ygonfqdkaom pmrSwyg; tqkH;tjzwfudk rod&ao;yJ&Sd&m okH;vcefUMum
aomtcgürl uREkfyfrSmtawmfpdwfylvsuf&SdavNyD/ xdktawmtwGif;
uREkfyfuvnf; wvvQif tenf;qkH; pmwapmifusa&;um EId;aqmfvsuf&Sd&m
pmESpfapmifvQif wapmifusavmufjyefMum;í ]zwfqJ&Sdygonf} [laom
taMumif;udkod&\/ uREkfyfum; tawmftm;avsmhp jyKvsuf&SdayNyD/
[oFmwNrdKUrS udkcifarmifwifh\OD;av; 0wfvkHwa,mufu olU xrif;pm
vc40dESifhpma&;vkyfNyD; a&SUaepmar;yJG0ifzkdU[laomtBuHudk vufcH&acsrnf
avm[líyif pOf;pm;vsuf&SdavNyD/ aemufqkH;ü arv6&uf aeUwGif
ol&d,wdkufrS pmjyefvmí aiG100dESifh 0,f,lvdkaMumif; od&ayonf/
0w¦Kwyk'fvQif wefzkd;rnfrQaygufaps;&Sdonf[k rMum;&bl;aom uREkfyfrSm
enf;onfrsm;onf em;rvnfyJ aiG100dtjyif 0w¦Kpmtkyf 25tkyf
jznfhay;zdkUawmif;cHNyD; oabmwlvdkuf\/ pmtkyfrsm;rSm wtkyfvQif
1usyf8yJwefonfjzpfí uREkfyfonf&efBuD;atmif0w¦KtwGuf pkpkaygif;
137usyf 8 yJrQ&&Sdygonf/

bBuD;baz\OmOf

¤if;ESpfarvukefcgeD;wGif uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;onf 0ufvufNrdKUrS

&efukefodkUqif;vmMuí a,mu©rrsm;\aetdrfü wnf;cdkaexdkifMuonf/
ajymif;a&TUMujcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm 0w¦Ka&;orm;wa,muftzdkU&mü
&efukefNrdKUBuD;onf awmNrdKUuav;xuf tayguftvrf;yGifhí arQmfvifhp&m

292 
rsm;onf[kwGufrdaomaMumifhjzpf\/ uREkfyf\ZeD;ü arG;aygufazmf (olyg)
&Spfa,mufrQ&Sd&m a,mu©rBuD;rsm;onf vnf;aumif;? r&D;rsm;? c,frrsm;?
a,mufzrsm;onfvnf;aumif; uREkfyftay:ü Muifemjcif;?umuG,fjcif;?
cifrifav;pm;jcif; &SdMuonfjzpfí uREkfyftzdkU&mü pdwfcsrf;omrI&Sdygayonf/
0w¦Ka&;orm;wa,muf [lonfrSm xdkacwfwGif cyfqe;fqef;jzpfaomf
vnf; uREkfyftm;acwfynmwwfwa,muftaejzifh av;pm;Muygayonf/
a,mufzrsm;uvnf; (uREkfyf\xl;qef;aomtusKd;ay;twdkif;) nD&if;tpfudk
wrQ cspfcifMuifemMuygayonf/ xdktawmtwGif; uREkfyfonf bBuD;baz
ESifh oGm;a&mufawGUqkHí 0w¦Ka&;jcif;taMumif; aqG;aEG;av&m bBuD;baz
u  East  Lynn  tdpvif0w¦KudkrSD;NyD; jrefrm0w¦Kjzpfvmatmif
a&;zdkUtBuHay;onfESifh ¤if;pufwifbmvtwGif; NyD;pD;atmif a&;om;
ay;ydkUvdkuf\/ ¤if;0w¦KrSm y-'k[lí ESpfwGJxkwf&aomfvnf;
165usyfrQom&aomaMumifh q&mvGef;u (aemifwGif) tvGefenf;onf[k
ajymbl;ygonf/ &efBuD;atmif0w¦KESifh &wemykH 0w¦Krsm;twGuf aps;EIef;
jzwfolrSm bBuD;bazjzpf&m xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;onf uREkfyf\ yg;&Sm;aom
tajctaeudk &dyfrdí ol&d,wdkuftusKd;twGuf oufoufudkom MunfhNyD;
uREkfyftm; aps;EIef;zdESdyfíqpfvdkufonfh vu©Pm&Sd\/
(1953ckESpfü &wemykH0w¦Kudk ausmif;okH;tjzpf jyXmef;&mwGifwckaom
ykHESdyfwdkufydkif&Sifu ol&d,wdkufrS ¤if;pmrlrsm;udk aiG300drQESifh
0,f,loGm;NyD;aomif;csDí tjrwfxkwfEdkifavonf/ uREkfyftwGuf aiG5500d
&ao;aomfvnf; ol&d,wdkufrlum; aiG300dESifhyif NyD;&avawmhonf/
uREkfyfonf rdrdudk,fudk olawmfaumif;BuD;wa,muf[lí raMujimvdkaomf
vnf; þodkUaom tjcif;t&mrsKd;rSm uREkfyf\woufwmü tBudrfrsm;pGGm
awGUcJU&ygonf/)

293 
 wwd,ydkif;

(armifazodef;rS udkazodef;odkU)

ol&d,wkdufom; jzpfvmjcif;

1917 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif uREkfyfonf ol&d,r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm

tjzpfESifh ol&d,wdkufom;wa,mufjzpfvm\/ ol&d,wdkuftkyf ESpfa,muf
(OD;bazESifh OD;vSaz)wdkUonf uREkfyf\vufpGrf;vufpudk jrifMuonfESifh
ol&d,r*¾Zif; xkwfzdkU tBuHjzpfay:vmonf[k aemifwGifod&\/ vcrSm
yxrwGif 75djzpfaomfvnf; okH;vavmufwGif 100d? 101? 180d okdUwkd;
jrifhay;Muygayonf/ uREkfyfa&;cJUaom 0w¦KESpftkyfteuf ]&efBuD;atmif}
0w¦KrSm a&S;OD;pGm a&;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; ol&d,wdkufu ]&wemykH}0w¦Kudk
tvsiftokH;jyKí 1916ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvrSpNyD; ol&d,owif;pmwGif
&ufjcm;xnfhay;\/ ¤if;aemuf pmtkyftjzpfESifhxkwfaomtcgwGifvnf;
olUacwfwGif  Best  Seller  twGifus,fqkH; a&mif;&onfh pmwtkyfjzpfvmyg
onf/ uREkfyfol&d,wdkufom;wa,muf jzpfcgptcsdefü &wemykH0w¦KrSm
pmtkyftjzpfESifh xGufvmjcif;jzpf&m eHeuftcsdefwGif uREkfyfwdkufodkU
a&mufoGm;í pmtkyfa&mif;pma&;u tNrdKUNrdKUrS vufvDrSmxm;Muaom
&wemykH0w¦Kpmtkyf tzkH;pdrf;rsm;udk olUpm;yJGa&SUü jzefUcif;xm;ojzifh
wcef;vkH; pdrf;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk uRekfyfawGU&onfESifh pma&;q&m vufopf
wa,muftaejzifh tvGefauseyfESpfodrfhrdjcif;udk rSwfrdygao;onf/
xdkacwfü 0w¦Kpmtkyf tajrmuftjrm;ay:xGufao;onf r[kwfonfh
tavsmuf wdkufoGm; wdkufjyeftcsdefrsm;wGif "mwf&xm; (bwfpfum;

294 
ray:ao;/) rD;&xm;rsm;ay:ü pma&;pmcsD tvkyforsm;rsm;\ a0zefcsuf
rsm;udk Mum;&onfrSmvnf; tm;&Sdp&m aumif;vSygayonf/ (þacwfürl
jrefrmjynfwGif 0w¦KESifhpma&;q&m\ae&mudk &kyf&SifZmwfum; ESifh Zmwfvkduf
rsm;u ,loGm;Muonfh vu©Pm&Sday\/)

]acG;0ifpm;}t,f'Dwm

þae&mwGif uREkfyfESifh tuRrf;w0ifjzpfcJUaom ol&d,wdkufom;

(pma&;q&mrsm;) taMumif;udka&;om;azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ ol&d,r*¾Zif;udk
1917ckESpf? rwfvwGif pwifí xkwfrnf[k owfrSwfxm;&m uRekfyfrlum;
azazmf0g&Dv w&ufaeUrSpí tvkyf0if&rnfjzpf\/ uREkfyfrSm tm;vyfvsuf
&SdonfwaMumif;? owif;pmwdkuf tvkyftaMumif;udk prf;0g;rdap&eftwGuf
waMumif; azazmf0g&Dvw&ufaeUwdkifatmif rqdkif;yJ Zefe0g&Dvv,f
avmufuwnf;u wdkufokdU0ifNyD; (vcr&SdyJ) avhvm yg&ap[k tcGifhawmif;
ojzifh tcGifh&cJUonf/ uREkfyfonf0w¦Ka&;orm;wa,muftaejzifh OD;baz
wa,mufwnf;ESifhom qufqH&í oduRrf;cJU&m xdkaeUwGif OD;bazu
uREkfyftm; OD;vSazESifhrdwfqufay;avonf/ OD;bazonf owif;pm &dkufESdyf
ol tjzpfESifh vnf;aumif;? OD;vSazonf xkwfa0oltjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;
rSwfykHwifxm;Muí ESpfa,mufvkH; wdkuftkyftjzpfESifh todtrSwfjyKMujcif;
cH&av&m ¤if;wkdU\ wm0efrSmrl OD;vSazonf taxGaxG refae*smjzpfí
OD;bazrSm aMumfjimbufoufouf tkyfcsKyf&ol jzpfavonf/ OD;bazonf
ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]ewfBuD;okH;yg;cef;} udkifjcif;rSwyg; tjcm;wm0efrsm;
udkr,l/ OD;vSazonfomvQif tBuD;tuJ jzpfav&m OD;buav;rlum;
ol&d,aeUpOfowif;pm t,f'Dwmjzpfí uREkfyfESifhqufqHrI tvGefenf;yg;

295 
cJUygonf/ uREkfyfonfol&d,r*¾Zif;tvkyfwGif OD;vSaz vufatmufü
vkyf&í trsm;qkH; qufqHrI&Sdol jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfESifh rdwfqufNyD;
onfhaemuf OD;vSazonf uREkfyftwGuf ae&mwoD;wjcm; jyifqifrxm;
&ao;onfESifh (xdk&ufrsm;wGif uREkfyfrSm ]acG;0ifpm;} t,f'Dwm wa,muf
tjzpfom &Sdaeao;onf/) uREkfyftm;yDrdk;eif;\pm;yJGwGif twlxdkifzdkU
ae&mcsxm;ay;\/ yDrdk;eif;um; aeUpOfowif;pmbufwGif vufaxmuf
t,f'Dwm wa,mufjzpfí OD;buav;\ vufatmufü acgif;BuD;rsm;
a&;aom wm0efudk,l&avonf/

udkausmf (ac:) yDrdk;eif;

uREkfyfonf yDrdk;eif;ESifh wpm;yGJwnf;rsufESmcsif;qdkif xdkifvdkufMu&m

wGif wa,mufESifhwa,mufvluJcwfMu\/ yDrdk;eif;u uREkfyftaMumif;udk
odxm;ESifhoavmuf uREkfyfu yDrdk;eif;taMumif;udk rod&ao;acs/ (pifppfrSm
xdkpOfurl uRekfyfonf yDrdk;eif;[lí rodao;yJ ]udkausmf}[líomoday&m
ol&d,wdkufrS xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf ynmhtvif; owif;pmwGif
t,f'DwmjzpfvmaomtcgrS yDrdk;eif;[laom trnfudkMum;& bl;\/
odkUESifhyif yxrü yDrdk;eif;ESifh udkausmfonf vlwa,mufwnf; jzpfonf[k
uREkfyfroday/) OD;vSazu udkausmf[laom trnfjzifh uREkfyfESifh
rdwfqufay;ojzifh uREkfyfonfrsufESmcsif;qdkifxdkifvsuf&Sdaom udkausmfudk
vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m uREkfyfESifh waeUaeUwGif &if;ESD;aomrdwfaqGwa,muf
jzpfvmEdkifzdkU &Sdjcif;udk xdkaeUuyif tuJcwfrdwfonf[k a&;om;azmfjyygu
<um;onf[kxifaumif; xifMuayvdrfhrnf/ pifppfaomfum; uREkfyfonf
rdrdESifh tuRrf;w0if jzpfrnfhvl [kwfr[kwfudk wxdkifwnf;ESifh

296 
tuJcwfEdkifay&m uRekfyf\tuJcwfjcif;rSm woufvkH;wGif &mcdkifEIef; 90
ausmfrQ rSefuefjcif;udk awGU&ygonf/
uREkfyfonf udkausmftm; vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m NyKH;NyKH;uav;&Sdaomol\
rsufESmxm;wGif uREkfyftm;pdwf0ifpm;&kHomru tawmfauseyf[ef&Sdaom
trlt&mudk awGU&\/ y&d,m,frokH;wwfjcif;wGif uREkfyfESifhwlvdrfhrnf[lí
vnf; tuJcwfrd\/ tjcm;vlrsm;\ xifjrifcsufudkvkH;0 *&krpdkuf[k
rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; *&kpdkufrIenf;yg;jcif;ü uREkfyfESifh wlvdrfhrnf [lívnf;
xifrd\/ vlUavmuwGif rdrdESifhxdkufwefaom ae&mudk r&&Sd[lí olUudk,fol
txifa&mufvsuf &Sdjcif;udkvnf; uRekfyf&dyfrd\/ (uREkfyfrlum; xkdpOfu
¤if;txifrsKd; ruyfao;onfhjyif aemifwGifvnf; þtwGufaMumifh olwyg;
tay:ütjypfwifcsifaom pdwfrsKd; jzpfcJvSonf[k xifygonf/)
xdkacwfwGif &efukefNrdKUü touf20ausmft&G,frsm;om ywfaygif;
(bDataygif;)aygif;Muí xdkUtxufvlrsm;rSm tkyfaygif;acwfjzpfaeaomf
vnf; touf30 xufrenf; &Sd&rnfh udkausmfrSmrl ]bDataygif;}r[kwf
onfhywfaygif;&dk;&dk;jzifhom awmfawmfuav; oyf&yfpGm aygif;xm;\/
ol&d,wwdkufvkH; (uREkfyftygt0ifpma&;rsm;rusef tkyfaygif;ESifh
*dkufxkwfvsuf &SdMuaom xdkacwfwGif ykodrfxD;udk *sKdif;wGifnSyfxm;vsuf
uGif;xdk;zdeyfvQLdum ywfaygif;&dk;&dk;uav;ESifh aq;ayghvdyfcJvsuf
tvkyfwufavh&Sdaom udkausmfrSm vlqef;wa,mufvkdvdkjzpfae\/
&efukefodkUa&mufcgpjzpfí t0wftpm;wGifolwyg;xufaemufrus&atmif
BudK;pm;ae&aom uREkfyfrSm udkausmfudkjrif&í tm;vnf;&Sdonf/
oabmvnf;usvSygonf/

297 
ajymykHqef;vSjcif;

pm;yJGwGif twlxdkifrdvQif xdkfifrdcsif; udkausmfu jrefrm0w¦Krsm;

taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí ol&d,wkdufodkU uREkfyft*Fvdyfvdk a&;ydkUbl;aom
pmwapmifudk olzwfvkduf&uwnf;u uREkfyftay:ü txifBuD;í vlcsif;
awGUvdkaMumif;? owif;pmü w&ufjcm;xnfhvsuf&Sdaom &wemykH0w¦K
udkvnf;olzwfí oabmusaMumif;? olvnf; ]bDatarmifwifhESifh
uacsonf r,fjrifh}0w¦Kwyk'f a&;cJUbl;aMumif; ponfjzifhajymav&m
þrQESifhyif uRekfyfonf udkausmfESifh tawmfBuD; &if;ESD;oGm;cJUavNyD/
uREkfyfuvnf; ol&d,acgif;BuD;rsm;udk (&wemykH0w¦K xnfhuwnf;u
tvum;&í) zwfvmcJU&m ¤if;wdkUrSmudkausmf\ vuf&m jzpfaMumif;
,ckod&í csD;usL;ygaMumif;? rdrdrSm 0w¦KESpfyk'fa&;cJUbl;aomf vnf;
owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm; a&;zdkUqdkvQif tdyfrufrQyif rruf0HUaMumif;
ajymjyav&m oluvnf; oabmusykH&onf/ aeUv,f vufzuf&nf
aomufcsdefwGif udkausmfonf uREkfyftm; tdrfodkUac:oGm;í ol\ZeD;ESifh
rdwfqufay;NyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;Muav&m
uRekfyf\pmzwfpkHjcif;udk csD;rGrf;í oludk,fwdkifrSm toifhtwifhrQavmufom
zwfbl;aMumif; 0efcHavonf/ ol\t*Fvdyfpum;ajymykHudk uREkfyfMum;
&onfESifh xdk0efcHcsufonf ESdrfhcsjcif; jzpfonf[k xifrdaomfvnf;
aemifwGifwu,fajymjcif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfod&onf/
udkausmf\t*FvdyftoHxGufrsm;rSm awmfawmfvefUavmuf\/
jrefrmwa,muf ajymaomtoHxGufESifhyif rwlacs/ uREkfyfonf t*Fvdyf
pum;vkH;rsm; rSefuefatmif toHxGufwwfzdkU avhusifhxm;aomf vnf;
jrefrmwa,mufu yDyDooxGufaom toHrsKd;rQomjzpfav&m udkausmf\

298 
toHxGufrlum; abmif;bD0wfwa,muf\ toHae toHxm;rsKd; jzpfaeí
uRekfyfvefUrdjcif;jzpf\/ vlcsif;ESD;&if;vmaomtcgü þtaMumif;udk
pkHprf;MunfhonfwGifrS jyifopf(bk&if*sD)bkef;BuD;vkyfcJUbl;í jyifopfbkef;BuD;
rsm;ESifhtwl ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmaecJUbl;aMumif;? vufwifbmomvnf; wwf
aMumif; od&avonf/ udkausmf\ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymykHrSm uREkfyf\
oli,fcsif; (bdvyfjyef) udkcifarmifwifhuJUodkU Adkvfqefjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ
jyifopfbkef;BuD;rsm;ESifh i,fpOfu tMumBuD;aebl;jcif;aMumifh vQmwrsKd;
jzpfaejcif;jzpfavonf/ rsm;rMumrD udkausmfonf *syfqifaumvdyfwGif
vufwifbmomjyq&m tvkyfudkavQmufxm;&&Sdojzifh ol&d,wdkufrS
xGufoGm;av\/ okdU&mwGif olESifhuREkfyfcifrifrIrSm tqufrjywfvSyJ
1938ckESpfü olaoonftxd &if;ESD;pGm &SdcJUMuavonf/

q&mvGef;\csD;usL;csuf

azazmf0g&Dvw&ufaeUü uREkfyfr*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm jzpfvmaomtcg

ol&d,onf av;xyfwkdufB uD;wGif atmufqkH;wxyfudkom iSm;Edkifao;onf
jzpfí vkyfom;ESifh ae&mrrQatmif usOf;usyfonfhtwGufaMumifh q&mvGef;
ESifh uREkfyfwdkUtwGuf pm;yGJwckwnf;om ae&may;Edkifavonf/
þwGifuREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf aeUwdkif; rsufESmcsif;qdkifxdkifMuí
axG&mav;yg; pum;ajymcGifh&Mu\/ q&mvGef;onf uRekfyftm; rEÅav;om;
qdkuwnf;u pdwf0ifpm;onfh vu©Pm&Sday&m uREkfyfuvnf; EIwfcrf;arG;
a&;a&;ESifh tNrJuGrf;pm;avh&Sdojzifh ]tnm*dkuf}&Sdaom þvlBuD;tm;
jrifvQifjrifcsif; MunfndKrdygonf/ q&mvGef;rSm uREkfyfxuf touf14
ESpfBuD;í xdkpOfu 42 ESpf&SdNyDjzpf&m touf40ausmfvQif {&mr

299 
vlBuD;wa,muf[lí xifcJUrdaom uREkfyf\rsufpdü tawmfBuD;&ifhNyD[k
atmufarhcJUygonf/ q&mvGef;uvnf; udkausmfenf;wl uREkfyfESifha&pufyg
onfhvu©PmESifhol\wkdufcef;odkU ac:oGm;í aeUv,fcif;rsm;wGif ol\
wkdufcef;ü wa&;warmtdyfum tyef;ajzzdkU tNrJzdwfMum;xm;ygonf/
uREkfyfonfq&mvGef;ESifhvnf;aumif;? udkausmfESifhvnf;aumif; a&pufyg
aomfvnf; ¤if;wkdUESpfa,mufrlum; &if;ESD;Mu[efrwlacs/ olwkdUESpfa,muf
taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí udkausmfajymbl;aom pum;wcGef;udk uREkfyf
rSwfrd\/ waeUoü olwkdUESpfa,mufonf jrefrmpmaytaMumif;udk aqG;aEG;
vsuf&SdpOf udkausmfajymvdkufaom pum;wvkH;udk q&mvGef;u t"dyÜm,f
t,ltqvJGonfhvu©PmESifh ]]a[h armifausmf? q&mu ArmjynfrSm
udk,fhudk,fudk 'dwfxm;wJU vlwa,muf armif&? bmrSwfvdkUvJ}}[k
£ajEéESifhajymbl;onfqdk\/ [kwfykHvnf;&onf/ xdkolESpfa,mufonf
uREkfyfa&SUü tuRrf;w0if&SdMujcif;udk uREkfyfrjrifcJU&bl;ay/ q&mvGef;
ESifhuREkfyfrlum; ol&d,wkdufom;rsm; tjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;? woufvkH;wGif
vnf;aumif; qufqHa&;wGif tzktxpfr&Sd? ajyajyjypfjypf&SdcJUygonf/
okdUESifhvnf; q&mvGef;onf uREkfyftm; *sme,frsm;wGif av;csKd;jzifh
uvdaom tvkH;uav;rsm;udk taMumif;t&majymjyí q&mvGef;u
ola&;aeusjzpfaom pum;jyifrsKd;jzifh us,fus,fjyefUjyefUqefUí a&;xkwf
vkdufaomtcg pmrsufESmeHygwf tawmfrsm;vm\/ q&mvGef;\
pum;jyifa&;enf;rSm OD;Mobmo\ ZmwfBuD;q,fbJGU a&;enf;rsKd;uJUodkU
um&efuav;awG iJUumiJUuma&; jcif;aMumifhzwfítvGefacsmarmaomfvnf;
r*¾Zif;twGuf &SnfvGef;ouJUodkU jzpfae\/ þwGif OD;vSazonf
uREkfyfudkac:í acgif;BuD;okH;yk'fudk wqufwnf; awmufavQmufajymNyD;
a&;ckdif;\/

300 
 uREkfyfonfcJwHjzifh wvkH;wavrSa&;rSwfjcif;vnf;r&Sd? csufcsif;vnf;
ra&;ao;yJ av;ig;&ufMumaomtcgrS okH;yk'fa&;NyD; wifjyvdkufonf/
q&mvGef;onf uREkfyf\yxrOD;qkH;vuf&mjzpfaomacgif;BuD;okH;yk'fudk
zwfMunfh&mwGif OD;vSaz\OD;acgif;rSxGufaom tBuHrsm;[lí olodNyD;jzpf
aomfvnf; jrefrmpm a&;ykHa&;enf;udk oabmusonfh vu©PmESifh
]][dkacG;rom; awG'Davmufra&;wwfygbl;}}[k qdkum wdkuftkyfrsm;bufodkU
ar;aighíjybl;avonf/ trSefudk0efcH&vQif uREkfyfonf OD;vSazu erlem
tjzpfESifh t,f'DwmtzGJUtm; a&;jybl;onfh acgif;BuD;wyk'fudk zwf&bl;
ojzifh ol\ta&;tom;udkav;pm;vsuf &Sdygonf/
q&mvGef;u txufygpum;udk ajymvdkufaomtcgwGif igonf
OD;vSazxuf a&;wwfonf[k pdwfBuD;0ifroGm;jcif;udk opömjyKí
ajym0HUygonf/ odkU&wGif uREkfy\
f yxrOD;qkH;acgif;BuD;rsm;udk q&morm;
jzpfaom q&mvGef;u xdkuJUokdU ajymvkdufaomtcgwGifrlum; igonf
acgif;BuD;a&;jcif;tvkyfwGif vlnHUwa,mufr[kwfawmh [kqdkumvGefpGm
tm;wufoGm;ygonf/

q&mawmfOD;OwÅr

ol&d,wdkufü oduRrf;&aom yk*¾dKvfausmfrsm;taMumif;udk azmfjy&mwGif

q&mawmfOD;OwÅrtaMumif;udkvnf; azmfjy&efvdkayvdrfhrnf/ ol&d,wdkufodkU
uREkfyfa&mufNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrDtwGif; q&mawmfOD;OwÅronf uREkfyf\
pm;yGJodkU vmíxdkifavh&Sd\/ q&mawmfonf uREkfyf\0w¦Krsm; zwfavh&Sdol
jzpf&m uRekfyftm; (OD;baz? OD;vSazwdkUrSwyg;) wkdufom;rsm;teufwGif
pdwft0ifpm;qkH;wa,mufjzpf[ef&Sd\/ q&mawmfonf tdE´d,jynfESifh

301 
jrefrmjynfwkdUudk acgufwkHUacgufjyef ul;oef;oGm;vmvsuf&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;
bkef;BuD;wyg;jzpfjcif;? &cdkifom;jzpfonf qdkjcif;rSwyg; uREkfyfbmrQrodacs/
uREkfyfrSm xdkpOfu pmayrSwyg; EdkifiHa&;ü pdwf0ifpm;jcif; r&Sdao;onfjzpfí
q&mawmftay:ü txifvnf;rBuD;? pdwf0ifpm;rIvnf; enf;yg;vSonf/
uREkfyfonfol&d,wwdkufvkH;wGif (r*¾Zif;t,f'DwmtjzpfESifh) tvkyftacsmif
qkH;aom zwfolwa,mufjzpfcJUbl;&m q&mawmfonf uREkfyftvkyfacsmifjcif;
udkodonfwaMumif;? 0w¦K0goemygí uRekfyftm; 0w¦Ka&;orm;wa,muf
taejzifh cifrifav;pm;onfwaMumif;aMumifh uREkfyf\pm;yJGwGif tMumBuD;
xdkifum pum;ajymavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfurlpmzwfysufonfqdkum q&mawmftm;
tomwMunfajymír&vQif aigufíyif xkwfcJUrdbl;ygonf/
xdkpOfu q&mawmfonf b,fqDrSm qGrf;bkrf;ay;onfrod? nOfhtcsdef
rsm;wGifrlum; ol&d,wdkufüyif usdef;pufonf[k uREkfyfod&\/ uREkfyf\
rsufpdü q&mawmfonf bkef;BuD; ]*sydk;}xJu xifrdonfESifh aigufíxkwfrd
jcif;jzpfygonf/ ]]wynfhawmfwkdUu udk,fawmfwdkUvdk vltm; r[kwfygbl;
bk&m;? vkyfEdkifrSpm;&wJUvlawGyg? t&Sifbk&m;vdk avryef;tm;ygbl;
bk&m;}}ponfrsm;jzifh ESifxkwfcJUrdbl;ygonf/ odkUaomfq&mawmfonf
þrQjzifhvnf; remwwf? þxuf Murf;Murf; avQmufívnf;remwwf?
ESifxkwfonfhtcdkufwGif cPwjzKwfxoGm;í awmfawmfMumvQif pyfNzJ
pyfNzJESifh a&mufvmjyefygawmhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmjynfü [kr®&l;
wpcef;xvmaom tcsdefwGifrlum; uREkfyfonf tvGefwefcdk;BuD;vsuf&Sdaom
]i,faygif;} q&mawmfqdkí zl;awGU&ef a&mufoGm;aomtcg tapmifhtMuyf
awGtxyfxyf 0dkif;&Hvsuf&SdonfESifh yk*¾dKvfBuD; tqihfqifhxH 0ifcGifhawmif;
NyD;rS q&mawmfa&SUarSmufodkU a&mufcJU&jcif;udk BuKHcJU&bl;ygonf/ xdktcg
wGif a&S;,cifu &Iyfonfxifí pm;yJGrS ESifxkwfcJUrdzl;aom tjcif;t&mudk

302 
owd&rdojzifh NyKH;cJUrdygao;onf/ ]a[h azodef;? rif;uighudk&Iyfw,f
qdk}[laom rsufESmxm;rsKd; jyacsrnfavm[k uRekfyftuJcwfao;&m
xdktrlt&mrsKd;um; jyawmfrrl&Smay/

tHUMozG,fbkef;ay;Edkifjcif;

uREkfyfonf q&mawmftm; ESifxkwfrdcJUbl;aomfvnf; pifppfrSm

q&mawmfrBuD;us,fao;rDtcsdefuyif q&mawmf\ tcsKdUaompdwfae
oabmxm;rsm;udk MunfndK&aumif;rSef; odonfESifhtdrfodkUyifhí qGrf;ESpfBudrf
auR;bl;ygonf/ qGrf;auR;jcif;udk vlodapvdkír[kwf? q&mawmfOD;OwÅr\
bkef;ay;ykHxl;jcm;jcif;udk azmfjyvdkaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ qGrf;ESpfBudrf
auR;bl;onfhteuf yxrtBudrfrSm qGrf;vdkufaom ZvkHBuD;ESifh bkOf;ay;í
wZvkHvkH; tukefcRwfjcif;rQavmufom &Sdojzifh pmrzJGUavmufyg/ okdU&mwGif
'kwd,tBudrf auR;aomtcgürl uREkfyfudk,fwdkif wtHUwMo jzpfrdonfESifh
q&mawmfOD;OwÅrtaMumif;ESifhywfoufí pdwf0ifpm;rI &Sdolrsm;tzdkU
azmfjyvdkufygonf/ 'kwd,tBudrfyifhaomtcgwGif q&mawmfu ]]ighrSm
qD;csKda&m*g&Sdw,f? xrif;vJrpm;? *sKHvJrpm;? om;ig;oufoufom
pm;w,f}}[k trdefU&Sdvdkuf\/
uREkfyfonfq&mawmf\bkef;ay;ykHtpGrf;udk odNyD;jzpfí atmufyg
pm;p&mrsm;udk csufjyKwfjyifqifxm;\/
(1)Muufwaumif&dkUpf(jyKwfausmf)? (2)t&nf cyfrsm;rsm;ESifh
bJwaumif pGyfjyKwf? (3)0rf;bJO ajcmufvkH;[wfbGdKif? (4)0uftlacsmif;uif
25usyfom;? (5)ig;Muif;om;aMumf 25usyfom;? (6)EGm;EdkU50om;wkdUudk
toifhjyifxm;NyD;vQif rdwfaqG udkcifarmifwifhtm;vnf; xrif;pm; zdwfxm;

303 
\/ ¤if;eHeufwGif uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf txl;wvnfrpDrHyJ xrif;tdk;wvkH;
omcsufxm;\/ q&mawmf<uvmí xdkifvkduf&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;ESifh
udkcifarmifwifhonf teD;wGifxdkifvsuf apmifhMunfhaeMu\/ q&mawmf
onfbJwaumifvkH;aygif;NyD; 0rf;bJOykH yef;uefBuD;wGif xnfhxm;aom
pGyfjyKyf&nfxJrS w0ufcefUrQaomt&nfrsm;udkaomufvdkufNyD;aemuf bJom;
udkzJUí bkOf;ay;\/ &iftkyfESifhaygifrsm; ukefonfhaemuf awmifyH&dk;
ponfrsm;udk udkufvdkufao;\/ ¤if;aemuf &dkUpfvkyfxm;aom Muufa umif
udkvSrf;udkifí bJaumifa&mufESifhaomae&modkUydkUvdkuf\/ <uif;usefaom
bJ&dk;ESifh Muuf&dk;rsm;rSm tnDtrQavmuf&Sdí rnfonfht&dk;wGifrS tom;xlxl
uyfvsuf r&Sdawmhacs/ Muufaumifukefonfhaemuf w0ufcefU usefao;
aom bJpGyfjyKyf&nfxJrS aemufxyf w0ufaomufjyef\/ teD;rSxdkif
MunfhaeMuaom uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,mufonf wa,mufrsufESmudk
wa,mufvSrf;MunfhaeMuavNyD/ ¤if;aemufq&mawmfonf bJO[wfbGdKif
ajcmufvkH;ESifh 0uftlacsmif;udk bkOf;ay;,if; usefaeao;aom bJpGyfjyKyf&nf
xJrS wcsufcsuf wZGef;ESpfZGef; cyfíaomuf\/ ¤if;wkdUuRwfaomtcg
ig;Muif;om;aMumfudk vSrf;udkifí tmajcmufaomtcgwGif pGyfjyKyf&nfjzifh
usKdufcs\/ ig;aMumfvnf;ukefí pGyfjyKyf&nfvnf;ajymifavNyD/ þwGifrS
q&mawmfonf EGm;EdkU 50 om;udk pum;wajymajymESifh wjznf;jznf;
usKdufí usKdufí csav&m uREkfyfrSm q&mawmf bkOf;ay;NyD;aemuf
apmifhírMunfhEdkifawmhyJ zdwfac:xm;rdaom {nfhonfESifh uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf
bJuifwaumifajy;0,f&ygawmhonf/ r&GHwwfvQif q&mawmfudkufí
csxm;aom bJ&dk; Muuf&dk;rsm;rS tom; tuyftoyf uav;rsm;udk
udkufpkwf,l&efrSwyg; bmwckrQ pm;p&mrusef awmhyg/ þonfum;
q&mawmfOD;OwÅr udk,fawmf\ wxyfpm qGrf;bkOf;ay;awmfrljcif;aywnf;/

304 
]rSD;}aom 0w¦Krsm;

1917ckESpf? rwfvxkwf yxrOD;qkH; ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif uREkfyf\

]]armifodef;wif rodef;&Sif}} 0w¦Kwdkwyk'fxnfhoGif;NyD;aemuf wdkuftkyfOD;vSaz
u &Sm;avmh[krf;  (Sherlock  Holmes)  \ pkHaxmuf0w¦Krsm;udk rSD;NyD;
jrefrm0w¦Ka&;&ef tBuHay;onfhtavsmuf {NyDvxkwf ol&d,r*¾Zif;wGif
]pkHaxmufarmifpH&Sm;}0w¦Ka&S;OD;pGm ay:xGufvmygawmh onf/ xdkpOfurl
t*Fvdyfpmwwfol ,ckxuf &Sm;ao;onfhtxJwGif 0w¦Kzwfolrsm;vnf;
tvGefenf;yg;Muao;&um; armifpH&Sm;0w¦KrsKd;zwf&olwkdUu armifpH&Sm;
onf a&TOa'gif;\ pdwful;jzifha&;om;jcif; jzpfonf[k rSwfxifMu\/
armifpH&Sm;0w¦Kudkvnf;aumif;? &wemykH0w¦Kudkvnf;aumif; taMumif;jyKí
a&SOa'gif;tm; csD;usL;pum;ajymoHrsm;udk uREkfyfMum;&onfhtcg &efBuD;
atmif0w¦KudkcsD;usL;jcif;uJUokdUuRekfyf*kPfr,lrdjcif;rSefygonf/ tcsKdUaom
t*Fvdyfpmwwfrsm;url uREkfyftm;  (Plagiarism)  ckd;csonf[k ESdyfESdyfe,fe,f
pGyfpJGcsifMuygonf/ cdk;csjcif;[lonfrSm vlrodatmif wuGufwav
cdk;csjcif;rsKd;udkqdkvdkí taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;ü tBuD;tus,f &Iwfcsjcif;
jzpfyg\/ armifpH&Sm; tp&Sdaom uREkfyf\0w¦Krsm;rSm wenf;tm;jzifh
bmomjyefrQomjzpf&m wdkuf&dkufjyefcJUvQif Eke,fao;aom jrefrmpmzwf
y&dowftzdkUü pdwf0ifpm;rI enf;yg;vdrfhrnf[k od&Sd&aomaMumifh ]rSD;}&kH
oabmrsKd;jzifh a&;om;jcif; jzpfygonf/ þacwfwGif pmzwfolaygrsm;vm
ojzifh ]rSD;}jcif;xuf wdkuf&dkufoufoufjyefjcif;onf omíoifhavsmfonf[k
qdkcsifqdkEdkifaomfvnf; vGefcJUaomESpfaygif; 40ausmf tcsdefurl ]rSD;aom
0w¦KrsKd;udkyif (wdkuf&dkufbmomjyefjcif;xuf) ydkí zwfcsifMuygonf/

305 
]rSD;}aom tvkyfonf pma&;q&mtwGufpm;omonfum; rSefygonf/
aemufayguf pma&;q&muav;rsm;onf a&S;vlrsm; pm;omjcif;udk remvdk
Muonfh vu©PmESifh awmifaumf ajrmufaumf uavmf a&;om;Mujcif;rQom
jzpf[efwlygonf/ uREkfyfonf vnf;aumif;? uREkfyfaemufü]rSD;}Muaom
pma&;q&mrsm;onfvnf;aumif; rdrdwdkU ]rSD;}aom 0w¦Kpmtkyfrsm;
atmifjrifrIaMumifh vufraxmif&JMuonf r[kwfyg/ olrsm;xuftvsifarG;í
pm;vdkuf&ayonf[lí om atmufarhMuygonf/

yxrOD; *sme,f

&efBuD;atmif0w¦K &wemykH0w¦K? &lyeE´D0w¦K? pkHaxmufarmifpH&Sm;0w¦K?

&wemyl&0w¦K ponfrsm;udka&;om;NyD;aomtcgwGif a&TOa'gif;[laom
trnfrSm tawmfwufvmcJUygavNyD/ xdkpOfurl 0w¦KbufwGifyDrdk;eif;ESifh
uREkfyftjyif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ray:xGufao;onfjzpfí *kPf,lavmufatmif
r&SdvSyg/ a&;orQ 0w¦Krsm;a&mif;í pGH&kHrQavmufom &SdMuyg\/ okdUaomf
uREkfyf&&Sdaom ]rlydkif}wefzdk;aiGrSm renf;vSyg/ Oyrm &wemyl& 0w¦KtwGuf
ol&d,wdkufrS aiG600d &cJUbl;&m ¤if;aiGrSm þacwfaiG 3000d
xufrenf;aom wefzkd;&SdaomaMumifh awmfawmf[efonf[k qdkEdkifavmufyg
\/ xdktcsdefwGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;bufü rdwfaqGjzpfcJUaom udkcifarmif
wifhrSm &efukefNrdKU ukefonfvrf;wGif bm;rm;a[mufpf  (Burma  House) 

trnfESifh jrefrmjynfjzpf opfom;yef;yk? qifpG,fyef;yk? aiGxnf?

,Gef;xnfpaom ypönf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;om; c&D;onfrsm;odkU a&mif;onfh
qdkifwqdkif zGifhvSpfí tawmfwGifus,fpGm a&mif;csvsuf&S\
d / udkcifarmifwifh
ESifh uREkfyfonfjrefrmhAsL[m*sme,fac: &ufowÅywfpOfxkwf pmapmifudk

306 
xkwfa0cJU&m jrefrmjynfwGif yxrOD;qkH; ]*sme,f}jzpfavonf/ ¤if;*sme,frSm
wapmifwrwfa&mif;í yef;a&mifrsufESmzkH; &Sdav&m *sme,fxGufaom
paeaeUnaersm;ü pma&;pmcsDrsm;\ vufwGif wtkyfpD ukdifvmMuojzifh
wNrdKUvkH; eDoGm;rwwf jrif&jcif;rSm vkH;0wm0ef,lum pwifpDpOf
xkwfa0&aom uREkfyftzdkU&mü MunfEl;tm;wufzG,f aumif;vSygayonf/
¤if;*sme,frSm udkcifarmifwifhu aiGpdkufí uREkfyfu tvkyftm;vkH;twGuf
wm0efcHjzpfavonf/ jrefrmhAsL[m *sme,frSm yxrOD;qkH; *sme,fjzpfí
y&dowf\ tm;ay;jcif;udk cH,l&&Sdygvsuf oufwef; r&Snf&jcif;rSm
udkcifarmifwifhESifh uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufvkH;\ aysmhnHUrIESifh EkHcsmrIaMumifh
jzpfavonf/ uREkfyftzdkU&mü pdwful;bufwGifvnf;aumif;? ta&;tom;
bufwGifvnf;aumif; rnHUvSaomfvnf; tvkyfwckudk wm0ef,lcsifonfh
av;pm;rIr&Sdjcif;? udkcifarmifwifhbufü jrefjrefoaX;jzpfcsifjcif;wnf;
[laom cRwf,Gif;csuf &Sdjcif;wkdUaMumifh *sme,fuav; ysuf&jcif; twGuf
uREkfyfESajrmvSonf/

,Of,Ofuav; zsufqD;jcif;

þae&mü udkcifarmifwifhESifh uREkfyftaMumif;udk tenf;i,f

azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ rEÅav;NrdKUv,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;Xmebufü twlwuG
tvkyfvkyfMupOf udkcifarmifwifhonf aysmfaysmfaecsifwwfolwa,muf
jzpfaomfvnf; ol\pdwfwkdif;us &&Sdxm;aom r,m;udk av;pm;onfhtwGuf
aMumifhtvnftywfem;ygaMumif; azmfjycJUbl;&m &efukefodkUa&mufaomtcg
ürl ol\yxrtdrfaxmif ysufpD;í 'kwd,tdrfaxmifrSm rdef;racsmwa,muf
jzpfNyD; wOD;wnf;arG;xm;onfh tvGefcspfpzG,faumif;aom om;uav;

307 
wa,mufESifh [efusvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; av;pm;rIt&mwGif yxrtdrfaxmif
udkrrSDacs/ cspfcifMuifemrIum; wlygvdrfhrnf/ av;pm;rIum; rwlacs/
þwGifudkcifarmifwifhonf aysmfaysmfaecsifwwfaom 0goemtwdkif;
tdrfrSxGufí aysmfaomtcsdefrsm;cJUavNyD/ uREkfyfonfol\erlem udkMunYf
jcif;tm;jzifh pHa'0DESifh taMumif;ygcJUvQif awmfawmfNidrfvdrfhrnf[k ,lqrd
jcif; jzpfygonf/
,ckaomf uREkfyfrSm yxrESifh'kwd,tdrfaxmifwkdUtay:wGif pHa'0D
uJUodkUav;pm;rIr&Sd&um; udkcifarmifwifhESifh ]buf}&í twlwuG aysmfaysmf
aecJUMuygawmhonf/ okdU&mwGifuREkfyfwdkUaysmfjcif;rSm [dkw,fwckrS wckodkU
ajymif;NyD; bdvd,ufxdk;,if; bD,maomufMujcif;rQomjzpfygonf/
bdvd,ufxkd;jcif;? bD,mwykvif;wavaomufjcif;wkdUonf tjypfBuD;rsm;
r[kwfaomfvnf; pkaygif;vkdufonfhtcgürl aysmfonfxuf aysmfcsifaompdwf
rsKd; waeUwjcm; jyif;xefvmí ,Of,Ofuav;ESifhvludkzsufqD;aom
aysmfenf;rsKd;[lí uREkfyfrSwfcsufcsvdkufonf/ tjcm;vlrsm;twGuf
rajymwwf? uREkfyfESifh udkcifarmifwifhwkdUrSmrl þtwGufaMumifh
tawmf'PfcH vdkfuf&ygonf/ 'Pf[lonfrSm tjcm;r[kwf? tkd;ESifhqef
rwefavmufatmif ydkufqHukefusjcif;yifjzpf\/ uREkfyfrSm xdkpOfu
vcESifh0w¦Ka&;jcif;twGuf pkpkaygif; 200d ausmf &&Sdygvsuf (aiG 200d
onfxdkacwfü tawmfBuD; t&ma&mufonf/) nwdkif; 5usyf? 10d
okH;jzKef;csifonfhtwGuf tb,frSm acsmifcsdEdkifygtHUenf;/ uREkfyfwdkU\
tjypfum; tjcm;r[kwf? vcwaxmifausmf&aom t*Fvdyft&m&SdBuD;rsm;\
aysmfyg;enf;rsKd;udk bdvdjyefq&m udkcifarmifwifh\ vrf;jyjcif;t&
oGm;&nfusí twkcdk;rdjcif;yifjzpfavonf/

308 
[efBuD;yefBuD;vkyfrdjcif;

þtawmtwGif; uREkfyf\ajczsm;axmufaom tjypfuav;rsm;vnf;

yg&Sdao;\/ 1917-20 jynfhESpfrsm;wGif ol&d,aeUpOfowif;pmtwGuf
0w¦Krsm;udk uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; ]'kdifcH}a&;&aom tjzpfodkUa&mufcJUavNyD/
ol&d,aeUpOfowif;pm t,f'DwmOD;buav;onf tjcm;pma&;q&mrsm;
ydkUMuonfh0w¦Krsm;udkvnf; rBudKuf? uREkfyftm;vnf; a&;ay;zkdUrajymcsifyJ
jzpfae\/ uREkfyfrSmvnf;jrefrmhAsL[m*sme,f? jrefrmhEk*¾[*sme,f
ponfwkdUwGif aps;EIef;aumif;aumif;ESifh a&;&aomaMumifh ol&d,aeUpOf
twGufrl olwkdUuawmif;rS a&;ay;awmhrnf[k [efBuD;yefBuD;vkyfvm\/
þwGifOD;buav;onf tjcm;pma&;q&m wa,mufa&;onfh 0w¦Kwyk'fudk
aeUpOfowif;pmwGif xkH;pHtwkdif; xnfhay;vdkuf&m wvrQrMumrD
pmzwfolrsm;u 0dkif;íqlMuojzifh &yfypfvkduf&\/ okdUESifhuREkfyftm;vnf;
ta&;rcdkif;? uREkfyfuvnf; r*¾Zif;twGufom wm0ef&Sdoljzpfí
aeUpOfowif;pmtwGuf rcdkif;yJra&;[k ayuyfae\/ ol&d,wkdufwGif
txufydkif;vlBuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;vSaz? OD;bazESifh OD;buav;wkdUonf
uREkfyfuJUodkUaom tjcm;vkyfom;rsm;tay: wGif AsL&dku&ufqefMuonf[k
uREkfyfxifaomaMumifh uREkfyfu wrifwum uyfzJUvkyfjcif;jzpf\/
uREkfyfESihftwl ESpfvcefUtvkyfvkyfoGm;bl;onfh yDrdk;eif; uvnf;
þtwdkif;yif xifjrifcsuf&Sdí uREkfyftm; ajrSmufay;bl;onf/ þonfrSm
uREkfyf\tjypf[lírxif/ tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif odyfonf;pGm aexdkifwwfygu
uRekfyfyif rEdkifapOD;? t&IH;xGufvdrfhrnfrxifyg/ ,ckrSm &orQaiGudk

309 
udkcifarmifwifhESifhtwl (azmfjycJUonfhenf;twkdif;) vufusefrxm;yJ
okH;jzKef;ypfcsifwwfonfh uREkfyf\tusifhqdk;aMumifh tnHUcHcJU&bl;ygonf/

tqifrajyrIrsm;

ol&d,wdkufESifh ywfoufí uREkfyftnHUcHcJU&ykH tjcif;t&mudk

razmfjyrD ol&d,wkdufom;tcsKdUESifh uREkfyftqifrajyrIuav;rsm;&SdykHudk
azmfjyygOD;rnf/ ol&d,t,f'Dwm tzJGUwGif uREkfyfonfvctBuD;qkH;
r[kwfaomfvnf; (OD;bazESifh OD;vSaz 300d rQpD vnf;aumif;? OD;buav;
180d rQvnf;aumif;? vG,ftdwfOD;bvIdifESifh olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmifwkdUrSm
uRekfyfESifh ydefromvdrfromrQvnf;aumif;? udkboef;rSm uREkfyfESifh
wef;wlrQvnf;aumif; &&SdMuonf/ wkduftkyfESpfa,mufrSwyg;) uREkfyfrSm
0w¦Krsm;ESifh tjcm;pmayrsm; a&;om;jcif;aMumifh 0ifaiGtaumif;qkH;
wa,mufjzpfae\/ &efukefom;wa,mufr[kwfyJ raeUwaeUurS
&efukefodkU a&mufvmoljzpfonfESifh <um;vdkvSír[kwf? tnmom;wa,muf
taejzifh txifao;rcH&apjcif;iSm awmfawmfBuD; ajymifajymifvufvuf
0wfqifavh&Sd\/ (xdkacwfrSm þacwfESifhrwl? a,musfm;csif;
tNydKif0wfaom acwfjzpf\/) þacwfwGifacgif;aygif;vnf; ae&mwdkif;
raygif;Mu? csnfvkHcsnfESifh bkHbdkifzdeyfavmufjzihf NyD;Muolrsm;aomfvnf;
xdkacwfürl pma&;pmcsD twef;tpm;vlrsm;onf udk,fwdkifaygif;&aom
bDataygif; (armifhusufoa&acgi;faygif;r[kwf) ydk;? okdUr[kwf ouúvyf?
odkUr[kwf wmzufwmtuFsD? aemfefx&uf? odkUr[kwfquúZkH; paomzdeyf
aumif;rsm;udk vlwdkif;vdk 0wfqifMuonf/

310 
 uREkfyf\ toufwmwavQmufvkH;wGif (xdkacwfuuJUodkU &efukefNrdKUü
a,mufsm;csif;t0wfNydKifaomacwfudk rBuKHcJU&bl;ay) wdkuftkyfOD;vSazrSm
ydk;om;awmif&Snfudk aeUwdkif;0wfí vkHcsnfESifhtvkyfwufaomaeUyif
rjrifbl;acs/ t,f'Dwm OD;buav;vnf; ydk;vkHcsnf ]xnfvJ}ESifh
opfvGifaom tuFsD? zdeyfrsm;udk aeUwdkif;0wf\/ OD;bazum; (aiGpkorm;
wa,mufjzpfí) t0wftpm;bufwGif oifhwifh&kHrQ 0wfavonf/ uREkfyf
rlum; 0ifaiGaumif;onfhjyif ]tnmom;}udk txifao;rcHEdkifonfh
twGufaMumifh OD;buav; paom vlpkxuf rnHUatmif 0wfqifcJUonf/
uREkfyf\ *dkufqdkufajymif;vJvmjcif;udk jrifMu&aomtcg uREkfyftm;
rsufESmxm;wrsKd;ESifh MunfhMuonf[k uREkfyfxifonf/ olwkdUa&SUrS
uREkfyfjzwfoGm;í vGefvmNyD;rS &kwfw&uf zsyfueJ vSnfhMunfhvdkufaomtcg
olwkdUtcsif;csif; ]rsufpypf}jyjcif;udk uREkfyfjrifvkduf&bl;onf/ rSm;onf
jzpfap ? rSefonfjzpfap uREkfyftm; tjcm;wkdufom;rsm;u 0dkif;NyD;
remvdkvsuf&Sdonf[k uREkfyftxifa&mufvsuf&SdavNyD/

ol&dt,f'DwmtzGJU

þokdUaom tajctaewGif olwkdUESifha&maESmaygif;oif;jcif;onf

taumif;qkH;enf;vrf;jzpfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? a&maESmjcif;tvkyfwGifvnf;
rdrdutemcHí ]arQm}jcif;onf t&ma&mufqkH;jzpfjcif;udkvnf;aumif;
aemifaomtcgü uREkfyfem;vnfygonf/ Oyrm [dkw,fwckü
¤if;wdkUa&mufaeMupOfuREkfyf0ifoGm;aomtcg olwkdUpm;yJGwGif 0ifxdkifNyD;
wcGufpDwdkufvdkufvQif (uREkfyfwwfvnf;wwfEdkifygonf/) tajctae

311 
tawmfaumif;oGm;rnfjzpf\/ xdkuJUodkU ESpfBudrfokH;Budrf 0wfjyKvdkufygu
tm;vkH; ae&musoGm;&rnfjzpf\/ ,ckaomf uREkfyftm; qD;írac:aom
vlrsm;[kqdkum xdkvlpkudk rjrifcsifjyKí olwkdUESifhta0;qkH;aom
pm;yJGwckodkUoGm;NyD; wa,mufwnf; xdkifaomuf\/ (ol&d,t,f'DwmtzJGU
wGif vlvwfydkif;url vG,ftdwfOD;bvIdifrSwyg; tenf;tusOf;aomufwwf
olrsm;ygonf/ okdUaomf,pfxkyfrsm;um; r[kwfMuyg/ ao&nft&ufaomuf
jcif;ESifh ywfoufí vltrsm;ESifhuREkfyft,ltq uGJvJGrI&Sd\/ aemufydkif;wGif
tcsKdUvlrsm;onf uREkfyftm; ]]yDrdk;eif;BuD;wa,muft&ufaomufwwfw,f
qdk}}[k ar;wwfMu&m uREkfyfu ]]uRefawmfvJaomufwwfwmyJ}}[k vkH;ydk
oufoufjznfhpGufajzqdkavh&Sdygonf/) xdkpOfu t,f'DwmtzGJU0ifrsm;teuf
aemiftcgwGifraeEdkifonfh ],pfxkyf}jzpfoGm;Muolrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/
okdUaomf uREkfyfrlum; xdkuJU odkUrjzpfapyJ rdrd\pdwfudk xdef;odrf;EdkifcJUjcif;
twGuf auseyfygonf/ aomufwwfbl;jcif;twGuf &Sufp&mBuD;wck
[lír,lqyg/ uREkfyf\tbdk;u]]a,mufsm;uav;qdkwm ]pkH}rSuG,fh}}[l aom
pum;wvkH;udk uREkyfoabmusbl;aMumif; azmfjycJU&m ]pkH}jcif;[lonf rSm
ok&mar&, oufoufudkom qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfaMumif;udk a&SUwGif
tvsOf;oifhaomae&mü &Sif;vif;azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/

tjrifuwfp&mvlwa,muf

uREkfyftm; 0ifaiGuav;aumif;í ]axmifvTm;aom tnmom;

wa,muf}[k tcsKdUwkdufom;rsm;u tjrifuwfvmMunf[k uREkfyfxifvm
aomtcsdefrSpí uREkfyfonf azmfjycJUonfhenf;twdkif; a&maESmzdkU rBudK;pm;
awmhyJ (BudK;pm;xdkufonf[lívnf; uREkfyfem;rvnfao;) omí tjrifuwf

312 
atmifvkyfcsifaom pdwfrsKd;om jzpfay:vmygawmhonf/ xdkacwfü uGrf;NcH
(&efukef)blwmteD; yef;qdk;wef;vrf;ay:wGif ]qdk&S,f&JUpfawm&ifh}ac:
[dkw,fü bdvd,ufckHrsm;&Sd&m ¤if;wGifuREkfyf bdvd,ufxdk;avh&Sdojzifh
[dkw,fydkif&Sif Adkvfujym; vifr,m;ESifh tuRrf;w0ifjzpfvm\/ ¤if;wkdUü
a'gufuwfaumif;wck&Sd&m olwdkUujym; tcsif;csif;tm; wem&Dig;usyfEIef;
jzifh iSm;avh&Sd\/ jrefrmrsm;tm;rlum; olwdkUuvnf;riSm;? iSm;pD;aom
jrefrmrsm;vnf;&Sm;vSonf/ uREkfyfrlum; olwdkUvifr,m;ESifh tuRrf;w0if
&Sdí ¤if;EIef;twdkif;iSm;\/
uREkfyfa'gufuwf armif;wwfjcif;udkvnf; olwdkUod\/ okdUjzpfí
a'gufuwfudknae5em&DwGif ol&d,wdkufodkUydkU&ef uREkfyfrSmxm;NyD;
ol&d,wdkufü wOD;wnf;aom rdwfaqG ]oHwGJarmif}tm;vnf;ajymxm;\/
nae5em&Dxkd;í wdkufom;rsm;onf tvkyfrSqif;vmMuojzifh wdkfufa&SUü
vIyfvIyf&G&G&SdaeMuonf/ uREkfyf (xdkaeUtzdkUtxl;wvnfqifvmcJUonfh
t0wfopfrsm;jzifh) oHwGJarmifESifhtwl wdkufay:rS qif;vmNyD;a'gufuwfay:
odkU wufum ql;avbk&m;vrf;wavQmuf armif;vmcJUav\/ jrif;BuD;rSm
acsmacsmvSvSESifh tquftuGif;usí xGm;BudKif;aom tvkH;t&yf&Sday&m
,ckuJUodkU rdkwmum; toGm;tvm rjrm;vSao;onfh ql;avbk&m;
(uwÅ&map;) vrf;BuD;ay:wGif uREkfyfwdkUa'gufuwfjrif;BuD;\ cGmoHBuD;rsm;
onf wajzmif;ajzmif;wajAmif;ajAmif;jzifh wbufpDwvkH;pD yDDyDoo
jrnfcsoGm;av\/ a&SUüawGUaom vHcsm;rsm;ESifh jrif;&xm;rsm;udkvnf;
wa'gifa'gifw'if'ifjrnfatmif bJvfudk aqmifheif;jcif;tm;jzifh z,f&Sm;
ap\/ þtjcif;t&mudk jrifMuaom ol&d, wdkufom;rsm;teuf uREkfyfwkdU
ESpfa,muftm; (txl;ojzifh a'gufuwfarmif; aoma&TOa'gif;tm;)
tjrifruyfaom ol&d,wdkufom; cyf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdvdrfhrnfxifonf/ uREkfyf\

313 
OmOfqkd;wckrSmvnf; uREkfyftm; taMumif;rJUtjrifuwfol? remvdkolrsm;udk
wkd;í tjrifuwfatmif? remvdkatmif vkyf&jcif;onf t&omwckjzpf\/
þ0goemrSm uREkfyftzdkU&mü azsmufzsufzdkUtcJ,Of;qkH;wck jzpfaeygawmh
onf/ þenf;jzifh uREkfyfESifh oHwJGarmifwdkUonf wywfvQif ESpfBudrfrQ
avmuf uefawmfBuD;odkU avnSif;cH xGufM uav&m oluvnf; þZdrfrsKd;udk
vQmvnfvmonfjzpfí wvSnfhwywfwGif tukeftuscHygavonf/
uREkfyfonf rdkwmum;udkawmh rarmif;bl;yg/ odkU&mwGif a'gufuwf
aumif;aumif;wGif jrif;&G&GvSvS wyfí armif;&jcif;onf ]armif;}jcif;wum
wdkUwGif Zdrft&SdqkH;[lí qdkcsifygonf/

csJvifhcsf vkyfrdbl;jcif;

waeUoü oHwGJarmifESifh ol&d,wdkuf pma&;wa,mufonf

(rnfonfh taMumif;aMumifh[lí rrSwfrdawmh) wdkufxJwGif pum;rsm;Mu&mrS
&efjzpfMuav&m pma&;onf oHwGJarmiftm; ta0;BuD;rSajy;vmNyD;
ajcaxmufESifhuefausmufvdkufojzifh oHwGJarmif ,dkifoGm;\/ vlESpfa,muf
rSmvkH;wl&yfwl cyfxGm;xGm;csnf;jzpfí vufa0SUyJG Munfh&awmhrnf[k
arQmfvifhMu\/ okdU&mwGif oHwGJarmifonf pma&;udk wkHUjyefuefausmuf
onfjzpfap? ,kwfpGmhtqkH; vufoD;ESifh xdk;onfjzpfap jyKvkyf&rnfhtpm;
pm;yJGwckodkUajy;NyD; riftdk;wvkH;udk aumuf,lum pma&;tm; ayguf\/
rxdrSefacs/ þwGifoHwGJarmifonf awmifajy; ajrmufajy;ESifh vufeuf
wckckudk&Smav&m owif;pmwdkufjzpfí (olu &Sm[ef&Sdonfh) wkwf? "m;?
aoewfpaom vufeufaumif;rsKd;udk rawGU&acs/ xdktcg pma&;onf
aemufwcg uefausmufOD;rnf[k ajy;oGm;&ef [efjyifvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfu

314 
]]a[hvlawmfawmhuG? rif;ucsnf; vkyfae&wmyJ}}[k ajymvdkufonfESifh
wefUoGm;NyD; &efyJGNyD;oGm;\/ oHwGJarmifrlum; olUpm;yJGwGifjyefxdkifum
tHoGm;Budwfjcif;? vufoD;qkwfjcif; ponfrsm;jzifh a'goudkjyvsuf&Sd\/
xdktcg uREkfyfonf pma&;u t,f'Dwmtm; wbufowf
uefausmufjcif;udk rcHcsifonfwaMumif;? oHwGJarmifudk oem;onf
waMumif;? uREkfyfutvkyfoGif;ay;aom t,f'DwmjzpfonfwaMumif;?
vkH;wl&yfwljzpfvsuf vufoD;csif;vnf; rxdk;? ajcaxmufcsif;vnf;
NydKifíruef0HUyJr&Sdaomvufeufudk &Smae&acsrnfavm[k pdwfaygufvm
onfwaMumif;aMumifh ]]a[hvl? rif;eJUigeJUwdkufacgifrdk;ay:wufNyD; wcsDwyJG
owfacsMupdkUvm;}}[k csJvifhcsf vkyfvdkuf\/ uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,mufvkH;rSm
vkH;wl &yfwl vefbm;csnf; jzpfíwu,fowfMuvQif rnfol&IH;rnf?
Edkifrnfudk cefUrSef;&efcJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyftzdkU&müum; bkef;BuD;ausmif;
om;b0wGif &G,fwlvQif vlra&G;qdkum xkd;owfcJhbl;onfh tavhtusifhrQ
avmufom tm;udk;&Sdygonf/ pma&;onf uREkfyftm; vSrf;Munfhí
]]cifAsm;eJUawmhrowfcsifbl; tajy;NydKifcsifw,f}}[k jyefajymavonf/
þtaMumif;t&mudk a&;om;azmjfy&jcif;rSm uREkfyf\owÅdudk odapvdkaom
aMumifh r[kwf&yg/ ol&d,wdkufrS uREkfyftvkyfjyKwf&mwGif þpma&;\
vufcsufyg&Sdjcif;udk azmfjy&OD;rnf jzpfaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ oJwHGarmif
um; ol\toa&udk uREkfyfuq,fvdkaom&nf&G,fcsufjzifh pma&;csJvifhcsf
vkyfonf[k em;vnfrwl? aemifwGif [dkw,fwckü uREkfyfudk ykvif;ESifh
&dkufrnf BuHpnfbl;av&m uREkfyf\nDu olUtBuHudkodí vkHcsnfxJü
0Sufxm;aom ykvif;udkxkwf,lvdkufEdkifonfESifh tBuHysufoGm;ygawmhonf/
(,cktcsdefü pma&;a&m oHwJGarmifyg uG,fvGefukef&SmMuavNyD/)

315 
rdbESpfyg;udk yifhac:cJUjcif;

1920 jynfhESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif uREkfyfonf (vkyfouf okH;ESpfwGif

cGifhwvay;aom ol&d,wdkufpnf;urf;twkdif;) tcGifhwv,lí om;r,m;
rsm;ESifhtwl 0ufvufü&Sdaom rdbrsm;xHokdU tvnfoGm;Mu&ef jyifqif\/
uREkfyfESifhtwlaeaom nDvnf;ygonf/ (vGefcJUaom wESpfavmufu
uREkfyfonfol&d,wdkufwGif pma&;tvkyfwckvpfvyfí wkduftkyf OD;vSazxH
nDtwGuf avQmufxm;bl;\/ uREkfyf\nDrSm q&mjzpfpmar;yJGvnf; atmifí
t*Fvdyfa&m jrefrmpmta&;tom;wGif omrefpma&;rsm;xufomaMumif;
ajymxm;\/ aemufqkH;ü OD;vSazu wdkufwwdkufwnf;wGif vkyfom;
nDtpfudkcefUxm;aom ]rl}udk oabmrus aMumif;? wcgu
nDtpfudkESpfa,muf cefUxm;bl;onfhtwGuf vkyfom;tcsif;csif; jyóem
ay:ayguf&bl;aMumif;? ol\nDt&if; wa,mufudkyif ol&d,wdkufokdU
roGif;yJtjcm;ae&mwckwGif vkyfudkifapaMumif;ajymí jiif;y,fvdkufbl;
ygonf/ (uREkfyfonfoHwGJarmifESifh &efjzpfbl;onfh pma&;\ (&efrjzpfrDu)
rdwfqufay;jcif;aMumifh 0wfqifwdkufrS t0wftxnfESifhvlokH;ypönf;rsm;udk
]vcxkwfay;} ta<u;,lí vpOfay;qyfvmcJUonfrSm wESpfausmfcefU
&SdygavNyD/ tcGifhoGm;rnfhvürl tukeftusrsm;vdrfhrnfudk odonfESifh
a<u;,lxm;onfh aiG40dausmfudk rqyfcJUyJxm;cJUrdygonf/ uREkfyf\tBuHrSm
þvrqyfEdkifvQif aemufwGif ay;qyf&efjzpf&m ,cifuvnf;wpfBudrf
ESpfBudrfrQ þtwdkfif;vkyfcJUbl;\/ 0ufvufodkU a&mufMuí rdcif aps;a&mif;
&jcif;udk uREkfyfawGUaomtcg rdrdwwfEdkifaom wm0efudkxrf;rnfqdkum

316 
aps;qdkifudk jzKwfapí uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl &efukefodkUvdkufae&ef rdbESpfyg;udk
ac:vmcJUyg onf/ om;orD;u auR;arG;jcif;udk rpm;csifwwfaom
uREkfyfrdcifu twefwefjiif;aomfvnf; uREkfyfu uREkfyfuJUodkUaom
om;wa,mufvkH; &SdvsufESifhrdcifu qdkifuav;a&mif;ae&jcif;rSm
uREkfyftzdkU&Sufp&maumif; onfqdkum taMumif;jyonfESifh pdwfrygwygESifh
vkdufvmMu&Smavonf/ 0ifaiG 200d? 300d qdkonfrSm xdkacwfü
pm;ae0wftwGufvkHavmufonf jzpf&m rvkHavmufao;vQifvnf; uREkfyf
tvkyfydkívkyfrnf? tydkokH;jzKef;jcif; rsm;udk avsmhypfrnf[k tm;cJxm;cJU
ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdUrdom;pkonf aysmfaysmf yg;yg; c&D;oGm;Murnf
qdkumrD;&xm;jzifh rjyefyJ oabFmjzifhpkefqif;vmMu&m uREkfyftvkyfjyef0ifzdkU
&ufraphrD w&ufwGif &efukefodkUqdkufa&muf&efjzpfavonf/ odkU&mwGif
vrf;c&D;ü aomifwifvsuf&Sdaom tpdk;&oabFmwpfpif;udk uREkfyfwdkU
oabFmu oJoJrJrJ qGJcszdkU BudK;pm;onfESifh tcsdefw&ufzifhoGm;\/
aomifwifaomoabFmudkvnf; vufavQmhíxm;cJUonf/

rvdkolrsm;\vufcsuf

&efukefodkU jyefa&mufonfrSm w&ufaemufusaomfvnf; tpdk;&tvkyf

r[kwfojzifh udpör&SdEdkifqdkum pdwfylyefjcif; r&Sdacs/ nwGifoabFmqdkufí
aemufwaeUü tvkyfwdkufodkUoGm;aomtcg tvkyform;rsm;onf uREkfyftm;
rsufESmxm;wrsKd;ESifh MunfhMujcif;udk uREkfyf&dyfrd\/ okdU&mwGiftaMumif;jcif;
&mudkrlum; uREkfyfbmrS rod&ao;ay/ uREkfyfonfrdrd\pm;yGJwGifxdkifum
pm&Gufrsm;udk&Sif;vif;vsuf&SdpOf wdkuftkyfOD;vSaza&mufvmí uREkfyfxHodkU

317 
pmwapmifydkUvkduf\/ ¤if;rSm xkacsvTmawmif;onfhpmyifjzpfavonf/
xkacs&rnfh tcsufrsm;rSm (1)cGifhwv,l&m w&ufaemufusí jyefa&muf
jcif;? (2) 0ufqifwdkfufrS ukefypönf;rsm;udk ol&d,wdkuf vufaxmuf
refae*sm[kqdkum ta<u;,ljcif;wdkUjzpfavonf/ þESpfcsufteuf w&uf
aemufusjcif;rSm azmfjycJUNyD;onfhtwdkif; oabFmqdkufa&mufjcif; aemufus
aomaMumifhjzpfí ta&;rBuD;vSacs/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm [kwfcJUvQif
ta&;BuD;ay&m [kwfr[kwf&Sif;jyef&ef vdkayonf/ uREkfyfonf¤if;pGyfpGJcsuf
jzpfay:&jcif;ESifh ywfoufí pkHprf;Munfhaomtcg uREkfyfcGifhoGm;cdkufwGif
0ufqifukrÜPDonf ol&d,wdkufBuD;udk a<u;0g;&rf;uyfxm;aMumif;?
eHeuftcsdefwGifOD;vSaz a&mufvmaomtcg wHcg;wGif uyfxm;onfh
0g;&rf;pm&Gufudkjrifí uREkfyftay:üta<u;aiGav;q,f &&ef&SdaomaMumifh
0g;&rf;uyfonf Mum;&onfwGif uREkfyftm;pdwfqdk;aMumif; uREkfyfuvnf;
vufaxmuf refae*sm tjzpfESifh ta<u;,lonf[k qdkaomaMumifh
OD;vSazomípdwfqdk; aMumif; od&Sd&av\/

qufpyif;cscH&jcif;

þpGyfpJGcsufudk xkacs&mü ta<u;,ljcif; r,ljcif;onf ta&;r[kwf/

vufaxmufrefae*sm[laom &mxl;udk tokH;jyKí,ljcif; [kwf r[kwfonf
omta&;BuD;\/ xdkpOftcgu 0ufqifwdkufonftvkyftudkif&Sdaom pma&;
pmcsDrsm;tm;yif ]vcxkwfay;}ta<u;ay;vsuf&Sd&m ol&d,wdkfuft,f'Dwm
wa,mufjzpfaom uREkfyftzdkUrSm vufaxmufrefae*sm wa,muf[lí
vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;aezdkUrvdkjcif;rSm tvGef&Sif;aomtcsufjzpf\/ wif&Sdaom
ta<u;rSmvnf; 40drQomjzpfí rnfonfhtvkyform;tm;rqdk ,kHMunfEdkif

318 
avmufaom ta<u;jzpf\/ odkUygvsuf oHwGJarmifESifh &efjzpfaompma&;
onfolUudkcsJvifhcsfvkyfonfhtwGuf uREkfyftay:ü tmCmwxm;onfh
vu©PmESifh uREkfyfr&Sdcdkuf 0ufqifukrÜPDtm;bmawGajymonfrqdkEdkif/
ol&d,wdkufodkU 0g;&rf;vmuyfjcif; jzpfavonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap
uREkfyfonf vufaxmufrefae*sm wa,muftaejzifh ta<u;,ljcif;
rjzpfEfdkifonffudkOD; pGm xkacsí OD;vSazxHodkU wifydkUvdkuf&m OD;vSazu
þudpöudk pkHprf;&eftwGuf uREkfyftm;qwfpfyif;  Suspension  vkyfvdkuf
onf[laom pmjyefvmonfESifh uREkfyftdrfodkUjyefvmcJUonf/ uREkfyfonf
xdktcsdefürl b,folawGu acsmufcsxm;onf[k r&dyfrdao;yJ
uREkfyf\tvGef&Sif;aomxkacscsufudk &kwfw&uf vufrcHjcif;rSm tukodkvf
uH zdpD;ESdyfpufjcif; oufoufjzpfonf[k oabmydkufvsuf&Sdonf/

tvkyfjzKwfcH&jcif;

tdrfodkUjyefa&mufí rdbrsm;tm; tjzpftysufudkajymjyaomtcg zcif

onf q&mvGef;uodonfESifh xdknwGif ¤if;\tdrfokdUoGm;\ uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl
tu,fítvkyfjyKwfapOD;awmh a&TOa'gif;trnfESifh 0w¦Ka&;pm;vQif
,kwfpGtqkH; acRacRwmwm pm;Edkifavmufonf[k ,kHMunfaomaMumifh
pdwfylyefavmufatmif r&SdvS/ okdUaomf rdbrsm;udk ZGwfac:vmcJUonfh
tacgufwGifrS pdwfrcsrf;omzG,f jzpf&onfqdkum olwkdUtwGuf
0rf;enf;rdygonf/ xdknüzcifjyefvmaomtcg q&mvGef;vnf; ygvm\/
uREkfyfMum;od&onfrSm zcifESifhq&mvGef;onf OD;vSaz\tdrfokdU a&mufcJU
aMumif;? tusKd;taMumif;udkajymjyaomtcg OD;vSazu ]q&mhvlu bmrS
0efrcHbl;q&m&JU? rcufbl;vm;}}[k ajymaMumif;? okdUjzpfí uREkfyfu

319 
0efcHapvdkaMumif;ESifh zcifua&m q&mvGef;uyg uREkfyftm;wdkufwGef;
Muav\/ uREkfyfu tjypfr&SdyJvsufESifh bmudkrS 0efcHp&mr&SdaMumif;
ajymaomtcg zcifu ]]bmyJjzpfjzpf tazwdkUpdwfcsrf; omatmif 0efcHvdkfufyg
ighom;&,f}}[k zdíajymjyef&m q&mvGef;uvnf; ulnDíajymjyef\/
olwkdU\xifjrifcsufum; [kwf[kwfr[kwf[kwf OD;vSazu 0efcHapvdkonfh
twdkif; 0efcHvdkufí tvkyfrjyKwfvQif tm;vkH;at;oGm;rnf[k qdkMuav
onf/ uREkfyfum;rBuKHwwfatmifjzpfaeavNyD/ tptqkH; ouFm&Sif; cGifh&
vQif uREkfyfütjypfr&SdaMumif; azmfjyEdkifavmufygvsuf zcifESifhq&mvGef;
wkdUu wzufowfzdNyD; 0efcHcdkif;aeMu&mwGif jiif;qef&ef rwwfEdkifawmhyJ
¤if;wkdU\qE´twkdif; vdkufemygawmhrnf[k ajymNyD;vQif pm&Gufw&GufwGif
]]uRefawmf0efcHygonf}}[ka&;í q&mvGef;\vufodkU ay;vdkufojzifh
q&mvGef;vnf; NyKH;NyKH;&Gif&GifjyefoGm;av\/ xdkUaemuf &ufowÅwywfcefU
avmufwGif uREkfyf\]trI}udk 'g&dkufwmbkwftzGJUodkU wifíaqG;aEG;NyD;vQif
uREkfyftm; tvkyfrSxkwfy,fvdkufonf [laomtrdefU csrSwfvdkufMuav
onf/

,lusKH;r&jzpf&ykH

uREkfyf\jypfcsufrSm vufaxmufrefae*sm [efaqmifonfqdkjcif;yif

jzpf&m uREkfyfonf 0ufqifukrÜPDokdUvnf;aumif;? tjcm;wpkHwa,muf
aomyk*¾KdvfokdUvnf;aumif;? rdrdudk,fudkvufaxmufrefae*sm jzpfygonf[l
í EIwfjzifhvnf;aumif;? pmjzifhvnf;aumif; b,feHa&mtcgurS ajymqdk
a&;om;jcif;r&SdcJUbl;ygvsuf (trSefrSmvnf; vufaxmufrefae*sm
jzpf&jcif;xuf t,f'Dwmjzpf&jcif;udkuREkfyfydkí*kPf,lygonf/) zcifESifh

320 
q&mvGef;wkdU\ wdkufwGef;rIaMumifh ajzmifhcsufoabmrsKd;a&;ay;vdkufrdjcif;
twGuf,lusKH;r&jzpfrdygonf/ uREkfyftrIudk'g&dkufwmbkwftzGJUokdUwifí
uREkfyfudkppfaq;ygu vufaxmufrefae*sm [efraqmifbl;jcif;udk &Sif;vif;
atmif jyEdkifavmufygonf/ wdkfuftkyfOD;vSazonf uREkfyfudk tvG,fwul
jzKwfvdkonfhtwGufaMumifh ([kwf r[kwfawmhrajymwwf)0efcH cdkif;jcif;
jzpfonf[k awG;xifvdkufrd&mwGif wdkuftkyfOD;vSazESifh ywfoufí
uREkfyfaqmufvkyfxm;onfh ]avxJrS &JwdkufB uD;}onf wcgwnf; NydKus
ysufpD;oGm;ygawmhonf/

txufjrufqkH; ]ql;}BuD;aygufvmjcif;

&Sif;ygOD;tHU/ uREkfyfonf ol&d,wdkufokdUa&mufonfhaeUrSpí uREkfyf

xuf &mxl;BuD;onfh OD;vSaz? OD;bazESifh OD;buav;wdkU okH;a,mufudk
wapmif;rS tNrJapmifhítuJcwfcJU\/ OD;buav;onf uREkfyfxufvrQ
avmufomBuD;í bdvd,uf upm;bufvnf;jzpfjcif;? tvkyftm;jzifh
qufoG,frIvnf;r&Sdjcif;aMumifh ta&;wBuD;rxm;yJ wdkuftkyfESpfa,mufudk
ydkí *&kpdkufcJU\/ OD;bazum; uREkfyf\0w¦Krsm;udk ]aps;ESdrf}onf xif
uwnf;u ]vifaoa<u;yl}&Smaom pD;yGm;a&;orm;BuD; wa,mufjzpfonf?
ynmonfwa,mufudk csD;ajrSmufvdkolr[kwf[k qkH;jzwfumav;pm;rI
enf;yg;cJUygonf/ (OD;vSazxGufoGm;onfhaemuf uREkfyf\ 0w¦Krsm;pmrlrsm;
ESifh ywfoufí OD;bazESifh wywfausmhjyefquf &onfwGif pmrludk
jzefUMunfhNyD; pmwaMumif;wGif pmvkH;aygif; rnfrQyg0ifonf[k wvkH;pD
a&wGufMunfhjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfjrif&bl;ygonf/ okdUaomf OD;bazonf
xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfESifhtawmftweftuRr;f0ifvsuf &SdNyDjzpfí uREkfyftm;

321 
usDp,faomoabmESifh jyKvkyfjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/ uREkfyfurl
]cJrSefbl;aompmoli,f} qdkbdodkU aps;EIef;ESifh ywfoufvmvQif OD;bazudk
vefUíomaeygawmhonf/) OD;vSazrlum; uREkfyf\0w¦Kpmrludk 200drS
600dxd wkd;ay;oljzpfí wdkuftkyfyifjzpfaomfvnf;ynmonfudk nSmwmwwf
onf[k uREkfyfem;vnfygonf/ xdkUjyif &dk;ajzmifhwnfhrwfjcif;? w&m;rQw
jcif;? (tenf;i,f[efBuD;onf xif&aomfvnf;) wdkfuftkyfyDoaom
um,dajE´&Sdjcif;? t*FvdyfjrefrmESpfbmomvkH;udk ususee a&;wwfjcif;?
(OD;aratmifvufatmufü t*Fvdyfxkwfaom  Burman  bm;rif;owif;pm
wGif t,f'DwmvkyfcJUbl;onf/) odu©morm"d&Sdí vlBuD;yDojcif;?
pdwfoabmxm;BuD;&ifhykH&jcif;? tvkyform;wa,mufudk zdírcdkif;jcif;?
pmtkyfawmfawmfrsm;rsm;zwfbl;onfh pmorm;wa,mufjzpf jcif; tp&Sdaom
*kPft*Fgt&nftcsif;wkdUESifh jynfhpkHaom vlBuD;wa,muf[lí uREkfyf
udk,fwdkif ,kHMunf&kHomru uREkfyf\rdbrsm;ESifhwuG awGUorQaom
uREkfyf\rdwfo*F[ taygif;wkdUtm;vnf; tm;&yg;& ajymjyavh&Sd\/
rEÅav;NrdKUü pDtD;tdktjzpfESifh trIxrf;oGm;bl;onfh uREkfyf\q&m
OD;bvIdifESifh ol&d,wdkuftkyf OD;vSazonf uREkfyfawGUbl;aom vlrsm;teuf
wGif t&dk;ajzmifhqkH;ESpfa,muf[lí trSwfonmxm;cJUygonf/ OD;vSazonf
uREkfyftm; tjypf&Sdonfqdkí &dk;&dk;enf;jzifhjzKwfypfygrlum; uREkfyfbmrQ
ajymp&mr&Sdyg/ ,ckrSm rvdrfhwywfenf;rsKd;jzifh 0efcHcdkif;NyD;rS jzKwfonf[k
uREkfyf,lqrdaomtcgwGif avmuü vl[lonfrSm wa,mufrQ
,kHMunfp&mr&Sd[laom xifjrifcsufwcka&mufvmí uREkfyf\obm0wGif
tawmfxufjrufcdkifrmaom ]ql;}BuD;wacsmif; aygufvmcJUjyefygonf/
þql;rSm BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgrS aygufvmaom ]ql;}jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh
tawmf&ifhrmí xufjrufykH&ygonf/

322 
0w¦Ka&;pm;zdkUtBuH

uREkfyftm; tvkyfjzKwfvdkufjcif;udk q&mvGef;udk,fwdkif tdrfokdUvmí

ajymaomtcg q&mvGef;u ]armifazodef;&m rifhudk ol&d,wdkufwckwnf;
rSmvkyfpm;zdkU rifhtaru arG;xm;wmr[kwfygbl;uGm}}[kajym\/ uREkfyfvnf;
oabmaygufyg\/ uREkfyf\pdwfü xdcdkufjcif;rSm 0rf;a&;twGufr[kwf?
rdbESpfyg;wdkUudk ac:vmcJU&mwGifrS jzpf&aomaMumifh uREfkfyftwGuf
&Sufvnf; &Sufí rdbrsm;udkvnf;oem;onfwaMumif;? uREkfyftvGef
MunfndKaom wdkfuftkyfOD;vSazu rvdrfhwywfajymNyD; jzKwfypfonf[k
xifonfwaMumif;aMumifh 0rf;enf;rdjcif;jzpfygonf/ odkUaomf rnfonfh
udpötwGufjzpfapMum&SnfpGm pdwfrnpfwwfaom uREkfyf\0goemtwdkif;
av;ig;&ufrQ tem;aeNyD;aemuf tvkyfxGufí&Smygonf/ waeUwGif
uREkfyfwdkUaexdkifvsuf&Sdaom MunfhjrifwdkifrS &efukefodkUxGufvmcJUí
,cifu0w¦Ka&;ay;zdkUajymbl;aom ykHESdyfwdkufrsm;odkU 0ifípum;pyf\/
ykHESdyfwdkufom;rsm;onf uREkfyf\0w¦Krsm; pGHjcif;udkodí olwdkUtwGuf
a&;ay;&ef [dkuajymonfuajymESifh wdkufwGef;Mubl;&m uREkfyfrSm
ol&d,r*¾Zif;tjyif jrefrmhAsL[m*sme,f wckvkH;twGufvnf; wm0ef,lxm;
&onfjzpfaomaMumifh vufrcHyJ vSefíypf&onfcsnf;jzpf\/ xdkaeUü
yxrykHESdyfwdkufodkU 0ifoGm;aomtcg ykHESdyfwdkufydkif&Sif uREkfyftaMumif;udk
Mum;&í 0rf;enf;aMumif;ajym\/ 0rf;enf;onf[kom ajymonf/
ol\rsufESmxm;um; vIdufvSJaom trlt&m r&SdvSacs/ þwGif uREkfyfonf
vmcJUaomudpötaMumif;udk rajymawmhyJ EIwfqufíxGufvmcJU\/
'kwd,tdrfokdU 0ifoGm;aomtcg xdkvlrSm ykHESdyfwdkufydkif&Sifwa,muf
um;r[kwf? okdUaomf jrwfvdrfhrnftxifESifh uREkfyf\0w¦Kpmrludk0,fNyD;

323 
&dkufESdyfa&mif;zdkU pdwful;jzifh ]pmrl}awmif;bl;ol jzpfavonf/ oluvnf;
0rf;enf;pum;ajymav&m yxrvlxufvIdufvJSykH&onfESifh uREkfyfu0w¦K
pmrltaMumif;pkHprf;\/ xdkvlurl ypfypfcgcgawmh rajym? odkUaomf,cifu
ay;ygrnfqdkbl;aom EIef;\xuf0ufrQom ay;csifawmhonf/ uREkfyfonf
þtajctaewGif wtdrfwufqif; rvkyfcsifawmhonfESifh olajymonfh
EIef;twdkif;yif vufcHí p&HaiG 50d ,lvmcJUNyD;vQif0w¦Kwyk'fpía&;ygonf/

a'gojzpfp&m

xdktcsdefü uREfkyfwdkU\aiGa&;aMu;a&;tajctaerSm r[efvSacs/

&orQudk [kwÅdywÅdrpkaqmif;yJ cyfazgazg okH;vmcJUonfhtxJwGif
cGifhwv&onfhtwGif;uvnf; c&D;vSnfhvnfcJUMujcif;aMumifh vufusefaiG
ajymifoavmufjzpfaeavNyD/ rdbrsm;\vuf0,fü qdkifuav;a&mif;cJUonfh
aiGuav;&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfodaomfvnf; tultnDrawmif;[k oEédXmefcsxm;
NyD;jzpf\/ rdcifu ]]igwdkUrSm eJeJyg;yg;ygygao;w,f}}[k ajymjcif;udkyif
uREkfyfvufrcHyJ ]]udpör&Sdyg}}[kajymxm;\/ þtawmtwGif;uREkfyfonf
0w¦Kwyk'fudk BudK;pm;yrf;pm;a&;vsuf&Sd\/ okdU&mwGif pdwfrMunfomrI
aMumifh xifoavmufraygufyJ&Sdae\/ p&HaiG 50dteufrS tdrfvc
30day;vdkuf& aomaMumifh 20drQom pm;zdkUusef&mrnfrQavmufacRwmapumrl
10 &uftwGif; ukefacsawmhrnf/ odkU&SdpOf uREkfyfonf udpöwckESifh
&efukefodkU oGm;í tdrfodkUjyefa&mufvm&mwGif rdbrsm; rsufESmraumif;Mu[k
xifrd\/ tdrfay:odkUwufí tajctaeudk Munfhvdkuf&mwGif rdbrsm;tdyf
aom uRef;ckwifBuD;r&SdawmhyJ tdyf&mrsm;rSmMurf;ay:ü cif;xm;jcif;udk
awGU&\/ ZeD;onftm; ar;aomtcg ol\nDrodkU aiG30dESifh a&mif;vdkuf

324 
aMumif; ajymjyavonf/ uREkfyfa'goxGufvdkufykHrSm ZeD;tm; wydkif;pD
wzJUpD qkwfNzJypfvkdufcsifonf/

rBuKHbl;onfha'go

jzpf&ykHum; þodkUwnf;/ rdbrsm;tdyfaom þckwifrSm tydkvnf;

jzpfí tdrfvnf;&Iyfonfqdkum cGifhroGm;rDua&mif;zkdUajymbl;jcif;um; rSef
onf/ okdU&mwGif ,ckrl rdbrsm;tdyfaeMu&ojzifh tydkr[kwfawmhonfhjyif
uREkfyf&efukefoGm;aeonfh tcdkufwGifrS a&mif;NyD;? jzKwfNyD;? a&TUajymif;NyD;?
aiGacsNyD;jzpf&acsoavm[k uREkfyfa'gyGjcif;jzpfavonf/ rnfolUtm; a&mif;
vkdufoenf;[k ar;aomtcg olUnDrodkUa&mif;vkdufonf[kajym\/ þwGif
uREkfyfonf tenf;i,f pdwfoufom&m&í ]]a[m'gjzifhawmfygao; w,f?
aiGjyefay;&kH&Sdwmaygh}}[k ajym&mwGif ZeD;u ta&mif;t0,fjyKvkyf NyD;jzpfí
udpöNyD;jywfaeojzifh aiGjyefay;&ef rjzpfEdkifaMumif;ajym\/ uREkfyfu
]]tjcm;vlr[kwf? udk,fhnDrjzpfí&atmif,lay;&rnf}}[kk ajym&mZeD;u
rjzpfEdkifaMumif;ESifh ]bl;}cHvsuf&Sd\/ rdbrsm;tdyfaeMuaomckwifudk uREkfyf
r&SdcdkufwGif a&mif;vdkufjcif;twGuf a'gojzpfjcif;onf bmrQr[kwfao;?
olUnDrxHrSjyef,lírjzpfEdkif[k ajymvdkufaomtcgü xGufvmaoma'go
rSmrlum; vlwaumifvkH;udk tpdrf;vkdufudkufpm;csifvSonf/ uREkfyfonf
ZeD;tm; wpkHwckjyKvkyfrnfhtBuHay:vm\/ okdUaomf þxuft&m
a&mufaom enf;&Sdonf[k csufcsif;owd&í a'goudk csKyfwnf;vdkufonf/

325 
uREkfyf\tBuH

xdknOfhü rdbrsm;ESifhnDwdkUu 0ufvufodkUjyefMuawmhrnf[kajym&m

uREkfyfrSmvnf;tBuHtpnf&SdonfESifh olwdkU\tBuHudk oabmwlvufcHvkduf
\/ aemufwaeUwGif ¤if;wkdUokH;a,mufonf 0ufvufokdUjyefMu&ef
blwm&kHodkUoGm;Muav&m uREkfyfvnf;vdkufíydkU\/ uREkfyfwkdUrdom;zom;wpk
onfckwiftjzpfESifhywfoufívnf;aumif;? ZeD;ESifhywfoufívnf;aumif;
wcGef;rQrajymyJ tjcm;taMumif;t&mrsm;udkom ajymMu\/ blwm&kHwGif
rD;&xm;vufrSwf,l&ef udpötwGufnDudk rcdkif;yJuREkfyfudk,fwdkifoGm;í,l\/
rD;&xm;ay:ütwlxdkifaeMu&mrS rD;&xm;xGufzdkU 0DpDrIwf&mwGifrdcifu
]]ighom; &xm;xGufawmhr,f? qif;avuG,f}}[kowday;\/ uREkfyfum;
NidrfoufpGmxdkifae\/ odkUESifhrD;&xm;xGufaomtcg uREkfyfonf tydkwpf
apmif0,fvmcJUaom vufrSwfudkrdbrsm;tm; xkwfjyygawmhonf/ uREkfyf
onfrdbrsm;\oabmudkodí þtaMumif;udk rwdkifyifyJwdwfwqdwf
BudwfNyD;pDrHjcif;jzpf\/ wdkifyifygrlum; ,kwfpGmhtqkH; rdcifuzsufonfESifh
taMumuftuefjiif;qef&OD;rnfjzpfavonf/ uREkfyf\nDrSwyg; rdbESpfyg;
wdkUurl uREkfyf\vkyfykHtwGuf tHUMo0rf;enf;jcif;jzpfMuykH&onf/

tajctaezefwD;jcif;

uREkfyfonfþtjzpftysufudk aemifwGif tBudrfBudrfawGU&aom

a,mufztm;vnf;rajym? rnfolUtm;rQvnf; ajymjyzdkUrvdk[k ,lqrdonf
ESifh a&ikHíaecJU&m waeUoü ZeD;udkodaom vlxkrtrmu ar;ojzifh
wBudrfwnf; ajymjybl;\/ rtrmu ]]r,m;udkawmh xm;ygawmh?

326 
uav;awGudkawmhoem;zdkUaumif;w,f}}[k rSwfcsufcsavonf/ uREkfyfonf
uav;awGESifhywfoufí rtrmtm;rnfokdUrQ r&Sif;jycJUaomfvnf; uREkfyf\
om;orD;rsm;tay:ü uREkfyfpdwfxm;ykHudkþae&mwGif&Sif;jy&ayOD;rnf/
'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh0ufvufü (&efBuD;atmif0w¦K pía&;aomaeUu)
arG;onfhorD;uav;qkH;í aemufxyf&efukefüom;wa,muf orD;ESpfa,muf
zGm;jrifonfhteuf uREkfyf\rdbrsm;ESifhvdkufvmNyD; 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh uJGcJU
aomtcgwGif om;wa,muforD;wa,muf usef&pfcJU\/ yxrtdrfaxmif
ESifhvnf; orD;wa,muf&cJU\/ ]OryJGokdufrysuf} aeMupOftwGif;ü (om;udk
orD;xufvnf;aumif;? nDudkESrxufvnf;aumif; cspfwwfaom0goem
&Sdaomfvnf;) om;orD;ESifh nDESrwdUkudk cspfcifwwfaom t&mwGif uREkfyf
xufomol &Sm;vdrfhrnf xifygonf/ nDudkuREkfyf\cspfcifjcif;ESifhywfoufí
rdbrsm;\ csD;rGrf;jcif;cH&ykHudk azmfjycJUbl;&m om;uav;udk cspfcif&müvnf;
a,mu©r a,mufzrsm;ESifh ol&d,wdkufom;rsm; odMuygonf/ uREkfyfonf
av;ESpfrQom&Sdaom om;uav;tm; ouúvyfavmif;uGwfuav; csKyfay;í
ol&d,wdkufodkU ac:oGm;NyD; uREkfyftvkyfvkyfpOf pm;yGJay:wifxm;jcif;udk
wdkufom;rsm;ESifhwuG wdkuftkyfOD;vSazvnf; jrifbl;MuíNyKH;Muygonf/
tvkyfwdkufrS jyefvmaom tcgrsm;wGif om;uav;orD;uav;rsm;udk
wBudrfjzpfapayGUcsDerf;&Iyf&rS auseyfoljzpfygonf/ &efukefrS 0ufvufokdU
rdbrsm;ESifhvdkufoGm;pOf ZeD;tay:ütrsufyifrajyao;aomfvnf; om;orD;
rsm;udk (txl;ojzifh om;uav;udk) owd&írsuf&nfvnfvmwdkif; rdbrsm;
rjrifap&atmif zkH;uG,fxm;&ygonf/ zkH;uG,fxm;&jcif;rSmvnf; rdbrsm;
rBudKufrnfpdk;aomaMumifh r[kwf? jyefoGm;zdkU wdkufwGef;Murnfpdk;aomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/ okdUESifhrdbESpfyg;wdkUonf uREkfyf\pdwfudk &dyfrdMuonfh
vu©PmESifh uREkfyftm; waphwapmif;rQomMunfhí ¤if;wdkUtcsif;csif;om

327 
vSrf;ívSrf;í MunfhMuygonf/ okdUjzpfvQiftb,fhaMumifh cJGypfxm;cJUyg
oenf;[k ar;ol&SdcJUvQif xdkpOfu zefwD;vsuf&Sdaom tjcif;t&m
tm;vkH;onf uREkfyfudk uJGNyJapzdkUbufodkUcsnf; wGef;ydkUvsuf&SdaomaMumifh
[líajzqdk&ayrnf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap aemufydkif;ü uREkfyfjyefvnfokH;oyf
aomtcgrsm;wGif ywf0ef;usiftajctaersm;onf uREkfyftm; þtcsdefwGif
þpmudkxdkifa&;vsuf&SdaomtjzpfodkUa&mufatmif wGef;ydkUMuonf[k ,kHMunf
ygonf/ uREkfyfwGef;vSefEdkifaom tjcif;t&mtvGefenf;í (vkH;0r&Sdawmh
rqdkvdkyg/) a&pD;ü arsm&jcif;uJUodkU &Sdjcif;ursm;vSygonf/ uREkfyftzdkU&mü
xdktcsdefonf 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifhuJGí wwd,tdrfaxmifjyKapzdkU tm;vkH;
0dkif;NyD; zefwD;ay;onf[k qdkcsifygonf/ (0w¦Ka&;zdkU p&H,lcJUaom aiG50drSm
0w¦Kra&;EdkifawmhyJ 1926ckESpfwGif &efukefodkUwywfjyefa&mufaomtcgrS
aiGudkjyefíqyf&ygonf/)

jrpfnmokdUwufMujcif;

rEÅav;odkUa&mufMuaomtcg rdbrsm;rSm 0ufvufodkUjyefMu&efjzpf

aomfvnf; uREkfyfrSmvdkufzdkU&SufonfESifh (rdbrsm;vnf; jyefzdkU&Suf&SmMu&m
tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdí jyef&SmMu&onf/ odkUaomfrdcif\qdkifuav;rSm tNyD;
tjywfra&mif;cJUyJ rdcifu ]t&Sif}a&mif;xm;cJUonf[k aemifwGifod&í
awmfygao;\/) uom'dpBwdwf xD;csKdifhNrdKUwbufurf;&Sd jrawmif&GmwGif
opfawmbufü taumuf0efaxmufjzpfaeaom oli,fcsif; udk0ifharmfxHokdU
oGm;vnf&ef pDpOf&m nDuvnf; vkdufcsifonfajym\/ okdUjzpfí 1920
jynfhESpf? atmufwdkbmvwGif uREkfyfwdkUnDtpfudkonf Aef;armfodkUxGufaom
ukefoabFmjzifh tnmodkUqefwufcJUMuav\/ oabFmay:wGif uREkfyf\

328 
tjzpfudk uREkfyfjyefajymif;qifjcif&mü tvkyfjyKwfjcif;twGufvnf;rylvS?
om;r,m;ESifh uGJ&jcif;twGufvnf; udpör&SdvS? rdbrsm;tm;qdkifjzKwfcdkif;NyD;
&efukefodkUyifhac:oGm;&mwGifrS þodkUjzpf&avjcif;[laom awG;awmrIonf
uREkfyf\t&Sufudkvnf;aumif;?ESvkH;udkvnf;aumif;tjyif;xefqkH; xdk;aqmifh
onfh awG;vkH;jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif rwwfEdkifaomtjcif;t&mwckudk
awG;yljcif;\ tusKd;r&Sdjcif;udk i,fi,fuwnf;uoabmaygufvmcJUonfh
uREkfyftzdkU&mü oabFmjzifh w&ufc&D;rQ xGufvm&onfqdkvQifyif txuf
ygtawG;rsKd;udk armif;xkwfEdkifcJUygNyD/ oabFmay:wGif uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudk
teD;ü azmifBudKorm;rsm;vnf;vdkufygvmMu&m cyfBuD;BuD;vlwa,mufu
]]b,foGm;MurvJ}}[k ar;ojzifhjrawmif&GmodkUoGm;rnfhtaMumif; oli,fcsif;
taumuf0efaxmuf&SdaMumif; jyefajym\/ xdktcgazmifBudKorm;BuD;u-
]]armif&ifwdkUrSm tdrfaxmif&Sdovm;}}
]]r&Sdygbl;Asm}}
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]][kwfygw,f}}
]]'gjzifh armifwkdUESpfa,muf vlysKdtjzpfeJU jyefpdwfr&Sdbl;}}
]]bmhaMumifhvJAsm}}
]]jrawmif&Gmu &Gmi,fayr,fh tysKdacsm tifrwefaygw,f}}
uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudku &,fvsuf&SdpOf vlBuD;u-
]]nDtpfudk nDtpfrawmif jzpfwwfao;Asm;}}
]]OD;u aA'ifuav; bmav;wwfvdkUvm;}}

329 
 ]]r[kwfaygif armif&m? armifwdkUvlykHvlyef;uav;awG Munfhajymwm
yg}}
nDawmfarmifrSm uREkfyfxuf oem;urm;&Sdí uREkfyfum; omref
wa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; &efukefü okH;av;ESpfaecJUbl;onfh twGufaMumifh
uREkfyfwkdU\0wfpm;qif,ifykHudk tuJcwfí azmifBudKorm;BuD; wa,muf
uyif uREkfyfwdkU\xl;jcm;csufudk jrifonfhvu©PmESifh ]vlykHvlyef; uav;
awG[laom pum;udk okH;EIef;vkdufjcif; jzpfwef&m\/ vGefcJUonfh ppfBuD;
twGif;ü vlwdkif;csnfMurf;vkHcsnf0wf&jcif;? þacwfwGif (a,mufsm;rsm;
tzdkUü) 0wfwkpm;wkenf;yg;jcif;? armifhusufoa&acgif;aygif; rsm;
ay:vmjcif;wkdUaMumifh a,mufsm;tm;vkH;udk a&marTvkdufouJUodkU&Sdí
]tnm*dkufatmuf*dkuf}cJGjcm;&ef cJ,Of;aomfvnf; xdkpOfurl &efukefom;ESifh
ref;om;rSm wzmvkHavmufrSodEdkif\/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkifodonf[k ajym&J\/
þtjcif;t&mrSm aumif;onfqkd;onf rajymwwf/ odkUaomf vljyefawmfrsm;
onf &kH;xdkifw&m;olBuD; xif&avmufatmifarmifhusufoa& acgif;aygif;ESifh
bmESifhvkyfvmonfrsm;udkawGU&onfhtcg armifhusufoa& acgif;aygif;
wDxGifaom vludkolwkdUu waeUOD;okH;Budrfcsxdkufonf[k awG;rdwdkif;
NyKH;rd\/ uREkfyfwdkUi,fpOfurl acgif;aygif;udk oyfoyf&yf&yfjzpfatmif
aygif;wwfzkdU vlysKdaygufuav;uwnf;u okH;av;ESpf usifh,l&\/
vljyefawmfrsm;vnf;vl0wfvJcgpwGif ezl;ü urÁnf;xdk;xm;ouJUodkU
y&dowfxJü aygavmBuD; ay:vsuf&Sdwwf\/ þacwfwGifrlum;
,aeUvlxGuf eufjzefw&m;olBuD;[ef zrf;EdkifMuonfrSm armifhusufoa&
acgif;aygif;\ aus;Zl;aywnf;/ (uREkfyfonf þpmudka&;,if; pOf;pm;
rdonfrSm igwkdUawmh tawmfusifh,l&NyD; olwdkUawmh usifhrae&yJ

330 
tacsmifjzpf&onfqdkum remvdkpdwfESifh a&;rdoavm[k udk,fh[mudk,f
ar;rdygao;onf/)

jrawmifodkUqdkufavNyD

vrf;wGif ESpfntdfyfNyD;aemuf uREkfyfwdkUvdkufygvmaom ukefoabFm

onf jrawmifqdyfurf;ü nOD;tcsdefwGif qdkufuyfavonf/ uREkfyfwkdU
qif;cgeD;ü azmifBudKorm;BuD;u ]]armif&ifwdkUusKyfa[mwJUaA'ifudk rarUeJU
aemf}}[k ajymvdkufao;&m uREkfyfu ]]a[mwJUtwdkif;om rSefygapAsm?
cifAsm;udkwckckuefawmhygr,f}}[k &,fumarmumajymcJU\/ jrawmif&Gmonf
xD;csKdifhNrdKU\ ta&SUbufurf;wGif&Sdí xD;csKdifhbufü awmifxdyfwGif
jrodef;wefapwDawmfonfvnf;aumif;? jrawmifbufüvnf;awmifxdyfwGif
azmifawmfOD;apwDawmfonfvnf;aumif; "mwfrD;rsm;0if;xdefvsuf vGefpGm
yPm&íMunfndKzG,faumif;vSygbdonf/ okdUaomf uREkfyfrSmrl
tvkyfjyKwfcJUí om;r,m; rdbrsm;ESifh uJGuGmvm&NyD; ra&mufbl;aom a'o
wckodkU BudKqdkrnfholr&SdyJ nBuD;rif;BuD;ü qif;vmcJU&jcif;jzpfojzifh
apwDawmfESpfql\ MunfndKzG,f tjcif;t&maMumifh pdwfMunfEl;jcif;rjzpf
EkdifyJ tm;i,fovdkjzpfrdygonf/
(uREkfyfonf Aef;armfESifhjrpfBuD;em;NrdKUrsm;okdU ESpfBudrfokH;Budrfa&mufbl;
aomfvnf; rD;&xm;ESifhuomodkUvdkufí xdkrSwzef Aef;armfodkU ul;wkdUoabFm
pD;í c&D;oGm;cJU&jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh rEÅav;ESifhuomtMum;&Sd xD;csKdifh?
jrawmif paoma'orsm;odkU ra&mufbl;cJUjcif;jzpfygonf/) jrefrmjynf
twGif;üa'oEÅ&A[kokwtawmfjynfhpkHí ra&mufbl;aom NrdKUBuD;r&Sd
oavmuf qdkEdkifaom uREkfyftzdkUyif oabFmay:rS nDtpfudkESpfa,muf

331 
qif;vmMuonfhtcg azmfjycJUNyD;aom csKdUiJUcsufrsm;aMumifh xifonfxuf
ydkí pdwfnId;i,frdygonf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfxuf touf 9ESpfcefUi,faom
nDuav;pdwftm;ravsmhapjcif;iSm qdwfqdwfraeyJ awmifajymajrmufajym?
[dkar; onfar;vkyfumjzifhoabFmrS qif;vmcJUMuavawmh\/

oli,fcsif;udk0ifharmf

uREkfyf\oli,fcsif; udk0ifharmfrSm taumuf0efaxmufjzpfí &Gm\

tpGefü&Sdaom opfawm&kH;okdU (ypönf;uav;rsm;udkulvDiSm;í) avQmufvm
Mu&m a&mufaomtcgü udk0ifharmf\rsufESmudkjrif&í uREkfyf0rf;omykHrSm
woufwGif awmfawmfBuKHcJonfh 0rf;omenf;rsKd;jzpf\/ udk0ifharmfuvnf;
uREkfyfwdkUnDtpfudktm; jrif&mwGif rarQmfvifhyJ awGU&jcif;jzpfonfqdkum
0rf;omtm;& c&D;OD;BudKjyKonfwGifrS uREkfyfrSm awmfawmf tm;wufvmyg
awmhonf/
udk0ifharmfonf uREkfyfESifh&G,fwljzpfav&m (uREkfyfxuf w&ufwnf;
BuD;onf/) uREkfyfrSmESpftdrfaxmifysufcJU&NyDjzpfaomfvnf; olUrSmrl vlysKdBuD;
tjzpfESifh rdbrsm;tm; vkyfauR;vsuf&Sdojzifh uREkfyftvGefMunfndKNyD;
&Sdckd;csifpdwf jzpfrdygonf/ xdkolonf ausmif;ü wwef;wnf; twl
ynmoifcJUolljzpfaomfvnf; ol\usDpm;wwfaom 0goemaMumifh uREkfyfESifh
tcifrifqkH; oli,fcsif;wa,mufr[kwfcJUay/ okdU&mwGif &efukefaumvdyf
ausmif;odkU a&mufaomtcgrSpí vli,f ]vlaemuf}uav;wa,muftjzpfrS
vlBuD;vlaumif;wa,muf jzpfoGm;&kHru udkuGef;? udkxGef;&Sdefpaom
vlawmfvlaumif;uav;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqH&jcif;aMumifh a&a&
vnfvnf ywfywfeyfeyf&Sdaom vlwa,muftjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;cJUavNyD/

332 
uREkfyfonf udkuGef;? udkxGef;&SdefwdkUESifhtwl udk0ifharmftm; &efukefü
rawGUcJU&bl;ygu olUxHodkU vmzdkUa0;pG/ olUudkjrifvQif a0;a0;ua&Smifajy;
csifaom pdwfrsKd;&Sdvdrfhrnfjzpf\/ þrQavmuftxd aemufajymifaom
ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfygonf/ odkUaomf&efukefaumvdyfü av;ESpfrQ
aevdkuf&jcif;onf udk0ifharmf\ trlt&mESifh pdwfaeoabmxm;udk rrSwfrd
avmufatmif ajymif;vJypfvkdufygawmhonf/ (xdkUaMumifhvnf; aumvdyf
ausmif;üuREkfyfav;ESpfavmuf aecGifhr&cJUonfh uREkfyf\tjzpfudk 0rf;enf;
yef;enf; a&;om;cJUjcif;jzpf\/) udk0ifharmfrSmrl &efukefaumvdyfomru
tdE´d,jynf ',f&'Gef;NrdKUopfawmausmif;üvnf; ESpfESpfrQ qufvuf
ynmoifcGifh&cJUoljzpfonfESifh uREkfyf\rsufpdü omíauseyfzG,faumif;aom
vlwa,mufjzpfvmonf jrifrdonf/ (þae&mü EdkifiHjcm;okdU ynmoif
oGm;Edkifonfh tajctae&Sdaom vli,frsm;tm; ]]bmrQ pOf;pm;raeeJU
oGm;omoGm;}}[k uREkfyfwdkufwGef;vdk onf/) a,bk,stm;jzifh ajym&vQif
NrdKUuav;om;ESifh NrdKUBuD;om;wdkU\ jcm;em;jcif;uJUodkU wdkif;BuD;jynfBuD;
rsm;ü raebl;olESifh aebl;olwkdU\ jcm;em;jcif;onfvnf; xif&Sm;onf[k
uREkfyfjrifrdygonf/

rawmif&Gm

xdknOfhü xrif;pm;aomufNyD;Muaomtcg udk0ifharmfu ]]vmMuAsKdU?

cifAsm;wdkUudk jrawmif&GmtaMumif; od&atmifvdkufjytkH;r,f}}[kqdkum taEG;
xnfuav;rsm; 0wfzdkUajym\/ (uREkfyf\xl;jcm;csufwckrSm om;r,m;ESifh
uJGcJU&onfhtcgwdkif; t0wfwxnf udk,fwckESifh qif;vmcJUonfhtjzpfrsKd;udk
ESpfBudrfvkH;BuKHcJU&jcif;jzpfonf/ þwBudrfürl nDüygaom t0wftxnfrsm;

333 
udk cGJa00wf&íawmfygao;\/) &moDrSm oDwif;uRwfvjynfhausmfrQom
&Sdao;aomfvn;f &efukefütawmftaeMum vmcJUaom uREkfyfwdkUtzdkUrSm
nOfheufcsdefwGif awmfawmfuav; at;pjyKavNyD/ udk0ifharmfrSm jrefrmrif;
vufxufu aMu;eef;0ef\ ajr;jzpfí tom;0g rsufvkH;jyL; EIwfcrf;arT;
aumif;aumif;ESifh vlacsmvlcefUwa,muf jzpfav&m vlysKdvnf;jzpfjyef?
t&m&Sdwa,mufvnf;jzpfjyef (aemifwGifod& onfhtwdkif;) pdwfBuD;r0if
wwfyJ &Gmom;rsm;ESifh a&ma&maESmaESmvnf; aewwfjyefav&um; jrawmif
&GmodkUvlcspfvlcifaygaom t&m&Sdwa,muf jzpfae\/
olonf rdef;rvdkufpm;aom 0goemr&Sdaomfvnf; tysKdacsm&Sdaom
vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;\tdrfodkU rdwfjzpfaqGjzpf jy&rnfqdkum wtdrfwufqif;
vSnfhvnfwwfav&m uREkfyfwkdUtm; þnwGifjrawmif&GmtysKdacsmrsm;udk
jy&rnfqdkum ac:oGm;jcif;jzpfavonf/ txufazmfjy&myg t*Fg&kyfrsm;ESifh
jynfhpkHaom udk0ifharmftzdkUrSm ysLysLiSmiSm {nfhrcHcsifaom tdrf&Sifr&Sd?
tdrfay:odkUwufoGm;MuonfqdkvQif aumfaZmcif;NyD; vufzuf&nfMurf;ESifh
tjrnf;jzpfap? okdUr[kwf aumfzDESifh bDpuGwfrkefUaowÅmjzpfap wnfcif;
auR;arG;Muonfcsnf;jzpf\/ wtdrfESpftdrfrQ wufrdMuvQif uREkfyfonf
jrawmif&Gm\ xl;jcm;csufwckudk owdjyKrd\/ uREkfyf\zcif arG;zGm;&m
jzpfaom a&Tbdke,fbufürl awm&Gmuav;rsm;wGif {nfhBuD;{nfhaumif;qdkí
xdkufwefatmif om;om;em;em; cif;usif;jyifqifauR;arG;Edkifaomtdrf
[lonfrSm olBuD;tdrfrSwyg; cyf&Sm;&Sm;awGU&\/ olBuD;tdrfqdkonfrSmvnf;
NrdKUtkyf0efaxmufpaom t&m&Sdrsm;vmwwfojzifh {nfhcHEdkifzdkU wrifjyifqif
xm;&jcif;rQom jzpfavonf/
a&Tbdke,frS awm&Gmrsm;udkxm;ygOD;? a&TbdkNrdKUESifh rEÅav;NrdKUBuD;
ay:üyif (xdkpOftcgu) tdrfwdkif;wGif aumfaZmtopfwcsyf&Sdaomtdrf

334 
cyf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdí nOfhtdyf{nfhonfvmonfqdkvQif [dktdrfonftdrfrS
apmif?acgif;tkH; riSm;&aomtdrf[lí &Sm;vSayonf/ jcifaxmifrlum;
q,ftdrfwGifrS tydkwvkH;xm;Edkifol r&SdcJUacs/ jrawmif&Gmuav;rlum;
(þ&Gmomr[kwf? jrpf&dk;wavQmuf&Sd &Gmwdkif;vdkyif þenf;ESifESifawGU&\/)
opfukefonfrsm;? tif;wdkifrsm;qdkonfh txufvTmvlpm;omru ESJorm;
wa,muf\ tdrfüyif oifhwifhavsmufywfpGm {nfhcHEdkifjcif;udk awGU&onf/
xdknOfhü uREkfyfwdkUonf olBuD;tdrfESifh opfukefonfwa,muf\ tdrfwtdrf
rQom wufMuNyD;aemuf ESJorm;wa,muf\tdrfü tcsdeftMumqkH;aeí
aemufydwfqkH;taejzifh vufpowfvkdufM u\/ ESJorm;\tdrfodkU a&mufMu&
jcif;rSm xdkolü toHaumif;í aw;csif;qdkwwfaom orD;uav;wa,muf
&Sd&m udk0ifharmfrSm *Dw0goemygoljzpfí uREkfyf0goemygjcif;udkvnf;
odonfESifh orD;uaw;qdk? zcifu ESJrIwfjcif;jzifh ]a&Tem;awmfoGif;}Muap&ef
tBuHESifh 0ifa&mufjcif;jzpfavonf/ oli,fcsif;0efaxmuf udk0ifharmf\
xl;jcm;aom 0goemwckrSm wJpkwfaom ESpfaqmifNydKiftdrfaom ra&G;?
olcifrifvQif 0ifcsif&m0ifNyD; xdkifcsif&m xdkifwwfjcif;yifjzpfavonf/
rsufESmBuD;i,f rvkdufwwfjcif;? *kPFyumoeudk *&krpdkufjcif;?
[efBuD;yefBuD; rvkyfwwf jcif; wnf;[laom t&mXmewGif udk0ifharmfudk
rSDEdkifol[lí uREkfyfrawGU& bl;acs/

0&efwmrS&Icif;

jrawmif&GmwGif ,cifu taumuf0efaxmuf[lír&SdcJU? udk0ifharmf

onf yxrOD;qkH; taumuf0efaxmufjzpfí ¤if;twGuf aetdrfoD;jcm;
aqmufvkyfxm;jcif;r&Sdao;yJ opfawm&kH;taqmufttkHudkyif 0efaxmuf

335 
aetdrftjzpfESifh tokH;jyK&\/ {&m0wDjrpfonf jrawmif&GmteD;wGif
xkH;pHtwdkif;awmifESifhajrmuf rpD;qif;yJ auGUauGUaumufaumuf &Sdonf
jzpfí jrpfurf;yg;ay:ü wnfxm;onfh &Gmrsm;\xkH;pHtwkdif; &Gm&SnfBuD;
jzpf&m a&Tbdke,fbufürl &Gmrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifhcyf0dkif;0dkif; &SdMuav
onf/ jrawmif&Gm\ taemufbuftpGef; (&GmNrD;)ü opf0g;jzifh
aqmufvkyfxm;onfh tdrfjrifh (AdkvftdrfBuD;) ESpfaqmif&Sd&m wtdrfrSm
awmtkyfBud;twGufjzpfí 'kwd,tdrfrSm taumuf0efaxmuftwGufjzpf\/
tdrfESpfaqmifvkH;onf jrpfbufodkU rsufESmrlvsuf&Sdí &Icif;omvS\/
0&efwmrS yufvufukvm;xdkifwGif xdkifvsuf arQmfMunfhvkdufaomtcg
wbufurf;&Sd xD;csKdifhNrdKUESifh awmifxdyfrS jrodef;wefbk&m;udkvnf;aumif;?
{&m0wDrsufESmjyifü pkefqefoGm;vmvsuf&SdMuonfh oabFm? orÁef?
avmif;avS? ydef;aumrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? wtdtd wa&GUa&GU
arQmcsvmMuonfhopfazmif? 0g;azmif? Budrfazmif ponfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?
[dkbufurf;onfbufurf; acgufwkHU acgufjyef wuRduRdwuGduGdESifh
avSmfcwfMuonfh ]iSuf}(orÁef)rsm;udk vnf;aumif; jywfawmhonfr&SdyJ
aeUa&mnOfhyg jrif&Mum;&\/ odkUaomf uREkfyfwdkUvlpk arQmfvifhtm;xm;qkH;
aom tcsdefonfum; naecif; tcsdefaywnf;/

jrawmifol tysKdacsmrsm;

&Sif;ygOD;tHU/ {&m0wDjrpfonf txufwGif azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif;

jrawmif&GmteD;wGif auGUauGUaumufaumuf pD;qif;í tcsKdUae&mrsm;ü
urf;yg;NydKvsuf &SdaomaMumifh jrawmif&Gmonf wckwnf;aom a&qdyfudkom
tokH;jyKEdkif\/ ¤if;a&qdyfrSmvnf; opfawm&kH;a&SUwnfhwnfhü &Sdae\/

336 
xdka&qdyfwGif 0g;azmifrsm;vnf; (wazmifNyD;wazmif) tNrJvdkyif
qdkufuyfvsuf&Sd&m a&cyfolrsm;vnf; azmifay:okdUwufí (a&aumif;
a&oefU &apjcif;iSm) azmiftpGef;odkU avQufoGm;NyD;rS a&cyfMu\/
a&csKd;olrsm;vnf; ¤if;enf;twdkif;yif jyKvkyfMuonf/ okdUjzpfí naecif;
tcsdefrsm;wGif jrawmifw&GmvkH;&Sd tysKd[lorQonf ig;a,mufwwef;?
ajcmufa,mufwwef; ponfjzifh a&tdk;rsm;&Gufum a&qdyfokdU vmMuav&m
opfawm&kH; 0&efwmrS xdkifvsuf wnaerQ arQmfMunfhvdkufygu
jrawmif&Gm&SdtysKdaygif;pkHudk wa,mufrusef jrif&onf[k qdkEdkifavmuf
ayonf/ (opfawm&kH;ü vlysKdvlacsm opfawmt&m&SDwa,muf
&Sdaejcif;onf jrawmifol tysKdrsm;twGuf a&cyf&jcif; tvkyfü NiD;aiGUjcif;
ajyaysmufapavoavm rajymwwfay/) rnfokdUqdkap a&qdyfodkU npfwD;
npfpkwf rvmyJoyfoyf&yf&yf0wfqifvmapzdkU wdkufwGef;csufwck jzpfap
onf [líum; uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ a&qdyfodkUvmMuaomtysKdrsm; onf
yGJaeyGJxdkif xGuf&ouJUokdU 0wfaumif;pm;vSBuD; r[kwfaomfvnf;
o&ufxnfvkHcsnfvwfvwfESifh (wwfEdkifolrsm;u) tuFsD'dkbDcsrQavmufudk
awmh 0wfqifvmMuonf/ qHyifaumif;olrsm;uvnf; qHyifzm;vsm;csum
vmwfMuay&m oeyfcg;yef;yef[lonfrSm tysKdwdkif;vdkyif yefqifvmMujcif;
udk awGU&\/ a&tdk;udk acgif;ay:wGif &Gufxm;&aomfvnf; a&pD;usNyD;
oeyfcg;ysufjcif;r&Sd&avatmif tysKdwkdif;vdkyif usifvnfrI&Sdavonf/
uREkfyfwdkUvlpkonf 0&efwmüxdkifvsufa&qdyfbufodkU arQmfMunfhaeMupOf
opfawm&kH;bufodkU rodrom rxifr&Sm;apmif;iJUí rMunfhrdaomtysKd[lí
r&Sdjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfowdjyKrd\/ þwGif uREkfyfu udk0ifharmftm;-
]]b,fhES,fvJAs udk0ifharmf? jrawmif tysKdacsmawGu cifAsm;&kH;bufudk
w,fMunfhMuyguvm;}}[k ajyvdkuf&m udk0ifharmf\pma&;uav;u ]]cgwdkif;

337 
'gavmufr[kwfygbl;cifAsm? 'DaeUawmhq&mwkdUa&mufwJU owif;Mum;vdkU
'gavmufMunfhwmyg}}[kajym\/
]][kwfEdkifyghrvm;ighvl&m? igwkdUu pdwf0ifpm;avmufwJU vlawGrS
r[kwfyJ}}
]]0efaxmufrif;tdrfudk a&mufwJU{nfhonfqdkvQif [dkNrdKU 'DNrdKUu
opfukefonfavmufudkawmif*&kpdkuf MunfhMuwmyJ q&m&JU? aemifBuD;wkdUu
&efukefu a&mufvmMuwJU r*¾Zif;t,f'DwmnDtpfudkqdkawmh pdwfr0ifpm;yJ
b,frSmaeEdkifMurSmyJ aemifBuD;&JU}}
]]wdkUtaMumif;awGudk b,fhES,fvkyfNyD;odovJarmif&,f}}
]]aemifBuD;wdkUnDtpfudk oabFmuqif;NyD; 0efaxmufrif;&kH;udk
wufvmMuwnf;u b,fu{nfhonfawGygvdrfhvdkU armfhMunfhukefMuNyD;
raeUnu olBuD;tdrfudk 0efaxmufrif;eJU aemifBuD;wdkUoGm;vnfvdkufMuw,f
qdkvQif reufvif;awmh aemifBuD;wkdUtaMumif;udk w&GmvkH; odukefMuwm
ayghcifAs? wcsKdUuawmh 0efaxmufrif;vdk vlysKdawGyJvm;? bmvm; nmvm;
eJUawmif ar;ukefMuNyDaemifBuD;&JU}}
]]ar;olawGu tysKdawG[kwfuJUvm; ighvl&JU}}
]]tysKdawGua&m? olwkdUrdbawGua&maygh aemifBuD;&,f}}
udk0ifharmf\ pma&;uav;u udk0ifharmf\ a&SUarSmufü uREkfyfwdkUtm;
þuJUodkU vGwfvyfpGmajym0HUjcif;udk awGU&jcif;tm;jzifh udk0ifharmfonf
vufatmufi,fom;rsm;ESifh ta&mw0ifqufqHavh&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyftuJ
cwfEdkifayonf/
a&qdyfESifh uREkfyfwkdU&Sdaeaom opfawm&kH;rSm vGefpGmreD;uyfvSaomf
vnf; a&cyfvmMuaomtysKdrsm;teuf rnfonfum; acsmonf? rnfonf
um; racsm[lonfudk tuJcwfEdkifavmufonf/ tysKdacsmudkjrifonfhtcg

338 
uREkfyfu pma&;uav;(armifjr)tm;ar;&m armifjru tysKdacsmrsm;\
trnfemromru rdbtajctaersm;udkyif ajymjyEdkifavonf/

teD;MunfhwrsKd;

nae av;em&DavmufrSpí tysKdrsm;a&cyfqif;Mu&m ig;em&DcefU

&SdaomtcgwGif tysKdwdkif;okH;av;acgufrQpD a&cyfqif;NyD;MuNyDjzpfí qHyif
zm;vsm;ESifh tysKdacsmum; rnfolrnf0g jzpfonf/ vkHcsnftusm;BuD;ESifh
tysKdacsmum; rnfol? o&ufxnftuFsDyef;a&mifESifh tysKdacsmum;
rnf0gponfjzifh uREkfyfrsufrSef;wef;rdukefavNyD/ (racsmaom tysKdrlum;
ta&twGufwGif rxnfhoGif;acs/) uREkfyfa&mufbl;orQaom aus;&Gmrsm;
teufwGif jrawmif&Gmonf tysKdacsm &mcdkifEIef;trsm;qkH;[lí ¤if;naeuyif
uREkfyfrSwfwrf;wifvkdufNyD;ygNyD? ig;em&D ausmfausmfavmuf wGif
uREkfyfuudk0ifharmftm; ]]cifAsm; b,ftcsdef a&csKd;wwfovJAsKdU udk0ifharmf}}[k
ar;vkduf&m udk0ifharmfu ]]a[h zkd;uGef;? a&vJydkif;wdkU rsufESmokwfy0gwkdU?
qyfjymcGufwkdU,lcJUuGm? igwkdU a&csKd;r,f}}[k tvdkufodpGm pDrHavawmhonf/
(wu,fcspfp&maumif;aom oli,fcsif; wa,mufaywum;/) a&qdyfü
a&csKd;MupOf uREkfyf\tvkyfrSmqHyifzm;vsm; ESifhtysKdacsmonf vnf;aumif;?
vkHcsnfusm;ESifhtysKdacsmonfvnf;aumif;? yef;Eka&mifo&ufxnftuFsDESifh
tysKdacsmonfvnf;aumif; ta0;rSacsm oavmuf teD;üacsmygav\avm
[k pkHprf;&jcif;yif jzpfavonf/
teD;okdUcsOf;uyfíMunfh&mü xyfrHawGU&Sd&aom tjcif;t&m
wckonfum; tysKdtm;vkH;wGif t&kyfqdk;ol tvGefenf;í ,kwfpGmhtqkH;
oem;urm;ESifh ]&GufMurf;a&BudK} &SdMuolwkdUom aygrsm;vSjcif;aywnf;/

339 
tysKdacsmwumwkdUwGif eHygwfwpf xm;xdkufolrSm uREkfyf\ ]c,fravmif;}
uav;yifjzpfavonf/ uREkfyf\wwd,ZeD;avmif; (rpdk;)rSm a&cyfolrsm;
teufwGif ryg0ifacs/ (rpdk;rSm xdkpOfu touf22ESpf&SdNyDjzpfí ¤if;\nDr
ti,fESpfa,mufu a&cyfaom wm0efudk ,lMuaomaMumifh a&cyfMu&mwGif
ryg0ifyJ ]]tdrfaxmifxdef; tpfrBuD;}}tjzpfodkUa&mufaecJU avNyD/)

udk0ifharmf\ 0goemwck

þae&mü oli,fcsif; udk0ifhfarmfESifh ywfoufí uREkfyfudktuJcwfEdkif

avmufp&m jzpfay:vmaom taMumif;t&mwckudk trSwf&í azmfjy&OD;
rnf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf azmifpGef;wGif (a&nmrS) a&csKd;Muí rdef;rBuD;
okH;a,mufwkdUvnf; atmufydkif;rS a&csKd;vsuf&SdMu\/ azmifpGef;jzpfonfh
twGufaMumifha&onf þae&mü tawmfeufí raxmufrdyJ &SdonfESifh
a&ul;rwwfolrsm;rSm azmifudkudkifwG,fvsuf a&csKd;Mu&\/ odkUESifhyif
a&ul;rwwfolrsm; tzdkUrSm ab;tEÅ&m,fruif;vSay/ uREkfyfwdkUrlum;
a&ul;wwfolrsm;jzpfí azmifudkvTwfum jrpfjyifodkU xGuful;Muavonf/
(þae&mü uREkfyfa&ul;wwfykH qef;Mu,fjcif;udk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/)
uREkfyfonfbkef;BuD;ausmif;om;uav; b0uwnf;u a&Twacsmif;ü
Budrfzefrsm;pGm a&csKd;cJUjcif;taMumif;udk azmfjycJUonfjzpf&m a&ul;wwfzkdU
twefwefBudK;pm;aomfvnf; rul;wwfyJ ]azmfh}&kHrQom ]azmh}wwf\/
uREkfyf\ q&mawmfNrdwfudk,fawmfuvlonf a&rsufESmjyifay:wGif
yufvufvSefí ajcvufrsm;udk um;&m;BuD;xm;NyD; OD;acgif;udk aemufodkU
vSefum ESmacgif;ay:&kHuav;rQ xm;wwfygu a&repfEdkifaMumif;?
OD;acgif;udk aemufodkUrvSef0HUyJ cyfaxmifaxmif vkyfvdkufvQifrlum;

340 
jrKyfoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; rdefUawmfrlbl;avonf/ uREkfyfonf q&mawmf\
pum;twdkif; a&Twacsmif;ü prf;oyfMunfh&m [kwfrSefaMumif;awGU&\/
okdUjzpfí uREkfyfrSma&rul;wwfyJvsuf a&ay:atmif ]azmh}Edkifvsuf&SdavNyD/
waeUoü uREkfyfESifharmifykonf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS xGufNyD;í q,fhokH;
av;ESpf t&G,fwGif tjcm;oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh jrpfqdyfodkUoGm;í azmifrsm;teD;
wGif a&csKd;Mu\/ uREkfyfrSwyg; tm;vkH;a&ul;wwfMu\/ tjcm;oli,frsm;
onf azmifpGef;wGif a&ul;vsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfrlum; urf;yg;teD;
cg;avmufrQom eufaom ae&mwGif (Nrdwfq&mawmf\enf;twdkif;)
wa,mufwnf; ]azmh}vsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf a&ay:wGifajcvufum;&m;
xm;í yufvufvSefum aygavmay:vsuf&SdpOf aeudkMunfhae&ojzifh
aeonfcsmvywfvsuf &Sdonfxif&\/ trSefrSm aeuvnfjcif;r[kwf?
uREkfyf\udk,fonf a&ay:üywfcsmvnfvsuf&Sdjcif;rQomjzpf\/ taMumif;rl
um; jrpfa&onf 'va[m pD;qif;vsuf&SdpOf uREkfyf\udk,fonf a&ay:ü
ywfcsmvnfvsuf arsmygjcif; jzpfayaomaMumifhwnf;/ þtaMumif;udk
em;rvnfaomuREkfyfrSmrl a&rsufESmjyifü arsmívdkuf&jcif; onf
]Nidrfh}onfqdkum ZdrfESifharsmygvsuf&Sd\/ wcPüuREkfyf\vufudk
wpkHwa,mufu qJGvkdufonfESifh yufvufarsm&mrS wefUueJ jzpfoGm;NyD;
ajrBuD;udkajcaxmufvkduf&m ajrBuD;&SmrawGUonfESifh tBuD;tus,f
xdwfvefU&kHru a&rsufESmjyif atmufodkUjrKyfoGm;NyD; ESmacgif;xJodkU
a&rsm;0ifukefavawmhonf/ vefUvdkufykHum; ajymzG,f&mr&Sdacs/
aemufwcPü uREkfyftm; qGJxm;aom vufudkudkifzrf;um ¤if;udk
tm;jyKvkdufonfwGif a&ay:okdUOD;acgif;ay:vmí jzpf&ykH tajctaeudk
uREkfyfjrif&ygawmhonf/ þwGifwpfBudrfxyfí vefU&jyefygawmhonf/
jzpfaeykHrSmum; uREkfyfonf azmifBuD;\tpGef;a&eufxJodkU a&mufvsuf&Sdí

341 
armifyku azmifpGef;udkvufwbufESifh udkifumtjcm;vufwbufjzifh
uREkfyf\vufwbufudk qGJzrf;xm;jcif; jzpfavonf/ armifykujrif&
uREkfyfa&rul;wwfjcif;udk odonfESifh ajy;vmNyD; azmifudkudkifum
uREkfyftm;qJG,lvdkufjcif;jzpfavonf/ tu,fí armifykonf uREkfyf\
tajctaeudk tcsdefrDrjrifvdkufyJ wpuúefUrQ aemufusoGm;onfqdkygrlum;
uREkfyfrSm þrSwfwrf;jzifh pmzwfy&dowftm; nSOf;yef;cGifhr&awmhyJ
tapmBuD;u b0 &kyfodrf;NyD; jzpf&ayawmhrnf/

tacsmifa&ul;wwfjcif;

1914 ckESpfü wGHaw;NrdKUokdU uREkfyfa&mufoGm;pOf ]0gqdk0gacgif

a&azmifazmif}qdkaom &moDjzpfí wHGaw;wl;ajrmif;rSm urf;jynfhurf;vQH
qdkavmufatmif a&rsm;vsuf&Sd\/ tdrfrsm;onfacsmif;udkausmay;vsuf&SdMu
&m tjcm;&moDrsm;wGif wGHaw;acsmif;rSm a&csKd;avmufatmif roefUjyefU
aomfvnf; ¤if;&moDürl {&m0wDjrpfaMumif; a&ozG,f MunfvifoefU&Sif;
vsuf&Sd\/ okdUjzpfíacsmif;udkausmcdkif;um aqmufvkyfxm;onfh tdrfrsm;rS
vlrsm;onf tdrfaemufaz;ydkif;udk a&qdyfjyKíacsmif;xJodkU ckefqif;um
a&csKd;Muavonf/ wnaeü a,mufzESpfa,mufu uREkfyftm;a&csKd;&atmif
[kajymí tdrfaemufaz;rS ckefqif;Muav&m uREkfyfvnf; ¤if;wkdUaemufrS
ckefqif;vdkufav\/ þae&mü ]a&wdrf}[lír&Sd/ ckefcsvkdufonfESifh
wNydKifeufraxmufrdyJ a&ul;Mu&avonf/ a,mufzESpfa,mufonf
a&SUrSul;oGm;Muíacsmif;v,f okdU a&mufoGm;Muav&m uREkfyfvnf;aemufrS
vkduful;oGm;av\/ acsmif;v,fodkUa&mufoGm;Muaomtcg uREkfyf\pdwfxJ
ü wpkHwckudk owd&í xdwfueJjzpfoGm;\/ owd&aom tjcif;t&mrSm

342 
]]b,fwkef;ua&ul;wwfygvdrfh}} [lonfyifjzpf\/ uREkfyfrSm armifykESifh
Budrfzefrsm;pGm a&ul;oifcJUbl;aomf vnf; a&ul;um;rwwf ]azmh}Edkif&kHom
wwfcJUbl;jcif;udkowd&\/ jzpf&ykHum; rdrdudk,fudk a&ul;wwfNyD;txifESifh
ckefcsNyD; ul;,ufcJU&m wu,ful;wwfaomtjzpfodkU ]tacsmif} a&mufoGm;
jcif;yif jzpf[ef&Sdonf/ þtjcif;t&monf xl;qef;aomfvnf;rjzpfEdkifaom
t&mr[kwf/ acG;uav;rsm;onf a&xJodkUcsvdkufvQif ul;oGm;EdkfifMu
onfomjzpfavonf/ vltzdkU&mü ]iga&rul;wwf}[laom txifuyfvsuf
&SdaomaMumifh wrifwum avhusifh,l&jcif;jzpfwef&monf/ rnfodkUyif
jzpfap uREkfyftzdkU&müum; ]a&ul;wwfNyD;}[laom txifrSm;rIaMumifh
wu,ful;wwfjcif;jzpfonfudk oufaocH&Jygonf/ odkU&mwGifrul;wwfyJ
vsufESifh ul;wwfonf[k wrifwumxifzdkUrSm tvGefcJ,Of;aom
udpöwcktaejzifh tBuHay;vdkjcif;um; r[kwf&yg/

udk0ifharmf\ i,frlay:jcif;

uREkfyfwdkUvlpkonf azmifpGef;ü a&csKd;vsuf&SdMupOf azmif\atmuf

ydkif;wGif rdef;rBuD;ESpfa,muf okH;a,mufvnf; a&csKd;vsuf&SdaMumif;
a&;om;azmfjycJU&m udk0ifharmfonf a&csKd;,if;wef;vef;rS rdef;rBuD;rsm;
&Sd&modkU avQufoGm;í azmifpGef;udkvufwbufjzifh udkifwG,fum a&csKd;ae
aom rdef;rBuD;teD;odkU csOf;uyfvsuf-
]]bmvkyfwmvJAs a':jrifh}}
]]a&csKd;wmaygh 0efaxmufrif;}}
]]a&csKd;wm'Dvdk csKd;&ovm;As? jrpfjyifxGufNyD; ul;rSayghAs}}

343 
 ]]ajymajymqdkqdkESifh azmifüwG,fxm;aom rdef;rBuD;\vufudk
jzKwfawmhrnf[efjyifav&m-
]]rvkyfygeJU 0efaxmufrif;&JU ta':a&rul;wwfygbl;? ao&yg
vdrhfr,f}}
]]ul;om ul;ygAs? uRefawmf&Sdygao;w,f}}
wG,fxm;aomvufudk jzKwfrnfvkyfjyef\/
]]tr,fav;vmMuygtkH;? ao&ygawmhr,f}}
]]raMumufygeJUAs? uRefawmfa&ul;wwfygw,f}}
]]0efaxmufrif; ul;wwfayr,fh ta':u rul;wwfbl;}}
þtawmtwGif; udk0ifharmfrSm w[m;[m; &,farmvsuf&Sd&m
rdef;rBuD;aMumufavav olu&,fí aumif;avavjzpfaeawmhonf/
rdef;rBuD;\vufudk wu,fjzKwfjcif;um; r[kwf? jzKwfrnfh[ef jyKjcif;om
jzpfaomfvnf; wbufom;url wu,fjyKrnfxifí aMumuf&Smjcif;
jzpfonf/ a&csKd;NyD;í wufvmMuaomtcg uREkfyfu ]][dkrdef;rBuD;u
b,folvJAs}}[k ar;&m udk0ifharmfu ]]awmtkyfuawmfBuD; ayghAsm?
aumif;wJUrdef;rBuD; r[kwfbl;As? vifudk'ku©ay;wJU ta':BuD;yJ?
olUa,mufsm;r,m;i,f,lwmudk opfawm0efwufwdkifowJUAsm? tvkyfjyKyfvJ
at;wmyJwJU? aumif;Edkif&JUvm;Asm? olUa,mufsm;u usKyfwdkUeJU ausmif;ae
bufyJ? [dk[0gavAsm}}
uREkfyfrSm udk[0gudk rrSwfrdaomfvnf; rdef;rBuD;tm; acsmufvSefU
jcif;ü udk0ifharmfwGif &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdjcif;udk &dyfrdí ]i,fusifh}uav;
ay:vmjcif; jzpfonf[k owd&onfESifh NyKH;rdygao;onf/ okdU&mwGif
þtjzpftysufrsKd; udk aemufwBudrfxyfí rawGU&awmhyg/

344 
tqif;ESifhtcsif;

¤if;a'o\ xkH;pHwckrSm w&yfwaus;rS vlysKdwa,mufonf

tysKdwa,mufudk ]vnf}vdkonfqdkvQif &Gmom;vlysKdwa,mufudk csOf;uyfí
&Gmom;u tysKd\tdrfodkU ]wif}ay;vQif tysKduvufcHpum;ajym&aom
0w¦&m;&Sd\/ tu,fívufcHpum;ajymjcif;rjyKygrl ]wif}ay;aom &Gmom;u
tysKday:ü ]*sKdus}rnfjzpfavonf/ *sKdusvQif rnfodkUjyKvkyfvdrfhrnf[k
rajymEdkifaomfvnf; a,bk,stm;jzifh ¤if;xkH;pHudk razmufzsufyJ
vufcHMuonfom rsm;avonf/ uREkfyfwdkUrSmrl ¤if;xkH;pH\
taxmuftul,lzdkU rvdkyJ a&qdyfü jrifvdkuf&aom tysKdacsmrsm;\
aetdrfrsm;odkU udk0ifharmfESifhtwl wtdrfwufqif;a&mufMuí udk0ifharmfu
rdwfzGJUay;avonf/ nDawmfarmifrSm uREkfyfwdkUESifh rvdkufawmhyJolESifh
&G,fwlcsif;jzpfonfh pma&;armifjrESifh wpfpcef; oGm;Muavonf/ þenf;
tm;jzifh okH;av;nrQvnfywfMu&mwGif ¤if;t&yfol t&yfom;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufí uREkfyftuJcwf&aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/
uREkfyfrSma&Tbdke,ftquftEG,fjzpfí tjcm;e,frS vlrsm;udk jrif&onfhtcg
a&Tbdke,fol e,fom;rsm;ESifh EIdif,SOfMunfhwwfaom tavh&Sd\/ þ&Gmom;
rsm;onf a&Tbdke,fom;rsm;xuf oyfoyf&yf&yf aexdkifwwfjcif;udk azmfjycJU
NyD;jzpf&m &kyf&nfrSmvnf; usm;a&m ryg uREkfyfwdkU\e,fxuf rGef&nf
oefU&Sif;Muygayonf/ a&Tbdke,fbufü ]tom;jzL}? ]tom;0g}? tvGef&Sm;í
]tom;euf}? ]tom;ndK}wdkUom aygrsm;Muay&m ]tom;vwf}avmuf
qdkygua'0DajrmufMu&avonf/ (uREkfyf\pHa'0DrSmvnf; rEÅav;oljzpfí
ndKacsmwa,muf tjzpfESifhom todtrSwfjyKjcif;cH&ol jzpfavonf/)
0wfpm;jyifqif&müvnf; jrawmifrSvlrsm;onf (txl;ojzifh rdef;uav;rsm;

345 
onf) a&Tbdke,fu vlrsm;xuf ]ref;qef}onf[k qdkxdkufygayonf/
a&Tbdke,fom;rsm;\tm;udk;rSm &kyfqif;oP²mefr[kwf? t&nftcsif; yifjzpf
onf/ wenf;qdkaomf jrpf&dk;wavQmufonf ]tqif;}tm;udk;jzpfí a&Tbdke,f
onf ]tcsif;} tm;udk;jzpf\/ uREkfyf\ udk,fawGUudkwifjy&aomf jrawmif&Gm
(e,fwavQmufvkH; tygt0if)rS vlysKdayguft&G,fumvom; vlvnf
wa,mufonf a&Tbdke,frS EGm;ausmif;om;t&G,f oli,fuav; wa,muf
ESifhpum;NydKifí ajymygu uREkfyfurl EGm;ausmif;om;bufrS avmif;vdrfh
rnfjzpfonf/ pum;t&mü vnf;aumif;? yg;a&eyfa&&Sdjcif;ü vnf;aumif;
tvnfywfqkH;aom jrawmifom; wa,mufonf xlvS tvSygonf
qdkaom a&Tbdkom; wa,muf\aemufbufü ae&pfvdrfhrnfxifonf/
jrpf&dk;e,fbufü tvGefvnfywfaom rdef;rwa,mufwavudk awGU&bl;
yg\/ (uREkfyf\ wwd,tdrfaxmifudk rqdkvdkyg/ ¤if;rSm &dk;&dk;xJu
jzpfygonf/) odkU&mwGif a,musfm;rsm; teufrS þrQavmuf pGrf;oludk
wa,mufrQ rawGU&bl;yg/ arG;xl;a&jcm; rdef;rwa,muf[lí
qdkoifhygonf/

zl;pma&;ewf

oli,fcsif;udk0ifharmfum; tvGef pum;aMum&Snfaom vlwa,muf

jzpf\/ uREkfyf\qE´rSm a&qdyfüjrifvdkuf&onfh tysKdacsmrsm;teufrS wn
twGif; okH;av;a,mufrQ jrifawGU&í rdwfquf&efjzpfav&m udk0ifharmfurl
wtdfrfodkU wufrdvQif awmfawmfESifh jyefrqif;wwfyJ w0g;0g; w[m;[m;
ESifh pum;aumif;csifwwfol jzpfavonf/ tcsKdUaom tysKdacsmrsm;ESifh
¤if;wkdU\ rdbrsm;onf &efukefNrdKUBuD;rS ylylaEG;aEG;BuD;a&mufvmonfh

346 
acwfynmwwf r*¾Zif; t,f'Dwm pma&;q&mwa,muftaejzifh uREkfyf
tay:ü txdkuftavsmuf pdwf0ifpm;jcif; &SdMuykH&aomfvnf; udk0ifharmfESifh
rlum; EIdif;,SOf&ef rjzpfEdkifay/ wtdrfwavwGif rdbvkyfolwkdU\
pdwf0ifpm;rIudk cH,l&&Sdaomfvnf; tysKdacsmrsm;udk,fwdkifürlum; 0efaxmuf
vlacsmbufodkU rJwif;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyf&dyfrdonf/ uREkfyfvdkcsifonfum;
rdbrsm;r[kwf? tysKdacsmrsm;jzpfav&m xdktcsif;t&mudk (15rdepfcefUtwGif;)
uREkfyftuJcwfrdonfrSpí zifylatmif rxdkifcsifawmhyJ 0wfaus0wfukef
em&Dw0ufcefU xdkifNyD;Muuwnf;u uREkfyfrSm zifw<u<ujzpfaecJUavNyD/
uREkfyfu rsuf&dyfjyíjzpfap? pum;t&dyft>rufjzifhjzpfap tcsufay;aomf
vnf; udk0ifharmfonf rodcsifjyKí [m;NrJwkdif; [m;vsuf&Sd avonf/
aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfrSm wwfEdkifygbl;qdkum vufavQmhvdkuf&av &m
þokdUjzifh wtdrfvQif tenf;qkH; ESpfem&DcefU MumaomtcgrS
qif;vmMu&avonf/ uREkfyfum; wnvQif av;ig;ajcmuftdrfwufcsif
ay&m udk0ifharmfvkyfykHESifhrl ESpftdrfavmufom wufcJUEdkifMuonf/
þtaMumif;udk udk0ifharmftm; ajymjy&m olu ]]bmhaMumifh ta&;BuD;
ae&wmvJAs? cifAsm; eufjzefcgjyefawmhrSmrdkUvm;}}[k jyefar;í ]zifNrJNrD;wdkif;
NrJyghavawmhonf/ olvkyfykHESifhqdkvQif tysKdacsmuvnf; aygonfESifh
&GmOD;wGif&SdMuaom tysKdacsmrsm;tdrfodkU vaygufvdkUrS a&mufygrnfavm[k
atmufarhrdonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\qE´udk jznfhpGrf;ay;ouJUokdU&Sdaom
tjcif;t&mwck jzpfay:vm&avNyD/ zl;pma&;ewf\ zefwD;csuf[k
qdk&efrSmvnf; uRekfyf\ezl;wGif ol\]pm}awG tawmfxyfíaeayawmhrnf/
okdUaomf þtxJwGif pHa'0D\trnfwck yg[efr&Sdjcif;twGuf tHUMord
onf/ a&;NyD;zsufypfjcif;ayavmvnf; rajymwwfacs/

347 
rawGUbl;onfh tpfrBuD;

aemufwaeUü udk0ifharmfonf xD;csKdifhaiGwdkufodkUoGm;&ef

udpö&SdonfESifh uREkfyftm; twlvdkufcJUzdkUac:\/ ol\tBuHrSm uREkfyftm;
xD;csKdifhNrdKUodkU a&mufapvdkonfhjyif NrdKUtkyfuawmfrSmvnf; uRekfyf\tpfr
awmfpyfaMumif;olodí rdwfqufay;&efjzpfavonf/ armifESifhtpfrjzpfvsuf
]rdwfquf}[laompum;udk okH;&jcif;rSm atmufygtaMumif;aMumifhjzpf\/
rEÅav;atbDtrfausmif;ü ynmoifMupOf ysOf;rem;NrdKUrS udkyktrnf&Sd
ausmif;om;wa,mufonf uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl wwef;wnf;&Sdí 9wef;udk
wNydKifwnf;atmifoGm;\/ udkykonf oDaygbk&ifvufxufu opfBudwf0ef
\om;jzpfav&m uREkfyf\rdcifESifh opfBudwf0efrSm aqGrsKd;awmfonf[k
aemifwGifrSod&í udkykESifhuREkfyfrSm ausmif;xGufcgeD;wGifrS nDtpfudkawmf
aMumif; od&onf/ udk0ifharmfESifh udkykwkdUonf &efukefaumvdyfausmif;wGif
qufvufynmoifMum;MupOf uREkfyftaMumif;udk cPcP ajymMuonf
qdk\/ uREkfyfjrawmifodkU a&mufaomtcsdefü udkykrSm uGefvGef&SmNyDjzpf&m
udkyk\tpfrNrdKUtkyfuawmf rrav;ESifh uREkfyftm;rdwfqufay;&ef udk0ifharmf
u uRekfyfudkac:oGm;jcif; jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf xD;csKdifhbufokdUul;í
NrdKUtkyfuawmf rrav;\tdrfodkU a&mufMu&mwGif udk0ifharmfu ]]tpfrBuD;
olUudkodovm;}}[k uRekfyftm;nTefjyum ar;vkdufojzifh rawGUbl;aom
armifESrESpfa,muf rsufESmcsif;qdkif MunfhvdkufMu\/ þrdef;rBuD;um;
tvGefaphpyfí qlwwfylwwfonf? a&S;t&m&SdBuD;wOD;\orD;? acwft&m&Sd
wOD;\ ZeD;yDyD pdwfBuD;0ifvdrfhrnf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrdonf/ EIwfcrf;yg;
vQmyg;&Sdaom rdef;rrsKd;udk uREkfyfvefUwwfí rrav;udk jrifvQifjrifcsif;

348 
uREkfyfvefUrdonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap uREkfyfonfrif;uawmfrrav;tm;
tpfrwa,muftaejzifh cPcP awGUcsifvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k pdwfxJü
qkH;jzwfvkdufonf/ rrav;u uREkfyftaMumif;udk olUarmifudkyku cPcP
ajymbl;ygonf[kqdkum csKdomaom rsufESmxm;ESifhEIwfqufaomfvnf;
þrdef;rBuD;ESifh ywfoufí wGefUaompdwf? &GHUaompdwfrlum; raysmufEdkifacs/
xdktcsdefwGif NrdKUtkyfBuD;onf &kH;wufvsuf&Sd&m rrav;onf uREkfyfwdkUtm;
aumfzDwdkuf,if; udk0ifharmf\aeykHxdkifykHESifh ywfoufí vufcsmay;avawmU
onf/ udk0ifharmfonf vufatmuftrIxrf;rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? &Gmol
&Gmom;rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;? ta&mw0ifaewwfonf[k rdrdMum;&aMumif;?
ta&m0ifvQif t&dkaowefonfqdkaom jrefrmpum;&Sd onfjzpfí
txufwef;t&m&Sdwa,mufyDyD £ajE´&&? wnfwnfwefUwefU?
cefUcefUnm;nm; aewwf&rnfjzpfaMumif;? wtdrfwufqif;vnfywfjcif;rSm
omreft&yfom;rsm;\ tvkyfjzpfí 0efaxmufwef; t&m&Sdwa,muf
tzdkU&mü £ajE´rJUvSaMumif; ponfrsm;jzifh &Snfvsm;pGm vufcsmay;av\/
rxDw&Dvkyfwwfaomt&mwGif ausmif;om;uwnf;u emrnf&vmcJUaom
udk0ifharmfonf rrav\ Mo0g'vufcsmrsm;udk em;wbufrS oGif;í
em;wbufrS xkwfypfvkdufonfhES,f NyKH;NzJNzJBuD;vkyfum pm;p&mrsm;udk
wGifwGifBuD;pm;NyD; olESifh uREkfyfESpfa,mufwnf;&SdonfhES,f pm;zG,frsm;udk
uREkfyfbufodkUwGef;ydkUum ]]pm;ygAs? vkyfygAs? aomufygAs}}[k wkdufwGef;
av\/ udk0ifharmfonf rrav;\pum;rsm;udkwBudrfrQvnf; ruefUuGuf?
wcGef;rQvnf; rSwfom;em,lcJUonfh vu©Pmr&Sdacs/

349 
oHa0*&zG,fw&yf

uREkfyf\tpfr rrav;rSm uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;wGif Mum&SnfpGm yg0ifrnf

r[kwfaomaMumifh olUtjzpftysufESifhywfoufí oHa0*&cJUrdbl;aom
tjcif;t&mwckudk wifjyjcif;tm;jzifh olUtaMumif;vufpodrf;vdkufygawmh
rnf/ rrav;\cifyGef; NrdKUtkyfBuD;OD;jronf rrav;xuf toufBuD;ay&m
rrav;\pdwful;rSm NrdKUtkyfBuD;uG,fvGefonfhaemufwGif rkqdk;rtjzpfESifh
tcsdefumvMum&SnfpGm ]xdkifpm;}&pf&OD;rnfjzpfaomaMumifh aiGpkzdkU ta&;BuD;
onfqdk\/ þtwdkif;vnf; acRacRwmwmokH;í uspfuspfygatmif
xkyfxm;NyD;vQif txl;ojzifh vuf0wfvufpm;rsm; pkaqmif;\/ (tdrfaxmif
uspOfu rrav;onf tysKdBuD;jzpfí OD;jrrlum; rkqdk;zdkjzpfav&m om;BuD;
orD;BuD;rsm;vnf; &Sd[efwlonf/) rrav;\pum;wvkH;rSm olUorD;
tBuD;awGtzdkUawmh vuf0wfvufpm;jynfhpkHcJUvSNyD/ rdrdrSmawmh ,ckrS
pkaqmif;&onfqdkum tjcm;aom NrdKUtkyfuawmfrsm;xuf acRwma&;
avhusifhonfonf[k vlwdkif;u ajymMu\/ ukefoifhonfxuf wjym;
wcsyfrQ ydkírukefap&[lívnf; ajymMu\/ jrawmifodkUuREkfyfa&mufí
rMumrDtwGif; NrdKUtkyfBuD;rSm tjcm;we,fodkU ajymif;a&TU&av&m xdke,fodkU
a&mufívydkif;twGif;üyif NrdKUtkyfuawmfrrav;rSm acgufueJ ysufpD;&
&Smavonf/ rkqdk;rtjzpfESifhxdkifpm;zdkUqdkaom txkyfuav;ESifh pdefa&T
vuf0wfvufpm;rsm;onf NrdKUtkyfOD;zdk;jr\ wwd,tdrfaxmiftwGuf
jzpfavoavm? okdUwnf;r[kwf? yxrtdrfaxmifrS orD;BuD;rsm;twGuf
jzpfavoavmrajymwwf? uREkfyfrsufajcjywfíoGm;cJUonf/ odkUaomf
rrav;twGufrSm (oljyKaomur®rSwyg;)bmrQ ygroGm;jcif;um; aocsm
onf/

350 
vl&nfrvnfaom jrawmifom;rsm;

udk0ifharmf\ &kH;udpövnf; NyD;pD;onfESifh uREkfyfESifh udk0ifharmfwkdUonf

NrdKUtkyftdrfrSqif;cJUMuí jrpfqdyfokdUavQmufvmMu&m urf;okdUcsOf;uyfrdaom
tcgü iSufwpfpif;onf urf;rScGmí jrawmifbufodkUavSmfcwfoGm;onfudk
jrifonfESifh udk0ifharmfu vSrf;ac:\/ iSuform;onf rMum;csifjyKí
avSmfcwfNrJavSmfcwfoGm;\/ xdktcdkufwGifjrpfqdyfü tjcm;iSufrsm;r&SdonfESifh
udk0ifharmfu us,fus,fBuD;[pfac:&m iSuform;vnf;ZGwfcwfajy;\/
þwGif ]vlaumif;pdwfwdk}jzpfaom udk0ifharmfonf a'gojzpfvmí cwfajy;
aom iSuform;rSm rnfolrnf0gjzpfonf[k jrpfqdyfwGif xdkifvsuf&Sdaom
oli,fwa,muftm;ar;\/ vli,fuvnf; bmrQrajymyJ ikwfwkwfBuD;
xdkifaeav&m e*dkuwnf;ua'gyGvsuf&Sdaom udk0ifharmfonf rdrduar;
onfrajymyJ ayvsuf&Sdaom vli,ftm;pdwfqkd;onfESifh ajcaxmufjzifh
wcsufuefvdkufavonf/ (jrawmifom;rsm;\ ra&vnfykHrSm oabm
aumif;vSonf[k emrnf&vsuf&Sdaom 0efaxmufwa,muftm;yif ac:r&
ar;r& vkyfcsifvkyfao;onf/ vli,fa&miSuform;yg jrawmifbufrS
jzpfonf[k aemifwGifod&onf/ a&Tbdke,fom;rsm;rlum; udk0ifharmfuJUodkU
oabmaumif;aom 0efaxmufwa,muftm; þuJUokdU jyKrlvdrfhrnf
r[kwf[lí uREkfyfEIdif;,SOfcsufxkwfrdonf/) rsm;rMumrD xD;csKdifhbufrS
iSufwpfpif;ay:vmí ¤if;jzifh jrawmifbufodkU ul;cJUMu&\/ oli,fcsif;
udk0ifharmfrSm qif;&Jom;udk Muifemwwfoljzpfí iSufcray;yJ aernfhvl
wa,mufr[kwfjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfodojzifh xdkolESpfa,mufwdkU\ tjyKtrl
udk tHUMordonf/

351 
acgif;rmwJUvluav;awG

xdknOfhü &GmxJrS tbdk;BuD;wa,mufa&mufvmí ajcuefcH&aom

vli,frSm tvl;tvJjzpfaeaMumif;? 0efaxmufrif;vdkufMunfhzdkUtaMumif;
awmif;yefajymqdkav\/ udk0ifharmfonf csufcsif;xívdkuf&m uREkfyftm;
vnf; tazmfvkdufcJUzdkU ac:oGm;avonf/ &kH;ay:rSqif;í awmtkyfBuD;\
tdfrfa&SUodkUa&mufMu&mwGif taMumif;jcif;&mudk Mum;odESifhNyD; jzpfaom
awmtkyfBuD;onf tdfrfay:rS ajy;qif;vmí jrawmif&Gmom;rsm; raumif;
aMumif;? bmrQr,kH&aMumif;? vl&rf;um;uav;rsm;vnf; &SdaMumif;? 0ef
axmufrif;udk,fwdkif rvdkufoifhaMumif;ajymum wm;qD;av\/ (awmtkyf
BuD;um; þe,fwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aebl;oljzpfí e,ftaMumif;udk
udk0ifharmfxuf ydkíodonf/) þwGif udk0ifharmfu ]]b,fhES,fvJAsKdU
udkazodef;}}[k ar;&m uREkfyfu ]]cifAsm;oGm;vQifawmh usKyfvdkufrSmyJ}}[k
jyefajymonfESifh ]]udkif;vmAsm? oGm;r,f}}[kqdkum xGufvmMuavonf/
toufig;q,fausmfNyDjzpfaom awmtkyfBuD;url ]]awmfawmfacgif;rmwJU
vluav;ESpfa,mufyJ}} [laom rsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifh Munfhae&pfav\/
ajcuefcH&aom vli,f\tdrfokdU a&mufMuaomtcg (0efaxmufESifhywfouf
aomtrIjzpfonfESifh) vli,faqGrsKd;rsm;omru w&GmvkH;vdkyif pk&kH;a&muf&Sd
aeMuavNyD/ uREkfyfwdkUonftdrfay:okdUwufí vlemteD;ü xdkifMu&m
vlemrSm cg;udkuefrdaom'PfaMumifh &Gmol&Gmom;rsm; 0dkif;0ef;ESdyfES,fay;
aeMu\/ uREkfyfonf vlem\rsufESmudk wcsufvSrf;Munfh vkduf&mwGif
a0'emjyif;xefykHr&aMumif; tuJcwfrdonfESifh y&dowfudk vSrf;Munfhvdkuf
jyef\/ ¤if;wkdUteufwGif a&cyfqdyfü jrifvdkuf&í uREkfyfrSwfrdaom
rdef;racsmuav;udk awGU&\/ olUteD;wGifvnf; &kyfcsif;cyfqifqifwlaom

352 
rdef;racsmuav; ESpfa,mufudkvnf; jrif&av&m nDtpfrrsm; jzpfwef&m
onf[k tuJcwfrdí xdktwdkif;rSefuefjcif;udkvnf; aemifwGifod&onf/
nDtpfrokH;azmfwdkU\rsufESmrsm;rSm &Srf;qefonfxifrd&m þonfvnf;
rSefuefaMumif;awGU&onf/ &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf udk0ifharmf\ ajcuefrIESifh
ywfoufí wpdwfudk wtdwfjzpfatmif csJUxGifajymqdkvsuf&SdMu &m uREkfyfrSm
vlUpdwfudktuJcwfoavmuf ajyvnfatmifrajymwwfonfESifh pum;jzifh
rulnDyJ &Gmom;vli,frsm;\tuJudkom apmifhMunfhae&ygawmh onf/
&Gmolrsm;teufwGif tawmfpum;wwfaom rdef;rBuD;wa,muf\ pum;cs
csuft& udk0ifharmfu vlemtwGuf t&m&mwm0ef,lygonf[k uwdjyKNyD;
aemuf tdrfay:rS qif;vmcJUMuav\/

tysKdacsmrsm;ESifh tuRrf;0ifykH

aemufwaeUeHeufwGif xD;csKdifhbufodkU uREkfyfESifhpma&;uav;wdkU oGm;

í q&m0efac:NyD;vlem\tdrfodkU ydkUay;&\/ udk0ifharmfrlum; awmtkyfBuD;
owday;csufaMumifh udk,fwdkifrvdkufawmhacs/ xdkaeUüyif udk0ifharmf\rdb
rsm;xHrS aMu;eef;&í rEÅav;odkU udk0ifharmfvdkufoGm;&av&m q&m0efESifh
vlem\wm0efudk uREkfyftm;vTJxm;cJUí aeUwdkif;oGm;MunfhzdkUvnf; uwdjyK
vdkuf&avonf/ vlem\tdrfESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif&Sdaom tdrfwGif uREkfyf
rsufrSef;wef;rdonfh rdef;racsmuav; nDtpfrokH;a,mufwdkU aexdkifMu
av&m uREkfyfrSm udk0ifharmfvTJxm;cJUonfh vlemMunfhwm0efudk xrf;&Guf&
onfESifhyif rdef;uav;rsm;ESifh tawmfoduRrf;vsuf&SdavNyD/ wcgw&H vlem
xHrStjyefwGif¤if;wkdU\tdrfbufodkU ul;0ifum tcsdeftwefMumatmif
pum;pjrnfajymavh&Sd\/ yxrü tvwfrdef;uav;onf tacsmqkH;jzpfonf

353 
[k xifcJU&mrS tawmftwef tuRrf;w0if&SdvmaomtcgwGif tBuD;qkH;ESifh
ydkí rsufrSef;wef;rdvmonf/ odkU&mwGif pHa'0DESifh rsufrSef;wef;rdjcif;rsKd;um;
r[kwfao;ay/ trSefrSm udk0ifharmfr&Sdonfh &ufowÅywftwGif;ü aeUpOfvdk
awGU&aomfvnf; rdwfjzpfaqGjzpfom oabmxm;í ]vlysKdvSnfh}vdkonfh
tBuHtpnfyif ray:aygufao;yg/ þ&ufrsm;twGif; tjcm;aom
tysKdacsmrsm;ESifhvnf; oduRrf;atmif vrf;azmufvsuf&Sdygonf/ uREkfyfonf
[kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; ajym&rnfqdkvQif vdifESifhywfoufí acgif;yg;ol
wa,muf jzpfygvsuf woufwmwGif xdktcsdeftydkif;tjcm;uJUodkU
rdef;rpdwful;aom tcsdefonf r&SdcJUbl;yg/ rvkyfuvnf;r&Sd? vGwfvyfaom
rdef;racsmrsm;uvnf; aygonfESifh rnfolUudk ]vSnfh}&vQif awmfvdrfhrnf?
[efvdrfhrnf? ae&musvdrfhrnfqdkonfudk tcsdefukefcHí pOf;pm;pdwful;
rdygonf/ [kwfcsif[kwf? r[kwfcsifae? aemifcgvm aemifcgaps;qdkum
taysmfvdkufwwfaom 0goemvnf;r&SdaomaMumifh rnfolUtm;rQ xda&muf
pGmtBuHrjyKao;yJ tuJcwfqJ &Sdygonf/ odkUaomf igonf þ&Gmol
wa,mufa,mufESifh tdrfaxmifusvdrfhrnf[laomtxifrSmrl a&mufuwnf;
u uyfvsuf &Sdyg\/ rdef;rwa,mufomjzpfcJUvQif ]tnSmvG,f}onf[k
qdk&vdrhfrnf xifygonf/

opfoif;xGufjcif;

rEÅav;rS udk0ifharmfjyefa&mufaomtcg ajcuefcH&aom vli,frSm

aumif;pGmaysmufuif;NyDjzpfí udk0ifharmfrSm q&m0eftwGufvnf;aumif;?
vlemtwGufvnf;aumif; oifhwifhavsmufywfatmif ay;&onfwGif
udk0ifharmfu ]]awmfawmfaps;BuD;wJU ajcwcsufyJAs?  (An  Expensive  Kick)}}[k

354 
&,fumarmum ajymavonf/ aemufwaeUwGif opfawm0efxHrS udk0ifharmf
xHokdU trdefUpma&mufvm\/ ¤if;rSm udk0ifharmftm; awmacgif;ESpfa,muf
ESifhtwl opfawmodkUcsufcsif; ]opfoif;} xGuf&ef jzpfavonf/
opfoif;aomtvkyfrSm opfawmt&m&Sdrsm;ESifh vufatmuftrIxrf;rsm;
tzdkU&mü tyifyef;qkH;aom tvkyfwckjzpfí tawmfidkifoGm;Muav&m
rjrifbl;aom tjcif;t&mjrifvdkvSaom uREkfyfrlum; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
jzpfoGm;avonf/ uREkfyf\&TifjyaomrsufESm udkjrif&aomtcg udk0ifharmfu
]]cifAsm;u 0rf;omaeAsm;? awmfawmfMum awmhrnnf;eJUaemf}}[k ajym&m
uREkfyfuvnf; ]]cifAsm;wkdUvkyforQ vkyfyghr,fAsm? rnnf;ygbl;}}[k
jyefajymrdygonf/ aemufwaeUnaewGif 0efpnfpvnfrsm;udk qifESpfaumif
jzihfwifí uREkfyfwkdUvlpkonf opfoif;pcef;odkUxGufcJUMuav\/ opfawm
t&m&Sdrsm;rSm qifrsm; &onfqdkaomfvnf; vlpD;&efr[kwf? ypönf;wif&ef
jzpfav&m vlUtzdkUrSm ajcESpfacsmif;udkom tm;udk;&avonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf
yxropfoif;pcef; jzpfaom erf;aygif;&GmokdU oGm;&efjzpfaomfvnf; 16
rdkifc&D;udkwnaejzifh aygufatmif roGm;EdkifaomaMumifh 9 rdkifa0;onfh
aygufeuf&Gmuav;ü wntdyfMu&\/ aygufeuf&Gm&Sd opfawmbef*vdkrSm
ESpfrsufESmwGif tum&Sdí ESpfrsufESmwGif vSyfxm;aom (Z&yfuav;t&G,f)
taqmufttkH wckjzpf&m ¤if;pcef;wGif jrawmif awmtkyfBuD;ESifhqkHrdMuí
npm twlwlpm;Muonf/ 9 rdkifc&d; avQmuf&jcif;twGuf udk0ifharmf
ESifhtrIxrf; rsm;tzdkU rnfokdUrQr&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyfwdkUnDtpfudkrSm tawmf
zm;í xrif;tvGefNrdefMuonf/ uREkfyfwdkUtdyf&modkU 0ifMuaomtcg
wefaqmifrkef; vqef; 8&uf vuav;onf qD;ESif;rsm;tMum;rS arS;rdSefpGm
omvsuf&Sdav \/

355 
qifypfxGufjcif;

n 10 em&dtcsdefcefUwGif &Gmom;ESpfa,mufa&mufvmí teD;&Sd

v,fawmwGif qif&dkif;0ifípm;aeaMumif; owif;ay;vm\/ þwGif
udk0ifharmfonf aigufueJxí &dkifz,faoewfudk qGJudkifav&m awmtkyfBuD;
u ]]0efaxmufrif; rawmfygbl; xifygw,f}}[k owday;aomf vnf;
udk0ifharmfu ]]bmjzpfovJ awmtkyfBuD;&JU? ypfcGifh&Sdw,f r[kwfvm;}}[k
ar;\/ awmtkyfBuD;u ]]ypfwmuawmhypfEdkifcGifh&Sdygw,f? odkUaomf pdk;&drfvdkU
ajymjcif;yg}}[k jyefajym\/ udk0ifharmfu ]]Oya'vGwfuif; vQifawmfNyDAsm?
qifudkawmh raMumufygbl;? wcgrS qifrypfbl;vdkU prf;Munfhcsifw,f}}[k
ajymajymqdkqdkESifh qif;rnfjyKNyD; ]]udkazodef;aumAsKdU vkduf0HU&JUvm;}} [k
ar;\/ trSefudkajym&vQif ausmif;üaepOfu udk0ifharmf\ usDpm;jcif;rsm;udk
a&SmifcJU&jcif;rSm olwkdU\nDtpfudkav;a,muftzGJUudk vefUaomaMumifhjzpf&m
þae&mürl oluJUodkUyif owÅd&SdaMumif; jyvdkonfESifh ]]vdkufwmayghAsm}}
[kqdkum qif;ívdkufav\/ þwGifawmtkyfBuD;u ]]q&muav;
bmvkyfvkdufrSmvJ? 'DvdkqdkusKyfaoewfudk,loGm;tkH;}} [kajym&m uREkfyfu
aoewfrypfwwfaMumif; ajymí AvmvkdufoGm;av\/ uREkfyfonf
udk0ifharmftay:ü tnHUrcHcsif&kHcsnf;r[kwf? qifypfjcif;udkvnf; jrifbl;vdk
aomaMumifh jzpfav&m &Gmom;ESpfa,mufu a&SUqkH;rSvnf;aumif; udk0ifharmf
utv,frS uREkfyfuaemufqkH;rSvnf;aumif; pDwef;um avQmufoGm;Muí
wzmvkHcefU a&mufaomtcg v,fawmtpyfodkU a&mufvmMuonf/
&Gmom;ESpfa,mufonf a&SUqkH;rS acwÅ&yfí em;axmif&m ]jAKwf jAKwf
jAKwf}rnfaom toHrsm;udkMum;&\/ ¤if;rSmpyg;yifrsm;udk EIwfpm;aom
toHyifjzpfonf/ xdkUaemuf &Gmom;wa,mufonf jrufwqkyfudk eIwfí

356 
ajrSmufMunfhvdkuf&m uREkfyfwdkUu avatmufrS &Sdaejcif;udk awGU&ojzifh
wjznf;jznf;qufvuf avQmufoGm;Mu\/ va&mifrSm wjcrf;rQom&Sdaom
vrS xGuf&jcif;jzpfonfhtxJwGif qD;ESif;rsm;vnf; tenf;i,f zkH;vsuf
&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyfwdkUonf v,fuefoif;udkyif a&;a&;omjrifí ajcracsmf
ap&atmif owdESifhavQmufMu&\/ ]jAKwf jAKwf}jrnfoHrsm;onf us,fí
us,fívm&mrS zswfueJ&yfoGm;&mwGif &Gmom;ESpfa,mufwkdUonf wefUueJ
&yfí jym;ueJ 0yfvdkufMu\/ uREkfyfwdkUvnf; olwkdUenf;wl uefoif;ay:
wGif av;bufaxmufum ukef;vkdufMuonf/ &Gmom;wa,mufonf
jrufwqkyfudk ajrSmufprf;jy&m uREkfyfwkdUonf avatmufrSyif &Sdaejcif;
udkawGU&onf/ ]jAKwf jAKwf}oHvnf; rMum;&? uREkfyfwkdUvnf; uefoif;&dk;
ay:wGif jym;vsuf wrdepfcefU Mumonfh tawmtwGif; uREkfyf\&ifywf
vIyfcefaomtoHrSm udk,fh[mudk,f Mum;&kHru udk0ifharmfMum;rnfpdk;í
vufjzifh zdxm;&ygao;onf/ &Gmom;awG Mum;vQifMum;ap? qifESifh
udk0ifharmf rMum;vQifNyD;a&m[k atmufarhrdonf/ aeufwcPü ]jAKwf
jAKwf}oHr[kwfyJ odrfhueJ odrfhueJ jzpfaom tjcif;t&mudk cHpm;&Muay&m
ae&mwumwGif twifh&Jaom udk0ifharmfonf ukef;ae&mrS OD;acgif;axmifum
arQmfMunfhvdkufojzifh uREkfyfvnf; olvkyfovdk vdkufívkyf\/ uREkfyftxif
ayw&mcefUavmufwGif arS;rSdefvSaomva&mifü rnf;eufaom t&m0w¦K
BuD; wckudkjrif&\/ &Gmom;ESpfa,mufuvnf; ]]ypfyg? ypfyg}}[k wD;wkd;
ajymoH Mum;&\/ þwGif udk0ifharmfonf uefoif;ay:wGif rkqdk;xdkif
xdkifvsuf &dkfifz,fudk yckH;ü axmufum armif;jzKwfcsvdkuf\/
aoewfoHudk þrQavmuf eD;eD;uyfuyfrMum;&bl;aom uREkfyfrSm
toHaMumifh vefUrdaomfvnf; pdwfcsvufcs rvefUEdkifyJ a&SUrnf;rnf;BuD;udk
vSrf;íMunfhvdkuf&ao;\/ uREkfyftxif qifaumifonf a&SUokdUOD;pdkuf

357 
oGm;&m rS wzefjyefítxwGif &Gmom;ESpfa,mufvnf; okwfajcwifMuí
udk0ifharmfESifh uREkfyfwkdUvnf; ¤if;wkdUaemufrS vdkufajy;Mu\/ udk0ifharmfum;
aoewfBuD;wbufESifh uREkfyfudkrSDatmif rajy;Edkifacs/ vrf;c&D;wGif aoewf
ESifh ajy;vkdufvmaom awmtkyfBuD;udkawGUí udk0ifharmfu jyefMunfhzdkUajym&m
awmtkyfBuD;u Oya't& v,fudkpm;aom qif&dkif;udk ajcmufvSefU&kHom
tcGifh&Sdonf[k ajymí udk0ifharmftm; twif;jyefac:oGm;avonf/ eHeuf
vif;í vmMunfhMuaomtcg qifaumifum; rawGU? aoG;uGufBuD;ESifh
OD;pdkufaom ae&mudkom awGU&avonf/ rkqdk;0g&ifhaomawmtkyfBuD;u
OD;acgif;udk xdrSefaomfvnf; OD;aESmufrazmufyJ ]&Syf}írSefNyD; rl;oGm;jcif;
jzpfwef&monf[k ajym\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap uREkfyftzdkUum; qifypfjcif;udk
jrif&bl;í jrwfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/

c&D;qufMujcif;

aemufwaeUeHeufwGif uREkfyfwdkUvlpkonf aumfzDaomufNyD;aemuf

c&D;xGuf&ef jyifqifMuav\/ awmtkyfBuD;wdkU vlpkrSm jrawmifbufodkU
vnf;aumif;? uREkfyfwdkUvlpkrSm erf;aygif;pcef;odkUvnf;aumif;qufvuf
c&D;xGufMu&efjzpf\/ ypönf;rsm;udk qifESpfaumifay:okdUwifí udk0ifharmf\
wynfhrsm;? awmacgif;rsm;? pma&;armifjrESifh uREkfyf\nDawmfarmifwkdUu
wzGJU? udk0ifharmfESifhuREkfyfwkdUaemufrS aoewfxrf;í vkduf&onfhwynfh
wa,mufuwzJGU vrf;avQmufvmMu\/ ypönf;rsm;wifonfh qifESpfaumif
udk yxrü rSDatmif vkdufEdkifMuaomfvnf; wa&GUa&GU wtdtdESifh oGm;Mu
onf xif&aomqifESpfaumif\ ajcvSrf;BuJrIaMumifh Mum&SnfpGm rSDatmif
rvdkufEdkifMuyJ okH;uJGuJGí oGm;avawmhonf/ udk0ifharmf\tBuHrSm vrf;c&D;

358 
wGif acsuav;? '&,fuav;rsm; awGUvdkawGUjim;qdkum aoewfxrf;aom
wynfhaemuf vkdufygvmonfhtwGuf uREkfyfwkdU okH;a,mufrSm aemufqkH;
tzGJUjzpfaeavonf/
vrf;avQmufoGm;MupOf uREkfyfrSm þrQavmufeufaom awmodkU
wBudrfrQ ra&mufbl;onfESifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,faom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk
awGU&\/ ]pdrfhBuD;? NrdKifBuD;? &dyfBuD; awmawmif aea&mifrc}[laom
&uefBuD;twdkif; tvGefBuD;rm;xlxyfaom opfyifBuD;rsm;wGif aygifvkH;cefU
wkwfaomEG,fBuD;rsm; ywf&pfvsuf aeaysmufrxdk;onfh vSnf;vrf;ay:ü
avQmufoGm;pOf opfyg;ysOf;BuD;rsm;udk jrif&í aomEkw¦dK&f rkqkd;onf
q'´efqifrif;\ tpG,fudkjzwf&ef oGm;pOfu awmtkyfudkvnf;owd&rd\/
wae&mü a&tdkfifwckbGm;ueJ ay:vmí qwfokH;av;aumifudkvnf;
awGUvkdufojzifh udk0ifharmfonfwynfhvufrS aoewfudk vSrf;,lvkduf\/
odkUaomfqwfrsm;um; aysmufoGm;avNyD/ þwGifudk0ifharmfonf aoewfudk
wynfhvufodkUjyefay;yJ oludk,fwdkifxrf;um avQmufvm\/ okdU&mwGif
rnfonfhawmaumifudkrQ rawGUyJ erf;aygif;okdU a&mufvmMuygawmhonf/

erf;aygif;AdkvfwJ

erf;aygif;&GmokdU a&mufMuaomtcg &GmESifhreD;ra0;wGif AdkvfwJwck&Sdí

ypönf;rsm;csNyD; csufolucsuf? cif;olu cif;? jyifolu jyifvsuf&SdMuonfudk
awGU&\/ erf;aygif;AdkvfwJrSm aygufeufAdkvfwJuJUodkU Z&yfuav;t&G,f
r[kwf? 0if;ESifhcsif;ESifhtapcHwJyg us,f0ef;pGm &Sdonfhjyif AdkvfwJBuD;rsm;
xkH;pHtwdkif; tdyfcef;ESpfcef;ESifh a&csKd;cef;rSwyg; tawmfus,f0ef;aom
0&efwmBuD;vnf; &Sdonfjzpfí aeavmufxdkifavmuf&Sdygayonf/ rus,f

359 
r0ef;yJ &Sdygrnfavm/ jrefrmjynfbk&ifcH qm[mukwfbwÅvmudk,fwdkif
trJypfxGufpOfu &ufowÅwywfcefU aexdkifcJUbl;onfjzpf&m þtaMumif;
udka&SUwGifrS azmfjyygOD;rnf/ (]]&Sifbk&if wcgxGuf yJBuD;wavScsuf}}[laom
pum;ykHudk xif&Sm;apvdkaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/) AdkvfwJodkU jrefrmESifh
rwlonfh tvkyfMurf;orm; q,fa,mufcefUwdkUvnf; a&mufESifhaeMu&m
u'l;opfckwform;rsm;jzpfí opfoif;&eftwGuf a&mufESifhMuaMumif; od&
avonf/ ae&mXme ajymif;vJ&jcif;udk tvGefESpfoufol uREkfyfrSm erf;aygif;
AdkvfwJ 0&efwmwGif tarmajy xdkifvsuf&SdpOf t&yfav;rsufESmü awmBuD;?
NrdKifBuD;? pdrfhBuD;? prf;BuD;rsm; 0dkif;&Hvsuf&Sdaom &Icif;topftqef;udk
jrif&onfESifh pdwfxJwGifwrsKd;MunfEl;rdygawmhonf/
tjcm;a'orsm;ü v,fawmrsm; NcH&Hjcif;udkom jrif&wwfay&m
erf;aygif;AdkvfwJay:rSrl opfawmrsm;udkom rsufpdwqkH; jrif&yg\/
a&S;acwfü &rnf;oif;ESifh ysOf;rem; blwmrsm;tMum; rD;&xm;ckwfoGm;pOf
uRef;awmBuD;rsm;udk jrif&í erf;aygif;opfpcef;udk owd&vGrf;qGwfrd&m
þacwfwGifrlum; uRef;awmrsm;udk rjrif&awmhyJ (jyKef;ukefavonfrod)
rD;&xm;vrf; eHab;wavQmufü &Sif;&Sif;BuD;jrif&ojzifh a&S;acwfa[mif;
atmufarhvSygonf/

awm0ufwaumif&jcif;

qdkufa&mufaomaeUü vltm;vkH; tem;,lvsuf&Sd&m udk0ifharmfonf

awmacgif; wa,mufESifh &Gmrkqdk;wa,muftm; aoewfay;vdkufí
vlESpfa,muf trJ&SmxGufMuonf/ þa'oum; orif? '&,f? awmMuuf?
awm0ufrS pdkif? ajymif? BuHU? qifodkUwdkifatmif awmaumifpkHaom

360 
a'ojzpf&m pifppfrSm jrefrmwjynfvkH;wGif awmwd&pämef tpkHqkH;jzpfí
bk&ifcH qm[mukwfbwÅvmESifh t*Fvdyft&m&SdBuD;rsm; tzGJUwdkUvGefcJUaom
ESpfu awmypf&ef vma&mufcJUMubl;avonf/
awmacgif;wa,mufESifh &Gmrkqdk;onf ae0ifcsdefomomwGif jyefa&muf
vmMuí rkqdk;u awm0ufuav;waumifudk ausmydk;vsuf ygvm\/
tdrfMuuf? tdrf0ufom;rsm;udkom trsm;tm;jzifh pm;&bl;aom uREkfyfwdkU
nDtpfudkrSm awm0ufwaumif&cJUjcif;twGuf taysmfqkH;vlESpfa,muf
aywnf;/ tjcm;vlrsm;onf csufjyKwfNyD;&Sdaom [if;xrif;jzifh npm
pm;Muaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudkrlum; awm0ufom;usufrS pm;rnfqdk
um xrif;rpm;ao;yJ 0ufaumif]zsuf}jcif;udk apmifhMunfhaeMu\/
aygifom;rsm;udk uif&eftwGuf wkH;wpfjcif;? 0rf;wGif;om;ac: tonf;ESvkH;
ponfrsm;udk csuf&eftwGuf vSD;jzwfjcif; ponfjzifh jyifqifNyD;aemuf
pdwfyg0ifzG,f taumif;qkH;aom tvkyfrSm OD;acgif;udkjyifqif&jcif;yifjzpf\/
wae&mü usif;BuD;wckudkwl;í tifzuf? iSufaysmzuf ponfwdkUudk
xlxyfpGmcif;usif;NyD;vQif tarG;trSifrsm; ajymifpifatmifjcpfum &EdkiforQ
aom *sif;? i&kwf? MuufoGefjzLponfh tarT;tBudKifrsm;jzifh vl;e,fxm;onfh
0ufacgif;udk zufrsm;ay:üwifí wzef zuf&Gufrsm;jzifh xlxyfpGmzkH;tkyfNyD;rS
tay:qkH;wGif ajrBuD;rsm; zkH;zday;Mu\/ ¤if;aemufaygcsifwdkif;aygaom
xif;wkH;BuD;rsm;udk usif;ay:üwifí {&mrrD;ykHBuD;jzpfatmif &IdUarT;ay;Mu\/
xif;wkH;BuD;rsm;udk avmifuRrf;í&J&JeDaom rD;usDcJBuD;rsm; jzpfvmaomtcg
wHpdkUjzifh xdk;xm;onfh 0ufaygifom;wkH;BuD;rsm;udk rD;teD;üuifí 0rf;wGif;
om;tdk;udk vnf; rD;zdkeHab;wGif csufMuavonf/ rD;usD;a&m rD;awmufyg
tvGeftm;aumif;onfjzpfí 0ufom;uifrSm uREkfyfwdkUxifoavmuf rMumyJ
usufaomtydkif;udk zJUpm;Edkifaom tajcodkUrMumrD a&mufvmavonf/

361 
tb,fhaMumifh t&ufaomufoenf;

wefaqmifrkef;vrjynfhao;aomfvnf; pdrfhBuD;NrdKifBuD;rsm;\ tv,fü

&Sdaomerf;aygif;AdkvfwJrSm qD;ESif;rsm; &Hvsuf&Sdí uREkfyfwdkU nDtpfudk
tzdkU&mü tawmfuav; csrf;at;aeNyDjzpf&m 0ufom;uifrsm;pm;íjzpfaom
tajcokdU a&mufonfESifh wNydKifeuf udk0ifharmfonf ema&;zsm;a&;twGuf
aq;0g;tjzpf ,laqmifvmcJUonfh tduúa&Sm b&ef'DwvkH;udk xkwfav\/
uREkfyfMunfEl;vdkufykHrSmajymzG,f&mr&Sdacs/ (uREkfyftm; t&ufBudKufwwfonf
[k txifa&mufMuaom vlrsm;onf ]uREkfyfMunfEl;onf}[k a&;vdkufaom
tcgü NyKH;Muvdrfhrnfjzpf&m uREkfyfESifht&uftaMumif;udk þae&mü&Sif;vif;
a&;om;&ayvdrfhrnf/) uREkfyfonfpifppftm;jzifh t&ufudk BudKufjcif;r[kwf?
tpm;aumif;udkBudKufjcif;jzpf\? t&om&Sdaom tpmwckudk onftwdkif;
pm;jcif;xuf t&ufuav; wcGufavmuf aomufNyD;rSpm;onfhtcg
t&omydkjcif;rSm uREkfyf\udk,fawGUjzpf\/ woufywfvkH; uREkfyft&uf
aomuforQwGif rl;csifíaomufjcif;r[kwf? pm;aumif;csifí aomufjcif;
jzpf\/ rl;,pfjcif;oufoufudkBudKufwwfaom vlrsm;onf pm;p&m rygcsif
aeap? aomufp&m&vQifNyD;a&m[k oabmxm;wwfMu\/ uREkfyfrSm
i,foli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhjyefvnfqkHawGUaom tcsdefrsKd;rSwyg; t&ufoufouf
aomufbl;jcif;udk uREkfyfrrSwfrdyg/ oli,fcsif;a[mif;rsm; qkHqnf;&mürlum;
]vlnDvQif}bmrqdkvkyfrnfqdkaom vlwa,mufjzpf\/ [efaqmifjcif;onf
uREkfyf\0goemr[kwfyg/ ]]pm;p&mawGudk Adkufjynfhatmif pm;raeygeJU?
aomufzdkUae&mr&SdyJ aeygvdrfhr,f}}[k tcsKdUvlrsm; ajymwwfMuay&m uREkfyf
rlum; xdkvlrsKd;wGiftygt0ifr[kwfacs/ aomufuwnf;u pm;aumif;csifí
aomufjcif;jzpf]/ tpm;rygyJ aomufjcif;onf uRekfyftzdkU t"dyÜm,fr&Sdacs/

362 
pm;p&maumif;rsm;ygaom xrif;yJGudk jrif&jcif;onf uREkfyftzkdUBuD;pGmaom
aoG;aqmjcif;BuD;wckjzpf\/ taomufuav;ygvQif omíaumif;avpG[k
owdr&yJ raeEdkifatmif jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; w&kwfjynfodkU
a&mufcJUpOfu xrif;pm;yGJrsm;wGif wcGufwavrQudk vufrvTwfEdkifyJ
jzpfcJU&\/ uREkfyftzdkU&mü taomufudk csKd;ESdrfvdkvQif tpm;aumif;
pm;csifwwfaom0goemudkyg csKd;ESdrfrS jzpfrnf[k odjrif\/
xdkUaMumifh toufBuD;&ifhvmNyDjzpfaom þaemufydkif;wGif xrif;[if;
udka&Smifí rkefvmxkyf? Al;oD;? c0JoD;? rkefvmO ponfh [if;oD;
[if;&Gufrsm;udkcsnf; NyKwfNyD; &ufowÅwywfwdkifwkdif pm;cJUonfh
tywfaygif;rSm awmfawmfrsm;cJUygNyD/ þenf;rSm tpmtdrfudk &Sif;vif;jcif;
jzpfí usef;rma&;twGuf aumif;onfhjyif tpm;aumif;pm;csif wwfonfh
]tmomief;ief;}&Sdjcif;udkvnf; jywfapEdkifonf[k awGU&\/ tpm;aumif;
pm;zkdU wrf;wjcif;r&SdcJUvQif omíaumif;ap&efqdkum taomufuav;
awmifhwrIqdkonfrSmvnf; t"dyÜm,fr&Sd jzpfvmygawmhonf/ þtavh
tusifhaMumifh w&kwfpm;yGJrsm;ü wcGufavmuf aomufcsifaompdwfudkvnf;
csKd;ESdrfEdkifcJUygNyD/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfþrQavmuf BudK;pm;jcif;rSm Ak'¨u
'kp&dkufq,fyg;wGif oGwfoGif;í a[mawmfrlcJUonfh ok&mar&,twGuf
aMumifh i&JBuD;vdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfaomaMumifhum; r[kwf? w&m;tm;xkwf
jcif;ü taESmifht,Sufjzpfí "r®rdwfaqGrsm; txifvJGrnfudk (olwkdUtwGuf)
pdk;&drfaomaMumifh [if;&GufjyKwf oufoufpm;NyD; wyifwyef;avhusifhxm;
jcif;jzpfygonf/

363 
Zdrf&Sdaomnwn

udk0ifharmfonf ]iSufawm acG;awm}wuf&onfh opfawm

t&m&Sdwa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; iSufzsm;umuG,f&efqdkí t&ufaomufaom
vlwa,mufr[kwfygay/ awmxJü zsm;emvQifokH;rnf/ odkUaomfumuG,f&ef
qdkí aomufwwfolr[kwfacs/ odkU&mwGif]]toufudktaocHrnf? aot&uf
udkvQmay:rwif}}[k 0g<um;ajymqdkwwfMuonfh t,loD;aom vlpm;rsKd;
wa,mufum; r[kwfay/ rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;tm; xrif;pm;yJG auR;aom
tcgrsm;wGif olwyg;tm;vnf; wdkuf\/ olvnf;aomufygonf/ okdUaomf
uRekfyfwkdUESifh aeUwdkif;pm;Muaom xrif;pm;yJGrsKd;ürl t&ufrygacs/ xdknrSm
awm0ufom;uif\ qJGaqmifjcif;aMumifh olESifhuREkfyfwcGufpD aomufMu
aomfvnf; nDawmfarmiftm;rl zdwfac:jcif; wkdufwGef;jcif;rjyKyJ tpm;
aumif;rsm;om auR;arG;ygonf/ tawmfuav;csrf;at;pjyKaeaom &moD
wGif w[kef;[kef; awmufavmifaom rD;ykHBuD;ESifh rvSrf;rurf;ü &Gufzsif
ukvm;xdkifwvkH;pDESifh taumif;qkH; b&ef'DwcGufpD vufwbufwGifudkifum
wusKdufaomufvkduf? awm0ufom;uifwkH;udk wudkufudkufí wzJU0g;vdkuf?
i,foli,fcsif;csif; a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;udk wvSnfhpDajymvkduf? wcsuf
wcsufü t&ufESifhpm;p&m tmomajycdkufwGif (olu pD;u&uf? uRekfyfu
aq;wHudk) wcgwcg zGmvdkufMu&onfrsm;rSm ,aeUwdkifrarhEdkifonfh
Zdrfwck jzpfygawmhonf/ udk0ifharmfu 0ufom;uifwkH;BuD;rsm;udk "m;jzifh
vSD;í cuf&if;wyfum jyif,lcJUzdkU trdefUay;onfudk uREkfyfuzsufí
awmpcef;tvdkuf awmyDyD pm;prf;yg&ap[kajymum udkufí udkufí
zJUpm;Mu\/ xdknOfhü t&ufwcGufpDom aomufrnf[k BuH&G,fMu
aomfvnf; pum;wajymajymESifh oHkH;cGufpDcefUaomufrdMuonf xif&m

364 
wydócefU&Sdaom awm0ufom;wuifrSmvnf; uRwfvkeD;yg;&SdcJUavNyD/
xrif;um; tvsOf;rpm;Muawmhacs/ a&S;a[mif; aESmif;jzpfrsm;taMumif;
ajymíukefEdkifonf r&Sdaomfvnf; wcsufwcsuf pum;tjywfwGif uREkfyfu
qm[mukwfbwÅvm trJypfvmpOfu taMumif;udk ar;ojzifh udk0ifharmfu
olodorQudk tao;pdwfajymjyonfh txJrS uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmuf a&;om;
azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/

bk&ifcH trJypfjcif;

qm[mukwfbwÅvmonf jrefrmjynfodkU bk&ifcHtjzpfESifh ESpfBudrfwdkif

vma&muftkyfcsKyfbl;onfhteuf yxrtBudrf (1918 ckESpfavmuf xif
onf/) bk&ifcHjzpfpOfu c&pfprwf &ufowÅywf  (Christmas  Week) 

twGuf uom'dpBwdwftwGif;&Sd erf;aygif;AdkvfwJü pwnf;csum trJypf

xGufMu&ef tpDtpOfjyKvkyfMu\/ c&pfprwf &ufowÅywf[lonfrSm
'DZifbmv 25&ufaeUrS Zefe0g&Dv w&ufaeUtxd jzpfav&m Edk0ifbmv
qDavmufuwnf;u opfawmbufqdkif&m awmMuyf? awmacgif;?
awmtkyfuav;? awmtkyfBuD;rS pí 0efaxmufwdkifatmif ¤if;udpötwGuf
BudKwifpDrHMu&\/
xdk&ufrsm;twGif;ü opfawmt&m&Sdrsm;tzdkU&mwGif opfawmudpöonf
ta&;rBuD;ao;? bk&ifcHawmvnfvmrnfh udpöonfomvQif ta&;BuD;\
opfawmvkyfief;ESifh ywfoufí 0wÅ&m;wpkHw&m vpf[if;ayghavsmhrI
&SdcJUvQif xkacsvTm awmif;cH&&kHrQavmufESifh NyD;Edkifaomfvnf; bk&ifcH
trJypfvmrnfhudpöESifh ywfoufírl wcsufuav;rQ vpf[if;ygu csufcsif;
tvkyfjyKwfoGm;Edkifonf[k em;vnfM uavonf/

365 
 NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ yg;eyfykHrSm xdkrQavmuf ta&;BuD;onf[k
trdefUxkwfqifhonfr[kwf? odkUaomfopfawmbuf t&m&Sdrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh
e,fbufqdkif&m 0efaxmuf? NrdKUtkyfrSpí &GmolBuD;rsm;wdkifatmif þtwdkif;
yif em;vnfxm;Muavonf/
Edkif0ifbmv tpjyKonfESifh wNydKifeuf erf;aygif;&Gm ywf0ef;usif
{&d,mpwk&ef;rdkifaygif;rsm;pGm twGif; awmMuyfawmacgif;rsm;u ae&m
tESHUtjym;wGif qm;rsm;pkHykHcsxm;Mu&\/ qm;rsm;a&mufatmif wifydkU&jcif;
rSm e,ft&m&Sdrsm;\ wm0efjzpfí awmMuyfawmacgif;rsm;u ¤if;qm;rsm;udk
oifhavsmfaom ae&mrsm;ü pkykHMu&\/ awmwd&pämef&dkif;rsm; onftiefBudKuf
wwfaom obm0&Sdav&m ¤if;e,fy,fw0dkufwGif BuJjzefUum vSnfhvnf
usufpm;vsuf&Sdaom awmwd&pämefrsm;udkerf;aygif;&Gm e,fw0dkfuftwGif;
pk&kH;a&muf&SdvmMuapjcif;iSm qm;ykHrsm;jzifh jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif,ljcif;
jzpf\/ awmwd&pämefrsm;onf qm;udkvmí vsufMuav&m awmacgif;rsm;
u qm;ykHrsm;udk rMumrMum vmMunfhNyD; qm;jznfhay;&avonf/ qm;ykH
rsm;udkvSnfhvnfí ]tifpyuf&Sif;}vkyfaom t&m&Sdu wckaom qm;ykHü
qm;jywfvyfaejcif;udk awGUonfqdktHU/ wm0efusaom awmacgif;
awmMuyfrlum; tvkyfjyKwfzdkUaocsmavNyD/ þtaMumif;udk t&m&Sdu
ta&;r,lyJ oufnSmvdkufygvQifvnf; olUtxuft&m&Sdu (&Gmom;rsm;\
tultnDjzifh) wenf;enf; odwwfonfjzpfí t&m&Sdyg jyKwfzdkUaocsm
avonf/

366 
bk&ifcHqdkufa&mufjcif;

þenf;jzifh awmaumifrsm;udk BudKwifum jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmifxm;

onfjzpfí 'DZifbmvtv,favmufa&mufonfqdkvQif qm;BudKufwwfaom
awmaumif[lorQonf (rBudKufaom awmaumifrsKd;vnf; cyf&Sm;&Sm;
&Sdvdrhfrnf/) erf;aygif;&Gmywf0ef;usifwGif ajccsif;vdrfrwwf aygrsm;vsuf
&Sd\/ xdktawmtwGif; ¤if;ywf0ef;usifwGif Muufuav;? iSufuav;rQ
rypf&[k wm;jrpfxm;\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf aoewfoHMum;vQif
waumifwavjzpfap xdwfvefUxGufajy;rnfudk pdk;&drf&aomaMumifh
aywnf;/ erf;aygif;&Gmom;rsm;onfvnf; erf;aygif;AdkvfwJESifhwuG
ywf0ef;usifudk ajymifpifatmif vSJusif;okwfoif xm;Mu&ay&m ¤if;wkdU
tzdkUrSmvnf; woufwGifwcgBuKH&cJaom ]awmvnfyJG} BuD;jzpfí
arQmfwvifhvifh &SdaeMuav\/ aeU&ufeD;uyfvmaomtcg erf;aygif;&Gmonf
&Gmi,ftjzpfrS NrdKUuav;tjzpfodkUajymif;vJí bk&ifcHESifhtzJGU\ tapcHrsm;
wnf;cdk&eftwGuf wJtkHuem;rsm;ESifh tvdk&Sd&m cdkif;ap&eftwGuf opfawm
bufe,fbuf trIxrf;rsm;jzifh jynfhESufpnfum;pGm &SdaeavNyD/ 'DZifbmv
24 &ufaeUwGif tpdk;&oabFm okH;av;pif;onf jrawmif&Gmtxuf&Sd
a&ysH&GmodkU qdkufuyfí bk&ifcHtjyif twGif;0efcsKyf? twGif;0efuav;rSpí
aoewfypf 0goemygonfh rsufESmjzLt&m&Sd ajrmufjrm;pGm ygvmMuonf/
¤if;wkdU\ypönf;rsm;udk tpdk;&qifrsm;ESifh rvkHavmufojzifh bDbDwDpD?
pwD;b&m;om; paomopfukrÜPDBuD;rsm;rS opfqJGqifBuD;rsm;jzifh wifaqmif
,lMu\/
þtawmtwGif; bk&ifcHESifh tzJGUtm; jrawmif? xD;csKdifh? atmifom paom
&Gmrsm;rS ,drf;tujzifh azsmfajzMu&onf/ aemufqkH;ü bk&ifcHESifhtzJGU onf

367 
erf;aygif;&GmokdU jrif;rsm;ESifh oGm;Muí ypönf;rsm;udkqifrsm;jzifh a&S;OD;pGm
wifvTwfvkduf\/ bk&ifcHonf a&ysH&GmqdyfwGif oabFmay:ü wntdyfí
aemufwaeUwGif erf;aygif;okdUa&mufaomtcg AdkvfwJudk0dkif;&Hvsuf
rkd;umwJrsm; toifhaqmufvkyfNyD;jzpfaeavNyD/ bk&ifcHonf AdkvfwJay:wGif
eef;xdkifí twGif;0ef? tjyif0ef? tBuD;? ti,f? tvwf wkdUonf
rkd;umwJrsm;ü pwJcsMuvonf/

om;aumifrsm;\oif;csKdif;

uom'dpBwdwf erf;aygif;awmrSm wd&pämef&dkif;rsm; aygvnf;ayg

pkHvnf;pkHaomaMumifh rkqdk;rsm;\ ewfjynf  (Paradise  of  Hunters)  [k
¤if;wkdUac:Mu\/ jrefrmwjynfvkH;wGif BuHUrsm;onf þtydkif;wGifom
awGU&onfqdk&m rkqdk;rsm; wcgw&H awGU&wwfaomfvnf; ynwfxm;aom
wd&pämefrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh rnfolrQ ypfcGifhr&qdk\/ bk&ifcHESifhtzJGUrlum;
Oya'txufrS vlpkjzpfaomaMumifh bmaumifrqdk ypfEdkifcGifh&SdMu&m
ypfvnf;ypfMuonfqdk\/ rsufESmjzLt&m&Sd aoewform;rsm; onfvnf;
aumif; ? olwkdU\trdefUESifhypfaom rkqdk;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; aeUa&m nyg
ypfvkdufMuonfrSm rdk;rTefoGm;awmhonf/
awmaumifrsm;rSm ,cifuwnf;u þw0dkufü pkH&kH;aeMuatmif
qm;ykHrsm;jzifh jzm;a,mif;xm;jcif;jzpfay&um; &Gmom;rsm;u aoewform;
rsm;&Sd&modkU ]awmacsmuf}ay;vdkuf&mwGif olwkdUu ukvm;xdkifay:rS ZdrfESifh
xdkifNyD; waumifNyD;waumif ypfcsvkduf&kHom &Sdonfqdk\/ awmaumifrsm;
aovdkufMuonfrSm aomufaomufvJ&Sdí wESpfwBudrfrQavmuf þenf;
twdkif; trJypfxGufMurnfqdkvQif rMumrDtwGif; awmjyKef;oGm;zG,f&m

368 
&Sdonfqdk\/ &Gmom;rsm;rlum; ¤if;wdkUtwGuf a0pk&&Sdaom tom;rsm;udk
Muyfwifajcmufvkyfjcif;? aevSef;trJajcmufvkyfjcif; ponfjzifh tawmfpD;yGm;
jzpfMuí tvGefaysmfMuonfqdk\/ aemufqkH;ü ESpfukefí c&pfprwf
&ufowÅywf NyD;qkH;ojzifh bk&ifcHwdkUvlpk jyefoGm;Muaomtcg erf;aygif;
AdkvfwJ ywf0ef;usifw0dkufrSm om;aumifrsm;\ oif;csKdif;ukef;yrmjzpfí
ykyfapmfeHusef&pfonf[k ajymMuavonf/
udk0ifharmfonf txufyg taMumif;t&mrsm;udkajymjyí NyD;qkH;aom
tcg qD;ESif;rsm;onf atmufwGifuREkfyfwkdUxdkifvsuf&Sdoam opfyifBuD;\
t&Gufrsm;tMum;rS xdk;azmufumusvmí rD;ykHBuD;rSmvnf; w&SJ&SJjrnfvsuf
&Sd&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUrSm wntwGufwmtzdkU pum;ukefavmufNyDqdkum
AdkvfwJay:odkU wufvmMuav\/ ppfppfrSm pum;ukefMujcif;um; r[kwf?
(okH;av;nqufNyD; rtdyfyJ ajymp&m pum;&SdolESpfa,mufjzpfonf/)
eHeufapmapm opfoif;xGufMu&rnftwGufaMumifh ]csKd}xm;vdkufMujcif;
rQom jzpfavonf/ uREkfyf\ 0goemwckrSmvnf; aumif;pGmtuRrf;
r0ifaom vlwa,mufESifh 10 rdepf ajymp&mpum; &SmrawGUwwfaomfvnf;
avpyfwnfhaom oli,fcsif;a[mif;wa,mufESifhrl okH;av;nrtdyfyJESifh
pum;ajymEdkif\/ ajymvnf;ajymcJUbl;vSavNyD/

pmpkHjcif;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;

aemufwaeUeHeufwGif tdyf&mrS xMuaomtcg (uREkfyfrSm EdkifiHa&;

oabmw&m; acgif;yg;ao;olwa,mufjzpfonfhtavsmuf) þum;
qm[mukwfbwÅvm tdyfaomtcef;? þae&mum;bk&ifcH aumfzDaomuf
aom pm;yGJae&m? þum; aeylpmvIHaom 0&efwm ponfjzifh trSwf&um

369 
pm;NrKHUjyefvsuf&Sd\/ (uREkfyfrSm 'pfuif;? paumh? ouúa&;paom t*Fvdyf
pma&;q&mBuD;rsm;\ 0w¦Kaumif; tajrmuftjrm;udk zwfcJU&bl;í
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;\ aumif;jrwfaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk odxm;&onfhjyif
rdcifzcifwkdU udk,fwdkifuvnf; rif;pdk;&mZmESifh ywfouforQaom udpörsm;
wGif txifBuD;atmif oifjyxm;cJUMuonfjzpfaomaMumifh bk&if0g'ESifh
¤if;\tquftoG,fjzpfaom AsL&dkua&pDudk awmfawmf txifBuD;cJUrd\/
pOf;pm;OmPfu awmfvSefcsifapumrlvnf; twGif;pdwfu OD;nGwfvsuf&Sd\/
touf 40 t&G,favmufwGif aomrwfpydef;\ ]vlom;\tcGifhta&;}
[laom pmtkyfudkzwf&onfwGifrS pOf;pm;OmPf aumif;aumif;BuD;yGifhvif;NyD;
AsL&dkua&pDESifhya'o&mZf? {u&mZfpepfrsm;udk MunfndKav;pm;umjzifh
OD;nGwfcsifwwfaom apwemrsKd; vkH;0 tjrpfuRwfxGufoGm;cJUygonf/
þtjcif;t&mudk awG;rdaomtcg ]igonf pmpkHatmif rzwfcJU&vQif
tawmfEkHcsmaom vlwa,mufjzpfvdrfhrnf[lívnf; rSwfcsufcscJUygonf/
xdkeHeufü udk0ifharmfonf qm[mukwfbwÅvm\ ae&müvnf;aumif;?
uREkfyfonf twGif;0efcsKyfae&müvnf;aumif; toD;oD;xdkifumaumfzD
aomufNyD;aemuf opfoif;pcef;odkU xGufMuav\/ nDawmfarmiftm;rlum;
awmtkyfuav;rsm;ESifh pma&;armifjrwdkU\ pm;yJGokdUydkUvkduf&onf/

]opfoif;}tvkyf

pm;aomufNyD;Muaomtcg uREkfyfwkdUvlpkESifh opfckwform;rsm;onf

uRef;yifBuD;rsm;&Sdaom tpdk;&opfawmBudK;0dkif;okdU xGufMuav\/ AdkvfwJrS
ESpfrdkifausmf okH;rdkifcefUa&mufMuaomtcgwGif opfoif;&rnfh uRef;awmBuD;
odkU a&mufMu\/ ]opfoif;}jcif;[lonfrSm tjcm;r[kwf? uRef;yifBuD;rsm;udk

370 
aoatmif owfay;&aomtvkyfyifjzpf\/ xkdpOfurl uRef;opfrsm;xkwf
vkyfjcif;tvkyfudk jrefrmopfukefonfrsm;teufrS [kwÅdywÅdvkyfEdkifol
enf;yg;í bDbDwDpD? pwD;vfb&m;om;? ruf*&*¾gpaom EdkifiHjcm; ukrÜPD
BuD;rsm;om vkyfudkifEdkifMuavonf/ jrefrmopfukefonfrsm; rSm
aiG&if;rvkHavmufonfhjyif NAdwdoQtpdk;&uvnf; jrefrmukefonfrsm;
vdkufemzdkU cJ,Of;avmufatmif pnf;urf;Oya'rsm; jyKvkyfxm;jcif;aMumifh
rvkyfEdkifyJ&SdMu&onf[k jrefrmukefonfrsm;u ajymMu\/ udk0ifharmfurl
jrefrmukefonfrsm;\ ruRrf;usifrIvnf; ygonf[k ajymbl;\/
rnfodkUyifjzpfap jrefrmukefonfrsm;rSm ]atmfvJ ewfowf}[k ac:aom
uRef;opftydeftajcmufrsm;rSwyg; vkyfEdkifol r&SdMuacs/ EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDBuD;
wcku uRef;awmwckudk avvHqGJNyD;aemuf ¤if;awmrSuRef;opfrsm;udk
ckwfcsif&mckwfvSJí ,l&onfr[kwf? opfoif;aom opfawmt&m&Sdu
oifhawmfonfxifaom uRef;yifrsm;udk a&G;cs,fowfrSwfí ]owf}ay;&\/
rnfonfhuRef;yifudk owfay;oifhonf qkd&müvnf; opfawm
Oya't& twdtus owfrSwfxm;onfjzpf&m opfawmt&m&Sdu
¤if;pnf;urf; Oya'twdkif; owday;&jcif;jzpf\/ ukrÜPDrsm;\tvdkrSm
rdrdwdkU avvHqGJxm;onfh uRef;awmxJrS tacsmqkH;? tvSqkH;aom
uRef;yifBuD;rsm;udk vSJ,l&efjzpfav&m tpdk;&url tBuD;qkH;? tacsmqkH;
rsm;udkcsnf; owfay;onfr[kwf? wyifESifhwyif yl;uyfvGef;ojzifh rBuD;yGm;
Edkifaom uRef;yifrsm;udkvnf; nSyfíxnfhcsifao;onf/
opfoif;t&m&Sdonf ukrÜPDrsm;\ tBudKufcsnf; vkyfay;ygu
txuf tpdk;&t&m&Sd\ Budrf;armif;jcif;cH&í tpdk;&\ tBudKufcsnf;
vkyfjyefyguvnf; ukrÜPDrsm;\ twkdiftawm cH&avonf/ ,if;uJUodkU
twkdifcH&aom tcgüvnf; txuft&m&Sdu tpdk;&\ tusKd;udkMunfhwwf

371 
aom opfoif;t&m&Sdqdkí csD;usL;onr[kwf? rQwatmifrvkyfwwfaom
t&m&Sdwa,muf[lí armif;rJjcif;cH&wwfao;onf/ tpdk;&uvnf; NAdwdoQ?
ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;uvnf; t*FvdyfjzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;rSm
]tuif;yg;}zdkU tvGefta&;BuD;avonf/ þudpörsKd;ü opfoif;t&m&Sdonf
rdr\
d 0wÅ&m;twdkif; wduspGm aqmif&Gufwwfaom vlwa,mufayavm
[lonfudk rSefuefatmif tuJcwfwwfzkdU ta&;BuD;\/ txuft&m&SdBuD;
udk,fwdkifrSmvnf; (opfaumif;? opfacsmrsm;rsm;&vdkonfhtwGuf) ukrÜPD
BuD;rsm;u vmbfxkd;onf[lí jzpfEdkifayao;onf/ ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;onf
opfoif;t&m&Sdtm; opfoif;ckduftwGif; pnfoGwfAl; ponfh pm;aumif;
aomufzG,frsm; ydkUwwfMuonfqdk&m udk0ifharmfrSmrl vmbfrpm;[lí
emrnf&aom t&m&Sdwa,mufjzpfaomaMumifh ,kwfpGmhtqkH; ig;aowÅmwAl;
rQyif ydkUMujci;fudk rjrifcJU&ay/

tawmf]zm;}aomtvkyf

uREkfyfwdkUa&mufoGm;aom uRef;awmBuD;rSm tvGefus,f0ef;vSí

awmifxdyfa&m? awmifurf;yg;,Ha&m? awmifMum;wavQmufa&m uRef;yifrsm;
tESUHtjym; aygufa&mufvsuf&Sd&m ¤if;uRef;awmBuD;xJrS Oya'pnf;urf;ESifh
nDnGwfaom uRef;yifrsm;udk awmifwyif? ajrmufwyif? awmifxdyfüwyif?
awmifMum;xJüwyif? awmifurf;yg;,Hüwyif ponfjzifh a&G;c,fum
]oif;}ay;&rnfjzpfavonf/ awmtkyfuav;rsm;ESifh awmacgif;rsm;?
opfckwform;rsm;onf vlpkcJGí pnf;urf;ESifh nDnGwfaom uRef;yifrsm;udk
vdkufvH&SmazGMu\/ tkyfpkwpkwGif acgif;aqmifjzpfaom awmtkyfuav;
onf a&G;cs,f&rnfh pnf;urf;udk tMurf;tm;jzifh em;vnfxm;onf/

372 
tkyfpkokH;pkcJGí xGufoGm;MupOf udk0ifharmfESifh uREkfyfonf wae&müxdkifum
aq;vdyfaomufvsuf apmifhaeMu&m uRekfyfu awmawmif\om,mykHudk
vSrf;Munfh,if; ]]awmfawmfZdrf&Sdom;yJAsKdU}}[k ajymvkdufojzifh udk0ifharmfu
]]Munfhao;wmayghAsm}}[k jyefajymavonf/ pD;u&ufwvdyf rukefrD
awmifatmufqDrS ]0l;}[k atmfoHMum;&í uREkfyfwdkUonf toHMum;&modkU
qif;oGm;Muav&m ¤if;wkdUa&G;cs,fxm;aom uRef;yifwyifudk awGU&av\/
udk0ifharmfonf pnf;urf;ESifh nDnGwfonf[k tqkH;tjzwfay;í
¤if;uRef;yifü udk,fwdkifvufrSwfa&;xdk;&avonf/ þwGif opfckwform;
onf uRef;yif\cg;udk cGefjzifhvSnfhywfum wywfjynfhatmif
ayguf&avonf/ cGef&mcsif;qufrdNyD; wywfjynfhvQif uRef;yifaoonf[k
qdkavonf/ okdU&mwGif csufcsif;um; r[kwf? twefMumrSaoNyD;
ajcmufonfwdkfifatmifxm;í aumif;aumif;aoGUajcmuf csdefwGifrS
vSJ,l&avonf/
rsm;rMumrD awmifurf;yg;,HqDrS ]0l;}oHMum;í udk0ifharmfESifh uREkfyfwdkU
wufoGm;Mu&m a&S;enf;twdkif; a&G;cs,fxm;onfh uRef;yifwGif
vufrSwfxkd;í opfckwform;ESifh vTJxm;cJUavonf/ þodkUjzifh awmtkyf
uav;rsm; a&G;cs,fxm;onfh uRef;yif&Sd&mrS ]0l;}oHMum;wdkif;
awmifurf;yg;,HwGif qif;csnfwufcsnf acgufwkHUacgufjyef oGm;vmMu&
ay&m awmifrSmvnf; vrf;xGifxm;jcif;r&SdyJ t&dkif;oufouf jzpfaom
aMumifh okH;av;em&DrQ MumaomtcgwGif uREkfyfzm;vdkufykHrSm vQmxGufrwwf
&Sdygawmhonf/ okdU&mwGif aeUpOfrdkif 20 cefUvrf;avQmufzdkU tavhtusifh
jyKvkyfxm;Muonfh udk0ifharmfESifhopfawmtrIxrf;rsm;rlum; waeUtzdkU&mü
udpö&SdMuykHr&acs/ 11 em&DcefU tcsdefwGif uREkfyfwdkUonf eHeufpm
pm;&eftwGuf AdkvfwJodkU jyefvmMuav\/

373 
arT;vkdufonfh0ufacgif;

uREkfyfrSm opfawm trIxrf;wa,mufr[kwfaomfvnf; omref

t&yfom;rsm; teufwGif vIyf&Sm;rI tavhtusifh&Sdolwa,muf jzpfonfh
tavsmuf yifyef;jcif;xuf qmavmifrGwfodyfjcif;uuJvGefvsuf &Sd\/
jyefMuawmhrnf[k AdkvfwJbufokdU ajcOD;vSnfhuwnf;u uRekfyfrSm usif;BuD;
xJrS 0ufacgif;udkowd&í jrifvdkaZmESifh pm;vdkaom tmomqE´wdkU
onftNydKiftqdkif jzpfvsuf&Sd\/ 0efcHxm;onfhtwdkif; tpm;orm;
wa,mufjzpfí qmqmESifhudkufzJUum 0g;csifvSNyD jzpfaomfvnf; usif;udk
azmfvkdufaomtcgü rnfodkUaom tqif;&Sdonf[k Munfhvdkonfh
aZmrSmvnf; rao;vSacs/ opfyifBuD;atmufü&Sdaom ,refnOfhu rD;ykHrSm
jymylrsm;ESifh aEG;vsuf&Sdao;&m udk0ifharmf\ xrif;csuf armifbdk;uGef;onf
jymrsm;udk a&S;OD;pGm z,f&Sm;í aemufwGifajrBuD;udkwl;,uf\/
zufrsm;ay:vmaomtcg ajrBuD;rsm;udk qufvufí jznf;nSif;pGm
z,f&Sm;NyD;aemuf 0ufacgif;xkyfudk tay:odkUowdBuD;pGmESifh rwif&\/
aemufqkH;ü ywfcsufxm;aom ESD;rsm;udkajzí zufrsm;udkzGifhvdkufonfESifh
tNydKifeuf arT;BudKifaom teHUonfESmacgif;okdU wkd;0ifvmjcif;ESifhtwl
eDndKndKtqif;&Sdaom MumndKUa&mif 0ufacgif;vnf; ay:vmygawmhonf/
þzkwfenf;\xl;jcm;csufrSm teHUt&omESifh jynfhpkHonfh "mwfaiGUrsm; 
(Volatile  Gases)  wkd;xGuf aysmufjy,fjcif;r&Sdap&yJ txkyftwGif;ü
ydwfavSmifae&onfh twGufaMumifh tvGefarT;í tvGef]av;}aom
t&omESifh jynfhpkHjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf xrif;udk wdkU&kHwkdUí
0ufacgif;zkwfESifh 0rf;wGif;om;[if;udkcsnf; t0BuD; pm;vdkufMu&m uREkfyfrSm
naecif;twGuf opfoif;&modkU rvkdufEdkifawmhyJ tdyf&mxJütcsdefukef&yg

374 
awmhonf/ uREkfyfonfA[kokwtwGuf opfoif;vdkufcJUaomfvnf; weHeuf
ESifhyifvkHavmufNyD;jzpfí aemufaeUrsm;wGif erf;aygif;&GmESifh ywf0ef;usif
wkdUudk vSnfhvnf Munfh&Ijcif;jzifhtcsdefukefapygonf/

qifaumufjcif;\tEÅ&m,f

wnaeü uREkfyfonf erf;aygif;&Gm teD;w0dkufwGif vrf;avQmuf

vsuf&SdpOf qifOD;pD;udkjronf cRef;uav;udkudkifvsuf vrf;avQmufvmjcif;
udkawGU&í ar;Munfh&m ]qifaumuf}oGm;rnf[kajymonfESifh uREkfyfvnf;
vdkufoGm;\/ qifrsm;rSm tjcm;wd&pämefrsm;uJUodkU tpmauR;zdkU rvkdyJ
eHeufapmapmvTwfvdkufNyD; naecif;wGif ]aumuf},l&avonf/ vTwfcgeD;ü
vufESpfbufudk oHBudK;&Snfwacsmif;jzifh xl;cwfí BudK;wef;vef;ESifh
vTwfvdkufjcif;jzpf\/ a&SUvufrsm;udk xl;cwfxm;onfhtwGufaMumifh
qifonfajcvSrf;usJusJ rvSrf;Edkifojzifh waeUtwGif; c&D;a0;pGm roGm;
EdkifyJ&Sd&m wef;vef;usvsuf&Sdaom oHBudK;&Snfuvnf; qifoGm;aom
vrf;udknTefjyvsuf &Sdavonf/ odkUjzpfíqifaumufaom naecif;
tcsdefwGif qifOD;pD;onf oHBudK;aMumif;BuD;twdkif; vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh
qif&Sdaomae&mokdU a&mufEdkifavonf/ uREkfyfESifh qifOD;pD;onf &GmrS
xGufuwnf;u xif&Sm;pGm ay:vsuf&Sdaom oHBudK;aMumif;BuD;twdkif;
pum;wajymajymESifh vkdufoGm;Mu\/ ajymMuaomtaMumif;t&mrSm
tjcm;r[kwf? qifOD;pD;tvkyfESifh qifrsm;\ obm0taMumif;yif
jzpfavonf/ wrdkifausmfausmf ESpfrdkifcefU a&mufMuaomtcg qifOD;pD;\
pdk;&drfruif;&Sdaom trlt&mudk uREkfyfjrif&onfESifhar;Munfh&m ol\qifr
onf tcgwdkif;qdkygu þrQavmuf tuGmta0;wGif awGUwwfí ,aeU

375 
rawGU&onfrSm xl;jcm;aMumif;ajymjy\/ uREkfyfrSm ol\pum;aMumifh
tenf;i,f pdwfroufomaomfvnf; c&D;a0;a0; vrf;avQmuf&&kHjyif
r&Sdqdkum ajzqnfEdkifygonf/ qufvufí avQmufMuaomtcg qifOD;onf
rMumcP &yfum&yfumem;pGifh\/ ]]bmvkyfwmvJ}}[k uREkfyfu ar;&m
]]cavmufoHudkem;axmif&onf}}[kajym\/
rdkif0ufcefUrQqufvufavQmufvmMuonfwGifrS cavmufoHwcsufwcsuf
oJUoJUuav; Mum;&í uREkfyftm;wufvm\/ cavmufoHonf
wjznf;jznf; us,fonfxufus,fvmí uREkfyfwkdUvnf; cyfokwfokwf
avQmufvmMupOf awmfawmfeD;uyfvmonfxifumrS jAKef;ueJ toHwdwf
oGm;\/ þwGif qifOD;pD;onf uREkfyftm; vufjyum tcsufay;í
wefU&yfckdif;onfESifh pdk;&drfpGmjzifh &yfvdkuf&\/ cavmufoHonf
ig;puúefUavmufwGif wcsufwcsuf Mum;vmcJU&mrS ,ckrlwrdepfcefU
wdwfqdwfvsuf&SdavNyD/
]]bmjzpfwmvJAs udkjr}}
]]cavmufoH wdwfoGm;wmu bmaMumifhvJAsm}}
]]qif&dkif;eJUawGUvQif qifru cavmufoHrMum;&atmif vnfyif;eJU
nSyfxm;wwfw,fq&m}}
]]olUudk vlrawGUap&atmifvdkUvm;}}
]][kwfwmaygh olwkdUbmombm0 aysmfjrL;csifwmaygh q&m}}
]]'gjzifh usKyfwkdUb,fhES,fvkyfyghr,f}}
]]qif&dkif;eJUawGU&dk;rSefvQif vdkufwwfw,fq&m? opfyifay: wufay
awmh}}
]]olwkdUcsif;]vdkuf}wmudk wufMunfhzdkUvm;Asm}}
]]olwdkUcsif;vJ vkdufw,f? vludkvJ vkdufwwfwmyJ}}

376 
 uREkfyfum; tawmfvefUoGm;avNyD/ odkUaomf vGefNyD;tjzpfudk awG;ylNyD;
igvdkufcJUrdjcif;um;rSm;avNyD[k rdrdudk,fudk tjypfqdkwwfaom 0goemr&Sd
onftavsmuf &Gufzsifzdeyfuav;udk uysmu,mcRwfí twuf&vG,faom
opfyifwyifay:odkU wufav\/
]]EdkU cifAsm;aumAs}}
]]uRefawmfuawmh qifrudk oGm;Munfh&tkH;r,fq&m? 'Dxufjrifhjrifh
rwufEdkifbl;vm; q&m}}
]]'Davmufqdk rvGwfao;bl;vm;}}
]]vGwfawmhvGwfygw,f? cyfjrifhjrifhwufNyD; qifrudk arQmfMunfhvQif
jrifEdkifrvm;vkdUyg}}
uREkfyfrSm bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u opfyifwufjcif;tvkyfü
tawmftavhtusifh&SdcJUonfjzpfí (i,fpOfu wufcJUjcif;rsm;onf tcsufxJ
wGif tokH;0ifwwfvSonf/) opfyifBuD;ay:odkU wufEdkiforQ jrifhatmifwuf
NyD; ,cifu cavmufoH Mum;&mbufodkU arQmfMunfhvkduf&mwGif udkif;awm
BuD;wckxJü rnf;rnf;BuD;&Sdaom t&m0w¦KBuD;ESpfckudk jrif&av\/
]]rnf;rnf;BuD;awGjrifw,fAsKdU? qifESpfaumifeJUwlw,f}}
]][kwfvdrfhr,fq&ma&U? q&m 'Duae&pftkH;aemf}}
]]cifAsm;u b,foGm;rSmvJ}}
]]uRefawmfqifaemufudk vkdufacsOD;r,f}}
uREkfyfrSm qif&dkif;rsm;ESifhra0;aom awmeufBuD;xJwGif wa,muf
wnf;ae&pf&rnfh tpDtpOfudkrBudKufaomfvnf; tjcm;enf;vrf; rjrifonf
ESifh oabmwlvkduf&av\/ qifOD;pD;xGufoGm;aom tcguREkfyfrSm wpf
a,mufwnf;ae&pfcJU&í tm;i,f&onfhtxJwGifawmxJü vlESifhqif&dkif;
awGUíopfyifay:okdU wufajy;aomvltm; qif&dkif;u yifpnfudk OD;acgif;jzifh

377 
wdkufcswwfonfqdkaom tjzpftysufudk owd&ojzifh tm;wufzG,f
jzpfrvmacs/ odkUaomf qm&dkuf'g[*¾wf\ pGefUpm;cef;0w¦Kaygif;
ajrmufjrm;pGmwkdUudk zwfxm;cJUaom uREkfyfrSm tvifuGmwmrdef;onf
þtajctaersKd;ü b,fuJUodkU jyKvkyfacsrnfenf;[k qifjcifum
twkcdk;vsuf aq;wHudkxkwfNyD; aq;wqkH aomufvkdufygao;onf/
(&,fp&ma&;jcif;r[kwf? wu,fvkyfjcif;jzpf\/ rdrdudk,fwdkif r&Jaomfvnf;
owÅd&Sdaomvlrsm; jyKrlykHudk owd&jcif;tm;jzifh tm;jznfhEdkifjcif;onf
pGefUpm;cef;0w¦Krsm; zwf&Ijcif;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;aywnf;/)
aq;wqkHukefaomtcg qifESpfaumif&SdaombufqDrS ]0l;?0g;?0l;?0g;}
[kukef;ínpfatmfaom toHrsm;Mum;&ojzifh arQmfMunfhvkduf&mwGif
udkif;awmxJrS rnf;rnf;BuD;ESpfckteuf wckonfwckudkcGJcGmí cyfokwfokwf
a&GUoGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&avonf/ twefBuD;Mumaomtcg cavmufoH
]*avmif *avmif}ESifh qifOD;pD;u qifrtm; armif;vmjcif;udk jrif&ygonf/
þwGifrS uREkfyfonf opfyifay:rS qif;vmcJUav\/ atmufodkU
a&mufaomtcg qifOD;pD;u-
]]qifpD;rvm;q&m}}
]]uwDrSrygyJeJU b,fvdkvkyf pD;&vJAs}}
]]OD;acgif;ay: xdkifpD;ayghq&m? uRefawmfwdkU 'DvdkpD;wmyJ}}
]]rjzpfygbl;As? vdrfhusrSmaygh}}
]]'gjzifh vnfyif;cGpD;q&m}}
rvkyfbl;aom tvkyfudkvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh ]pkH}csifaom 0goem&Sdonfh
uREkfyfonf pD;&efoabmwlojzifh qifOD;pD;u qifrudk 0yfcdkif;NyD;
qif\vufay:rS vnfyif;ay:odkU cJ,Of;pGm wuf&av\/ vnfyif;üum;
BuD;pGmaom oHB udK;BuD; ywfcsnfxm;av&m uREkfyfonf oHBudK;aemufücGxdkif

378 
umoHBudK;udkudkifxm;&avonf/ xdkUaemufqifOD;pD;u xdkcdkif;NyD;aemufrS
armif;vsufvdkufvm&m qifronfa&SUrS cyfokwfokwf vSrf;vmav\/
xl;jcm;aom tjcif;t&mwck owdjyKrdonfrSm qifronfaemufrSvkdufygvm
aomqifOD;pD;tm; wcPuav;rQ rsufjcnfjywfrcHyJ vuf0JbufrSjzpfap?
vuf,mbufrSjzpfap qifOD;pD;udk jrif&avmufatmif OD;acgif;udk
wajymif;wnf;ajymif;? wapmif;wnf; apmif;iJUum jyKjyifoGm;ygavawmh
onf/

owÅdjyjcif;

qifudkrlum; wa,mufwnf;pD;bl;ygNyD/ odkU&mwGifvnfyif;udk

um;,m;cGí xdkif&jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh qif\Murf;wrf;aom *kwfarG;rsm;
onf aygifrsm;ESifh wifyg;wkdUudk pl;vSygonf/ twefi,foGm;rdí qif\
ajcvSrf;ESifh vIyf&Sm;ykH tjcif;t&mudk &dyfpm;rdvmaomtcg rdrdrwwfao;
aomtjcif;t&mwckudk oifcGifhBuKHu wwfatmifoifcsif wwfaom
uREkfyf\0goemtwdkif; vnfyif;udkcGírpD;rlí qifOD;pD;rsm;uJUodkU OD;uif;
xdyfrS ajcwJGavmif;csí pD;zdkUBudK;pm;awmh\/ uREkfyfonfcGxm;aom
ajcaxmufrsm;udk wjznf;jznf;&kyfodrf;í (oHBudK;udkvufrvTwfyJ)
OD;acgif;xdyfodkU wa&GU a&GU a&GUvm\/ qif\OD;acgif;EGJUykHudk
Mumavoabmaygufav&SdvmonfwGif aemufqkH;ü oHBudK;udkaemufjyef
udkifvsuf OD;uif;ay:wGifwifyg;vTJxkdifum ajcwJavmif;csvsuf pD;Edkifyg
awmYonf/ AkdvfwJokdUa&mufvmaomtcg udk0ifharmfwkdUvlpk a&mufESifhMuNyD
jzpf&m oli,fcsif;udk0ifharmftm; qifOD;uif;xufrSEIwfqufvdkuf&jcif;onf
uREkfyftzdkU&mwGif atmifjrifrIBuD;wck jzpfygawmhonf/ þwGif udk0ifharmfu

379 
]]cifAsm;[muoHB udK;udk udkifxm;wmudk;As? vufvTwfpD;rSaygh}}[k ajymvkduf
onf uREkfyfonfcsufcsif;yif vufvTwfípD;vdkufonf/ tjcm;vlwa,muf
u xkduJUodkUajymvkdufvQif uREkfyfjyKvkyfvdrhfrnfr[kwf? udk0ifharmfrlum;
ol\usDpm;jcifudk woufvkH;cHcJU&ojzifh owdÅdaMumifonf[k xifrnfpdk;
aomaMumifh (vdrfhusNyD; usKd;awmhrSusKd;ap)pGefUí vkyfjyvdkufjcif;
jzpfavonf/ udk0ifharmfESifh uREkfyfonf a&SUwGifvnf; þtjzpftysuf
uav;rsKd;awG &Sdygao;onf/

qifpdwfaumufjcif;

jrawmifqdyfurf;wGif aps;oabFmrsm;onf &ufowÅwywfvQif

wBudrfrQ qdkufuyfav&m oabFmrqdkufrD w&ufwGif udk0ifharmfu ]]cifAsm;
pm;csifwmawG MunfhNyD; 0,f&atmifudk,fwdkifvkdufoGm;acsAsm}} [kuREkfyftm;
cdkif;\/ &du©m0,f&efrSm uREkfyfwdkUtwGufom r[kwf? opfckwform;rsm;
twGufvnf; qDqefrSpí 0,f&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh qifESpfpD;ESifhoGm;Mu&ef
jzpfavonf/ nDawmfarmifuvnf; qifpD;bl;csifonf qdkí twlvdkufyg
vmav&m weHeufapmapmü uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudkonf qifESpfpD;ESifh
erf;aygif;AdkfvfwJrS xGufvmcJUMuav\/ uREkfyfonf qifOD;pD; udkjrESifhtwl
pD;í nDawmfarmifrSm tjcm;qifay:ü vkdufygvmavonf/ qifay:wGif
uwDcif;xm;í pdwfcsvufcspD;&aomfvnf; vrf;oGm;aomtcgwGif
qif\udk,fonf OD;acgif;xufvIyfaomaMumifh OD;acgif;xufüxkdifí
pD;bl;pOfuxuf tvdkufcwfonfudk awGU&\/ qifpD;vQif tvGef
Nidrfhvdrfhrnfxifaom nDawmfarmifrSm wrdkifcefUavmuf a&mufMuaom
tcgü xifoavmuf Zdrfr&SdonfESifh nnf;nLpjyKavNyD/ rnfonfhowÅ0gudk

380 
pD;onfjzpfap ¤if;\udk,fEGJUykHudk oabmraygufao;orQ umvywfvkH;
owdESifhvkduf&í usawmhrvdkvdk jzpfwwf\/ owÅ0g\ udk,fEGJUykHudk
em;vnfí ][ef}ay; wwfaomtcgrS pdwfacsmifcsdpGmESifh pD;ívdkufEdkif\/
uREkfyfrSmi,fuwnf;u EGm;? uRJ? jrif; ponfwkdUudk pD;wwfatmif
oifxm;oljzpfonfhtwGuf aMumifh rnfonfhowÅ0gudk pD;onfjzpfap?
olwyg;xuf oabmaygufvG,f avonf/ okdUESifhvnf; uREkfyfrSm
vrf;c&D;wGif tusnftwnf;wckESifh BuKH&ao;\/ udkjr\qifonf
vrf;ajzmifhajzmifhroGm;yJ eHab;wbufwcsufodkUa&GUajymif;um [dkuyf
onfuyfvkyf\/ xdktcsdefwGif 16 rdkifc&D;teuf 13rdkifcefU
aygufvmcJUNyDjzpfí 3rdkifcefUrQom vdkawmh&m aeuvnf;tawmfuav;
yljyif;pjyKvmavNyD/
]]cifAsmhqif bmjzpfwmvJAs}}
]]pdwfaumufcsifwm q&ma&U}}
]]bmjyKvdkUvJAsm}}
]]olwkdUu erf;aygif;eJUjrawmifc&D;qdkvQif aygufe,frSm waxmufem;
aeusAs? 'DwacgufawmufavQmufarmif;vmavawmh uyfoD;uyfoyf
vkyfcsifw,fq&m? [JU aumifr...}}ajym,if;qdk,if; qifronf
vrf;ab;ü&Sdaom csKHyifrsm;xJodkU qufueJwkd;0ifvkduf&m qifOD;pD;\
OD;acgi;fudk opfudkif;rsm; &dkufoGm;ojzifh uHaumif;íom rusyJ&Sd\/
uREkfyfrlum; ol\ausmaemufrS jym;ueJ0iftdyfvkduf&\/ tdyfrnfhom
tdyf&onf/ qifOD;pD;vdrfhusvQifvnf; uREkfyfudkyg yGwfwkdufcsoGm;rnf
jzpfavonf/ þwGifvufjrefaom qifOD;pD;onf qifr\OD;acgif;BuD;udk
cRef;ESifh ESpfcsufokH;csufqufí ayguf,if; yg;pyfuvnf; ukef;í
atmfaigufonfwGifrS qifronf csKHrScGmí vrf;ay:odkU wufvmavonf/

381 
 ]]uHaumif;vkdUAsm? cifAsm;us,if usKyfygusrSmyJ}}
]]'Davmuf rjzpfaybl;vm;vdkU uRefawmfu owdvdkoGm;w,fq&m}}
]]'Dqifru 'Dvdkvkyfaeusvm;Asm}}
]]vkyfcJygw,f q&m? aeu eJeJylvmvdkUyg? olwkdUu reufwpcef;
newpcef; oGm;aeusrSm wqufwnf;armif;vkdufawmh pdwfaumufwmyg
q&m? vlvdkaygh}}
nDawmfarmifvkdufygaom qifrSmrl a&SUüawmfawmfjywfuGmoGm;NyDjzpf
&m qifOD;pD;onf qifrudkpdwfqdk;qdk;ESifh cRef;jzifhESifíarmif;onfwGif
qifronf ykueJ ykueJjzpfatmifajcvSrf;usJBuD;ESifh vSrf;aomaMumifh
uREkfyfrSm ajrBud;ESifheD;uyfvmonf[k xifrdonf/ rMumrD a&SUrSqifrudk
rSDvmMu\/
jrawmif&GmodkUa&mufí okH;xyfausmif;BuD;xJrS jzwfvmMuaomtcg
wefaqmifrkef; vjynfhaeUjzpfí Oykofonfrsm;onf ausmif;BuD;ay:rS
uREkfyfwkdUtm; xGufMunfhaeMu&m ¤if;wkdUteufwGif uREkfyf\c,fravmif;
udkvnf; jrifcJU&onf/ xdknaeü tpkefaps;oabFma&m tqefaps;oabFmyg
jrawmif&Gmü qkdufuyfí tdyfrnfjzpf&m þtwGufaMumifhwaMumif;?
wefaqmifwkdifyGJaMumifhwaMumif; &Gmuav;rSm ododomomvIyfvIyf&G&G
&Sdae\/ þtxJwGif &efukefrSvmMuonfh uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudkESpfa,mufu
qifESpfpD;ESifh awmrSqif;vmMujcif;onfvnf; tysKdacsmrsm;\ ESvkH;aoG;udk
wkd;í vIyfckefjcif; jzpfapavoavm[k awG;awmrdonf/

382 
rpdk;wkdUnDtpfrwawG

uREkfyfwdkUonf udk0ifharmf\ opfawm&kH;ü pcef;csí qifOD;pD;

ESpfa,muf wkdUu csufjyKwf&ef wm0ef,lMuonf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfwdkU
nDtpfudktwGufrl jrawmiftaumufpma&;BuD;u uREkfyfwdkU&SdaeorQ wm0ef
,lygayonf/ xdk&ufwGif uREkfyfwdkUrSm jrawmif&Gmü todtuRrf;
tawmfaygrsm;vsuf&SdNyD jzpf&m cyfwnfwnfvnfywf&rnfh tdrfrsm;odkU
aeUcif;tcsdefwGif EIwfqufí uREkfyfESifh rsufrSef;wrf;rdonf &GmOD;&Sd tysKdacsm
nDtpfrrsm;tdrfodkUrl ae0ifNyD;aemufrS a&mufygonf/ xdknae ukefoabFm
rsm; qdkufuyfcsdefwGif uREkfyfonf 0,f&ef&Sdaom pm;p&mypönf;rsm;udk
pm&if;jyKvkyfí rpdk;vufodkU ay;tyfxm;vdkuf\/ rpdk;rSm azmfjycJUbl;aom
nDtpfrrsm;teuf tBuD;qkH;jzpfav&m uREkfyf\ZeD;avmif;jzpfaomfvnf;
trSefudkazmfjy&vQif xdktcsdefurl uREkfyf\pdwfxJüyif wdwdusus qkH;jzwf
csufcsr&ao;yJ pdwful;xm;onfh okH;av;a,mufteufwGif wa,muf
tygt0ifrQom jzpfygao;onf/
okdU&mwGif tjcm; ]cefUrSef;csuf}rsm;xuf tuRrf;w0if &SdonfhtwGuf
aMumifh aps;0,fay;zdkUapcdkif;rdjcif;jzpfygonf/ ¤if;nOfü rpdk;oabFmrSjyefvm
NyD;aemuf rdcifESifhwuG nDruav; armifuav;rsm;yg tawmfnOfheufonf
wdkifatmif aqmif;rD;zdkteD;ü 0dkif;zGJUum pum;ajymMu\/ rpdk;\zcifrSm
rdcifESifh uGJoGm;ojzifh rdom;wpk ykHawmfovkd vkyfudkifpm;aomufvsuf&SdMu
&m ¤if;wkdU\tdrfBuD;onfomvQif ,cifu pD;yGm;a&;tajctae zGHUNzdK;cJU
bl;jcif;\ txdrf;trSwftjzpfESifh usef&Sdygawmhonf/ uREkfyf\
toufwmwavQmufvkH; 0goemwckrSm rdef;uav;wa,muf\ pD;yGm;a&;
tajctaeudk tvsif;*&krpdkufyJ &kyf&nfoufoufudkom tav;*&kjyKavh

383 
&Sd\/ (okdU&mwGif &kyf0g'orm;wa,mufum; r[kwf&yg/) pHa'0DrSm
olUt&yfxJwGif 0wfEdkifpm;EdkifqkH;aom rdef;uav;wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf;
ol\pdefwvkH;em;uyfESifh a&Tajcusif;wdkUonf olU&kyf&nfESifh vdkufavsmí
Munfhaumif;vSjcif;udkom uREkfyf*&kpdkufrdygonf/ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae[lírl
um; rpOf;pm;rdyg/ &kyf&nfrSwyg; tdrfaxmifa&;ESifh ywfoufí tBuHtpnf
wpkHwck r&cJUao;yg/ odkUjzpfí aemufwaeUnaewGif uREkfyfwdkUonf
erf;aygif;odkU jyefwufMuí aygufeufAdkvfwJwGif wnOfhtdyfMu&jyefav\/

rarhEdkifaomxrif;weyf

uREkfyfonf tpm;ESifhywfoufí pdwfxm;ykH tawmfqef;onf[k

qdkMuvdrfhrnfxif\/ rnfrQavmuf aps;BuD;aom pm;p&mjzpfap
pm;csifonfqdkvQif ydkufqHudk rajrmfjrifyJ (wBudrfwcgjzpfap) 0,fpm;&rS
auseyf\/ aeUpOftzdkUrSmvnf; vufvSrf;rSDoavmuf wwfEdkiforQ
taumif;qkH;udk0,fpm;avh&Sd\/ odkU&mwGif wcgw&Hürlum; aumif;aom
tpmwckudk tvG,fwulESifh r&yJcJcJ,Of;,Of; &Sm&rnfqdkvQifvnf;
'ku©rcHrlí tnHUqkH;aom tpmudkyif ausauseyfeyfBuD; pm;Edkifygonf/
jrawmifrS qifESpfpD;ESifh xGufvmMuí aygufeufAdkfvfwJuav;ü ntdyfMu
rnfjyK&mwGif npmtwGufudkqifOD;pD; ESpfa,mufu wm0ef,lí csufjyKwf
Mu\/ xrif;pm;csdef eD;aomtcg uREkfyfwdkUnDtpfudkrSm tvGefqmavmif
vsuf &SdavNyD/ (qifpD;jcif;onf vrf;avQmufjcif;wrQ vIyf&Sm;jcif;
aMumifhtvGefqmwwfonf[k qiform;rsm;u ajymMuonf/) uREkfyfonf
rD;zdkacsmiftvkyfrsKd;ü0goemygonfESifh rnfonfh[if;rsm; csufMuavoenf;
[k [if;tdk;rsm;udkzGifhMunfhvdkfuf&m usufNyD;í rD;zdkteD;ü uyfxm;aom

384 
[if;tdk;uav;xJü &Srf;yJykyfESifh c&rf;csOfoD;[if;udk vnf;aumif;? rD;zdkay:ü
wnfxm;aom [if;tdk;uav;xJüa&wGif ig;ydcwfNyD; wnfxm;í
yGufyGufqlaejcif;udk vnf;aumif; awGU&\/ tjcm;[if;rawGU&acs/ rMumrD
&GmxJodkUoGm;aom qifOD;pD; jyefvmívufxJ wGifAl;&Guf tenf;i,f
ygvm\/ cGifay:&Sd [if;tdk;xJodkU Al;&GufcwfNyD;aemuf xrif;yGJ jyifMu\/
¤if;wkdUwGif yef;uefjym;ESpfcsyfwnf;&Sdí uREkfyfwdkUnDtpfudk twGuf
jyifauR;&m uREkfyfu tm;vkH; twl0dkif;í pm;&rnfajymaomaMumifh
pavmif;zkH;rsm;ESifh jzpfovdk 0ifpm;Muonf/ qifOD;pD; wa,mufu
]]qiform;[if;yJ q&ma&U? q&muvJ rckdif;? uRefawmfwkdUuvJ txkyfawG
ajz&rSm ysif;avawmh 0efaxmufrif;&UJom;Al; ig;Al;awGudk rxkwfawmhbl;?
pm;ompm;yg? Nrdefygw,fq&m? qifpD;wm odyfNyD; AdkufacsmifwmyJ}}[k
ajym\/ om;Al;? ig;Al;taMumif; ajymaomtcg uREkfyfu xkwf,lzdkU
ajymrnfjyKNyD;rS ]qiform;awGeJU oGm;wJUtcg olwkdUpm;ovdk jzpfatmif
pm;r,f}[k qkH;jzwfvkdufav\/ [if;rsm;rSm &Srf;yJykyfESifh c&rf;csOfoD;udk
i&kwfoD;pyfpyf csufxm;í ykZGefajcmufrygyJ ig;ydESifh csufxm;onfh
Al;&Guf[if;csKdom jzpfavonf/ odkU&mwGifqmavmifaom "mwfcHaMumifh
i&kwfoD;eDeD&J&J csufxm;onfh yJykyf[if;onfyif uREkfyfwdkUtm;
oGm;a&usapcJUavNyD/ wvkyfEIdufí pm;vdkufygawmhvnf; xifonfxufyif
ydkí t&omawGUaeao;\/
uREkfyfwdkUnDtpfudkonf xrif;tdk;xJrS ]'g&dkuf}EIdufíEIdufí xnfhay;
aom xrif;rsm;udk ukef;íukef;í BudwfvdkufMu&m qefwcGuf csufxm;onfh
xrif;tdk;xJrS uREkfyfwkdUuyif ydkvdrfhrnfxifonf/ þwBudrfwGif uREkfyf
twGuf EdkUqDAl;wvkH;csuf ukefvdrfhrnfxif&m woufvkH;wGif þwBudrfygrS
ESpfESyfwnf;üom ]wvkH;csuf} ukefbl;ygonf/ þtaMumif;udk tus,fw0ifh

385 
a&;om; azmfjyjcif;rSm tpm; aumif;aumif;udkomru raumif;wa&mif;
ESifhvnf; trSwfw& Nrdefatmif pm;wwfaom 0goemudk wifjyvdkaom
aMumifh jzpfygonf/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm taumif;BudKufwwfaomfvnf; raumif;
vQif rpm;Edkifonfr[kwf? raumif;wa&mif;ESifhvnf; tvkduftxdkuf
Nrdefatmif pm;wwfygonf/ [if;raumif;vQif rsKdírusqdkaom vlpm;rsKd;
r[kwfyg/

t"dyÜm,f&Sdaom c&D;wacguf

aemufwaeUwGif erf;aygif;odkU a&mufMuí okH;av;&ufcefUMumaom

tcg udk0ifharmfu uREkfyftm; xD;csKdifhaiGwdkufodkU olUtwGufESifhwuG
tvkyform;rsm;ESifh awmtkyf awmacgif;rsm; twGufyg vcxkwfckdif;\/
udk0ifharmfonf jrawmifodkU uREkfyfoGm;vdkjcif;udk &dyfrd[efwlonf/ vcrSm
Edk0ifbmvtwGufjzpfí 'DZifbmv 4 &ufaeUwGif uREkfyfxGufvmcJU\/
þwBudrfwGif jrif;ESifhxGufcJUí nDawmfarmifrygacs/ jrif;twGufrSm
tqifoifhvSonf/ a&TvDjrpfbufrS jrif;rsm;ESifh vmMuaom opfukefonf
ESpfa,mufonf jrawmifodkU toGm;wGiferf;aygif;odkU 0ifvmí udk0ifharmfESifh
awGUMu\/ udk0ifharmfu jrif;ESifhxnfhvdkufcsifonf[k ajym&mwGif
opfukefonfwOD;u ol\jrif;udk uREkfyftm;ay;NyD; oludk,fwdkif vSnf;BuKHESifh
vkdufrnfhtaMumif;? vSnf;BuKHvnf;tqifoifh&SdaeaMumif; ajymav\/
okdUjzpfíeHeufapmapmwGif opfukefonfwOD;ESifh uREkfyfonf jrif;wpD;pDESifh
jrawmifodkU xGufvmMuav\/ xdkolrSmjrawmif&Gmom; vlvwft&G,f
wa,mufjzpfí uREkfyftay:üpdwf0ifpm;ykH&onfh tavsmufuREkfyftaMumif;
udkar;\/ uREkfyfu tdrfaxmifr&SdaMumif; ajym&mwGif vl&dk;wa,muf[k

386 
emrnfBuD;aom0efaxmufrif; OD;0ifharmf\ oli,fcsif;acwfynmwwf
wa,mufjzpfí jrawmif&GmwGif vkdcsifaomtysKdudk &EdkifaMumif;? opf
ukefonfvkyfzdkU 0goemygvQif t&if;tESD;tjynfhtpkH&Sdaom rdef;rudkvnf;
&EdkifaMumif;? jrawmifwGif a,musfm;aumif; awmfawmf&Sm;aeí
rdef;uav;rsm;onf ]we,fom;}udk apmifharQmfaeMu[efwlaMumif;? &GmcH
a,mufsm;ESifh we,fom;wdkU ,SOfNydKifí vlysKdvSnfhvQif we,fom;u
pGHzdkUvrf;rsm;aMumif; ponfjzifh ajymjyav\/ uREkfyfu ]]jrawmifolawG[m
olwkdU&GmrSm olwkdUraysmfMuvdkU &yfa0;vdkufcsifMuovm;}}[k ar;&m xdkvlu
]]'Dvkdawmh r[kwfaygifq&m? jrawmifom;uav;awGu aoao0yf0yf
vkyfudkif auR;csifwJUvl eJw,f? vlabmfausmhuav;awG jzpfukefMuNyD
cifAs}}[k ajymjyav\/ þvludk,fwdkifrSm vlysKdyif&Sdao;aMumif; uREkfyf
od&í-
]]cifAsm;vJ vlysKdqdk? ckajymwJU vlUabmfausmhxJrSm rygbl;r[kwfvm;}}
]][m.... uRefawmf omqkd;ao;? bmrS rvkyfcsifbl;q&m}}
]]opfukefonfqdk}}
]]a,mifokH;q,fygcifAsm? rdbrsm;u cdkif;vdkUrdkU rvTJomvdkU vkyf&wm
yg? vlysif;cifAs? w&GmvkH;vlysif;csnf;yJ}}
]]tpOftqufu 'DvdkyJvm;}}
]]a&S;u uRefawmfwdkU OD;av;rsm; vufxufu 'Davmufrqdk;ygbl;
cifAs? 'DacwfrSmjrpf&dk;wavQmufvkH; vli,fuav;awG odyfysufpD;w,fcifAs}}
]]jrawmifolawG awmfawmfacsmw,fqdk}}
]]'guawmh q&mvJjrifom;yJ? bk&ifcHvmwkef;u jrpf&dk;wavQmufrS
&GmawGu ,drf;tueJU BudKqdkMuawmh uRefawmfwkdUjrawmif,drf;tu
eHywfwpfpGJw,fq&m}}

387 
 ]]'D&GmrSm b,ftysKdtacsmqkH;vJ}}
emrnf okH;av;ck ajymygonf/ uREkfyfu-
]]rpdk;aum rygbl;vm;}}
]]olu eJeJBuD;oGm;NyDq&m? olUnDruomoGm;NyD? tazBuD;u ypfoGm;
awmh tarBuD;uvJ bmrSrwwf&Smbl;? nDruav;awG? armifuav;awGudk
oluyJ OD;pD;tkyfcsKyfNyD; vkyfudkifpm;aomufae&Sm Muw,f}}
jrawmif&GmokdU a&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyfonf ,cifwacgufuuJUokdU
opfawm&kH;okdU roGm;yJtaumufpma&;BuD;\ aetdrfodkU wdkuf&dkuf0ifav\/
xrif;pm;NyD;aomtcg uREkfyfonf xD;csKdifhbufodkUul;í udk0ifharmfay;tyf
vkdufonfh vcpm&if;twdkif; aiGwdkfufrS aiGrsm;xkwfí jyefvmNyD;vQif aiGrsm;
udk taumufpma&;BuD;vufodkU tyfxm;vdkufav\/ uREkfyf\c&D;pOfrSm
eufjzefeHeufwGif ,refaeUu opfukefonfESifhtwl erf;aygif;okdU jyefMu&ef
jzpfavonf/

wjznf;jznf;,drf;nGwfjcif;

xdkaeUnaewGif uREkfyfonf rpdk;wkdU\tdrfokdUoGm;í ig;z,faMumfESifh

cJvHacsmif;rsm; (olwkdUt&yfwGif ]aygif;wif;}[kac:onf/) jyKvkyfjyifqifxm;
&eftwGuf ydkufqHay;í rSmxm;cJU\/ xdknOfhwGifig;z,faMumfESifh aygif;wif;
udk t0pm;rnftBuHESifh taumufpma&;BuD;\ npmxrif;udk toifhtwifh
om pm;cJU\/ pma&;BuD;uawmfu ]]b,ftdrfursm; tpm;aumif;auR;zkdU
zdwfxm;w,f rqdkEdkifbl;? uRefrwkdUtdrfu xrif;udkawmif 0atmif
rpm;awmhygyJvm;}}[kceJUpum; ajymvkduf&m uREkfyfrSm rpdk;wkdUtdrfü pDrHxm;
cJUaom aygif;wif;taMumif;udk owif;oefUoefUMum;í ajymvkdufjcif;

388 
jzpfonf[k rouFmonfESifh rsufESm&Sdef;ueJjzpfoGm;rdygonf/ uREkfyf\
pdwfudk EIdufEIdufcRwfcRwf ppfaq;vdkufaomtcg vrf;c&D;wGif opfukefonf
u rpdk;onf nDruav; armifuav;rsm;udk OD;pD;tkyfcsKyfum
]0dkif;vkyf0dkif;pm;} tjzpfESifh xdef;odrf; apmifha&Smufvsuf &Sd&Smonf[k
ajymvkdufuwnf;u uREkfyfpdwful;xm; onfhrdef;uav;ESpfa,muf?
okH;a,mufteuf rpdk;bufodkU u&kPmoufoGm;jcif; jzpfwef&macsonf/
uREkfyfvdkcsifonfrSm &kyf&nf oem;urm;&Sdwmcsif;wlvQif Muifemwwfaom
pdwf&Sdoludk a&G;cs,frnfjzpf&m tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;tay:ü tBuD;tuJ
tjzpfESifh MuifemwwfvQif vifom; tay:üvnf; Muifemwwfvdrfhrnf[k
wGufudef;&onf/ ]cspf}zdkUqdkonfrSm pHa'0DESifh vJGuwnf;u uRekfyftzdkU&mü
(tjyeftvSef) arQmfvifhcsuf uif;cJUNyD;jzpf&m wa,mufESifh wa,muf
MuifemwwfvQif yxrwef; tdrfaxmifbufjzpfzkdU vkHavmufonf[k
uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ (rsufESmudkjrif&onfjzpfap? toHudkMum;vkduf&onf
jzpfap &ifxJü 'dwfueJ vIyfckefoGm;aom tjzpfrsKd;rlum; pHa'0DrSvGJí
rnfonfh rdef;uav; twGufrQ woufvkH; BuHKcJU&bl;jcif; r&Sday/)
tjcm;aom tjcif;t&mrsm; rnfrQavmuf jynfhpkHa[? &ufpufaom
pdwfoabm&Sdonfh rdef;rwa,mufonf uREkfyftzdkU taumif;qkH;r,m;
r[kwfEdkif[k (rSefcsif&ifrSef rSm;csif&ifrSm;) uRekfyfwGufrdonf/ uREkfyfonf
xdkpOfu þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk a&;a&;rQom &dyfrday&m taumufpma&;
BuD;uawmfu uREkfyftm; ]ceJU}vdkufí uREkfyf\rsufESm&Sdef;oGm;jcif;udk
udk,fh[mudk,f odvdkufaomtcgürlum; igonf rpdk;bufodkU ,drf;vsuf
&Sdacsonfwum;[k odvdkuf&ygonf/ odkU&mwGif pHa'0DuJUokdU tcspf
oufoufr[kwf? u&kPmzufjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfem;vnfygonf/ odkUESifhyif
uREkfyfonf twdtus qkH;jzwfcsuf csjcif;um; r[kwfao;ay/ qdkvdk&if;rSm

389 
igonf ,aeUn rpdk;tm; cspfBudKufaMumif;udk zGifh[í ajymygawmhrnf[kyif
qkH;jzwf&ao;onf r[kwfacs/ twnf,lrnf rBuHyJESifh vlysKdvSnfhjcif;
tvkyfrSm uREkfyf\tavhtusifhr[kwfacs/

aygif;wif;ESifhig;z,faMumf

xdknOhfü uREkfyfonf taumufpma&;BuD;tdrfrS npmpm;NyD;aemuf

rpdk;wkdU\tdrfodkU cyfapmapmoGm;a&muf\/ apmapmoGm;jcif;rSm aygif;wif;
zkwfjcif;udk tptqkH; jrifvdkaomaMumifh jzpf\/ uREkfyf\0goemwckrSm
aumif;aomtpmudk pm;&&kHESifhrNyD;yJ udk,fwdkif vkyfwwfonftxd
apmifhMunhfvdkjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ uREkfyfa&mufoGm;aomtcg ig;z,faMumf
t&SufBuD;rsm;rSm aMumfNyD;jzpfí eHeHyifESifh MuufoGefNrdwfrsm;u wyef;uef
jym;? ig;z,faMumft&SufBuD;rsm;u wyef;uefjym; tjynfhaMumfNyD;í
aygif;wif;zkwf&kHrQom usefavawmhonf/ ig;z,faMumfrsm;rSm rD;zdkacsmifü
aMumf&í aygif;wif;rlum; {nfhcef;ü aqmif;rD;zdkwGif zkwfEdkifavonf/
¤if;a'owavQmufü aqmif;rD;zdk[lonfrSm Murf;ysOfwGif taygufazmufí
Murf;ysOfESifhtnD jyKvkyfxm;aom av;axmifh rD;zdkjzpf\/
rD;zdkonf Murf;jyifxufjrifhcJUvQif rD;&Sdefonf rD;vIHol\ ajcaxmuf
rsm;odkUra&mufyJ ajcovkH;avmufom a&mufEdkifrnfjzpfaom aMumifh
Murf;udkazmufNyD; wjyifwnf;jzpfatmif vkyfxm;&jcif;jzpfavonf/
uREkfyfa&mufoGm;NyD;aemuf rMumrD a&pdrfNyD;aom aumufnSif;qef
oGwfxm;onfh aygif;wif;0g; okH;av;acsmif;,lvmí rD;zdkwGifzkwfav\/
aygif;wif;0g;rSm wbufzGifhjzpfí iSufaysmzufjzifh qdkUxm;av&m ¤if;buf
udk a&S;OD;pGmzkwfí tqpfydwfaombufudk aemufrS zkwf&\/ wbufü

390 
usufavmufaomtcgrS tjcm;wbufokdU vSnfhray;rD tqpfydwfaombuf
udk"m;ESifhxpfí zGifhay;&\/ zGifhvdkufaomtaygufrS taiGUacsmif;acsmif;
yef;xGufav&m xdkuJUodkUrjyKvkyfygu aygif;wif;0g;xJrS aumufnSif;rsm;
onf &kwfw&uf yef;xGufwwfojzifh aygif;wif;wacsmif;vkH; qkH;&wwfav
onf/ uREkfyfrSmrlrD;zdkteD;ü {nfhonfjzpfaom uREkfyftwGufcif;xm;onfh
aumfaZmay:wGif aq;wHcJvsuf xdkifum aygif;wif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;?
tdrfoltdrfom; nDtpfr om;csif;wpkwkdUudk vnf;aumif; wvSnfhpDMunfhum
tuJcwfvsuf &Sdav\/

ZeD;avmif;udk tuJcwfjcif;

xdknOfhü uREkfyfonfaygif;wif;zkwfjcif;xuf nDtpfrokH;a,mufwkdUudk

txl;*&kjyKí tuJcwfvsuf&Sd\/ erf;aygif;rS yxrwBudrf qifESifhqif;cJU
aom tacgufwGif awm0ufom;uif tenf;i,fygvmcJUí tBuD;qkH;
jzpfaom rpdk;vufodkU ]tm;vkH;pm;MuzdkU}qdkum ay;tyfvdkuf\/ rpdk;onf
0ufom;uifrsm;udk nDrrsm;ESifh armifuav;rsm;okdU cJGa0ay;&m armif
ti,fqkH;tm; trsm;qkH;ay;\/ oludk,fwdkifum; rpm;acs? uREkfyftm;
]ynmwwfonf}xifí jyKpm;rnfpdk;aomaMumifhayavm rajymwwfay/
tm;vkH;cJGa0pm;apcsifí ,lcJUaom pm;p&mudk oludk,fwdkif rjrnf;yJ
ay;a0vkdufjcif;twGuf wbufütenf;i,f rausreyfjzpf&jcif;ESifhtwl
tjcm;wbufüvnf; armifnDruav;rsm;tay:ünSmwm [efwlonf[k
csD;usL;zdkU owd&cJUygonf/ uREkfyfonf þtaMumif;udk rpdk;tm;ajymbl;
onfr&Sd/ (þpmudk oludk,fwkdifzwfrSyif od&ayawmhrnf/ uREkfyftm;

391 
]yD,aq;} orm;wa,muf[k rxifrSwfwefpaumif;[lívnf; arQmfvifh
onf/)
xkdnOfhü aygif;wif;rsm;usufí ig;z,faMumfESifh pm;MuaomtcgwGif
vnf; rpdk;onfuREkfyftwGuf trsm;qkH;jyifay;NyD; rdcifESifharmifnDruav;
rsm;twGuf xnfhay;av&m olUtzkdUrl tenf;i,frQom pm;onfudkawGU&\/
uREkfyfudkjrif&í 0rf;omaeaomaMumifhum; r[kwfwef&m/ uREkfyfubmrQ
rajym&ao;acs/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap tpm;taomufESifhywfouf í
armifnDruav;rsm; tay:oufnSmjcif;onf uREkfyfvifjzpfvmaomtcgü
oufnSmwef&monfh vu©Pmwckjzpfvdrhfrnf [laomuREkfyf\tawG;tac:
rlum; wu,frSefygayonf/
]vifESifhr,m;? vQmESifhoGm;} [lbdodkU wOD;ESifhwOD; rauseyfaom
tcsufuav;rsm;&Sd&onfh "r®wmjzpfaomfjim;vnf; tpm;ESifhywfoufí
uREkfyftay:ü *&kpdkufykH? 'ku©cHykH? BudK;pm;tm;xkwfykHrsm;rSm &SmrS&Sm;aom
ZeD;wa,mufjzpfonf[k þae&mü 0efcHvkduf&ayOD;rnf/ vifu&Smay;vQif
csufwwfygonf[k rdef;rtrsm; ajympum;&Sdaomfvnf; BudK;pm;tm;xkwfykH
csif;rlum; jcm;em;jcif;&SdMuayvdrfhrnf/ nDtpfrokH;a,muf (tdrfaxmifuJG
wa,mufyg av;a,muf) &SdMuonfhteuf wa,muftay:ü wa,muf
MuifemrI&Sd&mwGif rpdk;onf (tBuD;qkH;jzpfaomaMumifhayavmrod/) tMuif
emwwfqkH;jzpfonf[k xdkpOfuwnf;u tuJcwfrd&m aemifwGifvn;f
þtwkdif;rSefuefjcif;udk awGU&avonf/ tjcm;aom a,mufsm;rsm;onf
rnfodkU oabmxm;Muonfrajymwwf/ uREkfyftzdkU&mwGifrlum; þtjcif;
t&monf rpdk;ESifhuREkfyftdrfaxmifbufjzpfMuzdkU zefwD;ay;jcif;ü ol\
&kyf&nfxufyif ta&;BuD;onf[k xifrdygonf/

392 
a0hvnfvnfajymaejcif;

apmapmcdkufü aygif;wif;ESifh ig;z,faMumfudk eHeHyif MuufoGefNrdwfESifh

pm;vdkuf? vufzuf&nfMurf;aomufvkduf? aq;wHzGmvkdufjzifh 0dkif;zGJUpum;
ajymMuNyD;aemuf twefnOfheufvmaomtcg armifnDruav;rsm;onf
olwkdU\tdyfcef;odkU toD;oD;0ifMuav&m rdcifwa,mufomvQif
]aq;Aef;}udkxkwfí ¤if;\tcef;0üxdkifum uGrf;oD;zufaq;vdyfrsm;
vdyfvsuf&Sdav\/ uREkfyfrSmESpftdrfaxmifysufcJUNyD jzpfí vlysKdpum;ajymzdkU
(pHa'0DESifh wkef;uuJUodkU) &GHUjcif; wGefUjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; tcsdeftrsm;BuD;
&Sdonfqdkum axG&mav;yg; pum;udkajymvsuf&Sd\/
tarBuD;\tcef;rSm (tdyfcef;okH;cef;&Sdí tawmfus,faom tdrfBuD;
jzpf aomaMumifh) tawmfuav;a0;í ajymcsifaompum;udk olrMum;atmif
ajymEdkifaomfvnf; ]ajz;ajz;aygh}[k oabmxm;\/ ,aeUn ajymawmhrnf
[líyif wxpfcsqkH;jzwfjcif; rjyKao;acs/ rpkd; pdwf0ifpm;ykH&onfrSm
&efukefNrdKUBuD;taMumif;jzpfí a&Twd*kH? odrfBuD;aps;? wd&pämef&kHponfh
a&mufoifha&mufxdkufaomae&mrsm;taMumif;udk wGifwGifBuD;ajymjy,if;
]]rpdk;wkdU wacgufavmufawmh a&mufatmifvmzdkU aumif;w,f}}[laom
pum;rsKd;xuf eD;uyfatmifrajymyJ a0hvnfvnfjzifh omtcsdefukefap\/
oef;acgifwdkifvwfaomf Murf;jyifrS trIdufo&dkuf vSnf;cs&eftwGuf
azmufxm;onfh Murf;aygufrS ]zkwfueJ}toHMum;í Munfhvkduf&m
aq;jyif;vdyfwdkwckonf Murf;aygufteD;wGif rD;cdk;wtltlESifh avmifvsuf
&Sdjcif;udk awGU&\/ vu©PmrSm Murf;aygufrS ypfwifvdkufonfh
aq;vdyfwdkjzpf[ef&Sdonf/ okdUqdkvQif tdrfatmufü umvom;wa,muf
jzpfap? wa,mufrujzpfap a&mufaeavNyD/

393 
 ]]bmvJ rpdk;}}
]]tvum;yg? aumifuav;awG aemufwm *&krpdkufygeJU}}
]]jyefzdkU&mvJ awmfawmfnOfheufNyD? b,fhES,fvkyfygr,f}}
]]'DrD;zdkem;rSm tdyfaygh? nOfheufvSNyDyJ? tareJU uRefreJU [dkbufcef;rSm
tdyfMur,f}}

tajctaeuwGef;ydkUjcif;

rpdk;onf apmifwxnfESifh acgif;tkH;wvkH;,lvmcJUí rD;zdkteD;&Sd

aumfaZmay:wGif uREkfyftwGufwifxm;\/ xdkcPü tdrfa&SU0&efwmrS
ajcoHMum;í uREkfyfem;pGifhvdkuf&m avSum;rS wjznf;jznf;qif;oGm;aom
ajcoHrsm;udkMum;&\/ vu©PmrSm uREkfyfwdkUtm; tdrfjyif0&efwmrS
acsmif;MunfhNyD; jyefqif;oGm;aomajcoHjzpf[efwl\/ jrawmif&GmwGif
]vltmus,f}uav; wa,mufwav&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyfwdkU a&Tbdke,fuJUodkU
&dkufrI? owfrI jzpfbl;onfh r&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyfrwkefvIyfvS? rpdk;vnf;
£ajE´rysuf&Sdaeonf/ aemufwcPü ]0kef;?'kef;?jAKef;?'dkif;} jrnfaomtoHrsm;
Mum;&av&m tdrfx&HESifh trdk;rsm;rSm cJrsm;? xif;acsmif;rsm;? 0g;vkH;rsm;
xdrSefaomtoHrsm;jzifh qlnHvsuf&Sdawmh\/ armif?nDruav;rsm;ESifh
tarBuD;vnf; rD;zdkteD;odkU pk&kH;a&muf&SdvmMu\/ uREkfyfonf aq;wqkHudk
nSdaomufípOf;pm;&m ab;tEÅ&m,f&Sdonf[k rpdk;&drfaomfvnf;
rBuKHbl;aomtjzpfaMumifh rnfokdUjyK&rnfrodyJjzpfae\/ xif;acsmif;
xif;prsm;onfvnf; qufvufí rdk;&GmqJyifjzpfae\/ xdkcPü
toHcyfpmpmESifh rdef;rwa,muf\ Budrf;armif;oHudk tdrfa&SUrSMum;&av&m
tarBuD;u ]]rdrkd;vm;[JU}[k atmfar;umwHcg;udkzGifhvdkuf\/ rdrdk;rSm

394 
rpdk;\tdrfaxmifuJGnDrwa,mufjzpf av&m teD;tyg;&Sd tdrfwGifae&mrS
cJoHMum;NyD; Budrf;armif;um xvmcJUjcif; jzpfavonf/ ol\cifyGef;rSm
a&TvDokdU oGm;ckdufjzpfí tdfrfwGif wa,mufwnf;ae&aomfvnf; tdrfaxmif
uJGjzpfaomaMumifh wBudrfESpfBudrfrQomjrifbl;\/ ]][JUaumifawG eifwkdUowÅd
'gyJvm;? wqdwf&Sd tdrfudkraygufMueJU? ighudkaygufvSnfhMu? vmMuav}}[k
atmf[pfum uREkfyfwkdUtdrfa&SUokdU vmí&yfav&m cJoHrsm;vnf;
csufcsif;&yfpJoGm;av\/ xdkUaemuf rrdk;onf tdrfa&SU0&efwmokdUwufvmí
avSum;xdyfü&yfum ]]eifwdkUumvom;awG owÅdu 'gyJvm;? vlaumif;rSef;
rod vlqdk;rSef;rod? wqdwf&Sd remvdk&rSmavmuf olwkdUwwfwmyJ?
eifwkdU&nf;pm;udk vkvdkUvm;? eifwkdUr,m;udk ckd;vdkUvm;}} ponfrsm;jzifh
a&&GwfBudrf;armif;av&m w&GmvkH; wdwfqdwfvsuf&SdonfudkawGU&\/
]tm*rdef;uav;aywum;}[k pdwfxJu uREkfyfcsD;usL;rdavonf/ tm;vkH;
wdwfqdwfoGm;í wHcg;udkydwfNyD; rD;zdkteD;ü 0dkif;zJGUum xdkifrdMu&mwGif
uREkfyfonf(tcsufxJwGif) rpdk;\tuJudk tawmfcwfrdNyDjzpfí uREkfyfu-
]]rif;wkdU&Gmu ae&muswJU &Gmr[kwfygbl; rpdk;&,f? b,fhES,fvJ
vkdufrvm;}}[k tm;vkH;a&SUwGif ar;vkduf\/
rpdk;uvnf; nDrrsm;ESifh rdcifa&SUüyif vdkufrnf[kajym\/ uREkfyf
u,aeU oabFmr&Sdaomfvnf; orÁefiSm;NyD; waumif;odkUpkefrnf? waumif;
urS oabFmESifh rEÅav;odkU oGm;rnf[kajym&m rpdk;uoabm wlaomfvnf;
rrdk;u uefUuGufavonf/ rdciftkyfcsKyfí BuD;Mu&aom orD;rsm;jzpfMu
onfhtavsmuf Muufuav; iSufuav;uJUodkU ac:ajy;vQif rdcifa&m
nDruav;rsm;yg *kPfi,fzdkU&SdaMumif;ajymí vlBuD;rsm;a&SUarSmufü txdkuf
tavsmuf awmif;&rf;,lzdkU ajymavonf/ uREkfyf\rsufpdü þnOfhtzkdUwGif
rrdk;onf ([D;&kd;0if;) vlpGrf;aumif;rwa,mufjzpfae&um; olUpum;udk

395 
uREkfyfrypfy,fEdkifyJ eufjzef 'DZifbmv 5&ufaeUwGif &GmvlBuD;okH;av;
a,mufa&SUü awmif;&rf;,lvdkufygawmhonf/

xl;jcm;aomtcsufrsm;

uREkfyfrdef;r,ljcif;ESifh ywfoufí xl;jcm;aomtcsuftaejzifh

tdrfaxmifwckysufwdkif; t0wfwxnf udk,fwckESifh qif;vmcJU&ykHudk
azmfjycJUNyDjzpf&m rdef;r&aom tcsdef&moDESifhywfoufíxl;jcm;csufudkvnf;
azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf wwd, tdrfaxmifjzpfaom rpdk;udk 1920
jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv 5 &ufaeUwGif vufxyf\/ yxrtdrfaxmifudk 1910
jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv 10 &ufaeUwGifvufxyf\/ 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh 1914
ckESpf? 'DZifbmv15&ufaeUwGif xGufajy;Muonf/ okH;a,mufvkH;rSm
'DZifbmvcsnf;jzpfí 5 *Pef;ESifhpm;íjywfaom&ufrsm;csnf; jzpfonf/
þrQomruao;? pHa'0D\rdcifu ay;pm;ygrnfqdkí uRekfyf\zcifu
a&TbdkokdUvmNyD; uREkfyftm; ac:oGm;aom&moDrSmvnf; 'DZifbmvyif
jzpfavonf/ (okdUjzpfí 'DZifbmva&mufwdkif; bmrsm;jzpfacsOD;rvJ[k
vnfyif;wqefUqefU arQmf&OD;rnfuJUokdU jzpfrdygonf/) rpdk;ESifh
vufxyfaom aeUESifh ywfoufí xl;jcm;csufwck&Sdao;onfrSm uREkfyfwdkU
vufxyfaom aeUonf c&pfouú&mZf 1920jynfhESpf 'DZifbmv 5
&ufaeUvnf;aumif;? jrefrmouú&mZf 1282ckESpf wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf 10
&ufaeUvnf;aumif;? jzpfí ,leDbmpDwDbGdKufaumhaeUjzpfav&m ¤if;aeUudk
yif ]trsKd;om;aeU}[lí a&G;cs,fowfrSwfxm;Mujyef&mwGif trsKd;om;aeU
usa&mufwdkif; uREkfyfwkdU\ vufxyfaeU jzpf&jyefaomaMumifh (,ckþpmudk
a&;om;aomtcsdefrS &ufowÅESpfywfcefU MumaomtcgwGif) tESpf40ajrmuf

396 
trsKd;om;aeU usif;yjcif;ESifhtwl uREkfyfwdkU\ vufxyfonfrSmvnf; tESpf
40 jynfhygawmhrnf/ tcsdefumvESifh aeU&ufrsm;ofn t"dyÜm,f&Sdonf[k
qdkygvQif uREkfyfESifhywfoufaom aeU&ufrsm;onfvnf; r*Fvm&Sdaomteuf
t"dyÜm,frsKd;om &Sdygap[lí qkawmif;vkduf&ygawmhonf/

pHa'0ESihfrpdk;

uREkfyfonf udk0ifharmf\aiGxJrS aiGw&mEIwf,lxm;í usefaomaiGrsm;

udk taumufpma&;BuD;rSwqifh ,cifopfukefonf\vufodkU yg;vkduf&m
udk0ifharmfxH aumif;rGefpGma&mufaMumif; jyefpm&&S\
d / (¤if;aiGw&mudk
urf;eD&GmwGif uREkfyfausmif;axmifaomtcgü jyefqyf&m udk0ifharmfu
aiGudkr,lyJ olUemrnfESifh ausmif;om;wa,mufxm;ay;zdkU ajymojzifh
olUqE´twdkif; uREkfyfvufcHvdkufygonf/) udk0ifharmfonf uREkfyfESifh
pHa'0DtaMumif;udk tvkH;pkHodí pHa'0Dudkvnf; jrifbl;oljzpfav&m
ol\jyefpmxJü rpdk;onf pHa'0DxufvSoljzpfí uREkfyfauseyfxdkufaMumif;
0rf;yef;wom a&;&Smygayonf/ udk0ifharmfrSm rpdk;udkvnf; MuifemykH&onf/
pHa'0DESifh rpdk;udk EIdif;,SOfa&;jcif; twGufaMumifh uREkfyf0rf;omzdkUrSwyg;
tjcm; bmrQr&Sday/ odkU&mwGif pHa'0Dudk uREkfyfoabmuscJUrjdcif;rSm ¤if;\
&kyftqif;oufoufr[kwf? 0wfpm;qifjyifykHaMumifhcsnf;r[kwf? uREkfyftm;
&ifckefvIyfaponfh (razmfjyEdkifpaumif;aom) obm0wck jzpfaomaMumifh
tawmftwefvlrsm; em;vnfMuygrnfavm[k ,kHrSm;oHo, jzpfrdygonf/
pHa'0DtaMumif;udk jzwfxm;cJUonfrSm twefMumNyDjzpfí uG,fvGef
onfrSm MumvSNyD xif&avmufaomfvnf; 1919 ckESpfurS uG,fvGefjcif;
jzpfaomaMumifh rpdk;ESifh taMumif;ygaomtcsdefwGif uG,fvGefonfrSm

397 
wESpfrQom &Sdygao;onf/ uREkfyf\rdcifurl rpdk;ESifhpHa'0DwdkU cyfqifqif
wlonf[k ajymbl;jcif;udk apmapmydkif;u azmfjycJUbl;ygNyD/ rdcifonf
pHa'0Dudkcifrifí ¤if;ESifhwlaom rpdk;udkvnf; cspfcifaMumif;ajymbl;ygonf/
rdcif\pum;t&rSm ]]ndKacsmeJU0gacsm wrsKd;pDxm;ygawmh? pHa'0Du
tqiftjyifomw,f? rpdk;u udk,fvkH;udk,faygufydkvSw,f? rpdk;&JU
udk,fvkH;udk,faygufrsKd;u rdef;rxJrSm &Sm;ayw,fuG,f? wifeJU &ifeJU
odyftcsKd;usw,f? eef;awmfxJu tysKdawmfawGxJrSm wa,mufjrifbl;w,f}}
[k ajymbl;&Smonf/ uREkfyf\rdcifü txl;ojzifh cspfcifzG,faumif;aom
tcsufwckonfum; uREkfyfrdef;r,lcJUaomtcgwdkif; rdbudkrwdkifyifyJ
uREkfyf\oabmtwdkif; ,lcJUonfcsnf;jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf,laom rdef;r
rsm;ESifh ywfoufí jypfwif&Iwfcsjcif;jyKonf[k r&Sdbl;jcif;yif jzpfavonf/
rdcifqdkvQif vlwdkif;yifcspfonf[k ajymMurnfjzpf&m txufyg taMumif;
w&yf twGufaMumifhyif tjcm;aom om;rsm;cspfMujcif;xuf uREkfyf\
rdcifudk uREkfyfcspfjcif;onf ydkvdrhfrnf[k xifrdygonf/ om;ucspfBudKuf
aomrdef;rudk rdbu oabmrwlEdkifqdkjcif;onf a,mufsm;uav;twGufa&m
rdef;uav;twGufyg tBuD;tus,f pddwfqif;&JMu&rnfjzpf&m uREkfyftzdkU&mü
¤if;qif;&JrIrsKd; r&SdcJUbl;jcif;onf tvGefuHaumif;onf[k 0rf;omcJU&yg
awmh onf/

ezl;pmygrS nm;Edkifjcif;

udk0ifharmfwkdUvlpkonf qufvufí ]opfoif;}tvkyfudk aqmif&Guf

vsuf &SdMuaomfvnf; nDawmfarmifrSmrl rMumrDtwGif; opfawmrSjyefvmí
uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl aexdkifvsuf&Sd\/ rpdk;\nDrwa,muf acsmvSaMumif;udk

398 
txufwGif t>rufrQazmfjycJUbl;&m trnfrSm rvkH;jzpf\/ rpdk;\udk,fvuf
t*FgESifh udk,fvkH;udk,faygufrsKd;r[kwfyJ vkH;BuD;aygufvSESifh cspfp&maumif;
aom rsufESmxm;&Sdí olUacwfwGif jrawmif&Gmü ydk;yef;ol tawmfrsm;aom
rdef;uav;wa,mufjzpf\/ nDawmfarmifonf rpdk;wkdU\tdrfokdU uREkfyfESifh
twl roGm;bl;aomfvnf; pma&;armifjrESifhtwl vnfywfMubl;í rvkH;ESifh
rsufrSef;wrf;rdMu[ef&Sd\/ tdrfodkUa&mufvmonfESifh wNydKifeuf nDawmf
armifonf rvkH;tm; wrf;wrf;pGJ pkHrufvsuf&Sd\/ þwGif jrawmifodkU
oabFmESifh nDtpfudkESpfa,muf vkdufvmMupOfu azmifBudKorm;BuD;
ajymbl;aom pum;udkowd&í ol\aA'ifrSm tvkH;pkH rSefacsawmhrnf[k
uREkfyfxifrdonf/ xdkvlBuD;u uREkfyfwdkUrSm vlysKdtjzpfESifh ]jyefpdwfr&Sd}
onfhjyif nDtpfudk nDtpfryif jzpfwwfao;onf[k ajymbl;jcif;udk
rSwfrdaumif; rSwfrdMuayvdrhfrnf/ uREkfyftzdkUum; rSefaeNyDjzpf&m
nDawmfarmiftwGufyg rSefcJUvQif wtHUwMojzpf&vdrfhrnf[k xifrdonf/
wtdrfwnf;vnf; twlaeMu&í tysKdvlysKdvnf; jzpfaeonfhjyif
wa,mufESifhwa,muf oabmrusp&mvnf; bmrQr&Sdacs/ a,mufsm;
uav;ESifh rdef;ruav;wkdUonf rnfrQyif taMumif;nDnGwfí tqifajy
vsuf&Sdaomf vnf; ]ezl;pm}rygvQif rnm;Mujcif;udk pHa'0DESifh uREkfyf\
tjzpfomru nDawmfarmifESifh rvkH;wkdU\tjzpfwGifvnf; xyfqifhí
BuKH&bl;jyefygonf/ tppt&m&m tqifajyvsuf&SdMuí awmxJokdU
uREkfyfwdkUwtdrfvkH; (¤if;a'oxkH;pHtwdkif;) xif;acGoGm;MupOf xif;&Smolrsm;
u&SmMuí nDawmfarmifESifh rvkH;wdkUu xif;wkH;BuD;wwkH;udk vTjzifh wbufpD
wdkufjzwfaeMujcif;rsm;udk uREkfyfwdkUawGUjrif&í tm;vkH;oabmwl wNyKH;NyKH;
jzpfcJUMu&bl;ygonf/ uREkfyfESifhrpdk;wkdUu ]vJGzdkUr&SdNyD}}[k xifrdMu&m
tarBuD;uvnf; oabmwl&Smonf/ þtjzpfrsKd;okdU a&mufumrS rvkH;onf

399 
(uREkfyfwkdUudk remvdkMuonfh &GmoltcsKdUwdkU\ uwkH;uwdkfufvkyfrIaMumifh)
csufcsif; trlt&m ajymif;vJoGm;NyD; axmfavmfuefUvefU vkyfavawmhonf/
þrdef;uav;um; acgif;rmaom rdef;uav;wa,muf[lí uREkfyftuJcwf
EdkifcJUonf/ uREkfyfwkdUtBuHtdkufvsuf&SdpOf rdbrsm;xHrS pmwapmifa&mufvm
&m ¤if;pmwGif *srm;oaX;\ udk,fpm;vS,fvkyfaeaom uREkfyf\OD;av;
ajrpm&if; tifpydwfawmf wa,mufu nDawmfarmiftm; ol\pma&;
tjzpfESifh cefUvdkí csufcsif;vmzdkU rSmxm;vdkufonf/ nDawmfarmifrSm
roGm;csif&Smaomfvnf; uREkfyfurdef;raygí tvkyf&Sm;aMumif;? rvkH;udpö
twGuf qufvufaqmif&Gufay;rnfh taMumif;ESifh acsmharmhwdkufwGef;
vkduf&mwGif nDawmfarmifonf OD;av;&Sdaom jrpfom;NrdKUodkU vkdufoGm;
&Smav\/ ezl;pmrygMuaomaMumifh ayavm rqdkEdkif/ nDawmfarmifrSm
cGJcGmoGm;NyD;aemuf cyfat;at; jzpfoGm;í olwkdU\jyóemrSm wdkwdkESifh
NyD;qkH;oGm;ygawmhonf/

]rif;pdwf}&Sdaom udk0ifharmf

1921 ckESpfrSm uREkfyftzdkU&mü cyfayghaygh cyfacsmifacsmifaecJUaom

ESpfwESpfjzpf\/ xdkESpfwGif uREkfyfESifhrpdk;wkdUonf jrpfom;okdU nDawmfarmif
ESifh twl vdkufíaejcif;? ref;usnf;wkH&Gm&Sd rdbrsm;xHodkU tvnfoGm;jcif;?
ppfudkif;awmif&kd;üaejcif;? jrawmifwGif udk0ifharmfESifhtwlaejcif; ponfjzifh 
(Honeymoon)  tcsdefukefvGefcJUonf/ xdktcsdeftawmtwGif;
t*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm;rS rSD;ía&;onfh0w¦KBuD;ESpfyk'fNyD;yg\/ ¤if;0w¦KESpfyk'frSm 
(Sign  of  the  Cross  and  Gullivers  Travel's)  OD;bazu 0,f,lovdkvdk?
ol&d,wdkufu 0,fovdkvdk aiGw0ufwysufay;acsxm;í uREkfyf\vufxJü

400 
twefMumatmif;aecJU&m yJcl;NrdKUivsifBuD;wGif aumfyDrsm; aysmufqkH;í
r&dkufESdyfvkduf&yJ ajrBuD;MoZm jzpfoGm;cJUygavNyD/ jrawmifüaeMupOf
udk,fhtdrfüudk,f armifnDruav;rsm;ESifh twlaeMuaomfvnf; udk0ifharmfu
olU&kH;okdUZGwftwif; ajymif;a&GUcdkif;onfESifh ajymif;Mu&ygonf/ okdUaomf
udk0ifharmf awmwufaomtcg r&ru uREkfyfac:oGm;onfcsnf; jzpfaom
aMumifh rpdk;udk olUtarrsm;ESifhxm;cJUí uREkfyfrSmolESifh awmwufae&
onfom rsm;ygonf/
udk0ifharmfonf uREkfyftm; nDtpfudk&if;wrQ cspfjcif;udk uREkfyfodyg\/
ydkvQifomydkrnf? avQmhonfrxifyg/ þpum;rSm omrefajymwwfMuonfh
cifrifwwfol&SdcJUvQif xkdolonf udk0ifharmfjzpf\/ ol\nDrsm;? ESrrsm;
twGuf vspfvsL&Ixm;rnfh udpörsKd;wGif uREkfyftwGufaqmif&Guf ay;jcif;
udkBuKH&bl;ygonf/ odkUaomf þvlwa,mufum; wcgw&HwGif ]rif;pdwf}
&Sdolwa,mufjzpf\/ waeUoüawmwufrnfjyK&mwGif &uf&Snfrnf[k
odaomaMumifh rpdk;u uREkfyfrvkdufapcsifonfESifh rvdkufyJjiif;vdkufbl;\/
awmrSjyefa&mufvmuwnf;u udk0ifharmfonf uREkfyftm; rMumcP
pum;emajymvkduf? avSmifvdkuf vkyfavawmh&m uREkfyfrSm aemufaemifwGif
olac:vQif rjiif;0HUawmhyJ vdkuf&ygawmhonf/ olUrSm vlysKdBuD;jzpfí
tdrfaxmifonftaMumif;udk em;rvnf? *&krpdkuf/ olac:vQifvdkufrS
BudKufwwfol jzpfavonf/

ausmif;q&mjzpf&jyefjcif;

1922 ckESpfOD;wGif uREkfyfonf &efukefodkUqif;NyD; pma&;q&mtjzpfESifh

toufarG;zdkU rpdk;ESifhwdkifyif&m oabmwlMuavNyD/ þwGif udk0ifharmfu

401 
jrawmifü ol&SdaeorQumvywfvkH; rcGJ&? 0rf;a&;twGuf olMunfhNyD;
pDrHay;rnf[kajym\/ udk0ifharmf ajymonfqdkvQif jiif;zkdUcufaom
vlwa,mufjzpfjcif;udk uREkfyfodNyD;jzpf\/ aemufqkH;üjrawmiftxuf
18rdkifcefUa0;onfh urf;eD&GmwGif t*Fvdyfausmif;axmifzdkU pDpOfav\/
urf;eD&Gmü opfukefonf av;ig;OD;&Sdí ¤if;wkdUwGifausmif;om;t&G,f
om;rsm;vnf;&SdMu\/ rdbrsm;onf om;rsm;udk t*Fvdyfpmoifvdkí
NrdKUBuD;rsm;odkU ydkUcsifMuaomfvnf; (jrefrmrdbrsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif;)
om;uav;rsm;udk pdwfrcsjcif;? tpm;taomuf qif;&Jrnfudkpdk;&drfjcif;?
rcGJekdifjcif;paom tcuftcJrsm;aMumifh &Gmausmif;üomxm;Mu&m udk0ifharmf
u uREkfyftaMumif;ajymí t*FvdyfpmoifzkdU wdkufwGef;vkduf&mwGif
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om oabmwlMuavonf/ opfukefonfokH;OD;onf
tdrfwvkH;udk0,fí ausmif;wnfNyD;vQif ausmif;om;rsm; pkaqmif;vdkuf&m
15a,mufESifh ausmif;vc w&mausmfcefU &&Sdav\/ xdkpOfurl xif;?a&?
aetdrf ponfwkdU&aom vifr,m;ESpfa,muftwGufrSm ¤if;aiGrQonf
aumif;pGmvkHavmufonfjzpfí uREkfyfonf ¤if;tvkyfudk vufcHvdkuf
avonf/ odkUjzpfí azazmf0g&Dvqef;wGif uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;onf
a,mufzuav;wa,mufESifhtwl urf;eD&GmodkU ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muav\/

auseyfzG,faomESpf

uREkfyfonf Ak'¨bmomausmif;üwBudrf? tar&duefausmif;üwBudrf?

nDawmfarmif\ausmif;üwBudrf vydkif;rQavmufpD ausmif;q&mvkyfcJUbl;í
uREkfyftzdkU tqef;topfr[kwf? taMumif;odNyD;jzpfaom tvkyfwckjzpfyg
onf/ uREkfyfem;vnfonfum; þtvkyfonf cPwjzKwftwGuf

402 
pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;í aysmfp&mBuD;wckyif xif&aomfvnf; tvGefNiD;aiGU
vG,faomtvkyfrsKd;jzpfavonf/ q&myg&rDygaom yk*¾dKvfrsm; twGufrSm
rwwfaomvl? odkUr[kwf uav;rsm;tm; wwfatmif oifjyay;&jcif;onf
0rf;omp&m aysmfp&maumif;onf[k ,lqMuayvdrhfrnf/ uREkfyfrSm
pum;ajymcsifaom vlwa,mufr[kwf? uavmiform;oufoufjzpfonf[k
udk,fh[mudk,fodNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh ESpf&Snfwm0efrcHyJ okH;ESpftwGufrQom
y#dnmOfay;cJUygonf/ oifjy&rnfh ynm&yfrSm t*Fvdyfbmom wckwnf;
qdkaomaMumifh uREkfyfoabmusvSonf/ yxrESpfü awmxJodkUausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh A[kokwtzkdU aysmfyJGpm;xGufjcif;? jrpfxJüorÁefavSmfjcif;?
&Gufwdkufjcif;? [dk&Gmonf&Gmrsm;odkU oGm;vnfjcif; ponfrsm;jzifh
awmfawmfaysmfrdygonf/ oli,fuav;rsm; wwfvG,fapjcif;iSm ausmif;BuD;
rsm;uJUodkU wywfvQif ESpf&ufrydwfyJ w&ufwnf;ydwfjcif;? aEG&moDwGif
vnf; ausmif;zGifhjcif;? nOfhtcsdefrsm;üvnf; oli,frsm; pmusufMuonfudk
apmifhMunfhí ar;Muonfrsm;udk ajzjcif;ponfjzifh pdwfygvufyg
oifjy&mwGif ausmif;axmifay;aom opfukefonfrsm; vGefpGmauseyf
tm;&Muonf/ ¤if;&GmodkU e,fvSnfh&ef a&mufvmMuonfh ynmtkyf?
awmtkyf? ykvdyf? tifpywfawmf? taumuf0efaxmuf? taumufpma&;
ponfrsm;onfvnf; tjcm;ae&mü rwnf;cdkMuyJ uREkfyf\ausmif;uav;rSm
csnf; wnf;cdkMuonfwGif pm;Mu? aomufMu? &,fMu? armMuESifh
aysmfp&mBuD;jzpfcJUygonf/ 1922 ckESpfrSmrl auseyfzG,faom ESpf[lí
rSwfwrf;wifEdkifygonf/

403 
]vyfuD;}

1923 ckESpfOD;ü uREkfyfonf jrif;waumif0,fí jrif;pD;tavhtusifhjyK

vkyf\/ jrif;rSmt&dkif;r[kwf? ]tom;us}oifNyD;jzpf&m uREkfyfrSmvnf;
tawmftwef jrif;pD;wwfNyD;jzpfí tvGef[efusvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf
a&S;acwft*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm;udk zwf&uwnf;u jrif;pD;jcif;tvkyfudk ]&l;}rwwf
oifcsifí a&Tbdke,fwGif OD;ab;? baxG; paom aqGrsKd;rsm;\jrif;rsm;udk
tcGifhBuKHwdkif;iSm;í pD;jcif;tm;jzifh omref&Gmom;wa,mufrQavmufawmh
wwfajrmufvsuf&Sdyg\/ jrif;pD;0goemygaom uREkfyftzdkU&mü omí
usifvnfpGm pD;wwfatmif yg&rDjznfhay;&ma&mufonfh tjcif;t&mwckudk
azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ (pGefUpm;&jcif;ü 0goemygaom uREkfyftzdkUrSm jrif;pD;jcif;
onf tEÅ&m,f&Sdwwfjcif;udk rqGuwnf;u em;vnfNyD;jzpfygonf/)
uREkfyf0,f,l vkdufaomjrif;rSm jrif;aumif; jrif;qwfwaumifjzpfay&m
jrif;&Sif(tif;wkdif)ü pD;yGm;a&;tajcr[efaomfvnf; olUjrif;udkcspfonfESifh
ra&mif;yJzufwG,fxm; onfwGif ausmif;om;wa,muf\zcifu ZGwfwG,f
uyfí 0,fay;aomaMumifh uREkfyf&vdkufjcif;jzpfavonf/ jrif;ay:okdUwufí
wacgufavmufarmif;Munfhvdkfufuwnf;u þjrif;um; igESifhawmfonf[k
wcgwnf; oabmusvkdufrd\/ jrif;ykuav;rsm;omaygaom xdke,fü
av;ay av;vufr [laom]a'guf}onf t&yfjrifhaom uREkfyftzdkU&mü
&cJvSí oifhawmfvSayNyD/ tarG;rSm pdkifndKjzpfí cyfoG,foG,f&Sdaom
ajcwHvufwH&Sd\/ xdkjrif;\xl;jcm;csufwckrSmum; tvGefuRwfqwfaom
pdwf&Sdonfjzpfí (uREkfyftm;vnf; ]uRwfqwfqwf}&Sdaom vlBuD;[k
ajymMurnfxifonf/) BudrfvkH;udkifzdkUrvdk? ]pkwf}woyfoyfESifh
acsmhípD;&aom jrif;rsKd;jzpf\/ tcuftcJwck&SdonfrSm jrefrmwkdUpD;enf;jzpf

404 
aom ]tom;us}ajy;enf;rSm pdwfxefvGef;vQif ]'kef;}ajy;wwfay&m
odkUqdkvQif ]azmuf}onfqdkí wefzdk;r&SdyJ jzpfoGm;\/ ]tom;us}[lonfrSm
ajcav;buf&Sdonfhteuf ajrBuD;ay:wGif wbufpDcsumajy;&jcif; jzpfav
&m ajcESpfbufpD ]pkH}csí ckefjay;jcif;? ]okH;acsmif;axmuf} ajy;jcif; ponf
wkdUrSm jrefrmoufoufjrif;yGJrsm;ü tokH;r0if? ]azmuf}onf[kqdkavonf/
jrif;waumifonf wwfEdkiforQ tjrefqkH;vnf;ajy;&rnf/ ajcESpfbuf
yl;ckefNyD; ]uqkef}ajy;jcif;rsKd;vnf; rjzpfap&/ þonfum; jrefrmjrif;
ajy;enf;\ ta&;BuD;aom tcsufaywnf;/ uREkfyf\jrif;rSm uREkfyf
vufodkUa&mufvmrS *&kwpdkufauR;í 00vifvifjzpfvmonfESifh ]vyfuD;}
(uHaumif;)[lí rSnfhac:xm;avonf/

jrif;pD;aumif;jzpfcsifonf

vyfuD;0,fuwnf;u ]azmuf}vnf; razmuf? tpGrf;&SdorQ

ajcukefvnf; ajy;atmifpD;Edkif&efrSm uREkfyftzdkU&mü jyóemBuD;wck
jzpfaecJUavNyD/ jrif;uav;um; vSvnf;vSonf/ ajy;vnf;ajy;onf/
okdUaomf pdwfxefvGef;aomaMumifh razmufatmif Edkifeif;pGm pD;zdkUcufonf[k
we,fvkH;uajymMuí uREkfyfavhusifhjcif;udk vlwdkif;u pdwf0ifpm;vsuf&SdMu
\/ jrif;pD;jcif;ü e*dkuwnf;u 0goemygaom uREkfyftzdkUrSm
tcuftcJuav;ESifh awGU&onfwGif tvGefpdwf0ifpm;vsuf&Sd\/ þjrif;udk
Edkifeif;atmif pD;jyEdkifvQif jrif;0goemygolaygaom ¤if;t&yfü emrnfwvkH;
xGufvm&rnf[k uREkfyfarQmfvifh\/ ]jrif;pD;aumif;} wa,muftjzpfESifh
&aom emrnfonf ]b,favmufwefzkd;&Sdrnfenf;}[k ar;MuvQif (a&Tbdkjrif;
e,fom; tqufjzpfaomaMumifhayavmrqdkEdkif/) jrif;pD;orm;rsm; tay:ü

405 
vlarmfvkyfEdkifvQif emrnfausmf 0w¦Kaumif;wyk'f a&;xkwfjcif;tm; jzifh
&&Sdaom*kPfxuf ravsmhatmif uREkfyfjrwfEdk;rdygonf/ uREkfyfonf
ig;&ufwywf avhusifhNyD;aomtcgrsm;ü þjrif;udk pdwfwkdif;usEdkifeif;atmif
b,fuJUokdU pD;&ygrnfenf;[k tBuHxkwfjcif;aMumifh tdyfraysmfEdkifaom
naygif;vnf; tawmfrsm;vSygNyD/ ratmifjrifao;acs/

avsmfvkduf&jcif;

uREkfyfaexkdifaom urf;eD&GmwGif wbufwcsufü tdrfrsm;&Hvsuf&Sd

aom &Gmv,fvrf;&Sd&muREkfyfrSm tjcm;vrf;r&SdaomaMumifh xdk&Gmv,fvrf;
udkyif jrif;vrf;tjzpfESifh avhusifh&\/ uREkfyfavhusihfjcif;udk jrifMu&aom
tcg jrif;&Sdaom urf;eD&Gmom;rsm;onf (vlBuD;?vlvwfrusef) ¤if;wkdU\
jrif;rsm;udk xkwfípD;MuonfESifh jrif;acwfjzpfvmawmh\/ uREkfyfjrif;pD;aom
naersm;wGif jrif;awGw>ywfNyD; avhusihfMuonfESifh &Gmv,fvrf;uav;rSm
&Iyf&Sufcwfjzpfae\/ urf;eD&Gm&Sd jrif;rsm;teufwGifrl vyfuD;udkrSDaom
jrif;r&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyfuyif a&SUqkH;rSqkdif;&\/ uREkfyfNydKifcsifaom
jrif;rSm NydKifyGJ0ifbl;onfh a&TvD&Dk;rS jrif;wpD;jzpfav&m vyfuD;u
]ajcom}onf[k uREkfyfodaomfvnf; razmufatmif Edkifeif;pGmpD;zdkU
tcuftcJawGUaejcif; jzpfavonf/ wnaeü uREkfyfonf &Gmv,fvrf;
wavQmuf a&SUqkH;rS pdkif;vmpOf em;xdkif;aom qiform; wa,muftm;
wdkufrdav&m emusifavmufatmif rxdcdkufaomfvnf; aiG5usyfay;NyD;
auseyfatmif vkyfvdkuf&avonf/ þwGifuRekfyfonf &Gmv,fvrf;\
tEÅ&m,frsm;jcif;udkjrifí &Gmhjyifü jrif;avhusifh&eftwGuf jrif;vrf;
oufouf azmufvkyf&ef pDrHavonf/ jrif;ydkif&Sifrsm;xHrS o'¨gaMu;

406 
aumufcHí vkdorQaiGudk uREkfyfuxnfhNyD; rdkif;om ulvDrsm;iSm;&rf;um
jrif;vrf;BuD;azmufvkyfavonf/

jrif;pD;0goem

uREkfyfonf vyfuD;udk pdwfwkdif;us Edkifeif;atmif rpD;EdkifyJ&Sd&mwGif

jrpfwbufurf;rS jrif;pD;orm;emrnfausmfwa,mufudkac:í avhusifhap\/
xdkolrSm ]tom;us}NydKifyGJrsm;wGif avmif;aMu;ESifhpD;cJUbl;onfh aMu;wef;pm;
jrif;pD;orm;wa,mufjzpf\/ uREkfyf\BuH&G,fcsufum; vyfuD;udkolEdkifeif;
atmif pD;íjzpfvQif olUxHrS pepf,lNyD; a&TvD&Dk;rSjrif;ESifh Opöm&Sifcsif;
NydKifpD;&ef jzpfavonf/ avmif;aMu;rSm tajrmuftjrm;r[kwf? aiGav;ig;
q,frQom jzpfaomfvnf; Edkif&onfqdkvQifjrif;twGufa&m vltwGufyg
<um;csifaomaMumifhjzpfavonf/ xdkaiG 50drQudk Edkif&eftwGuf uREkfyfonf
aiGw&mausmf ESpf&mtukefcHzdkUvnf; OD;av;rnfr[kwfacs/ þtawmtwGif;
ü a&TvD&dk;jrif;&SifxHrSvnf; rcHcsifpzG,f qGay;onfh pum;oHrsm;
Mum;vsuf&Sd\/ vyfuD;udk jrif;pD;orm;wpfOD;apvQif qwlavmif;rnf/
uREkfyf (ausmif;q&m)pD;vQif ESpfav;ay;rnf ponfjzifh toHay;vsuf&Sd\/
(trSefrSmtawmfoduRrf;olrsm;jzpfí uREkfyfxHrS aiG50dudk &vdkír[kwf?
rcHcsifatmif ceJUjcif;rQomjzpfonf/ þtaMumif;udkvnf; uREkfyf&dyfrd\/
okdU&mwGif jrif;csif;vnf;aumif;? vlcsif;vnf;aumif; EdkifudkEdkifvkduf
csifonf/) aMu;wef;pm; jrif;pD;orm;onf 5 &ufwywfwkdif;
vyfuD;udkavhusifhay;aomfvnf; NydKifyGJoGif;avmufatmif Ekdifeif;aom
tajcodkU ra&mufacs/ av;ywfMumvwfaomf a*smfuDvufavQmh oGm;&

407 
avNyD/ ESpfaumifNydKifpD;zdkU rqdkxm;bd? waumifwnf;yif ydyd&d&d EdkifEdkif
eif;eif;rpD;EdkifyJ jzpfaeawmhonf/

tywfwukwf avhusifhykH

jrif;pD;orm; vufavQmhaomfvnf; uREkfyfum; vufravQmhao;acs/

uREkfyf pOf;pm;rdonfrSmum; vyfuD;onf (jrif;pD;orm;vnf; odNyD;jzpfonfh
twdkif;) wkd;íajy;zdkUrvdk? &Sd&if;ajctwdkif;razmufapyJ wnfwnfBuD;ajy;zdkU
omvdkonf/ wnfwnfBuD;ajy;,if; azmufí oGm;jcif;rSm a'goBuD;jcif;
aMumifh? okdUr[kwf pdwfxefvGef;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ pdwfxefaomjrif;udk
tvGeftrif;rxefatmif xdef;csKyf&efrSm jrif;pD;orm;onf Zufudkom
tokH;jyKEdkifonf/ igonf Zufudkifjcif; tvkyfü aMu;wef;pm;
jrif;pD;orm;xuf usifvnf&ef wwfEdkifzdkUr&SdNyD/ okdUjzpfvQif igonf
vyfuD;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifh xdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyf&ef jzpfEdkifygrnfenf;/
þwGiftBuHwckay:vm\/ vlESifhjrif;onf ]Zuf}jzifhomqufoG,fEdkifonf
r[kwf? pdwfjzifhvnf; qufoG,fEdkif&rnf/ odkUaomf pdwfjzifh b,fuJUodkU
qufoG,facsrnfenf;/ okdUESifhtBuHwck xyfíay:vmonfrSm ighudkcspfcif
atmifvkyfNyD; ighpdwfudkjrif;odatmifvkyfay;ygu ightvkdtwkdif; vkdufem
wef&monf[k pOf;pm;rdonf/ xdkaeUrSpí uREkfyfonf vyfuD;ESifhtxl;
]vufyGef;wwD;}ae\/ Adkufoyfausmoyfvkyfay;\/ Muifemaom toHESifh
jznf;nSif;pGmpum;ajym\/ iSufaysmfcGHpaom jrif;BudKufwwfonfh
tpmuav;rsm;udk uREkfyfudk,fwdkifauR;\/ jrufudkyif tcgwdkif;uJUodkU
ausmif;om;uav;rsm; rauR;apyJ udkifwdkifauR;\/ ]pD;vSJUcs}
aomtcgüvnf; jrefjrefajy;zdkU? odkUr[kwf jznf;jznf;ajy;zdkU ponfudk

408 
EIwfjzifh trdefUay;\/ þjrif;\OmOfwckrSmodyfajy;zdkU wdkufwGef;&efrvdk?
ajy;onfxufajy;NyD; ajcrEdkifyJ ]azmuf}oGm;rnfudkom pdk;&onf/
þuJUokdUwpwp avhusifh,l&mwGif vyfuD;onf uREkfyf\ tvdktwdkif;
tawmfBuD; vdkufvmonfudk awGU&\/ ajzmifhjzL;vsuf&Sdaom jrif;vrf;r
BuD;ay:ü wnfhwnfhBuD; ajy;vsuf&SdpOf ol\0goemtwdkif; wkd;í wkd;í
ajy;csif\/ uREkfyfonf ol\ajc&yfajcuJudk ausmay:rS tuJcwfvsuf
vdkufvm&m tvGefajy;aeaom tajcokdU a&mufygvsuf wkd;NyD; ajy;csifao;
aom ol\pdwfudk uREkfyf&dyfrd&mwGif ]]ighom;ajz;ajz;uG,fh}}[k jznf;nSif;pGm
owday;vkdufonfESifh wNydKifeuf NidrfhueJ NidrfhueJ jzpfoGm;jcif;udkawGU&\/
odkUr[kwfvQif a'goawG0ifvmNyD; [wfxkd;vJrwwfajy;&mrS wowfBuD;
]azmuf}oGm;NyD; xdef;r&atmif jzpf&ayawmhrnf/ þenf;jzifh uREkfyfonf
tjcm;vlrsm; r&dyfrdapyJ rdrd\jrif;udk wjznf;jznf;avhusifh,lygawmhonf/
wcgw&HwGif tu,fvTwfí prf;csifaomtcg &GmteD;&Sd jrif;vrf;ay:wGif
rarmif;yJ awmvrf;odkUxGufum ]vTwf}prf;av&m vyfuD;onf uREkfyf\
pum;udk em;axmifaMumif; awGU&av\/ þtwdkif;qdkvQif a&TvD&dk;rS
jrif;udkEdkifzdkU aocsmavNyD/ uREkfyfþrQavmuf tywfwukwfBudK;pm;
tm;xkwfjcif;rSm aiGudkEdkifvdkaomaMumifhcsnf; r[kwfvS? (opfukefonf
vl&nfwwfrsm;qDrS &zdkUjzpfaomaMumifh vdkawmhvdkcsifygonf/) jrif;a&m
vla&mtwGuf *kPfvkdcsifonfhjyif uREkfyfudk,fwdkifpD;vQif ESpfav;ay;í
avmif;rnf qdkojzifh rcHcsifvSaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/

409 
awmtkyfudkodef;az

þae&mü udkodef;aztaMumif;udk azmfxkwf&ayOD;rnf/ udkodef;az

onf udk0ifharmf\ vufatmufcHtif;&Gm taumufpma&; jzpfav&m
(xdkUaemufrS awmtkyfBuD;jzpfonf/) rpdk;ESifhuREkfyftaMumif; ygonf[k
Mum;uwnf;u jrawmifokdUvmNyD; wrifMunfhcsifavmufatmif uREkfyf
tay:ü pdwf0ifpm;vsuf&Sdonf[k ajymbl;\/ okdUaomf urf;eDokdUa&mufrS
vmíMunfhjzpfonf/ olESifhuRekfyfawGUaomtcg uREkfyf\tdrfwGifjzpfí
udk0ifharmfvnf; &Sdonf/ udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfawGUMuí rsufESmcsif;
qdkifvdkufMuonfESifh wNydKifeuf (toufcsif; &G,fwljzpfonf/) wa,muf
ESifhwa,mufcifrifMurnfh vlESpfa,mufjzpfjcif;udk ESpfa,mufvkH;yif
odMuaomfvnf; cyfNydKifNydKif oabmxm;Mujcif;udkvnf;&dyf rdMu\/
NydKifcsifonf qdk&mü tjcm;r[kwf? rnfolu ]pkH}onf qdkjcif;udk
NydKifvdkMujcif;yif jzpfonf/ trSefrSm olonf þw0dkufwGif ]vlvnf}BuD;
wa,muftaejzifh emrnf&xm;oljzpfí uREkfyfudktxifBuD;NyD;vQif uREkfyfESifh
prf;vdkjcif; jzpfavonf/ ol\pdwfudk uREkfyftuJcwfrdaomfvnf;
pGefUpm;jcif;paom tvkyfrsKd;rSwyg; olESifh uREkfyfr,SOfNydKifEdkifjcif;udk
uREkfyfodí tapmBuD;u vufajrmufNyD;jzpfygonf/ Oyrm 0DpuD
b,fESpfcGuf? bD,m b,fESpfykvif; ukefatmif aomufEdkifjcif;paom
tvkyfrsKd;udk uREkfyfonf rnfolESifhrQ rNydKifvdkyg/ odkUaomf tzJGUESifh
aomufMuvQif udk,fhwm0efausNyD; £ajE´rysuf xdef;odrf;EdkifzdkUum;
BudK;pm;ygonf/ yxrpí awGUaomaeUüyif uREkfyfonf udkodef;aztm;
rnfonfhudpörsKd;ü NydKif0HUonf? rnfonfhudpöü rNydKif0HU? rNydKifcsif ponfjzifh
tMurf;tm;jzifh &Sif;vif;jyvdkuf&m tuif;yg;aom vlwa,mufjzpfí

410 
olUe,f udk,fhe,f ydkif;jcm;NyD; AdkvfvkyfMu&ef em;vnfoGm;Muygawmhonf/
odkU&mwGif vlESpfa,mufNydKifí AdkvfvkcsifaomtcsufrSm jrif;pD;twwfyif
jzpfavonf/

udkodef;azESifhvyfuD;

udkodef;azü NydKifyJG0ifbl;onfh 'kef;jrif;ESpfaumif&Sd\/ a&TvDjrpf&dk;&Sd

rbdef;&GmwGif ESpfpOfusif;yaom bk&m;yGJwyJGü jrif;yGJrsm; xnfhavh&Sd&m
]'kef;yJG}? ]tom;usyJG}[lí ESpfrsKd;vkH;yg0if\/ ¤if;bk&m;yJGodkU a&TvD&Dk;
wavQmufrS jrif;rsm; vma&mufMuí ]'kef;}jrif;tcsif;csif;? ]tom;us}
jrif;tcsif;csif; ajcjyNyD; oabmwl pyf[yfum waumifcsif;avmif;aMu;ESifh
NydKifMu\/ udkodef;az\'kef;jrif;ESpfaumif rSm¤if;yJGwGif wBudrfESpfBudrf
tEdkif&bl;í oludk,fwdkifvnf; pD;cJUonf/ vyfuD;ESifhcsdef;xm;onfhjrif;tm;
vyfuD;taMumif;ajymjyí tke;fcGH&Sifu csJUvifhcsf vkyfbl;aMumif;? uREkfyf
udk,fwdkif pD;vQif ESpfav;ay;rnf[k ajymaMumif; ajymjy\/ okdU&mwGif
vyfuD;udk uREkfyfudk,fwdkifavhusifhxm;í tawmftwefatmifjrifonf
xifaMumif;udkrlum; rajymyJ csefxm;\/ udkodef;azonfwbufu
csJUvifhcsfvkyfxm;onf qdkaomaMumifh pdwf0ifpm;vmonfESifh vyfuD;udk
olpD;csifonf? atmifjrifvQif oludk,fwdkifNydKifyJG0ifonfjzpfap? uREkfyftm;
oifjyay;onfjzpfap uREkfyfoabmusovkd vkyfygrnf[k ajym\/
uREkfyfonf (NydKifbufcsif;[k oabmxm;onfh rdwfaqGjzpfonfhtavsmuf
0rf;xJü Budwfí NyKH;um) wnaewGif &Gmhjyif jrif;vrf;ü vyfuD;udk
udkodef;azpD;ap\/ ESpfacguf okH;acguf pD;MunfhvdkufvQifyifudkodef;az
vufavQmhvdkufavNyD/ okdU&mwGif udkodef;aztwGuf ajym&ef&SdayonfrSm

411 
jrpfwbufuaMu;pm; a*smfuDxufrnHUygay/ þwGif uREkfyftBuHwck
ay:vmonf/

udkodef;az0efcHjcif;

udkodef;az\'kef;jrif;ESpfaumifteuf waumifrSm ]tom;us}vnf;

ajy;wwfonf/ odkUaomfvyfuD;\ajcudk rrSDwwfacs/ uREkfyfonf ¤if;jrif;udk
(avmufpm[k ac:onf/) jyifapí udkodef;aztm; wufcdkif;NyD;vQif uREkfyfu
vyfuD;ay:odkUwuf\/ xdkUaemuf jrif;vrf;ay:wGif wbufwaumifpD,OfpD;
Mu&m uREkfyfonf vyfuD;udk ydyd&d&DpD;Edkifonfhjyif avmufpmudkvnf;
awmfawmfjzwfxm;Edkif\/ udkodef;azrsufvkH;jyL;oGm;avNyD/ olUtzkdUrSm
waumifwnf;udkyif ydyd&d&drpD;EdkifyJ &Sdygvsufu uRekfyfuESpfaumif,SOfNyD;
]razmufatmif} pD;Edkfifonf qdkjcif;rSm r,kHMunfEdkifatmif jzpfaeawmh\/
þrQESifhyif uREkfyfonf NydKifbufwa,muf[k oabmxm;aom
udkodef;aztay:ütawmf tom;,lEdkifcJUavNyD/ þwGif udkodef;azu
]]acsmifacsmifuav;eJU jzwfxm;cJUEdkfifwJU avmufpmeJUawmhcifAsm; [m
[efaeNyDAsKdU? EdkUayr,fh tkef;cGH&JUajcu avmufpmajcavmuf rubl;As?
jrif;qdkwm waumifeJUwaumifuyfvkdufNyD; tBudwfte,fajy;&awmhrS
txdef;&cufwmAs? bmyJajymajym cifAsm; 'DavmufpD;EdkifwmudkyJ uRefawmf
auseyfvSygNyD? okdUaomfvJ tkef;cGHUeJUawmh pdwfrcs&ao;bl;As}}
]]tkef;cGHUajcu b,favmuf&SdovJAsm}}
]]cifAsmh vyfuD;u tckajy;wJUtwdkif; ajy;vQifawmh EdkifEdkifygw,f?
EdkUayr,fh avmufpmudkjzwfxm;cJUovdkawmh rjzwfEdkifaybl;? [dku
uyfvdkufNyDqdkawmh cifAsmhaumifu azmufrSmpdk;&w,f}}

412 
 ]]usKyfaumifu 'D[m ajcukefr[kwfao;ygbl;}}
]][kwfyghrvm;Asm}}
]]vm vkdufcJU? usKyfjyr,f}}
uREkfyfonf udkodef;azudk awmvrf;odkU ac:oGm;í vrf;c&D;ü uREkfyfu
þ&Gmvrf;wGifajcukefpD;jyvdkufygu tkef;cGHU&SifodoGm;vQif aMu;wGefUoGm;
rnfudk pdk;&drf&aMumif;ajymjy&m udkodef;azvnf; oabmwlavonf/
vrf;ajzmifhaom wae&mokdU a&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyfonf vyfuD;udk
wacgufpD;jyvdkuf&m ZufowfvdkufaomtcgwGif udkodef;azcsOf;uyfí
uREkfyf\vufudk qJGvIyf,if; ]]tom;usawmh cifAsm; usKyfxufomayw,f
Asm}}[k vIdufvSJpGm 0efcHayonf/ (uREkfyftzkdUatmifyGJwckaywnf;/)

vyfuD;ESifhtkef;cGH

udkodef;azjyefoGm;onfhaemuf uREkfyfonf vyfuD;udk xkH;pHtwdkif;

ig;&ufwywf ]pD;vSJU}csNrJwdkif; csaomfvnf; ajcwdk;atmif usifhzkdUrvdk?
ocifESifhjrif; &if;ESD;rIrysufap&kHrQ avmufomavhusifhay;awmh\/ þtawm
twGif; tkef;cGH&Sif xHodkUvnf; pum;qufrjywfap&atmif wdkUíwkdUí
ay;xm;\/ rbdef;bk&m;yJGrSm waygif;vwGif usif;yrnfjzpf&m ,ckrS
wydkUwGJvjzpfí wvrQvdkayao;onf/ wydkUwGJv ukefcgeD;avmufü
urf;eD&GmESifh ajcmufrdkifcefU a0;onfMuufwaumif&GmwGif tvIwck&Sdí
uREkfyftm;zdwfxm;ojzifh jrif;ESifhoGm;&\/ uHtm;avsmfpGm a&TvD&dk;rS
tkef;cGHonf urf;eDodkU acwÅ a&mufvmonfwGif uREkfyf\ausmif;om;wynfh
jzpfaom bapmonf ¤if;jrif;udkiSm;pD;NyD; uREkfyfESifhtwlvdkufvm\/
tvSLwGif udkodef;azESifhvnf; qkHrdMuonf/ xdknaetvSLtNyD;wGif [dk&Gm

413 
onf&GmrS jrif;aumif;rsm;onf &Gmvrf;ay:ü jrif; ]ovm;}Mu&m uREkfyfESifh
udkodef;azwkdUrSm tBuHwck&Sdí 0rf;omaeMu\/ tjcm;jrif;rsm; acgufwkHU
acgufjyef ]ovm;}vsuf&SdpOf wynfhbapmonf tkef;cGHudkpD;vsuf 0ifí
ovm;av&m uREkfyfuvyfuD;ESifh aemufrSvdkufí prf;&mwGifacsmifacsmif
ESifhEdkifEdkifonf[k tuJcwfEdkifavNyD/ bapmum; jrif;pD;orm; r[kwf
onfrSef\/ okdU&mwGifvyfuD;onf tkef;cGHudk aemufuvdkufNyD; a&SUodkU
ausmfwufoGm;Edkifaom ]ajc}&Sdonf[k uRekfyfaumif;aumif;BuD;odcJU&avNyD/
(tvSLodkUtoGm;tjyefc&D;wGif Murf;wrf;vSa omaMumifh ajcrprf;cJUacs/)
udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfwdkUrSm aocsmayguf awGUNyDqdkum MunfEl;vsuf
&SdMuav\/

rdwfaqGokH;a,muf

rbdef;bk&m;yJGrSm waygif;vjynfhavmufwGif usif;yrnfjzpf&m

¤if;vqef;avmufwGif udk0ifharmfESifh udkodef;azwkdUonf urf;eD&GmodkU
jrif;rsm;ESifh a&mufvmMu\/ udkodef;azü ol\jrif;ESpfaumifygvmonfhjyif
udk0ifharmfüvnf; jrif;om;trdESpfaumif ygvm\/ udk0ifharmfonf
xD;csKdifhNrdKUtkyfBuD; (rrav;\cifyGef;) ajymif;a&TUoGm;&mwGif jrif;rom;trdudk
0,f,lxm;vdkufNyD;vQif uREkfyfxHodkUydkUxm;&ef,lvmcJUjcif;jzpfavonf/
ol\jrif;rBuD;rSm tkef;oif[kac:í ]wmywf}yGJrsm;wGif oGif;bl;NyD;
EdkifcJUbl;aom jrif;rBuD;jzpfavonf/ xdknOfhü udk0ifharmfESifh udkodef;azwkdU
onf uREkfyf\ausmif;ü wnf;cdkMuav&m taumuf0efaxmufESifh
taumufpma&;[lonfrSm &mxl;tm;jzifh tqifhtwef;uGmvSrf;aomfvnf;
udk0ifharmf\e*dk0goemt& vufaxmuf trIxrf;rsm;ESifh ta&mw0if

414 
aewwfonfhtjyif uREkfyftm; ESpfa,mufvkH;u cifrifaom oli,fcsif;
wa,muf[lí oabmxm;MuonfESifhtm;vkH; *kPf&nfwlrsm; ozG,f
aysmfaysmfyg;yg; pm;pm;aomufaomuf qufqHMuavonf/ (xdktjyK
trlrsKd;aMumifhvnf; NrdKUtkyfuawmf rrav;u uREkfyfa&SUwGif udk0ifharmftm;
Budrf;armif;bl;jcif;jzpf\/) odkU&mwGif udkodef;azrlum; tuif;yg;aom
vl&nfvnf wa,mufjzpfí ]ta&m0ifvQif t&dkaowefwwfonf}qdkaom
jrefrmpum;ykHtwdkif; tjypfwifavmufp&m trSm;rsKd;ryg&Sdatmif owdxm;
wwfoljzpfavonf/ vlokH;a,muf þwn pum;ajymvdkufMu& onfrSm
okH;ESpfa,mufaygif;oif;qufqHvdkuf&ouJUokdU ydkrdk&if;ESD;jcif; &SdoGm;Mu
avonf/
wcsdefü uREkfyfu vyfuD;ESifha&TvDrS ktef;cGHwkdU wbufESifhwbuf
csdefvsuf&Sdjcif; taMumif;? [dkbufu uREkfyfudk,fwdkifpD;vQif ESpfav;ay;rnf
[k pum;oHypfaeaMumif;? vyfuD;udkuREkfyfavhusifh xm;ojzifh EdkifEdkif;pGm
pD;EdkifNyDjzpfaMumif;ajymjyí udkodef;azuvnf; [kwfrSefaMumif;axmufcH
ajymjyav&m udk0ifharmfvnf; tvGefpdwf0ifpm;í tm;ay;avonf/
udk0ifharmfwa,mufcspfp&maumif;vdkufykHrSm aiGudkEdkifvdkaomaMumifhr[kwf?
ol\oli,fcsif;wa,muf emrnfwvkH; &rnfhtwGuf 0rf;omaomaMumifh
tm;ay;tm;ajrSmufjyKjcif;jzpfavonf/

rcHcsifaomowÅdjyrI

aemufwaeUnaeü uREkfyfwdkUonf jrif;rsm;udk ajcprf;Munfh&ef &Gmhjyif

jrif;vrf;odkU xkwfMu\/ ajcprf;vkdufjcif;rSm udkodef;az\ avmufpmESifh
udk0ifharmf\azmif;0wfrBuD; tkef;oifwdkUjzpfavonf/ udk0ifharmfu ol\

415 
jrif;rBuD;udk udkodef;az\emrnfBuD;aom avmufpmESifh ,SOfM unfhvdkí
udkodef;azuvnf; ol\avmufpmudk wmywfyGJrsm; Edkifbl;onfh tkef;oifESifh
ajcprf;csifvSonf/ avmufpmudk udkodef;azpD;rnfjzpf&m tkef;oifudk
rnfoltm; wif&rnfrod jzpfae\/ &Gmom;rsm;teufrS 'kef;jrif;pD;bl;ol
r&Sd/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; ]tom;us}avmufom pD;bl;oljzpfí a&Smifawmifawmif
vkyfae\/ þwGifudk0ifharmfu ]]b,fhES,fvJAs udkazodef;? cifAsm;u
awmufwufajy;&wJU tom;usavmufom pD;0HUwmvm;? 'kef;ajy;awmh
cifAsm;aMumufovm;}}[k ar;vkduf&m uREkfyfonf vkHcsnfudkcRwfí
vdkvdkr,fr,f cH0wfcJUaom abmif;bDwdkudk jyifygawmhonf/ ,cifuwBudrf
qifOD;uif;ay:ü vufvTwfpD;zdkUajympOfu azmfjycJUbl;onfhtwdkif; uREkfyf
onf tjcm;rnfolajrSmufay;írQ vkyfrnfr[kwfaomfvnf; udk0ifharmf
wa,muftay:üum; owdÅdESifhywfoufí a<u;a[mif;qyfzkdU&Sd\/ þtxJ
wGif udkodef;az&SdaeaomaMumifhvnf; omí owÅdjycsifao;\/ okdUjzpfí
uREkfyfonfjrif;rBuD;ay:okdU vTm;wufí jrif;vrf;ay:wGif udkodef;azESifhtwl
]wmpl}ygavawmhonf/

avmufpmESifhtkef;oif

jrif;pD;orm;wkdUrnfonfrSm ]jrif;pdrf;}udkcsufcsif;wcgwnf; pD;&dk;xkH;pH

r&Sd/ pD;&rnfhjrif;taMumif;udk od&atmif tenf;qkH;wacguf wavjzpfap
armif;Munfh&pNrJjzpf\/ uREkfyfum; tkef;oiftaMumif;udk bmrQrod?
csufcsif;wufNyD; wmplrdvdkufavNyD/ uREkfyfonf rnfonfh jrif;ay:üjzpfap
]zifNidrf}aomaMumifh vdrfhusrnfudkum; raMumuf? rawmfwq ],l}ajy;rnf
udkompdk;&drfrdonf/ odkUaomfjrif;rBuD;rSm touftwef&ifhNyDjzpfí xdkavmuf

416 
r]jrL;}wef&m[k tuJcwf&onf/ jrif;vrf;ay:ü[dkbuf onfbuf,SOfum
udkodef;azESifhuREkfyfwdkU &yfvsuf&SdpOf wa,mufa,mufu a&SUrS vufudkif
y0gjyvdkufojzifh uREkfyfonf vTwfvdkuf\/ udkodef;azrlum; avmufpmudk
&kwfw&ufrvTwfyJ uREkfyfuvSnfhM unfhvdkufumrS vdkufvm\/ uREkfyfrSm
avhusifhNyD;aom 'kef;jrif;udk wcgrQrpD;bl;aomaMumifh yxrü tvdkuf
cufrnf xifrdaomfvnf; xdkuJUokdUr[kwfyJ ykcufvTJouJUodkU ndwfueJ
ndwfueJ&Sd atmiftvGefnifompGm ajy;wwfaom jrif;rBuD;jzpfonfESifh
ZdrfESifhvkdufum udkodef;azudk vSnfhMunfhvdkuf\/ udkodef;azrlum;
avmufpm\ausmay:wGif ukef;vsuf atmfívdkufvm\/ avmufpmonf
wcPxufwcP eD;íeD;íuyfvm\/ odkU&mwGif yef;wdkifrSm ayw&mcefU
avmufom uGmavawmh&um; avmufpm\OD;acgif;onf tkef;oif\tNrD;
em;odkUra&mufrD uREkfyfyef;0ifoGm;avNyD/
jrif;rBuD; ]Zufao}vdkufykHrSm yef;wdkifudkvGefí Zufowfawmhrnf[k
uREkfyfupdwful;vdkuf&kH&Sdao;? jrif;rBuD;onf ajcav;bufvkH;udk a&SUokdU
ypfum awmifhxm;vkdufojzifh a&SmueJjzpfícsufcsif;vkdyif &yfoGm;av&m
taMumif;udkrdoí [efjyifrxm;ESifhrdaom uREkfyfrSm uHaumif;í
jrif;vnfyif;ay:rS *Rrf;jyefNyD; a&SUodkUxdk;rusyJ &Sdygawmhonf/ ESpfaumifvkH;
ZufowfNyD;í jyefvSnfhvmMuaomtcg-
]]bmhaMumifh csefae&pfwmvJAs udkodef;az? y0gjzLjywm rjrifvdkUvm;}}
]]jrifygw,fAsm? usKyftwGufrSm;vdkUyg}}
]]b,fvdkrSm;wmvJAs}}
]]usKyfu jrif;rBuD;[m tusihfvJr&Sdbl;? tdkvJtdkNyDqdkNyD; txifao;
rdw,f? 'gaMumifhMunfhvdkUaumif;atmifcifAsm;udk a&SUuvTwfNyD; usKyfu

417 
rSDatmifvdkufjyzdkU pdwful;wmyJ? ckawmh tkef;oifu tawmfajy;Edkifao;
wmudk;As? vdkufvdkUudk rrSDawmhbl;}}
wmplaomae&modkU jyefa&mufMuí udk0ifharmfESifh awGUMuaomtcg
udkodef;azu ol\trSm;udk&Sif;jy&mwGif udk0ifharmfu-
]]cifAsm;*GuswJUvlyJAsm? usKyfuajcukefatmifMunfhcsifwm rMunfh
vdkuf&bl;? 'DvdkqdkwacgufxyfpD;jytkH;Asm}}
]]avmufpmuawmh ajy;Edkifygao;w,f? EdkUayr,fh tkef;oifu
BuD;&SmygNyD 0efaxmufrif;}}
]]'DvdkqdkvyfuD;eJUpD;Muprf;Asm}}
þwGif uREkfyfuuefUuGufaomtcg udk0ifharmfu-
]]bmjzpfovJAs? wcgwav 'kef;pD;wmeJUawmh ysufpD;roGm;Edkif
ygbl;Asm}}
]]b,fhES,fvJ udkodfef;az}}
]][dkudpöuvJ &Sdao;w,f 0efaxmufrif;}}[k ulíajymaomfvnf;
]]atmifr,fbmjzpfwwfovJAs? &ufta0;BuD;vdkao;wmyJ}}
uREkfyfonf udk0ifharmftaMumif;udk odNyD;jzpfí pdwfqdk;rcHcsifonfESifh
ausmif;om;wa,muftm; vyfuD;udk,lcJUap\/ a&mufvmaomtcg
tkef;oifü wyfqifxm;onfh om;a&ukef;ESD;udkjzKwfívyfuD;odkU ajymif;qif
ay;\/ tkef;oif\om;a&ukef;ESD;rSm Zufa&mukef;yg topfjzpfavonf/

418 
aoavmufaomjrif;yGJ

þwcsDwGif uREkfyfu vyfuD;udkpD;í udkodef;azu ol\avmufpmESifh

wmplMujyefavonf/ uREkfyfonf tkef;oifudkpD;&pOfu rprf;bl;aom
]jrif;pdrf;}vnf;jzpfonf? yxrOD;qkH; 'kef;pD;&jcif;vnf; jzpfonfqdkum
awmfawmfwkefvIyfrdygonf/ udk0ifharmfudk rcHcsifíom pD;&onf/
aiG50davmuf&zdkUtwGufrQqdkvQif pD;rdvdrfhrnfrxifyg/ vyfuD;udkpD;zkdUrlum;
'kwd,'kef;yGJjzpfvmonfhjyif udk,fhjrif;udkudk,fpD;&jcif; jzpfonfqdkum
(ajcysufoGm;rnfpdk;jcif;rSwyg;) pdk;&drfwkefvIyfjcif; tvQif;r&SdcJUacs/
þum;uREkfyf\ trSm;wckaywnf;/
vufudkify0gjyvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf udkodef;azonf 'kef;roif&
bl;onfh vyfuD;tm;vnf; toufBuD;aom tkef;oifenf;wlyif txifrBuD;
apumrl ol\avmufpmrSm wacgufajy;NyD;NyDjzpfí aemufcsefrae&pfawmhyJ
vyfuD;ESifh twlwlyif vTwfav\/ odkUaomf pdwfxJurl cyfayghaygh
oabmxm;onfqdk\/ vyfuD;onfyxrü ]'kef;}ajy;&rnf rxifaomaMumifh
ajctef;wef;wef;jzpfaeao;\/ okdU&mwGif a&SUodkUwufajy;aom avmufpm
udkjrifí uREkfyfuvnf; ZufudkwGef;ay;vdkuf &mwGif olajy;csifwdkif;
ajy;cGifh&ojzifh pdwfwkdif;usawGU&onfhvu©PmESifh tm;ukefnSpfxkwfNyD;
ajy;avawmhonf/ udkodef;azonf cyfat;at;vkyfae&mrS avmufpmudk
rSDvmaom vyfuD;udkjrif&í tHUtm;oifhNyD; ESifípD;av\/ xdktcg
jrif;ESpfpD;wdkUonf &ifabmifwef;ajy; vsuf&Sd&m 'kef;ajy;aeusjzpfaom
avmufpmonf vyfuD;xuf tvsm;wkdaomfvnf; wckefwckefwGif vyfuD;
xuf tvSrf;us,f\/ vyfuD;rSmrl 'kef;oifxm;jcif; r&SdaomaMumifh
um;aeatmif rckefwwfaomfvnf; tvGefajcoGufatmifajy;&Sm\/ okdUjzpfí

419 
avmufpmu okH;ckefrQESifha&mufaom c&D;wmudk vyfuD;u av;ckefckefum
rSDatmifvdkuf&\/
þwGif waumifum;ajcusJusJ waumifum; ajcoGufoGufjzifh
udk,fhenf;ESifhudk,fwwfovdk ajy;vsuf&SdMu&m OD;acgif;csif; nDvsuf&Sdí
y&dowftzdkU tvGefMunfhíaumif;Muonfqdk\/ xdktcsdefwGifw&GmvkH;yif
jrif;vrf;odkU xGufíMunfhaeMuavNyD/ 'kef;ajy;wwfaom avmufpmESifh
'kef;roifbl;onfhvyfuD;wkdU xdkuJUodkU ]ajcNrdKif}vsuf&SdMujcif;rSm vyfuD;
onf vwfvwfqwfqwfjzpfí avmufpmrlum; tkef;oifESifh wyGJajy;xm;&kH
omru (udkodef;azuwrifayghawmhawmh pD;rIaMumifh) tm;oGefNyD;rSDatmif
vdkuf&Sm&ojzifh ]zm;}vSaomaMumifh jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ avmufpm\
ausmay:rSvdkufaom udkodef;azurl þtaMumif;udkodaomfvnf; 'kef;jrif;
tjzpfESifh emrnfBuD;vsuf&Sdaom ol\avmufpmudk ]ajc&dkif;} oufouf
jzpfaom vyfuD;u &ifabmifwef;vdkufvsuf&Sdjcif;aMumifh yGJMunfhy&dowf
tay:ü &SufonfESifh avmufpmudk ajcukefatmifESifí pD;av\/ ESifykHum;
avmufpm\vnfyif;ay:rS a&SUokdUukef;um jrif;\ em;&GufteD;odkUuyfvsuf
toHukefaigufatmfvdkufav\/ þwGiftpGrf;ukef ajy;vsuf&Sdaom
avmufpmonf olUocif\toHudkvefUonfESifh eif;uvef ajy;vkduf&um;
vyfuD;\a&SUodkUvnfwudkif;rQ wufoGm;av\/ xdktcg uREkfyfonfvnf;
olUenf;udk,lí vyfuD;\ vnfyif;ay:rSaU&SUodkUudkif;nGwf umem;&GufodkU
yg;pyfESifhuyfvsuf ]]Budwfvdkufprf;uG ighom;BuD;vyfuD;}}[k oHukef[pfí
atmfvkdufav\/ vyfuD;onf wudkf,fvkH;wkefoGm;onf[k uREkfyfxifvdkuf
rdonf/ aemufwcPü ol\udk,fwGif&SdorQaomcGeftm;udk wa&G;om;
rusefatmif nSpfxkwfum ckefíxkd;vdkuf&m okH;ckefavmuftwGif;wGif
avmufpmESifh OD;acgif;csif; nDvsuf&SDjyefavawmh\/ þwGif udkodef;az

420 
uvnf;atmf? uREkfyfuvnf; ]]vyfuD;uG? om;BuD;uG}} ponfjzifh
tqufrjywf r&yfrem; ukef;íukef;í atmfav&m vyfuD;\ajcaxmuf
rsm;rSm (ydkíus,fpGm rvSrf;wwf&Smaomf vnf;) ajcEIwfoGufvdkufykHrSm
ajrBuD;ay:ü csíem;awmhonfyif rxif&awmhyJ w0Jwnf; 0Jaeonfhjyif
cGmoHrsm;rSmvnf; tyfcsKyfpufuJUodkU tMum;rvyfoavmuf w&pyfjrnf
vsuf&Sdav\/
avmufpmonfolUocifudkodef;azudk aMumuf&Smjcif;um; [kwfygvdrhf
rnf/ odkU&mwGiftxl;wvnf avhusifhxm;onfh vyfuD;u uREkfyfudk
aMumuf&SmvdkufykHESifh rEIdif;,SOfEdkifacs/ ajy;vdkufykHrSmwu,fyif 0Dac:vsuf
&Sd\/ vyfuD;\tajy;onf ,cifpD;cJUonfh tkef;oif\tajy;xuf jrefvS
onfum;rxif/ odkU&mwGif tm;pdkufvdkufykHrSmum; xif&Sm;pGmodEdkif\/
uREkfyfonfvyfuD;\ausmay:ü ukef;vsufvdkufygvmpOf ol\
tm;pdkuf vGefjcif;udkod&í [wfxkd;vJoGm;acsrnf avm[líyif pdk;&drfrd\/
aiGavmif;wef;oufouf NydKifjcif;jzpfcJUvQif xdktcsdefwGifuREkfyfonf
vyfuD;udkrESifyJ xm;vdkufawmhrnfjzpf\/ ,ckrSm (aiGxufta&;BuD;onf)
rdwfaqGcsif; NydKifqdkifrIjzpfav&um; (What Vanity;) ]]Budwfvkdufprf;
om;BuD;a&U? vyfuD;uGaemf? Budwfvdkufprf;uG}}[k nmoHay;ívdkufav\/
uREkfyf\yg;pyfrS jznf;nSif;aom toHrsKd;udkom Mum;aeusjzpfaom
vyfuD;rSm ol\em;odkUuyfí uREkfyf\atmfoHudk Mum;&jcif;aMumifh vefUNyD;
&l;oGm;avoavm[k aemifwGif uREkfyfpOf;pm;rd\/
avmufpmvnf; ajcvSrf;usJBuD;ESifh vkduf&Smyg\/ odkU&mwGif ajrBuD;ü
ajcrcs0HUouJUodkU aoG;&l;aoG;wef;ajy;vsuf&Sdaom vyfuD;udkrl rrSDEdkif&Sm
awmhyJ udk,fwydkif;avmufjywfNyD; yef;0ifoGm;Muavonf/ yef;wdkifodkU
a&mufMuaomtcg avmufpmrlum; jAwfqdk&yfae&pfcJUavNyD/

421 
 uREkfyfonf ukef;vsufvdkufcJU&mrS rwfrwfxdkifvdkufí vyfuD;udk
Zufowfvdkufaomtcg OD;acgif;vIyfoGm;&kHrSwyg; tenf;i,frQ t&Sdef
ravQmhyJ ajy;NrJwdkif; ajy;vsuf&Sd\/ jrif;vrf;qkH;NyD;onfhaemuf vrf;onf
jrpfbufodkU csKd;auGUoGm;av&m vyfuD;onf ¤if;vrf;twdkif; pGyfí
ajy;vsuf&Sd\/ cufacsNyD/ uREkfyfum; wu,faMumufvmcJUavNyD/ þwGif
uREkfyfonf eif;uGif;udk ajcuefvsufZufudk tm;ukefqGJvkduf\/ OD;acgif;om
tenf;i,fvIyfoGm;í t&Sdefum; vkH;0ravQmhacs/
rnfodkUjyK&rnfenf;/ a&SUodkUarQmfMunfhvdkufaomf vrf;onf
jrpfurf;yg;odkU wnfhwnfhBuD; OD;wdkufoGm;í xdkrSwzef vuf,mbufodkU
csKd;NyD;vQif urf;yg;udkarQmum azmufvkyfxm;jcif;udk jrif&\/ ¤if;vrf;ay:ü
opfwdkufaomuRJvSnf;rsm; armif;ESifvmwwfjcif;udkvnf; owd&í
uRJvSnf;ESifh0ifwdkufNyD; uRJOD;csKday:wGif uREkfyftlaygufNyD; wef;vef;BuD;jzpf
aernfudkvnf; jrifrd\/ þwGifuREkfyftBuHwck&vmonf/ jrpfurf;yg;onf
xdkae&mü a&pm;xm;onfjzpfí ay70cefU rwfapmufvsuf&Sd&m jrif;onf
urf;yg;okdUa&mufcgeD;wGif vuf,mbufodkU vrf;twdkif; csKdUauGUajy;&ef
[efjyifjcif;udk uREkfyfodvdkufonfESifhwNydKufeuf vuf0JbufZufBudK;udk
qJGum ol\OD;acgif;udk jrpfurf;yg;ESifhwnfhwnfhBuD; wkdufay;xm;vdkuf\/
uREkfyf\tBuHum; &yfvQif&yf? r&yfvQif jrpfxJodkU vla&mjrif;yg xdk;usap[l
onfyifjzpfonf/

]erdwf}xifvmjcif;ayavm

(þae&mü uREkfyf\rsufpdxJü zswfueJay:vmonfhudk,fawGU

tjcif;t&mwckudk azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ uREkfyfi,fpOfu rdcifESifhtwl rwÅ&modkU

422 
avSESifhoGm;Muí &Gmw&Gm teD;odkUa&mufaomtcg vlwa,mufonf
a&Twacsmif; ajrmif;abmifwGif jrif;pdkif;vsuf &Sdonfudkjrif&\/ jrif;onf
tom;usajy;&mrS ],l}oGm;í 'kef;ajy;NyD;vQif wHwm;wckodkU a&mufonfwGif
acsmif;udk ¤if;wHwm;rSjzwful;ajy;\/ wHwm;tv,fodkU a&mufaomtcg
wGif jrif;onfrnfodkUrQ 0rfeifray;yJ cg;avmufjrifhaom wHwm;
vuf,rf;udk ckefausmfum acsmif;xJodkU ckefcsvdkufojzifh jrif;a&mvlyg
xdk;usoGm;jcif;udk jrif&bl;avonf/ tawmfrdkufaomjrif;aywum;/
wHwm;atmufü tjcm;avSvnf;r&Sd? uREkfyfwkdU\avSrSmvnf; tawmf
uGma0;í awmfygao;\/ jrif;a&mvlyg bmrSrjzpf wuGJpDjzpfíukef;ay:odkU
wufoGm;Muonf/

]oHacsmif;wkdUzat}

vyfuD;onf jrpfurf;yg;ESifhjrif; ESpfjyefavmuf tuGmwGif uREkfyfu

wnfhwnfhBuD; OD;wnfay;vkdufaomtcgwGif uREkfyf\pdwfxJü &yfrvm;?
ckefcsrvm; [laomar;cGef;onf ay:vsuf&Sd\/ vyfuD;onf txufyg
jrif;uJUodkU rdkufonfr[kwfacs/ vuf,mbufodkU csKd;ajy;zkdU tcGifhr&
rSef;udkodonfESifhwNydKif euf jrpfurf;yg;apmufrS xdk;usrnfh tEÅ&m,fudk
tvGefaMumuf&Smonfh vu©PmESifh wudk,fvkH;qwfueJ wkefoGm;í
jrif;rBuD; tkef;oifvkyfonfhtwdkif; ajcav;acsmif;udk a&SUodkUypfum
ajrBuD;udktaotvJ uefxm;NyD; atmufodkU zifxdkifcsvdkufav\/
aemufwcPü uREkfyf\ajcaxmufrsm;onf ajrBuD;ESifh xdvsuf&Sdonfjzpfí
uREkfyfonf eif;uGif;rS ajcaxmufrsm;udk xkwfum jrif;ay:rS
qif;NyD;jzpfaeawmh\/

423 
 tajctaeudk uREkfyfMunfhvdkfufaomtcg jrpfurf;yg;apmufBuD;
xdyfwGif uREkfyfonfvyfuD;\ZufBudK;udkudkifum jrpfbufodkUrsufESmrlvsuf
&yfaeavawmh onf/ vyfuD;um; wudk,fvkH;wqwfqwfwkefvsuf&Sd&m
uREkfyfrlum; txl;ojzifh &ifxJu wkefvSonf/ xdkcPü udkodef;azonf
avmufpmESifh a&mufvmav&m uREkfyfwkdU\tajctaeudk jrifojzifh
jrif;ay:rSqif;í uREkfyf\vufudk vIyf,rf;av onf/ (udkodef;azrSm
c&pf,ef wa,mufjzpfí ol\trlt&mrsm;rSm wcgw&H AdkvfqefvSonf/)
]]uHaumif;vdkUygvm;Asm? cifAsm;...}}
]]rajymeJUawmh q&ma&? ckawmif &ifckefwkef; &Sdao;w,fAsKdU? 'gxuf
udkodef;az [dk'if;ygao;vm;AsKdU}}
]]b&ef'Dvm;? ygygw,f? usKyfvJ owd&ygw,f}}
(þrQavmuf tuif;yg;aom rdwfaqGwOD;udk uREkfyfonf tb,frSm
rcifrifyJ aeEdkifygrnfenf;/)

þum; udk0ifharmfwnf;

uREkfyfonf wkefvsufyif&Sd&Smao;onfhvyfuD;tm; yGwfoyfacsmharmh

umjzifh jznf;nSif;pGmpum;ajymNyD;rS wufpD;í udk0ifharmfxHodkU wjznf;jznf;
vmcJUMuav \/ tdrfodkUa&mufvQif a&mufcsif;tvkdufodaom udkodef;az
onf b&ef'DwcGufudkiJUí a&ra&myJ uREkfyftm;ay;ojzifh armfhcsvdkufNyD;rS
uREkfyf ajzmifhwef;pGm pum;ajymEdkifygawmhonf/
wu,fowÅdaumif;aom vlrsm;onf þodkUaom tawGUtBuKHrsm;
wGif b,fuJUodkU &SdMurnfrqdkEdkif? wu,fhowÅdr[kwfyJ pGefUNyD;&J&aom
uREkfyftzdkUrSm tjzpftysufudk jyefawG;rdwdkif; tlwkefonf;wkef &SdvSyg

424 
awmhonf/ okdUaomfvkyfrd wmrSm;avjcif;[k udk,fhudk,fudktjypfwifaom
0goemr&Sd/ raoraysmuf (tenf;qkH;rusKd;ryJU) vGwfajrmuf vmcJU&NyD
jzpfaomaMumifh BuKHawGUcJU&orQonf ]tjrwf}[lí oabmydkufrdygonf/
uREkfyfutptqkH; tao;pdwfjyefajymí jrpfurf;yg;apmufteD;ü uREkfyf\
ab;tEÅ&m,f taMumif;udkMum;&onfwGif udk0ifharmfonf wqdwfuav;rQ
omrsufESmxm; ajymif;oGm;vdkufNyD;aemuf ][m; [m; [m; [m;}ESifh
0rf;omvSonfhES,f &,farmav\/ udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfwdkUrlum; wa,muf
\rsufESmudk wa,mufMunfhum ]þum;udk0ifharmfay wnf;}[k pdwfxJu
rSwfcsufcsrdMuav\/ xdkUaemuf udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfrSm avmufpmESifh
vyfuD;udk pD;Muonfhjrif;yGJtaMumif;udk tjyeftvSefajymí pum;rukef
Edkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/ udkodef;azuolpD;bl;cJUorQaom 'kef;yGJrsm;
teufwGif pdwft0ifpm;qkH; jzpfaMumif; tm;&yg;& 0efcHav&m uREkfyftzdkU
rlum; ajymzG,f&m r&Sdawmhacs/ xdkcPüjrif;rsm;udk ukef;jzKwfNyD;Muaom
wynfhrsm;onf vyfuD;wGif wyfxm;onfh (udk0ifharmf\) om;a&ZufBudK;
opfudk,lvmí uREkfyfwdkUtm;jyav\/ oa&ZufBudK;opfrSm jrif;\yg;pyf
teD;&Sd ESpfae&mwGif tjcm;ae&mrsm;rSmuJUokdU r[kwfawmhyJ t&G,fw0uf
cefUwdkifatmif ao;odrfvsuf&Sd jcif;udk awGUMu&av\/ udkodef;azu-
]]atmifr,fav; vl[JU? qJGvJ qGJEdkifygayhAsm? cifAsm;udkusKyfu
Avawmh rNydKif0HUbl;AsKdU}}? om;a&ZufBudK; topfBuD;udk odrf0ifoGm;
wmygyJvm;? 'gavmuf qGJwmawmif r&yfbl;qdkawmhcifAsmhaumifu
ZufudkoGm;eJUudkufNyD; ],l}ajy;awmh wmudk;As? cifAsm;uHaumif;vdkUAsKdU?
jrpfurf;yg;eJUrawGUvQif b,fxdatmif ,lajy;NyD; cifAsm;bmeJU wdkufusr,f
rodbl;}}[k ajymav\/

425 
 uREkfyfjyefíawG;vdkufaomtcg jrif;vrf;qkH;NyD; vSnf;vrf;ay:odkU
ta&mufwGif aMumuftm;vefUtm;ESifh eif;uGif;udk ajcuefNyD; (eif;uef)
qGJvdkufpOfu jzpf&ayrnf/ uHaumif;íomrao&aomfvnf; udk0ifharmfESifh
udkodef;azwkdUu uREkfyf\um,Av (vufarmif;tm;)udk csD;usL;Mujcif;onf
*kPf,lp&m wck[k oabmxm;cJUrdygao;onf/

vyfuD;ysufavNyD

xdknOfhü uREkfyfodkUokH;a,mufonf naeydkif;u jrif;pD;jcif;

taMumif;udk qufvufíajymMupOf udkodef;azonf vyfuD;\ajcpGrf;udk
csD;rGrf;,if; ]]aeprf;ygOD;As? cifAsm;u olUem;em;uyfNyD; ukef;atmfwm
b,fu&wJU enf;vJAs}}
]]cifAsm;vkyfwmjrifvdkU usKyfvdkufvkyfwmyJ? vyfuD;u usKyfudk
odyfem;axmifw,fAs? usKyfuwrif avhusifhxm;wm}}
¤if;aemuf uREkfyfonf vyfuD;tm; wdwfwqdwfavhusifhxm;ykH
taMumif;udk olwkdUESpfa,muftm; tao;pdwfzGifh[ajymjy&mwGif udkodef;az
u-
]]armifrif;BuD;om;u 'ghaMumifh olUjrif;udk 'gavmufEdkifaewmudk;As?
usKyfujrif;pD;aumif;vSacsuvm;vdkU atmufarhaewm? vufpowfawmh
pdwfynmeJU Budwfoifxm;wmudk;}}
]]oifxm;wmawmif ,lajy;wmudkawmh rwwfEdkifbl; q&ma&U}}
]]aMomf-[kwfw,f 'Dvdkqdk usKyfwck pdk;&drfw,fAsKdU}}
]]b,fvdk pdk;&drfwmvJAs}}
]]cifAsm;jrif; ysufoGm;NyDxifw,f}}

426 
 ]]usKyfvJ pdk;&drfwmyJ? acsmhoifxm;&mu acsmufNyD; pD;vdkufvdkUvefUNyD;
ajy;csifwdkif;ajy;vdkuf&w,f qdkuwnf;u usKyfMoZmawmh ysufoGm;NyD
xifw,f}}
]]jzpfEdkifw,fAs? 'Dvdkqdk tkef;cGHUeJUpD;zdkU cyfMuyfMuyfyJAsKdU}}
þwGif udk0ifharmfrSm olcdkif;ípD;&jcif;jzpfonfESifh olUwm0efruif;[k
qdkum vyfuD;udk prf;Munfhcsifjyefonf/ odkUjzpfí ¤if;wkdUESpfa,mufonf
eufjzefwGif urf;eDrS xGufM uzdkU jzpfaomfvnf; w&ufydkíaeNyD; vyfuD;udk
prf;MunfhzdkU qkH;jzwfMuav\/
aemufwaeU naeü uREkfyfwdkUonf vyfuD;ESifh jrif;rBuD;
tkef;oifwkdUudk &Gmhjyifjrif;vrf;odkUxkwfí tom;usprf;MunfhMu\/ tkef;oif
rSm tom;usvnf; aumif;aumif;ajy;wwfí wmywfwGif 'kef;yGJoGif;onf
wGifrS tom;usudk jzwfxm;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ udkodef;azu
tkef;oifudkpD;í uREkfyfu vyfuD;ESifh jrif;vrf;wGif wmplMunfhMu&m
cyfjznf;jznf; (vrf;'dk;) prf;Munfh&müyif vyfuD;onf uREkfyf\pum;udk
em;raxmifawmhaMumif; od&avNyD/ udk0ifharmfu wdkufwGef;í
]zGifh}pD;vdkuf&mwGif vyfuD;onf jrif;rBuD; csOf;uyfjcif;udkyif rcHcsifawmhyJ
w]ql}wnf; qlvsuf&Sd\/ ]]jznf;jznf;uG,fh ighom;&JU? vluav;
vyfuD;}}ponfjzifh uREkfyf\acsmharmhpum;rsm;onf tcsnf;ESD;yif
&Sdawmhonf/ xdkUaemufudkodef;az wufpD;&m xl;rjcm;em;yifjzpfae\/
uREkfyfxufvnf; raumif;? uREkfyfxufvnf;rnHUacs/ vaygif;twefMum
atmif tyifyef;cHí vyfuD;tay:ü xlaxmifcJUonfhMoZm tmPmwkdUonf
wcgwnf; usqkH;oGm;cJUav NyD/ uREkfyfpdwfrcsrf;omvdkufykHrSm [efraqmif
EdkifyJ rsufESmnId;i,fvsuf&Sdawmh\/ udk0ifharmfonf xdktjcif;t&mudk jrifí
tm;emykH&onf/ tkef;oif\tom;us ajconf usJusJBuD;&Sdí avmufpm\

427 
ajcxuf omrnfudkcefUrSef;EdkfifMu\/ vyfuD;udk uREkfyfEdkifeif;atmif
pD;EdkifpOfu tkef;oifESifh tom;us ajccsif; prf;rMunfhvkduf& jcif;twGuf
0rf;enf;pGmESifhyif jrif;rsm;udk odrf;vdkufMu&av\/

udk0ifharmf0rf;enf;jcif;

xdknOfhü udk0ifharmfu rbdef;bk&m;yJG &ufowÅwywfausmfvdkao;í

tcsdef&SdaomaMumifh vyfuD;ESifh tkef;cGHwkdUpD;zdkU udpöudk pum;rjzwf
vdkufao;zkdU taMumif;? oluyif aiG50d&IH;csif&IH; pdkufxkwfí avmif;rnf
jzpfaMumif; ajymygonf/ xdktcg uREkfyfu þjrif;ESpfaumifNydKifyJGü
avmif;aMu;onf y"mer[kwf? jrif;\*kPfESifh jrif;&Sif\*kPfom y"me
jzpfaMumif;? avmif;aMu; qwlESifh pD;Muaom jrif;yGJjzpfcJUvQif &IH;onfjzpfap?
Ekdifonfjzpfap ta&;rBuD;vSaMumif;? ,ckrSm [dkbufu avmif;aMu;ESpfav;
ay;NyD; pD;MurnfhyJGjzpfaomaMumifh þbufrS Edkifvdkuf&vQif tvGefw&m
vla&;omoGm;oavmuf þbufrS &IH;vdkuf&vQif ]]'Dausmif;q&mu
bmem;rvnf nmem;rvnfeJU olwyg; ESyfcswdkif;cH&wJU vlwa,mufyJ?
'Djrif;eJU'Djrif;udkESpfav;rubl; q,fav;awmif ay;0HUao;&JU? olUjrif;rSol
EdkifEdkifeif;eif;rpD;wwfyJeJU NydKifyGJxJ0ifcsifygayhAsm? tHUMoyg&JU? bm&JU
nm&JU}}ESifh &IHUrJUuJU&JUMurnfhtaMumif; ajymjyav\/ udk0ifharmfonf
ol\0goem twkdif; ZGwfvkyfcsifao;aomfvnf; udkodef;azu0ifí
]]udkazodef;ajymwmrSefw,f 0efaxmufrif;}}[k axmufcHawmhrS vufavQmh
vdkufavonf/ odkUESifhvyfuD;tm;tyef;cHNyD; arQmfvifhcsufBuD; wcGJom;ESifh
avhusifhay;cJU&jcif;rsm;rSm eD;uyfumrS ]cJavorQoJa&us} jzpf&ygawmh
onf/ bk&m;yJGeD;í [dkwbufu toHypfaom pum;rsm;udk uREkfyfem;rMum;

428 
csifjyKí aevdkuf&ygawmhonf/ (uRekfyf\woufwmü pHa'0DESifh vGJ&jcif;?
ol&d,wdkufrS txkwfcH&jcif;ESifh vyfuD;\ udpöwdkUrSm tcH&cuf&mü
ydefrom vdefrom &Sdygawmh onf/)

udk0ifhfarmfESifhcJG&jcif;

vyfuD;udkwzefavhusifh&ef rjzpfEdkifaMumif; awGU&aomtcg uREkfyfrSm

urf;eD&GmwGif ausmif;q&mvkyf&jcif;udk NiD;aiGUpjyKvmcJUavNyD/ þtawm
twGif; udk0ifharmfrSmvnf; jrawmifrS awmifwGif;BuD;odkUajymif;a&TU&ef
trdefUa&mufvmcJUavNyD/ oGm;cgeD;ü udk0ifharmfonf uREkfyfxHodkU
EIwfquf&efvmí rnfonfhenf;ESifh rqdk þ&Gmü okH;ESpfaphatmifaezdkU
wdkufwGef;av&m uREkfyfuvnf; oabmwlvkduf ygonf/ xdktcsdefü
uREkfyfuurf;eD&GmokdUa&mufonfrSm ESpfESpfjynfhcJUavNyD/ a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpf
rsm;taMumif;udk ajymvsuf&SdMupOf udk0ifharmfonf rpdk;tm; ajcovkH;udk
vSefjyí 7 wef;ü&SdMupOfuREkfyfucJwHESifhxkd;bl;onfh trm&Gwfwckjzpf
onf[k ajymjyav\/ uREkfyfonfxdktaMumif;udkvkH;0arhaeojzifh olajym
awmhrS owd&vmygonf/ jzpfysufykHrSm waeUoü uRekfyfonf
*syefydk;tusFDtopfuav;ESifh ausmif;wufí twef;xJü olUa&SUrS
xkdif&onfwGif uREkfyf\tusDFvnfukyfay:odkU rifpufuav;rsm;cs\/ uREkfyf
onf udk0ifharmfwkdU\ tzGJUawmifhjcif;udk rodao;onfh ausmif;om;opfjzpfí
olUudkraMumufao;yJ aemufodkU zswfueJvSnfhum ol\ajcovkH;udk cJwHESifh
pGyfueJxkd;vdkufrdonf/ þtwGufaMumifh udk0ifharmfwkdUom;csif; av;a,muf
wkdUonf uREkfyfudk 0dkif;í ESdrfMuav&m waumif<uufjzpfaom uREkfyfrSm
wavQmufvkH; tnHUcHcJU&avonf/ rpdk;a&SUwGif udk0ifharmfutrm&Gwf&ykHudk

429 
ajymjyaomfvnf; uRekfyfurl Zmwfa[mif;udk rvSefawmhyg/ qifOD;uif;xuf
üvnf;aumif;? 'kef;jrif;pD;jcif;ü vnf;aumif; udk0ifharmftm; uREkfyfowÅdjycJU
jcif;rsm;rSm xdktaMumif;rsm;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ cGJcgeD;ü 0rf;enf;jcif;udk
jycJvSí tjcm;vlrsm;\'ku©wGif w[m;[m; &,farmwwfaom udk0ifharmf
onf nId;i,faomrsufESmxm; azmfjyjcif;udk þwBudrf jrifvdkuf&bl;yg
onf/

cPcPawGUMujcif;

uREkfyfonf tvkyfwckü NiD;aiGUvmonfqdkvQif ¤if;tvkyfudk

pGefUvTwfcsifaom qE´onf waeUwjcm; jyif;xefvmwwfonfh 0goem&S\
d /
udk0ifharmfajymif;a&TUoGm;aomtcg udkodef;azonf uREkfyf\pdwfudk&dyfrdí
(q,frdkifcefUa0;onfh) ol\tif;&GmokdU rMumcP aysmfyGJpm;zdwfonfESifh
uREkfyfvnf; jrif;ESifh aeUcsif;jyefoGm;avh&Sd\/ opfukefonfrsm;onf
taumufpma&;BuD;jzpfaom udkodef;aztm; w&kwf[dkw,f (acgufqGJzdk)wGif
cPcP 0wfjyKavh&SdMu&m uREkfyftm; naeapmif;rS zdwfac:aomfvnf;
jrif;aumif;&Sdoljzpfí aeUcsif;jyefoGm;jzpfatmif oGm;vdkufao;\/ uREkfyf\
0goemwckrSm &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGjzpfvmolwa,muftm; pmzwfcsifatmif
zsm;a,mif;jcif;wkdufwGef;jcif;jyKvkyfavh&Sd\/
udkodef;azrSm (c&pf,efwa,mufjzpfonfhtavsmuf) t*Fvdyf0w¦K
uav;rsm; tenf;i,fzwfavh&Sd&m uREkfyfESifh qkHrdwkdif; pmtkyfrsm;rsm;
zwfatmif wkdufwGef;jcif; aMumifh pmzwf0goemwkd;wufvsuf&SdavNyD/
tif;&Gm&Sd w&kwf[dkw,fxJü aysmfyGJpm;Muonfhtcgwkdif; udkodef;azESifh ol\
]wum} opfukefonfrsm;tm; t*FvdyfykHjyif 0w¦Krsm;jzifh azsmfajzavh&Sd&m

430 
udkodef;azonf zwfoifhzwfxkdufaom t*Fvdyfpmtkyfpm&if;udk uREkfyfxHrS
awmif;,lírSmvnf;rSm zwfvnf;zwfavonf/ odkUESifholonf pma&;
tqifhtwef; trIxrf;rsm;teufwGif t*Fvdyfvdk tawmfuav;a&wwf
cRwfwwfolwa,mufjzpfvm\/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; olUxHrS pmtkyftawmf
rsm;rsm; iSm;zwf&onfESifh ESpfOD;ESpf0 tusKd;&SdMuygonf/ udkodef;aztzdkUrSm
opfawm0efxH tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wGif ta&;tom; wkd;wufvmonfjzpfí
aemifü awmtkyfBuD;tjzpfodkU wkd;wufcefUxm;cH&jcif;wGif taMumif;w&yf
jzpfonf[k 0efcHajymqdkayonf/

vlowf onf[k pGyfpJGcH&jcif;

udkodef;azwa,muf &Sdaejcif;aMumifh uREkfyftzdkU azsmfajzrIwck

jzpfaomfvnf; urf;eD&GmüuREkfyfNiD;aiGUjcif;um; wjznf;jznf; wkd;wufvsuf&Sd
\/ þwGif tysif;ajzzdkU tcGifhtvrf;wck jzpfay:vm\/ waeUoü
qifacgif;(bDbDwDpD ukrÜPDrSqifrsm;ESifh qifOD;pD;rsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&ol)
udk&Srf;jzLESifh pum;pyfrdMu&mwGif uREkfyftvGef0goemygonfh ]okH;ykHzJ}
taMumif;ajymjyí tpDtpOfjyKvkyfMu\/ ¤if;&Gm&Sd vuform;q&mwa,muf
ESifh udk&Srf;jzLwdkUonf 0goemtkd;rsm; jzpfMuav&m uREkfyf\tdrfwGifokH;ykH&dkfuf
zdkUoabmxlMu\/ uREkfyf\ausmif;rSm OykofaeUwGif ydwfonfjzpfí
tzdwfaeUnwGif pwifupm;Mu\/ aMu;rSrrsm;vS? ]wzl}rSwyJjzpf\/
upm;rdMuonf qdkvQifyif okH;a,mufvkH;onf 0goemtdk;rsm;jzpfMuí
tvGefzifNrJNyD; tvGef]ay}aom vlrsm;jzpfaMumif; odMu&avNyD/ tzdwfaeUn
8 em&DavmufrS píxdkifMu&m eufjzef OykofaeUwaeUvkH;ESifh ¤if;n
oef;acgifausmfxdatmif xkdifMuavonf/ 'kwd,nodkU a&mufaomtcg

431 
tvGeftdyfcsifMuNyDjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfu oHy&moD;oeyf? o&ufoD;
ukvm;w,f? vufzuf&nfMurf; ponfwkdUjzifh {nfhcH\/ eHeufpmESifh
npmxrif;[if;twGufvnf; uREkfyfu wm0ef,l\/ uREkfyfwkdUupm;csdefrSm
em&Daygif;okH;q,fcefU&dSí xrif;pm;aom tcdkuftwefUrSwyg; tem;r&Sdacs/
xdktcsdeftwGif; t&IH;tEdkifrSm okH;av;usyfxufrydkacs/ vufcsif;
cyfnDnD &Sd&mwGif (okH;ykH okH;vSnfhqdkaom pum;t&) zJaumif;jcif;
raumif;jcif;rSm wvSnhfpD jzpfwwfaomaMumifh rnfolrQepfemavmufatmif
r&IH;acs/ þwywf&IH;vQifvnf; aemufwywfwGifjyefí Edkifonfu
rsm;avonf/ þvlokH;a,muf wlnDMuaom tcsufwckonfum; OykofaeU
noef;acgifrwdkifrcsif; wOD;wa,mufurQ awmfygpdkUrajym? anmif;vSonf
rNiD;? wnDwnGwfwnf; ]ay}Mujcif;yif jzpfavonf/ qifacgif;udk&Srf;jzLrSm
'lvma&m*g&Sdonf[k ajymMu\/ þenf;tm;jzifh Oykofywfwkdif; em&D 30cefU
wavQmufwnf;xdkifMuí q,fywfcefU&Sdaomtcg udk&Srf;jzLrusef;rrmjzpf&m
rS emvefrxl&SmawmhyJ uG,fvGef&Smavawmhonf/ urf;eD&Gmom;rsm;url
qifacgif;udk&Srf;jzLudk ausmif;q&m(uREkfyf)owfoGm;onf[k ajymprSwfjyK&pf
Muavawmhonf/

qifESifhawmvnfjcif;

wnaewGif udkodef;aza&mufvmí olBuD;udknSif;ESifh ]awmvnf}zkdU

wdkifyifMu\/ urf;eD&GmolBuD; udknSif;rSm uREkfyf\ausmif;wnfaxmifonfh
opfukefonfokH;OD;teufwGif wOD;jzpfí uREkfyfwkdUvlpkESifh pm;abmf
aomufbufwa,mufvnf; jzpfavonf/ xkd&ufü bDbDwDpDukrÜPDrS
qifrsm;onfurf;eD&GmokdU a&mufvsuf&SdMu&m olBuD;onf qifOD;pD;rsm;ESifh

432 
awmvnfzdkU tpDtpOfvkyfí udkodef;azuvnf; oabmwlavonf/
olwkdU\tpDtpOfrSm aemufwaeUnaewGif qifESpfpD;ESifh ]awmeif;}Muí
udkodef;azESifh olB uD;wkdUu aoewfwvufpDESifh qifay:rS vdkufygMu&ef
jzpfavonf/ uRekfyftm;vnf; vkdufOD;rnfavm[k ar;Mu&m tqef;topf
qdkvQif vufrvTwfcsifonfh uREkfyfuvnf; vdkufzdkU oabmwlav\/
okdU&mwGif aemufwaeUnaeürl qifESpfpD;ajymxm;onfhteuf
wpD;rtm;vyfí wpD;om&awmhonf/ qifOD;pD;u a&SUrSxdkifí olBuD;ESifh
udkodef;azwkdUu uwDay:ü aoewfudk,fpDESifh xdkifvdkufMuaomtcg
uREkfyftzdkU ae&mtcuftcJjzpfae\/ uwDay:wGif okH;a,mufxdkifzdkU
xdkifavmufonf/ okdUaomfaoewfypfzdkU uwfoD;uwfoyf jzpfaevdrfhrnf/
aemufqkH;pDrHudef;rSm uwDay:wGif okH;a,muftwlxdkifoGm;Muí awmxJü
aoewfypf&rnfhae&modkU a&mufaomtcg uREkfyfuuwDay:rSqif;NyD;
qifaemufNrD;ü xdkifwwfvQifum; jzpfEdkifonf/ qifaemufNrD;ü xdkif&efrSm
vG,fulvSonf r[kwfjcif;udk uREkfyfodaomfvnf; topftqef;BuKHawGUcsif
vSaom uRekfyftzkdU&mü vdkuf&rnfqdkNyD;rS csefrae&pfcsifonfESifh jzpfatmif
vkdufrnfqdkum vkdufvmcJU\/ &GmrSxGufMuaomtcg uwDay:wGif
okH;a,mufxdkif&\/ (qifpD;bl;aom uREkfyftzkdUü) tpGef;tzsm;usaomfvnf;
udpör&SdvS/ okdU&mwGifom;aumif&Sm&rnfh ae&modkUa&mufMuí uwDay:rS
qif;NyD; aemufNrD;pGef;wGif xdkif&aom tcgürludpö&SdawmhrnfrSm enf;enf;om
vdkawmhonf/
uREkfyfwdkUonf udkif;awmBuD;wckodkU a&mufMuaomtcg ¤if;udkif;awm
xJwGif om;aumif&SmMu&rnfjzpfí udkodef;azESifh olBuD;udknSif;wkdUtm;
aoewfudk,fpDESifh acsmifcsdpGm tvkyfvkyfEdkfifapjcif;iSm (rlvtpDtpOftwdkif;)
uwDay:rSqif;NyD; aemufNrD;pGef;rS xdkif&av\/ uREkfyfxdkif&onfrSm

433 
nDnmaom rsufESmjyifr[kwf/ qif\wifyg;pGef;jzpfí wbufapmif;BuD;
&Sdaeojzifh tawmfcJ,Of;vSay&m\ qif\aemufNrD;ü tkef;qHBudK;wacsmif;
odkif;xm;ojzifh ¤if;udktm;jyKum cufcJpGm vkdfuf&avonf/ ae&m
ajymif;a&TUpOf Nidrfvsuf&SdonfhtxJüyif tawmfxdkif&cufay&m qifoGm;aom
tcgüwifyg;BuD;onf tawmfvIyfaomaMumifh omíqdk;jyefonf/ okdUaomf
cJ,Of;rSBudKufwwf aomuREkfyfonfrnnf;rnL vkdufygoGm;\/ uREkfyf
wkdUonf udkif;awmBuD; wavQmuf jzwfoGm;Muaomtcg qif\ausmukef;
ESifh uREkfyfwdkU\ udk,fvkH;rsm;onf udkif;yifrsm;txufrS vGwfvGwf
uRwfuRwfBuD; ay:xGufvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; om;aumifrsm;onf uREkfyfwdkUudk
rjrifMu[kqdk\/ [kwfykHvnf;&onf/ udkif;yifrsm;rxlxyfyJ cyfusJusJ&Sdaom
tuGufwckodkU a&mufaomtcg acswaumifonf udkif;yifrsm; tMum;rS
uREkfyfwdkUtm; ai;Munfhvsuf&Sdonfudk jrif&\/ acswkdUrnfonfrSm
vl&dyfjrifvQif ajy;NrJjzpfygvsuf ,ckrSm aMumifawmifai;vsuf Munfhae\/
taetxm;rSm udkodef;azESifh vufvSnfhoifhonf jzpfí udkodef;az\
aoewfoH 'dkif;ueJjrnfoGm;jcif;ESifhtwl acsuav;vnf; vdrfhoGm;&Smonf/
qiform;onf qifay:rSqif;í acsudkxrf;vmNyD;vQif qifay:wGif
olUaemufrSxm;vdkuf\/ acsonfqifaumifBuD;udkomjrifí qif\ausmukef;
ay:ü&Sdaom uREkfyfwdkUudk rjrifqdkjcif;rSm [kwf[efwlonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf;
qifESifhawmvnfjcif;onf awmypfzdkU tcGifhaumif;&ojzifh rkqdk;rsm;
oabmusjcif;jzpfavonf/

434 
uHaumif;vdkU qifeif;rcH&

xdkUaemuf qufvufí udkif;awmBuD;xJü vSnfhywfMujyefav&m

tpGef;tzsm;üvdkuf&aomuREkfyfrSm acswaumif 0efwufvmonfhtwGuf
omí tvkduf&cufvm\/ acswaumiftwGufae&may;&í uREkfyftzdkUü
wvufravmufom a&GUay;&onfqdkapOD;? e*dkuwnf;u cJ,Of;pGmvdkuf
&aom uREkfyftzdkUrSm omícJ,Of;oGm;avNyD/ wcgw&HwGif uREkfyfonf
tkef;qHBudK;udk qJGudkifxm;onfhtxJrSyif vGwfíusawmhrwwf qif\
wifyg;BuD; vIyf&Sm;oGm;\? odkUaomf uREkfyfpdwful;rdonfrSm tu,fí
rawmfwqvGwfusoGm;apOD;? ausmukef;xufrS wnfhwnfhBuD;usjcif;r[kwf
yJ wifyg;BuD;wavQmuf qifajcavQm usoGm;rnfjzpfaomaMumifh
temw&rjzpfEdkif? udpör&Sd[k atmufarhumpdwfrylvSyJ&Sd\/ wae&mü
qifronf udkif;yifrsm;xJrS (bmaumifrSef;rod) xckefajy;jcif;udk
vefUoGm;onfESifh &kwfw&uf ajcvSrf;jyifvkdufonfwGif uREkfyfrSm
tkef;qHBudK;udk wG,fxm;&mrS [efysufNyD;uHaumif;í rusyJ&Sdawmh\/
xdktcg qifOD;pD;u-
]][dk aemufu q&mb,fhES,fvJ}}
]]uHaumif;vdkU vdrfhrusw,fAsKdU? EdkUayr,fh udpör&Sdaygifav?
qifaemufNrD;u vdrfhusvdkUawmhodyfremEdkifygbl;}}
]]rvkyfeJU q&ma&U? 'Dqifru odyf,kwfw,fq&m? olUausmay:u
vlvdrfhus,if vSnfhNyD;eif;wwfw,f q&ma&U}}
þwGifrS uREkfyfrSm tBuD;tus,f wkefvIyfoGm;ygawmhonf/ ckeifu
vddrfhuscJUvQif ,ckavmuf&Sdqifeif;í jym;NyD;om;jzpfaeawmhrnf[k pOf;pm;
rd&kHomru xkwfazmfívnf; ajymvdkuf&onf/ þwGifudkodef;azESifh

435 
olBuD;wkdUu acswaumifvnf; &NyD;jzpfí jyefMuzkdUajymonfESifh
qifOD;pD;vnf; vSnfhíjyefcJUav\/ aemufwaeUtwGufrl qifESpfaumifESifh
acsmifcsdpGm vnfMuzdkUpDrHMuao;onf/

vlaorIjzpfOD;rvdkU

aemufwaeUnaeü qifESpfaumif&av&m udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfonf

qifwpD;ay:üxkdifí olBuD;udknSif;onf 'kwd,qifay:wGifxdkifum ,cif
udkif;awmodkU oGm;Mujyef\/ þwacgufürl uREkfyfrSmacsmifcsdpGmxdkif&
aomaMumifh pdwfat;vufat; vnfMu&ayawmhrnf[k xifpm;rd\/
odkU&mwGif vlom;\wGufudfef;rsm;rSm rnfonfhtcgrS pdwfcs&onf r[kwf
vSacs/ þwBudrfürl xGufuwnf;uwem&DeD;yg;rQ aemufusaom aMumifh
vnfcsdefenf;rnf pdk;MuonfESifh uwdkufu&dkuf pDrHMuonf/ tb,fh
aMumifhqdkaomf ae0ifíarSmifoGm;onfqdkvQif (udkodef;aza&m olBuD;yg
rsufpdrIefolrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh) om;aumifudkjrifzdkU cJ,Of;rnfjzpfaom
aMumifhwnf;/ udkif;awmodkU a&mufMuaomtcg olBuD;ygaomqifonf
vuf0JbufodkUvnf;aumif;? udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfygaomqifonf vuf,m
bufodkUvnf;aumif; ESpfpkcGJum jzefUívnfhMuav\/ taMumif;rlum;
qifESpfpD; twlvSnfhMuvQifwaumif wnf;aomtrJudk ESpfaumifvkH; ypfcsif
Muí e,fusOf;rnfjzpfayaomaMumifh wnf;/ qifwpD;wnf; xGufcJUpOfurl
acswaumifawGUao;? qifESpfpD;xGufvmumrS uREkfyfwkdUvnf;rawGU? olBuD;
wkdUbufuvnf; bmoHrQ rMum;&acs/ udkif;awmBuD;rSm wrdkifxufri,f?
us,f0ef;onfjzpfí olwkdUbufrSajcoHudk uREkfyfwkdUrMum;? uREkfyfwkdUbufrS

436 
ajcoHudkvnf; olwkdUrMum;Edkif/ om;aumifawGUí aoewfESifhypfrSom
Mum;EdkifMurnfjzpfav onf/
ae0ifoGm;avNyD/ vjynfhausmf&ufjzpfaomaMumifh va&mifudkvnf;
tm;rudk;Edkif? usef&Sdaeao;aom ]qnf;qm}a&mifuav; aysmufoGm;vQif
jyefMu&awmhrnf/ qnf;qma&mifonf rSdefonfxuf rSdefvsuf&Sdvm&m
jrif&onfqdk&kH arS;rSdefpGm a&;a&;uav;rQom jrifMu&aomtcsdefü
qifOD;pD;u ]]q&m q&m a&SUu awmqifq&ma&U}}[k wD;wdk;ajymvdkuf\/
awmqif&dkif;ESifhawGUvQif qifaygufomjzpfwwfí ausmay:rSvludk *&krpdkuf
yJ qif,Ofrudk vkdufwwf\/ udkodef;az\rsufpdrSm þodkUaomtcsdef
rsKd;wGif tokH;r0ifonfESifh ]]udkazodef;? Munfhprf;AsKdU}}[k uREkfyftm;
wD;wkd;ajymvkduf\/ uREkfyfonf qifOD;pD;jyonfh vuf0JbufqDodkU
cyfapmif;apmif; Munfhvdkufaomtcg uREkfyfwkdU\qifxuf tenf;qkH;
wawmifcefUjrifhrnfxif&aom qifaumifBuD;\ OD;uif;BuD;udkjrif&ojzifh
]][kwfw,fAsKdU? {&mrqifBuD;ygwum;}}[k jyefajymvdkuf\/ þwGif
qifOD;pD;u ]]oluvdkuf,ifk cufw,f? ypfawmhq&m}}[k ajymí
pum;rqkH;rDyif udkodef;az\aoewfrS 'dkif;ueJ toHxGufoGm;\/
aemufwcPü ]]bmvkyfMuwmvJ usKyfwdkUyg}}[k wkef,ifpGmESifh atmfajym
vkdufaom olB uD;\toHudkMum;&av\/ ]][m apmufusKd;eJNyDAsKdU}}[k
udkodef;azESifh qifOD;pD;wkdUu wNydKifeufwnf; ajymvdkufMu\/

vufajzmifhjcif;

xdkUaemuf udkodef;azu ]]xdoGm;ovm;AsKdU udknSif;}}[k ar;vkdufojzifh

olBuD;u ]]xdawmhrxdygbl;? uHaumif;vdkUygvm;Asm? usKyfwkdUESpfa,muf

437 
tMum;u usnfqHjzwfoGm;wmyJ}}[k ajym,if;olwkdU\qifonf uREkfyfwkdU
qDokdU csOf;uyfvm\/ wjznf;jznf;eD;vm aomtcgwGifrS uREkfyfESifh
qifOD;pD;wkdU\trSm;onf bGm;ueJay:vmawmhonf/ olBuD;ESifh qifOD;pD;
wkdUonf olwkdU\qifay:wGif a&SUESifhaemufxdkifvsuf &SdMuaomfvnf;
olwkdU\qifonf uREkfyfwdkUESifhcyfapmif;apmif;&Sdaeaomtcgü qifay:wGif
xdkifvsuf&Sdaom olBuD;ESifhqifOD;pD;wdkUESpfa,mufonf uREkfyfwdkU\ae&mrS
MunfhaomtcgwGif qif\OD;uif;BuD;ozG,f (rxif&Sm;aomtvif;a&mifü)
jrifMu&jcif; jzpfavonf/ udkodef;azonf (ol\txif) qif&dkif;\
OD;uif;BuD; tv,fwnfhwnfhokdU rSef;í &dkifz,fESifhypfvkduf&m usnfqefonf
olBuD;ESifh qifOD;pD;wkdUtMum;rS jzwfoGm;jcif;jzpfavonf/ olBuD;\em;&Guf
wbufudkyif umywfxdrSefoGm;ao;onf[k ajym\/ uHaumif;íay
wum;/ tu,fí usnfqefonf vuf0JbufodkUjzpfap? vuf,mbuf
odkUjzpfap wvufrcefUrQuav; wdrf;apmif;oGm;jim;tHU olBuD;tm;jzpfap?
qifOD;pD;tm;jzpfap wa,mufa,mufudk xdrSefacsawmhrnf/ ,ckrl
qifOD;uif;\ tv,fqdkí ypfxnfhvdkuf&mwGif tv,fwnfhwnfh A[dk
csufodkU0ifoGm;onfESifh vlESpfa,muftMum;rS uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwf
jzwfoGm;jcif;jzpfavonf/ þtaMumif;udkod&aomtcg uREkfyfwdkUwkefvIyf
Mu&onfrSm ajymbG,f&m r&Sdacs/ þtxJwGiftwkefvIyfqkH;aom vlrSmum;
em;&GufwGif umywfrSefcH& onfholBuD;udknSif;yif jzpfavonf/ olBuD;u
udkodef;aztm; ]]cifAsm;vufajzmifhykHuawmh tHUMoavmufw,fAsKdU? wbuf
udkeJeJuav; wdrf;oGm;vQif uREkfyfwdkUwa,mufa,mufaoNyD;yJ}}[k
wkefvsuf&Sdao;aom toHESifhajymavonf/ udkodef;azvufajzmifhjcif;
ESifhywfoufí uREkfyfudk,fawGUwckudkazmfjy&ayOD;rnf/

438 
awmacsmufMujcif;

udk0ifharmfajymif;a&TUoGm;NyD;aemuf waeUoü urf;eD&GmodkU udkodef;az

a&mufaecdkufwGif (wvwacgufavmufa&mufwwfonf/) &GmESifh rdkifw0uf
cefUa0;aomae&mü ]tcif;}vkyfpm;aomvlwa,mufonf uRekfyf\ ausmif;
odkUvmí ol\tcif;ESifhuyfvsuf&Sdaom awmuav;xJwGif acs? '&,f?
awm0uf? usm;opfpaom awmwd&pämeftrsKd;rsKd; ckdatmif;jcif;udk jrif&bl;í
]awmacsmuf}&ef tvGefaumif;aMumif; ajymjy\/ xdktcsdefwGif
aoewfypf0goemygaom awmtkyfuav;wa,mufESifh ykvdyft&m&Sd
wa,mufonfvnf; &GmodkU a&mufaeMuí tjcm;wtdrfüwnf;cdkvsuf&SdMu
\/ uREkfyf\ausmif;ürl udkodef;az&SdaeaomaMumifh ae&mr&EdkifMuay/
udkodef;azonfolBuD;udknSif;udkac:í wdkifyifNyD;aemuf awmtkyfuav;ESifh
ykvdyft&m&SdwkdUtm;vnf; ac:,laqG;aEG;\/ (awmacsmufaomtvkyfrSm
aoewform;rsm;av aumif;avjzpfonf/) aemufqkH;üxdkaeUnaeapmif;
wGif awmacsmufMu&ef oabmwlMuí &Gmom;rsm;pkaqmif;&ef
pDpOfMuavonf/
]awmacsmuf}jcif;[lonfrSm rnfokdUjyKvkyf&jcif;jzpfonfudk rMum;bl;
onfh tcsKdUNrdKUom;rsm;em;vnfapjcif;iSm azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ awmwd&pämef
wkdUrnfonfrSm ntcsdefrsm;wGifrS tpm&SmxGufwwfMuí aeUtcsdefwGif
csKHxlxyfonfhawmtkyfaumif;aumif;ü tdyfMuonfu rsm;avonf/ orif?
'&,f? acsi,fpaom (trJ)wd&pämefrsm;rSm aeUtcsdefrsm;wGif &Hzef&Hcg
awGUwwfao;aomfvnf; usm;? usm;opfpaom (rkqkd;)wd&pämefrsm;rSmrl
waeUvkH; tdyfwwfí aeUtcsdefwGif awGU&cJvS\/ awmacsmufjcif;[lonfrSm
awmwd&pämefrsm; tdyfwwfjcif;udk awGUjrif&bl;onfh udkif;awm?

439 
odkUr[kwfcsKHwef;rsm;udk &Gmom;tajrmuftjrm;wdkUu obufowf 0dkif;xm;
Muí tjcm;wbufrS apmifhaeMuonfh aoewform;rsm;xHokdU acsmufay;
Mu&jcif; jzpfavonf/ ,if;odkUacsmufay;&mwGif rdrdwdkUae&mrS&yfNyD;
acsmufay;&kHr[kwf? udkif;awm? odkUr[kwf csKHrsm;udkjzwfoef;um wbufodkU
azmufxGufvmonfhwdkifatmif vlrsm;udk,fwdkifvdkufNyD; acsmufay;Mu&\/
awmacsmufolrsm;onf udkif;awm\wbufwGif pk&kH;Muí wa,mufESifh
wa,muf vufwurf;om omrScGJum pDwef;MuNyD;vQif udkif;awmxJodkU
wnDwnmwnf; 0ifMu&\/ 0ifonfESifhwNydKifeuf vufwGifygaom vSH?
cuf&if;? wkwfponfwkdUjzifh udkif;yifrsm;udk wAkH;AkH;&dkuf,if; yg;pyfrSvnf;
]]a[;? [m;? 0l;? 0g;}}ponf jzifh toHrpJatmifatmfum
a&SUodkUwjznf;jznf;wkd;vmMu&\/ þwGifudkif;awmxJü tdyfaysmfaeaom
wd&pämefrsm;onfvefUEdk;Muí toHrsm;vmaombufudk uGif;a&Smifum toH
a0;aombufodkU ajy;Mu&\/ wcgw&HwGifrl ttdyfBuD;onfh usm;paom
wd&pämefrsKd;ESifh &ifqdkifawGU&onf jzpfap? wcgw&HwGif wufíeif;vkrwwf
uyfíawGU&onfjzpfap BuKH&wwfonf[k Mum;&bl;avonf/ awmwd&pämef
rsm;onf tvefUwMum; xajy;Muí udkif;awmbufodkU azmufxGuf&mwGif
toifhapmifhaeaom aoewform;rsm;\ ajymif;0okdUa&mufMu\/ wcgw&H
ürl aoewform;rsm;\ tvkyfonf ajymoavmufracsmifvS/ udkif;awm
xJrS tvefUwMum; xGufajy;vmonfh wd&pämefrSm trJr[kwfyJ usm;(rkqdk;)
jzpfae ojzifh rkqkd;csif; &ifqdkif&jcif;rsKd;vnf; BuKH&wwfonf[kqdkavonf/
þtvkyfrsKd;rSm aoewfESifhjzpfaeojzifh rkqdk;csif; &ifqdkif&jcif;rsKd;vnf;
BuKH&wwfonf[k qdkavonf/ þtvkyfrsKd;rSm aoewfESifhxdkifapmifh&aom
rkqdk;xuf awmacsmufay;&aom &Gmom;rsm;tzdkUomí tEÅ&m,frsm;aomf

440 
vnf;0goemygaom &Gmom;rsm;onf rdrdwdkUtwGuf arQmfvifh&ef&Sdonfh
trJom;]a0pk}aMumifh vdkufvdkolr&Sm;vSay/

usm;opfawGU&jcif;

uREkfyfonf awmacsmufjcif;udk rjrifbl;í vdkufMunfvdkonfESifh

udkodef;aztm; pkHprf;Munfh&m udkodef;azu txufygtwdkif; ajymjyonfwGif
þrQavmuf qdkygu tEÅ&m,f rrsm;vS[k oabmxm;um twlvdkuf&ef
qkH;jzwfvkdufav\/ xdkaeUnae okH;em&DtcsdefcefUwGif aoewform;
av;a,mufESifh uREkfyfonf awmacsmuf&rnfhae&mokdU a&mufMuaomtcg
&Gmom; 30cefUESifh acG;ajcmufaumifcefUa&mufaeMuavNyD/ þtvkyfrsKd;wGif
q&mBuD;jzpfaom udkodef;azonf tjcm;aoewform; okH;a,mufwkdUtm;
ae&mcsxm;í olUtwGufvnf; ae&mwck,lav&m uREkfyfonf olESifhtwl
aeavonf/ xdkUaemufrS awmacsmufrnfh &Gmom;rsm;tm; csKHawm\
tjcm;bufodkU vTwfvdkuf\/ csKHyifrsm;rSm ]ukef;aA'g}ac:onfh tyifrsm;
jzpfí vufckyfwazmifcefUjrifhav&m jrefrmjynf\ a&rsufESmjyifwGif
aA'gyifrsm; wkd;yGm;aygrsm;vsuf &SdMuonfhenf;wl ¤if;tyifrsm;onfvnf;
tnma'owvTm;wGif wkd;yGm;vsuf&Sdjcif;aMumifh ]ukef;aA'g}[k trnfay;
Mujcif; jzpfonfqdk\/ uREkfyfESifh udkodef;azwdkU onf ukef;aA'g awmtpGef;ü
opfyifwyifatmufwGif xdkifvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfu-
]]tEÅ&m,fawmh &SdEdkif rxifaygifaemf udkodef;az}}
]]jzpfawmh jzpfcJygw,f? odkUaomf jzpfawmhjzpfbl;w,fAsKdU? cifAsm;tzdkU
pdwfcs&atmif 'Dopfyifay:u wufMunfhygvm;Asm}}

441 
 udkodef;azESifh udk0ifharmfwkdU\ jcm;em;csufrSm udk0ifharmfonf
þtajctaersKd;wGif uREkfyftm;opfyifay:okdUwufzdkU pum;pyfvdrfhrnf
r[kwf/ olESifh twlaeaprnf jzpfavonf/
]]'Dvdkqdk usKyfopfyifay:u wufMunfhr,fAsm}}
]]wufyg? usKyfu0efaxmufrif; OD;0ifharmfr[kwfygbl;}}
uREkfyfonf udkodef;aztm; aus;Zl;wifaomfvnf; zGifhírajymyJ
opfyifay:odkU wufav\/ opfyifxufrSrl ukef;aA'gyifrsm;ay:rSausmfí
&Gmom;rsm;udkyif jrif&onfESifh &Icif;aumif;vSonf/ udkodef;azu-
]][dkvlawG a&mufukefMuNyDvm;AsKdU}}
]]a&mufukefMuNyDAsKdU? ayokH;av;&mavmuf a0;vdrfhr,fxifw,f}}
]]pDwef;ukefMuNyDvm;}}
]]pDwef;Muwkef;yJAsKdU? a[m NyD;MuNyDAsKdU}}
xdkcPü ]]a[;? [m;? 0l;? 0g;}}[laom toHrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?
]]jzKef;? 0kef;? *sKH;}}[laom&dkufoHESufoHrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? ]]0kef;? a0g? *def?
*if}}jrnfaom acG;oHrsm;udkvnf;aumif; Mum;Mu&av&m uREkfyfonf
olUae&mESifhol apmifhaeMuaom aoewform;rsm;udkvnf; jrif&í
toifhjyifqifMujcif;udkvnf; awGU&onf/ toHrsm;onf wjznf;jznf;
eD;vmí us,fonfxuf us,fvmMu&m tawmfeD;uyfvmaomtcgwGif
wvIyfvIyfjzpfaeaom ukef;aA'gyifrsm;\ xdyfzsm;rsm;udkyif opfyifay:rS
uREkfyfjrif&\/ w0ufcefUa&mufvmMuí uREkfyfwdkUESifh ayw&mausmfcefU
ta0;wGif acG;waumifonf ]]*def *def}} jrnfvsuf aemufokdUjyef
qkwfajy;aom toHudkMum;&\/
]]bmvJAsKdU udkodef;az}}

442 
 udkodef;azonf vufjyvsuf ]]usm;vm;? usm;opfvm;yJ wdwfwdwf
As}}[k wD;wdk;ajym\/ vu©PmrSm acG;onf usm;? okdUr[kwf
usm;opfESifhawGUojzifh vefUíjzpfap? ykwfrdaomaMumifh jzpfap
jyefqkwfajy;Mujcif;jzpf[efwlonf/ opfyifxdyfü vkHNcKHpGm&Sdaeaom uREkfyfu
rlpdk;&drfp&m r&SdonfESifh usm;jzpfap? usm;opfjzpfap raMumuf/
jzpfcsif;jzpfvQif usm;taumifBuD; jzpfapcsifonf/ aemufwcPü uREkfyfwdkU
&Sdaeaomae&mESifh wnfhwnfhBuD;wGif ukef;aA'gyifrsm;onf wvIyfvIyf&Sd&mrS
vIyf&Sm;rIonf wjznf;jznf; a&GUvmí aA'gawmuav; ecrf;tpGef;odkU
a&mufcJUavNyD/ taumifwrsKd;rsKd;vmaejcif;jzpf&rnf[líum; uREkfyfawG;q
Edkifonf/ udkodef;azvnf; xdkae&modkUyif pl;pdkufumMunfhaejcif;udk
uREkfyfjrif&\/ aemufwcPü vIyf&Sm;vsuf&Sdaom aA'gyifrsm;tMum;rS
OD;acgif;wjcrf;ay:vm&m usm;opfwaumif\ OD;acgif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyf
od&\/ udkodef;azvnf; jrifykH&\/ uREkfyfurl udkodef;az ypfvdkuf
awmhrnf[k arQmfvifhvsuf&Sd\/ udkodef;azrlum; rypfyJ aoewfESifhom
csdefxm;\/ aemufwcPü usm;opfonf udkodef;azudk jrifvdkufonfh
vu©PmESifh jAKwfueJwGefUqkwfum OD;acgif;jyef0ifoGm;NyD;aemuf aA'gyif
rsm;\tzsm;onf usm;opfoGm;aom vrf;aMumif;twdkif;vIyfoGm;Mu jcif;udk
opfyifay:rSuREkfyfjrifvdkuf&\/ yxrü udkodef;az rypfvdkufjcif;udk
pdwfxJutjypfwifcsifaomfvnf; usm;opfaemufrS &Gmom;rsm;&Sdaejcif;udk
csufcsif;owd&í udkodef;azrypfvkdufjcif;taMumif;udk em;vnfygonf/
uREkfyfonf aA'gyifxdyfzsm;rsm;vIyfoGm;aom usm;opfvrf;aMumif;udk
rsufpdESifhvdkufí Munhfvsuf&SdpOf ¤if;t&yfqDrS uGdefueJacG;atmfoHMum;&jcif;
ESifhtwlvlrsm; tvefUwMum; atmf[pfMuaom toHrsm;udkvnf; Mum;&\/
aemufwcPüaA'gcsKHawmudkazmufxGufí vsm;ueJ vsm;ueJ ajy;oGm;aom

443 
owÅ0gwaumifudkjrif&í aocsmpGmMunfhvdkuf&mwGif usm;opfwaumif
jzpfaMumif; odvdkuf&onf/ ckeifu usm;opfonf udkodef;azudkjrifonfESifh
vSnfhjyefNyD; tjcm;bufrS azmufxGufoGm;jcif;jzpf [kuREkfyfawG;qEdkifonf/

awm0ufxGufajy;ykH

usm;opfazmufxGufoGm;jcif;aMumifh vlrsm;ESifhacG;rsm; tawmfz&dkz&J

jzpfoGm;onfhvu©PmESifhtvefUwMum; atmfvdkufMuNyD;aemuf &Gmom;rsm;
onfwzef wmplMujyefíuREkfyfwdkU&Sd&mbufodkU,ciftwdkif; qufvuf
acsmufxkwfvmMujyef\/ uREkfyfonf aA'gyifxdyfzsm;uav;rsm; vIyf,drf;
jcif;udk opfyifxufrS arQmfMunfhaepOf taumifwaumif ajy;vmonfh
vu©PmESifh uREkfyfwdkUbufodkUaA'gyifxdyfzsm;uav;rsm; vIyfvmonfh
vrf;aMumif;udkjrif&\/ taumifonf &yfcsnfajy;csnf vkyfvmjcif;\
txdrf;trSwfrSm aA'gyifxdyfzsm;uav;rsm;u jyvsuf&Sd\/
vIyf&Sm;jcif;onf awmuav;\tpGef;tzsm;okdU a&mufvmavNyD/
aemufqkH;ü aA'gawmtpGef;rS jyL;Munfh[efESifh awm0ufwaumif\
ESmoD;zsm;uav;ay:xGufjcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&\/ awm0ufonf udkodef;az
&Sdaeaomae&mESifh wnfhwnfhr[kwf? ayw&mavmuf uGmvSrf;vdrfh rnf/
udkodef;azvnf; ¤if;udkjrif\/ odkUaomfrypfao;yJ aoewfESifhcsdefxm;\/
10puúefUrQ awGvsuf&yfaeNyD;aemuf awm0ufonf aA'gawmuav;xJrS
&kwfw&ufw[kefxdk; ckefxGufNyD;vQif awmuav;udk aemufcdkif;um
wnfhwnfhBuD; avQmufajy;av\/ udkodef;azonf awm0ufudkaoewfESifh
csdefívdkufpOf (vlvdkufjcif;r[kwf? aoewfvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/) awm0ufESifh
&Gmom;rsm;wwef;wnf;r[kwfaomae&modkU a&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf ]'dkif;}

444 
ueJ wcsufypfvdkuf&m awm0ufonf ajrBuD;ay:ü vdrfhoGm;jcif;udk
jrifvdkuf&\/ uREkfyf0rf;omrnfjyKqJwGif awm0ufonfajrBuD;ay:rSxí
,ciftwdkif;ajy;jyef\/ udkodef;azonf ESpfvkH;jyL;aoewfwGif xdk;xm;onfh
vufusef,rf;awmifhjzifh wcsufqifhíypfvdkufojzifh awm0ufonfvdrfhoGm;
jyef\/ þwBudrfürl awm0ufonf rxEdkifawmh&kHomru vIyfyifrvIyfEdkif
&Smawmhacs/ (&Sm[laomu&kPmpum; a&;om;jcif;rSm ,aeUtjrifESifh
a&;jcif;jzpf&m xdkpOfutjrifrlum; rsm;rsm;aoao yDwdjzpfav&SdcJUygonf/)
xdktawmtwGif; tjcm;aoewform;rsm;&Sd&mrSvnf; aoewfoHrsm;
w'dkif;'dkif;Mum;vsuf&Sd\/ pkpkaygif; 6csufxufenf;rnfrxif/ okdUaomf
aemufqkH;ü pkpkaygif; awm0uf 3 aumif&&Sdavonf/

udkodef;az\vufpGrf;

aoewform;wkdUrnfonfrSm rdrdwdkUypfvdkufaom om;aumifudk&&SdNyD;

onfhaemuf ypfvdkufpOfucsdefvTwfaomae&mudk wnfhwnfhBuD;xdrxd?
xdcJUvQif b,frQavmuf A[dkusonfh ponfrsm;udk Munfhavh&SdMu\/
tjcm;aoewform;rsm; ypfí&aom om;aumifrsm;udk MunfhMuNyD;aemuf
a&S;OD;pGmypfoljzpfí ESpfypf,l&aom udkodef;aztm; tjcm;aoewform;rsm;
urnfonfhae&mokdU csdefypfí rnfonfhusnfqefrsKd;ESifh ypfvdkufaMumif;ar;
Mu\/ udkodef;azu rdrd\ESpfvkH;jyL;aoewfwGif t,fvf*sD (usnfqef
ig;vkH;yg aom,rf;awmifh) um;wbuf? usnfrBuD;um;wbuf
(usnfqefwckwnf; ygaom,rf;awmifhudkqdkvdkonf/) xdk;xm;aMumif;?
csdefaomtcgwGif a&S;OD;pGm t,fvf*sDESifhypfí a&SUvufarmif;&if;odkUcsnf;
csdefíypfvdkufaMumif; ajymjy\/ aoewform;rsm;onf udkodef;az

445 
ypfaom0ufaumifudk vSefavSmMunfhMu&mwGif aoewform;tm;vkH;
(udkodef;azrusef) tBuD;tus,ftHUMovsuf&SdMu av\/ jzpfaeykHum;
udkodef;azcsdefypfvdkufonfh 0uf\ vuf,mbufvufarmif;&if;ü ig;yGifhqdkif
'Pf&muav; ig;csuftjyif tv,fA[dkü 'Pf&mBuD;wcsuf
awGUMu&aomaMumifhaywnf;/ t"dyÜm,frSm yxrypfvdkufaom t,fvf*sD
usnfqefig;ckonf csdefonfhtwdkif; yckH;odkUxdrSefxm;onfhjyif wzefxajy;
aomtcgü xdkae&mqDokdU csdefypfvdkufjyefygawmhvnf; wckwnf;aom
usnfronf ,cifxdrSefxm; onfh'Pfcsufig;csuf\ tv,fA[dkodkU
jzpfayaomaMumifhwnf;/ (A[dkqdkaomfvnf;vuf,mbuf txufaxmifhokdU
rqdkpavmufuav; csOf;uyfoGm;jcif;udkuREkfyfawGU&onf/) aoewform;
rsm;onf tvGeftHUMoonf/ rsufESmxm;rsm;ESifh udkodef;aztm; csD;usL;Mu
avonf/ uREkfyfonfvnf; a,mifaygifa&maESmNyD; ]uGef*&ufusL;av;&Sif;}
vkyfcJU&ygao;onf/ (rdwfaqGudkodef;azonf þtjcif;t&mudk tvGef
*kPf,lonfh vu©Pm&Sday&m þtaMumif;udk wae&m&mwGif waeUaeUü
uRekfyfa&;xnfh ay;rnf[k uwdjyKbl;onfhtwdkif; þae&mwGif a&;xnfhay;
vdkufavNyD/ ol\ ]0dnmOf}onf wae&m&mrS ESpfodrfhMunfEl;jcif;jzpfvdku
jzpfEdkifygapaomf) aoewform;av;a,mufwkdUonf 0ufaumifrsm;teufrS
waygifpDvnf;aumif;? uREkfyftwGuf waygifvnf;aumif; vSD;jzwf,lMuí
usefaom0ufom;rsm;udk &Gmom;rsm;tm; ay;vdkufMu\/ (þawmacsmuf
jcif;ü acG;waumifrSmusm;opfykwfí tawmfemoGm;onf[k od&onf/)

446 
udkodef;azESifhuREkfyf

aEG&moDwnaewGif udkodef;aza&mufvmí (udk0ifharmf ajymif;a&TUoGm;

onfhaemuf udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfonf udk0ifharmf\rSmxm;csuftwdkif;
udkufnDum wa,mufESifhwa,muf wkd;ícifrifvmMuonfrSm olu
rSmcJUaomaMumifh [kwfonfrxif/ rdwfaqGwa,muf avsmhoGm;jcif;aMumifh
usef&pfoltcsif;csif; wkd;ícifrifMujcif; jzpf[efwlonf/) xkH;pHtwdkif;
uREkfyfwkdU\ausmif;ü wnf;cdkav&m tpm;taomufrSm tdrf&SifESifh
{nfhonfwdkU wm0efcJGí,lMu\/ udkodef;az\tvkyfrSm ]atmufqdkuf}
&TifaomtvkyfrsKd;jzpfí ukefusp&m&SdvQif olucsnf; wm0ef,lygayonf/
q&muawmfa':pdk;\ 0wÅ&m;rSm aumif;aumif;csufjyKwf&kHom&Sdavonf/
uREkfyfwdkU\ausmif;ü udkodef;azjzpfap? udk0ifharmfjzpfap wnf;cdkMuaomtcg
wkdif; tapmqkH;tdyf&m0ifMuaomtcsdefrSm oef;acgifausmfjzpfí ESpfESpfcefU
aygif;oif;qufqHrdMu&mwGif udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfrSm obm0csif;
twlrsm;onfESifh ajymp&mpum; tawmfrsm;aeMuavNyD/ wlnDaom
obm0[lonfum; cspfcifaom oli,fcsif;vkyfaomtvkyfrsKd;qdkvQif
(olwyg;tm; xdcdkufaponfh &mZ0wfrIrsKd; r[kwforQ umvywfvkH;)
bmrqdk vdkufívkyfcsifwwfjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ Oyrm ok&mar&,
tvkyfrsKd;bufü olaomufvQifaomufrnf? ol]&I}pr;fvQif &Iprf;rnf?
olyGJoGm;vQif vdkufrnf? ol&efjzpfvQif olUbufulrnf [lonfwkdUjzpfonf/
okdU&mwGif tqdk;bufcsnf;oufouf[lí rqdkvdk? taumif;bufwGifvnf;
taomuftpm;udk oljzwfvQif jzwfrnf? olpmzwfvQif zwfrnf? tbd"r®m
udk olavhvmvQif avhvmrnf [lonfhoabmxm;rsKd;&SdMuonf/ (udkodef;az
onf c&pf,efwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; a*gwrAk'¨taMumif;udk qmtuf'0if

447 
tmEdk; a&;om;onfh tm&Swdkuf\tvif;a&mif  (Light  of  Asia)  ac:
Ak'¨0ifpmtkyfBuD;udk uREkfyf\wkdufwGef;csuft&zwfonfESifh Ak'¨tm;
tvGefMunfndKaompdwfjzpfay:onftxd tusKd;&SdoGm;onf/ uREkfyfuvnf;
olnTefMum;onfh OyepfoQ'fESifh b*0g*Dwwnf;[laom [dE´Lusr;fpmrsm;
udkzwfygonf/ uREkfyfyifwcgu tawmfESpfoufoGm;bl;ao; \/ okdU&mwGif
aemufydkif;ü uREkfyfw&m;tm;xkwfaomtcg c&pf,efor®musrf;? [dE´Lusrf;
ESifh Ak'¨tbd"r®mwdkUudk EIdif;,SOfcsufxkwfum &Sif;jyjcif;aMumifh udkodef;az
tawmfBuD;vdkufygvmonf/) þonfwdkUrSm pum;pyfrQomazmfjyjcif;jzpf&m
uRekfyf\&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGrsm;taMumif; a&;om;aomtcgwGifrS udkodef;
az\xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk azmfjyygOD;rnf/ xdknOfhwGifvnf; udkodef;azESifh
uREkfyfonf wa,mufESifhwa,mufrawGUrDu tjzpftysufrsm;udk tjyef
tvSef zGifh[um ]ajzmifhcsuf}ay;Mujcif;tm;jzifh oef;acgifausmfvif;tm;BuD;
tcsdefwdkifcJUygonf/ uREkfyftxl;oabmusonf rSm ESpfa,mufvkH;onf
]awmf}aomtcsufrsm;xuf ]a&Smf}cJUbl;aom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk azmfxkwf
ajymjyjcif;tm;jzifh tom;,lMuonf/ *kPfwk *kPfNydKif oabmxm;ol
tcsif;csif;jzpfygvsuf ]*kPFazmf}rIenf;yg;í &dk;om;pGm 0efcHcsufrsm;udk
azmfxkwfajymjyMujcif;aMumifh tHUvnf;tHUMoí oabmvnf; usvSonf/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfrSm i,foli,fcsif;rsm; r[kwfygyJvsuf
ESD;&if;aom rdwfaqGrsm;teufwGif tESD;&if;qkH;aom rdwfaqGjzpfvmjcif;
jzpfwef&monf/ xdkaeUrSpí olESifhuREkfyfonf wa,mufESifhwa,muf
][efvkyf}jcif; tvQif;r&SdawmhyJ ]t&if;wdkif;} qufqHMuavawmhonf/
þonfrSmvnf; t&omwrsKd;aywnf;/

448 
usm;udkufaomjrif;

aemufwaeUeHeuf apmapmü tdrfeD;csif;? &Gmom;wa,mufonf

udkodef;azxHokdUvmí ol\jrif;uav;udk ,refnOfhu usm;udkufaMumif;?
jrif;aoaumifudk a&TUxm;aMumif;ajymjy&m aoewf0goemtdk;jzpfaom
udkodef;azonf þnwGif ]vifhapmifh}&ef qkH;jzwfav\/ xdkUaemufolBuD;
udknSif;udkac:í uREkfyfwdkUonf jrif;&Sif&Gmom;ESifhtwl jrif;aoaumif&Sd&modkU
vdkufoGm;Mu\/ urf;eD&Gm\ taemufbufwGif oif;csKdif;&Sd&m ¤if;oif;csKdif;
ESifh wzmvkHcefUwGif jrif;aoaumifudk awGUMuav\/ ,refaeU naeurl
om;trdESpfaumifvkH; jyefrvmyJ oef;acgifausmfrS jrif;rBuD;waumif
wnf;jyefvmonfqdk\/ eHeufvif;í jrif;&Sifu vdkuf&Sm&mwGif þae&mü
awGU&jcif;jzpfavonf/ udkodef;azESifh udknSif;wdkU onf tajctaeudkMunfhí
wdkifyifMu&m jrif;aoaumifrSm opfyifESifhtawmfuGmvSr;fojzifh þtwdkif;
]vifhapmifh}&ef rjzpfEdkifqdk\/ okdUjzpfíoifhawmfaom opfyifwyifudk
a&G;cs,fMuNyD;vQif ¤if;wGif ]vifhpif}xkd;í jrif;aoaumifudk vifhpifESifh
ay20uGmavmufodkU qJGxm;&ef jrif;&Siftm;ajymjyav\/ jrif;&Sif\oabm
xm;rSm vifhapmifhí usm;udkypfjcif; tm;jzifh ol\jrif;uav; jyef&Sifvmrnf
r[kwfaomfvnf; rdrd\jrif;udk udkufowfonfh usm;udkaoatmifypfMuvQif
olUtzdkU&mü t&omwrsKd;&Sdonf[k ,lqavonf/ þum; vltrsm;wkdU\
obm0aywnf;/ udkodef;azu rnfonfhopfudkif;wGif vifhpifxdk;&rnfh
taMumif;udk jrif;&Siftm; nTefMum;í uREkfyfwdkUjyefvmMu&m jrif;&Sifonf
&Gmom;vli,frsm;udkac:í nTefMum;csuftwdkif; aqmif&Guf&pfMuavonf/

449 
olrwlaom rdcif

azmfjy&ef wcsufusef&pfonfrSm uRekfyf\rdcifonf urf;eD&GmodkU

tvnfvmcdkufjzpfí uREkfyfESifh udkodef;azwkdUcifrifMuykHudk awGU&jcif;aMumifh
0rf;omvsuf&Sdonf/ rdcif\xl;jcm;csufwckrSm om;ESifhcifrifonfqdkvQif
rnfolrnf0gra&G; cifrifwwf&Smonf/ zcifuJUodkU þvlESifhaygif;oifhonf?
xdkvlESifhraygif;oifh ponfjzifh oGefoifnTefMum;&ef 0goemr&Sd? uREkfyf
,lcJUaom r,m;rsm;tm; cifrifouJUodkU uREkfyf\rdwfaqG oli,fcsif;rsm;
tm;vnf; cifrifonfcsnf;jzpf\/ rdcif\tjyKtrlonf rSefonfjzpfap?
rSm;onfjzpfap uREkfyfurlum; uREkfyf\rdciftm; (olrwlaom rdcif)[lí
þtwGufaMumifhyif ydkícspfcifygonf/ uREkfyfESifh txl;cifrifaom
rdwfaqGrsm;rSmvnf; olUae&mESifhol awmfMuonfjzpfí rdcif\tjyKtrlonf
tvkH;pkH NcKHíMunfhvdkufaomtcg rSm;onf[krxifyg/ uREkfyf\r,m;rsm;
ESifhywfoufíjzpfap? ESD;&if;aom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh ywfoufí jzpfap
uJU&JU&Iwfcsaom pum;rsKd;ajymjcif;udkuREkfyfrrSwfrdyg/ ckwifudka&mif;pm;aom
'kwd,tdrfaxmiftaMumif;udkyif uREkfyfa&SUü bmrQrajym?a&ikHaecJUygonf/
¤if;aeU nae5em&DtcsdefwGif udkodef;azESifh olBuD;wkdUonf vifhapmifh&ef
jyifqifMuav&m uREkfyfvnf; vifhapmifhjcif;udk rjrifbl;onfESifh
twlvdkufoGm;rnf[k rdciftm;cGifhawmif;\/ rdcifu uREkfyfxifonfhtwdkif;
cGifhjyK&kHomru pdk;&drfruif;&SdykH&aom uREkfyf\ZeD;tm; vnf; ]]udpör&Sdygbl;
orD;&,f? a,mufsm;qdkwm pkHrSayghuG,fh}}[k tbdk;\ pum;twdkif;
ajymjyazmf&ygayonf/

450 
vifhapmifhMujcif;

5 em&Dxdk;NyD;onfESifhwNydKifeuf udkodef;azESifh olBuD;wdkUonf

aoewfwvufpDESifh xGufMuav&m uREkfyfvnf; vufcsnf;AvmvdkufygoGm;
av\/ uREkfyfonf tawmftwef wkefvIyfjcif;&Sdonfum;0efcH&ayrnf/
okdU&mwGif aMumuf&GHUaomaMumifhum;r[kwf (udkodef;az\ ]vuf}udk
tvGef,kHMunftm;xm;onf/) usm;udkawGUrSawGU&ygrnfavm[k pdk;&drfaom
aMumifhrQom jzpf\/ vrf;c&D;üolBuD;u rMumao;rDtwGif;u a&TvD&Dk;rS
olBuD;wa,muf vifhapmifh&mwGif usm;u vifhpifudkckefqGJí z&dkz&J ysufus
rnftjyK usm;\OD;acgif;udk aoewfwcsufxdrSefoGm;onfESifh olBuD;rSm
toufcsrf;om&m&aMumif; ajymjyonfwGifrS uREkfyfrSm tawmfwkefvIyf
oGm;rdygonf/ þwGifudkodef;azu xdkolBuD;apmifhaom vifhpifrSm opfyif
tqifroifhí usm;vGwfavmufatmif rjrifhyJ cyfedrfhedrfh vkyf&aomaMumifh
jzpfaMumif; ajymjyonfwGifrS pdwfoufom&m &ygawmhonf/ vifhpif
aqmufvkyfxm;aomae&modkU a&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyf\yxrOD;qkH;
ar;cGef;rSm vifhpifonf usm;vGwfavmufatmif jrifhyg\avm[lonf
yifjzpf\/ olwkdUESpfa,mufvkH;u ]]vGwfavmufygonf}} [k ajym&mwGifrS
twefpdwfat;oGm;ygonf/ odkUESifhvnf; vGwfavmuf rvGwfavmufudk
udk,fydkifOmPfESifh csifhcsdefrdygao;onf/ vihfpifrSm 0g;rsm;udk ]ukvm;azmif}
zGJUí aqmifvkyfxm;jcif;jzpf&m vl]ESpf&yf}avmufom jrihfonfESifh
pdwfrcswcs&S\
d /
okdU&mwGif uREkfyfonf ]tdwfpywf}ESpfa,muf\ tqkH;tjzwfudk
oHo,jzpfaMumif; razmfjyyJopfyifay:odkU a&S;OD;pGm wufygonf/
(trSefudka&;&vQif tcsdefra&G;usm;a&mufvmEdkifaom þae&mrsKd;wGif

451 
a&S;OD;pGmwuf&rS vkHNcKHygonf/) okH;a,mufvkH;vifhpifay:odkU a&mufMu
aomtcg uREkfyfu aoewform;ESpfa,muf\tv,füxdkif\/ xl;awmh
rxl;yg/ okdUaomf tv,frSxdkif&í pdwfvkHNcKHygonf/ aeom;wus
xdkifrdMuaomtcg uREkfyfonf tajctaeudk vSrf;arQmfMunfhvdkufonf/
uREkfyfwdkU\a&SUwnfhwnfhü ay100ywfvnfcefU&Sdonfh jrufcif;
uav;&Sd&m jrif;aoaumifuav;rSm uREkfyfwdkUESifh ay20uGmavmufwGif
jyifqifxm;\/ jyifqifykHum; OD;pGef;zkwfuav;udkyef;pnf;BudK;jzifh pkpnf;
xm;í puúLyef;uav;yefxm;NyD;vQif rsufESmudkaygif'grsm;&dkufxm;av
onf/ olwkdU\t,ltqrSm xdkuJUodkU rawmfrwnfhjyKvkyfum ]pwdvkyf}
xm;ygrS ¤if;tm; udkufowfaomusm;onf rvmyJraeEdkif? {uefrkcs
vm&onf[k ,kHMunfMuavonf/ ay100cefUus,faom jrufcif;\
[dkbufwGif csKHrsm;ESifh opfyifBuD;rsm;&S\
d / ae0ifzdkUrSm wem&Dausmfausmf
vdkao;aomfvnf; tcsKdUusm;onf aer0ifrDvmwwfaomaMumifh uREkfyfwdkU
BudKwifí vmMu&jcif;jzpf\/ uREkfyfonf ywf0ef;usiftajc taeudk
Munfhvsuf&SdpOf udkodef;azu ]]udkif; q&mwdkU aq;vdyfuav; bmav;
aomufcsifaomufxm;MuAsKdU? aemufxyfaomufzdkU tcsdefr&aybl;}}[k
ajymonfESifh tm;vkH;aq;vdyfaomufMu\/ usm;vmwwfaomtcsdefrSm
tvGefqkH; ae0ifNyD; ESpfem&DcefUtwGif;[kqdk&m þtwGif;tcsdefra&G;
csufcsif;vnf;vmEdkifonf[k qdkavonf/
ae0ifvkeD;aomtcg ESpfzmvkHcefUa0;aom urf;eD&GmrS EGm;rsm;?
jrif;rsm;odr;faom toHrsm;udkwpDpDMum;&\/ xdkUaemuf acG;a[mifoHrsm;?
&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;\ pum;ajymoHrsm;? b,fola& b,f0ga& ponfjzifh
[pfatmfac:iifoHrsm;? bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rS acgif;avmif;oH? aMu;pnfoH
rsm; ponfwkdUonf em;xJodkU vkH;í0ifvmMu\/ þtoHrsm;onf

452 
Mum;aeustoHrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; tcgwdkif;rl *&kpdkufrdonfr&Sd/ vQHíom
xGufoGm;wwfay&m em;rsufpdrsm;udkzGifhNyD; pdwftm&kH pl;pdkufvsuf&Sdaom
xdktcgürl toHwckpD wckpD ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;BuD; em;xJodkU 0ifoGm;Muav\/
tvkyfuvnf;tEÅ&m,f&Sd Edkifonfh (usm;apmifhaom) tvkyfjzpfaomaMumifh
tm&kHaMumrsm;onf txl;xufjrufaeMuykH&onf/ 8em&DcefUü uav;
wa,mufidkvdkufaomtoHudkyif yDyDoo Mum;vdkuf&\/ &GmolwkdU\
toHrsm;onf wjznf;jznf; qdwfonfxuf qdwfoGm;av&m 8em&DcGJcefUwGif
w&GmvkH; wdwfqdwfvsuf &Sdawmh\/ olwkdUuvnf; uREkfyfwkdUxHrS
aoewfoHudk em;pGifhvsuf&Sdonf[k od&onf/ awmxJrS &SOhfoH? iSufoH
ponfrsm;rSmrl ae0ifpuwnf;u vkH;0 wdwfqdwfvsuf&SdavNyD/ vifhay:odkU
uREkfyfwdkUwufrdMuonfrSm okH;em&DausmfcJUavNyD/usm;um;ray:vmao; acs/

qD;awmifhaom'ku©

9 em&Dausmfvwfaomf uREkfyfrBuKHbl;onfh ]awm\wdwfqdwfjcif;}udk

yxrtBudrfBuKH&\/ *l\wdwfqdwfjcif;udk BuKH&bl;ay&m awm\wdwfqdwf
jcif;onf (uREkfyf\pdwfwGif) xdkUxufyif eufeJao;\/ qkd;&Gm;aom
tjcif;t&mwckrSm ae0ifNyD;uwnf;u jcifaumifrsm;ofn w0D0Djrnfvsuf
yg;?em;&Guf ponfrsm;udk 0dkfif;tkHum udkufMuav&m ¤if;wkdUtm; vufzsm;
uav;jzifh ykwfcwfvdkufonfqdkvQifyif 0g;x&Hudk vufz0g;jzifh
ykwfvdkufonfhtvm; bkH;ueJ aAsmif;ueJ tvefUwMum; jrnfvmav
awmhonf/ xdkUaMumifh jcifudkufaomfvnf; r&dkuf0HU? vufuav;jzifh
jznf;nSif;pGmacsmuf&\/ rsm;vGef;awmhvnf; racsmufEdkifojzifh ayícH&\/
uREkfyfteD;olBuD;bufrS ]*GwfueJ *GwfueJ}jrnfaomtoH wcsufwcsuf

453 
Mum;&í pkH;prf;Munfh&m tjcm;r[kwf? wHaxG;rsKdcsaom toHrsm;jzpfonf
[kod&\/ olBuD;onfwHaxG;udk cHwGif;ü pkxm;NyD;rS tvkH;vdkufrsKdcswwfol
wa,mufjzpfav&m xkdtoHaMumifh usm;vefUajy;rnfudkyif uREkfyfwkdU
pdk;&drfrd\/ awm\wdwfqdwfjcif;onf þrQavmufeufeJvSonf/ (um;jcif;
r[kwf? wu,fjzpfygonf) þtawmtwGif; uREkfyf\rsufpdrsm;onf
tvum;aeonfr&Sd? jrif;aoaumifuav;udk wpdkfufwnf;pdkufvsuf
Munfhaerd\/ jrif;aoaumifuav;\ azG;azG;jzLaomrsufESmonf vqef;9
&ufva&mifwGif xif;xif;BuD;ay:vsuf&Sd&m Munfh,if;Munfh,if;ESifhyif
uREkfyf\rsufvkH;rsm;rSm xdkae&mrS a&TUír&yJjzpfvm\/ (xdkpOfurl uREkfyfrSm
wapäaMumufwwfoljzpfonf/) Munfh,if; Munfh,if; aMumufvmonfESifh
rsufESmvTJzdkUBudK;pm;aomfvnf; csufcsif;yif xdkae&modkUjyefa&muf\/
uREkfyfaMumufvmjcif;rSm tjcm;aMumifhr[kwf? taoaumifudk yef;pnf;BudK;
ESifhyef;yefay;NyD; aygif'gvdrf;xm;onfh rawmfrwnfhjyifqifxm;rIaMumifh
aMumufp&mpdwful;awG ay:aygufvmjcif; jzpfavonf/ (wapäaMumuf
wwfjcif;qdkonfrSm wu,facsmufao;onf r[kwfyJ pdwful;jzifh
aMumufMuonfom rsm;avonf/) q,fem&Dausmfvwfaomf jcifudkufcH&
aom'ku©ESifh jrif;wapäaMumufaom 'ku©wkdUtay:wGif a0'emwck xyfqifh
vmjyefavNyD/ ¤if;rSm qD;oGm;csifaom tcH&cufrIyifjzpfonf/
uREkfyf\'ku©taMumif;udk wD;wdk;ajymjy&m udkodef;azu ]][m rvkyfeJUAsKdU?
atmifhxm;Asm}}[k ajym\/ uREkfyfrSmtvGef w&m tcH&cufaomtajcodkU
a&mufcgrS zGifhajymjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh atmifhxm;&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhyJ
&SdonfwGif udkodef;azu ]]wwfEdkifbl;Asm? aygufomcsvdkufawmh}}[k
cGifhjyKonfESifh Asif;Asif;jrnfaomtoHonf wawmvkH;yJUwifxyfoGm;onf

454 
xifvdkuf&\/ ]]usDawmufarhusef&pfwm *Gusw,fAsm}}[kolBuD;u wD;wdk;
nnf;wGm;avonf/

awmaumif0ifvmjcif;

11 em&DausmfavNyD/ usm;vnf; ray:vmao;acs/ uREkfyfrSmrl

aeomxdkifom&SdoGm;í usm;vmrnhfta&;udk *&kpdkufEdkifjyefavNyD/ okdUaomf
jrif;wapäaMumifjcif;rlum; xyfíay:vmjyef\/ qD;awmifhpOfurl wapä
vnf;raMumuf? usm;udkvnf;rvefU? tcH&cufaom a0'emudkom
owd&vsuf&Sd\/ 11em&DcGJvwfaomf cyfa0;a0;rS awm0ufwaumif
vefUajy;onfhvu©PmESifh ]0d.td.td.td.td}[k jrnfum csKHxJodkUwkd;ajy;oH
Mum;&ojzifh udkodef;azu vufjyum 0rfeifay;vdkuf\/ usm;ESifhawGUí
vefUajy;aom awm0ufoHjzpfonf[k uREkfyfem;vnf&onf/ xdktcsdefü
vqef;9&ufvonf tawmfapmif;oGm;NyDjzpfí jrif;aoaumifay:okdU
uREkfyfwkdU\opfyif&dyfusojzifh arSmifvsuf&SdavNyD/ okdU&mwGif aygif'g
vdrf;xm;aom jrif;rsufESmuav;rlum; arSmifxJüyif azG;azG;uav;
jrif&\/
olwkdUESpfa,mufonf þae&mxdkae&mwdkUodkU arQmfMunfhMuaomfvnf;
uREkfyfrlum; usm;vmvQif þae&modkUvm&rnfqdkum jrif;udkom Munfh
ae\/ 0ufvefUajy;NyD;aemuf ESpfrdepfcefUwGif om;iSufrqdkEdkif iSufwaumif
vefUí atmfjrnfysHajy;jcif;udk Mum;vdkuf&\/ xdkUaemuf wrdepfcefUwGif
iSufESifhawm0ufwkdUvefUaomae&mqDrS w&SL;&SL;ESmrIwfoHMum; &í wjznf;
jznf; toHeD;vmNyD;vQif jrif;aoaumifteD;odkU taumifwaumif &pfoGm;
jcif;udk uREkfyfjrifvdkuf&\/ vu©PmrSm xdktaumifonf (usm;opf[k

455 
aemifrSod&onf/) rdrdudkufowfxm;cJUaom jrif;aoaumif&Sdonfh ae&modkU
a&S;OD;pGmoGm;í jrif;aoaumifudk rawGU&aomtcg w&GwfwkdufqGJoGm;aom
vrf;aMumif;twdkif; ajrBuD;udk w&SL;&SL;jrnfatmif teHUcHvdkufvmjcif;
jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ aemufqkH;ü jrif;aoaumifudk awGU&aomfvnf;
ae&majymif;aeonfhtwGuf rouFmonfESifh csif;csif;xdkifírpm;yJ vpfueJ
wzefjyefíxGufoGm;jyef\/ xdkUaMumifhpm;awmhrnftxifESifh aoewfjyif
vsuf&SdMuaom udkodef;azESifh olBuD;wkdUonf aoewfrsm;udk &kyfodrf;
xm;Mu&\/ olwkdU\tBuHrSm rypfrlí ususee xdkifpm;aomtcgrSypfMu&ef
jzpfavonf/

ypfawmhypf&onf

usm;opfonf jrif;aoaumifrS cGmNyD;aemuf jrifcif;\ywf0ef;usif&Sd

arSmif&dyfxJodkU 0ifoGm;av&m rkqdk;ESpfa,mufwkdUvnf; apmifhMunfhaeMu\/
twefi,fMumaomf uREkfyfwdkU\ vifhpifatmufwnfhwnfhrS cRwfcRwf
jrnfaom toHESpfcsufMum;&av&m olBuD;uatmufodkU vufnId;xdk;jy\/
usm;opfonf uREkfyfwdkUatmufodkUa&mufaeí opfudkif;ajcmufwckudk
eif;rd[efwlonf/ okdUaomfbmrQ rMumrD w&SL;&SL; erf;vsuf wae&modkU
a&TUajymif;oGm;\/ vu©PmrSm uREkfyf\us,fi,feHU &onfESifh rouFmí
xGufcGmoGm;jcif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ xdktcsdefrSpí usm;opfonf wae&mwnf;ü
MumMumr&yfyJ [dkul;vdkuf onful;vdkuf ponfjzifh jrif;aoaumifteD;odkU
csOf;uyfvdkuf cGmoGm;vdkuf ponfjzifh *emrNidrfyJ vl;vm;cwf
jzpfaeawmhonf/ þenf;jzifh em&D0ufcefU Mumvwfaomf udkodef;azu
udknSif;tm; rkqdk;wdkU bmomjzifh tcsufay;vdkuf\/ (uREkfyfum; em;rvnf/

456 
aemifrSod&onf/) t"dyÜm,frSm ]usm;opfonf jrif;aoaumifudk
0ifpm;awmhrnfrxif? rouFmvsuf&Sdae avNyD/ xdkUaMumifh aemufwBudrf
]vifh}atmuf0ifNyD;í txGufwGif ypfMupdkU}[lonfyifjzpf\/ usm;opfonf
usifi,feHUudk rouFmaomaMumifh vifhatmufodkU cPcP0ifav&m
aemufwBudrft0ifwGif rkqdk;ESpfa,muf wkdUonf aoewfrsm;ESifh
csdefxm;Mu\/ vifhpifatmufrS taumifudkrlum; rnfolrQjrifEdkif
onfr[kwfacs/ uRekfyfrSm olwkdU\tBuHudk&dyfrdí &ifckefvsuf&Sd\/
aMumufaomaMumifhr[kwf/ odkUavmokdUavm[laom pdwfaZmaMumifh jzpf\/
wcPü 0g;vifhpifonf olwkdUESpfa,muf\ udk,f[efjyrIaMumifh odrfhueJ
jzpfoGm;onfESifh wNydKifeuf 'dkif;'dkif;[laom toHESpfcsufonf wNydKifeuf
uJUokdUjrnfoGm;\/ uREkfyfonfvnf; olwkdU\ aoewfcsdefxm;aom
ae&mqDodkU ikHUMunhfvsuf&Sd&m taumifwaumifonf vifhpifatmufrS
jzKef;ueJckefxGufvsuf ]cGD; cGD; cGD; cGD;}ESifh t&SnfBuD; jrnfatmfum
awmxJodkU0ifajy;av\/
]]b,fae&m csdefypfvdkufovJAsKdU udknSif;}}
]]vnf*kwfaemufudk ypfvkdufw,f? cifAsm;aum}}
]]usKyfuZufydk;udk ypfvdkufw,f}}
]]xGufxGufcsif; ypfMu&wmrdkU aumif;aumif;xdykHr&bl;AsKdU}}
]][kwfwmayghAs? ta0;BuD;a&mufatmif atmfajy;wm rMum;bl;vm;}}
]]ausmif;q&m&JU ao;eHUaMumifhyJAs}}
]]rwwfEdkifbl;av? cifAsm;uusnfawmufrS r,lcJUyJudk;}}
]]usKyfuvJ 'DavmufMumMumBuD; apmifh&vdrfhr,f rxifrdbl;Asm}}
]][kwfawmh [kwfw,f? ol0ifvmwmudku odyfaemufuswmyJ?
'grsKd;wcgrS rBuKHzl;bl;}}

457 
 xdktcsdefürl v0ifoGm;NyDjzpfí wawmvkH; arSmifrnf;vsuf&Sd&m
uREkfyfwkdUonf &Gmom;rsm;vmBudKonfudkapmifh,if; ajcmufem&DausmfrQ
iwfvsuf&Sdaom aq;vdyfudk tm;&yg;& &SL&IdufMu&av\/ rsm;rMumrD
&GmbufrS ]0l;0g;}[k tlum tcsufay;aom toHrsm;Mum;&í olBuD;u
jyef]tl}&mwGif &Gmom; av;ig;a,mufwkdUonfvufESdyf"mwfrD;rsm;? vufqGJ
rSeftdrfrsm;ESifh a&mufvmMuav\/ ¤if;wdkUteufwGif jrif;&SifvlBuD;vnf;
ygvm\/ ¤if;wdkUu-
]]0ifcJU&rSmvm;}}
]]0ifcJUMuyg}}
olwkdUvlpkonf vifhpifatmufodkU a&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyfwkdUvnf;
vifhay:rS qif;NyD;MuavNyD/
]]b,frSmvJAs usm;aum}}
]]xdawmh xdw,fxifwmyJ? rusbl;As? taumifu r0ifbl;}}
]]b,f0ifrSmvJ q&mwkdU[mu eHueHoeJU? usm;rajymeJU uRefawmfwkdU
awmifeHao;}}
]]usm;r[kwfbl;As vifhyJ}}
¤if;a'oü usm;opfudk ]vifh}[k ac:Muonf/
xdkUaemuf uREkfyfwdkUonf vifhpifatmufrS usm;opfxGufaom
ae&mudk aocsmpGmMunfhMu&m aoG;tenf;i,f usef&pfjcif;udkawGU&\/
xdvQifxdcsif;k rckefvdkufEdkifrD usqif;aom aoG;jzpfaomaMumifhrsm;rsm;BuD;
rusEdkif[kqdkum arQmfvifhcsufjzifh olUvrf;twdkif; vufESdyf"mwfrD;rsm;jzifh
vdkufíxkd;MunfhMuao;\/ okdU&mwGif aoG;pufrsm;rSm wae&mESifhwae&m
cyfusJusJ awGUMu&aomaMumifh aoavmufaom 'Pf&m r[kwfEdkifqdkum
ypfxm;cJUMuav\/

458 
 ausmif;odkUa&mufMuaomtcg rdcifESifhrpdk;wkdUonf uREkfyfwdkUtm;
wHcg;zGifhay;NyD;aemuf rdcifu ]]b,fhES,fvJa[h? rif;wkdUusm;vm&JUvm;?
b,ftcsdefvmovJ}}[k ar;ojzifh oef;acgifeD;rS ay:vmaMumif;ajym&mwGif
rdcifNyKH;onfudk uREkfyfjrifvdkuf\/ uREkfyfu ]]b,fvkdvJtar}}[k ar;aom
tcg rpdk;u atmufygtwdkif;jyefajymavonf/ ae0ifonfESifhwNydKifeuf
rdcifonf usm;aornf pdk;aomaMumifh uREkfyfwdkU&Sd&modkU rvmap&ef
y&dwf&Gwfjcif;? arwÅmydkUjcif;? t"dXmefjyKjcif; ponfjzifhawmufavQmuf
&Gwfzwfo&Zösm,fvsuf&SdaMumif;? oef;acgifeD;aomtcgrS rdciftdyfcsifvm
onfESifh om;trdESpfa,muf twltdyfMuaMumif; ajymjyavonf/

,kHcsifrS,kHyg

þonfrSm ]xef;oD;a<ucdkuf usD;eif;cdkuf} jzpfEdkifjcif;udk

uREkfyfem;vnfygonf/ odkU&mwGifrdcif\xl;qef;aom t&nftcsif;tcsKdUudk
wifjyyg&apOD;? zwfNyD;aomtcgrS pmzwfoludk,fwdkif qkH;jzwfcsufcsEdkifyg
onf/ rdcifonf touf30ausmfavmufuwnf;u w&m;ESifharGUavsmfoljzpf
í BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGif (Nrdwfq&mawmf\ Mo0g'twdkif;)
tBudwfte,fw&m;tm;xkwfjcif;? pdwfudkxdef;odrf;jcif;? npOf&Gwfzwf
o&Zösm,fjcif; ponfwkdUaMumifh wefckd;tmedoif tenf;ESifhtrsm; &&Sdonf[k
vltrsm;u ,kHMunfMuonf/ (uREkfyfrlum; ,kHvG,fwwfol r[kwfjcif;
aMumifh  (Scientific  Minded)  ,kHMunfavmufvQif aemufqkH;rS
,kHwwfoljzpfonf/) om;rzGm;Edkifaom rdef;ronfrdcif\ ]y&dwfa&}aMumifh
tvG,fwul zGm;jrifEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfMuonf/ udkfufwwfaom acG;onf
rdciftm; rudkufjcif;udk uREkfyfudk,fwdkif tBudrfBudrfBuKH&bl;onf/ rdcifonf

459 
rnfonfhacG;udkrS raMumufwwf? tdrfxJodkU &J&J0if0HUonf/ txl;ojzifh
qef;Mu,fonfrSm rdcif\ tdyfrufrsm;onf t"dyÜm,f&Sdaom tdyfruf
rsKd;jzpfwwfí wpkHw&m jzpfrnfqdkvQif BudKwifí tdyfrufwwfaomaMumifh
aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;onf rdcif\ owday;jcif;udk tvGefav;pm;Muonf/
þtjcif;t&mudkrl uREkfyfudk,fwdkif r,kHw,kH&Sdygonf/ uREkfyfudk
y#doaE¨&Sdonfhtcsdefü rdcifjrifrufaom tdyfrufrSm aumif;vGef;tm;BuD;
aomaMumifh uREkfyfudk,fwdkifvnf; r,kHonfhjyif yvTm;&musrnfpdk;aom
aMumifh þae&mürazmfjyvdkawmhyg/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm uREkfyfudk,fwdkif [kwÅdywÅd
xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rjzpfao;aomaMumifh ¤if;tdyfrufESifh rxdkufwef[k ,lqvsuf
&Sdygao;onf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfapusm;? usm;opfwkdU rnfonf rdrdwdkU
udkufowfxm;aom taoaumif&Sd&modkU rvmcsifvnf;aeap? vmvQif
cyfapmapm vmwwfjcif;ESifh xdknOfhu rdcif y&dwf&Gwfjcif; &yfpJcsdefESifh
usm;opfa&mufcsdefudk wdkufqdkifjcif;rlum; trSefyifjzpfygonf/

raysmfydkufp&m zefwD;csufrsm;

waeUoü uREkfyf\ausmif;wGif udkodef;az wnf;cdkvsuf&SdpOf

rdk;ukwfNrdKUrS ynmtkyf udkzdk;aomfwmonf urf;eD&GmodkU e,fvSnfha&mufvmí
jrefrmpmoifausmif;ü wnf;cdkavonf/ udkzdk;aomfwmrSm*syfqifaumvdyf
abmoif;xifay:bl;pOfu tvGefemrnfBuD;cJUbl;onfh *dk;orm;wa,muf
jzpf&m ol\abmzrf;jcif;rSm abmvkH;udk rd&kHru vuf[efajc[efESifh
ckefykHzrf;ykHwdkU oyf&yfvSy pwdkfifusjcif;wkdUaMumifh omí emrnfBuD;jcif;
jzpfavonf/

460 
 uREkfyfonf *sLAvDa[modkU vufrIynm jyyJGtwGuf oGm;&pOfu
oli,fcsif; armif&D&Sdaom *syfqifaumvdyfü wntdyfcJUbl;&mwGif
olESifhoduRrf;cJUavonf/ udkodef;azrSmvnf; c&pf,efcsif;jzpfí olESifh
tawmfuav; t&if;ESD;\/ odkUjzpfí udkodef;az\tBuHay;csuft&
uREkfyfonf udkzdk;aomfwmtm; npmpm;zdkUzdwf\/ olBuD; udknSif;tm;vnf;
(acwfynmwwf r[kwfapumrl) rdwfjzpfaqGjzpfoabmESifh zdwfMum;
avonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf xkH;pHtwdkif; q&muawmf csufaom
pm;p&mrsm;ESifh udkodef;az0,f,lcJUaom aomufp&mrsm;jzifh aysmfjrL;Mu&m
¤if;]'if;em;ygwD}wGif ,cifu ygwDrsm;xuf tenf;i,f ]rsm;}oGm;Muonf
xif\/ okdU&mwGif qlnHjcif;? jiif;ckefjcif;um;r&Sd? cspfMunfpGmESifhyif
vlpkcGJum 10 em&DcefUwGif tdrfodkUjyefMuygonf/ uREkfyfwdkUtxJwGif
olBuD;onf tenf;i,f,dkifoGm;onf[k xifvdkfufrdMuonf/ odkUaomf
ol\tdrfESifh uREkfyf\ausmif;rSm eD;uyfaomaMumifh vdkufykdU&efrvdk?
ol\&Gmvnf; jzpfaomaMumifh pdwfcsvufcsae&pfMuonf/
aemufwaeUeHeuf cyfapmapmyif udkzkd;aomfwmonf vrf;avQmuf&mrS
jyefvmí uREkfyfwdkUudkjrifonfESifh ausmif;ay:odkU wufvm\/ xdkaeUrSm
OykoaeUjzpfí ausmif;ydwfonfESifh at;at;aq;aq; pum;ajymvsuf
&SdMu\/ em&Dw0ufcefU Mumvwfaom ausmif;wnfaxmif aom
opfukefonfokH;OD;wGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfaom OD;av;armif wufvmí
wdkifwef;onfrSm ,refnOfhu olBuD;udknSif;onf ausmif;rS (t&ufrl;NyD;)
qif;vmí &Gmv,fwGif ol\vkyfom;wa,mufESifhawGUaMumif;? vkyfom;tm;
ar;jref;ppfaq;&mwGif OD;armif\wynfh[k ajymaomfvnf; r,kHMunfEdkif
qdkum olBud;utdrfodkUac:oGm;NyD; wnvkH;csKyfxm;aMumif; ajymav\/
{nfhonfESpfa,mufESifh uREkfyfrSm þausmif;rSt&uftwl aomufNyD;

461 
qif;oGm;onfh olBuD;jzpfonfudkodMuí tm;emyg;em jzpfaeMupOf
OD;av;armifu aot&ufaomufpm;jcif;\ tjypfrsm; taMumif;udk
uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muftm; &Snfvsm;pGm vufcsmay;avawmhonf/
uREkfyfwdkUonf yxrü OD;av;armiftm; tm;emMuaomfvnf; tpdk;&
trIxrf;rsm;jzpfMuaom udkzdk;aomfwmESifh udkodef;azwdkUonf wjznf;jznf;
rsufESmxm; wif;vmMujcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&onf/ uREkfyfurl olwkdUESpfa,muf
tay:ü tm;emvsuf &SdavNyD? þvlBuD;onf uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;tay:ü
wlom;aemifr,fuJUodkU oabmxm;um t&m&müapmifha&SmufcJUayaom
aus;Zl;udkaxmufxm;aomtm;jzifh uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;&SdpOf jrnfwGef
awmufwD;jcif; jzpfygrlum; BudK;pm;íonf;cHEdkifzG,f&m&Sdygao;\/ (trSefrSm
uREkfyf\rdbrSwyg; rnfolu rnfrQavmuf apwemaumif;onfjzpfap
jrnfwGefawmufwD;jcif;udk cHcsifol r[kwfyg) ,ckrSmrl rdwfaqGrsm;a&SUü
uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;udk ]jrnf}&kHru tzGJUyg jrnfjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh
olwkdUtay:ü tm;emNyD; uRekfyftwGuf &Sufvnf;&Sufygonf/ odkUjzpfí
þvlBuD;qif;oGm;onfESifh wNydKifeuf (ausmif;om;rsm;\ ynma&;twGuf
&uftm;r,lyJ uREkfyf\BudK;pm;csufrsm;udkrS raxmufxm;avjcif;[k atmuf
arhum) ZeD;tm;jrawmifodkUjyefapí {nfhonfrsm;tm;vnf;jyefMuzdkU
ajymNyD;vQif csufcsif;jrif;jyifum tif;&GmodkU xGufvmcJUav\/ odkUaomf
&ufowÅwywftwGif; tjcm;vlBuD;rsm;\ awmif;yefjcif;? OD;armif\
0efcHjcif;ESifh udk0ifharmf tay:üxm;cJUaom uwdwkdUaMumifh urf;eDokdU
wzefjyefvmNyD; qufvuf tvkyfvkyfygao; onf/
waeUoü udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfonf "r®obm0taMumif;udk
aqG;aEG;vsuf&SdpOf zcif\w&m;a[maumif;jcif; taMumif;udkuREkfyfu
ajymrdonfESifh zcifudkyifhac:&ef udkodef;azu pm;&dwfcHrnf[k ajymojzifh

462 
olUqE´twdkif; yifhac:vkduf\/ uREkfyf\zcifrSm w&m;a[majymjcif; tvkyfü
tvGefarGUavsmfoljzpfí csufcsif;vdkyif 0rf;ajrmuf0r;fom a&mufvm\/
zcifonf okH;nrQqufí a[m&mudkodef;azESifholBuD;tjyif urf;eD&GmrS
oufBuD;&G,ftdkrsm;vnf; vma&mufemMu\/ ausmif;wnfaxmifaom
vlBuD;wOD;jzpfonfh OD;av;armiftm; zdwfac:aomfvnf; (uREkfyfwdkU
vlpktay:ü t,kHtMunfr&SdaomaMumifhayavm rqdkEdkif) rvma&mufacs/
tjcm;y&dowfrsm;jyefoGm;MuNyD;aemuf udkodef;azESifh udknSif;wdkUonf
oef;acgifausmfwdkifatmif okH;nwdkifwdkif Mum;emMu\/ uREkfyf\zcifrSm
o'¨gw&m;wuf< uatmif a[majymjcif;ü tvGefpGrf;aom "r®uxdu
jzpfay&um; wwd,nwGif udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfu t&ufudk vnf;aumif;?
olBuD;udknSif;u t&ufa&m aoewfyg vnf;aumif; vSLvdkufMuavonf/
udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfonf wESpfcefUtMumwGif t"dXmefysufMuaomfvnf;
udknSif;rlum; toufxufqkH; xdef;odrf;oGm;ay onf[k odvdkuf&ayonf/
uREkfyf\zciftay:wGif o'¨gw&m;jzpfjcif;onfvnf; udkodef;az
tay:ü uREkfyfu wkd;ícifrif&ef (okdUr[kwf wa,mufESifhwa,muf tjyef
tvSef wkd;ícifrif&ef) taMumif;w&yfjzpfvmawmhonf/ OD;armifESifh
uREkfyfrlum; cifrifav;pm;rIonf wzefxyfí usqif;oGm;ygawmhonf/
vlUobm0onf tawmfqef;Mu,f\/ vlrdkufwa,mufvdr®moGm;jcif;xuf
xdkvlrdkuftay:ü q&mvkyfNyD; txufpD;ESifhMo0g'ay;jcif;udk ydkrdkESpfouf
wwfavonf/ uREkfyfwkdUtaMumif;udk OD;armifMum;od&aomtcg om"k
rac:csifyJ cyfNyKH;NyKH; vkyfaewwfavonf/
]acG;NrD;aumuf usnfawmufpGyf}[k ajymcsif\/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap
BudK;pm;jcif;udk todtrSwfjyKxdkufonf[k uREkfyfwkdUoabm&Muonf/ zcif
jyefoGm;NyD;aemuf OD;av;armifESifh uREkfyfwdkUvlpkonf cyfwef;wef;

463 
jzpfoGm;MuavNyD/ xdktcsdefrSpí urf;eD&Gmü uREkfyfraecsifp&m taMumif;
uav;rsm;onf (topfa&mta[mif;yg) uREkfyf\pdwfxJwGif rMumcP
ay:aygufvsuf &Sdygawmhonf/

aus;pGyfaomvl

rauseyfcJUaom tjzpfa[mif;rsm;um; þokdUaywnf;/ uREkfyf\

ausmif;ESifhrsufapmif;xdk;&Sdaom tdrfuav;wGif iSuform;wa,muf
aexdkif\/ xdkolonf pufcsKyfaom tvkyfudkvnf;wbufuvkyf\/
(urf;eD&GmwGif iSuform;tvkyfoufoufjzifh xrif;r0Edkif) uREkfyfwdkUü
udpöBuD;i,fjzifh c&D;oGm;&ef&Sdonfjzpfap? t0wftxnfrsm; csKyfvkyf&ef
&Sdonfjzpfap xdkvltm;tokH;csavh&Sd\/ wcgw&HolUü ydkufqHjywfvyf
vQifvnf; uREkfyfwdkUuxkwfacs;avh&Sd\/ oluvnf;pum; acsmhajymwwf
onfhtavsmuf uREkfyfwdkUtm; w&dkwaoqufqHonfESifh tawmfcifrif&if;ESD;
onf[k xifrdygonf/ uREkfyfonf &Gmv,fvrf;wGif jrif;pdkif;pOfu qif
orm;wa,mufudk wdkufrdbl;jcif;taMumif;azmfjycJUjcif;udk rSwfrdMuayvdrfh
rnf/ xdkuJUokdU wdkufrdNyD;onfh aemufwaeUnaewGif uRekfyfonf &GmjyifodkU
vrf;avQmuf xGufvmcJU&m qiform;rsm;onf &Gmhjyif&SdZ&yfwaqmifwGif
wnf;cdkvsuf&Sd Mu\/
uREkfyfonf rdrdwdkufrdxm;aom qiform;udkowd&í 0ifMunfhrnf[k
Z&yfodkUavQmufvm&mazmfjycJUaom iSuform;onf uREkfyfbufodkU ausmcdkif;
um&yfvsuf Z&yfayay:&Sdqiform;tm; vSrf;ípum;ajymvsuf &Sd\/
qiform;u ]]cifAsm;wdkUqiform;qdkNyD; 'DwcsDtnHUcHvdkufavAsm}}[kajym
vsuf&Sd\/ (qiform;[lonfrSm vlawvlayrsm;jzpfonf[k emrnf&ol

464 
rsm;jzpfonf/) uREkfyfonftxufygpum;udkMum;vkduf&í qiform;rsufESm
ysufoGm;jcif;udk jrifvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf jrif;ESifhwdkufrd aomtjzpfudk
ajymjcif;jzpfonf[k &dyfrdavNyD/ iSuform;onf wpkHw&m jyefrajymyJ
rsufESmysufvsuf&Sdaom qiform;udkjrifonfESifh ¤if;aemufodkU vSnhfMunhf
vdkuf&mwGif uREkfyfESifhrsufESmcsif;qdkifvsuf&SdMuav\/ uREkfyfu rsufESmxm;
wrsKd;ESifhNyKH;jcif;udk olrMunfhEdkifyJ awmifajymrvdk ajrmufajymrvdk ESifh
bmrQrajymyJ xGufoGm;avawmhonf/ þwGifqiform;udkausmif;odkU ac:í
olauseyfap&ef aiG5usyf ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/ uREkfyfonf
iSuform;tm; a&S;enf;twl tokH;csygao;\/ okdU&mwGif olUudk,füu
rsufESmcsif;rqdkif0HUawmhacs/ awmfawmfqdk;aom t&yfom;aywum;[k
rSwfcsufcs&bl;onf/

jrpf&dk;om;wkdU\OmOfqdk;

urf;eD&GmokdU uREkfyfa&mufcgp tcsdefuvnf; uRekfyf\c,frysKduav;

ESpfa,muf tvnftywfvmMu&m &Gmom;vli,frsm;onfw&pfoDoDvkyfMu
\/ tysKd&SdaomtdrfokdU vlysKdrsm; ]&pf}Mujcif;rSm zdkrwdkU\ "r®wmjzpfonf[k
uREkfyfem;vnfonfhtavsmuf rsufESmxm;wif;wif;rxm;yJ a&mufcgpvnf;
jzpfonfESifh azmfa&Gvkrwwf trlt&mrsKd;jycJUonf/ w&ufESpf&ufMumaom
tcg vlysKdrsm;onf c,frysKdrsm;tm; NyKH;pdpdESifhrsufESmcsKdaoG;jcif;rQavmufESifh
tm;r&MuawmhyJ uREkfyftm;yif aemufajymifcsifvmMuonf/ uRekfyf\ausmif;
a&SUokdU a&mufMuaomtcgrsm;wGif ]]zJxD;ckd; &dkufppf}}? ]]irf;w&Gwf&Gwf
ykZGefawmif}}? ]]bJ'D;*Gwf}}? ]]bJr*Gwf}}? 0rf;prdk; tif;acG;}}paom pum;vkH;
rsm;udk uREkfyf\ausmif;budokdUMunfhum wa,mufwvSnfh &GwfqdkMuav

465 
onf/ pum;vkH;rsm;onf &dkif;pdkif;aom pum;vkH;rsm; r[kwfjcif;um;
rSefonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\ t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;udk aemufajymifjcif;
jzpfonfhjyif c,frysKdrsm;vnf;&Sdí olwkdU&GwfwGwfwGwf rsufESmxm;uvnf;
xif&Sm;pGmazmfjyvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfonfolwkdU\rcefUnm; aom &nf&G,fcsuf
udk em;vnfaomfvnf; rnfokdUrQrwwfEdkifyJ olBuD;udknSif;tm; wdkifvdkuf
&onf/
olBuD;udk,fwdkifrSmvnf; uREkfyf\ausmif;udk wnfaxmifaom vlBuD;
okH;a,muf teufwGifwa,muftygt0ifjzpfí vlaemufuav;rsm; tm;
armif;rJvkdufonfESifh aemufxyfrjyK0HUMuonfum; rSefygonf/ okdU&mwGif
uREkfyfrSwfcsufcsvdkufonfrSmum; jrpf&dk;wavQmuf&Sd &Gmom;rsm;onf
(jrawmifvnf;ygonf/) tjcm;e,frSvlrsm; vma&mufaexdkifonfhtcg
tpdk;& trIxrf;jzpfvQif jym;jym;0yfcsifMuaomfvnf; rif;rIxrf;r[kwfcJUvQif
wenf;enf;jzifh tuJprf;csifwwfMuonf/ ¤if;e,fwavQmufü ]rjzpf
npfus,f} ac:onfh &Gmom;uav;rsm;onf tjcm;e,frsm;rSmxuf
aygrsm;vSonf[k uREkfyfqkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufonf/ a&Tbdke,fbufürl
pGmwmwmvkyfcsifaom we,fom;udk tuJprf;csifwwfMuaomfvnf;
jrpf&dk;om;\ owÅdrSmrl &dk;&dk;rSefrSefaeaom (rif;rIxrf;r[kwfonfh)
we,fom;udkvnf; csrf;omray;wwf? us,fuyfuyf vkyfcsifwwfMuonf/
a&mufpuwnf;uyif uREkfyfonf þ&Gmü okH;ESpfjynfhatmifrS aeEdkif
ygrnfavm[k oHo,jzpfcJUrdonf/

466 
urf;eD&GmrSxGufcGmjcif;

1924ckESpf ZlvdkifvwGif {&m0wDjrpfa&onf tvGeftrif;BuD;í

ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm a&rwufcJUbl;onfh urf;eD&Gmay:okdU cg;avmufxdatmif
a&vTrf;rdk;\/ uREkfyfü vyfuD;tjyif udk0ifharmf\jrif;om;trduvnf;
&Sdae&um; ¤if;wdkUtwGuf tpmESifha&vGwfatmif aZmif;vkyfay;zdkUrSm
jyóemBuD;wck jzpfaeawmh\/ tjcm;aom jrif;&SifEGm;&Sifrsm;onf
]]wwfEdkifygbl;}}qdkum a&xJüypfxm;Muaomfvnf; wd&pämefudkcspfwwfaom
uREkfyftzdkUrSm vyfuD;twGufomr[kwf? jrif;rom;trdtwGufyg pdwf'ku©
a&mufvsuf&Sd\/ þrQavmuf a&BuD;vdrhfrnf[k rnfolrQ rxifaomaMumifh
jrif;pmodkavSmifjcif;vnf;r&Sd? tdyfzdkUae&mvnf; ray;Edkifacs/ þwGifuREkfyf
onf xif;wkH;rsm;&SmíazmifzGJUNyD;vQif jrif;okH;aumifudk wifxm;&\/
tpmtwGufrl &GmxJü a&epfívJaom oabFmyifrsm;udk&Smí ckwfpif;
auR;&\/ odkUESifhvnf;jrif;okH;aumifjzpfí 0atmifrauR;EdkifyJ&Sd&mwGif
jrif;rsm;onf 0g;0if;x&Hrsm;udk udkufzJUípm;&SmMuonf/
uREkfyfonf vliwfjcif;udkomr[kwf? udk,farG;xm;í udk,fhwm0ef
&Sdaom wd&pämefrsm;iwfrGwfjcif;udkjrif&jcif;aMumifhvnf; &ifxkremjzpfwwf
onfESifh ]vufajrSmuf}&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufygawmhonf/ txufwGif
azmfjycJUonfh rauseyfrIrsm;tay:wGif jrif;okH;aumifaMumifh BuKHawGU&aom
'ku©wck xyfqifhvdkuf&mwGifrlum; uREkfyfonf urf;eD&Gmü qufvuf
aexdkifzdkUudk vkH;0pGefUvTwfía&usonfESifh wNydKifeuf 0ufvufodkU
ajymif;&ef oEédXmefcsvdkufygawmhonf/ vyfuD;udk ,loGm;&ef rwwfEdkifaom
aMumifh jrif;cspfwwfaomolBuD;wa,mufodkU a&mif;vdkuf&ay&m uREkfyf\
toufwmwGif tawmfBuD;toJemvSaom cGJcGmrIBuD; wckaywnf;/

467 
udk0ifharmf\jrif;om;trdudkrl OD;av;armif\vufodkU tyfxm;cJU&\/
uREkfyfwdkUZeD;armifESHonf wynfhausmif;om; tcsKdUESifhtwl orÁefwpif;jzifh
udkodef;azaeaom tif;&GmokdU oGm;a&mufEIwfqufMuNyD;vQif 1924ckESpf?
Mo*kwfv 1&ufaeUwGif urf;eD&GmrS tqefoabFmjzifh vdkufygcJUMuav\/

uREkfyf\taetxdkif

0ufvufESifh ESpfrdkifa0;uGmonfh refusnf;wkH&GmokdU a&mufMuaomtcg

uREkfyfwdkUZeD;armifESHESifhtwl uREkfyf\wynfha,mufzuav; atmifjrvnf;
ygvm\/ zcifonf pmoifausmif;axmifí Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m pmayrsm;udk
a,mufsm;uav;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm;tm; ol\0goemtwdkif;(tcrJ)
oifjyvsuf&Sd&m uREkfyf\nDurl om;a&pdrf;udk om;a&e,fjzpfatmif
vkyfaomvkyfief;wckwnfaxmifxm;\/ rdbrsm;onf rMumcP
tvkyftudkifajymif;vJavh&Sdaom uREkfyfa&mufvmjcif;twGuf tHUMojcif;r&Sd/
wvSnfhwywf twlwuG aexdkifcGifh&MurnfhtwGufom 0rf;omykH&Muonf/
rdbrsm;\tdrfrSm cyfi,fi,fjzpfaomfvnf; 0if;NcHrSm us,f0ef;í NcHxJwGif
wJuav; okH;av;wJ&SdaomaMumifh aeavmufxdkifavmuf&Sdyg\/ uREkfyf\
tm;udk;rSm &efukefrSr*¾Zif;ESifh *sme,frsm;twGuf 0w¦Kwdkrsm;a&;jcif;jzifh
rdbrsm;ESifh 0dkif;vkyf0dkif;pm; aexdkifMu&ef jzpfavonf/
xdkpOfu ol&d,r*¾Zif;? u0drsufrSefr*¾Zif;ESifh wdk;wufa&;tjyif yJa&mh
OD;qefeDtwGuf pmrlrsm; a&;om;ay;ydkUjcif;tm;jzifh 0ifaiGrrsm;vSaomfvnf;
awm&Gmtvdkufawmh pm;avmufaomufavmuf&Sdygonf/ uRekfyf\tBudKuf
wckrSmvnf; rBuD;yGm;csifaeap? rdbrsm;ESifh twlae&NyD; pm;avmuf&kH
uav;&SdvQif auseyfEdkifygonf/ xdkpOfurltvkyfudk txdkfuftavsmuf

468 
omvkyfí rdbrsm;ESifhw&m;aqG;aEG;jcif;? pmayA[kokw tawmfjynfhpkHí
udk,fydkifOmPfjzifh qifjcifokH;oyf&Jaom zcifxHrSA[kokw pkaqmif;jcif;
ponfjzifh trsm;qkH; tcsdefjzKef;cJUygonf/ (zcifonf olUacwfESifhol
udk,fydkifOmPf okH;&JolwOD;tjzpf emrnf&cJUaomfvnf; aemufydkif;ürl
udk,fydkifOmPfokH;onfhae&mwGif jywfjywfowfowf &J&J0HU0HU &Sdayonfqdkum
ol\om;jzpfaom uRekfyftm; wjznf;jznf;vufajrSmuf&Smyg ayonf/
okdUqdkaomfvnf; zcifESifh Nrdwfudk,fawmfxHrS qufcH&&Sdaom rsKd;aphjzpfjcif;
udkrlum; uREkfyfauseyfpGm0efcHí tcgcyfodrf; OD;nGwfygonf/)

prf;oyfrI

uREkfyfonf touf25ESpf t&G,favmufu 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh

0ufvufwGif rdbrsm;ESifhtwlaeí pma&;q&mjzpfcgeD;ü pmtajrSmuftjrm;
zwf&Ivsuf&SdpOf owdyXmefokwÅefusrf;udk zwf&Ibl;\/ ¤if;usrf;ü Ak'¨u
rnfolrqdk þusrf;wGif iga[monfhtwdkif; ckESpf&ufrQ tm;xkwfjim;tHU?
&[EÅmaomfvnf;aumif;? tem*grfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifonf[k
0efcHxm;jcif;udk awGU&\/ þwGif uREkfyftBuHjzpfonfrSm Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;
onf r*fw&m; zdkvfw&m;wkdU\ rGefjrwfjcif;taMumif;udk ola&migyg
ajymwwfMuaomfvnf; ckESpf&ufrQavmuftwGufyif þenf;twdkif;
prf;oyftm;xkwfol rawGU&onfrSm tHUMozdkUaumif;onf? igrlum;
waeUaeU tcGifhomaom tcgwGif þenf;twdkif;prf;oyf tm;xkwf
Munfhrnf? jzpfcsifjzpf? rjzpfcsifae? raorDtwGif; tenf;qkH; wBudrfjzpfap
prf;jzpfatmif prf;Munfhrnf[lí qkH;jzwfcJUbl;avonf/

469 
 1925 ckESpfwGif wnOfhoü uREkfyfonf refusnf;wkH&GmwGif rdbrsm;ESifh
aqG;aEG;vsuf&SdpOf 1914 ckESpfu jzpfcJUbl;aom pdwftBuHudk owd&onfESifh
þnOfhrSmyif tpjyKí ckESpf&uf tm;xkwfawmhrnf[k t"dXmefjyKvdkufygawmh
onf/ [kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; zGifhía&;&vQif uREkfyfonf xdknOfhür*fzdkvfudk
vnf;aumif;? edAÁmefudkvnf;aumif; vdkcsifvSaomaMumifh r[kwf?
(jywfom;pGmpOf;pm;avh&Sdaom uREkfyftzdkU&mü bmrSef;rodaom t&mwckudk
vdkcsifonf qdkjcif;rSm t"dyÜg,fr&Sd) uREkfyf\q&mrdbESifhwuG Ak'¨bmom0if
taygif;wdkU wajymwnf; ajymí wa[mwnf;a[mvsuf&SdMuaom r*fw&m;?
zdkvfw&m;? edAÁmefw&m; wnf;[laom tjcif;t&monf b,fvdk[mrsKd;
jzpfonfudk odprf;csifonf? odatmifvkyfrnf? rsm;rsm; rwwfEdkifvQif
ckESpf&ufawmh vkyfrnfqdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh pwiftm;xkwf
cJUjcif;jzpfygonf/ tm;xkwfykH tm;xkwfenf;rSmrl aqmif;yg;rsm;ü omru
usrf;wapmifwzJGUyif a&;xkwfcJUNyD jzpfaomaMumifh þae&mwGif
tjzpftysuf oufoufrQudkom azmfjyygawmhrnf/

uREkfyf\ajymif;vJcsuf

udk,fhpm&dwÅ taMumif;udk zGifhía&;&vQif uREkfyfonf xdktcsdefu

a&muf&Sdaeonfh touf35- 36 ESpft&G,fodkUwdkifatmif rdrd\
vkHUv0D&d,udkvnf;aumif;? oDvudkvnf;aumif;? taetxdkifudkvnf;
aumif; b,fawmhrQ pdwfwdkif;uscJUbl;onfr&Sd? cRwf,Gif;csufrsm;onf
rIdvdkaygufvsuf&Sd\/ olwyg;wkdUuvnf; jrifMu odMu\/ xdkUaMumifhvnf;
&G,fwlcsif;rsm;uomru udk,fhxuf i,faom uav;oli,f? a,mufsm;?
rdef;uav;rsm;uyif uREkfyftay:wGif q&mvkyfcsifMuonf/ (xdktxJwGif

470 
udkodef;azrygacs/ udkodef;azonf uREkfyf\ nhHzsif;rIrsm;udkod\/ trSefrSm
olwyg;xufod\/ okdUaomf q&mrvkyfacs/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyfu
cifrifjcif; jzpfwef&monf/) w&m; tm;xkwfygawmhrnf[k t"dXmefjyKaom
nOfhrSpírlum; uREkfyfudk,fudk uREkfyf tauseyfqkH;aom tydkif;tjcm;
wckk[lí pdwfxJwGif rSwfwrf;wifrd\/ xdkumvürnfrQavmuf
auseyfzG,faumif;aom vlwa,mufjzpfvmygoenf;[lrl uREkfyf\tjypf
rsm;udk nTefjyzdkU OD;rav;aom uREkfyf\arG;ozcifonf uREkfyftm;xkwfykHudk
jrif&aomtcg uREkfyfudkwjznf;jznf; &GHUvmonfESifh ]]tazrdkUvdkUom rif;eJU
igeJU ajymae&w,f? 'Dvdkajym&wmawmif pdwfxJu &GHUvmNyDuG,f}}[k
azmfxkwfajymqdkbl;avonf/
xdk&uftwGif; uREkfyf\&ifhusufaom £ajEéudkjrif&aom zcif\
wynfh wa,mufurl (uREkfyfxuf q,fESpfcefU BuD;aomfvnf;)
]]udkazodef;udkMunfh&wm uRefawmfjzifh 'l;axmufNyD;&Sdcdk;csifwJUpdwf cPcP
jzpfrdw,f q&ma&U}}[k ajymbl;avonf/ rdcifrlum; uREkfyfudkjrif&í
tm;&vSonfESifh wNyKH;NyKH;&Sdae\/ ZeD;rpdk;rlum; vifwa,mufqkH;acsawmh
rnf[laom pdk;&ddrfrIjzifh rsufESmnId;i,fvsuf&Sd\/ þodkUjzpf&jcif;rSm
uREkfyf\ pl;pdkufaom orm"dESifh &ifhusufwnfNidrfaom £ajEéwkdUaMumifh
jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ ig;&ufajrmufaom nOfhwGif uREkfyfonf ]ig}[lí
txifrSm;Mu&atmif vSnfhpm;aomtaMumif;&if;udkawGU&Sdí 0rf;omtm;&jzifh
wkef,ifpGm EId;í ajymjyav\/

471 
yDwdwrsKd;ayavm

rdcifzcifESifhwuG ¤if;wkdU\ wynfh*dkPf;om;taygif;rSm wkefvIyf

acsmufcsm; oGm;MuavNyD/ rdcifESifhzcifwdkUtm;vnf; ¤if;wkdU\ w&m;
tjrifrSm rpifMu,fao;aMumif; ajymjy&m zcifuyif a&S;OD;pGm oabmayguf
í ¤if;nOfhüyif rdcifem;vnfoGm;avonf/ xdk&ufrsm;twGif; ü uREkfyfonf
avmutaMumif;udkvnf; *&krpdkuf? avmuDESifh ywfoufí vnf;
bmrQrajymawmhyJ qdwfqdwfaeawmhonf/ wnOfhü zcifESifh uREkfyfonf
&GmxJu tvSLwckodkU oGm;Mu&m r@myfxJwGif zciftwGuf oD;oefU
ckH&Snfwck cif;xm;\/ zcifrSm "r®uxdu wa,mufjzpfí omrI?
emrIrsm;wGif w&m;a[mavh&Sd&m xdknOfhwGifvnf; qdkif;rwD;rD em&D0ufcefU
w&m;a[mzdkU tpDtpOf&Sd\/ "r®uxdujzpfaom zciftwGuf cif;usif;xm;
onfhckH&Snfay:ü om;tzESpfa,muf xdkifMu&mwGif uREkfyfonf aemufrSDudk
rSDvsuf ykyk&G&G &Sdaeaom y&dowftm; vSrf;Munhf,if; ]]olwkdUum;
oHo&müusifvnfMu& &SmayOD;rnf? ightzdkUum;NyD;ayNyD}}[laom pdwftBuH
jzpfay:vmonfESifh tNydKifeuf uREkfyfwGif xl;jcm;aom cHpm;rIwck
jzpfay:vm\/ Oyrm tvGefjrifhaom awmifBuD;udkwufí txG#fokdU
a&mufaomtcg qdkzmBuD;ay:wGif xdkifí avnSif;cHvdkufonfü cHpm;&onfh
t&omrsKd;ESifh EIdif;,SOf&rnfxifonf/ qdkzmay:wGif Nidrf;csrf;jcif;rSwyg;
bmudkrQ owdr&EdkifouJUodkU uREkfyfrSmvnf; ¤if;tcdkuftwefUwGif
igüoHo&mwm0efBuD; NyD;Nidrf;ayNyDqdkum BuD;pGmaom auseyfNidrfoufrIudk
cHpm;&bl;onf/ (xdkpOfurl udk,fh[mudk,f tvkH;pkHudpö NyD;NyDuJUokdU
xifrSwfvsuf &Sdygonf/)

472 
xl;qef;aom tjzpfrsKd;

aemufwaeUwGifrlum; uREkfyfonf Nidrf;csrf;aom t&omudkcHpm;,if;

uyif wcsufwcsuf vpfívpfíoGm;\/ vpfítwefMumwdkif; zcifu
jzpfap? rpdk;ujzpfap owd&atmif EId;avh&Sd\/ wa,mufa,mufu EId;ojzifh
owd&vmaomtcgwGif uREkfyf\pdwfxJü vGwfvyfpGm avxJwGif ae&mrS
zsmvdyfacgif;xJodkU oGwfoGif;vdkufonfhtvm; usOf;MuKyfusyfwnf;
vSonf[k xifrdonfESifh bmaMumifh EId;csifMuoenf; [líyif ajymrd\/
þwGif zcifESifhZeD;wdkUrSm uREkfyfaoawmhrnfxifí rJUwJUwJU jzpfukefMuav
NyD/ rdcifurlum; ]]raoEdkifygbl;? rylMuygeJU? aovQifaum bmjzpfao;vJ?
aumif;aom aojcif;yJ}}[k qdkum BuHUBuHUcdkifvsuf&Sdayonf/ uREkfyftzdkU&m
wGifrlum; ]vpf}&mrS aoEdkifojzifh wu,faooGm;onfqdkvQif uREkfyfBudKuf
rBudKuf qkH;jzwf&ef rvG,fulyJ jzpfae\/ vpf&jcif;udk vGwfvyfonfxif&
í oabmusrdaomfvnf; jyefí owdr&awmhyJ wcgwnf; 0dnmOf
csKyfoGm;ygrl [kwfrS[kwfygp[laom oHo,0ifvmcJUygonf/ okdUjzpfí
uREkfyfonf zcifESifhZeD;udk owday;aombufodkU rJwif;um rdrdudk,fudk
Edk;Mum;atmifBudK;pm;ay;ygawmhonf/ ywf0ef;usifudkrodyJ vpfíaejcif;
onf Nidrf;csrf;jcif;&Sdonfum;rSefonf/ odkU&mwGifþtjzpfESifh ywfoufí
rauseyfzG,faom tjcif;t&mwckrSm rdrdutvdk&SdaomtcgrS vpfonf
qdkvQifawmfyg\/ ,ckrl rdrd\vkHUvya,m* rpdkufyJ cPcPvpfjcif;
jzpfaomaMumifh rlrSefaom vpfjcif; [kwfygav\avm[k oHo,
jzpfvmonf/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf orm"d vGefuJjcif; jzpfwef&monf[k
pOf;pm;rdonfESifh orm"dudk avsmhcsypfrnfqdkum uREkfyfwD;aeusjzpfaom
apmif;udk aumufí wD;vdkuf\/ apmif;oHonf uREkfyf\em;wGif

473 
tom,mqkH;aom toH[krSwfxifaeus jzpfaomfvnf; xdktcgürl
orHwvif;udk ausmufcJESifhjcpfaom toHuJUokdU Murf;wrf;,kwf rmí
rcHr&yfEdkifatmif &SdonfESifh apmif;udkcsufcsif; csxm;vdkuf&onf/
aemufqkH;ü tBuHwck&í tESdyfonfac:NyD; ]b0if}udk axmufay;aponf
wGifrS oufom&m &ygawmhonf/

ZeD;udk jyefydkUjcif;

tESdyfcHNyD;onfhaemufürl vpfawmhonf r&Sdyg/ okdU&mwGif w&m;ESifh

ywfoufaom pum;rsKd;rSwyg; bmrQrajymcsifawmhyJ wa,mufwnf;
udk,fhtm&kHESifhudk,f aecsifygawmhonf/ rpdk;wkdUarmifESrrlum; rsufESm
romr,m &Sdae&SmMuavNyD/ rdrd\om;r,m; Munf&TifygrS aewwfonfh
0goem&Sdaom uREkfyfonf olwkdU\rsufESmnId;i,fjcif;udk jrif&aomfvnf;
pdwfübmrQrxdcdkuf? udk,fESifhbmrQrqdkifouJUokdU cyfat;at;yif aewwf
vmonf/ þonfwGif rdcifurpdk;wkdUarmifESrudk jrawmifodkU acwÅ
tvnftywf oGm;apvQif aumif;vdrfhrnf[k tBuHay;onfESifh
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif ¤if;wkdUtm;vdkufykdU&efpDpOfMuonf/ tpDtpOfrSm rD;&xm;ESifh
uoma&mufatmif uREkfyfvdkufydkUNyD; ¤if;wkdUtm; tpkefoabFmjzifh
jrawmifodkU wifay;vdkuf&efjzpf\/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfESifh rpdk;wdkUarmifESronf
0ufvufrSrD;&xm;ESifh vdkufygoGm;Mu&m uREkfyfonf rD;&xm;ay:wGif
c&D;onfawGudk yDDyDoo oJoJuGJuJG rjrifyJtdyfrufxJrSm uJUokdU 0dk;0g;BuD;
jzpfae\/ ¤if;wkdU\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh pum;oHrsm;onf uREkfyftzdkU
bmrQt"dyÜm,fr&Sd? t&dyfrsm;ozG,fxif&í uRufpDuRufpDrQom Mum;&\/
vrf;wavQmufvkH; þtwdkif;yifjzpfae\/ eHeufwGif uomodkUa&mufMuí

474 
naewGif olwkdUarmifESrudk Aef;armfrSvmaom tpkefoabFmjzifh wifay;
vdkuf&ef jzpfavonf/

psmefavQmouJUodkU jzpf&ykH

naewGif uREkfyfwkdU okH;a,mufonf jrpfqdyfodkUvmMu&m tpDtpOfrSm

olwkdUudk oabFmay:okdUwifay;í uREkfyfuvnf; ¤if;naexGufonfh
rD;&xm;ESifh 0ufvufokdUjyef&efjzpf\/ rD;&xm;blwm&kHrSmvnf; (xdkpOfu)
oabFmqdyfüyif wnf&Sd\/ oabFmqdkufvmaomtcg uREkfyfonf armifESr
ESpfa,muftm; oabFmay:okdUwifydkUay;cJUNyD;aemuf uREkfyftwGuf blwm&kHrS
vufrSwf,lNyD;vQif toifhxdk;xm;onfh rD;&xm;wGJay:okdUwuf\/ rD;&xm;
ESifh oabFmrSm eD;uyfpGm &SdMuonfjzpfí olwkdUarmifESrESifh uREkfyfonf
aumif;pGm jrifEdkifMuonfESifh wbufESifhwbuf vSrf;ívufjyum EIwfquf
Muao;\/ twefMumaomf oabFmrSOMorIwfí rD;&xm;vnf; 0DpDrIwfvsuf
tcsufay;um wNydKifeufwnf; xGufMuav\/ olwkdUarmifESrESifh
uREkfyfonfvnf; wbufESifhwbuf vSrf;íMunfhaeMuqJ yif &Sdaecdkuf
uREkfyf\pdwfxJü ]olwkdUarmifESronfightwGufaMumifh jyefoGm; &&Smav
NyDwum;}[laom pdwful;jzpfay:vmonfESifh wNydKifeuf &ifxJü eifhueJ
jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf/ wbufESifhwbuf rsufpdwqkH; MunfhaeMuí
oabFmonf OD;vSnfhvkdufojzifh uG,foGm;onfwGifrS uREkfyfonf
ae&mwusxdkifvdkufygawmhonf/ xdktcgwGif uREkfyfü tBuD;tus,fajymif;
vJoGm;jcif; jzpfoGm;onfudk awGUvdkuf&onf/ 0ufvufrS vmpOfurl
rD;&xm; c&D;onfrsm;udk rxifr&Sm; 0dk;0g;BuD;jrif&onfodkU azmfjycJU&m
,ckrSmrl wae&mü xdkifckHvkaeMuaom c&D;onfESpfa,mufudkvnf;aumi;f?

475 
tjcm;wae&mwGif nm;cgpvifr,m;ESpfa,mufESifh o@mefwlí wa,muf
ESifhwa,muf MuifemMuykH &jcif;udkvnf;aumif; xif&Sm;yDopGm
tao;pdwfjrifwwfvsuf &SdavNyD/ ]igum; psmefavQmaom oluJUodkU&SdacsNyD
wum;}[k pOf;pm;rdonfESifh NyKH;rdygao;onf/ ref;usnf;wkHokdU
a&mufaomtcg uREkfyfjyefvmrnfudktcsdefESifhwuG odNyD;jzpfaom rdcifonf
tdrfwHcg;0rS apmifhBudKvsuf&Sdí uREkfyf\rsufESmxm;udkjrifonfESifh
wNydKifeuf ]]a[h armifazodef;? rifhrSm rygcJUbl;}}[k vSrf;ajymvdkuf&m
uREkfyfu ]][kwfw,ftar}}[k 0efcHvdkuf&avonf/ uREkfyfwdkUom;trdum;
wa,mufESifhwa,muf tawmfBuD;em;vnfrI&SdMuonf/ þwGif uREkfyfu
oabFmqdyfü tjzpftysufudk ajymjy&m rdcifvnf; &,farm&Smonf/

&[ef;jyKzdkUcGifhawmif;jcif;

uREkfyfpOf;pm;ykHrSmum; w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdü ]ig}wnf;

[laom ]tvdrf}wckajyí igr&SdouJUodkU usifhBuHjyKrlvsuf&SdcJU&mrS
oabFmqdyfü ]ightwGufaMumifh}[laom pdwftBuHwckjzpfay:vm&mwGif
¤if;tBuHESifh avsmfnDpGm pdwfüxdcdkufrIay:vmjcif; jzpfwef&monf/
okdUqdkvQif rdrdüw&m;udpö NyD;qkH;ao;onfr[kwfao;? tm;xkwf&ef
usefao;onf[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkuf&m rdcifvnf;oabmwlonf/ okdUjzpfí
om;trdESpfa,muf qufvuftm;xkwfMu&m rdcifrSm csufjyKwfrIudk
jyefrMunhfcsifaomtajcokdU a&mufoGm;\/ þwGifcsufjyKwfrItvkyfonf
uREkfyftay:okdUusa&mufvmonfESifh 10 &ufcefUtMumwGif rpdk;udk jyefí
rSm,l &onf/ xdktcg uREkfyfrSm tm;xkwfzdkUtcsdef&jyefonfESifh wzefBudK;pm;
jyef\/ okdU&mwGif A[kudpörsm;aom vlUt0wfjzifh rauseyfEdkifawmhyJ

476 
ouFef;0wfNyD; tm;xkwfcsif\/ rpdk;xHtcGifhawmif;aomfvnf; cGifhr&yJ
jzpfae\/ bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;url rdbxHrS cGifhyef&rnf[k qdkaomaMumifh
r,m;ESifh rqdkifouJUokdU qkH;jzwfMu\/ okdUaomfuREkfyfurl vkyfudkifauR;
ygrnf[k wm0efcHí,lcJUaom r,m;[lí em;vnfaomaMumifh ZeD;oabm
rwlyJ t0wfvJ&ef pdwfraumif;EdkifyJjzpfae\/ twif;&[ef;jyKvQif rw&m;
[k uREkfyf,lqonf/ aemufqkH;ü rpdk;ESifhtwl jrawmifodkUvdkufoGm;NyD;rS
tcGifhawmif;zdkU rdcifu tBuHay;onfESifh vdkufoGm;jyef\/ jrawmifodkU
a&mufí rpdk;tay:ü MoZm&Sdaom t&D;wa,muf (olUtaz\ESr)tm;
uREkfyfu ajymjy&m t&D;u rpdk;tm; ]]aumif;wJUtvkyfvkyfrSmudk nnf;u
wm;qD;,if nnf;awmh t0Dpdusvdrfhr,f}}[k ajymonfwGifrS cGifhjyKygawmh
onf/ cGifh&onfqdkvQifyif uREkfyfvufyef;aygufcwfvdkufcsifygawmhonf/
cGifh&onfESifh wNydKifeuf uREkfyfonf &[ef;'um&Sm&m uRekfyf\
t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;wnfay;onfh vlBuD;rsm;jzpfaom olBuD;udknSif;ESifh
opfukefonfBuD; OD;pkwdkU u 'umcHMuonf/ (OD;armifrlum; uomokdU
ajymif;a&TUoGm;avNyD/) uREkfyfu jrawmifodkUjyefí ajymacsyg&apOD;[k ajym
aomfvnf; &[ef;'um ESpfa,mufwdkUu ]]cGifh&NyD;r[kwfvm;? jyefajymrae
ygeJUawmh? rsufESmudkjrifawmh wrsKd;jzpfNyD; pdwfajymif;vJoGm;rSmudk
pdk;&ygw,f? eufjzefyJ yOöif;cHvdkufMuygpdkU}}[k ajymMuonfESifh uREkfyf
oabmwlvdkufav\/

&[ef;jyKjcif;

1287 ckESpf? e,kefvqef; 2 &ufaeUwGif uREkfyfonf urf;eD&Gmü

&[ef;jyKygonf/ odrfxJü&[ef;y&dowfESifhwuG ur®0gnSyfí &[ef;jyK&m

477 
wGif þudpöESifhywfoufí a*gwrAk'¨pDpOfxm;awmfrlcJUonfh tcrf;tem;rSm
t[kwfwu,f BuD;us,fcefUnm;vSí tonf;ESvkH; wkefvIyfzG,f
aumif;ay&um; uREkfyfrSm tvGefjzpfcsifvSonfh &[ef;tjzpfodkU a&muf&jcif;
aMumifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om&SdonfhtxJüyif rwkefvIyfyJ raeEdkifatmif&Sdae\/
þrQavmufBuD;us,faom OyorÜ'uHaqmifjcif;udpöBuD;udk 7&uf?
10 &ufponfjzifh ayghayghqq oabmxm;Muonfudk vu©PmESifh
acwÅcP'kv’b&[ef;jyKMuonfh vlrsm;onf b,fuJUokdUrsm; oabmxm;
Muonfudk uREkfyfem;rvnfEdkifatmif&Sdawmhonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí Ak'¨
udk,fawmfjrwfonf ]'kv’b&[ef;}[laom tvkyfrsKd;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ
cGifhjyKawmfrlvdrfhrnfr[kwf [lípdwfxJü pJGpGJNrJNrJBuD; ,kHMunfvmcJUonf/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; ]Asufu,f Asufu,f}t"dyÜm,fa&muf aom 'kv’b
&[ef;jyKjcif;tvkyfudk rvkyfxdkufaMumif;ESifh tjyif;txefuefU uGufonfh
aqmif;rsm; a&;cJUbl;onf/ xdktcsdefrSpí ]]vkHESrwef;vef;ESifh OKHzGref;ovdk
'kv’b&[ef;}}jyKMuolrsm;tm; uREkfyfudk,fwdkif zl;ajrmfuefawmh jcif;jyK&ef
cJ,Of;aMumif;0efcHygonf/ uREkfyfonf &[ef;jyKjcif;twGuf xdkaeUu
b,frQavmuf 0rf;ajrmufygoenf;[lrl odrfrSxGufvmí &Gmolrsm;
cif;usif;xm;onfh wbufrsm;ay:ü vrf;avQmufvmonfhtcg ajcaxmuf
ESifh xdjcif;udkyif rodyJ &Sdygawmhonf/
&[ef;'um olBuD;udknSif;onf uRekfyf\t0wftpm;rsm;udk jrawmif
&GmokdUoGm;í rpdk;tm;ay;tyf&mwGif rpdk;uouFef;udk qJGcRwfvmrnf
[kajymvdkufonfqdkaomaMumifh b,frsm;xGufajy;&ygrnf enf;[k
xdwfvefUrdonf/ okdUaomfwacgufjyefí rajymaumif;avavm[k a'go
jzpfíajymvdkufjcif;jzpfwefaumif;yg\[k awG;qrd&m xdktwdkif; rSefuef
ojzifh awmfygao;onf/

478 
wapäaMumufao;oavm

&[ef;jyKNyD;onfhaemuf uREkfyfonf &Gmü&Sdaom bkef;BuD;ausmif;ü

oDwif;rokH;yJ &Gmhjyifü&Sdaom tkwfZ&yfBuD;wGif wyg;wnf;ae\/ taMumif;
wckrSm &Gmbkef;BuD;onf w&m;0goemygaom yk*¾dKvfrsKd;r[kwfyJ olvdkigvdk
(A[kudpöü arGUavsmfaom) bkef;BuD;wyg;jzpfí uREkfyfESifh yk*¾voyÜg,
jzpfvdrfhrnf rxifaomaMumifhjzpf\/ (,cktcgürl ¤if;bkef;awmfBuD;rSm
vlxGufNyD;í om;ysKdorD;ysKdBuD;rsm;ESifh jzpfaeavNyD/) udkodef;azwdkUESifh
vifhpifapmifhpOfu uRekfyfwapäaMumufwwfao;onf[k a&;cJUbl;&m
wapäaMumufwwfjcif; aysmufoGm;ykHudk þae&mü azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/
uREkfyfonftkwfZ&yfB uD;ay:wGif wyg;wnf; usdef;vsuf&SdpOf yxrnOfhü
qif;wkawmfteD;wGif pkykHxm;onfh za,mif;wdkifxkyfrsm;onf yv’ay:rS
jzKef;ueJusoGm;í xkH;pHtwdkif; &ifxJü 'dwfueJjzpfoGm;\/ þwGif
za,mif;wdkifxGef;í xMunfh&m &SOfhwaumifqif; ajy;onfudk jrifvdkuf&
ojzifh pdwfat;oGm;\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonf rSmum; igonf
þZ&yfxJü Mum&SnfpGmaernfjzpfí þrQavmufxdwfvefU vG,fonfqdkvQif
tb,frSm jzpfEdkifygrnfenf;/ bmhaMumifh xdwfvefU&oenf;[k rdrdudk,fudk
ar;jref;aomtcg wapäaMumufwwfaom aMumifh [laom tajzxGufvm\/
þwGif rdrdudk,fudk qkH;ronfrSm ]]'DvdkqdkvQif b,fjzpfrvJ Ak'¨aCmo?
(uREkfyf\bJGUjzpfonf/) rifhudk,frif; ]ig} r&Sdbl; vdkUawmif odxm;w,fqdkNyD;
wapäacsmufrSmavmufudk aMumuf&ovm;? wapäS&SdvdkU acsmufygNyDwJU?
rifhudkolu bmwwfEdkifovJ? rawmfwa&mf tqif;oP²mefvkyfNyD;
jy&kHjyEdkifrSmaygh? rif;vdkvludk vnfukwfcsKd;NyD; rpm;Edkifygbl;? aMumufp&m
tqif;oP²mefvkyfajyayr,fh rif;uaMumufrSjzpfwmyJ? tqif;uav;jy&kHeJU

479 
rif;ubmaMumifh aMumuf&rSmvJ? rif;pdwfu 'DavmufyJEkovm;}} ponf
rsm;jzifh ar;cGe;frsm;xkwf&mwGif tqif;oP²mefjy&kHrQavmufudkawmh cHEdkif
ygonf[laom tajzxGufvm\/ xdkUaemuf uRekfyfonf aMumufrufzG,f
aom ykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;pdwful;vsuf uRekfyf\a&SUüacsmufaeonfhES,f
zefqif;Munfh&m rwkefvIyfjcif;udkawGU&\/ ,cifurl aMumufp&moP²mef
rsm;udk þokdUaom ae&mrsKd;wGif nOfhtcsdefü pdwfrul;0HUyg/ uREkfyf
txl;wvnf oabmaygufoGm;onfrSm tqif;oP²mef oufoufonf
udk,fhudk emusifatmif vkyfEdkifonfr[kwf? acsmuf&kHom wwfEdkifonf?
emusifatmif rwwfEdkifyJvsufESifh tb,fhaMumifh aMumuf&rnfenf;/
usm;udk aMumufjcif;rsKd;um;t"dyÜm,f&Sdonf/ wapäaMumufonfqdkjcif;
rsKd;um; t"dyÜm,fr&Sdjcif;udk iguJUodkU &ifhusufol wa,mufonf
em;rvnfEdkifoavm ponfjzifh aumif;aumif;BuD; oabmaygufoGm;jcif;
jzpfavonf/ xdkaeUrSpí uRekfyfü wapäaMumufonf [laom trSwfonf
r&Sdawmhacs/

"lwifaqmifvdkaomtBuH

a&SUokdUwqifhwufzdkU pdwful;ao;\/ &[ef;jyKpOfurl udpöNyD;onf

txd tm;xkwf&ef [laomtBuHjzifhjyKcJU\/ 0wfNyD;onfhaemufüum;
rdrdodorQ w&m;udk &Gmom;rsm;tm; a[majymcsifaomqE´jzpfay:vm\/
uREkfyfa[mrnfh w&m;um; tjcm;aom bkef;BuD;rsm;a[monfh w&m;rsKd;
r[kwf? igjyKwfzdkUw&m;jzpfí xl;qef;onf/ xl;qef;aom w&m;udka[mvQif
a[majymoltay:ü ,kHMunfrI(o'¨g)&SdrSjzpfrnf? &Gmom;rsm;u ]]wdkU&Gmu
t*Fvdyfausmif;q&myJ? waeUu ajymif;oGm;NyD; tckjyefvmwmyJ}}[kqdkum

480 
txifao;Murnfjzpfí uREkfyf\w&m; pGHzdkUcJ,Of;vdrfhrnf/ okdUqdkvQif
¤if;wkdUo'¨gxufatmif rnfuJUodkU vkyf&rnfenf; ponfjzifh pOf;pm;\/
tBuHwckaygufonfum; 'um 'umrrsm;onf "lwifaqmifyk*¾dKvfrsm;udk
MunfndKwwfMuonf/ igudk,fwdkif "lwifaw&oudkaqmifvQif o'¨g
wdk;wufMuí ighw&m;udk ,kHMunfpGm emMuvdrfhrnf[k tBuHjzpf\/
þwGifuREkfyfonf &[ef;'um OD;pkESifhudknSif;wkdUtm; wkdifyifí a&S;OD;pGm
okomef"lwifaqmifNyD; oif;csKdif;ü aernfjzpfaomaMumifh wJuav;
i,fi,fwck aqmufay;zdkUajym\/ udknSif;u oabmusykH&aomfvnf;
vlBuD;jzpfaom OD;pku cyfNyKH;NyHK;rsufESm xm;ESifh ]]ppcsif; odyfrvkyfygeJUtkH;
OD;yOöif;? ajz;ajz;vkyfyg}}[kavQmuf\/ ol\rsufESmxm;udk uREkfyft"dyÜm,f
aumufykHrSm ]]aomufaomufpm;pm; aevmcJUNyD; tckrS odyftpGrf;jy
csifoudk;}}[k uRekfyfem;vnfonf/ udk,fhudk,fudk ppfvdkufaomf tpGrf;jy
csifaom&nf&G,fcsufvnf; txdkuftavsmuf yg&SdykH&onf/ þwGifrlum;
uRekfyfonf udk,hf[mudk,f &SufwwfwwfjzpfvmonfESifh "lwifaqmifjcif;
ESifhwuG "r®uxdujzpfzdkU tBuHtpnfudkyg vufavQmhvdkufygawmhonf/

ajymif;a&TUzdkUBudK;pm;jcif;

ausmif;xdkifbkef;BuD;onf uRekfyf\taetxdkif odyfonf;vGef;jcif;

twGuf tae&cufvmykH&\/ udk,fawmfBuD;um; ausmif;om;ESifh orÁefpyf
jcif;paom vuform;tvkyfrsKd;ü 0goemygav&m uREkfyfutultnD
vnf;ray;? cyfat;at;aejcif;twGuf taecuf[ef&Sd\/ aemufqkH;ü
uREkfyfonf urf;eDausmif;wGif raevdkawmhonfESifh 0ufvufNrdKU bke;fBuD;
ausmif;wausmif;üae&ef rdbrsm;&Sdaom refusnf;wkH&GmodkU vmcJUav\/

481 
aqGrsKd;rsm;teuf rdcifESifh¤if;\ wynfhrsm;onf uREkfyf\ouFef;0wfjcif;
twGuf ESpfouf0rf;ajrmufMuí zcifESifh¤if;\wynfh rsm;um; uREkfyf
t&m&Sdwa,muf jzpfvmjcif;rsKd;uJUodkU 0rf;omtm;&&SdMuykHr&acs/ þum;
udpör&Sd/ 0ufvufbkef;BuD;ausmif;ü uREkfyfaecGifh&zdkUtwGuf tcuftcJ
awGUjcif;um; udpö&Sd\/ zcifonf uREkfyftwGuf aecGifh&zdkU bkef;awmfBuD;xH
oGm;a&mufavQmufxm;&m ae&mr&Sd[k ajymvdkuf\/ jzpf[efvu©Pm
&SdonfrSm bkef;awmfBuD;onf uREkfyf\tm;xkwfykHrsm;taMumif;udk owif;
Mum;&í urf;eDbkef;awmfBuD;uJUokdUyif olUtwGuftaecufrnfudk jrifonf
ESifh jiif;y,fvkdufjcif; jzpf[ef&Sd onf/ jzpfwwfaom obm0wckrSm
y#dywÅdbufü tav;ay;aom OD;yOöif;uav;rsm;tm; y&d,wÅdoufouf
bkef;awmfBudD;rsm;u vdkvm;Mu [efr&Sdacs/ tm;vkH;r[kwfaomfvnf;
trsm;tm;jzifh þtwdkif;yif Mum;&BuKH &bl;onf/ aemufqkH;ü uRekfyfonf
refusnf;wkHbkef;BuD;ausmif;udkvnf; rBudKuf/ rEÅav;bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ü
vnf; [efrnfrxifaomaMumifh urf;eDodkUyifjyef&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufavonf/

csD;rGrf;cH&jcif;

tcsKdUvlrsm;u *kPfazmfvdkonf[k xifcsifvnf;xifMuap/ uREkfyf\

&[ef;tjzpf taetxdkifESifhywfoufí auseyfrdaom tjcif;t&mwckudk
azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ uRekfyfonf urf;eDausmif;odkU rjyefrDrEÅav;NrdKUü&Sdaom
ESrxHokdU zcifESifhtwloGm;í EIwfqufMu\/ &Srf;pkblwmrSqif;í
bk&m;BuD;wdkufausmif;wausmif;wGif zcifESifhtuRrf;0ifonfh q&mawmfBuD;
wyg;&SdonfESifh 0ifa&mufzl;ajrSmfuefawmhMu&m q&mawmfBuD;onf uREkfyfudk
jrifvQifjrifcsif; pdwf0ifpm;aomtrlt&mESifh pdkufíMunfhae\/ zcifonf

482 
rMumao;rDurS 0wfaom &[ef;jzpfí ol\om;jzpfaMumif; avQmufxm;
aomtcg q&mawmfBuD;onf uRekfyftm;Munfhvdkuf? zciftm;MunfhvdkufESifh
tvGeftHUMoaomrsufESmxm;&Sd\/ aemufqkH;ü q&mawmfBuD;u ]]usKyfu
odyfNyD; taetxdkifodyfonf;wJU &[ef;uav;ygwum;vdkU pdwfxJu
csD;usL;rdw,f? ckawmh i,fjzLawmif r[kwfygyJuvm;? awmfayhAsm?
awmfayh}}[k rdefUawmfrlavonf/
,cifu uREkfyf&efukefodkU a&mufNyD;aemuf okH;ESpfcefUMumaomtcg
&efukefom;ppfppfwa,mufu uREkfyfudkMunhfvsuf ]]tckawmhcifAsm;
a&mufpueJU rwlawmhbl;? &efukef*dkufqdkuf jzpfvmNyDAsKdU}}[k ajymojzifh
auseyfcJUbl;&m xdkpOfu auseyfrIxufyif q&mawmfBuD;\ pum;twGuf
uREkfyfydkíauseyfrdygonf/ xdkUaemufwGif tjcm;aom&[ef;rsm;uvnf;
tvm;wlpum;rsKd;ajymjcif;udk tBudrfBudrfBuKH&bl;ygonf/ [kwfvnf;[kwf
oifhonf/ trSefudk0efcH&vQif uREkfyfonf ,aeUtzdkU&mwGif xdkpOfuxuf
toufESpfqrQ BuD;vmNyDjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\pdwfxJü xdkpOfuavmuf
odu©mr&Sdjcif;udk udk,fh[mudk,fod\/ todOmPfum; wkd;wufyg\/
odkU&mwGif &[ef;b0rSmuJUodkU odu©m&Sdonfrxifay/ xdkpOfurl
uREkfyf\pdwfxJü igonf omref&[ef;r[kwf/ waeUwGif tmoa0g
ukefcef;onfh &[EÅmjzpf&rnfh yk*¾dKvfaywnf;[k tNrJvdkyif txif
a&mufvsuf&SdonfESifh &ifhusufaom £ajEéESifhjynfhpkHcJU[ef&Sdonf/
xdktxifonf ,ckvnf; usef&Sdao;aomfvnf; &[ef;b0rSmwkef;uuJUodkU
wxpfcs,lqjcif; r[kwfawmhay/ waeUwGif &[EÅmjzpfrnf[k xifvsuf
&Sdonf qdkaomfvnf; tvum;ae,if; jzpfvdrfhrnf xifjcif;r[kwf?
tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh jzpf&rnfxifjcif; jzpfavonf/

483 
awmausmif;okdUajymif;a&TUjcif;

rEÅav;ü ESpf? xdkUaemuf refusnf;wkHü ESpfnaeNyD;aemuf urf;eD&GmodkU

jyefa&mufaomtcg uREkfyfrSm rlvBuH&G,fonfhtwdkif; udk,fhtzdkU udpö
NyD;jywfatmif tm;xkwf&rnfhtpm; olwyg;tm;a[majymcsifaom pdwful;
rsm;jzpfay:vsuf &SdaomaMumifh xifoavmuf c&D;ra&mufyJ aESmifhaES;
vsuf&Sd\/ xdktcsdefwGif ol&d,owif;pmwdkufodkU ("r®)aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;ydkUí rEÅav;NrdKUrpdk;&drfwkduf OD;OmPxHodkUvnf; wdkifyifpmrsm;a&;\?
OD;OmPonf uREkfyf\oabmaygufykHudk auseyfaomfvnf; oludk,fwdkifrSm
usef;rma&; rnDnGwfaomaMumifh uREkfyfESifh awGUqkHESD;aESm&ef xdktcdkuf
wGifrjzpfEdkifao;aMumif;ESifh pmjyefvm\/ (okdUaomf aemiftcg umvrsm;ü
OD;OmPq&mawmfu vrf;nTefvkdufygonf qdkaom yk*¾dKvfESpfa,muf okH;
a,mufa&mufvmMuonf/) þtawmtwGif; ü uREkfyft*Fvdyfausmif;
aepOfu tdrfeD;em;csif;jzpfbl;aom vlwa,mufonf uREkfyfxHokdUvmí
xD;csKdifhbufawmausmif;wGif q&mawmfBuD;wyg; (OD;0dok'¨)\ taetxdkif
taMumif;ESifh uREkfyfESifhtqifajy vdrfhrnfxifaMumif; ajym&mwGif uREkfyf
ajymif;a&TUzdkUqkH;jzwfvkdufawmh\/ aemufwaeUwGif uREkfyfonf urf;eD
ausmif;rS xD;csKdifhawmausmif;odkU ajymif;a&TUoGm;um xD;csKdifhNrdKUay:rS
'umBuD;wa,mufu vdkufíydkU\/ uREkfyf&[ef;jyKuwnf;u twlaeaom
a,mufzuav; atmifjrvnf; awmausmif;okdUygvm\/ uREkfyfwkdU
okH;a,mufonf xD;csKdifhNrdKUESifh wpfrdkifcefU a0;aomawmausmif;okdUa&mufí
ausmif;0if;xJodkU0ifoGm;Mu&mwGif uREkfyf\pdwfudkcsufcsif; ESpfodrfhapaom
tjcif;t&monfum; ausmif;\wdwfqdwfjcif;yifjzpf\/ tkwfwHwdkif;av;
bufumí opfyifBuD;rsm; tvGefxlxyfojzifh t&dyftm0go aumif;vSaom

484 
ausmif;0if;BuD;twGif; tkwfausmif;? opfom;ausmif; ponfjzifh &Spfausmif;
cefU&dSay&m tv,füum; tkwfausmif;wausmif;&Sd\/ tv,fü&Sdaom
tkwfausmif;rS wyg; tjcm;ausmif;rsm;rSm &[ef;rsm; oDwif;okH;onfh
vu©Pmr&Sd/ &[ef;wkdU\ tokH;taqmifwckrQyif rjrif&acs/ w0if;vkH;ü
ausmif;om;r&Sd udk&ifr&Sd OD;yOöif;r&Sd/ tjcm;ausmif;rsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif;
acG;aMumifponfh t&dyfedrdwfvnf;rjrif&acs/ uREkfyfonf ¤if;tajctaeudk
jrifvQifjrifcsif; oabmusvsuf&SdavNyD/

tjyeftvSef tuJcwfjcif;

tv,fü&Sdaom tkwfausmif;xJokdU 0ifoGm;Muaomtcg cef;raqmif

BuD;xJwGif wyg;wnf;pmMunfhvsuf&Sdaom q&mawmfOd;0dok'¨ESifh awGUí
0wfcsMu\/ q&mawmfrSm oufawmf50cefU&Sdí £ajEé&ifhusufjcif;udk
csufcsif;yif uREkfyftuJcwfrdonf/ uREkfyfwdkU0ifvmjcif;udk wa,mufpDMunfh
[efvu©Pmr&Sd? tm;vkH;udkodrf;usLH;íMunhfvdkufykH&onf/ 0wfcsNyD;aemuf
uREkfyfudkvdkufykdUaom'umBuD;onf q&mawmfESifhoduRrf;NyD;jzpfí vma&muf
aomudpöudk avQmufxm;\/ pum;qkH;onfESifhwNydKifeuf q&mawmfonf
rnfolUtm;rQrMunfhyJ OD;acgif;ikHUvsuf rdefUawmfrlonfrSm þw0gtzdkUü
q&mawmfrSm wyg;wnf; ({upm) oDwif;okH;rnf[k pdwful;&SdaomaMumifh
rnfolUudkrQvufcHzdkU tBuHr&SdaMumif;? tcsKdUaom &[ef;rsm;onf
awmausmif;qdkaomfvnf; &GmxJokdUxGufí yJGMunfhjcif;? [dktdrfonf
tdrfvnfywfjcif; ponfwdkUaMumifh raumif;owif; jzpfcJU&aMumif;?
okdUjzpfí tm;yifemaomfvnf; tenf;qkH; þw0gtwGuf wyg;wnf;
aernfBuHpnfaMumif; rdefUawmfrlav\/

485 
 uREkfyfrSm þausmif;\tajctaeudk tvGefBudKufvSojzifh ae&acs
awmhrnf[k 0rf;omvsuf&SdpOf þpum;udkMum;&aomtcg vGefpGm
tm;avsmhvsuf&Sd\/ okdU&mwGif uRekfyfudkf,fwdkifrlum; rnfokdUrQavQmufxm;
jcif;rjyKyJ qdwfqdwfxdkifae\/ 'umBuD;url OD;yOöif;rSmtjcm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh
wlrnfr[kwfaMumif;? avmuBuD;udk wu,fNiD;aiGUí &[ef;abmifodkU
a&mufvmjcif;jzpfaMumif;rsm;ESifh avQmufxm;av\/ q&mawmfonf
rlvuwnf;u jiif;y,frnf[k qkH;jzwfxm;í tm;emonfh vu©PmESifh
uREkfyfudkrMunfhyJ rsufpdcsif; a&SmifvTJxm;jcif;jzpf[ef&Sday&m 'umu
wifavQmufonfwGifrS OD;acgif;armfMunfhí uREkfyfESifh rsufESmcsif;
qdkifrdMuav\/ <um;ía&;onfr[kwf? rsufESmcsif;qdkifvdkufrdMuuwnf;u
q&mawmf pdwfajymif;vJoGm;jcif;udk uREkfyfjrifvdkuf&onf/ q&mawmfonf
rEÅav;bk&m;BuD;wdkufrS q&mawmfBuD;uJUodkU &[ef;yDoaom uREkfyf\
£ajEéudkjrifavoavm? odkUwnf;r[kwfvufoifhrcHEdkifqdkí 0rf;enf;aom
uRekfyf\rsufESmxm;udkjrifaomaMumifhayavm rajymwwf? q&mawmfonf
uREkfyfESifhrsufvkH;csif; qdkifvdkufvQifyif rsufESmxm; ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;udk
xif&Sm;pGmjrifvdkuf&\/ ]awmfygao;&JU}[k uREkfyfatmufarhvdkufonf/
q&mawmfu {upmaernfBuHaomfvnf; þodkUaomyk*¾dKvfrsKd;ESifh twlae&
vQif aeEdkifygonf[kqdkum vufcHvdkufavonf/ xdkUaemuf q&mawmfonf
xdkif&mrSxí ausmif;rsm;udkvdkufjyum BudKufaom ausmif;udkaeEdkif
aMumif;ajymonfESifh uREkfyfvnf; eD;&mausmif;wausmif;udk a&G;vdkufonf/

486 
q&mawmfESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;

xdkUaemuf uREkfyftm;vdkufydkUaom 'umBuD;onf jyefawmhrnfjyK&m

atmifjronf uREkfyftm; jyKpk&ef vdkufvmcJUjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;
ausmif;0if;BuD;wckvkH;wGif bkef;awmfBuD;ESifh uREkfyfrSwyg; ausmif;om;
udk&ifr&Sdojzifh ysif;&d&Smrnfudk uREkfyfjrifonfESifh jrawmifodkUjyef&ef
'umBuD;ESifhtwl xnfhay;vkduf\/ ¤if;wdkUjyefoGm;NyD;aemuf uREkfyfaernfh
ausmif;ay:odkUwufMunfh&m ausmif;tdkBuD;jzpfaejcif;udkawGU&\/ vltjzpfü
qdkygrl þausmif;udkrBudKufvQif tjcm;ausmif;odkU ajymif;a&TUrnfjzpfaomf
vnf;rdrdtvG,fwul a&G;cs,fvdkufrdaom ausmif;yifjzpfapumrl
a&TUajymif;cJUvQif ]csD;xl}onf[k bkef;awmfBuD;u xifrnfpdk;aomaMumifh
rajymif;a&TUyJ aevdkufygonf/ þbkef;awmfBuD;onf t&m&mwGifonf;cHí
taetxdkifaumif;vSonf[k emrnfB uD;vSaomaMumifh ¤if;\txifao;jcif;
rcHvdkonfh&nf&G,fcsufvnf;&Sdygonf/ xdknOfhü uRekfyfonf bkef;awmfBuD;
ESifh aqG;aEG;Mu&m uRekfyfonfw&m;tm;xkwfjcif;tm;jzifh awGU&aomtjrifudk
twdtvif;azmfxkwfavQmufxm;jcif;rjyKaomfvnf; w&m;"r®ESifh ywfoufí
tvGef ]tuif;yg;}aom yk*¾dKvfBuD;jzpfonfESifh tjcm;&[ef;uav;rsm;ESifh
rwlaom uREkfy\
f &nf&G,fcsufudk&dyfrdí csD;rGrf;pum;rdefUawmfrlNyD;vQif
olUtzdkUrlum; þb0ü r*fw&m; zdkvfw&m;udk tvdkr&Sdao;aMumif;?
t&darawÅ,sjrwfpGmbk&m; yGifhawmfrlaomtcgrS ¤if;\om0utjzpfESifh
uRwfwrf;0ifzdkU&nf&G,fcsuf&SdaMumif; rdefUawmfrlavonf/ aemufqkH;ü
r*fw&m; zdkvfw&m;twGuf pdwftm;xufoefpGm tm;xkwfaom yk*¾dKvfrsKd;
awGU&cJaomaMumifh ,ckqkHawGU&&kHrQru twlwuG oDwif;okH;Murnf
jzpfonfhtwGuf 0rf;ajrmufaMumif;? vufoifhcHzdkUjiif;y,frdNyD;rS

487 
rdrdpdwfajymif;vJí tqkH;tjzwfudk jyifqifvdkufrdjcif;twGufvnf; 0rf;om
aMumif; rdefUawmfrlavonf/

oDwif;okH;MuykH

bkef;awmfBuD;\pum;udk Mum;&aomtcg uREkfyfonf ,ckb0ü

r*fzdkvfudk rvdkcsifao;qdkaom tcsufaMumifh 0rf;enf;aomfvnf; uREkfyftm;
em;vnfykH&jcif;twGuf 0rf;omrdonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap ,ckrS &[ef;jyKNyD;
r*fzdkvfpum;ajymaom &[ef;uav;[lí uJU&JUvdkaomoabm? ESdyfe,f
vdkaom apwemr&Sdjcif;um; xif&Sm;ayonf/ bkef;awmfBuD;onf uREkfyfESifh
twl oDwif;okH;Muaom&ufrsm;twGif; uREkfyftm;xkwfykHESifh OmPftjrifudk
wD;acgufpkHprf;Munfh&m waeUwjcm; auseyftm;&ykH&onf[k uREkfyftuJcwf
rdonf/ aumif;aumif;aernfh OD;yOöif;uav;rS [kwfygavrnfavm[laom
oHo,rlum; a&mufaomaeUrSmyif uif;&Sif;oGm;ygNyD[lívnf; 0efcHawmf
rlonf/
uREkfyfwdkUonf t&kPfrwufrDxMuí xD;csKdifhNrdKUxJodkU twlwuG
qGrf;cH<uMu&m NrdKUt0ifwGifcJGoGm;Mu\/ bkef;awmfBuD;rSm NrdKUxJü
xdkifudk,fawmftjzpfESifh yifhzdwfxm;onfh tdrftajrmuftjrm;&Sd&m uREkfyf
rlum; tdrfaygufaph&yf&rnfjzpfí twloGm;&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ xD;csKdifhNrdKU
uav;\ o'¨gw&m;ESifhx<uvkHUv0D&d,&Sdjcif;rSm csD;usL;xdkufygayonf/
uREkfyfwkdUonfNrdKUxJodkU vif;vQifvif;csif; a&mufoGm;Muaomfvnf;
wtdrfjcm; ESpftdrfjcm;ponfjzifh qGrf;? qGrf;[if;wkdUESifh tdrfaygufrsm;ü
toifhapmifhvsuf&SdMuay&m uREkfyfrSmNrdKUqkH;atmif ravQmuf&yJ w0uf
avmufESifhyif pm;avmufatmif&onfESifh vSnfhjyefcJUavonf/ ausmif;ü

488 
ausmif;om;r&Sdojzifhvnf; ¤if;wkdUtwGuf aMumifhMupdkufzdkUrvdk acs/
uREkfyfwdkUonf wxyfwnf;bkOf;ay;olrsm;jzpfí twlwuG qGrf;pm;avh &Sd&m
]xdkifudk,fawmf}tjzpfESifh qGrf;cH&aom bkef;awmfBuD;twGuf rqdkxm;bd?
tdrfaygufaph&yfum ur®oum qGrf;cH&aom uREkfyftzdkUyif [if;aumif;
rsm;vkHavmufpGm &ygayonf/ þbufwGif tvGefawmfayaom xD;csKdifh
NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;ygay/

rdbrsm;a&mufvmjcif;

uREkfyfonf a&S;OD;pGm &[ef;jyKpOfu 7 &uft"dXmefjzifh w&m;

tm;xkwfcJUonfhtwdkif; rD;yGwfaom a,mufsm;uJUokdU rem;rae BudK;pm;
rnf[k &nfrSef;cJUygonf/ okdU&mwGif &[ef;tjzpfodkU a&mufaomtcgürl
awmifoGm;ajrmufoGm; vkyfcJU&onfwaMumif;? w&m;a[majymcsifaompdwf
jzpfay:vmonfwaMumif;? xD;csKdifhodkU a&mufvmaomtcgwGifvnf;
bkef;awmfBuD;ESifh aqG;aEG;&jcif;jzifh tcsdeftawmfukefonfwaMumif;?
w&m;tm;xkwfzdkU trsm;BuD; tcsdef&Sdao;onf[k ,lqrdonf waMumif;
aMumifh ]rD;yGwfaoma,mufsm;} yrm[laom ]qufwdkuf}0D&d,rsKd;
r&SdyJjzpfcJU\/ xdkUjyif 27 yg;aom &[ef;usifh0wfrsm;udkvnf; avhvm
&ao;onf/ xdkUaMumifh uRekfyfrSm jzLpifaompdwf&Sdaejcif;ESifh ywfoufí
avQmusjcif;r&Sdapumrl owdyXmeftvkyfü jywfvyfrIrsm;&Sdvmonf/
,if;odkU&SdpOf rdcifESifh zcifwdkUonf 0ufvufrSjrawmifodkU tvnfvmMuí
jrawmifbufwGif rpdk;wkdUtdrfü wnf;cdkMurnfhtaMumif;udk atmifjr
vmíavQmuf\/ okdUjzpfí uRekfyfonf rdbrsm;a&mufrnfhaeUwGif jrawmif
bufokdUul;vmí qGr;fpm;rnfhtaMumif; rSmxm;vdkuf\/ xdkaeUeHeufwGif

489 
uRekfyfonftdyf&mrS xuwnf;u wudk,fvkH;pdrfhwdrfhwdrfh&Sdjcif;udk owdjyKrd
\/ oDv&Sifuav;rsm; uyfvSLNrJjzpfaom ],m*k}udk aomufNyD;aemuf
jrawmifbufodkU iSufjzifhul;oGm;&m rMumrDyif tpkefoabFmjzifhrdbrsm;
qdkufa&mufvmMuonf/ tpm;aumif; 0goemygaom uRekfyfonf
xD;csKdifhNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;avmif;onfh qGrf;[if;rsm;rSm rnHUvSaomfvnf;
uREkfyfBudKufwwfaom [if;rsKd;udkodaom rpdk;csufrnfh eHeufqGrf;jzpfaom
aMumifh Nrdef&SufzdkU aocsmonf[laom arQmfvifhcsuf&Sd\/ okdU&mwGif
eHeufqGrf;uyfaomtcgürlum; arQmfvifhaom [if;rsKd;udkpm;&ygvsuf
arQmfvifhoavmuf rNrdefonfomru tcgwdkif;avmufrQ rpm;Edkifjcif;
udkawGU&\/ qGrf;pm;,if;yif ausmxJrS pdrfhí pdrfhí wcsufcsufwufvm\/
okdUjzpfíuREkfyfonf rdbrsm;ESifh aeukefatmif pum;ajymrnf[k BuH&G,fcJU
aomfvnf; aexdkifraumif;onfESifh ausmif;odkUjyef&ef jyifqifav&m
rdbrsm;vnf; eufjzefwGifvmMuzdkU rSmxm;vdkuf\/ ausmif;odkUatmifjr
vdkufydkU&m uREkfyfonf xD;csKdifha&qdyfrS awm&ausmif;okdUrnfuJUodkU
vmcJU&jcif;udkyif rrSwfrdyJ tdyf&mxJokdU a&mufvmcJUavonf/

tBuD;tus,fzsm;avNyD

]]OD;yOöif;? OD;yOöif;}}[k bkef;awmfBuD;\ toHjzifhac:oHMum;í

]]qGrf;cHxGufMupdkU}}[k ajymvkdufonfwGifrS tHUtm;oifhvsuf&Sd\/
uREkfyf\txifrSm ckeifurS jrawmifu jyefvmNyD; tdyf&mxJokdU0ifí
usdef;vkdufonfxif&m ,ckqGr;fcHxGufcsdef a&mufNyDqdkaomaMumifh wnvkH;
vlrSef;rodyJ ]wkH;}jzpfatmif zsm;cJUaMumif; od&awmhonf/ uREkfyfu

490 
rvdkufEdkifaMumif;? zsm;aeaMumif;avQmufxm;&m bkef;awmfBuD;0ifvmí
prf;oyfMunfhNyD; xGufoGm;onfudk odvdkuf&onf/
aemufwBudrfodvdkufomtcgrSm rdbrsm;ESifhrpdk;wkdU a&mufvmMujcif;
yif jzpf\/ olwkdUonfapmapmxí csufjyKwfMuNyD; oHcsKdifhrsm;jzifhxnfhum
aqmif,lvmMujcif;jzpfaMumif; od&\/ uREkfyfum;rxEdkifawmh? bmrQvnf;
rpm;Edkifawmhacs/ xdkaeU waeUvkH;vnf; ]wkH;}jzpfí bmrQrodacs/ bkef;awmf
BuD;vnf; cPcPul;vmí tm;vkH;ylyifaomua&mufvsuf&SdMu\/ rdb
rsm;ESifh rpdk;wkdUvnf;jrawmifbufodkU rjyefMu&awmhyJ ausmif;0if;jyifbuf&Sd
oDv&Sifausmif;ü csufjyKwfpm;Mu&\/
rdcifESifh rpdk;wkdUonf oDv&Sifausmif;ütdyfMuí zcifrlum;
uRekfyf\ausmif;wGif tdyf&\/ uREkfyftm; bmaq;0g;rsm; wdkufMuonf[k
uREkfyfrod&ay/ wwd,aeU eHeufü uREkfyftawmfuav;owd&vsuf
&Sd&mwGif rdcifESifhzcifwkdUu þenf;twdkif; tzsm;wm&SnfcJUvQif
jyKpkapmifha&SmufzdkUESifhwuG tppt&m&mwGif tcuftcJ&SdrnfjzpfaomaMumifh
acwÅvlxGufNyD; aemifwGifrS wzefjyef0wf&ef ajymjy&mwGif uREkfyfonfvnf;
¤if;wkdU\tcuftcJudkjrifonfESifh 0rf;enf;pGmjzifh oabmwlvdkuf&ygawmh
onf/
uREkfyfum; ]aocsifaoayap? vlrxGuf}qdkonf t,lonf;aom
vlwa,muf r[kwfacs/ zcifonf q&mawmfbkef;BuD;tm; tjzpftysufudk
avQmufxm;&mwGif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u rdrdysHvGefaomtcg ausmif;ocFrf;
udkpdwfcsvufcs vTJtyfxm;cJUEdkifrnfh &[ef;wyg; &&SdNyD[k 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;omjzpfvsuf&SdpOf þuJUokdU jzpf&jcif;twGuf tvGefESajrmvSaMumif;ESifY
rdefUawmfrlvdkufonf[k zcifu jyefajymavonf/ odkUjzpfí ¤if;naewGif
uREkfyftm; yufvufukvm;xdkifay:wGifwifí xrf;,loGm;MuNyD;vQif

491 
jrawmifbufodkU a&mufumrSodu©mcsNyD; vl0wfvJvdkuf&ygawmhonf/
uREkfyf\pdwfwGif;üum; igonf&[ef;jyKa&; twGuf cJ,Of;pGmBudK;pm;í
atmifjrifaomtcgrS þuJUodkUjzpf&jcif;rSm &[ef;Zmwmyg[ef r&Sdaom
aMumifh jzpf&monf[k atmufarhí aemufwzef &[ef;jyKzdkUtwGufvkH;0
vufavQmhvdkufygawmhonf/

xl;qef;aom owÅdrsm;

&[ef;b0ü&SdpOf BuH&G,fcsuf r&SdyJvsufESifh uREkfyf&&Sd[efwlonfh

owÅdxl;taMumif;udk A[kokwtvdkUiSm þae&mü xnfhoGif;azmfjy&
ayOD;rnf/
0ufvufblwmrS refusnf;wkH&GmokUd zcifESifh avQmufvmMupOf
tvGefyljyif;í xD;vnf;rygacs/ zcifüxD;ygaomfvnf; xD;rdk;ay;jcif;udk
rcHvdk? ouFef;udk acgif;ay:üwifjyefvQifvnf; &[ef;taejzifh £ajEérJU
onf[k ,lqonfESifh aeylBuD;usJusJü OD;acgif;ajymifajymifBuD;ESifhyif
avQmufvmcJUonf/ wrdkifcefUa&mufvwfaomf rcHr&yfEdkifatmif yljyif;vm
cJUavNyD/ c&D;uvnf; w0ufcefU vdkao;\/ þwGifuREkfyfonf OD;acgif;udk
vuf0g;jzifhoyfvsuf ]]ryleJU}}[k qdkvdkuf&m OD;acgif;a&mudk,fyg
csufcsif;at;csrf;oGm;onfudk cHpm;vdkuf&ojzifh aevkH;udkwdrfzkH;í
oGm;avoavm[k aumif;uifodkUarmfhMunfhvdkufrdonf/ aumif;uifüum;
wdrfwkdufwckrQ r&SdyJ jcpfjcpfvefatmif yljyif;aom aevkH;onfomvQif
MunfvifpGmay:xGufaejcif;udk awGU&onf/ uREkfyfrSm udk,fh[mudk,fvefUNyD;
MuufoD;rsm;xrwwfjzpfoGm;\/ taMumif;rlum; ]]ryleJU}[k trdefUay;vkduf
pOfu þokdUjzpfvdrfhrnf[k rarQmfvifhyJylvGef;vSaomaMumifh vkyfrdvkyf&m

492 
vkyfvdkufjcif;rQomjzpf&m wu,fjzpfaeaomtcgü ]ighrSm b,fvdkowÅd
xl;awGrsm; &aeygvdrfh}[k tvefUwMum; awG;awmrdaomaMumifh aywnf;/
vrf;wavQmufvkH;vnf; t&dyfxJü vrf;avQmuf&onfhES,f vkH;0rylawmhacs/

'kwd,tBudrf

'kwd,tBudrfrSm {&m0wDjrpfudk orÁeform;ESifh ESpfa,mufwnf;

ul;vmMupOfujzpfí xdkpOfujrpfv,fwGif ava&mrkd;yg tBuD;tus,f
usvmawmhonf/ a&ul;wwfaomaMumifh aMumufvefUjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;
wudk,fvkH;rSm &TJ&TJpdkvsuf &SdavNyD/ wbufurf;okdU vG,fulpGma&mufí
qdkufuyfxm;aom azmifxufokdU csOf;uyfNyD;vQif rdk;cdkMu&onf/ azmifay:ü
&Sdaom vlrsm;onf c&D;OD;BudKMuí azmifwJuav;xJokdU 0if&efyifhzdwf
Muojzifh 0ifíxkdifMuonf/ rkd;uvnf;&Gmwkef;? avuvnf; wdkufwkef;
yif&Sd\/ uREkfyfonfazmifuav;xJü aqmifhaMumifhxdkifvsuf&SdpOf 'um
okH;av;a,mufESifh 'umrESpfa,mufwkdUonf uREkfyftm;0dkif;&Hkum xdkifvsuf
&SdMu\/ pufpufusatmif pdk&TJvsuf&SdMuaom ouFef;udk nSpfívnf;
vTm;cGifhr&? vJvS,f&efvnf; r&SdyJ uREkfyfonf vlrsm;tv,fü
a&pufvufESifhxdkifae&pOf vkHNcKHpGmum&Hxm;onf r[kwfaom azmifwJxJodkU
w0SL;0SL;wkd;0ifwdkufcwfaom avaMumifhouFef;onf a&cJyrmat;jrvm
ojzifh uREkfyfwudkf,fvkH;rSm cdkufcdkufwkefvsuf&SdavNyD/ ]]OD;yOöif;at;&Smw,f}}
[k 'umrrsm;uajym&kHom ajymEdkifí bmrQrwwfEdkif acs/ uREkfyfwudkf,fvkH;
wkefvkdufykHrSm iSufzsm;wufouJUodkU &Sdawmhonf/ 'umrsm;ESifh 'umrrsm;u
u&kPmoufaom rsufESmxm;rsm;ESifh uREkfyftm; MunfhaeMupOf uREkfyfu
wkefíjyae&onfrSm &Sufp&maumif;onf[k atmufarhvmawmhonf/

493 
þwGifrS uRekfyfonf qwfqwfwkefaeaom vufarmif;rsm;udk
aphaphygatmifMunfhvsuf ]]rwkefeJU}}[ktrdefUay;vdkuf\/ aemufwcPü
NrD;anmifh&dk;qDrSpí a&aEG;tdwfwifay;vdkufonfhES,f aEG;ueJ jzpfvmí
ausmwavQmufvkH; wufvmNyD;vQif wudk,fvkH;NidrfoufoGm;av awmhonf/
xdktcgrS apmapmpD;pD;u þtaMumif;udk owdr&aumif;avavm[k
udk,fh[mudk,fNyHK;rdao;onf/

wwd,tBudrf

wwd,tBudrfrSm q&mawmfrsm;tv,fü toa&qnfEdkifcJUjcif;yif

jzpfonf/ wckaomrsufESmBuD;qGrf;auR;wGif &[ef;awmfav;ig;q,fcefU
yifhzdwfxm;&m uREkfyfrSm 0gEkaom&[ef;wyg;rQomjzpfaomfjim;vnf;
acwfynmwwf&[ef;uav;jzpfonfqdkí jrawmifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u
¤if;wdkUq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;\0dkif;okdUac:,lqGrf;pm;aponf/ uREkfyfwdkU\
qGrf;0dkif;ü uREkfyfrSwyg; <uif;usefaom yk*¾dKvfB uD;rsm;ofn þ&Gmxdk&GmwdkUrS
ausmif;xdkifyk*¾dKvf xdyfoD;BuD;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ qGrf;bkOf;ay;MupOf
uRekfyfonf MumZH[if;csKdwZGef;udk vSrf;,lí aomufvdkuf&m i&kwfaumif;
cwfxm;onfhtwGufrTefwufoGm;NyD; vnfacsmif;xJ? ESmacgif;xJrS
,m;usdusdjzpfum ]cGD;}ueJ ]oD;}awmhrnfhqJqJjzpfae\/ tu,fí
oD;vdkufrdacsaomf qGrf;w0dkif;vkH; aya&npfywfoGm;NyD; pm;zdkUaumif;awmh
rnfr[kwfyJ uREkfyfvnf; t&SufuGJ&acsawmhrnf/ þtjcif;t&mudk&dyfueJ
owd&vdkufrdaom uRekfyfonfvnfyif;udk &kwfw&ufudkifvsuf ]]roD;eJU}[k
trdefUay;vkduf&m rTefwufjcif; &kwfw&uf aysmufoGm;íaumif;rGefpGm

494 
qufvufqGrf;pm;Edkifygawmhonf/ þokH;Budrfteuf wwd,tBudrf
atmifjrifjcif;twGuf 0rf;omírqkH; jzpfcJU&ygawmhonf/

jrawmif? 0ufvuf? &efukef

rdbrsm;a&m uREkfyfyg yg;&Sm;aom tcdkufjzpfonfESifh aq;aumif;

0g;aumif;rSD0J&ef rwwfEdkifyJ &Sd&mwGif uREkfyf\tzsm;rSm iSufzsm;jzpfonf[k
odaomfvnf; ESpfvcefUrQ cHvdkuf&onf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSm 'kwd,tBudrf
iSufzsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh raoEdkif[k t&rf;pdwfcsxm;onfESifh rnfrQavmuf
tzsm;BuD;onfjzpfap rdrdtwGuf pdk;&drfaMumifhMujcif;r&Sd? uGmEdkifaq;rQ
avmufjzifh wjznf;jznf;emvHxlcJU&onf/ zcifonf &ufowÅwywf
cefUavmufwGif jyefoGm;í rdcifrlum; uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl ae&pfcJUonf/
ESpfvcefUMumí tzsm;vGwfaomtcg uRekfyfrSm tom;r&Sdoavmufjzpfí
t&dk;ESifh ta&rQom usefcJUygonf/ aumif;pGm usef;rmvmaomtcg
uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,mufonf 0ufvufodkUjyefMuí ,ciftwdkif; 0dkif;vkyf0dkif;pm;
aexdkifMujyefavonf/ ,if;okdU&SdpOf nDawmfarmif\ om;a&vkyfief;rSm
aps;rudkufyJ&SdonfESifh uRekfyfonf ol&d,wdkufwGif twlwuG
tvkyfvkyfcJUbl;onfh (vG,ftdwf)udkbvIdifxHodkU tvkyftudkifESifh
ywfoufípkHprf;aom pmwapmif xnfhvkduf\/ udkbvIdifrSm xdktcgü
e,l;bm;rm;&ufjcm; t*Fvdyfowif;pm xkwfa0vsuf&Sd&m uREkfyftm;
¤if;wkdU\wkdufü twGif;a&;rSL;  (Secretary)  vkyfvdkvQif vc100day;Edkifí
a&SUtzdkUvnf; wkd;wuf&ef &SdaMumif;ESifh pmwapmifjyefvkdufayonf/ vc
100donf rrsm;vSaomfvnf; (1926ckESpf) xdkpOfurl NcKd;NcHpGmokH;pGJygu

495 
0rf;0Edkifonfhjyif &efukefokdUa&mufvQif 0w¦Ka&;zkdU twGufvnf; ykHESdyfwdkuf
rsm;ESifh qufoG,fEdkifao;onfqdkum vufcHvkdufygawmhonf/

e,l;bm;rm;wkduf

1926 ckESpf? rwfvwGif uREkfyfwdkUZeD;armifESHESifh nDawmfarmifwkdUonf

rdbrsm;ESifh cGJcGmí &efukefNrdKUodkU qif;vmcJUMuav\/ xdkpOfuyif
&efukefNrdUü aexdkif&ef tdrf&zdkUcJ,Of;aeNyD jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfwdkUonf
ukefonfvrf;ü qdkifcif;vsuf&Sdaom rdwfaqGudkcifarmifwifh\ wkdufcef;ü
&uftenf;i,f rQom wnf;cdkNyD;aemuf tvGefuHaumif;pGmESifh prf;acsmif;&yf
prf;acsmif;vrf; wGif tdrfcef;wpfcef;&&Sdygonf/ &efukefNrdKUütvkyf&zdkUESifh
tdrfcef;&zdkUrSm twlwlyif cJ,Of;cJU&m tvkyfa&m aep&myg a&Sma&Sm&SL&SL
&vdkufjcif;twGuf uHaumif;vSonf[k 0rf;omrdygonf/ þum;[kwfygNyD/
odkU&mwGif owif;pmwdkufwwdkufü twGif;a&;rSL;tvkyf[lonfrSm rnfonfh
tvkyfrsKd;ayenf;/
uREkfyfonf uavmifjzifh toufarG;aom tvkyfrsKd;udk oabmus
onfhtavsmuf ¤if;tvkyfESpfrsKd;wwfcJUygonf/ pma&;tvkyfrSm vnf;
wenf;tm;jzifh ]uavmif}tvkyf[lí ac:Edkifygonf/ þESpfrsKd;teuf uRekfyf
onf pma&;tvkyfrsKd;udk rBudKuf/ udk,fydkifOmPfuav;xkwfí a&;&aom
pma&;q&m? odkUr[kwf owif;pmq&m tvkyfrsKd;udkydkí ESpfouf\/
e,l;bm;rm;owif;pmwdkufodkU a&mufoGm;aomtcg uRekfyfpdk;&drfonfh
twdkif; twGif;a&;rSL; tvkyfrSm pma&;wydkif;? tkyfcsKyfa&;wydkif; tvkyfrsKd;
jzpfjcif;udk awGU&í uREkfyftawmfwkefvIyfoGm;\/ refae*sif; t,f'Dwm
jzpfaom udkbvIdifrSm tawmfcifriftm;udk;ykH&í ]vlawmf} wa,muf[k

496 
rSwf,lonfh vu©PmESifh wm0efrsm;vTJay;\/ uREkfyfrlum; pma&;&kH
oma&;csifNyD; pDrHtkyfcsKyfaom tvkyfrsKd;udk tawmf&GHUrkef;oljzpf\/ tvkyf
wdkufokdUa&mufí uREkfyf\wm0efrsm;udk cGJa0ay;vkdufuwnf;u ]igum;þ
tvkyfrsKd;üMum&SnfpGm vkyfEdkifrnfhvlwa,muf r[kwf}[lí qkH;jzwfvkduf
avNyD/ uREkfyf\tvkyfum;pmay;pm,l tenf;i,fyg&Sdonfh tjyif refae*sm
udkbvIdifvufrSwfxkd;apzdkUtwGuf uREkfyfuwm0efcH taejzifhvufrSwf
twdkxdk;&jcif;? ta&mif;t0,f? aiGxkwfaiGoGif;rSpí tvkyform;ESifh
ukrÜPDjzpfap? tjyifvlESifhukrÜPDjzpfap qufqHrI [lorQwGif uREkfyf\
vufrSwfudk yg&onfcsnf;jzpf&m waeUvkH;vufrSwf wkduav;awG a&;xdk;
ae&onfESifhyif tcsdefukef\/ þrQomruao; xGufoGm;aom twGif;
a&;rSL;a[mif;u vufrSwfwdkuav; rxdk;yJxm;cJUaom aAmufcsmrsm;udk
vnf; (b,fhESpfvtwGufrod) uREkfyfu rSefrrSef ppfaq;NyD; vufrSwfxkd;zdkU
udkbvIdifu wm0efay;xm;\/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfrSmaAmufcsmtopfrsm;
ra&mufvmao;onfh tcsdefrsm;wGif aAmufcsma[mif; zdkifBuD;rsm;udk
vSefívufrSwfwdk xdk;&avonf/

umv0dygwf aemufydk;wufjcif;avm

waeUoü uREkfyfonf ol&d,wdkufwGif wkduftkyfOD;vSaz r&SdawmhyJ

refae*sif;'g&dkufwmae&mwGif vkyfudkifvsuf&SdaMumif; owif;Mum;onfESifh
0w¦Krsm;a&;zdkU tquftoG,fvkyf&efa&mufoGm;\/ OD;bazu a&S;utwdkif;
rSD;aom0w¦Krsm; a&;zdkUajymonfESifh oabmwl vufcHcJUygonf/ xdkUaemuf
uREkfyfESifh tuRrf;0ifbl;onfh pma&;wa,mufxHokdU 0ifíwkdufom;a[mif;
rsm;taMumif; pkHprf;ar;jref;&m tHUMozG,faom owif;rsm;omMum;cJU&\/

497 
ol&d,wdkfufrS uREkfyftvkyfxkwfcHcJU&ykH tjzpftysufudk txufwGif
azmfjycJUbl;&m trSefrSm uREkfyfü tjypf&Sdjcif;r[kwf? tvkyfwckckü Mum&SnfpGm
rvkyf&onfh uREkfyf\Zmwmtwdkif; uRekfyfuxGufonfjzpfap? tvkyf&Sifu
xkwfypfonfjzpfap wenf;enf;jzifh xGuf&ol wa,mufjzpfygonf/
1920jynfhESpfwGif uRekfyftvkyfxkwfcH&pOfu uREkfyftm; 0dkif;í wGef;xkwf
Mujcif;udk txdkuftavsmufrQom &dyfrdcJU&m ,ckrSmrl¤if;pma&;u
tao;pdwf ajymjyjcif;aMumifh tvkH;pkHod&SdcJU&ygonf/ þajcmufESpfrQaom
tcsdefumv tawmtwGif;ü uRekfyfudk0dkif;íwGef;Muonfh t,f'DwmESifh
pma&;rsm;omru vl&dk;BuD;wa,mufjzpfaomwdkuftkyf OD;vSazudkf,fwkdif
taMumif;wrsKd;pDjzifh ol&d,wdkufrS xGufoGm;Mu&í ¤if;wkdUvlpkteufrS
wa,mufrQrusef&SdawmhaMumif; ajymjyavonf/
OD;vSazum; uREkfyftay:ü rw&m;jyKusifhonf[k rpGyfpJGvdkyg/ ]wGef;}
aomvlrsm;\ pum;udk em;0ifojzifh uREkfyftay:ü txifvGJNyD; xkwf
vdkufjcif; jzpfonf[kyif ,kHMunfygonf/ okdUESifhyifolvnf; roufom/
olUtay:ü tjcm;aom 'g&dkufwmrsm;u txifvJGMuonfhvu©Pmjzifh
ol&d,wdkufESifh tqufjzwfjcif;cH&ygonf/ uREkfyfum; þtcsufwGif
tawmfxl;qef;olwa,mufjzpf\/ ol&d,wdkfufudpöwGif omruuREkfyf\
toufwm aemufydkif;wGifvnf; uREkfyfxifay:jcif;udk remvdkaom olrsm;
onf olwkdUudk,fwdkif epfjrKyfoGm;jcif;udkawGU&\/ uREkfyftm;uavmf
xkwfcsifaomvlrsm;onf olwkdUudk,fwdkif vGifhpifoGm;jcif;udkawGU&\/
uREkfyftm; tusKd;,kwfatmif zefwD;aomolrsm;onf ¤if;wdkUtusKd;
ysufpD;jcif;udk awGU&\/ xdkokdUaomvlrsm;onf uREkfy\
f woufwmwGif
renf;vSacs/ uREkfyfudk,füu remvdkcsifpzG,faumif;aom vlwa,muf
jzpfavoavm rajymwwf/ okdU&mwGifuREkfyfepfemonfESifhtrQ olwkdUvnf;

498 
tvm;wlepfemMu&onfcsnf; jzpfavonf/ wdkuftkyfOD;vSazqdkygrl
ol&d,owif;pmwdkufBuD;udk OD;bazESifhtwl wnfaxmifcJUoljzpfygvsuf
ol&d,owif;pmudk0,fí zwf&aomtjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;jcif;udk
(aemufydkif;ü) oludk,fwdkif uREkfyftm; 0rf;enf;pGmESifhajymjybl;ygonf/
1934 ckESpfqDavmufürl OD;vSazonf olUtdrfa&SUrS uREkfyfvrf;avQmuf
oGm;jcif;udkjrifojzifh oludk,fwdkifxGufíac: jcif;? vrf;üolu jrif;&xm;ESifY
qkHrdMu&m jrif;&xm;udk&yfí uREkfyfESifhqif;NyD; pum;ajymjcif;?
uREkfyf\tajctaeudk ar;jref;jcif;? tultnDvdkygu ay;zkdUtoifh&Sdygonf
[k ajymjcif; ponfjzifh aemifw&aom vu©Pmrsm;jyonf/ 1936 ckESpfwGif
ol&d,wdkufodkUuREkfyf 'kwd,tBudrfjyef0ifaomtcgwGifvnf; oludk,fwdkif
tdrfodkUvmí 0rf;omaMumif;ajymygonf/ uREkfyftm;OD;buav;u
jyefac:rnf jyK&mwGif (OD;vSazrSm OD;buav\ oifq&mjzpfonf/)
OD;vSazuxkwfcJUaom vlwa,mufjzpfí jyefac:jcif;udk uefUuGuf&ef
&Sdygoavm[k ar;aMumif;? OD;vSazu uefUuGuf&efr&Sdonfhjyif 0rf;omyg
onf[k jyefajymvkduf&aMumif;ESifh OD;vSazudk,fwdkifu aESmif;jzpfrsm;
taMumif;udkrl oluvnf; pum;rpyf? uREkfyfuvnf; rajymyJ em;vnfrIESifh
a&SmifuGif;Muygonf/ OD;vSazonf (1937ckESpfxifonf/) prf;acsmif;&yfü
uG,fvGefav&m pifppftm;jzifhvlawmf vlaumif;wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf;
BuD;yGm;a&;wGif xifoavmufraygufyJ abm*aA'usrf;wapmifrQESifhyif
b0Zmwfodrf; oGm;&&Smavonf/

499 
twwfrsKd;pkH &jyefjcif;

uREkfyfonf e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmwdkufü tvkyfvkyfvsuf&SdpOf

oli,fcsif;udkcifarmifwifhESifh ]vkH;}rdMujyefonfESifh twwfaygif;pkH &jyef
avNyD/ udkcifarmifwifhrSm bdvyfjyefwa,muf jzpfonfhtavsmuf aysmfrI
yg;rI tvkyfrsKd;wGif ]'dk;uJUodkUarTU}Edkifol wa,muf[lí qdkavmufayonf/
[dkw,füpm;aomufjcif;? bdvd,ufxkd;jcif;? uvyfwufjcif;? jrif;yGJoGm;
jcif;paom taysmfrIESifh avmif;upm;rIrsm;wGif ol0goemrygaom tvkyf
r&Sdacs/
þtxJwGif jrif;yGJwckrSwyg; uREkfyfvnf; tm;vkH;BudKufí olUxHwGif
wynfhcH\/ jrif;yGJrSmrlum;wGufcsufwwfaom uREkfyftzdkUrSm rnfonfhenf;
ESifhrQ 0goemygEdkifp&m r&Sdacs/ þavmif;upm;enf;rsKd;um; aiGaMu;wwf
Edkifaom jrif;&Sifrsm;? 'g&dkufwmrsm;? jrif;yGJESifhqdkif&m x&defem? a*smfuD?
pwl;0yfpaom tvkyform;rsm;twGuf zefwD;xm;aom avmif;upm;enf;
jzpfí t&yfom;rsm; tzdkUrSm ]rdkuf&m}usaom upm;enf; oufoufjzpfonf
[k uREkfyfjrifxm;\/ txufyg vlpkrSwyg; t&yfom;rsm; tzdkUrSm Edkifcsifí
avmif;vQifvnf; rJGzdkUomrsm;\/ aysmfcsifíavmif;vQif vnf; wusyfwef
avmufaysmf&zdkUtwGuf ig;usyfukef&aom aysmfenf;rsKd; jzpfavonf/
odkU&mwGif avmuü ]pkH}rSauseyfaom uREkfyfonf ESpfacguf okH;acgufawmh
a&mufvdkufygao;\/ xdkUuJUodkU a&muf&jcif;aMumifhjzpf&onfh uREkfyf\
xl;qef;aom tdyfrufrsm; taMumif;udk azmfjyygOD;rnf?

500 
xl;qef;aomtdyfrufrsm;

uREkfyf\rdcifonf xl;qef;aom tdyfrufrsm; jrifrufwwfonf[k

wae&mü t>rufrQazmfjycJUbl;&m uREkfyfrSmvnf; rdcifxHrS ygvmavoavm
rod?  (Psychic)  xl;qef;aompdwfobm0wrsKd;qufcH &&SdykH&\/ uREkfyf\
tdyfrufrsm;rSm ]]xef;oD;a<ucdkuf usD;eif;cdkuf}}[lí rqdkEdkifavmufatmif
xl;qef;vSaomaMumifh A[kokwtvdkUiSm azmfjy&ygOD; rnf/ uREkfyfonf
e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmwkdufü twGif;a&;rSL; vkyfvsuf&SdpOf jrif;yGJ0goem
ygaom udkxGef;oef;onf e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmt,f'Dwmvkyfvsuf&Sd\/
xkdESpfu &efukefjrif;yGJrsm;wGif ]][dkw,fvdkufaZ;wm;}}ac: vQyfppf"mwftm;
jzifh *Pef;rsm;ay:xGufonfh pufud&d,mpwiftokH;jyKonf qdkaomaMumifh
uREkfyfonf ¤if;pufud&d,mudkjrifvdkonfESifh udkxGef;oef;ESifhtwl jrif;yGJodkU
vkdufoGm;\/ okdUaomf txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; oabmaygufxm;
onf jzpfaomaMumifh wjym;wcsyfrQ ravmif;yJ Munfh&kHrQom
MunfhNyD;jyefvmcJU avonf/ aemufwaeUeHeuf tdyf&mrSxaomtcg  (Daisy) 
]a'pD}[laom jrif;\trnfudktdyfrufrufonf[k owd&\/ tvkyfwdkufodkU
a&mufaomtcg udkxGef;oef;tm; ]a'pD}[laomjrif;trnf &Sdygoavm[k
ar;Munfh&m &Sdonf[k ajym\/ okdUaomf aemufwywfwGif ajy;rnf?
rajy;rnf rodEdkifao;? Ak'¨[l;aeUrS od&rnf[k ajym\/ Ak'¨[l;aeUwdkifa&muf
í jrif;yGJ[if'Duwf xGufvmaomtcg ]a'pD}ygonf[kajymí udkxGef;oef;u
taMumif;udkar;ojzifh uREkfyfutdyfruftaMumif;udk ajymjy\/ udkxGef;oef;
onf jrif;[if'Duwfudk wGufMunfhNyD;aemuf ]a'pD}rSm þ ]cJ}jzifh rEdkifEdkif[k
ajymaomfvnf; prf;Munfhcsifonf[kqdkum aemufwywf jrif;yGJwGif
uREkfyfvdkufoGm;\/ uRekfyfüaiG 25usyfygcJU&m udkxGe;foef;u þcJjzifh

501 
rEdkifEdkifyg[k ajymí vufOD;yGJrsm;rS jrif;rsm;udkxkd;cdkif;\/ a'pD\yGJrSm
aemufqkH;yGJjzpfaeavonf/ uREkfyfonf ukdxGef;oef;\jzm;a,mif;jcif;rsm;udk
em;raxmifyJ (vufrSwftwGuf 5usyfay;NyD;aemuf) usefaomaiG 20d
udkuspfuspfygatmif xkyfxm;\/ yOöryJGNyD;vwfaomf udkxGef;oef;ü
waumifrS rwkdufaomaMumifh ygaomaiGukefavNyD/ qXryGJwGif
udkxGef;oef;onf uREkfyfxHrSaiGacs;av&m rMunfromESifhyif aiG10d acs;
vdkuf&\/ udkxGef;oef;rSm xdkyGJwGifvnf;rwdkufacs/ upm;orm;wkdU
rnfonfrSm vufxJüaiGukefaomtcg jrifaomvlxHrS acs;csifwwf\/
xdkUaMumifhuREkfyfonf (jrif;q,fyJGajy;rnfhteuf) usefaom jrif;okH;yJGudk
udkxGef;oef;ESifh vGwfatmifa&SmifaeNyD; aemufqkH; 10 yGJwGifrS a'pDtwGuf
0if; ig;usyf? yav; ig;usyf xkd;vdkuf\/ yef;vTwfawmhonf/ okdUaomf
51usyfrQ avsmfaomaMumifh xdkaeUu a'pD\avsmfaMu;rSm tjcm;yJGrsm;rS
]0if;}xufyif ydkao;onf[kajymMuonf/ ]0if;}rwdkufaomfvnf; avsmfaMu;
trsm;qkH;aom jrif;udka&G;NyD; tdyfruf&onf[k ajymp&m&Sdaeavonf/

'kwd,tdyfruf

xdkUaemuf wvcefUMumí uREkfyftdyf&mrS Edk;vmaomtcg  (Larry) 

]vm&D}[laom t*FvdyfpmvkH;BuD; bvufbkwfü a&;xm;jcif;udk tdyfrufxJü

jrifvdkuf&onf[k owday:vm\/ xdkaeUrSm[if'Duwf xGufNyD;jzpfí
udkxGef;oef;udk ar;Munfh&m ¤if;u ]vm&D}[la om jrif;&Sdí þwywfvnf;
ajy;rnfhtaMumif;? okdUaomf ]cJ}av;vGef;aomaMumifh Edkifvdrfhrnf rxif
aMumif;ajym\/ (udkxGef;oef;um; uREkfyfawGUbl;orQaom vlrsm;teufwGif
,kHcJqkH;aom vlwa,mufjzpf\/) uREkfyfrlum; olajymcsif&m ajymap?

502 
]vm&D}udk avmif;rnf[k oEédXmefcsxm;NyD;jzpf\/ jrif;yGJum; okH;&ufvdk
ao;\/ uREkfyfonf xdkpOfu NAdwdoQbm;rm; r*¾Zif;twGuf pkHaxmuf
armifpH&Sm; 0w¦Kwyk'f 50d EIef;ESifhvwdkif; a&;vsuf&Sd\/ okdUjzpfí uRekfyf
onf 0w¦Kwyk'fa&;í r*¾Zif;wkdufodkU oGm;NyD;vQif paeaeUrS aiG50d
vm,lrnfqdkum aumfyDay;xm;cJU\/ paeaeUwdkif; a&mufaomtcg
refae*sm udkqdkifu aiG 50d r&SdaMumif;? 25usyfom &SdaMumif;ajymí
pdwfysufpGmESifh ¤if;udk,lcJU&av\/
xdkUaemuf udkxGef;oef;ESifhtwl xGufvmMu&m udkxGef;oef;onf
uREkfyf\ ]wpf}udk r,lvdkonfhjyif uREkfyftm;yif ]vm&D}udk ravmif;zdkU
wavQmufvkH; zsufygao;\/ jrif;yGJodkU a&mufMuaomtcgvm&DrSm
jrif;yGJq,fyGJteuf aemufqkH;yJG\ tvsifwyGJ (udk;yGJ)wGif ajy;rnf[k
od&\/ wyGJESpfyJGajy;NyD;aomtcg udkxGef;oef;u ]vm&D}udk uREkfyfwu,f
,kHMunfcJUvQif aiGrsm;rsm;Edkifapjcif;iSm wwd,yJGüaocsmayguf Edkifrnfhjrif;
udk (emrnfudkawmh uREkfyfarhoGm;NyD/) avmif;í&aom avsmfaiGjzifhvm&Dudk
avmif;EdkifaMumif; ajym\/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; avmb0ifvmNyDjzpfí aiG50d
ygcJUzdkU pDpOfxm;NyD;rS 25d usyfom ygvmonfESifh rausrcsrf; jzpfaeaom
aMumifh olUpum;udk em;0ifoGm;\/ þwGifaiG10davmif;vdkuf&m ygoGm;
avonf/ olUrSmvnf;ajymifavNyD/ &IH;aom vlrsm;onf 0rf;[mwwfí
Edkifaomvlrsm;rSm bmrQ rpm;yJESifhauseyfNyD; Adkufjynfhaewwfjcif;rSm
upm;orm;rsm;\ "r®wmjzpf\/ tcsdefrSm ESpfem&DausmfNyDjzpf&m uREkfyfwkdU
ESpfa,mufvkH; tlwMuKwfMuKwfESifh tvGefqmvsuf &SdMu\/ ]vm&D}\yGJrSm
wem&DcGJcefU vdkao;\/ rapmifhEdkifawmhacs/ þwGif uREkfyfwdkUonf
vufzuf&nfcef;xJodkU0ifí wusyfzkd;pDrQ vufzuf&nf aomufvkdufMu
ojzifh &Spfusyfom usefawmhí ]vm&D}\yGJwdkif a&mufonfESifh aoG;Nidrfpdrfh

503 
aomiSm t&ufwcGufpD oGm;íaomufvkdufMuonf/ ]vm&D}udk ]yufa'gh}okdU
xkwfvmaomtcg tvGefqkd;ykH&aom jrif;eufBuD;jzpfí BudK;ESpfacsmif;ESifh
qdkufukvm;ESpfa,muf udkif&\/ udkxGef;oef;u ]]cifAsmhaumifBuD;u
qdk;uqdk;oeJU? *dwfrSmusef&pf ygvdrfhrnf}}[k ajymao;\/ odkUaomf
vTwfvdkufaomtcg ]tkyf}xJu vdkufaomfvnf; yef;t0ifwGifxdk;wufvmNyD;
a&SUqkH;rS 0ifoGm;avonf/ avsmfaiGum; vufrSwfwapmiftwGuf 151
usyf&avonf/
uREkfyfrSm tdfrfuygvmcJUaom aiG25 usyfrS 151 usyfjzpfvmí
tjrwfBuD; &aomfvnf; rlvBuH&G,fcsuftwdkif; 50d zdk;avmif;vdkuf&vQif
1510d &rnfqdkum rausrcsrf; jzpfaerdao;\/ þum;avmbom;wkdU\
"r®wmwnf;/

wwd,tdyfruf

wpkHwa,mufaomolu uREkfyftm; tdyfrufay;jcif; jzpfcJUvQif

]]þvlum; xdkufwefaomvlwa,muf r[kwf}}[k qkdum tdyfrufray;yJ
aeavovm; rajymwwf/ xdkUaemufwGif tdyfrufr&awmhyJ udk;ESpfcefUMum
aomtcgrS tvGefxl;qef;aom tdyfrufwck ruf&jyefonf/ tdyfrufxJü
uREkfyfonf w&kwfuvyfwGif av;aumif*sif xdk;vsuf&Sd\/ xdk*sifrSm
av;aumif*sif qdkaomfvnf; av;uGufwnf; r[kwfyJ tuGufaygif; 20
cefU&Sdí tuGufrsm;wGif xkH;pHtwdkif; Muuf? 0uf? ig;&SOfh? zm; wnf;[laom
t&kyfav;aumifr[kwfyJ *Pef;rsm;a&;xm;onfudk jrif&\/ *Pef;rsm;
rSmvnf; t*Fvdyf *Pef;rsm;jzpf\/ uREkfyfonf tjcm;vlrsm;ESifhtwl
ckH&Snfay:wGif xdkifvsuf *sifxdk;ae&m w&kwfu okH;BudrfzGifhjcif;udk jrif&\/

504 
jrif&aom *Pef;rsm;rSm (14-8-6)wdkUjzpfav\/ tdyf&mrSEdk;í *Pef;
ygaom*sif[k r&SdygyJvsuf xl;xl;qef;qef; jrifrufjcif;udk pOf;pm;vsuf&SdpOf
xdkaeUonfum; jrif;yGJaeU jzpfjcif;udk jAKef;ueJ owd&\/ þrQom
ruao;? xdkpOfurl ]]okH;aumifpGyf}}ay:vsuf&Sdjcif;udkvnf; owd&\/
þwGif okH;aumifpGyftwGuf tdyfrufjzpf&rnf[k awG;xifvdkufygawmhonf/
odkUjzpfí tdrfü&SdorQaom aiG30dudk ,lNyD; jrif;yGJokdUoGm;ygawmhonf/
þwBudrfrl udkxGef;oef;r&SdawmhyJ rdrdwa,mufwnf; oabmtwdkif;
vkyfEdkifawmhrnf[k atmufarhrdygao;onf/ jrif;yJGodkUa&mufaomtcg
okH;aumifpGyf yxrwGJyJG ajy;cgeD;wGif tdrfeD;csif;wa,mufESifhawGUí
]]bmxdk;ovJ}} [kar;ojzifh ]14}[kajymvkduf&m olvnf;ajy;í xkd;ao;onf/
uREkfyfrlum; ]14}twGufaiG25usyfzdk; (ig;apmif) qkwfvdkufonf/ ¤if;yGJwGif
]14}eHygwf jrif;yif0ifí avsmfaiG 24usyfpD&aom aMumifh pkpkaygif; 120d
&avonf/ ysOfjym;ay:wGif Edkifaomjrif;eHygwf ]14}udk ajrjzLjzifha&;í
ajrSmufwifvdkufaomtcg ysOfjym;ay:ü a&;xm;aom ]14}rSm tdfyfrufxJwGif
}*sif}ay:ü a&;xm;onfh ]14}ESifh vlwa,mufwnf; a&;xm;onfh vufa&;
uJUodkU tvGefwlonfudk uREkfyfjrif&aomtcg igum; ,aeUaocsmNyD[k
tBuD;tus,f0rf;omrdygawmhonf/
uREkfyfonfi,fpOfuwnf;u tvkyform;ESifh twlaecJU&í avmif;
upm;jcif; tvkyfü 0goemxkHvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; pifppftm;jzifh EdkifzdkU
avmbBuD;ol wa,mufr[kwf/ r&IH;yJESifhaysmfae&vQif auseyfEdkifol
wa,mufjzpf\/ tcsKdUuavmif;upm;yJGrSxvmí ]t&if;}jzpfonfqdkvQif
tvum;anmif;wmygyJ[k ajymwwfMu\/ uREkfyfrlum; ]t&if;}jzpfae
onfqdkvQif avmif;upm;íaysmf&jcif;twGuf jrwfonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/
xdkolwdkUu Edkifcsifí upm;onf[kqdkMu&m uREkfyfrlum; &IH;rnfavm

505 
Edkifrnfavm? odkUavmodkUavm  (Suspense)  jzpfae&jcif;onf t&omwck
jzpfonf[k,lq\/ uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufrSmum; rEdkifcsifae? r&IH;vQif
auseyfonf[kqdkEdki\
f / okdUqdkvQifydkufqHravmif;yJ tvum;wrf; upm;
vQifjzpfEdkifonf r[kwfavm[k ar;zG,f&Sd\/ usifvnfrIESifhqdkifaom upm;
enf;rsKd;wGif ydkufqHravmif;yJ aysmfEdkifaomfvnf; ]uHupm;}enf;rsKd;wGif
ydkufqHravmif;yJraysmfEdkif? t"dyÜm,fr&Sdacs/ þtaMumif;rsm;udk &Sif;vif;
azmfjy&jcif;rSm þokH;aumifpGyfyJGü uREkfyfavmif;ykHudk em;vnfMuap&ef
jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonftdyfruf&aomaMumifh EdkifcsifívmcJUjcif; jzpfaomf
vnf; &IH;oGm;rnfudkwbufu pdk;&drfao;\/ odkUjzpfí yxrwGJyGJrS aiG
120davsmfaiG&aomtcg 'kwd,ESifh wwd,yGJrsm;twGuf tm;vkH;ykHíravmif;
ao;yJ aiG 20dcsefxm;í pGyftwGuf60d (vufrSwf 12apmif)? 'kwd,yJGtwGuf
40d(vufrSwf 8apmif) avmif;vdkuf\/ 'kwd,yGJü jrif;eHygwf(8)wkdufí
avsmfaiGwapmif 10dusyfESifh aiG80d&\/ þwGifvufxJü aiG20d+80djyif
okH;aumifpGyftwGuf vufrSwf 12apmif&Sdao;onf/ okH;aumifpGyf[lí wcg
rSwdkufvnf;rwdkufbl; xdk;vnf;rxkd;bl;aom uREkfyfrSm wwd,wJGajy;cgeD;ü
&ifckefvIdufykHrSm teD;rS vlrsm;yifMum;&avmufonfxif\/ (þrQavmuf
&ifckef&jcif;rSm tEdkift&IH; aMumifh r[kwfyg? av;aumif*sif0dkif;rsm;wGif
wcgw&H þrQavmufru xdk;cJUbl;ygonf/ &ifckef&jcif;rSm ig\tdyfruf
rSefrnfavm? rSm;rnfavm odcsifaZmaMumifh jzpfygonf/) wwd,wJGyGJü jrif;
12 aumifvTwfvdkuf avNyD/ uREkfyf\ eHygwf (6)jrif;rSm
ESmwHtjzLusm;jzpfí azG;azG;azG;azG;ESifh ajy;vmjcif;udk ta0;BuD;rSjrif&\/
okdUaomf &ifckefvGef;tm;BuD;aomaMumifh aoaocsmcsm rMunfh0HUacs/
wcgw&H rMunfh&JaomaMumifh rsufESmvTJí aevkduf&\/ yef;0ifoGm;
MuavNyD/ b,fjrif;ygvdrfh/ uREkfyfem;rMum;yJjzpf ae\/ ]pdefvQH}qdkavvm;?

506 
]wdrfysH}qdkavvm; ruJGjym;acs/ pdefvQHonf uREkfyf\jrif;eHygwf(6)jzpf\/
bvufbkwfokdUMunfhvdkufaomtcg eHygwf(9)jzpfí ]wdrfysH}EdkifoGm;avNyD/
okH;aumifpGyfwGif ESpfaumifwnfNyD;rS aemufqkH;waumif vGJ&jcif;
jzpfavonf/ uREkfyf\vufxJüaiG100d&Sdaeí aiG 70dEdkifonfrSefaomf vnf;
ESpfaumifrSefNyD;rS waumifvJGaom tdyfrufudk uREkfyfem;rvnfEdkif atmif
&Sdawmhonf/ waumifvJG&rnfjzpfvQif tb,faMumifh ESpfaumifrSefaom
tdyfrufrsKd; ruf&oenf;/ pifppfrSm tdyfrufwcktaejzifh ESpfyJGqufNyD;
rSefzkdUvnf; vG,fulonf r[kwfacs/ em;vnfaom jrif;orm; wa,muf
um; ESpfaumifrSefEdkifonf/ ,ckrSm tdyfrufoufoufjzpfygvsuf
tb,fhaMumifh ESpfaumifrSefEdkif &oenf;/ uREkfyfonf usefaom jrif;wyJGü
pdwfr0ifpm;awmhyJ jrif;yJGrS wa,muf wnf;jyefvmcJU\/ aiG 100d
vufudkif&Sd onfum; [kwfyg\/ odkUESifh uREkfyfrSm þjyóemonf
pdwfxJwGif wtkHaEG;aEG;&Sdaeygawmhonf/

jyóem&Sif;oGm;jcif;

xdkUaemuf 7 ESpfcefUMumaomtcg uREkfyfESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;

rif;BuD;&kH;wGif twlwuGtvkyfvkyfcJUbl;í yxrtdrfaxmif rvSrl;ESifhqG,f
ay;aom oli,fcsif; udkrsKd;tHUonf uREkfyf\tdrfodkUa&mufvmí ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm uJGuGmaecJUaom oli,fcsif;jzpfonfhtavsmuf auR;arG;jyKpk\/ xdkol
rSmt*¾d,orm;wa,mufjzpfí [kwÅdywÅd tvkyfrvkyfyJ acsmifvnfacsmifywf
jzpfae&Sm\/ udkrsKd;tHUu aiGacsmifacsmif &vdkoavm[k ar;í
]upm;arSmf}oGif;ay;rnf[kajym&m uREkfyfu aiGvdkcsif aomfvnf; ]arSmf}udk
r,kHMunfaMumif;ajym\/ þodkUjzifh avmif;upm;jcif; taMumif;udk

507 
qufvuf ajymjyMu,if; uREkfyfutxufyg jrif;yGJtdyfruf rsm;taMumif;
ajymjyav\/ uREkfyfu wwd,tdyfrufonf uREkfyf\OD;aESmufudk ,aeUwdkif
tvkyfay;vsuf&SdaMumif; ajymjyav\/ þvlum; wenf;tm;jzifh
OmPfwrsKd;&Sdaom vlwa,mufjzpfygayonf/ uREkfyf\pum;qkH;onfESifh
wNydKifeuf udkrsKd;tHUu ]]cifAsm;[mu 6 eJU 9 eJU vGJaewmudk;As? 9
aZmufxdk;Munfhrdawmh 6 jzpfoGm;wmaygh? tdyfrufu 9 jyygvsufeJU
cifAsm;uaZmufxkd;MunfhrdNyD; 6 jzpfoGm;awmhwmayghAs}}[k ajymavonf/
[kwfvnf;[kwfayonf/ tdyfrufxJu*sifwGif vufudkif (tnSm)uav;
uyfvsufyg&Sd&m 9 udkajymif;jyef Munhfvsufom;jzpfaeaom aMumifh 6 [k
uREkfyfjrifcJU&jcif; jzpf&ayrnf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfapuREkfyftm; ESpfaygif;twef
Mumatmif 'ku©ay;vmcJUaom jyóemwckum; &Sif;vif;oGm; ygNyD/
armifrif;BuD;om;tm; aus;Zl;wifygonf/ uREkfyf\tdyfrufrsm;rSm
rnfolwOD;wa,mufu ay;vmonfjzpfap? uREkfyfzmom uREkfyfjrifruf
onfjzpfap uREkfyftzdkU&mü woufvkH;twGuf twdwfedrdwfuJUodkU t"dyÜm,f
ay:vGifvSayonf/ tdyfrufokH;ckvkH;ü uREkfyftzdkU tcsnf;ESD;rjzpf?
txdkuftavsmuf tusKd;cHpm;&jcif;udk awGUMu&ayNyD/ okdUaomf
acsmacsmarmarm vSvSyyBuD;um; cHpm;&onfr[kwfacs/ uREkfyf\
toufwm wavQmufvkH;wGifvnf; þtwdkif;yif jzpfcJU\/ uREkfyf\
tusKd;ay;rSm odyfawmhracvS/ odkUaomf uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwf atmifjrifrI
BuD;rsKd;um; r&SdcJUbl;acs/ þonfrSm þpmudk a&;vsuf&Sdaom ,cktcsdef
(72ESpf)ü t"dyÜm,faumufjcif;jzpfav&m a&SUtzdkUwGif jyifqifaumuf,lzdkU
taMumif;jzpfay:OD;rnfavm rajymwwfay/

508 
avmif;upm;ykH pepfwck

e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmwdkufü tvkyfvkyfvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfwdkU\

aysmfenf;trsKd;rsKd;teuf ,aeUwdkif rarhEkdifonfh uvyfwufjcif;tvkyfudk
azmfjyvdk\/ rarhEdkifqdkjcif;rSm þ[mrsKd;BuKHawGUcsifvSao;aomaMumifh
r[kwf&yg/ þacwf þ[mrsKd; r&SdawmhonfhtwGuf a&S;jzpfa[mif;taejzifh
atmufarhaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ 1926ckESpfü uREkfyfonf ]teDaxmif}[k
Mum;bl;&kHom&Sdí jrifvnf; rjrifbl;? upm;bl;zkdUum; a0;avNyD/
(þacwfvlrsm;onf ]teDaxmif}avmif;upm;enf;udk jrifbl;ol enf;yg;
ayvdrfhrnf/) avmif;upm;ykHrSm av;aumif*sifESifh vkH;0wlí ]ygxef}ESifh
tawmftwefwl\/ uREkfyfonf þavmif;upm;enf;udk tao;pdwf
azmfjyvdkjcif;r[kwf? xdkacwfuupm;orm;rsm;\ ]ewfjynf}wckudk
a&;jycsifaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ uREkfyfonf udkcifarmifwifhESifhtwl
vrf;rawmf&Sd w&kwfuvyfrsm;odkU oGm;avh&Sd\/ avmif;upm;olrsm;onf
avmif;upm;enf;wrsKd;rsKd;ü wwfcgpwGif Edkifwwfonf/  (Beginner's Luck) 
qdkaom t*Fvdyfpum;ykHwck&Sd\/ þpum;ykHonf tjcm;olrsm;twGuf
rajymwwf? uREkfyftzdkUrl rSefonfcsnf; awGU&\/ uREkfyfwcgw&H pOf;pm;
rdonfrSm upm;wwfcgpvlrsm; Edkifwwfjcif;rSm taMumif;rnfodkU
&Sdavoenf;/ rwwfwwwfESifh avmif;upm;vQif &IH;zdkUoifhygvsuf tb,fh
aMumifh Edkif&oenf;/ Edkifwwfonfqdkjcif;rSm ]OmPf}ygaom avmif;upm;
jcif;rsKd;twGuf r[kwfEdkif? uHoufouf avmif;upm;enf;rsKd;twGufom
jzpf&ayrnf/ Oyrm bdvd,ufrwwfyJvsufESifh avmif;wef;xdk;vQif
&IH;zdkUaocsmav&m udk;rD;zJupm;vQifrlum; EdkifcsifEdkifEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
]teDaxmif}rlum; udk;rD;zJuJUodkU uHoufouf avmif;pm;jcif;jzpfí

509 
wwfcgpvlrsm;vnf; EdkifzdkUvrf;&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfonf udkcifarmifwifhESifh
twl w&kwfuvyfrsm;odkU oGm;aomtcg ]vufudkif}aiG 20d-25dusyfrQ
ygavh&Sd\/ píupm;vdkufonfqkdvQifyif em&Dw0ufcefUtwGif; aiGav;
ig;q,f EdkifvdkufavNyD/ qufvufupm;í 10d-15dusyf jyef&IH;onfqdkvQif
acwÅ&yfem;NyD; EdkifrSom qufvufíupm;\/ þonfum; uREkfyf\
avmif;upm;pepfaywnf;/

uREkfyfawGU&Sdaompepf

þae&mü avmif;upm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí (BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgrS)

uREkfyfawGU&Sdxm;aom pepfwckudk azmfjyvd\
k / i,fpOftcgu
v,f,mpdkufysKd;jcif;&kH;ü tvkyfvkyfpOf avmif;upm;rdí&IH;cJUbl;jcif;rsm;
taMumif;udk azmfjycJUbl;&m xdkuJUodkUjzpf&jcif;rSm azmfjyvwÅHUaom ]pepf}udk
em;rvnfao;aomaMumifhjzpf\/ rnfolrqdk avmif;upm;enf;wckü (]uH}
jzpfap? ]OmPf}jzpfap) upm;vdkufonfqdkvQif wxdkifwnf;twGif; &IH;csnf
Edkifcsnf jzpfjcif;udk awGU&wwfayonf/ wavQmufwnf;&IH;jcif;?
wavQmufwnf;Edkifjcif; qdkonfrsKd;rSm tvGefw&m awGU&cJayonf/
rsm;pGmaom upm;orm;wkdU ajymwwfMuonfrSm ]]Edkifaewkef;u
awmfvdkufrdvQif aumif;om;Asm? reJbl;As? aiG 300davmufEdkifvdkuf
ao;w,f? avmbBuD;NyD; qufupm;vdkufwm ajymifygava&mAsm}}[lonf
yifjzpf\/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkif i,fpOfuvnf; þtjzpfrsKd; cPcP
BuKHcJU&bl;\/ ]]Edkifwkef;rSmawmf&rnfqdkvQif qufNyD;rEdkifEdkif[krnfolu
ajymEdkifoenf;}}[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/ [kwfawmh [kwfygonf/ odkUaomf
uREkfyfawGUxm;aompepfrSm þokdUjzpf\/ EdkifaeorQ qufíupm;oifh\/

510 
Oyrm aiG100d Edkifae&mrS qufNyD;upm;ojzifh 200d-300d txd qufíEdkif
onfqdktHU/ qufvufíupm;ojzifh 150d cefUjyef&IH;NyD; tEdkif150rQom
usefawmhonfqdktHU/ uREkfyfrlum; b,fenf;ESifhrQ qufíupm;awmhrnf
r[kwfacs/ trsm;tm;jzifhrl 100davmufjyef&IH;onfqdkvQifyif uRekfyfawmfcJUyg
onf/ þpepfudk tokH;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyfrSm tcsKdUvlrsm;uJUodkU
yufyufpufpuf rEdkifaomfvnf; yufyufpufpuf &IH;cJvSonf/
uREkfyfavmif;upm;wdkif; 10BudrfvQif 7Budrf 8BudrfcefU Edkifavh&Sd\/
xdkifvdkufuwnf;u awmufavQmuf &IH;aomtcgrsm;üom uREkfyf&IH;&\/
þodkUaomtjzpfrsKd;rSm upm;orm;wdkif;yif BuKH&cJ\/ EdkifNyD;rS
]ajymif}&olwkdUom rsm;avonf/ *syefwacwfvkH;ü uRekfyfrSm pma&;zkdU
tcGifhr&SdaomaMumifh avmif;upm;jcif;jzifh toufarG;cJU&bl;&m
þtaMumif;udk oufqdkifaomtcef;wGifrS azmfjyygOD;rnf/

a&S;acwfa[mif; atmufarhzG,f

vrf;rawmf w&kwfuvyfrsm;ü udkcifarmifwifhESifh uREkfyfonf 1926

ckESpfwGif paeaeUnwdkif; ]teDaxmif} upm;cJUMu\/ uvyfwckudk
wufíupm;ojzifh (Oyrm) uREkfyfü aiG 50d EdkifNyD;&mrS jyef&IH;ojzifh 30d rQ
(tEdkif) usefawmhonfqdkvQif uREkfyfonf xdkif&mrS xvdkufavNyD/
udkcifarmifwifh\ tajctaeudkMunfhí olupm;csifao;vQifvnf; uRekfyf
onf acsmifwckokdUoGm;í bD,maomuf,if;apmifhae\/ (uREkfyfonf
udkodef;az? udknSif;wdkUESifhtwl zcifxH aot&uf vSLMuNyD;onfhaemuf
ouFef;0wfaomtcsdefESifh qufNyD; ok&mar&,tvkyfrsKd; ESpfESpfcefUjzwf
vsuf&SdcJU&m udkcifarmifwifhESifh w&kwfuvyfrsm;okdUa&mufcgrS t"dXmefysuf

511 
&ygawmhonf/ okdUaomf olUaMumifh[líum; rqdkvdkyg/) udkcifarmifwifhrSm
uvyfjyKwfatmif Edkif&rS awmfrnf[k ajymbl;ol jzpfonfhtwdkif;
pdwfauseyfaomtcgrS xvmawmh&m uvyfrjyKwfyJ oljyKwfíom
vmcJUonf/ odkUaomfuREkfyfütEdkifuav;&Sdxm;aomaMumifh awmfygao;\/
wnwavürl olEdkifaecdkufwGif uRekfyfu (w&kwfrsm;trkef; cHNyD;)
twif;qGJaomaMumifh tEdkifuav; ygvmjcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdyg\/ xdkodkUaom
nrsKd;wGif uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufonf uvyfay:rS bD,mwykvif;pDaomuf
cJUNyD; atmufodkUqif;vmMuí acgufqGJqdkifrsm;wGif taumif;qkH;aom
pm;p&mrsm;udk pm;aomufMu\/ xdkUaemufvrf;rawmf vrf;rBuD;wavQmuf
avQmufMuí rnfonfhuvyfodkU jyefíwufMu&ygrnf enf;[ka&G;cs,f
Mu\/ xdkpOfu vrf;rawmfwavQmuf&Sd wkdufrsm;rSm tm;vkH;vdkyif
uvyfrsm;jzpfMuí "mwfrD;wxdefxdefav,yfrsm;w0D0Djzifh avmif;upm;ol
rsm;rSmvnf; ysm;yef;cwfodkU qif;MuwufMu? pm;MuaomufMu? avmif;
upm;Mujzifh bk&m;yJGwrQ pnfum;vS\/
uREkfyfonf upm;orm;rsm;\ trlt&mudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh
xdkol\tEdkift&IH;udk tuJcwfaom tavhtusifhjyKvkyfxm;\/ acgufqGJ
qdkifü &Tef;&Tef;a0aomrsufESmESifh a[mifzGma[mifzGm pum;ajymaom vlum;
EdkifcJUoljzpf&rnf/ xdkolESifh w0dkif;wnf;xdkifvsuf rsufESmcyfnId;nId;ESifh
olajymorQudk axmufcHvsuf&Sdaom vlonfum; udk,fwdkif&IH;vmcJUojzifh
uyfíaomufaomvljzpfonf[k odEdkifavonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifhrl
yxrvlpm;rsKd; wa,mufawGU&wdkif; 'kwd,vlpm;rsKd; av;ig;a,mufrQ
awGU&onfcsnf;jzpf\/ 0dkif;wckwGif zifayghayghESifh cdkif;orQ xvkyfNyD;
oGm;wNzJNzJ&SdaeolrsKd;vnf; yg&Sdwwfay&m xdkolrlum; upm;orm; r[kwf?
]uvyf*sydk;}jzpfavonf/ vlwa,mufEdkifí qif;oGm;vQif *sydk;

512 
waumifESpfaumif uyfüygoGm;onfcsnf; jzpfavonf/ rnfodkUqdkap
av;ig;a,muf&IH;wdkif; Edkifolwa,mufwav yg&SdwwfonfjzpfaomaMumifh
xdkwa,mufudkMunfhNyD; oGm;&nfusMu&jcif;tm;jzifh vrf;rawmf&yfuGuf
onf upm;orm;rsm;\ ewfjynfwrQ wrf;wol aygrsm;ygbdonf/
tol&um,fü cHcsnfwcg pHcsnfwvSnfh[k qdk&m uREkfyftzdkU&mü
paeaeUrsm;onf cHpm;aomtydkif;[k owfrSwfxm; xdkw&uftwGuf 6
&ufvkH;vkH; vufcsKd;um a&wGufarQmfvifhcJU&\/ ESpfa,mufvkH;&IH;í
ajymifaomnrsm;rSwyg; uREkfyfwdkUonf uvyfwckrSwckokdU ul;vdkuf?
aomufvkduf? pm;vdkuf b,frSmrS r&SdawmhonfhtwGuf wcgw&H
vGrf;&OD;rnfuJUodkU jzpfrdygao;onf/ rdkwmum;onf vSnf;Murf;xuf
aumif;aomfvnf; a&Tpm&Hpaom bk&m;yJGrsKd;odkU vSnf;Murf;jzifhoGm;í
aysmf&bl;jcif;udk rarhEdkifouJUodkUyif/

wm0efBuD;aomtvkyfwck

e,l;bm;rm;wdkuf twGif;a&;rSL; tvkyfonf ]Am[D&} tvkyfrsKd;jzpf

aomaMumifh uREkfyfrESpfoufaMumif; azmfjycJUNyDjzpf&m xdkrQru OD;aESmuf
ajcmuf&ykHudk azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ waeUoü 0wfvkHawmf&wa,mufonf
wdkufodkUvmí ykHESdyfvkyfief;wcktaMumif; pkHprf;\/ tvkyfrSm þodkUwnf;/
ol\w&m;cHwa,muftm; [dkufukwfvTwfawmfu vlowfrIxif&Sm;onf
qdkum aopm;aoap[k BudK;rdefUcsxm;&m w&m;cHu t*Fvefjynf
y&DADaumifpDodkU t,lcH0ifcsif\/ y&DADaumifpD\xkH;rSm ¤if;odkUt,lcH0if
aomtrIrsm;wGif trIwGJudk jrefrmjynf vTwfawmfrsm;rSmuJUodkU
vufESdyfpufjzifh &dkuful;wifquf&kHjzifh rNyD;yJ trIwJG wckvkH;udkykHESdyfí

513 
pmtkyftjzpfESifh wifydkU&avonf/ pmtkyfrsm;udk (8 tkyfxifonf/) wifydkU
&mwGif ,ckuJUodkU av,mOfysHray:ao;ojzifh oabFmESifh ydkU&rnfjzpf\/
w&m;cHonfvTwfawmfrS BudK;rdefUusNyD;onfhaemuf t,lcH&uf (&ufaygif;
40qdkvm;) &&Sd&m xdktcsdeftwGif; y&DADaumifpDtzGJU\ vufodkU a&muf&
rnfjzpf\/ oabFmwpif;onf xdkpOfu jrefrmjynfrS t*FvefodkU &ufowÅ
okH;ywf tenf;qkH;oGm;&\/ twdkcsKH;vdkufaomf t*FvefjynfodkU t,lcH&uf
rSDatmif a&mufrnfhoabFmonf xdktcgü jrefrmjynfrSxGufzdkU &&ufcefUrQ
omvdkawmh\/ t"dyÜm,frSm 0wfvkHawmf&onf trIwGJpmtkyfrsm;udk &&uf
twGif; ykHESdyfNyD;pD;apvdkonf/ 7 &uftwGif; rNyD;ojzifh oabFmrrSDvdkufyJ
&SdcJUaomfxdktvkyfonf tcsnf;ESD; tv[ó jzpf&vdrfhrnf[k qdkvdkonf/
0wfvkHawmf&onfvufESdyfpufjzifh &dkufESdyfxm;onfh trIwGJudkxkwfjyí
udkbvIdifESifh uREkfyfwdkUonf zdkrif\tultnDjzifh wGufcsufMu\/
uREkfyfwkdU\wGufudef;t&rSm ¤if;tvkyfonf 10&ufcefUMumrnfh tvkyfwck
jzpfí vlydkrsm;ac:NyD; wGef;xdk;vkyfudkifrnfqdkygu 7 &ufrQESifh NyD;Edkifavmuf
onf/ 0wfvkHawmf&url tjcm;ykHESdyfwdkufrsm;rS jiif;y,fvdkufonfh
vu©PmESifh udkbvIdiftm; twif;tyluyfaeonfhjyif ykHESdyfcudkvnf;
wef&mwefzkd;xuf ESpfqay;\/ udkbvIdifum; aps;aumif;&onfqdkum
vufcHcsifvSNyDjzpf&m zdkrifuvnf; udkbvIdiftm;rsufESmvkyfcsifonfESifh
vufcHzdkU wdkufwGef;vsuf&Sd\/ udkbvIdifonfbmrQrajymyJ qdwfqdfwfae
aom uREkfyftm; ]]b,fhES,fAs udkazodef;}}[kar;&m uREkfyfrlum; pdwfav;
vsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf xkdtvkyf\taMumif;jcif;&mudk 0wfvkHawmf&
ajymjyí od&onfhjyif tvkyfudkvufcHí vkyfaomtcgwGifvnf;
zdkrifESifhwuG pmpDorm;rsm;tm; aqmfEId;&rnfhwm0efrSm uREkfyftvkyfjzpfaom

514 
aMumifh EIwfroGufEdkifyJjzpfae\/ udk,fwdkifvkyfíjzpfaom tvkyfrsKd;qdkygu
(aps;aumif;&aomaMumifh) aESmifhaES;rnfr[kwfyg/
,ckrSm ukvm;pmpDorm;rsm;ESifh 8-9vrQ qufqHvkyfudkifcJU&bl;NyDjzpf
aomaMumifh ¤if;wdkUtaMumif;udk odNyD;jzpfí tcsdefESifhwuG wm0ef,l&rnfudk
tvGefpdwfav;vsuf&Sdygonf/ okdU&mwGifaemufqkH;ü udkbvIdif\qE´jynfh0
ygapawmhqdkum acgif;ndwfvdkufygawmhonf/

rBudK;pm;pbl; BudK;pm;jcif;

trIwGJudk ykHESdyfaomtvkyfpavNyD/ yxrwGif okH;&ufrQESifh tvkyf

xuf0ufcefUNyD;pD;oGm;onfjzpfí udkbvIdifonf wNyKH;NyKH;&Sdum uRekfyfvnf;
auseyfvSygonf/ uREkfyfonf þtvkyfwGif udk,fwdkifulnD vkyfudkifay;
Edkifaom tuGufr&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyfrjrifbl;&onfh BudK;ay;w&m;cH
twGufaMumifh pdwfylonfESifh vkyfaeustvkyfudk csxm;um xyfcdk;uav;ü
tvkyfvkyfMuaom pmpDorm;rsm;qDodkUcPcP wufoGm;NyD; tvkyfNyD;oifh
oavmuf NyD;rNyD;udkMunfh&I\/ tvkyform;rsm;udk wkdufwGef;\/ tm;ay;
\/ olwkdUvnf; BudK;pm;Muyg\/ odkU&mwGif yOöraeUürlum; tvkyform;
ESpfa,muf wkyfauG;auG;ojzifh tvkyfrqif;EdkifyJ&Sd&mwGif OD;acgif;BuD;oGm;
rdygawmhonf/ zdkriftm; vlpm;&atmif &Smapygaomfvnf; &efukefa*Zuf
owif;pmwdkufrS wa,mufwnf;&cUJ\/ ¤if;udkvnf; vkyfcESpfqay;&\/
aiGum;udpör&Sd? vlESpfa,mufjynfhatmif r&jcif;twGuf pdwfylvSonf/
aemufwaeUüvlESpfa,muf xyfízsm;jyef&m uREkfyfwdkU rsufvkH;jyL;ukefMu
&avNyD/ vlpm;&Smjyefawmhvnf; wa,mufwnf;om&í ,refaeUu
qJG,lcJUonfh tvkyform;vnf; rvmEdkifawmhacs/ uRekfyfwdkUonf

515 
ntcsdefrsm;yg ]tdkAmwdkif}vkyfzdkU pDpOfMu\/ uRekfyfonf Munfhjrifwdkif
prf;acsmif;&yfuGufü aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m ntcsdefrsm;wGif wdkufodkUvmí
tvkyform;rsm;udk tm;ay;&ao;\/ tdyfcsifajyatmif umzDrsm;0,fí
wdkuf&ao;\/ olwkdUvnf;tpGrf;ukef BudK;pm;Mu&Smygayonf/ uREkfyfvkyfcJU
avorQaomtvkyf trsKd;rsKd;wkdUwGif þwBudrfuJUodkU vkyfcJUbl;jcif;
r&Sdbl;yg/ rdk;tvif;xkdifNyD; pma&;bl;aom naygif;rsm;pGm&Sdyg\/ odkU&mwGif
rdr\
d avmbtavsmuf a&;jcif;jzpfí pdwfat;vufat;vnf; vkyf&ygonf/
,ckrSmrl udk,fwdkifvnf; rvkyfwwfyJ tvum; ]Asmrsm;}&aomtvkyf
jzpfaomaMumifh pdwfyifyef;vSyg onf/ xdkESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUpmpDorm;
avmuü wkyfauG; tBuD;tus,fzsm; Muav&m pmpDorm;wa,muf
zsm;onfqdkvQif þtvkyftwGuf tcsdefrSDatmif tvkyfqif;Edkifawmhonf
r[kwfaomaMumifh vlpm;xdk;EdkifzdkUom BudK;pm;&ygawmhonf/ tvkyftyf&
rnfhaeUwGif pmtkyfrsm;rSm rNyD;wNyD;&Sdae\/ qdkvdk&if;rSm oabFmrSD
rnfqdkvnf; rSDEdkif\/ rrSDyJjzpfvQifvnf; jzpfEdkif\/ aemufydwfqkH;nü
tvkyform;rsm;vnf; rdk;vif;atmifvkyfMuí uREkfyfvnf; tvkyfwdkufü
pm;yJGay:wGiftdyfcJU&yg onf/ tajy;tvTm; pmpD? uwdkufu&dkuf ykHESdyf?
tjrefqkH;y&kMunhf? aoajy;&Sifajy; csKyfvkyfMuyg\/ odkUaomf oabFmum;
rrSDvdkufawmhacs/ pmtkyfrsm;NyD;aomtcsdefwGif oabFmonf yifv,f0
avmufxuf ydkía&mufOD;rnfr[kwfacs/ 0wfvkH\pma&;onfaemufqkH;
uREkfyfwdkUwdkufodkU vefcsm;ESifh okH;av;acgufrQ vmcsnfjyefcsnf vkyfvsuf
&Sd&m pwkw¦acgufwGif vefjcm;ay:rSyif rqif;EdkifawmhyJ ]xGufoGm;NyDAsKdU}
[kqdkum vufjyoGm;ygavawmhonf/ qufvufítvkyfvkyfMuygrl 15
rdepfcefUavmufwGif NyD;Edkifrnf jzpfaomfvnf; taMumif;rxl;awmhonfESifh

516 
tvkyform;rsm;onf pdwfysuftm;avsmhpGmESifh tvkyfudk ypfcsvdkufMu
ygawmhonf/

tvkyfrSEIwfxGufjcif;

naeydkif;wGif 0wfvkHpma&;onf wdkufodkU wacgufvmjyefí y&DAD

aumifpDodkU aMu;eef;&dkufxm;aMumif;? aemufoabFmESifh wifydkUvdkufygrnf[k
&dkufvdkufaMumif;? okdUjzpfí trIwJGpmtkyfrsm;udk qufvufí NyD;atmif
vkyfMuzdkUtaMumif; ajymav\/ tvkyform;rsm;vnf; ]awmfygao;&JU}qdkum
tvkyfudkjyefí aumufMuav\/ 10 &ufcefUavmuf Mumaomtcg
pma&;onf wdkufodkUwzef a&mufvmíESvkH;romzG,faom owif;w&yfudk
ajymjyygawmhonf/
[dkufukwfvTwfawmfonf vlowfrIw&m;cH\ t,lcHtrIwGJrSm
y&DADaumifpDodkU oabFmjzifhtcsdefrDygroGm;aMumif; od&SdonfESifh w&m;cHtm;
BudK;ay;zdkU trdefUcsvdkufojzifh xdkaeUüyif BudK;ay;vkdufNyDjzpfaMumif;
ajymjyavonf/ tjcm;vlrsm;um; rqdkEdkif/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSmrl y&DAD
aumifpDodkUtrIwGJ a&mufaumif;yg\[k arQmfvifhcJUrdonf/ aumifpDodkU
a&mufí zwf&INyD;umrS y,fvkdufonfqdkvQif uREkfyfESifhrqdkif/ rnfonfhenf;
ESifhrqdk aumifpDvlBuD;rsm; zwf&IMu&aumif;yg\[k arQmfvifhcJUrd\/
,ckrSmrl xdktjzpfodkU ra&muf&yJ w&m;cHudkBudK;ay;vkdufNyD qdkaomaMumifh
uREkfyf\pdwfxJü ]cJavorQ oJa&us}jzpf&avNyDqdkum þtwGif;a&;rSL;
tvkyfESifhywfoufí tBuD;tus,f oHa0*&&SdoGm;cJUav NyD/ uREkfyfonf
þtaMumif;udk ukefpifatmifudkbvIdiftm;ajymrjyyJ þtvkyfrsKd;ESifh
uREkfyfrwef[kajymNyD;vQif 1926 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 31 &ufaeUrSpí

517 
xGufcGifhjyKzdkU ajymygawmhonf/ udkbvIdifonfvGefcJUaom av;vavmuf
rSpí uRekfyftm; vc 125d txdwdk;ay;vmcJU&m Zefe0g&Dv 1&ufaeUrSpí
aiG150d ay;ygrnfqdkum wm;ygao;onf/ uREkfyfrlum; EIwfrSzGifhí
rajymapumrl 500d &aomfvnf; rvkyf[k qkH;jzwfNyD;jzpfavonf/

qlNzdK;aomESpfwESpf

1927ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dvw&ufaeUonf uREkfyf\woufwmwGif ]vGwfvyfa&;

aeU} [líyif owfrSwfxm;rd\/ uREkfyfonf &efukefESifh tqufjywf
vsuf&SdpOf &efukefodkU qif;vmEdkifatmif vrf;cif;ay;ayaom udkbvIdiftm;
aus;Zl;rwif&m usrnfpdk;aomaMumifh twGif;a&;rSL;tvkyfudk ]rIdcsKd; rQpfcsKd;}
rajymvdkyg/ tvkyfonf edrfhusonfr[kwf/ (udkbvIdifatmufwGif uREkfyf
yif&Sdí t,f'DwmudkxGef;oef;ESifh wef;wljzpfygonf/) uREkfyf\ 0goemESifh
rudkufnDjcif;rQom jzpf\/ okdUjzpfí 'DZifbmv 31&ufaeUnwGif uREkfyf
onf udkcifarmifwifhESifh taysmfBuD;aysmfvdkufrdygao; onf/ uREkfyfaysmfEdkif
onfrSmum; e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmwdkufü tvkyfvkyfvsuf&SdpOfuyif
owif;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;paom wdkufrsm;twGuf 0w¦Krsm;a&;ay;&ef
tquftoG,f jyKvkyfxm;NyD;jzpfí wvvQif 200d? 250drQ&zdkU aocsmNyD;
jzpfaomaMumifhjzpf\/ þrQomruao; bmomjyef tvkyfESifh qdkif&mwGif
vnf; udkbvIdifu tquftoG,fjyKvkyfay;ygao;onf/ xdkpOfu jrefrm
jynfwGif 'dpBwdwfaumifpDrsm; pwifzGJUpnf;vsuf&Sd&m ]bdkifavm}ac: Oya'
pnf;urf; pmtkyfrsm;udk wjynfvkH;&Sd 'dpBwdwfaumifpDrsm;u jrefrm
bmomjzifh &dkufESdyfvsuf&Sd\/ udkbvIdifrSm xdkpOfu rdwfaqGaygrsm;aom
vlwa,mufjzpf&m rsm;pGmaom 'dpBwdwfaumifpDrsm;u puú&Daw&Drsm;onf

518 
olESifhausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfMu\/ ¤if;wkdUonf e,l;bm;rm;
wdkufodkU ]bdkifavm}rsm;udk t*Fvdyfvdk tyfvdkufMuí jrefrmvdkjyefNyD;
pmtkyf&dkufESdyfay;&ef tyfESHMu\/ udkbvIdifonf bmomjyeftvkyfudk
uREkfyftm; iSm;ygayonf/ 'dpBwdfwfaumifpDbdkifavmrsm;rSm wckESifhwck
qifwl&dk;rSm;jzpfMuí trnfae&yfrQavmuf ajymif;vJay;&ef omvdkayonf/
odkUjzpfí 1927 ckESpfonf tjcm;tvkyfrsm;ESifh bmomjyeftvkyfrS 0ifaiG
wdkUaMumifh uREkfyftzdkUrSm tvGefqlNzdK;aom ESpfwESpfjzpf\/ xdkESpftwGuf
0ifaiGpkpkaygif;rSm 4200d&Sdí wvvQif 350drQ wGufudef;us\/ xdkacwfu
aiG350donf þacwfwGif 1500d? 2000d cefUESifh nDrQaomaMumifh pma&;q&m
wa,muftzdkUü ]qlNzdK;aomESpf}[k ac:jcif;rSm rrSm;vSacs/

udk,fhudk,fudkauseyfaom tuGufwck

acRwma&;orm;wa,muf jzpfcJUvQif xdkESpfwGif uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;

tzdkU txkyftxnfuav;jzpfoifh\/ yxrtdrfaxmifESifh orD;wa,muf?
'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh om;wa,muf orD;wa,muftjyif uREkfyf\ rdbrsm;
twGufyg pkpkaygif;rS wvvQif 70d-80drQavmufom axmufyHU&onf
jzpfaomaMumifh wv 15usyfwef tdrfcef;uav;wGif aeavmufaom uREkfyf
wdkU vifr,m;rSm tawmftwefpkaqmif;Edkifoifh\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfum;
vlwrsKd;jzpfí ajymavmufatmif tzufrwifacs/ vlwrsKd;[k qdkjcif;rSm
w&m;tm;xkwfaom tcsdefydkif;ESifh ouFef;0wfaom tcsdefydkif;wGif uREkfyf
onfaysmfrI?yg;rI? okH;jzKef;rI[lorQudk pGefUvTwfEdkifcJUojzifh a&SUtzdkUwGifvnf;
vkH;0vSnfhrMunfhawmhNyD[líyif rSwfxifcJUrdaomf vnf; &efukefodkUa&mufí
udkcifarmifwifh? udkausmf(yDrdk;eif;)paom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh ]jyefaygif;xkyf}

519 
rdMu&mwGifrlum; uRekfyf\oEÅmefü &[ef;b0updwfrsKd; vkH;0&Smr&awmhyJ
[dka&S;,cifutwdkif; aysmfaysmfyg;yg; pm;pm;aomufaomuf aecJUrdjyefyg
awmhonf/ odkU&mwGifaumif;aom tuGufuav;wuGuf usef&Sd&pfao;onf
rSmum; rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhtwl taysmfMuL;vsuf&Sdaom tcdkuftwefUrsm;üyif
]]igonf ,ckaysmfvsuf&Sdonf? okdUaomf waeUaeUü þaysmf&TifrIrsm;udk
pGefUvTwfNyD; w&m; qufvuftm;xkwfzdkU tvkyfBuD; &Sdao;onfwum;}}
[laom pdwftBuHonf ay:vmwwfonfcsnf;jzpfavonf/ þonfrSm
pdwftBuHrQ om jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyftzdkU&mü tvGefw&m wefzdk;&SdvS\/
tawmftwef vlrsm; jzwfzdkUcJ,Of;í ]pJG}wwfvSonfqdkaom ok&mar&,
ESpfrsKd;okH;rsKd;udkyif prf;MunfhzdkU uREkfyfraMumufjcif;rSm txufyg pdwftBuH
tm;udk;aMumifhjzpf\/ prf;&kHomru ]pGJ}vnf;pJGbl;\/ odkUaomf jzwfEdkifcJU
onfcsnf; jzpfygonf/ txufyg ok&mar&, okH;rsKd;teuf wckrSm pGJrdvQif
jzwfEdkifol r&Sdoavmuf ao&mygMu&onfcsnf; jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfum;
atmifjrifcJUojzifh udk,fhausmudk,f oyfvdkufcsifygao;onf/ þodkU
atmifjrifcJUjcif;rSm uREfkyfonf pdwftm;aumif;aom vlwa,mufjzpfaom
aMumifhr[kwf/ (trSefrSm pdwfaysmfholwa,muf jzpfygonf/) w&m;
tm;xkwfzdkU tvkyfBuD;usefao;onf[laom pJGvef;rIBuD;aMumifh jzpfygonf/
tu,fí uREkfyfonfxdkatmifjrifrI r&SdcJUvQif þrSwfwrf;udk r&Suf?
,aeUwdkif rdkufrdygonf[k taMumif;rJUazmfjyzdkUum; pdwful;xnfhrnf
r[kwfacs/ taMumif;rJU[laom pum;udk xnfhoGif;&jcif;rSm ]]ajymvQifajym?
rajymvQif owfypfrnf}}[k qdkygrSajym&rnf jzpfygaomaMumifhwnf;/

520 
bdvd,ufxdk;jyefjcif;

uREkfyf\ okH;jzKef;ykH trsKd;rsKd;teuf trsm;qkH; ydkufqHukefcJU&aom aysmfenf;

wckrSm ok&mar&,r[kwf? avmif;upm;jcif;vnf; r[kwf? bdvd,uf
xdk;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ þaysmfenf;um; usef;rma&;twGuf a,mifa,mifESifh
qJGaqmifNyD; ]pJG}wwfaom aysmfenf;jzpfaomaMumifh aMumufp&maumif;vS
aMumif;udk apmapmydkif;u azmfjycJUbl;NyD jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\ udk,fawGU
udk tenf;i,f jznfhpGufazmfjyvdkygao;onf/ bdvd,uf xkd;&mwGif rygvQif
rNyD;aom uREkfyf\tazmfum; udkcifarmifwifhyifjzpf\/ tjcm;vlrsm;ESifh
xkd;&jcif;xuf olESifhxdk;&jcif;udk uREkfyfydkíESpfouf\/ wcgw&HwGif
,cifuawGUbl;onfh udkuGef;ESifhvnf; [dkw,frsm;wGif qkHrdMuí aysmfaysmf
BuD;upm;Edkifyg\/ (udkuGef;rSm xdktcgwGif 0wfvkHawmf& wa,mufjzpfae
avNyD/) udkuGef;ESifh uREkfyfupm;í aysmf&jcif;rSm uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufonf
wa,mufudkwa,muf ]trJ}[k xifrSwfMuí oluvnf; uREkfyfudk
tvG,fwul Edkifvdrfhrnf[kxif&m uRekfyfuvnf; olUudk acsmifacsmifESifh
Edkifrnfxif\/ okdUESifhuREkfyfwdkUrMumcPcsdef;í upm;Mu\/ wa,mufESifh
wa,muf rcHcsifatmif ajym&jcif;rSmvnf; t&omBuD;wckjzpf \/
uREkfyfEdkifaomyJGwGif uHaumif;í Edkifonf[k oluxifí olEdkifaom
yJGwGifvnf; uREkfyfuHqdk;aomaMumifh[k uREkfyfuxif\/ þodkUjzifh
olESifhuREkfyfonf ]rD;cdk;rqkH; rdk;rqkH;} qdk&avmufatmif tcJrausyJ &SdMu\/
pifppfrlum; olESifh uREkfyfonf wa,mufwyJGavmuf tEdkift&IH;&Sdí
]vufwl}csif;jzpf[ef&Sd\/ odkU&mwGif þonfudk oluvnf;vufrcH?
uREkfyfuvnf; 0efrcHEdkifacs/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh udk,fhudk,fudk
txifBuD;aom þrmeonf uRekfyfwdkUESpfa,mufvkH;udk ajrSmufay;ouJUodkU

521 
&Sdaeojzifh wa,mufESifhwa,muf rausEdkifonfh urÇmh&efBuD; jzpfaecJU
ygawmhonf/
uREkfyfonf udk,fhudk,fudk txifBuD;rdonf[k 0efcHaomfvnf; tjcm;aom
bdvd,uform;rsm;ESifh upm;&mwGif txifBuD;jcif;r[kwf? udkuGef;
wa,mufwnf;ESifhom txifBuD;rdjcif; jzpf\/ tjcm;vlrsm;ESifh txif
BuD;NyD; udk,fhxuf wwfolESifh avmif;wrf;upm;rdvQif jyKwfjyKwfjyKef;
onfESifh[dkw,ft&dyfudkyif eif;Edkifrnf r[kwfacs/ udkuGef;ESifh uREkfyfonf
aiGavmif;wrf;r[kwfyJ tvum;wrf;upm;jcif; jzpfaomfvnf; avmif;wrf;
wrQ tBudwfte,f upm;Mu\/ aiGxuf*kPf  (Honour)  udk ta&;wBuD;
xm;aom udpörsKd;&Sdjcif;udk pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;u ]&l;onf}[k qdkMurnfavm
rajymwwfay/

uREkfyfpma&;ykH

]&l;}[laom pum;vkH; okH;EIef;rd&mwGif udkcifarmifwifhESifh uREkfyfwdkU

bdvd,uf ]&l;}MuykHudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf xdkpOfu pHkaxmuf
armifpH&Sm;ESifh tjcm;0w¦Kwdkrsm; a&;cJU&mwGif wyk'fvQif 50d&aom
r*¾Zif;wdkuf ESpfwdkuf okH;wkduf&Sd\/ xdkpOfu aiG 50drSm þacwfaiG 200d?
300drQESifh wefzkd;nDrQaomaMumifh 0w¦Kwdkwyk'ftwGuf renf;vS[k
qdk&ayrnf/ (r*¾Zif;awG? *sme,fawG ay:vdkuf ysufvdkuf jzpfaomacwf
jzpfonf/) uREkfyf 0w¦Ka&;ykHrSm n&Spfem&DavmufrSpí rNyD;rcsif; xdkifa&;\/
rsm;aomtm;jzifh oef;acgifausmf vif;tm;BuD;wGifNyD;í wcgw&HwGifrl
rdk;vif;aomfvnf; rNyD;ao;onfESifh rD;cGufudkNidrf;NyD; aea&mifjzifh qufí
a&;\/ rdk;vif;atmif xdkifa&;aom aeUwGifvnf; tdyfawmhonfr&SdyJ

522 
aumfzDaomufí a&csKd;NyD;vQif ]aumfyD}vdyfuav;udk udkifí r*¾Zif;wkdufodkU
oGm;\/ ¤if;rS aiG50d awmif;,lcJUí u&dkufwD&D,ef; [dkw,fodkUoGm;&m
udkcifarmifwifhvnf; a&mufaecJUavNyD/ ¤if;[dkw,fwGif bdvd,ufckH
ajcmufckH&Sdonfhteuf uREkfyfwdkUBudKufaom ckHopfudk apmifh,lí &onfESifh
wNydKifeuf upm;Muygawmhonf/

bdvd,uf]&l;}MuykH

udkuGef;ESifh upm;&jcif;ü pdwfygykHudk azmfjycJUNyD;aemuf udkcifarmif

wifhESifh upm;í pdwfygjcif;taMumif;udk azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ vGefcJUaom
15ESpfavmufu uREkfyftm; bdvd,uf oifay;olrSm udkcifarmifwifh
jzpfav&m uREkfyfwwfcgp tcsdefwGif udkcifarmifwifhu uREkfyftm; ]]cifAsm;
b,fawmhrS usKyfeJUv,fA,f (wef;wl) upm;EdkifwJU ]vufrsKd;} ra&muf
Edkifbl;}}[k ajymbl;\/ udkcifarmifwifhrSm bdvd,uform; q,fa,mufwGifrS
wa,mufavmufom awGU&aom ]vuf}rsKd;jzpfí vef'efrSmwkef;u 89
b&dwf &bl;olwa,mufjzpfavonf/ þodkUajympOfu uREkfyfrSm tawmf
uav;wkd;wwf&kHrQ &Sdao;aomfvnf; xdkuJUokdU ]tnGefUwkH;} pum;rsKd;
ajymjcif;udk rcHcsifonfESifh waeUwGif olU]vuf}rsKd;a&mufap&rnf[k
pdwfxJü oEédXmefcsrdygonf/ a&S;,cifurl olESifhuREkfyfrSm yGdKifh 150-100
upm;cJUMu&m 1927ckESpfürlum; 225-200 rQom tausmay;Edkif
avawmhonf/ olu 225 yGdKifhupm;í uREkfyfu 200ydGKifh upm;jcif;
[lonfrSm vufcsif;tawmfeD;uyfvmjcif;udk azmfjyonf/ 12 em&D
avmufwGif uREkfyfwdkUonf acwÅem;í eHeufpm pm;NyD;aemuf
wcsufavmufwGif jyefíupm;Mu\/ trsm;tm;jzifh olwjyef igwjyef

523 
EdkifMuay&m avmif;aMu;ryg? &IH;oluckHcay;&kHrQ wm0ef,l&\/ nae
apmif;vwfaomf bD,mwvkH; avmif;wrf;upm;Muí &Spfem&DavmufwGif
npmtwGuf avmif;Mujyef\/ npm pm;NyD;aemufvnf; oJoJrJrJ upm;Mu
ao;\/ ajcanmif;onf vufyef;usonf[k r&Sdacs/
u&dwfwD&D,ef[dkw,f\xkH;pHrSm ([dkw,frsm;\ pnf;urf;twdkif;)
n11em&Dü ydwfaomfvnf; upm;vufpjzpfaom yGJNyD;atmif vufpodrf;
EdkifcGifh&S\
d / t"dyÜm,frSm 11em&DwGif ydwfonfqdkaomfvnf; xdk;vufpyJG
rNyD;qkH;vQif tcsdefvGefcsifvGefap? vufpoyfEdkifcGifh&S\
d / udkcifarmifwifhESifh
uREkfyfwdkUonf rnfokdUjyKvkyfonf xifMuoenf;/ 11 em&Dxkd;cgeD; 10rdepf
avmufwGif xkd;vufpyJGudk zsufodrf;NyD; yJGopfwck tpjyKMujyefav\/
rmumukvm;onf uREkfyfwdkU\tBuHudk&dyfrdí xkd;vufpyJGudk zsufodrf;aom
tcgü ]qyf..qyf...qyf}[lí uefUuGufaomfvnf; uREkfyfwdkUu bD,muav;
cyfxdkif;xdkif;ESifh ],l*dk;wl[Jvf}[k oHNydKif&GwfvdkufMuavonf/ þenf;jzifh
11em&DcJGcgeD;avmufwGifrS yJGNyD;í [dkw,frSxGufvmMuaomtcg uREkfyf\
tdwfxJü xnfhcJUaom aiG50dteufrS 20d-25drQom usefawmhay&m
udkcifarmifwifh\ tdwfrSvnf; tvm;wlavmufyif avsmhoGm;cJUavNyD/
udkcifarmifwifhrSm ukefonfvrf;wGif aeoljzpfí awmfygao;\/ uREkfyf
rlum; aemufqkH; (12)em&D &xm;udkrSDatmif vefcsm;uav;ESifhajy;&\/
wcgw&H rD;&xm;rrSDvkdufyJ&Sd&mwGif prf;acsmif;odkU vefcsm;ESifhyifjyef&\/
aemufusrnf[k twwfodaomtcgrsm;wGif udkcifarmifwifh udk,fwdkifvnf;
vdkufvmí uREkfyftdrfü tdyfoGm;\/ av;rdkifa0;aom c&D;jzpfaomfvnf;
oef;acgifausmftcsdfefüyif xdkpOfuvefcsm;c 12yJrQom ay;&onf/
wcgw&HwGif vefcsm;ukvm;vnf; rjyef0HUqdkaomaMumifh tdyfzdkUae&may;&

524 
ygao;onf/ þtjzpfrsKd;rSm wvav;Budrfavmufjzpfwwfí nOD;avmuf
om upm;aomaeUrsm;vnf; wvvQif 10 &ufrenf; &Sdygao;onf/

bdvd,ufaMumifhukefaiG

þrQavmuf bdvd,uf&l;MuaomvlESpfa,muftzdkU&mü vpOf0ifaiG

okH;av;&mrQonf tb,frSm pkaqmif;p&m&SdygtHUenf;/ bdvd,uf\
zsufqD;jcif;udk uREkfyfonf udk,fwkdifvnf; cH&\/ olwyg; zsufpD;jcif;
udkvnf; jrif&bl;vSavNyD/ vcawmfawmfaumif;onfh pma&;rsm;vnf;
a<u;0dkif;0dkif;vnfvsuf&Sdjcif;udkawGU&\/ aumvdyfausmif; om;uav;rsm;
vnf; bdvd,ufckHodkU vmwwfMu&m (rsm;awmhrrsm;vS) pmrusufEdkifojzifh
pmar;yJGü w&IH;wnf; &IH;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk jrif&\/ uREkfyfonf 1912ckESpfrQpí
bdvd,ufxkd;wwfcJU&m jywfawmif;jywfawmif; ESifh aomif;ausmfrnfjzpfí
a&S;aiGjzifh bdvd,ufckHESpfckHokH;ckH 0,fEdkifavmufayNyD/ 1948 ckESpfavmufurS
bdvd,ufjywfoGm;ygawmhonf/ þonfrSmvnf; tjcm; taMumif;aMumifh
r[kwf w&m;tm;xkwfonfhbufodkU pdwfvSnfhvmjyefaomaMumifhjzpfonf/

tnmwcGifodkU

1928 ckESpfü uREkfyfonf udkcifarmifwifhESifh aysmfaysmfaeaom

taetxdkifrsKd;udk ]tD}vmonfwaMumif;? rdbrsm;udk cPcP owd&í
olwkdUraorD twlwuG aexdkifcsifaompdwf jzpfay:vmonfwaMumif;?
aernfqdku aeEdkifavmufaom tajctae&Sdvmonf waMumif;aMumifh
&efukefrS pGefUcGmzdkUtBuH jzpfay:vmav\/ tajctae&Sdonfqdkjcif;rSm

525 
]txkyftxnf} &SdvmaomaMumifhr[kwf/ r*¾Zif;? *sme,frsm;ESifh tquf
toG,fjyKvkyfxm;NyD;í ta0;rS a&;ydkUvQifvnf; jzpfEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfav
onf/
(xdkpOfurl 0w¦Kpmtkyfa&;jcif;oufoufjzifh pm;avmufonfr[kwf?
yDrdk;eif;vnf; *sme,fESifhr*¾Zif;zufygrS pm;avmufygonf/)
uREkfyfonf tquftoG,fvkyfxm;onfh r*¾Zif;rsm;ESifh *sme,frsm;rS
vpOf 0ifaiGudk wGufMunfh&m 100d-150d cefU&Sd\/ refusnf;wkH&Gmü
rdbrsm;ESifh twlae&vQif þaiGonf vSvSBuD;pm;aomufí þw0ufESifh
vnf; vkHavmuf\/ odkUjzpfí ¤if;ESpfMo*kwfvwGif tvkyftwGuf tpDtpOf
jyKvkyfNyD;aemuf uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;onf &efukefrSxGufcGmí rdbrsm;&Sd&m
refusnf;wkH&GmodkU ajymif;a&GUvmcJUMuav\/ refusnf;wkHwGif wvcefUaeNyD;
aemuf jrawmifodkU tv,foGm;Mujyefonf/ þuJUodkUaecsif&maeí
oGm;csif&moGm;NyD; pdwfMunf&Tifaom tcdkuftwefUuav;rsm;ü pmxdkifa&;
jcif;jzifh xrif;uav; wvkyfwqkyf pm;&jcif;onfyif pma&;q&m\
t&omBuD;wck[lí uREkfyfrSwfwrf;wifygonf/

awGUatmifvkdufjcif;

jrawmifodkUa&mufMuaomtcg rpdk;udk olUtdrfwGifxm;cJUí udkodef;az

&Sdaom tif;&GmodkU tajy;tvTm;oGm;ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfrSm tcsKdUvlrsm;
uJUodkU rdwfaqGo*F[ rsm;rsm;BuD;r&Sd? ESpfa,mufokH;a,mufrQom&Sdygonf/
odkU&mwGif xdkESpfa,mufokH;a,mufESifh uREkfyfrSm orD;&nf;pm;wrQ vGrf;qGwf
wwfí awGUEdkifcGifh&Sdygu rawGU&yJ raeEdkifatmif tl;,m;zm;,m; jzpfwwf
Muygonf/ uREkfyfonftjcm;vlrsm; oli,fcsif;csif;awGUqkHMujcif;udk jrif&

526 
onfhtcg trSwfrJUraeyJ owdxm;NyD; Munfhavh&Sd\/ ¤if;wkdU\
awGUqkHMuykHrsm;rSm udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfwdkUawGUqkHjcif;uJUodkU [uf[uf
yufyuf vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ&SdMuykHr&yg/ udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfrSm i,faygif;
r[kwfyJ touf 30jynfhrS awGUMu&jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; uJGoGm;NyD; jyefawGU
Mu&aomtcgrsm;wGif ausmif;rSxGufcgp vlysKduav;rsm;t&G,f jyefjzpfNyD;
ckefcsifaygufcsif jzpfvmMuygonf/ okdUaomf wu,fckefayguf Muonfawmh
r[kwfyg/ uREkfyfonf udkodef;azwkdU\ tdrfodkUa&mufoGm;í udkodef;azrSm
a&TvDacsmif;&dk;wavQmufodkU awmwufoGm;aMumif;Mum;od& onfwGif
csufcsif;vkdufzdkU pDrHawmh\/ aemufwaeUwGif uREkfyfonf a&TvDtxufydkif;
odkU avSwwef? vSnf;wwef? jrif;wwefjzifh vdkufoGm;&m aemufwaeUrS
a&mufoGm;\/ uREkfyfoGm;&aomvrsm;rSm ,cifu a&mufbl;onfvnf;
r[kwf? ]iSufawm acG;awm}[k vltrsm;ac:Muaom e,fjzpf\/
okdUaomf uREkfyfu rodaomfvnf; &Gmrsm;rS opftvkyform;rsm;onf
uREkfyftm; 0efaxmufOD;0ifharmf\ oli,fcsif; t*Fvdyfausmif;q&m[lí
odMu\/ ]a&TOa'gif;}[líum; rodMuao;yg/ vrf;wGifwntdyfí
aemufwaeU eHeufydkif;wGif udkodef;az&Sdaeaom&GmodkU qdkufa&mufoGm;\/
olwnf;ckdaeaom opfukefonf\tdrfodkU a&mufaomtcg udkodef;az
r&Sdao;? a&csKd;oGm;onf[k ajymonfESifh uREkfyfonf tdrfay:odkUrwufyJ
a&qdyfodkUvkdufoGm;&m a&csKd;aeaom udkodef;azudk uREkfyfujrif&í olu
rjrifao;acs/ uREkfyfonf urf;yg;BuD;uG,fum teD;odkUavQmufoGm;í
csOf;uyfaomtcgwGifrS jrpf&dk;ay:odkUwufum bGm;ueJjyvdkuf&m udkodef;az
\ rsufESmxm;jzpfoGm;vdkufykHrSm ,aeUwdkif uREkfyfrsufpdxJwGif jrifrdyg
ao;onf/

527 
0rf;omMuykH

ol\rsufESmü þrQavmuf acgifacgifcef;cef; c&D;uGmvSrf;aomt&G,f

okdU uREkfyfvdkufvmvdrfhrnfrxifaomaMumifh uREkfyfESifhwlaom vlwa,muf
taejzifh ai;Munfhjcif;? xdkUaemufrS uREkfyfygwum;[k rSwfrdí 0rf;omjcif;?
vmrSvmyav[k tHUMojcif;? xyfavmif;í 0rf;omjcif;? tm;&jcif;? auseyf
jcif;? ESpfodrfjcif;paom tjcif;t&mrsm;onf olUxufig wvSnfhpD
vnf;aumif;? tvkt,ufvnf;aumif; xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyvsuf&Sd jcif;udk
uREkfyfawGU&onf/ aemufqkH;wGifrS udkodef;azonf a&pdkBuD;ESifhajy;
wufvmí (Adkvfqefqef vlwa,mufjzpfonfhtwdkif;) uREkfyftm;
ayGUzufav&m AdkvfrqefaomuREkfyfurl uREkfyf\t0wfrsm; pdk&TJrnfudk
pdk;onfESifh cyfumum vkyfaerdygao;onf/ xdkUaemufuREkfyfyg a&qif;csKd;í
vli,fuav;rsm;ozG,f a&ul;NydKifjcif;? a&ESifhyufupm;jcif; ponfjzifh
tm;&atmif aqmhMuNyD;rS wufvmMu\/
udkodef;azonf tdrf&Sifopfukefonftm; [if;aumif;rsm; txl;
wvnf &SmazGcsufjyKwf&efrSmxm;í c&D;xGufaomtcgü tNrJygaom
b&ef'Dykvif;jzifh eHeufpm pm;aomufMu&m tNrdef&SufqkH;aom eHeufpm
weyftaejzifh ESpfa,mufvkH; rSwfwrf;wifrdMuygonf/ (udkodef;azonf
vnf;aumif;? uREkfyfonfvnf;aumif; eHeufcif;wGif aomuf&dk;xkH;pHr&Sdaomf
vnf; xdkaeUrSmrl oluvnf;tvkyfem;rnf? uREkfyfuvnf; c&D;yef;ojzifh
wa&;tdyfrnfqdkum Adkufum;atmifpm;zdkU ]Nrdefaq;} aomufMujcif;
jzpfygonf/) xdknOfhü udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfwdkU pum;ajymvdkufMuykHrSm
xdk&GmüajymprSwfjzpf usef&pfonf[k Mum;od&avonf/ ¤if;&Gmom;rsm;rSm
wnvkH; rtdyfwrf;pum;ajymaom oli,fcsif;ESpfa,muf[lí BuKHbl;Mu

528 
[efrwlay/ ]]orD;&nf;pm;vJr[kwfAsm? a,mufsm;tcsif;csif;'Davmufawmif
ajymEdkifwmrsm; tHUMoyg&JU}}[k ajym&pfMuonfqdk\/

acgifvSaomAdkvfwJ

rsm;rMumrD udkodef;azonf oydwfusif;odkU awmtkyfBuD;tjzpfESifh

ajymif;a&TUoGm;av&m uREkfyfvnf; jrawmifESifh oydwfusif;udk acgufwkHU
acgufjyeful;cJUonf/ þae&mwGif wapäajcmufjcif;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyf\
pdwfajymif;vJjyefjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? wapäajcmufjcif;udk yxrtBudrf
BuKHcJU&bl;jcif;udkvnf;aumif; A[kokwtvkdUiSm azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/
udkodef;azESifh ZeD;a':zl;ndKwkdUonf awmtkyfBuD;\ tvkyfudk vufcH&ef
oydwfusif;odkUajymif;a&TUoGm;aomtcg uREkfyfvnf; twlvkdufygoGm;\/
oydwfusif;NrdKUü awmtkyf udkboif;vkyfudkifvsuf&Sd&m udkodef;azu
udkboif;vufrS tvkyfvTJajymif;,l&rnfjzpfí udkboif;onf ukdodef;az
tm; oydwfusif; opfawme,fudk twlwuGvSnfhvnfjyo&ef jzpfojzifh
uREkfyfvnf; ¤if;wdkUESpfa,mufESifhtwl vkdufMunfh&efjzpfavonf/ (udkb
oif;rSmopfawm0efaxmuftjzpfESifh yifpif,lNyD;aemuf rEÅav;ydkufBuKH;&yfü
aexdkifvsuf&SdpOf 1949ckESpfwGif rEÅav;odkU u&ifolykefrsm;0ifojzifh
aygifwGifaoewfxdrSef aoqkH;oGm;&Smonf/ wkdkif;rif;BuD;OD;cspfaqGvnf;
waeUwnf;yif armfwmxdrSefítedpöa&muf&Smonf/) uREkfyfESifh awmtkyf
ESpfa,mufwkdUonf wynfh awmacgif;rsm;ESifhtwl vSnf;jzifh oydwfusif;rS
0g;jzLawmifodkU xGufvmcJUMu&m vltm;vkH; ajcvsifavQmufMuí
vSnf;ay:wGif ypönf;rsm;avmufom wifvmMu\/ 0g;jzLawmifü
wntdyfí aemufwaeUwGif oydfwfusif; rkd;ukwfum;vrf;rBuD;rS

529 
awmifbufodkU zJUxGufvmMu\/ waeUvkH; e,fedrdwf\vrf;aMumif;udk
(ajrykHtwdkif;) udkboif;u udkodef;aztm; jyoí naecif;wGif&GmESifh
okH;zmvkHcefUa0;aom opfawmAdkvfwJuav;odkU qkdufa&mufMu\/
¤if;AdkvfwJrSm 0efaxmufudk0ifharmfESifh uREkfyfwdkUwnf;cdkMubl;onfh
aygufeufAdkvfwJESifhw&G,fwnf; wykHpHwnf;&Sdí ESpfrsufESmü tumt&H
r&Sdacs/ AdkvfwJESifh okH;zmvkHcefUa0;onfh (trnfudk uREkfyfrrSwfrd aom)
&Gm\tMum;wGif ocFsKdif;&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf ae0if&Doa&m tcsdefwGif
AdkvfwJodkUqdkufa&mufMuí awmacgif;rsm;ESifh wynfhrsm;vnf; npm
csufjyKwfMu\/ awmacgif;rsm;onf AdkfvfwJrsm;üwnf;cdkí csujfyKwfMuonfh
tcg teD;&Sd&GmodkU ul;oef;oGm;vmjcif;? Muufuav; iSufuav;
&SmazG0,f,ljcif;? &GmrSvli,fumvom;rsm;vnf; ESpfa,mufwwJG okH;
a,mufwwJG ponfjzifh AdkvfwJodkU tysif;ajy vma&mufMunfh&Ijcif;
ponfjzifh tqufrjywfjcif;udk uREkfyf jrifbl;&aomfvnf; þAdkvfwJürl
awmacgif;rsm;u &GmodkUul;ajymif;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? &Gmom;rsm;vmí
vnfjcif;udkvnf;aumif; uREkfyfrawGU&acs/

uREkfyf\pdwfajymif;vJykH

7 em&DcJGavmufwGif csufjyKwfNyD;pD;í wynfhrsm;u npmwnfcif;

Mu&m tpm;orm;wa,mufjzpfaom uREkfyfonf xrif;yJGudk rpkHprf;yJ
raeEdkifojzifh xíMunhfrd\/ [if;rsm;rSm ig;aowÅmokwf? Muufom;
jyKwfaMumf? ig;ydaMumfwkdUjzpfí [if;&nfrygaMumif; uREkfyfuajymrd&m
awmacgif;rsm;onf wa,muf\rsufESmudk wa,mufMunfhum NyKH;vsuf

530 
]]weyfwavawmh awmfovdkyJ Budwfayawmhq&m}} [kajym\/ olwkdU
NyKH;jcif;rSm uREkfyftpm;0goemygjcif; twGufaMumifh[k xifrd&m þae&mü
om;pdrf;igpdrf; rcsufjyKwfcsifMuaomaMumifh[lí aemifrS uREkfyfod&onf/
[if;&nfrygaomfvnf; awmt&ufudk [if;csKdjyKí aomufMu&onfwGif
c&D;yef;vmaomvlpkjzpfonfhtwdkif; tawmfNrdefaom xrif;weyf[lí
trSwfjyKrdygonf/ pm;aomufNyD;Muaomtcg awmtkyfESpfa,mufESifh
uREkfyfonf cyf]xdkxdk}uav;ESifh axG&mav;yg; pum;rsm;udk aq;vdyf
wzGm;zGm;ESifh ajymaeMu\/ &Gmbufürlum; vkH;vkH;BuD; wdwfqdwfvsuf
&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfowdjyKrdao;\/ 9 em&Dxdk;cefUwGif awmtkyf udkboifu
ukdodef;aztm; þZ&yftaMumif;udkajymcJUzdkU olUüí 0w¦&m;&Sdonf[k yv’ifcH
NyD;vQif ]]wapäaMumufwwfMuovm;}}[k ar;&m ukdodef;azu ]]olvdkigvdk
ayghAsm? bmhaMumifhvJ}}[k jyefar;\/
oif;/ / ]]ckawmh vlrsm;vdkUudpör&Sdygbl;? aemifudkawmh
aMumufwwfvQif 'DrSmvmrwnf;eJUAs}}
uREkfyf/ / ]]b,fvdkaMumifhvJAs? usKyfu odcsifvmNyDAsKdU?
ajymprf;Asm}}
oif;/ / ]]a[m[dku xkyfudkjrifMuovm;}}
uRekfyfwdkUarmfhíMunfhMuonf/
az/ / ]]bmjzpfovJAs}}
oif;/ / ]]usKyftvsifu awmtkyf[m 'DZ&yfay:uvefUzsm;NyD;
aooGm;&Smw,fAs}}
az/ / ]]Mum;vkdufovdkvdkyJAsKdU? qdkprf;Asm}}
oif;/ / ]]usKyfwdkUtckxdkifMuwJU ae&mrSmxdkifNyD;
xrif;pm;aewkef;? xkyfay:u qHyifzm;vsm;aqmifhaMumifhxkdifNyD; vQmBuD;

531 
wGJavmif;csjyvdkufwm Murf;eJUxda&mwJUAs? awmtkyfvefUzsm;vdkufwmig;&uf
eJU ao&Sma&mAsm;}}
xdktcg udkodef;azum; udpör&SdvS/ uREkfyfrlum; rdrdudk,frdrd tHUMo
vsuf&SdavNyD/ urf;eD&Gmjyifbuf&Sd tkwfZ&yfBuD;wGif &[ef;tjzpfESifh
wyg;wnf;aecJUpOfu wapäajcmufaomfvnf; aMumufvdrfhrnfr[kwfqkdum
okóef"lwifyif wqifhwufzkdUpdwful;cJUrdaMumif; azmfjyjcif;udk owd&Muay
vdrfhrnf/ xdktcsdefESifh,cktcsdefonf okH;ESpfrQom uGmao;\/ okdUESifh
uREkfyfonf wapäacsmufykHtaMumif;ajymí Mum;&&kHrQESifh ausmxJu pdrfhueJ
jzpfoGm;\/ oDv? orm"dwkdU\ wef;cdk;owÅdonf t[kwfwu,fBuD;
us,fygayonfwum;/ vGefcJUaom okH;ESpfcefUu wa,mufwnf;
udk,fhudk,fudk vSefUcsifwdkif;vSefUí rvefUaom uREkfyfonf ,cktcgü
vlawGvnf;&Sdonf/ t&ufuav;vnf; aomufxm;onf/ odkUESifhvnf;
aoG;vefUonfh txdrf;trSwfrsKd; awGUae&avNyD/ eufeJpGm qef;ppfvdkuf
onf&Sdaomf Ak'¨aCmorS azodef;jzpfvmonf rSefaomfvnf; (t&yftac:
tm;jzifh) þ&kyfESifh þpdwfyifjzpfyg\/ jcm;em;csufum; Ak'¨aCmotjzpfü
udk,fhpdwfudk udk,f,kHMunfoavmuf azodef;tjzpfü udk,fhudk,fudk,kHMunfrI
r&Sdawmhjcif;yif jzpfavonf/ odkUaomf tvGefaMumufjcif;um; r[kwfyg/
pdrfhueJjzpfoGm;&jcif;udkyif udk,fh[mudk,f rauseyfjcif; jzpfygonf/
uREkfyfüpOf;pm;OmPf qkwf,kwfvmonfum; r[kwf/ oDv? orm"d
qkwf,kwfvmjcif;yif jzpfav&m þonfrSm pOf;pm;OmPf &Sdonfqdk&kHESifh
rNyD;aMumif; xif&Sm;apaom om"uwckjzpfygonf/

532 
wapäacsmufjcif;ayavm

AdkfvfwJuav;ay:ü uREkfyfwdkUvlpkonf 0dkif;zJGUum pum;ajymvsuf

&SdMu&m pum;0dkif;wkdU\ xkH;pHtwdkif; wapätaMumif;udkprdvQif wapä
taMumif;udkcsnf; qufvufí wa,mufNyD; wa,muf rdrdwdkU\
udk,fawGUESifh Mum;bl;em;0rsm;udk ajymjyMuav&um; vltm;vkH;rSm cRwfueJ
jrnfvQif vefUcsifaom tajcrsKd;odkUa&mufaeMuavNyD/ xdkcPü AdkvfwJ\
0g;x&Hbufudk ]]jzKef;? 0kef;? 'kef;? 'dkif;}}jrnfatmifcJoHrsm; ESifhxkoH
Mum;&&kHrQru ajrqdkifcJ tyJUt&GJUrsm;yif Murf;jyifay:odkU vSdrfh0ifvmMu\/
xdktcg cRwfcRwfjrnfoH rMum;0HUatmif wzswfzswf vefUvsuf&Sdaom
uREkfyfwdkUvlpkrSm ]cRwf cRwf}ru rdk;csKH;oavmuf jyif;xefaom 'kef;oHrsm;
Mum;Mu&í cJrsm; vdrfh0ifvmjcif;udkyif jrifMu&onfwGif ([efaumif;aom
vlrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh xí rckefMu&kHsr,fom &Sdawmhonf/) vufOD;yxrü
rsufESmi,fuav;rsm;ESifh wa,mufudkwa,mufMunfhaeMujcif;udk uREkfyf
rSwfrdygao;onf/ odkU&mwGif aemufwcPü c&pf,efwa,mufjzpfí
wapäaMumufoufomykH&aom udkodef;azonf xdkif&mrSxí aoewfudk
qGJonfwGifrS udkboif;uvnf; aoewfudkudkifvsuf Budrf;armif;Muav\/
]]rif;wapävm;uG? 'dkUraMumufbl;a[h? owÅd&SdvmcJUprf;uG? bmuG?
nmuG}}ESifhaigufatmfum BuKH;0g;Mu\/ okdU&mwGif cJoHrsm;vnf;rpJ?
cJrsm;vnf; Murf;jyifay:rSm vdrfh0ifvsufyif&SdMuonf/ þwGift&ufrl;jcif;
rajywajy&Sdaeao;aom udkboif;u ]]a[h rif;wapävm;? cJeJUaygufrae
ygeJUuG? owÅd&Sd 'Dtay:wufNyD; udk,fxifjyvmprf;yguG}}ponfjzifh
csJvifhcsfvkyfao;\/ okdUaomfwapäum; ray:vm? cJrsm;om vmvsuf&Sd\/
xdkokdUjzifh ig;rdepfavmufMumrScJrsm; wjznf;jznf;&yfpJoGm;ygawmhonf/

533 
ae&mvkMujcif;

xdkUaemufuREkfyfwdkUonf usef&Sdao;aom awmt&ufudk a0iSí

aomufum owÅdjznfhwif;NyD;aemuf xdkifí apmifhaeMu\/ em&D0ufcefU
Mumaomfvnf; bmoHrQ rMum;&awmhacs/ okdUjzpfíuREkfyfwdkUonf tdyf&mrsm;
jyifMuav&m tdyfzdkU ae&ma&G;MuykHudk owd&í þpmudka&;,if; NyKH;rdyg
ao;onf/
azmfjycJUNyD;onfhtwdkif; AdkvfwJrSm ESpfbufwGif tumt&Hr&Sdojzifh
vkHNcKHrIr&SdaomaMumifh þtajctaersKd;wGif aMumufp&maumif;jcif;um;
trSefjzpfygonf/ odkUaomf uREkfyfwdkU okH;a,mufvkH;rSm þudpörsKd;wGif
aMumufonf[k 0efrcHcsifolrsm;jzpfí tdyf&mjyif&mü tv,frS ae&m&atmif
rodromBudK;pm;vsuf&Sd\/ (awmacgif;uav;rsm;rlum; ajc&if;ü woD;
wjcm; tdyfMuonf/) awmtkyfESpfa,mufESifh uREkfyfonf tv,facgifrS
tdyfcsifMuaomfvnf; wrifwum a&G;,ljcif;rsKd; r[kwfyJ rawmfwq
tv,facgifrS ae&m&jcif; jzpfonfhES,f [efvkyfum tdyf&mjyif Mu\/
aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfonf bGif;bGif;orm;jzpfonfhtwdkif; þvlpkxJwGif
[efrvkyfawmh[k atmufarhum ]]cifAsm;wdkUuvnf; aoewfawGeJUAsm?
eHab;utdyfMu? usKyfutv,fu tdyfr,f}}[k ajymifajymifajymonfwGif
olwdkUvnf; &,farmum z,fay;Muygonf/
tdyf&mokdU0ifMuavNyD/ uREkfyfum; em&Dw0ufESifhvnf; raysmf?
wem&DESifhvnf;raysmf/ ajcaxmufudkvmí qGJacsrnfavm[laom tawG;
onf cPcPjzpfay:vsuf&Sd\/ olwkdUtm;vkH;um;Nidrfvsuf&SdaeMu avNyD/
uREkfyfrlum; rsufpdvnf;rrSdwf0HU? apmifudkvnf; acgif;NrD;rNcKHwwfonfh
twdkif; zGifhvsufom; ]aMumif}vsuf&Sd\/ aMumufp&mhtawG;rsm;vnf;

534 
pdwful;&Sdwdkif; pkHaeavNyD/ þodkUjzifh(uREkfyftxif) wem&DcGJcefU&Sdaomtcg
]*Rrf;? *sKH;? *Rif;}jrnfaom toHrsm;udk ta0;üMum;&íuREkfyfem;pGifhvsuf&Sd\/
toHrsm;onf Mum;aomae&mü &yfraeyJ wjznf;jznf; wa&GUa&GUcsOf;uyf
vmMu&m AdkvfwJESifh ay200 avmufom uGmawmhonfxif\/
]bmoHawGygvdrfh}[k awG;aomfvnf;razmfEdkif/ wenf;ajymif;vJNyD; wapä
acsmufjyefjcif;ayavm[k pOf;pm;rd\/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfwa,muf
wnf;rcHr&yfEdkifawmhonfESifh tazmf&pdrfhaomiSm ]t[rf;}[k acsmif;[efU
vdkuf&m [dku ]t[rf;} onfu ]t[rf;}ESifhwa,mufrusef acsmif;[efU
ukefMuygavawmhonf/ jzpf&ykHum; wa,mufrQtdyfraysmfyJ tuJMunfhNyD;
NrKHaeMujcif;rQom jzpfaMumif; odMu&í tm;vkH; &,farmrdMuygao;onf/
þwGifuREkfyfwdkUtm;vkH; xxdkifMuí tm;vkH; Mum;MuNyD;jzpfaom ]*sKH;?
*Rrf;}oHrsm;udkem;axmifMu&m toHrsm;onf AdkvfwJESifhayw&mcefU tuGmokdU
csOf;uyfvmNyD;aemuf wjznf;jznf; cGmoGm;íta0;okdU a&GUoGm;ygav
awmhonf/

uREkfyfwdkU\awG;xifcsuf

uREkfyfwdkUonf rSeftdrfrsm;xGef;í þjyóemESpfckvkH;udk ajz&Sif;&ef

BudK;pm;\/ apmapmydkif;ucJrsm;ESifh aygufjcif;rSm rnfolrsm;jzpfavoenf;/
&Gmom;uav;rsm; ]aemufajymif}jcif;jzpfavoavm[k uREkfyfu tBuHay;&m
udkboif;u &Gmom;vli,frsm;onf þAdkvfwJ\ emrnfBuD;jcif;ESifh
vefUMuojzifh ntcsdefrqdkxm;bd ae0if&Doa&m tcsdefüyif rvm0HUMu
aMumif;? &GmESifhAdkvfwJtMum;wGifvnf; oif;csKdif;&Sdonfjzpfí oif;csKdif;qdk
vQif aMumufwwfaom &Gmom;rsm;onf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ oif;csKdif;udk

535 
jzwfausmfNyD; AdkvfwJodkUvm0HUrnfr[kwfaMumif;? uREkfyfwdkUvnf; aoewfyg
&Sdjcif;udk olwkdUodNyD;jzpfí uREkfyfwdkUtm; acsmufvSefUygu aoewfESifh ypf
vdrfhrnf[k olwkdUawG;rdvdrfhrnf jzpfaMumif;? xdkUaMumifh &Gmom;rsm;
aemufajymifjcif; rjzpfwef&m/ vQmxkwfíjyaom o&JESifh¤if;udk vefUNyD;
ao&aom awmtkyfwkdUESpfOD;aygif;NyD; cJrsm;ESifhypfMujcif; jzpfwef&monf[k
ajym&m uREkfyfwkdUvnf;bmrQ jyefrajymEdkifyJ &SdMuygawmh onf/ xdkUaemuf
]*sKH;? *Rrf;? *Rif;}jrnfaom jyóemudk qufvufpOf;pm; Mu&m þonfrSmrl
¤if;t&yfü awmqif&dkif;rsm;&Sdí 0g;&kHyifrsm;udk csKd;zJUpm; aomufoGm;Mujcif;
jzpfvdrfhrnf[k udkboif;uyifajym&m uREkfyfwdkUvnf; bmrQ tBuHray;EdkifyJ
vufcHvdkufMu&av\/ eHeufvif;aomtcg ywf0ef;usift&yfudk pkkHprf;
Munfh&IMu&mwGif qifajc&mrsm;vnf;rawGU&? vlajc&mrsm;vnf; rawGU&?
o&JqdkonfrSmrl ajc&mrxifpaumif;[k em;vnfMuonfESifh þjyóem
ESpfckvkH;rSm emembm0wdkU\ vufcsufayavm [laom awG;awmcsufjzifhom
vufpodrf;cJU&ygawmh onf/
(pkef;ua0wapäo&Jrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom 0w¦Krsm;rSm ,ckwavmwGif
tvum;[mrsm;taejzifh &IwfcsuJU&JUvsuf&SdMu&m uREkfyfonf udk,fawGUudk
trSeftwdkif; a&;jyonfüyif cyfwGefUwGefU&Sdyg\/ wapäaMumufwwfjcif;ESifh
ywfoufí uREkfyf\pdwfcPcPajymif;vJ&jcif;wGif oDv? orm"dwkdU\
owÅdudkxif&Sm;apvdkaomaMumifhrQom xnfhoGif;azmfjy&jcif;jzpfyg\/ odkU&m
wGif wapäo&Jr&Sd? aMumufp&mr[kwf[laom oabmESifh&Iwfcsjcif; jzpfygrl
xdkolwkdUonf wapäacsmufwwfonf[kemrnfB uD;aom ae&mrsKd;ü wa,muf
wnf; tdyfjy0HUonf[kajym&JaomowÅd&Sdoifh\/ wapä0w¦Krsm;rSm taygpm;
pma&;q&mrsm;\ ]pm;usuf}jzpfaomfvnf; tqifhtwef;edrfhusao; onfh
pmzwfy&dowfaygrsm;aeao;orQ umvywfvkH; rnfolu &Iwfcsapumrl

536 
a&;olua&;í &dkufESdyfxkwfa0olrsm;vnf; &SdMuvdrfhrnfom jzpfavonf/
uREkfyf\wifjycsufrSm ¤if;0w¦KrsKd;onf umr0w¦Krsm;avmuf qkd;&Gm;aom
tusKd;jzpfapEdkifonf rxifay/)

&efukefodkUqif;&jyefjcif;

1929 ckESpfwGif uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;onf rusnf;wkHokdUjyefvmí

rdbrsm;ESifhtwl aexdkifMujyef\/ xdktawmtwGif;ü &efukefNrdKUwGif
*sme,fESifh r*¾Zif;rsm;onf wjzKwfjzKwf jyKwfMuí topfrsm;vnf;
wzGm;zGm;ay:xGufvsuf&Sd\/ ta[mif;wckjyKwfoGm;onfqdkvQif uREkfyftzdkU
0ifaiG 30d? 50dcefU ,kwfavsmhoGm;av&m topfay:xGufvmaom *sme,f?
r*¾Zif;rsm;url uREkfyfb,fqDa&mufaeonf rodMuaomaMumifh qufoG,f
&ef rjzpfEdkifyJ&SdMuonfwGif uREkfyf\0ifaiGrSm wvufxwv usqif;
vsuf&Sd\/ pma&;q&mtvkyfwGif uREkfyfuJUokdUaom tqifhtwef;odkU
a&mufaeol wa,mufuvnf; *sme,fopfr*¾Zif;opfrsm;wGif uREkfyf
a&;yg&apqdkum pmwdkpm&Snf urf;vSrf;ar;jref;&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ xdkESpfwGif
olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif\rSmxm;jcif;aMumifh 0w¦K&Snfwyk'f (trnfudkawmh
rrSwfrdawmhyg/) ol&d,wdkuftwGuf 0w¦K&Snfwyk'f a&;om;&ygao;\/
odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\0ifaiGrSm 100d? 150d rS 50d rQodkU avsmhqif;vmcJUavNyD/
a&SUavQmufívnf; xdkxufavsmhqif;zdkU tvm;tvm&Sdao;\/ tb,fh
aMumifhqdkaomf *sme,fESifh r*¾Zif;rsm;onf vwdkif;jyKwfvsufyif &Sdao;aom
aMumifhwnf;/ okdUjzpf&um; 1930 jynfh ESpfOD;avmufwGif uREkfyfwdkUonf
&efukefodkUqif;vmMu&jyefygawmhonf/

537 
bmomjyeftoif;ESifhqufjcif;

&efukefodkU a&mufvQifa&mufcsif;  (C.L.S)  c&pf,efpmaytoif; OuúX

u uREkfyftm;awGUvdkaMumif;ac:onfESifh oGm;a&mufawGUqkH\/ olu
¤if;wkdU\ toif;wGif bmomjyefq&m (pmawmfjyef[k olwkdUac:Muonf/)
vkyfrnfavm[k ar;&m? uREkfyfrSm ykHESdyfwdkufrsm;ESifh taotcsm
qufoG,fjcif; rjyK&ao;aomaMumifh vkyf&vQif aumif;avrnfavm[k
qdkum pkHprf;Munfh\/ okdUjzpfírnfonfhpmrsKd;udk bmomjyef&ygrnfenf;[k
ar;Munfh&m c&pf,efusrf;pmrsm;udk bmomjyefzdkU r[kwfaMumif;?
jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftm; pmzwfjcif; tavhtusifh wdk;wufapjcif;iSm
bmoma&;ESifhrqdkifonfh pm&dwÅa&;&moufouf pmtkyfrsm;ESifh 0w¦Kaumif;
rsm;udk jrefrmvdk jyefzkdUjzpfaMumif; ajymjy\/ uREkfyfu prf;MunfhvdkaMumif;
ajymaomtcg oluvnf; uREkfyf\ bmomjyefvuf&mudk prf;Munfhvdk
ao;aMumif;ajym\/ aemufqkH;üolu 0w¦Kpmtkyfuav;wtkyfxkwfay;í
bmomjyef,lcJUzdkU &ufcsdef;ay;NyD;aemuf cJGcGmcJUMuavonf/ uREkfyfonf
pmtkyfuav;udk 10&ufavmuftwGif; NyD;atmifbmomjyefNyD; olay;cJUonfh
vdyftwdkif; yJcl;odkUydkUvdkuf\/ &ufowÅwywfcefUtMumwGif olUqDrSjyefpm
&í &efukefNrdKU u&dvrf;&Sd rufo'pfausmif;odkU vmawGU&ef &ufcsdef;ay;
vdkuf\/ uREkfyfoGm;íawGUaomtcg vc 150dESifh ESpfbufoabmwl
vufcHcJUygonf/ uREkfyf\tvkyfrSm yJcl;üae&efjzpfí olESifhtwl tvkyfvkyf
&rnfjzpfavonf/ uREkfyfbmomjyef aom0w¦Kuav;rSm ][efarmif0w¦K}[k
trnfrSnfhí ykHESdyfxkwfa0&m olwkdUjrefrm-u&if c&pf,efavmuwGif
tawmfvlBudKufrsm;onf[k od&\/ (waeUoü uREkfyfonf OuúX

538 
q&m*sKH;ESifh twlyJcl;wGif ol\tdrfü wpmyGJwnf;tvkyfvkyfvsuf&SdpOf zdkifwGJ
wckudktrSwfrJ vSefMunfhvdkuf&m uREkfyf\[efarmif0w¦K bmomjyefjcif;ESifh
ywfoufí bmomjyeftzJGU0if aumfrwDvlBuD;rsm;\ rSwfcsufrsm;udk
awGUvdkuf&onf/ vu©PmrSmuREkfyf\ bmomjyefaumifpDudk aumfrwDrsm;\
vufodkU wa,mufqDydkUum zwf&IapNyD; rSwfcsufa&;om; MuonfhzdkifwJG
jzpfykH&onf/
uREkfyfonfwrifwumckd;í Munfhjcif;r[kwfyg/ odkUaomf uREkfyf
taMumif; rSwfcsufrsm;jzpfí qkH;atmifzwfMunfhrdygonf/ rSwfcsufa&;ol
rsm;teufwGif uREkfyf\q&ma[mif; OD;xGef;azvnf;yg&Sdí ydkNyD; pdwf0ifpm;
rdygonf/ odkU&mwGifq&mBuD; OD;xGef;azurl a&TOa'gif;qdkolonf ol\
wynfhjzpfbl;onf[k rrSwfrdyg/ rSwfcsufrsm;onfrnHUyg/ taumif;uav;
ESifh taumif;BuD;wdkUomjzpfav&m wa,mufaomolurl  (Exquisite)  &SmrS
&Sm;atmif aumif;ayonf[k rSwfcsufcsxm;ayonf/ þtaMumif;t&mudk
azmfjyjcif;rSm uREkfyf\bmomjyefykHESifhywfoufí <um;vdkaomaMumifh[k
rxifMuapvdkyg/ þrSwfcsufrsm;udk apmapmpD;pD;u uREkfyfjrifcGifh&vQif vc
150dr[kwfyJ tenf;qkH; 250davmuf awmif;rnf[k pdwful;jzpfaomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/ pifppfrSm uREkfyfonf aps;EIef;ESifhywf oufí pum;qdk&mwGif
oabmvG,fvGef;aomolwa,muf  (Bad  Businessman)  jzpfíudk,fhbufu
epfemcJU&bl;jcif; rsm;vSNyDudk odMuapvdkaomaMumifhrQom jzpfygonf/

539 
 pwkw¦ydkif;

udkazodef;rS OD;azodef;odkU

yJcl;odkUa&mufjcif;

uREkfyfwdkUonf 1930 jynfhESpf? rwfvwGif yJcl;NrdKUodkU ajymif;a&TUvmMu

&m a,mufzuav;atmifjrESifh e,l;bm;rm;wkdufü wynfhjzpfbl;onfh
armifpHvIdifwkdUvnf; twlygvmMu\/ (armifpHvIdifrSm uREkfyfESifholi,fcsif;
[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; uREkfyftay:ü tvGefopöm&Sdí woufwmwGif
uREkfyftm; tcifrifqkH;aom vluav;wa,muf jzpfvmygonf/ xdkolrSm
wGHaw;wl;ajrmif;vufyHukef; taumuf&kH;wGif t&m&Sdwa,mufjzpfvmí
,cktcsdefü yifpif,lavNyDavm rajymwwfay/) uREkfyfonf EIwfjzifhajymí
wa,mufu vdkufa&;apaom pma&;enf;\ oufomjcif;ESifh
vsifjrefjcif;udkod&Sdí tBudrfBudrfprf;oyfcJU\/ uREkfyf\udk,fawGUrSm
bmomjyeftvkyfrsKd;wGif þenf;onf tvGefw&m ae&musaomfvnf;
udk,fhpdwful;ESifhudk,fa&;&aom tvkyfrsKd;wGifrlum; [efrusvSacs/
jzpfawmhjzpfyg\/ odkU&mwGif udk,fwdkifa&;oavmuf aumif;onf rxifay/
0guswnfaqmufykHESifh ywfoufí nHUzsif;oGm;jcif;udk awGU&\/ t"dyÜm,f
jynfhpkHvQif NyD;a&mqdkum 0guswnfaqmufykHtaMumif;udk oabmrxm;aom
pma&;q&mrsm;aomfvnf;aumif;? pum;ajymwwfaom pma&;q&mrsm;aomf
vnf;aumif;? tokH;jyKMuaom enf;wckjzpfonf xif\/ odkU&mwGif
bmomjyefaom tvkyfrsKd;wGifrlum; udk,fwdkifa&;onf xuftqifajyjcif;

540 
udk awGU&ygonf/ okdUESifhvnf;xdkola&;xm;onfudk jyefíMunfhrSomvQif
aumif;wwfygonf/ udk,fwdkifa&;aom pmjzpfygrlum; jyefíMunfhaomf
vnf; uREkfyftzdkU&mwGif jyifqifzdkUtvGefenf;onfudk awGU&ygonf/
rMunfhyJrlum; vufrvTwfyg/ 1927ckESpfü 0ifaiG4200d &bl;onfqdkpOfu
bmomjyeftvkyfrsm;udk tav;ay;í vkyfcJUjcif;jzpf&m aeUtcsdefwGif
wa,muf? ntcsdefwGifwa,muf vdkufa&;zdkU iSm;cJU&bl;avonf/ yJcl;odkU
a&mufaomtcgüvnf; wynfharmifpHvIdifESifh a,mufzatmifjrwkdUudk
wa,mufwaeUpD ac:oGm;í vdkufa&;&ef tokH;cscJUbl;\/ þtavh
tusifhonf olwkdUtzdkU tusKd;&jcif;udk awGU&\/ atmifjronf pmay
0goemygolwa,muf r[kwfygyJvsuf þaemufydkif;ü olUxHrS&aom
pmrsm;rSm omrefvluav;rsm;xuf 0guswnfaqmufykH oyf&yfacsmarm
onfhjyif owfykH owfnTef;rSmvnf; tawmfBuD; rSefuefjcif;udk awGU&onf/

jrefrmowfykH\ tcuftcJ

jrefrmvlrsKd;onf (pma&;q&mrsm;tygt0if) jrefrmpmowfykH

owfnTef;ESifhywfoufí ajymprSwf&avmufatmif nHUzsif;Muonf[k
uREkfyfqdkcsif\/ jrefrmpmowfykHowfnTef;udk,füu cufcJjcif;udkvnf;
0efcHygonf/ uREkfyfausmif;üaecJUpOf t*Fvdyf ]pmvkH;aygif;}wvkH;rrSm;atmif
a&;Edkifygvsuf jrefrmpmowfykHürl ESpfvkH;okH;vkH;rSm;wwf\/ uREkfyfuJUokdU
aom tjcm;vlrsm;vnf;&SdMu\/ okdU&mwGif&efBuD;atmif0w¦Kudk uRekfyfpwif
ía&;pOf owfykHowfnTef; rSefuefrSomvQif ykHESdyfwdkufu vufcHonf[k
txif&SdaomaMumifh owfykHpmtkyfrsm; teD;rSmcsxm;um pma&;cJUygonf/

541 
 xdkUaemuf ol&d,wdkufodkUa&mufvmí r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwmjzpfvmaom
tcg q&mvGef;u uREkfyf\owfykHrsm;udkMunfhNyD; jyifay;&aom wm0ef
rsm;udk ,l&aMumif;odonfESifh &efBuD;atmif0w¦Ka&;pOfuuJUodkU rBudK;pm;
awmhyJ pdwfxifovdka&;rd\/ þwGiftrSm;rsm;yg&Sdvm\/ waeUoü
q&mvGef;u ]]pma&;q&m vkyfrnfBuHvQif udk,fhbmompum;udk rSefatmif
ra&;wwfbl;qdkvdkU &Sufp&mBuD;yJ}}[k ajymonfESifh xdkaeUrSpí owfykH
rSefuefatmifa&;zdkU BudK;pm;ygawmhonf/ yJcl;odkUa&mufí bmomjyeftvkyf
vkyfaomtcgü od&Sd&jyefonfrSm ¤if;wdkUü owfykHjyifq&m[lí r&SdaMumif;?
þrSydkUvdkufonfhtwdkif; tar&duef pmykHESdyfwdkufu pDí &dkufESdyfrnf
jzpfaMumif; od&av\/ þwGifwcsuftMuyfawGU&avNyD/ ol&d,wkdfufürl
rSm;cJUvQif q&mvGef;u jyifvdrfhrnf[k oabmxm;um owfykHpmtkyfudk
vSefrMunfhyJ a&;cJU\/ rSefatmifawmh BudK;pm;ygonf/ odkU&mwGif
pmtkyfudkvSefMunfhonfh 'ku©rsKd;rlum; rcHcJUyg/ yJcl;ürlum; pmjyifq&m
vkH;0rxm;[k qdkaomaMumifh owfykHpmtkyfwbufESifh tvkyfvkyf&ygawmh
onf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyftzdkUomru atmifjrESifh armifpHvIdifwkdUvnf;
owfykHrSefuefatmif a&;wwfaomtjzpfodkU a&mufvmMuygawmhonf/
þtaMumif;ESifhywfoufí pOf;pm;vdkufvQif þacwfjrefrmowif;pm
trsm;tjym;wkdUrSm tvGefpdwfysufp&m aumif;vSonf/ tcsKdUrSm zwfí&vQif
NyD;a&m[líyif oabmxm;MuykH&onf/ owfyHkudk,fEIdufu ta&;rBuD;qdk
aomfvnf; ae&mwumwGif royfr&yf jzpfuwwfqef;vlrsKd; jzpfoGm;rnfudk
pdk;&drf&onf/

542 
y#d&ly&yfuGuf

uREkfyfonf e,fwum NrdKUwum t&yfwumwkdUü tawmfpkHatmif

aexdkfifcJUbl;olwa,mufjzpf\/ tdrfydkif taqmufttkHvnf;r&Sd? tvkyf
uvnf; cPcPajymif;wwfol wa,mufjzpfonfESifh uREkfyfaecJUbl;
onfhtdrfrsm;rSm woufwmtwGif; av;ig;q,fcefU &Sdvdrfhrnf xif\/
tvkyfrajymif;yJvsuf tdrfajymif;a&TUjcif;rsm;vnf; renf;vSay/ rEÅav;NrdKUü
q,fae&mru aebl;í Munfhjrifwdkif prf;acsmif;&yfuGufrsm; wGifvnf;
tBudrfaygif;w'gZifru ajymif;a&TUaexdkifcJUbl;\/ uREkfyfaecJUbl; aom
t&yfrsm;wGif trsm;tm;jzifh &yfol&yfom;rsm;ESifh ra&maESmyJ udk,fh[mudk,f
&dk;&dk;rSefrSef aecJUonfomrsm;\/ Munfhjrifwdkif tif;pdefvrf;ü aepOfurl
&dk;&dk;rSefrSefaeonfhtxJuyif pE´&m;wD;jcif;udk em;NiD;onfh oabmESifh
cJaygufcH&í csufcsif;ajymif;a&TU ajy;cJUbl;\/ aexdkifcJUorQaom t&yf
wumwdkUwGif yJcl;NrdKUZdkif;uEdkif; ajrmufydkif;&yfuGufonf uREkfyftzdkU
tqifajyqkH;aom &yfuGuf[lí trSwftom;jyKxm;rdygonf/

yk*¾voyÜg,jzpfjcif;

rnfonfh&yfuGufü aexdkifapumrl (NrdKUüjzpfap? awmüjzpfap)

uREkfyfonf rnfolUudkrQ rrkef;? rnfolESifhrQ cspfuRrf;0ifatmifvnf;
rBudK;pm;? udk,hf[mudk,f at;at;&dk;&dk; aevmcJUonfomjzpfyg\/ yJcl;odkU
a&mufaomtcgüvnf; ]rl}ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? e*dktwdkif;yif aexdkifygonf/
okdUygvsuf þNrdKUüuREkfyftxl;ojzifh tqifajyjcif;iSm zdkif;uEdkif; &yfuGufol
&yfuGufom;rsm;ESifh uREkfyfwdkU b0a&puftquftoG,f &SdcJUMubl;jcif;

543 
aMumifh ayavm[k pOf;pm;rdonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf c&pf,efomoemjyK
toif;BuD;uydkifaom tdrfwvkH;udk (tvkyfcsif; tqufjzpfí) iSm;&rf;NyD;
ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muaomtcg &yfol &yfom;rsm;u uREkfyfwdkUtm; MunfhMuykH
tuJcwfMuykHrsm;onf uREkfyfwdkUtay:wGif pdwf0ifpm;&kHomru arwÅm
ouf0ifcifrifMuykH&onf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrd\/
a&mufoGm;NyD;aemuf ESpf&ufokH;&ufavmuf MumonfqdkvQifyif
¤if;&yfuGufwGifxdyfwef;usykH&aom vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;u wa,mufwvJ
vma&mufrdwfzJGUum tultnDvdkygu tm;remwrf;awmif;zdkU ajymMuyg
ayonf/ þrQqdkvQifyif uREkfyfwdkUtzdkU&mü rBuKHbl;onfh rdwfaqGjzpf
oabmrsKd;jzpfaeojzifh rsm;pGm auseyf0rf;ajrmufvsuf&SdvSygNyD/ okdU&mwGif
þrQavmufyif ruao;acs/ w&yfvkH;&Sda,mufsm;rdef;r vl&G,f vlvwfrsm;
onfvnf; uREkfyfwkdUESifhrdwfzJGUum taMumif;&Smí 0if0ifxGufxGuf
jyKvkyfMuayonf/ uREkfyfü pE´&m;wvkH;&Sd&m uvmom;uav;rsm;onf
wa,m? r,f'vif? bif*sKd tqdkrsm;ESifh uREkfyf\tdrfodkUvmMuí pE´&m;ESifh
wGJbufwD;rIwfoDqdkMuzdkU rdwfzGJUMuay onf/ t&yfom;rsm;u þuJUodkU
vdkufvdkufavsmavsm oabmxm;Mu&mwGif uREkfyfuvnf; rnfonfhtoif;
tzJGUodkUrQ tygt0ifrvkyfcJUbl;apumrl &yfuGuft&kPfawmftoif;okdU
vdkufum tauR;tarG;ESifhtm;ay;\/ a,mufzuav;udk rD;owftoif;odkU
oGif;ay;\/ aiGaMu;tvSLcHvQif olwyg;xuf ydkxnfh\/ eef;awmfa&SU
q&mwifESifh ZeD;ay:vifwifwkdUonf yJcl;odkUa&mufvmí uoDvifwjzpf
ae&mwGif uREkfyfutdrfwvkH;iSm;ay;í q&mwifxHrS uREkfyfu oDcsif;BuD;rsm;
udk pE´&m;oif,l\/ ¤if;wdkUvifr,m;tm; uREkfyf\aetdrfü tqdktwD;jzifh
tokH;cHapí tdrfa&SUrS t&yfom;rsm; em;axmifMu&\/ vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;
tm; tdrfay:odkUzdwfac:um tauR;tarG;jzifh {nfhcH\/ ausmif;aebuf

544 
oli,fcsif;armif&Donf xdktcsdefü yJcl;NrdKUwGif puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;tjzpfESifh
trIxrf;vsuf&Sd&m uREkfyf\tqdktwD;yJGrsm;okdU vma&mufí uREkfyf\
tjzpfudk jrifoGm;&mwGif ]]rif;uyJcl;rSm w,fNyD;ay:jyLvm jzpfaeyguvm;
a[h}} [kqdkum txifBuD;oGm;bl;avonf/ pifppfrSm uREkfyfonfwoufvkH;
wGif þw&yfwnf;üom BuKH&bl;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ,cifuvnf;rBuKHpbl;/
þaemufwGifvnf; rBuKH&awmhyg/ aemufydkif;ürl þt&yfxdkt&yfrS
"r®rdwfaqGrsm;jzifh tdrfpnfum;bl;yg\/ okdU&mwGif aysmfyg;rIrsKd;rlum;
rBuKH&awmhyg/ yxrtBudrfESifh aemufqkH;tBudrfjzpfygonf/

yJcl;ajrivsifBuD;

uREkfyfwdkUonf yJcl;NrdKUokdUrwfv 4 &ufaeUwGif ajymif;a&TUvmMuí

arv5&ufaeUwGif jrefrmjynfü tBuD;qkH;ivsifBuD;[k todtrSwfjyKMu&
onfh yJcl;ivsifBuD;vIyfjcif;udk BuKH&\/ refusnf;wkH&GmrS aqGrsKd;rsm;ESifh
rdcifonf uREkfyf&Sdaeaom yJcl;NrdKUodkUvma&mufMuí bk&m;ykxdk;
zl;ajrmfNyD;aemuf aqGrsKd;rsm;jyefoGm;Muaomfvnf; rdcifrSm uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl
ae&pfao;onfjzpfí aqGrsKd;rsm;u ]tarBuD;} um;aocsifí csefae&pfcJU
onf[k aemifwGif ajymMuao;onf/ xdknOfhü rdcifESifhrpdk;wdkUonf
vrf;avQmufxGufoGm;&mrS jyefa&mufvmMuí tdrfa&SUwGif xdkifaeMupOf
uREkfyfrSm waeUvkH; tvGefylavmifcJU&mrS tvGeftdkufaomnjzpfvmonfESifh
rSeftdrfudkqGJvsuf a&csKd;cef;xJokdU a&csKd;&ef0ifoGm;\/ rSeftdrfudkoHacsmif;
wGifcsdwfí a&cGufudk vSrf;udkifvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf oHacsmif;wGif
csdwfxm;onfh rSeftdrfrSm ,drf;xdk;vmí uREfkyfudk,fwdkifvnf; rdkufueJ
jzpfoGm;onf xifvdkuf\/ þtawmtwGif;wtdrfvkH;rSm *sKd;*sKd;*sKH;*sKH;

545 
jrnfvsuftdrftay:xufüaeaom ukvm;rq&muawmf\ tvefUwMum;
atmf[pfaomtoHudk Mum;vkduf&\/ xdktcgwGif uREkfyfrSm ajrivsif
vIyfjcif;jzpfonf[k &kwfw&uf rawG;rdao;yJ xl;qef;vSygwum; [kom
atmufarhí tdrfa&SUodkU uwdkufu&dkufxGufvm&m tdrfoltdrfom; rsm;vnf;
jyL;wl;ysmwm jzpfaeMuonfudk awGU&\/ uREkfyfwdkUaetdrfü rdcifESifhZeD;
tjyifa,mufzatmifjrESifh wynfharmifpHvIdifwkdU &SdMuavonf/
]]ivsifvIyfwm[JU ivsif ivsif}}[laom toHrsm;onfw&yfvkH;
qlnHvsuf&Sd&m tdrfa&SUodkU uREkfyfxGufvmaomtcgü ZeD;onf rdcifudk
qGJvsuf tdrfa&SUavSum;rS qif;aeMuavNyD/ a,mufzuav;urlum;
0&efwmudkcGvsuf aMumifawmifBuD;ai;Munfhae&m ]][JUaumifav; qif;av}}
[k uREkfyfuajymvdkufrS tdrfa&SUbufodkU zkwfueJ ckefcsvdkufonf/
rdcifESifhZeD;rSm tdrfa&SUodkUa&mufaeMuNyDjzpfí uREkfyfonfavSum;rS qif;ajy;
&m avSum;rSm okH;xpfrQom&Sdaomfvnf; acsmarmpGm rqif;EdkifyJ
tv,fxpfodkU a&mufonfESifh wNydKifeuf ][yfxkd;} BuD;vGifhoGm;í
tdrfa&SUwGif av;bufaxmufvsufom; ykHvJaeawmhonf/ xdktcsdefürl
rnfolUudkrQ owdr&EdkifawmhyJ xdkae&monf tdfrfOypmtwGif; &Sdao;í
rawmfwq tdrfNydKcJUvQif ydEdkifonf[líom owd&onfESifh vrf;ay:odkU
0rf;vsm;xdk; wGm;oGm;&awmhonf/ ajrBuD;ay:ü rwfwwfavQmufoGm;&ef
rlum; vkH;0rjzpfawmhacs/
vrf;ay:odkUa&mufí awmifrsufESmokdUvSnfhum av;bufaxmufvsuf
ai;MunfhaepOf aumif;uif,HwckvkH; rnf;arSmifí jrLrIefrsm;vGifhwufaeo
vdkjrif&\/
xdktcgü uREkfyftzdkUrSm ajrBuD;ay:wGif av;bufaxmufae&efyif
rjzpfEdkifawmhyJ ,dkifvJrnfpdk;onfESifh 0rf;Adkufudk ajrodkUuyfí tvsm;

546 
arSmufaevdkuf&awmhonf/ awmifrsufESmüum; jrLrIefrsm;onf arSmifBuD;
rnf;rnf;xJü tvdyfvdyf wufaeMuí ajrrsufESmjyifonfvnf;
avxefaoma&jyifozG,f vIdif;BuD;rsm; wtdtd x<uvsuf&Sdawmhonf/
rsufESmESifhajrBuD;eD;uyfpGm &SdaeaomaMumifh ayavmrqdkEdkif? ajrjyifonf
a&jyifyrm vIdif;xaeonfudk jrif&jcif;um; trSefjzpfawmhonf/
xdktcsdefumvü &ifxJwGifpdwftm;i,fvkdufykHum; ajymzG,f&mr&Sdawmhacs/
tm;i,fjcif;onf OD;aESmufxJrSr[kwf? &ifywfxJü jzpfonf[k
uREkfyftrSefajymEdkif\/ tm;ri,fyJ aeacsrnfavm/ owÅ0gonfajrBuD;udk
tcdkiftrmxm;í tcgcyfodrf;tm;udk;tm;xm;jyKae&onfjzpf&m rdrdu
tcdkiftrmxm;aom ajrBuD;udk,fwdkifu þuJUodkU tjyif;txef
vIyfcgaejcif;udkvufawGU cHpm;&aom tcgü tm;udk;&mrJUjzpfí
tonf;ESvkH; ESifhtlxJrusef vTwfuefNyD; tm;i,frdonfrSm txl;tqef;
r[kwfacs/
uREkfyfonf ajrBuD;ESifh 0rf;Adkufuyfvsuf tvsm;arSmufum
ajrBuD;vIdif;rsm; x<uaejcif;udkMunfhaepOf urÇmysufonfqdkjcif;rSm
þtjcif;t&myifjzpfonf[k pOf;pm;rdonf/ odkUaomfxdwfvefUwkefvIyfonf
[lí um; rqdkEdkif? pdwftm;i,fjcif;BuD;ru i,fvSí tlwlwl a,mifcsmcsm
jzpfaeonf[líom qdkcsifayonf/ xdktcdkuftwefUü twdwftem*wfudk
vnf;aumif;? rnfolrnf0gudkvnf;aumif; bmudkrQ owdr&? urÇmysufjcif;
jzpfonf[laom trSwfonm wckomvQif pGJuyfvsuf&Sdygawmhonf/
vrf;ay:ü arSmufae&aom tcsdefumv tydkfif;tjcm;rSm rnfrQavmuf
Mum&Snfonfrajymwwf? uREkfyf\pdwfxJüum; em&D0ufxufrenf;
&Sdvdrfhrnfxifrdonf/

547 
 vIyf&Sm;cgpü vloHrsm; qlnHaomfvnf; tjyif;txef vIyf&Sm;ckdufwGif
a0;vHaom t&yfrSw0D0Djrnfaom toHrsm;rSwyg; teD;tyg;wGif
wdwfqdwfvsuf&Sd\/ xdkUaemuf ivsif&yfpJjcif;ESifhtwlb,fola&? b,f0ga&
paom toHrsm;vnf; ay:xGufvmay&m uREkfyfonf tvsm;arSmuf&mrSxí
tdrfoltdrfom;tajctaeukd ppfaq;awmhonf/ wpkHw&mtxdtcdkuf
tysuftpD; r&Sdjcif;udkod&onfESifh wNydKifeuf uREkfyfonf a,mufzuav;
udk tdrfapmifh&efxm;cJUí armifpHvIdifESifhtwl NrdKUudkvSnfhvnf Munfh&IMuav
onf/
aps;BuD;bufrS rD;tBuD;tus,f avmifvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyfwdkU\
aetdrfrSm acsmif;wckvkH;jcm;aeonfESifh pdwfcs&onfqdkum NrdKUxJodkU
tESHUtjym; vSnfhvnfMuonf/ rD;ESifheD;uyfaomtdrfrsm;wGif ypönf;rsm;
odrf;Mu a&TUMuaom toHrsm;\qlnHjcif;xuf ESvkH;romr,mzG,faom
toHrsm;ay:xGufvmonfrSmum; wkdufNydKí ydjym;aoqkH;Mu&aom
ae&mrsm;rS usef&pfol 'ku©onfrsm;\ idka<u;jrnfwrf;Muaom
toHrsm;yifjzpfonf/ xdktoHrsm;rSm uREkfyfwdkUa&mufav&m ae&mtESHU
tjym;ü Mum;&í vlpkpkjrifwdkif; 0ifMunfh&mwGif tcsKdUrSm azmfxkwfNyD;cgp
tavmif;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? tcsKdUrSm azmfwkef;azmfqJ &SdaeMujcif;
udkvnf;aumif;? tcsKdUrSmazmfxkwf&efyif rwwfEdkifao;yJ vufrIdifcsum
[pfatmf wrf;waejcif;udkvnf;aumif; awGUMu&onf/ uRekfyf\woufwm
wGif þrQavmuf'ku©rD;ylavmifjcif; tajrSmuftjrm;udk pkNyKHjrif&onfhtcsdef
wem&Dqdkí rBuKHcJU&bl;atmif &Sdygawmhonf/
aetdrfodkUjyefa&mufí tdrfeD;em;csif;rsm;ESifh pum;ajymaeMuojzifh
oef;acgifausmfrS tdyf&modkU 0ifMu&aomfvnf; tdyfa&;0atmif tdyf&
awmhrnf r[kwfacs/ wem&DcefUrQ tdyf&ao;onfrxifrD ]]q&mwkdUxMuav?

548 
rD;awGavmifukefNyD}}[k wpkHwa,mufu tdrfa&SUrS EId;ajymonfESifh
uwdkufu&dkufxMunfhvdkuf&mwGif uREkfyfwdkU\tdrfESifh udkuf100cefUom
a0;aom okH;xyfwdkufBuD; trdk;ay:rSrD;cdk;rsm; tlxGufaeonf
udkjrif&awmhonf/ ,refnu pdwfyifyef;&kHom&Sdí vlrarm&aomfvnf;
,ckrSmtdrfcsif;eD;uyfaom rD;jzpfíypönf;rsm;o,fxkwf &onfESifh
wtdrfom;vkH;zwfzwfarmMu&onf/ ypönf;rsm;udk tdrfajrmufbuf&Sd
ajrmif;BuD;wHwm;OD;wGif pkykHxm;&m w&yfvkH;rSmvnf; þywf0ef;usif
w0dkufüyif ypönf;awGpkykHí apmifhaeMu&ojzifh &Gmuav;ozG,f
jzpfaeawmhonf/ rD;rSm wdkufBuD;udkuRrf;atmif ravmif&rD Nidrf;owfEdkif
Muaomfvnf; yJcl;wNrdKUvkH;rSm rD;twGufaMumifh pdk;&drfylyefvsuf&Sd
MuonfESifh uREkfyfwdkU t&yfol t&yfom;rsm;onf ypönf;rsm;udk tdrfxJodkU
wzefo,f,loGwfoGif;jcif; rjyKawmhyJ wHwm;OD;üyif olUtpk udk,fhtpk
zJGUpnf;um ESpf&ufokH;&uf aeMuao;onf/ wdkufyd aoqkH;olrsm;?
tdrfudkrD;avmifolrsm;onf udk,fhtylESifhudk,f 'ku©a&mufMuaomfvnf;
uREkfyfwdkUvlpkrlum; wHwm;OD;wGif csufjyKwfpm;aomufMu&onfrSm
bk&m;yJGuJUodkU&Sdí aysmfonf[líyif rSwfxifrdonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;onf
'ku©wck awGU&onfrSm ttdyftae tpm;taomuf qif;&Jonfqdkí
pdwfnpfnL;wwfMuay&m uREkfyf\0goemwckum; tajymif;tvJqdkvQif
(tqdk;bufodkU ajymif;vJ&jcif;yif jzpfapumrl) aysmfovdk&Sdawmhonf/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; ppfBuD;twGif;ü tcsKdUvlrsm; nnf;wGm;Muoavmuf
uRekfyftzdkUrSm rqif;&JvSacs/

549 
rauseyfcsufrsm;ay:vmjcif;

txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uREkfyf\ZmwmrSm tvkyfwckckwGif

okH;ESpf ywf0ef;usifavmufom vkyfcsifwwfí okH;ESpfuausmfonfqdkvQif
uREkfyfuaomfvnf;aumif; tvkyf&Sifuaomfvnf;aumif;? ywf0ef;usifü
aomfvnf;aumif;? txifvGJrIrsm;aomfvnf;aumif; ay:vmwwfonfjzpf&m
bmomjyeftvkyfwGifvnf; okH;ESpfaphcgeD; tcsdefrSpí uREkfyf\pdwfxJwGif
rauseyfp&mrsm;jzpfvmygawmhonf/ uREkfyfudk iSm;&rf;pOfu bmoma&;ESifh
rywfoufaom? tw¦KywÅdpaom pmayrsKd;udkom bmomjyefzkdU[k qdkygvsuf
aemufydkif;wGif c&pf,efbmomtwGuf0g' jzefUonfhpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk
bmomjyefzdkU tvkyfay;vmMu ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfrSm&dk;&dk;Ak'¨bmom
wa,mufr[kwfyJ r*fw&m;? zdkvfw&m;twGuf &nf&G,fcsuf xm;&Sdol
wa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh r*fzdkvfudk ausmcdkif;xm;olrsm;twGuf rnfonfh
pmrsKd;udk zwfonfjzpfap taMumif;rxl;vS/ c&pf,efbmompmayrsm;wGif
vnf; omrefvlaumif;olaumif;rsm; jzpfapEdkifavmufonfh taMumif;t&m
rsm;ESifhMo0g'rsm; ygayonf[kqdkum olwkdUckdif;onfhtwdkif; vkyfay;cJU
ygonf/ yxrüwtkyfwavrQomcdkif;í aemufydkif;ürl qufum qufum
cdkif;vm&mwGif uREkfyfpdwful;wrsKd;jzpfay:vm\/ Ak'¨bmom0if vlaumif;
wa,mufonf r*fw&m; zdkvfw&m;twGuf oabmrxm;[kqdkumrl
o&P*kHwnfolwa,muf[kqdkEdkifonf/ c&pf,efbmom0if vlaumif;
wa,mufrlum; o&P*kHwnfonf[k rqdkEdkif? xif&mvkyfaom vltcsif;
csif; tzkdUü BuD;aomjcm;em;rI r&Sdcsifaernf? vlaumif;csif; wlcJUvQif
o&P*kHwnfonfqdkaom jcm;em;csuf&Sdonf/ Ak'¨bmomusrf;*efrsm;ü
o&P*kHwnfjcif;[laom tjzpfudktawmfBuD; tom;ay;í a&;om;xm;

550 
jcif;rsm;udk zwf&bl;onf/ xdkUaMumifhvlqdk;udk vlaumif;jzpfvmatmif
r[kwfyJ Ak'¨bmomrS c&pf,efbmomodkU ul;ajymif;a&;twGuf 0g'jzefU
aomþtvkyfrSm iguJUokdUaom vlwa,muf tzdkU&mü ulnDtm;ay;
xdkufyg\avm[k oHo,0ifvmcJUygonf/ odkU&mwGif yJcl;NrdKUü yk*¾vu
oyÜg, jzpfvsuf&Sdjcif;udk iJUrdjcif;twGufaMumifh onf;cHí vkyfcJUygao;
onf/

uyfoyfaomtar&duef

'kwd,tcsufwckrSm tar&duef omoemjyKq&mBuD;rsm;\ uyfoyf

jcif;udk awGU&jcif;yifjzpf\/ bmomjyef tvkyfudk vufcHpOftcgu tm;vyf
cGifhESifhywfoufí pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrSm wESpfvQif vcrysuf cGifh&uf
ESpfywf&zdkUjzpf\/ uREkfyfu ]]ajcmufvwBudrf &ufowÅwywf ,lEdkifonf
r[kwfygavm}}[kar;&m ]],lEdkifonf}}[k q&mBuD;uajym\/ uREkfyfESifh
q&mBuD;wkdUonf aEG&moDwGif uavmNrdKUodkU wvcefUrQ ESpfwdkif;oGm;í
tvkyfvkyfMuonfjzpf&m uREkfyfonfrdbrsm;&Sdaom refusnf;wkH&GmodkU
uavmrStjyefwGif 0ifcJUvQif (cGifhckESpf&uf,lygu w&ufoufomonf
qdkum) tcGifhawmif;\/ w&ufoufomonfqdkjcif;rSm yJcl;rS vm&jcif;xuf
ompnfrSjzwfNyD; oGm;&jcif;u tcsdefw&ufoufom jcif;aMumifhjzpf\/
tcGifhum;&yg\/ okdUaomfcGifh&ufESifh ywfoufí tjiif;tckef jzpf&\/
q&mBuD;u ajcmufvvQif tcGifhckESpf&uf qdkonfrSm ajcmufvvkyfNyD;
aomtcgrS tcGifh&uf&rnfjzpfaMumif;? vkyf&ufa&m cGifh&ufyg aygif;NyD;
ajcmufv[k rqdkvdkaMumif;? ajcmufvtwGufckESpf&uf cGifhay;rnfqdkvQif
cGifh,laom &uftwGufyg xyfNyD; cGifhay;&OD;rnfht"dyÜm,f jzpfaeaMumif;

551 
cGifh,laom ckESpf&ufonf tvkyfvkyfaom ajcmufv\ tjyifbufü
&Sd&rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymavonf/ uREkfyfu ]]tpdk;& tvkyfrsm;wGif wESpfvQif
tcGifhwv &dSonfqdk&mü 11vvkyfNyD;wdik f; wvrQ tcGifh&ygonf}}[k
ajym&molu ]]rdrdwkdU\tvkyfrSm NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ tvkyf r[kwfyg}}[k
jyefajymavonf/ þjyóemrSm BuD;us,fvSonf r[kwf? w&uf\
tydkif;*Pef;rQom jcm;em;jcif; &Sdygvsuf tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;
wa,muf þrQavmuf a&;BuD;cGifhus,fvkyfí pum;ajymae&jcif;udk uREkfyf
pufqkwfvSygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí tar&duef jynfom;rsm;onf t*Fvdyf
vlrsKd;ESifhrwl? uyfuyfoyfoyf&SdvGef;tm;BuD;onf  (Too  Businesslike)  [k
rSwfcsufcsvdkufygonf/ uREkfyfonf t*FvdyfvlrsKd;t&m&SdBuD;rsm;ESifh qufqH
cJUbl;&m þrQavmuf uyfoyfjcif;udk rawGU&bl;yg/ uREkfyfrSm rEÅav;
NrdKUtar&duef ausmif;xGufjzpfaomfvnf; tar&duefudk txifao;p
jyKvmcJUavNyD/
wwd,tcsufwckrSm þokdUwnf;/ uREkfyfwdkUonf aEG&moDwGif
uavmNrdKUodkU yxrtacgufoGm;MupOfu q&mBuD;onf uavmblwmodkU
uRekfyfudk vmíBudK&m uREkfyf'kwd,wef; pD;vmonfudkjrifí uREkfyftm;
'kwd,wef; c&D;p&dwf &Sif;ay;\/ aemufwESpfürl olwyg;\tdrfü xrif;
vcay;í pm;&jcif;onf qif;&Jonfqdkum ZeD;udkac:cJUí tdrfwvkH;
iSm;ae\/ þwacgufwGif q&mBuD;ESifhZeD;wdkUvnf; rD;&xm;ESifh oGm;Muí
uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;vnf; ¤if;rD;&xm;ESifhyif vdkufMu\/ ZeD;udkac:cJU&mü
uREkfyf\wGufudef;rSm uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;twGuf &rnfh 'kwd,wef;
c&D;p&dwfudk vifr,m;ESpfa,muf wwd,wef;pD;MuvQif xrif;zdk;yif
tjrwfxGufOD;rnfjzpf\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf 'kwd,wef; wwd,wef;
pD;eif;vdkufMujcif;udkjrif\/ okdUjzpfí c&D;p&dwf&Sif;aomtcg ,cifwacguf

552 
uuJUokdU 'kwd,wef;twGuf tydkukef&jcif;udkyif rpOf;pm;awmhacs/ uREkfyf
onf aiGa&;aMu;a&;ESifhywfoufí uyfuyfoyfoyf rajymcsifwwfaom
0goemtavsmuf rnfodkUrQ rajymawmhyJ tar&duef vlrsKd;rsm;\ uyfoyf
wGufcsufwwfaom "avhxkH;pHtay:odkUom pkpkaygif;um tjypfzdkU vdkufyg
awmhonf/
pwkw¦tcsufwckrSmum; uREkfyfonf tvkyfcsdefudk av;pm;ol
wa,muf jzpfonfhtavsmuf tvkyfcsdef 10 em&DrS 4em&D[lí owfrSwf
xm;onfqdkvQif eHeufwdkif; 10 em&DwdwdwGif a&mufatmifoGm;í nae
4em&DwdwdwGif tvkyfcGifrS qif;vmcJUonfcsnf;jzpf\/ uREkfyfuEIwfrS
ajymí atmifjrESifharmifpHvIdifwkdUu w&ufpD vdkufía&;aomaeUrSpí
uREkfyfwkdUtm; tvkyfcef;wcef; oD;oefUay;xm;\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf
tvkyfcef;rS xGufí tdrfodkUjyefMu&mwGif q&mBuD;\ tcef;a&SUrS jzwfvm
Mu&av&m q&mBuD;onf uREkfyfwkdUudkjrifwdkif; em&Dudk armfhíMunfh\/
uREkfyfuvnf;jrifí vufywfem&Dudk Munfhrdygao;onf/ waeUoürl
q&mBuD;u uREkfyftm; ]]av;em&DwdwdrSm cifAsm;qif;Edkifatmif tvkyfudk
b,fvkdvkyfNyD; ,wdjzwfEdkifovJ}}[k ar;vkduf&m uREkfyfuvnf; em&D
olarmfhMunfhjcif;udk jAKef;ueJowd&vdkuf\/ þwGifuREkfyfu ]]av;em&Dwdwd
tvkyfqif;jcif;udk cifAsm;owdjyKrdykH&onf? 10 em&Dwdwd a&mufatmif
vmjcif;udk cifAsm; owdjyKrdygovm;}}[k jyefar;\/ xdktcgq&mBuD;onf
&kwfw&uf rsufESmysufoGm;&mrS BudK;pm;í NyKH;vmNyD;vQif tcsdefESifha&mufzdkU
rSm tpDtpOf jyKvkyfxm;ygujzpfEdkifaMumif;? tcsdefwdwd tqkH;owfzdkUrSm
bmomjyeftvkyf rsKd;wGif cJ,Of;rnfjzpfaMumif;? rnfonfhenf;rqdk 4
em&Dxdk;onfqdkvQif 0guswckudkyif tqkH;rowfawmhyJ tvkyfudkcsxm;
cJUrSomvQif 4 em&Dwdwd jyefEdkifrnfjzpfaMumif; ajym\/ olu rsufESmxm;

553 
wnfwnfBuD;ESifh ajymojzifh uREkfyfuvnf; rsufESmxm;wnfwnfESifhyif
&Sif;jy&ygao;onf/ uREkfyfu 4em&DwdwdjyEkdifjcif;rSm 3em&DcGJtcsdefavmuf
wGif uREkfyfonf tvkyftajctaeudk tuJcwfavh&SdaMumif;? em&Dw0uf
tvkyfvkyfvQif a&SUtzdkU rnfonfhae&mtxd NyD;Edkifonf[k cefUrSef;í
xdkcefUrSef;aomae&modkU a&mufatmif BudK;pm;ívkyfaMumif;? xdkUaMumifh 4
em&Dxdk;onfESifh wNydKifeuf xdkae&modkUa&mufí tvkyfudk&yfpJNyD; tdfrfjyefEdkif
jcif;jzpfaMumif;? uREkfyftvkyfvkyf&mwGif wGufwGufuyfuyf oabmrxm;
aMumif;? uREkfyf\tdrfrSvluav;rsm;udk ac:vmcJUí uREkfyfu EIwfrSajymay;
um vdkufía&;apjcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; udk,fh[mudk,fa&;
jcif;xuf tenf;qkH; &mcdkifEIef; 25-30rQ ydkrdkvsifjrefaMumif;? tjcm;vl
wa,mufonf olUzmom bmomjyefcJUvQif vluav;rsm;ESifh uREkfyfwdkU
bmomjyefjcif;uJUodkU rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ vsifjrefEdkifrnfr[kwf[k ajym0HU
aMumif;&Sif;jyav\/ xdktcg q&mBuD;u ]]vluav;rsm;ac:cJUNyD; tvkyfvkyf
jcif;onf tvkyfwGifus,fapvdkaom apwemeJU jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfygoavm}}[k
ar;\/ þar;cGef;um; ]*G}ar;cGef;jzpfonf[k uREkfyf,lq\/ þwGif
uRekfyfonf r[kwfrSefyJvsufESifh tom;,lvdkaom 0goemr&SdonfESifh
]]xdkuJUodkU apwem&SdaomaMumifhr[kwf? uREkfyfvnf; vufanmif;oufom
ap? vluav;rsm;tzdkU A[kokwvnf;jzpfap? tusifhvnf;&apqdkum
ac:vmcJUjcif;jzpfonf}}[k [kwfrSefonfhtwdkif; ajymjyav\/ xdktcg
q&mBuD;onf uREkfyftay:ü 4 em&Dwdwdtvkyfqif;jcif;twGuf tjypfzkdUp&m
taMumif;&SmrawGUyJ&SdonfwGif &dk;om;pGm 0efrcHcsifyJ rsufESmcyfokefokefESifh
xGufoGm;avonf/ uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfrSmum; t*FvdyfvlrsKd;jzpfvQif
tcsdefrSeftvkyfwufí tcsdefrSeftvkyfqif;vQif auseyfrnfjzpfonf/
tar&duefvlrsKd;rsm;um; tcsdefrSefwufjcif;udkrMunfhyJ tcsdefrSeftvkyfqif;

554 
jcif;udkyif wGufuyfonf[k olwyg;tm; txifao;csifonf/ igonf
þvlrsKd;ESifhMum&SnfpGm tvkyfvkyfEdkifrnfr[kwf[k atmufarhygawmhonf/
yOörtcsufwck ay:vmjyefonfrSm uREkfyfwdkU\tvkyfXmeudk yJcl;NrdKUrS
&efukefNrdKUodkUa&TUajymif;rnf[k od&jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ txufwGif
azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uREkfyfwdkUonf woufwmwGifrBuKHbl;avmufatmif
atmifhtnf;onf;cHí vmcJUjcif;onfyif yJcl;NrdKUrS rxGufcGmvdkaomaMumifh
jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifhajymif;a&TU&rnf qdkuwnf;u uREkfyfwkdUpdwfrMunfrom
jzpfMu&avNyD/ ae&pfrnfqdkívnf; rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfwkdUonf
yJcl;NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;ESifh 0rf;enf;pGm cJGcGmí &efukefodkUajymif;a&TUMu&\/
(uREfkyfwdkUonf Zdkif;uEdkif; &yfol&yfom;rsm;ESifh Mum&SnfpGm qufvuf
cifrifMuonfhtavsmuf rdwfaqGtjzpfESifh 0ifvm;xGufvm; jyKvkyfcJUMu&m
ppfBuD;jzpfonfh aemufwGifrS &yfuGufudkrD;avmifí vlawGwuGJwjym;pD
jzpfukefMu&avonf/) &efukefNrdKUodkUa&mufMuaomtcg prf;acsmif;&yfü&Sd
aomuREkfyf\aetdrfESifh tif;pdefü&Sdaom q&mBuD;\aetdrfodkU aeUpOf
bdkifpu,fjzifh oGm;&jcif;udkNiD;aiGUjcif;? r*¾Zif;*sme,fopfrsm;ESifh tquf
toG,f jzpfvmjyefjcif;wkdUaMumifh bmomjyeftvkyfudk pGefUypfvdkaom pdwf
jyif;xefvmcJUygawmhonf/ okdUaomf þtwdkif;'kH;wdwdrxGufyJ vc 250d
&vdkaMumif;? ray;EdkifvQif xGuf&vdrfhrnftaMumif; pma&;í wifvdkuf\/
bmomjyeftoif;BuD;u pmjyefvmonfrSm tar&duefjynfü ukefoG,frI
&Sm;yg;aom  Trade  Depression  acwfjzpfaeaomaMumifh vcwdk;ay;&ef
rwwfEdkifaMumif; [lonfyifjzpf\/ uREkfyf0rf;renf;? 0rf;omvSygonf/
taMumif;rlum; ykHESdyfwdkufrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fjzpfvmí wvvQif 0ifaiG
150cefU&zdkU aocsmvsuf&Sd&m odkUqdkvQif refusnf;wkHwGif rdbrsm;ESifhtwl
aeEdkifjyefaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ xdktcsdefwGifa,mufz atmifjronf

555 
prf;acsmif;&yfü ausmufaoG;tvkyfwwfajrmufí wynfh armifpHvIdifrSmvnf;
vufyHukef; taumuf&kH;ü tvkyf&NyDjzpfaomaMumifh 1933ckESpf? pufwifbm
vwGif uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;onf refusnf;wkH&GmodkU ajymif;a&TUcJUMujyef
avonf/

wifpD;jcif; rcHcsifwwfykH

refusnf;wkH&Gmü okH;av;v aerdMuaomtcg rpdk;uvnf; rdbrsm;ESifh

awGUcsif? uREkfyfuvnf; udkodef;azxHrS tvnfvmzdkU pmrsm;&&SdonfESifh
jrawmifodkUvmcJUMu\/ (udkodef;azrSmvnf; xdktcsdefwGif jrawmifawmtkyf
BuD;jzpfaeavNyD/) awmtkyf&kH;ESifh rpdk;\rdcif\tdrfrSm rsufESmcsif;qdkif
wnf&SdonfwGif uREkfyfonf awmtkyf&kH;ü udkodef;azESifh tcsdefukefonf
omrsm;í tpm;taomuftwGufyg wm0ef,layonf/ udkodef;azonf
aoewform;jzpfí olUtdrfü tpm;aumif;rjywfyJ&Sd&m tpm;ESifhrQm;vQif
b*Fvm;vdkufrnf[k oabmxm;aom uREkfyftzdkUrSm tMunfqdkuf
vsuf&Sdav\/ þwacgufwGif jrawmif&Gmü uREkfyf\ynmpGrf; wckjyzdkU
tcGifhBuKHcJU\/ uREkfyf&efukefü&SdpOf ukdodef;azESifh uREkfyfonf (xdkacwfu
xkH;pHtwdkif;) t*Fvdyfvdk pmay;pm,l jyKvkyfavh&Sd&m udkodef;azonf
uREkfyfnTefjyaom t*Fvdyf0w¦Kaumif;BuD;rsm;udk zwfjcif;tm;jzifh
oludkf,fwdkifvnf; tawmfBuD;a&;wwfí uREkfyf\ta&; tom;udkvnf;
csD;rGrf;zdkU oabmaygufvmcJUavNyD/ olu uREkfyftm;  (Copperfield) 

aumhyg;zD; (vl&dk;uav;)[k ac:a0: a&;om;&mwGif uREkfyfuvnf; olUtm; 

(Steerforth)  pwD;,m;zkdU (vlvnfBuD;) [k jyefvnf ac:a0:a&;om;\/
þtrnfrsm;rSm t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD; 'pfuif;pf\ 0w¦KxJrS trnfrsm;

556 
jzpfay&m aumhyg;zD;onf vl&dk;vlaumif;uav; wa,mufjzpfí pwD;,m;zdkU
rSmum;vlvnfvl&Iwfwa,mufjzpf\/ okdUESifh udkodef;azonf ]vlvnf}
wa,muf jzpfcsifonfESifhyif ]vl&IyfvlayG}[la om tjcif;t&mudkyg wGJí
vufcHvdk\/ uREkfyftm;vnf; ]vl&dk;vlaumif;}bJGUudkay; xm;aomaMumifh
uREkfyfonf ]vlaumif;udk oabmusaomfvnf; vl&dk;[lonfrSm vlt
t"dyÜm,frsKd;vnf; wJGvsuf&SdaomaMumifh rESpfoufvSacs/ okdUaomf uREkfyf
onf olavmuf ]rvnf}jcif;udk 0efcHEdkifonfhjyif oludk,fwdkifu ]vlayGvl&Iyf}
[laom pum;vkH;udk vufcHayonfqdkum olay;emrnfvufcH vdkuf&yg
awmhonf/ þtjcif;t&mudk azmfjy&jcif;rSm tvGefcifrif&if;EDS;aom
oli,fcsif;yif jzpfapumrl rdrdtay:wGif ]vlvnfvkyfjcif;}udk rcHcsif
wwfaMumif; azmfjyvdkaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ rdrdxuf vnfonf[k
0efcHEdkifaomfvnf; oludk,fwdkifu tom;,l[efESifh ajymaomtcgü rcHcsif
wwfjcif;iSm vlUobm0aywnf;/ odkU&mwGif þae&mürl udkodef;azonf
olUudk,fol ]vl&Iyf}wa,muf[k 0efcH&m a&mufaomaMumifh wbufu
tom;,ljcif;udk uREkfyfauseyfEdkifygonf/

udk,f&nfaoG;Edkifjcif;wck

uREkfyf\ ynmpGrf; jyEdkifcGifh&onfqdkjcif;rSm þodkUwnf;/ udkodef;az

onf uREkfyf t*Fvdyfvdka&;wwfjcif;udk aumif;aumif;odonf jzpfí
uREkfyfwdkUrkefUzdk; (bD,mzdk;) &zdkU tvkyfuav;rsm; qG,fay;\/ xdkpOftcgu
jrawmif&Gmü&Sdaom opfawmbuf taumuf0efaxmufonf ol\tvkyfESifh
ywfoufí txuft&m&SdBuD;rsm;\ rouFmjcif;cH&í &mxl;rS acwÅ
csxm;jcif;  (Suspension)  cH&onfwGif xdkoltwGuf ]toem;cHvTm}

557 
a&;ay;&ef udkodef;azu qufoG,fay;\/ 0efaxmufonf uREkfyftay:ü
azmfa&Goifhoavmuf azmfa&Gjcif;r&SdyJ tenf;i,f[efBuD;yef BuD; vkyfonf
[k uREkfyfxifaomaMumifh aiG50d&rS a&;ay;Edkifrnf[k ajymap&m 0efaxmuf
onf nnf;nnf;nLnLESifh ay;&\/ ol\txifrSm uREkfyftm; t&uf
uav;wdkufNyD; xrif;auR;vdkuf,if oluJUodkUaom 0efaxmufwa,muf
twGuf 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;oma&;ay;vdrfhrnf[k xif[ef&Sd\/ zGifhívnf;
ajym\/ uREkfyfu aiG&rS a&;Edkifrnfqdkojzifh aiGay;aomtcgrS uREkfyfu
a&;ay;vdkuf&m 0efaxmufonf uREkfyfa&;ay;aom ]toem;cHvTm} udkol\
q&mqdkaom uomta&;ydkifxHodkUoGm;í jyao;\/ ta&;ydkifu ]]rif;wdkU
jrawmifrSm 'Dvdka&;wwfwJUvl&Sdovm;}} [k tHUMopGmESifh ar;vdkufaMumif;udk
oljyefvmaomtcgwGif ajymjy\/ uREkfyfonf jrawmifrS rjyefrD
xdk0efaxmuf\ trItaMumif;udk oljyefvmaomtcgwGif ajymjy\/
uREkfyfonf jrawmifrSrjyefrD xdk0efaxmuf\ trItaMumif;udk
rodcJU&aomfvnf; uREkfyf&efukefodkU jyefa&mufaomtcgrS udkodef;azxHrS
od&Sdonfhjyif ¤if;0efaxmuf udk,fwdkifESifhvnf; &efukefwGif uHtm;avsmfpGm
awGUqkHrdí uRekfyf\aus;Zl; BuD;vSygayaMumif;ESifh vrf;ay:üyif zufvSJ
wuif; vkyfum ajymjyygayonf/
þudpöü uREkfyfonf aiG50d &vdkufjcif;xuf jrawmifolwa,mufESifh
&aom pma&;q&mwa,muftaejzifh olwkdUtpdk;&t&m&Sdrsm;u ikHUíMunfhcsif
wwfjcif;udk (0efaxmuftay:ü) NzdKzsufvdkuf&jcif;twGuf t&om&SdvSyg
onf/ uomü&Sdaom udkodef;az\ tpfudkwa,mufudk taMumif;jyKí
uREkfyf\owif;onf uomNrdKUay:okdU jyefESHUoGm;av&m tpdk;&trIxrf;
ESpfa,muf\ tvm;wludpörsKd;twGuf toem;cHvTmESpfapmif a&;ay;&yg

558 
ao;onf/ ¤if;teuf wa,mufrSm tvkyfjyef&onf[k udkodef;azxHrS
Mum;od&ygonf/

a'oEÅ& A[kokw

jrawmifodkUa&mufonfh þwacgufwGif uREkfyfonf ,cifu

udk0ifharmfESifh aebl;ouJUodkU e,fvSnfh&mokdU twlvdkufum a'oEÅ&
A[kokwrsm; qnf;yl;cJU\/ a&S;,cifurl uREkfyfonf0w¦Kwdk&Snfrsm;
a&;&mü 0ufvufe,fw0dkufudk aemufcHum;tjzpfESifhxm;í a&;cJUbl;&m
aemufydkif;ürl ]pdrfhBuD;NrdKifBuD; &dyfBuD;awmawmif}xlxyfvSonfh a&TvDe,f
w0dkufudk aemufcHjyKí a&;avh&Sdygonf/ awmawmif\om,mjcif;?
xlxyfvSonfh eufeJjcif;t&mwGif 0ufvufe,fonf a&TvDe,fw0dkufudk
rSDEdkifonfvnf; r[kwfay/ wcgw&HwGif uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\bdk;ab;bDbif
awmfonfqdkaom vuf0JokE´&tm; ydkUxm;onfh ]rJZm}acsmif;&dk;wavQmufudk
aemufcHjyKí a&;vdkaomqE´&Sdyg\/ odkU&mwGifuREkfyfonf rJZmacsmif;udk
rD;&xm;ay:rS Budrfzefrsm;pGm jrif&bl;aomfvnf; udk0ifharmfESifh
udkodef;azwdkU\ opfawme,fedrdwfrSm ]rJZm} rygojzifh uREkfyfudk,fwdkif
ra&mufcJUbl;yJ &Sd&mwGif aemufcHjyKí a&;avmufatmif wdwdususrod
cJU&aomaMumifh  (Local  Colour)  rJZme,fudk tokH;rjyKbl;yJ csefvSyfxm;
cJU&ygonf/

559 
]pkH}csifaom 0goem

uREkfyfonf udkodef;azESifhtwl a&TvD&dk;wavQmufodkU e,fvSnfh

vdkufoGm;í tif;BuD;&Gmudka&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyf\c,fr (rpdk;\nDr)
rrdk;onf ¤if;&GmwGif 0g;ukefonf vkyfvsuf&SdonfESifh udkodef;azESifhtwl
rvdkufawmhyJ rrdk;\tdrfü ae&pfcJUonf/ (rrdk;rSm jrawmif&Gm&Sd rpdk;wkdU\
tdrfay:odkU cJuspOfuuREkfyf\ rsufpdü ][D;&dk;} wa,mufwzG,f
umuG,fonfhtwGuf uREkfyftxifBuD;cJUonfh c,frwa,muf jzpfaom
aMumifh olUtdrfü uREkfyfwnf;cdkvdkonfESifh csefae&pfcJUjcif;jzpfavonf/)
okH;av;&ufrQ wnf;ckdNyD;aemuf jrawmifodkU jyefcsifNyDjzpf&m uREkfyfrSm
oGm;csifonfqdkvQif csufcsif;oGm;&rS auseyfwwfaom 0goem&Sdonfh
twdkif; avSBuKHudk rapmifhcsifawmhyJ rvkyfbl;aom tvkyfwckudk vkyfzdkU
pdwful;jzpfay:vm\/ ¤if;rSma&TvDjrpfudk 0g;azmifuav;ESifh pkef&efjzpf
avonf/ (0g;pGyf[k olwkdUac:Muonf/) udk0ifharmf&SdpOfu {&m0wDjrpfudk
0g;azmifBuD;ESifh pkefMubl;yg\/ okdU&mwGif azmifuav;ESifhudk,f[mudk
pkef&aom tvkyfuJUodkUpGefUpm;aomoabm  (Adventure)  ryg&Sdojzifh prf;
Munfhcsifao;onf/ okdUjzpfí rrdk;wkdUvifr,m;onf 0g;w&mudk azmif
uav;zJGUí tay:üwJuav; aqmufum uREkfyftwGuf pDpOfay;Mu
avonf/ azmifuav;ay:wGif pm;eyf&du©m ESpfeyfpm twGufvnf;
csufjyKwfí xnhfay;vkdufMuonf/ azmifpkefcgeD;ü &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;u
uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;pkefí ravsmfaMumif;? ]acgif;cJvnfem} jzpfOD;awmh
wa,mufwnf;qdkvQif 'ku©a&mufwwfaMumif; 0dkif;0ef;ajymqdkMuonfESifh
zdk;,keftrnf&Sd vlysKdaygufuav; wa,mufxnfhay;vdkufjcif;udk vufcHcJU
avonf/

560 
pkefMuavNyD

uREkfyfwdkUonf eHeufpm xrif;pm;NyD;csdefwGif tif;BuD;&GmrS pkefcJUMu&m

rvkyfbl;aom tvkyfwckwGif aysmfwwfaom uREkfyfrSm azmifuav;ay:wGif
tvum;ae,if; tl&Gifvsuf&Sd\/ pmtkyfrsm;ygaomfvnf; rzwfcsifyJ
warQmfwnf; arQmfMunhfvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf tif;BuD;&GmokdU udkodef;azESifh
vmpOfu vSnf;jzifh vmcJUjcif;jzpf\/ a&TvDacsmif;udk oabFmjzifh
pkefbl;qefbl;yg\/ okdU&mwGif oabFmay:rSjrif&aom &Icif;onf
azmifuav;ay:rS jrif&aom &Icif;udkrSDonfrxifay/ oabFmjzifhoGm;pOfu
vSyqef;Mu,faom awmawmifwdkU\ om,mjcif;onf rsufpdatmufwGif
wcPwmrQay:vmNyD; Munfhaumif;qJyif ausmfvGefum aysmufuG,fusef&pf
\/ azmifuav;rlum; wa&GUa&GUarsmqif;jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh 00BuD;
MunhfEdkifcGifh&Sdygonf/ xdkUjyif pdwf\qef;Mu,fjcif;u vnf;&Sdao;\/ &Icif;
wckwnf;udkyif oabFmay:rS Munfh&jcif;ESifh azmifuav;ay:rS Munfh&jcif;
onfwlao;onf r[kwfacs/ vlawGMum;xJrS arQmfMunfh&jcif;onf
azmifuav;ay:rS ZdrfESifhMunfh&jcif;uJUodkU pdwfxJü &dk;wkd;&Gw rjzpfvSay/
oabFmay:rSrl wrifwum xMunfh&í jrifjyefawmhvnf; wrsufESmom
jrifEdkifay&m azmifuav;ay:rSrlum; av;rsufESmvkH;udk Munhfcsif&m
vSrf;MunfhEdkif\/ oabFmESifh oGm;pOfu acsmif;xJokdU a&qif;aomufMuaom
awmwd&pämef&dkif;rsm;onf oabFmoH Mum;onfESifh ykef;vQKd;uG,faysmuf
oGm;Muonfjzpf&m azmifuav;udkrlum; xdwfvefU aMumuf&GHUjcif;r&SdyJ
&J&JBuD; armfhMunfhMuonfESifh ¤if;wkdU\ bmombm0 aexdkifMuaom
tjcif;t&mudk tm;&atmifjrifEdkifavonf/ tif;BuD;rS xGufvmpu
xrif;pm;NyD;aomtcg wa&;tdyfwwfaom uRekfyf\ xkH;pHtwdkif;

561 
wJuav;xJwGif wa&;warmtdyfrnf BuHcJUaomfvnf; wcPtdyfvdkufvQif
&Icif;awG trsm;BuD; vufvGwfoGm;Edkifonfqdkum rtdyfyJ xkdifí
vdkufvmcJUygonf/

&Icif;aMumifh vGrf;pdwfawGay:

&Icif;wkdUrnfonfrSm aeusJusJ ylvsuf&Sdaom tcsdefwGif omíxif&Sm;

pGm jrifEdkifonf rSefaomfvnf; uREkfyf\ tBudKufum; rdk;uav;
wcsufwcsuf tkHUvdkufaomtcgwGif omí vSyonfxif\/ wdrfwkdufBuD;
rsm; wufvmí &Sef;&Sef;awmuf xGef;vif;vsuf&Sdaom aerif;\ rsufESmjyif
udk wwkHwwkH zkef;uG,fvdkufaomtcg ,cifu a&jyifudk aea&mif[yfonf
ESifh rsufvkH;rsm;udk cyfusOf;usOf;xm;í MunfhcJU&mrS wdrfrsm;aMumifh
ndKUndKUrIdif;rIdif; jzpfvmonfh awmawmifwkdU\ vSyjcif;udk rsufpdNzJí
MunfhcGifh&onfhjyif pdrf;pdkndKUrdIif;jcif;onfvnf; vl\ pdwf"mwfudk
jyKjyifwwfí b,fqDvGrf;&rnfrod? MunfEl;vGrf;qGwfaom pdwfrsm;jzpfay:
vm&ayonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; naecif;wdkifa&mufaomtcgwGif aea&mif
azsmhvmonfESifh vGrf;csifaom pdwfrsm;onf &ifywfudka0SUvsuf&Sd&m
uREkfyftzdkU&mü pdfwfxdckdufqkH;aom tcsdfeftydkif;tjcm;[lí todtrSwfjyKcJUrd
ygonf/ naecif; tcsdefwGif a&TvD0odkUa&mufí udkodef;az aecJUbl;onfh
ydef;awm&Gmuav;odkU csOf;uyfvmavNyD/ (udkodef;azonf tif;&Gmü
aeonf[k txufwGif azmfjycJUbl;&m trSefrSm tif;&GmESifh wrdkifcefUa0;onfh
ydef;awm&Gm taumuf&kH;ü aexdkifcJUjcif;jzpfonf/) xdktcgürl udkodef;azrSm
jrawmifawmtkyf&kH;okdUa&mufaeNyDjzpfí ol\&kH;uav;udk arQmf&kHom
arQmfMunfhcJU&\/ þ&kH;uav;ü ol&SdcJUvQif rnfonfhenf;rqdk wntdyfzdkU

562 
qJGOD;rnfjzpfavonf/ xdkUaemuf a&TvD0ü&Sdaom tif;&Gmudk ausmfvGefí
{&m0wDjrpfjyifBuD;odkU a&mufMuaomtcg ae0if ]pkwfpkwfuef;}csdef
&SdaeavNyD/

aMumufwwfaom zdk;,kef

uREkfyfwdkUonf a&TvD0odkUa&mufcgeD;wGif Muufom;aMumf? ig;aMumfESifh

rkefnSif;csOf? a&Ttyfi&kwfoD;wkdUjzifh npm pm;MuNyD;avNyD/ [if;&nfrSm
jrpfa&om jzpfaomfvnf;jrdefvkdufMuykHrSm ajymzG,f&mr&Sdacs/ xdk&ufrSm
vjynfhausmf 12 &ufjzpfaomaMumifh va&mifudkarQmfvifh&ef r&SdyJ {&m0wD
jrpfjyifBuD;wGif arSmifBuD;rnf;rnf;ü pkefMu&\/ xdktcgürl uREkfyf\pdwfxJü
aysmf&TifrI? om,mrIr&SdawmhyJ &GmokdU jrefjrefa&mufcsifaom aZmom&Sdygawmh
onf/ odkUqdkaomfvnf; rarQmfvifhyJESifh BuKH&aom tcsif;t&mr[kwf?
rxGufrDuwnf;u BudKwif od&SdcJUNyD;aom tjcif;t&m jzpfygonf/
rnf;rnf;arSmifvsuf&Sdaom jrpfjyifBuD; tv,fwGif azmifuav;ESifh
arQmcs&jcif;rSm aysmfp&maumif;aomtvkyfwck r[kwfacs/ þtxJwGif
uREkfyftazmf zdk;,kef\ owÅdaMumifjcif;uvnf; uREkfyfudkacsmufvefU
ay;ouJUodkU jzpf&ao;\/ zkd;,kefonf {&m0wDjrpfjyifodkU a&mufvmMu
uwnf;u azmifuav;ay:wGif tpGeftzsm;ü rxdkifyJ tv,fA[dk
wnfhwnfhBuD;wGif rvIyfr&Sm; NidrfoufpGm xdkifvsuf&Sd\/ ]]a[h bmjzpfwm
vJuG,fh}}[k ar;&m ]]ig;aMumufw,fcifAs}}[k jyefajym\/ þwGifuREkfyfu
]]awmfygayhuGm? rif;wkdUa&TvDacsmif;xJrSmawmh ig;r&Sdbl;vm;}}[k ar;&m olu
]]&Sdawmh&Sdw,f? EdkUayr,fhacsmif;qdkawmh ig;i,fi,fom &Sdw,f? jrpfBuD;qdk
awmh ig;BuD;awG&SdvdkU vludkrsKdEdkifw,f}}[k jyefajymav\/ uREkfyfonf

563 
zdk;,kef\o&Jabmenf;jcif;udk þae&mü &,f&kHom &,fcsif\/ a&SUtzdkUürl
idkcsifaom tjzpfrsKd; BuKH&ygao;onf/

0JxJüvnf&jcif;

{&m0wDjrpfonf a&i,faom&moDjzpfí uREkfyfwdkUonf jrpfjyifBuD;rS

pkefcsvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; pnf;wdrfaomifwdrfrsm; awGU&\/ pnf;wdrfESifh
wdk;rdonfqdkvQif tvGefa&wdrfaomaMumifh azmifuav;yifwif&ygonf/
]]a[hvl zdk;,kef? qif;wGef;csavuGm}}[k uREkfyfuajym&m ]]rvkyfygeJUcifAsm?
ig;BuD;aMumufygw,f}}[k qdkum azmifuav;ay:wGif A[dkwnfhonfxuf
wnfhatmifa&G;cs,fum ajymif;a&TUNyD; xdkifvdkufao;\/ þwGif uRekfyf
udk,fwdkifqif;í azmifudk wGef;cs&ygawmhonf/
xdkuJUodkU cPcPazmifwif&mwGif wifwdkif; wifwdkif;uREkfyfwa,muf
wnf;qif;í wGef;cs&\/ tcsKdUae&mü a&onf tvGefwdrfvSojzifh
azmifonf aygavmBuD; ay:vsuf&SdonfwGif tawmfarmyef;vsuf&Sdaom
uREkfyfrSm a&wdrfudkausmfvGefatmif wGef;cs&ef tcuftcJawGUvsuf&SdonfESifh
]]a[haumif acG;rom;? rif;uwufuav; bmav;eJU axmufNyD;
ulay;tkH;uG? igarmvSNyD}}[k aigufíajym&m zkd;,kefu ]]aMumufygw,fqdk
Asm? rvkyfygeJU? ig;rsKdoGm;yghr,f}}[kjyefajym\/
uREkfyfu ]]ighudkawmh ig;rrsKdbl;vm;uG}}[k ar;&m ]]q&muawmh
aysmfcsifvdkU vmwmudk;As}}[k olu jyefajymavonf/ ]]jrpfBuD;vkyfaeNyD;
a&UES,fwdrf&efaumAsm? azmifuvJwifEdkif&efaumAsm}}[k uREkfyfnnf;wGm;
rdaom tcsdefrsm;rSm idkcsifrdaom tcsdefrsm;aywnf;/ oef;acgiftcsdefavmuf
wGifurf;eD&GmodkU csOf;uyfvm&m a&aMumif;onf urf;eD&GmbufodkUzdí

564 
pD;onfESifh wufjzifh tenf;i,favSmfcwfay;&kHjzifh urf;bufodkU csOf;uyf
av\/
xdkuJUodkU avSmfcwfolrSm zdk;,kefr[kwf? uREkfyfyifjzpfonf/ (zkd;,kef
onf a&TvD&dk;om;wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; {&m0wDjrpfjyifodkU wacgufwnf;
a&mufbl;onfqdk&m olUudkxnfhay;vdkufaom rrdk;onf zkd;,kef\ ig;
aMumufwwfjcif;udk od[efrwlacs/) a&aMumif;onf ta&SUbufurf;odkU
zdípD;vdkuf&m azmifuav;onf urf;odkU csOf;uyf&kHru urf;yg;ü
aygufa&mufvsuf&Sdaom csKHyifrsm;atmufodkU 0ifwdk;onfESifh azmifay:rS
wJuav;rSm csKHrsm;ESifhyGwfNyD; jyKwfususef&pfcJUojzifh azmifuav;xD;wnf;
usef&pfygawmhonf/ odkU&mwGif a&SUavQmufí aeylzdkUr&Sdawmhojzifh
udpör&Sd[k atmufarhvdkuf&\/ csKHrsm;udk ausmfvGefaomtcg 0JBuD;&Gm
oif;csKdif;odkUa&mufav&m azmifonf &kwfw&uf t&SdefaES;oGm;jcif;udk
odvdkuf&\/ xdkUaemufwGif aES;&kHomru t&SdefvkH;0owfNyD; txufodkUyif
qefíwufjyef\/ uREkfyftHUMovsuf&SdpOf þae&mü 0JvSnfhaMumif;udk
awG;rdygawmhonf/ awG;rdjcif;um;[kwfyg\/ odkU&mwGif þ0Judk
ausmfvGefzkdUta&;u &Sdao;onf/ 0JwkdUrnfonf tywfaphaomtcsdefwGif
tvdktavsmuf xGufvmwwfonf[k Mum;bl;\/
okH;ywf&Sdaomvnf; vSnfhNrJwdkif; vSnhfvsuf&Sd&mwGif uREkfyftBuHtdkuf
vmavNyD/ oif;csKdi;fonfurf;txufwGif&Sd\/ vGefcJUaom 8ESpfcefUu
okomef"lwifaqmifzkdU pdwful;cJUbl;onfh uREkfyfonfoif;csKdif;teD;wGif
cyfat;at;xdkifvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; azmifonf tvdk
tavsmuf xGufawmhr[kwf? wGef;xkwfrSjzpfvdrfhrnf/ zkd;,kefudk wapäESifh
acsmuf&vQif wGef;xkwfaumif;yg\[k tBuHjzpfonfESifh ]]a[h zkd;,kef?
[dkay:rSm oif;csKdif;uG? rif;raMumufbl;vm;? azmifudkwGef;xkwfrS

565 
jzpfr,f}}[k ajym&m zkd;,kefu ]]uRefawmfu ig;udkomaMumufwm? wapä
raMumufbl;q&m}}[k ajymonfESifh *Gusvsuf&Sdjyefonf/ uREkfyfrSmvnf;
tawmfcsrf;at;vmaom þtcsdefwGif a&xJodkU rqif;csifawmhNyDjzpfí
oaAÁowÅm ur®oum[k atmufarhvdkuf&ygawmh onf/ ]]a[haumif
b,fhES,fvJuG? azmifeJUurf;eJU cGmvmcJUw,fxifw,f}} [k uREkfyfuajym&m
zkd;,kefu ]][kwfwmayghq&m? 7 ywfaphvdkU cGmxGufvmwmaygh}}[k
ajymav\/ [kwfvnf; [kwfayonf/ azmifonf 0JvSnfh&mrSmxGufí
a&pD;aMumif;odkU a&mufcJUavNyD/

qif;'bufuJUodkU

uREkfyf\ rlv&nf&G,fcsufrSm wnvkH;pkefcsNyD; eHeufvif;vQif

jrawmifodkU a&mufzkdUjzpf\/ ,ckrSm azmifay:ü wJuav;r&Sdawmhojzifh
csrf;at;rnfjzpfaom aMumifh urf;eD&GmodkU qdkufuyfum wntdyf&
ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfowd&rdonfrSm urf;eD&GmwGif Ak'¨aCmotjzpfESifh
oDwif;okH;cJUbl;onfh uREkfyfESifh ,ckuREkfyfrSm oDv orm"d £ajE´orÁwÅdcsif;
jcm;em;ykHudk &SufonfESifh olBuD;udknSif; tp&Sdaom vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;\
tdrfodkUr0ifyJ &GmtpGef;ü bJ?Muuf arG;jrLaom vlwa,muf \
wJuav;okdU0ifí nOfhw0ufwnf;cdkcJUygonf/ rdk;rvif;rDxí uREkfyfwdkU
qufvufpkefvmMu&m eHeuf 10em&DtcsdefavmufwGif jrawmif&GmokdU
qdkufa&mufí urf;yg;rS BudKqdkvsuf&Sdaom rpdk;udkjrif&\/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü
oabFmom; qif;'bufjyefa&mufvmjcif;uJUokdU {&mrpGefUpm;jcif;BuD;ozG,f
atmufarhrdao;onf/ qif;'bufum; 7 acgufxGufcJUonf/ wacguf
wnf;om xGufbl;onfh uREkfyfonf tb,fhaMumifh txifrBuD;oifhyJ

566 
&Sd&rnfenf;/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm aumif;rIukodkvf tvkyfudkjzpfap? pGefUpm;&aom
tvkyfrsKd;udkjzpfap tBudrfBudrfjyKvkyfbl;oltzdkUü ]&dk;}oGm;wwfay&m
wBudrfwcg jyKbl;oltzdkUrSmrl &ifbwfaumhjcif;? vufraxmifjcif;
ponfhtrlt&mrsKd; azmfjycsifwwfMuavonf/

&efukefokdUqif;&jyefjcif;

1934ckESpf? arvwGif refusnf;wkHrS rdcifaeraumif;aMumif;

aMu;eef;&&Sd onfESifh uRekfyfwdkUvifr,m; csufcsif;qif;vmMu\/
rdcifrusef;rmjcif;rSm tjyif; txefr[kwfojzifh rMumrDaysmufuif;yg\/
okdU&mwGif &efukefrS ]0w¬K}atmf'g rsm;rSm wjznf;jznf;avsmhqif;vmavNyD/
uRekfyftzdkUrMum cPBuKHawGUcJUonfh xkH;pHtwdkif; *sme,f? r*¾Zif;a[mif;rsm;
jyKwfMuí topfrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f rjzpfyJ&Sd&mwGif wvvQif 0ifaiG50d
cefUrQavmufom usefawmh\/ 50d [laom 0ifaiGrSm (qefwwif; 2usyf 4yJ?
qDwykH; 4usyf? Muuf? 0uf wydóm 1usyfrQom aygufaps;&Sdaom
acwfjzpfí) aus;&Gm taetxdkift& rusyfwnf;vSaomfvnf; qufvufí
0ifaiGavsmhqif;OD;rnfudk pdk;&drf&onfESifh &efukefodkUqif;&ef tBuHjzpfay:vm
ygawmhonf/ xdktawmtwGif; yJa&mhOD;qefeDu uRekfyfa&;orQ pmrsm;udk
0,f,lpkaqmif;xm;ygrnf[k tm;ay;aompmrsm; &&Sdaomfvnf; apwem
aumif;aom yk*¾dKvfwOD;u u&kPmoabmESifh tm;ay;jcif;udk rcH,lvdk
onfESifh 4if;ESpf Mo*kwfv w&ufaeUwGif &efukefodkUqif;vmMuygonf/

567 
yDrdk;eif;ESifhtwl

&efukefNrdKUü aetdrf&zdkUrSm þacwfrSmuJUokdU tcuftcJBuD; r[kwf

vSaomf vnf; vG,fulvSonfum;r[kwfacs/ 1926 ckESpfü e,l;bm;rm;
udkbvIdifuac:í qif;vm&mwGif udkcifarmifwifhudk tm;udk;&aomfvnf;
,cktcgürl ol\ ]bm;rm;a[mufpf}qdkifuav;rSm jyKwfoGm;cJUavNyD/
okdUjzpfí,cifu prf;acsmif; Muufawmif&dkuftoif;wGif uRekfyftBuD;tuJ
vkyfcJUbl;jcif;tm;jzifh oduRrf;cifrifcJUaom ausmufaxmifq&m vli,f
wa,muftdrfwGif acwåwnf;cdkMu&\/ xdkrSwzef AdkvfcsKyfvrf;ESifh u&dvrf;
axmifh&Sd yDrdk;eif;\wdkfufcef;odkU ajymif;a&GUMu\/ ol&Jaumif;okH;a,muf
0wåKü aygokd;onfaiG&Tifaom tcgrsm;wGif oli,fcsif; rdwfaqGrsm;tm;
auR;arG;avh&SdaMumif;? rdrdudk,fwkdifusyfwnf;aomtcgrsm;ü xdkrdwfaqGrsm;
u twkHUtvSnfhoabmESifh auR;arG;&onfjzpfaomaMumifh rdwfaqGrsm;tm;
auR;arG;jcif;onf tcsnf;tESD;rjzpfyJ t&if;tESD;  (Investment)  taejzifh
aiGyifaiG&if;pdkufxlxm;onfrnfaMumif; zwf&bl;\/ uRekfyfonfvnf;
]pmawmfjyef}tvkyfü&SdpOf yDrdk;eif;wdkU vifr,m;tm; tdrfokdUzdwfac:um
rMumrMum auR;arG{nfhcHcJUbl;\/ xdkpOfurl yDrdk;eif;ESifh uRekfyfrSm
(aemufydkif;rSmuJUokdU) tvGeftrif;&if;ESD;ao;onf r[kwfaomaMumifh
uRekfyfu txufygenf;twdkif; aus;Zl;jyKbl;jcif;r&SdcJUygvQif (oluac:
apOD;awmh) uREkfyfu vdkufygaexdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/ yDrdk;eif;\ aetdrfü
uREkfyfwdkUwvcefUrQ wnf;cdkaexdkifMu&jcif; tm;jzifhvnf; tvGefESD;&if;aom
]i,faygif;}rsm;ozG,f tuRrf;w0ifjzpfvm Muygonf/

568 
yDrdk;eif;

twlwuGaexdkifMuonfqdkaomfvnf; udk,fhtdk;ESifhudk,f csufjyKwf

pm;aomuf Mujcif;jzpf\/ xdktcsdefü yDrdk;eif;onf uRekfyfxuf tenf;qkH;
0ifaiGokH;qcefU&&Sdol jzpf\/ uREkfyfrSm ]azmufonf} jyKwfvsuf&SdpOf olUrSm
tNrJwrf; pma&;p&m&Sdae\/ okdkUESifhvnf; ol\'kwd,r,m;rSm tvGef
vufzGmaom rdef;rwa,mufjzpfí rMumcPaiGjywfvyfMu\/ þtaMumif;
ESifh ywfoufí tjzpftysufwckudk uRekfyf rSwfrdao;onf/ waeUoü
uRekfyfonf yJa&mhOD;qefeDxHrS aiG25d &í yDrdk;eif;onf tjcm;vlwa,muf
xHrS aiG100d &&Sd\/ xdk&ufrsm;twGif; r,m;jzpfolonf 0,fvdkuf
jcrf;vdkuf? csufvdkuf jyKwfvdkuf? &SLvdkuf yGwfvdkufMuonfrSm rdk;rTefvsuf&Sd
\/ tjyifodkU cPcPxGufí tjyefwGifpm;p&muav;rsm; ygvmonfhjyif
EIwfcrf;rsm;eD&Jatmif uGrf;rsm;pm;vm\/ (þonfrSm ]ukwfuif;} ]&SL}Mu\/
tjyifokdU cPcPxGufí ]xdk;}Mu\/ olac:wdkif; rvdkufaomfvnf;
wcgwcgvdkufí uRekfyfvnf; (rmzD,m;) xkd;prf;Munfh\/ (aMumufruf
bG,f taumif;qkH;aom ol&mar& tvkyfaywnf;/) uREkfyfrSm uyfyg;&yfyg;
wa,muf r[kwfaomaMumifh olac:wdkif;rvdkufcJUyg/ udk,fuwBudrf
ac:EdkifrS olac:jcif;udk vdkufygonf/ oluJUodkU 0ifaiGr&SdaomaMumifh
oljzKef;wdkif;vnf; rjzKef;0HUyg/ trSefrSm uRekfyftzdkU&mü acRwma&;udk
avhusifh&qkH;aom umvtydkif;tjcm;jzpf ygonf/ okdUaomf pdwfxJurl
okH;jzKef;Edkifrnfhtcsdefudk apmifharQmfvsuf&Sd\/ txufwGif azmfjycJU
onfhtwdkif; yDrdk;eif;u aiG 100d? uRekfyfu 25d &&SdNyD;onfh aemuf
ig;&ufcefU Mumaomtcg yDrdk;eif;uawmfonf xrif;tdk;wvkH;wnf;csufNyD;
bmtdk;rQrcsufyJ xdkifaeonf[k rpdk;uajym\/ xrif;pm;csdefwdkif

569 
a&mufaomtcg yDrdk;eif;\ om;uav;ESpfa,mufonf b,maMumf
ESpfjym;zkd;pDESifh xrif;pm;Muí olwdkUvifr,m;um; wa,mufwvSnfhpD
]&SL}vsuf&SdMu\/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfu raeEdkifojzifh yDrdk;eif;tm;
ar;Munfh&m ]]ydkufqHr&Sdawmh}[k &TifNyKH;pGm ajymjyav onf/ &TifNyKH;Edkifjcif;udk
rtHUMoMuygavESifh ]&SL}wwfaomvlrsm;onf pm;p&mr&Sdaomfvnf; ]&SL}p&m
&SdorQ umvywfvkH; &TifNyKH;EdkifMuonfom jzpf\/ ]&SL} p&mr&SdvQifrlum;
vludkowfzdkU pdwftBuHrsKd; ay:vmonftxdjzpfoGm;Edkifavonf/ þwGif
aiG25dom &&Sdxm;aom uRekfyfwdkUu aiG100d &&Sdxm;aom olwdkUvifr,m;
tm; aiG30dzJUí acs;vdkuf&ygao;onf/ þodkUaomtjzpfrsKd;rSm olwdkU
vifr,m;tzdkU txl;tqef;r[kwfay&m yDrdk;eif;ESifh pum;ajym&aom tcsdef
rsm;ü t&omwrsKd;&Sdjcif;udk uRekfyfESpfoufaomfvnf; ]tdrfa&SUyl tdrfaemuf
rcsrf;om} [laom pum;ykHtwdkif; ukd,fhxuf ]oJ}aom vifr,m;ESifh
twlae&ef aMumuf&GHUvmcJUygavNyD/ okdUjzpfí prf;acsmif;&yf jrifhrdk&fvrf;wGif
aqmufNyD;ump tdrfwef;vsm; topfwvkH;ü tcef;wcef;&onfESifh
pufwifbmvwGif ajymif;a&TUvmcJUMuyg awmhonf/

rqlNzdK;aomESpf

uREkfyfwkdUonf ]pmawmfjyef}tvkyfrSxGufNyD; 0ufvufodkU ajymif;oGm;

pOfu tdrfaxmifrIypönf;rsm;udk wluav;wa,mufozG,f cifrif&if;ESD;aom
pma&; wa,mufxHü tyfESHxm;cJU&m jrifhrdk&fvrf;odkU a&mufaomtcgü
txdkuftavsmuf oyfoyf&yf&yf aexdkifEdkifaom tajctae&Sdyg\/
aiGa&;aMu;a&;rlum; uREkfyf\ toufwmwGif tusyfwnf;qkH;aom
umvtydkif; tjcm;wckjzpf\/ uRekfyfwdkUrSm ]vifudk,fr,m;}rQom

570 
&SdMuaomfvnf; 'kwd,tdrf axmifESifh &&SdcJUaom om;wa,mufESifh
orD;wa,muftwGuf wm0efu&Sdao;\/ pma&;jcif;tvkyfü 0ifaiGuvnf;
rqlNzdK;vSacs/ rqlNzdK;jcif;taMumif;rSm þodkUjzpf\/ uREkfyf\ ]azmufonf}
jzpfaom ol&d,wdkufü OD;buav;onf wdkuftkyfjzpfvsuf&Sd&m ,cifu
ol&d,wdkufü uRekfyftvkyfvkyfcJUpOf oluvnf; aeUpOfowif;pm t,f'Dwm?
uREkfyfuvnf; r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm jzpfcJUbl;onfhjyif oufwl&G,fwlcsif; vnf;
jzpfaomaMumifh 0wåKa&;yg&ap[k ]BudKU}&ef tvdkr&Sdacs/ ol&d,wdkufodkU
wcgw&Htvnftywfa&mufvmaomfvnf; oluwdkufwGef;jcif; vnf;
rjyKacs/ waMumif;rSmvnf; xdkpOfu r[maqGESifh Z0ewdkU\0wåKrsm;
acwfpm;vmí 4if;wkdUpkHwGJrSm emrnfBuD;pjyKvmav&m xdkESpfa,mufudk
vufudkifjyKxm;aom ol&d,OD;buav;u 0wåKa&;orm; vufa[mif;
wa,mufjzpfaom uREkfyfxHrS awmif;cH&ef tvdk&Sd[efrwlacs/ uRekfyfu
a&;ay;vQifrlum; vufcHrnfh oabm&SdykH &\/ uRekfyfuvnf; rawmif;yJ
ra&;[laom rme&Sdojzifh tqufjywfvsuf&SdMu avonf/

pm;okH;avmuf&kH&Sdonf

pkHaxmuf0wåKwyk'ftwGuf 50EIef;ay;aom NAdwdoQbm;rm; r*¾Zif;

onf xdktcsdefü &yfpJvsuf&SdavNyD/ waeUoü ol&d,wdkufwGif NAdwdoQ
bm;rm; oaX; OD;bnGefUESifhawGUí ol\pwl'D,dkodkU tvnfvm&ef zdwfac:
onfESifh a&mufoGm;\/ OD;nGefUu uRekfyftm; bdkifpukyfZwfnTef;a&;zdkU
wdkufwGef;onfESifh ZmwfnTef;ESpfck a&;ydkUbl;\/ okdU&mwGif 'g&dkufwmrsm;u
uREkfyf\ZmwfnGef;rsm;rSm ]&dkuf}írjzpf[k ajymMuonfqdk\/ okdUjzpfí
OD;nGefUonf ZmwfnGef;rsm;twGuf uREkfyfawmif;0HU oavmufay;aomfvnf;

571 
Zmwfum;tjzpfokdU ra&mufcJUacs/ waeUoü uREkfyfonf OD;bazESifhawGUí
ol&d,twGuf 0wåKa&;&efajymojzifh  Moon  Stone  udk rSD;í a&;onfh
]odef;xdkuf}0wåKwyk'f ydkUvdkuf\/ 4if;twGuf ol&d,u aiG150domay;\/
uREkfyfrSm ol&d,wdkufrS 0wåKwyk'ftwGuf aiG200drS 600d txd &cJUbl;ol
jzpfaomaMumifh (r[maqGESifhZ0ewdkUum; rnfrQ&&SdMuonfrqdkEdkif/)
uREkfyftm; ]ESdrf}onf[k ,lqonfESifh qufvufíra&;awmhyJ jzwfxm;
vdkuf&\/ xdktcsdefwGif jrefrmhtvif;twGuf ]vrf;ESpfoG,f}[laom
0wåKwyk'fvnf; a&;ay;bl;onf/ rdwfaqG wa,mufuvnf; yOörajrmuf
a*smhbk&if\ twåKyÁwådudk bmomjyefcdkif;í aiG 200d &cJUbl;onf/ xdkolonf
4if;twåKyÁwådudk rnfuJUodkU tokH;csonf rajymwwf? olukd,fwdkifurl
bmomjyefykHudk tvGefauseyfaMumif; ajymjyygayonf/ txufygtvkyf
rsm;rSm 1935ckESpftwGif; a&;om;NyD;pD;cJUaom tvkyfrsm; jzpfavonf/
0ifaiGrSm azmazmoDoD r[kwfaomfvnf; (1927ckESpf uuJUokdU &TifvSonf
r[kwfyJ) okH;avmufpm;avmuf&kHawmh&Sdygonf/

rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh rdwfqufay;jcif;

1936ckESpfü udkodef;azrSm vlavQmhonfhtxJ  (Retrenchment) 

wGifygoGm;í t&G,frukefao;yJvsuf yifpif,lvdkuf&NyD;vQif &efukefokdU

tvnftywfqif; vm\/ olonf uRekfyf\ aetdrfü rwnf;cdkyJ nD0rf;uJG
wa,muf\tdrfü wnf;cdk\/ okdU&mwGif ol\r,m;udkum; xdktdrfüxm;í
uRekfyf\aetdrfüom tcsdefukefonfu rsm;avonf/ udkodef;azu
&efukefNrdKUü aysmfyg;MuykHudkodvdkí qif;vmcJUjcif;jzpfonf[k ajymonfwGif
uRekfyfrSm olUtm;azsmfajz&ef0wå&m; &Sdonf[k,lq\/ aysmfyg;rIESifh

572 
ywfoufí uRekfyfem;vnfonf rSm tazmfaumif; &zdkUta&;BuD;\/ þwGif
uRekfyf\ aysmfzufyg;zufrsm;jzpfaom? yDrdk;eif;? udkcifarmifwifhwdkUESifh
rdwfqufay;&efvdkavNyD/ xdkvlESpfa,mufvkH;onf uRekfyfESifh tvGef&if;ESD;
Muí wa,mufESifhwa,muf aumif;aumif;BuD; em;vnfMuaomfvnf;
udkodef;azESifh b,fuJUokdU&SdMurnf rajymwwfao;acs/ uREkfyfonf a&S;OD;pGm
ukdodef;azESifh ukdcifarmifwifhwdkUudk rdwfqufay;&m tawmfae&musyg\/
xdkUaemuf udkodef;azESifh yDrdk;eif;wkdUudk rdwfqufay;jyef&m ]ig;xef;&Guf}
ESpfaumifudk zufpyfay;vdkufonfhES,f tqifajyNyD; yl;vkH;oGm;Mu\/
xdkUaemuf uRekfyfyg av;a,mufvkH; wNydKifwnf; aygif;pyfay;Munfh&m
yDrdk;eif;ESifh udkcifarmifwifhwdkU tqifrajyvSaMumif; awGU&í rqGuwnf;u
uREkfyfxifcJUrdonfhtwdkif; jzpfcJUavNyD/ ]rqGuwnf;u}[laom pum;vkH;udk
okH;&jcif;rSm þokdUwnf;/ uRekfyfonf tvGefcifrifaom rdwfaqGrsm;
jzpfMuonfh udkcifarmifwifhESifh yDrdk;eif;wkdUtm; rdwfqufay;&ef ,cif
uwnf;u tBuHjzpfcJUbl;aomfvnf; [efrnfrxifaomaMumifh
rvkyfyJxm;cJU\/ udkodef;aza&mufvmaom tcgrS prf;Munfhjcif;jzpf&m
xifonfhtwdkif;yif r[efjcif;udk awGU&avonf/ bdvyfjyefwa,mufjzpfí
0wfaumif;pm;vSESifh oyfoyf&yf&yf aewwfaom udkcifarmifwifhu yDrdk;eif;
udk jrif&aomtcg ]]cifAsm;ES,fAsm? 'DvdkvlrsKd;eJUrS cifrifwwfyavw,f}}
[laom trlt&mrsKd;awGU&\/ zGifh[íum; rajym/ okdUaomf uRekfyfum;
aumif;aumif;BuD;&dyfrdonf/ yDrdk;eif;uvnf; udkcifarmifwifhtm; tESpf
r&Sdaom ]vlUabmfausmh}wa,muf[lí jrifykH&onf/ rnfolurS zGifhírajym/
okdUaomf udkodef;azESifh uRekfyfwkdUESpfa,mufvkH;&dyfrdMuonf/ okdUjzpfí
uREkfyfonf yDrdk;eif;ESifh udkcifarmifwifhwdkUudk rqkHrdapyJ vlav;a,muf
wJGrnfhtpm; okH;a,mufrQom wvSnfhpD wGJMu&avonf/

573 
aysmfenf;wck 0uGufxm;jcif;

uREkfyfwdkUav;a,mufonf aysmfcsifwwfaom vlrsm;csnf;jzpfí

(olwyg;tm; xdcdkufepfemapaom tvkyfrsKd;r[kwfvQif) bmrqdk aysmfrnf
qdkaom vlav;a,mufjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfrSm þav;a,muf teufwGif
tajctaet& r@dKifozG,f&Sdaeonfjzpf&m vdifESifhywfoufaom aysmfenf;
rsKd;udk uREkfyfaMumufwwfaomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdU\aysmfyg;enf; y&dk*&rfwGif
ryg&Sdacs/ þudpöudkrl ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif; udkxGef;vS\jzpftifudk
jrif&uwnf;u oifcef;pmBuD;wck&í BudK;pm;NyD;a&SmifcJUygonf/ tvQif;
uif;onf[k rqdkEdkifapumrl uREkfyfuJUodkU aom ]vlaysmf}twef;tpm;
tzkdU&mü r,kHMunfEdkifavmufatmif BudK;pm;í a&SmifcJUygonf/ þtouf
t&G,fodkU wdkifatmiftema&m*g uif;&Sif;vsuf &Sdjcif;rSmvnf; þtcsuf
onf taMumif;w&yfjzpfonf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;onf
þaysmfenf;um; ig;yg;oDvxJwGif ryg[kqdkum ol&mar&,uJUokdU
tav;*&krjyKyJ&SdMu\/ uREkfyf\taygif;toif;rsm;teuf rS udk,fawGUudk
azmfjy&aomf txdkuftavsmuf tawmfuwef aysmfyg;jcif; wlcJUvQif
vdifESifhqdkifaomaysmfyg;enf;onf ol&mar&, aysmfyg;enf;xuf touf
wdkjcif;udk awGU&ygonf/ tema&m*gxlajymjcif; taMumif;udkrlum;
q&m0efwdkif; odMuNyD;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ aysmfcsifwwfolwa,mufjzpfygvsuf
ol&mar&,xuf þaysmfenf;udk aMumufwwfjcif;onf uREkfyftzdkU&mü
tema&m*guif;í touf&SnfapzdkU uHygaomaMumifh jzpfavrnfavm[k
awG;awmrdygonf/

574 
wntwGif; enf;rsKd;pkHaysmfjcif;

uRekfyf\tbdk;u ]]a,mufsm;qdkvQif pkH&rnf}}[k ajymbl;jcif;onf

uREkfyf\em;xJü pJGvsuf&SdykHudk azmfjycJUbl;&m vltjzpfESifh ZdrfcHrI? odkUr[kwf
auseyfrI trsKd;rsKd;udk vufvSrf;rDorQ tawmfpkHvifatmif cHpm;zdkU
BudK;pm;cJUbl;\/ usef;rma&;twGuf avSavSmfjcif;? Muufawmif&dkufupm;
jcif;? jcif;vkH;cwfjcif;paom aysmfenf;rsKd;? jrif;pD;enf;? qifpD;jcif;?
usm;apmifhjcif;paom aysmfenf;rsKd;? zJupm;jcif;? av;aumif*sifxkd;jcif;?
teDaxmifxkd;jcif;ponfh &ifckef&aom aysmfenf;rsKd;wkdUonf tawmfpkHcJUygNyD/
w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;tm;jzifh tawmftwefvlrsm; rcHpm;cJU&onfh yDwd
tBuD;pm;ESifh pdwf\Nidrf;csrf;Munfvifjcif;udkvnf; cHpm;cJU&bl;ygNyD/
txufyg auseyfpGm cHpm;rIrSm;tjyif azmfjycJUonfh rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh
ok&mar&,bufwGif wxdkifwnf;ESifh trsKd;pkHatmif cHpm;bl;jcif;rSmvnf;
tawmftwefvlrsm;cHpm;zkdU pdwful;r&Edkifavmufatmif pkHvifvSyg\/
udkodef;aztm; [dkw,fodkUac:oGm;í ykvif;axmifay;xm;NyD; udkcifarmifwifh
ESifh bdvd,ufxkd;jyNyD;aemuf w&kwf[dkw,fü auR;arG;jyKpk jcif;rSm tawmf
aysmfp&maumif;yg\/ okdUaomf udkodef;azum; þrQavmuf ESifh &efukefodkU
vm&usKd;reyfao;[kqdk\/ þwGif yDrdk;eif;ESifh tpDtpOf vkyf&jyefonf/
wnoü uREkfyfonfudkodef;aztm; yDrdk;eif;\ aetdrfodkU ac:oGm;í
ol\om;uav;tm; bD,mav;ykvif;0,fcdkif;\/ yDrkd;eif;ESifh uREkfyfrSm
wykvif;pDom aomufMuaomfvnf; avmbBuD;aom udkodef;az twGuf
ESpfykvif; 0,f&jcif;jzpfavonf/ bD,mykvif;rsm; ajymifí ]ajymaumif;
qdkaumif;} tajctaeodkUa&mufMuonfwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf w&kwfwef;
bufodkU "mwf&xm;ESifh xGufvmMu\/ xdktcsdefrSpí uREkfyfwkdU

575 
onfyDrkd;eif;tm; obmywdwifajrSmufNyD; uREkfyfu b@mxdef;
(tokH;awmfcH) wm0efudkvkH;0 wm0ef,l&ygrS auseyfEdkifrnf[k twdkuftcH
ajym,l&ygonf/ yDrdk;eif;onf ¤if;&yfuGufütodtuRrf; aygrsm;oljzpfí
bdef;cef;wcef;okdU 0ifNyD;vQif oD;oefUxm;aom txufxyfodkU ac:oGm;í
0g;udktjym;vkdufxkxm;onfh w&kwfzsmay:ü ae&m,lMu\/ acgif;tkH;rsm;rSm
pOfhudka<u&nfokwfxm;onfh av;axmifhykHoP²mefjzpfMu\/ vufzuf&nf
Murf;tdk;ESifh yef;uefrsm;vnf; toifh&SdMuonf aygufazmf wa,mufu
xkd;ay;onfh ]ajymif;}udk pum;wajymajymESifh wa,mufwvSnfh ]&SL}Mu&m
tawmfuav; ]zdef;}vmaomtcgü udkodef;azu ]tzdef;}ajyatmif bD,m
aomufcsifonfqdkí bD,mokH;ykvif; 0,fcdkif;\/ pm;p&mtzkdUrl *Pef;
aygif;rsm;rSmvdkuf\/ tvSnfhusolu &SLvsuf&SdpOf usefESpfa,mufwdkUu
bD,maomuf,if; *Pef;vufrrsm;udk zJU,lpkwf&onfrSm Zdrfwckjzpf\/
bD,mu],pf}í bdef;u ]zdef;}apojzifh ZdrfESpfrsKd; cHpm;vsuf&SdMupOf
obmywd yDrdk;eif;u ]ukwfuif;}yGwfMuzdkU tBuHay;onfESifh b@mxdef;
jzpfaom uREkfyfu ukwfuif; (rufxkyf) okH;xkyf 0,f,lvkduf\/ (ukwfuif;
rSm bdef;cef;üyif a&mif;onf/) udkodef;aztzdkUrSm ]ukwfuif;}onf txl;
tqef;jzpfí tvGef&Tifysvmjcif;tm;jzifh ol\auseyfjcif;udk azmfjyonf/
ukwfuif;yGwfMupOf yDrkd;eif;ESifh uREkfyfonf udkodef;az\trlt&mudk
apmihfMunfhum tuJcwfvsuf&SdMu&m bdef;\zdef;jcif;? bD,m\,pfjcif;
wkdUaMumifh tawmftwefrQavmufom pum;ajymao;aom udkodef;azonf
ukwfuif; xkyf0ufcefU0ifoGm;aomtcgüum; uREkfyfwkdUtxJwGif pum;
trsm;qkH; vlwa,muf jzpfvmcJUavNyD/ uREkfyfwkdUvnf; pum;rsm;
csifMuyg\/ okdUaomf udkodef;az\ trlt&m ajymif;vJjcif;udk odvdkMu
onfESifh owdxm;í xdef;xm;Mujcif;jzpfavonf/

576 
uREkfyf\ owdaumif;jcif;wcsuf

]]b,frSmvJAsm? cifAsm;wkdUukwfuif;u bmrSvJ rjzpfygyJvm;As}}[k

udkodef;azu ajymvkduf&muREkfyfwkdUu &,fvkdufMu\/ ]]bm&,fMuwmvJAs}}
[k olujyefar;&m yDrdk;eif;u ]]cifAsm;udkuRefawmfawGU&uwnf;u 'Davmuf
pum;ajymwm wcgrS rawGU&bl;bl;}}[k ajymvdkufonfwGifrS olU[mol
&yfwefUpOf;pm;NyD; ]][kwfw,fAsKdU}}[kqdkum &,farmavonf/ udkodef;azum;
vlqef;wa,mufjzpf\/ pum;enf;ol wa,mufum;r[kwf/ vloGuf
wa,mufyifjzpf\/ okdU&mwGift&ufaomufMuaom tcgrsm;ü tjcm;vlrsm;
onf tl&Tifonfhtavsmuf pum;rsm;vmwwfMuay&m udkodef;azrlum;
b,frQavmuf aomufonfjzpfap? e*dktwdkif; rSefrSefom ajymwwfol
wa,mufjzpfavonf/ okdUjzpfí yDrkd;eif;u pum;rsm;onf[k ajymvkduf
aomtcg csufcsif;em;vnfí &,farmum 0efcHavonf/
udkodef;azü uREkfyfoabmusaom tcsuftvufrsm;teuf þ0efcH
vG,faom tcsufonf wcktygt0if jzpfavonf/ (wcgw&HwGif
awmif;yefír&yJ trsm;BuD;aomufcsifwwfaom 0goemudkrl uREkfyf
oabmrusacs/ odkU&mwGif xkdtjzpfrsKd;um; enf;yg;vSygonf/) rvif;
wvif;&Sdatmif wrifwum pDrHxm;aom tcef;uav;xJü (t&SLorm;
rsm;onf xdefxdefvif;aom tvif;a&mifrsKd;udk rBudKuff) bD,m\,pfjcif;?
bdef;\zdef;jcif;? ukwfuif;\wuf<ujcif;? *Pef;\ pkwf0g;íaumif;jcif;
wnf;[laom ZdrftrsKd;rsKd;wkdUudkcHpm;,if; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f udk,fawGU
tjzpftysufrsm;taMumif;udk wa,mufwvSnfh ajymjy&jcif;rSm vlUb0ü
awGUBuKH&cJvSaom umr*kPfZdrfBuD; wrsKd;aywnf;[k uREkfyf cPcP
owd&rdygonf/ xdkuJUodkU owd&onfh tcgwdkif;vnf; ]igonf ,cktcsdefü

577 
tvGefaysmfvsuf&Sdonf? waeUaomf þtaysmfrsKd;udkpGefUvTwfí vGwfajrmuf
a&;twGuf BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&OD;rnfh wm0efBuD; &Sdacsao;onfwum;}
[laom pdwftBuHonf jzpfay:vmwwfonfcsnf;jzpf ygonf/ tjcm;aom
tcsdefrsm;ü arhcsifarhrnf/ taysmfMuL;aom tcsdefrsm;ürl um; owd&NrJ
jzpfaomaMumifh rdrd\owdaumif;jcif;rS [kwfygavp? wpkHwa,mufu
owday;EId;aqmfjcif; jzpfavoavm [líyif pOf;pm;rdygonf/

aysmfawmfqufMujyefjcif;

uREkfyfwdkU\aysmfyg;rIum; þrQESifh NyD;qkH;ao;onf r[kwfacs/

tcef;rS xGufvmMuaomtcg 12 em&D ausmfNyDjzpf&m ]]auseyfNyDvm;}}[k
yDrdk;eif;u ar;&mwGif ]]'djyifbmrsm;&Sdao;ovJ}}[k udkodef;azu jyefí
ar;\/ þwGifyDrdk;eif;onf uGrf;&mqdkifwqdkifodkU csOf;uyfí qdkif&Sif
ukvm;tm; wD;wdk;ar;&m ukvm;u txkyfuav; wxkyfay;í uRekfyfu
ydkufqHwrwf ay;vdkuf&\/ xdkUaemufbJuifwaumif0,fzdkU ajymojzifh
uREkfyfu 0,fcJU&\/ þrSwzef r*dkvfvrf;odkU ajcvsufavQmufoGm;í
zmvl'gqdkifodkU 0ifMuNyD;vQif EdkUokH;cGuf rSm,l\/ þtawmtwGif;
yDrkd;eif;onf txkyfuav;udk jznfí twGif;ü&Sdaom opf&Gufajcmuf
uav;rsm;udk vufz0g;ay:wGifwifum a&tenf;i,fxnhfí e,facsawmh
onf/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyfwkdUtm; okH;ykHwykHrQpD cJGa0ay;í yg;pyfxJodkUoGif;um
nufnufyg atmif0g;apNyD;rS EdkUwcGufpD aomufcsap\/
uREkfyfu ]]bmvJodvm; udkodef;az}}
]]aq;ajcmufr[kwfvm;Asm}}
]]jrnf;bl;ovm;}}

578 
 ]]'Denf;awmh rprf;bl;bl;? Muufom;eJUawmh csufpm;bl;w,f}}
yDrkd;eif;u qufvufí-
]]auseyfNyDvm; udkodef;az}}
]]bm&Sdao;vJAs}}
]]cifAsm;cHEdkifa& &Sdyghrvm;}}
]]udpör&Sdbl;? cifAsm;wdkUeJU twlaysmf&NyD; aooGm;vQifvJ 0rf;renf;
bl;}}
þpum;rSm wu,fajymjcif;jzpf\/ aysmfrIESifh ywfoufí wu,f
avmbBuD;aom vlwa,mufjzpfonf/ uREkfyfu uefUuGufygao;\/
okdUaomf yDrkd;eif;u tpazmfvdkufNyD jzpfaomaMumifh udkodef;azonf
ol\0goemtwkdif; em;ylygavawmhonf/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfwkdUonf
vrf;uav;wvrf;odkU 0ifMuí ESpfxyfwdkuf wwdkufodkUwufMuNyD;vQif
tcef;wcef;odkU 0ifoGm;Mu&m aya&npfywfaom Murf;jyifay:wGif tvGef
aya&npfywfaom a,mufsm;rdef;rrsm;onf vJavsmif;vsuf &Sdjcif;udk
awGU&\/ Muufacs;eHUESifhwlaom teHUqdk;onfvnf; ESmacgif;xJodkU
ZGwfwkd;0ifvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfrSm BuKH&bl;onfESifhcHEdkifaomfvnf; udkodef;azrl
um; &kwfw&ufwefUoGm;jcif;udk jrifvkduf&onf/ odkU&mwGif udkodef;az
taMumif;udk uREkfyfod&oavmufrSm aysmfrItwGufqdkvQif Muufacs;eHUudk
rqdkxm;bd? vlUacs;wGif;xJokdUvnf; uREkfyfwdkUqif;vQif vkdufíqif;rnfhol
jzpfavonf/ yxrü udkodef;azonf vufudkify0gudkxkwfí ESmacgif;odkU
ydwfqdkUrnfjyKNyD;rS tHBudwfum jyefíwnfvdkufonf/ Muufacs;eHUrSm
tjcm;r[kwf? rmzD;,m;orm;rsm;\ udk,frS waiGGUaiGUxGufvsuf&Sdonfh
acR;eHUyifjzpfavonf/ wa,mufwnf;tzkdUü þrQavmuf rxif&Sm;
aomfvnf; a&rcsKd;onfhulvD twef;tpm;a,mufsm;rdef;r w'gZifcefUwdkU\

579 
udk,fum,rSonf npfywfaya&aom Murf;jyifrS waiGUaiGUwvlvl jyefvGifh
vsuf&Sdjcif;jzpfaom aMumifh tawmftwefvlrsm; rcHr&yfEdkifatmif &Sdawmh
onf/ uREkfyfudk,fwkdif rSmvnf; yxrtBudrfyDrkd;eif;ESifh a&mufbl;pOfu
avSum;rS jyefqif;ajy;cJU& bl;onf/ þt&mrsKd;wGifudkodef;azonf uREkfyf
xuf tonf;aumif;ygonf/ xkdUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyftm; ]aumhyg;zD;vf}[k
ac:jcif;jzpfavonf/

avmbBuD;aom udkodef;az

tcef;\waxmifhü riftkd;jzifhxnfhaom a&MunfAl;uav;ESifh pD;u

&uf oHAl;jym;uav;udka&SUwGifcsxm;um 0dkif;xkdifaeMuaom vlokH;av;
a,muf&Sd&modkUuRekyfwdkU vlokH;a,muf oGm;íxkdifMu\/ riftkd;jzifhxnfhaom
a&MunfrSm a&udkcsufí acR;xkwf,lxm;onfh ]a&Munf}  (Distilled  Water) 
jzpfav&m pD;u&uf oHAl;jym;uav;xJüum; rmzD;,m;xkyfuav;rsm;ESifh
ukwfuif;xkyf uav;rsm;xnfhxm;\/ vlwa,mufvQif tenf;qkH;
ukwfuif;rl;xkyfESifh rmzD;,m;okH;yJxkyf vkdavonf/ aq;xdk;orm;onf
ukwfuif;wxkyfESifh rmzD;,m;wxkyfudk yef;uefvkH;uav;xJodkU
jznfxnfhírifAl;xJrS a&MunfESifh a&mpyf\/ xkdUaemuf aq;xkd;>ywfuav;
xJodkU pkwf,lvkdufNyD;vQif avmbBuD;aom udkodef;aztm; a&S;OD;pGm
xkd;ay;&\/ tjcm;vlwa,mufonf rdrd rprf;oyfbl;aom tvkyfwckwGif
olwyg;aemufrS vkyfrnfjzpfaomfvnf; udkodef;azrlum; olwyg;udk
rapmifhEdkif? olomvQif a&S;OD;pGm vkyfvdkfufcsif onftxd avmbBuD;ol
jzpfavonf/ yef;uefvkH;uav;rS okH;>ywfpmxGufí xkd;NyD;aomtcg
udkodef;azonf aumif;aumif;rodom ao;[kqdkum xyfíxkd;csif ao;aomf

580 
vnf; uREkfyfwkdUu apmifhMunfhygOD; qkdum awmif;yefxm;Mu&avonf/
(rmzD;,m;udk ukwfuif;ESifh a&mpyfíxkd; &jcif;rSm ukwfuif; ]Zdrf}twGuf
r[kwf? aq;xkd;aomtcgü remap&ef jzpfavonf/ ukwfuif;a&mpyfí
xkd;aomtcg vkH;0emusifjcif; r&SdyJ ,m;usdusdrQom &Sdavonf/)
uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufvkH; wvSnfhpDxkd;NyD;Muí udkodef;aztm;
]]b,fhES,fvJq&mBuD;xdk;OD;rvm;}}[kar;&mwGif udkodef;azrSm OD;acgif;,rf;í
om jyEdkifawmhonf/ taMumif;rlum; olonf uRekfyfwdkUtxJwGif ]tl&dkif;}
oufoufjzpfí tawmf]xd}vsuf&SdayaomaMumifhwnf;/ udpöNyD;íxrnfjyK
Muaomtcg udkodef;az rxEdkifawmhacs/ xrnfvkyfNyD;rS jyefíxkdifoGm;
onf/ rsufawmifrsm;um; pif;vsuf&SdavNyD/ cufacsNyDwum;/ þwGif
ukvm;wa,mufu aqmif;xm;aom OD;xkyfudkcRwfí udkodef;az\ rsufESm
udkzkH;ay;vdkuf&m ig;rdepfcefUMumaomtcg vla umif;yuwdjzpfí Munfvif
pGm&SdvmavNyD/ jyefMuzdkUajymaomtcg udkodef;azu tenf;qkH;
w>ywfwnf;jzpfap jznfhcJUyg&apOD;[k ajymao;\/ tawmf]&Gwf}aom
vlwa,mufaywnf;/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfwdkUu ravsmfaMumif;ajymí twif;
ac:cJU&avonf/ yDrkd;eif;u ]]usKyfwdkUtxJrSmawmh AdkvfqJGwJUvlwa,muf
yJAsKdU}} [lí atmcsaom trlt&mESifh uREkfyftm; ajymavonf/ (xdkpOfurl
&efukefwNrdKUvkH;wGif rmzD,m;cef;[lí þwcef;wnf;om&Sdav&m yDrdk;eif;\
A[kokwtpGrf;aMumifh uREkfyfwkdU a&mufEdkifjcif;jzpfavonf/ þacwfürl
&Sdaumif;rS &Sdawmhrnfxifonf/)

581 
yDrdk;eif;\ wkdufcef;

uREkfyfwdkUonf rmzD,m;cef;rSqif;vmMuaomtcg vefcsm;ESpfpD;ac:í

udkodef;azESifh yDrdk;eif;uwpD;? uREkfyfESifh bJuifu wpD;jyefvmMu\/
u&dvrf;axmifhü&Sdaom yDrdk;eif;\wdkufcef;odkUa&mufMuaomtcg vufzuf
&nfqdkifwqdkifonf eHeufcif;a&mif;&eftwGuf eHjym;rsm; zkwfvsuf&SdavNyD/
uREkfyfwkdUonf eHjym;ajcmufck0,fí yDrdk;eif;\ wdkufcef;odkU wufvmMuNyD;
yDrdk;eif;uawmfESifh om;uav;rsm;udk EId;íbJuifudk twkH;twpfjzpfatmif
ckwfpif;ap\/ xdkUaemuftdrfom;tm;vkH; bJyifESifheHjym;udk 0dkif;zJGUum
Nrdef&SufpGm pm;aomufMu\/ udkodef;azurl þrQavmufaumif;aom
eHjym;ESifh þrQavmufcsKdqdrfhaom bJuifudk woufvkH; rpm;bl;aMumif;
ajym&m yDrdk;eif;ESifh uREkfyfwkdUu &,fMu&ao;onf/ taMumif;rlum;
bJuif\xl;jcm;csufaMumifhr[kwf? aq;ajcmuf\owÅdjzpfjcif;udk uREkfyfwdkU
odMu&aomaMumifhjzpfavonf/ vlajcmufa,mufwkdUonf eHjym;ajcmufckESifh
bJuifwaumifudk t&dk;ygjzL atmifpkwfMuNyD;aemuf tdrfa&SUcef;wGif
arGU&mBuD;cif;í uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muf om;twlwuG tdyfMuavonf/
trsKd;rsKd;pkHatmif vkyfcJUMuaomaMumifh acgif;tkH;ESifh OD;acgif;xdrdonfESifh
wNydKifeuf tdyfaysmfoGm;Muonf[k xifMuvQif rSm;Muayvdrfhrnf/ tdyf&m
eab;wGif pD;u&uf? aq;ayghvdyf? rD;jcpf ponfrsm;udkcsxm;í
udk,fawGUtjzpftysufrsm;udk aq;vdyfwzGm;zGm; ESifh [m;wdkufum
wvSnfhpDajymMuavawmhonf/ udkodef;azonf &,fp&m ykHwdkywfp
uav;rsm; ajymwwfoljzpf&m (&,fp&mrsm;udkowd&wwfí &,frdvQif
tlwufrwwf &,frdwwfaom) aq;ajcmufowÅdaMumifhajymol uvnf;

582 
tajymaumif;? &,folrsm;uvnf; rajymrDuyif &,fvdkufrnf[k
toifhjyifqifxm;NyD;&um; vif;tm;BuD; t&kPfwuf tcsdefBuD;wGif
wcpfcpf wcdcdESifh Budfwfí &,frdMuygawmhonf/ þenf;jzifh
rkd;vif;onfhwdkifatmif tcsdefjzKef;Muav&m yDrdk;eif;ESifh udkodef;azwkdUrSm
wnwnf; twlaysmfMu&kHjzifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aygif;oif;vmMuonfh
rdwfaqGrsm;ozG,f cifrif&if;ESD;jcif; &SdoGm;Muavonf/ þtaMumif;udk
rodaomvlrsm;onf wnwmuav; twGufESifh þtjzpfrsKd;odkU
a&mufEdkifonfqdkjcif;udk ,kHaumif;rSyif ,kHEdkifMuayvdrfhrnf/ þuJUodkU
twlaysmfMujcif;rSm xdknonf yxrqkH;ESifhaemufqkH;njzpfav&m udkodef;az
jyefoGm;onfh aemufwGifvnf; þvlESpfa,mufwkdUonf wa,muftaMumif;
udkwa,muf war;wnf;ar;Muí rarhEdkifaom rdwfaqGrsm;tjzpfodkU
a&mufoGm;Muawmhonf/

yg;&Sm;aomtvSnfhüaysmfykH

uREkfyf\ woufwm tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefajymif;qifjcifonfhtcg

xl;qef;aom tjcif;t&mwck awGU&Sd&onfrSmum; aumif;csifaom
tpdwftydkif;wGif wqufwnf; aumif;aewwfí aysmfcsif (rdkufcsif)aom
tcgwGifvnf; b,foluajymírQ owdr&yJ awmufavQmufaysmfíaewwf
jcif;yifjzpfonf/ w&ufpDwvpDr[kwf ESpfaygufatmif wqufwnf;aumif;
wwfí ESpfaygufatmifvnf; aysmfcsifyg;csifrdonf/ w&m;bufodkU
,drf;nGwfaomtvSnfhü aeUa&mnyg pdwftm;xufoefpGm tm;xkwfí
vlUabmifrS pGefUcGmonftxd jzpfoGm;cJUbl;&m aysmfrdvQifvnf; awmfawmfESifh
t&Sdefowfr&atmif jzpfoGm;wwf\/ þodkUjzpf&jcif;rSmvnf; uREkfyf\

583 
pdwftvdkoufouf r[kwfyJ ywf0ef;usiftajctaeuyif zefwD;ay;jcif;udk
awGU&onf/ &efukefodkU udkodef;aza&mufvmuwnf;u tajctaeu
zefwD;ykHrSm pma&;zdkUtvkyfrsm;onf uREkfyfESifh vTJacsmfvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyf\
vufodkU a&mufaeusjzpfaom tvkyfrsm;onf ra&mufvmyJ&Sd&mwGif
uREkfyfuvnf; tvkyfaemufodkU vkdufír&Smcsifaom rmeuav;&Sd\/
þwGifcyfysif;ysif;&SdonfESifh ]ydkum}qGJMunfh&m upm;wdkif; Edkifonfudk
awGU&\/ wcsufrSESpfjym;EIef;om avmif;upm;Muaom xdkacwfü
rsm;rsm;rEdkifaomfvnf; waeUav;ig;usyfavmufudk aocsmaygufEdkif\/
ig;usyfqdkaomaiGrSm þacwfwGif qdkufum;orm;rsm;yif
&Edkifaomfvnf; xdkacwfaiGESifhrwlawmhacs/ aiGig;usyfjzifh uREkfyfonf
pm;p&mESifh tdrfvctjyif udkodef;azESifh udkcifarmifwifhwkdUtm;acgifa&ESifh
Muufajcaxmuf&dk;rQavmufudk 00BuD;wkdufEdkif\/ MunfhjrifwdkifabmwHwm;
BuD;ay:ü ae0if&Doa&mtcsdefrsm;wGif ]OD;a&}ESifh Muufajcaxmuf&dk;?
trJajcmufaMumf tNrD;rsm;jzifh okH;a,mufom; aomufpm;Mujcif;rSmvnf;
yg;&Sm;aomtvSnfhü aysmfyg;enf;taejzifh rarhEdkifaom ]aomufusifh}wck
jzpfygawmhonf/ wwfEdkifaom tvSnfhtywfwGif [dkw,fyefumatmufü
azG;azG;jzLaompm;yGJcif;tay:wGif MunfvifaomzvfcGufxJodkU aomhwHqdyf
bD,mudk iJSUxnfhí tNrKyfwazG;azG;xvsuf&SdpOf csdpfqif;'Gpfcsfudk0g;vsuf
tjrKyfxJokdU EIwfcrf;ESpf&aom Zdrfvnf;wrsKd;? abmwHwm;ay:ü
avwjzL;jzL; wkdufcwfvsuf&SdqJwGif tkef;rIwfyJUjzifh acgifa&udkusKdufcsNyD;
trJajcmufwzufavmuf 0g;&aomZdrfvnf; wrsKd;[k atmufarhrdygonf/
xdkodkUaomtjzpfrS þodkUaomtjzpfodkU avQmqif;&acsonfwum;[k
0rf;enf;yufvufr&Sd/ uREkfyftzdkUrSm þrdwfaqGESpfa,muf tMum;üxdkifum
aq;wHuav; wzGmzGmae&vQif tMunfEl;BuD; MunfEl;vsuf &Sdygawmh

584 
onf/ wcgw&HwGifxD;csKdifh awm&ausmif;ü Ak'¨aCmotjzpfESifh
pBuFHefavQmuf,if; w&m;"r®udk ESvkH;oGif;cJUbl;aom tjzpfESifh
abmwHwm;ay:wGif acgifa&aomufNyD; aygufwwfu&awG ajymaeMuaom
tjzpfonftifrwefBuD; jcm;em;vSonfwum;[k uRekfyfowd&rd\/ okdUaomf
rSm;avonf[k aemifww&m;&onf[líum; r&Sd/ waeUaeUü igonf
,ciftjzpfrsKd;okdU jyefa&muf&OD;rnf[k wxpfcs,kHMunfvsuf&Sdonf/
þpmudka&;vsuf&Sdaom ,cktcsdefüvnf; xdkenf;twl ,kHMunfvsufyif
&Sdygonf/

av;aumif*sifprf;Munfhjcif;

wnaeü uREkfyfonf udkodef;az? udkcifarmifwifhwkdUESifhtwl

abmwHwm;ay:ü acgifa&aomufNyD;Muaomtcg vGefcJUonfh q,fESpfcefU
avmufu vrf;rawmf uvyfrsm;ü teDaxmif avmif;upm; cJUMubl;jcif;udk
owd&í udkcifarmifwifhtm; ar;Munfh&m þacwfwGif teDaxmifr&Sdawmh?
av;aumif*sifom&SdaMumif;ajym\/ uREkfyfowd&vm onfrSm igonf ydkumü
uHaumif;vQif tjcm;aomavmif;upm;enf;rsm;üvnf; uHaumif;&rnf
[kawG;rd\/ okdUjzpfí ydkufqHpkMu&m udkodef;azxHrS aiG10d?
udkcifarmifwifhxHrS 12 yJ? uREkfyf\tdfwfxJrS aiG 2usyf? 8yJ &&Sdav onf/
¤if;wdkUxHrS &SdorQudkawmif;,lNyD; uREkfyfwkdUonf vrf;rawmfuvyf rsm;okdU
oGm;Muav\/ uvyfwckodkU wufMuaomtcg av;aumif*sif
upm;enf;rSm teDaxmifESifh twlwlyifjzpfaMumif; uREkfyfawGU&í
upm;ygawmhonf/ yxrü okH;av;Budrf qufíudkufojzifh aiG 20dcefU
EdkifonfwGif udkodef;azu okH;avmufNyDqdkum awmfcsif\/ okdUaomf

585 
udkcifarmifwifhu ]]'Davmufuav; bmvkyfzdkUvJAs}}[k qdk\/ uREkfyfuvnf;
upm;csifao;onfESifh qufíxdk;\/ aemufqkH;ü tEdkifa&m t&if;yg
ajymifygavawmhonf/
w&kwfuvyfrsm;\xkH;pHrSm &IH;aomolrsm;tm; aiG100dvQif 10d
(jyefp&dwfqdkí) jyefay;\/ okdUjzpfí uRekfyfu aiG 12usyf &IH;aMumif;ajymí
p&dwfawmif;&m w&kwfu ]]rpdbl;}}qdkum 8 yJomay;\/ (wq,f&mcdkifEIef;
jyefay;onfqdkaomfvnf;) aiG&if;rsm;rsm;ESifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm; avmif;upm;
onfh ]vufBuD;}upm;orm;rsm;twGufjzpf&m ig;usyfwq,favmuf
upm;olrsm;tm;rl trSwftom;r&Sdí ]]rpdbl;}}[kqdkum 8yJrQom
ay;vkdufjcif;jzpfavonf/

a<uwvuf Muufwckef

uREkfyfonf w&kwfay;aom ydkufqH 8yJudk,lí ]0uf}ay:ü

]atm}xkd;vdkuf&m ]0uf}yifzGifhonfESifh 1usyf 8yJ (taumufEIwf 1usyf
6yJ2jym;) tavsmf&í pkpkaygif; 1usyf 14yJ 2jym;jzpfvm\/ 'kwd,tBudrf
0ufay:ü 1usyf 9yJ 2jym; xkd;jyef&m 0ufyifxGufí 4usyf 8yJ tavsmf&
ojzifh 6usyf 1yJ 2jym; jzpfvm\/ (atmxkd;íwkdufvQif okH;qavsmfav&m
taumufrSm 1usyfvQifwyJ,lavonf/) xdktcgü uREkfyf\vufxJwGif
csefxm;aomydkufqH 5yJESifhaygif;vdkufaomf pkpkaygif; 6usyf 6yJ 2jym;
jzpfvmcJUavNyD/ wwd,tBudrfvnf; ]0uf}Z,m;ay:üyif 6usyfxkd;í
taumuftwGuf 6yJwifvdkuf&m vufxJwGif ydkufqH 2jym;om usefawmh
onf/

586 
 aysmfenf;trsKd;rsKd;teuf avmif;upm;jcif;wck rwwfao;aom
udkodef;azrSm w&kwfu ]*sif}udk zkH;xm;onfhcGufudk zGifhaomtcgwGif
&ifckefvSonfESifh rMunfh0HUyJ rsufESmvTJí xm;&onfqdk\/ olajymíom
od&onf/ uREkfyfwkdUum; olUudkrMunfhtm;yJ *sifcGufudkom NyKH;íMunfhaerd
Muonf/ ]]vuf&kyfzGifhawmhr,f}}[kqdkum w&kwfu zGifhvdkuf&m ]0uf}yif
xGufvmí avsmfaiG 18 usyf&vm\/
tjcm;aom upm;orm;rsm;vnf; w&kwfujyefay;aom ydkufqH 8yJrS
jzpfvmonfh aiG 24usyf 6yJ[kodMuí pdwf0ifpm;pGmESifh MunfhaeMu\/
þwGifw&kwfu rdrday;bl;aom ydkufqH 8yJudkavsmfaMu;xJrS
EIwf,lvkdufavonf/ EIwf,ljcif;um; rw&m;onfr[kwf? w&m;onf[k
qdkEdkifyg\/ okdU&mwGif w&kwf\&nf&G,fcsufrSm ydkufqH8yJudk vdkcsifvSaom
aMumifhr[kwf? upm;orm;rsm;\xkH;pHtwdkif; ]eHESdrf}vdkufjcif;jzpfonfqdk\/
okH;Budrfwdkifwkdif ]atm}wdkufí aiG 24usyfausmf jzpfvmonfwGif
uREkfyfonf olwkdUudkvSnfhí wkdifyif&\/ rupm;bl;onfh udkodef;azuu
]]okH;avmufygNyDAsm? awmfa&maygh}}[kajym&m upm;aoG;BuD;aom udkcifarmif
wifhurl ]]xdk;omxkd;ygAsm? 'DavmufeJUbmvkyfzdkUvJ}}[k ajym\/ ajymrnfhom
ajymonf/ udkcifarmifwifhrSm xdktcsdefü pD;yGm;a&;edrfhusí ydkufqH 12yJom
,lEdkifcJUol jzpfavonf/ þwGifuRekfyfonf &yfwefUpOf;pm;í olwkdU
ESpfa,muf\ tBuHay;csufESpfckwGif tv,ftvwfaqmif&GufzdkU qkH;jzwf
vkduf\/ vkyfykHum; aiG 24usyf&Sdonfh teuf aiG 10dudk tdwfxJokdU
xnfhvdkufNyD; usefaiG 14usyfudk ]0uf}ay:üyif ]atm}vdkufjyef\/ ]0uf}yif
zGifhí aiG 42 usyftavsmf&avonf/
udkodef;azu vufukyfíac:&m rdk;xdatmif avmbBuD;aom
udkcifarmifwifhurl ]]vkyfygtkH;Asm}}[k qufíwkdufwGef;\/ uRekfyfonf aiG

587 
56usyfteufrS 20dudk tdwfxJokdU wzefxnhfjyefí usefaiG 36usyfudk
]0uf}ay:ü ]atmvdkufjyef&m ]0uf}yifxGufí avsmfaiG (taumufEIwfNyD;) aiG
100dausmf &&Sdavonf/ okdUjzpfí tdwfxJrS aiG 30dyg pkpkaygif; aiG
160dausmf jzpfvmavNyD/ ]0uf}csnf;ig;BudrfwdkifwdkifxGufí uREkfyfcsnf;
qufíqufí wkdufonfhtwGufaMumifh ]xdk;om;}rsm;vnf; pdwf0ifpm;vGef;
onfESifh uRwfpDuRwfpDjzpfvmMuavNyD/ xdk;om;rsm;onfwwd,ESifh
pwkw¦tBudrfrsm;wGif ]0uf}udkxkd;Muao;aomfvnf; yOörtBudrfürl
tBudrfaygif; rsm;vGef;NyDqdkum ]0uf}udkrxkd;MuawmhyJ ]zm;}? ]Muuf}? ig;&SOfh}
paom Z,m;rsm;odkU ul;ajymif;oGm;MuavNyD/ odkUjzpfí yOörtBudrf ]0uf}zGifh
aomtcgü uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; ]wdkuf}ol&Sdavawmhonf udkodef;azu
vufukyfjcif;aMumifh uREkfyfrSm ausmylaeNyDjzpf&m udkcifarmifwihfrlum;
]]vkyfygAsm}}[k wkdufwGef;wkef;yifjzpf\/ uREkfyfu ]]awmfavmufNyDxifw,f}}
[k ajymaomfvnf; udkcifarmifwifh pdwfauseyfpdrfhaomiSm aiG 30day;í ]]a&mh
cifAsm;xdk;csif&xkd;prf;}}[kajymvdkuf\/ udkcifarmifwifhonf aiG30dudk,lí
pOf;pm;aeNyD;aemuf ]]teufrsm;vSNyDAs? teDxGufvdrfhr,fxifw,f}}[k qkdum
]Muuf}ESifh ]ig;&SOfh} (teDBudK;) xkd;vdkuf&m ]0uf}yif (ajcmufBudrfwdkifwdkif)
xGufvmav\/ þwBudrfürl ]0uf}xdk;olr&Sdojzifh 'dkifu wZ,m;vkH;
odrf;BuK;pm;oGm;avonf/ ]]b,fhES,fvJ udkcifarmifwifh? auseyfNyDvm;}}[k
uREkfyfuar;&m ]]auseyfygNyDAsm}}[k pdwfysufpGmESifh jyefajym&Smavonf/
uREkfyfonfaemuf wBudrfzGifhjcif;udkyif apmifhMunfh&ef tvdkr&SdawmhyJ
olwkdUudkac:í atmufodkU qif;vmcJU&m uvyf]*sydk;}okH;av;a,muf
wG,fuyfvkdufvmMu\/ uREkfyfwkdU teufwGif taysmfqkH;vlrSm udkodef;az
jzpfavonf/ udkodef;azonfaysmfyg;rIü avmbBuD;aomfvnf; avmif;upm;

588 
jcif;tvkyfü 0gEkolwa,muf jzpfonfhtavsmuf þrQavmuf Edkifjcif;
twGuf tvGefauseyfí jyef&IH;rnfudk pdk;&drfvsuf&Sdavonf/

wzkHETJí wvJaysmf

xdkacwfü w&kwfwef;bufwGif acgufqGJqdkifrsm;ü tcsdefra&G;t&uf

&Edkifav&m uRekfyfwkdUonf taMumfqdkifwqdkifodkU0ifí pm;aomuf&ef
jyifqifMu\/ uREkfyfuxkH;pHtwdkif; (tvGeftrif;rrl;apEdkifaom) bD,mrQ
omaomufcsifay&m olwkdUESpfa,mufu 0DpuDaomufcsifonf qdkaom
aMumifh (okH;jym;rsm;&m}[laom okH;ykHzJ pum;twdkif;) 0DpuDykvif;ESifh
qdk'grsm; rSm,l&\/ npmtwGuf abmwHwm;ay:ü Muufajcaxmuf&dk;rQ
avmufom udkufcJU&onfjzpfí taumif;qkH;aom pm;p&mrsm;udk azmazm
oDoDrSm,lMu\/ Adkufwif;atmif pm;aomufNyD;Muaomtcg udkodef;azu
yDrkd;eif;ESifh aysmfenf;rsKd;aysmfMuzdkU tBuHay;&m udkcifarmifwifhESifh uREkfyf
uuefUuGufMu\/ þwGifudkodef;azonf udkcifarmifwifhESifh wD;wkd;wdkifyif
av&m udkcifarmifwihfu OD;acgif;udkndwf\/ uRekfyfonf olwkdU\tBuH
udkodí ]]tvkyfMueJUav? touf&Snf&SnfraecsifMubl;vm;}}[k ajym&m
udkodef;azu ]]okH;jym;rsm;&mqdk? uREkfyfwkdUuESpfa,mufAs}}[kajymonfESifh
uRekfyfu 'Dvdkqdk vdkufawmh vkduf&rSmayghAsm? okdUaomf usKyfudkawmh
rwkdufwGef;MueJUAsmwkdU}} [kajymum vdkufygvm&av\/
udkcifarmifwifhonf uREkfyfwkdUtm; w&kwfwef;rS ukvm;wef;odkU
ac:oGm;í oHk;xyfwdkufwwdkufodkU a&mufMuaomtcg avSum;rS wxyfNyD;
wxyf wufMu&\/ wwd,txyfodkU a&mufaomfvnf; r0ifao;yJ
qufvufí wufMu&ao;&m trdk;ay:wGif aemufydkif;cyfusus aqmufvkyf

589 
xm;onfh taqmifuav;waqmifudk awGU&\/ wkdufa&SUajrjyif rS
armfhMunfhaomf xdktaqmifuav;udk rjrif&acs/ taqmifuav;xJwGif
tcef;rsm;zJGUxm;í taqmifa&SU&Sd ckH&Snfrsm;ay:wGif ukvm;r av;ig;a,muf
xdkifvsuf&Sdjcif;udk va&mifwGifjrif&\/ (aeU&ufudkrrSwfrdaomfvnf; aEG
&moDjzpfí vomaom&ufydkif;jzpfjcif;udkum; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/) va&mif
wGif uREkfyfjrif&oavmufrSm ukvm;rrsm;onf tom;rJrsm;r[kwf/ tawmf
jzLazG;onfh b*FgvDukvm;rrsm; jzpf[efwlonf/ uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muf onf
ckH&Snfwckü xkdifMu&m tapcHESifhwlaom ukvm;rwa,mufu EdkUat;vm;
vrepfavm[k ar;í udkcifarmifwihfu EdkUat;? udkodef;azu qdk'g[k
ajym\/ uREkfyfurl þaomufp&mrsm;onf ]p&Hay;jcif;}jzpfonf xifaom
aMumifh bmrQraomufcsif[k ajymvkduf\/ qdk'ga&mufvmaomtcg
udkodef;azonf cg;xJü xkd;xnfhvmcJUaom 0DpuDykvif;usefudkiSJUí
aomufav\/ olwkdUonf ukvm;rwa,mufpDESifh pum;vufqkHiifvsuf&Sd
pOf (udkodef;azvnf; [dE´LpwefeDtenf;i,fajymwwfonf/) uRekfyfonf
olwkdU\&Tifysjcif;udkMunfhí auseyfvSyg\/ okdUaomftm;rusacs/ þ
tawmtwGif; udkcifarmifwifhu ukvm;rwa,mufudk uREkfyfteD;
odkUvTwfvkduf&m uREkfyfonf &[EÅmr[kwfaomfvnf; vlysKduav;b0ü
wBudrfESpfBudrfrSm;bl;uwnf;u &GHUaMumufoGm;NyD; vlysKdudkvefUaom tysKdpif
uav;uJUokdU &Sdaeygawmhonf/
okdUjzpfí ukvm;ru jrLaomfvnf; uRekfyfonf wkdufa&SUydkif;okdUoGm;í
vrf;ay:odkU arQmfMunfhae&m ukvm;rrsm;u &,fMuavonf/ ]vHbm;}[k
wcsufwcsuf ajymMujcif;udkMum;&onf/

590 
a0ykHuscGJ,ljcif;

wkdufay:rS qif;vmMuaomtcg uREkfyfwkdUonf zmvl'gqdkifwqkdifodkU

0ifMuí olwkdUu EdkUat;? uREkfyfu vrepfaomuf,if; uREkfyf\tdwfxJrS
aiGudk a&wGufMunfh&m aiG100dausmf &Sdaejcif;udkawGU&\/
Ekyf/ /]]udkif;q&mwdkU? 'DaiGudk b,fvdkvkyfMurvJ}}
wifh/ /]]uvyfoGm;NyD; xyfupm;Asm}}
Ekyf/ /]]b,fhES,fvJAsKdU udkodef;az}}
az/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUoabmygyJ? okH;jym;rsm;&m qdkvQifvJ vkyfaygh}}
Ekyf/ /]]okH;jym;rsm;&mqdkvQif usKyfu rupm;csifwJU bufuAs}}
wifh/ /]]'gjzifh bmvkyfMurvJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]avmif;upm;wJUtvkyfrSm usKyfawGUxm;wJU pHepfaumif;
wckuawmh EdkifNyD;om;aiGudk jyefr&IH;apcsifbl;}}
wifh/ /]]{uEÅ&IH;vdrfhr,fvdkU cifAsm;ajymEdkifovm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]{uEÅ&,fvkdUawmh r[kwfbl;ayghAsm? 'gayr,fh uRefawmfh
udk,fawGUuawmh jyefupm;vQif &IH;wmursm;w,f? cifAsm;vJ udk,fawGUyJ
r[kwfvm; udkcifarmifwifh}}
udkcifarmifwifhonf 0efrcHcsifyJ Nidrfvsuf&Sd\/
Ekyf/ /]]aemufudkvJ &ufawG&Sdao;wmyJAsm? udkodef;azvJ
rjyefao;ygbl;? 'Dawmh 'DaiGudkcJGa0,lvdkufMupdkUvm;}}
az/ /]]cifAsm; odrf;xm;ygvm;Asm}}
udkcifarmifwifhrSm xdktcsdefwGif yg;&Sm;aom tajctae&Sdí ydkufqH 12
yJrQom ,lvmEdkifcJUjcif;udk uRekfyfowd&\/ okdUjzpfí-

591 
 Ekyf/ /]]odrf;rxm;yg&apeJUawmhAsm? cJGa0,lvdkufMuygpdkU
udkodef;azu aiG&if; trsm;qkH;xnfhwJUvl jzpfavawmh trsm;qkH;,laygh?
'Dawmh udkcifarmifwifh 24usyf? usKyf 25usyf? cifAsm;u 50usyf,laygh}}
az/ /]][m rvkyfeJUav? cifAsm; xkd;ay;vdkufvdkU EdkifwmyJ? cifAsm;u
ydk,lrSaygh}}
aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfwkdUonf aiG 102usyfudk tnDtrQcJGí 34usyfpD
a0,lvkdufMuav\/

pm;avmuf&kHtusKd;ay;aom Zmwm

xdkpOftcgu udkodef;azrSm &efukefodkU aysmf&atmif wrifwum

qif;vmol jzpfonfwaMumif;? udkcifarmifwifhESifh uREkfyfrSm ydefBuKHaom
tvSnfhtywfodkU qdkufa&mufaeMuolrsm; jzpfonfwaMumif;aMumifh olu
{nfhonfyifjzpfygvsuf twlxGufí vnfMu&mwGif trsm;qkH; aiGukefcH
ay;jcif;twGufuREkfyfwdkU ESpfa,mufrSm ]&Suftm;em}BuD;jzpfMu& onf/
udkodef;azurl abmwHwm;okdU acgifa&aomufzdkUrac:? tenf;qkH;
bD,mwkdufí tenf;qkH; bD,mwkdufí w&kwfqdkifü auR;ygayonf/
wcgw&HwGif w&kwfuvyfodkU wufMuí udkodef;az\ aiG&if;jzifh
av;aumif*sif upm;Mu&mwGif uREkfyfomvQif obmywdvnf; vkyf&\/
tcgay;yk@m;vnf;vkyf&\/ uRekfyfuwefMupdkU[kqdkvQif udkcifarmifwihf
vnf;ruefUuGuf0HUawmhacs/ uREkfyfrSmavmif;upm;tvkyfwGif udkcifarmif
wifhuJUodkU avmbrBuD;yJ okH;avmuf&kH&vQifwefwwfonf jzpfaomaMumifh
trsm;tm;jzifhEdkifonfu rsm;avonf/ waeUoü uREkfyfonf olwkdU
ESpfa,mufESifhtwl uvyfwufí av;aumif*sifxdk;&m aiG 50dcefU EdkifNyD;rS

592 
jyefí&IH;ojzifh aiG20drQom tjrwfusefawmh\/ olwkdUESpfa,mufvkH;u
qufíupm;zkdU wdkufwGef;Muaomfvnf; uREkfyfu wefvkdufavNyD/ þwGif
'dkifvkyfaom w&kwfu ]]cifAsm;u 600dpm; xifw,f}}[k ajym\/
]]bmaMumifhvJuG}}
]]waeU 20d qdkawmh wv600daygh}}
w&kwfrsm;onf tvGefrsufpd&SifvSonf/ uREkfyf\tEdkift&IH;udkyif
odavmufatmif *&kpdkufwwfMuavonf/ þpum;udk qdkjcif;rSm uREkfyftm;
rcHcsifatmifajymí pdwfxGufvmNyD; wzefjyefupm;atmifajymjcif;jzpfav
onf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfuwzef rupm;awmhonfjyif ]][kwfw,favuGm?
bmjzpfovJ Edkifatmifupm;wmyJ? &IH;atmif upm;wm r[kwfbl;}}[k
jyefajymum qif;vmcJUMuavonf/ w&kwfrsm;onf udkcifarmifwifhuJUodkU
rukefrcsif; upm;aom upm;orm;rsKd;udkom vkdcsifonf/ uREkfyfuJUodkU
twdkif;t&Snf em;vnfaomvludk tvdkr&SdMuacs/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap
uREkfyfonf ¤if;uvyfodkU b,fawmhrS roGm;awmhyJ tjcm;uvyfrsm;odkUom
oGm;awmhonf/ þuJUodkUyg;eyfpGm avmif;upm;jcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyfonf
udkodef;az &SdaecdkufwGifomru oljyefoGm;onfh aemufwGifvnf;
]]tdrfp&dwf}}umrdatmif w&kwfuvyfrsm;rS &&Sdygonf/ uREkfyfonf
pD;yGm;a&;twGuf r[kwf? (tvkyf&Sm;yg;aecdkufwGif) 0rf;a&;twGuf
avmif;upm;&jcif;jzpf&m þpdwftwdkif;om xm;EdkiforQumvywfvkH;
EdkifcJUonfomrsm;\/ wcgw&HavmbxGufNyD; ]olaX;jzpfacG;jzpf}
avmif;upm;rd&mwGif rlum;&IH;onfcsnf;BuKH&\/ uREkfy\
f Zmwmum;
awmfawmfqef;\/ tvGeftuRHpD;yGm;rjzpfEdkif? pm;avmuf aomufavmuf&kHrQ
&nf&G,fygrlum; cyfacsmifacsmifESifh &wwfygonf/ aemufqkH;ü vu©Pm
q&m? eu©wfq&mrsm;u (ydkufqHr,lyJ) tvum; a[mwwfMuay&m

593 
¤if;wdkUuvnf; þtwdkif;yif a[mwwfMuí uREkfyfuvnf; [kwfrSef
aMumif; axmufcHvdkuf&ayonf/ *syefwacwfvkH;wGifvnf; þtwdkif;yif
BuKH&í oufqdkifaom ae&mwGifazmfjyygOD;rnf/

acgif;BuD;a&;zdkU aMumufjcif;

udkodef;az jyefoGm;NyD;onfhaemuf 1936 ckESpf? ZlvdkifvwGif

ol&dwdkuftkyf OD;buav;onf uREkfyfESifhawGUvdkaMumif; pma&;ac:ojzifh
wkdufodkUa&mufoGm;\/ OD;buav;u ]acgif;BuD;}a&;&onfh wm0efcH
t,f'Dwm vkyfvdkygoavm[k ar;&m uREkfyfrSm r*¾Zif;acgif;BuD; ESpfyk'f
okH;yk'frQavmufudkom wvwBudrfa&;cJUbl;onfjzpfí aeUpOfacgif;BuD;
wyk'fa&;zkdUwm0efudk aMumufvS\/ ol&d,r*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm vkyfcJUpOfu
vnf; udkausmf (yDrdk;eif;)ESifh udkboef;wkdUaeUpOf wyk'fa&;EdkifMujcif;udk
tHUMocsD;usL;cJUrdbl;\/ ]]rnfonfhtaMumif;udka&;yg[k acgif;pOfav;rQajym
vQifa&;wwfygonf}}[k uREkfyfuajym&m OD;buav;u ]]þodkUrajymEdkif?
udk,fa&;csif&m a&;Edkifonf}}[k jyefajym\/ uRekfyfvnf; cyfvefUvefUESifhyif
]]prf;MunfhygOD;rnf}}[k ajymí jyefvmcJUonf/ ajymrnfhom ajymcJUonf/
jzpfrSjzpfygrnfavm[k ylyefvsuf&Sd\/ taMumif;t&m wckckudk a&;vdkufprf;
yg[kckdif;vQif udk,fhA[kokwudk udk,f,kHMunfojzifh t*Fvdyfvdkjzpfap?
jrefrmvdkjzpfap? tawmftwefvludk raMumufyg/ vlcsDrGrf;cH&onfh
toem;cHvTmrsm;vnf; a&;cJUbl;ygonf/ okdU&mwGifrnfonfhtaMumif;udk
a&;xdkufygoenf;[k qkH;jzwf&efrSm tavhtusifhr&Sdaom uREkfyftzdkU&mü
tvefUBuD; vefUvsuf&Sd\/ ]]tusifh&Sdvmawmh a&;Edkifygvdrfhr,fAsm}}[k
OD;buav;u tm;ay;jcif;udk ,kHMunfyg\/ okdU&mwGif xdkuJUokdU

594 
tusifhr&rD a&;&rnfh ta&;udkylvSonf/ aemufwaeUü ]acgif;BuD;}wyk'f
a&;wifvdkuf&m ]]aumif;om;yJAs}}[k OD;buav;u ajymyg\/ okdUaomf
xdkacgif;BuD;udk ra&;rD av;ig;yk'frQ a&G;,if;y,f,if; vkyfNyD;umrS
a&;wifvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf/

OD;apmESifhawGU&ykH

uREkfyf\acgif;BuD;rsm;taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí *VKefOD;apmu uREkfyf

tm; ajymbl;jcif;udk owd&ygao;onf/ OD;apmrSm ol&d,wdkuf tpk&Sifrsm;
teufwGif tpktrsm;qkH; vufudkif&Sdol wa,mufjzpfí (t,f'DwmcsKyf
rjzpfvmrDuwnf;uyif) ol&d,ay:vpDESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif tawmfpGufzuf
Ekdif[ef&Sd\/ OD;apm0ifvmNyD;onfhaemuf waeUoü uREkfyftm; ol\tcef;
odkUac:í vufzuf&nfjzifh {nfhcH,if; ]]cifAsm;a&muf vmuwnf;u
cifAsm;acgif;BuD;awGudk uRefawmf*&kpdkufNyD; zwfygw,f? cifAsm;a&;wJU
yxracgif;BuD;taMumif;udk OD;buav;uar;vdkU uRefawmfu 'Dvludk
vufrvGwfygapeJU? &atmif,lygvdkU ajymvkduf&ygao;w,f}}[k ajymay
onf/
trSefudkajym&vQif ol&d,wdkufokdU uRekfyfjyef0ifvmNyD;onfhaemuf
wESpfausmfcefU MumaomtcgwGif OD;apm 0ifvmjcif;jzpf&m olut,f'Dwm
csKyf? uREkfyfuwm0efcH t,f'DwmtjzpfESifh vkyfMu&mwGif owif;pm
taMumif;udk bmrSem;rvnfaom EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,mufu owif;pm
wdkufwGif uREkfyftxufrS MoZmay;Edkifjcif;udk uREkfyfcHjyif;vSaom aMumifh
EIwfxGuf&ef twefwefpdwful;cJU\/ EIwfxGufvQif rnfokdUvkyfudkif
pm;aomufrnfudkyif BuHpnf pdwful;vsuf&SdygNyD/ xdkokdUaom tajctaewGif

595 
OD;apmonf uREkfyftm;vufzuf&nfwkdufNyD; txufygpum;udkajymvkdufjcif;
jzpfavonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí uREkfyfonf ol&d,wkdufrS EIwfxGufzdkU
pdwfrul;awmhyJ vcwkd;ay;zdkU awmif;&efomBuHpnfygawmhonf/ owif;pm
taMumif;udk rodaomfvnf; qufqHa&;udk aumif;aumif;em; vnfaom
EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,mufjzpfonf[k jrifvmygonf/

omoemjyKq&mBuD;ESifhawGU&ykH

waeUoü ]pmawmfjyef}vkyfcJUpOfu BuD;MuyfvkyfudkifcJUí uyfoyfaom

tar&duefvlrsKd;[k uRekfyfrSwfcsufcscJU&bl;onfh omoemjyKq&mBuD;onf
ol&d,wkdufodkU uRekfyf a&mufaejcif;udk b,fqDuMum;cJUonfrod? uREkfyf\
tvkyfcef;odkU0ifvmí EIwfqufavonf/ uREkfyfrSm wm0efcH t,f'Dwmjzpf
onfhtavsmuf us,f0ef;aom tcef;BuD;xJwGif {&mrpm;yGJBuD;ü xdkifum
av,yf wpl;pl;ESifh vufzuf&nfMurf;aomufvkduf? aq;wHaomufvkduf?
vef'ef wkdif;owif;pmBuD;ESifh r*¾Zif;rsm;udkzwfvkduf vkyfaejcif;udk oljrifí
tawmftxifBuD;oGm;ykH&\/ olUvufatmufü ]pmawmfjyef}vkyf&pOfurl
usOf;ajrmif;aom tcef;uav;xJwGif av,yfr&SdyJ xdkifvkyfcJU&onfjzpf&m
uREkfyfonf olUrsufESmü ]w,f[kwfygvm;}[laom trlt&mudk jrif&onfESifh
<um;csifaompdwf 0ifvmawmhonf/ q&mBuD;onf tv’myov’ypum;ajym
,if; uREkfyf\pm;yGJBuD;ESifh tcef;us,fBuD;udkvnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyf
owif;pmBuD;rsm;ESifh vufzuf&nfMurf; "mwfAl;udkvnf;aumif; Munfhvsuf
&SdpOf ]w,f[kwfygvm;}[laom rsufESmxm;rSm ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdyJ
wkd;íomjzpfay: vsuf&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfuvnf; ]]cifAsm;wdkU tar&duef
omoemjyKXmeuom uRefawmhudk txifao;NyD; vcwdk;ray;csifMuwmyg?

596 
uRefawmf[macwJU vlwa,mufr[kwfygbl;}}[laom t"dyÜm,frsKd;ESifh
&ifcyfaumhaumhvkyfaerd\/ aemufqkH;üq&mBuD;u ]]cifAsm;'DrSm bmtvkyf
vJ}} [k ar;&m uREkfyfu ]]t,f'Dwmav? wm0efcHt,f'DwmyJ}}[k jyefajympOf
uREkfyf\&ifbwfonf wdk;íaumhvmonfxif\/ q&mBuD;\ ]w,f[kwfyg
vm;}[laom rsufESmxm;rSm ydkí xif&Sm;vmNyD; ]]cifAsm;vc b,favmuf
&ovJ}}[k &kwfw&ufqufíar;vdkufavonf/ cufacsNyD/ t*FvdyfvlrsKd;
rsm;onf vlwa,muf\vcudk ar;&dk;xkH;pHr&Sd[k uREkfyfem;vnfcJU&m
tar&duefvlrsKd;rsm;vnf; xdkenf;wl jzpfonf[k xifrd\/ xdkUaMumifh
þodkUar;vdkufjcif; twGuf uREkfyftHUtm;oifh&kHomru tajz&vnf;
cufonfESifh av,yfatmufwGif acR;usrwwfjzpfaecJU&ygavNyD/
rvdrfyJ rjzpfaomudpö tajz&cufjcif;um; þodkUaom taMumif;
aMumifhaywnf;/ ol&d,wdkufü uREkfyfyxrtBudrftvkyfvkyfcJU&pOf wdkuftkyf
rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;vSaz? OD;bazwkdU\ vcESifh uREkfyfwdkUt,f'Dwm rsm;\
vcrSm rwdrf;r,drf;rQom uGmjcm;\/ tvGefqkH;olwkdUu ESpfqavmuf
&Mu\/ 'kwd,tBudrfuREkfyfjyef0ifvmaomtcgürlum; wm0efcHt,f'Dwmqdk
aom uREkfyf\vconf wdkuftkyfOD;buav;ESifh t,f'DwmcsKyfqdkaom
OD;apm\vcrsm;ESifh ]tlírMum;atmif} uGma0;vSonf/ ig;ykHwykHrQyif
wif;wif;rjynfhacs/ olwdkUuvc 750dpD ,lMuaomfvnf; wm0efcH
t,f'Dwmqdkaom uREkfyfrSmtBudrfBudrf em;ylEdkifygrS 135drQom &&Sdygonf/
uRekfyfr0ifrD wm0efcHt,f'DwmvkyfoGm;&SmolrSm vc100drQyif jynfhaumif;rS
jynfhayrnf/ ol&d,\ay:vpDrSm EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;om rsufrsufpm;Muí
acgif;BuD;a&;aumif;vSygonf[k olwkdUudk,fwkdifu 0efcHxm;onfh
uRekfyfESifhwuG nt,f'Dwmrsm;? owif;axmufrsm; ponfwdkUrSm
toufrao&kHuav; vcay;xm;Muavonf/

597 
 (þaemufydkif;wGif ol&d,udk toufoGif;NyD; jyefxkwf&efBudK;pm;Mu
ao;&m a&S;enf;twdkif; EdkifiHa&;orm; ]pm;usuf}tjzpfESifh zefwD;vdkMu[ef
wlaomaMumifh rsufpdyGifhvmMuaom þacwfwGif awmfovdk avsmfovdk
vcuav;ESifh t,f'Dwmaumif;&Edkifonfh vu©Pmr&Sdojzifh ratmifjrifyJ
ydwfxm;vdkuf&avonf/) tar&duefomoemjyKq&mBuD;u wm0efcH
t,f'Dwmqdkaom uRekfyf\vcudk ar;aomtcg olwkdU\vc 150dpm;
tvkyfudkpGefUypfNyD; xGufvmcJUjcif; jzpfonfwaMumif; us,f0ef;vSaom
tcef;BuD;? pm;yJGBuD;rsm;jzifh waqmifwa,mif vkyfay;xm;onfESifh
olutxifBuD;vsuf&Sdonf waMumif;aMumifh uREkfyf\vcudk trSeftwdkif;
ajymzkdU cJ,Of;vsuf&SdavNyD/ vc150dESifh vkyfaecJU&mrS 250dawmif;NyD;
r&ojzifh [efBuD;yefBuD;ESifh xGufvmcJUaom uREkfyfuArmjynfwGif
xdyfoD;qdkaom jrefrmowif;pmwdkufBuD;ü wm0efcHt,f'Dwmqdkaom
tvkyfudkvcuav; 135d rQESifhvkyfaeonfqdkygu ol&d,wdkufudkvnf;
txifao;rnf/ odkUwnf;r[kwf uRekfyfuwm0efcHt,f'Dwm[k ajymjcif;udk
vdrfíajymjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqrnf/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf vcESifh
ywfoufí tb,ftcgrS <um;0gajymbl;jcif; r&SdygyJvsuf vc300d
&onf[k ajymvdkuf&\/ okdUESifhyifq&mBuD;onf tHUMoaom rsufESmxm;ESifh
]]'gyJvm;}}  (Is That All?)  [k ar;ygao;onf/ uREkfyfuvnf; ]],ckawmh 'gyJ
&ygao;onf/ okdUaomf 750d xdatmif wufvrf;&Sdygonf}}[k ajymvkduf&
onf/ trSefrSm uREkfyfonf wu,f&aom vcxuf ESpfqomomBuD;<um;
íajymvdkufjcif;jzpf&m trSeftwdkif;ajymvdkuf&vQif ]]t&l;wa,mufayyJ}}[k
qdkum qif;ajy;aumif;ajy;ayvdrfhrnf/

598 
vcwdk;íawmif;jcif;

omoemjyKq&mBuD;ESifh awGUvdkuf&NyD;onfaemuf uRekfyfonf

ol&d,wdkuf\ vcay;ykHudk rausrcsrf;jzpfonfESifhvkyfazmfudkifbuf rsm;tm;
pnf;&kH;Munfhygonf/ tcsKdUrSm tvkyfjyKwfrnfudk aMumufMuí tcsKdUrSm
vnf; vcydkíawmif;zdkUoabmwlMu\/ þtawmtwGif; jrefrmu
xkwfaom t*Fvdyfowif;pmwapmifu ol&d,owif;pmwdkuf\ vkyfom;
vcay;ykHESifh ywfoufí a0zefa&;om;vkduf\/ (xdkowif;pmonf OD;apm
uJUokdUaom vlwa,mufu t,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfaejcif;udk remvdkojzifh
a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfem;vnfyg\/) ¤if;\a0zefcsufü ol&d,
owif;pmwkdufwGif txufwef;pm; vkyfom;rsm;om aumif;pm;í
tjcm;vkyfom;rsm;rSm iwfrao&kHuav;rQom &&SdMuaMumif;? t,f'DwmcsKyf
qdkolu i,fom;rsm;a&;onfhpmrsm;wGif ]'dkbDrSwf}  (Dhoby  Mark) 

uav;rsm;xnfhay;&kHjzifh vcBuD;,lvsuf&SdaMumif; ponfjzifh a0zefa&;om;

vkdufavonf/ (trSefrSm OD;apmonf uREkfyfa&;onfhacgif;BuD;rsm;wGif
]'dkbDrSwf}rQyif jznfhpGuf&jcif;udk rrSwfrdyg/) þwGifuREkfyfonf
t,f'DwmcsKyfOD;apmESifh wkduftkyfOD;buav;rSwqifh ol&d,wdkuf 'g&dkufwm
tzGJUodkU vkyfom;rsm;\ vcenf;vSjcif;ESifh ywfoufí pmwapmif a&;wif
vdkuf&m ¤if;pmü t*Fvdyf owif;pmu a0zefa&;om;onfh ]'dkbDrSwf}[laom
pum;vkH;udkvnf; tudk;tum;tjzpfESifh xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkduf\/
tvkyfjyKwf&rnfudk raMumufolrsm;onf uREkfyf\pmwGifvufrSwf a&;xdk;
Mu&m ¤if;wkdUteufwGif (,ckatyDowif;axmuf) udkboef;ESifh (jr0wD
r*¾Zif; t,f'DwmcsKyf) udkodef;armifwkdUvnf; yg0ifMuonf/ wkduftkyfESifh
t,f'DwmcsKyfonf uREkfyfwkdU\pmudk 'g&dkufwmbkwftzJGUodkU wifjy[efr&Sd/

599 
odkUaomf uREkfyfacgif;aqmifí (xdkacwfu xkH;pHtwdkif; t*Fvdyfvdk)
a&;aompm [lí od&SdMuojzifh uREkfyfauseyfatmif wrsKd;wrnf pDrHMuonf/

ysm;&nfESifh 0rf;csjcif;

ol&d,wkdufü t,f'DwmcsKyfvkyfolESifh wkduftkyfvkyfolrsm;onf

wm0efcHt,f'Dwm? owif;t,f'Dwm ponfjzifh vkyfom;rsm;tm;
]vlbuf}rxifMuaom tpOftvmBuD;wck&Sd\/ xdkuJUodkUaoG;BuD;p&m
taMumif;wckrSm ¤if;wkdUonf trwfrsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifhjzpf\/ owif;pm
bufüvnf;aumif;? A[kokwbufüvnf;aumif;? OmPfynm t&nftcsif;
üvnf;aumif; olwkdUudk,folwkdUyif (OD;vSazESifh OD;bazwdkU vufxufrS
wyg;) xif0HUMuonfr[kwfacs/ ¤if;wkdUonf vufatmufvkyf om;rsm;ESifh
zufvJwuif; rqdkxm;bd? ta&mw0ifrQyif raeMuacs/ odkU&mwGif
txufygpmudk wifvdkufonfhaemufü OD;apmonf uREkfyftm;
¤if;\aetdrfodkUzdwfac:í rkefU[if;cg;? vufzuf&nfponfrsm;jzifh &Hzef&Hcg
{nfhcHygonf/ uRekfyfurl txufyg pmudkwifNyD;í yxrtBudrf
zdwfac:pOfuyif uRekfyf\vcenf;vGef;jcif;taMumif;? A[kokwtMum;tjrif
üjzpfap? acgif;BuD;ta&;tom;üjzpfap? t&yf&yftawG;tac:üjzpfap
ol&d,wdkufom;rsm;omr[kwf? rnfonfhowif;pmorm;ESifhrqdk NydKif0HU
aMumif;ajymvdkuf\/ xdktcg tvGefw&myg;eyfaom OD;apmonf
tvGefcsKdaom rsufESmxm;ESifh þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk rdrdtm;vkH;odaMumif;
vcydkay;zdkU awmif;aompmrSm wa,mufwnf;twGufr[kwf? t,f'Dwm
wzGJUvkH;twGuf awmif;jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh vdkufavsmzkdU cJ,Of;aMumif;?
aemufrsm;rMumrDtwGif; wa,mufwnf;twGuf pmwifcJUvQif 'g&dkufwm

600 
bkwftzGJUodkUwifí oluaxmufcHrnfjzpfaMumif; ajymavonf/ uREkfyf
tzdkU&müum; &jcif;r&jcif;udk tyxm;í uREkfyfupdwfaygufaygufESifh
csJUvifhcsfvkyfvkdufjcif;udk NyKH;csKdpGm 0efcHjcif;ESifhyif tawmfBuD;auseyfESpfodrfh
vmcJUrdygonf/ trSeftwdkif; 0efcH&vQif uREkfyfonf 6wef;orm;vuf
atmufü vkyf&onfqdkum tmCmwxm;rI vkH;0aysmufuif;í þvl
wa,mufBuD;yGm;ygap[líyif arwÅmouf0ifvmcJUygavNyD/ xdktcsdefrS pí
uREkfyfonf acgif;BuD;wyk'fESifh rSwfcsufrsm;udk 12 em&Drxkd;rD a&;wifí
usefaom naetydkif;tcsdefwGif vnfcsif&mvnfí vkyfcsif&mvkyfcJUjcif;rsm;
udkwBudrfwcgrQ tar;tjref;r&Sd vGwfvyfcGifh&vsuf&Sdygayonf/

t,f'DwmcsKyf vkyfcsifolrsm;

OD;apm0efBuD;csKyfjzpfoGm;&mwGif OD;buav;u wm0efESpfck,lí

tvkyfvkyf\/ OD;apm\t,f'DwmcsKyfae&mudk owif;t,f'Dwm udkodef;
armifuvnf; csdefí uREkfyfuvnf; pdwful;rdygonf/ waeUoü
udkodef;armifonf 'g&dkufwmbkwftzJGUodkU ol&d,t,f'DwmtzGJUtrnfESifh
avQmufvTmwapmifpDukH;NyD; uREkfyftm;jy\/ ¤if;avQmufvTmü t,f'DwmcsKyf
ae&mwGif ol&d,t,f'DwmtzJGUrS trIxrf;ouf 10ESpfxufrenf;
wqufwnf;vkyfudkifvmcJUoltm; cefUxm;yg&ef [laomtcsuf yg&Sdav
onf/ 10ESpfxufrenf;[laom pnf;urf;csufonfyif uREkfyftzkdU vufrSwf
xkd;Edkif&ef tcuftcJ&SdaeavNyD/ þrQESifhtm;r&ao;yJ ]wqufwnf;}[laom
pum;wvkH;udkyif aocsmatmifxyfíxnfhvdkufacsao;onf/ t"dyÜm,frSm
uREkfyfonf ,cifuvnf; ol&d,wdkufwGif wBudrftvkyfvkyfcJUbl;onfjzpf
&m ¤if;trIxrf;oufudkyg xnfhoGif;a&wGufvkdufygu trIxrf;ouf

601 
q,fESpfjynfhoGm;rnfpdk;aomaMumifh uREkfyftm; 0uGufí csefxm;Edkifpdrfhaom
iSm ]wqufwnf;}[laom pum;vkH;udkpnf;urf;csufwck taejzifh
xnhfoGif;a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpf[ef&Sdonf/ þavQmufvTmwGif tjcm;wkduf
om;rsm;ESifhtwl uREkfyf vufrSwfxdk;vdkufygu ol&d, t,f'DwmcsKyf
&mxl;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyftzkdUvkH;0 arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdawmhrnf r[kwf
aomaMumifh udk,fhoif;csKdif; udk,fwl;jcif;aomfvnf;aumif;? udk,fhao0&rf; 
(Death  Warrant)  udk udk,fvufrSwfxkd;jcif;aomfvnf; aumif;jzpf&
ayawmhrnf/ ol&d,wdkuf 'g&dkfufwmtzJGUu t,f'DwmcsKyf cefUrnfqdkvQif
uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufteufrS wa,mufa,mufudk cefUrnfxifaomaMumifh
uREkfyfz,fay;apvdkonfh oabmESifh þavQmufvTmudkwifzkdU pDpOfjcif;
jzpf[ef&Sd\/ uRekfyfonf b,fuJUodkU jyKonfxifMuoenf;/
¤if;avQmufvTmwGif vufrSwfxkd;ay;vdkufygonf/ q,fESpfpnf;urf;owfrS
wyg;toufrSpí tppt&m&mwGif uavmifvkyf ief;ESifh ywfoufí
rnfonfhae&mwGifrS uREkfyfESifh ]tpyf}r[kwfol wa,muftm;
(tpk&S,f,m&Sifvnf;r[kwf? trwfvnf; r[kwfygyJvsuf) uREkfyftxufrS
cefUxm;avmufatmif OmPfwdrfMurnfqdkvQifvnf; uREkfyfrSm a&Smifz,f
ay;NyD; tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifh toufarG;&kHom &Sdonf[k qkH;jzwfxm;
vkdufygonf/
t,f'DwmcsKyfae&mESifhywfoufí (ol&d,'g&dkufwm bkwftzJGU0if
wOD; jzpfaom) NAdwdoQbm;rm; oaX;OD;nGefUtm; uRekfyfwD;acgufpkHprf;&m
OD;nGefUu ]]t,f'DwmcsKyfae&mrSm cifAsm;udkra&G;vQif b,folUudka&G;&OD;rSm
vJAs}}[k ajymbl;avonf/ þpum;wvkH; Mum;&uwnf;u uRekfyfonf
¤if;ae&mtwGuf avSmfcwfBudK;pm;jcif;? OD;apmtm; csOf;uyfjcif;jyK&efvdkawmh
onfrxifyJudk,fhtwGuf vcwkd;&zkdUavmufom pdwful;xnfhygawmhonf/

602 
OD;apmu txifBuD;ykH

OD;apm 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfí vTwfawmftpnf;ta0; usif;yvsuf&SdpOf

waeUoü OD;apmonf ol&d,wkdufodkU w,fvDzkef;qufí uREkfyftm;
vTwfawmf taqmuftODodkU csufcsif;vmzkdU ac:,lavonf/ uREkfyfa&muf
oGm;aomtcg tpdk;&bmomjyefXmeu t*FvdyfbmomrS jrefrmbmom
jyefqdkxm;onfh pmwapmifudk uREkfyftm;jyí ¤if;bmomjyefykH udk ]tm;r&}
ojzifh jyifqifacsmarmay;&efcdkif;ygonf/ pmudkzwfMunfhaomtcg bmom
jyefykHrSmrqdk;vS? odkUaomf OD;apmonf uREkfyf\pum;vkH;rsm;ESifh 0gus
wnfaqmufykHudk ol\em;xJü pGJ0ifvsuf&SdaomaMumifh tqdkyg bmom
jyefykHudk ]tm;r&yJ} jzpfaeykH&onf/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap tpdk;&
bmomjyefXmewGif uREkfyfxuf vcokH;av;q&aom vlrsm;\bmomjyefykH
xuf0efBuD;csKyfwa,mufu uREkfyf\bmomjyefykHudk oabmusonfqdkjcif;
rSm uREkfyftzkdU&mü arQmfvifhcsufwcktaejzifh trSwfjyKxm;vdkuf&ygonf/
xdkUjyif uREkfyftcGifhESifhaepOf 0efBuD;csKyf OD;apmESifh rEÅav;wGif
awGUpOfuvnf; OD;apmu ]]OD;azodef;udk b,fvdkae&mrS uRefawmf
tokH;cs&rnfqdkwm tNrJpOf;pm;aeygw,f}}[k ajymbl;\/ uREkfyfu
]]wjcm;ae&mrSmxkd;xnfhzdkUxuf ol&d,wdkfufrSmyJ omrawmfbl;vm;Asm}}[k
jyefajym&m OD;apmu ]]uRefawmhftwGufvJ pOf;pm;ygw,f? EdkUayr,fh
ukrÜPDtwGufxuf uRefawmhftwGuf omNyD;ta&;BuD;ygw,f? odkUaomfvJ
Munfhao;wmayghAsm}}[k ajymavonf/ OD;apmonf wcgu uRekfyftm;
t*Fvdyfvdk pmwapmifa&;cdkif;bl;&m ESpfbmoma&;wwfol wa,muf[lí
csD;rGrf;bl;avonf/

603 
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdESifh ]]wG,f}}&jcif;

OD;apm 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfaepOf 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdu ol\ 'D;'kwf*sme,frS

OD;apmtaMumif;udk yk*¾dKvftaejzifh cyfjyif;jyif;uav; avSmifajymif a0zef
vkduf\/ uREkfyfonf OD;apmudkxdí emavmufatmifr&Sdyg/ EdkifiHa&;
orm;wa,muf taejzifh ]rsufpdpl;}olwa,mufjzpfí uREkfyfudk wae&m&mü
olUtusKd;twGuf tokH;jyKcsifonf [líom uREkfyfem;vnfyg onf/
okdU&mwGif 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdtay:ü uREkfyfrauseyfxm;onfh tcsufuav;wck
&Sdygonf/ OD;baz\ owif;pmtpnf;ta0;rS ESpfa,muftwlvefcsm;ESifh
jyefvmMupOf OD;bcsKdu uREkfyftm; txufpD;avoHESifh ajymbl;í uRekfyfu
rcHcsifNyD; wkHUjyefvkdufjcif;udk wae&mü a&;om;azmfjycJUbl;ygNyD/ OD;bcsKd
onf yDrkd;eif;ESifh uREkfyfwkdU\ uavmifpGrf;udk odykH&aomfvnf; uRekfyfwkdU\
taetxdkifudk txifao;onfESifh txufpD;avoHuav;rsKd;ESifh pum;
ajymjcif; jzpf[ef&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwkdUuvnf; OD;bcsKd\ ]odrf}uav;ESifh
aejcif;rsKd;udk [efvkyfjcif;]&Id;xkwfjcif;}oufoufjzpfonf[k jrifMuí
wu,ftESpfom&wGif  (Genuine Qualities)  uREkfyfwkdU\ tqifhtwef;udkyif
rSDonfrxif MuaomaMumifh tjyeftvSef txifao;vsuf &SdMu\/
OD;bcsKdu uRekfyftay:ü txufpD;avoHrsKd; rokH;yJ &dk;&dk;wef;wef;
qufqHcJUygrl uRekfyfonf þtaMumif;t&mrsKd;udk xkwfazmfa&;om;vdrfhrnf
r[kwfyg/ vefcsm;ay:wGif uREkfyfu wkHUjyefvkduf&bl;aomfvnf; OD;apmtm;
ajymifavSmif a0zefxm;jcif;udk zwf&aomtcg tcGifhaumif; ay:vmonf
xifí vufrvTwfEdkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/ odkUjzpfí (OD;apm
auseyfapvdkonfh &nf&G,fcsufvnf; ygavoavm rajymwwf) uREkfyfonf

604 
OD;bcsKdtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí yk*¾vdu oabmrsKd;qefqef cyfjyif;jyif;
a0zefí ol&d,owif;pm ]owif;ESifh rSwfcsufcef;}wGif a&;om;
vdkufavonf/ OD;buav;onf uREfkyfESifh OD;bcsKdwkdU\ tjzpftysuf
taMumif;udkrodaomfvnf; OD;apmtm; a0zefjcif;twGuf wkHUjyefjcif;
jzpfonf[k em;vnfí xnhfay;vdkufavonf/ uRekfyfonf OD;apm\
]tdrfapmifhacG;}[lí OD;buav;u jrifjcif;twGuf &Sufygao;onf/
odkUjzpfí a'gufwmodef;armifu ol&d,wkdufudk w&m;pGJojzifh rEÅav;&kH;okdU
OD;buav;ESifh twlwuG oGm;Mu&mwGif rD;&xm;ay:ü OD;bcsKdESifh
uRekfyf\tjzpftysufuav;udk &Sif;jyvdkufygonf/ OD;bcsKdtaMumif;udk
uREkfyfa&;onfh ]rSwfcsuf} xGufvmNyD;aemuf wywftwGif;wGif
uREkfyfcGifh,lí tnmodkUoGm;rnfjyKpOf OD;apmuvrf;p&dwf qdkí olUtdwfxJrS
aiG50d xkwfay;ygonf/ ]tdrfapmifhacG;}taejzifh ay;jcif;jzpfavoavm
rajymwwfyg/

udkjrpfESifhuREkfyf

OD;bcsKdtay:ü rauseyfaom tcsufudk azmfjyrdNyD; jzpfaomaMumifh

auseyfaom tcsufudk vnf;azmfjyzdkU wm0ef&Sdayonf/ rSwfcsufa&;NyD;jzpf
í uREkfyftnmokdUroGm;rD ta&;ydkifudkjrpfonf ol&d,wdkuf uREkfyf\tcef;
odkU0ifvm\/ udkjrpfrSm v,f,mpdkufysKd;jcif;&kH;wGif uREkfyfESifhtwlvkyfzl;í
uREkfyf\q&mvnf; jzpfayonf/ olonf uREkfyftay:ü pdwf0ifpm;ol
wa,mufjzpfí &efukefodkUa&mufwdkif; uREkfyfxHokdU0ifí [dkw,fodkU
ac:xkwfNyD; auR;arG;avh&Sd\/ ol&d,wdkufu uREkfyftm; xkwfypfaom
tcguvnf; olonf ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfaom OD;vSazESifh

605 
OD;bazwkdUxHokdU0ifí uREkfyftaMumif;udk pkHprf;ao;&m uREkfyfudk,fwdkifu
tjypfudk 0efcHonf[k ajymvdkufMuaomaMumifh bmrQrwwfEdkifyJ
jyefcJU&bl;onfqdk\/ xdkaeUnaeü udkjrpfonf uREkfyftm; uGefwDeifw,f
[dkw,fodkUac:oGm;í auR;arG;NyD;vQif ykZGefawmifbufodkU "mwf&xm;ESifh
oGm;Muí OD;bcsKd\wdkufa&SUodkU a&mufaomtcg ]]cPavmuf qif;&atmif
Asm}}[kqdkí qif;Mu&\/ uREkfyfu]]b,foGm;rSmvJAs}}[k ar;aomtcg
udkjrpfu ]]bcsKdwkdUtdrf 0ifMu&atmifAsm? bcsKdu usKyfnDyJ}}[k ajym\/
uREkfyfvnf; ]rSwfcsuf}udk owd&í cyfqdkif;qdkif;vkyfaeNyD;rS ]]cifAsmhnDt&if;
vm;As}}[kar;vkduf&m]] t&if;awmh r[kwfbl;? EdkUayr,fh tifrwef
cifMuygw,f}}[k jyefajymavonf/ trSefudkqdk&vQif uREkfyfonf OD;bcsKd
\tdrfodkU rvdkufcsifay/ okdU&mwGif t&m&mü uRrf;usifyg;eyfjcif;&Sdaom
udkjrpf[lí uREkfyfodNyD; jzpfonfESifh &nf&G,fcsufwck &Sd[efwlonf[k
awG;qum vdkufygoGm;&avonf/

OD;bcsKdESifhuREkfyf

tdrfwGif;odkUa&mufMuaomtcg OD;bcsKdonf uREkfyfudkjrifonfESifh

wNydKifeuf rsufESmysufoGm;\/ [kwfvnf; [kwfayrnf/ uREkfyf\rSwfcsuf
xGufonfrSm ylylaEG;aEG;yif&Sdao;onf/ okdU&mwGifvlvnfwa,muf
jzpf[ef&Sdaom OD;bcsKdonf csufcsif;yif rsufESmxm;jyifum MunfjzLpGm
{nhfcHavonf/ ol\tpfudk udkjrpfudkomr[kwf? uREkfyftm;vnf; (bmrQ
rjzpfbl;ouJUodkU) &TifyspGm EIwfqufav&m trlt&m ajymif;vJrIwGif
uREkfyfuyif aemufusayao;onf/ pum; wcGef;ESpfcGef; tpjyKNyD;aemuf
udkjrpfonf jrefrmjynf EdkifiHa&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;taMumif;udk

606 
a0zefajymqdkav&m tvGef]od}aom vlwa,mufygaywum;[k uREkfyf
tHUMopGmESifh em;axmifae&\/ xkdUaemuf udkjrpfuqufvufí ]]a[h bcsKd?
rif;EdkifiHa&; vkyfykHawGudk igapmifhNyD; MunfhvmcJUwm MumNyD}}? ]]rif;vkyfykH
awG[efr&ao;ygbl;uGm}}? ]]rif;Opömu pm;&wJUvrf;udk rvkdufyJeJU
iwfwJUvrf;udk vkdufaewmudk;uG}} tp&SdonfESifh yv’ifcHNyD;aemuf OD;bcsKd\
EdkifiHa&; aqmif&GufykH tjypftemtqmrsm;udk yGifhvif;pGmazmfxkwfa0zefav
awmhonf/ udkjrpf\pum;rsm;ü jyefvSefxkacs&ef tcsuftvufrsm;udk
uREkfyfyifjrifrdaomfvnf; OD;bcsKdrlum; wkHUjyef&efr0HUonfh tudkwa,muf
jzpfaomaMumifhxifh Nidrfíomem;axmifvsuf &Sdavonf/ uREkfyfonf
OD;bcsKdtm; oem;aompdwfyifjzpfvmí ajymwwfvQifolUbufrS ulíajym
csifaompdwf jzpfrdygao;onf/ udkjrpfum; tvGefw&m ]wwf}aom 
(Capable)  vlwa,mufjzpfí uREkfyftay:ü axmifvTm;csifaom OD;bcsKd\
rmeudk csKd;ESdrfay;jcif;jzpfavoavm[líyif uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdygao;onf/
tjzpftysuftrSefrSmvnf; uREkfyfuOD;bcsKdtay:ü axmifvTm;cJUbl;jcif;r&Sd?
olu txufpD;vkyfcsifí uRekfyfuwkHUjyef&jcif;jzpfygonf/ aemufqkH;wGifrS
udkjrpfuol\ rdwfaqGa[mif;wa,mufjzpfaom uREkfyfESifhnDjzpfaom
OD;bcsKdwkdUrSm owif;pmorm;csif;jzpfonfhtavsmuf cifrif&if;ESD;rI &Sdjcif;udk
jrifvdkaMumif; ajymav&m OD;bcsKdESifh uREkfyfvnf;vufqJGí vIyf,rf;Muav
onf/ (uREkfyfwckowd&rdonfrSm OD;bcsKd 0efBuD;jzpfvmaomtcgü
udkjrpfrSm uG,fvGefavNyDjzpf&m OD;bcsKdonf ol\atmifjrifrIudk
ol\tpfudkjrifapvdk vSonf[k owd&rdvdrfhrnfxifrd\/ odkU&mwGif
aemufqkH;ü 0efBuD;rsm;\ &kH;cef;wGif b0Zmwf&kyfodrf;oGm;&&Smjcif;udk
udkjrpfjrif&jyefvQifvnf; b,fuJUodkU ajymvdrfhrnfudk uREkfyfu qufvufí
awG;rdygao;onf/ b0oHo&m\ obm0 w&m;BuD;aywum;/)

607 
trfzkd;csdefESifhuREkfyf

wdkuftkyfOD;uav;onf vcwdk;awmif;rIESifh ywfoufí uREkfyf\

OD;aqmifrIudk &dyfrd&mwGif uREkfyfum; ol&d,wdkufü jrJrnfhvlwa,muf
r[kwf[k odjrifonfhvu©PmESifh (kOD;apmESifh OD;nGefUwdkUum; xdkuJUodkUjrif
[efrwl/) tpDtpOfwckjyKvkyf\/ vkyfykHrSmum; trfzdk;csdeftm; uREkfyf\
vufatmufwGif vufaxmufacgif;BuD;a&;orm; wa,muftjzpfESifh
a&GUajymif;xm;í acgif;BuD;a&;ykHa&;enf;udkuREkfyfu oifjyay;&ef jzpfav
onf/ uREkfyfonfOD;buav;\tBuHudk &dyfrdaomfvnf; OD;apmESifhOD;nGefU
wkdUu uREkfyfudkvufrvTwfcsif[k &dyfrdonfESifh pdwfxJwGif pdk;&drfrIr&Sdacs/
acgif;BuD;rsm;udkuREkfyfuw&uf? trfzdk;csdefuw&uf wvSnfhpDa&;Muí
ol\acgif;BuD;rsm;udk uREkfyfuzwf&IjyifqifNyD; OD;buav;xHodkU wifydkU&
jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyftzdkUtvkyfyif oufomao;onfqdkum
auseyfpGmoifjyay;ygonf/ odkU&mwGifacgif;BuD;aumif;rsm; a&;wwfzdkUrSm
pmuav;rawmufwacguf a&;wwf&kHESifhrNyD;/ A[kokwjynfh0 zkdUvdkonfhjyif
aysmhpdpd csnfheJUeJU 0gusrsKd;rjzpfapyJ t"dyÜm,f&Sif;&Sif;ESifh ]cGeftm;jynhf
wif;aom}0gusrsKd;wnfaqmifwwfzdkU vdktyfjcif;udk wdkuftkyfOD;buav;
vnf; od[efrwl/ acgif;BuD;a&;orm; rsm;pGmwdkUvnf; odMuykHr&? *VKef
OD;apmESifh OD;nGefUwkdUum; odMuonfhvu©Pm&Sdonf/ pmzwfolonf
pma&;olESifh t,ltqcsif;wlcsifrSwlayrnf/ odkU&mwGif txufyg t*Fg&yf
rsm;ESifh jynfhpkHaomacgif;BuD;rsKd;udk zwf&aomtcgwGif oabmrwlaom
pmzwform;onfyif ]]a&;ykHuawmh aumif;ygayhuGm}}[k 0efcH&ayrnf/
t,ltqudkyg oabmusaom pmzwform;urlum; wacgufzwfvkduf
&vQifyif ]][kwfayhuGm}}qdkum yDwdaomreójzpfoGm;Edkifayonf/ acgif;BuD;

608 
aumif; a&;wwfolrsm;rSm owif;pmrsm;oavmuf rIdaygufovdk aygrsm;
onfr[kwfacs/ ]cGeftm;jynfhwif;aom0gus}[lonfrSm bmudkqdkvdkonf[k
tcsKdUacgif;BuD;a&;orm;rsm; odaumif;rSodMuayrnf/ (jrefrmpm a&;ykH
a&;enf;ESifh 0guswnfaqmufykHtaMumif;udk rSwfwrf;aemuf qkH;ydkif;wGif
azmfjyygOD;rnf/) tdrfzkd;csdefonf uREkfyf\oifjycsuft& tawmfa&;wwf
aeNyD[k OD;buav;u,lqonfh vu©PmESifh (trfzkd;csdefudk,fwkdifu
b,fuJUodkUoabmxm;onfrqdkEdkif) uREkfyfucGifh&uf &Snfawmif;aomtcg
tvG,fwulyif cGifhjyKvkdufygayonf/

w&m;ESifh arGUavsmfaomtydkif;

uRekfyfonf vcrysuf tcGifhwv&onfESifh txufjrefrmjynfodkU

wufvmNyD;vQif refusnf;wkH&Gmü rdbrsm;ESifhtwl w&m;"r®aqG;aEG;um
&ufowÅESpfywfcefU aexdkif\/ xdktcsdefonfum; uREkfyftzdkUaysmfyg;rI
&yfwefUaom umvtydkfif;tjcm;aywnf;/ w&m;"r®udk ESvkH;oGif;jcif;?
aqG;aEG;jcif;wkdUaMumifh cHpm;&onfhpdwf\ MunfvifNidrf;csrf;rIonf yDrdk;eif;
udkodef;az? udkcifarmifwifhwnf;[laom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhtwl aysmfyg;&jcif;
xuf rGefjrwfonfqdkjcif;udk uREkfyfxuf od&Sdenf;vnfol &Sdvdrfh
rnfrxifay/ uREkfyftzkdUum; tawG;r[kwf? vufawGUjzpf\/ odkU&mwGif
vlUabmifü om;r,m;ESifh twlaeí udk,fh0rf;pmudk udk,f&Smpm;
aomuf&aom vlwa,muftzkdUwGif w&m;"r®ESifhcsnf; aeírjzpfEdkifjcif;udk
vnf;awGU&\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap uREkfyftzdkUü rjzpfEdkifjcif;udkawGU&\/
uREkfyfum;rEkóvlom;tjzpfESifh odoifhodxdkufaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk
odatmifBudK;pm;í odwefoavmufvnf; odcJU&NyD;ygNyD/ odkU&mwGif

609 
]aumif;aumif;aevQif awmfa&maygh}[k xifjrif,lqolwa,mufum;
r[kwfacs/ ]aumif;aumif;aeygonf}qdkaomfvnf; Ak'¨bmomudk av;eufpGm
,kHMunfol wa,muftzkdU&mü odoifhodxdkufaomtjcif;t&m udkodatmif
rBudK;pm;vQif vkHavmufonfr[kwfacs/ ]aumif;aumif; aeygonf}
qdkjcif;onf oD,dkqdkzDorm;wa,muftzdkU&mü [kwfayvdrfhrnf/ Ak'¨bmom
0ifwa,muf[lí 0efcHygvQif þrQESifhrvkHavmufao;[lí em;vnfoifh
Muonf/ yGJvrf;obif taysmftyg;rvkduf? &HzefOykofuav; apmifh?
ykwD;uav;pdyfae&kHrQESifh odoifhodxdkufaomt&mudk od&acsNyD[k tb,frSm
qdkEdkifygtHUenf;/ Ak'¨\eufeJvSonfqdkaom w&m;onf tb,frSmenf;/
txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; rdbrsm;ESifhtwl aexdkifaqG;aEG;&jcif;\
Nidrf;csrf;rIt&omudk auseyfaomfvnf; 0rf;pm&SmMu pm;aomuf&aom
vlwa,muftzdkUü þvdkaecsnf;aeí rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf
udkodef;az&Sd&muomNrdKUodkU xGufcGmcJUav\/
udkodef;azonf tvkyfrS ESpfraphrD yifpif,lvkduf&uwnf;u
uomNrdKUESifh wrdkifcefUuGmonfh Z&pfacsmif&Gmuav;ü tdrfaqmufNyD;aemuf
uREkfyftm; tvnftywfac:vsuf&Sd&m ,ckrSyif a&muf&ygawmhonf/
ay250 ywfvnfcefU&sdonfh NcHBuD;xJwGif av;cef;ywfvnf&Sdaom tdrfwvkH;
aqmufítdrfaxmifypönf; tawmfaumif;aumif;ESifh oyfoyf&yf&yf aexdkif
vsuf&Sd\/ (uREkfyf\tawGUtBuKHwckudkazmfjy&aomf c&pf,efbmomodkU
ul;ajymif;,kHMunfonfh jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;onf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;xuf
0ifaiGtqifhtwef;wlcJUvQif taetxdkif oyf&yfMuygayonf/)
udkodef;azrSm ol\rdcifzcif vufxufuwnf;u c&pf,efjzpfcJUojzifh
awmtkyf&mxl;csif;wlvQif ydkíoyf&yfonfudk awGU&\/ odkUaomf
udkodef;azonf Ak'¨\w&m;awmftaMumif;udk r[kwfyJ obm0"r®

610 
taMumif;udk uREkfyfESifh aqG;aEG;&zefrsm;onfESifh Ak'¨\w&m;awmfudk
tawmfBuD; ouf0if,kHMunfvsuf&SdavNyD/ odkU&mwGif ,kHrSm;oHo,
uif;onf[líum; rqdkEdkifao;yg/ Oyrm uREkfyfESifh wrvGefb0taMumif;?
zefqif;onfqdkaom xm0&bk&m;taMumif; ponfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;vsuf&SdpOf
olu ]]zefqif;w,fqdkwmawmh usKyfu odyfNyD;rBudKufbl;As? odkUaomf
wcgwavawmhvJ zefqif;olr&Sdbl;vdkU vufcHxm;NyD; rawmfwq
&SdaevQifawmhh udk,fusKd;eJrSmudkvJ aMumufrdw,fAs}}[k ajym&Smavonf/
([kwfonfjzpfap? r[kwfonfjzpfap? rnfonfhbmom udk;uG,fonfjzpfap?
i,fuwnf;u ]&dkufoGif;}xm;onfht,ltqwckudk xkd;azmufwGef;vSef&efrSm
]rwaxmif waumifzGm;} qdkxdkufolrsm; jzpfavonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf;
udk,fydkifOmPfjzifh txl;wvnf xyfqifhavhvmpl;prf;jcif;r&SdyJ rd&dk;zvm
twkdif; vufcH,kHMunfxm;olrsm;tm; rnfrQavmuf olawmfaumif;
vSygonfqdkap bmoma&;taejzifh uREkfyftxifrBuD;vSacs/

jynfvnfawGUqkHjcif;

uomblwm&kHESifh Z&pfacsmif&Gmuav;rSm wrdkifcefUuGmvSrf;í

rD;&xm;onf n8em&DcefUwGif qdkufoGm;av&m udkodef;azonf ol\tdrfrS
vSnf;wpD;jzifh apmifhBudKvsuf&Sd\/ tdrfodkUqdkufMuaomtcg ol\0if;NcHBuD;
udk vufESdyf"mwfrD;ESifhvkdufjyí tawmfanmif;MuaomtcgrS npmpm;zkdU
jyifqifMu\/ xrif;cl;MupOf udkodef;azu ]]cifAsm;wkdUtzdkU [if;qef;wcGuf
csufxm;w,fAs? pm;MunfhNyD;ajymprf;}}[k qdk\/
]]bm[if;rsm;vJAs}}

611 
 ]]rajymbl;avAsm? cifAsm;u vQm0dZÆmqdk? pm;MunfhNyD; ajymprf;Asm}}
]]'djyifaumAsm}}
]]*sDwaumifypf&vdkU 0rf;wGif;om;? csufxm;w,fAs}}
]]*sDom;rpm;&wm MumNyDAsm? aumif;vdrfhr,fAsKdU}}
]]rzl;ndKu cifAsm;wkdUtBudKuf csufxm;w,f}}
]]'djyifaumAs}}
]]awmMuufwaumif&dkUpfvkyfxm;w,fAs? a'gif;awmifypfckdif;ao;w,f?
r&cJUbl;AsKdU}}
]]&SdygapawmhAsm? a'gif;u a'gif;om;pm;,if Zmwfwlom;pm;w,fvdkU
ajymaeMuygtkH;r,f? 'djyifaumAsm}}
]]usKyfu cifAsm;a&mufvm,if raomufMuygbl;vdkU y#dnmOfay;xm;
wm? 'Dwcgwnf;ygqkdNyD; bD,mav;vkH;0,fxm;w,fAs}}
]]om"kygyJAsm}}

xl;qef;aom tom;wrsKd;

xrif;yJGü xdkifMuaomtcg udkodef;azonf [if;wcGufudk

uREkfyfbufodkU wGef;ydkUí ]]'gbmvJAsajymprf;}}[k qdk\/ uREkfyfonf
[if;yef;uefudkajrSmufí [if;zwfrsm;udk aocsmpGmMunfh&m tom;? tqD?
tacguf wvTm;pD&Sdaom [if;wkH;rsm;udkjrif&\/ wwkH;udkNrD;Munfhaomtcg
av;av;yifyif&SdonfudkawGU&\/ odkUaomf 0ufom;eHUr[kwfjcif;udkum;
uREkfyfodonf/
okH;xyfom;qdkvQif 0ufom;rQavmufudkom pm;bl;aom uREkfyftzkdU
rSm rawG;wwfyJ tusyf&dkufvsuf&SdavNyD/

612 
 ]]udkif;Asm yef;ay;ygNyDAsm? azmfygawmh}}
]]ighyef; ewfjynfa&muf? olUyef;acs;awmxJa&muf}}
(uREkfyfwkdUrSm bD,muav; wvkH;pD0ifí tl&Tifvsuf&SdMuavNyD/)
]]aetkH;AsKdU vdyfom;rsm;vm;Asm? acs;awmxJawmh ta&mufrcHEdkifbl;?
BudK;pm;azmftkH;r,f}}
]]r[kwfbl;As}}
]]ig;axGom;vm;Asm}}
]]r[kwfbl;As}}
]]zGwfom;Asm}}
]]r[kwfbl;As? eD;awmh eD;vmNyDAsKdU}}
]]aMumifom;Asm}}
]]omNyD; eD;vmNyDAsKdU? MumMumae rSefoGm;a&mhr,f? usm;rif;om;As}}
]]tvdk ]usm;rif;}vdkU&Sdovm;? b,frSmvJAs om;a&qkwfrxm;bl;vm;?
Munfhcsifw,fAs}}
]]om;a&qkwfr,lbl;As? [if;xJrSm ]tacguf}jzpfoGm;NyD?
rawGUbl;vm;}}
(þpmudka&;,if; wynfhaomfwmaqGudk owd&rdonf/)

pum;qef;wckMum;&jcif;

xrif;pm;NyD;Muí twefnOfheufonfwdkifatmif 0dkif;zGJUum axG&m

av;yg;pum; ajymMuNyD;aemuf tdyfMuawmhrnf jyifqif&mwGif
a':zl;ndKonf xdkif&mrS xoGm;í ]]usKyfwdkUawmh 'DaeUnbkHavQmNyD [m[}}
[kqdkum rpdk;ESifhtwltdyf&mjyifMuav\/ ]bkHavQmNyD}qdkjcif;rSm ukdodef;az\

613 
tdrfü uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;wnf;ckdonfhtcgwdkif; udkodef;azESifhuREkfyftwltdyf
Muí a':zl;ndKESifhrpdk;wkdUtwltdyfMuonfh xkH;pH&SdaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/
xdknOfhüudkodef;azpum;ajym&mwGif uHtm;avsmfpGm pum;qef;wck ajymrdMu
onf/ udkode;faz\zcif OD;&Iarmifonf ajrwdkif;ausmif;q&mBuD;jzpfí
uREkfyf\ yxrtdrfaxmif rvSrSL;\zcif q&mpdk;rSmvnf; rEÅav;NrdKUwGif
ajrwdkif;ausmif;q&mBuD;yifjzpf&m tvkyfwl? &G,fwl? wausmif;wnf;xGuf
rsm;jzpfMuonfhjyif ESpfa,mufvkH;yif Adkvfcyfqefqef vlBuD;rsm;jzpfMuí
wa,mufESifhwa,muf tvGefcifrifMuonfqdk\/ OD;&Iarmifüom; ESpf
a,muf orD;ESpfa,muf&Sdí q&mpdk;wGifvnf; om;ESpfa,muf
orD;ESpfa,mufyif&Sd\/ om;orD;rsm;tm;vkH;onf rwdrf;r,drf;t&G,frsm;
jzpfMu\/ þwGifvlBuD;ESpf a,mufonf rdrdwkdU\om;ESpfa,mufESifh
orD;ESpfa,mufwdkUudk twkHUtvSnfh vufxyfay;pm;&ef tBuHjyKMuonf
qdk\/ þenf;jzifh crnf;crufav;xyf awmfjzpfvmMuEkdifavonf/
þtxJwGif OD;&Iarmif\om;tBuD; udktkef;azrSm q&mpdk;\orD;tBuD;
rvSOD;ESifh ay;pm;&efjzpfí om;ti,f udkodef;azrSm orD;ti,frvSrSL;ESifh
ay;pm;&ef&nfrSef;xm;onfqdk\/ odkU&mwGif om;orD;rsm; t&G,fra&mufrD
vlcsif;uGJNyD; wNrdKUpD a&mufukefMu onf[kqdkavonf/ ol\pum;tqkH;ü
uRekfyfu ]]cifAsm;eJUusKyfeJU a&pufqkHqnf;MuykHu wrsKd;BuD;ygvm;Asm}}[k
qdkum &,farmMu&ygao; onf/ xkdUjyif ol\pum;tqkH;ü uREkfyfu
rdrdwGif ]pdk;}[laom emrnfESifh a&pufqkHwwfvSaMumif;/ yxrtdrfaxmifü
a,mu©r ]OD;pdk;}? 'kwd,tdrfaxmifü om;]pdk;Edkif}? wwd,tdrfaxmifü r,m;
]rpdk;}jzpf&í BuKHvnf; BuKHwwfvSaMumif; ajym&ygao;onf/

614 
wufcsufnDaom rdef;rESpfa,muf

rpdk;onf rdcifzcifrsm;&SdMuonfh jrawmif&GmodkU qufvufí roGm;rD

Z&pfacsmif&Gmü av;ig;&ufaeonfhtwGif; udkodef;azwkdUvifr,m;u olwdkU
tdrfü&Sdaom vSnf;jzifh ewfvIdif? BudKUukef;paom&Gmuav;rsm;odkU w&ufjcm;
avmuf aysmfyJGpm;xGufMuzdkU tpDtpOfvkyfí rD;aoG;zkwfaom vkyfief;
udkvnf; jyoayonf/ udkodef;azwdkU\ NcHBuD;xJüum; av;ig;ESpfom;
&Sdaom 'nif;yif? umzDyifrsm;vnf; tawmfBuD;yGm; pnfum;vsuf&Sd&m
ol\yifpifvcrSm azmazmoDoD okH;pGJavmufatmif r&Sdojzifh ¤if;tyifrsm;
BuD;yGm;vmaomtcgwGif 0ifaiGaumif;vmrnfjzpfí uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;
vnf; tysif;ajyavmufom pma&;um at;at;vlvl vma&mufaexdkifMuzdkU
olwkdUpdwful;xm;aMumif;ajymMuavonf/ uREkfyfvnf; xrif;0r0 rajymEdkif
apumrl (uome,fjzpfí) at;zdkUuawmh aocsmonf[k ajymcJU&ao;onf/
udkodef;az\ZeD; a':zl;ndKrSmvnf; rD;zdkacsmiftvkyfü tvGefusifvnfaom
rdef;rwa,mufjzpfav&m rpdk;ESifh a':zl;ndKwdkUonf rD;zdkxJü ig;ckwfolu
ckwf? Muufzsufoluzsuf? csufolu csuf? aMumfoluaMumf? umzDaph
avSmfoluavSmf? BudwfoluBudwf? axmif;oluaxmif; wa,mufu
wa,muftay:ü q&mvkyfzkdUrvdkyJ olUwm0ef udk,fhwm0ef em;vnfpGmESifh
wufnDvufnD tvkyfvkyfMujcif;rsm; udk udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfu
rD;zdkaygufrS&yfMunfhum yDwdjzpfrdMuygonf/ udkodef;azu ]]vlESpfa,muf
ujzifh xrf;ydk;xrf;nDygayhuGm? usKyfwdkUtbdk;BuD; tr,fBuD;ESpfpkHuawmh
twlae&,if odyf[efusrSmyJAsKdU}}[k ajymavonf/ ajymvnf;
ajymxdkufonf/ rpdk;onf rD;zdkacsmifwGif tawmftwef rdef;rwa,mufESifh
twlwGJí csufjyKwf&onfhtcg pdwfwkdif;rusonfESifh ]]z,fprf; xGufprf;

615 
usKyfvkyfr,f}}[kqdkum armif;xkwfwwfonfjzpf&m a':zl;ndKuvnf;
þenf;twkdif;yif vkyfwwfonfqdk\/ olwkdUESpfa,mufwGJrSmrl rD;zdkacsmif
tvkyfwGif tvGefvmbfjrifolcsnf;jzpfí olwkdUtcsif;csif;vnf; pdwfauseyf
pGmESifh aysmf&TifpGm tvkyfvkyfMuykH&onf/)

0efaxmuf OD;cspfpk

jrawmifodkU rpdk;oGm;onfhaemuf udkodef;azonf uREkfyftm; ol\

rdwfaqG e,fydkif0efaxmufyifpifpm; OD;cspfpk\tdrfodkUac:oGm;í uREkfyfESifh
rdwfqufay;avonf/ uREkfyfESifh udkodef;azwkdUonf wvvQif tenf;qkH;
pmwapmifus t*Fvdyfvdk pmay;pm,lvkyfMu&m? (xdkacwfurl t*Fvdyfvdk
a&;avmufatmif wwfvQif t*Fvdyfvdka&;Muonf/) udkodef;azonf
uREkfyf\pmrsm;udk OD;cspfpktm;jyavh&Sd\/ OD;cspfpkudk,fwdkifuvnf; wD?'D?trf 
(T.D.M)  bGJUawGbmawGESifh t*Fvdyfvdk tawmfa&;wwfol wa,mufjzpf&m
uREkfyf\pmrsm;udkzwfí uREkfyfudk txifBuD;vsuf&Sdoljzpf\/ rdwfqufay;í
oduRrf;aomtcgwGif OD;cspfpkonf uREkfyftm; ynm&SdBuD; wa,mufwbG,f
csD;usL;um wu,fvnf; av;pm;ygayonf/ OD;cspfpkonf uomNrdKUay:ü
aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m Z&pfacsmif&Gmuav;ESifh wrdkifrQoma0;onfjzpfí aeUwdkif;
awGUqkHum olu]0wfjyK}ygayonf/ uREkfyfwdkUra&mufvmaomtcg OD;cspfpk
onf ]aomufp&m}udk vG,ftdwfwGif vG,fvsuf oludk,fwdkifvm&Smonf/
olonf ]vlpkH}wa,mufjzpfí &efukefNrdKUBuD;uJUodkU rpkHEdkifaom
uomNrdKUuav;üyif wwfEdkiforQ ]pkH}atmif {nfhcHayonf/ udkodef;azu
&efukefNrdKUwGif yDrdk;eif;ESifh ]pkH}cJUMu ykHrsm;udk ajymjyaomtcg OD;cspfpku

616 
]]cifAsm;wkdUeJU &efukefwacgufawmh vnfprf;csifao;w,fAsm}} [k
awmifhawmifhwwajym&Smonf/

vcwkd;íawmif;jcif;

waeUoü OD;cspfpku uREkfyf\ vctaMumif;udkar;í uREkfyfu

trSeftwdkif;ajym&mwGif OD;cspfpku ]][m...b,fhES,fvJAsm? {&mr owif;pm
wkdufBuD;qdkNyD; cifAsm;vdk vlwa,mufudk 'gavmufay;xm;ovm;Asm?
'djyifvlaum b,favmuf&ovJAs}}[kar;\/ uREkfyfrSmajymvufpESifh
trSeftwdkif; ajym&awmhrnf[k atmufarhum t,f'DwmcsKyfESifhwkduftkyfwkdU
\ vcrsm;udkajym&\/
pk/ ]]atmifr,fav;Asm? olwkdUu cifAsm;xuf ig;qajcmufq
wwfowJUvm;As}}
uRekfyf/ ]]olwkdUu tpk&SifawGvJ jzpfw,fOD;&JU}}
pk/ ]]tpk&SifeJU bmqdkifvdkUvJAs? tjrwf&wm,laygh? cifAsm;eJU
bmhaMumifh 'DavmufcGmxm;&owJUvJ}}
uREkfyf/ ]]olwkdUpnf;urf;udk olwkdUowfrSwfNyD; ,lMuwmygyJOD;&,f}}
pk/ ]]olwkdUu,lvQifaum cifAsm;u cHaea&mwJUvm;? AsKdU udkodef;az
cifAsm;vl awmfvdrfhrSwfw,f? tnHUcHvSacsvm;As}}
uREkfyfwdkU bmrQ rajymwwfyJ Nidrfvsuf&SdMu\/
pk/ ]]aeprf;ygtkH;? cifAsm;0w¦KvJ a&;wwfw,fr[kwfvm;?
usKyfom;awGu pkHaxmufpH&Sm;wkdU? &lyeE´DwdkU? bmwkdUtaMumif; cPcP
ajymoHMum;&w,f? 0w¦Ka&;pm;Asm? vleJUvlcsif;awmh 'DavmuftnHUrcHygeJU}}

617 
 uREkfyfonf tawmf&Sufvmí udkodef;azrSmvnf; ]olwifaom
ppfuJtwGuf} rsufESmyl[ef&Sdonf/
þwGif uREkfyfonf ol&d,wdkufü 'g&dkufwmtzJGUodkU pmwapmifa&;
vdkuf\/ ¤if;pmwGif uREkfyftm;t,f'DwmcsKyfae&mudk ay;csifay;?
ray;csifae/ vcrSm 450 xufavQmhvQif tvkyfjyef0ifvdrfhrnf
r[kwfaMumif; azmfjyyg&Sdavonf/ uRekfyfonf ¤if;pmudk OD;cspfpktm; jy&m
]]tJ? 'DvdkrSayghAs}}[k OD;cspfpku jyefajymavonf/

0w¦Krsm;a&;jyefjcif;

þtawmtwGif; uREkfyfonf vcr&Sd tcGifhwvNyD;wv qufum

qufum ,lvsuf&Sd&m ol&d,wdkufonf uREkfyf\pmudkrjyefyJ tcGifhudkom
qufumqufum ay;vsuf&Sd\/ xdktcsdefwGif OD;apmrSm t*FvefodkUoGm;
NyDjzpfí uREkfyfrSm tm;udk;wck avsmhvsuf&SdonfESifh ravsmhrwif; &Sdapjcif;iSm
tvkyfvnf; jyefír0if? uREkfyfwifxm;onfh pmtaMumif;udk vnf;
xyfírEId;aqmfyJ qufum qufum cGifhpmwifvsuf&Sd\/ tcGifhray;Edkif?
jyefí 0if&rnfqdkvQifvnf; tvkyfrSEIwfxGuf&ef qkH;jzwfxm;avonf/
þtawmtwGif; OD;nGefU\[Hom0wDykHESdyfwdkfufESifh tdkifAif[dk0w¦Kudk
bmomjyef&efqufoG,fxm;avonf/ ¤if;tvkyfrSm awm&Gmuav;wGifaeí
cyfacsmifacsmifvkyf,if; ol&d,wdkuftvkyfxuf renf;aom 0ifaiG&Sdjcif;udk
OD;nGefUvnf;odap&ef &nf&G,fcsuf &Sdavonf/ xdkUjyifvnf; e*g;eDpmtkyf
wdkuftwGuf tmAs[rfvif;uGef;rSpí OD;tkef;cif? '*kefcifcifav; wkdU\
ykHESdyfwkduftwGufvnf; a&Smvrkefodkuf? &wemodkufpaom bmomjyef
0w¦Krsm;? xkdUjyif ,ckvlxkwdkuf jzpfaeonfhBuD;yGm;a&;wdkuftwGufvnf;

618 
yxrHq&modef;0w¦Ka&;ay;zdkU pDpOfxm;avonf/ uREkfyfawG;rdonfrSm
ol&d,'g&dkufwmwOD;jzpfaom OD;nGefUonf uREkfyftm; ol&d,wdkufrS xGufNyD;
0w¦Ka&;orm;bufodkU ul;ajymif;oGm;rnfudk ESajrmaomaMumifh 0w¦Ka&;jcif;
tvkyfudk tm;ay;csifonfh vu©Pmr&Sdacs/ ([kwfr[kwfum; rajymwwf
ao;/ odkUaomf aemufydkif;ü azmfjyvwHUaom tjzpftysufrsm;url oufao
cHvsuf&Sdygonf/)

OD;nGefUu ]0rf;cs}jyefjcif;

waeUoü ol&d,wdkfufrS aMu;eef;wapmif&í zwfMunfh&m &efukefodkU

csufcsif;vmzdkU rSmMum;jcif;jzpfonfudk awGU&\/ þwGiftrsKd;rsKd;
awG;&onf/ uREkfyfawmif;aom vcudkay;csifíavm? odkUwnf;r[kwf
tvkyfjyef0ifzdkU ac:,ljcif;avm? odkUr[kwf ¤if;udpötwGuf aqG;aEG;
csifíavm rajymwwf atmifjzpfaeMu\/ &efukefokdUa&mufaomtcg
uREkfyfwkdU\ tawG;tac:rsm; tm;vkH;acsmfonfudk awGU&rnf/ (armifpH&Sm;
vnf;rSm;aomtcgrsKd; &Sdayrnf/) tjzpftysuftrSefrSm vlwa,mufu
ol&d,owif;pmwGif yg&Sdaom owif;wcktwGuf ol&d,wdkuftm; toa&
ysufrIESifh w&m;pGJxm;ojzifh uREkfyfrSm wm0efcHt,f'Dwm udkodef;armifu
xnfhvdkufjcif;jzpfí uREkfyfvnf; bmrQ rjrifvdkuf&yJ w&m;cHjzpf&jcif;
jzpfavonf/ trIrSm &efukefNrdKU&kH;w&kH;ü w&m;qdkif&efjzpf\/ &efukefü&SdpOf
oaX;OD;nGefUu uomNrdKUü taetxdkif taMumif;ar;&m tjcm;t&mrsm;udk
tyxm;í touf&SLtvGefacsmifvSaMumif;? &efukefodkU acwÅvm&jcif;yif
touf&SLusyfvSí trINyD;vQif csufcsif; jyefajy;rnfhtaMumif; tm;&yg;&
ajymjyavonf/

619 
 ]]'gjzifh OD;azodef; &efukefjyefrvmcsifawmhbl;vm;}}
]]wef&mwefzdk; &vQifawmh taMumif;aMumif; axmufxm;NyD; jyefvm&
rSmaygh cifAsm}}
]]b,fvdk taMumif;aMumif;vJAsm}}
]]'DacwfrSm rif;aejynfjzpfvkdUrdkU aecsifp&m tcsufuav;awGvJ
&Sdayoaygh cifAsm}}
]]wef&mwefzkd;qdkwm b,favmufvJAsm}}
]]uRefawmfawmif;xm;wJUtwdkif; 450d ayghcifAsm}}
]]450d qdkwm OD;azodef; jzwfwJU wefzkd;udk;As}}
uREkfyftenf;i,f pdwfxGufvmonf/
]]uRefawmfjzwfwJUEIef;[m t&rf;jzwfwm r[kwfygbl;cifAsm?
750d,laewJU vlawGu uRefawmhxuf ydkwwfMuw,f rxifygbl;?
[dka&S;wkef;u OD;buav; 160d&uwnf;u uRefawmf[m 130d &cJUwJU
vlyg}}
]]t,f'DwmtzJGUrSm OD;azodef;wa,mufwnf; r[kwfavawmh
wa,mufudkay;vQif usefvlawGuvJ vdkcsifayvdrfhr,f? 'Dawmh
'DvdkvkyfMupdkUvm;Asm}}
]]b,fvdkvJ cifAsm}}
]]tvkyfjyef0if0ifcsif; vc25d wdk;,lAsm? aemifudk okH;vrSmwBudrf
tpdwftpdwfwkd;ay;r,f? odkUaomfol&d,wdkuf vcpm;&if;xJrSm rjyyJ
vm,lyg? uRefawmfuay;ygr,f}}
]]'DaiGudk ol&d,u ay;wmvm;? OD;nGefUay;wmvm;cifAsm}}

620 
 ]]OD;apmu rSmcJUw,f? 'DvludkvufrvGwfygapeJUwJU? oleJU uRefawmfeJU
aemufawmh Munfh&Sif;&rSmyJ? tcktawmtwGif;awmh uRefawmfuvkH;0
wm0ef,lygw,f}}
]]t,f'DwmcsKyf udpöuaum b,fa&mufoGm;ovJ cifAsm}}
]]'gvJyJ OD;apm jyefa&mufvmrS Munfhvkyfygr,fwJU? rSmcJUygw,f}}
]]uRefawmfawmif;xm;wmeJU trsm;BuD;uGmaewmyJ? uRefawmhcGifh&uf
vraphao;ygbl;? pOf;pm;zdkU tcsdef&Sdygao;w,f? cGifh&uf aphcgeD;awmhrS
uRefawmfpum;jyefyg&ap}}[kajymum jyefvmcJUygonf/
uREkfyftm; yk'fr 500dESifh wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtaejzifh w&m;pGJaom
trIrSm &kH;üqdkif&aomtcg &ufaygif; 20rQ cGmí aemufwBudrftwGuf
csdef;vdkuf\/ uREkfyfonf xdk&uf20rQESifh uomokdUrjyefcsifyJ &efukefüyif
apmifhaecsifonf[k OD;buav;tm; ajymjy&m uomESifh &efukeftoGm;
tjyef'kwd,wef; rD;&xm;cESifh nDrQonfh aiG100dcefUudk xkwfay;ygonf/
ol&d,wdkfufrS vlBuD;rsm;u uREkftay:üqufqHMuykHrSm uREkfyftm;
vc[kwÅdywÅdwkd;ay;zdkUrSwyg; bmrqdkvdkufavsmMuygayonf/ tvkyfvkyfpOf
uvnf; uREkfyfonf aeUw0ufrQom wdkufwGifxkdifí usefaomtcsdefudk
[dkw,f bdvd,ufckHwGif jzKef;avh&Sd\/ uREkfyfbufrS0wfausykHrSmvnf;
tjcm;acgif;BuD;a&;orm;rsm;onf aeUvnf ESpfem&DavmufwGifrS acgif;BuD;
udk a&;wifMu&m uREkfyfrlum; 12 em&Drxkd;rD acgif;BuD;a&m rSwfcsufyg
wifEdkifonfcsnf;jzpf\/ (owif;ESifh rSwfcsufcef;rSm owif;pmwGif
tpOftvmr&Sd uREkfyfa&mufaomtcgrS pwifwDxGifum wcef;zGifhjcif;
jzpfavonf/) OD;buav;onf uRekfyf\wm0ef0wÅ&m;ESifh ywfoufí
qdkzG,f&mr&Sd/ tvGefauseyfjcif;udk uREkfyfodyg\/ (0wÅ&m;ESifh ywfoufí
tvGefpdwfcs,kHMunf&aom vlwa,muf jzpfonf[k axmufcHpma&;ay;bl;

621 
ygonf/) odkU&mwGif vcwkd;ay;zkdUrlum; olUxuf *VKHOD;apmESifh OD;nGefUwdkUu
BudK;udkifEdkifMuonf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrdonf/
okdUjzpfí uRekfyfuvnf; tvkyfvkyfpOf auseyfavmufatmif
vcwdk;ray;onfh twlwl xifovdkaernf qdkonfhoabmESifh EGJUqdk;
qkd;onfhES,f acgi;fBuD;ESifh rSwfcsufudk tcsdefrD wifjyNyD; oGm;csif&m
oGm;aewwf\/ þaemufydkif;ü touft&G,ftavsmuf vufaES;vmNyD
jzpfaomfvnf; xdkpOfurlvufa&m OD;aESmufyg tawmfjrefqefcJUbl;ygonf/
OD;buav;onf vnf;aumif;? OD;apmonfvnf;aumif; uREkfyftm;
tvkyf0wÅ&m;ESifh ywfoufí rauseyfaom avoHrsKd; ajymjcif;tm;jzifh
wBudrfwcgrQ pdwfnId;i,fatmif rjyKvkyfMubl;ay/
wcgw&H naeydkif;wGif uREkfyftm; ajymp&m pum;&Sdí uREkfyfr&Sdcdkuf
jzpfcJUvQif pmjzifha&;rSwfxm;NyD; aemufwaeUwGifrS ajymavh&SdMuygonf/
BuD;yGm;a&;twGuf vnf;aumif;? aiGtwGufvnf;aumif; rsm;pGm tm&kH
rcHvifhonfh uREkfyftzdkUrSm vcenf;avorQ þtcGifhta&;ESifhyif ]ax}
rdouJUodkUoabmxm;Edkifygonf/

avmbaMumifhr[kwf? rmeaMumifh awmif;jcif;

OD;buav;ESifh awGU&mwGif uREkfyfu OD;nGefUESifh awGUcJUaMumif;

ajym&kHomajymí tuJcwfMunfh\/ OD;buav;onf uREkfyftm;vct&pfus
wkd;ay;rnf qdkjcif;udk rodíaomfvnf;aumif;? odkUwnf;r[kwf rodcsifjyKae
jcif;aomfvnf;aumif; uREkfyfrajymEdkif? oludk,fwdkifu bmrQrajymyJ
qdwfqdwfomaeavonf/ OD;apmESifh OD;nGefUwdkUonf ol&d, 'g&dkufwm
tzGJUwGif tvGefta&;ygaom vlESpfa,mufjzpfonfhtavsmuf olwkdU

622 
ESpfa,mufwnf; Budwfí wdkifyifpDpOf xm;jcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ þae&mü
uRekfyf\vcwkd;a&;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyf\oabmxm;udk rSefonfhtwdkif;
zGifhía&;vdkuf&ygOD;rnf/ uREkfyf\vcrSm 135 usyfrQom jzpfaomfvnf;
aiGwefzdk;&Sdao;onfwaMumif;? 0w¦Kuav;rsm; &Hzef a&;ao;onfwaMumif;
aMumifh pm;avmuf? 0wfavmuf? aeavmufonf[k qdkEdkifojzifh
t,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfzdkUaomf vnf;aumif;? vcwdk;ay;zkdUaomf vnf;aumif;
(udkodef;armifuJUodkU) awmifhawmifhww r&SdcJUvSyg/ odkU&mwGif
omoemjyKq&mBuD;ESifh awGU&jcif;? t*Fvdyfowif;pmu ajymifavSmif
a&;om;jcif;? 0efaxmufOD;cspfpku tnHUcHonf[k tjypfwifjcif;wkdUaMumifh
rme  (Vanity)  udkxdcdkufí &Sufrdjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/ vdkcsifvSaom
avmbaMumifh r[kwf&yg/ odkUaomfawmif;rdaom tcgürl &&SdrSyif
auseyfEdkifawmhrnfjzpfyg\/

oxkHodkUvnfywfjcif;

uREkfyfonf OD;buav;xHrS xGufvmaomtcg &efukefwGif tcsde

fjzKef;rnfhtpm; ESrt&if;uarG;cJUbl;onfh wlwa,muf ]zdk;xl;}&Sdaeonfh
oxkHNrdKUodkU tvnfoGm;&ef pdwful;rdygonf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSm pdwful;jcif;ESifh
qkH;jzwfjcif;onf a&SUqifhaemufqifhjzpfí ¤if;nOfhwGif oxkHodkU rD;&xm;ESifh
vdkufygoGm;\/ oxkHNrdKUwGif wefckd;BuD;bk&m;jzpfonfh a&Tpm&Hbk&m;
yGJawmfvnf; usif;yqJjzpfí rEÅav;NrdKUrSqif;vmMuonfh ydk;ukefonf
rdwfaqGrsm;vnf; a&mufaeMuonf[k owif;&ojzifh oGm;vdkaom
qE´jyif;xefvmcJUjcif;jzpfonf/ (uREkfyftzdkUrSm emrnfrsm;onf Oyg'gef
tpGJtvef; tawmfBuD;rm;[ef&Sd\/ 11 ESpfom;t&G,füzcif\ tNidKtjiif

623 
cH&í jrpfi,fa&Tpm&Hbk&m;odkU q&mawmfOD;yOöif;ESifh vdkufcJUbl;jcif;
taMumif;udk azmfjycJUNyD;jzpf&m ,ckvnf; oxkHa&Tpm&Hbk&m;yGJawmf[k
Mum;vkduf&kHrQESifhyif oGm;csifaompdwf csufcsif;jzpfay:í rMumrwifrD
jyif;xefvmcJUygawmhonf/ oxkHüwlwa,muf&Sdaejcif;? rEÅav;NrdKUrS
oda[mif;uRrf;a[mif;rsm; a&mufvsuf&SdMujcif;wkdUonf uRekfyftm;ac:vsuf
&Sdonfqdkapumrl bk&m;\bJGUawmfonf a&Tpm&Hr[kwfcJUygu uREkfyfoGm;
aumif;rS oGm;ayvdrhfrnfxifonf/) odkUjzpfí 1941ckESpf? rwfv8&uf
(xdkESpfwGif t*FvdyfrwfvESifh jrefrmwaygif;vonf wxyfwnf;jzpfí
waygif;vqef; 8&ufaeUvnf; jzpfjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrd onf/)
xdkaeUeHeufapmapmwGif uREkfyfonf oxkHblwm&kHodkU qdkufa&mufcJUav\/

*Gusaomtajctaewck

ra&mufbl;onfh NrdKUwNrdKUodkU BudKqdkrnfholr&SdyJ wa,mufwnf;

qdkufa&mufoGm;&jcif;onf tm;i,fp&mjzpfaomfvnf; rif;BuD;awmvdkuf
pma&;tjzpfESifh ESpfaygif;twefMum vkyfcJUbl;onfh uRekfyftzkdUrSm
BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;jcif;r&SdyJ vmcJUrdaomfvnf; tm;i,fjcif;r&Sd?
jrif;&xm; wpD;ay:odkUwufí wluav;\aetdrfudk vkdufvH&SmazG\/
aemufqkH;ü wluav; (zkd;xl;)\aetdrfudkawGUyg\/ odkU&mwGiftdrfwHcg;rsm;
ydwfqdkUvsuf&Sdavonf/ þonfrSmum; uREkfyfwGufcsufxm;onfxuf
uJvGefaomtcuftcJwck jzpfae\/ jrif;&xm;orm;onf uRekfyf\
om;a&tdwfESifh tdyf&mvdyfudk csay;cJUNyD; armif;xGufoGm;av&m yxrü
zdk;xl;wdkUtdrfom;rsm; rxMuao;[kvnf;xifí pdwfcyfayghayghyif&S\
d /
tdrfrSm axmifhtdrfjzpfí wbuftdrfüvnf; vlpvlerjrifacs/ þwGif

624 
uREkfyfonfzkd;xl;\tdrftajctaeudk pkHprf;Munfh&m 0if;wHcg;ESifh tdfrfwHcg;0
wdkUrSm aomhcavmufBuD;rsm; cwfxm;jcif;udk awGU&ojzifh vlraeaMumif;
od&avNyD/ todwa,mufwnf;&SdaomNrdKUodkU wacgufrQ ra&mufbl;yJvsuf
vmcJUonfh c&D;onfwa,muftzkdUrSm tawmf*Gusaom tajctaejzpf\/
tcsdefrSm tawmfapmao;onfjzpfí ywf0ef;usiftdrfrsm;vnf; rxMuao;
yJ&Sd&m uREkfyfrSm 0if;wHcg;a&SUwGif tdyf&mvdyfay:ü xdkifapmifh&efrSwyg;
tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdacs/ rdrdvmonfhtaMumif;udk zkd;xl;xHodkU BudKwif
taMumif;Mum;jcif; rjyKrdonfhtwGuf rSm;avjcif; [laomukuúKp 0ifvm
ygao;\/ odkU&mwGif tusKd;r&SdyJ pdwfqif;&Japwwf onfhtawG;
tac:rsm;\ tcsnf;ESD;obm0udk odNyD;jzpfaom uREkfyfonf xdktawG;udk
csufcsif;armif;xkwfí aq;wHaomufum bmvkyf&ygrnfudkom pOf;pm;\/
15rdepfcefUMumaomtcg zdk;xl;aygufvm\/ uREkfyfonf wlt&if; jzpfaom
zdk;xl;tm; Budrfzefrsm;pGm jrifawGUcJU&bl;onfjzpf&m þwBudrf jrifvkduf
&jcif;uJU odkU 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf&jcif;udk uREkfyfrrSwfrday/

a&SmvrkefUodkuf bmomjyef

zdk;xl;onf ysmysmovJajy;vmí 0if;wHcg;udkzGifhNyD;vQif uREkfyf\

ypönf; uav;rsm;udk tdrfay:odkUwifay;ojzifh wxpfawmh ae&musygNyD/
odkUaomf tdrfcsnf;oufouf&Sdí ¤if;\tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;onf b,fodkU
a&mufukefMu avoenf;[laom jyóemonf uREkfyftzdkU&mü wxifhxifh
&Sdaeao;\/ aemufqkH;ü olwkdUtdrfom;rsm; tm;vkH;onf a&Tpm&Hbk&m;
yGJawmfwGif wJtkHuEém;xkd;umqdkifxGufMuí yJGawmftwGif; tdrfudkydwfxm;
aMumif; ajym\/ uREkfyfu&ufowÅywfcefU (bk&m;yJGNyD;onftxd) aezdkU

625 
tBuHtpnfESifh vmcJUjcif;jzpfaMumif;? bmomjyeftvkyf vkyfp&mvnf;
ygvmcJUaMumif;ajymjyaomtcg zdk;xl;u ol\tdrfwGif wa,mufwnf;
aeEdkifaMumif;? tpm;taomuftwGuf oluwm0ef,lNyD; pDpOfay;rnfh
taMumif;ajymonfESifh aumif;NyD[k oabmwlvdkufav\/

xrif;qdkifudktm;udk;jcif;

oxkHodkU uREkfyfvmcJUjcif;rSm qm&dkuf'g[*¾'f\  King  Solomon's 

Mines  0w¦Kudk OD;tkef;cifESifh '*kefcifcifav;wkdU ykHESdyfwdkfuftwGuf

bmomjyefay;zdkU vmcJUjcif;jzpf\/ wtdrfvkH;wGif uRekfyfwa,mufwnf;
&Sdaejcif;twGuf omíyif tvkyfwGifus,fvdrfhrnfqdkum tenf;i,frQ
pdwftaESmifht,Sufrjzpfacs/ uREkfyf\0goemwckrSmvnf; udkodef;azuJUodkU
tvGefcifrifaom rdwfaqGwa,mufxHü &ufydkif; vydkif;wefonf
rSDckduyf&yfí pm;oifhupm;rnf/ wlom;aemifr,frSpí aqGrsKd;nmwdrsm;xHü
(rvTJra&SmifomaomudpörsKd; BuKH&aomtcgrSwyg;) w&ufjyifESpf&ufrSDcdkuyf
&yfpm;aomufcJUbl;onfh tavhtusifhr&Sdacs/ rdwfaqG[lonfrSm cifrifrS
auR;í cifrifrSpm;onf/ o'¨gykHr&[k &dyfrdonfESifh wNydKifeuf csufcsif;
a&GUajymif;oGm;Edkifonf/ a&GUajymif;&vQifvnf; ighudkrcifrifaumif;av
oavm[k tjypfajymp&m bmrQr&Sday/ olcifrifcsifrS cifrifayrnf/
uREkfyfbufuvnf; þtwdkif;yifjzpf\/ wlom;aemifr,frSpí aqGrsKd;nmwd
tp&SdonfwkdUrSmrlum; uRekfyfuwnf;cdkonfqdkvQif ro'¨gvnf; auR;&
awmhrnf/ o'¨gvnf;auR;&awmhrnf/ ro'¨g[lí uREkfyf&dyfrdygrlum;
(þt&mudkrsKd;udk uREkfyfuvnf; tvGefodwwfvSonf/) pm;rdonfhtwGuf
uREkfyfyifpdwfrcsrf;romjzpf&acsawmhrnfhjyif a&SUtzdkUwGifvnf; cifrifrI

626 
,kwfavsmhoGm;&acsawmhrnf/ (ro'¨gyJESifhauR;aom aqGrsKd;tay:ü cifrifrI
ravsmhygapESifh[laom Mo0g'pum;rsKd;rSm tvum; pum;rsKd;jzpfonf[k
uRekfyfem;vnfonf/) okdUjzpfí uREkfyfonf wlt&if;jzpfaom zdk;xl;tdfrfwGif
ae&kHomaeí tpm;taomuftwGufrSm (olwkdUtm;vnf; 'ku©ray;vdkonf
waMumif;aMumifh) w&kwf? ukvm;? jrefrmxrif;qdkifrsm;ü wvSnfhpDpm;zdkU
pDrHcJUygonf/ ]]wlwa,mufvkH;&SdvsufeJU rawmfygbl;}}[laom pum;rsKd;udk
zdk;xl;uajymygao;\/ okdUaomf uRekfyfu OD;BuD;t&if;jzpfonfhtwdkif;
csufcsif; EIwfydwfypfvdkufavonf/ (avmu0wfpum;rsKd;udk vufrcHwwfyJ
wdkwdkESifh pum;jzwfypfwwfaom uREkfyf\0goemaMumifh tcsKdU
aqGrsKd;rsm;onf uREkfyftay:ü cifrifrI avsmhyg;Mu[ef&Sd\/ okdUaomf
tcsKdUuvnf; þtwGufyif oabmusMuykH&onf/)

a&S;jzpfa[mif;ay:vmjcif;

tdrfay:odkUwufM uí wHjrufpnf; okH;av;&uf vSJ&[efr&Sdaom

Murf;jyifudk zdk;xl;u vSJusif;ay;NyD;aemuf uREkfyf\ ypönf;uav;rsm;udk
cif;usif;ay;cJUí zdk;xl;jyefoGm;\/ zdk;xl;wdkUvifr,m;rSm bk&m;yJGaps;wef;ü
yJGawmftwGif; aexdkifMuav&m tvdk&Sdaom ypönf;wck,l&ef tdrfodkUacwÅ
jyefvmjcif;jzpfavonf/ tdrfrSmtawmfus,f0ef;onfh ESpfxyftdrfjzpfav&m
tay:xyf qif0ifaqmifwGif uREkfyfae&efjzpfí aeUcif;ü atmufxyfodkUqif;
NyD; tvkyfvkyf&ef jzpfavonf/ tdrfa&SUü&Sdaom a&wGif;wGif a&csKd;NyD;aemuf
eHeuf9em&D avmufwGif bk&m;yJGawmfbufodkU xGufvmcJU&m (tdrfudk
aomhydwfxm;cJUonf/) atmufjynfatmuf&GmrS bk&m;yJGrsm;odkU ra&mufbl;
onfh uREkfyftzdkUrSm xl;jcm;csufwckudk csufcsif; owdjyKrdonf/

627 
 tnmü usif;yonfh waygif;yJGawmfrsm; tm;vkH;rSm zkwfwaxmif;
axmif;xvsuf &SdMuí yJGawmfvm y&dowfrsm;rSm rsufawmif? rsufckef;ESifh
qHyifrsm;onf (ajrcHtvkduf) tjzL? teD? t0g ponfjzifh aq;qdk;xm;
ouJUodkU &Sdaewwfay&m oxkHa&Tpm&H bk&m;yGJawmf y&dowfrlum; jrLtvdrf;
vdrf; ruyfyJ oyf&yfoefU&Sif;pGm &SdaeMujcif;udk awGU&ayonf/ yJGaps;wef;
odkUavQmufoGm;aomtcg rEÅav;NrdKUrS aps;a&mif;vkdufvmMuonfh ydk;
ukefonfrsm; teufwGif pHa'0Dudk ydk;azmfyef;buf jzpfcJUbl;onfh oli,fcsif;
rsm;vnf; pdwfxJwGifay:vmygao;onf/ pHa'0D\xl;jcm;csufwckrSm
¤if;tm;ydk;yef;Muaom umvom;rsm;onf wa,mufESifhwa,muf cdkuf&ef
jzpfyGm;jcif;r&Sd? bk&m;yGJrsm;okdU twlvkdufMuNyD; twlydk;yef;Muí
BudKufol,lpwrf; qdkouJUodkU em;vnfrI &SdMuavonf/ pHa'0DESifh
ywfoufí wOD;wa,mufu wpkHw&m csD;rGrf;vdkufonfqdkvQif twl
ydk;yef;Muonfh umvom;rsm;u rsufESmysufjcif;r&SdyJ vIdufvSJpGm
axmufcHMuavonf/ pHa'0Dudk twlydk;yef;&mü uRekfyfESifhtxl;wvnf
cspfcifonfh udkod'd¨trnf&Sd oli,fcsif;wa,muf&Sd&m olESifhuREkfyfcspfcif
MuykHudk jrif&aom vlBuD;rsm;u ]]'Dvli,fESpfa,muf[m qef;vSacsuvm;?
rdef;uav;wa,mufudk ESpfa,muftwlwl,lMur,fvdkUxifw,f}}[líyif
ajymwwfMuavonf/ udkod'd¨rSm uREkfyfESifh tdrfeD;csif;oli,fcsif; wa,muf
vnf;jzpfay&m wa,muftay:üwa,muf rnfrQavmuf cspfcifMuifemrI
&SdMuygoenf;[lrl uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufvkH;u pHa'0Dudk rdrdr&vQif olESifh
om&apvdk\/ þpdwfxm;rSm &,fp&mvnf;r[kwf? vG,fulaom
tjcif;t&mvnf; r[kwfacs/ cifrifMuykHudk O'g[&kPfwck aqmifjy&aomf
pHa'0D\tarBuD; uuRekfyftm; vSnfhpm;ouJUodkU jyKrlaom tcsdefrsm;wGif
udkod'd¨onf tarBuD;\r,kHMunf&aom pdwfaeoabmxm; taMumif;udk

628 
uREkfyftm; owif;ay;bl;avonf/ udkod'd¨u ]]tarBuD;ajymwdkif; r,kHeJU
Asaemf? BuHp&m&SdvQif BuH? EdkUrdkU vufvGwfoGm;r,f}}[k ajymbl;ayonf/
þpum;udk ajympOfü udkod'd¨rSm rdb*kPf&nf tqifhtwef; edrfhusol
wa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfausmif;rS bmtwef;rSratmifyJ
awav*sydk; vkyfaeojzifh olUtzkdUarQmfvifhcsuf uif;a0;aeonfh tckduf
twefUjzpfavonf/ wcgu rdw¦DvmNrdKUokdU oGm;aeonfh pHa'0DwdkUaemufokdU
uRekfyfwkdU ESpfa,muftwlwuG vdkufMuykHudk azmfjy&vQif ]]vl&l;uav;
ESpfa,muf}}[k ac:qdkMuayvdrfhrnf/ ]ighudkrBudKufvQifolESifh &ygap}[laom
pdwfxm;rSm uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufvkH;ü &dk;om;pGm pJGuyfvsuf&Sd\/ udkod'd¨rSm
pHa'0DaoqkH;onfhaemuf rsm;rMumrDtwGif; uG,fvGef&Smav&m xdkoltouf
&Sifvsuf&Sdao;ygvQif uREkfyfESifh tcifrifqkH;aom oli,fcsif; jzpf&rnfrSm
aocsmvSonf/

tjrefqkH;aom 0w¦K

yJGaps;wef;ü eHeufpm pm;cJUNyD;aemuf uRekfyfonf tdrfodkUjyefvmcJUí

wa&;rQ tdyfNyD;vQif a&Smvrkefodkuf 0w¦Kudk tBudwfte,f a&;ygawmhonf/
uREkfyfa&;cJUorQaom0w¦K (bmomjyef) rsm;teufwGif þ0w¦KrSm tjrefqkH;
jzpf\/ awmfatmif avsmfatmif aomhcsaomaMumifh vsifjrefjcif;r[kwf&yg?
wtdrfvkH;wGif wa,mufwnf;&Sdaeojzifh taESmifht,Suf uif;onfhjyif
þtvkyfudkrvkyfvQif tjcm;bmrSvnf; vkyfp&mr&Sdojzifh tjyifodkU
cPwjzKwfxGufaom tcsdefrSwyg; tvkyf cGifüukef;íxkdifaeaomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/ vufzuf&nfM urf;twGuf tcuftcJudkrl "mwfAl;wvkH;0,fí
vufzuf&nfqdkif wqdkifudk csOf;uyfjcif;tm;jzifh ajz&Sif;Edkfifygonf/

629 
udk,fhtdrfüudk,f tvkyfvkyf&onfhtcg tcsKdtcsOf pm;p&muav;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufí tdrf&Sifrtm; 'ku©ay;jcif;? a,mufzuav;ESifh wynfhuav;
rsm;tm; ]cg;Budwf} ckdif;jcif;ponfjzifh ]Zdrf}uav;rsm; &Smrday&m wa,muf
wnf;ae&aom xdk&ufrsm;ürl rnfolUtay:rQ ]EGJU}&efr&SdyJ wa,mufwnf;
BuKH;a&;ojzifh wGifvkdufonfh tvkyfrSm udk,fh[mudk,ftHUMordygao;onf/
aeUtcsdefrsm;wGifomru ntcsdefrsm;wGifvnf; za,mif;wkdifrD;jzifh tvkyf
vkyfygao;onf/ (xdkpOfu zdk;xl;wkdU\ tdrfwGif"mwfrD;oG,fNyD;NyD [líum;
xif\/ odkUaomfza,mif;wdkif av;wdkifxGef;í tvkyfxdkifjcif;udkvnf;
rSwfrdonf/)

tvdkvdkufcsifaom0goem

ae0ifptcsdefwGif uREkfyfonf tdrfwHcg;udkaomhcwfí npmpm;&ef

aps;bufodkU xGufvmcJU\/ bk&m;yJGaps;wef;BuD;rSm pnfum;vGef;tm;BuD;
aomaMumifh aps;bufodkU xGufvmcJUjcif;jzpf\/ trSefrSm tBuHuav;wck
vnf;&SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ naeydkif;wGif a&Smvrkefodkufudk bmomjyef
,if; yDrdk;eif;ESifh udkodef;azwkdUESpfa,mufudk bGm;ueJowd&rd\/ yDrdk;eif;rSm
vGefcJUaomokH;ESpfcefUavmufu (1938 ckESpf) uG,fvGef&SmNyDjzpf&m
udkodef;azrlum; &Sdao;\/ olwkdUESpfa,mufudk owd&onfqdkvQif olwkdUESifh
twlwuG aysmfyg;bl;onfh tjcif;t&mrsm;udkyg owd&jcif;onf pdwf\
obm0jzpf\/ odkUjzpfí aps;teD;ü&Sdaom ukvm;uGrf;,mqdkifuav;odkU
csOf;uyfum ]bD'D}wrl;zdk;0,f\/ ukvm;u ]bD'D}q,fvdyfxkwfay;&m
uREkfyfursufESmwrsKd;ESifhMunfhvsuf ]]a,;edrf;refuwm;? 'Gwfp&m;[J}}[k
ajymvkduf&m ukvm;onf uREkfyf\rsufESmudk wcsufvSrf;Munfh&kHESifh

630 
em;vnfí tjcm;bD'DESpfvdyfudkxkwfay;avonf/ uREkfyfonfnpmtwGuf
'efaygufpm;rnf[k pdwful;xm;aomfvnf; qdkifodkU&kwfw&ufr0ifao;yJ
bD'Dwvdyfudk nSdaomufum vrf;avQmufí bD'DukefaomtcgrS 'efayguf
qkdifodkU0ifí pm;avonf/ (uREkfyf\0goemrSm xdktcsdefuJUodkU rdrdtm; jyKpk
apmifha&Smufrnfholr&SdyJvsuf wa,mufwnf; tBudwfte,f tvkyfvkyf&
aom tajctaersKd;wGif rdrdudk,fudk oem;csifwwfí tvdkvdkufcsifaom
pdwfrsKd; jzpfay:vmwwfavonf/ okdU&mwGif 0dyóemw&m; tm;xkwfaom
tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;rsKd;ürlum; ]rEGJUeJUarmifa&? Budwfvkdufprf;uG}qdkum
rdrdudk,fudk tm;ay;avh&Sdavonf/ uRekfyfarQmfvifhonfhtwdkif; 'efaygufwyGJ
udktvGefNrdef&SufpGm pm;aomufNyD;aemuf bk&m;yJGbufodkU tenf;i,f
vrf;avQmufNyD; tdrfodkUjyefvmcJUavonf/

xdwfvefU&aom nwn

tdyf&modkU0ifaomtcg tawG;tac:rsm;onf >ywfodyfum 0ifvm

Mu\/ a&S;OD;pGmwcsuf uREkfyfowd&onfrSm vGefcJUaom ESpfESpfavmufu
zdk;xl;wkdUvifr,m;onf olwkdU\rusef;rmaom rdcif(zdk;xl;\a,mu©r)udk
&efukefodkU ac:vmí q&m0efESifh aq;ukbl;\/ olwkdUtzkdUtdrftwGuf
tcuftcJ&Sdí uREkfyfuyif tdrf&Smay;NyD; vlemudk txdkuftavsmuf
jyKpkapmifha&Smufvdkuf&bl;\/ xdkrdef;rBuD;rSm a&m*groufomyJ oxkHodkU
jyefoGm;í vGefcJUonfh okH;vavmufuyif ysufpD;&Smonf[k uREkfyfMum;
od&onf/ uRekfyfonfqif0ifatmufü jyifxm;aom ckwifay:ü vJavsmif;
um wem&DcefUpmzwfNyD;aemuf awmfavmufNyDqdkí rD;Nidrf;NyD; bk&m;tm&kHjyK
vsuf tdyfzkdUjyifygawmhonf/ (ouFef;0wfcJUNyD;aom tcsdefrSpí uREkfyfonf

631 
tdyf&may:üyif jrwfpGmbk&m; tm;vIdufvSJpGm tm&kHjyKNyD;rS tdyfwwfaom
tavhtusifh jyKvkyfxm;ygonf/) tm&kHjyKNyD;ojzifh tdyfawmhrnf
BuHpnfvkdufvQifyif zdk;xl;\a,mu©rBuD; aoqkH;aomtjcif;t&monf
bGm;ueJay:vm\/ þtdrfokdUa&mufaomtcsdef rSpí rdef;rBuD;aoqkH;jcif;
udk wcgESpfcg owd&cJUrdjcif;um; rSefygonf/ odkU&mwGif ]ao&SmavNyD}[lí
omrefrQ owd&rdjcif;jzpf\/ tdyfawmhrnf BuHaomxdktcsdefürl rdef;rBuD;
taMumif;udk owd&vdkufrdonfqdkvQifyif &efukefü rusef;rrmjzpfaeckduf
uREkfyfu0ifa&muf ar;jref;bl;jcif;ESifhwuG ol\&kyfvu©Pmrsm;onf rsufpd
xJwGif xif&Sm;pGmay:ayguf vmygawmhonf/ jzLjzLwkwfwkwf rsufckef;
rsufvkH;aumif;aumif;ESifh uREkfyftm; aus;Zl;wifaom rsufESmxm;rsKd;jzifh
MunfhvdkufykHudk owd&\/
xdkUaemuf rdef;rBuD;onf þtdrfwGif aoqkH;jcif;jzpfí þqif0if
aqmifüyif tavmif;jyifxm;vdrfhrnf/ þckwifonfyif tavmif;jyifaom
ckwifjzpfacsrnf[laom pdwful;aygufvm\/ pdwfonftvGefqef;Mu,f\/
[kwfonfr[kwfonf rqkH;jzwfEdkifapumrl pdwfxJu owd&vdkufonf
qdkvQifyif wu,fxifvmí þckwifum; rdef;rBuD;\ tavmif;jyifaom
ckwifjzpfonf[k taotcsm,lqvsuf&SdavNyD/ ]jzpfvQifaum bmjzpf
oenf;} [k rdrdudk,fudk ar;Munfh&m uREkfyfrSm aMumuf&GHUaompdwf 0ifvmcJU
avNyD/ vlaotavmif;jyifbl;aom ckwifrsKd;ay:wGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;ü
tdyfcJUbl;yg\/ odkU&mwGif aMumuf&GHUavmufatmif rjzpfcJUbl;yg/ ,ckrlum;
ausmxJüípdrfhueJ jzpfoGm;\/ þwGifrdrdudk,fudk rausreyfjzpfum ]]rif;
'Davmufawmif aMumufwwf&ao;ovm;}}[k a'goESifhar;\/ ]]aMumufwm
yJAsm? rwwfEdkifbl;}}[laom tajzonf uRekfyf\0rf;xJrS xGufvm\/

632 
 þwGifrS uREkfyfonf za,mif;wdkifudkjyefxGef;í uREkfyftm;xkwf
jcif;jzifh odjrif&bl;aom w&m;"r®rsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyfav&m 15 rdepfcefU
Mumaomtcg oufom&m&onfESifh za,mif;wdkifudkNidrf;NyD; tdyfzkdUjyifjyef\/
trSefrSm twefnOfheufNyDjzpfí tdyfcsifaompdwfvnf; 0ifvmcJUavNyD/
uREkfyfonfvuf,mbufokdU apmif;vsuf tdyfojzifh arS;arS; arS;arS;
jzpfvmpOf zkd;xl;\ a,mu©rBuD;rsufESmonf uREkfyf\ rsufESmteD;odkU
csOf;uyfum ESm;acgif;udk ]zl;}ueJ rIwfvkdufonfxif\/ uRekfyfvefUoGm;aomf
vnf; wu,fr[kwf? pdwfüxifjcif; oufoufrQom jzpfonf[k
csufcsif;yif odaomowd&Sdonfjzpfí aMumuf&GHUjcif;um; r&Sdyg/ ]ig\pdwf
azmufjyefvsuf&Sdonf}[líyif owdjyKvkdufrdygao;onf/ ]bmhaMumifh þ
uJUodkUazmufjyef&oenf;}[k qifjcifvkdufaomtcg nOfhOD;u aomuf&SLxm;
onfh aq;ajcmufygaom bD'Dudkowd&ygonf/ okdUqdkvQif rdrdudk,fwkdifu
raMumufaomfvnf; aq;ajcmuf\owÅdaMumifh aMumufp&maumif;aom
pdwful;rsm; ay:aygufvm&acsOD;awmhrnf[k pOf;pm;rdonf/ uREkfyf\
uHaumif;jcif; wcsufrSm tcuftcJESifh awGUqkHonfhtcg tcsdefvkHavmufpGm
&&Sdygu oufqdkif&m tBuHOmPfrsm; jzpfay:vmwwfjcif;yifjzpfonf/
aq;ajcmuf\owÅd[lí od&onfESifh wNydKifeuf aMumufp&maumif;aom
pdwful;rsm; ay:vmjcif;om jzpf&rnf/ wu,fhwu,f wapäacsmufjcif;um;
r[kwfEdkif/ rdrdüjzpfaom pdwful;udk rdrdu &GHUaMumufaezdkUrvdk/
vmMuprf;ayap? ckcHí wdkufcdkufrnf[k qkH;jzwfum rdrd\pdwfudk
]cg;awmif;usKduf}vsuf apmifhae\/ ckwifay:wGif arS;ueJ vpfueJ jzpfwdkif;
jzpfwdkif; uREkfyf\rsufESmteD;odkU zdk;xl;\a,mu©r BuD;onfvnf;aumif;?
aMumufp&maumif;aom rsufESmBuD; wckckonf vnf;aumif;? &,farm
ajymifavSmifvsuf&Sdaom uav;oli,frsm;\ rsufESmuav;rsm;onf

633 
vnf;aumif; wckNyD;wck bGm;ueJqufueJ ay:vmMu\/ yxrü
ay:vmwdkif;vdkyif zswfueJ zswfueJ vefUoGm;\/ odkUaomf aMumufpdwfum;
r0ifvmacs/ ]aq;ajcmufu vkyfaewmyguGm}[k udk,fhudkudk,f owday;&\/
Budrfzefrsm;vwfaomf aMumufp&mo@efrsm;onf ay:NrJwdkif; ay:Muaomf
vnf; zswfueJ vefUjcif;rsm;onf usJíusJíoGm;NyD;vQif aemufqkH;wGif
tdyfaysmfjcif;odkU a&mufoGm;ygavawmhonf/

aq;ajcmuf\owÅdESpfrsKd;

eHeufvif;aomtcg uREkfyfonf ,refaeUu taMumif;udkjyefvSefpOf;

pm;í þtdrfüqufvufaeoifh raeoifh qifjcif&m tcsKdUudpörsm;wGif
acgif;rmwwfaom 0goemtwdkif; a&Smvrkefodkufbmomjyef rNyD;rcsif;
rjyefao;[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsvkduf\/ usef&Sdao;aom bD'Dwvdyfudkrl
raomuf&SL0HUawmhyJ vTifhypfí av;ig;&ufwdkifwkdif bmomjyeftvkyfudk
qufvufvkyfudkifcJUygao;onf/ aemufnOfhrsm;ürl zkdk;xl;\a,mu©r
taMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? tavmif;jyifaom ckwifudkvnf;aumif; owd&
aomfvnf; &GHUpdwfvnf;r&Sd? aMumufp&mpdwful;rsKd;vnf; ray:vmaom
aMumifh acsmarmpGmtdyfpufEdkifygawmhonf/ ]aq;ajcmuf} taMumif;udk
uREkfyfodorQ azmfjyrnfqdkvQif þ,pfrsKd;onf tcsKdUvludk aMumufpdwf
0ifapwwfí tcsKdUudkrl wcpfcpf &,farmapwwf\/ uREkfyfrlum; tl&Tifí
&,fapwwfaom vlrsKd;tpm;wGif tygt0ifjzpfav&m þwBudrfrQomvQif
aMumufpdwf0ifjcif;udk BuKHcJU&bl;ygonf/ uREkfyftzkdUum; tl&Tifjcif;udk
t&omwckxifí þ,pfrsKD;udk tokH;cscJUbl;&m xkdnOfhüaMumufp&m

634 
pdwful;rsKd; jzpfay:wwfjcif;udk BuKHcJU&uwnf;u uREkfyftwGuf tokH;r0if
[k qdkumwcgwnf; prf;oyfjcif; rjyKawmhyJ &yfpJvdkufygawmhonf/

tnmodkUjyefcJUjcif;

a&Smvrkefodkuf bmomjyeftvkyfNyD;pD;í &efukefodkU jyefoGm;NyD;aemuf

w&m;&kH;wGif ol&d,wdkufudk w&m;pGJaomtrIwcktwGuf wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
(w&m;cHtjzpfESifh) trIqdkif&onfh trIrSmtoa&ysufrIjzpfí (emrnfudkrSwf
rdaom) yk*¾dKvfwOD;u w&m;pJGjcif;jzpfav&m uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmufrSm
¤if;trIwGif w&m;vdkESifh w&m;cHwdkU em;vnfrI&&Sdí NyD;jywfoGm;Muonf/
xdktcsdefwGifuREkfyfrSm tcGifhESifhaeaom ol&d,wdkufom;wa,muftjzpfü
&Sdae&m uREkfyf\vcwdk;a&;ESifhywfoufí NAdwdoQbm;rm;oaX; OD;nGefUESifh
uREkfyfwdkU pum;rNyD;rjywfyif &Sdaeao;onfESifh uREkfyfonf txufjrefrm
jynfodkUjyefoGm;jyefonf/ pifppfrSm ol&d,wdkufonf uREkfyftm;
acgif;BuD;a&; orm;wa,muftjzpfESifh vufvGwfrcHEdkifaomfvnf; vc
wdk;ay;&ef tcuftcJ&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyfr&Sdaomfvnf; trfzkd;csdefESifh
tvkyfvkyfí jzpfEdkifonfh taersKd;jyum [efvkyfvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfuvnf;
&efukefodkUjyefrvmapumrl 0w¦Ka&;jcif;tm;jzifh pm;ae0wftwGuf vkHavmuf
onfh taersKd;jyum [kwÅdywÅdvc wdk;ray;vQif jyefrvmawmhrnfuJUodkU
[efvkyf&jcif; jzpfavonf/
tnmodkUjyefcgeD;wGif uREkfyfonf NAdwdoQbm;rm;ukrÜPDodkUoGm;í
EIwfqufav&m OD;nGefUonf uREkfyfudkjrifaomtcg 0rf;omaomrsufESmxm;
udkuREkfyfjrifvdkuf&\/ uREkfyfutavQmhay;NyD; tvkyfjyef0ifawmhrnf[k
xif[ef&Sd\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfutnmokdU jyefawmhrnfjzpfí EIwfquf&ef

635 
vmjcif;jzpfaMumif; ajymaomtcg (olxifonfhtwdkif; r[kwfjcif;aMumifh)
rsufESmysufoGm;jcif;udkvnf; uRekfyfjrifvdkuf&onf/ þvlBuD;um; tvkyf 
(Business)  ESifh ywfoufí tvGefusifvnfodyfonf;aom yk*¾dKvfBuD;jzpfí
b,ftcgrS pum;rvGefapyJ wbufom;\ pum;udkom tcgcyfodrf;
]csL}wwf\/ uREkfyfuvnf; ol&d,wdkufonf uREkfyf\vcESifh ywfoufí
olUtm;pum;qdkzdkU vTJxm;NyD;NyDjzpfaMumif; aumif;aumif;odNyD; jzpfygonf/

rdcifvnf; vdkufvmjcif;

rEÅav;NrdKU&Sd ESr\tdrfodkUa&mufaomtcg ESr\orD;wa,muf

(uREkfyf\wlr) r*FvmaqmifodkUa&muf&SdaeMuaom uRekfyf\rdbrsm;ESifh
rarQmfvifhyJ awGU&ojzifh 0rf;omvSonf/ rdbrsm;um; 0ufvufNrdKU
refusnf;wkH&Gmü aexdkif&m r*FvmaqmifodkU vmMujcif;twGuf apmapm
BudKwifNyD; awGU&jcif;aMumifh 0rf;omjcif;jzpf\/ r*FvmaqmifNyD;pD;
aomtcg uREkfyfonf rdbESpfyg;wkdUESifhawGU&NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh 0ufvufodkU
0if&eftpDtpOfudkzsufí uomodkUrD;&xm;jzifh wdkuf&dkufvdkuf oGm;&ef
pDrHawmhonf/ xdk&ufrSmuqkefvuG,faeUjzpf&m rdcifonf uREkfyfuJUodkUyif
tylaMumufwwfoljzpfí 0ufvufürqif;yJ uREkfyfESifhtwl uomodkU
vdkufum tyla&SmifvdkaMumif;ajymojzifh uREkfyfu0rf;ajrmufpGm oabmwl
vdkufonf/ orD;? om;rufESifh ajr;rsm;u uomNrdKUrSm ]iSufoifh}
wwfonfqdkaomaMumifh rvdkufzkdUwm;qD;Muaomfvnf; rdcifonf uREkfyfESifh
twlvdkufzdkUudpöqdkvQif rnfolzsufírQ rysufwwfaom xkH;pHtwdkif;
vdkufzkdU pDpOfygawmhonf/

636 
 ZeD;rpdk;rSm xdktcsdefwGif jrawmif&Gmüol\rdbrsm;ESifh twlaexdkif
vsuf&Sd&m uREkfyfonf rdcifvdkufvmrnfhtaMumif;udk olUxHodkUaMu;eef;jzifh
taMumif;Mum;NyD; uomNrdKUrS apmifharQmfae&efrSmxm;vdkufonf/
uREkfyfwdkU\c&D;pOfrSm om;trd om;tzokH;a,muf rD;&xm;jzifh
vkdufMuí zcifu 0ufvufblwmü qif;NyD;vQif uREkfyfwdkUom;trdu
uomodkU qufvuf vkdufygMu&ef jzpfavonf/ þc&D;rSmuREkfyfwdkU
okH;a,muftwGuf rarhEdkifavmufaom c&D;jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh
tvGrf;ajyoabmESifhtenf;i,f tus,fw0ifh azmfjyvkduf&ygOD;rnf/
waMumif;rSm þc&D;onfum; uREkfyfwkdUom;trdom;tz okH;a,muftzkdU
qdk&mü aemufqkH;tBudrf twlwuG oGm;Mu&aom c&D;vnf;jzpfygaom
aMumifhwnf;/

a&S;jzpfa[mif; atmufarhjcif;

rEÅav;blwm&kHrS rD;&xm;onf ig;em&DcJGwGif xGuf&efjzpfaomfvnf;

aeUv,fuwnf;u blwm&kHodkU wa,mufwnf;oGm;í rD;&xm;ulvD
wa,muftm; ydkufqHay;NyD; uRekfyfwdkUtwGuftaumif;qkH; (acsmifusus)
ae&mcif;xm;zkdUrSmxm;cJU\/ uREkfyfonf þc&D;um; aemufqkH;twlwuG
oGm;Mu&aom c&D;jzpfonf[kBudKwif rod&Sd&aomfvnf; uREkfyftxl;wvnf
*&kwpdkuf pDrHykHrsm;udkjynfvnfokH;oyfonfhtcg ]aoG;ajym}íodxm;ESifh
ouJUodkUyif xif&ygonf/ ig;em&DausmfausmfwGif blwm&kHodkU uREkfyfwdkU
okH;a,mufonf vdkufydkUaom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhtwl a&mufvmMuí
uREkfyf\ulvDnTefjyaomwJGodkU wufMuav&m ola&G;xm;onfh ae&mrS
wwd,wef; wGJrsm;teufwGif taumif;qkH;jzpfygayonf/ rD;&xm;acgif;

637 
wdkif rS ausmufrD;aoG;rIefUrsm;ESifh a0;ap&ef aemufcyfusus&Sdaom wJGwwGJ\
a&SUbufacsmifudk a&G;cs,fxm;ayonf/ acsmifcsif;wlapOD;awmh aemufydkif;
acsmifjzpfcJUvQif avxJü ygvmaom ausmufrD;aoG;rIefUrsm;\ wdk;a0SUjcif;
cH&wwfao;onf qdk\/ tajrmftjrif&SdvSaom ulvDwa,muf[k qdkum
uREkfyfuydkufqHwrl;xyfí ay;vdkufao;\/ (wrl;wnf;vm;[k rNyKH;yg
avESifh? vufzuf&nfcsKdESifh aygifrkefUaxmywfokwfwck pm;Edkifygonf/)
vdkufydkUMuaom aqGrsKd;rsm; jyefoGm;Muonfhaemuf rD;&xm;xGufí
okH;a,mufom;pum;ajyMuav&m uRekfyf\woufwmwGif þwBudrfuJUodkU
rdom;zom;okH;a,muf pum;vufqkH 0ifjcif;udkuREkfyfrrSwfrdyg/ tjcm;aom
tBudrfrsm;ürl þokH;a,mufom; pum;Mum&Snf ajymMuonfqdkvQif zcifu
uREkfyftm; tjypfwifcsifaom tcsufuav;rsKd;aomf vnf;aumif;? rdcifu
zciftm;tjypfqdkcsifaom tcsufuav;rsKd;aomfvnf;aumif; trSwfrJUjzpfap
yg&SdwwfaomaMumifh pum;0dkif;rSm t&om&Sdoifhoavmuf r&SdyJ tzktxpf
uav;rsm;ESifh rajyrjypf&Sdwwfonfjzpf&m þwBudrfwGifrlum; rnfolu
rnfolUtm;rQ jypfwifpum; rygyJ tvkH;pkH tptqkH; acsmarmajyjypfpGm
&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfowdjyKrdonf/ rdbrsm;ajymMuaom taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm
uREkfyfi,fpOfutjzpftysufwkdUyif rsm;av&m olwkdUuvnf; ajymírNiD;?
uREkfyfuvnf;em;axmifí r0atmif &Sdygawmhonf/ ajymMuaom
taMumif;t&mtajrmuftjrm;teuf wckudk uREkfyfaumif;pGm rSwfrdí
azmfjyvdkygao;onf/ uREkfyfokH;ESpfom; t&G,fwGif rdcifzcifwkdUonf
a&,ifarQmf bk&m;yJGodkU oGm;MuaMumif; (i,fpOfurl uREkfyf\rdbrsm;onf
bk&m;yGJvdkufzdkU vGefpGm 0goemygMuí w&m;tm;xkwfMuonfh
þaemufydkif;wGifrS &yfpJvdkufMujcif;jzpf\/) xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyf\ESrrSm
rdcif\ 0rf;AdkufwGif y#doaE¨t&ifhtrm tjzpfESifhygvmaMumif;? zcifonf

638 
uREkfyfudkxrf;vsuf? udk,f0eft&ifhtrm&Sdaom rdcifonf uREkfyfaomuf&ef
twGuf a&tjynfhygaom a&waumif;udk&Gufvsuf awmc&D;wavQmufjzwf
oef;vmMuaMumif;? c&D;rSm okH;av;rdkif uGmvSrf;onfjzpfí vrf;wGif
uREkfyfa&iwfrnf pdk;aomaMumifh a&waumif; ,lcJU&jcif;jzpfaMumif;?
vrf;c&D;wGif uREkfyftm; xrf;aom zcifonf ajcoGufaomtjcm;a,mufsm;
c&D;onfrsm;ESifh twlvdkufí a&waumif;&Gufaom rdcifrSm rdef;rc&D;onf
rsm;ESifhtwl aemufrSvdkufcJU&m wjznf;jznf; uJGuGmoGm;NyD; rdef;rtkyfpku
vrf;rSm;oGm;aMumif;? twefMumaomf uREkfyfa&iwfí a&awmif;ojzifh
zcif'ku©a&mufykH? rdcifuvnf; ighom;av; a&iwf&Smvdrfh rnfqdkum
ylyefaomu a&muf&ykH ponfrsm;udk wa,mufwvSnfh ajymjyMu&mwGif
touf 70 ausmfMuNyDjzpfaom uREkfyf\rdcifESifhzcifwkdUonf a&S;a[mif;
aESmif;jzpfrsm;udk ajym&jcif;tm;jzifh i,fpdfwfaygufí i,frljyefMuNyD;
wa,mufudkwa,muf Muifemaom rsufESmxm;rsm;jzifh vSr;fMunfhMujcif;udk
uREkfyfaumif;aumif;BuD; owdjyKrdonf/ xdktcdkufü uREkfyfonf rdcifzcif
ESpfa,muf\ tv,fwGif xdkifvsuf&Sd&m touf 52 &SdNyDjzpfaomfvnf;
zcif\yckH;ay:wGif xdkifívkdufcJU&aomtjzpfudkpdwful;jzifh awG;awmum
uRekfyfudk,fwdkif ]EdkUnSm}uav; tjzpfokdUa&mufoGm;onf xifvdkufrd\/
xdktcdkufwGif uREkfyf\pdwful;wck ay:vmao;\/ igonf tcsKdUaom
vlrsm;uJUodkU avmuüBuD;yGm;onf[k rqdkEdkfifapumrl touf 52
ESpfodkUwkdifatmif rdpkHzpkH &Sdaeao;aom ig\tjzpfonf BuD;yGm;vSygonf
qdkaom vlrsm;\tjzpfESifh rvJEdkif? b,fenf;ESifhrQ rvJEdkif[k
pOf;pm;rdonfESifh twefauseyf MunfEl;aompdwf ay:vmrdygonf/ uREkfyf\
EkysKdoGm;vdkufykHrSmvnf; uRekfyfonfrdcifESifh zcifwkdU\ &ifcGifwdkUudk
OD;acgif;jzifh a0SUcsifovkd jzpfrdygao;onf/

639 
]NrdefvdkufavuG,f}

&Gmaxmifblwmudk ausmfvGefaomtcg arSmifrdkfufawmhrnfjzpfí

(xdkacwfu xkH;pHtwdkif;) rD;&xm;wGJrsm;ay:odkU a&eHqDrD;tdrfrsm;
wifxm;NyDjzpf&m xrif;qmwwfaom zcifu ]]pm;MupdkUvm;om;&,f}}[k
ajymonfESifh uREkfyfuxrif;yJGjyifygawmhonf/ ESr\om;orD;rsm;u
csufjyKwfí vufqGJoHqifhjzifh xnfhay;vdufaom xrif;[if;rsm;udk
uREkfyfzGifhMunfhvdkufaomtcg tkef;xrif;? trJom;ESyf? refusnf;oD;pdrf;ESifh
ig;cliydaMumf? c0JoD;jyKwf? yk'Dem&GufwdkUudk awGU&\/ xkdUjyifoHcsKdifhuav;
wckü MuufaygifaMumfESifh pmuav;aMumfrsm;udk awGU&ao;aomfvnf;
trJom;BudKufaomrdom;wpkjzpfonfESifh zcifu ]]awmfygNyDuG,f?
rif;wdkUvrf;rSmpm;&atmif ,loGm;yg}}[k ajymojzifh jyefí ydwfxm;vkduf
onf/ c0JoD;jyKwfaomt&nfrSwyg; tjcm;[if;csKd&nf rygaomfvnf;
uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,muf NrdefvkdufMuykHrSm yxrav;ig;q,fvkyftwGif;ü
pum;rajymEdkifMuyJ ukef;íom ]avG;}MuNyD; q,fvkyfausmfaom tcgwGifrS
zcifu ]]NrdefvdkufavuG,f? igawmh 'DavmufNrdefwJU xrif;weyfudk
rrSwfrdatmifjzpfaeNyD}}[k ajym&Smonf/ uREkfyfu ]]a&T,ifarQmf bk&m;yGJwkef;
uxufawmif Nrdefao;ovm;taz}}[k ar;&m zcifu ]][m [dkwkef;u
vlawGwuGJpDjzpfukefwmeJU Nrdef&rSmxm;vdkU rsKdcswJUxrif;vkyf b,fqDa&muf
rSef;awmifrodbl;}}[kajymojzifh rdcifu ]]b,frSra&mufygbl;awmf?
udk,fhAdkufxJa&mufwmygyJ}}[k ajymí &,fMu&onf/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm
þuJUodkUaom pum;&Trf;rsKd;ajymcJvSonfjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyftrSwfw&
owdjyKrdygonf/ xnfhay;vdkufaom tkef;xrif;rSm renf;vSaomfvnf;
Nrdef&SufMuvSaomaMumifh tpm;jrefaom zcifrSwyg; rnfolrQ 0[efr&Sdacs/

640 
uREkfyfrSmrl MuufaygifaMumfwckjzifh tmomajz&aomfvnf; rdcifrlum;
tpm;ao;zdkU avhusifhxm;[ef&Sdonfh eef;wGif;oljzpfonfESifh uGrf;? aq;?
vufzufESifhom tmomajzwwfavonf/

oem;p&maumif;aomzcif

ayguúHblwmrS rD;&xm;xGufaomtcg aemufwblwmrSm zcif

qif;&rnfh 0ufvufblwmjzpfojzifh uREkfyfonf zcif\ 0efpnfpvG,f
txkyftydk;uav;rsm;udk ulnD odrf;qnf;ay;NyD; rdciftwGuf tdyf&mjyif
ay;\/ rD;&xm;wGJwGif eH&HESifh uyfvsuf&Sdonfh tpGefqkH;aom
ckHwef;vsm;onf t&SnfqkH;jzpfí rdcifus,fus,f0ifh0ifh tdfyfapjcif;iSm
rdciftwGuf tdyf&mcif;ay;NyD; rsufESmcsif;qdkif ckH&SnfwGif uREkfyftwGuf
tdyf&mudkjyif\/ okdU&mwGif rdcifu ]]ighom;u t&yf&Snfygw,f?
ckHwef;vsm;t&SnfBuD;udk,lyg}}[k ajymaomaMumifh ae&mcsif;vSJvS,fí
cif;usif;&onf/ ae&mrsm; cif;usif;jyifqifNyD;aemuf uRekfyfwdkUonf
tdyf&mrsm;ay:wGif xdkifum pum;ajymvsuf vdkufygvmMu&m zcifonf
pum;rajymvdkyJ oyf&yfpGm cif;usif;jyifqifxm;onfh uREkfyfwkdUom;trd\
tdyf&mrsm;udkom wpdkufwnf;pdkufum Munfhvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfonfzcif\
rsufESmxm;udk &dyfrdonfESifh ]]tazvJvdkufcJUygvm; taz}}[kajymvdkuf&m
zcifu ]]vdkufawmhvdkufcsifwmayghuG,f? EdkUayr,fh ighopfyifuav;awGu
arQmfMuvSa&mhr,fuG,fh? vkdufvdkU rjzpfaybl;}}[k jyefajym\/ (zcifonf
refusnf;wkH&GmwGif ajr0,fí O,smOfjyKpk ysKd;axmifvsuf&Sd&m ,ckyifvnf;
o&ufyifuav;ESpfyif 0,f,lvmcJUao;onf/)

641 
 0ufvufblwmESifhayguúHblwmrSm xdkwavQmufwGif ta0;uGmqkH;
aomblwmESpfckjzpf&m em&Dw0ufcefU a&mufonfwGif ava&mrdk;yg
jyif;xefpGm wdkfufcwf&GmoGef;vmonfESifh wHcg;rsm;udkydwfxm;&\/ rdcifESifh
uREkfyfwdkUurl toHus,fpGmxkwfí pum;ajymvsuf&SdMu&m zcifrlum;
EIwfqdwfpGmESifh uREkfyfwdkUom;trdtm; wvSnfhpDMunfhvsuf&Sd\/
]]vdkufcJUygav taz? uRefawmfvufrSwfqif;,lygr,f}}
]]rvkyfygeJUuG,f? e*dkurS vdkufcsif&wJUtxJ}}
]]vdkufcsifvdkufaygh taz&,f? [kwfbl;vm; tar&,f}}
rdcifurl tajzray;yJ NyKH;vsufomae\/
]]opfyifuav;awG &Sdaew,fuG,fh? a&ravmif;vQif aoukef&Smawmhk
r,f}}
]]rdk;awG&GmaeNyDyJ taz&,f}}
]]'Drdk;avmufeJUu rjzpfavmufbl;uG,fh}}
rdcif\rsufESmudk vSrf;Munfh&m rdcifrlum; bmrQrajymyJ NyKH;vsufom
em;axmifae\/
odkUESifhrD;&xm;onf 0ufvufblwmodkU 0ifvmavNyD/ rdk;vnf;rpJ
avrSmvnf; jyif;xefqJyifjzpf&m uREkfyfonf wm;qD;í &rnfhykHray:aom
zcif\ txkyfuav;rsm;udk,lí wHcg;udk zGifhay;vkduf\/ zcifvnf;
o&ufyiftdk;uav; ESpfvkH;udkayGUum taygufrSqif;í uREkfyfuvSrf;ay;
aomtxkyfuav;ESpfxkyfudk &ifcGifüydkufvsuf rkd;BuD;avBuD;xJwGif
]u,fu,fu,fu,f}ESifh blwm&kHbufodkU oGm;&Smawmhonf/ rdk;uvnf;&Gm?
avuvnf;wdkuf? vuG,faeUjzpfí tvGefvnf;arSmifvSonfhtxJwGif
ulvDr&Sd? vSnf;r&SdBudKqdkrnfholr&Sdonfh zcif\tjzpfudkjrif&ojzifh uREkfyf\
&ifxJqdkUoGm;\/ rD;&xm;xGufaomtcg blwm&kHxJü wrwfwwfwwf

642 
&yfae&Smaom zciftm; aemufqkH;vSrf;arQmfMunfhí wHcg;ydwfNyD;rdcif&Sd&modkU
jyefvmaomtcg uREkfyf\rsufvkH;rsm;rSm rsuf&nfjynfhvsuf &SdaeavNyD/
rdcifonf uREkfy\
f rsufESmxm;ESifh rsufvkH;wdkUudkjrif&mwGif ]]rif;uvJ
'DvdkrvkyfygeJU}}[k qdkum w&m;orm;csif; owday;aomfvnf; rdcif\toH
onf wkef,ifvsuf&Sdonf[k uREkfyfxifrdygonf/ þonfrSmuRekfyftzdkU&mü
rdbESpfyg;wkdUtm;aemufqkH;tBudrf twlwuG jrifawGU&jcif;ESifh aemufqkH;
tBudrf xrif;vufqkH pm;&jcif;jzpfav&m uRekfyfonf þtjcif;t&mudk
rod&aomfvnf; cGJcGm&kHtwGufESifh þwBudrfuJUodkU pdwfxdcdkfufrI &Sdjcif;udk
rrSwfrdyg/

rpdk;ESifhrdcif

aemufaeUeHeuf apmapmBuD;ü ebm;blwm&kHokdUqdkufí rD;&xm;

ajymif;pD;NyD; uomblwmodkUcyfapmapmyif qdkufa&mufoGm;av&m blwm&kHü
apmifhBudKvsuf&Sdaom rpdk;udkjrif&í rdcif\rsufESmxm;ajymif;vJ oGm;\/
rpdk;onf uREkfyfwdkUom;trdudk &efukefwGifxm;cJUí jrawmifodkU jyefoGm;
bl;onfhtjypf&Sd\/ okdU&mwGifrpdk;u rdciftm;ayGGUum vSnf;ay:odkU
wifay;vdkufaom tcgürlum; rdcif\rsufESmxm;onf wzefajymif;vJoGm;
jyefí ESpfodrfhauseyfaom trlt&m jzpfay:vmjcif;udk uREkfyfjrifvdkuf&
onf/ uREkfyf\rdcifonf wwd,tdrfaxmifjzpfaom rpdk;tay:ü oHa,mZOf
aESmifzJGUrIuJvGefykH&onf/ Z&pfacsmif&Gm&Sd udkodef;az\aetdrfodkU a&mufMu
aomtcg rdcifESifh udkodef;azwkdUonf wa,mufESifhwa,muf tjyeftvSef
tuJcwfvsuf &SdMujcif;udk uREkfyf&dyfrd\/

643 
 udkodef;azonf &efukefodkUa&mufpOfu uREkfyfrdciftm; jrifawGUbl;í
(vlyg;wa,muf jzpfonftwkdif;) ]xl;}aomrdef;rBuD;wa,muf jzpfonf[k
tuJjzwfoGm;&m (udkcifarmifwifhuvnf; þtwkdif;yif tuJjzwfbl;onf)
rdcifuvnf; uREkfyfESifh cifrif&if;ESD;aom oli,fcsif;rsm; jzpfonfqdkaom
aMumifh ESpfa,mufvkH;tm; tuJcwfavh&Sd\/ xdk&ufrsm;wGif uREkfyfonf
b,fwkef;uESifhrQrwlatmif rdciftay:ü txl;Muifemaompdwf ouf0if
vsuf&Sdí rdcifteD;rS cGmawmhonfr&SdyJ pum;wajymajymESifh tcsdefukef
ygawmhonf/ a':zl;ndKESifh rpdk;wkdUu tppt&m&mwGif jynfhpkHatmif
aqmif&GufMuí udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfwkdUu rdcifteD;üxdkifum rdcif\tvdkudk
apmifhMunfhí vdkavao;r&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufay;Muav\/ &ufowÅ
wywfcefUMumaomtcg udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufvrf; avQmuf
xGufvmMu&mwGif udkodef;azu ]]cifAsm;[m awmfawmfBuD; tod&ufcufwJU
vlwa,mufyJAsm}}[kajym\/
]]bmaMumifhvJAs}}
]]cifAsm;eJU usKyfeJUESD;&if;vmcJUMuwm ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfcJUvdkUrdkU
cifAsm;taMumif;udk usKyftm;vkH;od&NyD;NyDvdkU rSwfxifcJUrdw,f? ckawmh
b,f[kwfayrvJAsm}}
]]bmawGrsm; xyfawGUae&jyefvkdUvJAsm}}
]]usKyftaruav cifAsm;udkvlaumif; rxif&Smbl;? cifAsm;aMumifh
usKyfysufpD;&w,fvdkUawmif ajymbl;ao;w,f? usKyfu&Sif;jyvdkUawmif
ol,kHroGm;&Smbl;? cifAsmhtareJUcifAsm; aeMuykHudk usKyftar jrifprf;apcsif
w,fAsm}}
]]'gu csD;rGrf;p&mvm;Asm? udk,fhtarawmh udk,fcspfMuwmcsnf;aygh
Asm}}

644 
 ]]cifAsm;wdkUom;trdu cspfMu&kHrubl;As? wa,muftvdkufudk
wa,mufu odyfodwwfMuwmyJ? 'Dom;trdrsKd; rawGUbl;aygifAsm?
usKyfodyfauseyfw,f? 'DwcsufaMumifh cifAsm;udkusKyfuodyfMunfndKw,f
Asm? usKyfwkdUeJU qdkwmawmh tjywftowf uGmaywmyJ}}

<um;vdkufcsifygonf/

uREkfyf\woufwmwGif rMumcPcsD;rGrf;jcif; cHcJU&olwa,muf

r[kwfaomfvnf; þtcsufuav;? xdktcsufuav;rsm;aMumifh &Hzef&Hcg
vlcsD;rGrf;cH&jcif;rsm;vnf; txdkuftavsmuf &SdcJUbl;onfjzpf&m wouf
vkH;wGif cHcJU&bl;orQaom csD;rGrf;rIrsm;udk pkaygif;vdkufapumrlvnf;
udkodef;az\ þwBudrf csD;rGrf;cHcJU&jcif;uJUodkU uREkfyfESpfoufvdrfhrnfr[kwf
acs/ bmaumif;onf? nmaumif;onf? bmawmfonf? nmawmfonf
qdkjcif;rsm;udk uREkfyftzdkU xdcdkufvSatmif r&SdvS/ uREkfyftaMumif;udk
aumif;aumif;odaom rdwfaqGwa,mufwavu uREkfyf\rdciftay:ü
uREkfyfpdwfxm;ykH? *&kpdkfufykH? MuifemykH? av;pm;ykHESifh ywfoufí
vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ ESpfESpfumum tm;&yg;& csD;usL;ajymqdkjcif;udk Mum;vkduf&
aomtcgwGifrlum; uREkfyf\&ifbwfxJrS vIdif;wHydk; xvmNyD;vQif
uwkefu,if jzpfvmí rsuf&nfrsm;0dkif;vsuf udkodef;az\ vufESpfbufudk
uREkfyf\vufESpfbufjzifh tBudrfaygif; 20ru vIyf,rf;qJGcgrdygawmhonf/
udkodef;azudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; uREkfyf\wkefvIyfjcif;udk jrif&í tHUtm;oifhum
ai;Munfhaeygawmhonf/ þtjzpftysufudkjyefajymif; qifjcifonfhtcg
rdciftay:ü uREkfyf\Muifemav;pm;rI ydkrdkvmcJUjcif;onf rD;&xm;ay:wGif
zcifESifh cGJcGmpOfupí w[kefwdk; wufvmjcif;jzpf[ef&monfhjyif rdciftm;

645 
tqkH;pGefaom 0wfBuD;0wfi,f jyK&jcif;jzpfonf[k]aoG;ajymí}uREkfyfod&
jcif;jzpfwef&monf [lívnf; qifjcifawG;awmrdygonf/ rdcifudk,fwkdifu
vnf;uomodkUa&mufonfrSpí uREkfyf\tay:wGif a&S;,cif tcsdefrsm;u
xuf ydkrdkí pdwfwdkif;usonfh vu©Pmrsm; jrifawGU&onfxifrd\/
rnfodkUyifjzpfap uREkfyfonf rdrdudk,fudk olawmfaumif;BuD; wa,muftae
jzifhb,ftcgrS txifra&mufcJUapumrl rdcif\ pdwfauseyfykH&jcif;ESifh
udkodef;az\ csD;rGrf;jcif;udkcHvdkuf&uwnf;u ]igonf udkodef;az\
rdcifESifh tcsKdUvlrsm; xifMuouJUodkU vlqdk; vl,kwfrmBuD;wa,muf
r[kwfEdkifNyD wum;}}[kqdkum olawmfaumif;vSygonfqdkaom yk*¾dKvfrsKd;ESifh
rsufESmcsif; qdkifíOD;acgif;axmifvsuf aphaphBuD; MunfhcJU&ygawmhonf/
(þpum;rSm yvTm;&m a&mufaomfvnf; pdwfESvkH;aumif;ygvsufESifh
aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aecsifwwfonfh yDrdk;eif;? udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfuJUodkUaom
vlrsm;tay:ü pdyfykwD; orm;rsm;u txifao;Mujcif;udk
tBudrfBudrfcHcJU&bl;onf twGufaMumifh wcgw&H tHxkwfvkdufjcif;
jzpfygonf/) udkodef;az udk,fwdkifrSmvnf; rdciftay:ü
uREkfyf\MuifemykHudkjrif&ojzifh azmfxkwf csD;usL;vdkuf&aom tcsdefrSpí
aemifw tBuD;tus,f&onfh vu©PmESifh rsufESmxm; ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;udk
uREkfyfowdjyKrdonf/

rdcif\xl;ykH

Z&pfacsmif&Gmü 15&ufcefU aexdkifMuaomtcg ol&d,wdkuftay:ü

a'gufwmodef;armifu toa&ysufrIESifh w&m;pJGxm;onfh trIESifhywfoufí
rEÅav;NrdKU&kH;w&kH;ü trIqdkif&ef &ufcsdef;apha&mufvm\/ yxrü rdcifonf

646 
uREkfyftm; uomNrdKUrSyif apmifhaernf[k tBuHjyKNyD;rS¤if;tBuHudkzsufNyD;
uREkfyfESifhtwlvkdufum 0ufvufblwmwGif qif;ae&pfrnf[k ajym\/
rdcif\tBuHtpnfrSm tu,fíol&d,wkdufodkU tvkyfjyef0ifcJUvQif uREkfyf
wkdUESifh twlvdkufí &efukefüaernfjzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;tm;0ufvufü
0ifíac:Mu&ef jzpfavonf/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfwdkU om;trdonf rpdk;tm;
rdbrsm;ESifhEIwfquf&ef jrawmifodkU jyefvTwfíuomNrdKUrS rD;&xm;ESifh
xGufcGmvmMu&m udkodef;az\ tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;onf uRekfyf\rdciftm;
]xl;}aom tr,fBuD;wa,muf[lí todtrSwfjyKum usef&pfcJUMuav\/
rdcif\]xl;}ykHudk tenf;i,f azmfjy&vQif xrif;pm;jcif;? a&csKd;jcif;?
vrf;avQmufjcif;? t0wfvJjcif;? tdfyf&m0ifjcif;? tdyf&mrSxjcif; paom
trIBuD;i,fwkdUudk tcsdefem&DESifh wduspGm aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;pGmaom
tr,ftdkBuD;rsm;uJUodkU pum;bvpfbvpf rajymyJ udk,fhtm&kHESifhudk,f
wdwfqdwfpGm aewwfjcif;? avmuDrIa&;&mESifh ywfoufvQif twdkqkH;
csKH;ajymí tjrefqkH; jzwfawmufypfwwfjcif;? vlwbufom;\ tmabmfudk
tNrJtuJcwfí b,ftcgrS pum;vkH;ydkrajymwwfjcif;? rnfolUtm;rQ
tcsdefESifh tvkyfvkyfaom rdcif\tavhtusifhudk jrif&í ]]cifAsmhr,fawmf
BuD;Munfh&wm wu,fhAdkvfrBuD;wa,mufvdk &SdygayAsm}}[k ajymbl;av
onf/

rdciftm; aemufqkH;jrif&jcif;

uREkfyfwdkUom;trdESpfa,mufonf naecif;wGif uomrSxGufcGmMuí

aemufaeUeHeufapmapmwGif 0ufvufblwmodkU qdkufa&mufMuav&m
uREkfyfBudKwif&dkufMum;xm;onfh aMu;eef;t& blwm&kHrSapmifhBudKaeMuonfh

647 
rdcif\ wynfhrBuD;av;ig;a,mufwkdUudkawGU&\/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm zcif
uJUodkU "r®uxduwOD; r[kwfaomfvnf; w&m;tm;xkwfykH tm;xkwfenf;udk
vufxyf oifjyxm;ojzifhtvGefusKd;EGHU&dkaoonfh wynfhrdef;rBuD; rdef;ri,f
wusdyfcefU&S\
d / ¤if;wkdUrSm trsm;tm;jzifh zcif\aqGrsKd;nmwdrsm;jzpfMuí
rdciftm;0wfBuD;0wfi,fjyKMuavonf/ rdcifonf uREkfyfuvJGvQif
¤if;rdef;rBuD;rsm;ESifhae&rS pdwfNidrf;csrf;rI&&Sd\/ ]]zcifrygoavm}}[k
uRekfyfuar;&m rdef;rBuD;rsm;u taMumif;rMum;ojzifh rodí rygvmaMumif;
ajymMuí ¤if;wkdU\rsufESmxm;rSm xl;qef;onf[k uREkfyfowdjyKrdonf/
rD;&xm;xGufí uRekfyfonf blwmbufodkU vSrf;Munfhvdkufaomtcg
awm&Gmol ta':BuD;rsm;\ tv,fü rm;rm;rwfrwf oyf&yfwnfNidrfpGm
&yfvsuf&Sdaom rdcifudkjrifvdkufay&m rdcifonf uREkfyfbufodkUvSnfhum
wcsufwnf; NyKH;NyD;aemuf rsufESmvTJí oGm;avawmhonf/ uREkfyfonf
rdcif\NyKH;jcif;udk aemufqkH;tBudrf jrif&jcif;jzpfonf[k rod&aomfvnf;
tjcm;tBudrfrsm;ü cGJcGm&jcif;rsKd;ESifh rwljcif;udkrlum; pdwfxJü owdjyKrd
ygonf/

tvkyfjyef0ifzdkU oabmwljcif;

a'gufwmodef;armif\trIudk rEÅav;&kH;ü qdkifNyD;aomtcg (wdkfuftkyf

OD;buav;vnf; uREkfyfESifhtwl w&m;cHwa,mufjzpfonf/) OD;buav;
onf uREkfyftm; OD;nGefUESifhawGU&ef &efukefodkUac:ojzifh vdkufoGm;&\/
NAdwdoQbm;rm; oaX;OD;nGefUESifh uREkfyfawGUaomtcg ]]uREkfyf\vcudk
ajcmufvwBudrf ol&d,wdkufu 25usyf? OD;nGefUu 25usyfwdk;ay;ygrnf?
OD;apmjyefa&mufaomtcgwGifvnf; wrsKd;wrnf twnfwus pDpOfMu

648 
ygrnf}}[k ajymonfESifh uREkfyfoabmwl vufcHcJUNyD; ]]0gqdkvjynfhvQif
jynfhcsif;tvkyfjyef0ifygrnf}}[k uwdjyKcJUav\/ xdkUjyif OD;nGefUu
0ifaygufwck nTefjyvdkufao;onfrSm NAdwdoQbm;rm; ukrÜPDxkwf
&kyf&Sifum;rsm;ütjyeftvSefajymMuaom &kyf&Sifum;rsm;udk  (Dialogues) 

uREkfyfu acsmarm nufanmí obmusatmif jyifqifay;ygvQif wv 100d

avmuf &EdkfifzkdU&SdaMumif;ajymavonf/ OD;nGefUuapwemESifh ajymjcif;jzpf
aomfvnf; þvc aiG100drSmt&acsmifvdrfhrnf rxifaomaMumifh uREkfyf
tm&kHrcHvifhvSyg/

uREkfyf\tvSLBuD;

uREkfyfonf rdcifESifhrpdk;wkdUudkac:&ef tnmodkU jyefvmcJU&m 0ufvuf

blwm&kHwGif refusnf;wkH&Gmom;wa,mufESifhawGUí 0gqdkvqef; 10
&ufaeUeHeuf tpkef&xm;ESifh uREkfyfwkdUvdkufvmrnfjzpfojzifh blwm&kHrS
tqifoifhapmifhBudKaeyg&ef rdciftm;ajymzkdUrSmxm;í pmwapmifvnf;
ay;tyfcJU\/ uomodkUa&mufaomtcg (uREkfyf\BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;pm
t&) apmifharQmfvsuf&Sdaom rpdk;ESifhawGUí &efukefodkUjyefqif;Mu&ef
jyifqifMu\/ uREkfyf\vctaMumif;udk 0efaxmufOD;cspfpkESifh udkodef;azwkdU
tm;ajymjy&m OD;cspfpku enf;vGef;onf[k ajymaomfvnf; ol&d,wdkuf
taqmufttkHtwGif;ü uREkfyftm; waqmifwa,mif om;om;em;em;
xm;jcif; wckwnf;twGufyif auseyftm;&vsuf&Sdaom udkodef;azurl
]]awmfao;a&mayghAsm? OD;apmjyefvmawmh arQmfvifhcsuf&Sd ao;om;yJ}}
[kajymygayonf/ OD;cspfpku uREkfyftay:ü txifBuD;jcif;twGuf *kPf,l
rdaomfvnf; &efukefodkUjyefcsifNyDjzpfaom uREkfyftzkdU&mürl udkodef;az\

649 
pum;udk ydkíESpfoufonf/ okH;&ufavmufwGif uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;
jyefMurnfjzpf&m rjyefrDtwGif; Z&pfacsmif&Gm&Sd vlqif;&J awmifolrsm;?
NcHorm;rsm;ESifh vSnf;orm;rsm;? xif;ckwform;rsm;tm; uREkfyfu ]ygwD}
uav;wckay;zkdU tBuHjzpf\/ Z&pfacsmif&Gmü udkodef;azuJUodkUaom
tpdk;&t&m&Sd yifpifpm; okH;av;ig;a,muf &SdMuaomf vnf; uREkfyfonf
xdkolwkdUxuf vSnf;orm;rsm;ESifh NcHorm;rsm;tm; ydkí auR;arG;csif
aomapwem jzpfay:vsuf&Sd\/ odkUjzpfí wnaewGif udkodef;az\ NcHBuD;
twGif; 'ifnif;yifESifh a&Smufyef;yifBuD;rsm;atmufü 10a,mufcefU&Sdaom
xdkvlrsm;udkzdwfac:í acgifa&ESifhMuufom;jzifh {nfhcHauR;arG;avonf/
uRekfyfwdkufauR;aom t&mrSm tzdk;wefBuD;r[kwf vSaomfvnf; uREkfyf
uJUokdUaom vlwa,mufu ¤if;wkdUtm; tzufvkyfum zdwfac:auR;arG;
jcif;twGuf 0rf;omMuykH&onf/ acgifa&aomufyJGü tuefUtowfr&Sd
wdkfufauR;aomfvnf; £ajEéysufavmufatmif rl;,pfol rygaomaMumifh
]]cifAsm;uHaumif;w,fAsKdU}}[k udkodef;azuajym\/ xdkvlrsm;onf uREkfyftm;
aus;Zl;wifMujcif;aMumifh rdrdwkdUudk,fudk xdef;odr;fMuykH&onf[lívnf;
oluajym\/ xdknOfhü rdk;BuD;onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;av&m udkodef;azu
]]cifAsm;u rvkyfpbl;vkyfvdkufwJU tvSLBuD; aMumifhxifyAsm}}[k
ajymao;\/

vrf;awGusKd;jcif;

aemufwaeU eHeufvif;onfESifh wNydKifeuf ,refnOfhu &GmoGef;aom

rdk;aMumifh &xm;vrf;awGysufukefNyD; uomESifhebm; rD;&xm;raygufawmh[k
Mum;od&av\/ uREkfyfwdkUrSm xdkaeUnaewGif &efukefokdUjyefMuzdkUjzpfí

650 
udkodef;azu ]]cifAsm;tvSLBuD;u cifAsm;udkjyefNyD; 'ku©ay;aeNyDaum}}[k
&,fp&majymjyef\/ udkodef;azum; ae&mwumwGif &,fp&majymwwfol
wa,mufjzpfí EIwfayghayghESifhvTwfueJvnf; ajymwwfoljzpfavonf/
wcgu olUtdrfü NrdKUtkyf? awmtkyf? 0efaxmuf? ynmtkyfpaom
{nfhonfrsm; qkHrdMuí udkodef;azu {nfhcH&m tapcHonf 0DpuDykvif;ESifh
zefcGufrsm;? qdk'gykvif;rsm;udk vifyef;ay:wGifwifí {nfhonfrsm;xHokdU
,lvmpOf cg;yef;udk ajcaxmufESifhwdkufrdonfESifh (rl;aeoavm rajymwwf)
[wfxkd;vJNyD; zefcGufawGuJG? ykvif;awG vdrfhukefMu\/ þwGif udkodef;az
onf{nhfcH&mrSxajy;í zGihfxm;NyD;ojzifh 0DpuDrsm;tefxGufvsuf&Sdaom
ykvif;udk uysmu,maumuf,lum axmifMunhfvsuf ]]zefcGufawG
b,favmufuJGuGJ? qdk'gawG b,favmufzdwfzdwf? rifhudk,fwdkifb,fESpfjyef
aooGm;oGm;? ig0DpuDykvif;rzdwfvdkU awmfygao;&JUuGm}}[k oGufvufpGm
ajymEdkifavonf/ rD;&xm;vrf;rSm jrpfBuD;em;vrf;BuD;wavQmufü usKd;jcif;
r[kwf? uomESifh ebm;tMum;üomusKd;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfwdkUrSm
ebm;okdUoGm;&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhojzifh &efukefodkUjyefMuzdkU tcuftcJ
BuKHvsuf&SdavNyD/ þvrf;wdkuav;rSm awmiftqif; twufawG&Sdaom
aMumifh wcgysufvQif &uftwefMum jyifqif&onf[lívnf; ajymMuav
onf/

rarQmfvifhaomtultnD

eHeuf 9em&Davmufü ,refaeUnu uREkfyf\ ]ygwD}uav;wGif

yg0ifonfh vlav;ig;a,muf ay:vmMu\/ a&SUaqmifjzpfaom OD;aygvdef;
u (raeUwaeUuyif touf&Sifvsuf &Sdao;onf[k Mum;cJU&onf/)

651 
rdrdwkdUrSm vSnf;orm;rsm;jzpfMuaMumif;? uom-ebm; rD;&xm;vrf; ysuf
onf[k Mum;&aMumif;? þvrf;ysufvQif jyifqifzdkU tcsdeftvGefMumwwf
aMumif;? okdUjzpfí ¤if;wkdUvSnf;orm;rsm;u uomrS ebm;xdatmif
vSnf;ig;pD;jzifh aysmfaysmfyg;yg;BuD; edAÁmeful;wkdUydkUvdkMuygaMumif;ajymav\/
udkodef;azu tu,fí vdkufydkUvdkMuvQif vSnf;ESpfpD;qdku vkHavmuf
aMumif;ajym&m olwkdUtm;vkH;u ]]r[kwfbl;q&m? rsufESmBuD;rsufESmi,f
rvkdufygeJU? uRefawmfwdkUig;a,mufpvkH; ydkUyg&ap}}[k 0dkif;0ef;ajymqdkMu
av\/ uomESifh ebm;rSm c&D;16rdkif a0;uGmonfhjyif awmifBuD;
wvkH;vkH;udk jzwfausmfí tqif;twuf tvGefMurf;vSaomaMumifh
vSnf;wacgufqdkvQif tawmfBuD;xdkufwefonfhjyif þodkUaom &moDOwk
rsKd;wGif iSm;í&zkdUyif tvGefcJ,Of;vSonf/ uREkfyfutvGefaus;Zl;wif
aMumif;ajymí udkodef;azESifh wdkifyifNyD; pum;jyefygrnf[k ajymvdkuf&onf/
¤if;wkdU jyefoGm;Muaomtcg udkodef;azu tdrfom;rsm;u þvrf;rSm
omref&moDOwküyif toGm;tvm cufcJvSay&m rdk;&Gmxm;ojzifh
acsmaernfjzpfaom þ&ufrsm;ürl rufapmufvSaomtqif;BuD; twufBuD;
rsm;aMumifh vSnf;rsm;twGuf tEÅ&m,f ruif;wwfaMumif; ajymjyum
wm;qD;Muavonf/ uREkfyfonf OD;aygvdef;wkdUvlpktm; pum;aumif;atmif
ajymí jiif;y,fNyD;vQif okH;av;&ufapmifhí vrf;jyifrNyD; ao;onfESifh
oabFmjzifh rEÅav;odkUvSnfhNyD; pkefqif;&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufav\/ uREkfyf\
pdwfxJü xifhwifhwifh&Sdaom tjcif;t&mwckrSm xdkaeUonf 0gqdkvqef; 10
&uf&SdvmNyDjzpfí uREkfyf\rdcifonf 0ufvufblwmrS warQmfwnf;
arQmfvsuf&Sd&Smawmhrnf[k rMumcPowd&rdjcif;yif jzpfavonf/ oabFm
jzifh vdkuf&vQifvnf; 0ufvufodkUwdkuf&dkuf ra&mufawmhyJ rEÅav;rS
vSnfh&rnfjzpfí ol&d,wdkufodkU tcsdefaemufusrnfudkvnf; ylyefrdonf/

652 
rnfodkUyifjzpfap uREkfyfwkdUonf vqef; 11 &ufaeUwGif tpkefoabFmESifh
vkdufMuí 12 &ufaeUv,fwGif rEÅav;qdyfurf;odkU qdkufa&mufMuNyD;
¤if;aeUnaewGif &efukefxGufrnfh rD;&xm;ay:odkU a&mufvsuf&SdavNyD/
uREkfyf\tBuHrSm &efukefa&mufawmhrS rdciftm; vdkufykdU&ef zcifxH
pma&;rSmxm;&ef jzpfavonf/ nae&xm;xGufcgeD;wGif uRekfyfESr\om;
atmifBuD;onf uRekfyfxHodkUajy; vmí 0ufvufütbGm;qkH;NyDjzpfaMumif;
ajymygawmhonf/ uREkfyfonf taMumif;jcif;&mudkyif ar;jref;zkdUtcsdefr&SdyJ
ypönf;uav;rsm;udk &xm;ay:rS qJGcsí jrpfBuD;em; &xm;ay:odkU
ajymif;oluajymif;? uREkfyfu&efukefvufrSwf udkjyeftyfí 0ufvufvufrSwf
udk,l &xm;ay:okdU tajy;tvTm;wuf&NyD;aemuf rD;&xm;vnf;
xGufvmygawmhonf/ atmifBuD;tm; uwdkufu&dkuf ar;jref;vkduf&jcif;
tm;jzifh odvdkuf&onfrSm rdcifonf ig;&ufcefUemzsm;NyD;aemuf uG,fvGef&Sm
onf[líom tusOf;csKyfodvkduf&\/ eufjzefwGif oN*Fd[frnfhtaMumif;udk
vnf; odcJU&\/ xdkUxuf bmrSydkí rodcJU&acs/

uHaumif;aom tcsufwck

rD;&xm;ay:wGif uREkfyfonf rdciftaMumif;udk qifjcifokH;oyf\/

atmifBuD;ajymí Mum;vkduf&aomtcgwGif &kwfw&uf 'dwfueJjzpfum
wkefvIyfoGm;aomfvnf; taMumif;aMumif;udk jyefvnfokH;oyfonfhtcg
y&da'0rD; awmufavmifoifhoavmuf rawmufavmifjcif;udk awGU&í
udk,fh[mudk,fyif tHUMord\/ rdcifonf uREkkyftzkdU&mü avmuwGif
tjrwfEdk;qkH;aom yk*¾dKvfjzpfí tjcm;aomom;rsm;u ¤if;wkdU\rdciftm;
cspfcifMujcif;xufyif uREkfyfuydkonf[k xifrdjcif;um; rSefonf/ okdU&mwGif

653 
uREkfyfonf tvdkrusrI 'ku©wckESifh BuKHawGU&onfhtcg (w&m;obm0udk
xm;bdOD;) &dk;&dk;enf;jzihfyif oufom&m&Smí Munfhwwfonfh
0goemwck&S\
d / uREkfyfcsufcsif;vdkyif owd&rdonfrSm touf 52 ESpf&Sdí
ajr;av;ig;a,muf &Sdaom tcsdefwdkifatmif rdpkHzpkHae&aomvlonf
tvGef&Sm;onfjzpfí igonfavmuü tvGefuHaumif;olwa,mufjzpfonf/
uomNrdKUü &ufowÅESpfywfcefUtwlwuG aeMu&aomtckdufwGifvnf;
]igonf rdciftm; 0wfB uD;0wfi,fjyKvkduf&í rdcifudk,fEIdufuvnf;
ightay:ü pdwfwdkif;usykH&jcif;udk udkode;fazvnf; tuJcwfEdkifí igvnf;
&dyfrdvkdufonf/ rdcifonf tNrJwnfaeEdkifonf r[kwfojzifh
aojcif;ao&vQif ightay:ü ausauseyfeyf&Sdaeonfhtckdufü ao&jcif;onf
rdciftzdkUvnf; aumif;í ightzkdUvnf; aumif;onf/ rdciftaMumif;udk
jyefíawG;rdwdkif; pdwfwdkif;usaom aemufqkH;tydkif;udk awGU&jcif;tm;jzifh
ightzkdUtjrwfvnf;xGufí ukodkvfvnf;&onf/ igonf tvGefuHaumif;ol
wa,mufjzpfonf}ponfjzifh pOf;pm;rd\/ y&da'0udpöESifhywfoufí
uREkfyfonf wu,fvnf;uHaumif;olwa,mufjzpf\/ touf 52 ESpf&SdNyD
jzpfaom xdktcsdefokdUwdkfifatmif om;orD;BuD;BuD;rm;rm; aoqkH;bl;jcif;r&Sd?
r,m;ESpfa,muf uJGbl;aomfvnf; aoqkH;bl;onfr&Sd? ESrwa,muf
aoqkH;bl;aomfvnf; tdrfaxmifcJGjzpfonfhjyif aoqkH;NyD;cgrS uREkfyfod&í
tavmif;udk rjrifvkduf&aomaMumifh yloifhoavmuf rylvkduf&yJ
oufom&m&cJUonf/ okdUjzpfíuREkfyftzdkU&mü touf 52 ESpfa&mufcgrS
rdcifuG,fvGefjcif;onf yxrtBudrf [kwÅdywÅd avmifuRrf;oifhaom y&da'0
udpöBuD;jzpf\/ þwGifvnf; txufwGifazmfjycJUNyD;aom taMumif;rsm;
aMumifh tBuD;tus,frylavmif&yJ tawmfBuD; oufom&m&cJU onfjzpfaom
aMumifh þudpörsKd;ESifh ywfoufíuREkfyfonf tvGefuHaumif; onf[k

654 
,lqjcif;jzpfavonf/ atmifBuD;u ajymjypOf &kwfw&uf'dwfueJ jzpfcJU&
aomfvnf; rsuf&nfrusao;rD oufom&m&aom enf;vrf;udk ESvkH;oGif;
rdjcif;onfvnf; uREkfyf\ owdaumif;jcif;? okdUr[kwf tavhtxkH
aumif;jcif;? okdUr[kwf uHaumif;jcif;[lí qdkoifhayonf/

rdcif\ aemufqkH;tcsdef

uREkfyf\rdcifonf refusnf;wkH&Gmü aexdkifaomfvnf; wynfhrdef;rBuD;

wa,muf (a':a':ydk;) &Sdaom 0ufvufodkU tvnfvmcdkufwGif
zsm;emaoqkH;jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;aetdrfüyif rdcif\tavmif;jyifxm;
jcif;udk awGU&\/ uREkfyfwkdUa&mufoGm;aomtcg refusnf;wkH&GmrS vma&muf
apmifha&SmufMuaom aqGrsKd;rsm;u 0dkif;0ef;idk,kdMupOf &ifbwfxJü wcsufqdkU
oGm;aomfvnf; uRekfyfonf ta&;BuD;aom ar;p&m&SdonfESifh tylvkH;udk
csufcsif;ESdrfcsí rdcif\ wynfh&if;rsm;teD;odkU csOf;uyfygawmhonf/
uRekfyfar;vdkaom t&monfum; rdcif\ aemufqkH;tcsdef taMumif;yifjzpf
onf/ Ak'¨0g't& tm;xkwfMuonfh w&m;*dkPf;trsKd;rsKd;&SdMuonfhteuf
rdcifESifh uREkfyftxl;tav;*&kjyKí jyifqifxm;avh&Sdaom tvkyfBuD;wck
um; aotHUqJqJ&Sdaom aemufqkH;tcsdef tydkfif;tjcm;twGufjzpf\/
w&m;orm;qdkaomfvnf; aemufqkH;jzpfaom umvü awmifvdkvdk
ajrmufvdkvdk a,mifcsmcsmESifh rsufvkH;uav; uv,fuv,fjzpfcJUvQif
ae&musonf[k uRekfyfwkdUom;trdu r,lqacs/ uRekfyfwkdU\q&mawmfu
vnf; ao&manmifapmif; vJSavsmif;&m0,f aqGrsKd;nmwdESifh rdwfo*F[
rsm;u ar;jref;Muaomtcg ]]udpör&Sd? ajymwJUEdkifap}}[k Mo0g'ay;
awmfrlcJU\/ qdkvdkaomt"dyÜm,frSm ESvkH;oGif;w&m; vufqkyfvufudkif

655 
&Sdaom yk*¾KdvfwOD;yDyD wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;jcif;r&SdyJ Nidrfoufaomtrlt&m
&SdEdkifap&rnf[k qdkvdk\/ uRekfyfonf rdcifESifh vufyGef;wwD; aeavh&Sdaom
ESr0rf;uGJwa,muftm;-
]]tar b,fvdkaoovJa[h rNyKH;}}
]]vufOD;wkef;uawmh armifBuD;a&mufvmovm;vdkUar;w,f}}
]]'Dwkef;uawmh odyf rqkd;ao;bl;aygh}}
]]rqkd;ao;bl;armifBuD;&JU? aysmufvQif armifBuD;wdkUeJU vkdufzdkU
pdwful;&Sdw,f}}
uREkfyf\&ifbwfxJü eifhueJjzpfoGm;onf/
]]aemufawmhaumuG,f}}
]]okH;&ufavmufMumawmh roufomvdkUrdkU 'Dawmifu rwufEdkif
aMumif;udk olU[mol odykH&w,f}}
]]'Dawmh ighudkrar;awmhbl;vm;}}
]]b,folUrS bmrSrar;awmhbl;? olUtm&kHeJUol aeawmhwmyJ? [dkvl
'Dvluar;Mu jref;MuwmawGudkvJ bmrSjyefrajymawmhbl;? vufjy&kHjyawmh
wmyJ? a':*srf;jzLu aeom&JUvm;vkdU cPcPar;awmh *sD;uaeom ygw,f
uG,f? cPcP rar;ygeJUvdkU ajymwmeJU b,folrS rar;Muawmhygbl;}}
]]tjyif;txefcH&wm b,favmufMumovJ}}
]]w&ufygyJ armifBuD;&,f}}
]]armao;vm;a[h}}
]]eJeJavmufygyJ armifBuD;}}
uREkfyfauseyfavNyD/ uREkfy\
f rdcifrSm aocgeD;ü tarmBuD;qdkufonfh
a0'emrsKd; cHpm;&rnfudktawmf wGefUqkwf&Smonf/ ,ckum; awmfygao;\/

656 
trQa0Edkifjcif;

aemufwaeUü rdcif\psmyeudpö aqmif&Guf&mwGif uREkfyfü aMu;aiG

tajrmuftjrm; rygcJUojzifh vSvSyy oN*Fd[fEdkifavmufatmif rxnfh0if
EdkifonfhtwGuf &ifwcsuf qdkUrdao;\/ okdUaomfraorD aemufqkH;tcsdef
tydkif;tjcm;ü rdcifpdwfwdkif;usatmif jyKpkvkduf&jcif;udk pdwfxJü
jyefvnfazmfxkwfum oufom&m &SmEdkifcJUygonf/ okdUESifhvnf; oomefwGif
bkef;BuD;u &Gwfí a&pufcsNyD;onfhtqkH;ü uRekfyfonf a&zvm;udk
udkifvsuf trQa0&onfwGif ]]trQ trQ}}[laom pum;okH;vkH; udk
tjyifodkUxGufatmif rqdkEdkifyJ vnfacsmif;xJwGif wpfvsuf&SdonfESifh
y&dowfvnf; twefMumatmiftHUMopGmESifh ai;MunfhaeMu&avonf/
e*dkurS pum;xpfcsif&onfh txJwGif &ifxJü wpfqkdUBuD;jzpfaeaomaMumifh
toHxkwfí r&jcif;jzpfonf/ azmfjycJUNyD;onfhtwdkif; uREkfyfrSm
y&da'0taMumif;udk ,ckrS [kwÅdywÅd yxrtBudrf awGUBuKH&jcif;jzpf&m
tcsKdUvlrsm;u &ifxJu ylavmifonfudk ajymMuaomfvnf; uREkfyfrSm rdcifESifh
awGUcGifh&Sdawmhrnfr[kwf[k ESajrmNyD; &ifxJu eifhqdkUqdkUBuD; jzpfjcif;udkom
rSwfrdygonf/

xl;qef;aomom;trd

rdcif\tavmif;udk rD;oN*ØKvfaomtcg tjcm;vlrsm;tm;vkH;

jyefoGm;Muí okb&mZmrsm;ESifh uREkfyfom usef&pfonfwGif uRekfyfonf
anSmfreHapjcif;iSm avwifü&Sdaom opfwyifatmufodkU oGm;í wa,muf
wnf;xdkifum arG;ordcif\ taMumif;udk jyefajymif;qifjcifrdygonf/

657 
uREkfyfwdkUom;trdü rnfonfhtjcm;aom om;trdrsm;ESifhrQ rwlaom
tcsufwck&Sdygonf/ uREkfyf\touf 35 ESpft&G,fodkU a&mufonfhwdkfif
atmif uREkfyf\rdbESpfyg;onf avmukwÅ&ma&;&mü uREkfyf\
(tmp&d,)q&mrsm;jzpfMu\/ touf 35 ESpfwGif uREkfyfw&m;tm;xkwfí
aygufa&mufwefoavmuf aygufa&mufaomtcgwGif uREkfyfonf w&m;
obm0tjrifESifh ywfoufí rdbESpfyg;wdkU\ cRwf,Gif;csufudkjrifvm \/
¤if;wkdUonf tjyifodkU ra&mufao;yJvsufESifh tayguf0wGif xdkifvsuf
&Sdolrsm;ozG,f uREkfyfjrifrd\/ uREkfyfu þtaMumif;udk &Sif;jy&mwGif
zcifonfa&S;OD;pGm oabmayguf\/ odkU&mwGifzcifonf xdkfif&mrSxzdkU
ysif;&daomvlwa,mufuJUodkU&Sdae&m rdcifrlum; uREkfyftm;q&mwifum
tjyif;txef tm;xkwfygawmhonf/ zcifonf uREkfyfouFef;0wfaomtcgü
MunfndKykH&aomfvnf; aemufydkif;ürl uREkfyf\taetxdkifonf ol\tae
txdkifuJUodkU oefU&Sif;jcif; r&Sdonfudk awGU&onfESifh uREkfyf\
w&m;tjrifESifhywfoufí oHo,rsm; 0ifvmykH&onf/ rdcifrlum;
uREkfyfbmvkyfíaeonfjzpfap? uREkfyf\OmPftjrifESifh ywfoufí ,kHrSm;
oHo, tvQif;r&SdyJ tm;xkwfNrJ tm;xkwfvmcJU&m aemufydkif;wGif
uREkfyfxuf omvGefí uRekfyf\q&mjzpfoGm;jyefygonf/ odkUjzpfí rdcifESifh
uREkfyfonf wjyefwvSef q&mwynfhjzpfcJUMuí þom;trdrsKd;onf
&Sm;rS&Sm; vdrfhrnfxifrdygonf/

658 
tqkH;pGefaom csD;rGrf;jcif;

þae&mü rdwfaqG udkcifarmifwifhu uREkfyf\rdciftm; csD;rGrf;bl;

onf pum;vkH;udkowd&onfESifh azmfjyvdkufyg&apOD;/ 1939ckESpfü ol&d,
wdkufwGif tvkyfvkyfpOf rpdk;onf uREkfyfwdkUom;trdESpfa,muftm; xm;cJUí
ol\ rdbrsm;xHodkU jyefoGm;cdkuf uREkfyfwkdUom;trdESpfa,mufrSm udkcifarmif
wifhwkdU vifr,m;ESifhtwl prf;acsmif;&yf uRef;awmuGufopfü tdrfBuD;
wvkH;wGif wvcefUrQ twlwuG aexdkifMuonf/ udk,fhtdk;ESifhudk,f
pm;aomufMujcif;jzpfí rdcifonf csufrIjyKwfrItwGuf wm0ef,l&Smonf/
xdkwvtwGif;ü udkcifarmifwifhrSm tvkyfr&Sdol wa,mufjzpfí
uREkfyftvkyfoGm;cdkufwGif rdcifESifh waeUywfvkH; pum;ajymcGifh&onfESifh
rdciftaMumif; tawmfBuD;odNyD; tvGefauseyfoGm;cJUonf/ rdcifjyefoGm;
aomtcgü udkcifarmifwifhu rdciftaMumif; pum;pyfMuonfESifh t*Fvdyf
bmomjzifh ajymonfrSmum; (The  Greatest  and  best  mannered  Lady  I 
have  ever  known)  usKyfawGUbl;orQ rdef;rBuD;rsm;teufwGif pdwfoabm
xm;tBuD;qkH;? trlt&modyfonf;qkH; jzpfayonf[k ajymayonf/
udkcifarmifwifhrSm bdvyfwGif okH;ESpfcefU aecJUbl;oljzpfí tawGUtBuKH
tawmfrsm;aom vlwa,mufjzpfaomaMumifh ol\pum;onfomí t&m
a&mufvSonf/ udkcifarmifwifhonf udkodef;azESifhrwlyJ uREkfyfESifhuawmuf
uq jzpfMu&bl;onfh tBudrfrsm;vnf;&SdcJU&m uREkfyf\rdciftm;
txufygenf;twdkif; tm;&yg;& pum;vkH;vSvSESifh csD;usL;pum;
ajymvkdufjcif;udk Mum;vkduf&aom tcgwGif uREkfyfonf onf;cHwwfol
wa,muf r[kwfyJ xpfueJqdkpdwfqdk;csifwwfol wa,mufjzpfygvsuf
]igonf þaeUrSpí udkcifarmifwihfu ajcaxmufESifh uefapumrlvnf;

659 
onf;cHygawmhrnf}[k oEédXmefcsvdkufrdygonf/ (olonf uREkfyfxuf
toufokH;ESpfvnf; BuD;ygonf/)

uREkfyfopömjyKjcif;

uREkfyfonf txufygtaMumif;t&mudk qifjcif&mrS rdcifESifh

ywfoufí uREkfyf\tjyKtrlrsm;udk qufvufokH;oyfrdygonf/ uREkfyfonf
rdb\pum;udk ajr0,frus em;axmifonfh om;aumif; om;jrwfwa,muf
r[kwfjcif;udk 0efcHyg\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\ em;raxmifcJUjcif;rsm;onf
(i,f&G,fpOfu ]ausmif;ajy;jcif;}rsm;rSwyg;) ¤if;wkdUtm; pdwfESvkH;
ylavmifapavmufatmif BuD;us,fvSonf r[kwfyg? touf 11 ESpfom;
t&G,fwGif zcif\ pum;udk em;raxmifyJ uyfzJUvkyfcJU bl;jcif;[lí
rrSwfrdyg/ tdrfaxmifa&;wGif rdbrsm;tm; wdkifyifjcif;r&Sd? udk,fvkyfcsif&m
vkyfcJUolwa,mufjzpfcJU&m þudpörsKd;wGif rdbrsm;uMoZm ay;cJUvQifvnf;
uREkfyfem;axmifaumif;rS axmifrnfholwa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh þt&m
rsKd;ü 0ifa&mufpGufzufcsifaom qE´r&SdMujcif;rSm uREkfyftzdkU&mü tvGef
uHaumif;onf[k ,lqrdonf/ uREkfyfudk,fudk uREkfyf txl;ojzifh auseyf
rdaom tcsufBuD;wckrSm azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; om;aumif; om;jrwf
wa,mufr[kwfapumrl uREkfyf\rdbrsm;tm; (txl;ojzifh arG;ordcifum;)
uufaumfuvef awmfvSefwkHUjyefonfh pum;rsKd;udk uREkfyf\toufwmwGif
wcGef;wyg'rQ ajymcJUbl;jcif; r&Sd[lí pdwfxJü &Sif;vif;MunfvifpGm&Sdjcif; 
(Clear  Conscience)  yifjzpfyg onf/ þwGif uRekfyfonf opömqdkzdkU
csufcsif; owd&í aqmifhaMumifh xdkifumvuftkyfcsDvsuf atmufygtwdkif;
EIwfrS &Gwfqdkygawmhonf/

660 
 ]]uREkfyfonf ,ckrD;avmifuRrf;vsuf&Sdaom arG;ordcifBuD;tm;
uREkfyf\woufvkH;wGif uufaumfuvef awmfvSef wkHUjyefaom taejzifh
apmfum;aom pum;rsKd;udk wcGef;wyg'ajymbl;onf[k rrSwfrdyg?
þpum;onf rSefygonf? þrSefaompum;udk qdk&aomtm;jzifh uREkfyfonf
avmukwÅ&mbufü qkH;cef;wdkifatmif tm;xkwfzdkU &nf&G,fcsuf
&Sdonfhtwdkif; tm;xkwfEdkifzdkU tcGifhtvrf;rsKd;ESifh jynfhpkHygapownf;}}
]]r*fzdkvfedAÁmefudk &vdkyg\}}[k uREkfyf qkrawmif;? uREkfyftzkdU&müum;
tm;xkwfzdkU tcGifhtvrf;ESifh taMumif;nDnGwfzkdUom vdkonf/ tm;xkwf
cGifh&vQif ]{uEÅ &vdrfhrnf} [k wxpfcs ,kHMunfNyD;jzpfavonf/
opömjyKNyD;aomtcg uREkfyfonf rdcif\ tavmif;udk wHpl;0g;BuD;rsm;ESifh
xkd;vSefvsuf &SdMujcif;udk rMunfh&ufonfESifh opfyifatmufrS xvmcJUí
tdrfodkUjyefvmcJU&m aqGrsKd;rsm;onf uREkfyf\rsufESmudk jrifMuojzifh
tHUtm;oifhum ai;MunfhaeMu\/ uREkfyfonf ESr0rf;uJGawmfí rdcif\
vufuokH;awmifa0S; jzpfcJUonfhrNyKH;udkac:í wae&modkUoGm;NyD; ar;jref;
av\/
]]tarhudk igjyefydkUwkef;u tazrygvmwJU taMumif;udk ar;awmh
eifwkdUu rsufESmxm;wrsKd;jzpfaeMuwm bmhaMumifhvJ[JU}}
]]armifBuD;rSm tarqkH;ayr,fh tartpm;&aeNyD armifBuD;&JU}}
]]aumifruav;u &TwfwGwfwGwfeJU}}
]]uefawmhyg&JU armifBuD;&,f? trSefuawmh trSefyJ armifBuD;&JU}}

661 
rdaxG;&jcif;

rNyKH;u ajymjyonfrsm;udk tusOf;csKyf azmfjy&aomf rdcifonf

zcifESifhtwlae&jcif;twGuf 0efav;aMumif;? tdrfaxmifjyKvdku jyKEdkifonf
[k cGifhay;aMumif;? xdkUaMumifh zcifu rdrdxuf touf 30 cefUi,fonfh
&Gmolwa,mufudk ,lvkdufaMumif;? rdcifucGifhjyKxm;onfrSm okH;ESpfav;ESpf
&SdNyDjzpfaomfvnf; uomü uREkfyfESifhtwl rdcif&Sdaeaom tcsdefurS zcifu
,lcJUjcif;jzpfaMumif;? rNyKH;\rdcif (zcif\ESr)url "r®uxduBuD;wa,muf
vkyfaeNyD; BuD;awmif;BuD;rS r,m;,l&ygrnfavm qdkí zciftm;
rMunfndKEdkifyJ&Sdae&m tcsKdUaqGrsKd;rsm;uvnf; þtwdkif;yif oabmxm;Mu
aMumif;ajymav\/ zcifrSm xdktcsdefü touf70ESpf&Sdí rdcifrSm 74ESpf
&SdavNyD/ uREkfyf\rdaxG;rSm uREkfyfxufav;ig;ESpfcefU i,fvdrfhrnfxifonf/
uREkfyfonf refusnf;wkH&GmodkU vkdufoGm;í zciftdrfaxmifjyKkjcif;
twGuf rausrcsrf;jzpfaeMuaom aqGrsKd;rsm;tm; zcifbufrSaeí
ckcHajymqdkay;cJU&ao;onf/ þwGifr&D;u-
]]"r®uxduBuD;wa,muf vkyfaeNyD;uG,f}}
]]"r®uxduayr,fh tmoa0g ukefcef;wmr[kwfbl; t&D;&JU}}
]][muGm? *sD;wa,mufvkH; &Sdaeao;wJU [muyJ}}
]]tar&Sdayr,fh b,fvdkqdkwmudk t&D;wdkU tuJrcwfEdkifMubl;vm;}}
]]wu,fqdk aoatmifapmifhygOD;awmhvm;uG,f}}
]]ckvdk jrefjrefaovdrfhr,fvdkU t&D;uodvQif ajymrxm;yJudk;As}}

662 
 rnfodkUyif jzpfap? zcifurl olUbufu vkdufavsmaxmufcHí
ajymabmf&jcif;aMumifh tvdkufodaom om;wa,muftaejzifh aus;Zl;wifykH
&&Smonf/

uREkfyf\0goemwck

aemufwaeUü uREkfyfwdkUonf c&D;qufMuí &efukefodkU a&mufMuaom

tcg &kwfw&uftdrfr&ao;onfESifh oDwmvrf;&Sd rdwfaqGwa,muf\
aetdrfü acwÅwnf;cdk aexdkif&ao;\/ ¤if;rdwfaqGü tdrfydkwvkH;&Sd&m
¤if;tdrfydkwGif tdrfiSm;aeol &Sdaeaomfvnf; rMumrD ajymif;a&TUoGm;rnf
jzpfaomaMumifhwvcefUavmuf apmifhzkdUajym\/ xdkrdwfaqGrSm udkodef;az\
tpfudk0r;fuGJawmfoljzpfonfhtavsmuf uREkfyfwdkUtwGuf tdrfjyóemudk
tqifajyatmif pDrHay;ygonf/ xdktawmtwGif; Mobmvrf;ü tdrfwcef;
vpfvyf&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf &atmifpDrHay;í rMumrD ajymif;a&TUEdkif
Muayonf/ xkdpOfuyif &efukefNrdKUwGif BudKwifpDrHrIr&SdyJ &kwfw&uf
tdrfcef;&zdkU cJ,Of;vSNyDjzpf&m &ufowÅwywfcefUtwGif; tdrfcef;&jcif;onf
uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf uHaumif;vSjcif; jzpfonf/ Mobmvrf;odkU ajymif;a&TUoGm;
Muaomtcg rsufESmcsif;qdkiftdrfrSm e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmwdkufü twl
vkyfcJUMuíjrif;yJG okdU ESpfacgufokH;acguf twloGm;cJUMuonfh udkxGef;oef;\
tdrfjzpfaMumif;od&í 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om oGm;ívnfywf\/ e,l;bm;rm;
wkdufü tvkyfvkyfMupOf udkxGef;oef;ESifhuREkfyfonf t*Fvdyfpm ta&;tom;
ESifh ywfoufí wa,mufESifhwa,muf awmfawmftxifBuD;Mujcif;udk
taMumif;jyKícifrif &if;ESD;aomtjzpfodkU a&mufcJUMubl;\/ udkxGef;oef;rSm
xdkpOftcgu wkd;wufa&;owif;pmt,f'Dwmjzpfonf/

663 
 &yfuGuftopfwckodkU ajymif;a&TUvm&onfwGif todrdwfaqGa[mif;
wa,mufESifh awGU&í uREkfyfu 0rf;yef;wom oGm;a&muf vnfywfaomf
vnf; udkxGef;oef;onf uREkfyf\aetdrfodkUwacgufwavrQ vma&mufjcif;
r&SdonfESifh wjznf;jznf;]pdrf;}oGm;MuNyD; rdwfysufoGm;Muav&m olb,fwkef;
uaooGm;&Smonfudkyif uREkfyfrodvdkuf&ay/ uREkfyfonf rdwfaqGtjzpfESifh
aygif;oif;&vQif toGm;tjyef qufqHrI&SdygrS rdwfaqG[k oabmxm;
wwfonfh 0goem&Sd&m wbufowf toGm;rsKd;om&Sdonfh  (One Way Traffic) 
qufqHenf;rsKd;udkrlum; uREkfyfwefzdk; rxm;wwfaom aMumifh udkxGef;oef;
uJUodkU wjznf;jznf; ysufjy,foGm;Muonfh todrdwfaqG rsKd;wkdUonf
uREkfyf\ woufwmü renf;vSawmhacs/

EIwf&Jaomvl

ol&d,wdkufodkU tvkyfjyef0ifonf qdkvQifyif udkodef;armifESifh

wcsDwyJG EJGMu&jyefavNyD/ txufwGifazmfjycJUNyD;onfhtwdkif; ol&d,wdkufodkU
OD;apmra&mufrD uREkfyfrSm (udkodef;aztvGefauseyfvSonfh) waqmif
wa,mifae&mBuD;&í OD;apmt,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfESifh 0ifvmaomtcgwGif
z,fay;&aomfvnf; ee;f&if;0efjzpfoGm;aomtcgwGif ,if;ae&mü uREkfyf
jyefíxdkif&onf/ uREkfyfjyef0ifvmNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrDtwGif; udkodef;armif
onf uREkfyfxHvmí olUrSm {nfhonfrsm;aomaMumifh uREkfyf\ae&mudk
olUtm;ay;zdkUajymavonf/ ae&mí us,f0ef;jcif;? jywif;aygufESifh eD;ojzifh
avvnf;& tvif;vnf;&jcif;wkdUaMumifh ae&mcsif;ajymif;vJzdkU awmif;cHjcif;
onfyif &JvGef;vSavNyD/ þrQruao; uREkfyfjrifrdonfrSm þae&monf
t,f'DwmcsKyf xdkifbl;oGm;aom ae&mjzpfaomaMumifh t,f'DwmcsKyf jzpfcsif;

664 
jzpfvQif ¤if;ae&mwGif xdkifvsuf&Sdaom vlonfyif jzpfp&m vrf;&Sdonf[k
wGufudef;csykH&onf/ rnfodkUqdkap ¤if;ae&mü xdkif&jcif;onf t,f'Dwm
csKyfjzpfzdkU ajcwvSrf;cs&m a&mufonf[k udkodef;armifwGufykH&onf/ ,cif
uvnf; trIxrf;ouf wqufwnf; q,fESpfjynfhaom vludkom t,f'Dwm
csKyfcefUxm;zkdU[laom avQmufvTmwGif uREkfyftm;trsm;ESifh vufrSwfxdk;
zkdUajym&mwGif uREkfyfvufrSwfxdk;cJUbl;avNyD/ ,ckvnf; tBuHtpnf &nf
&G,fcsufESifhwuG awmif;cHykH&aomae&mudk rnfokdUjyKonfxifMuoenf;/
olUqE´twkdif;jynfhatmif uREkfyfae&mcsif; vJvS,fvdkufygonf/ trSefudk
0efcH&vQif0rf;xJu rMunfromESifh ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/ þvlum;
olvdkcsifaom t&m&SdvQif awmfawmfawmif;&Jol wa,mufjzpfí a&SUtzkdU
wGifvnf; ol\EIwf&Jjcif;ESifhywfoufí azmfjy&efusefygao;onf/ uREkfyf
um; rme&Sdaomfvnf; (pHa'0DudpörSpí) EIwfr&Jjcif;aMumifh vufvGwfoGm;
onfh tcGifhta&;aygif; rsm;cJUvSNyDjzpf&m EIwftm&Jjcif;aMumifh atmifjrif
&rnfqdkvQifvnf; udkodef;armifrSm þtcsdefwGif xdyfwef;yk*¾dKvf BuD;wOD;
jzpfaeavmufoifhayNyD/

t&m&Sd\ armif;rJcH&jcif;

ol&d,wdkufodkU tvkyfjyef0ifí yxrvtwGuf vcxkwf&aomtcg

ol&d,wdkuf vcpm&if;wGif uREkfyf\vcudk 25usyf wkd;jrSifhxm;í NAdwdoQ
bm;rm;oaX;OD;nGefUxHodkU aiG 25usyfoGm;í ,l&\/ uREkfyftzdkUrl rnfonfh
enf;ESifh &onfjzpfap? &jcif;onfom vkd&if;jzpfonfqdkum auseyfvsuf
&Sdygonf/ odkU&mwGif ajcmufvjynfhwdkif; pdwfrcsp&mr&Sd qdkum ,kHMunf
vsuf&Sdygonf/ þwBudrftvkyfjyef0ifonfrSpí wdkuftvkyfESifhywfouf

665 
NyD; uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmufrSm twGif;0ef&kH;u uREkfyftm;cPcPac:í owd
ay;cH&jcif;yifjzpf\/ xdktcsdefwGif *smrefav,mOfysHrsm;onf t*Fvefjynfudk
tBuD;tus,f AkH;BuJvsuf&Sd&m wcgu *smrefav,mOfysH aygif; 1800rQ
wNydKifeufwnf; AkH;BuJcsonf[laomowif;ygvm\/ ¤if;owif;ESifhtwl
t*Fvdyfowif;pm wapmifu t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;onf av,mOfysHrsm;
AkH;BuJcdkuftwGif; vrf;eHab;wGif tdfkufpu&if (a&cJrkefU) pm;vsuf&Sdonf[k
azmfjyyg&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf xdkacwfu rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sdolrsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif;
uREkfyfwdkU\wdkif;jynfudk odrf;,lxm;onfht*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;tm; b,folu
aqmfonfjzpfap 0rf;omcsif&onfhtxJwGif uREkfyf0goemwck rSmvnf;
tvGeftrif; <um;onfxifvQif ajymifavSmifcsifwwfaom pdwfrsKd;
ay:vmwwf\/ odkUjzpfí txufyg a&cJrkefUowif;udk a0zef&mü
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;onf 0rf;xJwGif rcsdrqefU ylavmifMu&SmaomaMumifh
a&cJrkefUcPcP pm;&SmMu&[efwlonf[k a&;vdkuf\/ þwGifumuG,fa&;
Xmeudkifonfht&m&Sdu uREkfyftm;ac:í t"dyÜm,fwrsKd;xGufapEdkifonfh
ta&;tom;rsKd;udk a&SmifMuOfzdkU owday;avonf/ t&m&Sdonf uREkfyftm;
owday;pOf teD;üodyÜHarmif0vnf;&Sd&m uREkfyfudkar;jref;jcif;r&SdyJ wcg
wnf; owday;jcif;jzpfí awmfygao;\/ tu,fí uREkfyftm; ar;vm;
jref;vm;vkyfygrl u&kPmESifh a&;jcif;jzpfonf[k jyefajymvdrfhrnfjzpf\/
odkUqdkvQif uREkfyftzdkU omí qdk;aumif; qkd;vdrfhrnf[k (þaemufydkif;ü)
uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonf/

666 
OD;buav; *kPfjyKyJG

xdkumv tydkfif;tjcm;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyfrSwfrdaomtjcif;t&mwck

rSm ol&d,tay:ü a'gufwmodef;armifu toa&ysufrIESifh w&m;pJGaom
trItwGuf rEÅav;odkU cPcPoGm;&jcif;jzpf\/ w&m;pJGcH&olrsm;rSm
wdkuftkyfOD;buav;? wm0efcHt,f'Dwmjzpfaom uREkfyfESifh&dkufESdyfxkwfa0ol
OD;bdk;nSif;wdkUjzpfavonf/ OD;buav;ESifh uREkfyfrSm 'kwd,wef; wGJwGif
twlpD;avh&Sd\/ þae&mwGif ol&d,wdkufü vlBuD;vkyfolrsm; AsL&dku&uf
qefMuykHudk tenf;i,f a0zefa&;om;vd\
k / (tjcm;wae&müvnf; tenf;
tusOf;a&;om;cJUbl;onfxif\/) ol&d,wdkufvlBuD;rsm;onf tjcm;wdkuf
om; tvkyform;rsm;xuf vcav;ig;q ,lEdkifMuonfhtwGufaMumifh
tjcm;tvkyform;rsm;tm; ]cRwfu&m;}rsm;avmuf oabmxm;um qufqH
wwfMu\/ (OD;apmwa,mufuuREkfyftm; ta&;ay;ykHudk azmfjycJUbl;ygNyD/)
odkU&mwGif OD;buav;wa,mufurl cyfrSefrSef vkyfae\/ tjcm;wdkufom;
rsm;onf vlBuD;rsm;\ AsL&dku&ufqefykHudk rnfodkUrQ&SdMu[ef rwlaomfvnf;
ynmudkom tav;ay;í pOf;pm;avh&Sdaom uREkfyftzkdUrl ¤if;wkdUESifh yckH;csif;
,SOfEdkifonfqdkum ¤if;wkdU\qufqHykHudk atmifhoufouf&Sd\/ okdUaomf
rnfodkUrQ rvkyfwwfyJ jzpfae\/ waeUoü OD;buav;NrdKUawmf0efjzpfonf
wGif ol&d,wdkufom;rsm;u *kPfjyKyJGvkyfí MobmpmzwfzkdU pDrHMu\/
¤if;Mobmpmudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh uREkfyfupDukH;a&;om;&efvnf; qkH;jzwf
Muavonf/

667 
uREkfyf\Mobmpm

Mobmpmudk pDukH;rnfjyKpOf uREkfyftBuHwckjzpfay:vm\/ Oya'

jyKvTwfawmfü OD;buav;trwfjzpfpOfu rdefUcGef;wckajym&mwGif jrefrmvdk
rajymyJ t*Fvdyfajymjcif;udk uREkfyfowd&\/ xdkacwfu vTwfawmfwGif
(t*Fvdyftrwfrsm;vnf; &SdonfwaMumif;aMumifh) t*FvdyfajymEdkifaom
trwfrsm;onf tvGef*kPf&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf OD;buav;\rdefUcGef;udk
&efukefa*Zuf owif;pmwGif zwfMunfhbl;&m tcReftrGefBuD; r[kwfaomf
vnf; vlwef;aph (trwfwef;aph) &Sdí rnHUvS[k qdk&ayrnf/ xkduwnf;u
OD;buav;onf jrefrmpmxuf t*Fvdfyfpmudk txifBuD;í t*Fvdyfpmudk
tav;ay;NyD; avhusifhxm;olwa,mufjzpf aMumif; uREkfyf&dyfrdcJUavNyD/
odkUjzpfí olUtwGufMobmpma&;&mwGif ig\vufpGrf;jyvkdufrnf [laom
tBuHjzpfay:vm\/ waMumif;rSmvnf; uREkfyf\jrefrmpmta&;tom;udk
OD;apmESifh OD;nGefUwdkUu csD;usL;Mubl;ygvsuf OD;buav;u bmoabmrQ
razmfjyjcif;udkaxmufaomf OD;buav;onf jrefrmpmta&;tom;taMumif;
udk aumif;aumif;em;rvnf? t&omrcHwwf [k uREkfyfqkH;jzwfvdkufonf/
xkdUaMumifh uREkfyfonf OD;buav; *kPfjyKyJGü zwf&rnfh t*Fvdyfvdk
Mobmpmudk tcsdeftrsm;BuD;ay;NyD; wwfEdkiforQ taumif;qkH;jzpfatmifa&;í
*kPfjyKyGJaumfrwDodkU wifjyvdkuf\/ ¤if;uOD;buav;xHodkUwifjy&m tpD
tpOft&rSm uREkfyf\Mobmpmudk a&TpmvkH;BuD;rsm;jzifh &dkufESdyf&OD;rnf
jzpfavonf/ OD;buav;onf uREkfyfu tMurf;pDukH;xm;onfhMobmpm
udkzwfNyD;aemuf rSwfcsufuav;a&;um uREkfyfxHodkUydkUvdkuf\/ ¤if;rSwfcsuf
udkjrifvdkuf&onfESifh wNydKifeuf uREkfyfNyKH;rdygonf/ ol&d,wdkufvlBuD;

668 
ydkif;ESifh uREkfyfonf t*Fvdyfvdka&;Muaom xkH;pH&Sd&m OD;buav;\
rSwfcsufrSm (  Let  us  )  [laom pum;rokH;yJ  (  May  I  )  [laom pum;vkH;
udkokH;xm;\/ ol\rSwfcsufrSm uREkfyfMobmpmudk olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif
okdU ]jyyg&ap}[k t"dyÜm,f&Sd\/ tcgwdkif;qdkygrl ]jyMuOD;pdkUvm;AsKdU}[k
a&;wwfoljzpfav&m þrSwfcsufudkjrifuwnf;u ][efNyD}[k atmufarhum
uREkfyfoabmwlvdkufygonf/ olBuD;a*Zuf udkcifarmifrSm &efukefwdkif;
owif;pmwGif ]awmom;}trnfESifh aqmif;y;grsm; a&;vsuf&SdonfESifh
xdkacwfu t*Fvdyfvdk ta&;tom;wGif emrnfBuD;vsuf &Sdav&m
uREkfyfa&;aompmudk tjcm;vlwa,muftm; jyjcif;onf uREkfyftay:ü
&dkif;&musonf[k OD;buav;u ,lqonfhoabmyifjzpf onf/
þuJUodkUem;vnfvmjcif;onfyifvQif uREkfyf\ta&;tom;udk txifrao;
aMumif; xif&Sm;avNyD/ OD;buav;onf olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmifxHokdU
uREkfyf\MobmpmydkUvdkuf&m wem&DcefU Mumaomtcg jyefa&mufvmí
wvkH;wyg'rQ jyifqif&efr&SdaMumif;jzifh rSwfcsuf a&;xnhfvdkufavonf/

ydkufqHxuf t&om&Sdjcif;

OD;buav;onf uREkfyf\Armpmudk txifBuD;zdkU em;vnfykHr&aomf

vnf; t*Fvdyfpm ta&;tom;udkrl txifrBuD;yJ raeEdkifatmifjzpfcJU\/
Mobmpmü olUtaMumif;udk csD;usL;xm;&mwGifvnf; ajrSmufvkH;yifhvkH;rsm;
yg&Sdapumrl uREkfyftpGrf;ukef pdwful;a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfí olUür&Sdaom
tjcif;t&mjzifh ajrSmufyifhjcif;r[kwfyJ olUüwu,f&Sdaom t&nftcsif;udk
uyfuyfoyfoyf &SmazGazmfxkwfum pum;vkH;vSvSESifh zGJUEGJUpDukH;xm;jcif;
jzpfaomaMumifh awmfawmfcHwGif;awGUykH&onf/ xdktcsdefrSpí OD;buav;

669 
onf uREkfyftay:ü ododomom trlt&majymif;vJvmjcif;udk uREkfyfawGU
&ay&m rEÅav;okdU trItwGuf twlwuG oGm;Mu&aomtcgrsm; wGif
ol\ajymif;vJjcif;onf omíxif&Sm;avonf/ þtjcif;t&monf uREkfyf
tzdkU tjrwfBuD;wck[k oabmxm;í tus,fw0ifhazmfjyjcif;r[kwf/ vlwkdU
rnfonf arQmfrSef;csufwckESifh vkyfvkdufí atmifjrifonfhtcg 0rf;om
wwfaomobm0udk wifjyzdkU vkdjcif;jzpf&m vkyf&aom tvkyfonf uavmif
tvkyfjzpfaomtcgü auseyf0rf;ajrmufrIonf omí BuD;xGm;onf[k xifyg
onf/ uavmiform;wa,muftzkdU&mü þatmifjrifrIonf ydkufqHrvkyf
r[kwfaomfvnf; ydkufqH&jcif;xufyif t&omwrsKd;&Sdí uREkfyf\ OD;aESmuf
wGif trSwfxifvsuf&Sdonftavsmuf rarhaysmufEdkifyJ a&;om;azmfjyvkduf
&jcif;jzpfayonf/

tdrfajymif;a&TUjcif;

Mobmvrf;ü okH;vcefUMumaomtcg oDwmvrf;wGif ,cifazmfjycJU

onfhtdrfrSm tm;vyfonfjzpfí uREkfyfwkdUajymif;a&TUMu\/ Mobmvrf;ü&Sd
aom tdrfcef;rSm oyfoyf&yf&yf&Sdí aepcsifhzG,f&Sdaomfvnf; oDwmvrf;
tdrfrSm tay:xyfyg wtdrfvkH;jzpfí us,fvGifhonfESifh ajymif;a&TUzdkU qkH;jzwf
jcif;jzpf\/ waMumif;rSmvnf; tdrfeD;csif;tjzpfESifh tawmfarQmfvifhcJU
bl;onfh udkxGef;oef;onf xifoavmufr[kwfyJ ol&d,t,f'DwmESifh
wkd;wufa&;t,f'Dwmqdkum *kPfwk*kPfNydKif oabmxm;avoavm
rqdkEdkif/ (r[kwfygapESifh[k qkawmif;onf/) cyfpdrf;pdrf; vkyfaeaomaMumifh
olUtm;EIwfqufzkdUyif owdr&yJ ajymif;a&TUcJUMuonf/ uREkfyfonf tdrfcef;
uav;rsm;ücsnf; aecJU&onfrSm 8ESpfcefU&SdNyDjzpfí wtdrfvkH; (tay:xyfyg)

670 
&jcif;twGuf tvGefMunfEl;vsuf&Sd\/ þrQavmuf pdwfwdkif;usaom
tdrfwvkH;ü rae&onfrSm yJcl;rS ajymif;a&TUvmuwnf;u jzpf\/ &efukefü
ae&orQ þtdrfrS rajymif;a&TUawmh[k pdwful;rdMu&m vlom;\ pdwful;
rsm;onf bmrQra&&mvSygaywum;/

pum;wif;ajymrdjcif;

oDwmvrf;tdrfrSm udkodef;az\tpfudktdrfESifh uyfvsuf&Sdonfhjyif

tawmfvnf;us,fvGifhí ukdodef;azudk cPcPowd&\/ udkodef;azonf
Z&pfacsmifü tdrfaqmufNyD;uwnf;u uREkfyftm;owd&ouJUodkU uREkfyf
uvnf;olUtm; owd&rd\/ okdUjzpfí 1941ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 8 &ufaeUü
rEÅav;NrdKUwGif uREkfyfwdkU &kH;csdef;&Sdonfjzpfí rEÅav;odkU xdk&ufwGif
a&mufatmifvmcJUzdkU udkode;fazxHpma&;vkduf&m udkodef;azonf 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;oma&mufvm\/ 8&ufaeUwGif trIqdkifí 9 &ufaeUwGif udkodef;az
&efukefodkUvdkufygvm\/ udkodef;az\rsufpdrsm;rSm tawmfrIefvsuf&SdNyD
jzpf&m þwacgufonf olUtzkdU aemufqkH;wacguf jzpfvdrfhrnf xifaMumif;
ajymí rSefvnf;rSefygayonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü udkodef;azwa,muf
&efukefodkUa&mufonfqdkvQif yDrdk;eif;? udkcifarmifwifhwkdUESifh awGUqkHay;zkdUrSm
0wÅ&m;BuD;wcktaejzifh rSwf,lxm;\/ yDrdk;eif;rSm xdktcsdefwGif uG,fvGef
avNyDjzpfí udkcifarmifwifh wa,mufESifhom qkHpnf;ay;&\/ uREkfyfrSm
xdktcsdefü tajymif;ta&TU rsm;vSí p&dwfukefusojzifh pdwfwkdif;usatmif
0wfrjyKEdkifaomfvnf; uREkfyf\tajctaeudkodaom udkodef;azurl auseyf
&Smygonf/ waeUoü uREkfyfonf udkodef;aztm; udkcifarmifwifhESifh
ywfoufí auseyfzG,faom tcsufrsm;ESifh rauseyfaom tcsufuav;

671 
rsm;taMumif;udk &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGcsif;yDyD ajymjyrd&m rauseyfaom
tcsufwckrSm udkcifarmifwihfonf rEÅav;rdbrJUausmif;xDrS aiG500d
aygufpOfu uREkfyftm; rajymyJaeaMumif; uREkfyfuowif;Mum;í oGm;aom
tcg udkcifarmifwifhu ]]usKyfawmhtck raomufawmhbl;As? a&mh
cifAsm;aomufzkdU aiG5usyf,loGm;ayawmh}}[k xkwfay;&m uREkfyfu ]]aeygap?
usKyfrSm ydkufqHygygw,f}}[k jyefajymum r,lyJaecJUaMumif; ajymjyavonf/
udkodef;azonf uREkfyf\pum;udk Mum;&aomtcg ]]cifAsmhvl
a&SmfvdkufavAsm? 'geJUawmif cifAsm;uolUudk rdwfaqGaumif;BuD; wa,muf
vkyfNyD; aygif;oif;aewm tHUMoyg&JU}}[k ajymavonf/ þwGifuRekfyfu
]]olnHUwJUae&mrSmnHUwmyJAsm? okdUaomf usKyfpdwfxJrSmawmh usKyftarudk
olcsD;rGrf;ykH pum;vkH;uav;udk cPcP owd&NyD; olb,favmufqdk;qdk;
cGifhvTwfEdkifw,fAsm}}[k ajymírdciftm; udkcifarmifwifhcsD;usL;bl;onfh
pum;udk ajymjy&ao;onf/ xdktcgrS udkodef;azu ]]'DvdkqdkawmhvJ
cifAsm;rSefwmaygh? udk,fhvlu pum;vkH;a&G;ykH ae&musayw,fAsm?
cifAsm;tarudk olem;vnfw,fqdkvdkU usKyfvJyJ olUudkcGifhvGwfygw,f?
olvkyfykHuawmh awmfawmfqdk;w,fAs}}
]]qdk;wmawmh rajymeJUawmhAsm? olU 5usyfwef puúLuav;eJU
olUrsufESmudk jyefaygufcJUcsifwmyJ? tarhtaMumif; ajymbl;ykHuav;aMumifh
atmifhcHcJUEdkifwmyJ}}
]]rdwfaqGqdkwm 'DvkdyavAsm? aumif;wJUtcsufuav;awG &SmMunfhNyD;
aygif;oif;Mu&wmy? odkUaomf bmajymajym olUvkyfykHudk cifAsm;
onf;cHcJUwmawmh awmfayw,fAsm}}
]]usKyfajymcJUwJUtwdkif; tarhaMumifhygyJAsm}}

672 
 udkcifarmifwifhum; aiGa&;aMu;a&;ESifh ywfoufí wcgw&H
awmfawmf *Gusolwa,mufjzpfavonf/

vlUpdwfobm0wck

waeUoü udkodef;azonf uREkfyf\aetdrfü wnf;cdkvsuf&Sdonfjzpfí

uREkfyfESifhtwl eHeufpmpm;NyD;Muaomtcg ol\nD0rf;uJGwa,muf&Sdonfh
ukefonfvrf;odkU tvnfoGm;&ef uREkfyfESifhtwlvdkufvm\/ tpDtpOfrSm
olUtm; ukefonfvrf;odkUvkdufydkUNyD; uREkfyfu ol&d,wkdufodkU oGm;&efjzpf\/
uREkfyfwdkUonf ausmufajrmif;rS xa&mfvDbwfpfESifh vkdufvmMuí pawmh
udwfwHwm;BuD;odkUa&mufMuaomtcg udkodef;azu olUnDtdrfodkU wkduf&dkuf
roGm;vdkawmhaMumif;? ol&d,wdkfufodkU uREkfyfESifhvdkufvmNyD;vQif uREkfyf
tvkyfNyD;csdef (12em&Davmuf) wGifrS uREkfyfESifhtwl olUnDtdrfodkU oGm;awmh
rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymav\/ uREkfyftzkdU&mü tvGef*Gusvsuf&SdavNyD/
*GusykHrSmum; udkodef;azonf uREkfyf\ ]]waqmifwa,mif&Sdaom]]
ae&mxdkifcif;udktm;yg;w& csD;usL;ajymqdkbl;ol jzpf&m ,ckrSm ¤if;ae&mudk
udkodef;armiftm; ay;vdkuf&NyD;í tcef;uav; usOf;usOf;wGif uREkfyf
xdkifvsuf&Sdjcif;udk udkodef;az rjrifapvdkaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/
udkodef;azonf uREkfy\
f ae&mtaMumif;udk bmrQrajymbl;vQif
udpör&Sd? ,ckrSm 0rf;omtm;&csD;usL;ajymqdkbl;onfhjyif vcwdk;onfqdkNyD;
ae&muawmh avsmqif;oGm;&oavm[k ar;vkdufrnfudkvnf; uREkfyfaMumuf
vSonf/ avmuü vlwkdUonf ta&;BuD;oa,mifESifh ta&;rBuD;aom
udpörsKd;udkvnf;aumif;? ta&;rBuD;oa,mifESifh ta&;BuD;aom udpörsKd;
udkvnf;aumif;? BuKH&wwfonfjzpf&m þudpörSm 'kwd, trsKd;tpm;

673 
jzpfonf[k uREkfyf,lq\/ tcsKdUvlrsm;u ]]'gavmuf[m bmta&;BuD;
vdkUvJ}}[k ajymMurnfavm rqdkEdkifay/ uREkfyfuyif rSm;avoavm rqdkEdkif/
uREkfyftzdkU&mürl uRekfyf\ ae&ma&TUajymif;&jcif;udk rnfonfenf;ESifhrQ
udkodef;az todrcHEdkifay/ udkodef;armifuae&mcsif; vJygqdkaomaMumifh
uREkfyfuvJay;vdkufygonf[k ajymvQifvnf; udkodef;azu ,kHvdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs/ trSefrSm uRekfyfonf uREkfyf\tcGifh ta&;udk tvG,fwul
pGefUvTwfay;avmufatmif oabmaumif;vSa om vlwa,muf[lívnf;
ukdodef;azu r,lqacs/
uREkfyfonfwoufwmwGif tusOf;tusyfuav;aygif; awGUcJU&zef
rsm;vSonfhteuf þwBudrfuJUodkUrjzpfpavmufESifh tusyfusjcif;udk
BuHK&bl;onfrxifyg/ xa&mfvDbwfpfonf za&Zmvrf;odkUa&mufvmNyDjzpfí
(ol&d,wkdufodkU oGm;Mu&eftwGuf) udkodef;azu &yfcdkif;zdkU uREkfyftm;owd
ay;vsuf&Sd&m uREkfyfrSm olUtm; ol&d,wdkufodkU ac:oifhrac:oifhudk
rqkH;jzwfEdkifao;yJ jzpfae\/ tcuftcJwckrSm wbufü udkodef;aztm;
rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ ol&d,wdkufodkU ac:írjzpf[k qkH;jzwfxm;aomfvnf;
tjcm;wbufü ]]'Davmuf[m bmta&;BuD;ovJ? ac:oGm;vdkufaygh}}[laom
t,ltquvnf; wdkufwGef;vsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyftm; nHUonf[k qdkMuvQif
vnf; wkHUjyefjiif;qdk&ef tvdkr&Sdyg/ cHzdkUtoifh&Sdygonf/ udkodef;azu
owday;aomtcg uRekfyf\ ezl;wGif acR;rsm;jyefvsuf&Sdygonf/
]]za&Zmvrf; r[kwfvm;As? bJvfudkqGJavAsm}}
]][m 'Duae OD;buav;ESifh pum;ajymp&m &Sdw,fAsKdU? cifAsm;
vdkufvdkUrjzpfaybl;}}
uREkfyfESifh udkodef;azrSm wa,mufudkwa,muf vdrfvnfzdkUrvdkyJ udpö
[lorQwGif ]t&if;twdkif;} ajymavh&SdolESpfa,muf jzpfMuav&m ta&;

674 
rBuD;vSyJESifh þwBudrf vdrf&jcif;twGuf uREkfyf&Sufrdygonf/ þokdUaom
tusOf;tusyf awGUrIaMumifh udkodef;armif\ EIwftm&JpGmESifh awmif;cH
jcif;twGuf uREkfyf\pdwfxJwGif rausreyf jzpfrdavoavm rajymwwfay/
þudpö rjzpfay:cJUvQif ae&mvJvS,f&jcif;wnf;[laom tjzpftysufonf
uREkfyf\OD;acgif;xJwGif trSwfxifvsuf usefaumif;rS usefayawmhrnf/
vJvS,f&pOfu rausrcsrf;jzpfonf[k 0efcHcJUaomfvnf; ,ckwifjyjcif;
rlum; rausrcsrf;jzpfvsufyif &Sdao;aomaMumifhr[kwf? tjzpftysuf
uav;rsm;onf b,fuJUokdU trSwfxifvsufusef&pfwwfonf qdkonfh
vlUpdwfobm0udk wifjyvdkaomaMumifhrQom jzpfygonf/

trIqdkif&moGm;jcif;

1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 22 &ufaeUonfum; rEÅav;&kH;wGif

a'gufwmodef;armifu pGJxm;onfhtrIudk w&m;qdkifMu&ef csdef;xm;aomaeU
jzpf\/ þwacgufwGif OD;buav;uaeraumif;ojzifh rvdkufEdkif[kqdk&m
udkodef;azudk ac:vmcJUonfh ,cifwacgufuvnf; OD;buav; rvdkufcJU
acs/ trSefrSm w&m;cH okH;a,muf&Sdonfhteuf (OD;bdk;nSif;ESifh uREkfyf)
ESpfa,mufvdkufvQif &kH;awmfuauseyfykH&\/ a'gufwmodef;armif\ a&SUae
u OD;buav; rygonfhtwGuf uefUuGufao;aomfvnf; w&m;olBuD;u
uefUuGufcsufudk y,fvdkufonf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl OD;buav; rygonfh
twGuf0rf;omvSonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf OD;buav;ygcJUvQif uREkfyf
rSmolESifhtwl 'kwd,wef;pD;&rnfjzpfí udkodef;aztwGuf wm0efav;
acsawmhrnf/ olUwa,mufwnf; wwd,wef; pD;apívnf;raumif;?
uREkfyfyg wwd,wef;pD;vQifvnf; OD;buav;u uRekfyftm; tjrwfxkwf

675 
onf[kxifacsrnf/ odkUjzpfí OD;buav; rvkdufjcif;twGuf uREkfyf0rf;om
jcif; jzpfavonf/
xdkacwfü wwd,wef;yifjzpfaomfvnf; vufrSwfwapmiftwGuf
1usyf-&SpfyJ ydkay;cJUvQif tdyfzdkUae&m ay;Edkifonfh wJGwwGJ oD;oefU&Sd\/
¤if;oD;oefUwJGwGif tdyf&eftwGuf ESpfxyfvkyfxm;í txufxyf tdyfpifrSmrl
vlwa,mufESifh wa,muftMum;wGif &mZrSwfuGufuav;rsm; &dkufxm;\/
uREkfyfonftdyfpifygaom wGJtwGuf vufrSwfESpfapmif ,l&mwGif atmuf
xyfür&yJ txufxyfwGif&í udkodef;azESifh uREkfyftMum;wGif &mZrSwf
uGufjcm;vsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf 21&ufaeUn 8em&DwGifxGufaom
rD;&xm;udkpD;Mu&efjzpf&m udkodef;azu ]]vrf;rSmaysmfzdkU wckckawmh
ygayapAsm}}[k ajymonfESifh toifhpDrHvmcJU\/ rD;&xm;xGufí wem&Dausmf
ausmf Mumaomtcg c&D;onfrsm;onf pum;wajymajym &SdMu&mrS
wjznf;jznf; idkufrsOf;vmMuí rsm;aomtm;jzifh tdyfpjyKMuavNyD/
yJcl;blwmudk ausmfvGefaomtcg udkodef;azu ]]bmrsm; ygcJUovJAsKdU}}[k
ar;onfESifh azmhydwfxm;onfh zvf>yefuav;wckudk &mZrSwftMum;rS
olUbufodkU xdk;ay;vdkuf\/ udkodef;azonf zvf>yefuav;udk udkif
Munhf,if; tvGefNyKH;&Tifaom rsufESmxm;jzpfay:vmav\/ zvf>yefuav;
xJwGif ]ukwfuif; 3 usyfzdk;}yg&Sdavonf/
]][efusvdkufwmAsm? usKyfwdkUrukefygbl;? OD;cspfpkzdkUawmif ygEdkfifyg
ao; w,f}}[k udkodef;azu ajymaomfvnf; ol\avmbBuD;aom 0goem
udkodí uREkfyfNyKH;rdygao;onf/ tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;onf rD;&xm;ay:wGif
]wacgacg}ESifh tdyfarmusvsuf &SdMupOf udkodef;azESifh uRekfyfonf
zvf>yefuav;udk &mZrSwfuGuftMum;rS [dkbufonfbuf tjyeftvSef
xdk;oGif;ay;um wa,mufwvSnfh]yGwf}vdkufMuonfrSm oef;acgifausmf

676 
vif;tm;BuD;tcsdefodkUwdkif a&mufcJUavNyD/ ajymvdkufMuonfh pum;rSm
&yfem;Muonfr&Sdawmhacs/ okH;ykHwykHcefU usefawmhonfwGifrS uRekfyfu
OD;cspfpktzkdUrusefyJ&Sdawmhrnf[k owday;í &yfvdkufMu&onf/ uRekfyfwdkU
]ukwfuif;}yGwfMubl;onfrSm ajcmufBudrfxufrenf; &SdcJUbl;NyDjzpf aomf
vnf; þtBudrfuJU okdU uyfuyfoyfoyf cJcJ,Of;,Of;ESifh vlolrodatmif
wxdwfxdwf wvefUvefY ]yGwf}Mujcif;rsKd;udk rBuKHbl;ojzifh pdwfxJü
Nrdef&SufvkdfufMuykHrSm ajymzG,f&mr&Sdacs/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; ]]ckd;pm;& aom
opfoD;onf tcsKdqkH;jzpfonf}}[k t*Fvdyfpum;ykHwckudk qdkxm;jcif; jzpf\/
uREkfyfwkdU\ aysmfenf;onf uav;oli,frsm;\ aysmfenf;rsKd;okdUavsm
qif;vsuf &Sdaomfvnf; vlBuD;jzpfvmNyD;rS uav;ozG,f wcgw&H
jyefvnfavQmqif;&jcif;\ t&omudk vlwdkif;em;vnfMuonfr[kwfacs/
wa,muftaMumif;udk wa,mufacs;cg;tlr rusef tvkH;pkHodí
wcgwavrS ]aqmh}&jcif;\ t&omudk &Sm&SmazGazG BudKufwwfonfh
oli,fcsif;rsKd;&Sdaom vlrsm;onfomvQif uREkfyfwdkU\ ]Zdrf}(t&om)udk
em;vnfEdkifMurnf jzpfavonf/

udkodef;az MunfEl;ykH

rEÅav;odkU eHeufapmapm rD;&xm;qdkufoGm;aomtcg uREkfyfonf

udkodef;aztm; jrpfBuD;em;&xm;ay:odkU wifay;vkduf&m udkodef;azonf
OD;cspfpktwGuf vufaqmifuav;ygonfqdkum NyKH;pdNyKH;pdjzpfaeonfudk
uREkfyfjrif&\/ tpkHaysmfcsifwwfaom vltcsif;csif;tzkdUü aysmfp&m
topftqef;uav;wck &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; vufaqmifay;&jcif;onf ay;&olü
vnf;aumif;? vufcH&olüvnf;aumif; tb,frQavmuf 0rf;ajrmuf

677 
0rf;omjzpf&onfudk tjcm;vlrsm; em;vnfEdkifMurnfrxifay/ OD;cspfpkonf
e,fydkif0efaxmuf vlpkHBuD;wa,mufjzpfí þvufaqmifonf tqef;
r[kwfaomfvnf; uomNrdKUuJUokdUaom ae&mü þvufaqmifrsKd;
&jcif;twGuf 0rf;romyJ raeEdkif[k uREkfyfwdkUwGufrdMuonf/ rD;&xm;
xGufcgeD;ü udkodef;azonf uRekfyfrSwfrdoavmufwGif uREkfyf\ vufudk
trsm;qkH; vIyfcg qGJ,rf;oGm;avonf/

&efukeftwGuf ordkif;0ifaeUBuD;

xdkaeUrSm 'DZifbmv 22 &ufaeU jzpfonfhtwdkif; uRekfyfonf

&kH;odkUoGm;í trIqdkif&\/ uRekfyfwdkU&efukefc&D;rS vm&jcif;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif
w&m;cGifü ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;rsm;onf rjzpfpavmufom Mumonf[k
qdkoifh\/ wem&DausmfausmfESifhyif tcsdefaphí &ufcsdef;ay; vkdufojzifh
uREkfyf&kH;qif;vmcJUí rEÅav;&Sd rdwfaqGrsm;\tdrfodkU vnfywf& \/
rdrdjyKaomtrI r[kwfygyJvQuf w&m;cHjzpfae&onfqdkum pum;wifpD; í
ajymwwfMuaomfvnf; uRekfyftzdkUrSm rdrd\Zmwdjzpfaom rEÅav;NrdKUodkU
wvwacgufqdkovdk (olUp&dwfESifh) vm&jcif;twGuf 0efav;onfrxifyJ
tajymif;tvJ&í OD;aESmufyifMunfvifao;onfxif\/ xdkaeUn&xm;ESifh
&efukefodkUjyefvdkufí 1941ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 23 &ufaeUeHeufwGif
&efukefokdUjyefa&mufcJU&m xdkaeUonfum; &efukefNrdKUordkif;wGif trSwfw&
aeUxl;BuD;w&ufjzpfygawmhonf/ taMumif;rlum; *syefav,mOfysHrsm;onf
xdkaeUwGif &efukefNrdKUBuD;udk yxrtBudrfAkH;rsm;BuJcsjcif; jzpfygaomaMumifh
wnf;/

678 
ayghavsmhonf uif;apmifhwyf

uREkfyfonf rEÅav;rS jyefa&mufvmí xrif;pm;NyD;onfhaemuf

ol&d,wdkufodkU tvkyfrqif;rDtdrfOD;cef;ü acwÅcP yufvufvSefvsuf&Sd
pOfw0D0DjrnfaomtoHrsm;udk Mum;&onfESifh em;pGifhvsuf&Sd&mrS ]0kef; 0kef;}
jrnfaom toHqdk;BuD;rsm;Mum;&í uwdkufu&dkuf xvdkufrdonf/
aemufwcPü ¤if;toHrsm;onf tjcm;r[kwf? av,mOfysHrsm;tay:rS
AkH;rsm;BuJcsonfh toHrsm;jzpfaMumif; odvdkuf&onf/ jzpf&ykHrSm
&efukefNrdKUBuD;ü vGefcJUaom &ufowÅ wywfESpfywfrSpíavaMumif;
tcsufay;OMorsm;jzifh rMumcP prf;oyfum NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;tm;wyf
vSefUvmcJU&m t[kwfwu,f *syefav,mOfysHrsm;u AkH;BuJcs&ef a&mufvm
MuaomtcgwGifrS AkH;av;ig;vkH; BuJcsNyD;onfhwdkifatmif OMorqGJ&ao;yJ
jzpfcJU&avonf/ þtaMumif;udk uREkfyfaemifwGif pkHprf;Munfhaomtcg *syef
av,mOfysHrsm;onf &efukefNrdKUodkU 0ifvm&mwGif ae&SdaombufrS 0ifvmMu
jcif;jzpfí av,mOfysHapmifh wyfom;rsm;onf (ae\ta&mifaMumifh)
&efolav,mOfysHrsm;udk rjrifEdkifMuyJ &SdMu&onfqdk\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap
uREkfyfrSm AkH;BuJoHrsm;ESifh tcsufay; OMooHteuf AkH;BuJoHudk a&S;OD;pGm
Mum;vkduf&aMumif; usrf;udkifí xGufqdk0HUygonf/ uREkfyfonf yufvufvSef
&mrS uysmu,mxNyD; tdfrfa&SU0&efwmrS toHMum;&mbuf (jrpfbuf)odkU
arQmfMunfhvkduf&mwGif azG;azG;jzLaom av,mOfysHrsm;udk tpif;vdkuf
tpif;vkduf uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrif&ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfwkdU\aetdrfü
uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;tjyif c,from;trd (nD\r,m;)wkdU&Sd&m ]]AkH;BuJw,f}}[k
uREkfyfuajymí umuG,fa&;usif;&Sd&modkU qif;ajy;Muav\/

679 
tacsmif&aombJGU

umuG,fa&;usif;rSm tdrfokH;vkH;&Sdvlrsm;twGuf pkpkaygif;wl;azmfxm;

jcif;jzpf&m uRekfyfwkdUa&mufoGm;MuaomtcgwGif usif;xJü vlrsm;jynfhvk
rwwf &SdaeMuavNyD/ uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\tdrfom;rsm;udk usif;xJodkU
wGef;xnfhí uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrlum; wGif;0wGifxdkifum av,mOfysHrsm;udk
armfhMunfhvsuf&Sd\/ *syefwacwfvkH;wGif uREkfyfonf umuG,fa&;
usif;xJodkU wBudrfwnf;om qif;cJUbl;\/ þonfrSmvnf; vltrsm;u
0dkif;íqlMuaomaMumifhjzpf\/ þtwGufaMumifh tcsKdUvlrsm;u uREkfyftm;
owÅdaumif;ayonf[k csD;usL;Muav&m trSefrSm owÅdaumif;aomaMumifh
r[kwf? uRekfyf\ ]wGufudef;}aMumifhjzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonf tqef;topf
qdkvQif jrifcsif? Mum;csif? BuKHawGUcsifaom 0goem&Sdav&m xdktwGuf
tawmftwef pGefUpm;zdkU&efvnf; toifh&Sdyg\/ waMumif;rSmvnf; wGif;0ü
xdkifaomvlwa,mufxuf wGif;xJrS vlrsm;u ydkívkHNcKHonf[k uREkfyf
r,lqacs/ AkH;wnfhwnfhusí wGif;0rSvlaovQif wGif;xJu vlrsm;vnf;
oufom&m&Murnfrxifay/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfrSm *syefacwfü tBudrf
aygif;rsm;pGm AkH;BuJav,mOfysHrsm;ESifh BuKHcJU&mwGif tacsmifoufouf ol&
owÅdbJGU &cJUolwa,mufjzpfavonf/ wckawmh&Sdygonf/ AkH;BuJav,mOf
ysHrsm; vmaomtcg yxrtBudrfuwnf;u rsufvkH;ydwfNyD; awmifajy;
ajrmufajy; ajy;wwfaomvlpm;rsKd;wGifum; tygt0ifr[kwf? tcsuftvuf
udkapmifhMunfhEdkifatmif owdw&m;&Sdygonf/

680 
udk,fawGUjrif&ykH

uREkfyfonf tdrfa&SUü wl;xm;onfhumuG,fa&; usif;xdyf0ü

xdkifvsuf&SdpOf jrpfbufqDrSAkH;tvkH;aygif; tajrmuftjrm;csonfh toHrsm;udk
Mum;&\/ armfwmoHrsm;vnf; Mum;&\/ ¤if;bufodkUMunfhaepOf av,mOf
ysH ESpfpif;xdrSefNyD; rD;avmifusoGm;jcif;udk jrifvdkuf&\/ rsm;rMumrD
av,mOfysH (uREkfyf\txif) 50 cefUwdkUonf jrpfbufqDrS uREkfyfwkdU&Sd&modkU
wnfhwnfhBuD; ysHvmMujcif;udk jrif&\/ OD;acgif;ay:odkU a&mufcgeD;wGif
uREkfyfonf usif;xJodkU ckefqif;&ef tBuHjzpf\/ okdUaomf ]]bmxl;ao;
ovJ}}[k udk,fhudk,fudkar;NyD; ckefrqif;yJ qufvufí Munfhae\/
uREkfyfwdkU\ OD;acgif;xufodkUa&mufcgeD;aomtcg av,mOfysHrsm;onf
ta&SUrSaea&mifESifh yeH&onfjzpfí wajymifajymif wvufvufjzpfae
Mujcif;udkjrif&\/ uREkfyftm&kHpdkufrdonfum; av,mOfysHrsm;rS AkH;csonf
qdkvQif uREkfyfjrifEdkif&rnfqdkum AkH;rsm;udk arQmfMunfhae\/ av,mOfysH
tkyfonf uREkfyfwkdU\OD;acgif;ay:odkU wnfhwnfhBuD;a&mufvmuwnf;u
uREkfyfwdkU\ae&modkU &nf&G,fcsufxm;NyD; AkH;rsm;rcs[k uREkfyfwGufEdkifí
uREkfyfwdkUtwGuf pdwfat;oGm;avNyD/ taMumif;rlum; uRekfyfwkdU\ae&modkU
usrnfhAkH;qdkvQif uREkfyfwdkUtay:wnfh wnfhodkU av,mOfysHra&mufrDu
jzKwfcs&rnf[k uREkfyfwGufrdaomaMumifhay wnf;/ av,mOfysHrsm;onf
&efukefNrdKUay:odkU tkyfpkESpfpkcJGí ysH0JMuonfqdk&m OD;acgif;xufrS tkyfpkrSm
50cefU&Sdvdrfhrnfxif\/ AkH;jzKwfcsjcif;udk rjrif&í uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf
pdwfat;vsuf&SdpOf (usif;xJrS vlrsm;rlum; þtjcif;t&m rsm;udk
bmrQrodEdkifojzifh ukyfíom aMumufaeMuonf/) wcPü *syefav,mOfysH
wpif;udk armfwmxdrSefojzifh xufydkif;jywfum rD;avmifjcif;udk uRekfyf

681 
jrifvkduf&onf/ ]]av,mOfysHwpif;udkrSefvdkU rD;avmifusw,fAsKdU}}[k
uREkfyfuusif;xJrSvlrsm;tm; ajymvdkuf&m a,mufsm;rsm;u ]][kwfvm;AsKdU}}[k
ar;azmf&aomfvnf; rdef;rrsm;url ]]udk,hf[mudk,f Munfhawmfrlyg}}[k
jyefajymMuonf/ rD;avmifvsuf&Sdaom av,mOfysHwjcrf;onf taemufbuf
(prf;acsmif;buf)odkU xkd;usoGm;í uREkfyfonf usefaomwjcrf;udk
aumif;uifü &Smvsuf&SdpOf abmvkH;cefU&Sdonfxif&aom tjzLvkH; uav;
ESpfvkH;udk jrif&\/ aemufwcPü ysufusaom av,mOfysHrS avxD;jzifh
qif;aomavo&JESpf a,mufjzpfonf[k uREkfyfawG;qEdkifonf/ okdUqdkvQif
avxD;usrnfhae&m okdU t*Fvdyfppfom;rsm; vdkufízrf;Muvdrfhrnf[k
uREkfyfawG;xifrd\/ okdU&mwGif rsm;rMumrDtwGif; avxD;ESpfckteD;ü
rD;cdk;vkH;uav;rsm;onf azG;ueJ azG;ueJ ay:vmjcif;udjrif&í armfawmESifh
ypfjcif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfawG;Edkif\/ tcsKdUrD;cdk;vkH;uav;rsm;onf avxD;
ESifh cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif ay:í tcsKdUrSm (uREkfyftxif) tawmfeD;uyfonfudk
awGU&\/ taMumif;jcif;&mudk &dyfrdonfESifh wNydKifeuf pdwful;orm;
wa,muf jzpfonfhtwdkif; avxD;ü wGJygae&onfh avol&JESpfa,muf\
'ku©udk uREkfyfowd&onf/ tumtuG,fvnf;r&Sd? ajy;vnf;rajy;Edkif?
jyKorQcHaeMuavonfwum; [lípOf;pm;rdonf/ rsm;rMumrD avol&J
wa,muftm; armfwmxdrSefjcif;udk jrifvkduf&í ol\udk,fwydkif;rSm
vrf;rawmfwdkufwvkH;\ aumif;uifrSefaygufrS xdk;qif;usvmonf[k
aemifwGif Mum;vdkuf&onf/ þtjzpftysufudk jrif&jcif;onf uREkfyftzdkU
yxrtBudrf jzpfaomfvnf; pGefUpm;&aom tEÅ&m,fESifh jrif&aom
tawGUtBuKHonf ]ax} rdonf[k ,lqum aemifAkH;BuJjcif;rsm;udk
MunfhNrJMunfhí xdwfvefUwkefvIyfjcif; avsmhyg;oGm;ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfrSm
obm0tm;jzifh owÅdaumif;vSolwa,mufr[kwfaomfvnf; qm&dkuf'g

682 
[uf*'f udkeif;'GdKif;vfESifh tjcm;rsm;pGmaom pGefUpm;cef;0w¦Krsm;udk zwfcJU&
bl;jcif;aMumifh aMumuf&jcif;udkyif t&omwrsKd;[k ,lqum wjznf;jznf;
taMumufavsmhvmjcif;jzpfonf[k xifrdygonf/

]&Gwf}aomvlESpfa,muf

*syefav,mOfysHrsm; jyefoGm;onfhaemuf rsm;rMumrD udkcifarmifa&muf

vmí &efukefNrdKUudkESpfa,mufom; vSnhfvnfMunhf&IMu\/ AkH;usaomae&m
tajrmuftjrm;teuf ol&d,wdkufteD;ü usaomwvkH;udk txl;rSwfrdonf/
uREkfyf\awG;qcsuft& *syefav,mOfysHrsm;onf rnfonfhtaqmufttkH[l
í &nf&G,fonfh vu©Pmr&Sd? NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm; xdwfvefUwkefvIyfNyD;
pdwf"mwfusqif;ap&ef twGufrQom &nf&G,f[efwlavonf/ tepfem
qkH;&yfuGufrSm Adkvfwaxmif&yfuGufjzpfav&m xdkacwfowif;pm rsm;\
cefUrSef;csuft& pkpkaygif; vl300ausmf aoonf[k azmfjyjcif;udk
uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ t&yfom;rsm;\ cefUrSef;csufrlum; aomif;csDíajymMu\/
okdU&mwGif aq;&kHrsm;ESifh oif;csKdif;rsm;u oufaocHvsuf&Sd&m udkcifarmifESifh
uRekfyfonf naecif;wGif ¤if;Xmersm;okdU oGm;ítuJcwfMuao;\/ owif;
pmrsm;\ cefUrSef;ajcrSm rqdk;vS[k uREkfyfwkdU,lqonf/ &efukefNrdKUonf
ukvm;aygrsm;aom NrdKUjzpf&onfhtxJwGif Adkvfwaxmif &yfuGufonfvnf;
txl;ojzifh ukvm;ulvD (aumf&if*sD) aygrsm;aom &yfuGufjzpfaomaMumifh
ukvm;oif;csKdif;rsm;rSm tavmif;csif; xyfíykHxm; &jcif;udk uREkfyfwkdUjrif
cJU&onf/ uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf tavmif;rsm;udk jrif&vGef;ojzifh
atmf*vDqefrwwf &SdaeMuaomfvnf; ]cyf&Gwf&Gwf} vlESpfa,mufjzpfí
tdrfodkU rjyefvkdao;yJ &rft&uf0,faomufNyD; oif;csKdif;pkHatmifvdkufí

683 
MunfhMuonf/ udkcifarmifonf cyfykyk cyfEkEk wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf;
]&Gwf}onfhae&mwGif racvS[k uREkfyftodtrSwfjyK vkduf&onf/

0goemwl ESpfa,muf

aemufwaeUwGifvnf; ol&d,wdkufydwfxm;onfjzpfí udkcifarmifESifh

uREkfyfonf &efukefNrdKUü AkH;csxm;onfhae&mrsm;udk tao;pdwf vkdufí
MunfhMu\/ AkH;rsm;\ 'Pf&m'Pfcsufudk yxrtBudrfjrifawGU&bl;onfh
uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf bwfpfum;vnf;r&Sd? vefcsm;vnf;r&Sd? udk,fydkif
um;vnf;r&SdyJ owif;Mum;&mt&yfrsm;odkU ajcvQifavQmufum a&mufatmif
oGm;MunhfMuonfh vHkYv0d&d,um;rao;vS[k qdkoifhonfxif\/ uREkfyfwkdU
onf owif;pmwdkufodkU owif;ay;&efvnf; &nf&G,fcsufr&Sd/ uREkfyf
vnf;,ckuJUodkU rSwfwrf;a&;zdkU xkdpOfu tBuHr&SdygyJvsuf xrifoufouf
MunfhvdkjrifvdkonfhaZm  (Curiosity)  jzifh vSnfhvnf Munfh&IMujcif;jzpfí
uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf þtvkyfrsKd;wGif tawmf]zufrd}onf[k qdkoifhay
onf/ udkodef;azqdkvQifum; þrQavmuf tyifyef;cHvdrfhrnfr[kwf/
tu,fí olygatmifac:&vQifvnf; ]&rf}zdk; tawmftukefcH&ayvdrfhrnf/
,aeUvSnfhvnfMunhf&IMu&mwGif uREkfyf\pdwfudk xdcdkufqkH;aom tjcif;
t&monfum; odrfBuD;aps;BuD;yifjzpf\/ odrfBuD;aps;BuD;rS tcgcyfodrf;
BudwfBudwfwkd;atmif pnfum;aom XmeBuD;wck jzpfygvsuf uREkfyf
wkdUESpfa,muf ajcvsufavQmufoGm;Muonfh aeU 12 em&DtcsdefBuD;wGif
vlolqdkí ESpfa,mufokH;a,mufrQom awGU&NyD; uRekfyfwkdUESpfa,muf
vrf;avQmufoGm;onfh ajcoHrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUtm; xdwfvefUaprwwf
jrnf[def;qlnHvsuf &Sdygawmhonf/ awmeufB uD;xJü wdwfqdwfjcif;onf

684 
aMumufp&maumif;yg\/ okdU&mwGif pnfum;vSaom NrdKUBuD;tv,fü
tpnfum;qkH;aom XmewckwGif tpnfum;qkH;aom tcsdeftwGif;
wdwfqdwfjcif;um; (rBuKH&bl;jcif;twGufaMumifh) omí xdwfvefUzG,f
vefUckefrdrwwf xdwfoGm;rd\/ aemufqkH;ü ausmufajrmif; bufodkU
jyefvmMuí uGrf;NcHblwm&kHteD;&Sd oif;csKdif;wckwGif vlpnfum; aejcif;
udkjrifonfESifh 0ifMunfhrdMu&m ukvm;tavmif; tjywftowf tBuD;
ti,f? txD;tr t&G,ftpm;trsKd;rsKd; pkykHxm;jcif;udkjrif&\/ tavmif;
rsm;rSm ,refaeUu AkH;xdaoqkH;xm;jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh tawmf eHapmf
vsuf&SdNyDjzpf&m uREkfyfrSm rcHr&yfEdkifojzifh vufudkify0gjzifh ESmacgif;
udkydwf&aomfvnf; udkcifarmifrlum; bmrQrqdkUyJ aeEdkifayonf/
uREkfyfonf ESD;&if;aom rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh t&m&mwGif pdwfxJu EIdif;,SOfwwf
aom0goem&Sdav&m þtcsufum; udkcifarmifu omaponf[k
todtrSwfjyKcJUrd\/ tjcm;aom tcsufwck omao;onfrSmum;
udkcifarmifonf uREkfyfESifh vrf;wGifrcJGyJ uREkfyf\tdrfodkU a&mufatmif
vdkufydkUNyD;rS (6em&DavmufwGif) jyefoGm;avonf/ olonfuREkfyfxuf
touf okH;ESpfBuD;onfhtavsmuf pum;ajym&mü cyfpD;pD;ajymwwfaomf
vnf; (uREkfyftm; ]armifazodef;}[kac:onf/) vlBuD;ozG,f wm0ef,laom
ae&mrsm;vnf;&Sdygayonf/ odkUaomf olxDaygufpOfu aiGig;usyfay;jcif;ESifh
ay;ykH ay;enf;udkrlum; uREkfyfawmfawmfESifh rausEdkif/ rdciftaMumif;udk
olcsD;rGrf;onfwGifrS vkH;0 pm&if;zsufvdkuf Edkifygawmhonf/ arhEdkifonfum;
r[kwf? cGifhvTwfEdkifjcif;om jzpfyg\/

685 
'kwd,rdAkH;BuJjcif;

aemufwaeU 'DZifbmv 25&uf (c&pfprwfaeU)wGif &efukefNrdKUBuD;udk

*syefwkdU 'kwd,tBudrfAkH;BuJcsjyef\/ NAdwdoQtpdk;& vufxufwGif c&pf
prwf yJGawmfaeUonf (c&pf,eftpdk;& jzpfonfhtavsmuf) ta&;BuD;aom
aeUxl;aeUjrwfjzpf&m *syefwkdUonf t*Fvdyfrsm; raysmfEdkifMuap&eftwGuf
¤if;aeUudk wrifa&G;NyD; AkH;BuJcs[efwl\/ AkH;BuJykHBuJenf;ESifh NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;
xdwfvefUwkefvIyfMuykH tjzpfoepfrSm yxrtBudrftwdkif;yif jzpf\/
uREkfyfwdkUtdrfü uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;tjyif c,frESifhorD;uav;&SdMuaMumif;
azmfjycJUbl;&m ¤if;wkdUonf yxrtBudrf AkH;BuJuwnf;u ajymif;a&TUoGm;Mu
ojzifh uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;om&Sdawmhonf/ c,fronf uREkfyf\nDESifh
uJGuGmaeojzifh uREkfyfwkdU\ aetdrfürSDcdkvsuf&Sd&m AkH;BuJaomtcgü
¤if;\aqGrsKd;rsm;xHokdU ajymif;a&TUoGm;av\/ ]ta&;BuD;aoG;eD;&m}[laom
pum;ykHudk uREkfyfowd&rd\/ xdktcsdefrSpí uREkfyfonfc,frESifhol\orD;
tay:wGif wm0efxrf;pdwf tawmfavsmhyg;oGm;cJUavNyD/ uRekfyfonf
uREkfyftay:ü rnfolu rnfonfhtcsufüawmfygayonf? rnfolu
rnfonfhtcsufü a&SmfvSonfpaom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk vkH;aphygXfaphwifjy
&ef rvdkaomaMumifh aphpkHatmif azmfjyjcif;rjyKaomfvnf; pdwfxJürlum;
taumif;udkjzpfap? tqkd;udkjzpfap arhEdkifonfr[kwfyg/ tqdk;twGuf
vufwkHUjyef&ef rSwfxm;jcif;um;r[kwf? okdU&mwGif ¤if;twGufarwÅmysuf
uGufoGm;jcif;udkum; uRekfyf rwwfEdkifyJ&Sdygonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap bmrqdk
rarhwwfjcif;um; uREkfyf\0goemjzpfygonf/

686 
yDwdjzpf&aom pum;wvkH;

xdkaeU AkH;csNyD;í uREkfyfvnfywfMunfh&INyD;rS jyefa&mufvmaomtcg

uRekfyfwkdU\ aetdrfatmufxyfwGif vlpnfum;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk awGU&\/
þtdrfrSm txufxyfwGif uREkfyfwkdUwOD;wnf;aeí atmufxyfrSmrl
ESpfcef;zJGUxm;NyD; ESpftdrfaxmif aexkdifMuonf/ uRekfyfonfatmufxyfwcef;
ü t0wGifxdkifvsuf&Sdaom rdef;rwa,mufudkjrif&í wefUueJ&yfrd\/
þrdef;rum;¤if;tcef;üaexdkifolr[kwfaMumif; csufcsif;odonfjyif
uREkfyfjrifbl;ygonf[lívnf;xifrd\/ jrifbl;onfrSm awmf&kH wef&kH
r[kwf? MumMumBuD; jrifbl;onf[lívnf; od&onf/ odkUaomf b,fol
b,f0gjzpf onf[k razmfEdkifjcif;twGufaMumifh uREkfyfrcHcsifyJjzpfae\/
xdkrdef;rurl uREkfyftm; olpdrf;jyifjyifwa,muftaejzifhom Munfhae\/
uRekfyfum;odcsifvSNyDjzpfí teD;odkUcsOf;uyf&avNyD/
]]trBuD;udk uRefawmfjrifbl;w,frSwfygw,f? b,fuygvJcifAsm}} ,if;
odkU ar;,if;MunfhvdkufpOf xdkrdef;r\ i,frsufESmonfpdwfxJü uGufueJ
ay:vm\/ b,fol[líum; razmfEdkifacs/
]]uRefr {nfhonfyg tpfudkBuD;&Sif? 'DrSm wlruav;rsm;&SdvkdU acwÅvmcJU
ygw,f}}
]]{nfhonfrSef;awmh uRefawmfodygw,f? uRefawmfu jrifbl;rSef;
odvsufeJU azmfr&vdkUcifAs? Zmwdu b,fuygvdrfh}}
]]uRefrrEÅav;uyg&Sif}}
þrQqdkvQif uREkfyf\rsufpdxJü ol\i,f&kyf uGufueJay:vmcJUavNyD/

687 
 ]]cifAsm; pdefqif... a':pdefqif r[kwfbl;vm;}}
]][kwfygw,f&Sif? tpfudkBuD;u b,folygvdrfh}}
]]uRefawmhudkawmh cifAsm;odrSm r[kwfygbl;}}
rdef;ronf &kkwfw&ufNyKH;vkduf&m i,f&kyfomíay:vmonf/
]]&Sifu yGJMunfhy&dowfxJu aerSmaygh}}
]]'Davmufawmh ruwwfbl;As? a>rq&mbwdkU tdrfudk cifAsm;wkdU
cPcP0ifvmwwfw,f r[kwfvm;? *kEÅefaq;&dk;0if;av}}
]]rSwfrdygw,f&Sif}}
]]q&mbwdkUtdrfem;rSm ydef;wef;zdeyfvkyfwJU tdrfwtdrf&Sdw,f [kwf
vm;}}
]]aMomf... rSwfrdNyD &SifutJ'Dtdrfu t*Fvdfyfausmif;om;vm;}}
uREkfyfu[kwfaMumif;0efcH,if; ¤if;pum;uav;twGuf yDwdjzpfrdao;
onf/ yDwdjzpf&jcif;um; þodkUaom taMumif;aMumifhaywnf;/
uRekfyfonf pHa'0Dudk ydk;yrf;vsuf&SdpOf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh tNidrfhyJG?
&kyfao;yJG ponfrsm;udk trsm;qkH;MunfhcJUaom tcsdeftcgjzpf\/ tNidrfh
rif;orD;rsm;teufwGif uRekfyf\rsufpdxJü tacsmqkH;? tvSqkH;? cspfp&m
taumif;qkH;[k xifcJUrdolrSm pdefqifyifjzpf\/ uRekfyfonf xdkpOfu
pHa'0Dudk tBudKufqkH;jzpfaomfvnf; pdefqif\vSyjcif;udkvnf; todtrSwf
rjyKyJ raeEdkifatmifjzpfcJU\/ vSygayonf[kpdwfxJu csD;rGrf;rdaomfvnf;
ydk;yrf;csifaompdwfrsKd;&Sdonfr[kwf? wwfEdkifvQif olUtNidrfhyGJudk aeUwdkif;
Munfhcsifvkdjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/ tNidrhfrif;orD; wa,mufudk
ydk;yrf;&mrSmvnf; okH;Edkif? NzKef;Edkif? ay;Edkif? urf;Edkifaom oaX;om;rsm;\
tvkyfjzpfay&m uRekfyfuJUodkUaom zdeyfaxmifq&m wa,muf\om;
wa,muftzkdUrSm tdyfrufruf0HUaom udpör[kwfyg/ odkU&mwGif pdefqifonf

688 
¤if;\tarBuD;ESifhtwl a>rq&mb\tdrfodkU vmaomtcgrsm;wGif uREkfyfwdkU
\tdrfa&SUrS jzwfoGm;&onfjzpfí uREkfyfESifh Budrfzefrsm;pGm rsufESmcsif;
qdkifcJU&bl;\/ uREkfyfurl tvGefoabmusí tHUMocsD;rGrf;aom rsufESmxm;
rsKd;ESifh &dk;om;pGm Munfhrd&kHrSwyg; rnfonfh BuH&G,fcsufrQr&Sd? cspfBudKuf
jcif;udk azmfjyp&mvnf;r&Sd/ pHa'0DuJUodkU cspfBudKufonfr[kwf? &dk;om;pGm
csD;usL;jcif;rQom jzpf\/ þuJUodkU okH;av;BudrfrQ rsufESmcsif;qdkif
rdMuaomtcg pdefqifonf uRekfyftm; pdwf0ifpm;jcif;&Sdaom rsufESmxm;
rsKd;ESifh Munfhonf[kxifrd\/ waeUoü a>rq&mbu ]]rpdefqifu rif;udk
ar;w,farmif? igu t*Fvdyfausmif;rSm udk;wef;orm;uav;vdkU ajymvkduf
w,f}}[k ajymaomfvnf; tNidrfhwD;vkH; q&mrsm;onf tydk;tyrf;
0goemygaom umvom;rsm;tm; ]vSdrfh}í pm;wwfaom tavhtusifh
&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfodaomaMumifh uREkfyftm; ]vSdrfh} jcif;rQom jzpfonfqdkum
ol\pum;udk t,kHtMunfr&Sdacs/ odkU&mwGif q&mb\tdrfodkU rpdefqif
vmwdkif; uREkfyfbmvkyfaeonfjzpfap xNyD; Munfhrdatmif Munfhvdkuf
onfomjzpf\/ okdUjzpfíxdknaeu oDwmvrf; aetdrfü rpdefqifESifh
awGUMuí olu]]t*Fvdyfausmif;om;r[kwfvm;}}[k ar;vkdufaomtcg
a>rq&majympum;onf trSefyifjzpfonf[k od&í uREkfyfyDwdjzpf&jcif;
jzpfavonf/

oHa0*jzpf&ykH

uREkfyf0rf;yef;wom jzpfjcif;udkjrifí rpdefqifu ]]xdkifygOD;vm;&Sif?

ckb,frSmaeygovJ}}ar;um zdwfac:&mwGif uREkfyfutay:xyfrSmae
aMumif;ajymí teD;wGif 0ifxdkifvkduf\/ xdkifjcif;um; tjcm;aMumifh r[kwf?

689 
a&S;u rpdefqifESifh ,ckrpdefqifwkdU\ uGmjcm;ykHudk eD;uyfpGm avhvmvdkaom
aMumifhjzpfavonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü wtHUwMo csD;rGrf;rdcJUaom &kyfrSmum;
xdkifrodrf;tuØs? uwÅDygabmif;bD? a&TZmoyfvsuf acgif;aygif;uav;aygif;
um a,mufsm;uav;vdk0wfNyD; ]]odef;xdkufwJU pdefqifar? odef;xdkufwJU
pdefqifar? 0wd HombkHqdkufatmif tvdkAsm wD;vdkuf&ygawmhr,f}}[k oDqdk
,if; tkd;pnfwD;aom ykHoP²mefjzpfav&m ,ckrpdefqifrSm touf50ausmf
t&G,fjzpfí yg;a&rsm;wGefUvdrfp jyKaeonfhjyif AkH;usif;xJrS xvmcJUonfh
vu©PmESifhrzD;rvdrf; rjyifrqif r,fBuD;tkd[ef zrf;aeaom rpdefqif
jzpfaeawmhonf/ þwGif uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfrSmum; tvGefMunfh
aumif;vSonfqdkí iguwpdrfhpdrfh MunfhcJUrdbl;aom rpdefqifonf
þtjzpfrsKd;odkU a&mufaeonfqdkvQif b,fwkef;urS Munfhaumif;vSonf
rqdkEdkifonfhig\ &kyfonfum; tawmf&kyfqdk;vsuf &Sdacsawmhrnfwum;[k
pOf;pm;um Z&m\obm0ESifh ywfoufí awmfawmfBuD; oHa0*jzpfrdygonf/
þwGif rpdefqifESifh Mum&SnfpGm pum;rajymcsifawmhyJ cyfwdkwdkESifh jzwfí
tdrfay:odkU wufoGm;av&m rpdefqifudk,fwdkif tHUMoonfh vu©PmESifh
ai;usef&pfcJUygonf/ xdkaeUtzdkUü uREkfyfrSm AkH;awGuus? tavmif;awGudk
vnf; jrifcJU&onfhtxJwGif tvGeftxifBuD;rdcJUaom rpdefqif\
&kyfajymif;vJjcif;udk jrif&onfESifh pdwfwrsKd;jzpfNyD;rpdefqiftm; a&SmifuGif;
aecJU&m oljyefoGm;jcif;udkyif qif;íEIwfrqufvkdufawmhacs/

690 
apm&eu©wf\ tokH;0ifykH

'DZifbmv 25 &ufaeUü *syefu AkH;BuJcsNyD;aemuf vlrsm;onfajymif;

a&GUukefMuawmh&m 20&ufaeUwGif oDwmvrf; wvrf;vkH;ü av;ig;tdrfrQom
vl&Sdawmhonf/ usef&pfaom vlrsm;rSmvnf; vkyfpm;udkifpm; twef;tpm;
jzpfMuí wwfEdkifol[lorQ xGufajy;ukefMuavNyD/ uREkfyfrSm wwfEdkiforQ
awmifhcHonfhtxJu jzpfaomfvnf; rpdk;rSm rsufESmuav;i,fi,f jzpfae&Sm
avNyD/ tdrfcsif;uyfvsuf&Sdaom udkodef;aztpfudk uREkfyfwdkU\tdfrf&Sif
OD;pHrif;onfvnf; om;r,m;rsm;udk ta0;odkUydkUí olwa,mufwnf;
tdrfapmifhvsuf usef&pfavNyD/ &efukefrS rEÅav;odkU rD;&xm;wpfpif;
eHeufapmapmxGufonf[k od&aomfvnf; aowÅmESifh tdyf&mvdyfavmuf
udkrQ o,f,l&ef um;r&Sd? &xm;r&Sd? vefcsm;r&Sd? ulvDr&Sd? bmrSr&Sdaom
aMumifh blwmodkUoGm;&efyif cJ,Of;vSonf/ tdyf&mvdyfavmufrQrygyJ
udk,fvGwfxGufoGm;Mu&efrSmvnf; pdfwfrul;wwfatmif jzpfae\/
þodkUaomtajctaewGif aeUv,f12em&Davmufü udkcifarmif
aygufvm\/ ol\r,m;udk [oFmwodkUydkUvdkufNyD;í uREkfyfwdkUESifh
tazmfvkyfNyD; ae&efvmcJUjcif; jzpfonf[k ajym\/ uREkfyfwdkUuvnf;
þt&yfxJü vlolr&Sdawmhojzifh tnmokdUoGm;vdkaMumif;? odkU&mwGif
tdyf&mvdyfuav;rQyif o,f,lzdkUcJ,Of;vsuf&SdaMumif; ajymjy&avonf/
þwGif udkcifarmifu ]]aeMuOD;As? usKyfBuHOD;r,f}}[kqdkum tjyifodkU
xGufoGm;avonf/ wem&dcefUMumaomtcg udkcifarmifonf vefcsm;wpD;
udk oludk,fwdkifqJGvsuf ay:vm\/ uREkfyfwdkUu tHUMopGmESifh MunfhaeMupOf
udkcifarmifonf vefcsm;udk tdrfaemufaz;&Sd Al;pifatmufodkU qJGoGm;í
zsmpkwfjzifh tkyfxm;vkdufav\/ ¤if;aemufolu ajymjyí od&onfrSm AkH;BuJ

691 
cs&mwGif vefcsm;ukvm;rsm;onf rdrdwkdU\vefcsm;rsm;udk vrf;ay:üypfcs
íxGufajy;MuaMumif;? (uREkfyfwkdUvSnfhvnfMunfh&IpOfuvnf; vrf;ay:wGif
vefcsm;rsm; [dkwpD;onfwpD;jrifcJU&onf/) AkH;csNyD;ump&ufrsm;ü vrf;rsm;
ay:wGif ydkif&SifrJUvefcsm;awGaygrsm;aomfvnf; ,ckrl [dktdrf onftdrfrS
vlrsm;u ydkif&SifrJUvefcsm;rsm;udkaumuf,lum rdrdwkdUaetdrfrsm;ü odrf;qnf;
xm;MuaMumif;? udkcifarmifonf vrf;rsm;ay:ü vefcsm;rawGU& awmhonf
ESifh tdrfwtdrfü 0Sufxm;aom vefcsm;wpD;udkcdk;,lvmcJUaMumif;? þvefcsm;
jzifh uREkfyfwkdU\ypönf;uav;rsm;udkwifí eHufjzefeHeuftapmBuD; uGrf;NcH
blwmodkUoGm;MuNyD; rEÅav;&xm;jzifh vdkufM urnfjzpfaMumif;? olonf
uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwl vdkufcJUrnfjzpfaMumif;ajymjyavonf/

tonf;wxdwfxdwf

uREkfyfwdkUonf ckd;,lcJUaom vefcsm;jzpfonfqdkum t&dk;rsm;aom?

acs;cg;aom *sD;rxlMuyJ udkcifarmif\ pdwful;ESifh &J0HUjcif;udk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;
om csD;usL;Muonf/ þvefcsm;omr&SdcJUvQif uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;rSm
t0wfwxnf udk,fwckESifh ajy;&kHrSwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;&Sdawmhrnf r[kwf
qdkum aus;Zl;wifMu&onf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfwdkUonf vefcsm;wpD;
Edkifavmuf&kHrQaom tdyf&mvdyfaowÅmESifh tdk;tifcGufa,muf? awmif;yvkH;
ponfrsm;udk pk&kH;xkyfydk;um jyifqifxm;Muav\/ odkU&mwGif uRekfyf\pdwf
xJü vefcsm;twGuf waEG;aEG;&Sdygawmhonf/ aEG;rnfqdkvnf; aEG;xdkuf
onf/ xdkaeUnaeapmif;wGif vlwa,mufonf tdrfa&SUvrf;ay:rS awmif
MunfhajrmufMunfhESifh cyfjznf;jznf;avQmufvmonfudk uREkfyfjrif&uwnf;
u vefcsm;&Smaomvl jzpf&rnf[k uREkfyf&dyfrdavNyD/

692 
 ]][dkvl tuJr&bl;AsKdU? udkcifarmif vefcsm;&Smw,fxifw,f}}
]][kwfrSmayghAsm? tomaeyg}}
]]awGUoGm;vQif b,fhES,fvkyfrvJAs}}
]]awGUvQifaum bmjzpfovJAs? olUypönf;rS r[kwfyJ? bmjzpfjzpfAsm?
'Dvdk tcgrsKd;rSmawmh (Might is Right) tm;omwJUbufu tEdkif,lwrf;yJAsm}}
]][dkvlUAvu racvSbl;As}}
]]usKyfwkdUu ESpfa,mufyJAs? rEdkif,ifvJ wkwfeJU&dkufvSJayghAsm}}
uREkfyfvnf; ol\0g'udk oabmusí uepdkom xif;ykHudk pdwfxJu
rSef;xm;&\/ uREkfyfwkdU\tBuHum; vefcsm;udkolawGUí taMumuftuef
awmif;aevQif xif;acsmif;rsm;jzifh OD;atmifESufMu&efjzpfavonf/ uHtm;
avQmfpGm xdkvlonf uREkfyfwkdU\ oefUjyefUaom&kyf&nfrsm;udk jrifojzifh *sydk;
rsm;r[kwfwef&m[k ,lqonfhvu©PmESifh tdrfaemufaz;Al;pifudk aocsm
pGmrMunfhyJ avQmufoGm;av\/ tdrf0if;xJodkU 0ifzdkUrvdk? tdrfeHab; vSrf;
MunfhvdkufvQifyif zsmpkwfatmufrS vefcsm;bD;rsm;udk t&Sif;om; jrifEdkif
avonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf zsmpkwfrsm;&Smí bD;rsm;udk vkHatmifzkH;NyD; apmifhMu
&ao;\/ okdUaomf xdkolum;ray:vmawmhacs/

rarhEdkifaom ajcvsifc&D;

uGrf;NcHblwmrS rD;&xm;onf eHeuf 4em&DwGif xGufonfqdk&m

uREkfyfwdkUonf wnvkH;tdyfawmhonfr&SdyJ vefcsm;apmifh,if;ESifhyif oef;
acgifwdkifoGm;í ypönf;ypö,uav;rsm;udk vefcsm;ay:odkU wifMuav\/
þ[muav;awmh ,lrSjzpfrnf? xdk[muav;awmh ygrSjzpfrnf ponfjzifh
wdkvDrdkvD ypönf;uav;rsm;udk vefcsm;ay:okdU wifvdkuf&m rqHUyJjzpfae\/

693 
 aemufqkH;ü rpdk;u ypönf;w&Gufpm&Gufí uREkfyfuvefcsm;qGJ?
udkcifarmifu aemufrSwGef;vsuf oDwmvrf;rS xGufvmMuaomtcg 1941
ckESpfü 'DZifbmv 29 &ufaeUeHeufwem&Dtcsdefjzpfavonf/ wNrdKUvkH;rSm
rD;vnf;rxGef;? vvnf;r&SdaomaMumifh arSmifrnf;vsuf&Sd&m wvrf;vkH;wGif
um;wpD;wavrSwyg; rnfonfh,mOfrQrawGU? vlvnf;rawGU? tvGefwdwf
qdfwfvsuf&Sd\/ rwdwfqdwfyJ&Sdrnfavm? vrf;ab;&Sdtdrfrsm;wGif vl&Sdaom
tdrf tvGefenf;í &SdorQaom vlrsm;vnf;aMumufaMumufESifh ukyfaeMu
ayvdrfhrnf/
ausmufajrmif;&yf oDwmvrf;ESifh uGrf;NcHblwmc&D;rSm twefBuD;
a0;onfjzpf&m uREkfyfwkdUvm&ykH tajctaeudkMunfhvQif tvGefw&mBuD; a0;
onf[k xifrdonfqdku em;vnfEdkifMuayvdrhfrnf/ uREkfyfua&SUrSqGJ
udkcifarmifu aemufrSwGef; (csJ*g&Dpwdkif) rpdk;u w&Guf&Guf vsuf
oef;acgifausmftcsdef tvGefqdk;&Gm;aom ppfacwfBuD;ü okH;a,mufom;
vmcJU&jcif;udk aemiftcg umvrsKd;ü jyefvnfawG;awm vkdufonfhtcg
qif;&Jazmf qif;&Jbufrsm;[lí uREkfyftzdkU oHa,mZOfBudK; wywfxyfí
&pfywfwkyfaESmifjcif;cH&ygonf/ wpkHwa,mufaomolu uREkfyftm;
vefcsm;qGJ&aomtjzpfrsKd;odkU waeUaeUü a&mufvdrfhrnf[k aA'if a[mjim;
tHU? uREkfyfu vl&l;[lí pGyfpGJrdvdrfhrnf xifygonf/ þodkUjzifh uREkfyfwdkU
okH;a,mufom;vmMuí 25 &ufaeUu ukvm;tavmif;ykHBuD; jrifcJUonfh
oif;csKdif;teD;odkU a&mufMuaomtcg udkcifarmifu ]]cifAsm; rSwfrdao;
vm;AsKdU}}[k ar;vkdufojzifh uREkfyfu ]]rSwfrdygw,fAsm? aeprf;yg}}[k
jyefajymvkduf&\/
þwGif rpdk;u ]]bmvJtudkBuD;}}[k ar;í uREkfyfu ]]'Dtem;rSm
[dkwaeUu um;wkdufwmyguGm}}[k ajymvdkufojzifh rpdk;u ]]aoa&mvm;}}

694 
[kar;&m uREkfyfu ]]raoygbl;uGm? aq;&kHwif &&kHygyJ}}[kajym&\/ þodkU
aom *Gvkyfenf;rsKd;rSm uREkfyf\oli,fcsif; 0efaxmufudk0ifharmf vkyfwwf
vSaomaMumifh olUtm; uREkfyfowd&rd\/ udkcifarmifrlum; þuJUodkU jyKbl;
onfr&SdyJ tqifajyatmif pyf[yfzmax; ajymqdkwwfol wOD;jzpfygvsuf
þwcsufvkyfvkdufjcif;twGuf uREkfyftHUMovSonf/ ]]bmpdwful;&SdvdkU
cifAsm;ar;&wmwkef;As}}[k aemifwGif uREkfyfuar;aomtcg ]]rajymwwfyg
bl;Asm? rBuKHpbl; tjzpfrsKd;BuKH&vdkU pdwfawG *a,muf*,ufjzpfukef xifyg
&JUAsm}}
]]cifAsm;awmfvdrfhrSwfw,f? 'Dwcsuf a&SmfvdkufwmAsm? wu,fqdk
rpdk;&Sdaew,fr[kwfvm;}}
]]rpdk;udk owdr&bl;AsKdU? usKyfuwGef; cifAsm;uqJG ESpfa,mufxJ
xifrdygw,f}}

tBuD;tus,f pum;rsm;&jcif;

blwm&kHodkUa&mufMuaomtcg c&D;onfawGtjynfhESifh rD;&xm;BuD;

xdk;xm;onfudk awGU&\/ rD;&xm;xGufzkdU ESpfem&DausmfausmfBuD; vdkao;
aomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdUuJUodkU ajy;csifaZmESifh tapmBuD;BudKwif a&muf&Sdae
MuavNyD/ udkcifarmifonf aumf&if*sDukvm; wa,mufudk ac:í ypönf;rsm;
udk rD;&xm;ay:odkU wifay;vQif vefcsm;udktydkifay;rnf[k ajymonfESifh
ukvm;vnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0r;fomo,f,lwifay;\/ (udkcifarmifum; aiGa&;
aMu;a&;wGif tawmfvmbfjrifoljzpfonf/ ypfxm;cJU&rnfh vefcsm;udk ulvD
cESifh ESdrfvdkufonf/) rD;&xm;ay:üum; tvGefjynfusyfaeNyDjzpfí rnfonfh
wJGwGifrS ae&m&EdkifzkdUr&Sd[k uREkfyfxifrd&m udkcifarmifonf wJGwwGJay:odkU

695 
pGyfueJwufoGm;í acsmholudkacsmh? acsmufoludkacsmuf? aigufoludkaiguf
ponfjzifh jyKvkyf&mwGif uREkfyfwkdU vifr,m;ESifh ypönf;uav;rsm;twGuf
ae&m&ayonf/ olUtzkdUrl xdkifcsif&m xdkifrnfqdkí twnfwusr&Sd/
rwfwwfyifvdkufvmonf/ rD;&xm;rxGufrD abmif;bD0wf vufrSwfppfrsm;
a&mufvmMuí c&D;onfrsm;tm; vufrSwf,lMu&efajym\/ uREkfyfwkdU
Mum;odxm;onfrSmum; &efukefrS wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;vdkaom c&D;onf
rsm;tm; tpdk;&u edAÁmeful;wdkUydkUonf/ vufrSwf,l&efrvdk [lonfyif
jzpf\/ þwGifudkcifarmifonf c&D;onfrsm;udk tpdk;& edAÁmeful;wdkUydkUonf/
vufrSwf,l&efrvdk [lonfyifjzpf\/ þwGif udkcifarmifonf c&D;onf
rsm;udk OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKvsuf vufrSwfr,lzdkU ckcHajymqdk\/ tcsKdUc&D;onf
rsm;onf vufrSwfppfrsm;udk aMumuf&SmMuonfESifh vufrSwf,lrnfjyKMu&m
udkcifarmifu ]]vufrSwfr,lMueJU? cHp&m&SdvQif uRefawmfcHrnf}} [kajymonf
ESifh jyefíxdkifMu\/ vufrSwfppfrsm;onf udkcifarmifudk rJíBudrf;Muav&m
udkcifarmifuvnf; t*FvdkwvSnfh? ukvm;vdkwvSnfhjzifh oGufvufpGm
ckcHajym\/
vufrSwfppfrsm;u tvum;ydkUjcif;rSm raeUujzpfonf/ ,aeUtwGuf
r[kwf[kajym&m udkcifarmifu ]]em;rvnfbl;? tpdk;&ajy;&rnf trdefUxkwfí
ajy;Mu&jcif;jzpfaMumif;?ppfjzpf&jcif;onf jynfolaMumifYr[kwf tpdk;&aMumifh
jzpf&jcif;jzpfí jynfoludka&TUajymif;ay;zkdU tpdk;&u wm0ef,l&rnfjzpf
aMumif;}} ajym\/
aemufqkH;ü vufrSwfppfrSL;u vufrSwfr,lMuvQif rD;&xm;xGufrnf
r[kwfaMumif; ajym&m ]]rxGufcsifae igwkdU'Day:rSm woufvkH;aeMurnf}}
[k udkcifarmifu ajym\/ okdUESifh okH;em&DcJGNyD;aomfvnf; uRekfyfwkdU\wGJrS
rnfolrS vufrSwfr,lMuyJ udkcifarmif\ t&dyftuJudkMunfhvsuf &SdMu\/

696 
uREkfyfrSmrl vefcsm;twGufESifh &efrjzpfcJU&yJ rD;&xm;vufrSwftwGufESifh
owfMu&vdrfhrnfxifvsuf&Sd\/ *gwfAdkvfonf 0DpDrIwfí tcsufay;av&m
uREkfyfwdkUvnf; wGJteD;ü &yfvsuf&Sdaom vufrSwfppfESpfa,muf\tuJudk
MunfhaeMu\/ 4 em&Dxkd;onfESifh rD;&xm;vnf; wa&GUa&GUxGufvm&m
uREkfyfwkdU\wGJay:rS c&D;onfrsm;onf udkcifarmif\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh
]]atmifNyD}}[laom oabmESifh [pfatmfa<u;aMumfcJUMuav\/ vrf;c&D;ü
uREkfyfwdkUpkHprf;Munfh&m tcsKdUwGJrsm;wGif vufrSwfr,laom vlrsKd;rsm;ygaomf
vnf; rsm;aomtm;jzifh vufrSwf,lcJUMuonf[k od&onf/ vufrSwfppfrsm;
onf tjcm;wJGrsm;ay:okdUwufí ppfMuaomfvnf; vrf;wavQmufvkH;
uREkfyfwdkU\wGJokdU wBudrfrQ rwufcJUMuacs/

ArmvlrsKd;\apwem

rD;&xm;onfeHeuf 4em&DwGif xGufí 7-8em&DwGif aumif;aumif;

vif;aomblwmrsm;okdUqdkufa&mufvmaomtcg ¤if;NrdKU&Sd NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;
onfblwm&kHrsm;wGif pk&kH;pDwe;fum &yfaeMujcif;udkawGU&\/ ¤if;wkdU\
rsufESmrsm;onf rD;&xm;wGJrsm;ay:rS vlrsm;tm; ]]ppfajy;'ku©onf rsm;tae
jzifh u&kPmtvGefBuD;aom trlt&mjzifh Munhfvsuf&SdMu\/ xdkolwkdU\
vufxJüum; vifAef;? vufqGJcsKdifh? awmif;yvkH; txkyfuav;rsm;
ponfwkdUudk udkifqJvsuf&Sd&m av;vHonfh jcif;awmif;BuD;? AswfBuD;
ponfudkrsm;udk &Gufolu&Guf? xrf;oluxrf;? cg;apmif;wifoluwifvsuf
&SdMu\/ tqdkygxnfhp&mrsm;xJüum; xef;vsuf? ajryJ? iSufaysmoD;?
oabFmoD;? yJpdr;fpm;O? xrif;xkyf? aq;vdyf ponfjzifh tjynfhyg&Sd\/
tcsKdUrdef;uav;rsm;vnf; a&tjynfhxnfhxm;onfh a&tdk;opf rsm;udk

697 
iSufaysm&Gufpdrf;pnf;vsuf &Gufxm;\/ rD;&xm;&yfonfESifh wNydKifeuf
a,mufsm;? rdef;rwkdUonf rD;&xm;wpif;vkH; acgufwkHUacgufjyef avQmufum
pm;p&mrsm;udk rD;&xm;wGJrsm;xJokdU (tcsdefr&Sdojzifh) ypfxnhfMu onf
jzpfap? c&D;onfrsm;\vufodkU urf;vSrf;ay;Muonfjzpfap ukefpifatmif
oGufvufpGm ay;Muavawmhonf/ c&D;onfrsm;teuf w&kwf? ukvm;?
jrefrm pí vltrsKd;rsKd;yg&Sdav&m ay;urf;olrsm;onf vlrsKd;ra&G;?
usm;rra&G;? BuD;i,fra&G; ay;urf;Muygayonf/ vlrsKd;uJGqdk aomaMumifh
tenf;i,frQomay;jcif;? jrefrmrsm;qdkaomaMumifh ydkí ay;urf;Mujcif;udk
rawGU&/ ¤if;wkdUü ygorQudk MunfjzL&ufa&mpGm ay;urf;Mujcif;udkom
awGU&ayonf/ tcsKdUblwmrsm;ü txufygpm;p&m rsKd;omru [if;xrif;
ESifh tcsOftiH tpkHygonfh xrif;xkyfrsm;ESifh tcsKdUblwmrsm;ü Muufom;
'efayguf? qdwfom;'efayguftxkyfrsm;udk vnf;aumif; &ufa&mazmoDpGm
ay;Muavonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü txl;ojzifh pJGNrJum rSwfom;rdaom
tjcif;t&mwckrSm wblwmütouf 60 cefU&Sd vlBuD;wa,mufonf
,cifurl touf60 t&G,frsm;udk ]tbdk;BuD;}[k a&;cJU&m udk,fwdkif 70
ausmfvmNyDjzpfonfh þpma&;csdefürl xdkt&G,frQudk tbdk;BuD;[k rac:csif
]vlBuD;}[líoma&;csifygawmhonf/ yJpdrf;pm;OwJGrsm;udk vuf0Jvuf,myg
ESpfbufudkifvsuf rD;&xm;wGJ wavQmuf acgufwkHUacgufjyef avQmuf,if;
]]usKyfyJpdrf;pm;Ouav;rsm;vJ pm;Muprf;ygtkH;? trdwdkUarmifwkdU&,f?
usKyfudk,fwdkifpdkufNyD; vwfvwfqwf qwf udk,fwdkif azmf,lcJUwmyg?
tifrwefcsKdygw,f? pm;MunfhMuygtkH;? vluav; rdef;uav;wkdU&,f}}
ponfjzifhtoHpmpmESifh ajymvsuf&Sd&Smjcif;yif jzpfavonf/ ol\pm;p&mrSm
Muufom;'efayguf? qdwfom;'efayguf? axmywfxrif;? tkef;xrif;?
eEGif;ruif;ponfjzifh tpm;aumif;awGxJwGif ]rwdk;}EdkifatmifjzpfaeonfESifh

698 
t&G,fBuD;oljzpfí vufESpfbufwGif tjynfhqJGxm;aom yJpdrf;pm;Orsm;udk
&xm;wGJxJodkU a&mufatmifajrSmufoGif;&ef rwwfEdkif&SmonfESifh w0Jv,f
v,f acgufwkHUacgufjyef vrf;avQmufae&Sm&jcif;jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonf
rD;&xm;ay:rSqif;í vlBuD;xHodkU csOf;uyfNyD;vQif rsufESmi,fvsuf&dSaom
yJpdrf;pm;OwJGrsm;udk tvSLcHav&m vlBuD;u0rf;ajrmufpGm tm;vkH;ay;cJUonf
ESifh vrf;wavQmufvkH; uREkfyfu wqihfurf; 'ge jyKvkyfEdkifcJUygavonf/

uREkfyf*kPf,lrdjcif;

pm;p&mrsm;udkvnf; vrf;wavQmufvkH; pm;vmMupOf uREkfyfonf

vlrsKd;uJG c&D;onfrsm;tm; (ukvm;ydkírsm;onf/) ArmvlrsKd;\ oem;Muifem
pdwfjzpfvG,fí u&kPmtavsmuf o'¨gMunfjzLpGm ay;urf;wwfjcif;
taMumif;udk tom;,lum azmfxkwfcsD;usL; ajymqdkav&m vlrsKd;uJG c&D;onf
rsm; (txl;ojzifh ukvm;vlrsKd;rsm;)onf uREkfyfwdkU ArmvlrsKd;rsm;tay:rS
uyfoD;uyfowf tjrwfxkwfcJUrdjcif;twGuf &Sufudk;&Sufuef;jzpfMuaom
rsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifh (þokdUjzpfap&ef uREkfyfuvnf; &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdonf/)
jrefrmvlrsKd;\&ufa&mykHudk tlxJtonf;xJu vIdufvSJpGm csD;usL;Muav
onf/ þwGiftdE´d,jynfodkU a&mufcJUbl;aom udkcifarmifu tdE´d,jynfwGif
EdkifiHjcm;om;c&D;onf wa,muftzdkUrSm a&wcGufawmif;í &zdkUtvGefcJ,Of;
aMumif;ESifh zdESdyfajymqdkav&m [dE´Lukvm;c&D;onfBuD;rsm;vnf; vufESpf
bufjzifh qvHay;um 0efcH&Smavonf/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; jrefrm
vlrsKd;rsm;\ Muifemwwfjcif;ESifh &ufa&mjcif;wnf;[laom tjyKtrlonf
uREkfyf\pdwfudk tawmfBuD; xdcdkufonfjzpfí udk,fhvlrsKd;tay:ü ,cifu
xm;&SdcJUonfh rauseyfrI? tm;r&rI? txifao;rIrsm;onf wcgwnf;

699 
aysmufysuf vGifhpifoGm;ygavawmhonf/ c&D;onfrsm;onf vrf;c&D;tzdkU
tpma&pmtwGuf aumif;pGm vkHavmuf&kHru rdrdwkdUtoD;oD;&Muaom
a0pkudkyif ukefatmifrpm;EdkifyJ ydkvQHvsuf&SdMuygavonf/

tm;i,frdjcif;

nae 6 em&DavmufwGif rEÅav;blwmodkU rD;&xm;qdkufaomtcg

c&D;onf trsm;tjym;rSm vrf;blwmrsm;ü qif;oGm;MuNyDjzpfaomaMumifh
uREkfyfwdkU&xm;wGJü uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,muftjyif c&D;onfav;ig;a,mufrQom
ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf ydkvQHaom pm;p&mrsm;udk ulvDrsm;tm;a0iS&m
wGif wayGUwydkufpD &&SdMuonfESifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om o,f,loGm;Mu\/
¤if;wkdUonf tvum;&cJUaomypönf;rsm;[lí od&SdMuaomtcg atmuf&Gm
atmufjynfrsm;wGif ypönf;tvGefaygí &ufa&mMuygayonf[k rSwfxifum
wtHUwMo jzpfoGm;Mu&Smavonf/ uREkfyfwkdU\c&D;pOfrSm uomxdatmif
oGm;Mu&efjzpfav&m rD;&xm;onf nOfhtcsdefwGif rckwfarmif;yJ eHeufrS
xGufrnfjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfwdkUrSm rEÅav;blwmtwGif; rD;&xm;wGJay:
wGif tdyfMu&efjzpf\/ uREkfyfwkdU\wGJxJüum; uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,mufrSwyg;
tjcm;c&D;onfr&Sdawmhojzifh cyfajcmufajcmuf jzpfae\/ jzpf&ykHwckudk
azmfjyvdkonfrSm uREkfyfonf rEÅav;om;wa,muf jzpfygvsuf rEÅav;
NrdKUBuD;odkUa&mufumrS þrQavmuf tm;i,f&jcif;udk wcgrS rBuKH&bl;yg/
t&yfxJüuREkfyf\aqGrsKd;rsm;&Sdí wntwGuf wnf;cdkcGifh &avmufaomf
vnf; &efukefü AkH;ESpfBudrfcsuwnf;u rEÅav;NrdKUBuD;rSm xdwfvefU wkefvIyf
í nOhftcsdefwGif toGm;tvm tvGefenf;NyD; rnfonfh,mOfrQ rawGU&acs/
tu,fí,mOf&ojzifh oGm;MuygvQifvnf; uRekfyf\aqGrsKd;rsm;onf aetdrf

700 
ü&SdMuvdrfhrnf[k rnfolrQrajymEdkifacs/ okdUjzpfí AkH;BuJcsrnfudk pdk;&dfrf&aom
rEÅav;blwm&kHBuD;twGif; rD;&xm;wGJxJü tdyf&kHrQwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;
r&Sdacs/

&SmwwfazGwwfol wa,muf

uREkfyf\oli,fcsif; udkcifarmifrSm txufwGif t>rufrQ azmfjycJUonfh

twkdif; rauseyfzG,faomtcsufuav;rsm;aMumifh uREkfyfESifhwusufusuf
jzpfcJU&bl;aomfvnf; ol\aumif;aomtcsuftvuf uav;rsm;rSm auseyf
zG,fwGifru &Sdckd;csifp&myif aumif;ygayonf/ yrmqdkaomf rD;&xm;
wGJxJwGif uREkfyfwkdUpm;p&mtwGuf xrif;[if;r&Sdapumrl rkefUyJoa&pmrsm;&Sd
onfjzpfí rwwfomvQif ¤if;wkdUESifhyif npmtwGuf wif;wdrfa&mifh&J&rnf
jzpf\/ udkcifarmifESifh uREkfyfum; auseyfEdkifMuonf/ okdU&mwGifrpdk;onf
xrif;rSvJGvQif (yJpdrf;pm;Oudkrqdkxm;bd) aygifrkefUESifhyif wif;rwdrfwwf
aMumif; uREkfyfodNyD;jzpfí olUtwGuf uREkfyfpdwfraumif;jzpf\/ udkcifarmif
u-
]]b,fhES,fvJAsKdU? iSufaysmoD; yJpdrf;pm;OeJU ajryJyJ&Sdw,f? auseyfEdkif
Muygrvm;}}
]]usKyfuawmh auseyfEdkifygw,f? rpdk;ucufw,f? odkUaomf [if;awG
awmhygw,f? xrif;vdkwmyJ}}
rpdk;u Oykofapmifhvkduf&kH&Sdwmaygh[k ajymaomfvnf; udkcifarmifu
]]aetkH;As? usKyfBudK;pm;acstkH;r,f}}[kqdkum &xm;ay:rS qif;oGm;av\/
&xm;ay:üum; uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufwnf; usef&pfawmhonfjzpfí omNyD;
tm;i,fMuonf/ rNyKH;MuygESifh/ uREkfyfum; ol&Jaumif;BuD;wa,mufr[kwf

701 
aomfvnf; vrf;ay:uvlxufrlum; owÅdrenf;yg/ acwfBuD;jzpfaeykH
tajctaeESifh blwm&kHwGif AkH;csrnfavm[k pdk;&drfaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/
wem&DcefUMumaomtcg udkcifarmifjyefvmí vufwGiftxkyfwxkyf
qGJvsuf *sKdif;wGif ydkifhykvif;wvkH;ygvm\/ txkyfBuD;udk jznfMunfhMuaom
tcg acgufqJGxkyf okH;xkyfawGU&í ykvif;rSmum; awmt&ufygonf/
t&uftaMumif;udktenf;i,f a&;&OD;rnf/ udkcifarmifESifhuREkfyfonf
aomufwwfolrsm;jzpfMuaomfvnf; [dkw,frsm;üom aomufjcif;rsm;í
'if;emygwDuav; wcgwavauR;jcif;rSwyg; tdrfwGif r,m;rsm;\a&SUü
aomufMujcif; tvGefenf;\ txl;ojzifhBuD;jyif;aom tcgü a&SmifwwfMu
\/r,m;rsm;udk aMumufaomaMumifhr[kwf? rav;pm;yJ &Sdrnfpdk;aomaMumifh
jzpf\/ odkUjzpfí udkcifarmifu t&ufykvif;0,faomtcg (rpdk;twGuf
aMumifh) uREkfyfwGefUoGm;\/ okdU&mwGif wcGufESpfcGufpD aomufrdMuí
tl&TifvmMuNyD; pdk;&drfaomupdwfawG aysmufjy,foGm;jcif;udk awGU&aomtcg
uREkfyf\pdwfxJü rpdk;\aomuudkjrifojzifh oem;NyD; olygaomufvQif
aumif;vdrfhrnf[kxifrdavonf/ okdUaomf aoG;aqmifwdkufwGef;jcif; jyK
avmufatmif rdkufrJvSonfum; r[kwfyg/

zcifudk owd&jcif;

eHeufvif;onfESifh wNydKifeuf c&D;onfrsm;a&mufvmí rD;&xm;vnf;

xGufcJUavNyD/ þae&mü uREkfyfonf tjcm;ae&mokdUroGm;yJ tb,fhaMumifh
uomodkUoGm;&onfudk &Sif;jyvdkygao;onf/ uomüudkodef;az&Sdjcif;um;
rSefygonf/ okdU&mwGif tjcm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf/
ppfESifhywfoufí uREkfyf\wGufudef;um; *syefu t*Fvdyfudk EdkifvdrfhrnfrSm

702 
aocsmonf/ okdU&mwGif *syefonf &efukefrSpí wdkufvmNyD; wjznf;jznf;
tnmodkU wufvmí rEÅav;avmuf a&mufonfqdkvQif t*Fvdyfppfwyf
awGtm;vkH;ajy;NyD; jrefrmjynfudk *syefodrf;vdrfhrnf/ okdUqdkvQif uomNrdKUudk
wdkfufaezkdUrvkd? uomNrdKUonf ppfajrjyif jzpfEdkifp&mr&Sd[k uREkfyfwGufudef;
&onf/ þwGufudef;rSm trSm;BuD;rSm;&kHru uREkfyftzdkU ao&rwwf
cHvdkuf&ykHudk a&SUwGifazmfjyygrnf/ tjcm;aomtaMumif;w&yfrSmvnf;
tu,fí rdciftouf&Sifvsuf&Sdygrl uREkfyfonf uomodkUajy;apOD;awmh
rnfonfhenf;rqdk rdcifESifh zcifwdkUudk refusnf;wkH&GmodkU 0ifíac:OD;rnfjzpf
\/ ,ckrSm zcifESifhrdaxG;wkdUom&Sdawmhonf jzpfaomaMumifh zcif\
aqGrsKd;aygrsm;vSaom refusnf;wkH&GmrS olwkdUtm; ac:oGm;zkdUrvdk[k
qkH;jzwfvkdufjcif;jzpfavonf/ 0ufvufblwmudk ausmfvGefí rD;&xm;ckwf
armif;oGm;&mwGif uREkfyfonf rdbESpfyg;teuf zcifxuf rdciftm;
jrwfEdk;ykHuJvGefjcif;udk owd&í udk,fh[mudk,f w&m;yg\avm[k
0rf;enf;pGm ESifh pOf;pm;rdygao;onf/ txl;ojzifh zcif\wl
(uRekfyf\nD0rf;uJG) wa,mufESifhawGUí ]]tudkBuD; refusnf;wkHrqif;bl;
vm;}}[k ar;&mwGif ]]rqif;awmhbl;uGm? tazhudkom ajymvdkufygawmh}}[k
rSmxm;&mü pdrf;um;&m usonfonf[k xifcJUrdygonf/

udkcifarmif usDp,fjcif;

uREkfyfwdkUonf uomNrdKUodkU n8em&DwGif qdkufa&mufMuí Z&pfacsmif

odkU vSnf;jzifh 9 em&DausmfrS a&mufoGm;Mu\/ aqmif;Owk &moDjzpfí
udkodef;azwkdU tdrfom;rsm; tdyfaysmfukefMuNyD jzpfaomaMumifh EId;,l&\/
udkcifarmif\ tBuHay;csuftwdkif; olUtm; avSum;&if;wGif 0Sufxm;cJUNyD;

703 
uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;onf ypönf;uav;rsm;ESifh tdrfay:odkU wufoGm;&m
AkH;xJrS vGwfajrmufvmMuonfh vifr,m;ESpfa,muf[k qdkum udkodef;azwkdU
0rf;omvdkufykHrSm ajymzG,f&mr&Sdacs/ udkodef;azu-
]]b,folawG aoaMuaoMu cifAsm;awmh 'DtxJrygEdkifbl;vdkU
pdwfcsNyD;om;ygAsm}}
]]bmaMumifhvJAsm}}
]]cifAsm;u wdrf;zdkUa&SmifzdkU tcsuftvuf em;vnfwJU vlwa,mufvdkU
usKyfu ,kHMunfNyD;om;yJ? vltawG ao&wmygAsm}} uREkfyfonfvnf; rdrd
ukd,fudk tvm;wlyif ,kHMunfxm;olwa,mufjzpfí ol\pum;udk tawmf
auseyfrdonf/ okdUaomf-
]]udkcifarmifwa,mufawmh ygoGm;&SmNyDAsKdU}}
]][if [kwfuJUvm;Asm? olvJ vlyg;wa,mufyJ}}
]]yg;wdkif;vJ rvGwfbl;As? uHESdyfpufawmh cH&wmyJ}}
]]b,faeUuvJAsm}}
]]'kwd,rÜdcswJU aeUuaygh}}
]]jzpf&avAsm}}
xdktawmtwGif;ü a':zl;ndKonf Nidrf;pjyKaeaom aqmif;rD;zdkudk
jyefarT;í rD;zdkteD;ü 0dkif;xdkifum aumfzDazsmf&eftwGuf a&aEG;tdk; wnfvsuf
&SdpOf avSum;xdyfü &yfvsuf&Sdaom udkcifarmifudkzGifhxm;aom wHcg;rS jrif&
\/ uREkfyfESifh rpdk;wkdUurl rjrifcsifjyKí aeMu\/ udkodef;az um;tawmf
rsufpdrIHaom vlwa,mufjzpf&m cPwmrQ awGMunfhvsuf aeNyD;aemuf
jAKwfueJ xoGm;í udkcifarmif\yckH;udk vIyf,rf;avonf/ udkodef;azum;
udkcifarmif arQmfvifhonfhtwdkif; udk,fxifjyonf/ rxif? csufcsif;yif
trSeftwdkif; &dyfrdavonf/ uREkfyfu-

704 
 ]]wapäacsmufw,fvdkU rxifbl;vm;Asm}}
]]rxifaygifAsm? udkcifarmifvJ vlyg;wa,mufvkdU usKyfodom;yJ}}

udk,hftjzpfudk MunfEl;jcif;

xdknOhfrSm 'DZifbmv 30 &ufaeUjzpfí xdkt&yfwGif tvGefcsrf;at;

vsuf &SdavNyD/ uREkfyfwdkUonf aqmif;rD;zdkteD;wGif0dkif;zJGUum xdkifMuvsuf
aumfzDaomufum rkefUpm;umjzifh &efukefNrdKU\tjzpftysufudk tm;&yg;&
ajymoluajymí em;axmifolrsm;uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifMuav
onf/ vGefNyD;aom tawGUtBuKHrsm;udk t*FvdyfvdkwvSnfh? jrefrmvdkwvSnfh
jzifh jyefajym&aom tvkyfrsKd;wGif udkcifarmifuJUokdU tajymaumif;aom
vlwa,mufudk uREkfyf rawGU&bl;aMumif; xkwfazmfa&;om;bl;NyDjzpf&m
xdknOfhü rpdk;ESifh uREkfyfrSm &HzefrQom ajymcGifh&Muí olwa,mufwnf;
pma[mq&majymenf;rsKd;jzifh wyg;oGm;MuJygavawmhonf/
ukvm;oif;csKdif;wckü tavmif;awG pkNyKHxm;onfhtxJrS udk,f0ef
t&ifhtrmESifh ukvm;rBuD;wa,muf\ tavmif;onf aygifaxmif um;,m;
ESifh &Iraumif; jrifraumif; jzpfaeykHudkrsufpdxJü uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrif
vmatmif ajymjy&mwGif udk,fwdkifjrifcJU&aom uREkfyfomru a':zl;ndKESifh
rpdk;wkdUyg atmhESvkH;emMuonfESifh ]ysKdU}wufvm Muygawmhonf/ tvGef
o&kyfygatmifajymwwfaom vlwa,mufygaywnf;/ þodkUjzifh oef;acgif
ausmfwdkifatmif pum;aumif;vsuf&SdMu&m MuufawGwGefaomtcgrS
a':zl;ndKESifh rpdk;wdkU 0iftdyfMuí uREkfyfwkdUokH; a,mufrSmrl aqmif;rD;zdkudk
0dkif;&Hvsufwa,muf\wifyg;udk wa,mufacgif;tkH;um vufzuf&nfMurf;
wu&m;ESifh rdk;vif;wdkifpum; aumif;Muygawmhonf/ þvlokH;a,muf

705 
teufu oli,fcsif;wa,mufxH okdU vkdufydkUíolwkdUESpfa,muf\ tv,f
wGif vJavsmif;um rdk;vif;onfhwdkifatmif pum;vufqkH0ifMu&jcif;wnf;
[laom uRekfyf\tawGUtBuKHrsKd; BuKHawGU&olwkdUonf avmuwGif rsm;rsm;
BuD;&Sdvdfrfhrnfrxifay/ tjcm;aom tjcif;t&mrsm;udkxm;ygOD;? uREkfyfuJUokdU
t[kwfwu,f cifrif&if;ESD;aom oli,fcsif; av;ig;a,muf&SdcJUbl;olyif
cyf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdí ]]a[;vm; 0g;vm;}} ESifh NyD;Muonfh rdwfaqGrsm;om aygrsm;
Muavonf/
vif;tm;BuD;tcsdefwGif udkodef;azu-
]]OD;cspfpkBuD; wa,mufawmh r&Sd&Smawmhbl;AsKdU}}
]]bmjzpfwmvJAsm}}
]]usKyf &efukefu jyefra&mufcif qkH;aeESifhw,fAsm}}
]]'gjzifh [dk'if;uav;}}
þwGif udkcifarmifu ]][dk'if;uav;}}\ t"dyÜm,fudkar;í uREkfyfu
ajymjyaomtcg-
]]'gjzifh &Sdao;vm;AsKdU udkodef;az}}
]]usKyf wjznf;jznf;NrD;wmeJUukefygava&mhAsm;}}
]]epfemvdkufwm udkodef;az&m}}

udkodef;az\ apwem

aemufwaeUrSm 1941 ckESpfaemufqkH;aeU ('DZifbmv 31&uf)jzpfí

uREkfyfwkdUonf taemufwdkif;om;rsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif; ukefavNyDaom ESpf
a[mif;udk aomufyGJuav;jzifh EIwfqufzdkU owd&Muaomfvnf; aiGa&;
aMu;a&; r[efojzifh rodcsifjyKíaeMu\/ aemufwaeUrSm ESpfopful;

706 
aeUjzpfaomfvnf; tvm;wl taMumif;aMumifh tdrfwGifukyfí aeMu\/
Zefe0g&Dv 2 &ufaeUonfum; udkodef;az\yifpifvc xkwf&rnfhaeU
jzpfav&m udkodef;azonf uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,muftm; &kH;okdUvdkufcJUMu&ef ac:
ojzifh okH;a,mufom; twloGm;Mu\/ vcxkwfNyD; aomtcg uREkfyfwdkU
onf w&kwfacgufqJGqdkifwckokdU 0ifMuav\/ acgifa&ESifh pm;p&mrsm;
auR;arG;jcif;udk pmzGJUvdkaomaMumifhr[kwf? udkodef;az\0wfjyKjcif;ESifh ywf
oufí uREkfyftvGefauseyfaom tcsufwckudk azmfjyvdkaomaMumifhjzpf\/
udkodef;azonf 50 0ifpD;u&ufAl; wAl;udk0,fíazmufNyD;aemuf uREkfyfwkdU
tm; wvdyfpDwnfojzifh nSdaomufMu\? teHUrSm ]rifaomf}eHUarT;avonf/
udkodef;az ajymonfrSm-
]]'D pD;u&ufrsKd;ay:wm b,favmufMumNyDvJ rodbl;? OD;cspfpku
wnfvdkU usKyfaomuf&bl;w,f? odyfBudKufwmyJ? EdkUayr,fh aps;BuD;vdkU
0,fraomufEdkifbl;? 'Dwcgawmh cifAsm;wkdU vmwkef;rdkU b,favmufay;&
ay;&qdkNyD; 0,fvdkufwmyJ}}[k ajymav&m ola omufcsifvsufESifh r0,fyJ
uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf0,fonf[laom pum;onf uREkfyf\pdwfudk tawmfBuD;
xdcdkufvSonf/ udkodef;azum; ESajrmwwfolr[kwf? okH;&uf jzKef;&ufol
wa,muf jzpfav&m ol\yifpifvcuav;jzifh wdkif;wkdif;xGmxGm okH;&&Sm
onfwGif uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf wcgw&H wwfEdkifoavmuf BuJ&Snfonf[laom
t"dyÜm,fyif jzpfavonf/
udkcifarmifü azmfjycJUNyD;onfhtwdkif; aumif;aomtcsuftvufrsm;
&Sdapumrl udkodef;az\þaumif;enf;rsKd; r&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfodonfESifh
udkcifarmif\ rsufESmudk uREkfyfaphaphBuD; Munhfvdkufonf/ t"dyÜm,fum;
]]b,hfES,fvJAsm? usKyfvl rawmfaybl;vm;Asm}}[lí ajymvdkjcif;yifjzpfav
onf/ acgifa&awmfawmf rl;vwfaomf udkodef;azonf þtvkyfrsKd;wGif

707 
avmbBuD;wwfonfhtwdkif; cyfrl;rl;ESifh o'¨gvGefí pm;p&m aomufp&mrsm;
udk rukefEdkif rcef;EDkif qufvufrSm,lav&m uREkfyfuxí olUtdwfxJrS
yifpifvcudkEdIuf,lí þrQom okH;&rnfqdkum z,fxm;NyD; tusefudk uRekfyf
\tdwfxJodkU xnfhxm;vdkufygonf/ xdkaeUu uREkfyfwkdU okH;a,muf
teufwGif uREkfyfonfwrifwum tenf;qkH;aomufol jzpfygonf/ tb,fh
aMumifhqdkaomf uRekfyfonf r@dKifozG,fjzpfí uREkfyfrSm;vQif tm;vkH;rSm;
ukefMurnf jzpfygaomaMumifhwnf;/

&efukefokdUjyefjcif;

uREkfyfwkdUonf Z&pfacsmif&Gmü 12 &ufcefU aexkdifMuonfhtwGif;

&efukefowif;udk em;pGifhvsuf&SdMu\/ &efukefudkAkH;rsm;xyfírBuJaomaMumifh
ol&d,onf ae&majymif;a&TUNyD; owif;pmxkwfa0vsuf&SdaMumif; Mum;&\/
udkcifarmifü ydkufqHryg/ uREkfyfwkdUü tenf;i,fomygí udkodef;az\
yifpifvcrSmvnf; rrsm;av&um; uREkfyfonf þtwkdif;xdkifpm;Muí
rjzpfEdkifaMumif; odonfESifh rpdk;udk a':zl;ndKwkdUESifhxm;cJU&m udkcifarmifESifh
&efukefNyefNyD; tvkyf0if&ef qkH;jzwfav\/ udkodef;azwkdUu jzpfovkd
a0pm;ygrnf[k ajymMuaomfvnf; aiGtaMumif;udkodaom uREkfyfonf jyefrS
jzpfrnf[k ajymum 1942ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 12 &ufaeUwGif udkcifarmifESifh
&efukefodkU jyefvmcJUMuav\/ xdkESpfrSm uomNrdKUü uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmuf
tcsrf;at;qkH;jzpf&m uREkfyfwdkUonf eHeuf4em&DxGufonfh rD;&xm;ay:wGif
rD;aoG;rD;zdkuav;wckESifh rD;aoG; ESpfjynfcefU aqmif,lum rD;vIHMu&av
onf/ xdkacwftcgu c&D;oGm;&jcif;rSm tvGefpdwfrcs&yJ &ifwaEG;aEG;&SdMu
&aomfvnf; tvGefcsrf;at;aom ebm;blwm&kHrSpí rD;usD;awG&J&JeDaom

708 
rD;zdkuav;teD;ü xdkifumvdkuf&jcif;wnf;[laomZdrfudk ,aeUwdkif rarhEdkif
atmif &Sdygawmhonf/ 0ufvufblwmodkU a&mufaomtcgzcifudk owd&í
refusnf;wkH&Gmuav;okdU arQmfMunfh&kHom MunfcJUEdkif\/ todrawGUojzifh
ar;jref;jcif;? rSmxm;jcif;rjyKEdkifcJUay/ xdknOfhü uREkfyfwdkUonf rEÅav;blwm
BuD;üyif tdyfMu&\/ odkU&mwGifuREkfyf\pdwfxJü ,ciftBudrfuESifhrwlyJ
jcm;em;jcif;wck&SdonfrSmum;þwacgufürl rdef;rom;jzpfaomrpdk;wa,muf
rygonfhtwGuf tvGefwm0efaygh\/ uREkfyfwkdUa,mufsm;ESpfa,mufcsnf;
jzpfaomaMumifh BuKHcsif&mBuKHMu&ap? ayghyg;pGm wdrf;a&SmifEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k
,kHMuonf/

vufrSwftcuftcJ

eHeufvif;í rD;&xm;xGufojzifh ompnfblwmodkU a&mufMuaom

tcg Adkvfujym; vufrSwfppfwa,muf wufvm\/ uREkfyfwkdUü vufrSwf
r&Sdacs/ uREkfyfwkdU\ txifum; tpdk;&edAÁmeful;wdkUydkUvsufyif &Sdao;onf
xif\/ uomrSrEÅav;odkUwdkifatmif vufrSwfppfjcif;r&SdaomaMumifh omí
yif xifrd\/ okdUjzpfí vufrSwfppfwufvmaomtcg uREkfyfwkdUtHUMovsuf
&Sd\/ vufrSwfppfuar;aomtcg vufrSwfrygaMumif; ajymifajymif&J&Jyif
ajymvkdufMu\/ þae&mü uREkfyfwkdU\b@ma&;tajctaeudkyg azmfjy&yg
OD;rnf/ udkcifarmifü ydkufqHyg[efr&Sd/ uREkfyfü aiG10usyfygcJU&m vrf;wGif
xrif;[if; av;eyftwGufom&nf&G,fí vufrSwfcHzdkU vkH;0pdwful;rxnfh
cJUacs/ þwGifudkcifarmifu &efukefblwmrS ukvm;vufrSwfppfrsm;enf;wl
þES,fxdkES,f ajymygao;\/ rpGHacs/ þrQomru vufrSwfppfonf uREkfyf
wkdUESpfa,mufESifh olwa,mufwnf; jzpfaejcif;udk vefUonfvu©PmESifh

709 
tjcm;ujym; vufrSwfppfwa,mufudk vSrf;ac:vdkuf\/ þtawmtwGif;ü
uREkfyf\pdwfxJwGif csnfwkHcswkHjzpfvsuf rqkH;jzwfEdkifyJ&Sdaeaom tjcif;t&m
wckudk azmfjyygOD;rnf/
'kwd,a&mufvmaom ujym;vufrSwfppfudk uREkfyfaumif;aumif;od
\/ oluvnf;aumif;aumif;odbl;\/ okdUaomf rodcsifjyKí aejcif;avm?
wu,f rrSwfrdíavm rajymwwfacs/ odykHum; þodkUwnf;? vGefcJUaom
15 ESpfcefUavmufu v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;&kH;ü tvkyfvkyfcJUpOf '&uf*Geftrnf
&Sd pma&;wa,muf&Sd&m olESifhuREkfyf awmfawmfcifrifMu\/ rwÅ&me,f
qnfBuD;bufodkU iSufypfoGm;MupOfu '&uf*Gef\ a,mufzrsm;vnf;yg
aMumif; a&;om;cJUbl;&m ,ckvufrSwfppfrSm '&uf*Gef\a,mufzwa,muf
jzpfí xkdpOfuwnf;u vufrSwfppfjzpfonf[k uREkfyfodonf/ olwkdUvlpk
onf uREkfyf\jcifaxmifxJodkU OD;acgif;rsm;xdk;oGif;í tdyfMujcif;aMumifh
uREkfyfü iSufzsm;&cJUjcif;udkvnf; azmfjycJUbl;avNyD/ uREkfyfrSm ,cktcgü
tusyftwnf;usaeí oluu,frnfqdkvQif u,fEdkifavmufaom tajc
tae&Sd\/ odkUqdkvQif xdkoltm; a&S;a[mif;tjzpfudk jyefajymí rdwfquf
&rnfavm[k uREkfyfpOf;pm;\/ uREkfyfod&oavmufrSm ujym;rsm;onf
tvGef]vlv,f}vkyfwwf\/ uREkfyfu a&S;jzpfa[mif;udkjyefajymí olu
rodcsifjyKaevQif uREkfyfaovkrwwf &Suf&ayawmhrnf/ odkUjzpfí jzpfcsif&m
jzpfap uREkfyfrajymawmh[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufav\/

]]a&G;}},l&jcif;

vufrSwfppfu rnfonfhblwmrS pD;cJUMuoenf;[kar;&m rEÅav;rS

[kvdrfíajym&\/oGm;rnfhc&D;rSm &efukefjzpfjcif;udkvnf;ajym&\/aemufqkH;

710 
ü þblwmrS vufrSwf,lMu&efajym&m uREkfyfwkdUu tcrJUydkUonf qdkaom
aMumifh pD;cJUMujcif;jzpfí ydkufqHrygaMumif; ajym&onf/ þwGifvufrSwf
ppfESpfa,muf wdkifyifí uREkfyfwkdUtm; &efukefxdatmif ]tapmifhta&Smuf}
ESifhac:cJUzdkU qkH;jzwfMuav\/ ]tapmifhta&Smuf}qdkonf rSm tjcm;r[kwf
uREkfyfwdkUteD;ü vufrSwfppf wa,mufa,mufxdkifívdkufNyD; tvSnfhESifh
apmifhMujcif;jzpf\/ vufrSwfppfrsm;onf olwkdU\e,fqkH;aomtcg aemuf
a&mufvmaom vufrSwfppfrsm;tm; uREkfyfwkdUudkvTJtyfxm; cJU\/ okdU&m
wGif aemufvlrsm;onf yxrvlrsm;uJUodkU uREkfyfwkdUtay:ü txifao;
[efr&SdyJ ]]cifAsm;wkdUudk ,kHMunfygw,f}}qdkum uyfírvkdufyJ vGwfvyfpGm
xm;ygayonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf rD;&xm;ay:rS qif;ae&pfjcif; tm;jzifh
wdrf;a&SmifzkdU pdwful;rdygao;\/ odkUaomf ydkufqHrygaom uREkfyfwkdU tzdkUü
rD;&xm;ay:rS qif;ae&pfNyD; rnfonfhtcsdefrS aemuf&xm;a&mufvm rnfudk
rajymEdkifaomaMumifh taMumif;rxl;[kqdkum xdkifNrJwdkif;xdkifvdkuf vmMu
\/ &efukefblwmBuD;odkU rD;&xm;qdkufaomtcg n9 em&D cGJNyD;aeav NyD/
vufrSwfppfwa,mufonf uREkfyfwdkUtm; &kHydkifxHodkUac:oGm;&m uREkfyfwkdU
uvnf; trSeftwkdif;ajymjy\/ ckd;pD;jcif;r[kwf tpdk;&u tvum;ydkUay;
onfxifaomaMumifh pD;cJUjcif;jzpfaMumif;? ydkufqHrygjcif;vnf; trSefjzpf
aMumif;? uREkfyfüaeaomvlrsm;jzpfí &efukefodkU jyefvmjcif;jzpfaMumif; ajym
jy\/ aemufqkH;ü &kHydkifu uREkfyfwkdU\tvkyftudkifudkar;&m uREkfyfu
ol&d,t,f'DwmjzpfaMumif; ajymjyonfESifh urm&Gwfbufü&SDaom wdkuftkyf
OD;buav;xH w,fvDzkef;qufíar;\/ xkdUaemuf OD;buav;ESifh uREkfyf
pum;ajymapí uREkfyfutjzpftysufudk trSeftwdkif;ajymjy\/ þwGif
OD;buav;u uREkfyfwkdUtwGufwm0ef,laMumif;ajymí eufjzefwGif ol&d,
wdkufodkU vlvTwfNyD; vufrSwfcawmif;ygvQif ay;ygrnf[k ajymavonf/

711 
aemufqkH;ü &kHydkifonf OD;buav;\tmrcHcsufjzihf uREkfyfwkdUtm; vTwfrnf
jyK&m uREkfyfu-
]]vufrSwftwGufb,favmufusovJ &kHydkifBuD;}}
]]wa,muf 8 usyf? ESpfa,muf 16usyf? 'PfaiGESpfqqdkawmh 32
usyfusw,f}}
]]'Dvdkawmh uRefawmfray;Edkifbl;}}
]]bmaMumifhvJ}}
]]uRefawmfwdkU &dk;&dk;om;om;rSm;wmAs? ckd;pD;Muwmr[kwfbl;? 'PfaiG
awmh ray;yg&apeJU}}
]]Oya't&awmh ay;&rSmyJAs}}
]]'DvdkqdkvQif uRefawmfwdkUudkrvTwfeJU? cifAsm;wkdU vkyfcsif&mvkyf?
uRefawmfwdkUroGm;bl;}}
&kHydkifonf uREkfyfwkdU\rsufESmrsm;udk vSrf;Munfh&m wu,fwif;rm
jcif;udk awGU&onfhvu©PmESifh cJwHjzifh pm;yGJudkacgufum pOf;pm;vsuf&Sd\/
þwGifuREkfyfu-
]]vlawG 'ku©jzpfae&wJUtxJrSm &dk;&dk;om;om;rSm;wJUtay:u cifAsm;
wkdUu 'Pf&dkufNyD; tjrwfxkyfvkdU awmfEdkifygrvm;As}}
uREkfyf\pum;onf &kHydkiftm; tawmfxdoGm;[ef&Sd\/
]]uJ uJ cifAsm;ajymovkdyJ xm;ygawmhAsm? aiG16usyf ay;vdkufaemf}}
]]'guawmh OD;buav;u wm0ef,lNyDyJ r[kwfvm;}}
]]oGm;MuygawmhAsm}}
uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufonf ausmufajrmif;&yf oDwmvrf;ü&Sdaom uREkfyf
\aetdrfokdUoGm;&ef jzpfaomfvnf; ajzmifhajzmifhroGm;ao;yJ w&kwfwef;
bufodkUoGm;í useforQydkufqHuav;rsm;jzifh ujrif;Muavao;onf/

712 
xdkacwfurl ydkufqHrsm;rsm;BuD;ygrS aysmfEdkifonfr[kwf? vlwa,muf
wusyfqdkvQifvnf; tawmfpkHatmif aysmfEdkifMuonf/ odkU&mwGif xdknOfhurl
av,mOfysHtcsufay;OMorsm; aESmifh,SufrIaMumifh ajzmifhajzmifh raysmfMu&
ojzifh ZdrfysufvSygbdonf/

oGufcsmyg'orm;

oDwmvrf;&Sd uREkfyf\aetdrfodkU eHeufapmapm a&mufvmMuaomtcg

tvGefzifayghaom udkcifarmifonf csufjyKwfp&m om;ig;rsm; &atmif&Smí
rD;zdkacsmifodkU0if&Smayonf/þvlrSm(olUtdrfwGifvnf; oludk,fwdkif]tdk;olBuD;}
vkyfaeusjzpfí olUtzdkU 0efrav;vSacs/) xrif;pm;aomufNyD;Mu aomtcg
uREkfyfonftvkyfwdkufokdUoGm;í udkcifarmifu npmtwGufESifhwuG tdrfrI
udpöt00udk aqmif&Guf,if; tdrfüae&pf\/ ol&d,onf urm&GwfteD;
ü&Sdaom OD;buav;\aetdrfokdU ykHESdyfpufrsm;yg ajymif;a&GUí owif;pm
aeUpOf rSefrSefxGufvsuf&Sd\/ tvkyfXmeodkU uREkfyfa&mufoGm;í rMumrDyif
rD;&xm;bufrS rif;apwa,muf a&mufvmojzifh aiG 16usyf ay;vdkuf&\/
uREkfyf\'DZifbmvtwGuf vcrSm ,ckrSxkwf&aomaMumifh OD;buav;tm;
tylruyfyJ uREkfyfudk,fwdkifay;vdkuf&ygonf/ xdkaeUü acgufBuD;ESifh
rSwfcsufa&;í tdrfodkUjyefvmcJU&m avSum;okdUa&mufonfESifh wNydKifeuf
]tvdkav;As? tr,fav;As} [laom nnf;nLoHrsm;udkMum;&\/ uREkfyf
tzdkU&mü topftqef;r[kwfaomaMumifh txdwfwvefUrjzpfyJ wufoGm;&m
tdyf&may:ü vl;vSdrfhvsuf&Sdaom udkcifarmifudkawGU&\/ udkcifarmifrSm
oGufcsmyg'a&m*gpGJuyfolwa,mufjzpf&m ,ckvlaumif;yuwd&Sd&mrS
awmfawmfMumvQif tvdkav;? tr,fav;ESifh atmf[pf nnf;wGm;&ol

713 
wa,muf jzpfavonf/ ,if;okdUjzpfonfhtcg ESdyfívnf;r&? ol\tom;
udkvnf; txdrcHEdkifyJ usifíwufonfqdk\/ tpm;rSm;vQif þodkUjzpfwwf
onfqdk&m roifhaomtpmudk olodaomfvnf; raeEdkifaomaMumifh pm;rd
onfqdk\/ BuD;jyif;vmaomt&G,fü roifhrSef;odvsufESifh pm;rdí cH&aom
tBudrfaygif;rSm w&mvnf;urnfrxif? okdUESifhvnf; pm;NrJwdkif;pm;í cHNrJ
wdkif;cH&&Smonf/ þeHeufü rkefU[if;cg;ESifh vdyfO pm;cJUrdonf[k ajymyg
onf/ nwdkifaomtcgü bmaMumifhrSef;rod? a0'emaysmufuif;oGm;jyef
ygonf/

udkcifarmifauseyfjcif;

þodkUjzifh udkcifarmifESifh uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufwnf; twlaeMuí

ESpf&ufwBudrf? okH;&ufwBudrfqdkovdk ol\a&m*gxavh&Sd\/ wnOfhoü
udkcifarmifa&m*gxvsuf&SdpOf av,mOfysHtcsufay;OMoqGJojzifh qlnHvsuf
&Sd\/ tcsufay;OMooHudk rnfonfhAkH;BuJav,mOfysHrsm; vmrnfhta&;
aMumifhqJGjcif;jzpfonf[k odMu&NyD;jzpfonfhtxJwGif OMooHudk,fEIduf
uvnf; tonf;ESvkH;udk yGwfacsvkdufbdouJUodkU pdwf\nId;EGrf;jcif;
jzpfapwwfjcif;udk Mum;&olwdkif; em;vnfM uayvdrfhrnf/ þtoHonf
ntcsdefjzpfcJUvQif omíqkd;&Gm;ao;\/ tltonf;udk wpkHwckESifh &pfywf
qJGonfhES,f cGeftm;awGtm;vkH; ygoGm;onfxif&\/ xdknOfhü udkcifarmif
a&m*gxvsuf&SdpOf tcsufay;OMo rIwf&kHomru wu,fyif *syefav,mOfysH
rsm;\ toHrsm;udkMum;&\/ rsm;rMumrD av,mOfysHrsm;rS AkH;rsm;BuJcsí
ajrjyifrS av,mOfysHypf tajrmufoHrsm;vnf; qlnHvsuf&SdavNyD/ uREkfyf
onf udkcifarmifteD;ü xdkifvsuf&Sd&m udkcifarmifu olUrSm umuG,fa&;

714 
usif;xJodkUqif;&efrwwfEdkif? uREkfyf\toufudk tcsnf;ESD;rpGefUyJ umuG,f
a&;usif;xJodkUqif;&ef ajym&Smavonf/ uREkfyfonf ao;i,faom udkcif
armif\udk,fuav;udkayGUí rqif;Edkifapumrl wGJíqif;Edkifavmuf\/
odkU&mwGifwcgw&Hüjzpfwwfaom uREkfyf\0goemtwdkif; ]]jzpfcsifwm
jzpfprf;ygapAsm? usKyfwdkUtdrfay: wnfhwnfhusrS aorSmyg? aoMu,ifvJ
twlwlayghAsm? usKyfrqif;bl;}}[k ajymonfESifh udkcifarmifonf cGeftm;
r&Sdaom vufwbufjzifhuREkfyf\vuf wbufudk udkifnpfavonf/
15rdESpfcefUtay:u BuJoluBuJ? atmufrSypfolu ypfMuNyD;aemuf
uREkfyfwkdUtay:odkU wnfhwnfhusaom AkH;[lí wvkH;rQr&SdonfESifh uREkfyfwkdU
rSm t&Sifvwfvwfusefae&pfí [D;csEdkifMuygawmhonf/

vufajrSmuf&jcif;

þ&ufrsm;ü uREkfyf\'ku©rSm rao;i,fvSacs/ olemum;wbuf?

tvkyfum;wbuf&Sdaeonfhjyif ol&d,wdkufwnfxm;onfh urm&Gwf&Sd
OD;buav;\aetdrfodkU oGm;&onfrSmvnf; bwfpfum;twefwefajymif;pD;
í azsmhawmhaomrsufESmrsm;&SdaeMuonfh c&D;onfrsm;\tv,fwGif wem&D
cefUxdkifNyD;rSa&muf&onf/ udkcifarmifa&m*gwufaeaom aeUrsm;wGif ESpf
a,muftwGuf pm;p&mudk w&kwfwef;wGif qif;0,fNyD;rS oDwmvrf;odkU
c&D;quf&onf/ oDwmvrf;wckvkH;üvnf; av;ig;tdrfrSwyg; vlr&Sd
onfESifh ajcmufuyfNiD;aiGUzG,f aumif;vSonf/ þodkUaom 'ku©rsm;\
tv,fwGif udkcifarmif\a&m*grSmvnf; &ufjcm;jzpf&mrS &ufqufjzpf
vmonfESifh xrif;udkaeUwdkif; 0,fpm;ae&avNyD/ eHeuftzdkUrl olUtzdkU
aumfzDESifhaygifrkefU rD;uifay;cJUNyD; uREkfyftzdkUrl w&kwfwef;odkUoGm;NyD;rS

715 
urm&GwfodkUoGm;&\/ þokdUjzifh Zefe0g&Dvukeftxd aerdaomtcg
uREkfyf\OD;acgif;onf rnfokdUjzpfonfrod? wcsufwcsufü aygufuJGawmh
rnfhtvm; cRwfueJ qwfueJ jrnfovdkxifrd\/ udkcifarmifusef;rmcJUvQif
uREkfyfonf þ'ku©rsKd;udkcHzdkU toifhjyifqifxm;cJUaomfvnf; ,ckum; rcH
Edkifojzifh vufajrSmuf&acsawmhrnf/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf udkcifarmif
\nD&if;jzpfol cifarmifqifhxHodkUoGm;í tajctaeudkajymjy&m cifarmifqifh
vkdufvmí olUtpfudktm; oabFmay:odkUwifay;um [oFmwodkU ydkUvdkuf
&Smayonf/ udkcifarmifudkMunhf&onfrSm a&m*gtwGuf 0rf;enf;jcif;xuf
rlvtpDtpOftwdkif; ESpfa,mufom; twlwuG raevdkuf&jcif;twGuf
0rf;enf;ykH&onf/ uREkfyfum; tBuD;qkH;aom om;jzpfí tpfudkwa,muftm;
cspfcifMuykHudk em;rvnfaomfvnf; uREkfyfü tpfudk&SdcJUvQif udkcifarmif
xufydkNyD; cspfcifwwfvdrfhrnf rxifyg/
uREkfyf\0goemwckrSm wpkHwckudk ,aeUvkyfzkdU qkH;jzwfxm;vQif
,aeUvkyf&rS auseyfwwf\/ xdktcsdefü uREkfyf\tdwfxJwGif aiG30d cefUrQ
&Sd&m aemufaeUwGif vukefrnfjzpfí w&ufqdkif;vdkufvQif Zefe0g&DvtwGuf
vc&rnfjzpf\/ okdUESifhvnf; w&ufrqdkxm;bd wem&DrQyif &efukefü
aecsifpdwfr&Sdawmhacs/ odkUjzpfí tjzpftysufESifh uREkfyf\pdwftajctaeudk
OD;buav;xHodkU pma&;í pmwdkufüxnfhcJUNyD;vQif uomodkU jyefajy;vm
cJUygawmhonf/

&kH;csdef;uwbuf

Z&pfacsmifokdUa&mufí udkodef;azwkdU tdrfom;rsm;ESifh rpdk;tm; uREkfyf

\ &efukefudk,fawGUudkajymjyav&m tvGeftHUMoMuonf/ udkodef;azurl

716 
]]cifAsm;wkdUawmfawmfqwfaqmhMuwJU vlESpfa,mufyJ? AkH;awGMum;xJoGm;NyD;
tvkyfvkyfpm;&r,fqdkvQif 'DrSmyJ jzpfwwfovdk pm;aeMua&mayghAsm}}[k
ajym\/ udkcifarmifESifh uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,muf\pdwful;rSm (trSeftwdkif;
0efcH&vQif) 0rf;a&;twGufaMumifhcsnf;r[kwf? &efukefNrdKUBuD;wGif *sydk;b0
ESifh awGU&mpm;? awGU&mtdyf xifovdk aeprf;csifaom tmoDoESifh qif;oGm;
Mujcif;jzpfav&m tu,fí udkcifarmifom usef;rmcJUvQif ¤if;pdwful;
twdkif; aeMuí tb,fae&m? b,faeUwGif AkH;xdí aoMurnfavm rajym
wwfay/ uREkfyftzdkU&müum; aovQifvnf;0rf;renf;? oli,fcsif;wa,muf
ESifh vkyfcsif&mvkyf&vQifvnf; auseyfrnfomjzpfonf/ Z&pfacsmifü&SdpOf
a'gufwmodef;armif\ trItwGuf &kH;csdef;uvnf;&Sdao;í rEÅav;odkU
uREkfyfqif;vm&jyef\/ rEÅav;NrdKUeef;awmftwGif; *sifrcgemuvyfudk
azazmf0g&Dv 19 &ufaeUü AkH;BuJcsav&m uRekfyfvnf; 21&ufaeUwGif
rEÅav;odkU a&mufoGm;\/ rEÅav;NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;rSm &efukefüBuJcsaom
AkH;rsm;aMumifh xdwfvefUwkefvIyfvsuf&SdpOf xdkaeUurl rdrdwkdUudk,fwdkif
]AkH;vefU}&jcif;\ t&omudk jrnf;bl;Mu&avNyD/ wNrdKUvkH;vnf; ajcmuf
aoGUvsuf&Sd\/ azazmf0g&D 21&ufaeUü &kH;csdef;twdkif; trIqkdif&ef &kH;odkU
a&mufoGm;aomtcg &efukefrStrIonfrsm; ra&mufvmMuonfESifh rwfv31
&ufaeUokdU &ufcsdef;ay;vkdufjyefonf/ uREkfyfrSm ol&d,owif;axmuf
(,ckyDtm&ftdkjzpfaeaom) udkbwkwf\ aetdrfü ESpfnwnf;ckdum rEÅav;
NrdKUtaMumif;udk penf;emNyD;aemuf uomodkU jyefoGm;avonf/ rwfv
31&ufaeUtrIqdkif&efudkrl uREkfyfvnf; roGm;awmh? tjcm;vlrsm;vnf;
rvmMu[k Mum;od&onf/

717 
udkodef;azav;pm;ykH

1942ckESpf? {NyDv 3 &ufaeUü *syefav,mOfysHrsm;onf rEÅav;NrdKUodkU

tESHUtjym;AkH;BuJcsav&m xdk&ufrSpí rEÅav;NrdKUwGif ae0HUoltvGefenf;NyD;
rajy;Edkifolrsm;om usef&pfí wwfEdkifol[lorQ xGufajy;ukefMuavNyD/
{NyDvwGif;ü udkodef;az\ wlrrsm;onf &efukefrSrEÅav;okdU ajy;vmMu&mrS
rEÅav;üAkH;BuJ&mwGif udkodef;\aetdrfodkU ajy;vmMujyef\/ ¤if;wkdUESifhtwl
OD;bcspftrnf&Sd Adokum  (Architect)  wa,mufvnf;ygvm\/ OD;bcspfrSm
uREkfyfESifhtwl 'ku©a&muf&Sm&rnfhvlwa,mufjzpfí ¤if;wkdUtaMumif;udk
tenf;i,fazmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ udkodef;az\wlrrsm;onfaq;&kHq&mrBuD;rsm; 
(Sister)  jzpfav&m tBuD;qkH;rSm OD;bcspfESifh vufxyfrnfhqJqJjzpfí twl
wuGvdkufvmjcif;jzpfavonf/ OD;bcspfrSm t*FvefrS Adokumpmar;yJG
atmifNyD;í &efukefodkUa&mufvmonfrSm vtenf;i,frQom &Sdao;\/
udkodef;aztm; uREkfyftxl;auseyfrdaom tcsufwckrSm ol\tdrfodkU
{nfhonfrsm; a&mufvmMuí ¤if;wkdUteufwGif bdvyfjyef wa,muf yg0if
aomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;tm; taumif;qkH;aom ae&mudkay;ygonf/
uREkfyfwkdUu ]]vl&if;}}jzpfonfqdkum edrfhusaom ae&mudkray;/ olwkdU
vifr,m;xuf jrwfaomae&mudkay;ygonf/ ray;vQif uREkfyfurnfokdUrQ
&Sdrnfr[kwf? odkUaomfay;jcif;twGufum; ol\av;pm;jcif;udk todtrSwf
jyKrdygonf/

718 
oabFmrsm;epfjrKyfjcif;

þ&ufrsm;wGif rEÅav;rS oabFmrsm;onf wpif;NyD;wpif; qdkufa&mufvm

Muí uomqdyfurf;ü epfjrKyfvdkuf\/ þtaMumif;udk uRekfyfwdkUMum;&í
OD;bcspf? udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufonf weHeufwGif oabFmqdyf
okdUoGm;Mu\/ tBuHrSm pm;eyf&du©m &Sm;yg;pjyKaeaom xdktcsdefwGif
]aumufoif;aumuf}Mu&efjzpf\/ uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufonf tjcm;aom
t&yfom;rsm;ESifhtwl urf;rS&yfMunfhvsuf&SdpOf oabFmwpif; qdkufuyfvm
í OD;cef;rS rsufESmjzL okH;av;a,mufESifhtjcm;ae&mrsm;rS aumf&if*sDukvm;
w&mcefU qif;vmMu\/ oabFmay:rSvlrsm; qif;NyD;onfESifhwNydKifeuf
oabFmudk epfjrKyfvdrfhrnf[k odNyD;jzpfaom t&yfom;rsm;onf oabFmay:rS
vlrsm;udkukefpifatmif rqif;&ao;rD wkd;a0SUum wufoGm;í uREkfyfwkdU
okH;a,mufvnf; vkdufygoGm;Mu\/ tay:odkU a&mufonfESifh wNydKifeuf
þtcef;xdktcef;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufarTaemufMuav&m uREkfyfrlum; pm;p&m
rsm;xm;onfh pwdk;  (Pantry)  cef;odkU wnfhwnfhBuD;oGm;\/ rnfonfh
ypönf;udkrQ rvdkcsif? pm;p&mom vdkcsifonf/ uomw0dkufü ,ckyifvQif
pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm; &Sm;yg;pjyKí 0,fr&yJjzpfaeav&m a&SUtzdkUwGif
rnfrQavmuf jywfvyfOD;rnf rajymEdkifacs/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfonf
pwdk;cef;xJrS pnfoGwfAl;rsm;udk wayGUwydkufBuD;,lvmcJU\/ udkodef;azESifh
OD;bcspfwkdUurl a&eHqD &Sm;vdrfhrnfqdkum wa,mufwykH;pD qGJvmMu\/
þoabFmürnfonfhtaMumif;aMumifhrod? qDykH;ESifhaxmywfykH; tajrmuf
tjrm;ygvmav&m t&yfom;rsm;onf ¤if;wkdUudk wbufwykH;qGJum
ukef;ay:odkUwufMu\/ tcsKdUuvnf; tjcm;vlrsm; o,fcsvmaom

719 
qDykH;rsm;udkwykH;wusyfESifh qD;BudK0,fMu\/ qDwykH;vQif aps;xJü aygufaps;
5usyf? 6usyf&Sdaomfvnf; o,fcsolrsm;tzkdUrSm csufcsif;a&mif;ypf&kHrSwyg;
tjcm;enf;vrf; r&Sdacs/ csufcsif;ra&mif;yJ wae&müpkykHxm;NyD; oabFm
ay:odkU jyefwufrnfqdkvQifvnf; csxm;cJUaomykH;rsm;rSm vk,loGm;rnf
jzpfaomaMumifh tcsnf;ESD;jzpf&rnfqdkum csufcsif;vufiif; a&mif;Mujcif;
jzpf\/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap qDwykH; wusyfESifhcsufcsif;a&mif;vQif wacguf
ESpfusyf? q,facguf 20d &Edkifonfqdkum ]qlvG,feyfvG,f} tvkyf
vkyfMujcif;jzpf\/ odkU&mwGif oabFmonfMum&SnfpGm ay:aeawmhrnf
r[kwfacs/ pnfoGwfAl;rsm;udkayGUvsuf uREkfyfurf;ay:rS&yfMunfhaepOftwGif;
oabFmonf jrKyfonfxuf jrKyfoGm;í ]azmif;}rQavmufom ay:awmhonf
jzpf&m vlrsm;onf tEÅ&m,fudkrjrifyJ oJoJrJrJ o,f,lvsuf&SdMu\/
okdU&mwGif wcsKdUu ]]a[haumifawG oabFmepfvkNyD? epfoGm;vQif a&ul;vkdU
r&bl;a[h? 0JpkyfNyD; epfoGm;vdrfhr,f}}[k [pfatmfum owday;onfESifh
tpkvdkuf tNyKHvdkuf ajy;qif;vmMu\/ uHaumif;onfrSmaemufqkH;vlonf
urf;ay:okdUa&mufonfESifh wNydKifeuf oabFmBuD;onf wbufodkUapmif;NyD;
epfjrKyfoGm;&Smygawmhonf/

aMuuGJzG,faom tjcif;t&m

uom NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf oabFmay:rS ypönf;rsm;udk &Muí

aysmf&Tifvsuf&SdMupOf (tcsKdUrSm oabFmrS yefumudkyif cJ,Of;pGm jzKwf,lMu
onf/) oabFmay:rS qif;vmMuonfh aumf&if*sDc&D;onfrsm;\ oem;zG,f
tjzpftysufudkvnf; uREkfyfawGUjrif&\/ w&mcefUrQ&Sdaom aumf&if*sD
ukvm;rsm;onf (ulvDrsm;jzpfMu[efwlonf/) ypönf;rsm;udk xrf;oluxrf;?

720 
&Gufolu&Guf? uav;rsm;udk csDolucsD? ayGUoluayGU? vufqGJoluqJGvsuf
urf;ay:odkU wufvmMuNyD;vQif taemufpl;pl;okdU pDwef;um oGm;Muav\/
¤if;wkdUonf uomNrdKUrS ]wrl;crf;y}odkU a&mufatmifoGm;í ¤if;rS
tdE´d,jynfodkU 0ifM urnfqdk\/
uREkfyf pkHprf;od&Sd&onfrSm ArmjynfodkU *syef0ifvmaomtcg
aumf&if*sD ukvm;rsm;onf ulvDtjzpfESifh tokkH;0ifMuonfjzpfaomaMumifh
xdkuJUodkUtokH;rcsEdkifap&ef t*Fvdyft&m&Sdrsm;u ¤if;wkdUtm;acsmufvSefUí
vTwfNyD; uomxdatmif oabFmrsm;ESifh vkdufykdUjcif; jzpfonf[kqdk\/
acsmufvSefUykHum; *syef0ifvmvQif ¤if;wkdUtm;vkH; owfypfvdrfhrnf[k
ajymonfqdk\/ xkdUaMumifhvkyfrSudkifrS pm;Mu&&Smaom aumf&if*sDukvm;
rsm;onf bmypönf;rQ ,lajy;p&mr&SdyJ toufab;twGuf ajy;vm&Sm
MuonfESifh þ&Snfvsm;cufcJaom ]wrl;}c&D;udk &du©mrygyJoGm;zkdU BuHpnf
&SmMujcif; jzpfavonf/ þae&mü txl;aMuuGJzG,faumif;aom tjcif;t&m
wckudk wifjyvdk\/ c&D;onfrsm;teufwGif touf50ausmfcefU &Sdí
usef;rmykHr&aom ukvm;rBuD;wa,mufonf wdkvDrdkvDypönf;rsm; xnfh
xm;aom oGyfykH;wykH;udk A,fvufnmvufajymif;umqJGvsuf ESpfbufvkH;
anmif;aomtcgwGif ajray:ücsí em;\/ A,fa&mnmyg ajymif;qJGumrS
ay200cefUavmufom a&mufEdkifojzifh csíem;&jyef\/
vufESpfbufanmif;atmif qGJumrS ay200rQom a&mufEdkifí
waxmufcsNyD;em;&aom þrdef;rBuD;onf ]wrl;}c&D;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifh
a&mufatmifoGm;Edkif&Smygvdrfhrnfenf;/ aemufydkif;ü uREkfyfMum;od&aom
owif;t&rSm ¤if;wkdUonf tdEd́,odkU ra&mufyJ vrf;c&D;wGif tpmjywf?
a&iwf a&m*guyfNyD; zwfzwfarmonfESifh &mcdkifEIef; 90 ru aoukef&Sm
Muonf[k qdkavonf/ qdk;,kwfvSaom e,fcsJUorm;rsm;aywum;/

721 
*syefu aumf&if*sDudk owfypfvdrfhrnf r[kwfaMumif; odvsufESifhacsmuf
vSefUum aovrf;odkUydkU&ufonfh e,fcsJUorm;wkdU\ avmbaZmaywum;/
uREkfyfonf aumf&if*sDc&D;onfrsm;bufodkU aemufqkH;arQmfMunfhvdkufaom
tcg ukef;jrifhbufodkUwa&GUa&GUwufaeMuaom aumf&if*sDwef;BuD;udk jrif&í
¤if;wkdUteuf oGyfykH; ay200avmuf a&GUwdkif;a&GUwdkif; wcgwcgcsí
em;&Sm&aom aumf&if*sDrBuD;tm; txl;u&kPmjzpfum &ifav;rdygawmh
onf/

yxrESifh aemufqkH;usif;atmif;jcif;

uREkfyfwdkUZ&pfacsmifü&SdpOf *syefav,mOfysHrsm;onf uomNrdKUudk

ESpfBudrfwdkif AkH;BuJcs\/ udkodef;azonfol\NcHBuD;twGif; 'ifnif;yifBuD;
atmufwGif umuG,fa&;usif;wl;xm;&m av,mOfysHrsm;vmoHMum;uwnf;
u vl20ausmfcefU&Sdaom tdrfom;rsm;onf usif;xJodkUqif;íykef;Mu\/
uREkfyfwGufudef;um; AkH;BuJonfqdkvQif uomNrdKUudkomBuJrnf? Z&pfacsmif
uJUokdUaom &Gmuav;udkBuJvdrfhrnf r[kwf[k ,lq\/ xdkUaMumifh uREkfyf
onf vltrsm;ESifhtwl usif;xJodkUrqif;yJ usif;0üxdkifum av,mOfysH
rsm;udkarmfMunfhNyD; ¤if;wkdU\toGm;tvmudk usif;xJrSvlrsm;tm; owif;ay;
\/ þwGiftcsKdUaomrdef;rrsm;u av,mOfysHudk uREkfyfujrifEdkifvQif
av,mOfuvnf; uREkfyfudkjrifNyD; AkH;csygvdrfhrnf[k atmf[pfMu\/
uREkfyfuopfyifatmufü&Sdaom vlwa,mufudk av,mOfysHay:rS rjrifEdkifyg?
tu,fíjrifapOD;awmh vlwa,mufwavtm; AkH;csowfrnfr[kwfyg[k
ajymjyaomfvnf; r&yJ uREkfyftm;usif;xJodkUqif;cJU&ef 0dkif;íatmfMu\/
aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfonf olwkdUtvdkokdUvdkufí usif;xJodkUqif;vkduf&av&m

722 
ppfBuD;wacwfvkH;wGif þwBudrfonf yxrqkH;tBudrfESifh aemufqkH;tBudrf
usif;atmif;cJU&bl;jcif;jzpfygonf/

t ol aoonfqdkjcif;

av,mOfysHrsm; jyefoGm;MuonfESifhwNydKifeuf (10pif;avmuf &Sdrnf

xifonf/) uREkfyfonfxkH;pHtwdkif; uomNrdKUxJodkU wa,mufwnf; vSnfh
vnfMunfh&I&m &kH;?aq;&kH?aps;? axmifBuD;paomtaqmufttkHBuD;rsm; teD;ü
vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; twkH;t&kH;vJaoMujcif;rsm;udkawGU&\/ taqmufttkH
BuD;rsm;teD; aoMujcif;udkjrif&í vludkcsdef&G,fjcif;r[kwf taqmufttkHudk
csdefjcif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfawG;rdonf/ taqmufttkHxJü vl&Sd&rnf r[kwf
avm[k ajymEdkifaomfvnf; t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm taqmuf ttkHjzpf&rnf[k
pOf;pm;rdonf/ xl;qef;jcif;wckrSm uomNrdKUonf ukvm;aygrsm;vSaom
NrdKUwNrdKUr[kwfaomfvnf; tavmif;rsm;rSm &mcdkifEIef;w0ufausmfrQ ukvm;
rsm; jzpfonfudkawGU&\/ þwGif udkodef;azajymonfhtwdkif; ]]t wJUolawG
aowmayghAsm}}[laom pum;onf [kwfwef&monf[k xifrd\/ ukvm;qdk
onfrSmvnf; ulvD tvkyfMurf;orm;rsm;om jzpfMuavonf/ uREkfyftzkdUrSm
axmifcsDíao&onfh tavmif;rsm;udk &efukefü jrifcJU&bl;NyDjzpfí &mavmuf
rQ&Sdaom uomtavmif;rsm;twGuf pdwfxdcdkufatmif r&SdvSacs/

Munfhaumif;íMunfhjcif;

&uftenf;i,f Mumjyefvwfaomf *syefav,mOfysHrsm;onf 'kwd,

tBudrf a&mufvmjyef\/ tdrfom;rsm;vnf; AkH;usif;xJodkUqif;í ykef;aeMu

723 
jyefavNyD/ uREkfyfuZ&pfacsmif&Gmavmufudk AkH;csrnfr[kwfaMumif; ajymaomf
vnf; rnfolrQ vufrcHacs/ tjcm;vlrsm;xuf udkodef;azudk uREkfyfydkí
tHUMord\/ udkodef;azESifhuREkfyf aygif;oif;qufqHcJUbl;orQwGif vlESifh
vlcsif;jzpfap? wd&pämeft&dkif; odkUr[kwf t,OfESifhjzpfap &ifqdkifMu&m wGif
udkodef;azonf uREkfyfxufb,ftcgrS owÅdravsmh? ydkaomtBudrfrsm; yif
BuKHcJU&bl;\/ (ol\owÅdtaMumif;udk wae&mwGif azmfjyygOD;rnf?)
av,mOfysHESifh ywfoufíum; uREkfyfxuf xdwfxdwfysmysm jzpfjcif;udk
awGU&\/ þodkUjzpf&jcif;rSm olUxufuREkfyfu þudpörsKd;ü tawGUtBuKH
rsm;aomaMumifh jzpfwef&monf/
av,mOfysHrsm;vmí uomNrdKUay:okdUAkH;BuJcsojzifh udkodef;azonf
tjcm;vlrsm;ESifhtwl usif;xJodkU qif;ajy;MupOf uREkfyfonf AkH;usif;qDodkU
vkdufoGm;ygu twif;t"r®qif;cdkif;MuonfESifh bmrQrMunfh&? rjrif&rnfudk
pkd;aomaMumifh olwdkUqDodkUroGm;yJ iSufaysmfawmxJodkU wa,mufwnf;
0ifoGm;\/ iSufaysmyifrsm; cyfusJusJ&Sdaom ae&modkU a&mufaomtcg
uombufodkU OD;acgif;vSnfhvsuf ajrBuD;ay:ü tvsm;arSmufum
aumif;uifokdU armfMunfhvkduf\/ þwGif &Spfpif;cefU&Sdonfxif&onfh
av,mOfysHrsm;onf uomNrdKUay:odkU tESHUtjym;ysH0Jum AkH;rsm;BuJcsaejcif;udk
awGU&\/
av,mOfysHwpif;wpif;rS AkH;wvkH;pD wvkH;pD jzKwfcsjcif;udkyif
jrif&\/ (AkH;usif;xJrS vlrsm;rjrif&bl;acs? ppfNyD;cgrS &kyf&SifxJwGif
jrifbl;Muonf/) av,mOfysHrsm;onf tkyfpkvdkuf vSnfhywfysHum
AkH;BuJvsuf&Sd&mrS av,mOfysHwpif;onf tkyfpkESifhcGJNyD; ajrmufbufZ&pfacsmif
bufodkU OD;wdkufysHvm\/ ysH&kHomruao;? AkH;rsm;BuJcsvmjcif;udkvnf;
wvkH;pD uREkfyfjrif&\/ AkH;vkH;jzKwfcsvkdufjcif;? &SDueJjrnfum usvmjcif;?

724 
ajrokdUa&mufí 0kef;ueJaygufuJGjcif; ponfwkdUudk wvkH;pD wvkH;pDjrif&
Mum;&\/ AkH;uGJoHrsm;onf 0kef;ueJ0kef;ueJ jrnfvsuf&SdpOf av,mOfysHrsm;
onfvnf; uRekfyfbufokdU ajzmifhajzmifhBuD;ysHvmí OD;acgif;ay:odkU wnfh
wnfhBuD;ra&mufwa&mufwGifajrBuD;ay:rS AkH;wvkH; aygufuGJoHMum;&ao;&m
]aemufwvkH;jzKwfcsvQif ighacgif;ay:yJuG}[k qdkum ajrBuD;ESifh rsufESmuyf
vdkufrdygao;onf/ odkU&mwGifav,mOfysHonf aemufxyfí rcsawmhyJ
vSnfhkjyefoGm;avawmh\/ aemufqkH;jzKwfcsonfh AkH;onf uomNrdKUtpGef;ü
&Sdaom AdkvftdrfBuD;wvkH;ay:okdU usav&m? aemufxyfí rcsjcif;udk
axmufaomf Z&pfacsmifxJodkU AkH;rcs[laom uREkfyf\wGufudef;rSm rSefonf
[kqdk&ayrnf/ aemifwGifvnf; wcgrQrcsacs/

[efaumif;vSaom udkodef;az

þae&mü udkodef;az\owÅd (odkUr[kwf[ef) aumif;ykHtaMumif;udk

azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ urf;eD&Gmü uREkfyfausmif;q&mvkyfvsuf&SdpOf udkodef;azrSm
(tif;&GmteD;)ydef;aum&GmwGif taumuftkyftjzpfESifh trIxrf;vsuf&Sd\/
waeUoü uREkfyfonf olUtdrfodkU jrif;ESifhtvnfoGm;í ol\&kH;cef;ü
pum;ajymvsuf&SdMupOf udkodef;az\ vufatmufü trIxrf;aeonfh
a*:&cg;vlrsKd;uefcsm;qdkolwufvm\/ ol\vufüum; a*:&cg;vlrsKd;udkif
onfh"m;aumufBuD;wacsmif; ygvm\/ "m;udkudkifí wufvmjcif;aMumifh
&dkif;vSygwum;[k uREkfyfxifvsuf&Sd&mrS uefcsm;\rsufESmudk vSrf;Munfh
vdkufaomtcg wpkHwckjyKvkyfzkdU qkH;jzwfxm;onfhES,f wif;rmaom rsufESm
xm; &Sdjcif;udk awGU&\/

725 
 uREkfyfonf udkdodef;az\rsufESmudk vSrf;Munfhvdkufaomtcg rsuf
aMumwcsuf qwfceJwif;oGm;jcif;rSwyg; ajymif;vJjcif;&Sdonfudk rawGU&
acs/ udkodef;az\ trlt&mrSm uefcsm;\rsufESmxm;wif;vmjcif;udk vnf;
aumif;? ol\vufrS"m;aumufBuD;udkvnf;aumif; tvsOf;rjrifonfh [ef
ESifh ]bmudpövJa[h uefcsm;}[k ar;vkdufonf/ uefcsm;onf udkodef;az
\xdwfvefUwkefvIyfjcif;uif;aom trlt&mudkjrifonfESifh tenf;i,f
wGefUoGm;[ef&Sd\/ odkU&mwGif rdrd\tjzpftysufudk ajymjyaom tcgürl
ajym,if; a'goxGufí rsufESmrsm;eDvmonf/ olajymjyaom taMumif;
t&mudk uREkfyfaumif;pGm rrSwfrdaomfvnf; olUtvkyfudk udkodef;azu
tjypf&SmNyD; opfawm0efxH wdkifwef;onf[kolu ,lqvsuf &Sdonf/ ol\
pum;tqkH;ü udkodef;azonf a*:&cg;\ acsmufvSefUaom trlt&maMumifh
xdwfvefUjcif;vnf;razmfjy/ a*:&cg;tay:ü ta&;,ljcif;ESifhywfoufí
wa&G;om;rQvnf;tavsmhray;? ta&;,lxdkufí ,l&jcif;jzpfonf/ vludk
rkef;wD;í tjypf&Smjcif;r[kwfaMumif; ajymaomtcg yxrü uefcsm;onf
tHoGm;Budwfí rsufvkH;rsm;jyL;um "m;aumufBuD; wqkyfudkifudkifvkyfae\/
uREkfyfum; tawmfpdk;&drfvsuf&SdavNyD/ pdk;&drfjcif;um; udkodef;aztwGuf
wGifomru uRekfyftwGufvnf;yg\/ tu,fíuefcsm;onf a'goxGufNyD;
udkodef;azudk ckwfydkif;jim;tHU? a'gorSefaomvlrsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif; rdk;rjrif
avrjrifjzpfNyD; uRekfyfudkyg "m;pufygoGm;Edkifonf/ trSefudk0efcH&vQif
uREkfyftawmfBuD;vefUygonf/ AkH;BuJav,mOfrsm; vmjcif;xufyif vefUyg
onf/ udkodef;azrlum; (odkif;wwfoljzpfí ta&;qdkvQif wdrf;a&Smif&ef
pdwful;xm;onf[k aemifü uREkfyftm;ajymjyaomfvnf;) at;at;aq;aq;
trlt&mESifh xdkifvsuf&Sd\/ þtawmtwGif; vlESpfa,mufwkdUonf
wa,mufudkwa,muf aphaphMunhfvsuf&SdMu&m uefcsm;ua'goESifh jyL;

726 
Munfhí udkodef;azuwnfNidrfaom rsufESmxm;ESifhMunfh\/ uREkfyfonf
ESpfa,mufvkH;udk Munfhvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; uefcsm;udkydkí*&kpdkufvsuf&dS\/
uREkfyfMunfhaepOf uefcsm;onf rqdkpavmufuav; rsufESmxm; aysmhoGm;
jcif;udkjrifvkduf&\/ aemufwcPü udkodef;azu NidrfoufaomtoHjzifh-
]]a[h uefcsm;}}
]]q&m}}
]]rif;eJUigeJU b,fvdkawmfovJ}}
]]b,fvdkrSrawmfbl;}}
]]q&mwynfh r[kwfbl;vm;}}
]][kwfygw,f}}
]]rif;udkigu rkef;aew,fvdkU rif;uxifovm;}}
]]rxifygbl;}}
]]rkef;rae,if rifhudkigu bmhaMumifhtjypf&SmvdrfhrvJ}}
]]rodbl;}}
]]rif;eJUigeJU &efolqdk,if tjypf&Smcsif&Smraygh? ckawmh
&efolrr[kwfyJeJU bmhaMumifhtjypf&SmvdrfhrSmvJ? rif;,kH&JUvm;}}
]]ajymwJUvlu ajymw,fq&m}}
]]b,foluajymajym rifhudkigu b,fawmhrS tjypfr&Smbl;? ighpum;udk
rif;,kHyg? udkif;-oGm;awmh}}
uefcsm;onf rsufESmudkatmufcsvsuf avSum;rSqif;oGm;av\/
tvkH;pkH a&vnfaomwaeUü uefcsm;tm; tjcm;tvkyform;
wa,mufu ]wdkuf}xm;aomaMumifhjzpfaMumif; od&\/ udkodef;azurl
rnfolu ]wdkuf}oenf;[k uefcsm;tm;rar;? olU[mol odatmifvkyf,l
avonf/ av,mOfysHacwfü þtaMumif;udk uREkfyfu ajymjyí udkodef;az

727 
tm; csD;rGrf;av&m udkodef;azu ]]wa,mufwrsKd;pD ayghavAsm? AkH;usawmh
cifAsm;u&Jayw,f}}[k jyefajymavonf/

w&kwfrsm; zrf;íESdyfpufjcif;

*syefAkH;BuJav,mOfysHrsm;rvmrD w&ufESpf&ufü csefau&Sdwf\

w&kwfppfom;rsm;onf uomodkUa&mufvmí pcef;csvsuf&SdMu\/ csefau
&Sdwfonf NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESifh r[mrdwfjzpfí jrefrmjynfudkumuG,f&ef twGuf
apvTwfvdkufjcif;jzpf&m ppfudkif;awmif&dk;wcGifwGif NyJNyJpifatmif arTaESmuf
MuNyD;aemuf tnmokdUqkwfcGmí uomodkUa&mufMujcif; jzpfavonf/
uomNrdKUudk *syefrsm;u AkH;BuJjcif;rSm w&kwfppfom;rsm;&Sdae aomaMumifh
jzpfonfqdkum udkodef;azwkdUvlpkonf Z&pfacsmifwGif rae0HUMuawmhyJ
ajrmufbufESpfrdkifcefUa0;onfh ewfvIdif;&Gmuav;odkU a&GUajymif;&ef pDrHMu
av\/
okdU&mwGif vltm;vkH;ESifh ypönf;rsm;udk wcgwnf; o,f,l&ef
vSnf;vkHavmufpGm r&SdonfESifh uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;ESifh &efukefrSa&mufvm
aomAdokumbJGU& OD;bcspfwkdU q&mwynfhu tdrfüapmifh&pf&ef aAmfvef
wD,mvkyfMuí tjcm;vlrsm; ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muonf/ tpDtpOfrSm vSnf;
tacgufacgufo,f,l&mwGif aemufqkH;rS uREkfyfwkdUav;a,mufvnf;
wygwnf; vkdufMu&ef jzpfonf/
ab;tEÅ&m,f BuKHawGU&mwGif tdrf&Sifrsm;u a&S;OD;pGmxGufajy;í
{nfhonfrsm;u tdrfapmifhae&pfMu&jcif;rSm enf;vnf;rus[k qdkzG,f&m&S\
d /
okdU&mwGif vltm;vkH; aMumufvefUwkefvIyfae&mwGif &efukefü BuKHcJU&
bl;onfh OD;bcspfESifh uREkfyfu tjcm;vlrsm;xuf &Jonfjzpfí rvTJra&Smifom

728 
þta&;wGif ]aAmfvefwD,m}vkyfMujcif;jzpfonf/ OD;bcspfae&pfí ol\
wynfhvnf; ae&pf&jcif;jzpf&m uRekfyfae&pfrnfqdk&m wGifvnf; ZeD;onfu
uREkfyftpm;taomuf qif;&vdrfhrnfqdkí csufjyKwfauR;&eftwGuf ae&pf&Sm
jcif;jzpfayonf/ tm;vkH;aom rdef;rrsm; ajy;oGm;Muonfhaemuf rdef;razmf
r&SdyJ tdrfBuD;xJwGif uRekfyftwGuf apmifhae&pfayaom ZeD;onftm;
,aeUwdkifaus;Zl;wifí rqkH;atmif&Sd ygawmhonf/ xkdtjyKtrlwckwnf;
ESifhyif ZeD;onftay:rnfodkUaom jypfcsuf&Sdapumrl cGifhvTwfrnf[lí wcg
wnf; oEédXmefcsxm;vdkufygawmh onf/
uREkfyfwkdUav;OD;om;onf Z&pfacsmif&GmxJwGif tjcm;vlrsm;r&SdyJ
ESpf&ufrQ aexdkifcJU&NyD;aemuf wwd,aeU (arv 10&uf)wGif uREkfyfwkdUESifh
wuG ypönf;rsm;udkyg o,f,l&eftwGuf udkodef;azu vSnf;ESpfpD;vTwfvdkuf
í eHeuf 8em&DcefUwGif a&mufvmMuonf/ vSnf;ay:ü udkodef;az\om;
armifarmifESifh wlarmifarmifBuD;wkdU vkdufygvmMuonf/ armifarmifBuD;
onfcg;üygvmaom ajcmufvkH;jyL;aoewfudk pm;yGJay:wGif ypfwifxm;cJUí
vSnf;ay:odkU ypönf;rsm;wifcdkufwGif &GmxJodkU avQmufvnfaeonf/
ypönf;rsm;udk vSnf;ay:odkU wifaeckdufwGif w&kwf ppfAdkvfuav;ESifh
a*:&cg;pum;jyefwa,muf a&mufvmí uREkfyfwkdUudk ppfaq;ar;jref;onf/
uREkfyfum; pum;ajym&efysif;í ]vlwGifus,f}vkyf&ef 0goemrygol
wa,mufjzpf&m þae&mwGif ¤if;0goemaMumifh toufcsrf;om&m&ayawmh
onf/
tu,fí OD;bcspfu pum;vufcHrajymyJ uREkfyfudkajym&ygrl OD;bcspf
ajymouJUokdU ajymrnfyifjzpfí OD;bcspf\tjzpfrsKd;udk uREkfyfBuKHawGU&rnf
jzpfavonf/

729 
 w&kwfppfAdkvfuav;u ppfaq;í OD;bcspfu ajzqdk&mwGif uREkfyf
vnf; OD;bcspfESifhtwl&yfvsuf&Sd\/ tjcm;aomt&mrsm;udk ar;jref;NyD;
aemuf w&kwfppfAdkvfuav;u-
]]cifAsm;wkdUqDrSm vufeufrsm; r&Sdbl;vm;}}
cspf/ ]]r&Sdygbl;}}
Adkvf/ ]]&SdvQifxkwfay;yg? usKyfwkdUudk,fwdkifwuf&SmrSawGU,if 'Pfay;
&ygvdrfhr,f}}
cspf/ ]]&Smcsif&Smygawmh? r&Sdygbl;}}
trSefrSm OD;bcspfü ajcmufvkH;jyL;aoewfuav;wvuf&Sd\/ odkU&m
wGiftdrfaemufaz; iSufaysmawmxJü jrKyfxm;NyD;avNyD/ armifarmifBuD;\
aoewftaMumif;udkrl OD;bcspfvnf;rod? uREkfyfvnf;rodacs/ uREkfyfudkar;
vQifvnf; þtwkdif;yif ajzrdayvdrfhrnf/
xdkUaemuf ppfAdkvfESifh pum;jyefwkdUonf tdrfay:odkUwufí&SmMu&m
tdrfOD;cef;odkU wufrdvQifyif pm;yJGay:üwifxm;aom aoewfudk yufyif;yg
awGUaeMuavNyD/
Adkvf/ ]]b,fhES,fvJcifAsm;u r&Sdbl;qdk? 'DrSmawGUaeygNyDaum}}
OD;bcspfum; tusyf&dkuf tusyf&dkufae&SmNyD? rsufESmwGif aoG;qkwf
oGm;awmhonf/
cspf/ ]]uRefawmfrodygbl;? uRefawmfhaoewfr[kwfygbl;}}
xdktcdkufwGif armifarmifBuD;jyefa&mufvmí ol\aoewfjzpfaMumif;?
Xmetkyfwa,mufjzpfí aoewfudkifcGifh&SdaMumif; ajymyg/ odkU&mwGif
ppfAdkvfum; auseyfykHr&acs/
xdkUaemuf ppfAkdvfonf OD;bcspfwkdU q&mwynfhESpfa,muf?
armifarmifESifh armifarmifBuD;tjyif uREkfyfudkyg (a,mufsm; ig;a,mufvkH;)

730 
ac:oGm;awmhonf/ 0if;wHcg;odkUa&mufí tdrfbufodkUvSnfhMunhfvdkuf&mwGif
jyLwif;aygufrS arQmfMunfhaeaom ZeD;onfudk jrifonfESifh ]oGm;vkd&m
oGm;ayawmh}qdkaom taejzifh vufjyvdkuf&m ZeD;onfrSmvnf; rsuffESm
uav; ZD;&GufavmufESifh usef&pfcJU&Smawmhonf/
rsufESmcsif;qdkif&Sd tdfrfBuD;xJokdUa&mufaomtcg uREkfyfwkdUomru
tjcm;aom&Gmom;rsm;udkvnf; ac:xm;ao;&m ¤if;wkdUESifhtwl opfyif
atmufwGif a&maESmum xdkifMu&onf/ þtawmtwGif;&Gmom; ESpfa,muf
wwGJ? okH;a,mufwwGJ ac:vmí 17 a,mufjzpfvmavNyD/ aemufqkH;
wGifrlum; apmazapmESifh apm',feD,,ftrnf&Sd u&ifESpfa,mufudk ac:
vmjyef&m ¤if;wkdUudkrl w&kwfppfom;wa,mufu uefausmufxdk;Budwf,if;
ac:vmcJUonf/ uREkfyfwkdUtm;vkH; 19a,mufudk o&ufyifBuD;atmufü
xm;pOf w&kwfppfom; wa,mufonf rauscsrf; Edkifaom trlt&mESifh
apmazapmqdkol\ ausmudkaoewf'ifESifh ajy;íajy;í aqmifhao;\/
uREkfyfwkdUtxJrS vlwa,muftm; þuJUodkUjyKvkyfonfudk jrif&jcif;tm;jzifh
uREkfyfwkdU\trlum; rao;i,fvS[k pOf;pm;rdonf/
uREkfyfwkdUonfo&ufyifBuD;atmufü pDwef;umxdkifvsuf&SdpOf o&uf
yifatmufü ajcokH;acsmif;axmuf pufaoewfuav; ESpfvufonf uREkfyf
wkdUbufodkU ajymif;vSnfhvsuf&Sd&m w&kwfppfom;wa,mufu ¤if;aoewf
wvufudk armif;wifjcif;ayavm rqdkEdkif/ ]cavmufavmuf}ESifh jrnfatmif
vkyfvdkufonfESifh uREkfyfwkdUudk ypfacsawmhrnfa vm[k xifrdonf/ odkUjzpfí
xajy;&vQif awmfacsrnfvm;[laom tBuHESifh aemufodkUvSnfhMunhfvdkuf&m
wGif aoewfxrf;aom ppfom;wa,mufu vrf;avQmufaeí tjcm;
wa,mufu vufypfAkH;ESpfvkH;udk vufwbufwvkH;udkifum &yfaeonfudk
jrif&awmhonf/

731 
 &GmxJü a,mufsm;rsm; ukefpifavmufNyD xifaomtcgrS ppfAdkvfuav;
utcsufay;vdkufí uREkfyfwdkU vl19a,mufonf ppfom;rsm;NcH&Hum
vdkufygoGm;Mu&onf/ vrf;c&D;ü uREkfyfonf OD;bcspfaemufrS
vdkufygvm&m OD;bcspfrSm ajcaxmufü cJqGJxm;ouJUodkU
tvGefav;uefaom ajcvSrf;&Sdonfudk jrif&onf/
ydef;eJukef;&GmxdyfodkU a&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyfwkdUtm; opfyifBuD;
atmufwGif xdkifapvsuf uREkfyfwkdUtdfrfodkU0ifcJUbl;aom ppfAdkvfuav;onf
¤if;xufBuD;[efwlaom ppfAdkvftm; bmajymonfrod twefMumuav;
wdkifyifMuonf/ xdkUaemuf pum;jyefu uREkfyfwkdUbufodkU vSnfhíajymvdkuf
&m ¤if;\pum;udk uREkfyfrMum;&yJ teD;&Sd vlwa,mufu ]vlBuD;awG
ac:owJU? vlBuD;awG}[k ajymvkduf\/ vlBuD;awGqdkvQif igvnf;
vlBuD;wa,muf jzpfonfqdkum xdkif&mrS xoGm;&m uREkfyfESifhtwl
&yfaeolrsm;rSm OD;bcspf? apmazapmESifh apm',feD,,fwkdU okH;a,mufjzpfae
onfudkjrif&onfwGifrS [efrusao;[k atmufarhum jyefíxdkifaevkduf&
ygawmhonf/ (aemufaMumif;udkjyefí qifjcifonfhtcg yoDykHjyif 0w¦KxJü
OD;acgif;jzwfcH&aom &mZ0wfaumifrsm;xJwGif a&maESmum0ifwkd;rdaom
ia&mifuef\ tjzpfESifhwlvSí idktm;xuf &,ftm;oefrdum NyKH;rdyg
ao;\/)
xdkUaemufOD;bcspfwkdUokH;a,mufudk xdkae&mü csefxm;cJUí usefvlrsm;
tm; qufvufac:aqmifoGm;jyef&m w&kwfppfAdkvfBuD; wnf;cdkvsuf&Sdonf
qdkaom tdrfBuD;waqmifodkU a&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyfwkdUtm;0if;xJwGif
xm;cJUí Adkvfuav;onf tdrfBuD;ay:odkU wufoGm;avonf/ xkdtawm
twGif; Armpum;aumif;pGm ajymwwfaom w&kwfuav;wa,muf
csOf;uyfvmí armifarmifBuD;u ]]uRefawmfwdkUwawGvlaumif;awGyg}}[k

732 
ajym&mwGif w&kwfuav;u ]]udk,fhudkudk,fawmhvlaumif;csnf;ayghAsm}}[k
jyefajymav&um; uREkfyfrSm ]igwkdUudpörvG,fvS}[k pOf;pm;rdygawmhonf/
wem&DcefUMumaomtcg ppfAdkvfuav; jyefqif;vmí uREkfyfwkdUudk
NrdKUpGefü&Sdaom bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;xJodkU ac:oGm;onf/ ausmif;xJüum;
bkef;BuD;r&Sd? vlvnf;r&Sd? acG;rsm;yifr&Sd? wdwfqdwfvsuf &Sdawmhonf/
wae&mwGif opfyifBuD;atmufü xdkifapNyD;aemuf w&kwfppfom;wa,muf
u pufaoewfudk a&S;enf;twl ]cavmufcvuf}vkyfjyef&m vlr&Sdaom
ae&modkU uREkfyfwkdUudkac:í owfawmhrnfjyifjcif;jzpfonf[k xifrdjyef
ygonf/ vlrsm;\rsufESmrsm;udk Munhfvdkufonfhtcg aygufpDxuf BuD;
awmhonfrxif/ rsufESmi,fonfqdkjcif;um; tu,fyifjzpfonf[k
od&awmhonf/
aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfwkdUtm; aygufwl;aygufjym;rsm; pkykHxm;onfudkjy
vsuf wa,mufwck,lcJU&ef vufjyajcjyjzifh trdefUay;onf/ xdkae&mü
pum;jyef r&Sdawmhacs/ aygufjym;wckudk aumuf,lvsuf w&kwfppfom;rsm;
aemufodkU vkduf&pOf udk,fhoif;csKdif;udk,fwl;&onfqdkaom pum;udkMum;bl;
ítu,fyif ckdif;acsrnfavm[k ylyefrdao;&m aq;&kHodkUa&mufí tavmif;
rsm;udk nTefjyaomtcgrS awmfayao;&JU[k atmufarhrdonf/
uomudkAkH;csí xdrSefaomvlemrsm;udk aq;&kHBuD;odkUydkUxm;&m
q&m0efrsm;tm;vkH; xGufajy;Muojzihf aooluao? ykyfoluykyf jzpfukef
onfwGif uREkfyfwkdUtm; tavmif;rsm;udk ajrBuD;jzifhzkH;zd&ef apcdkif;jcif;
jzpf\/ vu©PmrSm aq;&kHBuD;xJwGif w&kwfppfwyf pcef;csrnf[k BuHpnf
[efwlonf/ ESpfem&DausmfokH;em&DcefU tvkyfvkyfí tavmif;aygif; 10
avmif;cefU ajrzdkUNyD;vwfaomf uREkfyfwkdUvlpkudk NrdKUxJodkUvSnfhvnfac:
oGm;onf/ tvkyfrSmum; vrf;ay:wGif AkH;rSefíaoqkH;aom tavmif;udk

733 
zkH;zd&efjzpf\/ ajrBuD;um; rwl;Edkif? rD;&xm;wJGxJrS pyg;awGudkBuKH;í
tavmif;rsm;udk zkH;&awmhonf/
aeU&ufum; arv10&uf? tcsdefum; em&Djyefwcsuf? acgif;wkH;ajymif
vSatmif &dwfxm;í OD;xkyfvnf;ryg? pGyfus,fvufjywf uav;ESifh
&kwfw&uf vkdufvmrdcJUaom uREkfyftzdkUrSmum; ylavmifvkdufonfrSm
oGufoGufvnfaeygawmhonf/
xdktawmtwGif; xrif;vnf;rpm;&? a&vnf;raomuf&? ac:&modkU
waeUvkH;vkdufí cdkif;&mudk vkyfae&ygawmhonf/ tjcm;vlrsm;rSm rsm;aom
tm;jzifh u&ifppfjyefvli,fvlvwfrsm;jzpf&m uREkfyfESifh&G,fwl tbkd;BuD;
wa,mufomyg&Sdí ¤if;tbkd;BuD;u uGrf;pm;csifaomaMumifh uGrf;0,f&ef
xGufcJUrd&mwGif w&kwfppfom;rsm;ESifh awGUoGm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;? uGrf;pm;csif
vSaomyg;pyfaMumifh þokdU'ku©a&muf&jcif;jzpfí udk,fhyg;pyfudkom &dkufcsif
aMumif; ajym&Smojzifh 'ku©a&mufonfhtxJrSyif &,fcsifvSawmh onf/
em&DjyefESpfcsufcefU tcsdefwGifrS uREkfyfwkdUudk Z&yfwckodkUac:oGm;í
qefESifhtmvl;rsm; xkwfay;ojzifh u&ifppfjyefrsm;u csufí tjcm;vlrsm;
pm;Muaomfvnf; uRekfyfum; qmvnf; rqm? Murf;ay:wGif yufvufvSef
vsuf jrpfv,fü avSuav;rsm;jzifh avSmfcwfoGm;vmvsuf&Sdaom vlrsm;\
vGwfvyfjcif;udkom tm;usrdygawmhonf/
xdkvlrsm; xrif;pm;NyD;í ppfAdkvfBuD;&Sdaom AdkvftdrfBuD;odkU uREkfyf
wkdUudk ac:oGm;aomtcg 4em&DcefU&SdavNyD/ bmcdkif;í bmvkyfOD;rnf
rodojzifh vkH;0 pdwfrat;Edkifacs/ aemufqkH;üw&kwfppfom;wa,mufonf
uREkfyfwkdUtm;vkH; udk ]uvyf}taqmufttkHbufodkU ac:oGm;&m bmvkyfrnf
rodyJ vkdufoGm;Mu\/ ]uvyf}t0odkU a&mufonfwGifrS w&kwfppfom;onf
&yfwefUvsuf ]oGm;Muawmh}qdkaom oabmESifh vufjyvdkufonfESifh wNydKif

734 
euf XmetkyfarmifarmifBuD;onf tvGefaysmfjrL;onfhvu©PmESifh ]uvyf}
ywfywfvnf um&Hxm;aom oHql;BudK;udk ajy;ckefvkduf\/ tjcm;bufodkU
a&mufonfESifh wNydKifeuf ]'dkif; 'dkif; 'dkif; 'kdif;}aoewfoHrsm; ay:xGuf
vmonfESifh vkdufykdUaomppfom;u w&kwfvdkvSrf;ajym\/ vu©PmrSm
]]igwkdUvTwfvdkufwJUvlawGyg? rypfygeJU}}[k ajym[efwl\/ okdU&mwGif
aoewfoHrsm;onf pJawmhonfr&SdyJ w'def'def; w'dkif;'kdif; qufvufypfcwf
aeavawmh&um; ppfom;onf em;rvnfEdkifaom rsufESmxm;ESifh ay,sm
vuHypfxm;í jyefajy;avawmhonf/
aoewfoHrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUESifhrsufESmcsif;qdkif&Sdaom ajrmuft&yfqD
rS ay:vmjcif;jzpf&m uREkfyfwkdUrSm rnfonfht"dyÜm,fESifh rnfolu rnfolU
tm; ypfavonfrod? toHrsm;onf rsm;onfxufrsm;vmawmhonf ESifh
vlpkuJGí ajy;rdajy;&m ajy;Muawmhonf/ uREkfyfrSm teD;tyg;&Sd csKdifhBuD;
xJwGif ajrmif;uav;awG&Sdonf[k odonfESifh xdkae&modkUwef;ajy;í csKdifhxJ
odkUvSdrfhcsvdkufonfwGif OD;odef;az\om; armifarmifESifh OD;bcspf\wynfh
vnf; a&mufaeMuonfudkawGU&onf/
xkdtcgürlum; aoewfoHrsm;onf wcsufcsif;r[kwfawmhyJ t>ywf
vdkuf tNyKHvdkuf ypfcwfvsuf&SdavNyD/ aoewfoHrsm;onf ajrmufrsufESmrS
omr[kwf? awmifrsufESmESifh taemufrsufESmwkdUrSvnf; ay:xGufaeMu
avNyD/ ta&SUbufürl {&m0wDjrpfom &Sdayonf/ xdkUaemufürl &dkfifz,f
aoewfoHrsm;omr[kwf pufaoewfoHrsm;vnf; a&mnSyfygvmcJUavNyD/
]]bmjzpfwmvJ OD;av;}}
]]bmjzpf&rvJuG? *syef0ifvmwmjzpfrSmaygh}}
[kwfvnf;[kwfayonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyfwkdUudkvdkufydkUaom
w&kwfppfom; jyefajy;&jcif;jzpfavonf/

735 
 pifppfaomfum; ]uvyf}teD;ü uREkfyfwkdU&SdpOfu Mum;&aom
aoewfoHrsm;rSm uREkfyfwdkUbufodkU ypfcwfjcif;r[kwf? ajrmufrsufESmrS
csOf;uyfvmaom *syefrsm;udk w&kwfrsm;u ypfcwfjcif; jzpf[efwlayonf/

w&kwf *syefwdkufyJG

uREkfyfwkdUvlpkrSm w&kwfppfom;rsm;u vTwfvdkufNyDqdkí 0rf;om&rnf

rBuHao;rD? ajrmufbufrS0if&ef BudK;pm;aom *syefESifh NrdKUudkckcHumuG,f
aom w&kwfppfwyfudk tjyeftvSef ypfcwfMuonfhtv,fMum;odkU a&muf
aecJUavNyD/ ajrmif;xJü uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufwnf;&Sdí usefaomvlrsm;
rSmajcOD;wnfh&modkU pGyfíajy;MuaomaMumifh b,fqDa&mufukefMuonf
rajymwwfacs/
uREkfyfonf w&kwfppfom;rsm; rjrifap&ef cg;ydkfufxJü vdrfí0wfxm;
aom vufywfem&DudkxkwfMunhfí 5 em&DcGJaeonfudk awGU&onf/ t&yf
okH;rsufESmrS ypfcwfoHrsm;onf rkd;csKyfavavtm;BuD;avav jzpfaeawmh
onf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfwkdU\tm;udk;wckrSm ajrmif;\waxmifcefU eufjcif;
jzpfí tay:wnfhwnfhrS csdefíypfjcif;r[kwforQ umvywfvkH; usnfqef
rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUudk rxdEdkifyJ ausmfoGm;&rnf[k pdwfcsEdkifayonf/ okdUESifh
yif usnfqefrsm;\ tqufrjywf w&pyfypfcwfrIaMumifh wcsufwcsufwGif
ausmxJrS wGefUueJ wGefUueJ jzpfoGm;ygao; onf/
5em&DcJGrS 6em&D? 7em&D? 8em&D? 9em&D xkd;vwfaomf
ypfcwfoHrsm;onf wdk;íyif rsm;jym;vmí txl;ojzifh uREkfyfwkdU\
acgif;&if;qDrS ypfaom pufaoewfoHonf em;rcHEdkifatmif pl;pl;
aygufayguf&SdvS\/ xdef;? xdef;? xdef;? 'dkif;? 'dkif;? 'dkif;? wl;? wl;? wl;?

736 
ponfjzifh aoewfoH trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfhteuf wl; wl; wl; jrnfa om
aoewfoHonf txl;ojzifh pl;pl; &m;&m;&Sdí em;xJodkU tyfuav;jzifh
arTvkdufovdk tcH&ufcufvSonfESifh uREkfyfonf pGyfus,ftuFsDrSatmufydkif;
udkjzwfí em;ESpfbufxJodkU qdkUydwfxm;&ygawmhonf/ odkUESifhyif
wcsufwcsufwGif txl;ojzifh pl;&SonfESifh qkdUydwfxm;aom t0wfpkwf
jyKwfusavoavm[k prf;Munfh&m ae&mwGif&Sdonfudk awGU&ygonf/
þrQavmuf pl;aygufaom aoewfoHwrsKd;ygaywnf;/
9 em&DcJG vwfaomf ajrmuft&yfrS 0kef;ueJjrnfoHBuD;Mum;&í
uREkfyfwkdU\ acgif;&if;&Sd NrdKUxJrS ]'def;}ueJjrnfoH Mum;&onf/ 0kef;ueJ
jrnfwdkif; 'def;ueJjrnfoH Mum;&onfwGif *syefbufrS armfwmESifh ypfí
NrdKUxJü aygufuJGjcif;jzpfonf[k od&ygonf/ 0kef;ueJjrnfoHBuD;jzpfay:
vmwdkif; rnfonfhae&mü aygufuGJacsrnfenf;[k toufatmifhvsuf
apmifhMu&ay&m wae&mwGif 'dkif;ueJuGJoHMum;&aomtcgrS ]'DtcsufzkdU
igwkdUvGwfayNyD}[k [D;cs&ayawmhonf/ wcgw&HwGif uREkfyftay:wnfh
wnfh cyfjrifhjrifhü 'dkif;ueJaygufuJGí rD;cJtpteawG vGifhpifusoGm;jcif;udk
yif jrifMu&onf/ wcgu 0w¦Kypönf;wckonf ]ZGDZGDZGDZGD}[laom toHBuD;ESifh
vGifhvmí uREkfyfwkdUESifh 5 udkuf10udkufuGmjcm;oavm rajymwwf?
ajrBuD;ay:odkU zkwfueJusvm\/ þvufeufum; ]bJGUjzLvufeuf}r[kwf
jcif;udkodonfESifh uREkfyfwkdUonf ajrmif;xJwGif udk,fhudk,fudk wwfEdkiforQ
ao;i,fatmif auG;BuKHUvsuf toufr&ªyJ apmifhaeMupOf 'dkif;ueJtoHBuD;
ay:xufvmí wa,mufudkwa,mufzufvkdufrdMuonf/ okdUaomf awmfyg
ao;\/ rnfolUkudkrQ rxdcdkuf rD;cJtptersm;onf ajrmif;ay:rSvQH
oGm;Muonf/

737 
 uREkfyftzdkU tqdk;&Gm;qkH;rSmum; 0kef;ueJjrnfaomtoHESifh 'dkif;ueJ
jrnfaom toHwkdU\tMum; 5-10puúefUrQaom tcsdefumvyifjzpf \/
0kef;ueJjrnfoH Mum;vdkuf&uwnf;u &SJvfusnfqefonf uREkfyfwkdUqDodkU
vmvsuf&Sdonf[k od&í ywf0ef;usifw0dkuf rnfonfhae&mü usvdrfhrnfudk
rod&ojzifhtoufatmifhum apmifhaeMu&m wae&mü 'dkif;ueJaygufuJGoH
Mum;umrS &ª;ueJtouf&ªvkdufM uawmhonf/ wrdepfwGif wcsufypfí
xdkntzdkU b,fESpfcsufypfNyD; b,fESpfBudrf toufatmifhcJUMu&onf
rajymEdkifay/
obm0wckrSmum; tqkd;&Gm;qkH;aom tjcif;t&myif jzpfapumrl
MumvQif&dk;onfomjzpf\/ armfwmoHMum;cgpü 0kef;oHESifh 'dkif;oHtMum;wGif
vGefpGmvefUxdwf\/ okdUaomf tcsufaygif;rsm;pGmMum;&aomtcgwGif uREkfyf
wkdUudk xdrSefEdkifaom tcGifhta&; enf;yg;oGm;onf r[kwfaomfvnf;
yxruavmuf touf&ªrSm;atmif raMumufawmhacs/ okdUaomf a0'em
a[mif;wckavsmhaomtcg a0'emopfrsm; ay:vmMujyefonf/ uREkfyfrSm
waeUywfvkH; bmwckrQ rrsKdcJU&onfESifh tlwusKwfusKwfjzpfaeawmh&m
xdkUxufqkd;&Gm;onfum; a&iwfjcif;aywnf;/ vlonfaMumufvQif a&iwf
wwfaom obm0&Sd&onfhtxJwGif waeUvkH; aeylusJusJBuD;ü OD;xkyfrygyJ
tvkyfvkyfcJU&í naecif; 3em&Dxuf aemufwGif a&waygufrS
raomufcJU&um; a&iwfvdkufykHrSm yg;pyfap;uyfí zGifh&efyifcJ,Of;vSonf/
tb,faMumifh zGifh&ygoenf;[lrl jrufxJü a&"mwf&Sdí jrufrsm;udk
wqkyfNyD; wqkyfEkwfípm;aomaMumifhaywnf;/ tjcm;aom 'ku©a0'em
wck&Sdao;\/ jrufcif;BuD;jzpfí jcifaumifrsm;aysmfjrL;aom XmeBuD;jzpf&m
armfwmudk uREkfyfwkdUaMumufovdk raMumufonfh &maxmifrQaomjcifaumif
rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUatmufydkif;wGif &Jwif;pGm ysH0Jvsuf ajcovkH;okH;pkHrS

738 
BudKuf&ma&G;í aoG;pkyfEdkifMuawmhonf/ yxrü jcifudkufjcif;rQavmufudk
rrIaomfvnf; &dk;vmí taMumufoufomovdk&SdvmaomtcgwGif ylae
atmifudkufxm;onfh atmufydkif;w0dkufudk Asif; Asif;ygatmif jcpfukwfMu
avawmhonf/
þtawmtwGif; OD;bcspf\wynfhu ]]uRefawmfawmh cufwmyJ
bBuD;&,f}}[k nnf;wGm;vkdufonfESifh ]bmjzpfovJ}[k ar;vkduf&m
]uRefawmf0rf;emvdkufwm cifAsm}[k jyefajymonf/ rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ
ratmifhEdkifaMumif;ajym&mwGif ajc&if;bufodkU avsmqif;NyD; pGefUacsyg
armifrif;BuD;om;[k ajym,if; &,frdygao;awmhonf/
apmapmydkif;ü wbufESifhwbuf &yfem;jcif;r&SdyJ w&pyfypfcwfMu
aomfvnf; nOfheufvm&mwGifrl wcsDwcsDwGif ESpfbufvkH;&yfem;NyD; tuJ
MunfhMu\/ vu©PmrSm w&kwfawGxGufajy;acsNyDavm[k *syefwkdUu
&yfem;Munfh[efwl\/ odkU&mwGif &yfem;NyD;wdkif; w&kwfbufu pwif
ypfonf ESifh *syefbufu wkHUjyefypfcwfawmhonf/ ,if;uJUodkU em;csnf
ypfcsnf wdkufMuí nOfheufvmonf&Sdaomf uREkfyfrSm aMumufjcif;trsKd;rsKd;?
'ku©a0'emtrsKd;rsKd;cHpm;NyD;í topftqef;ray:vmawmhyJ &SdonfwaMumif;?
pdwfa&mudk,fyg Munf&SnfpGmyifyef;vSí ]ajrmh}aeawmhonf waMumif;aMumifh
aemufqkH;em&Dudk Munfhaomtcg 12 em&Dwdwd &Sdjcif;udkom od&NyD;aemuf
tdyfaysmfoGm;ygawmhonf/ aoG;&dk;om;&dk;tdyfaysmf jcif;ayavm? tyef;BuD;
yef;NyD; epfarsmoGm;jcif;ayavm rajymEdkifyg/

739 
*syefawG0ifukefNyD

rsufpdzGifhMunhfvdkufaomtcg usJusJBuD; vif;vsuf&SdavNyD/ ypfcwfoH

rsm;vnf; tvsOf;rMum;&awmhacs/ oli,fESpfa,mufudkEId;í tajctaeudk
tuJcwfMunfh&mwGif csKdifhBuD;EIwfcrf;ay:ü vlwa,mufonf txkyfuav;
xrf;vsuf avQmufoGm;onfudkjrif&\/ wa,mufoGm;0HUvQif okH;a,muf
oGm;0HU&rnfqdkí ajrmif;xJrSxGufMuNyD; vlBuD;udkac:vdkuf&m vlBuD;vnf;
&yfae\/ teD;odkUcsOf;uyfípkHprf;onfwGif ]]*syefawG 0ifvmukefNyDAs?
cifAsm;wkdUrodbl;vm;}}[kajymonfESifh tawmfpdwfat;oGm;Muonf/ reD;
ra0;ü *syefppfom;wa,mufonf aoewfxrf;vsuf pBuFavQmufae&m
uREkfyfwkdUudkjrifaomfvnf; *&krpdkufonfESifh tm;wufí Z&pfacsmif&GmodkU
avQmufvmMuonf/
Z&pfacsmif&Gmü udkodef;az\aetdrfrSm armfwmxdrSefonfh tayguftNyJ
rsm;jynfhae\/ tdrfüum;vlwa,mufrQr&Sdacs/ uREkfyfwkdUonfa&wGif;rS
a&0atmifaomufí o&ufoD;rsm; cl;pm;,if; ewfvIdif&GmodkU avQmufvmMu
&m vrf;wGif0uftlacsmif;wAl;awGUonfESifh ausmufcJESifhxkNyD; &orQudkpm;
Muonf/ uREkfyfwkdU0ifvmonfudk jrifMuaomtcg tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;
0rf;omvdkufMuonfrSm ajymp&mr&Sdacs/ odkUaomf ¤if;wkdU0rf;omjcif;xuf
uREkfyfwkdU\0rf;omjcif;u ykdvdrfhrnfxifygonf/
Z&pfacsmif &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifh ewfvIdif&GmodkU
a&GUajymif;vmMuonfjzpfí uREkfyfwkdUjyefa&mufaomtcsdefwGif w&kwfppfom;
rsm; zrf;oGm;aom a,mufsm;rsm;teuf av;ig;a,mufrQom jyefa&mufao;
aMumif; od&Sd&onf/ xdkaeUwaeUvkH; ESpfa,mufwwJG? okH;a,mufwwGJ

740 
jyefa&mufvmMuojzifh naecif;tcsdefwGif vlpkHvkrwwf &SdavNyD/ uREkfyfwkdU
aetdrfrS zrf;oGm;aom a,mufsm;ig;a,mufteuf uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufonf
eHeufcif;wGif jyefa&mufí naecif;wGif XmetkyfarmifarmifBuD; jyefa&muf
vm\/ okdUjzpfí xdknwGif uREkfyfwkdUtdrfrS Adokum OD;bcspfESifh &GmxJrS
apm'efeD,,fESifh apmazapmwkdUrSwyg; tm;vkH;jyefa&mufMuavNyD/
xdkvlokH;a,mufrSmrl yuwl;uwnf;u uREkfyfwkdUvlpkESifh twlrxm;yJ
woD;wjcm;cJGxm;onfjzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;wkdU\om;r,m;rsm;u pdk;&drfylyef
vsuf&SdMuavNyD/ aemufwaeUwGif apmazapm\tpfudkESifh aqGrsKd; nmwd
rsm;onf *syefrsm;0ifaeNyDjzpfaom uomNrdKUxJokdU t&JpGefU0ifMuí vl
okH;a,muftaMumif;udk pkHprf;Mu&m aeUv,fcif;tcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdUxHvm
í tavmif;rsm;awGUcJUaMumif;ajymonfESifh uRekfyfwkdUtdrfom;rsm;vdkufoGm;
Muonf/
,cifu opfawmbufXme taumuf0efaxmuf  (Revenue 

Assistant)  aeaomtdrf0if;BuD;xJü opfyifBuD;atmufwGif t0wfrsm;zkH;

xm;aom tavmif;oHk;avmif;udkawGUí t0wfrsm;udk vSyfMunfhaomtcg
uREkfyfwkdU\ vlokH;a,mufyifjzpfacsonf/ &ifxkremjzpf&aom tcsufwckrSm
tavmif;rsm;ü rsufpda[mufawmuf&SdaeMuojzifh teD;rSuyfNyD; rsufvkH;udk
ajcmufvkH;jyL;ESifhypfowfjcif; jzpfonf[kodEdkifayonf/ OD;bcspfrSm r'&yf
ESifh vef'efNrdKUrsm;rS Adokumtwwf atmifvufrSwfrsm;&&Sdí &efukefodkU
jyefa&mufonfrSm rsm;pGmrMumao;[k od&onf/
apmazapmrSm uomNrdKU &mZ0wf0ef&kH;wGif pma&;BuD;jzpfí apm
'efeD,,frSm Xmetkyfjzpfavonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf xdkvlokH;a,muf\ psmye
udpöudk aqmvsifpGmaqmif&Gufí ¤if;ae&müyif jrKyfESHcJU&ygonf/

741 
a&iwfjcif;\'Pf

uREkfyfwkdUonf eHeuf6 em&DcefUwGif ewfvIdif&GmodkU jyefa&mufMuaom

tcgwGif uREkfyf\tjyif;xefqkH;aom tmomqE´wckonfum; a&00BuD;
csKd;&efyifjzpf\/ ,refaeUu tvGefyljyif;aomuqkefvBuD;wGif aeylusJusJ
BuD;xJü pGyfus,fvufjywfuav;ESifh tvkyfMurf;vkyf&í xrif;vnf;
ESpfeyfrpm;&? a&vnf;raomuf&? pdwf'ku©a&muf&jcif;aMumifh wudk,fvkH;
ylavmifajcmufaoGUvsuf&Sd&mwGif a&rnfrQaomufonfjzpfap 0Edkifonf
r&SdonfESifh a&xJü uRJrsm;uJUodkUaom pdrfíaevdkufcsifonf/ þwGif
uREkfyfu a&tdkfifr&Sdoavm[kar;í a&tdkifum;r&Sd/ okdUaomf a&wGif;wdrfwdrf
&SdaMumif; ajymjyonfESifh rpdk;ESifh uREkfyfonfa&wGif;odkU oGm;Muavonf/
a&wGif;rSm aeajymufrxdk;Edkifonfh NrdKifBuD;xJü&Sdí atmufwGifausmufrsm;cH
í tvGefMunfvifat;jray&um; jrif&onfESifh tvGefpdwfwdkif;usí
rpdk;iifhay;aoma&udk ykH;w&mxufrenf; csKd;vdkuf\/ rpdk;vufanmif;aom
tcgudk,fh[mudk,fiifhí csKd;vdkufav\/ wem&DcefUcsKd;onfwGifrS a&iwfajy
NyD; vwfqwfvmygawmhonf/ a&csKd;NyD;onfhaemuf xrif;ESpfeyf iwfonfh
twGuf pm;vdkufrnf[k BuKH;0g;xm;onfh eHeufpmrSmrl xifoavmufrpm;
EdkifyJ tdyfzkdUavmufom rufygawmhonf/

ewfvIdif&Gm

aemufwaeUeHeufü uREkfyfonf ewfvIdif&Gmuav;\ tajctaeudk

pkHprf;\ tdrfajc 30 cefU&Sdaom þ&Gmuav;rSm ukef;jrifhuav;ay:ü
wnf&Sdav&m &GmrS ay100cefU avQmqif;vmaomtcg nDnmaom

742 
ajrjyifudkawGU&í v,fuGufrsm;udkjrif&onf/ xl;jcm;aomtjcif;t&mwckrSm
uomwNrdKUvkH;onf ewfvIdif&GmodkUcsnf; oabmwlajymif;a&GUvmMuonfhES,f
tdrfwkdif;tdfrfwkdif;wGif okH;av;tdrfaxmif aygif;pkaexdkifMu\/ uREkfyfwkdU
wnf;cdkonfh tdrfüvnf; tay:xyf atmufxyf EGm;wif;ukyfrD;zdkrS pí
acG;ckefwufrusef >ywfodyfnSyfodyf pkNyKHítdyfMu&\/ uREkfyfwkdU
tdrfom;tm;vkH;rSm ]tom;}BudKufolrsm;jzpfygvsuf aoewf&Sdaomfvnf;
*syefaMumufonfhtwGufaMumifh ]awmrvnf}0HUonfESifh yJ[if;NyD; yJ[if;
ESifhompm;Mu&\/ axmywfum; aygyg\/ ESpfjrKyfvdkufaom oabFm
rsm;ay:rS csa&mif;olrsm;xHrS axmywfwykH; okH;usyfESifh 0,fxm;ojzifh
[if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;udk axmywfESifhtvQHy,f aMumfpm;&yg\/ okdUaomf
uREkfyfwkdUvlpkum; [dE´L0g'\ &efolrsm;jzpfMuí tom;[if;rygyJ av;ig;
eyfavmuf pm;Mu&vQifyif Vif;wom;ra&Smifpm;rnf[k wuJuJ jyifvsuf
&SdMuavNyD/ ig;aowÅmtenf;tusOf;&Sdyg\/ odkU&mwGif tnSDrygyJ vkH;0
rpm;Edkifonfh uav;oli,frsm;twGuf xm;&ao;onf/ waeUoü
tkef;oD;cefU yrmP&Sdaom Muyfwifajcmuf tom;wkH;BuD;rsm;udk rdef;r
wa,muf vma&mif;&m qifom;[kod&í uREkfyfwkdUu tm;vkH;odrf;NcKH
0,f,lvkdufonf/ ¤if;aeUudkuREkfyfrSwfrdao;onf/ a':zl;ndKESifh rpdk;wkdUonf
qifom;wkH;BuD;rsm;udk yg;yg;vSD;í i&kwfoD;ESifh aMumfNyD; uifrGef;
csOf&nfwcGuf csufvsuf&Sd&m 20cefUrQaom uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfom;rsm;onf
yg;pyfwjyifjyifESifh apmifhvsuf&SdMu\/ xrif;[if;usuf onfESifh wNydKifeuf
rdk;a&mavyg tjyif;txef usvmav&m uREkfyfwkdUvlpk onf em&Dw0ufcefU
apmifhygaomfvnf; rkd;vnf;rpJ? avvnf;r&yfyJ&Sdonf ESifh wwfEdkifygbl;
qdkum rkd;xJavxJüyif xrif;pm;zdkU jyifMuavawmhonf/ tdrfuav;rSm
ESpfcef;tdrfjrifhuav;jzpfav&m uREkfyfwkdUvlpkonf rkd;yufaomaMumifh

743 
xdkifcGifhr&yJ udk,fhyef;uef udk,fudkifum uifyGef;&Guf csOf&nfudkqrf;NyD;
qifom;aMumfzufrsm;udk yef;uefwGifykHvsuf pm;vkduf0g;vkdufMuonfrSm
bDvl;obufrsm;ozG,f &Sdygbdonf/ vlwdkif;onf tom;iwfvSonf
jzpfaomaMumifh wa,mufESifhwa,muf ][if;vkduf}zdkUwm0efr,lEdkif?
rkd;xJodkUxGufí rD;zdkxJodkU0ifNyD; udk,fh[if;udk,f aumfcyf&avonf/
þxrif;weyfrSm vGefcJUaomESpfu rD;&xm;ay:ü rdbESpfyg;wdkUESifh
pm;&onfh tkef;xrif;uJUodkU Zdrfr&SdvSaomfvnf; qif;&Jjcif;? iwfjcif;
wkdUaMumifh t&omwrsKd;&Sdí uREkfyf\pdwfxJwGif trSwfxifvsuf&Sdyg
awmhonf/ uREkfyf\woufwmwGif xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rSwfrdaom xrif;q,feyf
avmufteufwGif weyftygt0ifjzpfavonf/

iSufzsm;&Gmuav;

ewfvIdif&SmokdUa&mufMuí &ufowÅwywfcefU MumonfqdkvQifyif

[dktdrfonftdrfrsm;rS iSufzsm;zsm;Muonfqdkaom owif;rsm; Mum;od&
avNyD/ uRekfyfwkdU\tdfrfom;rsm;vnf; odMum;om;rsm;r[kwf? rMumrwifyif
wa,mufNyD;a,muf tdyf&mü vJukefMuavNyD/ uREkfyfrSm 1912 ckESpfwGif
aovkeD;yg; iSufzsm; zsm;cJUbl;aomfvnf; iSufzsm;[lonfrSm ]NyD;}onfh
vu©Pmr&Sd? wBudfrfzsm;NyD;aomfvnf; aemufxyfzsm;&ao;\/ zsm;onfrSm
oufoufomomr[kwf tawmfBuD;jyif;xef\/ odkUaomf udk,hf[mudk,f
aovdrfhrnf[lírlum; xkdpOfurxifrdao;/ aemufrSxifvm&ao;onf/
aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfwkdUtdrfom;tm;vkH;teuf q&mrESpfa,mufrSwyg;
tm;vkH;ukefzsm;ygavawmhonf/ odkUaomfwa,muf xEdkifrS wa,mufzsm;í
awmfygao;\/

744 
 ewfvIdif&Gm\ xl;jcm;csufwckrSm &yfa0;rSa&mufvmMuonfh ppfajy;
rsm;omr[kwf uomNrdKUay:rS ajy;vmMuonfh {nfhonfrsm;vnf;
zsm;Mu&onfom rsm;avonf/ uREkfyfwkdU\tdrfrS tzsm;vGwfolESpfa,muf
rSm wa,mufum;;uomNrdKUay:rS ausmif;q&mr(udkodef;az\ESr)? usef
wa,mufum; &efukefrSolemjyKq&mr(OD;bcspf\ZeD;avmif;) wkdUjzpfay &m
iSufzsm;onf q&mr[laomtrnfudkaMumufavoavm? odkUwnf;r[kwf
"mwfoabmavavm rajymwwfay/ udk,fhudk,fudk *&kpdkufaomaMumifh[k
qdk&efrSmvnf; ¤if;wkdUESpfa,mufonf usef;rma&;udk uREkfyfxuf
tav;*&kjyKonfrxifay/ wa,mufurl olemawGjyK&vGef;onf ESifh
aq;awG0ifNyD; cHEdkif&nf&Sdaejcif;ayavm[k awG;awmp&m&Sdayonf/

Z&pfacsmifodkU jyefMujcif;

15 &ufcefUaeMuí vlawGzsm;vGef;tm;BuD;vwfaomf uREkfyfu

]]AkH;usvdkU raoMu&yJ iSufzsm;rdí aoukefMurnf? aq;aumif;0g;aumif;
vnf;r&Sdí cufonf}}[k ajym&mwGif udkodef;azonf Z&pfacsmif&GmodkU
jyefajymif;&ef tjcm;vlrsm;ESifh tazmfnSdav\/ oabmwlol okH;av;tdrfrQ
&&SdonfwGif Z&pfacsmifodkU ajymif;vmMujyef\/ jyefajymif;aomtcgüvnf;
uREkfyfwkdU vifr,m;yif a&SUqkH;tokwftjzpfESifh 0ifMu&ef wm0ef,lav&m
OD;bcspf\ZeD;avmif; q&mronfvnf; OD;bcspf\ajrykHESifheD;ap&efqdkum
uREkfyfESifhtwlvdkufvmayonf/ udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfrSm owÅdcsif;cyfNydKifNydKif
oabmxm;Muolrsm;jzpfí uREkfyf\tjyKtrltwGuf cyf&Suf&Suf&SdykH&aomf
vnf; (ol\tdrfom;rsm; auseyfpdrfhaomiSm qdkjcif;rSm uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;
onf olwkdU\xrif;udkpm;vsuf&SdMupOf ta&;taMumif;&SdvQif tm;udk;

745 
&aom vifr,m;ESpfa,muf[lí a':zl;ndKwdkUodjrifapvdkjcif;yif jzpfav
onf/) Z&pfacsmifodkU jyefa&mufMuaomtcg tdrfom;rsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm
iSufzsm; rjywfMuao;yJ&Sd&m xdkolwkdUtxJwGif uREkfyfvnf; tygt0if
jzpfonf/ ZeD;rpdk;um; tzsm;jywfvmí uREkfyftzkdUuHaumif;vSonf/
odkUr[kwfcJUvQif awmifrif;udkajrmufrif;ru,fEdkif qdkouJUodkU uREkfyftzdkU
trsm;BuD;'ku© a&mufzkdU&Sd\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf þwBudrfiSufzsm;rSm
vGefpGm cGeftm;ukefcrf;aomtzsm;jzpfí jyKpkrnfholtvGefvdktyfaomaMumifh
aywnf;/ q&mrrsm; vnf;&SdMuyg\/ jyKpkazmfvnf; &Muyg\/ okdU&mwGif
þta&;rsKd;ü uREkfyfwdkU jrefrmvlrsKd;onf om;r,m;udk tm;tudk;qkH;
jzpfMuavonf/

tonf;aumif;aom udkodef;az

wvausmfcefU&Sdí uREkfyftzsm;jywfojzifh &efukefodkU jyefqif;Mu&ef

tpDtpOfjyKvkyfMu\/ udkodef;az\ wlrrsm;jzpfMuaom q&mrESpfa,muf
wkdUvnf; uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwl &efukefokdU jyefMu&efqkH;jzwfMu\/ þwGif
udkodef;azrSm OD;acgif;tBuD;tus,fudkufaom a0'emay:vmcJUavNyD/
udkufvdkufonfhacgif;rSmuGJawmhrnf xif&onfqdk\/ emusifaoma0'emudk
BudwfícHwwfjcif;ü udkodef;azrSm uREkfyfxuf tonf;aumif;jcif;udk
uREkfyfod\/ wcgutonf;ü ]NyD}wnfonfqdkí &efukefodkUqif;vmNyD;
q&m0efrsm;u eH&dk;ESpfacsmif;tMum;rS tonf;xJodkU >ywfESifhxkd;oGif;í
]NyD}rsm;udkpkyf,lvsuf udkodef;azonf ]&rf}wcGufaomufNyD; r&IHUyJBudwfí
cHjcif;udk uREkfyfBuKHbl;onf/ xdkrQavmuftonf;aumif;aom vlwa,muf
onf acgif;udkufí nnf;&Smjcif;udk awGU&aomtcg tvGeftrif;tjyif;xef

746 
aoma0'emjzpf&rnf[k uREkfyfoem;rdonf/ ol\udk;uG,f&mum; tufpf
y&ifom&Sdawmh\/ yxrütufpfy&ifwcGufaomufvQif em&Dw0ufcefU
oufom&m&\/ xdkUaemuf rdepf 20? 15rdepf? 10rdepf ponfjzifh
avsmhívmav&m aemufqkH;wGif 5rdepfwBudrf aomuf&avawmhonf/

aemufqkH;cGJcGmjcif;

waeUoü udkodef;az\wlr q&mrBuD;u olwkdUrSm &efukefodkU rjyefyJ

rjzpfaMumif; aq;&kHokdUtvkyf0if&rnfjzpfaMumif;? uREkfyftm;ajymav&m
uREkfyfu udkodef;aztm; þpum;udkajymjyí uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;vnf;
tazmfaumif;wkef;vdkufvdkaMumif;? (xdktcsdefwGif toGm;tvm tvGefcJ,Of;
onfjzpf&m q&mrBuD;uvnf; uREkfyfwkdUtm; tazmfaoG;jcif;jzpf\/)
odkUaomf udkodef;azu ae&pfapvdkao;vQif uREkfyfae&pfrnfjzpfaMumif;
ajymjyav\/ udkodef;azonf tvGefaus;Zl;wifaomrsufESmESifh uREkfyftm;
armhfMunfhí uREkfyf\vufudkzspfnSpfum ]]cGJ&rSmawmh vGrf;w,fAsm? 'Dwpfcg
aemufqkH; cGJcGmjcif;vkdU usKyfxifwmyJ? usKyfwkdUu auR;xm;EdkifwJU owÅd&Sd
,ifawmh cifAsm;wkdUudk twif;wm;rSmyJ? cifAsm;wkdUusKyfwkdU woufvkH;
okH;jzKef;ypfcJUMuwmawG 'Dwcsufawmh emw,fAsm? udkif;'Db0rSmrawGUMu,if
aemufb0aygh Asm}}[k EIwfqufav&m ao&rnfxifonfh udkodef;azxuf
uREkfyfuydkí rsuf&nfusrdygonf/ uREkfyfu ]]usKyfwkdUvdkrdkufwJUvlawGudk
cifAsm;wkdU bk&m;ocifu apmapmBuD;ac:rSm r[kwfygbl;Asm? vdr®mzdkU
tcsdefay;tkH;rSmyg}}[k rcsdoGm;NzJNyKH;&,fum ajym&aomfvnf; uREkfyf\
pdwfxJüum; olajymonfhtwdkif; aemufqkH;wBudrf cGJcGmjcif;jzpfonf[líyif
rSwf,lvsuf&Sd\/ pifppfaomfum; ola&muREkfyfyg awG;xifMuonfhtwdkif;

747 
yif rSefygavawmhonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUxifoavmufum;rjref?
cGJcGmMuonfhaemuf 8 vcefUMumaomtcgrS udkodef;azuG,fvGef&Smavonf/

aoapawmh[k qkH;jzwfjcif;

q&mr nDtpfrESpfa,mufESifh uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;onf uomrSrEÅav;

okdU oabFmwpif;xGufcGmrnfMum;onfESifh wnaewGif Z&pfacsmif&GmrS
xGufcGmvmMu&m ae&pfolrsm;a&m xGufcGmolrsm;ygpdwfxdcdkufvSonf/
,cifu tBudfrfBudrf cGJcGmcJUMubl;aomfvnf; þrQavmufr&SdMu?
acwfysufBuD;jzpfonfESifh aemufwBudrfawGUaumif;rS awGUMu&awmhrnf[l
aom txifonf tm;vkH;wGif uyfa&mufvsuf&Sd\/ qif;&Jazmf qif;&Jbuf
rsm;[lívnf; wa,mufESifhwa,muf tvGefcspfcifMuifemvsuf &SdMuonf/
qdyfurf;odkUa&mufí toifhqdkufuyfvsuf&Sdaom oabFmay:odkU ypönf;
uav;rsm;udkwifí aexm;wus &SdonfESifhwNydKifeuf vlawG vIyfvIyf
&G&GjzpfvmMu\/ taMumif;rlum; t*Fvdyfav,mOfysHwpif;onf
txufaumif;uifü uombufodkUysH0Jvmjcif;udk jrifMu&aomaMumifhay
wnf;/ þwGifoabFmESifhtjynfh&Sdaom c&D;onfrsm;onf oabFmrSqif;í
ajcOD;wnfh&m ajy;Muav&m q&mrnDtpfrESifh uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;rSm wuGJpD
jzpfoGm;Muav\/ olwkdUb,fqDokdUa&mufonfrod/ uREkfyfwkdUum; vrf;
wvrf;atmufü wl;azmufxm;onfh a&ajrmif;wckteD;odkU a&mufoGm;Mu\/
rpdk;cjrmrSm (AkH;usif;tm;udk;r&SdaomaMumifh) tvGefxdwfvefUí rsufESm
uav;tvGefi,fpGmESifh a&ajrmif;xJodkUqif;NyD; vrf;atmufodkUa&mufatmif
wkd;0ifoGm;av&m uREkfyfrlum; ajrmif;xJodkU qif;aomfvnf; vrf;atmufodkU
vQKdür0ifyJ av,mOfysHudk armfhMunfhvsuf &Sd\/ uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfrSmum;

748 
t*Fvdyfrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUuRefrsm;udk ypfajy;NyD;jyef0if&ef BudK;pm;&mwGif
uREkfyfwkdUrSef;odvsufESifh oabFmudk AkH;BuJowfjzwfOD;rnfqdkvQif oif;wkdU
xuf &ufpufrdkufrJaomvlr&Sd/ olwkdU\ pmtkyfrsm;udk zwfjcif;tm;jzifh
uREkfyfod&oavmufrSm þvlrsKd;onf tjcm;vlrsKd;enf;wl avmb&Sdaomf
vnf; t"dyÜm,fr&Sdaom &ufpufrIrsKd;udk rvkyfwef&m? tu,fí
vlawGudkAkH;BuJowfNyD; Armjynfudkoif;wkdUjyef,l& rnfqdkvQifvnf; oif;wdkU
vufatmufcH jzpf&jcif;xuf oif;wkdUvufcsufESifhyif aoygavapawmh
[kqdkum vrf;atmufodkUvQKd;r0ifyJ ajrmif;xJrSyif armfhMunfhae\/
uREkfyfxifonfhtwdkif;yif av,mOfysHonf oabFmudkAkH;rBuJyJ awmifbuf
odkUysHoGm;ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfonf ao&rnfudkraMumufonf r[kwf?
&JpGrf;owÅd&Sdonf[lívnf; rqdkvdk? uREkfyf\wGufudef;t& jyKvkyfjcif;
rQomjzpfygonf/

ndI;i,faom umvtwdkif;

oabFmpkefvmaomtcgüvnf; c&D;onfrsm;onf pdwfcsonfh

vu©Pmr&SdyJ aumif;uifodkUwarmfharmfhESifh Munfholrsm;u Munfh&SmMu\/
okdU&mwGif AkH;BuJcsjcif; rcHMu&yJ acsmarmpGmyif qdkufa&mufvmMu\/
rEÅav;NrdKUrSm tdfrfajcw0ufcefUavmuf vlraeyJ a[mif;avmif;&Sdaejcif;udk
awGU&\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf *kEÅef&yfuGufü&Sdaom uREkfyf\a,mufzESifh
wlruav;rsm;\tdrfodkU vSnf;wpD;ESifh oGm;Muav&m (uREkfyf\ESr uG,f
vGefonfrSmum; 13 ESpfcefU&SdavNyD/) a&mufaomtcgü tqifoifhawGU&í
ESpfbufvkH;yif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfMu&onf/ uREkfyf\pdwful;rSm
¤if;wkdU\tdrfwGif w&ufESpf&ufwnf;cdkum EIwfqufMuNyD; aemuf

749 
&efukefokdU qufvufoGm;a&mufMu&ef jzpfavonf/ ¤if;wkdUaexdkif
wnf;cdkum EIwfqufMuNyD;aemuf &efukefodkU qufvuf oGm;a&mufMu&ef
jzpfavonf/ ¤if;wdkUaexdkifvsuf&Sdaom *kEÅmef&yfuGufrSm vl&Sdaomtdrfrsm;
xuf vlr&Sdaomtdrfrsm;u rsm;onfESifh ajcmufuyfuyfjzpfaeNyD; olwkdU
tm;vkH; rsufESmuav;awG i,fi,fESifh jzpfaeMuonfudkawGU&\/
uREkfyf\a,mufzu &efukefokdU uREkfyfwkdUa&mufzkdU ta&;wBuD;
rvdkao;vQif wluav; wlruav;rsm;ESifhtwl aexdkifpm;aomufygOD;[k
wm;avonf/ uREkfyfonfa,mufz\wm;qD; zdfwfac:jcif;xuf wlruav;
rsm;\ tm;i,fykH&jcif;twGuf nSmwmonfjzpfí &kwfw&ufroGm;ao;yJ
twlaezdkU uwday;vdkufygonf/ þodkUjzifh wvcefUMum&Sdaomtcg
a,mufz\om; (uREkfyf\wl) 0if;armifonf om;r,m;rsm;ESifhwuG
a&mufvmí þtdrfü aexdkifMuav&m a,mufzonf tm;udk;&m&vmonfh
vu©PmESifh uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;tm; ,cifuuJUodkU wefzkd;xm;[efr&Sdacs/
þudpörsKd;wGif uREkfyfonf tjcm;vlrsm;uJUodkU trSwfwrJU raewwfyJ
t&dyftuJudk csufcsif;odwwfoljzpf\/ þtawmtwGif;*krEÅef&yfrS vlrsm;
onf bmudkxyfavmif;í vefUMujyefonfrod? t&yfxJrS xGufajy;Mujyef&m
a,mufzonf ta&SUt*Fef;wkdufodkU tm;vkH;ajymif;a&TUMuzkdU qkH;jzwf\/
okdU&mwGif olUwdkufwGif vlapmifh&Sdapvkdonfqdkojzifh 0if;armifESifh uREkfyf
wkdUu '&0rfvkyfMu\/ trSefrSm uREkfyftm; ckdif;0HUonfr[kwf? uREkfyfuyif
avmu0wfacsmfrdjcif;jzpfavonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfESifhwl armif0if;armif
onf *kEÅefwGif ntdyfí ta&SUjyifodkU pufbD;wpD;ESifhoGm;NyD; xrif;pm;
Mu&\/ &ufowÅwywfcefUMumaomf &efukefol&d,wkdfurS OD;buav;u
vlBuKHESifh ay;vkdufaompmwapmifa&mufvm&m ¤if;pmwGif &efukefokdU
csufcsif;qif;cJUapvdkaMumif; yg&Sdavonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;

750 
onf &efukefodkU oGm;MuzkdU jyifqifMuav\/ uREkfyf\ woufwmwGif
olwyg;\xrif;udk rDScdkpm;aomuf&jcif;ESifh ywfoufí rsufESmi,fvSonfh
yxrtBudrfaywnf;/ udkodef;az\tdrfü (azmfjycJUNyD;onfhtwkdif;) aecJUbl;
aomfvnf; a,mufz\tdrfrSmuJUodkU r[kwfyJ ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif&SdvSonf/ uREkfyf
um; aqGrsKd;tusKd;ay;olwa,muf r[kwf? wu,fcifrif&if;ESD;aom
rdwfaqGrlum; tjcm;vlrsm;xuf aygrsm;cJUbl;onf xifygonf/

olckd;b0

þae&mü uREkfyfwkdU\b@ma&;tajctaeudk azmfjyvdkygao;onf/

uREkfyfwkdUonf udkodef;azwkdUESifhtwl ig;vausmfausmfrQ aexdkifcJU&pOf
olwkdU\xrif;udk vkH;0pm;aecJU&aomfvnf; &SdorQydkufqHuav;udk uspfuspf
ygatmif xkyfxm;csifaom0goem r&Sdonfhtavsmuf wdkvDrdkvD udpöuav;
rsm;twGuf &SdorQuav;udk xkwfíokH;cJUonfhjyif t0wftpm;rsm; teufrS
vnf; wxnfwavudk 0,f,lol&SdvQif (tcsKdUuvnf;a&mif;ygawmh[k qdk
onf/) a&mif;csokH;pJGonfESifh *syefrsm;0ifvmMuonfhtcsdefqdkvQif ydkufqH
ruyfoavmuf ajymifvsuf&SdavNyD/ uomNrdKUodkU'kwd,tBudrf AkH;BuJaom
aeUESifh *syefrsm;0ifrvmMurD w&kwfrsm;tkyfcsKyfaeonfh tcsdeftawmtwGif;
waeUoü Z&pfacsmifodkU uomNrdKUxJrS ajymif;vmMuonfh tdrfaxmif
rsm;teufwGif ausmif;om;uav;wa,muf ygvm&m xdkoli,fu ]]vmyg
OD;av;? NrdKUxJavQmufMunhfacs&atmif}}[k ac:onfESifh ESpfa,mufom;
xGufvmMu\/ xdktcsdefwGif uomNrdKUxJü vlq,fykHwykH rQavmufom
usefawmhí tvGef&Sif;vsuf&Sd\/ t*Fvdyfpmoifausmif;BuD;udkrlum; w&kwf
ppfom; wa,mufonf aoewfxrf;um pE´&Dapmifhvsuf&Sd\/ oli,fu-

751 
 ]]OD;av;? [dkausmif;xJrSm ypönf;awGtrsm;BuD;&Sdw,fAs}}
]]bmypönf;awGvJuG}}
]]EdkUqD? oMum;? txnftvdyfawG? ppfokH;ypönf;awG jynfhvdkUAs}}
]]jynfhaevQif bmjzpfovJuG}}
]]0if,l&atmifAsm}}
]][aumif rvkyfeJU? aoewfBuD;eJU apmifhaewJU w&kwfppfom;
rjrifbl;vm;uG}}
]]olwa,mufxJyJAsm? ausmif;utus,fBuD;? olrjrifatmif
0ifvdkU&ygw,f}}
]]rvkyfeJUuGm igawmh aMumufw,f}}
,if;odkUuREkfyfuajympOf oli,fonf ausmif;xJokdUpGyfueJ 0ifoGm;
av&m uREkfyfrSm xdkae&mü&yfae&pfcJUvQif aoewfESifhvSnfhvmaom w&kwf
ppfom;jrifoGm;rnf pdk;aomaMumifh aMumufaMumufESifhyif olUaemufodkU0ifí
vdkufoGm;&av\/ þoli,fum; apm&eu©wf ygavonf avmrqdkEdkif?
tvGef&Jwif;í zswfvwfvsifjrefjcif;udk awGU&\/ 0ifcJUrdonfhaemufürl
uREkfyfrSm bmrQrwwfEdkifawmhyJ oloGm;&mokdUom vdkufae&awmh\/
oli,fonf ausmif;BuD;xJwGif wcef;rSwcef;odkUul;í xif&ª;aowÅmBuD;
rsm;jzifh xnfhxm;onfhypönf;rsm;udk (ausmif;xJüawGUaom) oHwl&Gif;
wacsmif;ESifh uvefUumuvefUum zGifhMunfhav\/ uREkfyfum; ]]igawmh
vlaygif;rSm;NyD}}[k pOf;pm;um xdwfvefUwkefvIyfpGmESifh ai;Munfhaerd\/
ypönf;rsm;um; oMum;? EdkUqDAl;? ppfapmifBuD;rsm;? ouúvyfMurf;
&SyftuFsDrsm;? tdyf&mcif;rsm; ponfwkdUjzpf\/ oli,fonf þypönf;rsm;udk
rvdkcsifao;yJ qufvufí azmufxGif;arTaESmufjyefav&m uREkfyfurl
ouúvyf&SyftuFsDwayGUESifh tdyf&mcif;wayGUudk,lí ]]oGm;MupdkUuGm}}qdkum

752 
xGufrnfjyKonfwGifrS oli,fvnf; olvdkcsif&mrsm;udk ayGUygawmhonf/
oli,fu ]]aetkH; OD;av;? t&rf;rxGufeJUaemf}}[k qdkum wae&mrSacsmif;NyD;
w&kwfppfom;udkMunfh\/ w&kwfppfom;onf ausmif;udkvSnfhywfpOf
uREkfyfwkdU&Sdaom ae&mtydkif;odkU a&mufvmí wdwfqdwfvSaomNrdKUBuD;wGif
]]a'guf a'guf a'guf}}jrnfaom ol\ppfzdeyfajcoHudk uREkfyfMum;&ojzifh
uREkfyf\ &ifckefoHESifh tNydKiftqdkif jzpfaeygawmhonf/ oli,furl
rSefjywif;aygufwckrS ppfom;udkacsmif;Munfh ae\/ ajcoHvGefoGm;í
twefMumaomtcgrS uREkfyfacsmif;Munfhvdkufaom tcg uREkfyfwkdUbufodkU
ausmcdkif;um vrf;axmifhcsKd;udk auGUoGm;aom ppfom;udkjrif&í oli,fu
]]vmOD;av;}}[kac:ojzifh wayGUwydkufpDESifh ausmif;xJrS xGufvmMuav\/

cdk;jcif;[kwfr[kwf

Z&pfacsmifokdUtjyef vrf;c&D;wGif oli,fonf ol\txkyfudkcsKHwckxJ

odkU wkd;0Sufaeojzifh uREkfyfuar;Munfh&m ]]&kH;xJ 0ifMunfh&atmif
OD;av;}}[kajym\/
]]rvkyfygeJUuGm? igaMumufygw,f}}
]]aMumufp&mr&Sdygbl; OD;av;&JU? b,folrS r&Sdygbl;}}
þwGifuREkfyfpOf;pm;onfrSm &kH;qdkuwnf;u vufESdyfpufawmh
&Sd&rnf? ,l&vQifawmfrnfavm/ uREkfyfonfpma&;uav;b0ü tpdk;&aiGudk
avmif;upm;cJUrdbl;jcif;udk azmfjycJUNyD;ygNyD/ odkU&mwGif xkdpOfu uREkfyf\
tBuHtpnfrSm ckd;&efr[kwf? acwÅ,lupm;NyD; Edkif,if jyefxnfhxm;&ef
jzpf\/ rEdkifcJUvQif tjypfcH&rnfudk odaomfvnf; &nf&G,fcsufum; ckd;&ef
r[kwfcJUyg/ ,ckrSmrl vufESdyfpufudkawGUcJUvQif ckd;,lrnfjzpfí oifhawmfyg

753 
rnfavm/ azmfjycJUbl;onfhtwdkif; uREkfyfrSm w&m;tm;xkwfí ouFef;vnf;
0wfcJUbl; onfjzpfaomaMumifh oHo,0ifvsuf&Sd\/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyf
pOf;pm;onfum; tpdk;&ypönf;qdkaomfvnf; tpdk;&vnf;r&Sd? xGufajy;cJU
avNyD/ ypönf;rsm;udkypfí xGufajy;jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh Opöm&Sifr&Sdaom
ypönf;jzpfonf/ tu,fí Opöm&Sif&SdonfqdkvQifvnf; ta&;ydkif tp&Sdonfh
t&m&Sdrsm;r[kwf? jynfolom jzpf&rnf/ igonfvnf; jynfolwa,muf
jzpfí xdef;odrf;rnfholr&Sdaom ypönf;udk,ljcif;onf ckd;jcif;r[kwfEdkif[k
qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufavonf/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyfonf oli,fESifhtwl &kH;odkU
vdkufoGm;í vufESdyfpuf av;ig;vkH; awGU&onfhteuf tvyfqkH;aom
t*FvdyfvufESdyfpufwvkH;udk a&G;,lcJUavonf/

o'¨gw&m;avm? tjrifuyfjcif;avm

vrf;c&D;wGif 0Sufxm;cJUonfh txkyfrsm;udk csKHxJrSxkwf,lMuí uREkfyf

wkdUonf vufESdyfpufwvkH;pDESifh Z&pfacsmifodkUjyefvmMu\/ uREkfyfwkdUESifh
twlaeMuaom a,mufsm;rsm;onf vufESdyfpufrsm;xuf ouúvyf&Syfrsm;udk
rsufpdusvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfwkdUu &ykH&enf;udk ajymjyí vrf;nTefjyav&m
xdkvlrsm;onf olwkdUudk,fwkdif oGm;ír,l0HUMuyJ uREkfyfwkdU ypönf;udkom
wudkifMunfhMunfhvkyfaeMu\/
aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfonf xdkvlrsm;\ vdkcsifrsufpd&SdMujcif;udk &dyfrdonfESifh
uREkfyfayGUcJUaom ouúvyf&SyftusÐq,fxnfteufrS a,mufsm;[lorQtm;
wxnfpDa0ay;vkduf&m uREkfyftwGuf wxnfrQomusefygawmhonf/ tdyf&m
cif;rsm;rSmrl tBuHtpnf&Sdonfjzpfí ¤if;wkdUrsufrkef;rusKd;rD uysmu,m
odrf;xm;vdkuf&onf/ *syefwacwfvkH;ü tjcm;vlrsm;onf zsifMurf;

754 
tusÐrsm; 0wfMu&aomfvnf; uREkfyfrlum; ppftdyf&mcif;rsm;udk Zuvufwdk
csKyf0wfEdkifjcif;tm;jzifh qif;&Jom;rsm; oGm;&nf,dkapEdkifcJUavonf/

]]vifaoauR;yl}}&Smwwfol

rEÅav;odkUa&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyfonf ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;

wa,muftm; vufESdyfpufwvkH; &cJUjcif;taMumif;udk ajymjyí &efukefodkU
oGm;&ef p&dwfenf;aeojzifh a&mif;vdkaMumif;ajymjy\/ uREkfyfonf ae&m
wdkif;wGif [efrvkyfwwfyJ tajctaeudk trSeftwdkif;ajymwwfaom
0goem&Sday&m uREkfyf\aiGa&;aMu;a&; tajctaeudk xkwfazmf ajymjyvdkuf
jcif;tm;jzifh oli,fcsif;xHrS tultnD&aumif;&vdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhrd\/
okdU&mwGif ¤if;oli,fcsif;onf ]vifaoa<u;yl} rdef;rrsKd;udk &Smwwfaom
aps;0,fwa,mufjzpfonfh vu©PmESifh rnfonfhtcgrqdk 200davmufwef
aom vufESdyfpufudk 125drQom ay;í0,f,lavonf/
uREkfyfonf þtaMumif;udk xdktcguwnf;u em;vnfaomfvnf;
ydkufqHjywfvyfaom xdkpOfurl armifrif;BuD;om;u 0,fay;í ighrSm
vrf;p&dwfuav; &ayonf[k aus;Zl;wifrdygonf/ rnfodkUqdkap
vufESdyfpufwcktwGuf 125usyf qdkaom aps;EIef;onf tusOf;tusyf
awGUvsuf&Sdaomausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;wa,muftm; u&kPmESifhay;
onfh aps;EIef;rsKd;um; [kwfonfrxifay/

755 
a&S;jzpfa[mif;ay:vmjcif;

uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;onf 1942ckESpf (awmfovif; vjynfh tzdwfaeU)

pufwifbmvwGif &efukefokdU rD;&xm;jzifh qif;vmcJUMu\/ rD;&xm;ay:ü
vrif;udk armhfMunfhrd&m rarhEdkifaomntjzpfESifh a&S;jzpfa[mif;wck
ay:vmygao;onf/ ¤if;rSm 1908 ckESpfü pHa'0DwdkUESifh ywÅjrm;apwDbk&m;yGJ
okdUoGm;pOf bk&m;ay:odkUa&mufí vomomwGif ESJ? aMu;aemif? AkHaxmuf
paomwl&d,mrsm;jzifh ]e&nf;}wD;onf a&cif;oHonf em;xJwGif ay:vmjcif;
yif jzpfavonf/ ,cktcsdefonf tusOf;tusyfusvsuf&Sdaom tcsdefjzpf
onf[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; tvGefayghyg;MunfEl;vsuf&Sdaom xdkpOfu
pdwfESvkH;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif tvGefuGmjcm;onf[k owdjyKrdygao;onf/
þuJUodkUpdwful;,Ofvsuf idkufrsOf;&mrS tdyfaysmfoGm;&mwGif rsufESmay:okdU
awmifBuD;NydKusonf[k tdyfrufrufonfESifh tvefUwMum; ckefaygufum
xvdkufrdygonf/ jzpf&jcif;taMumif;um; þokdUwnf;/

tdyfrufaom wu,favm

uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;onf rEÅav;blwmodkU a&mufMuaomtcg

rD;&xm;ay:ü c&D;onfrsm;jynfhusyfvsuf&SdavNyD/ rD;&xm;ay:ü rsufESmod
vifr,m;ESifhawGUí vlwa,muftwGuf ]wzif&mpm}ae&m&Edkifonf[k
ajymonfESifh rpdk;udk ¤if;wkdUESifhxm;cJUNyD;vQif uREkfyfonf ukefwGJwwJGay:
odkUwufípD;cJU\/ rD;&xm;wpif;vkH;ü vlpD;wJG okH;av;wJGomygí
ukefwJGq,fwJGcefUqufxm;&m ukefwGJrsm;tay:üvnf; c&D;onftjynfhyg
avonf/ twefnOfheufvSaomf uREkfyfonf c&D;onfrsm; ajympum;udk

756 
em;axmif,if; ukefwJG\axmifhwckü txkyfuav;udk acgif;tkH;vsuf
tdyfaysmfoGm;av\/ olwkdUajymjyaom pum;rsm;teuf wyfukef;blwmrS
*syef&kHydkifonf c&D;onfrsm;tm; &dkufESuf&mwGif tvGefvufoGufaom
aMumifh ]pdefaA'g}BuD;[k emrnfwGifaeaMumif;ajymí &,fMuonfudk
Mum;vkduf&onf/ uREkfyfonfrsufESmay:odkU awmifBuD;NydKusonf[k tdyfruf
rufí tvl;tvJxMunhfvdkufaomtcg rsufESmay:okdU aerif;BuD;
tvkH;vdkufxdk;vsuf &Sdjcif;udkvnf; jrifvdkuf&\/ þtawmtwGif; ]&ª;&ª;
&Sm;&Sm;} ]uGD;uGD;uGm;uGm;}jrnfaom *syeftoHrsm;udkvnf; Mum;vsuf&Sd\/
uREkfyfrSm bmt"dyÜm,f&Sdonf[k rawG;wwfEdkifyJ aea&mifxdk;0ifaom
rsufvkH;rsm;udkom vufjzifhyGwfvsuf&SdpOf aevkH;BuD;uG,faysmufoGm;í
*syefoHrsm;vnf; ta0;odkUa&mufoGm;avawmhonf/ twefi,fMumaom
tcgrS uREkfyfonf tjzpftysufudk [kwfwdkif;rSef&m atmufygtwdkif;od&yg
awmhonf/

&Sif;vif;csuf

uREkfyfonf wyfukef;blwmodkU rD;&xm;rqdkufrD wGJay:ü vlacsmif

aejcif;udkjrifonfESifh txkyfuav;udkacgif;tkH;í tdyfcJUrdjcif;jzpf&m
tdyfaysmf,if; wyfukef;blwmodkU rD;&xm;qkdufaomtcg *syef&kHydkifonf
twufc&D;onfrsm;vSaom wyfukef;blwmü c&D;onfrsm;udk wJGay:odkU
oludk,fwkdifvdkufydkUum ae&mcsxm;ay;\/ uREkfyf\wGJodkU a&mufaomtcg
axmifhwaxmifhwGif tdyfaysmfvsuf&Sdaom uREkfyfudkjrifí c&D;onfwa,muf
xHrS OD;xkyfudk qGJjzKwfNyD;vQif uREkfyf\rsufESmodkU aygufvkdufjcif;jzpf\/
OD;xkyfonf uREkfyf\rsufESmay:odkU wnfhwnfhBuD;usvm&mwGif uREkfyfu

757 
awmifBuD;NydKusonf[k tvefUwMum; tdyfrufjrifrufjcif;jzpf\/ uREkfyf\
rsufESmay:odkU wnfhwnfhBuD;xkd;aeonfh aevkH;BuD;\ a&mifjcnfqdkonf
rSmvnf; *syef&kHydkifu uRekfyftm;xkd;Munfhonfh vufESdyf"mwfrD;a&mifyif
jzpfavonf/
&kHydkifonf uREkfyftvl;tvJxjcif;udkjrifawmhrS ]]uGD;uDG;uGm;uGm;}}ESifh
xGufoGm;jcif;jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfEdk;vmjcif;udkjrifaomtcg tjcm;c&D;onf
rsm;u ]]cifAsm;uHaumif;w,f? olUvufxJuBudrfvkH;eJU wuf&dkufrvdkU[m?
vlawGwpfaewmJU rwufEdkifyJ [dkoli,f&JU OD;xkyfudk qGJcRwfNyD;
aygufvkdufwmAs EdkUrdkU,if cifAsm; 'dxufemtkH;rSm}}[k ajymMuavonf/
a&SUavQmufürl wcgw&Hvlacsmifaomfvnf; rtdfyf0HUawmhyJ rkd;vif;atmif
xdkifí vdkuf&ygawmhonf/
aemufwaeU nae7em&DavmufwGif &efukefblwmodkU qdkufa&mufí
vefcsm;ESpfpD;jzifh ausmufajrmif;&yf oDwmvrf;odkUoGm;Mu\/ awmfovif;
vjynfhaeUjzpfí aumif;uifü vrif;BuD;omvsuf&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfowdjyKrd
aomfvnf; &efukefodkU0if&onfrSm þwacgufuJUodkU uREkfyfpdwfnId;i,fjcif;
udkrrSwfrdyg/ þodkUjzpf&jcif;udk jyefvnfokH;oyfvkdufonfhtcg atmufyg
tcsufrsm;aMumifhayavm[k awG;awmrdonf/
þwacgufvm&onfü &efukefNrdKUonf udkcifarmifESifh vm&pOfu
xuf tenf;i,fpnfum;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk awGU&aomfvnf; udkcifarmifESifh
vmpOfuuJUodkU pGefUpm;csifaompdwfrsKd; r&SdawmhyJ ZeD;ygonfh twGufaMumifh
wm0efwcktaejzifh rSwfxifrdonfwaMumif;? rD;&xm;pD;&mü jzpfap?
uomrSoabFmESifhpkefcJU&müjzpfap ,cift*Fvdyftpdk;&acwfuuJUodkU ouf
omacsmifcsdjcif; r&SdonfwaMumif;? tvkyftudkiftwGufvnf; pdwfrat;
&Sdaeonfudk waMumif;aMumifh jzpfwef&monf[k pOf;pm;rdonf/

758 
wenf;qdkaomf twefi,fpdwfav;onf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpf\/ pdwfav;onfh
twdkif;yif oDwmvrf;tdrfodkU a&mufoGm;aomtcgü uREkfyfwkdU\
tdrfaxmifypönf;rsm;rSm wckrQrusef vl,lukef&kHru uREkfyfwkdUaecJUaom
tdrfudkvnf; tdrf&Sifu tjcm;vlrsm;odkU iSm;vdkufNyD; jzpfaeavNyD/
uREkfyfwkdUb,fawmhrS jyefvmrnfrodEdkifojzifh tdrf&Siftm; vnf; tqdk;
qdkzG,f&mr&Sdygay/ odkUaomf tdrf&Sif (udkodef;az\tpfudk0rf;uGJ) tm;aus;Zl;
wifxdkufayonfrSm tjcm;tdrfr&ao;rD ¤if;wkdUESifhyif twlaexdkifzkdU
ajymygayonf/ ol\tdrfrSmvnf; tawmfus,f0ef;onfjzpfí uREkfyfwkdU
vifr,m;onf ol\t&dyfudk cdkcJU&ygayonf/

*syefowif;pmwkdufzGifh&ef

aemufwaeUwGif uREkfyfonf urm&Gwfü&Sdaom OD;buav;\

aetdrfodkU oGm;íawGU\/ OD;buav;u uREkfyftm; rSm,ljcif;rSm *syef
tpdk;&onf &efukefü&Sdaom jrefrmowif;pmwkdufrsm;udk (ol&d,?
jrefrmhtvif;ESifh wdk;wufa&; tm;vkH; wwdkufwnf;aygif;í owif;pmBuD;
xkwfa0zdkUpDrHvsuf&SdaMumif;? uREkfyfESifhudkxGef;oef;wkdUtm; acgif;BuD;a&;
orm; ESpfa,muftjzpfESifh a&G;cs,fxm;ívc 300 pD&MurnfjzpfaMumif;
ajymjyav\/ uREkfyfonf ukdxGef;oef;\pdrf;um;[ef&Sdaom trlt&mudk
rBudKufojzifh olESifhtwl tvkyfvkyf&rnfhta&;udk 0rf;romvSonfESifh
rnfolutBuD;tuJjzpfygrnfenf;[k ar;Munfh&m OD;buav;u
tBuD;ti,fr&Sd? twlwlyifjzpfvdrfhrnf[k ajymjyefavonf/ rnfokdUyif
jzpfap uREkfyfrSm þacwfysufBuD;xJü xrif;pm;zkdUtwGuf pdwfcs&vQifyif
awmfayao;onfqdkum 0rf;omrdcJUygonf/ OD;buav;\ aetdrfü

759 
udkodef;armifESifh awGUcJUao;&m olESifhOD;buav;wkdU bmajymMuonfudkrl
uREkfyfrod&ay/ OD;buav;\tdrfrSjyefMu&mwGif bwfpfum;r&Sdojzifh
udkodef;armifESifh uREkfyfwkdUaeylusJusJxJwGif (awmfovif;aejzpfí tawmf
yljyif;onf/) twljyefvmMuaomfvnf; tvkyftaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí
pum;pyfrajymMuyJ cGJcGmaomtcgwGif oluMunfhjrifwkdifbuf? uREkfyfu
ausmufajrmif;bufodkU ajcvsifavQmuf vmMuavonf/

a&csKd;rSm;jcif;

oDwmvrf;tdrfodkUa&mufaomtcg uREkfyfrSm tvGefxrif;qmvsuf&Sd

avNyD/ *VKefOD;apmqdkvQif uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,muftm; tenf;qkH;vufzuf&nf
wdkufí um;ESifhvdkufydkUaprnfjzpf&m OD;buav;rlum; (NrdKUawmf0efjzpfbl;
aomaMumifhxifh) ar;vnf;rar;? avmu0wfyifrvkyfacs/ Mobmpma&;ay;
bl;jcif;onf trSwftom;r&Sdawmh? ajyaysmufoGm;cJU[efwlavonf/
tdrfodkU a&mufaomtcg xrif;Nrdefcsifwwfonfh 0goem&Sdaom uREkfyfonf
qmavmifvSNyDjzpfaomfvnf; Nrdefonfxuf Nrdefap&efqdkum rpdk;xrif;
cl;aeckdufwGif a&csKd;vdkufao;\/ csKd;NyD;í xrif;yGJü xdkifvdkufaomtcg
,cifuqmavmifjcif;onf bmjzpfí b,fa&mufoGm;onfrod/ arQmfvifh
onfhtwdkif; rNrdefawmhyJ okH;av;vkyfESifh 0oGm;avawmhonf/ bmjzpfyg
vdrfh? ausmxJuvnf; pdrfhwdrfwdrfhjzpfvmonf/ vufpowfawmh aeylxJu
vrf;avQmufvmNyD; c&D;a&mufrqdkuf a&csKd;vdkufojzifh acR;ikyfoGm;jcif;yif
jzpfavonf/ xdknü csrf;zsm;wufí iSufzsm;0ifvmcJUjyef avNyD/

760 
vifr,m; wuGJpD

1942 ckESpfonf uREkfyf\woufwmwGif usef;rma&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh

wuG taetxdkifyg 'ku©ta&mufqkH; tnId;i,fqkH;aom umvtydkif;tjcm;
aywnf;/ olwyg;tdrfü t&dyfcdkae&í (udk,fhxrif;awmh udk,fcsufpm;
ygonf/) iSufzsm;uvnf; cPcPzsm;? aq;aumif;0g;aumif; vnf;r&Edkif?
*syefowif;pmwdkufuvnf; rzGifhEdkifao;? t*Fvdyfav,mOfysH rsm;uvnf;
cPcPAkH;BuJ? pufaoewfypf? vufESdyfpufa&mif;cJU&onfh ydkufqHuav;
vnf; ukefNyDjzpfí vufywfem&DESifh t0wftpm;uav;rsm;udk nDawmf
armifxHodkUa&mif;NyD; reufn tvsifrSDatmif tvGefw&m acRwmpm;
aomufMu&ygonf/ aemufqkH;ü t*Fvdyfav,mOfysHrsm;onf npOfvdkyif
vma&mufAkH;BuJMuonfwGif &efukefNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;rSm ,cifuxuf ydkrdk
xdwfvefUvmMujyefavNyD/ *syefowif;pm xkwfzkdUqdkaom pdwful;rSmvnf;
b,fqDa&mufoGm;onf rqdkEdkifacs/
þtawmtwGif; oDwmvrf;rS vlrsm;onfvnf; *syefrsm;AkH;BuJcs
onfh acwfuuJUodkUyif t*FvdyfAkH;rsm;udk aMumufvmMujyefonfESifh
awmifajy;ajrmufajy; ajy;ukefMujyef&m oDwmvrf;rSm a&S;enf;twdkif;
ajcmufuyf vljywfaomtjzpfodkU a&muf&jyefavNyD/ uREkfyf\tzsm;uvnf;
jywfao;onfr&Sd? w&ufjcm; ESpf&ufjcm; zsm;vsufyif&Sdao;\/ þtxJwGif
uREkfyfwkdUaeaom tdfrf&Sifrsm;vnf; ajy;zdkUjyifvsuf&SdMujyefavNyD/ þodkUaom
tcuftcJwGif uREkfyfwkdUtzkdU u,faygufuav;wckay:vmonfrSm uREkfyf
wdkU ,cifuaecJUonfhtdrfjrifhü aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom w&kwfujym;vifr,m;
onf (txl;ojzifhr,m;jzpfolonf) uREkfyfwkdUudktvGefcifrifí uREkfyfwkdU
vifr,m; tm;u&kPmjzpf&SmMuonf/ w&yfvkH;ajy;MurnfjyKonfwGif

761 
olwkdUvifr,m;u uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufudk jrpfusKd;&GmodkU twlvkdufcJUMuzkdU
taMumif;? bmrQ ylp&mr&Sd? ¤if;wkdUu tm;vkH;wm0ef,lrnfhtaMumif;
MuifempGmESifh ajym&SmMuygayonf/ uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfrSmum; rusef;rrm
jzpfaeckdufwGif vifr,m;ESpfa,muf twlaecsifonfum; rSefonf/ jrpfusKd;
odkU ESpfa,mufvkH; vkdufoGm;ygrl ESpfa,muftwGufqdkygu olwkdUtzkdU
wm0efav;vdrfhrnf/ a0VK0efausmif;wkdufü aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom nDESifh
c,frrsm;xHodkU ESpfa,mufvkH;ajymif;a&TUoGm;ygvQifvnf; ESpfa,muftwGuf
qdkawmh 0efav;vdrfhrnf/ okdUjzpfí rpdk;udkjrpfusKd;odkUxnhfvkdufNyD; uREkfyf
wa,mufwnf; nDrsm;ESifhtwl a0VK0efausmif;wkdufodkU oGm;íaernf[k
qkH;jzwfvdkufygawmhonf/

aovQifNyD;wmyJ

yxrü ujym;vifr,m;onf jrpfusKd;okdU av;ig;&ufMumrS oGm;Mu

&ef csdef;xm;aomfvnf; av,mOfysHrsm; vmvGef;tm;BuD;onfESifh oDwmvrf;
ü w&ufrQyif rae0HUMuawmhqdkum ouFef;uRef;odkU waxmufa&TUajymif;
MuNyD; xdkae&mü av;ig;&ufaeMuNyD;rS jrpfusKd;odkU waxmufa&TU&ef
pDrHMuav\/
uREkfyfrSmav;ig;&uftwGufrQESifh ouFef;uRef;odkU rvkdufawmhqdkum
a0VK0efausmif;wkdufodkU wcgwnf; ajymif;a&TU&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufav\/
odkUjzpfí rpdk;wkdUvlpku ouFef;uRef;odkUajymif;a&TUMuaomtcg uREkfyfonf
a0VK0efausmif;odkU ajymif;a&TUíESpf&ufwacguf okH;&ufwacguf oGm;a&muf
vnfywf&ef tpDtpOf&Sdavonf/ waeUoü uREkfyfonf rpdk;wkdU&Sdonfh
ouFef;uRef;odkU oGm;a&mufvnfywfpOf iSufzsm;wkdUxkH;pH twdkif; tcsdefra&G;

762 
zsm;wwfonfhtavsmuf naewGif tzsm;0ifí rjyefEdkifawmhyJ ouFef;uRef;ü
ntdyf&\/ t*Fvdyfav,mOfysHrsm;onf xdktcsdefu nwdkif;vdkyif &efukefodkU
vma&mufAkH;BuJavh&Sd&m (xdkUaMumifhvnf; vlawGxdwfvefUukefMujcif;
jzpfonf/) uREkfyftdyfaomnwGifvnf; cyfrsm;rsm;vmMuonf/ tcsufay;
OMoqGJ onfESifhwNydKifeuf tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;onf AkH;usif;xJokdU ajy;0if
Muav&m rpdk;u tzsm;wufvsuf&Sdaom uREkfyftm;wGJac:ygrnfqdkaomf
vnf; uREkfyfuZGwfayaeí olUudkom ta&Smifcdkif;avonf/ uREkfyf
pdwful;um; vifudk,fr,m; ESpfa,mufwnf; &SdonfhtxJwGif ta&;
taMumif;&SdírS twlwlrajy;EdkifyJ wa,mufwuJG zsm;usef&pfrnfh twlwl
AkH;rSefíao&vQifvnf; NyD;wmyJqdkumapmifNcKHNyD; rsufpdrSdwfae&pfjcif;
jzpfavonf/ av,mOfysHwpif;onf uREkfyftdyfvsuf&Sdaom tdrftxufrS
eD;uyfpGmysHí AkH;wvkH;jzKwfcsvdkufonfhtoHudk uREkfyfMum;vdkuf&\/
tcsKdUaomt*Fvdyf av,mOfysHrsm;onf AkH;wvkH;jzKwfcsvdkufonfESifh
wNydKifeuf0g;pnf;udk ajrBuD;ay:ü'&Gwfwdkufí qJGaomaomtoHuJUokdU
]]0a&m? a&ma&m}}[kjrnf \/]]0a&m?a&ma&m}}[laom toHBuD;onf
&Snfvsm;pGmjrnfvsuf&SdpOf wcPxuf wcPeD;uyfvmí uREkfyfwkdU\
tdrfay:odkU usawmhrnfxif&\/ uREkfyfurl ]]usprf;ygapuGm}}[k qdkum
rsufpdudk pkHrSdwfxm;vdkuf\/ ]]0kef;?tkH;?tkH;}}[laom toHBuD;jrnf[def;í
wtdrfvkH; oGufoGufcgoGm;NyD; vQif jrLrIHESifh trIdufo&dkufrsm;onf
acgif;NrD;NcKHxm;aom uREkfyf\apmifay:okdU wzGm;zGm;usvmav\/ wcPrQ
MumaomfwzmvkHr&Sdw&Sd a0;onfhae&mokdU AkH;usjcif;jzpfonf[k od&av
onf/ uREkfyf\txifrSmrl [dkbufwtdrfjcm;avmufwGif usonfxifrdí
]]pyvifwm}rsm;yif vGifhpifvmrnfavm[k owd&rdygao;onf/ xdkvonf

763 
wydkUwJG (azazmf0g&D) vjzpfí vdyfuefwkdU bufu oJoJrJrJAkH;csjcif;udk
uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

woufwGif 0rf;tenf;qkH;

aemufwaeU eHeufü w&kwfujym; rdwfaqGrsm;onf ouFef;uRef;ü

okH;av;&uf aernf[laomtpDtpOfudkzsufí þaeUeHeuf&xm;ESifhyif
jrpfusKd;okdUvdkuf&ef jyifqifMuavawmhonf/ uREkfyfonfrpdk;tm; blwm&kHokdU
vdkufydkUpOf woufwGif uREkfyf\pdwfü txdcdkufqkH;aom tjcif;t&mwck
taejzifh todtrSwfjyKrdygonf/ w&kwfrsm;zrf;oGm;í opfyifBuD;atmuf
wGif vlawGwef;pDxm;NyD; pufaoewfESifhcsdefum ]cavmufcvuf}vkyfpOfu
xdwfvefUwkefvIyfcJUjcif;um;rSefygonf/ okdUaomfxdkpOfurl wudk,fvkH;
xlylvsuf&SdaomaMumifh bmaom nmaom owdr&ojzifh xdcdkufvSonf[k
rqdkEdkifyg/ olwdkUvlpktm; blwm&kHokdUvkdufydkUí rD;&xm;xGufcgeD;ürlum;
uREkfyf\ rusef;rmaomtjzpfudkvnf;aumif;? wa,mufwnf;&Sdonfh
jyKpkrnfhol rpdk;tm;cGJcGmí w&yfwaus;okdU vTwfvdkuf&rnfh tjzpfudkvnf;
aumif;? rpdk;ESifhuREkfyfonf olwyg;\ESmacgif;jzifh touf&IMu&rnfh
tjzpfrsKd;okdU a&muf&OD;rnfudkvnf;aumif;? ab;tEÅ&m,fxlxyfonfh
þtcsdeftcgBuD;wGif olUcrsm tm;i,f&Smvdrfhrnf[laom tjzpfudk
vnf;aumif; tvkH;pkH pOf;pm;rdonfESifh &ifxJüqdkUvmNyD; rsufpdaumif;pGm
rjrifyJ rIefrIdif;íoGm;ygonf/
þtjcif;t&monf rsuf&nfxGufawmhrnfh a&SUajy;vu©Pmjzpfonf
[kuREkfyf&dyfrdonfESifh xGufrnfjyKaom rsuf&nfudk&IHUoGif;um BudK;pm;í
NyKH;aomrsufESmjzifh rpdk;tm;EIwfqufvdkufygonf/ uREkfyfursuf&nfvnf

764 
vQif rpdk;u idkvdrfhrnfjzpf&m tbdk;BuD;tr,fBuD;awGjzpfcgrS vlawGa&SUwGif
idkMuonf[k rjzpfapvdkonfhtwGuf uRekfyfuBudK;pm;í csKyfwnf;&jcif;jzpfyg
onf/ þuJUodkUcsKyfwnf;&onfhtwGuf &ifxJüatmifhoufoufBuD;cH&ykHrSm
woufwGif þwcgrQBuKHbl;onf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ trSefudk0efcH&vQif
uREkfyfonf rdrdukd,fudkvnf;aumif;? ZeD;rpdk;udkvnf;aumif; þwBudrf
uJUodkU u&kPmrjzpf&bl;jcif;udk BuKHbl;onf[k rrSwfrdatmif &Sdygawmh
onf/ rD;&xm;rxGufrD pdwfudkwif;xm;í rD;&xm;xGufaomtcgrS
vluG,f&mokdUoGm;NyD; pdwfudkavQmhcsvdkuf&m rsuf&nfrsm; tawmfusoGm;
onfwGifrS &ifxJü &Sif;oGm;ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfudk pdwftm;aysmhol
vlwa,muf[lí tjypfrqdkMuygavESifh? pifppfrSm uRekfy\
f usef;rma&;
raumif;onfhtwGuf þrQavmuf tm;i,frdjcif;jzpfygonf/ usef;rma&;
jynfhpkHygrlum; avmu"HwGif ]xdyf}qdkaomvludk tavQmhay;vdrfh
rnfr[kwfyg/

wufzsm;uszsm;

ouFef;uRef;blwmrS a0VK0efausmif;wkdufodkU jyefa&mufaomtcg

uREkfyf\iSufzsm;onf w&ufjcm; rSefrSefBuD; wufvsuf&SdavNyD/ ,cifurl
zsm;csifaomaeUwGif aumufízsm;NyD; ESpf&uf okH;&ufwefonfaumif;csif
aumif;ae\/ xdkaeUupírlum; zsm;waeU aumif;waeU rSefrSefBuD;
vkyfae\/ aumif;aomaeUrsm;wGif olwyg;enf;wl pm;EdkifaomufEdkifí
tzsm;wufaom aeUürl wudk,fvkH;qwfqwfwkefNyD; ausmxJrS pdrfhíwuf
onfESifh apmifb,favmufNcKHonfjzpfap raEG;EdkifyJ&Sd\/ vlrsm;rsm;
0dkif;ízday;vQifum; oufom&m&yg\/ okdU&mwGif zday;rnfholrSm

765 
nDawmfarmif\ om;uav;oif;armifESifh pkHaxmuftifpydwfawmf udkatmif
abmf\ orD;uav; (ESpfa,mufvkH; q,fESpfomomavmuf&SdMuonf/)
wkdUom &SdMuí av;av;yifyif r&SdaomaMumifh oufomavmuf atmif
r&SdvSacs/ vlBuD;rsm;xHrSrluum; tultnDrawmif;yJ wavQmufvkH;
BudwfícHEdkifcJUygonf/ olwkdUrSmvnf;udk,fpDudk,fiS tvkyf&SdMuolrsm;jzpf
onf/ tzsm;vGwfaomaeUrsm;wGif ]]w&kwfrsm;ESdyfpufaom tjzpftysuf}}ESifh
tjcm;0w¦K wyk'fudk xdkpOfuxkwfa0onfh *sme,fwapmifodkUa&;ay;&m
þacwfwGifaiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;u jynfvnf&dkufESdyfxnfhoGif;cJUbl;ygonf/

aoawmhrnf xifaomfvnf;

þokdUjzifh w&ufjcm;zsm;vkdufpm;vkdufESifh wvausmfcefU&Sdvwfaomf

tzsm;vGwfaom aeUrsm;ü pm;aom tpmonfrenf;vSaomfvnf;
b,fa&mufukefonfrod? waeUwjcm; cGeftm;enf;í csdeJUydefBuKHoGm;cJU
avNyD/ 1943ckESpf? rwfv 15 &ufaeUü 'kwd,tdrfaxmifrS arG;onfhom;
pdk;Edkifu uREkfyftm; xrif;pm;zkdUzdwfonfESifh oGm;ípm;cJU&m tjyefwGif
vrf;ravQmufEdkifyJ jzpfae\/ a0VK0efausmif;wkdufESifh pdk;EdkifwkdU\ tdrfonf
(rEÅav;tac:) okH;jyavmuf a0;onfjzpf&m ausmif;okdU tjyefwGif
¤if;c&D;udk wqufwnf; ravQmufEdkifojzifh vrf;axmifh&Sd ]bkwfwdkif}
wckay:wGif xdkifíem;&ao;\/ 'l;rsm;uwkef? &ifxJuvIdufvsuf&Sd ae\/
uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; ]]igonf þawmifrSwufawmhrnfrxif? awmif
awmifþþ avmuDtm&kHrsm;udk jzwfawmufNyD; igawGUaom w&m;twkdif;
ESvkH;oGif;rjywfatmif owdjyKavavm[k rdrdudk,fudkqkH;ryg onf/
tyef;ajyaomtcg xdkif&mrSxrdí a0VK0efausmif;odkU a&mufonfwGif

766 
tqufrjywf owdrvyfyJ tdyf&m0ifonfüvnf; ESvkH;oGif; w&m;ESifhyif
tdyfaysmfjcif;okdU a&mufcJUygonf/ eHeufvif;aomtcg xdkaeUonf zsm;ae
usaeU jzpfaomfvnf; rsm;rnfht&dyferdwf rawGU&onfhjyif ayghyg;zswf
vwfaom udk,fum,ESifh Munfvifcsrf;ajrUaom pdwfESvkH; &Sdaejcif;udkvnf;
awGU&\/ tusOf;csKyfvdkufaomf uREkfyfrSm xdkaeUrSpí tzsm;jywfoGm;NyD;
waeUwjcm; tiftm;jynfhwif;aom tjzpfodkU a&mufvmygawmhonf/

tdrfzsufyGJpm;tvkyf

uREkfyfonf rnfol\xrif;udk pm;onfjzpfap? ,kwfpGmhtqkH;

ol\xrif;twGuf ausatmifqdkum udk,fwwfEdkifaom ae&mwckck
vkyfay;rnf[laom &nf&G,fcsuf xm;wwfoljzpfygonf/ uREkfyfusef;rmvm
onfESifh wNydKifeuf nDawmfarmif\ tvkyfudk ulnDzkdUpDpOfygonf/
nDawmfarmifonf a&mif;vdkufaomvlrsm;\ tdrfrsm;udk0,fí zsufa&mif;
aom tvkyfudkvkyfvsuf&Sd\/ xdkpOfu &efukefNrdKUwGif vdyfuefav,mOfysH
rsm; rjywfvmí AkH;csvsuf&SdaomaMumifh tdrf&Sifrsm;onf rdrdwkdUrae0HU
onfhtwlwl tdrfrsm;udk zsufa&mif;csifol tvGefaygrsm;vsuf &Sdygonf/
uREkfyfonf udkcifarmifudkac:í ]tdrfzsufyGJpm;vkyfMuzkdUwdkifyif&m olUrSm
vnf; tvkyfr&SdonfESifh 0rf;ajrmufpGm oabmwl\/ tqifoifhykHwck
rSmvnf; ol\nDcifarmifqihfonf ausmufajrmif;&yf Mobmvrf;ü&Sdaom
ol\tdrfudka&mif;csifonfqdkí nDawmfarmifESifh ]]qdkif}}ay;&m aps;wnfhMu
ojzifh uREkfyfwkdUu zsufay;&ef wm0ef,lM u&onf/ uREkfyfwkdU\ wm0efrSm
um; vuform;rsm;ac:í zsufapNyD;vQif tom;aumif;rsm;rS xif;jzpfroGm;
ap&ef apmifhMunfhMuzdkU jzpfavonf/ udkcifarmifESifh uRekfyfonf

767 
nDawmfarmif\ tvkyfudkvkyfMu&mwGif rnfírnfrQ tzkd;tc(okdUr[kwfyGJc)
&Murnf[k pum;tajymtqdkr&Sd? uREkfyfwkdUutvkyf&SdvQifawmfap? olMunhf
í ay;vdrfhrnf/ &orQtjrwfyJ[lí atmufarhMuolrsm; jzpfavonf/
avmuü aiGa&;aMu;a&;[lonf rdwfaqGjzpfap? nDtpfudk armifESrjzpfap
raorcsm ]0gpmurm}oabmrsKd;vkyfvQif ae&mrusaMumif; oifcef;pm
&cJUygonf/

armifrif;BuD;om;rsm;

waeUoü rpdk;onf &efukefü AkH;awGtm;BuD;csonf[kMum;í uREkfyf

tm; pdwfrcsqdkum jrpfusKd;rSjyefa&mufvm\/ uREkfyfuvnf; aumif;pGm
usef;rmNyDjzpfaomaMumifh vlemwa,muftaejzihf tm;emp&m r&Sdawmhqdkum
jrpfusKd;okdU tvnfoGm;zdkU pdwful;,Ofvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfoGm;rnf BuHonfh
aeUrwdkifrD w&ufwGif rpdk;jyefa&mufvmavonf/ tjcm;aom tcsdef
tcgrsm;ürl þtjzpfrsKd;onf udpör&Sd? &,fp&mav;wck omjzpfEdkif\/
oGm;zkdUvmzdkU tvGefcJ,Of;vSaom xdktcgurlum; uRekfyfoGm;rnfhqJqJwGif
rpdk;a&mufvmjcif;udkawGU&onfhtcg rsufESmudk þwBudrfjrifvkduf&jcif;
uJUodkU 0rf;om&bl;jcif;udk uREkfyfrrSwfrdacs/ rpdk;a&mufvmaomtcgürl
csufrIjyKwfrIESifh ywfoufí rpdk;uwm0ef,lum tultnDay;EdkifNyD
jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfonf ]tdrfzsufyGJpm;}tvkyfudk rvkyfawmhyJ 0w¦K
uav;rsm;a&;zdkU pdwful;ygawmhonf/ okdU&mwGif trSefudk 0efcH&ygu
nDt&if;yif jzpfaomfvnf; olwyg;\xrif;udk Mum&SnfpGm rSDcdk
pm;aomufvdkaomqE´ r&SdonfESifh zcif&Sdonfh refusnf;wkH&GmodkU ajymif;a&TU
vdkaomqE´ jyif;xefvsuf&SdavNyD/ waMumif;rSmvnf; nDawmfarmifESifh

768 
twlaeMuaom tifpydwfawmf udkatmifabmfwkdUonf *syefacwfwGif
ta&mif;t0,ftvkyfü uGufpyfwnfhaeMuolrsm;jzpfí aiGpum; tvGef
ajymMu&m aiG&atmif&SmEdkifpGrf;r&Sdaom uREkfyfonf olwkdUESpfa,mufESifh
twlaexdkif&jcif;tm;jzifh tvum; taecufvsuf&Sd\/ waxmifjrwfonf?
ESpfaxmifjrwfonfponfjzifh olwkdUajymMuaom pum;rsm;onf uREkfyftm;
csKd;ESdrfouJUodkUjzpfae\/ ajymif;a&TU&eftcuftcJ wckjzpfaeonfrSm uREkfyf
wkdUü pkpkaygif; 0efpnfpv,f txkyfav;xkyf&Sd&m ulvD[lí r&Sdaom
xdkacwfü rD;&xm;ay:okdU uwdkufu&dkuf wifvdkufcsvdkuf vkyf&onfjzpfí
uREkfyfwkdUrwwfEdkifjzpfae\/ wa,mufwxkyfum; o,f,lEdkifyg\/
ESpfa,muftwGuf av;xkyfum; rwwfEdkifojzifh wxkyfwav usef&pf
rnfudkpdk;&drfaomaMumifh refusnf;wkHodkU pdwfoma&mufNyD; vlroGm;EdkifyJ
jzpfaeMu\/ xdkodkUaom tajctaewGif uREkfyf\nD0rf;uGJESpfa,mufonf
wynfhuav;udk,fpDESifh &efukefokdUukef0,fqif;vmMu&m uREkfyfwkdUudkawGU&ef
a0VK0efausmif;wkdufodkU vmMuonfwGif uREkfyf\nId;i,fykH&aom rsufESmudk
jrifMuonfESifh uREkfyf\zcifxHodkUvkdufcJU&ef ac:Muav\/ þwGifuRekfyf
wkdU\txkyfav;xkyf o,f,la&;jyóemajz&Sif;í olwkdUESifh twlvdkufMu&ef
oabmwlvdkufavonf/ xkdacwfü rD;&xm;jzifh oGm;vm&jcif;rSm wu,f
cufcJonfjzpf&m uREkfyf\ txkyfav;xkyfo,f,la&;twGuf uREkfyfpdk;&drf
ylyefrdcJUjcif;onf tydkr[kwf wu,fylyefxdkufjcif;udk t[kwf c&D;oGm;
aomtcgü odMu&ygonf/ *syefrD;&xm;t&m&Sdrsm;u qif;MuOD;qdkwdkif;
qif;Mu&í wufqdkvQif uwdkufu&Dkuf wufMu&av&m rD;&xm;
blwm&kHwckü uREkfyf\nDrsm;u txkyfrsm;udk r&yfao;yJ a&GUaeao; aom
rD;&xm;ay:odkUypfwifí uRekfyfwkdUvifr,m;udkvnf; wGJay:odkU qGJwif,l&
onftxd aoajy;&Sifajy;vkyfzkdUvdkjcif;udkyif BuKHcJU&bl;onf/uRekfyfwkdUcsnf;

769 
qdkygvQif ypönf;xkyfudk rqdkxm;bd vludk,fwdkifyif refusnf;wkHodkU
a&mufaumif;rS a&mufayrnf/

rdb\t&dyfat;vSjcif;

rD;&xm;wwef? iSuf(orÁef)wwef? vSnf;wwef? jrif;&xm;wwef

oGm;Mu&í ESpf&ufajrmufaomnwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf refusnf;wkH&Gm
zcif\aetdrfodkU qdkufa&mufMu&m uREkfyf\pdwfxJü yifv,f&yfjcm;
wdkif;wyg;rS qdkufa&mufvmMuonfhES,f tBuD;tus,f [D;csrdygawmhonf/
nDawmfarmifwdkUESifh aexdkif&pOfu qyfjymcJ? qD? a&eHqD? iyd? ig;ajcmuf
ponfh ukefpnfrsm;udk jrif&í ig;&mjrwfonf? waxmifjrwfonf[k
Mum;cJU&ay&m zcif\tdrfodkU a&mufaomtcgwGif zsm? &dkif? awmif;? jcif;?
yvkH;ponfh tao;tEkyf ukefpnfrsm;omjrif&NyD; wusyfjrwf? ESpfusyfjrwf
ponfjzifhom Mum;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; zcif\t&dyfudkcdk&jcif;um; tvGef
at;csrf;vSygbdonf/ nDrsm;&maxmifpGef;onf qdkjcif;onf uREkfyftzdkU
0rf;omp&m r[kwfonfhjyif olwkdU\ trlt&maMumifh udk,fhudk,fudk
EkH&ma&mufonf[k xifcJUrd&mrS zcif\ig;usyf? wq,f jrwfpGef;jcif;rlum;
igwkdU qefuav;qDuav;[if;vsmuav; 0,fEdkifayawmhrnf[k 0rf;omrd
ygawmhonf/
uREkfyftzdkUuHaumif;jcif; wcsufrSmvnf; uREkfyfonf rdbrsm;tm;
axmufyHUMunfh&IcJUbl;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; tcgysufvkeD;csdefrSpí rdbESpfyg;
tm; wvvQif wa,mufwq,fpD axmufyHUcJUbl;jcif;aMumifh (uREkfyfESifh
twlae rsm;aom) rdcifuudpör&SdvSapumrl uRekfyf\zcifurlum; vlawGU
wdkif;rajym yJraeEdkifatmif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpf&&Smonf/ okdUjzpfí

770 
uREkfyfuwvSnfhwywf rDScdkuyf&yf&OD;rnfh xdktcsdefwGif zcifu ]]rif;wkdU
vifr,m;awmh pm;csifwdkif; pm;ygarmif? ighqdkifuav;u tjrifEkyfayr,fh
waeUwq,f q,fig;usyfawmh aq;ao0ifygw,f}}[k 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
ajym&Smayonf/ zcif\tdfrfqdkifrSm jrefrmvufjzpf ukefypönf;rsm;jzpfonfh
zsm? &dkif? awmif;? yvkH;paom ypönf;rsm;a&mif;csavonf/ ZeD;rpdk;ESifh
olwyg;tdrfüae&í uREkfyfauseyfjcif;wckrSm rpdk;onf [if;csufaumif;
onf[k emrnf&onfhjyif olwyg;tdrfü ]tdk;olBuD;}tvkyfudk b,ftcgrqdk
wm0ef,lwwfol wa,mufjzpfonfESifh tdrf&Sifrwdkif;u o'¨gMunfjzL&SdMuí
uREkfyftzdkU taeacsmifvSonf/

uREkfyf\rdkufrJjcif;wck

uREkfyfwdkUa&mufaomaeUrSpí uREkfyf\rdaxG;onf tcsuftjyKwf

wm0ef vGwfNidrf;í 0rf;omjcif;ESifhtwl rpdk;\tcsuftjyKwfudk wavQmuf
vkH; ESpfoufvmcJUaom zcifuvnf; ]],ckrS [if;eJUwlatmif pm;&ouG,f}}
[kqdkum 0rf;omvsuf&SdMu\/ þrQtxdum; ae&musvSygbdonf/ okdU&m
wGif uREkfyfESifh rpdk;wkdU\0goemrSm [if;udkaeUzdkUnpm wkdif;xGmcsufjyKwf
avh&Sd\/ Oyrm Muufom;[if;csufonfqdkvQif eHeuftwGuf w0ufcJG
xm;NyD; ntwGuf wdkfif;xGmícsuf\/ rdaxG;rSm &Gmolwa,mufjzpfí
BuKHonfhtcgrsm;wGif rsm;rsm;jrwfjrwf pm;csifwwfoljzpf&um; ntcsdefwGif
eHeuftwGuf csefxm;aom Muufom;[if;xJrS EIdufpm;csifEIdufpm;wwf\/
eHeufwdkifaomtcg rpdk;u[if;aysmufonfqdkí uREkfyftm;ajym&m uREkfyf
uvnf; [if;wkH;rsm;udkMunfhumrQESifh rnfonfhtwkH;rsm; aysmufonf[k
ajymEdkifoljzpfonfhtavsmuf ]]Muufom;[if;tdk;xJu &iftkyfwkH;awGaysmuf

771 
w,f? b,folpm;ovJ}}[k ppfaq;avh&Sd\/ zcifurl olUr,m;taMumif;udk
od&SmonfESifh ]]rqlygeJU ighom;&,f? taz&atmif&Smygr,f? aps;udkvlvTwf
NyD; 0,fay;ygr,fuG,f}}[k ajymaomfvnf; ]]uREkfyfu}}0,fwJUvlu 0,fEdkif
ayr,fhcsuf&wJU vluyifyef; ao;w,f taz&JU}}[k jyefajymrdao;onf/
odkUaomf zcif\rsufESmraumif;jcif;udk jrif&onfESifh wBudrfjyif ESpfBudrf
qlyljcif;um; rvkyfawmhyg/ rdaxG;rlum; ol\tusifhudk azsmufawmh
onfr&Sd/ olqmvQif pm;wwfonfjzpfí csufuwnf;u ydkydkvQHvQH
csufjyKwfxm;&ygawmhonf/ zciftm; uREkfyfoem;rdjcif;rSm rdcif\ae&mü
ajrSmufpm;xm;onfh rdaxG;\ nHUzsif;aom tavhtusifhudk uREkfyfwkdU
odoGm;í &Suf&Smjcif;yif jzpfavonf/ odkU&mwGifuRekfyfonf rdaxG;\
nHUzsif;aom tcsufrsm;udk udk,fwdkifvnf;rajym? rpdk;tm;vnf; rajymzdkU
owday;jcif;tm;jzifh pdwfoufom&atmif BudK;pm;zkdU owd&cJUygonf/

aq;ukefonfjzpf&jcif;

refusnf;wkHodkUa&mufNyD;í wvausmfcefUMumvwfaomf uREkfyfwkdUudk

ac:vmcJUonfh nD0rf;uJGESpfa,mufteuf tBuD;jzpfol armifazbu
]qifudkem} (uGmEdkifrIefU) 0,fNyD; &efukefodkUoGm;a&mif;vQifjrwfEdkifonf[k
tBuHay;\? uREkfyfonf zcif\qdkifuav;rS xrif;pm;aomufí zcifu
vnf; o'¨gMunfjzL&Sdapumrl 0rf;pmtwGuf wckckvkyf&rS auseyfwwfonfh
tavsmuf nD\tBuHtwdkif;vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef oabmwlvdkufav\/
xdkpOftcgu uefUbvlblwmwGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ aq;rD;&xm;
wpif; arSmufbl;&m &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf rD;&xm;xJüygvmaom aq;
trsKd;rsKd;wkdUudk olUxufig o,f,l0Sufxm;Mu\/ armifazbonf

772 
¤if;&Gmom;rsm;xHrS qifudkemaq;rIefU aiG 300dbdk; 0,f,lcJUí uREkfyftm;
&efukefodkUtprf;oabmESifh oGm;a&mufa&mif;cs&ef tBuHay;av\/ c&D;oGm;
zkdU OD;rav;wwfaom uREkfyfonf &efukefokdU ukef0,foGm;Murnfh vli,f
wpkESifhtwl vdkufygoGm;avonf/ þvli,frsm;teufwGif uREkfyfwkdU
vifr,m;udk MunfhjrifwdkifrS ac:vmcJUonfh nD0rf;uGJESpfa,mufteuf
ti,fjzpfolarmifbZHvnf; ygavonf/ uREkfyfwkdUukefonfav;ig;a,muf
onf (uREkfyfvnf; ukefonfjzpfaeavNyD/) 0ufvufblwmrS yvdyfblwmodkU
a&mufatmif rD;&xm;wwef? jrif;vSnf;wwef? avSwwef? EGm;vSnf;
wwefjzifh wntdyfc&D;oGm;Mu&NyD; aemuf (bkef;BuD;ausmif;ü tdyfMuonf/)
naecif;wGifrS qdkufa&mufoGm;Mu\/ tjcm;vli,frsm;rSm ukef0,foGm;
Mujcif;jzpfaomaMumifh 0efpnfryg? AvmoGm;Muav&m uREkfyfrlum;
qifudkemrIefUudk rkefUaowÅmAl;ESifhxnfhí vG,ftdwfjzifh vG,fvsuf ygvm
avonf/ xdktcsdefü vlUavmuwGif uREkfyfydkifqdkifaom ypönf;rSm
þqifudkemAl;om&Sday&m (þonfrSmvnf; nDarmifazbu t&if;tESD;
xlaxmifay;vkduf&Smjcif;jzpfonf/) uRekfyfonf vrf;c&D;wavQmufwGif
þqifudkemAl;udk ]toufAl;}ozG,f xdef;odrf;apmifh a&SmufvmcJUygonf/
yvdyfblwmrS rD;&xm;pD;Muí wd&pämefwGJ wwGJay:ü ae&m&Muav&m
uREkfyfonf qifudkemAl;udk acgif;tkH;í tdyfjcif;tm;jzifh apmifha&Smuf
umuG,fcJU\/ rnfonfht&yfokdU wntdyf c&D;oGm;onfjzpfap? tdyf&mvdyf
rygyJ oGm;avhr&Sdaom uREkfyfonf rnfrQMumrnfrodaom þc&D;a0;BuD;udk
rsufESmokwfy0gwxnfrQESifh xGufvmcJU\/ wd&pämefwGJqdkaomfvnf; EGm;
rsm;tdyf&eftwGufxifh? aumuf&dk;rsm; cif;xm;onfudkawGU&í awmfygao;
\/ okdUaomf EGm;ao;apmf tenf;i,fawmh eHonf/ aemufwaeUeHeufwGif

773 
ysOfykHBuD;blwmokdUa&mufí *syefrsm;u ]]a&SUqufroGm;awmh? qif;Muawmh}}
[kqdkum armif;csonfESifh c&D;onftm;vkH; qif;Mu&onf/

ouFef;0wfrsm;vnf;ygonf

uREkfyfonf c&D;onfrsm;\ tajctaeudk Munfhvkdufaomtcg

wae&mrS wae&modkU ajymif;a&TUolrsm;ESifhrwlyJ uREkfyfwkdUvlpkuJUodkU
pD;yGm;a&;twGuf ta&mif;t0,foGm;Muonfh ]ukefonfrsm;}jzpfMuykH&onf/
þtxJwGif ouFef;0wfrsm;vnf; &mcdkifEIef; 10 xufrenf; yg&SdMuonf/
uREkfyfrSmBuH&mr&í ukefonfjzpfvm&jcif;jzpfav&m ouFef;0wfrsm;rlum;
,ckrS tBuH&NyD;ukefonfjzpfvmMu[ef&Sdayonf/ uREkfyfonf ]ouFef;0wf}
[laom pum;udkt"dyÜm,fESifh okH;EIef;jcif;jzpf\/ blwm&kHrSxGufvmMuNyD;
&efukef-rEÅav;vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif um;wpD;ay:okdU wufMu&onfh c&D;onf
30cefUteufwGif (þrQomqefUí usefvlrsm;rSm tjcm;um;rsm;udk apmifah rQmf
&pfMuonf/) ouFef;0wfokH;yg; ygvm\/ um;xGufaomtcg vrf;wGif 12
em&DcJGaomfvnf; xrif;qdkif&Sdaom pcef;odkUra&mufao;onfESifh tcsKdU
c&D;onfrsm;u ]]udk,fawmfawG aevJGukef&SmMuawmhrSmyJ}} qdkum u&kPmoH
ESifh ajymMu\/ bwfpfum;onf em&Djyefwcsuf xkd;NyD;umrS xrif;qdkif
&Sdaompcef;odkU qdkufa&mufav&m ouFef;0wf okH;yg;wkdUvnf; tenf;i,frQ
wGefUqkwfjcif;r&SdyJ xrif;okH;yGJ rSm,lí bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifMu avonf/
crnf;awmf r,fawmfrsm; rusef;rmí c&D;xGuf&jcif;r[kwf? ukefa&mif;
ukef0,ftwGuf <ucsDMujcif;jzpfonf[k twwfod&aom uREkfyfrSm ¤if;wkdU
tm; uJU&JUvdkaompdwfrjzpfay:yJ omoemawmftwGufom 0rf;enf;rdyg
awmhonf/ odkUaomf xkdacwfu c&D;oGm;&mü uREkfyftxl;owdjyK aom

774 
tjcif;t&mwckrSm uRekfyfvnf; ¤if;wkdUtwGuf 0wfBuD;0wfi,fjyK&rnf
pdk;aomaMumifh teD;ürxdkifyJ wwfEdkiforQ uGmvSrf;atmif xdkifrdjcif;
yifjzpfavonf/

yxrwcsD awmfyg\

bwfpfum;onf prf;acsmif;&yfuGuf ajreD;ukef;odkU naecif;wGif

qdkufa&mufoGm;av&m bZHESifhtjcm;0ufvufom;uav;rsm;rSm [oFmwokdU
oGm;MurnfjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfonf olwkdUESifhtwl rwnf;cdkyJ ,cifu
aecJUbl;onfh rif;vrf;xJ&Sd tdrfeD;csif;wtdrfodkUoGm;\/ nDawmfarmifESifh
udkatmifabmfwkdU&SdMuonfh a0VK0efausmif;wkdufodkUvnf; roGm;? om;pdk;Edkif
\ tdrfodkUvnf; roGm;acs/ a0VK0efausmif;wkdufodkU roGm;jcif;rSm olwkdU
vlpku axmifcsDí jrwfpGef;MuNyD; [kwfvSNyD[k ajczsm;axmufaeMu onfh
txJwGif uREkfyfu aq;rIefUvG,ftdwfuav;ESifh oGm;&rnfudk &Sufaom
aMumifhjzpf\/ om;\tddrfodkU roGm;jcif;um; ]]ightaz pma&;q&mBuD;
aq;rIefUonfjzpfvmavNyD}}[k &Sufrsm;&SufOD;rnfudk pdk;&drfrdaomaMumifh
jzpfavonf/ uHtm;avsmfpGm rif;vrf;rS yef;xdrfonf vli,fESpfa,muf
onf uREkfyf\tjzpfudkjrifMuí MuifempGm vufcHMuNyD;vQif uREkfyf\
ukefuav;udk aq;qdkif&Sif a'gufwmwa,muftm; jyoa&mif;csay; &m
aiG1000dESifh aps;wnfhonfhjyif aemifudkvnf; &orQ0,f,lygrnf[k
uwdjyKvdkufavonf/ þwGif uREkfyfum; ukefonftvkyfonf rqdk;vS[k
0rf;omMunfEl;jcif;jzpfrdygao;onf/ aq;a&mif;ay;ol nDaemifwkdUtm;
xdkufoifhoavmuf ay;urf;NyD;aemuf uREkfyfonf a&TykpGefajcmuf
okH;ydóm0,fí 0ufvufokdU jyefvmcJUonf/ xkdaeUrSm 1943ckESpf? Mo*kwfv

775 
1&ufjzpfí *syefu Armjynfudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;onfqdkum aMujimonfESifh
tcsKdUvlrsm; tawmf0rf;omaeMuaomaeUjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf xdktcsdefwGif
owif;pmbufü vkyfvmcJUonfrSm ESpfaygif;twefMumcJUí q&mawmf
OD;OwÅrESifhvnf; tvGefESD;&if;pGm qufqHcJUbl;ygvsuf uREkfyfü tvkyf
vufrYJjzpf&jcif;? toGm;tvm cufcJjcif;wkdUavmufudkom awGU&onf
jzpfaomaMumifh vGwfvyfa&;ay;onfqdkjcif;twGuf pdk;pOf;rQyif 0rf;rom
wwfaMumif;udk yGifhvif;pGm 0efcHygonf/

opöm&SdaomacG;

uREkfyfonfykpGefajcmuf okH;ydómudkvG,ftdwfwGifxnfhum vG,fvsuf

uGrf;NcHblwmbufodkU xGufvmcJU&m rD;&xm;vufrSwf&zdkU ta&;rSm
rvG,fulaMumif; awGU&Sd&avNyD/ taMumif;rlum; rD;&xm;onf nae5em&DrS
xGuf&efjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfa&mufoGm;onfh 11 em&Dtcsdefuwnf;u
c&D;onf ]usL}wef;BuD;onf vl80cefU&SdaeNyDudk} awGU&aomaMumifhaywnf;/
uREkfyfvnf;a&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf xkH;pHtwdkif; aemufqkH;rS0ifí &yf&
ygonf/ todrdwfaqG[lonfrSm (wu,fMuifemrI&SdcJUvQif) edrfhonf?
jrifhonfra&G; tm;udk;&jcif;udk þwBudrf udk,fawGUBuKHcJU&bl;ygonf/
uREkfyfonf ]usL}wef;xJwGif &yfvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyf\aemufrS wazsmufazsmuf
a&mufvmMuolrsm;vnf; 0ifí&yfMuojzifh 10 a,mufxufrenf; &Sdae
MuavNyD/ xdktcg uREkfyf\ aemufqDrS ]]q&muD; b,fudkvJ}}[k
ar;vkdufojzifh vSnfhíMunfhvdkuf&m yDrdk;eif;ESifh tzGJUusí w&kwfwef;
bufwGif usufpm;MupOfu uREkfyfwkdU\ tckdif;tapjzpfbl;onfh w&kwf
]ajymif;xdk;orm;} tkyfaygif;jzpfaMumif;awGU&\/ w&kwfwef;wcGifü

776 
usufpm;bl;pOfurl ]tkyfaygif;}onf uREkfyftay:ü ]opöm&SdaomacG;}yrm
cifrifí uREkfyfcdkif;aporQudk oGufvufpGmESifh vdkvdkcsifcsif aqmif&Guf
wwfonfhtavsmuf uREkfyfuvnf;azmazmoDoD ay;urf;xm;bl; oljzpf
avonf/ w&kwfwef;&yfuGufü w&kwfbdef;pm;rsm;teufwGif uREkfyfudk
MunfndKav;pm;ol tvGefaygrsm;onfESifh waeUoü udkcifarmifu
]]'DvlpkawGxJrSmawmh bk&ifwyg;ygyJ}}  (Uncrowned  King)  [k ajymbl;
avonf/ uREkfyf\0goemrSmvnf; uREkfyfudk cifrifav;pm;aomol rsm;\
edrfusrIaMumifh &Sufwwfonfr&Sd? uav;rsm; (,kwfpGmhtqkH;) acG;rsm;u
cspfcifMuonfqdkvQifvnf; 0rf;ajrmufpGm *kPf,lvdrfhrnfom jzpfavonf/
tkyfaygif;onf uREkfyfxHodkUcsOf;uyfvm&m uREkfyfu tusKd;taMumif;
udk ajymjyaomtcgü ]]'Dvdkqdk q&muD;z,fyg? uRefawmf &yfaeygr,f}}[k
ajymonfESifh olUtm; ae&mz,fay;í uREkfyfrlopfyif&dyf atmufodkUoGm;í
xdkifaeav\/ þtawmtwGif; uREkfyfonf vufzuf&nfqdkifodkU oGm;í
udk,fwkdifaomufNyD;aemuf tkyfaygif;twGufvnf; wcGuf0,f,lum vmí
ay;vdkufao;onf/ ,kwfnHUaom w&kwfbdef;pm;wa,muftwGuf 0wfjyK&
onfqdkí uREkfyfr&Sufwwf? tkyfaygif;uvnf; aus;Zl;wif&Smonf/
em&DjyefwcsufcefU &Sdvwfaomf tcsufay;OMoqJGí av,mOfysHrsm;
ay:vmMuonfwGif vufrSwfaygufüapmifhaeMuaom vl 100cefU&Sd
]usL}wef;BuD;onf z&dkz&JBuJí ajy;olrsm; ajy;ukefMuavNyD/ tkyfaygif;url
xGufrajy;yJ a&SUrSvlrsm; vpfvyfwdkif; wufíwufíoGm;av&m aemufqkH;
wGif ]usL}wef;xJü wwd,ae&mokdU a&mufoGm;cJUavNyD/ uREkfyftm;vnf;
vGwf&mt&yfodkU oGm;zkdUajymav&m uREkfyfonf blwmtaqmufttkHESifh
eD;uyfvGef;vQif tEÅ&m,fruif;[k xifonfESifh ESpfzmvkHcefUokdUoGm;í
a&Smifae\/ av,mOfysHrsm;onf (bmaMumifhrod) AkH;rcsyJ jyefoGm;Muav&m

777 
]tm;vkH;&Sif;NyD}qdkaom tcsufay;OMo qGJaomtcgrS uREkfyfjyefvmcJUonf/
tkyfaygif;rlum; usLwef;wGif xdyfqkH;ae&modkU a&mufvsuf&SdavNyD/

tkyfaygif;\Zmwfodrf;ykH

usL;wef;wGif uREkfy\
f ae&mü0if&yfuwnf;u tkyfaygif;onf ]]q&m
BuD;uRefawmhfay;xm;}} [kqdkum uREkfyf\vG,ftdwfudkawmif;,lí vG,fxm;
av&m ig;em&Dxdk;í uREkfyftwGufvufrSwfwapmif 0,fay;NyD; aomtcgrS
vG,ftdwfa&m vufrSwfygay;í ae&mz,fay;avonf/ uREkfyfu rkefUzkd;
10usyfay;vdkuf&m rsm;vGef;onfqdkí twif;ay;&onf/ 0rf;omp&m
aumif;onfrSm xdkaeUüc&D;onfrsm;udk tm;vkH;ra&mif;EdkifyJ vlw0ufcefU
a&mif;NyD;onfwGif ]vufrSwfydwfNyD}qdkum &yfpJvkdufojzifh tcsKdUvlrsm;
jyefoGm;Muav&m tu,fíom uREkfyfonf tkyfaygif;\ tultnDr&cJUygu
jyefoGm;&onfhvlrsm;xJwGif uRekfyfygaumif;ygayvdrfh rnf/ okdUqdkvQifvnf;
jyefawmhrnfqdkjyefvQif jyef&rSauseyfwwfaom uREkfyf\0goemaMumifh
pdwfraumif;jzpf&acsOD;awmhrnf/ uREkfyfonf vrf;c&D;wavQmufvkH;
tkyfaygif;udk owd&vsuf&Sd\/ aemufwacguf &efukefokdUaq;rIefUa&mif;&ef
vm&aomtcgwGif uREkfyfonf w&kwfwef;odkU csufcsif;oGm;í tkyfaygif;
udk&Sm\/
þokdUaomw&kwf*sydk;rsm;rSm rMumcPaea&majymif;a&TUwwfMuaom
aMumifh &SmazG&efrvG,fulvSacs/ aemufqkH;wGifrS owif;&í olaeaom
ae&modkUa&mufoGm;\/ tkyfaygif;onfvwÅmvrf;ü vlr&SdaomokH;xyfwdkuf
wwdkuf tay:qkH;xyfwGif bdef;cef;zGifhíae&m avaMumif;tcsufay;OMooH
Mum;í okH;xyfrSqif;ajy;vmonfwGif AkH;wvkH;onf avSum;&if;odkUusí

778 
aygufuGJonfESifh AkH;qefrsm;onf avSum;wavQmufqif;vmaom tkyfaygif;
\rsufESmESifh &ifbwfwkdUudkxdrSefojzifh vl&kyfyifryDawmhyJ yJGcsif;NyD;
ao&Smonf[k Mum;od&avonf/ aemufydkif;ü uREkfyfonf vufowfarG;
xm;onfhacG;ESpfaumif okH;aumifrQaobl;í idkauR;&bl;&m ¤if;wkdUESifhtwl
tkyfaygif;wa,mufudkvnf; owd&í rsuf&nfrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;&Smav
NyDwum;/

avmbenf;vGef;jcif;

refusnf;wkHodkU jyefa&mufaomtcg ygvmaom ykZGefajcmuf okH;ydóm

teufwydómudk tdrfokH;twGufxm;í ESpfydómudka&mif;pm;zkdUtBuHjzpf\/
xdktcgü&GmwGif ykZGefajcmufqdkí rjrifMu&acs/ uREkfyf\ykZGefajcmufrsm;rSm
tvGefaumif;í &J&JeDaom a&TykZGefrsm;jzpfygojzifh vlwdkif;ua&mif;ygawmh[k
awmif;yefMu\/ þwGifuREkfyfonfykZGefajcmufESpfydómudk aqGrsKd;rsm;tm;
tenf;i,frQpD cGJa0a&mif;cszdkU qHk;jzwf\/ ykZGefajcmuf0,f&if;aps;rSm
wydóm 12usyfjzpfí 17usyfaps;a&mif;&ef qkH;jzwfvdkuf&m oGufoGufvuf
vuf 0,f,lMuavonf/ þaemufydkif;ü uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; &efukefrS
refusnf;wkHokdU ukef;wwef? a&wwef? avSwwef? vSnf;wwefjzifh
cJ,Of;pGmudk,fwdkif vG,f,lcJU&NyD;aemuf ykZGefajcmufqdkí rjrif&onfh
a'ookdUa&muf&mwGif ]xdyf}qdkaom ykZGefajcmuf wydómudk tjrwfig;usyfrQ
wifa&mif;&kHESifh auseyfEdkifaom igonf ukefonftvkyfESifh b,fawmhr
SBuD;yGm;Edkifrnfr[kwf[k &dyfrdEdkifygawmhonf/ [kwfvnf; [kwfonf/
uREkfyf\toufwmwavQmufvkH;ü ypönf;wckudk a&mif;aom tcgüjzpfap?
tvkyftwGufvc owfrSwfaom tcgüjzpfap? ]pmrl}wcktwGuf

779 
aps;jzwfaom tcgüjzpfap uREkfyfawmif;aom aps;EIef;udk qpfol[lí
rBuKHcJU&? awmif;onfhtwdkif; csufcsif;ay;Muonfh 0,folrsm;csnf;
BuKHcJU&ygonf/

bwfpfum; c&D;\'ku©

&GmodkUjyefa&mufonfwGif uREkfyfonf aq;ukefonftvkyfjzifh r<u,f

0Edkifapumrl txkduftavsmuf pD;yGm;jzpfEdkifavmufonf[k ajrSmfvifhvsuf
&SdavNyD/ uRekfyf\wGufudef;um; 3000usyfzdk;0,foGm;ygu 10000usyf&zdkU
aocsmonf[k wGufvkduf\/ tajctaet& MunfhvQifvnf; 0,folr&Sm;
qdkaomaMumifh þwGufudef;onf r&dkif;vSacs/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfonf
uefUbvlblwmodkU vlapvTwfí qifudkem aq;rIefUrsm; omru
rD;&xm;arSmuf&mrS &vdkufMuonfh aq;rsKd;pkHudk 0,f,lap\/ aqGrsKd;
rsm;vnf; tpkpyfygMu\/ þwacgufürl uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; r[kwf
awmhyJ nDawmfarmif armifazbtjyif wynfhuav; wa,mufudk
vnf;ac:cJUí &efukefokdU qif;Muavonf/ þwBudrfürl ykvdyfblwmodkU
a&mufMuaomtcg &efukefodkUrD;&xm;rxGufawmh[k qdkaomaMumifh bwfpf
um;ESifhoGm;MuzkdU pDrHMu\/ yvdyfblwmwGif uREkfyfwkdUuJUodkU &efukefokdU
oGm;vdkaom c&D;onfrsm;udk awGU&av&m oGm;MuzdkUpDrHMu\/ yvdyf
blwmwGif uREkfyfwkdUuJUodkU&efukefokdUoGm;vdkaom c&D;onfrsm;udk awGU&av
&m (ouFef;0wfrsm;vnf;ygonf/) vl50cefUonf bwfpfum;wpD; udk
iSm;Muí wa,muf 30usyfEIef;ESifh aps;wnfhMu\/ okdU&mwGif vrf;c&D;wGif
olvkdufcsifigvdkufcsifESifh wufvmMu&m pkpkaygif;vl80xuf enf;vdrfhrnf
rxifay/ bwfpfum;onf naecif;rSxGuf&í ulrJblwmwGif yxr

780 
ntdyf&\/ uREkfyftm; nDarmifazbu vufzuf&nfqdkif wqdkifwGif
ukvm;xdkifrsm;udk qufcif;ítdyf&mjzpfatmif jyKjyifay;ayonf/ ukvm;xdkif
wckESifhwck tqufrsm;rSm nDnmajyjypfjcif; r&SdaomaMumifh ckd;vkd;ckvk&Sd
aomfvnf; uHypfcs&m txkduftavsmuf aewwfzdkU pdwfudkjyifqifxm;NyD;
jzpfaomuREkfyfrSm tdyfaysmfatmif tdyfwwfygonf/ eHeufapmapm
c&D;xGufMuí xrif;qdkif&Sdaompcef;rsm;wGif xrif;pm;&kHrQ &yfem;NyD;
waeUvkH;armif;Mu&m vlokH;av;q,frQom qefUaombwfpfum;ay:wGif
vl80cefU (trdk;ay:rSmvnf; pD;Muonf/) vdkufygvmjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh
usyfwnf;vdkufykHrSm rvIyfomatmif &Sdawmh\/ ¤if;aeUnaewGif
wyfukef;odkUa&mufjyefí ntdyfMuaomtcguREkfyftm; ]a&TOa'gif;}[lí
odaom vlwa,mufu ol\rdwfaqGwa,muf\ tdrfodkUac:oGm;í tdyf&m
ae&may;ojzifh csrf;ompGm tdyf&ygayonf/

aMumufaomfvnf;rajy;

aemufwaeU eHeufwGifvnf; apmapmBuD;xGufMuí ysOf;rem;udk

ausmfvGefaomtcg t*Fvdyfav,mOfysH wpif;onf uREkfyfwkdU\ bwfpfum;
qDokdU wnfhwnfhBuD;ysHvmonfESifh bwfpfum;&yfumvlawG tm;vkH;
qif;íykef;Mu\/ uREkfyfrlum; uomqdyfurf;ü rpdk;ESifh BuKH&pOfuenf;wl
t*Fvdyfav,mOfysHtay:ü oabmxm;um ]ypf&ufvQif ypfprf;ygap?
q,fjyefaovdkufrnf}[k pdwfudkwif;NyD; bwfpfum;ay:rSrqif;yJ wa,muf
wnf; xdkifae&pf\/
uREkfyfonf av,mOfysHudk armhfMunfhvsuf&SdpOf av,mOfysHonf
bwfpfum;udk Munfhonfhvu©PmESifh wbufodkUapmif;iJUum cyfeD;eD;uyfí

781 
ysH\/ av,mOfysHwkdUrnfonf pufaoewfESifh ypfonfhtcg cyfapmif;apmif;
ysHwwfonf[k ajymMuaomaMumifh wu,fypfawmhrnfh xifrdonfESifh
rsufpdudkrSdwfxm;vdkuf\/ odkUaomfrypfyJ qufvufysHoGm;avonf/
þodkUaom tajctaersKd;wGif tcsKdUvlrsm;onfbk&m;w&m;udk atmufarh
wwfMuonfqdk\/ uREkfyfvnf; bk&m;w&m;udk vlrsm;xufru ,kHMunfol
jzpfonf[k udk,fh[mudk,fod\/ okdUaomfxdkvlrsm; atmufarhykH atmufarh
enf;rsKd;udk uREkfyfrvkyfwwfonfESifh BudK;pm;jcif;vnf; rjyKacs/
uREkfyf\pdwfxJü t*FvdyfvlrsKd;onf (uREkfyfzwfbl;aompmrsm;t&)
t"dyÜm,fr&Sdaom &ufpufrIrsKd;udk jyKvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k ,kHMunfaompdwfESifh
xdkifaejcif;jzpfygonf/ av,mOfysHapmif;iJUvdkufaomtcgü xdk,kHMunfcsuf
ysufí ypfvdkufawmhrnf xifrdaomfvnf; uREkfyfonf vuf&Sdb0xuf
,kwfnHUaomb0rsKd;okdUra&mufEdkif[k odonfjzpfaomaMumifh (,kHMunfqdkcsif
qdk) aMumufyifaMumufaomfvnf; rsufjyL;rsufqHjymrjzpfcJUyg/ rnfokdUqdkap
w&kwfrsm;u pufaoewfESifh csdefxm;pOfuuJUodkU xlyloGm;atmifyif
rjzpfawmhyg/ þokdUjzpfvm&jcif;rSmvnf; pufaoewfESifh AkH;awGMum;xJwGif
tawGUtBuKH rsm;aomaMumifhjzpfwef&mayonf/ av,mOfysHoGm;í vlrsm;
onf ykef;atmif;&mrS xGufvmMuaomtcg tcsKdUrSm ql;csKHxJodkU
t&rf;wkd;0ifrdaomaMumifh ql;jcpfrdíaoG;oH&J&Jjzpfvdkjzpf? tcsKdUrSmcsKdifhxJodkU
vSdrfhcsaomaMumifh yGef;vdkyGef;? yJUvdkyJU? tcsKdUrSm cvkwfwdkufrdojzifh
ajcemolem? 'Pf&muav;rsm; ygvmMuavonf/ bwfpfum;ay:rS
uREkfyfqif;rajy;onfhtaMumif;w&yfrSmvnf; uRekfyfonf bwfpfum;ay:wGif
a&SUqkH;rS taumif;qkH;aomae&mudk &&Sdxm;onfjzpf&m qif;ajy;NyD; jyefwuf
aomtcgü vluyfwa,mufwavu uREkfyf\ae&mudk ,lxm;cJUvQif
jyef&zdkU cufcsifcufrnf[k pdk;&drfaomaMumifhvnf; waMumif;jzpfavonf/

782 
tvGefvlusyfNyD; c&D;&SnfBuD;oGm;&rnfh þvrf;rsKd;wGif ae&maumif;&rIrSm
vnf; tvGefta&;BuD;vSayonf/

xl;qef;aom*syefpdwful;

awmifilokdUa&mufaomtcgü uREkfyfrSmae&maumif; &xm;onfhtwGuf

yif tjcm;vlrsm;uJUodkUrqif;&JyJ oufom&m&jcif;udkyif awGU&ayonf/
awmifile,fedrdwfodkUra&mufrD q,frdkifavmufuwnf;u *syefppfom;tcsKdU
ESifhawGUí uREkfyfwkdU\bwfpfum;wckvkH;udk vkHatmifydwfap\/ (xdkuJUodkU
ydwf&eftwGufvnf; bwfpfum;orm;u rdk;umt0wfBuD;ESifh zsmrsm;
toifh,laqmifvmcJUonf/) *syefppfom;rsm;\ xl;qef;ykHwckrSm ajcvsif
c&D;onfrsm;ESifh bdkifpu,form;rsm;onf ¤if;vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif vGwfvyf
pGm oGm;vmcGifh&SdMuaomfvnf; c&D;onfrsm;wifaqmifonfh bwfpfum;rsm;rl
um; onftwdkif; tvGwfroGm;&yJ um;wpD;vkH;udk vkHatmifzkH;NyD;rS
oGm;&avonf/
um;armif;oGm;pOf vrf;ay:wGif b,fae&mü bm&Sdonfudk um;ay:rS
vlrsm;jrifrnfpdk;aomaMumifh[kqdk\/ ajcvsiform;rsm;ESifh bdkifpu,form;
rsm;rlum; jrifcsifjrifMuapqdkonfhoabmjzpfae\/ bwfpfum;udk tvkHydwf
vdkufaomtcg eHab;odkUrjrif&yJ a&SUwnfhwnfhokdUMunhfum armif;Edkifav
onf/ xkduJUodkU zkH;tkyfí armif;ESif&aom c&D;rSm rdkif20cefU &Snfvsm;av&m
rlvuwnf;u>ywfodyfatmifwifxm;onfh um;ay:okdU trdk;ay:rSvkdufonfh
vl 15a,mufcefUudk atmufodkUtwif;jzpfnSpfxnfhoGif; ay;vdkufjyefav
&um; av0ifaygufenf;vSaom bwfpfum;ay:wGif c&D;onfrsm;rSm ysKdUtef
rwwf rGef;Mu&\/ uREkfyfrlum; bwfpfum; OD;ydkif;wGif ae&m&xm;onfh

783 
twGufaMumifhomrrl;rarhyJ vkdufEdkifygawmhonf/ avaumif;avoefUudk
tvGefjrwfEdk;aom uREkfyfonf tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;enf;wl tv,facgifrS
vdkuf&rnfqdkygrlum; toufraoESifhOD;awmh? rl;arhNyD;ESmESyf,l&zG,f&Sday
onf/ ¤if;e,fudkausmfvGefí *syefppfom;wpk apmifhvsuf&Sdaom
tjcm;bufodkU a&mufaomtcgrS um;&yfNyD; &GufzsifudkvSyfvkduf&m tcsKdUrSm
&kwfw&uf pum;rajymEdkifyJ EGrf;csdaysmhacGvsuf&SdMuavonf/

pdwf\wefckd;ayavm

uREkfyfouFef;0wfcJUpOfu uREkfyf\pdwfwefcdk;aMumifhjzpf[efwlaom
tjzpftysufokH;ckudk azmfjycJUbl;&m þae&mütvm;wl xl;qef;aom
tjcif;t&mwckudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ NrdKUwNrdKUodkUa&mufaomtcg *syef
ppfom;rsm;onf bwfpfum;udk&yfapí ypönf;rsm;udk &SmazGMuavonf/
uREkfyfwkdUonf qifudkemrIefUrsm;udk zmBuD;wvkH;wGifxnfhí zmBuD;udk
uREkfyfxdkifckHatmufwGif xdk;xnfhvmcJU\/ ypönf;rsm;&Smrnfqdkuwnf;u
uREkfyf\&ifxJü 'dwfueJjzpfoGm;í nDarmifazbvnf; rsufESmysufvsuf
&Sdav&m uREkfyfu]]udpör&Sdygbl;uG,f}}[kqdkum pdwfudkwif;xm;vdkuf&\/
vltm;vkH;onfbwfpfum;ay:rSqif;ay;&av&m uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;om
vQif um;ay:rSrqif;yJ xdkifae&pf\/ pdwfylonfrSmum; qifudkemrIefUrsm;udk
*syefrsm;awGUoGm;vQif ,kwfpGmhtqkH; b,fu&ovJ? bmvJ? nmvJar;NyD;
rouFmbl;qdkum aq;rIefUrsm;udk ,lxm;vkdufEdkifonf/ ,lxm;&kHxm;OD;awmh
uREkfyfwkdUcsrf;omorQuav; jyKwf&acsawmhrnf/ xkdrQru olcdk;xifonf
qdkum zrf;vm;qD;vm;? ppfvm; aq;vm;? vufonf;cGHcGmvm; vkyfvQif
vnf; vkyfEdkifao;onf/ þodkUaomtajctaewGif uREkfyfonfxdkif&mrS

784 
vnf;rx? atmufodkUvnf;rqif;yJ aq;rIefUzmtxufrS xdkifvsufae&pf
onf/ c&D;onfrsm;qif;onfESifhwNydKifeuf *syefppfom;okH;av;a,muf
wufvmí ypönf;rsm;udk vSefavSmarTaESmufumMunfhMu\/ uREkfyfrlum;
£ajEé&&ESifhxdkifvsuf olwkdUudkMunfhae\/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJüum; ]]ightem;
rvmMueJU}} [ktjyif;txefqE´jyKvsuf&Sd\/ a&SUqkH;rSwufvmaom *syef
ppfom;onf wjznf;jznf;a&GUvmí uREkfyfESifhtawmfeD;uyfvm&mwGif uREkfyf
ESifhrsufvkH;csif; qdkifrdMuí ]]bmaMumihfrqif;oenf;}} [k ar;onfh
rsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifh uREkfyftm;Munfhvdkuf&m uREkfyfuajcaxmufudk
vufESifhjyvsuf ajcemaeonf [k ajymvdkaom trlt&mrsKd;jyvdkuf\/
þwGif*syefppfom;onf a&SUwkdUrwdk; atmifa&mufaeaom ae&mrSyif
vSnfhíqif;oGm;avonf/ uREkfyf0rf;omvkdufykHum; ajymzG,f&m r&Sdacs/
uREkfyf\pdwfxJü jzpfvsuf&Sdaom tjcif;t&mudk azmfxkwfa&;&vQif uREkfyf
onf xdkae&mrSz,fí atmufodkUqif;oGm;cJUvQif wm;qD;&ef wwfEdkif
rnfr[kwf? xdkae&müxkdifí teD;okdUruyfcJUESifh[k qE´jyif;pGmjyKcJUvQif
olwkdUruyfEdkif[k ,kHMunfonfhtavsmuf rxyJ xdkifaecJUjcif;jzpf&m
xifonfhtwdkif;jzpfí tEÅ&m,fvGwfjcif;aMumifhwrsKd;? txifrSefuefjcif;
aMumifhwrsKd; 0rf;omvSygbdonf/ uREkfyfonf þtjyKtrlrsKd;udk rMumcP
jyKvkyfavh&Sdonfr[kwfyJ b,fub,fvdk tBuHay:í vkyfvdkufrdavoenf;
[k tHUMovsuf&Sdygawmh onf/

acsmfavonfhþwacguf

xdkaeUnaewGif pcef;wckokdUa&mufí xrif;pm;Muaomtcg &efukef

bufrSvmaom bwfpfum;rsm;ESifhawGUí ,refaeUu &efukefqdyfurf;udk

785 
av,mOfysHrsm;u tBuD;tus,fAkH;csoGm;onfqdkaomowif;udk Mum;Mu&
\/ AkH;csvdkufonfrSm wNrdKUvkH; tESHUtjym;jzpfí qdyfurf;udkrlum; trsm;qkH;
BuKH&onf[kajymjy\/ xdktwGufaMumiffh &efukefNrdKUBuD;xJwGif ae0HUol
r&Sdawmhoavmuf acsmufcsm;vsuf&Sdonf[lívnf; Mum;od&\/
þowif;rsm;udk Mum;vdkuf&uwnf;u uREkfyfwdkUrSm tawmf&ifav;
vsuf&SdMuavNyD/ xdknOfh 8 em&DavmufwGif ajreDukef;&yfuGufodkU bwfpf
um; qdkufa&mufoGm;aomtcg ,cifwacgufuESifhrwlawmhyJ tvGef
wdwfqdwfajcmufuyfvsuf&SdonfudkawGU&\/ uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudk ESpfa,muf
ESifh wynfhuav;wa,mufonf ,cifwacgufu uREkfyfwnf;cdkcJUonfh
rif;vrf;yef;wdrfzdkodkU vefcsm;ESpfpD;udkcJ,Of;pGmiSm;í oGm;Muaomtcg
prf;acsmif;w&yfvkH;rSmvnf; tvGefwdwfqdwfaejcif;udk awGU&\/ odkUaomf
yef;xdrfzdkü vl&Sdíawmfygao;onf/ tdrf&Sifrsm;onf NrdKUtajcteaMumifh
tm;&SdMuykH r&aomfvnf; uREkfyftm; oem;Muonfhvu©PmESifh 0,folawGU
atmif pyf[yfa&mif;ay;ygrnf[k tm;ay;pum; ajymMuygayonf/ ajymrnfh
omajym&SmMuonf/ eHeufvif;ípkHprf;Munfhaomtcg ,cifaq;wkdufrSm
qdkif;bkwfomusefí vlawGb,fxGufajy;Muonf rod&acs/ uREkfyfwkdUonf
&efukef? ykZGefawmif? ausmufajrmif;rusef aq;wdkfufrsm; vkdufvH&SmazG
Muao;&m rnfonhfqdkifrS vlrawGU? wqdkifwav awGUygawmhvnf;
ta&mif;t0,frvkyf[k od&Sd&\/ uREkfyfwkdU\ wGufudef;rSm &efukef
a&mufvQif aq;a&mif;&vdrfhrnfqdkí &efukefokdUa&muf&kHtwGufrQom
pm;&dwfygcJUMu&m aq;0,folr&SdyJjzpfonf wGif ydkufqHukefvsuf&SdMuavNyD/
þtxJwGif &efukefodkUvm&mü rD;&xm;ctwGuf wa,muf 15usyfrQ
avmufom rSef;xm;&mrS bwfpfum;udk wa,muf 30day;í pD;cJU&
aomaMumifh omíatmifhoGm;avonf/ tdrf&Sifu xrif;auR;&Smaomfvnf;

786 
pkHprf;a&;twGuf vrf;p&dwfr&Sd aomaMumifh acs;iSm;&ef tvdkr&SdonfESifh
wNrdKUvkH;udk ajcvsifavQmufí ywfMu&\/ xkdESpf&ufokH;&ufonfum;
uREkfyftzdkU&mü tyifyef;qkH;aom tcsdefydkif;aywnf;/ a0VK0efausmif;wkduf&Sd
nDawmfarmifxHrS ydkufqHacs;vQif &Edkifavmufaomfvnf; 0ufvufodkU
ajcvsif jyefvQifjyefrnf? racs;vdk[k jyXmef;xm;NyD; jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfwkdUü
uGmEdkifrIefUtjyif aq;trsKd;rsKd;vnf;yg&Sd\/ aemufqkH;ü a&Twd*kHukef;awmfay:
wGif vlwa,mufESifh pum;pyfí ]tufwdb&if}(tzsm;jzwfaq;)
tenf;i,fa&mif;&\/ xkdvlu ¤if;aq;wrsKd;wnf; tm;vkH;,lrnf[k
ajymaomfvnf; (vifaoa<u;yl&Smaom vlpm;rsKd;ESifh BuKHae&jyefojzihf)
0,f&if;aps;omomuav;rQay;&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf 0ufvufodkUjyefEdkif
avmuf&kH p&dwftwGufrQom a&mif;csNyD; rD;&xm;ESifh jyefvmcJUMu&av\/
wnf;cdk&aom tdrf&Sifudkrlum; xrif;zkd; ausatmifay;cJUzdkUowdrarhcJUyg/

xrif;tcuftcJ

tjyefc&D;ü *syefrD;&xm;ckwfvsuf&SdjyefavNyD/ okdU&mwGif rD;&xm;

onf ntcsdefrsm;üom ckwfarmif;í eHeufvif;onfESifh wNydKifeuf blwm
wckckwGif qdkufxm;NyD;arSmifonfhwdkifatmif &yfem;avonf/ uREkfyfwkdU
okH;a,mufonf ntcsdefwGif &efukefrS&xm;ESifhvdkufvmMuí eHeufvif;
aomtcsdef blwmwckodkU qdkufa&muf&mwGif rD;&xm;onf xdkaeUü tcsdef
aemufusaomaMumifh qdkufaeusblwmokdUra&mufrD &yfem;vdkufygawmh
onf/ þodkUjzpf&onfhtwGuf tcuftcJwck ay:vmjcif;rSm &yfem;aeus
blwmrsm;ü &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf c&D;onfrsm;twGuf xrif;[if;csufjyKwf
xm;NyD; vlwa,muf 1 usyf 8 yJEIef;ESifh auR;Muojzifh Muufom;uav;

787 
ig;uav;ESifh [ef&yef& pm;Mu&onf/ xdkaeUrSmrl aemufusvGef;í rkd;vif;
aeojzifh av,mOfysHaMumufonfh twGuf &yfem;aeusblwmodkUa&mufatmif
rckwfEdkifawmhyJ vrf;ckvyfü &yfem;vdkuf&jcif;jzpf\/ qdkufa&mufonfESifh
wNydKifeuf pufacgif;jzKwfí wGJrsm;udk blwm&kHüxm;cJUNyD; pufacgif;rlum;
blwm&kHü raeyJ blwm&kH ESpfcktMum;&Sd awmxJodkU oGm;íykef;aeavonf/
uREkfyfwkdUc&D;onfrsm;onf rD;&xm;rSqif;vmMuí vG,ftdwfuav;
udk,fpDESifh av;a,mufwzGJU? ig;a,mufwzGJU ponfjzifh vlpkHcJGum
xrif;twGuf wtdrfwufqif; pkHprf;Mu&\/ &yfaeusblwmjzpfcJUygrl
&Gmom;rsm;onf tqifoifhcsufjyKwfjyifqifxm;aom xrif;yGJrsm;ESifh [dku
ac:onfuac: ysLysLiSmiSm&SdMuayonf/ þblwmrSmrlum; qkdufaeusblwm
r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh rnfolrQcsufjyKwfrxm;acs/ uREkfyfwdkUtzGJU0if
vlig;a,mufonf (vrf;üoduRrf;aom vli,fESpfa,mufygonf/) tdrf
aygufaph &yfíar;Mu&m auR;p&mr&Sdqdkum jiif;y,fMuaom &Gmolrsm;
udkomawGUae&\/ [if;aumif;uav; wcGufygrS pm;íjzpfrnfh uREkfyfwkdU
vlpkonf wtdrfar;awmhvnf; iydaumifuav;om&Sdonf/ tjcm;wtdrfü
vnf; uifyGef;&Gufuav;om&Sdonf/ wtdrfuvnf; csOfaygif&Guf?
wtdrfuvnf; yJ[if; ponfjzifh wavQmufBuD;ar;vmMu\/ aemufqkH;ü
rjzpfacsbl;qdkum c&rf;csOfoD;uav;ESifh yJykyfawmh&Sdonf qdkaomtdrfudk
vufrvTwfawmhyJ ]]&SdwmyJcsufAsm? ig;a,mufwGufcsufAsKdU? qDuav;awmh
cyfEdkifEdkifvkyfAsaemf}}[k uREkfyfuajymvkduf\/ xdktcg tdrf&Sifru ]]aetkH;
awmfh? usKyfMunfhvkduftkH;r,f}}[k qdkum vnfyif;wGif BudK;csnfxm;onfh
ydkifhykvif;uav;wvkH;udk BudK;rSqJGum xkwfvmNyD; uREkfyfwkdUa&SUü
axmifíjyonfwGif vufESpfopfcefUavmuf&Sdaom qDtuyftoyfudk
ykvif;xJwGif a&;a&;uav;jrifMu&onf/ ]]'djyifr&Sdawmh bl;vm;Asm?

788 
0,fyg? usKyfwkdUuydkufqHay;ygr,f}}[k ajym&mwGif ]]0,fcsifwdkif;&wm
r[kwfbl;awmfa&U? aps;aeUrS 0,fvdkU&wm}}[k ajymonfESifh ]]udkif;&Sdwmom
csufygAsm}}[k ajymMu&avonf/

ae&mowfrSwfjcif;

tdrf&Sifronf xrif;[if;csufjyKwf&eftwGuf xif;rsm;jzwfawmufí

rD;arT;vsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfwkdUvlpkonf aeUcif;twGuf ae&mxdkifcif; Munfh&I
Muav\/ þtdrfrSm tvGefqif;&Jaom wJukyfuav;rQomjzpfí uREkfyf
wkdUvlpk wa&;warmtdyf&efyif us,fus,fvGifhvGifhr&SdyJ npfywfusOf;
ajrmif;vSonfESifh &GmxJwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;ESifh apwDykxdk;&Sd&modkU
oGm;a&mufMunfh&IMuav\/ aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;onf rnfrQyifqif;&Jí
wJukyfrsm; rnfrQpkwfcsmapumrl bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rlum; oefUjyefUus,f
0ef;Muonfom rsm;\/ þ&GmrSmrl wausmif;wnf;&Sdaom bkef;BuD;ausmif;
onfyif ao;i,fusOf;ajrmif;vSonfhjyif &SdorQaom ae&muav;rsm;udk
uREkfyfwkdUxuf tvsifOD;aom c&D;onfrsm;u ,lxm;MuNyD;MuavNyD/
opfyifBuD;rsm; &SDjyefygawmhvnf; t&dyfwGif vljynfhvsuf&SdaomaMumifh
uREkfyfwdkUvlig;a,muftwGuf ae&mr&Edkifawmhacs/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfwkdUonf
ausmif;ESifh rvSrf;rurf;&Sd bk&m;0if;xJodkU0ifMunfhMu&m opfvGifoyf&yf
aomZ&yf[lír&Sd? txufuayguf atmufuuJGvsuf&Sdaom Z&yfESpfaqmif
udkom awGUMu&\/ waqmifxnf;aom opfom;Z&yfrlum; Murf;jyifrsm;
aygufuJG aeojzifh vlig;a,muftdyfavmufatmif ae&mr&Sdacs/ aemufqkH;ü
uREkfyfwkdUonf orHwvif; cyfajymifajymif&Sdaom tkwfZ&yfwckü

789 
pwnf;cs&ef a&G;cs,fowfrSwfí trIdufo&dkuf vJSusif;NyD;vQif xrif;usuf
avmufaomtcsdefü wJukyfodkU jyefvmMuav\/

rBuKHbl;aomae&m

wJukyfodkUjyefa&mufMuí cPwjzKwfapmifhqdkif;aeMupOf tdrf&Sifru

]]xrif;awmhusufNyD? pm;csifMuvQif cl;vdkufr,f}}[k ajymvkdufaomtcsdefrSm
udk;em&DomomrQom &Sdao;aomfvnf; tdyf&mrS xuwnf;u bmrQrpm;Mu
&aom uREkfyfwkdUrSm tlwBuKwfBuKwfjzpfatmif qmavmifvsuf &SdMuonfESifh
]]cl;ygawmhAsm}}[k wnDwnmwnf; ajymvkdufMu\/ tdrf&Sifrvnf; udk;ESpf
&G,fcefU&Sd orD;uav;wa,muf\ tultnDjzifh xrif;cl;awmhrnfhjyK&mwGif
rdk;uav;wazsmufazsmufusvmav\/
þwGifjyóemwckay:vmawmhonf/ wJuav;\ usOf;ajrmif;jcif;udkodí
ukuúdKyifBuD;atmufü xrif;pm;MuzdkU &nfrSef;xm;Mu&m rkd;&Gmvmojzifh
tusyfawGUaeMuavNyD/ ]]odyfroJygbl;? cPaewdwfoGm;rSmyg}}[k xifjrif
csufay;Muaomfvnf; rwdwfEdkifyJ wzJGzGJuav; usvsuf&Sdaom aMumifh
]]opfyifBuD;u 'Drdk;avmufawmh vkHygw,f? cl;omcl;ygAsm}}[k tm;vkH;0dkif;í
ajymMu\/ opfyifatmufwGifzsmcif;í xrif;wvkwfESpfvkwf pm;qJGwGif
rkd;oJvmNyD; opfyifudkazmufum rdk;aygufrsm; usvmavNyD/ þwGif
tdrf&Sifa,musfm;onf wJuav;xJrS zsmESpfcsyfokH;csyfudk,lí rD;zdkacsmif
teD;&Sd vSnf;ay:wGifzsmrsm;udk cyfckH;ckH;jzpfatmif awmif;ckí tkyfavonf/
xdkUaemuf xrif;yGJudk vSnf;atmufodkUa&TUay;&m uREkfyfwkdUig;a,mufonf
vSnf;atmufokdU0ifí tvGefusOf;MuKyfpGmESifh uyfuyfoyfoyf xdkifpm;Mu\/
[if;rSmyJykyfESifh c&rf;csOf;oD;&Guf? Al;&Guf[if;csKd jzpfavonf/

790 
&ifxkremjzpf&jcif;

uREkfyfonf aq;ukefonftjzpfESifh xdkuJUodkUc&D;oGm;vsuf&SdpOf

rdrdudk,fudk ]a&TOa'gif;}[líb,fawmhrS rajym? nDarmifazbtm;vnf;
rajymzdkUrSmxm;\/ okdU&mwGif armifazbac:cJUonf todvli,fESpfa,muf
wkdUtm; uREkfyfa&TOa'gif;jzpfaMumif; ajymxm;ESifhavNyD/ okdUjzpfí vSnf;
atmufüxrif;pm;vsuf&SdpOf wa,mufaomvli,fu ]]aetkH;OD;av;}} [k
qdkum uREkfyf\ xrif;yef;uefjym;udkqGJ,lí rD;zdkacsmifxJodkU0ifoGm;\/
tjcm;vlrsm;um; qufvufípm;aeMu&m uREkfyfrSmrl wef;vef;BuD; apmifhae
&\/ wcPMumaomtcg rD;zdkxJrS w'kef;'kef; xkaomtoHudkMum;&í
teHUwrsKd;vnf; xGufvmjyefojzifh uREkfyf&dyfrdcJUavNyD/ rsm;rMumrD
xdkvli,fonf uRekfyf\yef;uefjym;udkudkifvsuf jyefvmav&m yefuefjym;
xJü vufav;opfcefU&Sdaom ig;ykyfjym;ajcmufwck ygvmonfudk awGU&
ojzifh uREkfyf\tawG;rSefuefcJUavNyD/
vli,fonf yefuefjym;udk uREkfyfa&SUwGif wnfcif;ay;,if;
tjcm;vlrsm;tm; ]]cifAsm;wkdUuRefawmfwdkUu udpör&Sdbl;? OD;av;uvlBuD;qdk
awmh tiHuav;rygvQif pm;Edkif&SmrSm r[kwfbl;? rsm;rsm;vJrygvdkUygAs}}[k
ajymav\/ rdk;uvnf; wzGJzGJ? 0rf;uvnf; tvGefqmvSonfESifh
vSnf;atmufwGif uyfoD;uyfoyf xdkif&aomfvnf; Al;&Guf[if;csKd?
yJykyfcsufESifh ig;ykyfjym;wcGuf tm;udk;ípm;&aom þxrif;weyfrSmvnf;
woufwmwGif rarhEdkifaom xrif;weyftygt0if jzpfygawmhonf/
pm;aomufNyD;Muaomtcgü ig;ykyfjym; zkwfay;aom vli,fu
]]uRefawmhftarBuD;u rSmvdkufwJU ig;ykyfjym;ygAsm? rsm;rsm;vJ rygygbl;?
vG,ftdwfqHU&kH tpdwfom;xJ 0,fcJUwm? a[m'DOD;av;udk MunfndKvGef;vdkU

791 
uRefawmfawmifrpm;yJ ZGwfay;wmudk cifAsm;wdkUonf;cHMuAsm}}[kajymav\/
rsuf&nfxGufjcif;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyfonf vlwrsKd;jzpf\/ urÇm
avmuwGif uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\rdcifudk tcspfqkH;? tMunfndKqkH;
jzpfaomfvnf; rdcifaoqkH;pOfu uREkfyfrsuf&nfruscJUyg/ xdkvli,fu
olUtarBuD;twGuf ig;ykyfjym;udk olvnf;rpm;yJ uREkfyftm; cJGíauR;jcif;jzpf
onf[k Mum;&aomtcgürlum; &ifxJüqdkUí rsuf&nfrsm;0dkif;vmygonf/
tu,fíolonfxrif;yGJü þtaMumif;udkajymjyí uREkfyfod&ygrl &ifqdkU
onfhtwGufaMumifh tNrdefqkH;aom xrif;weyfpm&if;wGif xnfhoGif;&awmh
rnfr[kwfyg/

uREkfyfudkodESifhoudk;

xrif;pm;aomufNyD;Muí npmtwGufvnf; rSmxm;NyD;ojzifh pm&if;

&Sif;Muaomtcg xdkvli,fonf uREkfyfwa,muftwGufyg xnfhíay;\/
uREkfyfujiif;aomfvnf; olrsufESmysufonfESifh vufavQmhvkduf&\/ xkdU
aemufbk&m;0if;xJodkU orHwvif;ay:wGifcif;í uREkfyftwGuf tdyf&mjyif
ay;\/ cPwmrQem;NyD;aemuf a&csKd;&eftwGuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;xJodkU
uREkfyftm;ac:oGm;NyD;vQif oludk,fwdkifa&iifíay;\/ aeUv,fcif;wGif
uREkfyfonf nDarmifazbtm; ]]ightaMumif;udk rif;ajymxm;ovm; a[h
aumif}} [k ar;&m ]]uRefawmfrajymbl; tudkBuD;? bvIdifajymwm}}[k jyefajym
avonf/ (bvIdifum;olUa,mufjzpfonf/)
uREkfyftaMumif;udkodNyD;twlwl jzpfonfESifh xdkvli,ftm;uREkfyf\
pmrsm;teufrS rnfonfhpmtkyfrsm;udk zwfbl;ygoenf;ar;&m vli,fu
uREkfyfa&;aom 0w¦KrSeforQtm;vkH;zwfbl;í tm;vkH;odrf;xm;aMumif;?

792 
þacwfBuD;wGif uREkfyf\pmtkyfrsm;aysmufysufí tvkd&Sdaom pmtkyf&SdvQif
olUxHrSm,lEdkifaMumif;ajymavonf/ (uREkfyfonf ol\vdyfudk a&;rSwfxm;í
,cifwavmu ]vGrf;atmifzef}0w¦K&Sdygoavm[k pma&;íar;Munfh&m xdk
vli,frSm uG,fvGefNyDjzpfaMumif;ESifh jyefpmwapmif&&Sdbl;ygonf/ þ
aemufydkif;ü uREkfyfonfig;ykyfjym;pm;wdkif; xkdvli,f\ rsufESmuav;
ay:íay:ívmygao;onf/) naeydkif;wGif cyfapmapm xrif;pm;Muí
blwm&kHodkUoGm;Mu&m rarSmifao;rDyifawmxJüykef;ae&aom pufacgif;
a&mufvmí wGJrsm;qufvsuf&SdpOf [dkae&m onfae&mrS c&D;onfrsm;
xGufay:vmMuí wGJay:okdU wufMuavonf/

vlwkdif; rsufpdwwfMujcif;

wnvkH;ckwfarmif;í aemufaeUeHeufwGif ,refUaeuenf;wl

blwmwckodkU qdkufa&muf&mwGif c&D;onftm;vkH;qif;í pufacgif;jzKwfNyD;
ykef;&jyef\/ þ&Gmürl &yfaeusblwmjzpfonfESifh tdrfwkdif;vdkyif
xrif;qdkifzGifhaeMuojzifh BudKuf&mudka&G;pm;EdkifMu\/ qdkifwdkif;vdkyif
Muufom;[if;? 0ufom;[if;? (tcsKdUrSm) tpdrf;aMumf? ql;ykyf&Guf[if;csKd?
ig;ydcsuf ponfrsm;ESifh pm;pcsifhzG,f &Sdygayonf/ EIef;rSmrl *syefaiG
wefzdk;rusao;onfESifh c&D;onfrsm; vrf;wavQmufvkH; wusyf-&SpfyJyif
jzpfavonf/ ¤if;e,fwGifig;&ufwaps; xkH;pH&Sdí aps;aeUBuKHonfESifh
c&D;onfrsm; 0,fcsrf;Muojzifh aps;onfrsm; a&mif;aumif;vSonf/
c&D;onf tm;vkH;vdkvkdyif ukefonfrsm;jzpfMuí tjrwfESifha&mif;zkdU
vmbfjrifolrsm;jzpfonfhtavsmuf (jyefukefoabm)ESifh 0,fcsrf;vdkufMu
onfrSm aps;onfrsm; qdkifvkH;uRwfrwwfa&mif;&\/ aeUv,fcif;wGif

793 
opfyifBuD;rsm;atmufü c&D;onfrsm; em;ae,if; ]rsufpdpl;}ol tcsif;csif;
ukefcsif;zvS,fvkdufMuonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;p&mBuD;wck jzpfae\/ vlwkdif;
onf (ouFef;0wfrsm;rusef) ukefonfESifh ywfoufí rsufpdwwf
vkdufMuonfrSm *syefacwf\zefwD;csufwck jzpf\/ þbufütvGefe
aomuRekfyfyif wckwav zvS,fcJUygao;onf/

pdwfysufp&mBuD;aywum;

uREkfyfwkdUvlpkonf nBuD;rif;BuD;wGif ppfudkif;awmif&kd;&Sd acsmif

wacsmifodkUa&mufMuí ¤if;acsmifrStpkpyfyg0ifvkdufaom rdwfaqGwa,muf
\tdrfü wnf;cdkMu&m tenf;qkH; ]okH;qyGm;} vdrfhrnf[laom arQmfvifhcsuf
jzifh oGm;Muaom uREkfyfwkdUrSm p&dwftEdkifEdkif ESifh jyefcJU&jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh
rsufESmyef;rvSyJjzpfae\/ uREkfyfonf ppfudkif;awmif&dk;rS rdwfaqGrsm;
tay;üvnf;aumif;? &GmokdUa&mufaomtcgü aqGrsKd;rsm; tay;wGif
vnf;aumif; rsufESmaumif;r&atmifjzpfí (olwkdU\ avmbESifh olwkdU
tpk0ifMujcif;jzpfaomfvnf;) tvGefpdwfraumif;jzpfcJU\/ rdrd\tjypf[lí
wa&G;om;rQ rygonfhjyif wyifwyef;ESifh AkH;rsm;? pufaoewfrsm;tMum;wGif
pGefUpm;í oGm;cJU&jcif;jzpfygvsuf olwkdU\arQmf vifhcsufuav;awGudk
jynfh0atmif aqmif&Gufray;Edkifjcif;twGuf taecufvsuf &Sdygawmhonf/
xdktcsdefrSpí uREkfyfonf olwyg;\ wm0efudk xrf;&onfh ukefonf
tvkyfrsKd;udk q,fqq,fxrf;ydk; jrwfapOD;awmh rvkyfawmhNyD[k pdwfysuf
oGm;ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf zmBuD;ESifhwvkH;tjynfh&Sdaom uGmEdkifrIefU
rsm;udk ppfudkif;awmif&dk;ü xm;cJUí i,fpOfu bvDckHwGif a*;vD&IH;í jyefcJU&
onfh pdwftaetxm;rsKd;ESifh refusnf;wkH&GmodkU jyefa&mufvmcJUav\/

794 
uREkfyfwkdU\&nf&G,fcsufrSm &efukefNrdKU tajctaeaumif;vmonfhtcgwGifrS
wzefoGm;í a&mif;cs&ef jzpfavonf/

vnfywfvSaom bZH

xdkaemuf ig;vcefU Mumaomtcg &efukefNrdKUü tajctae aumif;NyD

[kowif;&onfESifh nDarmifbZHonf uREkfyfxHvmí olESifhtwl &efukef
qif;zkdUajym&muREkfyfrSm þtBudrfü pdwfcyfav;av;&SdaeavNyD/ yxr
tacgufü uREkfyfjrwfcJUaom aiG&if;ESifh txl;ojzifh ppfudkif;awmif&dkf;rS
rdwfaqG\aiGrsm;twGuf wm0ef&SdouJUodkU jzpfae\/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkif
rvkdufvQifvnf; aq;a&mif;zkdU rnfolrQrwwfacs/ trSeftwdkif;ajym&vQif
uREkfyfjrwfcsifaomaMumifh r[kwf/ uREkfyfuaoG;aqmifjcif;r[kwfyJ olwkdU\
avmbtavsmuf xnfh0ifMujcif;jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyf\aiGudk uREkfyftqkH;
cHEdkifvQif olwkdU\aiGvnf; tqkH;cHEdkifMu&rnfom jzpfygvsuf uREkfyfonf
olwkdUudkoem;onfESifh &efukefodkUqif;zkdU oabmwlvdkufygonf/ þ
wacgufütBuD;azbESifh r[kwfyJ nDti,fbZHESifh oGm;&rnfjzpfaom
aMumifhvnf; oabmusaom tcsuf&Sd\/ bZHonf c&D;oGm;&mwGif
tvGefvnfywfolwa,mufjzpf\/ azbonf vufrSwfcH&mü ]usL}wef;xJ
okdU0ifí pDwef;zkdUom em;vnf&m (uREkfyfvnf;þrQavmufom vkyfwwf
onf/) bZHrlum; b,fqDu b,fvdkenf;ESifh &vmonfrod/ vufrSwf
wapmifrQ ra&mif;ao;rD vufrSwf &vmcJUavNyD/ (*syefacwfü c&D;oGm;
&mwGif vufrSwf&rIonfvGefpGm ta&;BuD;vSonf/) wydkUwGJvqef;ü uREkfyf
ESifhbZHwkdUonf &efukefodkUqif;MuzkdU jyifqifav&m bZHu nDuav;
wa,muf ac:vmcJUonf/ uREkfyfonf o,f,lzdkU tawmf0efav;aom

795 
qifudkemrIefUrsm;udk ppfudkif;awmif&dk;rS r,la o;yJ xm;cJUí ayghyg;onfh
tufwDb&if? qmvfzmeDvmrdkuf? trfbD 639 paom aq;vkH;aq;jym;
av;ig;ajcmufrsKd;avmufom ,lvmcJUonf/ xkdacwfürD;&xm;onf rEÅav;
blwmrSrxGufyJ yvdyfblwmrS píxGufonfcsnf; jzpfaomaMumifh yvdyf
blwmodkU cgwkdif;enf;wl oGm;Muí ae0ifptcsdefwGif rD;&xm;pD;Mu\/
azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; tjcm;;c&D;onfrsm; pDwef;vsuf&SdpOfbZHu vufrSwf
okH;apmif ,lcJUavNyD/ þblwmüomr[kwf? a&mufavorQaom blwm
wdkif;wGif þenf;ESifESif vkyfwwfavonf/

xdwfvefU&aomn

yvdyfblwmrS arSmifonfESifhwNydKifeuf rD;&xm;xGufcJUí aysmfbG,fodkU

b,ftcsdef a&mufonfrod/ uREkfyfwkdU\ rD;&xm;qdkufvsuf&SdpOf taemuf
t&yfrS ta&SUt&yfodkUvmonfh av,mOfysHoHBuD;onf aumif;uifü w0D0D
jrnfvsuf ay;vmcJUavNyD/ ]]av,mOfysH[? av,mOfysHvmNyD? qif;Mu?
qif;Mu? jrefjrefvkyfav? b,fola& b,f0ga&}}[laom toHrsm;jzifh
yGufyGuf&dkufvsuf&Sd&m rD;&xm;pufacgif;onfvnf; &SJ&SJjrnfaompufoH
rxGuf&apatmif rD;rsm;Nidrf;owfxm;[ef wl\/
c&D;onfrsm;onf av;vHaom 0efpnftxkyftydk;rsm;udkxm;cJUí
tzkd;wefonfh om;a&tdwfpaom ayghayghyg;yg; ypönf;rsKd;avmufrQom
qGJudkifvsuf wGJay;rS ckefcsNyD;vQif þtBudKxdktMum;rsm;okdU wkd;vQKd;ol
rsm;uwkd;? blwmESifha0;rS awmfrnfqdkí wwfEdkiforQa0;atmif avQmuf
ajy;oluajy;ukefMuavNyD/ þodkUaom ta&;wGif olUvludk,fhvl ra&G;Edkif?
tazmfvnf; r&SmEdkif? wa,mufwOmPfpD udk,fvGwf&kef;Muav awmhonf/

796 
 xdktcg aysmfbG,fblwm&kHteD;wGif AkH;xdíNydKusaeonfh tkwfwdkufysuf
BuD;rsm;&Sd&m uREkfyfonf tjcm;vlav;ig;a,mufESifhtwl wdkufysufBuD;xJodkU
0ifajy;rd\/ tjyifü vomaomfvnf; wkdufysufxJürl arSmifrnf;vsuf&Sd
ojzifh uREkfyfrSm a>rrSef;roduif;rSef;rod tkyfcsyfBudKtkyfcsyfMum;odkU rsufpd
rSdwfum ajccs&ygawmhonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;rSm tkyfwkdufysuf tMum;xJokdU
a&mufaomfvnf; rauseyfao;yJacsmifBudK acsmifBum;udk wrif&Smí
wkd;vQKd;&SmMuao;onf/
]]0D0D0D0D}}av,mOfysHonf taemufrsufESmrS ta&SUkodkUysHvmí wa&GUa&GU
eD;vmNyD; OD;acgif;xufwnfhwnfhodkU a&mufaeavNyD/ ]csvdkufawmh rvm;
[JU} [k uREkfyf\pdwfxJü atmufarhaeckdufwGif wae&mrS wwGwfwGwf
&Gwfaom toHrsm;Mum;&onf/ ]]0D0D0D0D}}toHrsm;onf wjznf; jznf;oGm;í
ta&SUbufodkU ausmfvGefoGm;avNyD/ wkdfufysuftMum;rS acsmif;Munfhvkduf
aomtcg aumif;uifürD;eDuav;wvkH; a&GUaeonfudkjrif&mrS ta&SUbuf
awmifwef;rsm;odkU csOf;uyfoGm;avNyD/
uREkfyfonf rD;eDudkjrif&uwnf;u rsufjcnfjywfrcHawmhyJ a&GU&modkU
vkdufMunfhae\/ awmifwef;odkUa&mufaomtcg ajrmufbufodkUcsKd;NyD;
taemufbufodkU wzefvSnfhvmjyef\/ ]0D0D0D0D}Mum;&jyefavNyD/ odkUaomf
OD;acgif;ay;rS wnfhwnfhr[kwfyJ ajrmufbuf cyf,Gef;,Gef; ysHvmjcif;jzpf
onf/ xdkUaemuf taemufwnfhwnfh qufvufysHoGm;&m toHaysmufí
rD;eDudkvnf; rjrif&awmhacs/
c&D;onfrsm;onf ykef;atmif;&mrSxGufí rD;&xm;ay;odkU wufvmMu
avNyD/ rD;&xm;xGufacsawmhrnfavm[k arQmfvifhaeMu\/ rD;&xm;vnf;
w&SJ&SJjrnfpjyKvm\/ ]xGufygawmhaemf} [kpdwfxJü uREkfyfenf;wl
qkawmif;Muayrnf/ ]]a[m bmoHvJ}} [k em;yg;olrsm;u ajymonfESifh

797 
em;pGifhaeMuonf/ ]0D0D0D0D}oJUoJUuav;ay;vm\/ ]]vmjyefNyD[ av,mOfysH?
vmjyefNyD}}qdkum rD;&xm;ay;rSqif;ajy;MujyefNyD/ þwBudrfwGif uREkfyfum;
&kwfw&ufqif;rajy;yJ t&dyftuJMunhfhaeao;onf/ ]0D0D0D0D}taemufrS
ta&SUodkU ysHvmjcif;um; trSefjzpfonf/
]]usKyfawmhrqif;awmhbl;Asm}}[k wa,mufuajymvkduf\/
uREkfyfonf toHMum;&mokdU vSrf;Munfhvdkufaomtcg txkyfBuD;awG
tMum;üvlwa,mufudk jrif&\/ [efZm;blwmrS txnfxkyfBuD;rsm;ESifh
wufvmaom vlwpkudk owd&onf/
Ekyf/ ]]cifAsm;bmaMumifh rqif;ovJ}}
toH/ ]]av,mOfysHu [kwfcsifrS[kwfr,f? txnfxkyfawG
vlqGJoGm;ukefrSjzifh aomufusKd;eJawmhr,f}}
uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; wkdufysufxJü a>raygufEdkifjcif;ESifh rD;&xm;
ay:odkU AkH;usEdkifjcif;onf twlwlyif jzpfEdkifonfxm;bdOD;? wdkufBudKwdkuf
Mum;ü acs;ykHrsm;ESifhrdzkdUum; aocsmonf/ ckwifuwacgufwGifvnf;
uREkfyfomuHaumif;í vGwfcJUonf/ nnf;oHnLoHrsm;Mum;í zdeyfudk
wkwfESifhjcpfcGmolrsm;udkjrifcJU&onf/ xdkUtwlwl jzpfcsif&mjzpfap rD;&xm;
ay:rS rqif;awmh[k qkH;jzwfvdkufNyD;aemuf-
Ekyf/ ]]AsKdUq&mBuD; cifAsm;rqif;bl;vm;AsKdU}}
toH/ ]]rqif;awmhbl;Asm? uHtwdkif;yJ}}
Ekyf/ ]]usKyfvJ rqif;bl;Asm}}
toH/ ]]'gjzifh[ef&NyD? cifAsm;eJUusKyfeJUae&pf&pfMupdkU}}
xkdtcsdefwGif tjcm;vlrsm;onf wJGay:rS ckefcsajy;MuNyDjzpfí uREkfyfwkdU
ESpfa,mufwnf; usef&pfawmhonf/ &xm;wJGrSm vlpD;wGJr[kwf? ukefwGJ
rQomjzpf&m uREkfyfonf taygufteD;okdU csOf;uyfí ]0D0D 0D0D}Mum;& aom

798 
ae&mokdU &SmMunhfvdkufonf/ rD;eDuav;wyGifhonf uREkfyfwkdU\ taemuf
awmifbufqDrS ta&SUbufodkU wa&GUa&GUoGm;vsuf&Sd&m þvrf;twdkif;
ajzmifhajzmifhwef;wef;oGm;rnfqdkvQif uREkfyfwkdUOD;acgif;ay:odkU wnfhwnfh
rwfrwf awmifbufem;rS yGwfuyfoGm;vdrfhrnf[kuREkfyfcefUrSef;rd onf/
okdUESifhudpör&SdEdkifqdkum aeNrJwdkif;aevdkuf&m ]0D0D 0D0D}toHonf jrnfonf
xufjrnfvmaomfvnf; rD;eDyGifhuav;onf uREkfyfwdkU\ awmifbuf
wawmifcefUwGif yGwfoDvsuf ta&SUbufodkU a&GUoGm;awmhonf/
aumif;uifü wawmifavmuf[lonfrSm ajrjyifay:ü udkufaygif;
rsm;pGma0;onf[k uREkfyfem;vnfNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh ajymyavmufatmif
wkefvIyfjcif;r&Sd/ vrf;rajymif;ygapESifh[líom qkawmif;rdygawmhonf/
awmfygao;\/ uREkfyfarQmfvifhonfhtwdkif; rD;eDyGifhuav;onf
vrf;ajymif;vTJjcif;r&SdyJ ta&SUpl;pl;odkU wa&GUa&GUoGm;vsuf&Sd&m rMumrD
ta&SUawmifwef;odkU a&mufoGm;cJUavNyD/ uREkfyfum; rsufjcnfjywfrcHyJ
taemufbufodkU vnfhjyefvmcJU&m uREkfyf\rsufrSef;t& uREkfyfwkdU ajrmuf
bufqDrS yGwfuyfoGm;vdrfhrnf[kxifrdonf/ þwacgufwGif rD;eDyGifhuav;
onf ajzmifhwef;pGmrvmyJ awmifbufodkUwvSnhf? ajrmufbufodkUwvSnfh
OD;vSnfhum a&GUvmav&m uREkfyfrSm vrf;aMumif;vGwfrnf rvGwfrnfudk
cefUrSef;&ef rwwfEdkifyJ &Sdawmhonf/
rD;eDyGifhuav;onf uREkfyfwkdU\ ta&SUbufwGif aumif;uifü
ig;awmifcefU uGmvSrf;awmhonfxif&\/ xkdae&mrS uREkfyfwkdU\ OD;acgif;
ay: wnfhwnfhokdUa&mufatmif tcsdef10puúefU vmaumif;vm&ayrnf/
,ckvrf; aMumif;twdkif; wnfhwnfhBuD; vmrnfqdkvQif uREkfyfwkdU\
OD;acgif;xufodkU a&mufvmawmhrnf {uefjzpf\/ ig;awmifcefUrS av;
awmif? xkdUaemuf okH;awmifrQ uGmvSrf;awmh&m uREkfyfonfrD;eDyGifhudk

799 
armfhMunfhaepOf AkH;BuJcsvdkufvQif BudKBudKwifwif jzKwfcs&onf[k zwf&bl;
aomaMumifh aysmfbG,fblwm&kHudk AkH;csvQif ,cktcsdefü jzKwfacsae
awmhrnfavm[k pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf Munfhrdygao;onf/ wpkHw&mrQrjrif&acs/
okdU&mwGif rjrif&aomaMumifh AkH;rcs[lí rqdkEdkifao;&um; &ifxJü
w'def;'def;vIyfckefvsuf &Sdygawmhonf/ okH;awmifuGmvSr;f&mrS ESpfawmif?
xkdUaemuf wawmifuGmvSrf;&mrS acgif;ay:odkU wnfhwnfhBuD;a&mufvmonf
ESifh wNydKifeuf ]]Akef; 0kef; *sLef;}[laomtoHBuD;jzpfay:í ]][dkuf-oGm;y[?
aomufusKd;eJNyD}}[k vTwfueJ qdkvdkufrdygao;onf/ okdUaomfb,fqDurS
bmrSrjzpfyJ toHpJoGm;cJUonfESifh teD;ü&SDaom txnfonfBuD;tm;
]]bmjzpfwmvJAs vefUvdkufwm}}[kar;&m ]]cifAsm;vefUwmuawmfawmf? usKyf
jzifhvdyfjymxGufoGm;NyDawmif xifvkdufawmhwmyJ}} [k jyefajym\/ pkHprf;
Munfhaomtcg wJGwwGJwGif rSDvsufaxmifxm;aom oHjym;BuD;wcsyfudk
xdktcsdfefwGif tvefUwMum;qif;ajy;aom vlwpku wkdufrdaomaMumifh
vJNydKusjcif;jzpfonf[kod&ygawmhonf/

idktm;xuf&,ftm;oef

avmuü &,fp&mrsm;ESifh idkp&mrsm;onf wcgw&HwGif vufwJGí

ay:vmwwfonfjzpf&m idkp&mESifh BuKH&aom um,uH&Sifonf &,fp&mudk
rjrifwwfyJ eHab;uvlrsm;uom jrifwwfMu\/ tcsKdUrSm idkp&mBuKHckdufwGif
&,fp&mudk vkH;0rjrifwwf? tcsKdUvnf; jrifwwf\/ idkp&mBuKH&qJwGif
&,f&efrjzpfEdkifapumrl &,fp&m[lí vSrf;jrifEdkifaom vlrsm;onf
vlawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf[k qdk&rnfxifonf/

800 
 aysmfbG,fblwmü av,mOfysHoGm;NyD;í pufacgif;udkrD;xkd;NyD; rD;&xm;
xGufawmhrnfjyK&mwGif c&D;onfrsm;onf udk,fhwGJokdUudk,f toD;oD; a&muf
Muaomfvnf; bZH\nD cspfaqGwa,mufum;ra&mufvmao;acs/ bZHonf
wGJay:rS waMumfaMumf[pfac:vsuf&Sd\/ okdUaomfcspfaqGum; ray:vmacs/
þwGifbZHonf tvGefpdwfylvmí wGJay:rS ckefqif;NyD;vQif rD;&xm;eHab;rS
acgufwkHUacgufjyefavQmufum ]]cspfaqGa&? a[h cspfaqG cspfaqGa&}}[k
acgif;rStNrD;a&mufatmif toGm;tjyef [pfac:vsuf&S\
d / uREkfyf&Sdaom
wGJteD;okdUa&mufaomtcgürl ]]w,f*GuswmwJU aumifuav;udk;? b,fqD
rsm; avQmufoGm;aeygvdrfh? cufvdkufwmAsm}} ponfjzifh nnf;ao;\/
þenf;jzifhESpfacgufokH;acguf avQmufí [pfac:NyD; vwfaomf bZH\
nnf;nLjcif;rsm;onf uREkfyf\em;xJü &,fp&mwckxifvmawmh\/ ]]a[h
aumif vmygvdrfhr,fuGm? i,fwJUuav;rSr[kwfyJ? 'Davmuf [pfac:
raeygeJU}} [k uREkfyfuajymaomfvnf; bZHu }}*Gusvkdufwm tudkBuD;&m?
b,fqDxdatmifrsm; oGm;ykef;ygvdrfh? ckawmifay:rvmao;bl;? cspfaqGa&?
a[h cspfaqG}}[k qufvuf[pfac:jyefav&m uREkfyfrSm tl,m; vmojzifh
toHxGufí &,frdrnfpdk;aomaMumifh tawmfcsKyfxm;&\/
bZHESifh cspfaqGrSm nDtpfudkt&if;jzpfí uREkfyfESifhum; 0rf;uGJrQom
awmfMuonfrSef\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyftzkdUrSmrl nDtpfudkt&if;yif jzpfapOD;
awmh? touf 20 ausmfNyDjzpfaom a,mufsm;uav;wa,muftwGuf þ
tajctaersKd;ü bZHuJUokdU aomua&mufvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/ av,mOfyHs
uAkH;cscJUonfvnf; r[kwfaomaMumifh pdk;&drfBuD;p&mr&Sd? wwGJwGJokdU
wufvkdufcJUvdrfhrnf/ odkUr[kwfvQifvnf; wenf;enf;ESifh 0ufvufodkU
jyefoGm;Edkifavmufonf[k wGuf,lvdrfhrnfjzpfavonf/

801 
aMumuftm;BuD;aomcspfaqG

bZHwkdUtzkdU uHaumif;onfrSm rD;&xm;pufacgif;onf ]rD;aygif}

rjynfhao;aomaMumifh av;ig;acgufrQ acgufwkHUacgufjyef bZHavQmufNyD;
onfhwdkifatmif cspfaqGray:vmao;aomfvnf; rD;&xm;rxGufao;acs/
]]cspfaqGa&? a[hcspfaqG? b,fuvJ[? aoaeNyDvm;[} ponfjzifhbZHu
qlvsuf&Sd&m tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;vnf; &,fukefMuNyDxifonf/ aemufqkH;
wGifrS rD;&xm;tNrD;bufqDrS ]]cifAsm}}[laom toHuav; oJUoJUMum;
vkduf&í armBuD;yef;BuD;ESifhajy;vmaom cspfaqGudkjrifMu&onf/ ]]w,fig
vkyfvkduf&uGm}}[k bZHu vufoD;ESifh&G,fvkdufojzifh uREkfyfu[efUwm;
vdkuf&NyD; ]][JUaumifav;b,fqDaysmuf aewmvJ}} [kar;&m av,mOfysH
vmonfqdkuwnf;u rD;&xm;vrf;twkdif; wef;ajy;NyD; a&tdkifwckawGUí
qif;ikyfaeaMumif;? rdrdtm; [pfac:oHrsm;udk vkH;0rMum;rdaMumif;ajymí
uREkfyfu ]]b,favmufa0;a0;ajy;oenf;}}[k ar;&m aMu;eef;q,fcef;
(rdkifw0uf)avmufa0;aMumif;ajymonfESifh ]]0ufvufxdatmif jyefrajy;yJ
udk;uG}}[k ajymvdkfuf&ao;onf/ xdkacwfu rD;&xm;xkH;pHtwkdif; aeUwGif
em;í nwGifckwfjcif;tm;jzifh ESpf&ufajrmufaomnwGif &efukefodkU
qkdufa&mufMuav\/

jcm;em;csufwckawGU&ykH

þwacgufwGif rnfolUtdrfrQ rwnf;yJ usKH;BuD;vrf; w&kwf[dkw,f

wckü wnf;cdkMuNyD;vQif eHeufwGif aq;qdkifrsm;udk pkHprf;MunfhMu\/ &efukef
NrdKUonf ,cifwacgufuxuf pnfum;onfrSefaomfvnf; aq;qdkifrsm;

802 
rlum; jyefír0ifMuao;acs/ pkHprf;Munfhaomtcg uREkfyfüygaom aq;vkH;
aq;jym;rs;udk oxkHNrdKUü vdkvsuf&Sdonf[k wa,mufuajym\/ bZHu
vnf; (rnfonfhypönf;rsKd;udkvdkcsifonf[lí uREkfyfarhaeNyD/) oxkHNrdKUü
&Sdwwfonf[k owif;Mum;onfESifh oxkHodkUoGm;MuzkdU qkH;jzwfMu\/
okdUjzpfí uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufonf rD;&xm;ESifh vkdufoGm;Muí wydkUwGJ
vjynfh aeUeHeufapmapmwGif usKdufxdkblwmodkU qdkufa&mufMuav\/
rkd;vif;NyDjzpf írD;&xm;qufvuf rckwfaomaMumifh þblwmü qif;Mu
&onf/ þae&mü uREkfyftzkdU tvGeftHUMordaom tjcif;t&mwck
BuKHawGU&jcif;udk azmfjy&OD;rnf/
qdkifuav;wqkdifü wnfcif;xm;onfh toD;tESHrsm;teufwGif 0g0g
0if;í uGrf;oD;vkH;yrmP&Sdaom opfoD;rsm;udkjrif&í ]r&rf;oD;rSnfh}ESifh
wlavjcif;[k uREkfyfawG;qrd\/ teD;odkUcsOf;uyfMunfhaomtcg r&rf;oD;
rSnfhrsm;yif jzpfaeaMumif; awGU&ojzifh tHUMordygonf/ r&rf;oD;
rSnfhxifNyD;rS r&rf;oD;rSnfhyif jzpfaeygvsuf tb,fhaMumifhtHUMo&yg
oenf;[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/ uREkfyfwkdU txufjrefrmjynfwGif r&rf;oD;
[lonfrSm waygif;vwdkifa&mufrS ]tuif;}uav;rsm;avmufom ay:ao;í
axmif;pm; &eftwGuf zkd;BuD;&if;xdkufay;NyD; 0,f,lMu&av&m ]trSnfh}
rsm;yif a&mif;vsuf&SdaomaMumifh tHUMo&jcif;jzpfygonf/ þa'oESifh
txufArmjynfrSm wjynfwnf;jzpfygvsuf wjynfpDwnf&SdonfhES,f jcm;em;
jciff;&Sdonf[k trSwfjyKcJUrd&m tvm;wljcm;em;jcif;&Sdaom tjcm;tcsuf
uav;rsm;udkvnf; oufqdkif&m ae&mwGif azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/

803 
aumif;onfxifaompHepfwck

uREkfyfwkdUonf þblwmrS oxkHodkUa&mufatmif bwfpfum;jzifh

qufvufoGm;Muí oxkHokdUa&mufaomtcg eHeufpm pm;csdefwkdif a&muf
aeavNyD/ oxkHNrdKUwGif ,cifu uREkfyfwnf;ckdcJUbl;onfh wl (ESr\om;)
zkd;xl;\tdrfü wnf;cdkMu&ef &nfrSef;xm;aomfvnf; w&kwfxrif;qdkifokdU
a&S;OD;pGm0ifMuavonf/ uREkfyf\0goemwckrSm rnfolUtdrfü wnf;cdk&onf
jzpfap BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;xm;jcif;r&SdcJUvQif ,kwfpGmhtqkH; yxr
xrif;weyftwGuf tdrf&Sifrudk 'ku©ray;csifaomaMumifh xrif;qdkifü
pm;wwfonfjzpf&m þtjyKtrlonf aumif;aom tjyKtrlwck jzpfonf[k
txyfxyfoabmuscJUygonf/ tdrf&Sifrsm;u ]]uRefawmfwkdU &Sdvsufom;ESifh
xrif;qdkifrSmpm;cJUwm tHUMoyg&JU}}[k avmuGwfpum; ajymwwfMuaomf
vnf; BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;jcif;r&SdyJ xrif;pm;csdefü qdkufa&mufoGm;aom
{nfhonftwGuf tdrf&SifrtzkdUwGif b,frQavmufpdwf'ku©a&muf&onfudk
uREkfyfaumif;aumif;BuD;&dyfrdonf/ rdrdü ukefus&aom xrif;zkd;onf
tdrf&Sifrtm; &kwfw&uf &SmazGcsufjyKwf& aom'ku©rS vGwfNidrf;apojzifh
aumif;aumif;BuD; umrdonf[k uREkfyf,lq onf/ om;orD;ESifh
rdbrsm;rSwyg; (nDtpfudkarmifESr t&if;yifjzpfap) uREkfyf\pHepfonf
taumif;qkH;jzpfonf[k ,aeUwdkif,kHMunfvsufyif&Sd onf/ tcsKdUypönf;rsm;
udk wnf;tdrfodkU ydkUxm;NyD;rS wzefxGufípm;rnf BuHwwfMu\/ odkUqdkygu
tdrfodkUa&mufNyD;umrS xGufípm;jcif;udk tdrf&Sifu pdrf;um;&musrnfjzpfaom
aMumifh twif;wm;&awmhonfjzpf&m þodkUaom {nfhonfrsKd;onf tm;em
csifa,mif aqmifjcif;rQom jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyf\pdwfESifh rawGUvSacs/
tdrf&Sifrudk 'ku©ray;csifvQif tb,fhaMumifh wcgwnf;udpöNyD;atmif

804 
rvkyfcJUoenf;/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSm rdwfaqGaygrsm; olwa,muf
r[kwfaomfjim;vnf; tvdkufrodwwfaom {nfhonfwa,muf [líum;
rnfonfh tdrf&SifurS pGyfpGJEdkifMuonf rxifyg/ rMunfombl;qdkvQif
csufcsif;odwwfí csufcsif;ajymif;ajy;wwfol wa,mufjzpfygonf/

'kwd,jcm;em;csuf

w&kwfxrif;qdkifwGif uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,mufonf AkH;awGtMum;ü

pGefUpm;oGm;Mu&olrsm;jzpfí 0rf;uav;awmh aumif;aumif; pm;xdkufonfqdk
um aumif;ayhqdkaom pm;p&mrsm;udk rSm,lpm;aomufMu\/ bJuifwjcrf;?
awmufawmufaMumf? tpdrf;aMumf? 12 rsKd;[if;csKd? tonf;uif?
0ufom;uif? 0uftlacsmif;paom [if;aumif;rsm;yg&Sd\/ pm&if;&Sif;aom
tcgü tm;vkH;twGufrS ajcmufusyfom usoifhaomaMumifh tHUtm;oifhae
Mu\/ rEÅav;üqdkvQif xkdtcsdefu bJuifwaumifckESpfusyfEIef;jzpfae&m
þae&mü waumifokH;usyf? wjcrf; wusyf-&SpfyJom ay;&í 15usyfavmuf
usrnfhxrif;yGudk ajcmufusyfrQom ay;cJU&avonf/ þtjcif;t&mudk
axmufojzifhvnf; þa'oESifh tnma'aorSm wjynfwEdkifiHpD wnfhae
onfhES,f tHUzG,f&m jcm;em;vSonf[k trSwfjyKcJU&ayonf/

b0a[mif;udkESajrmjcif;

zkd;xl;\aetdrfokdU a&mufoGm;Muaomtcg zkd;xl;\zcif (uREkfyf\

a,mufz) ESifh orD;uav;rsm;onf zkd;xl;\tdrfodkU a&mufaeMujcif;udk
awGU&\/ rEÅav;NrdKUü olwkdU\tdrfwGif uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m; wnf;cdkMu

805 
uwnf;u rawGU&awmhyJ ,ckrSyif awGUMu&jcif;jzpf\/ ]]xrif;pm;cJU
MuNyDvm;}} [kar;í pm;cJUNyD;aMumif; ajymjcif;tm;jzifh pdwfoufomcGifh
ay;vkduf\/ xdktdrfwGif a,mufz\ajr;uav;rsm; (uREkfyfESifhvnf; ajr;
awmfygonf/) ausmufaygufvsuf&SdMujcif;udk awGU&í uREkfyfwkdU xrif;pm;
cJUonfrSm tqifoifhvSonf[k uREkfyfowd&ao;onf/ xkdUaemuf uREkfyf
onf aq;0,frnfholrsm;pkHprf;&eftwGuf zkd;xl;udkac:oGm;&m oGm;cgeD;wGif
npmtwGuf uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf rcsufMu&efudkvnf; ajymcJUzkdU owdrarhacs/
pkHprf;Muaomtcg oxkHNrdKUwGif ,cifwavmu aq;rsm;vdk bl;onf
rSefaomfvnf; ,ckrSm aq;qdkiftvGefenf;í q&m0efrsm;vnf; r&Sdoavmuf
jzpfaeaMumif; awGU&\/ uREkfyf\wlzdk;xl;rSmvnf omrefaps;onfuav;
wa,mufrQomjzpfí ESHUpyfa&vnfaom vli,fwa,mufr[kwfvSacs/
odkUjzpf&um; uREkfyf\aq;jym;uav;rsm;a&mif;zkdU arQmfvifhcsufrSm a&jzpfí
oGm;cJUavNyD/ aeUv,fcif;ü uREkfyfonf zdk;xl;\aetdrf atmufxyfodkU
qif;í vGefcJUonfh ESpfESpfcefUu ]a&Smvrkefodkuf}0w¦Kudk bmomjyefcJUaom
ae&muav;udkMunfhrdao;\/ pma&;q&mb0rS ]e,fvSnfhaq;ukefonf}
b0odkU a&mufae&jcif;udk owd&í 0rf;enf;ovdkvdk jzpfrdao;\/ [dkwkef;
uqdkvQif aiGvdkcsifygu zdí tvkyfvkyfvdkufvQif &Edkifaomtjzpfü&SdcJU&m
,ckrSm AkH;awGMum;xJ avQmufoGm;ae&ygvsuf b,fae&m b,fXmerS
a&mif;&rnfrodatmif jzpfaeojzifh tm;avsmhovkdjzpfcJUrdygonf/ odkU&mwGif
uREkfyfonf tm;avQmhaompdwfrsKd;udk Mum&Snfatmif vufcHonfh 0goem
r&Sdonfhtwkdfif; csufcsif;yifESifxkwfEdkifcJUygonf/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfwkdUonf
zkd;xl;\tdrfwGif wntdyfNyD; eufjzefeHeufwGif bwfpfum;ESifh armfvNrdKif
odkUqufvufoGm;Mu &efqkH;jzwfvdkuf\/ uREkfyf\nDbZHrSm ukefa&mif;&ef
vmjcif;r[kwf? ukef0,f&ef oufoufvmjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh a&mufav&m

806 
t&yfwGif oifhawmfaom ukefpnfrsm;taMumif;udk ar;jref;pkHprf;vsuf&Sd&m
armfvNrdKifNrdKUodkU oGm;zkdUudkvnf; oGufvufpGmoabmwlavonf/
xdknOfhü uREkfyfwkdUonf zkd;xl;\tdrfü wntdyfMu&av&m tcsKdU
vlrsm;ESifh rwlaom uREkfyf\0goemwckudk azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;
onf ul;pufwwfaom a&m*gudkraMumufvS? AkH;BuJav,mOfysH rsm;udkom
aMumufwwfMu\/ uREkfyfrlum; AkH;BuJav,mOfysHxuf ul;pufwwfaom
a&m*gudkydkíaMumuf\/ av,mOfysH[lonfrSm vmckdufuav;wGif &Sdef;ueJ
vefU&í jyefoGm;aomtcgwGif ajyaysmufoGm;\/ ul;pufwwfaom a&m*g
rsKd;[lonfrSmum; wpdrfhpdrfhESifh Mum&SnfpGm &GHUae&\/ bmoHrSvnf;rMum;&?
b,fuvmrnf[lívnf; rodEdkifacs/ xdktdrfwGif uREkfyftdyf&aomnOhfü
bZHwkdUnDtpfudkrSm w&SL;&SL;ESifh tdyfMuaomfvnf; uREkfyfrSmrl ausmufayguf
aom ajr;uav;rsm;ESifh tcef;csif;uyfí tdyf&aomaMumifh wudk,fvkH;ü
[dku,m;ovdkvdk? onfu,m;ovkdvdkjzifh awmfawmfESifh tdyfraysmfEdkfifatmif
&Sdygawmhonf/ uREkfyfqkH;jzwfcsufcsrdonfrSmum; uREkfyf\aq;rsm;udk
aemufwnapmifhvQif tm;vkH;ukefBudKufaps;ay;í 0,fygrnf[k ajymol
&SdvQifvnf; þtdrfü wnrtdyfawmh[k atmufarhrdygonf/ aemufwaeU
wGif uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufonf armfvNrdKifodkUbwfpfum;ESifh vkdufoGm;Mu
av\/

ra&mif;&csifaeap

uREkfyfonf rif;BuD;\awmvkdufpma&; vkyfcJUpOfu jrefrmjynftwGif;

tawmfESHUatmif a&mufcJUaomfvnf; weoFm&Dwdkif;wck usefaeojzifh
armfvNrdKifodkU a&muf&rnfhtwGuf arQmfvifhcsufwckESifh vmcJUjcif;jzpfav

807 
onf/ rkwÅrbufrS armfvNrdKifbufodkU orÁefESifhul;MuNyD;aemuf uREkfyfwkdU
onf w&kwf[dkw,fwckü wnf;ckdMuí bZHonf olawGUaom ypönf;rsm;
teufrS a&mif;ípGHrnfhypönf;rsKd;udk a&G;cs,f0,f,l&m txkyfav;xkyf
jzpfvmcJUavNyD/ uREkfy\
f nD bZHum; tawmfrsufpdwwf aomaps;onf
wa,mufjzpf\/ bmypönf;rqkd olawGUcJUvQif a&mif;ra&mif;? tzdk;
rnfírnfrQ qdkonfudkar;jref;pkHprf;vkdufonfcsnf;jzpf\/ xkdUaMumifhvnf;
olUrSm *syefacwftwGif;u tawmfuav; pD;yGm;jzpfcJU&m avmif;upm;
0goemaMumifh ypönf;tzufrwifyJ jzpfcJU&avonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf
armfvNrdKifodkU a&mufMubl;olrsm; r[kwfonfhtavsmuf tawmfESHUatmif
vnfywfcJUMu&m uREkfyftzdkUü pdwft0ifpm;qkH;aom tjcif;t&mwckrSm
urf;ajcüjyKvkyfxm;onfh pBuF&SnfBuD;aywnf;/ uREkfyfrSm þt&mrsKd;&Sdaom
NrdKUodkUra&mufbl;onfESifh naecif;wGif pBuFefudk acgufwkHUacgufjyef
vrf;avQmufí r0Edkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/ bZHtzdkUum; ypönf;rsm;&yg\/
uREkfyftzdkUrlum; aq;rsm;0,frnfhol wa,mufrQ rawGU&yg/ okdU&mwGif
uREkfyfonfrlvuwnf;u arQmfvifhBuD;arQmfvifhcJUol r[kwfaomaMumifh
ra&mif;&jcif;wGufpdwfrysufvS/ ra&mufyJusefaeonfh NrdKUwNrdKUodkU a&muf&
onfqdk&kHESifhyif auseyfEdkifoljzpfygonf/ bZHurl uREkfyftaMumif;udk
aumif;aumif;rodojzifh uREkfyfudkoem;ykH&onf/ trSefudkazmfjy&vQif
uREkfyfonf'kwd,wacgufü AkH;awGusí ajcmufuyfaom &efukefudk
awGUvdkuf&uwnf;u yxrwacgufuuJUodkU tjrwfBuD;jrwfzdkU arQmfvifh
csufudk wcgwnf; pGefUvTwfvdkufNyDjzpf&m wwd,wacgufvmcJUjcif;rSm
uREkfyftjrwf&zkdUxuf aqGrsKd;rsm;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm; pdwfauseyfrItwGufrQ
avmufom oabmxm;vsuf&Sdygawmhonf/ waMumif;rSmvnf; refusnf;wkH

808 
ü pm;&aomuf&jcif;xuf [dkw,fawG avQmufNyD;wnf;cdkpm;aomufjcif;onf
auseyfp&maumif;onf[k oabmxm;wwfoljzpfygonf/

rBuKHbl;aomtajctae

armfvNrdKifu [dkw,frSm oxkHuqdkifuJUodkU aps;EIef;racsmifvSapumrl

rEÅav;ESifh EIdif;pmvQiftvGefoufomygao;onf/ trSefrSm oxkHESifhrEÅav;
wkdU\ tv,fMum;wGif &Sdonf[kqdk&ayrnf/ uREkfyfrSm aumif;aumif;NrdefNrdef
pm;&aomuf&jcif;onfom tjrwf[koabmxm;um taumif;qkH;aom
pm;p&mrsm;udk 00BuD;rSm,lpm;aomufMuNyD;aemuf pum;wajymajymESifh
q,fem&DcefUwdkifatmif xdkifaeNyD;rS tdyf&mokdU0ifMu\/ [dkw,f[k
ac:&aomfvnf; tdyf&mae&mrsm;rSm oefUoefU&Sif;&Sif;BuD; r[kwfvS?
oifhwifh&kHrQom &Sdygonf/ okdU&mwGif xdktcsdefurl w&kwfjynfü crf;em;aom
[dkw,fBuD;rsm;odkU vSnfhvnfwnf;cdk&bl;ao;onf r[kwfaomaMumifh pdwf
MunfEl;jcif;rSwyg; bmrQr&Sdacs/ rnfonfhenf;rqdk refusnf;wkH&Sdzcif\
tdrfcef;uav;ESifhEIdif;vQif tajymif;tvJoabmESifh auseyfEdkifoljzpfygonf/
tdyf&mokdU0ifMuí bmrQrMumao;rD avaMumif;tcsufay; OMoqJGav&m
uREkfyfrSwyg; bZHwkdUESifh tdrfom;rsm;onf tvl;tvJxí jyL;wl;NyJwJ
jzpfukefMuavNyD/ þ[dkw,fü¤if;nOfhwGif uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,mufrSwyg;
tjcm;{nfhonf r&Sdacs/
uREkfyfonf tdyf&mrSxí atmufxyfodkUqif;vmaomtcg bZHwkdU
nDtpfudkvnf;rawGU? qdkif&Sifrsm;vnf;rawGUonfESifh aemufaz;bufodkU
xGufvmcJU\/ xdktcg w&kwfrwa,mufonf uav;wa,mufudk
vufqJGum uav;wa,mufudkcsDvsuf rIefwDrIefrTm;&Sdaom rD;a&mifwGif

809 
uREkfyfbufodkUajy;vmí uREkfyfudk0ifwdkufrd\/ þwGifrS ]] vm vm
q&mBuD;? wDrSm AkH;usif;&Sd w,f}}[k ajymumuREkfyfudkac:oGm;\/ uREkfyf
wkdUonfxif;ykHrsm;tMum;rS avQmufoGm;Muí urf;yg;xdyfokdU a&mufaom
tcgAkH;usif;xJokdUxnfhay;vkduf\/ uREkfyfonfxkH;pHtwdkif; usif;0wGifxdkif
vsuf aumif;uifodkUMunfhae\/ av,mOfysHrsm;um; aumif;uifokdUa&muf
aeMuí w0D0DESifhvSnfhvnf ysHoef;vsuf&SdMuavNyD/ wcPMumvwfaomf
]]0kef;?tkef;?tkef;?tkef;}}jrnf aomtoHBuD;ESifh AkH;wvkH;usvm&m AkH;onf
urf;em;wavQmufodkU csjcif;jzpfí uREkfyfwkdUESifhra0;vSjcif;udkjrif&\/
aemufwcPü w&kwfronf aMumuf&Smonfh vu©PmESifh ol\uav;
ESpfa,mufudk uREkfyf\&ifcGifxJodkU wGef;xdk;xnfhoGif;NyD; uREkfyftm;AkH;usif;
xJodkUqGJac:\/ jzpf&ykHrSm AkH;usif;xJü wa,mufwnf;vnf;rae0HU?
uREkfyfESifhtwlAkH;usif;ay:üvnf; rae0HUjzpfae&Sm\/ okdUjzpfíuREkfyfonf
uav;ti,fudk olUvufokdUay;NyD; uav;tBuD;udkvufqGJvsuf w&kwfrESifh
twl AkH;usif;xJodkU qif;&awmhonf/ AkH;rsm;onf 10 puúefUavmuf
wGifwvkH;? 15 puúefUavmufwGifwvkH; qufumqufum usav&m
w&kwfronf AkH;oHwcsufMum;wdkif; uav;a&molyg uREkfyf\&ifcGifxJodkU
ypfvSJí wGefUueJ wGefUueJ jzpfoGm;jcif; udk uREkfyfod&onf/ uREkfyfum;
rnfokdUrQr&Sdjcif;rSefygonf/ odkU&mwGif olUa,mufsm;jrifvQif rnfodkUrsm;
&Sdacsrnfenf;[laom pdwful;um; jzpfay:vmygonf/

810 
aus;Zl;wifcH&ykH

em&D0ufcefUMumaomtcg av,mOfysHrsm; jyefoGm;í uREkfyfwkdUonf

[dkw,fxJodkU jyef0ifNyD; rD;rsm;zGifhvdkufonfwGifrS bZHnDtpfudkESifh [dkw,f
tvkyform; w&kwfrsm;0ifvmMuonf/ jzpfykHrSm uREkfyfwkdUtdyf&modkU
0ifMuaomtcsdefwGif [dkw,f&Sifonf rma*smif;(zJ0dkif;)okdUoGm;í tvkyf
orm;rsm;vnf; cPwjzKwf xGufívnfMu&m bZHnDtpfukdrlum;
urf;em;odkU qif;ajy;Muonfqdk\/ pifppfrSmbZHonf urf;em;odkU olUnD
cspfaqGaMumifh vkduf&jcif;jzpf&m cspfaqGonf av,mOfysHvmwdkif; (aysmfbG,f
blwmrSmuJUodkU) a&xJwGif ikyfvQKd;ae&rS vkHNcKHonf[k xifwwfaom
0goemtwdkif; a&atmifwGif ikwfvmcJUonfESifh ol\t0wfrsm; &TJ&TJpdkvsuf
&Sdavonf/ cspfaqG\vkyfykHaMumifh uREkfyfrSm'kwd, tBudrf&,fcJU&jyefyg
ao;onf/ xdktawmtwGif;w&kwfronf uREkfyftm; ar;aighumaighumjzifh
olUa,mufsm;tm; w&kwfvdkajymvsuf&Sd&m rma*smif;0dkif;rS ajy;vmcJU&onfh
olUa,mufsm;u uREkfyfudkMunfhykHrSmvnf; aus;Zl;wifonfh trlt&myif
jzpfonf/ w&kwfronf uREkfyf\apmifha&Smuf ulnDjcif;taMumif;udk
ajymjy[ef&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyf\&ifcGifxJodkU vSJítdyf jcif;taMumif;udkrl
ajymjyykHr&acs/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaom qdkif&Sifaygufazmf onf w&kwfr\
pum;tqkH;ü uREkfyfxHodkUvmí aus;Zl;wifaMumif;ajymNyD;vQif uREkfyfwkdU
okH;a,muftm; csuft&ufwykvif;ESifh tom;uifrsm;jzifh {nhfcHauR;arG;
ayaomaMumifhwnf;/

811 
wwd,tHUMop&m

aemufwaeUeHeufü uREkfyfwkdUonf xrif;pm;NyD;onfESifhwNydKifeuf

jyefc&D;qufMuav\/ orÁefESifhul;Muí rkwÅrbufodkU a&mufMuaomtcg
bZH\ypönf;av;xkyfudko,f,l&ef ulvDiSm;Mu&mü tHUzG,f&mwckBuKHcJU&
ao;\/
a&qdyfESifh rD;&xm;blwm&kHrSm wzmvkHcefU uGmvSrf;onfxif&m
ulvDwa,muftm; pkHprf;aomtcg okH;rwf (75qifh)ay;&rnfqdk\/
uREkfyftHUMovsuf&SdpOf ukefonfyDoaom bZHu qifh50ESifh qpfvdkufao;&m
ulvDrsm;vnf; oabmwlvufcHMuavonf/ txkyfav;xkyfudk ulvD
ESpfa,mufo,f,lMuí wa,muf 25qifhpD cGJa0,lMuavonf/ uREkfyf\
pdwfxJü igwkdUtnmqdkvQif rD;&xm;ulvDrsm; onf wzmvkHc&D;a&mufatmif
o,fay;&rnfqdkygu b,favmufrsm; awmif;avrnfrod[k tHUMo
vsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfxifonfhtwdkif;yif yvdyfblwmodkUa&mufMuaomtcg
rD;&xm;ay:rS þtxkyfav;xkyfudkyif vSnf;ay:okdU wifay;&kHtwGuf
(wxkyfwusyf)av;usyfawmif;í okH;usyfESifh cJ,Of;pGmqpf,l&avonf/
uREkfyfonf ulvDctwGuf ESajrmaomaMumifh þuJUokdU tus,fw0ifh
azmfjyjcif;r[kwf? wjynfwnf;twGif;jzpfvsuf t&yf&yfaps;EIef;rSm þrQ
avmuf uGmjcm;jcif;udk tHUMordaomaMumifhjzpf\/ vu©PmrSm tnmwGif
puúLay:NyD; ypönf;&Sm;í þtydkif;wGif ypönf;aygNyD; puúLwefzdk;
&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh jzpf&ayrnf/ uREkfyf\vufxJü ydkufqHtoifhtwifh
&SdvQif oxkHodkUvmí xdkifpm;aeEdkifygu awmfvdrfhrnf[k pdwful;jzpfrdonf/
uREkfyf\a,mufzonf þtaMumif;udk odaomaMumifh ajymif;a&TUvmcJUjcif;
jzpf[efrwl? ol\om;zkd;xl;&SdaomaMumifh ajymif;a&TUvmcJUjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;

812 
(ypönf;ESifhywfoufí uHaumif;ol wa,mufjzpfonfhtwdkif;) olvkyfav
orQ [efusjcif;udk awGU&onf/

pdk;&drfrdaomwHwm;BuD;

þc&D;wGif uREkfyfwkdUonf vrf;üw&uf&yfem;&ao;avoavm

rrSwfrdawmh/ &efukefokdUnOfh 10 em&DtcsdefcefUwGifrS rD;&xm;qdkufa&muf
oGm;jcif;udkom rSwfrdygawmhonf/ þtcsdefwGif wnf;cdk&ef [dkw,frsm;
vnf; ydwfukefMuNyDjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdUonf odrfBuD;aps;bufodkU
oGm;Mu&ef qkH;jzwfM u\/ okdU&mwGif ulvDvnf;rawGU? vefcsm;vnf;
r&SdaomaMumifh bZHwkdUnDtpfudkonf txkyfav;xkyfudk ESpfxkyfpD cGJa0
xrf;,lvmMu&m uREkfyfrlum; aq;vG,ftdwfuav;udkom vG,f,lEdkif
ygonf/ ql;avbk&m;vrf; *kH;wHwm;BuD;ay:okdUa&mufMuí uREkfyfonf
a&SUrSwcsKdU? aemufrSwcsKdU avQmufvmMuaom c&D;onfrsm;udk &yfMunfh
vdkufaomtcg c&D;onfaygif; 50 cefU&Sdjcif;udk rSwfrdygao;onf/
tm;vkH;onf txkyftydkf;udk,fpDESifh avQmufMu&jcif;aMumifh tm;&Sdjcif;udk
vnf;uREkfyfrSwfrd\/ þokdU&SdpOf bZHu ]]uRefawmfawmh av;vSNyDtudkBuD;
&,f? cPavmufem;tkH;rSjzpfr,f}}[k ajymvkduf&m uREkfyfuvnf; rulnD
Edkifojzifh txkyfrsm;udkcsí &yfem;zdkU oabmwlvdkuf&\/ uREkfyf\
pdwfxJüum; tvGefvljywfonfh þwHwm;BuD;ay:wGif tjcm;c&D;onf
rsm;ESifhcJGNyD; uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufwnf;csefae&pf&rnfh ta&;aMumifh pdwf
aESmifhaES;jcif;&Sd\/ tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;oGm;ukefMuí uREkfyfwkdUcsnf; ig;rdepf
cefU csefae&pfapumrl wpkHw&mrQ rjzpfonfESifh awmfygao;\/ bZH
tyef;ajzaomtcg qufvufí oGm;Mujyef&m odrf;BuD;aps;odkUra&mufrD

813 
okH;Budrfwkdifwkdif &yfem;Mu&av\/ tkyfaygif; &SdcJUygrl uREkfyfonf awGU
atmif&Smí tultnDawmif;vdrfhrnfjzpf&m tkyfaygif;um; 'kwd,wacguf
uREkfyfa&mufpOfuwnf;u AkH;xdrSefí aoNyD;cJUavNyD/ b,frSm tdyfMu&
ygrnfenf;/

rarQmfvifhaomtdyf&m

a&S;,ciftcgrsm;url w&kwfwef;&yfuGufonf "mwfrD;awGxdefvsuf

rdk;vif;atmifa&mif;aom pm;p&mqdkifrsm;jzifh pnfum;pGm&SdcJU&m ,ckrSmrl
tcsKdUaomwkdufrsm;rS rD;uav; wyGifhwavrSwyg;w&yfvkH; arSmifrnf;vsuf
&Sd\/
uREkfyfwdkUtzkdUrSm vrf;ay:wGif tdyf&kHrSwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sdacs/
okdUjzpfí em&DpifteD;tyg;w0dkufü ae&mpkHprf;Mu&m em&Dpif\
awmifbufwGif vrf;\ta&SUbufokdU yvufazmif;ay:ü oHjym;BuD;ESpfcsyf
csxm;jcif;udkawGU&\/ ajrBuD;ay:ü tdyf&jcif;xuf oHjym;ay:ü tdyf&jcif;u
awmfao;onfqdkum uREkfyfwkdUonf txkyfrsm;udk oHjym;ay:wGifcsí
tdyfzkdUae&mjyifMuav\/ jyifonfqdk&aomfvnf; BuD;BuD;us,fus,fr[kwf?
uREkfyftzdkUrSm vkHcsnfwxnfudkcif;NyD; aq;vG,ftdwfudk acgif;tkH;jyKvkyf
&jcif;omjzpf\/ bZHwkdUESpfa,mufrSm rmcsmaom oHypönf;xkyfBuD;rsm;udk
acgif;tkH;Mu&í uREkfyfxufyifqkd;ao;\/ rsm;rMumrD wwdkufwavrS
xGufvmaom rD;a&mifyif Nidrf;vkdufNyDjzpfí arSmiftwdjzpfoGm;cJUavNyD/
wydkUwGJvjynfhausmf 3 &ufaeUn va&mifrSmvnf; (ta&SUbufrS)
wdkufBuD;rsm;uG,fvsuf&SdaomaMumifh pdk;&drfonhfvu©PmESifh tdyfaysmf[ef
r&Sday&m uREkfyf\aq;tdwfrSmrl acgif;tkH;xm;onfh twGufaMumifh

814 
ckd;,lírjzpfEdkif? vk,lrS&ekdifrnf/ okdUESifhvnf; bdef;pm;tvGefaygaom
&ufuGufjzpfaomaMumifh pkd;&drf&ao;onf/ uREkfyfrSmrl udk,fydkifypönf;
&SdpkrJUpkomru olwyg;\ypönf;\vnf; ygao;aomaMumifh awmfawmf
uav;rsm;yg\/ okdU&mwGif ypönf;twGuf pdk;&drfrzufwwfaom 0goem
aMumifh aomura&mufvSyg/ ausmatmufrS oHjym;aMumifh ausmem
onfhtwGufom rtdyfEdkifyJ&Sdaeygonf/ oHjym;ay:wGif yufvufvSef,if;
]igonf wBudrfwcgü þae&mwGif tdyf&vdrfhrnf[k wa,mufa,mufu
aA'ifa[mjim;tHU? xkdoltm; ol&l;[lí qdkvdrfhrnfjzpf &m b,fwkef;urS
rxifcJUonfh em&DpifBuD;teD; yvufazmif;ay:ü tdyf&onfqdkjcif;rSm
tvGefqef;Mu,fonfh uHw&m;aywum;}[k uHtaMumif;w&m;udkom
tHUMovsuf&Sdygawmhonf/ (þaemufydkif;ü ¤if;ae&mw0dkufokdUa&mufoGm;
onfhtcgwdkif; oHjym;BuD;rsm; cif;xm;bl;onfh ae&modkUoGm;í xdkpOfu
tdyfcJU&bl;jcif;taMumif;udk pNrKHrjyefyJ raeEdkifatmifjzpfcJU&yg\/) eHeuf
vif;aomtcgrS ,cifwBudrfwnf;cdkcJU bl;onfh w&kwf[dkw,fodkU
xoGm;Mu&ygonf/

ta<u;ay;&JvkdufykH

w&kwf[dkw,fü ae&m&MuNyD;aemuf bZHnDtpfudkonf 0,fp&mypönf;

rsm; vkdufvH&SmazGpkHprf;vsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfonf ¤if;wkdUESifhtwlrvkdufyJ
NrdKUxJodkU vnf,if;ywf,if; wa,mufwnf;xGufvmcJU\/ ,if;odkU
vnfywfpOf b,fenf;ESifb,fvdk tqufjzpfoGm;onf[k uREkfyfrrSwfrd
awmh/ &dk;om;ykH&aom vlwa,mufESifh aq;0g;taMumif; pum;pdyfrdMu
onfESifh ol\tdrfokdUtvnfac:oGm;\/ xkdvlonf aq;vkH;aq;jym;rsm;

815 
ta&mif;t0,fvkyfolwa,mufjzpfonf[k uREkfyfod&\/ ol\om;r,m;
rsm;vnf; &dk;om;ykH&onf[k uREkfyftuJcyfrd\/ uREkfyfü aq;rsm;ygaMumif;
ajymjy&mwGif xkdvlonf [dkw,fodkUvdkufvmí uREkfyf\aq;rsm;udkMunfh&m
¤if;wkdUudk ol0,fvdkaomfvnf; olUvufxJüydkfufqHr&Sdao;aMumif;ajym\/
tjcm;vlrsm;onf þokdUaom tajctaewGif aq;rsm;udk jyefíodrf;vdrfh
rnfxif\/ uREkfyfrlum; ydkufqHtwGuf udpör&Sdacs/ EIef;wnfhzkdUom
ta&;BuD;onf[kajymí aps;EIef;taMumif; pum;ajymMu&m olay;aomaps;
eIef;rSm rlvu uREkfyfwkdUrSef;xm;oavmuf r[kwfapumrl vuf&Sdtajctae
t& a&mif;rnfqdku a&mif;xkdufonf[k uREkfyfqkH;jzwf\/ ola&G;,laom
aq;rsm;twGuf usoifhaiG 1500cefU&Sd&m uREkfyfu p&dwftwGuf
,ckvufiif; aiG 300day;vkdufvQif usefaiGudk uREkfyfxHodkU wvtwGif;
ydkUvdkufEdkifonfqdkum vdyfay;cJUrnf[kajym\/
xdkvlu aiG300dudk&Smay;í ay;vdkuf&ef oabmwlonfESifh uREkfyfonf
aq;tdwfudkvG,fvsuf olUtdrfodkU vkdufoGm;&m aiG300d&onf ESifh
aq;rsm;udk cGJay;íjyefvmcJU\/ aiGydkU&efvdyfudkvnf; ]0ufvufpmwdkuf
refusnf;wkH&Gm}[k ay;xm;cJUavonf/ uREkfyfonf ¤if;aiGjzifh ykpGefajcmuf?
ig;ykyfjym;? 'l;&if;,dkponfh ukefuav;rsm; 0,fvmcJUonf/

bZHtHUMojcif;

bZHwkdUjyefvmí þtaMumif;udk ajymjyaomtcg bZHu ]]vkyfrS

vkyfyavtpfudkBuD;&,f}} [kqdk&m uREkfyfu ]]at;avuG,f? 'Daq;awG&Sdae
orQ igwkdU&efukefqif;zkdU wdkufwGef;aeMutkH;rSmyJ? vufvGwfoGm;rS

816 
at;awmhrSmuG? waMumif;uvJ ighvludk igu&dk;om; w,fxifvdkU vufvGwf
py,fvkyfvdkufwmyJ}}[kajym\/
]]t&ifu todr[kwfbl;vm;}}
]]ckrSawGUbl;wmyJ}}
]]tHUMoyAsm? olaewmu b,frSmvJ}}
]]MunfhjrifwkdifbufyJuG? tdrfudkawmh igodw,f? vrf;udkawmh
igrodbl;}}
]]vrf;emrnfudkawmif rodbl;vm;}}
]]bmvkyfzkdUvJuG? ighvdyfudk olod,if NyD;wmyJ? oluaiGydkU&r,fhvluG?
igu odzkdUrvkdygbl;}}
]]olu rydkU,ifaum tudkBuD;&,f}}
]]rydkUvQifvJ r&&kHayghuGm}}
]]vdkufrawmif;awmhbl;vm; cifAsm}}
]]vdkufawmif;vQif pm;&dwfukef&kH &SdawmhrSmayghuG? olydkUvQif ig&r,f?
rydkUvQifr&bl;? 'gyJ&Sdwm}}
]]vkyfvkdufav tpfudkBuD;&,f}}
]]&rSmyguG? vl&dk;yg igodygw,f}}
aiG 1500d teuf 300d &&SdcJUNyDjzpfaomaMumifh 1200d usefao;ay&m
¤if;udk 120d ESifh 0,frnfhol awmfawmf&Sm;ayvdrfhrnfxifonf/ trSefrSm
uREkfyfonf aq;twGufaMumifh pdwfysufvsuf&SdonfwaMumif;? rddrdudk,fudk
armifpH&Sm;vkyfNyD; vluJcwfvdkufonfwaMumif;? qkH;vQifvJNyD;wmyJ[k
oabmxm;onf waMumif;aMumifh vkyfvkdufjcif;jzpfygonf/

817 
vufrSwftcuftcJ

bZHrSmvnf; ukefrsm;0,fNyD;í aiGukefNyDjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdUonf

aemufwaeUwGif &GmodkUjyefMu&ef jyifqifMuav\/ rD;&xm;onf
ouFef;uRef;blwmrS xGufrnfjzpfí ¤if;blwmodkU oGm;Mu&\/
a&mufaomtcg *syeft&m&Sdrsm;udk,fwdkif Muyfrwfí vufrSwfa&mif;vsuf&Sd
aomaMumifh vufrSwf&zkdUta&;rSm ]usL}wef;xJü &yf&kHrSwyg; tjcm;
enf;vrf; rjrif&awmhacs/ odkUjzpfí uRekfyfucspfaqGtm; ]usL}wef;xJü
t&yfckdif;zkdU bZHudkajym&m tcuftcJwck ay:aygufvmjyef \/ &kHydkifu
vlwa,mufvQif vufrSwfwapmifpDom a&mif;zkdUtrdefUxkwfxm;aMumif;
od&\/ odkUqdkvQif uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufvkH; 0if&yfzkdU vkdonfjzpf&m ypönf;
rsm;udk rnfolapmifhíaeacsrnfenf;/ ]]aeygapudkBuD;&m? xdkifomaeyg}}[k
bZHuajymí uREkfyfonf pD;u&ufwnfvkduf? blwm&kHxJodkU 0ifoGm;vdkuf
xGufvkdufESifh a&muf,ufcwfjzpfae\/ ]usL}wef;xJrS vltcsKdUum;
vufrSwfudk,fpDESifh xGufvmMuavNyD/ 15rdepfcefUMumvwfaomf bZHonf
NyKH;&TifaomrsufESmESifh xGufvmjcif;udk jrifvdkuf&í ae&muscJUNyD[k
uREkfyfxifvdkuf&m xifonfhtwdkif;yif vufrSwfrsm;udk ajrSmufíjyavonf/
bZHum; olvdkaomt&mudk &&Sda&;twGuf aiGvdkvQif aiGay;onf/
qvHBudKufvQif qvHay;onf/ wwfEdkifvQif ajcaxmufudkudkifrS &rnf
qdkvQifvnf; ajcaxmufudk udkifrnfqdkonfh vlpm;rsKd;wa,muf jzpfav&
um; *syefacwfwGif tawmf tayguftvrf;wnfhaom vli,f
wa,mufjzpfay\/ xdkacwfuwvtwGif; &atmif&SmcJUonfh aiGwaxmif
udk w&ufwnf;ESifh &IH;csif&IH;ypfwwfoljzpfí rBuD;yGm;yJ&SdcJU&onf/

818 
uREkfyfwkdUonf þwacgufü vrf;c&D;ü tqef;wMu,f rBuKHcJU&yJ
ESpfnckwfNyD;aemuf &GmodkUjyefa&mufMuav\/

vkyfrSvkyfyav ihgnD&,f

&GmokdUjyefa&mufMuaomtcg rdaxG;uG,fvGefESifhí nDawmfarmifESifh

c,frwkdUvnf; rdk;ukwfrStvnftywf vma&mufMujcif;udk awGU&\/
nDawmfarmifrSm a0VK0efausmif;wkdufü tvkyftudkiftawmfBuD;NyD;rS *syef
rsm;ESifh bmjzpfonfrod? tvkyfudk&kyfodrf;NyD; c,fr\ Zmwdjzpfaom
rdk;ukwfodkUajymif;a&TUoGm;Mujcif;jzpf&m uREkfyfurl a0VK0efausmif;wdkufüyif
&SdMuao;onfxifvsuf&S\
d / odkU&mwGif uREkfyf0ifzkdU pdwfrul;cJUonfhtwGuf
ajcanmif;oufomao;\/ nDawmfarmifvkyfykHESifh ywfoufí uREkfyfazmfjy
vdkaomtcsufuav;wck&Sd\/ 1932 ckESpfü rdcifESifhzcifwkdUonf
uREkfyfxHodkUtvnfvmMuí av;ig;vrQ aexdkifvsuf&SdMu\/ waeUoü
zcifu rSwfpkrsm; a&;zkdUtwGuf pmtkyfwtkyfvSvSaumif;aumif; vkdcsif
onfqdkaomaMumifh uREkfyfonf atbDtrfykHESdyfwdkufodkUoGm;NyD; armf&udk
oa&zkH;ESifh a&Trifcsxm;onfh pmtkyfuav; wtkyf0,fcJUí zciftm;
uefawmhvdkuf\/ uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufrSm zcif\vufa&;ESifha&;xm;aom
þpmtkyfuav;udk uREkfyftarGcHzkdUjzpfonf[k zciftm;vnf; zGifhajymxm;í
nDawmfarmifvnf;od\/ zcif\vufa&;rSm vSyoyf&yfí q,fESpfcefUrQ
a&;rSwfxm;onfh rSwfpkrsm;onf pmtkyfuav;ESifh jynfhvkrwwf&Sd\/
zcifuG,fvGefaom tcgüuRekfyfonf pmtkyfuav;udk AD&dkxJü&SmMunfh&m
rawGU&awmhacs/ nDawmfarmif vifr,m;vmpOfu zcif\ pmtkyfAD&dkudk
arTaESmufoGm;ykH&aMumif; ajymMu\/ aemufydkif;wGif uRekfyfonf

819 
nDawmfarmif\ vufxJü pmtkyfuav;udk jrifrdaomfvnf; ar;vnf;rar;?
,aeUwdkifvnf; bmrQ rajymcJUbl;acs/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\pdwfxJürlum;
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu BudKwifpDrHxm;cJUonfh tpDtpOfudk zsuf&avjcif;qdkum
bmESifhrQ rwlatmif atmifhvSygonf/ uREkfyfu tBuD;jzpfí uREkfyf aoaom
tcgü &yg&ap[k awmif;xm;vQif [kwfygao;\/ þodkUjyKjcif;rlum;
wcgrQ zGifhrajymbl;aomfvnf; vm;vm;rQ rauseyfEdkifacs/ odkU&mwGif
aemufqkH;üum; zcifudkolcspfí ,ljcif;om jzpf&rnfqdkum tEdkifEdkifajzqnf
vkduf&ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfudkrlum; axmufxm;nSmwmonfh oabmxm;
vu©PmvkH;0&Smr&acs/

uREkfyf\uHaumif;jcif;wcsuf

rdaxG;uG,fvGefjcif;ESifhywfoufí zcif\aqGrsKd;rsm;onf 0rf;enf;

aom txdrf;trSwft&dyfedrdwf razmfjyMuacs/ þtaMumif;udk zcifodí
uREkfyfvnf;&dyfrd\/ zcifonf rdcifESifhrwl? pdwfxdcdkufvG,fol wa,muf
jzpfí nId;i,fvQif nId;i,fjcif;udk azmfjywwf\/ aqGrsKd;rsm;onf e*dk
uwnf;u olwkdU\aqGrsKd;jzpfaom uREkfyf\zcifxuf rdciftm; ydkrdk
av;pm;Muonfhjyif "r®uxdu yk*¾dKvfBuD;wa,mufu BuD;awmifhBuD;rS
r,m;,l&acsoavmqdkum rauseyfMuí aoqkH;aom tcgüvnf; 0rf;enf;
aMumif;udk y&d,m,fjzifhyif azmfrjyMuacs/ þodkUaom tajctaewGif
uREkfyfonf tvkdufodaom om;wa,muftaejzifh zcifbufrSvdkufum
aqGrsKd;rsm;udk ckcHwkdufcdkufay;\/ (ta&;edrfhaombufrS vdkufí wdkufay;
csifwwfonfrSm uREkfy\
f 0goemvnf;jzpf\/ þ0goemtwGufaMumifh
woufwmwGif tepfemcHjcif;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; aemifwr&cJU/ a&SUtzdkUwGif

820 
vnf; aemifw&vdrfhrnfrxifay/) aqGrsKd;rsm;u rdaxG;aoqkH;oGm;jcif;
aMumifh zciftwGuf aumif;onfhtaersKd; ajymcsifMu&mwGif uREkfyfonf
rdaxG;\aumif;aom tcsuftvufuav;rsm; udk&Sm&SmazGazG azmfxkwfí
tenf;i,fcsJUxGifum ajymjyavonf/ þtwGufaMumifh aqGrsKd;rsm;u
uREkfyftay:ü b,fuJUodkU oabmxm;Muonf rqdkEdkif/ zcifurl auseyf
0rf;ajrmuf&Smonf/ uREkfyftzdkU&müum; xdktcsdefwGif rdaxG;ESifhywfoufaom
udpörsm;ü zcifauseyfrIonfom y"mejzpfavonf/ zcifESifh uREkfyfonf
woufywfvkH; oabmuGJvJGcsufuav;awG tawmfrsm;cJUaomfvnf;
þaemufydwfqkH; tcsdefuav;ü zcifESpfodrfhatmif aqmif&GufEdkifcJUjcif;rSm
uREkfyf\uHaumif;jcif;w&yf[lí ,lqygonf/

vluJcwfra0;jcif;

uREkfyfonf aq;tcsKdUudk &efukefü ta<u;a&mif;cJUjcif;ESifh ywfoufí

aqGrsKd;rsm;tm; ajymjy&mwGif bZHtm; ajymjyouJUodkU ypfypfcgcgr[kwfyJ
az;az;rr taMumif;jyí ajymygvsufESifhyifaqGrsKd;rsm;url qkH;ygavNyD[k
oabmxm;MuykH&onf/ okdUaomf uREkfyftm;rl rnfodkUrQ rajymMuyJ
qdwfqdwfomaeMuonf/ uREkfyfjyefa&mufNyD;onfhaemuf wvcefUMumaom
tcg &efukefrS refeDatmf'gwapmif a&mufvmí aiG 1200dudk acsmarmpGm
&&Sdygonf/ uREkfyfrSmum; uREkfyftwGuf a0pkuav;&&Sdjcif;xuf armifpH&Sm;
vkyfí tuJcwfjcif;rSefuefonfhtwGuf omí 0rf;ajrmufrdygonf/
þtaMumif;ESifhywfoufí qufvufazmfjyvdkao;onfrSm uREkfyfonf
woufwmwavQmufvkH;wGif vluJcwfrSm;onf[k tvGefBuKHcJvSygonf/
uREkfyftm;rMunfjzLol? remvdkol? rav;pm;olwkdUESifhawGUvQif csufcsif;

821 
odwwfonfhenf;wl av;pm;ol? MunfndKol? cifrifol? Muifemolrsm;ESifh
awGU&aomtcgüvnf; wxdkifwnf;ESifhyif tuJcwfEdkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif
(aq;a&mif;cJUjcif; udpöuJUodkU) wxkyfwnf;ESifh qkH;jzwfcsuf cscJUonf
csnf;um; r[kwfyg/ qkdvdkjcif;rSm yxrqkH;jzwfcsuftwdkif; aemift&Snf
wGifvnf; twnfjyK&onfomrsm;jcif;udk azmfjyvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ i,fpOf
url yxrxifjrifcsuftwdkif; &J&JBuD;qkH;jzwfcsuf rcs0HUonfhtaMumif;udk
pHa'0DtaMumif; avhvmcJUolwkdU &dyfrdEdkifMuayvdrfhrnf/ pHa'0DtaMumif;udk
¤if;uG,fvGefNyD;onfhaemuf pum;pyfrdí rdcifu ajymjy&mwGifrS
uREkfyf\pdwfESvkH; 'kH;'kH;csEdkifcJUygonf/ uREkfyf\0goemrsm;ESifh ywfoufí
ed*kH;csKyftcef;wGifrS a0zefa&;om;ygOD;rnf/

Oykofawmfrefusnf;yif

aq;ukefonftvkyfudk pdwfysufpGmESifh pGefUNyD;aemuf uRekfyfonf

w&m;bufodkU pdwfnGefjyefonfESifh Oykof&uf&SnfapmifhNyD; Oykofawmf
refusnf;yifBuD;atmufodkU aeUwdkif;oGm;í tm;xkwfygonf/ uREkfyfuvnf;
Oykofapmifhí Oykofawmf refusnf;yif[k &Sdaejcif;rSm tvGeftqifajyvS
onf[k ajymp&mjzpfaeygonf/ refusnf;wkH&Gm\ta&SUbuf (zcif\NcHBuD;
ajrmufbuf)ü aomufa&uefBuD; ESpfuef&Sd&m ¤if;wkdUtMum;wGif txdu&
refusnf;yifBuD;wyif&Sdí ]Oykofawmfrefusnf;yif}[k ac:Mu\/
þtyifBuD;taMumif;udk tbdk;BuD;wa,mufu ajymbl;onfrSm
]]usKyfwkdUi,fi,fwkef;uvJ'DtyifBuD;[m 'DavmufyJAs? usKyfwkdUtaz
usKyfwkdUtbkdf;uvJ ajymbl;w,f? olwkdUi,fi,fwkef;uvJ 'DavmufyJwJUAs?
'DtyifBuD; 'DavmufBuD;aewm ESpfaygif;w&mavmuf&SdaeNyD; olUtouf

822 
b,favmuf&SdNyDvdkU b,folrSrajymEdkifbl;}}[k ajymbl;avonf/ uREkfyf\
rdcif &SdpOfuvnf; (vGefcJUonfhESpfaygif; 30 cefUu) uREkfyftygt0if
rdcifESifhwynfhrsm;onf OykofaeUrsm;wGif þopfyifBuD;atmufü
w&m;aqG;aEG;Mubl;\/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkifvnf; opfyifBuD;atmufü
(rdk;vkHap&eftwGuf) xef;&GufwJuav;aqmufum 0w¦Krsm;a&;cJUbl;\/
twdkcsKH;&vQif refusnf;yifawG aygrsm;vSaom þe,fwavQmufwGif
Oykofawmfrefusnf;yifonf tBuD;qkH;jzpfí refusnf;wkH&Gmudk ta0;rS
arQmfMunfhvdkufonfhtcg Oykofawmfrefusnf;yifudk tvsifqkH; jrifMu&onf/
vuf0JokE´&&Sdaeao;vQif ]]igwkdUi,fi,fuvJ 'DtyifBuD;[m 'DavmufyJ
uG,fh}} [k ajymrnfudk Mum;a,mifrdygao;onf/

t"dXmefjyKjcif;

uREkfyfonf &Gufzsifukvm;xdkif wvkH;,loGm;í eHeufpm pm;NyD;onf

ESifh wNydKifeuf opfyifBuD;atmufüxdkifum w&m;tm;xkwfcJU&m aeUv,fpm
twGufrl ZeD;rpdk;u vufzuf&nfMurf;ESifh rkefUyJoa&pmrsm; vmydkU\/
w&m;tm;xkwfykHESifh ywfoufí &Ir0r*¾Zif;ü aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJUbl;NyD
jzpfí tus,fw0ifh razmfjyawmhyJ xl;qef;aom tjcif;t&mwckudkom
azmfjyygawmhrnf/ þopfyifBuD;atmufü opfom;qdkvQif bmrQrcHEdkif?
jcpm;onfcsnf;jzpf\/ ,cifu wJuav;aqmufNyD; 0w¦Ka&;cJUpOfuvnf;
xef;om;wdkifrsm;udkjcpm;í aemufqkH;ü NydKusrwwfjzpfcJUbl;\/ okdUjzpfí
uREkfyfonf &Gufzsifukvm;xdkifudk jcpm;rnfpdk;onfESifh naewdkif;
tdrfodkUjyef,l&ef tpDtpOf&Sd\/ ,lvnf;,lcJU\/ waeUaomf orm"d
txl;aumif;í jyefcgeD;wGif prf;oyfMunfhzdkU wckowd&\/ prf;oyfvkd

823 
jcif;rSmum; &Gufzsifukvm;xdkifudk tdrfodkUr,lyJ t"dXmefjyKNyD; xm;cJUvQif
jcpm;rpm; odvdkjcif;yifjzpfonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyf"dXmefvkdufonf rSmum;
]uREkfyftm;xkwfvsuf&Sdaom w&m;rSefuefcJUvQif ukvm;xdkifudk jcrpm;
Edkifygapownf;}[lonfyifjzpf\/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyfonf ukvm;xdkifudk
acgufí opfyifcGMum;üxm;cJU&m aemufwaeUeHeuf jyefvmaomtcgü
bmrQrjzpf? jcwaumifrS rwufjcif;udk awGU&ygonf/ xdkaeUrSpí
uRekfyfonf ukvm;xdkifudk tdrfodkUr,lawmhyJ þenf;twdkif; xm;ypfcJU&m
vkH;0jcrwufjcif;ukdawGU&í tvGefw&m tm;&auseyfjcif; jzpfcJUygonf/

tm;udk;&aomXmeBuD;

Oykofawmfrefusnf;yifBuD;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyftzdkU tjcm;aom

xl;jcm;csufwckrSm 1960 jynfhESpfü vuf0JokE´& trwfBuD;arG;zGm;&mZmwdESihf
ywfoufí rkHa&G;uvlrsm;ESifh tjiif;tckHjzpfMu&mwGif þtaMumif;ESifh
ywfoufí pdwf0ifpm;aom rdwfaqGESpfa,mufu uREkfyftm; refusnf;wkHodkU
vkdufcJUzdkUac:ojzifh uREkfyfvdkufoGm;\/ (uREkfyfudk,fwdkiftzdkUrlum; w&m;
tm;xkwfaom tcsdefrSpí þyk*¾KdvfBuD; xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;\ arG;zGm;&m
ZmwdcsufjrKyfudkrqdkxm;bd? arG;ordcif arG;ozcifwkdU\ ZmwdcsufjrKyfqdk
aomXmetaMumif;udkyif pdwf0ifpm;rI tvGefenf;yg;vsuf &SdygNyD/)
refusnf;wkHodkU a&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyfonf rdwfaqGESpfa,mufwkdUtm;
ESrrsm;ESifh vTJxm;cJUí Oykofawmfrefusnf;yifBuD;atmufokdU wa,mufwnf;
oGm;cJUygonf/ a&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf a&uefbufodkU qif;oGm;onfh
opfjrpfBuD;ay:wGif xdkifvsuf 1921 ckESpfrSpí 1946 ckESpfwdkif þ&GmokdU
uREkfyfa&mufonfhtcgwdkif; þrefusnf;yifBuD;atmufü w&m;aqG;aEG;cJUMu

824 
onfh tBudrfrsm;ESifh ¤if;aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif yg0ifcJUMuonfh oGm;avol rdcif?
zcif? t&D;? ta':? OD;av;? ESr? nD? wl-wlr ponfwkdU\ rsufESmrsm;onf
pdwfxJwGif wa,mufpDay:vmí atmufarhvGrf;qGwfzG,f&mrS vlU b0uav;
\ wmr&Snfjcif;? ra&&mjcif; tp&Sdaom ocFg&oabmw&m; taMumif;udk
pOf;pm;rdonfESifh pdwf\jzLpifMunfEl;jcif;jzpfcJU&ygonf/ þpdwfrsKd;um;
vdkcsifaomt&mudk &jcif;uJUokdU 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf&onfh aysmfp&mBuD;rsKd;
r[kwfaomfvnf; wenf;tm;jzifh Nidrf;csrf;jcif;&Sdí pdwfaumif;pdwfjrwf
pdwfBuD;pdwfjrifhwkdU0ifvmwwfjcif;udk vlwdkif;odrS odMuygav\[k
pOf;pm;rdygao;onf/ azmfjycJUonfh ESpfaygif; 25 ESpfcefU twGif; (1921-
1946)uREkfyfonf þ&Gmü wqufwnf;aecJUjcif;um;r[kwf/ wwkHwwkH
a&mufí wacgufacgufwGif &ufydkif;rS ESpfaygufatmif aecJUbl;onfjzpf&m
a&mufavorQaom tacgufwdkif;ü tvkdrusrI tao;tzGJUrS
tBuD;tus,frsm;wdkifatmif BuKH&aomtcgrsm;wGif þopfyifBuD;atmuf
odkUoGm;í 15 rdepfrS em&Dw0ufcefUwdkifatmif xdkifvdkuf&vQif
jzLpifNidfrf;at;aom pdwfrsKd;0ifvm&onfcsnf;jzpfí uREkfyf\ tm;udk;&maom
XmeBuD;? tm0goBuD;wckvnf; jzpfcJUygayonf/

pdwfajymif;vJjrefjcif;

1944 ckESpfü uREkfyfonf aq;ukefonftvkyfudk NiD;aiGUí

Oykof&uf&SnfapmifhNyD; w&m;tm;xkwfonf[k azmfjycJU&m uREkfyf\
&nf&G,fcsufrSm (xdktBudrfü) wcgwnf; aygufa&mufzdkU rrSef;xm;yJ
]tNiD;ajy} rQavmufom oabmxm;cJUygonf/ ]tNiD;ajy} qdkjcif;rSm
oGm;&vm&í aemufusdaompdwfrsKd;jzpfvmjcif;udk y,fxkwf&efrQomjzpfonf

825 
[k qdkvdkygonf/ wvcefUMumvwfaomf xdkpdwfrsKd;aysmufjy,foGm;í
olvdkigvdkaecsifaom pdwfrsKd;jzpfvmjyef&mwGif uREkfyfonf aiG&atmif
rnfokdUvkyf&ygrnfenf;[k tBuHjzpfvm\/ xdktcgu rusnf;wkH&Gmom;rsm;
onf av;aumif*sif upm;zdkU0goemygcgpjzpfí aeUa&mnygtBuD;tus,f
upm;vsuf&Sd&m uREkfyf\ikyfaeaom 0goema[mif;uav;onf OD;acgif;jyKí
xvmav\/ av;aumif*sifupm;vQif rnfokdUupm;&onfqdkaom pHepf 
(System)  udkuREkfyfawGUxm;bl;onfjzpfí ¤if;twdkif; avmif;upm;&m
ig;cgavmufteufwGif av;cgavmuf Edkifvsuf&Sd\/ tb,fhaMumifh
ig;cgvkH; rEdkif&oenf;[k ar;cJUvQif avmif;upm;jcif;ESifhywfoufonfh
tvkyf[lorQwGif vdrfvnfnpfywfjcif;rygyJ uHoufoufjzifh upm;rnf
qdkygu &mcdkifEIef; wif;jynfh usyfjynfhEdkifonf[k rjzpfEdkif/ tBudrfaygif;
100vQif 80rQ Edkifonfqdkygu ]pHepf}aumif;[lí qdkMu&ayrnf/
&Gmom;rsm;onf uREkfyfcsnf; tEdkifrsm;jcif;udk awGUMuaomtcg
uREkfyfxHodkUcsOf;uyfNyD; upm;ykH upm;enf;ESifhywfoufí ]pHepf}okdUr[kwf
]rlaoenf;}wck&Sdygoavm[kar; Mu\/ uREkfyfonf aumif;aom]pHepf}
okdUr[kwf ]enf;}wckawGUJcJUvQif vQKdU0Sufrxm;yJ oifjycsifwwfonfhtwdkif;
¤if;wkdUtm;oifjyay;&m pdwfudkcsKyfwnf;&onfh tvkyfwckvnf; yg0ifaom
aMumifh tcsKdUomatmifjrifí trsm;tm;jzifh ratmifjrifMuay/ avmif;upm;
jcif;jzifh aiG&Smaom 0g'onf aumif;aom0g'wck r[kwfaomaMumifh
þtaMumif;udk oifjy&ef aESmifhaES;jcif;&Sdyg\/ okdUaomf rupm;bl;onfh
vlrsm; upm;apzdkU wdkufwGef;&efr[kwfyJ upm;Muonfhtwlwl enf;enf;
&IH;í rsm;rsm;Edkifapjcif;iSm uREkfyfawGUxm;onfh ]pHepf}wckudk tusOf;tm;jzifh
azmfjyvdkufygOD;rnf/

826 
rlvpdwfxm;wck

a&S;OD;pGm xm;&SdzdkUvdktyfaom pdwfxm;wckrSm ]igonf avmif;upm;

jcif;tm;jzifh oaX;jzpfzkdU r&nf&G,f? pm;zdkUaomufzdkU okH;pJGzkdU&vQif awmf
avmufNyD} [laom &nf&G,fcsufxm;&rnf/ þtcsufonf vGefpGm
ta&;BuD;\/ upm;orm;rsm;teuf aiG 100 ESifh t&if;jyKNyD;
av;ig;&mEdkifNyD;rS avmbudkrowfEdkifyJ qufvufupm;jcif;aMumifh tm;vkH;
ajymifcJU&jcif;udk BuKH&bl;ol tajrmuftjrm; &SdMuayonf/ aiG100usyfudk
vufudkifjyKí 200usyf? okdUr[kwf 300 usyfrQ EdkifonfqdkvQif
awmfavmufNyD[k ,lqoifh\/ uRekfyf\rdwfaqGwa,muf (udkcifarmif)rSm
aiG 100 usyfudk t&if;wnfíupm;&rS 1000 usyfEdkifaomfvnf; rawmfEdkif
onfhtwGufaMumifh tm;vkH; jyef&IH;&aom tjzpfrsKd;ESifh (olUtoufwmwGif)
rMumcPBuKH&&Smonf/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; (t0g;r0rDu) þenf;
twkdif; tBudrfBudrf cHcJU&bl;onf/ uHw&m;\ obm0rSm (þae&mü
uH?OmPf?0D&d, [laom  (Chance)  t"dyÜm,fudk qdkvdkonf/) wavQmufwnf;
wqufwnf; tvGefMum&SnfpGm rjzpfwwf? tajymif;tvJ &Sdwwfonfh
obm0&Sd\/ OyrmydkufqHwjym;udk vSnfhvdkufonfhtcg acgif;csnf;vnf;
ruswwf? yef;csnf;vnf; ruswwf? rQrQww uswwfaom obm0&S\
d /
okdUaomf wdwdusus wvSnfhpD us&rnf[k rqdkEdkif/ ]rQrQww uswwfjcif;}
[k qdkvdkjcif;omjzpf\/
txufwGifazmfjycJUonfh ]a<uvrf;} trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfhteuf waumif
wnf; ]0yf}aeonfjzpfap? ]av;tdrfMuufajc} oGm;aeonfhtcgjzpfap
]ywfa<u} oGm;aeonfhtcgjzpfap BuKH&ygrlum; ]atm} xdk;jcif;onf
vGefpGmt&ma&muf\/ xdk;wdkif;wnfhatmif ET,faomtcgrsm;üvnf; ]atm}

827 
xdk;jcif;onf aus;Zl;&S\
d / okdUr[kwfygu ]BudK;ESifh ]&H}udkom xkd;oifh
ayonf/ ]&H}xdk;ícPcP ]zif}csnf; wdkufaeygvQif ]BudK;}upm; jcif;onf
aumif;aompHepfwckjzpfavonf/ avmif;upm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí ]ZGwf}
vkyfcsifwwfaom 0goemonf &IH;wwfjcif;\ vu©Pmwck jzpfonf[k
em;vnfoifhayonf/ ZGwfvkyfí &jcif;rsKd;vnf; wcgw&H BuKH&wwfyg\/
okdUaomf ]pHepform;}onf þ0goemudk pGefUy,fygrS [efMuayvdrfhrnf/
wzefavmif;upm;jcif;tvkyfonf raumif;aom tvkyfjzpfonf[k
,kHMunfygvsuf avmif;upm;enf;udk azmfjyygu 0g'jzefU&ma&mufrnf[k
odaomfvnf; tb,fhaMumifh xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygoenf;[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/
þar;cGef;udk uREkfyf&dk;om;pGmajzqdkygrnf/ (1)ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tepfemcHí
avhvmcJUNyD;aemuf aus;Zl;&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfaom (okdUr[kwfudk,fawGUjzpf
aom) pHepfwckudk ynmay;aomtaejzifh oifjyvdkaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
þwGifvnf; txufü azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; 0goemr&Sdolrsm;tm;
aoG;aqmifwkdufwGef;zdkUr&nf&G,f? 0goem&Sdí avmif;upm;aeMuonfh
twlwl &IH;p&m&SdvQif enf;enf;&IH;í Edkifp&m&SdvQif rsm;rsm;EdkifEdkifaom
pHepftaejzifh wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ ]aq;aoayguf}Edkifaom pHepf[lí
rqdkvdkyg/ (2) av;umif*sifupm;enf;wGif ]'dkif}um;wbuf? xkd;om;rsm;u
wbuf[lí uREkfyfjrifrd&m ]'dkif}onf (taumufjzifh zdpD;xm;oljzpfí)
cGeftm;&Sdoltaejzifhvnf;aumif;? xdk;om;rsm;onf (taumufjzifh zdpD;
xm;jcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfí) cGeftm;enf;vlrsm;taejzifh vnf;aumif; uREkfyf
jrifrdonf/
uREkfyfonf avmuwGif rnfonfht&mjzpfap cGeftm;enf;onfhbufrS
ulnDcsifwwfaom 0goem&Sdoljzpfí ]'dkif}ESifh xkd;om;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;?
ppfwdkufMu&mwGif cGeftm;enf;aom ]xdk;om;}rsm;bufrS tultnDay;aom

828 
tm;jzifh oifjyvdkaomaMumifh waMumif; jzpfygonf/ wckowday;vdkonfrSm
þpHepfudkawGUNyDqdkí (0goemrygyJvsuf) EdkifvdkufonfhtwGuf prf;Munfh
rnf [lí pdwfrul;ygavESifh/ wu,fhwu,f tvkyfvkyfaomtcgü pdwfudk
csKyfwD;&efjzpfap? ]o'gjyef}okH;vSnfhxdk;zdkU pGefUpm;&efjzpfap vG,fulaom
tvkyf r[kwf[lí em;vnfxm;zdkU vdktyfygonf/ rdrd\ pHepfaocsmjcif;udk
txyfxyfawGU&Sdxm;onfh uREkfyfonfyifvQif pHepfudkazmufzsufrdaom
tBudrfaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm cHcJU&bl;jcif;rsm;vnf; BuKHcJU&bl;vSygavNyD/
qdkvdkjcif;rSm þpHepfonf 0goemrygaom vlrsm;twGuf r&nf&G,f?
0goemtdk;rsm;twGuf oufoufazmfjyjcif; jzpfygonf/ pdwfudkrEdkifyJESifh
prf;oyfolrsm; tzkdUrSm &IH;zkdUu rsm;onf[k aemufqkH;ydwf owday;
vdkufygonf/

0rf;csLjcif;\aus;Zl;

uREkfyf\zcifajymavh&Sdaom pum;wcGef;rSm ]]tbdk;BuD;tr,fBuD;

vifr,m;rsm;[m tbdk;BuD;aoNyD;wJUaemuf tr,fBuD;vJ w,frMumbl;?
vdkufoGm;wwfw,f? tr,fBuD; aoNyD;wJUaemufvJ tbkd;BuD;[m w,f
rMumbl;? vkdufoGm;wwfwmyJ? wa,mufwnf; MumMumBuD; usef&pfwJU
tbdk;BuD; tr,fBuD; tifrwefenf;w,f}} [lonfyifjzpf\/ rdaxG;
aoqkH;onfhaemuf uREkfyf\zcifrSm ododomomBuD; nId;i,fjcif;udk
uRekfyfawGU&í ol\pum;twdkif; jzpfacsrnfavm[k uREkfyfowd&\/
xdkUaMumifh zcifoabmrwlonfh avmif;upm;tvkyfudkyif EdkifrSef;odvsufESifh
jzwfxm;vdkufygonf/ zcifonf nId;i,faom pdwf&Sd&mrS ajcaxmufrsm;
tenf;i,fa&mifazmvmjcif;udk awGU&í (xdkpOfuwnf;u uREkfyfpwif

829 
avhusifhvsuf&Sdaom)aeUpOf 0rf;csLaomtvkyfudk wdkufwGef;NyD; oifjyay;\/
zcif oufomvmjcif;udk awGU&í 0rf;omrdygao;onf/ okdU&SdaepOf
uREkfyf\nDonf rkd;ukwfrS qm;rsm;0,f&ef qif;vmí zcifonf
ol\tcspfqkH;jzpfykH&aom om;i,fudkawGUjrif&í (rdcifrlum; uREkfyftm;
tcspfqkH;jzpfonfxif\/) waeUwjcm; pm;aumif;aomufaumif; jzpfvm
\/ *syefacwfü0ufvufrSvlrsm;onf refusnf;wkH&GmodkU ajymif;a&TU aexdkif
vsuf&Sdojzifh uREkfyfwkdU\tdrfa&SUrSm aps;wef;BuD;jzpfae\/ zcifonf
eHeufapmapm tdrfa&SUodkUxGufí aps;we;fBuD;udk avQmufMunfhav&m
rkefUonf? taMumfonfrsm;onf emvefxlvmaom tbkd;BuD;qdkí apwem
xufoefpGmESifh auR;arG;Mu\/ odkUjzpfí xdkaeUeHeufü zcifonf rkefUaygif;
ESpfck? Al;oD;ig;aygif;aMumfESpfck? rkefUqDaMumfESpfckrQ pm;cJUonfqdk\/
uREkfyf\ zcifonf bmudkpm;onfjzpfap tpmraMubl;onf r&Sdoavmuf
]ygpauawaZm}aumif;ol wa,mufjzpfygvsuf (uREkfyfvnf; zcifxHrS
þtarGudk qufcH&onf/) emvefxlcgpwGif þrQavmufajrmufjrm;pGmpm;
rdí tpmraMuEdkifaomaMumifhxifh? &ifjynfhNyD; a&m*gjyefí jzpf&Smavonf/
nDawmfarmifrSmrl xdkaeUwGif rdk;ukwfokdUjyefoGm;í zciftaMumif;udk
odroGm;acs/

zcif\aemufqkH;tcsdef

xdkUaemuf 10 &ufcefUMumaomtcg wnü uREkfyfonf zcifudk

pdwfrcsonfESifh ol\ckwifteD;wGif uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m; apmifhí tdyfMu\/
tdyfcsdefwefaomtcg uREkfyfonf zcif\tajctaeudk pdk;&drfonfESifh
xdknOfhtzdkU rtdyfyJ pmzwfíapmifhrnf[k rD;tdrfudk uREkfyf\acgif;&if;odkU

830 
,lxm;í rpdk;tm;tdyfcsif tdyfawmh[k ajymNyD; uREkfyfpmzwfvsuf&SdpOf zcifu
]]igu rD;cGufxGef;xm;,if rtdyfwwfbl;uG,f? igtdyfcsifNyD? rD;cGufNidrf;
vdkufygawmh}}[kajym\/ uREkfyfonf rD;cGufNidrf;vdkuf&aomtcg zcifudk
wnvkH;apmifhzdkU pdwful;xm;aomf vnf; pmrzwf&onfESifh vpfueJ
tdyfaysmfoGm;awmhonf/ rnfrQavmufMumonfrod? uREkfyf\em;xJü
]wacsmufacsmuf}toH Mum;í Edk;vmNyD; rD;cGufxGef;Munfhvkdufaomtcg
,aeUwdkif 0rf;enf;í rqkH;aom tjcif;t&mudk awGU&av\/ zcifonf
ckwifay:rS vdrfhusNyD; ol\oHaowÅmteD;wGif apmif;vsufuav; jzpfae&Sm
av&m uREkfyfwkdUtm;ac:í rEId;EdkifonfhtwGuf oHaowÅmü ywfxm;onfh
oHBudK;udk vufjzifhqJGum qGJum vIyfíEId;&Smjcif;jzpf[ef wlayonf/
uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;onf zcifudkckwifay:okdUayGUwifí tdrfeD;em;csif;
OD;av;ESifh tdrfom;rsm;udk ac:,lvkdufaomtcg zcifrSm pum;ajymEdkifaom
tajctaer&Sdawmhacs/ uREkfyfuol\vufudk udkifvdkufaomtcg zcifonf
uREkfyf\vufudk wif;usyfpGm udkifqGJxm;\/ uREkfyfudktm;udk;&Smonfqdkaom
t"dyÜm,frsKd; uREkfyfaumuf,l\/ þtrlt&monf uREkfyfpdwfwkdif;usaom
trlt&mrsKd;r[kwfacs/ uRekfyf\rdcifonf þuJUodkUjyKvdrfhrnfr[kwf [k
uREkfyfem;vnf\/ uREkfyf\zcifonf uREkfyfawGUbl;orQaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;
teufwGif oDv tpifMu,fqkH;wa,muf jzpf&kHomru "r®uxdu
wa,mufvnf;jzpf\/ okdUESifhvnf; ESvkH;oGif;w&m;wckck vufudkifjyKp&m
r&SdcJUvQif aojcif;ESifh &ifqdkif&onfhtcg tm;udk;&mrJU jzpf&wwfacsonf
wum;[k xyfavmif; pOf;pm;rdygao;onf/ þuJUodkU tm;udk;p&m
&Smwwfaom zcifonf ckwifay:rSvdrfhusNyD; oHaowÅmudkvIyfum uREkfyf
wkdUtm; ac:ae&SmaomtcdkufwGif tb,frQavmuf pdwfqif;&J&Smavrnf
enf;[k ,ckpOf;pm;vdkufvQif ,ckyif rsuf&nf0Jvsuf&Sdygonf/

831 
uREkfyfonf zcifxuf rdcifudkydkí cspfcifonfrSefaomfvnf; rdcif\
pdwf"mwfudk odNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh tvm;wl tjzpfrsKd;wGif rdciftwGuf
zcifuJUokdU &ifxkremjzpfvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ rdcifrlum; ckwifay:rS
vdrfhusvQif uREkfyfwkdUudk ac:aernfr[kwf? olUtm&kHESifhol aevdkufvdrfhrnf
jzpfavonf/ ckwifay:okdU ayGUwifvkdufí 10 rdepfcefUtwGif; zcifonf
ZD0dwdajE´csKyfoGm;av\/

uHaumif;jcif;w&yf

uREkfyfonf cspfcif&if;ESD;olrsm; ZdD0dwdajE´csKyfaysmufjcif;udk jrif&onfrSm

þtBudrfonf yxrtBudrfjzpf\/ þtjzpfudk tjcm;vlrsm;u b,fuJUokdU
xifMuonf rqdkEdkif? uREkfyfrlum; uHaumif;jcif;wckjzpfonf[k ,lq\/
vlwbufom; toufxGufjcif;udk jrif&onfhtcg (w&m;oabmudk
qifjcifzdkU owd&aom yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSwyg;) ESvkH;rom,mjcif; jzpfapaom
aMumifh tedVm&kHwck[k uRekfyf,lq\/ tedXm&kHESifh awGUBuKH&jcif;onf
tukodkvfuH\ tusKd;qufjzpfonf[k pmuqdkxm;\/ rnfodkUyif
jzpfapcspfcifaom yk*¾dKvfrsKd;toufiifaeonfhtcg uRekfyfonf rsufESmvTJ
oGm;rnfh trsKd;tpm;xJu r[kwfaomfvnf; rBuKH&jcif;onf uHaumif;jcif;
jzpfonf[k uREkfyf,lqonf/ uREkfyfü ]]a[;vm; 0g;vm;}}rdwfaqGrsKd;
enf;aomfvnf; ]&ifbwf}rdfwfaqGrsKd;um; tawmfrsm;cJUygonf/ rdwfaqG
jzpfap? aqGrsKd;jzpfap uREkfyfa&SUwGif ZD0defcsKyfjcif; tvGefenf;\/ þpma&;
aom tcsdefwdkifatmif zcifwOD;om BuKH&bl;ygonf/ tvGefcifrifaom
oli,fcsif; pufacGwa,muf 9wef;wGif yvdyfjzpfíao&m uREkfyfbmrQ
rjrifvkduf& udkazwa,muf tqkwfemESifhao&m tokbom ydkUvdkuf&\/

832 
armif&Dwa,mufrSmvnf; aoNyD;cgrS Mum;vkduf&\/ ESrt&if;wa,muf
uG,fvGef&mwGif taMumif;Mum;zkdU arhaeMuonfqdkaomaMumifh tokbyif
rydkUvdkuf&acs/ (a,mufzESifhwl? wlrrsm;\ ayghavsmhrIjzpfaomfvnf;
uREkfyfum; tjypfrwifvdkay/) rdcifuG,fvGefpOfuvnf; tavmif;udkom
rSDvdkuf\/ udkodef;azESifh udkcifarmifwkdUrSmvnf; &yfa0;ü uG,fvGefoGm;Muí
jrifvnf;rjrif? Mum;vnf;rMum;? NyD;umrSodvdkuf &\/ orD;wa,muf
(37)ESpf? om;wa,muf (40)ESpf uG,fvGefpOfu vnf; oN*FdKvfNyD;rS od&\/
þpm&if;rSm toufiifjcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&vQif pdwfqif;&JrIjzpf&rnfh
uG,fvGefNyD;olrsm; jzpfMu\/ b,folUudkrQ uREkfyfrjrifvdkuf&acs/ tcsKdU
vlrsm;onf toufrrSDcJUvQif acgif;udkzGifhí MunfhcsifwwfMu\/ uREkfyf
rlum; ¤if;0goemrsKd; r&Sdacs/ xdkolwkdUonf zGifhMunfhNyD; [pfatmf idka<u;
Mujcif;tm;jzifh bmtusKd;rsm; &SdMuonf[k uREkfyfem;rvnfacs/

rdcifESifhzcifEIdif;,SOfcsuf

zcifuG,fvGefí tavmif;jyifNyD;onfhaemuf uRekfyfonf zcif\0if;NcH

wae&mü&Sdaom o&ufyifBuD;wyifatmufodkU oGm;ípOf;pm;qifjcif&mwGif
rdcifudkowd&í EIdif;,SOfcsuf xkwfrdygonf/ uREkfyfonfom;orD; qkH;rykHESifh
ywfoufí zcif\usyfwnf;vGef;jcif;aMumifh cspfcifoavmuf rcspfcifrd
aomfvnf; (BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgü ol\apwemudk em;vnfygonf/)
zcif\aumif;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk aumif;aumif;BuD;odyg\/ yifudk
tm;jzifh pdwfESvkH;odrfharGUjcif;? jzLpifjcif;? olawmfaumif;jcif;[laom
t&nftcsnf;rsm;wGif uREkfyf\zcifxuf omvGefaom yk*¾dKvfwOD;
wa,mufudk woufywfvkH;rawGU&bl;yg? þtwGufvnf; MunfndKzdkU

833 
uREkfyfowd&ygonf/ rdcifrlum; pdwfqwfa om trsKd;jzpfí r[kwfrcH
wwfaom 0goem&Sdoljzpfygonf/ uREkfyfw&m;tm;xkwfí ouFef;0wf
NyD;aom tcsdefrSpírlum; rdcifonf(uREkfyf\rsufpdü) topfjyifqif
xkvkyfvkdufaom t&kyfuJUokdU pdwfoabm ajymif;vJvmjcif;udk jrif&\/
pdwfqwfaom 0goemtavsmuf &Hzef&HcgrcHcsifaom rsufESmxm;
jzpfay:vmjcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&aomf vnf; rsufESmxm; ajymif;&kHrQxuf
ausmfvGefí EIwfjzifhvnf;aumif;? tjyKtrljzifhvnf;aumif; trsufa'go
azmfjyjcif;udkrawGU&yg/ xdktcsdefrSpírlum; rdcifonf yifudktm;jzifh oabm
aumif;aom zcifxufyif uspfvspfodyfonf;jcif; &Sdonfudk uREkfyfawGU&\/
uREkfyfvnf; rdcifjrifaomw&m;obm0udk odjrifxm;apumrl rdcifuJUokdU
wavQmufwnf; okH;oyfqifjcifEdkifaom tcGifhta&; r&&Sdonfh twGuf
aMumifh tajymtqdk tjyKtrl ponfrsm;ü cRwf,Gif;csufrsm; &Sdaejcif;
jzpfonf[k pOf;pm;rdygonf/ avmb? a'go tjrpfjywfao;olr[kwfcJUvQif
owdESifh raewwfygu trSm;t,Gif;rsm; &Sd&OD;rnf[lívnf; uREkfyf
jrifvmygonf/ pdwfxufaom yk*¾dKvfwa,mufonf yifudktm;jzifh pdwf
oabm aumif;aom vlwa,mufxufyif trSm;t,Gif;enf;í avmu"Hudk
cHEdkif&nf&Sdjcif;onfum; w&m;awmf\ *kPfaus;Zl;aywnf;[k uREkfyf
wkd;wufoabmusí o'¨gw&m; ydkrdkcdkifNrJjcif; jzpfcJU&ygonf/

834 
]aouHaumif;jcif;} [lí&Sdoavm

vlwa,mufonf qif;&JpGmaexdkif pm;aomuf&NyD;aemuf uG,fvGef

aomtcgü ol\psmyepnfum;cJUvQif aouHaumif;onf[k ajymjy\/
tcsKdUom;orD;rsm;onf rdbrusef;rmonfhtcgq&m0efac:zdkU 0efav;aomf
vnf; psmye pnfum;a&;twGufudkrl &SdorQuav;udk a&mif;csí tukefcH
wwfMu\/ tcsKdUuvnf; uG,fvGefoludk &nfpl;í vSL'gef;cJUvQif
þaumif;rItwGuf uG,fvGefolu wrvGefb0ü cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf[k ,kHMunf
Mu\/ uG,fvGefolonf b0wyg;ü NydwÅmjzpfaecJUygrl þaumif;rItwGuf
om"kac:EdkifcGifh&Sdí ]uRwf}Edkifonf[k ay0w¦DKü Ak'¨a[mawmfrljcif;rS
wyg;usef&pfolrsm;ujyKaom aumif;rItwGuf uG,fvGefolu tusKd;cHpm;cGifh
&Sdonfqdkjcif;udk usrf;*efürawGU&bl;ay/ apwemaMumifh tusKd;ay;onf[k
Ak'¨a[mfawmfrlcJU &m usef&pfolrsm;\ apwemaMumifh uG,fvGefoltzkdUü
tusKd;ay;onfqdkcJUvQif apwem&Sifuwjcm;? cHpm;&olu wa,mufjzpf
aeojzifh obm0rusvSacs/ NyDwÅmb0okdUa&mufí om"kac:Edkifjcif;rSwyg;
vlwOD;wa,mufu tjcm;vlwOD;wa,muftwGuf aumif;rIaomfvnf;
aumif;? raumif;rIaomfvnf;aumif; jyKvkyfay;EdkifonfhES,f ,kHMunf
wwfMujcif;rSm usrf;*efESifhvnf; rnDnGwf? obm0vnf;rusaom
t,l0g'wckjzpfacsonf/ (uREkfyfwkdUAk'¨bmom jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; teufwGif
usrf;*efESifh rudkufnDonfh t,l0g'tawmfrsm;rsm; &SdMuav&m oifjyxdkuf
aom yk*¾dKvfrsm;u oifjyjcif;r&SdyJ rsufESmvTJwwfMujcif;rSm 0rf;enf;zG,f&m
wckjzpfayonf/)

835 
qE´rjynfh&Smjcif;

uREkfyf\zcifu ]]igaovQif o&P*kHwifzdkU rvdkbl;a[h? o&P*kHwif

w,fqdkwm NydwÅmjzpfr,fxifwJU vlrsm;tzdkU vkyfMu&wmuG,fh}}[k ajymbl;
\/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm ol\oDv orm"dudk ,kHMunftm;xm;onfh oabmyif
jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfvnf; ol\*kPfudkþtwdkif;yif ,kHM unfygonf/
okdU&mwGifzcifonf rsm;pGmaomvlwkdU\ qE´twdkif; rdrd\ psmye
pnfum;jcif;udk vdkvm;&SmykH&onf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrd\/ þae&mü rdcifESifh
uREkfyfwkdUrlum; raorDtwGif; txdkuftavsmufuav;rQ tvdkqE´
jynfh0vQifawmfygNyD/ ]aouHaumif;onf}qdkaom psmyepnfum; jcif;rsKd;udk
awmifhawmifhww &SdMuolrsm;r[kwfacs/ uREkfyfwkdUum; b0ul;aumif;vQif
awmfygNyD/ usef&pfaomtavmif;BuD;udk usef&pfolrsm; vkyfcsifovdk
vkyfMuap[k oabmxm;Edkifolrsm; jzpfygonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfurdrd\
psmyetwGuf aMumifhMurpdkufaomfvnf; zcif\qE´udk&dyfrd onfjzpfí
ol\psmye pnfum;a&;twGuf wwfEdkiforQ BudK;pm;ygonf/ zcif\
qE´ESpfckteuf wckwnf;om uHtm;avsmfpGm jynfhpkH\/
zcif\psmyeaeUü tavmif;udk&Gm\ taemufbufü&Sdaom okomef
odkU ydkUaqmifMupOf xdktcsdefwGif ¤if;e,fw0dkufü ]uRJnDaemif}[kac:Muaom
av,mOfysHESpfpD;wkdU rMumcPvma&mufacsmufvSefUrIaMumifh &Gmom;rsm;ESifh
&GmeD;csKyfpyfrSvlrsm; tvGefxdwfvefUaeMuojzifh tokbvdkufydkU0HUol tvGef
enf;yg;í uREkfyf\arQmfvifhcsufrudkufyJ jzpfae\/ þrQomruao; acs/
okomefokdU a&mufMuí okomefZ&yfxJü tavmif;udk o&P*kHwifrnf
jyKMupOf av,mOfysHESpfpD; ay:vmMuavNyD/ (uREkfyfonf o&P*kHwifa&;ESifh
ywfoufí zcif\pum;udk owd&ojzifh rpDrHyJ xm;aomfvnf;

836 
aqGrsKd;rsm;u olwkdUzmom tpDtpOfjyKvkyfxm;NyDjzpfonfESifh bmrQrajymyJ
Munfhae&\/ okdU&mwGif bkef;BuD;rsm;u xkH;pHtwdkif; o&P*kHwifrnfjyKqJ
wGif av,mOfysHESpfpD;a&mufvmjcif;aMumifh bkef;BuD;a&mvlrsm;yg xajy;
Muygawmhonf/ aemufqkH;ü owÅdaumif;aom vli,fav;ig;a,mufESifh
uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;tjyif OD;av;wa,mufom ajrzkdUrnfhol &Sdygawmhonf/
uREkfyfonf ajrpdkufcJrsm;udk usif;xJodkUypfcspOf pnfpnfum;um; jzpfapvdk
aom zcif\qE´ rjynfh0apumrl ]]ightavmif;udko&P*kHwifzkdU rvdkyg
bl;}}[k zcifajymcJUonfhtwdkif;yif uHtm;avsmfpGm jzpf&ykHwdkUudk qifjcif
pOf;pm;rdygao;onf/ (rpdk;onf av,mOfysH raMumufwwfolwa,muf
r[kwfygyJvsuf zcif\tavmif;udkNrKyfESH&mwGif uREkfyfESifhtwl t&JpGefUí
aejcif;twGuf csD;usL;rdygonf/ av,mOfysHESifh ywfoufí ]r&Jaomfvnf;
ajy;cJUap}qdkaom jrefrmpum;ykHt& uREkfyfxHrS twl,ljcif; jzpfavoavm
[lí vnf; auseyfcJUygonf/)

tHUMoavmufatmifpum;yDvSol

zcif\psmeudpöNyD;pD;í rsm;rMumrD *syefppfom;rsm;onf uREkfyfwkdU

\NcHBuD;xJodkU wyfcsDí0ifvmMuNyD; tpkttkyfESifh pwnf;csaeMujcif;udk
BuKH&\/ uREkfyfonf *syefppfom;rsm;udk ta0;rSom jrifawGU&í wcgw&H
rQom pum;ajymbl;onfESifh ¤if;wkdUtaMumif;udk avhvmcGifhr&cJUacs/
xdktcgürl uREkfyfwkdU\NcHBuD;xJwGif uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwl aexdkifvsuf&Sd
MuaomaMumifh olwkdU\tavhtusifhrsm;udk eD;uyfpGm avhvmcGifh&\/
þwavmü *syefwyfrsm;onf ajrmuft&yfrS awmift&yfodkU wokwfNyD;
wokwf a&TUajymif;Mujcif;udk jrif&í (owif;pmrzwf&aom xdkacwfwGif)

837 
ppftajc taetaMumif;udk rMum;&yJ tuJcwfjcif;jzifhom od&\/ uREkfyf
wkdU\ NcHtwGif;ü pwnf;csvsuf&Sdaom *syefppfwyfrSm aemufqkH;a&muf
vmaom ppfwyfjzpfí iSufzsm;rdvmaomppfom; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;
ygvmMuonf/ a&m*gonfrsm;onf NcHBuD;twGif; ajrBuD;ay:ütdyfMu&í
tpm;taomuf? ttdyftae qif;&JMunfhjyifiSufzsm;orm;rsm;vnf; aq;0g;
aumif;pGmrSD0JMu&ykH r&onfudkawGU&í *syefbufrS ppftajctae
tawmfqdk;ae[ef wlonf[k tuJcwfrd\/ uREkfyfonf jrefrmpum;
wwfaom *syefppfAdkvf uav;rsm;ESifh pum;ajym,if; tajctaeudk
wD;acgufpkHprf;csifaomfvnf; ajymrSm;qdkrSm; jzpfoGm;cJUvQif (uREkfyft*Fvdyf
pum;ajymwwfjcif;udk olwkdUodonfESifh) t*FvdyfolvQKd[k txifcH&rnf
pdk;aomaMumifh EIwfcyfqdwfqdwf vkyfae&\/ þtawmtwGif; *syef
ppfAdkfvfuav;rsm;\ jrefrmpum; yDoatmifajymwwfjcif;ESifh pum;okH;EIef;
wwfjcif;udk wtHUwMo awGU&Sd&\/ Oyrm wnaeü uREkfyfonf &GmxJrS
jyefvmí uREkfyfwkdU0if;NcHxJodkU 0ifrdonfESifh wNydKifeuf ]]OD;azodef;? b,fu
<uvmygovJcifAsm;}}[k ar;oHMum;vkdufonfESifh toHMum;&mbufodkU
vSnfhMunfhvkduf\/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü 0ufvufrS rdwfaqGwa,muf jzpfvdrfh
rnfxif&m umuD,leDazmif;ESifh pD;u&ufwvdyf aomufvsuf&Sdaom *syef
ppfom;wa,muf udkjrif&í tvefUwMum; jzpfoGm;rdygonf/
*syefonf uREkfyf\tHUMoaomrsufESmudk jrifonfESifh cyfNyKH;NyKH;rsufESm
xm;ESifh ]]uRefawmfuppfAdkvfawGudk jrefrmpmoifay;&wJU q&mwa,mufyg
cifAsm}}[kajym\/
]]cifAsm; Armvm;? epfyGefvm;}}

838 
 ]]uRefawmfepfyGefyg? 'Da&mufa&mufcsif; jrefrmpmoif&vdkU awmfawmf
wefwef wwfNyD;wJUaemuf epfyGefcsif;csif;udk jrefrmpmoifay; &ygw,f?
rdwfaqGupma&;q&mqdkvdkU jrefrmpum;qufvufoifzdkUvmcJUyg w,f}}
]]rvkyfygeJUAsm uRefawmfu cifAsm;avmuf Armpum;rajymwwfyg
bl;}}[k ajymvdkuf&m xdkvlonf tawmfoabmus[efESifh &,farmavonf/
uREkfyfpma&;q&mjzpfonf[k b,fqDuodcJUonf rqdkEdkifojzifh tHUMordjcif;
ESifhtwl &GHUaMumufaompdwfvnf; jzpfay:rdygonf/
waeUoü 0ufvufrS jrefrmjynfayguf ukvm;pufydkif wa,mufonf
uREkfyfwkdU\tdrfa&SUrS jzwfoGm;í uREkfyfESifhEIwfquf&m teD;wGif þ*syef
vnf;&SdonfESifh uREkfyfu rdwfqufay;NyD; tv’myov’my pum;tenf;i,f
ajymMu\/ twefi,fpum;ajymrdMuaomtcg *syefuajymaom jrefrmpum;
wvkH;ESpfvkH;udk jrefrmjynfayguf ukvm;u em;rvnfojzifh uREkfyfu
t"dyÜm,fajymíjy&\/ *syefonf olwwfjcif;udk tpGrf;jyjcif;jzpfonf
rSefaomfvnf; þ*syefvlrsKd;onf jrefrmjynfaygufukvm;rsm;xuf
vnf;aumif;? w&kwfrsm;xuf vnf;aumif;? taemufwdkif;om;rsm;xuf
vnf;aumif; jrefrmpum;yDoatmif ajymEdkifjcif;rSmrlum; uREkfyftzkdU&mü
tHUMorqkH;atmif &SdcJUygawmhonf/

Mo0g'ay;&jcif;

uREkfyfwdkU0if;xJü pwnf;csvsuf&Sdaom *syefppfom;rsm;onfaeUtcsdef

wGif waeUvkH;tdyfMuí ntcsdefrsm;wGif aysmufoGm;Mujcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&í
bmvkyfMuonf[k odcsifvSaomfvnf; ar;jref;jcif;rjyK0HUyJ tuJudkom
Munfhae&\/ aemufqkH;ü &Gmom;rsm; odvmMuonfrSmum; *syefrsm;onf

839 
0ufvufESifh ppfudkif;tMum;&Sd rD;&xm;oHvrf;rsm;udk ntcsdefrsm;wGif
jzKwfMuNyD;vQif ppfudkif;odkU rD;&xm;ESifhwifí {&m0wDjrpfxJodkU
csypfMuonf[k ajymMuavonf/ þwGifrS uREkfyfonf *syefrsm;ta&;edrfhí
qkwfcGmoGm;Mujcif;jzpfaMumif; awG;Edkifygonf/ okdU&mwGif qkwfcGmaom
ppfwyfwkdUrnfonf csDwufvmaom ppfwyfuJUodkU emrnfaumif;,lzdkU
r&SdawmhyJ &rf;wwfonf[k zwf&bl;jcif;aMumifh ¤if;wkdUESifhqufqH&mwGif
txpftaighr&Sd&atmif owdxm;MuzkdUtaMumif; &Gmom;rsm;tm; ajymjy&yg
ao;onf/ tcsKdUaom a'orsm;ü vli,frsm;onf *syefrsm; qkwfcGmjcif;udk
&dyfrdí ¤if;wkdUtay:ürauseyfaom trSwftom;rsm;twGuf vufwkHUjyefMu
jcif;udk uREkfyfMum;&\/ a&Tbdke,frSm OD;atmifaZ,say:xGufaom e,fjzpfí
,aeUwdkif tawmfMurf;aom e,fwe,ftjzpfESifh todtrSwfjyKxm;Muav
&m uREkfyfonf &efNidK;jzifh Murf;MuKyfpGm vufwkHUjyefMujcif;udk rESpfoufonf
ESifh vli,frsm;tm; BudKwifowday;&jcif;jzpfygonf/ odkU&mwGif wkduf&dkuf
xkwfazmfí ajymjcif;r[kwfyJ oG,f0dkufaom enf;jzifh ajym&ygonf/
uREkfyfonf *syef0ifvmjcif;udk tjcm;vlrsm;ESifh twlBudKqdkrdí t&nfvnf
aomtcgü rBudKufvSaomfvnf; edrfhusaeaomvludk zdíeif;&ma&mufonfh
tjyKtrlrsKd;udk rBudKufEdkifol jzpfygonf/ (þoabmxm;rSm t*Fvdyf0w¦K
aumif;rsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfaMumif; 0efcHygonf/) rnfonfhenf;rqdk *syef 10
a,mufudk azsmufzsufNyD; jrefrmwa,mufcH&vQif jrefrmvnf;epfemonf[k
jrifwwfoljzpfygonf/ *syefppfwyfonf rD;&xm;oHvrf;rsm;udk 0ufvuf
w0dkufü zsufodrf;NyD;aemuf awmifbufodkU ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muonfh
tcsdefwdkifatmif uREkfyfwkdU&Gmü wpkHw&m Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf; jzpfroGm;
jcif;rSm uREkfyf\BudK;yrf;rIvnf; yg&Sdonf[k xifygonf/

840 
pma&;q&mtvkyf jyefaumufjcif;

xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfonf tar&duefjynfxkwf usef;rma&;pmwtkyfü

0rf;csjcif;taMumif;zwfNyD;í prf;oyfMunfhojzifh tusKd;&SdaMumif;
od&SdonfESifh jrefrmvdkjyefqdk&ef tBuHjzpfygonf/ ¤if;pmtkyfxJrS jrefrmrsm;
vkdufemEdkifavmufonfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk xkwfEkwfjyefqdkí ]]tm[m&
jzifhusef;rmatmifvkyfenf;}}[laom trnfjzifh pmtkyfjzpfatmif pDpOfygonf/
pmrla&;om;NyD;onfhaemuf uREkfyfonf (,cktcg vlxkaeUpOf owif;pm
ydkif&SifjzpfaeMuonfh) OD;vS? a':trmwdkUESifh qufoG,fEdkifatmif tawmf
cJ,Of;pGm BudK;pm;&\/ ppfrjzpfrDtcsdefu uREkfyfonf ¤if;wdkUvifr,m;
wnfaxmifxm;onfh BuD;yGm;a&;ykHESdyfwdkuftwGuf ]0okH;vkH;0w¦K}ESifh ]yxrH
q&modef;} 0w¦Krsm; a&;om;ay;cJUbl;&m ¤if;wkdUonf xdktcsdefü rwÅ&mNrdKU
ajrmufbuf&Sd a>r&Gmuav;wGif aexdkifvsuf&SdMuaMumif; owif;&í
pGefUpm;cef;uav;wckozG,f &Sdaeonfjzpfí (¤if;pmtkyfESifh ywfoufonfh
tjzpftysuftaejzifh) tenf;i,f a&;om;azmfjyvkdufygOD;rnf/

npcef;csjcif;

uREkfyfonf ]]tm[m&jzifhusef;rmatmifvkyfenf;}} pmtkyfudk pD&if

a&;om; NyD;aomtcgü refusnf;wkH&GmwGif &Sdae&m OD;vSwkdUvifr,m;
taMumif; pkHprf;Munfhí a>r&Gmü&SdMuonf[k Mum;od&\/ ¤if;wkdUonf
a>r&GmwGif a':trm\rdbrsm;ESifh aexkdifMuonfqdk&m zcifrSm uREkfyf\
ausmif;aebuf (wwef;wnf;twlaecJUMuí wuúodkvf0if b*Fvm;pmar;

841 
yGJudk twlatmifcJUMuonfh) OD;xifjzpfí rdcifa':pkrSm pHa'0DwkdUESifhtwl
uREkfyfESifhtdrfeD;csif; upm;azmf upm;bufjzpfavonf/ pmrludk vdyfNyD;
aemuf a>r&GmodkUoGm;zkdU uREkfyfpdwful;vkdufaomtcg vSnf;wwef ]iSuf}
wwef? ajcvsifwwefoGm;&rnfhvrf;jzpfí wa,mufwnf; oGm;&rnfh
twGuf tawmfwGefUqkwfrdonf/ uREkfyfonf uqkefvjynfh tzdwfaeUnwGif
uREkfyfwkdU\0if;NcHtwGif;ü aexdkifonfh aps;onfrdef;rBuD; wa,muf\
vSnf;jzifh cdkuyfívkdufoGm;&\/ ZeD;rpdk;udkrl OD;av;wa,muf\ orD;rsm;
ESifhtwl 0if;NcHxJü xm;cJU&onf/ aps;onfrdef;rBuD;onf {&m0wDjrpfurf;&Sd
&Sdrf;rum;&GmokdU ukef0,foGm;jcif;jzpf&m vSnf;ay:wGif vSn;form;
tbdk;BuD;tjyif olESifhuREkfyf ESpfa,mufwnf;ygvm\/ refusnf;wkH&GmrS
ae0ifcsdefwGifxGufMuí oef;acgiftcsdefwGif vrf;c&D;&Sd anmifyifBuD;
wyifodkU qkdufa&mufMu&m wqufwnf;vSnf;armif;cJUvQif &Sdrf;rum;&GmokdU
ta&mufapmvGef;aernfjzpfaomaMumifh þanmifyifBuD;atmufü tdyfMu&
rnfjzpfavonf/ rnfolrQ tdyf&macgif;tkH;[líryg? vSnf;ay:rSzsmudk
atmufodkUcsNyD; okH;a,mufom; twl,SOftdyfMurnfjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf
wcsyfwnf;aom zsmMurf;ay:wGif tpGefrStdyf&ef ae&m,lav&m aps;onf
rdef;rBuD;u uREkfyftm; tv,frStdyfzkdUajymae\/ uqkefvjzpfí tvGef
yltdkufaom&moD jzpfaomaMumifh tv,facgifrS rtdyfvdkaMumif; uREkfyf
uajymaomtcg aps;onfrdef;rBuD;u vSnf;orm;BuD;ESifh yl;uyfí rtdyf
vdkyg[k uREkfyftm; wD;wdk;ajym\/ (olwkdUESpfa,mufvkH;onf uREkfyfxuf
5ESpfcefU toufBuD;í olwkdU&G,fwlcsif;csif; yl;yl;uyfuyf rtdyfvdkonfh
oabmyif jzpfwef&monf/) okdUqdkvQif uREkfyfonf olwkdUESpfa,muf\
tv,fMum;rS tdyf&efrSwyg; tjcm;tpDtpOf&Smír&ojzifh oabmwl
vdkuf&ygonf/

842 
xl;qef;aom'ku©wrsKd;

anmifyifBuD;atmufwGif avuav; wjzL;jzL; wkdufvsuf&Sdaomf

vnf; tvGefyltdkfufaom &moDjzpfí ¤if;wkdU\ udk,faiGUrsm;onf
wbufwcsufrS uREkfyf\ESmacgif;0odkU xdk;0ifonfESifh tdyfraysmfEdkifyJjzpfae
\/ olwkdUESpfa,mufrlum; w&SL;&SL;ESifh tdyfaysmfukefMuavNyD/ uREkfyfrlum;
vuf,mbufokdU apmif;vkdufonfhtcg udk,fwkH;vkH;cRwfxm;onfh vSnf;
orm;tbkdk;BuD;\ acR;eHUonfvnf;aumif;? vuf0JbufodkU apmif;vdkuf
onfhtcg (ig;yd ig;ajcmufvnf; a&mif;wwfonfh) aps;onfrdef;rBuD;
\ig;nDeHUonf vnf;aumif;? ESmacgif;xJodkU wvSnfhpD wdk;0ifonfESifh
wnfhwnfhBuD; yufvufvSefítdyf&\/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; wu,ftdyfaysmf
atmif tdyfaomtcg wGif yufvufvSefí rtdyfwwfyJ wbufbufodkU
apmif;ítdyf&rnf jzpfaomaMumifh tdyfraysmfEdkifyJ 'ku©a&mufvsuf
&Sdygawmhonf/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfonf tdyfraysmfEdkifonfhtwlwl 'ku©cHí
raeawmhyg[k qdkum zsmay:rSxí anmifyifjrpf&if;odkUoGm;NyD;vQif
opfyifudkrSDvsuf rkd;vif;onf wdkifatmif xdkifaeygawmhonf/ uREkfyfonf
*syefacwf c&D;oGm;&mwGif tusOf;tusyftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh BuKHcJU&bl;aomfvnf;
uyfuyfoyfoyfa&muf&aom þ'ku©rsKd;rSm þwBudrfom trSwfw&
BuKH&bl;ygonf/ þtaMumif;udk pOf;pm;vdkufonfhtcg 'ku©qif;&J
awGU&onfh t&mXmewGif þuJUodkU pkHaomvl &Sm;vdrfhrnf[k NyKH;rdygonf/

843 
tajymif;tvJ\ oufomjcif;

t&kPfwufcsdefwGifxí armif;Muojzifh eHeuf]aps;csdef}wGif ]&Sdrf;rum;}

&GmodkU a&mufMuav&m uREkfyfonf rkefU[if;cg;wyef;uefpm;NyD; aemuf
jrpfwbufurf;ü&Sdaom ]ajr&Gm} odkUul;&ef orÁmefpkHprf;av\/ uREkfyf
wa,mufwnf; orÁmefwpif;vkH; riSm;Edkifojzifh tjcm;vlrsm;ESifhtwl
ul;&rnfjzpf&m c&D;onfrsm;onf ]aps;0,f}rsm;jzpfMuí tjynfhtpkH0,fNyD;rS
jrpfwbufodkU jyeful;MurnfjzpfaomaMumifh aeylonfwdkifatmif apmifhae&
\/ aemufqkH;wGif 11 em&Dxkd;umrS aeylusJusJBuD;ü ul;Mu&onf/
jrpfv,facgifausmfvwfaomf orÁefonf aomifrsm;? uRef;rsm;tMum;&Sd
a&vufMum;uav;rsm;rS qefwuf&mwGif xD;rygcJUaom uREkfyfrSm
jcpfjcpfvefatmifylvSaom avSay:wGif xdkifívdkuf&jcif;xuf ukef;aMumif;
avQmuf&jcif;u awmfvdrfhrnfqdkum avSudkt&yfcdkif;NyD; uRef;xJwavQmuf
ajcvQifavQmufcJUav\/ yxrü NidrfNidrfxdkifNyD; tylcH&jcif;xuf
vIyf&Sm;vsufcH&jcif;u oufom&m&onfxif\/ twefMum vrf;avQmuf
vkdufaomtcgürl aeyljcif;um;wbuf? ajcvSrf;&jcif;uwbuf omí
yifyef;onfxifvmojzifh avSudkt&yfcdkif;NyD; wufípD;\/ twefMumjyef
aomf NidrfoufpGmtylcH&jcif;u omíqdk;onf[k xifvmjyefojzifh
t&yfcdkif;NyD; qif;jyef\/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfawGU&Sd&onfrSm rnfonfurQ
oufomonf[lír&Sd? tajymif;tvJonfomvQif oufomjcif;jzpfonf[k
oabmaygufvmygawmhonf/ þokdUjzifh qif;csnfwufcsnfc&D;oGm;cJU&m
naeapmif;wGifrS ]O'def&Gm}okdU qdkufa&mufvmygonf/ &Sdrlum;&GmrS
jrpfta&SUbufodkU ul;&jcif;rSm bmvdkvdkESifh waeUc&D;jzpfaeojzifh

844 
tHUMo,if; (rkefU[if;cg;wyef;uefwnf; pm;rdcJUí) AdkufxJu wMuKwfMuKwf
jrnfum tpmawmif;vsuf&SdavNyD/

rarQmfvifhaomrdwfaqG

uREkfyfonf avSay:rSqif;NyD; a&qdyfwGif awGU&onfh wJuav;xJ

okdU0ifí xdkifaepOf &Gmom;wa,mufudkawGUí pkHprf;&m uREkfyfoGm;vdk
onfh&GmrSm wrdkifausmfausmfrQom a0;onfqdkaomaMumifh tm;wufrd\/
okdUaomf rEÅav;NrdKUrS OD;xifESifh a':pkwkdU&Sdyg\avm[k ar;aomtcg
a>r&GmüraeMu/ ]uydkif}&Gmü aeMuonf[k ajymaomaMumifh yufvufvef
rwwf tm;avsmhoGm;ygonf/ taMumif;rlum; eHeufpm xrif;rpm;cJU&í
naepmpm;zkdU tcsdefeD;NyD[k arQmfvifhvsuf&Sdaom uRekfyfrSm uydkifodkUa
&mufatmif b,fESpf&ufoGm;&OD;rnf rodEdkifonfh c&D;ESifh &ifqdkifvsuf
&SdygaomaMumifhwnf;/ uREkfyfonfpmrlvdyfuav;udk *sKdif;wGif nSyfvsuf
taMumfqdkifuav;ESifhwlaom wJuav;atmufü xdkifaepOf ta0;rS
vli,fwa,mufavQmufvmonfudk jrif&\/
vli,fonf vufxJü xrif;oHqifhwckudk qJGvm&mightwGuf
xrif;ydkUvmjcif;jzpfvQif aumif;avpG[k pdwful;,Ofrd\/ teD;odkUa&muf
aomtcg vli,fu ]][if q&mBuD;yguvm;}}[k qdkum &yfwefUNyD;ar;av&m
uREkfyfu OD;xif? a':pkwkdUxHodkU vmjcif;jzpfaMumif;ajymjy\/ uREkfyfurl
xdkvli,ftm; awGUjrifbl;onfrxifay/ aemufqkH;üvli,fu uREkfyf\pmay
rsm;udk zwfbl;onfhjyif ol\zcifonfvnf; uREkfyf\zcifudk aumif;aumif;
odaMumif;ajymav\/ ol\zcifrSm OD;ndKjzpfaMumif; ajym&m uRekfyfuvnf;
OD;ndKudkawmh odygonf/ aemufqkH;ü OD;xifwdkUr&Sdaomfvnf; ol\tdrfrS

845 
apmifhaeEdkifaMumif;? OD;xifudk,fwdkif w&ufESpf&uftwGif; vmrnf[k
owif;Mum;aMumif;ajymí ol\tdrfokdUzdwfac:ygayonf/ oJuEÅm&ü oGm;
vmaom c&D;onfonf pGefyvGHyiftkyfpkudk jrifaomtcgü uREkfyfxufydkí
0rf;omEdkifvdrfhrnfrxifay/ ]]q&mBuD;'DrSm cPapmifhygtkH;? bkef;BuD;
ausmif;udk 'DrkefUuav; oGm;NyD;vSLvkduftkH;r,f}} [kqdkum vli,fxGufoGm;
av&m uREkfyf\pdwfxJü ]]ightwGufxrif;r[kwfaomfvnf; bkef;BuD;twGuf
rkefUawmh[kwfonf? odkUqdkvQif olUtdrfwGif rkefUawmh&Sdaumif; ygao;}[k
atmufarhrdonf/

xrif;ESpfeyfiwfjcif;

vli,fjyefvmaomtcg uREkfyfonf olESifhtwlvkdufoGm;í wrdkif

ausmfcefU avQmufMu&mwGif a>r&GmodkUa&mufMuav\/ þe,fü a>r&Gmaygif;
av;ig;ajcmuf&Gm&Sdonfqdk&m ol\&Gmum; jrufa&Smavm? a>rayG;avm?
bma>rjzpfonf[k uREkfyfrrSwfrd? xrif;qmjcif;avmufudkom uREkfyfrSwfrd
onf/ tdrfodkUa&mufMuaomtcgü ae0ifNyD; tvif;a&mifrQ avmufom
usefawmhay&m vli,fu ]]q&mBuD;xrif;pm;cJU&ao;rxifygbl;? rkefUqD
aMumfeJU vufzuf&nfMurf; aomufESifhayOD;awmh? uRefawmfxrif; csufckdif;
vkduftkH;r,f}}[k ajym\/ uREkfyfurl aumif;aumif; rodolwa,muftm;
'ku©ay;zdkU tm;emonfESifh ]]xrif;awmhaeygaparmif&,f? vufzuf&nf
Murf;aomuf&,if awmfygNyD}}[k ajymonfESifh vli,fu jyifqifav\/
þaeUrSm uqkefvjynfhaeUjzpfí &Gmrsm;xkH;pHtwdkif; rkefUaMumfMu&m
uREkfyftm; rkefUqDaMumfokH;av;ckESifh vufzuf&nfMurf;u&m; wnfcif;
auR;arG;av\/ bmrqdkcyfrsm;rsm; pm;vkdufcsifaom tajctaeodkU

846 
qdkufa&mufvsuf&Sdonfh uREkfyfrSmrl tvGeft&om&Sdonfxif&aom rkefUqD
aMumfrsm;udkpm;í vufzuf&nfMurf;jzifh usKdufcsaepOf vli,fu ]]q&mBuD;
odyfrpm;eJUtkH;aemf? xrif;rpm;EdkifyJaer,f? xrif;tkd;wnfcdkif; xm;NyD;}}[k
ajym\/ uREkfyfrSmrl rkefUqDaMumfESifhyif tvGefauseyfNyD; t0pm;&ef
BuH&G,fxm;onfjzpfaomaMumifh xrif;rcsufap&ef taMumuftuef
wm;qD;xm;vdkufygawmhonf/
]][kwfyghrvm;? 0yghrvm; q&mBuD;}}
]]0yghAsm? xrif;pm;,ifawmh AdkfufaygufxGuf&kH&Sdawmhw,f}} [kajym
vdkufojzifh auseyfoGm;ygonf/

OD;od'¨d

aemufwaeUü tjcm;a>r&Gmw&GmwGif aexdkifvsuf&Sdonfh uREkfyfESifh

todtuRrf;jzpfol OD;od'¨d\tdrfodkU ajymif;a&TUaexdkifvdkaMumif; uREkfyfu
ajymonfESifh vli,fuvkdufíydkUay;onf/ OD;xifvmvQifxdktdrfodkU vmvdrfh
rnf[kvnf; od&onf/ uREkfyfonf OD;od'¨dESifh wBudrfESpfBudrf aqG;aEG;bl;&m
awG;&J? ac:&J? ,lq&Jjcif;ESifh vlrsm;pk\ xifjrifcsufudk *&krpdkufwwfjcif;
wnf;[laom tjcif;t&mrsm;wGif uREkfyfESifh cyfqifqifwlMuonfjzpfí
jrifvQifjrifcsif; tjyeftvSefcifrifav;pm;Muonf/ uREkfyfwkdU\t,l0g'
um; 'Darmfua&pD[lonfrSm vlrsm;pk\tqkH;tjzwf? okdUr[kwf vlrsm;pk\
xifjrifcsuf[laom t"dyÜm,fudkrlum; vm;vm;rSvufrcHcsifol ESpfa,muf
jzpfMuonf/ þyk*¾dKvfBuD;um; uREkfyfESifhaqG;aEG;&bl;ol [lorQwGif t&om
t&SdqkH; wa,mufjzpfayonf/ þyk*¾dKvfBuD;onf bmoma&;bufwGif
uREkfyfuJUodkU txkH0goemrygaMumif; uREkfyfodí þtaMumif;udkcsefvSyfum

847 
EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;? pm&dwÅa&;? qufqHa&;paom udpörsm;taMumif;
aqG;aEG;Mu&m vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:jcif;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyfxufyif
wwef;jrifhaom yk*¾dKvfwOD;tjzpfESifh rSwfwrf;wifrdygonf/ uREkfyfonf
rnfrQyif vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:0HUonfqdkapumrl bk&m;a[mygVdawmfqdkvQif
awmfvSefzdkUr0HUyJ&Sd&m þyk*¾dKvfBuD;rlum; bmoma&;orm;wa,muf r[kwf
onfhtwGufaMumifh tawG;tac:wGif uREkfyfxufowÅdaumif;onf[k
0efcHygonf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl bk&m;a[monfqdkaom t,l0g'wckonf
obm0ESifhrudkufnD[k uREkfyfxifjrifonfhtcg þt,ltqonf bk&m;
a[m r[kwfwef&m[líom ajym0HU\/ xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;rlum; b,folUudk
xdckdufí bmjzpf&onfjzpfap? olr,kHvQif r,kHMunfaMumif;udk wdkuf&dkuf
ajymifajymifajym0HUoljzpfavonf/ þyk*¾dKvfBuD;onf &Gmol&Gmom; vlrsm;pk
ESifh oyÜg,rjzpfjcif;rSm tHUzG,f&mr[kwfacs/ okdUESifhvnf; ¤if;e,fw0dkufwGif
OD;od'¨dxuf wnfhrwfajzmifhpif;aom vlr&SdEdkif[k uREkfyfav;eufpGm ,kHMunf
vsuf&Sdygonf/ þvlBuD;ü uREkfyftxl;ojzifh oabmusaom tcsufrSm
y&d,m,f[efaqmifjcif;uif;í yGifhvif;aom oabm&Sdjcif;yifjzpf&m
y&d,m,fjzifh vlvkyfaeMuaom þavmuBuD;ü vlBudKufenf;jcif;rSm
"r®wmyifjzpfavonf/

uREkfyftaMumif;udkodolrsm;

uREkfyfonf þyk*¾dKvfBuD;ESifh ESpfntdyfrQ aqG;aEG;cJU&m uREkfyf

taMumif;udk olodonfxuf olUtaMumif;udk uREkfyfuydkí odcJU&onf
xif\/ uREkfyf\0goemwckrSm rdrdtaMumif;udk vlodatmif azmfxkwfzdkU
xuf olwyg;taMumif;udkodatmif tuJcwfzdkUtwGufomí ta&;BuD;

848 
wwfjcif;yifjzpfonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;onf rdrdwkdUü&Sdaom t&nftcsif;udk
vlodatmif bef;jywwfjcif;twGuf tvGefusifvnfMuay&m  (Good 

Salesman)  uREkfyfrlum; ¤if;twwfynmwGif tvGefnHUzsif;ygonf/ uREkfyf

\&nf&G,fcsufrSmvnf; rdrdudk,fudk jyzdkUxuf vlwbufom; taMumif;udk
odzkdUu t"dujzpfygonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyf\rdwfaqG udkodef;azu
]]cifAsm;[m awmfawmftodcufwJUvlwa,mufyJ}}[k ajymbl;\/ [kwfykH
vnf;&onf/ uREkfyf\arG;ozcifonf uREkfyftaMumif;udk arG;ordcifavmuf
rqdkxm;bd? udkodef;azavmufyif odoGm;&SmykH r&acs/ uREkfyfonf
þtvkyfrsKd;udk jyKvkyfvdrfhrnf? okdUaomf rnfrQtxdom jyKvkyfvdrfhrnf?
xdkrQxuf ausmfvGefí jyKvkyfvdrfhrnf r[kwf[kcefUrSef;&mwGif uREkfyf\
zcifxuf udkodef;azESifh rdcifwkdUu wdusrSefuefatmif cefUrSef;Edkif
Muavonf/ Oyrm uREkfyft&ufawGrl;NyD; &efjzpfaeonf[k wa,muf
a,mufuajymvQif zcifurl ]]'Daumif[kwfrSmyJ}}[kqdkum csufcsif;pdk;&drf
aomu jzpfvdrfhrnfjzpf &m udkodef;azESifh rdcifwkdUrlum; ,kHavmufaomolu
ajymapumrl tenf;qkH; pOf;pm;MuOD;rnf jzpfavonf/ uREkfyftaMumif;udk
uREkfyfuG,f&m ü a0zefMu&mwGif uREkfyf\ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh ywfoufí
zcif\ txiftjrif vJGrSm;rIuav;rsm; taMumif;udk rdcifESifh udkodef;az
wkdUu uREkfyftm; ajymjyMubl;avonf/ þonfrSm zcif\nHUzsif;rI[lí
rqdkvdk/ rdcifESifh udkodef;azwkdU\ (uREkfyfESifhywfoufí) xl;jcm;csufwck[lí
,lqygonf/ þyk*¾dKvfESpfa,mufonf tjcm;vlrsm;ESifh ywfoufí
tvm;wl wdusrSefuefatmif tuJjzwfEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k rqdkvdkyg/
uREkfyfwa,muftaMumif;udk txl;odxm;Mujcif;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkygonf/
uREkfyftaMumif;udkzcifu tuJjzwfjcif;xufyif qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; tuJjzwf
aom vlrsm;vnf; &SdMuygvdrfhOD;rnf/ OD;od'¨dESifh uREkfyfESpfnrQ aqG;aEG;Mu&m

849 
wGif rnfonfhenf;rqdk (t,ltqESifh ywfoufí) tjyeftvSef av;pm;rI
&SdMuonf txdrQavmufawmh em;vnfrI&SdMuygonf/ uRekfyfurl awmBudK
awmMum;wGif þokdUaomf vlrsKd;BuD;wa,muf awGUcJU&jcif;rSm tHUzG,f&m
wcktaejzifh trSwftom; jyKcJU&ygonf/

OD;xif\rsufESm

OD;od'¨dESifhaqG;aEG;&jcif;rSm t&omwrsKd;&Sdonf rSefaomfvnf;

wwd,aeUürl uREkfyf\pmrltwGufaMumifh uydkifokdU a&mufcsifpdwf
tawmfjyif;xefvsuf &SdaeygavNyD/ a>r&GmrS uydkifoGm;&efrSm (rwÅ&mrS
uydkifodkUrD;&xm; aygufaomfvnf;) a>r&GmrS rwÅ&modkUvSnf;jzifh oGm;&OD;
rnf jzpfí pdwfxJwGif tawmf0efav;vsuf&Sd\/ OD;od'¨dü vSnf;EGm;r&Sd?
vSnf;iSm; &efvnf; vG,fulykHr&aomaMumifh omí 0efav;vsuf&Sd\/
wwd,aeU eHeufydkif;wGif OD;xifonf tdrfxJodkU0ifvmonfudk jrif
vkduf&\/ OD;xifrSm ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;wa,mufjzpfí olUudk
uREkfyfjrif&bl;onfrSm tBudrfaygif;&maxmifru &Sdygawmhrnf/ okdU&mwGif
xdkeHeufü OD;xif\rsuf ESmudk jrif&jcif;uJUokdU 0rf;omrdaomtjcm;tBudrfudk
uREkfyfrrSwfrdyg/ xdktcsdef tzkdU&mü OD;xif\rsufESmuJUokdU uREkfyftm;
0rf;omatmifjyKvkyfEdkifaom tjcm;rsufESmwckonfvnf; &Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwf
yg/ ylavmifavmufatmif r[kwfaomfvnf; &ifxJü waEG;aEG;&Sdaeaom
taiGUonf a&at;ESifh yufvkdufonfhES,f wcgwnf; ajyaysmufoGm;yg
awmhonf/

850 
ylavmifvSaomc&D;

OD;xif\udpöNyD;pD;atmif ESpf&ufcefUaeMuNyD;aemuf rwÅ&mNrdKUokdU

vSnf;jzifhoGm;Muí xdkrSwzefuydkifodkU rD;&xm;jzifh qufvuf oGm;a&muf
Mu\/ rwÅ&mESifh uydkifc&D;rSm 10 rdkifrQxuf ydkrnfrxifaomfvnf;
uREkfyf\ woufwmwGif rarhEdkifonfh c&D;wdkuav;wckjzpf\/ yljyif;onf
aEG&moDuqkefvwGif tvGefrkd;acgifaom ESpfwESpfvnf;jzpfí uREkfyfwkdU
c&D;onfrsm;onf aeUv,f em&Djyeftcsuftcsdef oGyfrkd;í oGyfumaom
ukefwJGay:odkUwufum vlawGtjynfhtusyfESifh Murf;ay:wGif wem&Dausmf
ausmfBuD; xkdifaeMu&\/ *syefacwfjzpfí rD;&xm;xGufcsdefudk twdtus
rod&onfhjyif rD;&xm;rxGufao;qdkí atmufodkUqif;csifygvsuf jyefwuf
zkdU ae&mtwGuf tcuftcJ&Sdvdrfhrnfqdkum rnfolrQrqif;0HUMuyJ wGJcavmif
BuD;xJwGif acR;wvkH;vkH;ESifh 0#fcHMu&ygonf/ vlpD;wGJqdkygvQif rsufESm
MuufESifh opfom;umí jywif;aygufrsm;&SdaomaMumifh ]awmfygvdrfhOD; rnf/
,ckrSm ukefwJGjzpfí oGyfrdk;í oGyfumNyD; 0ifaygufxGufaygufrSwyg;
jywif;ayguf tvsOf;r&SdyJ jzpfae&m uHqdk;rdk;arSmifusí cavmifxJodkU
a&mufaeMuaom uREkfyfwkdUrSm rsufESmodkU cPcPokwfay;&aom
acR;rsm;aMumifh vufudkify0grSm nSpfí&Edkifavmufygonf/ &dk;&dk;wGJrsm;ü
c&D;onfrsm; yltdkufaomtcg rD;&xm;xGufygapawmh[k qkawmif;wwf
Muay&m xdkaeUu rwÅ&mrS rD;&xm;xGufjcif;onf uREkfyf rSwfrdorQwGif
0rf;tomqkH; xGufjcif;aywnf;/

851 
pmrlpGHyg\

*syefacwfü awmifa&mufajrmufa&muf xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifMuolrsm;

onf wcgw&HawGUqkHMu&aomtcg 0rf;omMuNrJjzpfonfhtwdkif; uREkfyfrSm
vnf; i,foli,fcsif; a':pkESifhom;orD;rsm;tm; awGUqkHMujcif; twGuf
vIdufvSJpGm 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpf&ygonf/ 0rf;omMu&jcif;rSm uGJ&mrS
jyefawGUMujcif;aMumifhom r[kwf/ ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;aom tcsdeftcg jzpfí
raoyJ touf&SifvsufawGUMu&jcif;twGufyg 0rf;omMu&jcif; jzpfav
onf/ wa,mufESifhwa,muf awGUMu&onfhtcg EIwfrSzGifhí rajym
Muaomfvnf; ]aMomf-awmfygao;w,f? &Sdao;&JUudk;aemf}[k pdwfxJu
tjyeftvSefatmufarhwwfMuavonf/ OD;vSwkdUonf uREkfyf\pmudk
a&Sma&Sm&SL&SL 0,f,lvdkufMuojzifhvnf; 0rf;om&ygao;onf/ xdkacwfwGif
puúLtcuftcJ jzpfwwfaomaMumifh ykHESdyf&dkufxkwfygrnfqdkjcif;twGuf
0rf;om&jcif;jzpfygonf/

vltdkrsm;t&om

BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGif ausmif;aebufomru wwef;wnf;twl

aeoli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh wcgw&H awGUqkH&jcif;onf t&omwrsKd;&Sdjcif;udk
BuD;jyif;atmif aeMuolrsm;om odEdkifMuayvdrfhrnf/ OD;xifonf uREkfyfESifh
wwef;wnf; twlaeqdkaomfvnf; olU]twGJ}udk,fh]twGJ}&SdMuí olESifhuREkfyf
rSm ]&ifbwf}rdwfaqGrsm; r[kwfMuay/ uREkfyf\twJGrsm;rSm armif&D?
pufacGESifh udkazwkdUjzpfMuav&m udkazrSm uREkfyfxufav;ig;ESpfBuD;í
udkaz[k ac:&aomfvnf; armif&DrSmrl puf&Sifw&m;olBuD; jzpfvmonfwdkif

852 
atmif ]armif&D}]azodef;}[kac:Muí i,fpOfutwkdif; ]rif;ESifhigESifh}ajymcJU
Mu\/ a':trm\ zcifOD;xifESifhrl i,fpOfu ]azodef;}]zdk;xif}[k ac:cJUMu
aomfvnf; BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGif ]OD;xif}]OD;azodef;}jzpfvmMuavNyD/
þokdUac:a0:Muolrsm;rSm i,foli,fcsif;yifjzpfaomfvnf; ]armif&D}]azodef;}
[k ac:&jcif;uJUokdU ESD;&if;rIr&Sdí t&omvnf; avsmhonfxif\/
uREkfyftzdkU &mü þuJUokdUtjyeftvSef ac:&olrSm armif&Dwa,mufom
&Sdawmh\/ pufacGwa,muf&Sdaeao;ygvQifvnf; ]pufacG} ]azodef;} yif
ac:Murnf jzpfonf/ þtac:ta0:rsm;onf i,fpOfu &if;ESD;cJUjcif;\
tqifhtwef;udk azmfjy\/ ]zdk;xif}onf ,cktcgü ]OD;xif}jzpfaeav&m
(e*g;a':OD;ESifh vlxka':trmwkdU\zcifjzpfaomaMumifh) ]zdk;xif}ac:ívnf;
avsmufywfaumif;rS avsmufywfayrnf/ olESifhwcgw&H awGUqkH&onfwGif
ausmif;om;b0u a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;udk wa,mufwvSnfh jyefajymif;
ajymaeMuonfhtcdkufwGif ausmif;om;t&G,fuav;rsm; jyefjzpfoGm;Muonf
ESifh t&omwrsKd;aywnf;/ vli,frsm;onf þt&omudk awGU&kHom
awGUEdkifMuayrnf/ twdtuscefUrSef;&ef cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/ OD;xifESifh
omr[kwf? a':pkESifh a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;taMumif; ajym&jcif;rSmvnf;
t&om&Sdygbdonf/ (a':pk[lí a&;om;aomfvnf; vufawGUrSm ]rpk}[líyif
ac:ao;&m oluvnf; ]udkazodef;}wcGef; ]armifazodef;}wcGef; ac:wkef;yif
&SdMuonf/) uREkfyf\ woufwmwGif vifa&mr,m;yg oli,fcsif;
jzpfcJUbl;onfh vifr,m;qdkí þwpkHom&Sdyg\/ okdUjzpfí uydkif&Gmuav;ü
uREkfyfwnf;cdkaexdkifcJU&jcif;rSm rnfonfht&yfü aexdkifcJU&bl;jcif;ESifhrQrwl/
udk ,fhtdrfudk,f&Gm udk,fhXmeuJUodkU atmufarhEdkifonfhjyif uREkfyf\toufrSm
vnf; tESpfokH;av;q,f jyefíi,foGm;onf[k xifrdygonf/ i,fvkduf

853 
MuykHrSm OD;xif\oruf armifvSESifh orufavmif; armifae0if;wkdUESifhyif
vlBuD;vli,f wpkHpDwJGí bufrifwef upm;cJUMuygao;onf/
jyefrnfhaeUü a':pku o&ufoD;rsm;ESifh rQifig;ydwydóm (aemuf
wacgufwGif aiGwaxmifvnf; ay;ygayonf/) ay;vdkuf&m apwemESifh
ay;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; xdkypönf;rsm; twGufaMumifh uREkfyf'ku©a&muf&ykHudk
azmfjyygOD;rnf/ tjyefc&D;wGif uREkfyfonf vmvrf;twkdif;r[kwfyJ rEÅav;
bufrSvSnfhNyD; ppfudkif;? &Gmaxmif c&D;pOf twkdif; jyefvmcJU\/ ppfudkif;odkU
a&mufaomtcg xdkNrdKUrSm tawmfajcmufuyfí okH;tdrfwtdrf? av;tdrf
wtdrfrQavmufom vlaeMu\/ uREkfyfonf &GmaxmifblwmokdU
aeUv,fcif;wGif a&mufoGm;&m rD;&xm;onf nae ig;em&DtcsdefwGifrS
xGufrnf[k od&\/ (þae&mü uREkfyf\tpDtpOf trSwftom; rSm;,Gif;
jcif;udk owd&vmavNyD/ uydkifodkU oGm;aomtjzpf tysufrSm uREkfyf\zcif
ruG,fvGefrD rD;&xm;vrf;rsm;udk *syefrsm; rzsufqD;rDu jzpfygonf/)

tcuftcJwck

&GmaxmifblwmwGif uREkfyfonf o&ufoD;rsm;ESifh rQifig;ydxkyfudkxrf;

vsuf opfyif&dyfatmufodkUoGm;í naewkdifatmif apmifhae&\/ av;
em&DavmufwGif &Gmolrsm;csufía&mif;onfh xrif;[if;udk 0,fpm;&m
awmcsufenf; csufxm;onfh a&vGwfMuufom;[if;ESifh csOfaygifoeyf
aMumifh tNrdefqkH;aom xrif;weyfwGif tygt0iftjzpfESifh rSwfwrf;wif
xm;&onf/ ig;em&dxkd;cgeD;vwfaomf 100 cefU&Sdaom c&D;onfrsm;onf
vIyfvIyf&G&G jzpfvmMuavNyD/ uREkfyfpHkprf;Munfhaomtcg rD;&xm;rvmawmh
bl;[k ajymoluajym? vmOD;rnf[k ajymoluajym trsKd;rsKd;jzpfaeMuavNyD/

854 
rD;&xm;tvkyform;wa,muftm; ar;&mwGif ]]vmrSmygAsm}}[kajymonfESifh
pdwfcsNyD;xdkifckHwckay:ü at;csrf;pGmxdkifaevkduf\/ ajcmufem&Dxkd;aomf
vnf; rD;&xm;rvmao;yJ&Sd&mwGif tvkyform;udk ar;jyef&m ]]vmawmhvm
rSmygyJ rdk;csKyfvdrfhr,f}}[k ajym\/ rkd;csKyfjcif;onf uREkfyftzdkU ta&;rBuD;
vmvQifawmfNyD[k atmufarhí pdwfat;at;yif aevkduf\/ ckESpfem&Dxkd;cg
eD;wGif tcsKdUc&D;onfrsm;onf ppfudkif;odkUjrif;&xm;ESifh jyefpjyKMuav&m
uREkfrSm ppfudkif;NrdKUay:wGif todtdrf wtdrfESpftdrf&Sdaomfvnf; tdrfüvl&Sdr&Sd
raocsmaomaMumifh tvkyform;\pum;t& ayNyD;apmifhae\/ vufrSwf
um; tapmBuD;u0,fxm;NyD;avNyD/ okdUaomfvufrSwfaMumifh ta&;BuD;onf
um; r[kwfacs/ ckESpfem&Dxkd;vwfaomf c&D;onf av;ig;a,mufrQ
usef&Sdao;aomfvnf; jrif;&xm;rlum; wpD;rQr&Sdawmhacs/ uREkfyfonf
tajctaervSonfh tjzpfudkjrifí tvkyform;tm; aemufqkH; taejzifh
ar;Munfh&m pufacgif;zsufaeaomaMumifh rD;&xm;rvmawmh[k ajymygawmh
onf/

b,fvdkvlBuD;ygvdrfh

uREkfyfonf pdwftm;i,fpGmESifh txkyfuav;udkxrf;vsuf <uif;usef

aeao;aom c&D;onfokH;av;a,mufwkdUtm; pkHprf;Munfh&m ¤if;wdkUonf
ppfudkif;okdUoGm;rnfr[kwf? ajrmufbufem;&Sd&Gmuav;odkU jyefMurnf[k
ajymMuavonf/ *syefacwfjzpfí vlwdkif;csnfMurf;vkHcsnf 0wfMu&aom
aMumifh uREkfyftm;av;pm;avmufaom vlwa,muf[k rxifonfhvu©Pm
ESifh cyfayghaygh pum;ajymMuonfwGif uREkfyfonf olwkdUESifhvdkufvdkonfh
pdwful;udkzsufí ppfudkif;okdU jzpfonfhenf;oGm;NyD; oifhawmf&mwGif

855 
tdyfygawmhrnf[k qkH;jzwfvdkufav\/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfonf
jrif;&xm;vnf;r&Sd? c&D;oGm;azmfvnf; r&SdyJ txkyfuav;udk xrf;vsuf
ppfudkif;NrdKUbufokdU oGm;aomvrf;twdkif; vdkufvmcJUav\/ tcsdefrSm
ae0ifNyDjzpfí tvif;a&mifavmufom usefygawmhonf/ qifrsm;&Sifbk&m;
odkUa&mufaomtcg vlwpkonf bk&m;xJrSjzwfí ausmif;ESifhwlaom
taqmufttkHqDodkU oGm;Muonfudkjrifojzifh olwkdUaemufrS vdkufoGm;\/
ydwfxm;aom bkef;BuD;ausmif; wausmif;ESpfausmif;udk ausmfvGefoGm;MuNyD;
aemuf vlwpkonf taygufBuD;wckxJodkU 0ifoGm;Mu\/ uREkfyfonf
tayguf0rS &yfMunfhvdkufaomtcg *lBuD;ozG,f us,f0ef;aom vdkPfacgif;
BuD;udkawGU&í rD;zdkrsm;ESifh csufjyKwfaeMuaom vlESpfpk okH;pkudk jrif&\/
þvkdPf*lBuD;xJwGif tdyfzdkUae&mawmif;&vQif awmfavrnfavm[k tajc
taeudk tuJcwfvsuf&SdpOf rD;zdkrsm;teD;rS uRekfyftm; vSrf;MunfhMuaom
vlrsm;\rsufESmxm;rsm;rSm uREkfyftay:ü vkdvdkcsifcsif &SdykHr&onfESifh
bmrQrajymyJ vSnfhíjyefvmcJUav\/

t&JpGefUír&ykH

ydwfxm;aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;teD;rS jzwfíjyefxGufvm&mwGif

uREkfyfonf ausmif;wHcg;rsm;udk wGef;Munfhjcif;? ac:prf;jcif; ponfjzifh
pkHprf;ygao;onf/ odkU&mwGif rnfolurQ xl;oHrMum;onfESifhbkef;BuD;r&Sdí
ydwfxm;aomausmif;rsm; jzpfonfqdkum qifrsm;&Sifbk&m;qDodkU qufvufí
avQmufvmcJU\/ apwDawmfteD;&Sd uREkfyfoabmusavmufaom
ae&mxdkifcif; rawGUonfESifh ta&SUbufapmif;wef;qDodkU avQmufvmcUJ\/
apmif;wef;txGuf0wGif&Sdaom qif&kyfBuD;BuD; ESpfaumifokdUa&mufvmaom

856 
tcg awmifbuf&Sd qif&kyf\zifbufwGif apmif;wef;trdk;atmufütdyf&ef
qkH;jzwfvdkufav\/ uREkfyfonf o&ufoD;rsm;ESifh rQifig;ydxkyfxm;onfh
vkHcsnfudkjznfí jzefUcif;NyD;vQif tkwfcJwvkH;&Smí pGyfus,fa[mif;wxnfudk
tkwfcJay:üwifum acgif;tkH;jyKvkyf\/ xdkUaemufaq;&GufBud;udkudk ysm;&nf
ESifhe,fí udk,fwkdifjyKvkyfxm;aom aq;wHaomufaq;jzifh yufvufvSefum
aq;wqkHaomuf,if; pdwful;vsuf&Sd\/ vjynfhausmf &Spf&ufjzpfí
oef;acgifwkdifrS vxGufrnfjzpf&m ,cktcsdefürl aumif;uifü rdk;wdfrf
rsm;aMumifh Mu,frsm;ray:Edkifojzifh tvGefarSmifrnf;vsuf&Sd\/ rdk;&Gm
acsOD;rnfavm[k pdk;&drfaomfvnf; wapmif;atmufjzpfí tumr&Sdapumrl
avrwkdufvQif rdk;vkHaumif;yg\[k atmufarh\/ qifESpfaumif\
OD;acgif;bufü&Sdaom vrf;ay:üum; þacwftcgBuD;wGif ,mOftoGm;tvm
r&Sdonfhjyif bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rSmvnf; bkef;BuD;r&Sdojzifh pmtHoHrQ
rMum;&aomaMumifh tvGefwdwfqdwfvsuf&Sd\/ aq;wqkHaomufvsuf
tajctaeudk tuJcwf,if; ]]'Dtwkdif;qdkvQif rif;tdyf0HUyghrvm;}}[k
udk,fhudk,fudk ar;Munfh&m ]]tdyf0HUygw,f}}[k tajz&\/ twGif;qkH;ü&Sdaom
pdwfurl ]]'djyifrS enf;vrf;r&SdawmhyJ pGefUNyD; tdyf&awmhrSmaygh}}[k
wD;wdk;uav; tajzay;\/ uREkfyfonf xdktoHudk vufrcHyJ
zdESdyfxm;vdkuf\/ tdrfrSxGufcJU onfrSm &Spf&uf&SdNyDjzpfí zcifESifh rpdk;wkdUu
MumvSacswum;[k arQmfrsm;aeMurnfavm[k ponfjzifh awG;awmvsuf&Sd
pOf apmif;wef;trkd;ay:rS wacsmufacsmufjrnfaom toHudkMum;&NyD;
]zkwf}ueJjrnfoH Mum;vkduf&ojzifh 'dwfueJ vefUoGm;\/ wcPrQMumaomf
&SOfhwaumifjzwfajy;jcif;udk jrifvkduf&onf/ þwGifckeifu twGif;rSwD;wdk;
ajymvkdufaom toHudkowd&\/ ]]vufpowfawmh igaMumufygwum;?
&SOfhckefajy;ajy;wmavmufudk &ifckefatmif vefUaevQif wnvkH; b,fvdk

857 
vkyfNyD; igtdyfvdkUjzpfEdkifygrvJ}}[k pOf;pm;rd\/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfonf
o&ufoD;rsm;ESifh rQifig;ydudkvkHcsnfjzifhjyefxkyfí NrdKUxJodkU0ifNyD; wenf;enf;
tdyfawmhrnf[kqdkum xvmcJUav\/

0rf;om&aom awGUjcif;wck

uREkfyfonf txkyfuav;udk jyefxkyfí yckH;ay:wGifwifvsuf NrdKUbuf

odkUavQmufvmcJU&m ig;rdepfcefU avQmufrdaomtcg rkd;uav; wzGJzGJ
usvm\/ okdU&mwGif tvGefao;i,faom rdk;aygufrsm;jzpfí pdkavmufatmif
rjzpfEdkif[k rdrdudk,fudk tm;ay;vmcJU\/ NrdKU\tpodkU 0ifvmcJUavNyD/
odkU&mwGif tdrfrsm;rSm aMumuf&aomacwfjzpfí wHcg;ydwfNyD; apmapmtdyfMu
aomaMumifh vnf;aumif;? vlr&SdMuaomaMumifhvnf;aumif; rD;a&mifrjrif&
yJ arSmifESifhrnf;rnf;&SdaeMu\/ ppfukdif;NrdKU tdk;wef;&yfü uREkfyf\nD0rf;uGJ
wa,muf&Sdonfqdk&m olUtdrfodkUvnf; ra&mufbl;? tdk;wef;&yfqdkonfrSm
vnf; b,frSm&Sdonfrodacs/ okdUaomf ar;vQif&aumif;yg\[laom
arQmfvifhcsufjzifh vmcJU&m arSmifrnf;aomtdrfrsm;udkomawGU&í ar;zkdUyif
tcGifhr&acs/ þtawmtwGif; rkd;aygufuav;rsm;onf wjznf;jznf;BuD;
vmí vludkpGyfpdkpjyKvmavNyD/ onfvdkqdk cuf&acs&JU[k atmufarhrd\/
okdUaomf 'ku©a&mufonfqdkum pdwfnpfpGmESifh nnf;wGm;jcif;rsKd;rlum;
jyKwwfaom 0goemr&Sdí awmfygao;\/ uav;b0üzcif\
usyfwnf;vGef;jcif;aMumifh vGwfvyfpGm rupm;&jcif;twGuf pdwfnpf&jcif;
ESifhnDrQaom pdwfnpfrIrsKd;udk uREkfyf\toufwmwGif tvGefBuKH&cJvSyg
onf/ þonfrSm uRekfyf\OmOfaumif;uav;wckjzpfonf[k qdkavmufonf
xifyg\/ qufvufí avQmufvmaomtcg qif0ifESifh aqmufvkyfxm;

858 
onfh tdrfwaqmifwGif tay:xyfrS rD;a&mifuav; wvufvufjrif&\/
rkd;aygufuvnf; wkd;íBuD;vmcJUavNyD/ wwfEdkifygbl;qdkum xdktdrfodkU
csOf;uyfí ]]tdrf&SifwkdU tdrf&SifwkdU? wqdwfuav;AsmwkdU}}[kac:prf; vkduf\/
vli,fwa,mufonf tdfrfa&SUjywif;aygufudkzGifhí ]]b,folvJ}}[k
ar;vkduf\/ ]]0ufvufuyg armif&,f? tdk;wef;qdkwm b,fem;rSmvJ?
armifeDqdkwm odygovm;}}
]]refusnf;wkH&Gmu udkeDvm;}}
]][kwfygw,farmif&,f}}
uREkfyf0rf;omoGm;\/
]]udkBuD;odef;r[kwfvm;}}
wkd;í0rf;omvmNyD;-
]][kwfygw,f? armifub,folvJ}}
]]uRefawmfu bkd;BuD;wynfh zdk;...av}}
emrnfudkawmh uREkfyfarhoGm;ygavNyD/
]][kwfvm;a[h? ae&musvkdufavuG,f? ig'DrSm wnavmuf
tdyfyg&apvm;uG,f}}
]]tdyfwmaygh udkBuD;odef;}}
vli,fonf ysm,D;ysm,mqif;vmí wHcg;zGifhay;avonf/
uREkfyfonf tdrfay:odkUa&mufaomtcg vli,f\rsufESmudk Munfhaomf
vnf;jrifbl;onfxif&kHrSwyg; rnfolrnf0g[lí rrSwfrdacs/ jzpfykHrSm
uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;onf &GmodkU&Hzef&Hcg a&mufwwfMuonfjzpf&m zcifonf
pmoifausmif;zGifhí uav;oli,frsm;tm; tcrJU ynmoifay;avh&S\
d /
þvli,frSm ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfí uREkfyfwkdUudk aumif;aumif;odaomf
vnf; uREkfyfurl vlvwft&G,fjzpfaeaom þoludkrrSwfrdjcif;jzpfygonf/

859 
uREkfyf\toufwmü 0rf;tomqkH;aom tjcif;t&mrsm;teufwGif þoli,f
ESifh awGU&jcif;onf wcktygt0ifjzpfygonf/ vufzuf&nfMurf;tdk; xnfhí
tcsKdrIefUrsm;ESifh {nfhcHNyD; tdyf&mae&m jyifay;av&m uRekfyfonf
o&ufoD;tcsKdUudk cGJa0ay;NyD; ZdrfESifhtdyfEdkifygawmhonf/
aemufwaeUeHeufü uREkfyfonf vli,f\tdrfü eHeufpmpm;í
NrdKUxJodkU oGm;zdkU jyifqif\/ þvli,frSm *syefppfwyfodkU &du©moGif;aom
uHx&dkufBuD; vufatmufwGif uHx&dkufuav;jzpfí acsmifvnfpGm
pm;aomufEdkifonf[kod&í 0rf;ajrmufcJU&yg\/ þtawmtwGif;
owif;wck Mum;od&onfrSm rD;&xm;onf þnaewGifvnf; xGufzdkUrao
csm[kqdk\/ okdUjzpfí uRekfyfonf qufvufNyD;pkHprf;&ef NrdKUxJodkU
txkyfuav;ESifhxGufvm&m tdk;wef;ü aeonfqdkaom nDarmifeD\tdrfudk
awGUaomfvnf; vlum;r&Sd? tdrfom&Sd\/ þwGif vli,fudk rawGUygu
raeUnu tawmftusyfusOD;rnf[k owd&rdygao;onff/ aps;teD;ü&Sdaom
acgufqJGqdkfifrsm;odkU a&mufaomtcg þnaerD;&xm;xGufrnfr[kwfqdk
aomowif;rSefuefaMumif;? odkUaomfppfudkif;rS a&TbdkodkUoGm;aom ukefwif
um;rsm;&Sdí vdkufEdkifaMumif;od&av\/ acgufqGJqdkifü rEÅav;rS tod
a[mif; rdef;rBuD;wa,mufESifh awGUíar;jref;pkHprf;&m olUrSmvnf; a&TbdkodkU
wa,mufwnf; oGm;&rnfjzpfí uREkfyfESifhtazmf&avNyDqdkum 0rf;ajrmuf
0rf;om tazmfaoG;ojzifh um;ESifhvdkufzkdU qkH;jzwfvkdufav\/ okH;em&D
avmufwGif um;xGufí uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufESifh tjcm;c&D;onf okH;av;
a,mufwkdUonf ukefypönf;rsm;tMum;rS usyfwnf;usOf;usKyfpGm xdkifí
vdkufMu&\/ qm;axmif&GmESifh tjcm;&Gmw&GmMum;okdU a&mufaomtcg
um;bD;aygufonfESifh &yfem;Mu&\/ tydkbD;rygaomaMumifh aygufaom
um;bD;udk zmMuav&m NyD;aomtcgü rdk;csKyfNyDjzpfí vrf;ckvyfüyif

860 
tdyfMu&\/ c&D;onfrsm;teufwGif uREkfyf\tazmfwa,mufwnf;om
rdef;rygí um;orm;u &GufzsifNyD; jzefUcif;ay;onfhtay:wGif tm;vkH;pDwef;
tdyfMu&\/ tazmfrdef;rrSm aMumufvnf; aMumufwwfí tjcm;a,mufsm;
rsm;udkvnf; ,kHMunfykHr&ojzifh wnvkH; ]]udkBuD;odef; tdyfNyDvm;}}[k
cPcPar;jcif;aMumifh tdyfysufcJU&ygao;onf/
eHeufvif;í qufvufarmif;Mu&mwGif &GmomBuD;&GmodkU a&mufí
uREkfyfqif;cJU&\/ þ&GmrS refusnf;wkH&GmodkU ckESpfrdkifcefUa0;í vSnf;iSm;
&OD;rnfjzpfavonf/ uHtm;avsmfpGm Xmetkyfyifpifpm; rdwfaqG wa,muf
ESifh tqifoifhawGUí ol\tdrfodkU ac:oGm;NyD; eHeufpmauR;í olU
oruftm;vSnf;ESifh vdkufydkUapygayonf/ ]tm[m&jzifh usef;rmatmif
vkyfenf;}pmtkyfrSm uREkfyfa&;cJUorQaom pmtkyfrsm;teufwGif tcJ,Of;qkH;
a&mif;xkwf&aomfvnf; pmtkyfwGif yg&Sdaom enf;emrsm;t& vkdufemjcif;
aMumifh tusKd;rsm;ygayonf[k aus;Zl;wifpmrsm; &&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh
cJ,Of;usKd;eyfygayonf[k auseyfrdygonf/

pdwful;wckay:vmjcif;

uREkfyfonf ]]tm[m&jzifhuse;frmatmifvkyfenf;}} pmtkyfudk tprf;

oabmESifh a&;om;cJUjcif;jzpf&m OD;vSa':trmwkdUu (tm;emyg;emESifh)
vufcHvkdufMu&[ef wlaomfvnf; puúL&Sm;yg;jcif;aMumifh ykHESdyf&dkufxkwf&ef
tcuftcJ&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfodcJU&ojzifh pmtkyfrsm; qufvufa&;om;zkdU
wkefUqkwfoGm;cJUygavNyD/ uREkfyfudkarG;xm;onfh zcifyifjzpfap ol\xrif;
udk Mum&SnfpGm xdkifpm;zkdU0efav;wwfaom uREkfyf\0goemtwdkif;
wenf;enf;jzifh 0rf;pmtwGuf&zdkU tBuHxkwfygawmhonf/ av;aumif*sif

861 
xdk;jcif;tvkyfudk zcif oabmrusonfhtjyif *sif0dkfif;rSmvnf; ajcmufcef;í
oGm;ygavNyD/ ajcmufcef;&ykHrSm *sifupm;olrsm;onf refusnf;wkH&Gmom;
rsm;csnf; jzpfav&m upm;orm;wkdU\ xkH;pHtwkdif; EdkifaomtcgwGif
okH;jzKef;ypfMuí &IH;aomtcgü tdyfxJu&IH;Mu&\/ Oyrm aiG 300
usyfEdkifaom vlwa,mufonf Edkifonfqdkí 0,fcsrf; okH;jzKef;vkdufNyD;aemuf
150 usyf &IH;aomtcgü vufudkifjyKwfoGm;avawmhonf/ þodkUjzifh
uREkfyfrSwyg; vkH;yg;yg;ukefMuonfjzpfí *sifupm;Edkifol r&SdawmhyJ
&yfpJvkdufMu&av\/ waeUoü uRekfyfonf refusnf;wkH&GmESifh
wrdkifomoma0;onfh ocGawÅm&Gm odkU tvnftywfa&mufoGm;&m
þ&Gmom;rsm;onf qm;csufjcif; tvkyfjzifh toufarG;Muolrsm;jzpf\/
¤if;&Gmü zcifonf aqGrsKd;rsm;&SdMuí uRekfyfonf qm;csufaomvkyfief;udk
avhvmMunfh&m tawmfpdwf0ifpm;rd\/ uRekfyfrSm pufrIvufrItvkyfrsKd; 
(Industry)  ü 0goemygol r[kwfaomfvnf; OmPfxkwfí pOf;pm;jcif;
tvkyfwGif txkHygoljzpfonfESifh þvkyfief;udk uREkfyfvkyf&vQif
vloufomaomenf;? okdUr[kwf vQifjrefaomenf;ponf udkpdwfxJwGif
pdwful;uav;rsm;ay:vm\/ ([kwfr[kwfum; prf;MunfhrSyif odrnf/
rnfonfhenf;rqdkESpfckwGif wckawmh[kwf&rnf[k ,aeUwdkif xifvsuf
&Sdonf/) Oyrm ajrBuD;rsm; o,f,l&mwGif awmif;udkcg;apmif;wifí
o,f,lMu&m vufwGef;vSnf;uav;okH;í wckwnf;aom bD;udk]qm;ckH}rsm;
tMum;rS wGef;,l&vQif olwkdUxuf ESpfqavmuf tvkyfwGifus,fvdrfhrnf[k
xifrdonf/

862 
vufavQmh&jcif;

xdktcsdefwGifjrefrmjynfwGif qm;tvGef&Sm;í *syefwkdU b,fqDrS

oGif;onfrdonfhqm;twkH;tcJrsm;udk axmif;xkí [if;cwfMu&ojzifh
qm;aps;tvGefaumif;\/ refusnf;wkH&GmrS uREkfyf\aqGrsKd;tcsKdUonf
ocGawÅm&GmokdU acwÅajymif;a&TUí qm;csufjcif;tvkyfudkvkyfvsuf&SdMu\/
uREkfyfonf ocGawÅm&GmolBuD;\ tdrfodkUtvnftywf a&mufoGm;&mwGif
olBuD;onf uRekfyf\ pdwf0ifpm;jcif;udk jrifonfESifh ]]udkBuD;odef;
vkyfcsifvQif ajruGuf&atmif uRefawmfpDrHay;ygr,f}}[k ajym\/ uREkfyfum;
tawmf0rf;omoGm;avNyD/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfucsufcsif; ]pdrfac:}cJUNyD; qm;csuf
&eftwGuf aqGrsKd;rsm;ESifh pDpOfygawmhonf/ (þae&mü uREkfyfazmfjy
vdkonfrSm zcifonf uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;tm; auR;&onfhtwGuf
tenf;i,frQ jiLplonfh txdrf;trSwf rjyKonfhtjyif rpdk;csufaom [if;udk
vufvGwfrnfpdk;aomaMumifh taMumuftuef uefUuGuf&Smygayonf/)
aqGrsKd;rsm;uvnf; rvkyfcsifygESifh MunfhawmhomvG,fonf/ wu,fvkyf
awmh wu,fyifyef;aom tvkyfjzpfonf/ ulvDcavmufom&aom tvkyf
rsKd;jzpfí tvkyfMurf;tm;vkH;udk vliSm;ESifhvkyfrnfqdkvQif udk,fhtwGuf bmrS
usefrnfr[kwfyg[kqdkum zsufMu\/ trSefrSm olwkdU\ oabmudkvnf;
uREkfyf&dyfrdygonf/ uREkfyfuJUodkUaom olwa,mufu þtvkyfrsKd; vkyfonf
qdkvQif waqGvkH;wrsKd;vkH; *kPfi,fonf[k ,lqMu[efwlygonf/
uREkfyfudk,fwdkifurl rvTJomí vkyfpm;&vQif rnfonfhtvkyfudkjzpfap/
*kPfi,fonf[k r,lqoljzpfonf/ odkU&mwGif tm;vkH;u 0dkif;ízsufMuaom
tcsdefü ]oHCmtm; bk&m;rqefom}[laom pum;uJUodkU uREkfyfu
rSefonfxifygvsufESifhyif 0rf;enf;pGmESifh vufavQmhvkduf&ygonf/

863 
aemuftBuHwck

xkdUaemuf uREkfyfonf tBuHwck&jyef\/ xdkacwfü 0uftlacsmif;

wydóm 80 usyfaps;aygufí 0ufom;wydómvQif 5d-10dusyf aps;0,f
&\/ uREkfyf\tbdk;rSm rif;wkef;bk&if\ ]pm;awmfcJ} jzpfcJUí tpm;
taomufudk pm;aumif;atmif pDrHwwfjcif;onf uREkfyf\aoG;xJwGif
ygvmavoavmrqdkEdkif/ 0uftlacsmif;udk uREkfyfvkyf&vQif olwyg;\
0uftlacsmif;xufomatmif vkyfwwfvdrfhrnf[kxif\/ okdUjzpfí 0uftl
acsmif;vkyfa&mif;zdkU tBuHjzpfay:vmonf/ okdUqdkvQif vufum; oabmrsKd;
vkyfrnfBuHaomaMumifh aiG&if;tawmftwef vdkvdrfhrnfqdkum uydkifü
aeaom oli,fcsif;vifr,m; OD;xifESifh a':pkwkdUxHrS acs;,l&ef tBuH
jzpfay:vmav\/ olwkdUrSmvnf; uydkifwGiftxnfqdkifzGifhí ta&mif;t0,f
aumif;vsuf&Sdonfudk jrifcJU&aomaMumifh uREkfyfvdktyfaom t&if;tESD;rQ
avmufudk xkwfacs;&ef cJ,Of;rnfr[kwf[kqdkum uydkifodkU 'kwd,tacguf
oGm;a&muf jyefygonf/

jrif;pD;&aomZdrf

þwBudrfü &Sdrf;rum;bufrS oGm;&efrvdkyJ rEÅav;bufrS

vSnfhíoGm;ojzifh a&Sma&Sm&Iª&Iªyif qdkufa&mufcJU\/ uydkifodkU uREkfyfa&muf
oGm;aomtcg a':pk\nDr roufa&SrSm rusef;rrmjzpfaejcif;ESifh awGU&í
tacs;tiSm; vm&jcif;jzpfaom uREkfyfrSm &kwfw&ufajymzkdU tcGifhroifh[k
qkH;jzwfum &uftwefMum apmifhae&\/ waMumif;rSmvnf; uREkfyfonf
roufa&SESifh tuRrf;w0if tawmfcifrifcJUbl;onfjzpfí olrusef;rmcdkufESifh

864 
BuKHonfwGif &kwfw&uf jyefoGm;í ravsmf[lívnf; pOf;pm;rd\/ a':pk\
nDr roufa&SrSm tjcm;olr[kwf? rdbrsm;u uREkfyftm; ykqdk;wkH;vkH;cRwfí
t&dkufcH&bl;onfh aemfrefausmif;oluav;tm; aw;xyfwyk'f ay;ay;cJU
bl;olyifjzpfavonf/ þtaMumif;udkol\tpfrBuD;a':pkwkdUyif odykHr&?
olESifhuREkfyfom odMuay&m uRekfyfonf vlemar;í ESpfa,mufwnf;&Sdckduf
wGif þtaMumif;udk owd&MuonfESifh NyKH;cJUMu&ygao;onf/
roufa&Sonf þawmifrS wufrnfhykHray:? okdUaomf &kwfw&ufvnf;
aoOD;rnfh vu©Pmr&SdonfESifh OD;xifwkdU\ udpöwcktwGuf OD;xifESifh
uRekfyfonf jrif;0goemtdk;wa,mufjzpfí jrif;ESifhoGm;&rnfqdkvQif
b,favmufMumí wm0wd Homwuf&rnfjzpfap vkdufcsifol wa,muf
jzpf\/
eHeufpmpm;NyD;csdefwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf jrif;udk,fpDESifh uydkif&GmrS
xGufvmMuí a&Twacsmi;fajrmif;abmifwavQmuf pum;wajymajymESifh
pD;vmMu&jcif;rSm (jrif;0goemygí twefMumatmif jrif;rpD;cJU&aom
uREkfyftzkdU&mü) tawmfBuD;aom Zdrfwckjzpf\/ urÇmausmft*Fvdyf0w¦Ka&;
q&mBuD;wa,mufjzpfaom qm0gvwmpaumhwfonf 0w¦Kaygif;
ajrmufjrm;pGmudk jrif;pD;,if;pdwful;onfqdkouJUodkU uREkfyfonfvnf;
acwfaumif;í vkHNcKHrI&SdcJUvQif refusnf;wkH&GmüaeNyD; jrif;pD;,if;pdwful;zkdU
rMumcP tBuH&cJUbl;\/ rmq'dbifhum;udkjrif&í uREkfyfonf
oGm;&nfr,dk? tom;usjrif;aumif;aumif;ESifh vrf;jzL;jzL;ajzmifhajzmifhudk
jrif&vQif pdwfxJü &dk;wdk;&Gw jzpfrdygonf/
OD;xifonf pum;cyfenf;enf; vlwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; i,f
oli,fcsif;csif;qkHrdí vGwfvyfpGmpum;ajymcGifh &aomtcgrsm;ü jzpfwwf
aom xkH;pHtwkdif; om;a&;orD;a&;rSpí i,faygif;BuD;azmfrsm; taMumif;udk

865 
pdwfxJü&SdorQ tjyeftvSef zGifh[ajymjyMu&jcif;onfvnf; aeUwdkif;
awGUBuKHcHpm;Mu&aom t&omrsKd;r[kwfay/ wcgw&HwGif uREkfyfu
upm;azmfoli,fcsif;tjzpfESifh odcJU&aom a':pkESifh OD;xifu r,m;tjzpfESifh
od&aom a':pkonf b,fvkdrsm;aeonf[k uREkfyfovdkojzifh wD;acgufpkHprf;
rdjcif;rsm;vnf; yg&Sd\/ wcsufwcsuf pum;jywfonfwGif uREkfyfonf
a&Twacsmif;bufodkU vSrf;Munfhí pHa'0Dudk ydk;yef;pOfu oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh
awmifNyKH;yGJodkU oGm;Muonfhtjzpfuav;rsm;udkvnf; owd&rd\/ wefaqmif
rkef;v &moDjzpfaomfvnf; aeonftawmfyljyif; vsuf&Sdonfjzpfí opfyif
&dyfaumif;aumif; awGU&onfhtcg jrif;rsm;udkvnf; tem;ay;,if;
t&dyfatmufodkU 0ifMuNyD;vQif aq;wHwqkHwav aomuf&ª&jcif;onfvnf;
ao;i,faomZdrfr[kwfay/

tbdZösmpdwfavm

uREkfyfwkdUonf rwÅ&mNrdKUudk ausmfvGefí ajrmuft&yfodkU qufvufpD;

oGm;Mu&m wHigonf&Gmuav;odkU a&mufaomtcg c&D;tqkH;odkU a&muf
MuavNyD/ OD;xifonf ¤if;&GmwGif tawmfus,f0ef;onfh ajruGufBuD;wck&Sdí
¤if;wGiftoD;tESHrsm;pdkufysKd;&ef BuH&G,fcsuf&Sdonfhtavsmuf NcHapmifhaom
vlESifh awGU&efudpötwGuf vmcJUjcif;jzpfonfqdk\/ uREkfyfwdkUvmrnfh
taMumif;udk BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;jcif; r&Sdojzifh NcHapmifh onf
uREkfyfwkdUa&mufumrS npmxrif;csufjyKwf&ef pDrHav&m uREkfyfrSm
qma&acsao;[laom pdk;&dfrfrIonf rjzpfay:yJ raeEdkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/
jrif;rsm;udkukH;jzKwfí NrdKUBuD;twGif; ]vSHBudK;}rsm;ESifh vTwfxm;av&m
jrpfcspfwwfaom uREkfyfrSm ¤if;wkdUtwGuf pm;p&mjrufaygygav\avm[k

866 
wGufíMunfhrdygao;onf/ jrufrsm;rSm tvdyftvdyf xonfwdkifatmif
xlxyfaygrsm;jcif;udk jrif&í oabmusvSonf/ xdkUaemuf OD;xif\
ajruGuf 0if;x&HteD;wGif uyfíwoGifoGif pD;qif;vsuf&Sdaom acsmif;
uav;okdUoGm;NyD; tyef;ajya&csKd;&\/ a&qdyfrSwufvmí a&&SifESifheD;aom
NcH\ tajctaeudkvnf;aumif;? us,f0ef;jcif;? jrufaygjcif;? ajrMoZm
aumif;ykH &jcif;wkdUudkvnf;aumif; jrif&onfhtcg uREkfyfü pdwftBuHwck
jzpfay:vmygonf/ uREkfyfonf olwxl;\ypönf;udk jrif&onfhtcg
]]ighypönf;jzpf&vQif aumif;avpG}}[laom tbdZösmpdwfrsKd;jzpfay:cJvSygonf/
odkUygvsufESifh txufyg tjcif;t&mwkdUudk awGUjrif&aomtcg refusnf;wkH
&Gmü jrif;aumif; arG;NyD; aecsifvSonfqdkaom ,cifpdwful;tpm;? þae&mü
jrif;arG;,if; qm0gvfwmpaumhvf vkyfae&vQif avmupnf;pdrfwGif txGwf
txdyfay wnf;[laom wrf;wrIjzpfrdjcif;udk 0efcHygonf/ OD;xifonf
a&BudKufol wa,muf r[kwfojzifh uREkfyfESifhtwl a&rcsKd;yJ wJxJü
ae&pfav&m wJ0ü&yfvsuf&Sdaom OD;xifudkjrifrdí ]csif;vufpdrfa&muf
avonfwum;}[k awG;rdygao;onf/ xdknü pm;&onfh csOfaygif[if;?
ig;uav;csuf? ig;ydaumifuifESifh xrif;weyfrSm (jrif;pD;&í AdkufvIyfNyD;
0rf;acsmifonfh twGufaMumifh) tNrdefqkH;pm&if;0if xrif;weyfjzpfyg
ayonf/

ig;ESifhc&koJU

]]uGrf;rpm;pbl;pm;vQif xkH;ayguf? jrif;rpD;pbl;pD;vQif ukH;ayguf}}[l

aom pum;ykHtwdkif; OD;xifrSm ukH;aygufraygufum; rrSwfrdawmh?
wudk,fvkH; &dkufcsxm;ouJUokdUjzpfNyD; eHeufü &kwfw&ufrxEdkifjcif;udkum;

867 
rSwfrdygao;onf/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap eHeufpmpm;NyD;í jyefawmhrnfjyKaom
tcg OD;xifrSm jrif;ay:odkU rwuf0HUavmufatmif udk,fvufawG
emusifvsuf&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyfESifhtwlrvdkufawmhyJ vSnf;ESifh
vmawmhrnfqdkum csefae&pfygawmhonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfrSm tjyefc&D;ü
jrif;wpD;ESifh wudk,fwnf;vmí cyfokwfokwfESifcJUonfwGif aeUv,fausmfü
yif uydkif&GmodkU jyefa&mufcJUav\/ OD;xifrSmrl naeapmif;rS jrif;vSnf;
aemufokdU csdwfqGJum vSnf;ay:wGif avsmif;vsufa&mufvmav \/
olUorufavmif; armifae0if;onf þtjzpftysufudkjrif&m orufjzpf
vmaomtcsdefü þtaMumif;udk &,farmajymavh&Sd\/ ]]ig;wkvdkUa&yGufqdk
wJU pum;[m [kwfwmyJ? toGm;wkef;uawmh jrif;udk,fpDeJU ausmhausmh
armharmh? tjyefusawmh wa,mufu jrif;eJUjyef? wa,mufuawmh
vSnf;eJUwdkufvmcJU&awmhAsm;}}[k ajymbl;avonf/ jrif;pD;jcif;onf
a,mufsm;wdkif; wwftyfaom ynmwckjzpfcJU&m þacwfürl a*smfuDrsm;
avmufom wwfawmhonftxd uG,faysmufoGm;jcif;rSm 0rf;enf;zG,f
w&yfjzpfygawmhonf/ tcsKdUu um;aumif;pD;&jcif;avmuf Zdrfr&Sd[k
ajymwwfMuav&m toufr&Sdaom pwD,m&ifbD;udkudkifum ul&Sifay:odkU
xdkifívkduf&jcif;ESifh touf&SdaomowÅ0gay:ü cGíxdkifum Zufudkxdef;í
vkduf&jcif;wkdU\ t&omcsif;uGmjcm;ykHudk jrif;aumif;pD;bl;olrsm;omvQif
em;vnfMuayvdrfhrnf/

868 
oHo&mc&D;onfrsm;

uRekfyfonf OD;xif?a':pkxHrS aiGacs;&ef vmcJUjcif;jzpf&m a':pk\nDr

roufa&S rusef;rmonfhtwGufaMumifh (NrDpm;wkdU\xkH;pHtwkdif;) NrD&Sif\
rsufESmomrIudk apmifhMunfh&onfESifhyif wveD;yg;rQtcsdefukefoGm;cJUavNyD/
xdktawmtwGif; uREkfyfonf OD;xifESifhtwltdyfí nOfheufatmif pum;ajym
Mu,if;ESifhyif olUtaMumif;udk avhvmcGifh&&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh ]&ifbwfrdwfaqG}
tjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;cJUygavNyD/ þvlwa,mufum; uREkfyfawGUbl;orQaom
rdwfaqGrsm;teufwGif ukodkvfuHtaumif;qkH; wa,muftygt0if jzpfonf
[k jrifvm\/ olonf uREkfyfav;ykHwykHrQ BudK;pm;&olwa,muf r[kwfyg
yJvsuf tvdkufoifh tvsm;oifh uHaxmufyHUonfESifhyif pD;yGm;a&;
avmu"HvIdif;rsm;\ ykwfcwfjcif;rSvGifuif;í uREkfyfxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm
pdwf\ Nidrf;csrf;rI&avmufaom tajctae &Sdaeolwa,mufjzpfavonf/
woufywfvkH; tvkyfESifhvufrjywfatmif vkyfudkifvmcJU&aom uRekfyfonf
(xdktcsdefwGif) 0rf;a&;uav;twGuf wa,mufwnf; [dkajy;onfajy;
ajy;vTm;ae&aomfvnf; olUrSmrl vIyfumvSnfhumESifhyif om;orD;?
om;r,m;tjyif aqGrsKd;nmwd tacRt&H toif;tyif;ESifh OruGJ
okdufrysufae&aom tajctae&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf ol\oufomNidrf;csrf;ykH
udkjrif&í ol\y&rÜ&ukodkvfuHaxmufyHUjcif;udk om"kac:rdNyD; tm;us
oa,mif&Sdygonf/ þwGifuREkfyf\a,muf,ufcwf tusKd;ay;ykHudk rauseyf
ovdkvdkjzpfvmrd\/ okdUaomf oHo&m0JMoCü arsmMu&aom owÅ0grsm;
onf wcgw&H a&omcdkcGifh&jcif;aMumifh oufomonfrSefaomfvnf;
a&udkqefí yifyef;pGm avSmfcwf&aom vlrsm;uJUodkU ]<uufom;}  (Muscle) 
rwufyJ &Sdwwfjcif;ESifh uREkfyf\tawGU tBuKHrsm;twGufaMumifh &&Sdxm;

869 
onfh oifcef;pmrsm;onfvnf; b0oHo&m c&D;wGif BuD;pGmaom taxmuf
tyHUjzpfapEdkifayonfwum;[k pOf;pm;aomtm;jzifh rdrdukd,fudk ajzqnfEdkif
ygonf/

psmyeESifh BuKH&jcif;

uRekfyfuydkifü&SdpOf a':pk\nDr roufa&Sonf vaygif;rsm;pGm

emwm&Snfa&m*g cHpm;&NyD;aemuf uG,fvGeftedpöa&muf&SmavNyD/ uREkfyfonf
tavmif;teD;ü rwfwwf&yfíMunfhaecJUpOf toufig;q,ft&G,f&SdaeNyD
jzpfaom roufa&S\ykHoP²mefaysmufoGm;í OD;pGef;zkwfa&mifxkH;uav;ESifh
q,fESpforD;t&G,fu aemfrefausmif;oltm; aw;xyfuav;wyk'f
ydkUay;bl;onfh roufa&S\&kyfuav; ay:vmjcif;udk rSwfrdygao;onf/
]]vlBuD;awG odoGm;rSjzifh uRefrudkqlvdrfhr,f udkazodef;&JU}}[k oluajym&Sm
onfwGif ]]rodEdkifygbl;uG,f? pmtkyfxJ nSyfay;wmuyJ}}[k uREkfyfu
jyefajymjcif;udkvnf; trSwf&ygao;onf/ ol\tpfrBuD; a':pkonf uREkfyf
ESifh&G,fwlcsif;jzpfí t&G,fa&mufMuaomtcgwGif (jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdU\xkH;pH
twkdif;) ac:ac:ajymajym r[kwfawmhyJ tysKd vlysKduav;rsm; tjzpfESifh
cyfwef;wef; aevmMuawmhonfjzpf&m roufa&Srlum; uREkfyfxuf
ig;ESpfcefUi,fí uREkfyf\ESruav;ESifh &G,fwlvkdjzpfNyD; cifrif&if;ESD;pGm
qufqHMuonfjzpf aomaMumifh tysKduav; t&G,fwdkifatmif uREkfyfESifh
vnf; ac:ac:ajymajym yifqufqHcJUMuonf/ (roufa&Sonf OD;xif\
tpfudk q&m&SifESifh tdrfaxmifusí rkqdk;rtjzpfESifh q,fESpfcefUtouf&Sif
vsuf usef&pfcJUjcif;jzpfav&m q&m&SifrSm OD;xifuJUokdU ]]bmodbmom}}
aewwfolr[kwfojzifh rEÅav;NrdKUwGif tawmfvlodrsm;cJUaom yk*¾dKvfwOD;

870 
jzpfavonf/) roufa&SrSm a':pkwkdUnDr &Spfa,mufteufwGif uREkfyfESifh
t&if;ESD;qkH;aom rdef;uav;jzpfí ESruav;ozG,f cifrifcJUojzifh ol\
aoqkH;jcif;twGuf pdwfütawmfxdcdkufygonf/ roufa&Sonf uydkifü
uREkfyf&SdaeckdfufwGif uG,fvGefjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; oef;acgifausmf tcsdefwGif
uG,fvGef&Smjcif;jzpf aomaMumifh (uRekfyf\uHaumif;aom xkH;pHtwkdif;)
ol\toufiifjcif;udk uREkfyfrjrifvdkuf&ay/ roufa&Sum; uREkfyf\
toufwmwGif vdifESifhywfoufaom cspfBudKufrI tvsOf;uif;í jzLpifpGm
cifrifonfh rdef;rrsm; teufwGif xdyfqkH;uwa,mufjzpfygayonf/

yxrOD;qkH; *kPfjyKyJG

psmyeudpö NyD;onfhaemuf uREkfyfonf a':pkokdUcsOf;uyfí ta&mif;

t0,f tvkyfwcktwGuf (0uftlacsmif; vkyfa&mif;zdkU[k rajymyJ) t&if;tESD;
vdkojzifh aiG 100d acs;zkdUajym&m a&Sma&Sm&I&Iyif acs;ygayonf/ xdkUaemuf
armifvSESifh rtrmwdkUxHrSvnf; pmwtkyfa&;ay;ygrnfqdkum aiG500dp&H
,lcJUygonf/ (ppfBuD;NyD;í vlxkowif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf jzpfvmaom
tcgwGif uREkfyfacs;,lxm;aom aiGwaxmiftwGuf b,favmufjyefqyf
&ygrnfenf;[k a':pktm;ar;&m a':pku rlvuwnf;u acs;onf[k
oabmrxm;? ay;jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh jyefqyfzdkUrvdkaMumif; ajymjyygay
onf/ OD;vSESifha':trmwkdUtm;rl olwkdU\tvkyfwdkufwGif uREkfyfu
tvkyform;wa,muftjzpfESifh ulnDaqmif&GufaeNyDjzpfaomaMumifh jyefqyf
zdkUtaMumif; uREkfyfuvnf;rajym? olwkdUuvnf; pum;rpyfMuygay/)
tjyefc&D;wGif uREkfyfonf rif;uGef;buf&Sd rdwfaqGwa,mufESifh awGUojzifh
xdkbufrSvSnfhí jyefcJU\/ rif;uGef;wGif rmvmtrI;&Sdaom pma&;q&m

871 
uav;rsm;u vufzuf&nfyGJESifh *kPfjyK{nfhcHMuonfESifh pma&;q&m
tpkvdkuf tzGJUvdkufudk yxrtBudrf awGU qkHcJU&bl;onf/ &efukefüaepOfu
armifvS? Z0epaom vli,fpma&;q&mrsm; toif;tzJGU jyKvkyfMuaomfvnf;
b,ftcgrS uREkfyftygt0ifrjyKcJUacs/ uREkfyfrSm rnfonfht&mwGifrS acgif;
aqmifvkyfvdkaom qE´vnf;r&Sd? (wwfvnf;rwwf) toif;tzGJUtaejzifh
cHpm;&aom tusKd;aus;Zl;udkvnf; rarQmfvifhyJ rdrd\pdwful;ESifh ESvkH;oGif;
w&m;tvdkufNidrf;csrf;pGm aevdkol wa,mufjzpfygonf/
*kPfNyKyGJrSm rif;uGef;bk&m;BuD; wef;aqmif;wckwGif usif;yí pma&;
q&m ta&twGufokH;av;a,mufrQom&Sdaomfvnf; pmay0goemyg olrsm;
vnf; wufa&mufMujcif;udk awGU&ojzifh awmfawmfpnfpnfum;um;
jzpfatmif BudK;pm;xm;MuykH&onf/ uREkfyftm; pum;ajymzdkU awmif;yefMu
ao;&m tavhtusifhvnf;r&Sd? pOf;pm;xm;jcif;vnf;r&Sd? av;av;eufeuf
ajymEdkifrS ajymcsifwwfaom 0goemvnf; &Sdonfjzpfí aus;Zl;wifjcif;
avmufrSwyg; bmrsm;ydkí ajymEdkifcJUao;onfudk uREkfyfrrSwfrdyg/
{nfhcHolrsm;u BudKwifjyifqifzdkU tcsdefr&onfhtwGuf aMumifh (uREkfyfu
w&ufyifydkí raeEdkifaMumif;jiif;cJUonf/) odkufodkuf0ef;0ef; om;om;
em;em; jzpfatmif rvkyf&í tm;r&aMumif; ajymjyMu&m uREkfyfuvnf;
Mo0g'ay;zkdUpum;rsm; pOf;pm;csdefr&onfhtwGuf tm;&yg;& rajymEdkifí
0rf;enf;aMumif;]jzef;}cJU&onf/ trSefrSm þrQxufydkí ajymwwfrnfvnf;
r[kwfyg/ (pma&;q&mBuD;jzpfvmaom þaemufydkif;ürl &efukefodkUa&muf
onfh tcgwdkif;vdkyif vli,fpma&;q&m uav;rsm;u*kPfjyKyGJrvkyfvQif
0wÅ&m;ysufuGufonfhtaersKd; ,lqxm;onfh vu©Pm&Sday&m uREkfyf\
oabmrSmrl uREkfyfxHodkU wa,mufpDvmMuí tmv’myov’my pum;ajym
azmf&vQif awmfavmufNyD[k xifjrifygonf/)

872 
OD;xGef;vSatmif

tjyefc&D;wGif uREkfyfonf rif;uGef;rS y'lblwmodkU vSnf;ESifhoGm;&rnf

jzpf&m roGm;bl;aom c&D;vrf;wckudk oGm;&rnfhtwGufaMumifh pdwf0ifpm;rI
&Sdjcif;ESifhtwl pdk;&drfruif;aompdwfvnf; jzpfrdygonf/ pdk;&drfruif;jzpf&jcif;
rSm awmvrf;BuD;oufoufjzpfí vSnf;ay:wGif wa,mufwnf; vkduf&rnfh
tjyif uydkifrS&cJUonfh aiG 1500duvnf; ygvmaomaMumifhjzpf\/
(xD;csKdifhbufqDü Muufa&mif;íjyefvmaom Muufonf\ aiG 37usyfudk
owf,lonf[k pkHprf;Munfh&m þe,fwckvkH;wGif olckd;'jrwa,mufrW
r&SdaMumif;udk &mZ0ifESifhwuG ajymjyav\/ *syef0ifcgptcsdefü a&Tbdke,f
w0dkufwGif olcdk;'jr xlxyfcJUbl;&m 0ufvufokdU &mZ0wf0ef OD;xGef;vS
atmif a&mufvmí emrnfBuD;aom vlqdk; 12a,mufcefUudk wef;pDNyD;
ypfowfoGm;uwnf;u we,fvkH; ckd;rIwdkufrIrsm; wckrQ ray:ayguf
aMumif;ajymjyavonf/ þtjzpftysufrSm 0ufvufodkU uREkfyfra&mufrDu
uREkfyfMum;bll;yg\/ okdU&mwGif ppfudkif;wavQmufodkU wkdifatmif Nidrf0yf
ydjym;rI &Sdonfqdkjcif;udkrl xdkolajymrS od&ygonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;u
w&m;&kH;odkUrwifyJ ypfowfjcif;jzpfí &ufpufonf[k ajymaomfvnf;
e,fwckH; NidrfoGm;jcif;rSm uREkfyf\udk,fawGUjzpf\/ þrQomruao;
uREkfyfpkHprf;MunfhaomtcgwGif ypfowfjcif;cH&aom vlrsm;onf trSefpifppf
vlus,fvlpGmrsm;jzpfaMumif; we,fvkH;u ajymMu\/ (þae&mü
OD;xGef;vSatmiftaMumif;udk tenf;i,f azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf
OD;xGef;vSatmifudk jrif&kHrQjrifbl;í emrnfavmufom Mum;bl;\/
todtuRrf;wa,muf r[kwfyg/ raorD ajcmufvavmufurl OD;xGef;vS
atmif onf uREkfyf\tdrfodkU ESpfacgufrQvmí wBudrfvQif ESpfem&DcefU

873 
xufrenf; Mumatmif pum;ajymMu\/ olvmjcif;rSm olxkwfaom
Ak'¨"r®pmapmifwGif avmukwÅ&m aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;ay;zdkUpma&; awmif;cHbl;
&mrS uREkfyfurtm;vyfaMumif; jyefMum;bl;onfESifh udk,fwkdifvma&muf
awmif;cHjcif;jzpfavonf/ xdkESpfacgufwGif olonf bmudkpdwful;&onf
rod? aqmif;yg; taMumif;udktusOf;csKyfavmufrQom ajymjyNyD; woufvkH;
ol\ qkd;rdkufcJUykHESifh aysmfcJUykH taMumif;rsm;udk tao;pdwfajymjyavonf/
ol\twÅdKyÜwÅdrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aomfvnf; uREkfyfurl rnfokdUaom
&nf&G,fcsufESifh olpdrf;wa,muftm; ajymygavoenf;[k wawG;wnf;
awG;vsuf em;axmifaerd\/ xdkpOfuvnf; uREkfyfrawG;wwf? oluG,fvGef
NyD;aemuf ,aeUwdkifvnf; ol\&nf&G,fcsufudk uRekfyfrawG;wwfatmif
&Sdygonf/ t&rf;awG; awG;&vQif uREkfyftm; w&m;orm;taejzifh oljrifí
ol\aemifw&jcif;taMumif;udk xkwfazmf0efcHjcif; jzpfavoavm[k
pOf;pm;rdygonf/ (w&m;t,ltqESifhywfoufí vlaysmfvl&rf;wa,muf
tjzpfrS vlwnfvlaumif;wa,muf jzpfvmNyDqdkjcif;rSwyg; eufeJaom
tawG;tac: t,ltqrsKd; &SdykHr&aomaMumifh uREkfyfu ESD;aESmaqG;aEG;jcif;
rjyKvdkufyg/)

rif;uGef;-y'l c&D;

uREkfyfonf vSnf;wpD;iSm;í aumuf&dk;xlxl cif;apNyD;vQif (ul&Sif

twGuf jzpfonf/) tay:rS zsmcif;apí uREkfyftzdkU tqef;jzpfaom
rif;uGef;y'lvrf;twdkif; armif;vmMu\/ rif;uGef;rStxGufwGif vG,ftdwf
udk,fpDESifh vli,fESpfa,mufudkawGUí y'lodkU olwkdUvnf;vdkufyg &ap?
vSnf;ctwGufw0ufcHygrnf[k ajymMu\/ yxrü awmc&D;jzpfonfh

874 
twGufaMumifh uREkfyfwGefUqkwfoGm;rdaomfvnf; ]armifpH&Sm;}\ rsufpdjzifh
tuJcwfvdkuf&mwGif vlaumif;rsm; jzpfykH&onf[k qkH;jzwfNyD; vufcHvdkuf
avonf/ vrf;c&D;ü pum;wajymajymvmMu&m vli,fESpfa,mufonf
uREkfyf\ A[kokwudk&dyfrdMuí rnfoljzpfygoenf;[k ar;MuonfwGif
uREkfyfu trSeftwkdif; ajymvdkuf\/ xdktcgrSpí vli,fESpfa,mufu
rdrdwkdUonf pmayorm;rsm;jzpfí uREkfyf\pmrsm;udk trsm;BuD;zwfbl;
aMumif;? vludk,fwdkif rjrifbl;aomfvnf; ta0;rS MunfndKvsuf&SdaMumif;ESifh
avmu0wf pum;ajym&kHrQomru 0wfBuD;0wfi,f jyKMuygayonf/ vrf;
c&D;ü &Gmuav;rsm; awGUaomtcg aomufa&cyfay;jcif;? rD;jcpfAl;
0,fay;jcif; paom tvkyfuav;rsm;udk ysLysLiSmiSm ysmysmovJ vkyfay;
Muonf/ ¤if;wkdU\tjyKtrlaMumifh &efukef rEÅav;vrf;wGif rD;&xm;ESifh
oGm;pOfu BuKHcJU&bl;jcif;rsm;onfvnf; pdwfxJwGif ay:vmí pma&;q&m
tvkyfonf 0ifaiGaumif;aomtvkyf r[kwfvifhupm; c&D;oGm;&mü
pmayorm;ESifh awGUonfhtcg tawmfae&m usayonf[k MunfEl;jcif;
jzpfrdygonf/ y'lodkUa&mufMuaomtcg rD;&xm;qdkufzdkU tcsdefvkdao;
onfESifh uREkfyftm; olwkdU\todtdrfodkU ac:oGm;í vufzuf&nfMurf;ESifh
xef;vsufjzLqkyf? ajryJ,dk ponfrsm;ESifh {nfhcHMuayonf/ vSnf;c
aiG20dtwGuf w0ufay;rnf[k uwdjyKcJUMu&mrS olwkdUucsnf; vkH;0
ay;oGm;Muygayonf/ refusnf;wkHokdUjyefa&mufí zciftm; aiG1500d
&cJUaMumif;ajymjyaomtcg zcifu ]]rif;rSm 'DvdkMunfh&Ir,fh rdwfaqGrsm;
&Sdoudk;}}[k tHUMo0rf;ompGmESifh ajym&Smygao;onf/

875 
or®mtmZD0 tvkyfr[kwf

uREkfyfonf aiG 1500d t&if;tESD;jzifh 0uftlacsmif;vkyfa&mif;zkdU

pkHprf;\/ trSeftwdkif;azmfjy&vQif uREkfyfonf aiG&rItwGuf oufouf
r[kwf? uREkfyf\rdcifbufrS tbdk;\ ]]aoG;}ygaomaMumifh jzpf[efwl\/
pm;aumif;aomufzG,fudk BudKufwwf&kHomr[kwf? udk,fwdkifcsufjyKwfvkyf
udkif&jcif;üvnf; 0goemygí rD;zdkacsmifodkU 0ifwwfoljzpf\/ ZeD;rpdk;onf
todrdwfaqGrsm;teufwGif tcsuftjyKwfESifh ywfoufí emrnf&vsuf&Sd &m
olcsufjyKwfwwfjcif;rSm uREkfyf\oifjyrIaMumifhjzpfaMumif; oludk,fwdkif
0efcHygonf/ tcsuftjyKwfomru ,dkvkyfjcif;? oeyfvkyfjcif; paom
twwfrsm;udkvnf; rD;zdkacsmiftwwf pmtkyfrsm;zwfjcif;? olwyg;wkdUvkyf
jcif;udk rsufjrifavhvmjcif;wkdUaMumifh rdrdudk,fudktawmfem;vnfonf[k
xifrd&m 0uftlacsmif;vkyf&vQifvnf; olwyg;wkdUrodaom enf;uav;rsm;
odxm;jcif;aMumifh wu,fvkyf&vQif pD;yGm;jzpfavmufonf[kvnf; xifrd
onf/ aysmfvnf;aysmfvdrfhrnf[laom pdwful;jzifh pDpOf;jcif;jzpf\/
okdU&mwGif þtvkyfudkvnf; aqGrsKd;rsm;u 0dkif;0ef;uefUuGufMujyefonf/
þtvkyfatmifjrifygu (uREkfyfvkyf&vQif atmifjrifzkdUvnf; aocsm
oavmuf&Sdonf/) qm;csufaomtvkyfuJUokdU xrif;pm;&&kHruyJ pD;yGm;jzpf
avmufonf[k uREkfyfutaMumif;jyajymqdkaomfvnf; olwkdUu wbufrS
taMumif;wck azmfjyMuonf/ 0uftlacsmif;tvkyfonf *kPfr&Sdaomtvkyf
jzpfonf[k ajymMu&kHrQESifh uREkfyfem;0ifonfr[kwf? ,ckaomf olwyg;\
toufESifh vkyf&rnfh tvkyfrsKd;jzpfí ,kwfpGmhtqkH; 0ufom;&atmif
BudKwifrSm,ljcif; paom udpörsKd; yg0if&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh oefU&Sif;
pifMu,faom or®mtmZD0 tvkyfrsKd;r[kwfEdkif[k ajymjyonfwGif

876 
uREkfyfem;0ifoGm;ygonf/ BudKwifrSm,lzkdU vdkvdrfhrnfqdkaomtcsufudk uREkfyf
vkH;0owdr&cJUacs/ awmfawmfBuD;BuD;us,fus,fvkyfrnfqdkvQif aps;xJrS
]yHUoul}0,fí rvkHavmufEdkifqdkjcif;udk rpOf;pm;rdacs/ okdUjzpfíaemufqkH;ü
þwvkH;ESifhyif uREkfyf\tBuHtpnfysufoGm;ygawmh onf/ (tvkyfvkyf
&vQif ]a&TOa'gif; 0uftlacsmif;}[lí emrnfBuD;NyD; pD;yGm;jzpfaeOD;rnfavm
rajymwwfay/)

uavmifudkjyefaumufjcif;

uHaumif;í 0uftlacsmif;onf rjzpf&aomtcgwGif uREkfyfonf

uavmifudkjyefudkifzkdU enf;vrf;&Sm&jyef\/ xdktcgü uREkfyf\vufwGif
pmtkyfaumif;wtkyf &Sdae\/ 0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf tar&duefpmtkyfwtkyf
udk ]vlaygvlaZmfvkyfenf;}[laom trnfjzifh bmomjyefíxkwf&m
tvGefatmifjrifí ydkufqHtawmf&onf[k Mum;&bl;\/ ¤if;pmtkyfrSm
wbufom;udk tvkdufoifhtvsm;oifh ajrSmufyifhajymqdkjcif;tm;jzifh rdrd\
vdkbjynfhatmif qGJaqmif,laom enf;jzpfí ]vlaygvlaZmfvkyfenf;}[k
OD;Eku trnfay;jcif;rSm rrSm;vSacs/ þaemufydkif;ü OD;Eku emrnfqdk;onf
qdkí ajymif;vJ&dkufxkwfaomfvnf; trSefrSm ¤if;emrnfonf xdkpmtkyf\
oabm&if;trSefudk azmfjyvdkfufjcif;yif jzpfonf/ uREkfyf\vuf0,fü&Sdaom
pmtkyfrSm wbufom;tay:ü ]ausm}&atmif vkyf,laom enf;rsKd;jzifh
r[kwfyJ vltoD;oD;\ oEÅmefü&Sdwwfonfh BuD;yGm;a&;rsKd;aphuav;udk
tanSmufaygufapNyD; tyifBuD;xGm;atmif jyKpkysKd;axmifay;rnf enf;rsKd;
jzpfavonf/ uRekfyfonf ¤if;pmtkyfudk bmomjyefqkd&mü Ak'¨tbd"r®m
tac:ta0:rsm;ESifhwuG pdwfobm0ESifh ywfoufonfh udk,fawGUuav;

877 
rsm;udkvnf; a&mnSyfjznfhpGufum jyefqdka&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh
pmzwfy&dowfu ta&SUwkdif;pdwful;oufouf jzpfonf[líyif rSwfxif
,kHMunfMuavonf/ ¤if;pmtkyfudk OD;vS a':trmwkdU\ BuD;yGm;a&;wkdufrS
&dkufESdyfa&mif;cs&mwGif puúL&Sm;yg;aom *syefacwfjzpfí a&mifpkHpuúLrsm;jzifh
jzpfwwfovkd &dkufESdyf&jcif;aMumifh pmtkyfaumif;wtkyf wdrfjrKyf
uG,faysmuf&onf[k ESajrmrdygonf/ ]tBuHOmPfjzifh BuD;yGm;atmif
vkyfenf;} pmtkyfrSm OD;Ek\ ]vlay:vlaZmf vkyfenf;}pmtkyfESifh ynm&SdckH&kH;ü
jzpfap ,SOfNydKif0HUaom pmwtkyfjzpfygonf/

t*Fvdyfppfwyf0ifvmjcif;

zcifuG,fvGefonfhaemuf rsm;rMumrD (1945 ck ESpfOD;avmufxif\/)

eHeufrdk;rvif;rD uREkfyfwkdU\ 0if;NcHtwGif;odkU rdkwmum;rsm;0ifvmí
um;rD;a&mifrsm; xdefxdefvif;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk awGU&ojzifh uREkfyfwkdUonf
tdyf&mrS ysm&D;ysm&mxMu&\/ pkHprf;Munfhaotcg t*Fvdyfppfwyfjzpfonf
[k od&onf/ xdke,fw0dkufü tar&duef0ifonf[k okH;EIef;Muaomfvnf;
uREkfyfawGU&jcif;rSm paumhwvefjynfom;  (Highlanders)  ppfom;rsm;
jzpfMuavonf/
uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;ESifh OD;av;wa,mufonf tdyf&mrSxvmMuí
csrf;at;vSaom jymodkvjzpfonfhtavsmuf xif;wkH;BuD;rsm;jzifhrD;zdkum
0dkif;zJGUí rD;vIHvsuf&SdMupOf ppfAdkvfokH;av;a,mufwkdUonf rD;zdkteD;okdUvmí
rD;vIHMu\/ ¤if;wkdUonf t*Fvdyfvdk ajymvsuf&SdMupOf þae&mü wyfpcef;cs
rnfhtaMumif;udk uREkfyfod&avNyD/ þwGifuREkfyfu t*Fvdyfpum;em;vnf
jcif;udk ¤if;wkdUtm; today;zdkUtcsdefa&mufNyD[k jrifvmonf/ today;

878 
vdkjcif; rSmuREkfyfwwfjcif;udk jyvdkír[kwf? olwkdUonfuREkfyfem;vnfjcif;
udkrodí ajymcsif&majymrdMuNyD; aemiftcgrS uREkfyfwwfaMumif; odvmMu
vQif uREkfyftay:ü ]tm;wkHUtm;em}vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkrQru &efol
wa,muf[k oabmxm;onfhwdkifatmifvnf; jzpfoGm;EdkifaomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfu ]]'DNcHxJa&mufatmif cifAsm;wkdU b,fvdk
vkyfNyD; armif;0ifvmMuovJ}}[k NyKH;NyKH;&,f&,fESifh t*Fvdyfvdkar;vdkuf&m?
uREkfyft*Fvdyfpum;ajymwwfjcif;aMumifh tHUMoykH&jcif;ESifhtwl uREkfyfqdkvdk
aom t"dyÜm,fudkvnf; em;vnfoGm;Mu[efwlonf/
uREkfyfwkdU\0if;NcHrSm um;0ifp&mvrf;r&Sdojzifh NcHpnf;&dk;udkazmufzsuf
NyD; 0ifvmMujcif;jzpf\/ 0ifyg&ap[lí NcH&SifxH tcGifhrawmif;Muacs/
þwGif ]ar*sm}[k tjcm;ppfAdkvfrsm; ac:Muonfh ppfAdkvfu ]]0rf;enf;yg
w,fAsm? ppftwGif;qdkawmh 'DvdkyJvkyfMu&wmyJ? cifAsm; t*Fvdyfvdk
ajymwwfw,fudk; 'DrSmbmvkyfudkifpm;ovJ}} [kar;\/ uREkfyfu
pma&;q&mjzpfí &efukefrS ppfajy;wa,mufjzpfaMumif;? þNcHrSm zcif\
0if;NcHjzpfaMumif; ajym&avonf/ ppfAdkvfrsm;onf t*Fvdyfvdkwwfaom
pma&;q&mwa,mufqdkí uREkfyftm; (olwkdUxifouJUokdU) awmom;
wa,muf r[kwfqdkum av;av;pm;pm; qufqHMuygayonf/

ppfom;ESifhaps;onf

eHeufvif;aomtcgar*smonf uREkfyftm; olwkdU\ume,f(tdkpD)ESifh

rdwfqufay;í uREkfyfwdkUaexdkifaomwJBuD;udk olUtwGufz,fay;NyD; OD;av;
\tdrfuav;okdU ajymif;a&TUaexdkifojzifh aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymayonf/
uREkfyfwkdU\NcHa&SUü vrf;ab;qdkifuav;rsm;&Sdí qdkif&SifESifh ppfom;rsm;

879 
jyóemwckay:aygufojzifh uREkfyfxHodkUa&mufvmMu\/ ppfom;rsm;u
iSufaysmwzD;0,f&mwGif t*FvdyfaiGwusyfxkwfay;í aps;onfu 10day;&
rnf[kawmif;\/ ppfom;url aiGwusyfqdkvQif rsm;vSNyDqdkum ]]vnfyif;
jzwfí ,lcsifonftxd avmbBuD;aomaps;onfrsm;}} qdkí uREkfyfxH
wdkifwef;avonf/ xdktcsdefü iSufaysmwzD;vQif *syefaiGwq,f aygufaps;
jzpfae&m ppfom;u aiGwusyfwnf; ay;íra&mif;Edkif[k aps;onfu
jiif;ae\/ þwGifuREkfyftBuHwck&vmonf/ uREkfyfuqdkif&Siftm;
]]t*FvdyfaiGwusyfESifhom a&mif;yg? ¤if;t*FvdyfaiGudk uREkfyfxH,lvm vQif
*syefaiG10day;ygrnf}} [kajymonfESifh ta&mif;t0,f jzpfoGm;&kHru
tjcm;aps;onfrsm;tm;vnf; þtwkdif;yif uREkfyfaMujimvdkufonf/
vuf&Sd*syefaiGrSm t*FvdyfaiGodkU rMumrDajymif;vJ&vdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfodonfh
jyif t*FvdyfaiGwusyfwefudk *syefpuúLwq,fwefESifh vJ,lxm;jcif;jzifh
uREkfyfrepfemEdkif[lívnf; wGufudef;&NyD;jzpfonf/ uREkfyf\aMujimcsuf
aMumifh aps;onfrsm;ESifh ppfom;rsm;onf ta&mif;t0,fjzpfí tvGefauseyf
Mu&m uREkfyf\wJuav;rSmvnf; aiGvJvS,fonfh XmeBuD; jzpfvmyg
awmhonf/ þtvkyfrSmaps;onfrsm;a&m ppfom;rsm;yg tvGefauseyfMuí
uREkfyfrSmvnf; waeUü tusKd;&SdzdkU aocsmaomaMumifh þtvkyfuJUokdU
ae&musaomtvkyfudk uREkfyf rawGU&bl;acs/

rdwfaqGppf\t*Fg

ppfom;rsm;onf ¤if;wkdU\jyóemudk uREkfyfxHokdU,lvmMu\/

aq;jyif;vdyf? xef;vsuf? c&rf;csOfoD;paom ukefypönf;rsm; 0,f,l&mü
tcuftcJawGUMu&ojzifh uREkfyfudk,fwdkif qdkifzGifhía&mif;cszkdU wdkufwGef;

880 
Mu&m uREkfyfuvnf; olwkdU\qE´twdkif; vdkufívkyfay;&ojzifh wouf
wGif rvkyfcJUbl;onfh tdrfqkdif&Sifwa,muf jzpfvmcJUavNyD/ ppfom;rsm;
onf txufyg ypönf;rsm;udk rnfonfhqdkifwGifrSr0,fMu/ uREkfyf\qdkif
okdUom ajy;vmMu\/ eHeuftdyf&mrxaomtcg uREkfyf\tdrfa&SUü
ppfom;rsm;onf ]usL}wef;BuD;wef;vsuf apmifhaeMuNyDjzpf&m ppfom;
wa,mufu wa,mufa&SUodkU ausmfwufjcif;aMumifh pum;rsm;Mu&jcif;rsm;
vnf; rMumcPBuKH&\/ þonfrSm aps;onfwkdU\ t&omwckjzpfí
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif yxrtBudrfcHpm;&pOfu tvGefauseyfrdygonf/ qdkvdk&if;
rSm rdrd\qdkifpnfum;vGef;í aps;0,folrsm;u tvkt,uf 0,f,lMu&
onfqdkaom t"dyÜm,fyifjzpfonf/ rnfírnfrQ jrwfjcif; rjrwfjcif;udk
tyxm;í vufvDaps;a&mif;aumif;jcif;onf aps;onfrsm; tzdkU&mü
t&omBuD;wckjzpf jcif;udk uREkfyfudk,fwdkif cHpm;&bl;í em;vnfcJUygonf/
pkHaxmufarmifpH&Sm; 0w¦Krsm;acwfpm;pOfu r*¾Zif;wdkuf&Sifrsm;u ]pmrlc}
tjyif 'l;&if;oD;? rif;*GwfoD;paom vufaqmifuav;rsm;ESifh vmMujcif;udk
udkodef;az BuKHoGm;&bl;í oludk,fwdkifyDwdjzpfNyD; tnmwcGifü ajymírqkH;
jzpfcJUjcif;udk uREkfyfowd&onf/ rdwfaqGwa,muf BuD;yGm;jcif;? ausmfapm
xif&Sm;jcif; twGuf vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;om jzpfaomvlrsKd;onf
avmuü tawmf&Sm;ay&m (uREkfyftzdkU&mü wu,f&Sm;ygonf/) udkodef;az
onfum; þwckwnf;ESifhyif ppfrSefaom rdwfaqGaumif; wa,muf[lí
uREkfyfqkH;jzwfEdkifygonf/ udkodef;azonf uREkfyfuG,f&mü csD;rGrf;jcif;jzpf
aomaMumifh omíwefzdk;&Sd\/ uREkfyfESdyfe,fajymqdkolrsm;ESifh qkHrdvQif
(EIwfvQmoGufítm&Tifolwa,muf jzpfonfhtwdkif;) cyfemem jyefwkyfjcif;
taMumif;rsm;udkvnf; olwyg;ajymjyí uREkfyfMum;&bl;onf/ þokdUaom
rdwfaqGrsKd;onf &SmrS&Sm;onfh tjzpfudk pOf;pm;OmPf&Sdolrsm; odMuayvdrfh

881 
rnf/ trsm;tm;jzifhrl a&SUwGifajrSmufajymvQif t[kwfxifwwfaom vlrsm;
om aygrsm;jcif;udk awGU&onf/

vlwGifus,fjzpfvm&ykH

uREkfyfonf refusnf;wkH&GmwGif t*Fvdyfvdkajymwwfonfh wOD;wnf;

aom yk*¾dKvfjzpfí ppfom;rsm;ESifh &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tMum;wGif atmifoG,fBuD;
jzpfvmNyD; ESpfbufvkH;onf jyóemt&yf&yfudk ajz&Sif;&ef twGuf
uREkfyfxHokdU ,lvmMu\/ Oyrm ppfom;rsm;onf aomufa&uef rsm;xJokdU
qif;í a&csKd;Muonf[k uREkfyfxHwdkifwef;Muav&m uREkfyfu ume,ft&m&Sd
(tdkpD)tm; ajymjyvdkufonfESifh ¤if;ucsufcsif;w,fvDzkef;quf ítrdefU
ay;vkduf\/ (NAdwdoQppfwyfonf &GmodkUa&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf w,fvD
zkef;BudK;rsm; oG,fwef;xm;\/) xdkUaemuf ppfAdkvfcsKyfu a&ul;jcif;rsm;
&Sdao;vQif ajymyg[k uREkfyftm; rSmxm;ao;&m rnfolrQ aemufxyf
usL;vGefjcif; r&SdonfhtwGuf &Gmom;rsm;u ]]wkdUudkBuD;odef; w,f[kwf
ygwum;}} [k aus;Zl;wif txifBuD;jcif;vnf; cH&ayonf/ ppfom;
rsm;uvnf; tvm;wlpGm jyóemuav;rsm;udk uREkfyfxH,lcJUMuí uREkfyfu
ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifjcif;twGuf aus;Zl;wifjcif;cH&ayonf/ uREkfyfonf ]vlwGif
us,f} vkyfcsifí pGufzufjcif;r[kwfyJ tvdktavsmuf wm0efusa&muf
vmjcif;aMumifh aqmif&Guf&jcif;jzpfygonf/ okdUESifhvnf; ESpfbufvkH;\
aus;Zl;wifjcif;cH&onfhtcg auseyf0rf;omaom t&omuav; cHpm;rdjcif;
udk 0efcH&rnfjzpf&m xdkUaMumifhvnf; tcsKdUvlrsm; ]vlwGifus,f} vkyfcsif
Mujcif;udk oabmaygufem;vnfygonf/ okdU&mwGif þtwGufaMumifh
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif ]vlwGifus,f} wa,muftaejzifh qufvufaqmif&Gufcsif

882 
aompdwfrsKd;jzpfay:vmonfum; r[kwf&yg/ olwyg;twGuf wkdif;jynf
twGufqdkí aqmif&GufMuonfh taumif;qkH;qdkaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;
onfyif (EdkifiHa&;vkyfpm;onfh tnHUpm;rsm;udk rqdkxm;bd) vlwGifus,f
vkyfcsifolrsm;\ e,fy,fjzpfonf[k oabmaygufrdcJUygonf/ atmifjrif
onfhtcgü cHpm;&aom t&omuav;rSmvnf; [kwfwkwfwkwf&Sdjcif;udk
0efcHygonf/

ppfAdkvfBuD;ESifh uREkfyf

okH;&ufcefUMum&Sdaomtcg ume,fppfAdkvfBuD;ESifh uREkfyfonf tuRrf;

w0ifjzpfvmMuí naecif;tcsdefrsm;wGif pum;vufqkHusNyD; udk,fhwdkif;jynf
ESifh udk,fhvlrsKd;taMumif;udk tjyeftvSef ar;Mujref;Mu ajymjyMu\/
ppfAdkfvfBuD;vnf; ausmif;q&mvkyfcJUbl;í tawmfpmzwfaom vlwa,muf
jzpf&m ol\paumhwvefjynftaMumif;ESifh ol\om;orD;rsm; taMumif;udk
vGrf;qGwfaom rsufESmxm;ESifhajymjyavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfuvnf; paumhvlrsKd;
pma&;q&mBuD; qm0gvfwmpaumhESifh uAsmq&mBuD; a&mhbwfbef;pf
taMumif;wkdUudk zwfbl;xm;onfhtwdkif; csD;usL;ajymqdkav&m ppfAdkvfBuD;
onf uREkfyfudk txifBuD;&kHomru cifrifvmMuí pm;p&mrsm; auR;arG;
avh&Sd\/ uREkfyfuvnf; jrefrmenf;csufxm;onfh Muufom;[if;ESifh
xrif;udk ppfAdkfvftm;vkH;wdkUtm; ]'if;em;ygwD} auR;arG;ygao;onf/
ppfAdkvfBuD;ESifh uREkfyfonf oufwl&G,fwl (56ESpf jzpfí pum;enf;ykHcsif;
vnf; wlMuonfESifh wa,mufudkwa,muf tawmfBuD;cifrifvmMuonf/
av;ig;&ufcefU Mumvwfaomf ppfAdkvfBuD;u uREkfyft*Fvdyfpum;ajymykHrSm
a&mufpuESifhrwlyJ tawmfoGufvufvmonf[kajym\/ trSefrSm uREkfyf

883 
onf udkodef;az? udkcifarmifwkdUESifh uGJvmuwnf;u wcGef;wyg'rQ
ajym&jcif;r&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyf\vQmonf tokH;rjyKyJ ypfxm;onfh puf
ud&d,mwckuJUokdUoHacs;wufNyD; ,ckrSyif qDxnfhvdkufonfhES,f oGufvuf
vmaMumif; ajymjy&ao;onf/ (þacwfü acwfynmwwf vli,frsm;onf
t*Fvdyfpum; ajymjcif;twwfwGif tawmfqkwf,kwf vmjcif;udk awGU&ay&m
t*Fvdyfpum;ajymwwfjcif;onf t&ma&mufaom ynm&yfwckjzpfonf[k
xifMuvQif rdrdwkdUwwfxm;aom pum;vkH;rsm; aqG;ajrUrukefap&ef
tavhtusifhjyKMuzdkU vli,frsm;tm; wdkufwGef;vdk\/ okdUr[kwfcJUvQif
em;vnf&kHom&SdNyD; jyefrajymwfaomtjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;í em;om&SdNyD;
vQmrygaomvluJUokdU jzpfoGm;rnfudkpdk;&drf&onf/) wnaeü ppfAdkvfBuD;u
rdrdwkdUppfwyfrSm ta&SUbufwnfhwnfh {&m0wDqdyfurf;wGif &Sdaom
opfqdrfhBuD;&GmokdUajymif;a&TUzdkU trdefUa&mufvmaMumif;udk 0rf;enf;ykH &aom
rsufESmxm;ESifh ajymjyEIwfqufavonf/ aemufwaeUeHeuf rdk;rvif;rD
ppfwyfonf opfqdrfhBuD;&GmodkU ajymif;a&TUoGm;av&m uREkfyf\ ]azmufonf}
rsm;jzpfaom ppfom;rsm;url ¤if;wkdU0,faeusjzpfaom c&rf;csOf;oD;?
aq;jyif;vdyfESifh xef;vsufponfh ukefpnfrsm;ESifh ¤if;wkdU&Sdaom ae&modkU
vmí a&mif;cszkdU twefwef rSmoGm;Muavonf/

aps;vkdufía&mif;jcif;

opfqdrfh&GmodkU aps;a&mif;vdkufaomtvkyfrSm aysmfp&mr[kwfaomf

vnf; pGefUpm;cef;uav;rsm; yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh tusOf;csKH;íazmfjy
vdkuf&ygOD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf a,mufzwa,muf (armifpHvGef)tm; ppfom;
rsm;okdU aps;a&mif;&jcif;\ aus;Zl;&SdykHtaMumif;udk ajymjy&m olonf

884 
tvGefpdwfygvmí oGm;MuzdkU wkdufwGef;av\/ olUüvSnf;EGm;&Sdí aq;jyif;
vdyf? c&rf;csOfoD;ESifh xef;vsufpaom ypönf;rsm;vnf; 0,fcJUzdkU wm0ef,l
av&m uREkfyfu ppfom;rsm;tm; aps;a&mif;&eftwGufom wm0ef,lygqdk\/
okdUjzpfí uREkfyfwkdUonf naeokH;em&DtcsdefwGif ukefypönf;rsm;wifí
refusnf;wkH&GmrS vSnf;wpD;ESifh xGufvmMu&m aqmif;Owk&moDjzpfí
aygif;rdk;rygaom vSnf;ay:wGif aeyljcif;\'Pfudk cHEdkifygonf/
ae0ifcsdefwGif rif;ukef;&GmodkU qdkufa&mufí olBuD;tdrfü xdknOfh
twGuf pwnf;csMu&m olBuD;onf uREkfyfESifhtenf;i,frQom oduRrf;
aomfvnf; uREkfyfuJUodkUaom vlwa,mufu aps;onfvkyfaejcif;udk
oem;Muifemonfh vu©PmESifh pm;aumif;aomufzG,frsm; csufjyKwfauR;í
tdyf&mae&maumif;rGefpGm jyifqifay;ygayonf/ uREkfyf\a,mufz armifpH
vGef onf a*:&mppfom;rsm;odkUa&mif;&eftwGuf uREkfyfrodatmif vQKdU0Suf
,lcJUaom awmt&ufrsm;udk olB uD;ESifhtwl aomufMuav&m uREkfyfonf
t&ufraomufol r[kwfaomfvnf; þvlrsm;ESifhtwl raomufvdkojzifh
[efvkyfía&Smifaeygonf/ ([efvkyf&jcif;rSm þvlrsm;onf uREkfyf\
oli,fcsif;rsm;r[kwf? a,mufzi,fESifhuREkfyfudk &dkaoav;pm;onfh olBuD;
wa,muf jzpfaomaMumifhjzpfygonf/ uREkfyfxuf i,fí t0g;r0aom
vlrsm;ESifhtwlaomufrdaomaMumifh rSm;jcif;udkBuKHbl;í oifcef;pm
&cJUbl;ygNyD/ þtjyKtrlrSm taemufwdkif;om;rsm;\ pepfaumif;wckjzpfí
omrefta&SUwdkif;om;rsm; em;vnfaumif;rS em;vnfMuayrnf/ t&uf
aomufjcif;twlwl qdkaomfvnf; jcm;em;jcif; &Sdayao;onf/) xdknOfhü
pm;aumif;aomufaumif;jzpfvmatmif aomufcsifvSaomfvnf; atmifhtD;í
aevkdufygonf/

885 
uREkfyf\0goemwck

aemufwaeUeHufapmapmxí vSnf;armif;oGm;Mu&m þc&D;vrf;rSm

uREkfyfra&mufbl;onfhvrf;jzpfí tqef;topfü pdwf0ifpm;wwfaom
uREkfyf\0goemtwdkif; vSnf;ay:ü ysif;&donfr&SdyJ awmifMunfh ajrmuf
Munfhjzifh vdkufygvmcJU\/ a,mufzarmifpHvGefrSm awmifolwa,muf
rQomjzpfav&m uREkfyfESifhA[kokw tqifhtwef;rrSDolrsm;ESifh pum;aMum
&Snfrajymwwfaom uRekfyf\0goemtwdkif; olUbmomvSnf;armif;í uREkfyf
bmom ai;armumvdkufvm\/ (þpum;ü cRif;csufwck xm;&ygOD; rnf/
A[kokwtqifhtwef; rrSDaomfvnf; uREkfyf0goemygaom jrif;taMumif;
bdvd,uftaMumif;? *DwtaMumif; ponfrsm;udkrl rnfonfh0goemtdk;ESifh
pum;ajym&onfjzpfap uREkfyftvGef pdwfyg0ifpm; jcif;&Sdygonf/ þtwwf
rsm;üvnf; txkH0goemr&Sd? A[kokwvnf; tvGefenf;í &SmrSD;vdkaom
qE´vnf; r&Sdolrsm;ESifhrl &dkif;onf[k qdkcsifqdk? olwkdU\ bvpfbvpf
ajymjcif;rsKd;udk Mum&SnfpGm onf;rcHEdkifaMumif; trlt&mjzifh azmfjycsif
wwfygonf/) eHeuf 8em&DavmufwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf opfqdrfhBuD;&GmodkU
0ifvmMu&m vrf;avQmufxGufvmMuaom azmufonf ppfom;ESpfa,muf
ESifhawGUí uRekfyftm; 0rf;omtm;& EIwfqufMuNyD; ]]bmypönf; a&mif;p&m
ygoenf;}} [kar;Muojzifh uREkfyfu jyefajym&ao;\/ a,mufzu
t&ufvnf; a&mif;zkdUygaMumif; ajymckdif;&m ]]aetkH;uG? naerS a&mif;vdkU
awmfr,f}}[k jyefajymvdkuf&onf/

886 
pwnf;cs&ykH

ppfwyfonf {&m0wDjrpf\ ta&SUbufurf;ü *syefppfom;rsm; &Sdonf

qdkaom owif;aMumifh þ&GmokdUajymif;a&TUvmjcif;jzpf&m &Gmom;rsm;onf
þowif;udkMum;Muí &GmrSwdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;Muaom aMumifh w&GmvkH;wGif
tdrfvGwfawGomrsm;NyD; vl&Sdaomtdrf tenf;i,fom awGU&\/ uREkfyfwkdU
onf þ&Gmü todrdwfaqG&Sdonfr[kwf? opfyifatmufüjzpfap pwnf;csNyD;
ukefa&mif;rnfhtBuHESifh vmcJUMujcif;jzpf&m tdrfvGwfawGaygrsm;jcif;udk awGU
&aomtcg opfyif&dyfudk r&SmawmhyJ oifhwifhaom tdrfvGwfwaqmifudkom
&SmMu\/ ppfwyfrlum; bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;wcktwGif;ü pwnf;csxm;
jcif;udk awGU&\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf ppfwyfESifhreD;ra0;wGif pkHprf;&SmazGMuí
oifhawmfaom tdfrfvGwfwvkH;udk awGU&\/
xdktdrfrSm tdrfjrifhjzpfí tay:xyfrSm aomhcwfxm;aomfvnf;
atmufxyfwGif ckwifwckESifh rD;zdktjyif tdrfa&SUü vSnf;EGm;xm;&ef
opfyifwyifvnf;&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf vSnf;cRwfí ypönf;uav;rsm;
pDpOfvsuf&SdpOf vrf;wGifawGUvdkufaom a*:&mppfom;rsm;\ aMumfjimay;jcif;
aMumifhxifhppfom;rsm; ESpfa,mufwwGJ? okH;a,mufwwGJ a&mufvmMuNyD;
uREkfyfwkdUüygaom ukefypönf;rsm;udk 0,fpjyKMuav\/ tcsKdUt&yfrsm;ü
tar&duefppfwyfrsm;\ &du©mazmaX;jcif;ESifh taetxdkifom;em;jcif;
taMumif;udk ajymoHMum;&bl;ay&m uREkfyfawGU&onfh þNAdwdoQ
(paumhwvef) ppfwyfrlum; wu,fEkHcsmyg;&Sm;vSay\/ tar&duef ppfwyf
ü acsmhuvufrsm; tvGefaygí t&yfom;rsm;yif pm;Mu&ao;onfqdk&m
þwyfom;rsm;rlum; xef;vsufudk om;a&pmaumif;vkyfí pm;&SmMuonf/
¤if;wkdUonf xef;vsufudk ]oMum;vkH;}  (Suger  Ball)  [kac:&m uREkfyfwkdU

887 
a&mufvmonfESifh wNydKifeuf ]&SL;*g;abmfvf? &SL;*g;abmvf}[k a<u;aMumf
awmif;cHum 0,f,lNyD;aemuf csufcsif;vufiif;yif ]yvkyfyavmif;}pm;olrsm;
upm;Muavonf/ þpaumhwvef awmifwef;om;rsm;um; tvGef
tcsKdBudKufwwfykH&\/ tcsKdUuvnf; c&rf;csOfoD;rsm;udk tpdrf;vdkuf udkufí
pm;Mu\/ NyD;aomtcgrS aq;jyif;vdyfudk zGmMuavonf/ uREkfyfwkdU\
a&mif;aps;rSm bmrqdk wxkyfwusyfjzpfí tm;vyfaom tcsdefwGif
wusyfweftxkyfrsm; jyKvkyfxm;&\/ rl;aphrwfaph ]ta<u}vnf;r&SdMuay/
tcsKdUppfom;rsm;onf a,mufz armifpHvGeftm; azmufonftjzpfESifh
odxm;onfh vu©PmESifh awmt&uf  (Country  Spirit)  &Sdoavm[k
ar;Mu&m uREkfyfunaeawmh a&mufvmvdrfhrnf[k ajymojzifh tvGef
0rf;omoGm;Muonf/

pdwfxifhaom xrif;weyf

naecif;wGif armifpHvGefu xrif;csufí uREkfyfuaps;a&mif;&\/

uREkfyfonfppfAdkvfBuD;udk awGUvdkaomfvnf; þrQavmufa0;vHaom t&yfodkU
vdkufí c&rf;csOfoD;a&mif;jcif;udk rodapvdkonfESifholUxHodkU roGm;yJ
aevkduf\/ rawmfwq ppfom;wa,mufwav t&ufrl;í aygufMum;oGm;
vQifvnf; uREkfyfwkdUvSnf;rS a&mif;aomt&uf[lí rodapvdkaomaMumifh
waMumif;vnf; jzpf\/ ppfom;rsm;teufwGif taomufavmbBuD;aom
]udkodef;az}rsm;vnf; yg&Sdav&m uREkfyfuvlwa,mufvQif þíþrQxuf
ydkra&mif;[laom pnfurf;wckvnf; vkyfxm;&\/ (xdkacwfwGif
aus;&Gmwdkif;ü awmt&ufrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; armifpHvGef;rSm we,fvkH;wGif
taumif;qkH;awmt&uf csufwwfoljzpfí olUt&ufpGHvSayonf/)

888 
qdkifydwfaomtcsdefü (ppfom;rsm;onf ae0ifonfESifhwNydKifeuf ausmif;0if;
tjyifodkUrxGufMu&ay/) uREkfyfwkdU\a&mif;ukefypönf;rsm;rSm armifpHvGefu
olaomuf&efcsefxm;aom t&ufwykvif;rSwyg; tm;vkH;a&mif;ukefNyD;avNyD/
npmpm;Muaomtcg rpdk;ujyKwfaMumfvkyf ay;vdkufonfhtrJom;wkH;BuD;udk
yg;yg;vSD;NyD; iHjym&nfESifhoHy&moD;nSpfí armifpHvGefcsufonfh yJ[if;
wcGufESifhyif tawmfBuD;NrdefMuygonf/ uREkfyfonf c&D;xGufaomtcgrsm;ü
rNrdefaom xrif;eyf[lí tvGef&Sm;ay&m pdwfMunf&Tifaomtcgü
tNrdefBuD;Nrdefí Munf&Tifp&mr&Sdaom tcgü tNrdefuav; Nrdefjcif;avmufom
jcm;em;jcif; &Sdavonf/ þnpmrSmrl pdwftwefi,f ]xifh}aomaMumifh
tNrdefBuD;rNrdefvSyg/

csrf;vSaom nwn

uREkfyfwkdUorD;a,mufzonf tdrfjrifhuav; atmufxyfwGif tum

t&Hr&SdyJ ckwifwckay:ütdyfMu\/
armifpHvGefonf pyg;yJGpm;tvkyf? awmifoltvkyfESifh t&ufcsufaom
tvkyfüom pdwf0ifpm;oljzpfí uREkfyfESifhwm&SnfpGm pum;ajymzdkU taMumif;
t&mr&SdonfESifh cyfapmapmyif tdyfzdkUjyifqifMuav\/ xdkESpfaqmif;onf
tjcm;ESpfrsm;xuf csrf;at;onfhjyif jymodk (Zefe0g&D) vvnf;jzpfí
tjcm;aomnrsm;xuf csrf;at;onf[k uREkfyfxifrdonf/ þtxJwGif
tumt&Hvnf;r&SdaomaMumifh ajrmufavwjzL;jzL; 0ifvsuf&Sd&m uREkfyfrSm
tdrfrS,lcJUaom wdkufapmifESpfxnfESifh auG;írvkH atmif&Sdawmh\/ c&D;yef;
vmcJUygvsufESifhyif 10 em&Dxdk;aomfvnf; tdyfraysmfEdkifao;yJ [dkbuf
onfbuf cPcPapmifhí auG;&\/ tcif;twGufrl arGU&mr,lEdkifcJUyJ

889 
aumfaZmESifh auG;&ojzifh csrf;vnf;csrf;? emvnf;emvS\/ 10 em&DcefUwGif
]tkH;}]'dkif;}[laom toHESpfqifhMum;&í armfwmypfjcif;jzpfonf[k
uREkfyfcsufcsif;odygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf uomNrdKUü w&kwfwyfESifh
*syefwyftMum;wGif toHrsKd;tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm Mum;cJU&bl;aomaMumifh
jzpf\/ uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufonf tdyf&mrS aigufueJ xxdkifMuí
wdkifyifMu&m ta&SUbufurf;rS ypfjcif;jzpf&rnf[k awG;EdkifMu onf/
uREkfyf\tawG;tac:rSm ta&SUbufrSypfonfqdkvQif opfyifwyif\ yifpnf
t&if;ü taemufbufrSuyfí0yfaevQif vkH;0vGwfrnf[k rqdkEdkifapumrl
xdrSefzdkUvrf; tenf;qkH;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k wGufcsufrdonf/ armfwmqdkvQif
wcsufwnf;ESifh NyD;rnfr[kwfaomaMumifh tumuG,f,lrS jzpfrnfqdkum
uREkfyfwkdU\EGm;ESpfaumif csnfxm;onfh opfyifatmufokdU vmMuí
taemufbufrS tjrpf&if;wGif0yfMu\/ armfwmoHawmh[kwfonf/ okdUaomf
wcsufNyD;wcsuf xyfqifhí rypfaomaMumifh tawG;&cufae\/ owif;t&
ta&SUbufurf;&Sd *syefwyfu ypfjcif;jzpfcJUvQif wcsufNyD;wcsuf xyfqifhí
ypfNyD; þbufrS NAdwdoQppfwyfuvnf; wkHUjyef&ayvdrfhrnf/ ,ckaomf
wcsufwnf;ESifh wdwfqdwfvsuf &Sd\/ bmvkyfMuavoenf;/ olwkdU
bmvkyfMujcif;um; udpör&SdvS? wudk,fvkH; cdkufcdkufwkefatmifcsrf;at;
vmjcif;um; udpö&Sdonf/ armifpHvGefonf ckwifqDodkUoGm;í apmifrsm;,lvm
NyD; uREkfyftm;NcHKay;\/ wcPwmrQ aEG;onfxifvdkuf&NyD;aemuf rMumrD
twGif; csrf;at;NrJwdkif; csrf;at;vmjyefavNyD/ armifpHvGefu rD;zdkay;rnfqdk
&m armfwmypfaom *syefrsm;tm; rD;a&mifjzifh ]rSef;om;&atmif}jyKvkyfay;
onfqdkum NAdwdoQppfwyfu uREkfyfwkdUtm; Budrf;armif;vdrfhrnfxifaom
aMumifh rD;rzdkzdkUajymxm;&\/ nOfheufavav csrf;at;avav jzpfvmonf
wGif uREkfyfonf tBuHwck&í-

890 
 ]]naeu rif;[mav; usefao;ovm;a[h armifpHvGef}}
]]av;ykHokH;ykHavmuf usefygao;Asm}}
]],lprf;acsuGm}}
armifpHvGefonf t&ufykvif;ESifh a&zefcGuftjyif tydkzefcGufwck
vnf;,lvm\/ armifpHvGefcsufaomt&ufrSm awmt&ufeHU vkH;0rxGuf
onfhjyif rD;[kef;[kef;awmufonfwkdifatmif jyif;vSonf/ uREkfyfonf
ykvif;ESifhzefcGufudk,lí vufESpfopfcefU xnfhNyD;onfhaemuf armifpHvGefu
a&cGufudkvSrf;ay;\/ uREkfyfuOD;acgif;,rf;jyNyD; a&ra&myJaomufrnfjyK&m
armifpHvGefu ]]rvkyfeJUudkBuD;odef; usKyfcsufwJU t&ufAsaemf}}[k owday;
\/
uREkfyfonf bD,mavmufom BudKufwwfí udkodef;azwkdUvlpkESifh
wcgw&H 0DpuD? b&ef'Dponfrsm;udk aomufbl;aomfvnf; qdk'gtrsm;BuD;
xnfhum ]Adkvfaomuf}aomufwwfol jzpfygonf/ þwBudrfwGifrl
csrf;at;jcif;udk umuG,fvdkonfjzpfí armifpHvGef\t&ufudka&ra&myJ
wcsufwnf;armhfcsvdkuf&m EdkifiHjcm;t&ufrsm;yif tqef;r[kwfaom
uREkfyftzkdU&myifcsufcsif;em;&GufBuD; xlvmonfxifrdNyD; tpmtdrf twGif;
xyfudk rD;ESifhNrdKufvdkufonfxif\/
]]trJom;wkH;BuD;xJu eJeJvSD;acsprf;yguGm}}[k ajymí armifpHvGef
,lvmaom trJom;wzufESpfzwfudk 0g;vdkuf&onfwGifrS taewnfhNyD;
wudk,fvkH;&Sd aoG;rsm; tajy;tvTm;avQmufum waxmif;axmif;aEG;vm
ygawmhonf/ armifpHvGefonf uREkfyfESifh twlaomuf&rnfudk &GHUonfESifh
t&ufykvif;udk udkifMunfh udkifMunfhvkyfae&m ]]aomufavuGm}} [k uRekfyfu
ajymvdkufaomtcg uREkfyfenf;wl a&ra&myJ aomufavonf/
]]cgwdkif;aum rif;a&ra&mbl;vm;}}

891 
 ]]uRefawmht&ufudk a&ra&myJ aomufEdkifwJUvl udkBuD;odef; wa,muf
yJ awGUbl;w,f? ckawmifrS udkBuD;odef;vkyfvdkU uRefawmfvdkufvkyf 0HUwmyJ}}

csrf;onfxuf csrf;vmjcif;

opfyifBuD;atmufü em&D0ufausmfausmf xdkifaeMuNyD;aemuf bmoHrQ

xyfírMum;onfESifh uREkfyfwkdUonf ckwifay:okdU jyefvmMuí apmifNcKHxJü
auG;Muav\/ &moDOwkrSm Mumavcsrf;avjzpfvmcJUavNyD/ uREkfyfonf
apmifNcKHxJwGif vkHaeatmifauG;NyD; vufESpfbufudk aygifMum;xJokdUxkd;oGif;
xm;&\/ okdUESifhvnf; wkd;íwkd;í csrf;at;vmojzifh tcH&cufwkef;yif&Sd\/
uREkfyfonfol\apmifESifh uREkfyf\apmifrsm;yg tm;vkH;aygif;xyfNyD; twlwl
NcKH zkdUpdwful;&yg\/ okdUaomfBuD;jyif;vmaom þaemufydkif;ü vifr,m;yif
twlNcKHírtdyfMuonfh tavhtusifhaMumifh a,mufsm;csif;twlNcKHítdyfzkdUrSm
tvGefcJ,Of;ae\/ odkUaomfausmcsif;uyfí tdyfMu&ef tBuHjzpfí
armifpHvGefudk uREkfyfteD;okdUa&Tvm&ef ac:,l&onf/ aEG;awmhaEG;yg\/
okdUaomf [dkbufonfbuf rapmif;&yJwbufowftdyf&ojzifh anmif;vS
onf/ aemufqkH;ü uREkfyfonf tdyf&mrSxí ]]a[h armifpHvGef? rifhykvif;
ay;prf;uGm}}[k awmif;,lum aEG;avmufatmif ]0rf;yuf}BuD;BuD; aomufNyD;
wa,mufwtdyf&mpD cGJítdyfvdkufMuygawmhonf/ (þae&mü uREkfyfudk
odaom udkodef;azrSwyg; tjcm;vlrsm;u uREkfyftm; ]olaomufcsifvdkU
OmPfqifaewmyg}[k pGyfpGJMuvQifvnf; uREkfyfcHEdkif&nf &Sdygonf/)

892 
rarhEdkifaomaysmufjcif;

aemufwaeUeHeufü uREkfyfwkdUonf apmapmBuD;xGufMu&ef tBuH&Sd

aomfvnf; ,refnOfhu tdyfysufonfhtwGufaMumifh apmapmrxGufEdkifMu yJ
rkd;BuD;vif;cgrS xGufEdkifMu\/ jyefcgeD;wGif ppfom;wa,mufESifhawGUí
,refnOfhu armfwmoHtaMumif;udk ar;Munfh&m [dkbufurf;rS toHr[kwf
aMumif;? þbufppfwyfrS rdrdwkdUEdk;Mum;jcif;udk *syefrsm;odatmif vSefUay;
jcif;jzpfaMumif;ajymjyíod&avonf/ tjcm;ppfom;wa,mufu vnf;
*syefrsm;onf þbufurf;odkU ul;Muvdrfhrnf[k owif;&aom aMumifh
vSefUay;jcif;jzpfovdkvdk ajymjyavonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf opfqdrfhBuD; &GmrS
xGufvmMuí rkd;csKyfcgrS refusnf;wkH&GmodkU jyefa&mufvmMuav\/
þc&D;wGif uREkfyftzdkU&mü rarhEdkif aomtjzpftysufwckrSm uREkfyftvGef
jrwfEdk;onfh aq;wHwacsmif;usaysmufcJU&jcif;yif jzpfonf/

uREkfyfESifh aq;wH

þaq;wHrSm uREkfyfjrwfEdk;avmufonfh &mZ0ifaMumif;uav; &Sdonf

jzpfí uREkfyftay:ü cifrifjrwfEdk;olwkdU pdwf0ifpm;Muvdrfhrnf xifaom
aMumifh q,fESpfausmf aomufvmcJUonfh 'if;uav;taMumif;udk azmfjy&yg
OD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf 1917 ckESpfrSpí (armifpH&Sm;udk tm;usNyD;)aq;wH
aomufzkdU tavhtusifhjyK&mwGif okH;av;usyfwef aq;wHrsKd;udk 0,faomuf
í cPcPaysmufbl;\/ wacsmif;aysmufwdkif; xkdUxufaumif; aomaq;wH
udk 0,fíaomuf&m tvGefqkH;ESpfESpfokH;ESpfavmufom aomuf&NyD;
arhusefaysmufqkH;&onfcsnf;jzpf\/

893 
 yJcl;NrdKUü ]pmawmfjyef}tvkyfudkvkyfpOf &dk;wdkufrS 10usyf&SpfyJ ay;0,f
xm;onfh tH'gbdk;  (Under  Bore)  aq;wHwacsmif; aysmuf&jyef\/
uREkfyf\xifjrifcsufrSm vkHavmufatmif tzdk;rwefaomaMumifh arhusef&pf
cJUjcif;jzpf&rnf/ tzdk;aiG wq,fausmfwefaom tH'gbdk; aq;wHudkarhaysmuf
ao;vQif þxuf tzdk;wefaom aq;wHrsKd;udk 0,faomufOD;rnfqdkum
t*FvefjynfrS 'ef;wD;  (Dunhill)  aq;wHudkrSm,lípmwdkfufrS 25usyf-&SpfyJESifh
a&G;,l&\/ þrQomruao;av;pm;onfxuf av;pm;apjcif;iSm ]trif;}
wGif a&T'*Fg;uGyfxm;vdkufygao;onf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü þaq;wHonf
tzdk;wefaomaMumifhomru t*FvefjynfrS rSm,l&jcif; vnf;jzpfaomaMumifh
tvGefjrwfEdk;vsuf&SdonfESifh arhusef&pfjcif; r&Sdonfhjyif MumavjrwfEdk;av
jzpfvmcJUygonf/ uREkfyfwkdU\NcHBuD;xJü NAdwdoQppfwyfpcef;cspOfu aq;wH
aomufaom ar*smppfAdkvfwa,mufonf uREkfyfESifhtwefi,f ta&m0if
vmMu&mwGif uREkfyfvkyfxm;aom aq;&GufBuD;rIefUudk jrnf;Munfhjcif;?
ol\aq;csKdjym;udk zJUay;jcif; ponfjzifh ta&mw0if jzpfvmMuaomtcg
uRekfyf\aq;wHudk awmif;,lMunfhí  (Dunhill)  wHqdyfudk awGUonfESifh
rsufckef;csDvkdufjcif;tm;jzifhtHMoaom trlt&mazmfjy\/ ol\tHUMojcif;
t"dyÜm,frSm ]'ef[D;vf} aq;wHawG bmawGeJU tm*vlBuD; wa,mufyg
uvm;}}[k qdkjcif;yifjzpf\/ ol\trlt&m udk uREkfyfjrifvdkuf&aomtcg
rsufESmjzLwa,mufvnf;jzpf? aq;wHaomuf orm;csif;vnf;jzpfí
ol\rsufESmxm;udk jrifvdkuf&jcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyf\ aq;wHzdk; 25usyf-&SpfyJ
ausoGm;onf[k atmufarhvkdufonf/ (okdUESifh vnf; uREkfyfonf
olwyg;wdkUxuf <um;csifwwfolwa,muf jzpfonf rxifyg/)

894 
 waeUoü vufa0SUyGJwyJGMunfhtNyD;wGif &if;ESD;aom vli,fwa,muf
uuREkfyftm; ]]OD;av;odef;? aq;wHaomufykHMunfhNyD; uRefawmfh&JUukvm;rdwf
aqG wa,mufucsD;rGrf;aew,fAs}}[k ajym\/
]]b,fvdkrsm; csD;rGrf;aeovJarmif}}
]]ArmvlrsKd;awG aq;wHaomufwm jrifbl;vSNyD? 'DvlBuD;aomufwm
avmuf MunfhvdkUaumif;wm wa,mufrS rjrifbl;bl;wJUcifAsm}}
uREkfyf\0w¦Krsm;? owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifhywfouf
í csD;usL;pum;ajymMujcif;udk &Hzef&HcgBuKH&bl;ygonf/ pma&;wwfjcif;
onf aq;wHaomufjcif;xuf t&ma&mufaom t&nftcsif;jzpfjcif;udk
uREkfyfem; vnfygonf/ okdUESifhvnf; pma&;wwfjcif;udk csD;usL;cH&onfü
vl\aomuf wwfykHudk csD;usL;cH&jcif;xufydkí yDwdjzpfrdaom tBudrfudk
uREkfyfrrSwfrdyg/ þonfrSmvl\a,bk,s obm0ayavm? odkUwnf;r[kwf
uREkfyf\ xl;jcm;aom 0goemwckayavm rajymwwfyg/ pma&;jcif;ESifh
ywfoufí taumif;ajymMujcif;udk Mum;&zefrsm;í wcgw&H tqef;
topfwcktwGuf csD;rGrf;cH&jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh ESpfoufjcif;jzpfavoavm
[kvnf; pOf;pm;rdygonf/ aq;wHaomufykHESifh ywfoufí qufvuf
pOf;pm;vkduf&mwGif bdvd,uf xkd;&mü usLudkifaumif;ykH? wif;epfupm;&mü
]&ufuuf} udkifaumif;ykH[lí &SdbdouJUodkU aq;wHaomuf&müvnf;
[efwrsKd;pD&SdMu [efwlyg\/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap aq;wHaomufcgp
vlrsm;onf rsufpdxJwGif ]axmfavmfuefUvefU}&Sdí awmfawmfESifh
]tom;rao}Edkifjcif;udkrlum; owdjyKrdMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfum; ESpfaygif;
50cefU aq;wHaomufvm cJUjcif;jzpf\/ tudkiftwG,f? tudkfuftjzKwf
usifvnfrIyif jzpfavoavm [k awG;awmrdygonf/ okdUwnf;r[kwf

895 
xdktdE´d,wdkif;om;onf uREkfyfESifh b0a&pufeD;cJUaomaMumifh uREkfyf
vkyforQolUrsufpdwGif tqifajyonf[k xifjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/

pmokH;apmif&&Sdjcif;

1946 ckESpfOD;wGif &efukefNrdKUü owif;pmwdkufrsm;zGifhí owif;pmrsm;

xkwfa0vsuf&SdaMumif;Mum;od&onfESifh &efukefokdUqif;vdkaomqE´jyif;jy
vsuf&Sd\/ okdU&mwGif xdkpOfu &efukefrEÅav;c&D;rSm toGm;tvm rvG,f
ulacs/ waeUoü &efukefrS uREkfyfxHokdU vlBuKHESifhydkUvkdufonfh pmokH;apmif
a&mufvm\/ pmrsm;udkzGifhMunfhonfhtcg (1)ol&d, udkodrf;armifxHrS
wapmif? (2)Armhacwf udktkef;cifxHrS wapmif? (3)NAdwdoQbm;rm; oaX;
OD;nGefUxHrS wapmifawGU&\/ udkodef;armifu ]oHawmfqifh}owif;pm
xkwfa0vsuf&Sdí uREkfyftm; acgif;BuD;a&;orm; wa,muftjzpfESifh
tvdk&SdaMumif;yg&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf ukdodrf;armiftay:ü rauseyfaom
tcsufuav;rsm;&SdcJUjcif;udk azmfjycJUbl;&m olurl þtaMumif;udk
&dyfrd[efr&Sd&Smay/ xkdUaMumifhvnf; olUvufatmufwGif acgif;BuD;a&;orm;
wa,muftjzpfESifhvkyfzkdU ac:aejcif;jzpf\/ þrSwfwrf;ü olUtaMumif;
a&;xm;jcif;rsm;udk olzwfrdvQif tHUMoavrnfavm rajymwwfay/ olU
wdkufü tvkyfvpfvyfonfqdkí uREkfyftm; tvkyfay;vdkaom ol\apwem
udk uREkfyftodtrSwfjyKyg\/ okdU&mwGif olajymonfh twdkif; 0ifívkyf&ef
rlum; rjzpfEdkifyg/ xkdUaMumifh pmjyefrdvQif tmCmwxm; onfhtoHrsKd;
ygrnfpdk;aomaMumifh pmrjyefyJ aevkdufygonf/

896 
udktkef;cifuac:jcif;

udktkef;cifonf &efukefü Armhacwfowif;pm wnfaxmifvsuf&Sdí

olUwdkufüvkyf&ef pdwfqE´&SdygvQif &efukefokdU qif;vmcJUzdkUtaMumif; pma&;
jcif;jzpfygonf/ uREkfyfonf e*g;eDpmtkyfwdkufü udktkef;cif refae*smvkyfpOf
u ¤if;wdkuftwGuf pmtkyfESpftkyf bmomjyefay;onfhtjyif '*kHcifcifav;
ESifholwkdU wnfaxmifMuaom pmtkyfwkduftwGufvnf; a&Smvrkefodkuf?
&wemodkuf paom0w¦Krsm;udk bmomjyefay;\/ vlcsif;um; xdktcsdefü
tuRrf;w0ifBuD;&SdvSonfr[kwfacs/ oluac:,lykHrSmvnf; at;at;puf
puf&Sdonfxifí ol\pmudkvnf; uREkfyfav;av;eufeuf rpOf;pm;yJ
z,fxm;vkdufonf/ olonf uREkfyfudk txdkuftavsmuf oabmusykH&onf
[k uREkfyf&dyfrdyg\/ aemufydkif;ürl xdkrQru wkd;íobmusvmjcif;udkvnf;
uREkfyf&dyfrdygonf/ odkU&mwGif xdkpOfu ac:,lykHrsKd;avmufESifhrl uREkfyfu
tl;,m;zm;,m; qif;oGm;vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

[Hom0wDuac:jcif;

wwd,jzpfaom NAdwdoQbm;rm; OD;nGefU\pmrSm tawmfauseyfzG,f

a&;om;vkdufygayonf/ olonf [Hom0wDowif;pm wnfaxmifvsuf&Sd&m
owif;pmaxmifrnf[k pdwftBuHjzpfuwnf;u uREkfyftaMumif;udk pkHprf;cJU
aMumif;? txufjrefrmjynfü &Sdonf[k od&jcif;rSwyg; NrdKU&Gmtrnfudk rod&
ojzifh tcufB uKHcJU&aMumif;? uREkfyfudkawGUrS owif;pmaxmifrnf[k BuH&G,f
xm;aomfvnf; aemufqkH;üpkHprf;ír&onfESifh jzpfovdk wnfaxmifvkduf&
aMumif;? þpmudk&vQif &efukefokdUcsufcsif;qif;vmí rEÅav;NrdKUü&Sdaom

897 
ol\ &kyf&Sifum;udk,fpm;vS,f pma&;q&m jrrsKd;vGifxHrS vdktyfaom
p&dwfaiGrsm;awmif;,lEdkifaMumif; ponfjzifh a&;om;yg&Sdavonf/ tjcm;
aom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk rpOf;pm;rDuREkfyfonf OD;nGefU\ pma&;ykHwck
wnf;ESifhyif olUbufodkU ygoGm;cJUavNyD/ uREkfyfonf tvkyfwckudkvufcH
rnfBuHonfhtcgwdkif; &rnfhvcxuf uREkfyftm; rnfrQavmuf vkdvdkcsifcsif
&Sdonf[laomtcsufudk tav;ay;í pOf;pm;avh&Sd\/ rwwfEdkifí vcenf;
enf; ay;Edkifonfqdkap vludkav;pm;aMumif;azmfjyvQif tvkyfudk vufcHcsif
wwf\/ OD;nGefUudpöürl vctaMumif; xnfhíra&;aomfvnf; tjcm;olrsm;
ay;EdkifonfxufydkvQifomydkrnf? avsmhvdrfhrnfr[kwf[kpdwfcsEdkifavmuf\/
waMumif;rSmvnf; ol&d,wdkufwGif uREkfyfvkyfcJUpOfuwnf;u OD;apm
r&Sdonfhaemuf uREkfyfrSwyg; t,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfoifholr&Sd[k zGifhajymbl;jcif;
udk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyftay:ü txifrao;jcif;udk od&NyD;jzpf\/
okdUjzpfí uREkfyfonf OD;nGefU\ [Hom0wD owif;pmwdkufwGif tvkyfvkyf
rnf[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkufygawmhonf/

csnfMurf;vkHcsnfacwf

1946ckESpf? rwfv3&ufaeUwGif uREkfyfonf zcif\0if;NcHudk nDawmf

olwa,mufodkU tyfcJUí refusnf;wkH&GmrS rEÅav;NrdKUodkU qif;vmcJUygonf/
uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;ESifhtwl ]]i,farG;NcHayguf} acG;uav; waumifygvm
cJU\/ acG;uav;rSm ArmacG;ppfppfjzpfaomfvnf; ArmacG;rsm; teufwGif
þrQavmuf &kyf&nfoefUjyefUaomacG;udk rjrifbl;yg[lí vlwdkif;u
ajymMu\/ acsmacsmxGm;xGm;ESifh txl;ojzifh EIwfoD;yef;a&mif&Sd aom
ArmacG;udk uREkfyfudk,fwdkifvnf; rjrifbl;yg/ acG;cspfwwfaom 0goem&Sdí

898 
tzkd;wefacG;aumif;arG;vdkaomqE´ tNrJ&Sdaomfvnf; tcGifhromojzifh Arm
acG;ESifh yifa&mifh&JcJU&ay&m ]abmfbD}BuD;vmaomtcgü uREkfyftm; cspfcif
&Smjcif;udk awGU&onfESifh tzkd;wefvSygonfqdkaom ]t,fvfaq;&Sif;}
acG;rsKd;ESifh rvJEdkifatmif jzpfvmygawmhonf/ xdktcsdefü 0ufvufESifh
rEÅav;rSm (*syefrsm;uoHvrf;rsm;udk {&m0wDjrpfxJodkU csypfcJUMujcif;
aMumifh) rD;&xm;raygufonfESifh rEÅav;-a&Tbdk um;vrf;ay:&Sd &GmomBuD;
bufrS usyfwnf;pGmvkdufMu&ay&m uREkfyfonfajcmufvom;rQom &Sdao;
aom abmfbDudk &ifcGifMum;okdUoGwfoGif;um awmolc&D;onfrdef;r
BuD;rsm;\NiLpljcif;cHívdkufcJU&\/ ]]tr,fav;[JU? 'DvlBuD;u acG;BuD;eJU
ygvm;? vlrsm;udkufyghr,fawmf}} [katmfBuD;[pfus,f uefUuGufMu&m
]]acG;BuD;r[kwfygbl;? acG;uav;ygAsm}}[k wkd;vQKd;awmif;yefpum; ajym&\/
okdUESifhyif wa,mufu ]][dkem;wkd;prf;ygawmf? acG;apmfeHvdkufwm}} [kajym
av&m ]]usKyfacG;uaeUwdkif; a&csKd;ay;xm;vdkU cifAsm;wkdUxuf arT;ao;w,f}}
[k uREkfyfujyefajymvdkufojzifh uREkfyftm;0dkif;NyD; rsufapmif; xkd;Muonf/
þpum;rSm rdef;rBuD;rsm; rcHcsifatmif oufoufajymjcif; r[kwf?
trSefvnf;jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\wlwa,mufonf abmfbDudk ausmydk;ac:
oGm;í NcHpnf;&dk;teD;&Sd ]wbufqnf}xJwGif a&csKd;ay;ygonf/ (xdkacwf
üvlwdkif;csnfMurf;vkHcsnf 0wfMu&av&m t0wftpm;avmufom tuJcwf
wwfaom vlrsm;\ rxDrJUjrifajymjcif;cH&onfrSm c&D;oGm;wdkif;vdkvdk
jzpfygonf/ vuf0Jpmayrsm; rzwf&bl;ao;onfh xdktcsdefurl vlwdkif;
wwef;wnf;jzpfatmif NzKdcsrnfqdkaom uGefjrLepf0g'udk tawmfaMumufcJUrd
ygonf/

899 
rEÅav;u wm;MuykH

rEÅav;okdUa&mufí oli,fcsif; vifr,m;jzpfonfh OD;xifa':pkwkdUxH

odkU EIwfquf,if;tvnftywf oGm;&mwGif armifvSrtrmwkdUESifhawGUí
uREkfyftm;rEÅav;aezdkU wdkufwGef;Mu\/ olwkdUtpDtpOfrSm rEÅa v;wGif
]&ufowÅywfpOf xGufonfhvlxk*sme,f} xkwfaeonfjzpfí uREkfyftm;
t,f'DwmvkyfzkdU awmif;yefMu\/ olwkdUvifr,m;onf uREkfyftay:ü
OD;nGefUu av;pm;ouJUodkU av;pm;vdrfhrnfrxifaomaMumifh olwkdU
tpDtpOfudk &kwfw&uf vufrcHcsifyJ jzpfae\/ taMumif;rsKd;pkHawG;
awmqifjcifvdkuf&mwGif xdkpOftcgu &efukefokdUc&D;oGm;&jcif;rSm rvG,ful
onfwaMumif;? ckESpf&ufwBudrfxkwf *sme,ftvkyfonf aeUpOfowif;pm
tvkyfxuf oufomvdrfhrnf[kxifonfwaMumif;aMumifh aemufqkH;wGif
*sme,ft,f'Dwmtvkyfudk vufcHzdkU oabmwlvkdufav\/
vlxk*sme,fxkwfaeMuonfh olwkdUvifr,m;xHrS pum;wcGef;
xGufvm jyef\/ ¤if;rSm OD;xifa':pkwdkU\ orufjzpfaeNyDjzpfaom um,
Avarmifae0if;u olwkdUtm; tBuHwckay;aMumif;? xdktBuHrSm OD;av;odef;
(uREkfyf)tm; rEÅav;ü tvkyfvkyfzkdU wkdufwGef;í &onfhtwlwlwywfwBudrf
xkwf*sme,frsKd;xkwfrnfhtpm; aeUpOfowif;pm wapmifxkwfzkdU pdwful;oifh
onf[k tBuHay;aMumif; ajymMuavonf/ þwGifuREkfyfrSm pOf;pm;p&m
wcsuf ay:vmjyefavNyD/ *sme,ft,f'Dwmtvkyfonf aeUpOfowif;pm
t,f'Dwmtvkyfxuf oufomvdfrfhrnf[laom wGufudef;t& rlvu
vufcHrdjcif;jzpf&m ,ckrSolwkdUuvnf; aeUpOfowif;pmyifxkwfcsifjyefonf
[kyif ajymaeMujyefavNyD/ okdUjzpfíxdktcsdefü uREkfyfpOf;pm;&mwGif &efukef
okdU roGm;csifp&mtcsufrSm toGm;&cufjcif; wnf;[laom taMumif;

900 
w&yfom &Sdavawmhonf/ þwaMumif;wnf;rQom qdkygrl [Hom0wD
owif;pmbufu tav;omvsuf&Sd\/ aiGt&if;tESD;awmifhwif;jcif;rSm
ajymp&mr&Sd/ armifvS rtrmwkdUu uREkfyftm;rnfrQavmuf oabmusjcif;?
tm;xm;jcif;udk tuJcwfzdkU tcGifhr&ao;/ (0w¦KESpftkyf okH;tkyf&dkufESdyf
xkwfa0bl;jcif;avmufom &Sdao;onf/) OD;nGefUurl uREkfyfa&;onfh
ol&d,owif;pm acgif;BuD;rsm; taMumif;udk tBudrfBudrf csD;usL;ajymqdk
bl;&kHomru *VKefOD;apmr&SdonfhaemufwGif uREkfyfudkol&d, t,f'DwmcsKyf
cefUzdkU olaxmufcHrnfhtaMumif; ajymbl;jcif;tm;jzifhvnf; OD;nGefU\
av;pm;jcif;rSm tawmfxif&Sm;vsuf&SdavNyD/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf
[Hom0wDbufodkU tawmfBuD; pdwfnGwfvsuf&Sd\/ þae&mwGif uREkfyfonf
wckaom tcsufudk pOf;pm;rdygonf/

uREkfyf\qkH;jzwfcsuf

uREkfyfü ]a[;vm;0g;vm;}rdwfaqGrsKd; enf;yg;jcif;udk udk,fh[mudk,f

vnf;odí vltrsm;uvnf; &dyfrdMuykH&aomfvnf; &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqG
oli,fcsif; tenf;i,f&Sd&mü ta&;udpö&Sdu xdkolwkdUbufodkU axmufaxmuf
nSmnSmpOf;pm;wwfaom0goem&Sdygonf/ uREkfyfonf oli,fcsif; vifr,m;
jzpfaom (rtrm\rdcifESifhzcif) OD;xifa':pkwdkUu aiG1000dacs;bl;onfh
aus;Zl;ESifh (xdkpOfurlacs;onf[líyif uREkfyfod&\/) armifvSrtrmwkdUu
aiG500d p&Hay;xm;onfh aus;Zl;udkowd&ygonf/ þudpöwGif OD;xif
a':pkwkdUu olwkdU\om;orD;rsm;ESifh tvkyfvkyfzdkUwdkufwGef;jcif; r&Sdaomf
vnf; (olwkdUudk,fwdkif odaumif;rS odMurnf/) uREkfyfonfarmifvS rtrm
wkdU\rsufESmxuf oli,fcsif;vifr,m;jzpfMuaom OD;xifa':pkwdkU\

901 
aus;Zl;udkiJUnSmaxmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh [Hom0wDtvkyfudky,fí vlxk
owif;pm tvkyfudkvufcHzdkU qkH;jzwfvdkuf ygawmhonf/ (vlxkowif;pm
wdkufzGifhzdkU tajctaeaumif;vmaomtcgwGif waeUoü a':pku uREkfyftm;
]]udkazodef;uolwkdUESifh vkyfaejcif;[m olwkdUrsufESmaMumifhrsm; rSwfae
xifyg&JU}}[k ajymbl;&m uREkfyfurl rnfokdUrSjyefrajymyJ NyKH;í aevkdufyg
onf/

902 
 yOörydkif;

OD;azodef;rSq&mBuD;odkU

1946ckESpf? {NyDv w&ufaeUwGif armifvS? rtrmwdkUonf uREkfyftm;

tvkyform;wa,muftjzpfESifh todtrSwfjyKMuí {NyDv19&ufaeUwGif
vlxkowif;pmtrnfESifh yxrowif;pm xGufay:vmygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif
uREkfyfonf EdkifiHa&;taejzifh vuf0J-vuf,m bmrQ em;rvnfao;onf
ESifh olwkdUrSnfhac:xm;onfh ]vlxk}[laom trnfudk rMum;bl;oavmuf
&Sdao;aomaMumifh ¤if;trnftaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí jyuf&,fpum;
ajymrdygao;onf/ uREkfyfem;xJü ]vlxk}[laomtrnfonf cyfaxmifhaxmifh
&Sdonf[líyif xifrdygonf/ 
People  [laom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rS bmomjyefxm;jcif; jzpfonf[lí
olwkdUuajymrSyif &dyfrdygonf/ azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; vuf0J-vuf,m[lí
em;rvnfao;aom uREkfyfrSm 0g'vrf;pOftaMumif;udk bmrQ em;rvnf?
ol&d,wdkufwGifxm;&SdcJUaom oabmxm;twdkif; NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ e,fcsJU
0g'twdkuftcHjyKí a&;om;&ef  (Anti­colonialism)  [lívnf;aumif;
vlwpkuvlwpkudkjzpfap? vlwa,mufu vlwa,mufudkjzpfap cGeftm;jzifh
rw&m;zdESdyfcJUvQif zdESdyfjcif;cH&aom bufrS vkdufía&;&ef[lívnf;aumif;
em;vnfcJUygonf/ þoabmxm;onf owif;pmorm; taygif;wkdUü
xm;&Sdoifhonfh oabmxm;jzpfonf[k i,fuwnf;u uREkfyf,kHMunfí
tvGefoabmusonf/ okdUr[kwf vdktyfonf[lívnf; uREkfyfem;vnfcJUyg

903 
onf/ þtcsdefrSpí uREkfyftm; ]q&mBuD;}(toufvnf; 57ESpf&SdygNyD/) [lí
ac:a0:pjyKvmMuonf jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyf\woufwmrSwfwrf;wGif
u@opfwckzGifhvdkuf&jcif;jzpfygonf/

uREkfyf\ya,m*aMumifh

vlxkowif;pm xGufvmívydkif;twGif;wGif &efukefrS rEÅav;odkUydkU&

aom aeUpOfowif;pmrsm;apmifa&rSm xdk;qif;oGm;onfjzpfaomaMumifh
&efukefowif;pmwkdufrsm; wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;oGm;onf[k Mum;vkduf&\/
vlxkowif;pm apmifa&rSmvnf; waeUwjcm; wufvmonfqdk\/
]qdk\}[laom pum;udkokH;EIef;jcif;rSm uREkfyfonf rdrd\owif;pmapmifa&
wufjcif; usjcif; taMumif;udk wdkuf&Sifrsm;tm;vnf;aumif;? owif;pm&dkuf
ESdyfaom tvkyform;rsm;tm;vnf;aumif; ar;jref;pkHprf;avhr&Sd/ (,aeUtxd
vnf; þtwdkif;yif jzpfonf/) wdkuf&Sifrsm;u pum;pyfrdí ajymumrS
uREkfyftodtrSwfjyKvkdufonf/ þokdUvspfvsL&Ixm;wwfjcif;rSm uREkfyfu
ar;jref;í apmifa&]wufonf}[kMum;&vQif awmfyg\/ usonf[kM um;&
vQif pdwfraumif;jcif; jzpfrnfudk pdk;&drfaomaMumifh jzpf\/ vlxkowif;pm
onf apmifa&wufaom tvSnfhtywfrsm;vnf;&Sdrnf/ usaom tvSnfh
tywfrsm;vnf; &Sdayrnf/ vlxkwdkuf&Sifrsm;u owif;pm apmifa&us
onf[k wcgrQ ajymbl;onfr&Sd? wufonf[líum; wcgw&H ajymjyjcif;
&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh olwkdU\apwemudk uREkfyfaus;Zl;wifrdonf/ uREkfyf
bufuvnf; ckduyfjcif;r&Sd? wwfEdkiforQ BudK;pm;a&;om;cJUonfom
jzpfaomaMumifh apmifa&usonf[kuREkfyfod&vQif pdwfraumif;jzpfvdrfhrnf
[kolwkdU&dyfrdMuykH&onf/ vlxkwdkuf&Sifrsm;onf vlxkowif;pmxkwfa0jcif;

904 
twGufaMumifh aumif;usKd;rsm;vnf; &SdykH&í cH&aom tvSnfhtywfrsm;
vnf; &SdMuonfjzpf&m vlxkwdkufwGif uREkfyfrvkyfyJ [Hom0wDowif;pmodkU
rlvu uREkfyfoGm;zdkU qkH;jzwfcJUygrl (vlxkowif;pmudk b,ftcsdefrS
pwifzGifhvSpfrnf rajymEdkifaomaMumifh) olwkdUcHpm;&onfh aumif;usKd;
qkd;usKd; rsm;onf uREkfyf\vkHUvya,m* &mcdkifEIef; tawmfrsm;rsm;ygonf[k
qdk&ef&Sdygonf/

tusKd;w&m;rsm;

1947 ckESpfOD;wGif vlxkowif;pmBuD;yGm;vmjcif; twGufaMumifh

(BuD;yGm;onf qdkjcif;rSm uREkfyftwwfodjcif;r[kwf? cefUrSef;ajcrQomjzpf
onf/) uREkfyftzdkU&mwGif tusKd;w&m;rsm; xGufay:vm\/ uREkfyfrSm
rEÅav;om;wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; 0w¦Ka&;q&mtjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;?
acgif;BuD;a&;orm; wa,muftjzpfESifhvnf;aumif; &efukefol&d,wkdufrS
tpjyKcJU&jcif;jzpfav&m þtBudrfwGifrEÅav;ü aexkdifírEÅav;NrdKUxkwf
owif;pmwapmifrS emrnfwufvm&jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh *kPf,lrdjcif;
wcsufjzpfygonf/ 'kwd,wcsufrSmvnf; xdkpOfu uREkfyfonf wa,muf
wnf;aom ESrt&if;u arG;xm;cJUonfh aq;&kH[ufuvyf pma&;BuD;
0if;armif (xdkpOfu 0efaxmufr[kwfao;) ESifhtwl "m;wef;&yfü aexkdif
vsuf&Sd&m csufjrKyf&mt&yfodkU jyefa&mufonfESifh bmrsm;jzpfOD;rnfenf;[k
pOf;pm;rd\/ (uREkfyf\zcifonf refusnf;wkH&Gmü arG;zGm;í rEÅav;ü
ESpfaygif; 30ausmfaecJUNyD;rS refusnf;wkH&GmodkU jyefa&muf&mwGif ]]igu
0vkH;vdkvlwa,mufyJuG,fh? pwJUae&mrSm jyefqkH;vdrfhr,fxifw,f? arG;awmh
vJ refusnf;wkHom;? tckvJyJ refusnf;wkH jyefa&mufNyD; refusnf;wkH&GmrSmyJ

905 
b0Zmwfodrf;&ykH&w,f}}[k ajymbl;&Smonf/ zciftzdkUrSm ajymonfhtwdkif;
yif jzpfcJUonf/) uREkfyfonfvnf; "m;wef;&yf 0if;armif\aetdrfü
ae&onfwGif zcifuJUokdU jzpfavrnfavm[k rMumrMumowd&rdygonf/
waeUoü vlxkwdkufrS tvkyfvkyfí tjyefwGif uREkfyfrodaom vlcyf
&G,f&G,fwa,muf a&mufESifhaejcif;udk awGU&\/ pkHprf;Munfhaomtcg
*VKefOD;apm\ twGif;a&;rª;jzpfaMumif;? ol&d,wdkufü t,f'DwmcsKyfvkyf&ef
uREkfyftm; tac:vmjcif;jzpfaMumif; ajymjyavonf/ OD;apmxHrSpm
ygygoavm[k ar;Munfh&m pmray;vkdufyJ vludk,fwdkifapvTwfvkdufjcif;
jzpfygonf[k ajym\/
þtjyKtrludk uREkfyfrauseyfonfhjyif OD;apmtay:ü uREkfyfrauseyf
onfhtjcm;tjyKtrlwckvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrd\/ OD;apm,l*E¨mrS jyefa&mufvm
aomtcsdefwGif rsKd;cspfygwDudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfESifh OD;btkef;onf 0efBuD;
wa,mufjzpfaeav&m OD;apma&mufvmonfESifh wNydKifeuf OD;btkef;u
z,fay;&í OD;apmu OD;btkef;\ae&mü 0efBuD;0ifívkyf\/ uREkfyfonf
xdkpOfu olwkdU\EdkifiHa&;ygwDpnf;urf;udk em;rvnf? enf;vrf;uscsifvnf;
usayrnf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\pdwfxJüum; OD;apmonf OD;btkef;\ae&mudk
vk,ljcif;jzpfonf[k xifvkduf\/ (þtaMumif;udk vlxkowif;pmrSyif
rSwfcsufa&;vdkufrdao;\/) uREkfyfonf OD;btkef;ESifh oduRrf;onfvnf;
r[kwfygyJvsuf (a'gufwmbarmftpdk;& vufxufü tpdk;&tmPmudk
zDqefonfhtaejzifh a&Twd*kHbk&m;ajc&if;rS OD;apmESifhtwl pDwef;vrf;
avQmufjcif;udkom jrifvdkuf&bl;\/ r[maqGvnf;ygonf/) OD;apmonf
OD;btkef;tay:ü tEdkifusifhonf[k uREkfyfxifvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkUaMumifh
OD;apmrSm ]vlxuf} wa,mufjzpfí uREkfyftm;Munfh&Iapmifrcsifaom qE´&Sd
onf[k uREkfyf,kHMunfonfhjyif ol&d,wdkuf t,f'DwmcsKyfjzpfzkdU

906 
wavQmufvkH; uREkfyfarQmfrSef;vmcJUjcif;vnf; rSefygvsuf oifhawmfatmif
ajymí jiif;y,fvkdufygonf/ uREkfyfu rdrdudktm;udk;í wnfaxmifxm;onfh
vlxkowif;pmwkduf&Sifrsm; 0rf;enf;yufvufjzpfatmif rvkyf&ufaMumif;?
OD;apmxHrS tvmaumif;aomfvnf; tcgaESmif;aeNyDjzpfaMumif; ponfjzifh
ajymívTwfvkdufygonf/ uREkfyfonf þtaMumif;udk vlxkwdkufydkif&Sif
rsm;tm; ajymjyrdbl;avoavmrrSwfrd? ajymrdonfyifrxifyg/ OD;apmtrI
jzpfaomtcg uREkfyf\nDarmifazpdef;rSm OD;apmESifhEdkifiHa&; tquftoG,f
&Sdonfqdkum rouFmrIjzifh zrf;csKyfjcif;cHcJU&ao;ay&m OD;apmu ac:onfh
twdkif; vkdufygoGm;rdygu uREkfyfyif tcsKyfcH&OD;rnfavm rajymEdkifojzifh
uREkfyf uHaumif;onf[k atmufarhrdygao;onf/ xkdpOfu oDoDuav;
vGwfcJUNyD; zqyvvufxufwGifrS axmif\t&omudk jrnf;&bl;yg
awmhonf/

vcwdk;ay;jcif;

wwd,tcsufrSm [Hom0wD owif;pmwdkufydkif&Sif OD;nGefUxHrS

uREkfyfudkac:onfh pmokH;apmif&&Sdjcif;jzpf\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf vcxuf
BuD;jrifhonfhjyif owif;pmq&mrsm;tzdkU&mü &efukefonfrEÅav;xuf
BuD;yGm;vrf;&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh OD;nGefU\tvkyfudk uREkfyfvufcHvdk\/
okdU&mwGifaemufaMumif;rsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyfvkdufjyef&mwGif OD;nGefUESifh
vlxkwdkufydkif&Sif ZeD;armifESHwkdUudk yk*¾dKvftaejzifh EIdif;,SOfcsuf xkwfMunfh
vdkuf\/ uREkfyfonf vlxkwkdufü vkyfudkifvsuf&dSonfh xdktcsdefodkU
wdkifatmif (wESpfcefU&SdNyDxifonf/) vlxkowif;pmonf avmu"HESifh
rBuKH&bl;ao;ojzifh vlxkarmifESHwkdU\ taumif;tqdk;udk uREkfyftuJcwfcGifh

907 
r&ao;vifhupm; uREkfyftm; pdwfrcsrf;romjzpfaprnfh tjyKtrltajymtqdk
ESifh rsufESmxm;rSpí a&SmifMuOfMuvdrfhrnf[k tuJcwfrdonf/ OD;nGefU
taMumif;rSm þuJU odkU tuJcwfr&acs/ NAdwdoQbm;rm;ukrÜPDü tvkyfvkyf
Mubl;onfh nmP tp&Sdaom tvkyform;rsm;u ajymjyonfrSm
oaX;OD;nGefUonf pdwfwkdif;usonfhtcgrsm;wGif rsufESmtvGef&Tifysí
ajrSmufpm;ay;wwfjcif;ESifhtwl pdwfwdkif;rusaom tcgrsm;wGifvnf;
rsufESmxm;jzifh azmfjywwfonfqdk\/ odkUqdkvQif igonf nmPwkdUt&G,f
r[kwf? owif;pmta&;tom;aMumifh tpdk;&u ta&;,lí owif;pmcH&
onfqdkvSsif (jzpfvnf;jzpfEdkifonf/) ightm; rom,maom rsufESmxm;
rsKd;jyrnfhqdku xGufvQif xGufoGm;rnf? rxGufEdkifvQifvnf; pdwfrcsrf;rom
jzpf&vdrfhrnf? okH;av;BudrfNyKH;íjyaomfvnf; wBudrfrsufaMumwif;vQif
igcHcsifvdrfhrnfr[kwf? odkUjzpfí vlxkwdkufüyif qufvufívkyfygawmhrnf
[k qkH;jzwfvdkufygonf/ okdUaomfOD;nGefU\pmudk vlxkarmifESHtm;jy&aomf
rdrdtwGuf tusKd;&SdvdrfhrnfxifonfESifh armifvS\vufodkU xnfhvdkufyg
onf/ pmudkzwfMunfhNyD;aemuf armifvSu ]]uRefawmfwkdUtajctaet&awmh
OD;nGefUay;oavmuf ray;Edkifí 0rf;enf;ygw,f? odkUaomftdrfvctwGuf
50dydkay;ygr,f}}[kajymavonf/ azmfjycJUNyD;aom tusKd;w&m;okH;ckteuf
OD;apmac:jcif;onf uREkfyftzdkU tusKd;aus;Zl;ay:xGufvmonf r[kwfap
umrl tvkyf&Sifrsm;u ac:jcif;udkjiif;y,f&jcif;onf tvkyform;rsm;tzkdU
t&omwckjzpfonf[k em;vnfygonf/ uREkfyfonf þtjzpftysufrsm;udk
vlwumodkU ajymjyjcif;tm;jzifh tom;,lolwa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf;
(pkHaxmuf0w¦KacwfuuJUokdU 'l;&if;oD;? rif;*GwfoD;rsm;udk rpm;&apumrl)
]ighudk[dkuonfuac:Muayonf}[k udk,fh[mudk,f pOf;pm;&jcif;onfvnf;
MunfEl;zG,f&mwck jzpfcJUayonf/

908 
rmeavQmusykH

vlxkarmifESHonf yxrwGif owif;pmacgif;BuD;ta&;tom;ESifh

ywfoufí uREkfyftm;q&morm;t&mü xm;MuykH&onf/ uREkfyf\ pmwvkH;
udkjyifzkdU olwkdUtawmfwGefUqkwfykH&\/ uREkfyfrSwfrdygao;onf/ waeUoü
uREkfyfonf acgif;BuD;wyk'fa&;NyD; "m;wef;rS wdkufokdUroGm;yJ oli,f
wa,mufudkapvTwfay;ydkUvdkuf\/ xdktcsdefwGif armifvSr&Sdacs/ wem&dcefU
Mumvwfaomf vlxkwdkufom;wa,mufa&mufvmí a':trmu acgif;BuD;ü
acgif;pnf;wyfykH pmwvkH;jyifay;zdkU rSmvdkufaMumif; ajymavonf/ xdkpOfurl
pmta&;tom;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyfrSm tawmfrme&Sdol wa,mufjzpfonf
ESifh rtrm\tjyKtrludk auseyfvSonf/ ol&d,wdkufü tvkyfvkyfpOfu
yDrdk;eif;onf q&mvGef;\pmwvkH;udk a0zefrdonfESifh q&mBuD; tom;
qwfqwfwkefoGm;jcif;udk uRekfyfrSwfrdygao;onf/ vlxkarmifESHwkdUonf
wjznf;jznf;wGefUqkwfrI ayghavsmhvmMuav&m þaemufydkif;ürl wvrf;
wnf;aeMuí tdrfcsif;eD;uyfvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; pmwvkH;ESpfvkH;ru wydk'f
ESpfydk'fudkyif &Jwif;pGm jyif0HUMuavNyD/ uREkfyfonf jrefrmpmta&;tom;ESifh
ywfoufí q&mBuD;uJUokdU tom;qwfqwfwkef atmifrmeBuD;zkdU
ynmtajccHolwa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf; yxrü awmfawmfatmifhoGm;\/
xkdUaemuf wjznf;jznf;wGifrS usifhom;&í cHEdkif&nf&Sdvm\/
þaemufqkH;wGifrlum; avmukwÅ&mbufü tav;teuf avhvmvdkuf&m
wGif pma&;wwfjcif;onf a&BuD;cGifhus,fynm&yfwck r[kwf[lí
,lqvmonfjzpfaomaMumifh avmuDrIa&;&m pmayrQavmufudk rnfolu
a0zefí rnfolu jyifqifay;onfjzpfap pdwfxJü wcsufuav;

909 
atmifhoGm;&kHxufydkNyD; Mum&SnfBuD; tcH&cufavmufatmif r&Sdawmhojzifh
udk,fh[mudk,f *kPf,lrdygonf/

auseyfonfrsm;vnf;&Sdjcif;

uREkfyfonfþrSwfwrf;udk a&;&mü pdwfxJwGif&SdorQudk &dk;om;pGm

azmfjywefoavmuf azmfjyjcif;jzpfonfhtavsmuf tcsKdUvlrsm; auseyfjcif;
rsm;vnf;&Sdí rauseyfaom tcsufrsm;vnf; yg&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ þodkU
azmfxkwfa&;om;jcif;rsm;rSm xdkxkdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;tm; ajrSmufyifhvdkaom
aMumifhvnf;r[kwf? xdcdkufemusifapvdkaomaMumifhvnf; r[kwf? uREkfyf\
tqkd;taumif; 0goemuav;rsm;udk wifjyvdkaomaMumifh rQomjzpf\/
vlxkarmifESHESifhywfoufí rauseyfonfht"dyÜm,f&Sdaom tjcif;t&mudk
azmfjyNyD;aemuf uREkfyftvGefauseyfaom tjcif;t&mudkvnf; azmfjy&
ayrnf/ auseyfaomtjcif;t&mudk azmfjyjcif;onf olwkdUtm; ajrSmufvdkí
r[kwf? rauseyfaom tjcif;t&mudkazmfjyjcif;onfvnf; olwkdUtm;jyKjyif
apvdkaomaMumifhr[kwf? (olwdkUrSmvnf; olwkdU0goemuav; awGESifholwkdU
&SdMuayvdrfhrnf/) uREkfyfauseyfvSaom tcsufrSm þokdUwnf;/ uREkfyfonf
wcgw&H0ufvufodkU tvnftywfoGm;&mwGif okH;&ufavmuf aernf[k
ajymoGm;NyD; av;ig;ajcmuf&ufMumcsifMumcJU\/ uREkfyfbufu vnf;
vli,frsm;qdkí rav;rpm;rvkyfyJ &ufydkíMumapumrl uREkfyf\wm0ef
jzpfaom acgif;BuD;rsm;udk 0ufvufüa&;í vli,fwa,mufudk apvTwfNyD;
aeUwdkif;ydkU\/ 0ufvufrS jyefa&mufvmí rtrmESifhawGU&mwGif olu
]]udkvSuajymw,f? OD;av;odef;[m ajymoGm;wJU&ufrSm jyefra&mufayr,fh
olUwm0efudkawmh odyf*&kpdkufw,fwJU}}[kajymayonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü

910 
þpum;onf tvGefwmoGm;\/ armifvSu olUr,m;tm; uREkfyftaMumif;
udkcsD;rGrf;ajymqdkjcif;um; xm;ygOD;awmh? þpum;udk rtrmu uREkfyftm;
jyefajymif;ajymjyjcif;rSm t"dyÜm,f&SdvSonf/ tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyform;
wa,muftaejzifh þpum;rsKd;ajymaom tvkyf&Sifonf tawmf&Sm;ayvdrfh
rnf/ tvkyform;wa,mufudk csD;rGrf;vkdufvQif ]uef;wufNyD;} cPcP
ysufuGufíoGm;csif&m oGm;aevdrfhrnf[k ,lqaom tvkyf&SifwdkUom
rsm;ayvdrfhrnf/ [Hom0wD ajymvdrfhrnfr[kwfqdkum vlxkwdkufudk
a&G;cs,frdjcif;um; awmfavpG[k cPcP atmufarhrdygonf/
þpum;wvkH;onf rtrm\cRwf,Gif;csufuav;rsm;udk ajzazsmufap
ygonf/

avmif;upm;yGJrsm;

vlxkwdkufü tvkyfvkyfvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfonf tNrJpdwful;&aom

acgif;BuD;a&;jcif;tvkyfaMumifh OD;aESmuf&Sif;onfhtaejzifhwaMumif;? av;
aumif*sifupm;enf;ynmudk (tNrJupm;wwfaom) vlwa,muftm;
oifjyay;vdkonfwaMumif;aMumifh &Srf;jynfbk&m;yJG (upm;yGJ)rsm;odkU wESpf
wacgufoGm;avh&Sd\/ vlxkwdkufonf ol&d,wdkufuJUodkU tm;vyfcGifh
&uf&Snfay;aom pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufr&SdonfESifh vlxkarmifESHwdkUtm;
rSefrSefrajymyJ oGm;avh&Sd\/ olwkdUonf uREkfyf\twkdif;t&Snfem;vnfaom
oabmxm;udk odMurnfr[kwfojzifh avmif;upm;&ef oGm;rnf[k
zGifhajymvQif ]&IH;ukefygvdrfhrnf}[k xifMurnfjzpfaomaMumifh zGifhírajymjcif;
jzpf\/

911 
 1947ckESpfESifh 1948ckESpfrsm;wGif abmfBudKbk&m;yGJokdUvnf;aumif;?
1949ckESpfwGif NrdKBuD;a'gif;rD;yGJodkUvnf;aumif;? 1950jynfhESpfwGif wHwm;OD;
atmifyGJodkUvnf;aumif; 0ufvufrS tazmfrsm;ESifhoGm;cJUonf/ uREkfyf\
tBuHtpnfwckrSm *syefacwfu refusnf;wkH&Gmü av;aumif*sif avmif;
upm;pOfurl 'dkifvkyfolrSm &Gmom;csif;jzpfí nSmnSmwmwm xkd;&onf/
¤if;bk&m;yJGürl w&kwf'dkifrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh tm;emzdkUr&Sd/ ]wdkuf}vQif
yufyufpufpuf xkd;,lEdkifonfqdkum prf;oyfcsifaompdwf jyif;xef
vsuf&Sd\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\ZmwmrSm aiGrsm;rsm;BuD;tusKd;ray;? riwf&kH?
okdUr[kwf acsmifvnf&kHrQavmufom tusKd;ay;onfjzpfaomaMumifh
[kwÅdywÅdEdkifavmufatmif ]rwdkuf}yJ p&dwfaus&kHrQESifh jyefcJU&onfomrsm;
\/ &IH;onf[líum; enf;vSygonf/ uREkfyfoifjyaom vlrSmrl ]udkcifarmif}
qefqef pdwfxm;rsKd;&Sdonfjzpfí uREkfyf\pHepftwdkif; twdtusvdkufEdkif
atmif pdwfudkrcsKyfwnf;wwfojzifh &IH;onfursm;cJUavonf/ þav;yJG
teuf 1949ckESpfü oGm;cJUonfhNrdKUBuD;a'gif;rD;yJGrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tjcif;
t&mrsm;yg&Sdojzifh azmfjyvdkuf&ygOD;rnf/

tusyfawGUavNyD

abmfBudKbk&m;yGJESifh NrdKUBuD;a'gif;rD;bk&m;yJGrSm waygif;vjynfhrwkdifrD

wcsdefwnf; usif;yonfjzpf&m þwESpfwGif uREkfyfESifh tazmfrsm;onf
abmfBudKodkUroGm;yJ NrdKUBuD;a'gif;rD;yGJodkUoGm;&ef qkH;jzwfMu\/ bk&m;yGJrsm;
odkU oGm;&mwGif av;aumif*sif avmif;upm;jcif;udk taMumif;w&yftaejzifh
azmfjycJUaomfvnf; uREkfyf\t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm a'o tqef;topf
rsm;odkU oGm;jcif;tm;jzifh ]OD;aESmufaq;}&efjzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\ pdwfxm;rSm

912 
EdkifzdkUta&;rBuD;? r&IH;yJESifh a&mufcJU&onfqdkvQif pdwfauseyfEdkifol
jzpfygonf/ uREkfyfESifh tazmfESpfa,mufonf rEÅav;rS naecif;wGifxGuf
Muí ausmufqnfodkUa&mufaomtcg um;ajymif;ípD;MuNyD; n9em&DcefU
tcsdefwGif NrdKUBuD;a'gif;rD;yJGodkU a&mufMu\/ uREkfyfonf 1909ckESpfuvnf;
þyJGodkU oli,fcsif;wa,mufESifh a&mufcJUbl;&m vrf;c&D;wGif vGefcJUaom
ESpfaygif; 40 wdwdu trSwftom;rsm;udk ,ckrSwfrdao;\avm[k vrf;c&D;
wavQmufvkH;[dkdMunfhonfMunfh owdjyKí &SmMunfh&jcif;tm;jzifh OD;aESmuf
tawmf&Sif;oGm;í vm&usKd;eyfonf[k atmufarhEdkifavNyD/ yGJodkUa&mufaom
tcg uREkfyfwkdUonf wnf;cdk&ef tdrfwvkH;iSm;NyD;rS tvkyfcGifodkU0ifMuonf/
uREkfyf\tazmfESpfa,mufonf uREkfyf\pepft& avmif;upm;ygu
pdwfudkEdkfifeif;zdkU cJ,Of;onfqdkum olwkdUbmom avmif;upm;Muí
tawmftwefEdkifMu\/ uREkfyfuvnf; uREkfyf\pepft&avmif;upm;í
aiG150dcefUEdkif\/ uREkfyfrSm avmbrBuD;yJ c&D;p&dwfoufom&vQif
awmfavmufNyD[kqdkum jyefMuzkdUtBuHay;í olwkdUuvnf; oabmwlMu
onfESifh jyefvmMuonf/ vrf;c&D;wGif bk&m;yGJodkUvmMuaom vlrsm;ESifh
qkHrd&mwGif ausmufqnfNrdKUudk u&ifolykefrsm; 0ifpD;ovdkvdk ajymMuojzifh
uREkfyfwkdUvlpk tawmfwkefvIyfoGm;\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf rEÅav;odkUjyef
&efrSm ausmufqnfNrdKUudkrjzwfyJ rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifhaywnf;/ rEÅav;-
&efukefum;vrf;ay:ü&Sdaom [efjrif;rdk&Gmuav;odkU a&mufMuaomtcg
vrf;BuD;ay:ü um;toGm;tvm vkH;0r&SdyJjzpfae&m uREkfyfwkdUpD;vmaom
avmf&Dum;onf bk&m;yGJodkUjyefwuf&ef pDpOfav\/ c&D;onfrsm;vnf;
qif;olrsm;qif;í jyefvkdufolrsm;vnf; vdkufMu\/ uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muf
um; jyefrvkdufvdkMuacs/ rnfokdUjyKacsrnfenf;/ pma&;q&mjzpf&jcif;onf
tusOf;tusyfxJwGif uREkfyftm;taxmuftyHUay;cJUbl;vSNyDjzpf&m þwBudrf

913 
wGifvnf; tqifajyatmif zefwD;ay;jyefavNyD/ uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muf csDwkH
cswkHjzpfvsuf&SdMupOf um;aemufydkif;rS xdkifívdkufvmaom c&D;onf
wa,mufu uREkfyftm;-
]]q&mBuD;wkdUb,fhES,fvkyfMurvJ}}
]]tusyfusaeNyDAsm? yGJudkvJjyefrvkdufcsifbl;? tdrfu pdwfylaevdrfhr,f}}
]]uRefawmfhtdrfvdkufcJUMuav? uRefawmfu'D&Gmuyg}}
aiGuav;udk,fpD&SdMuaomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdUawGa0um pOf;pm;ae
Mu\/
]]uRefawmfhudk q&mBuD;urodayr,fh uRefawmfuodygw,f?
vlxkowif;pmzwfwJU vlwa,mufyg? uRefawmfu yGJpm; OD;...ygwJU}}
(emrnfudkawmh uREkfyfarhoGm;ygNyD/) uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muf wkdifyifMuí
aemufqkH;ü qif;MuzkdUoabmwlNyD; yJGpm;\tdrfodkU vkdufoGm;Muav\/
yGJpm;\tdrfodkU a&mufMuaomtcg tdrfrSm þ&GmwGif tBuD;qkH;
jzpfonfhjyiftawmfus,f0ef;aom 0if;BuD;twGif; waxmifhwGif {nfhonf
ukefonfrsm;twGuf oD;oefUaqmufvkyfxm;onfh tdrfwvkH;vnf; &Sd\/
uREkfyfwkdUonf xkdvl\tajctaeudkjrifMu&aomtcg olUtay:ü rouFm
pdwf&Sdoa,mifjzpfcJUjcif;twGuf &SufrdMuygao;onf/

pGefUíxGufvmjcif;

yGJpm;onf uREkfyfwkdUtm; tdrfwvkH;vkH;ay;xm;í vGwfvyfacsmifcsdpGm

aexkdifMu&onfhjyif eHeufpmnpmudk xrif;aumif; [if;aumif;ESifh
auR;arG;&kHru aumfzDrsm;yif waeUokH;Budrfwkdufygayonf/ tm;vyfcsdef
rsm;wGif yGJpm;onf uREkfyfwkdUxHvmí pum;ajym&m ( vlxkowif;pm

914 
zwfaom aus;Zl;aMumifhxif) EdkifiHjcm;a&;&m taMumif;udk rEÅav;NrdKU
ay:üaeMuonfh uREkfyf\tazmfESpfa,mufxuf em;vnf[ef&Sd onfESifh
uREkfyf\vlESpfa,mufrSm wa,mufudkwa,mufMunfhum yg;pyfa[mif;
avmif; aeMu&avonf/ þtawmtwGif; uREkfyfwkdUonf 8 rdkifcefU
a0;aom ausmufqnfNrdKUowif;udk axmufvSrf;pkHprf;Munfh&m u&if0if
ovdkvdk? r0ifao;ovdkvdk? 0ifawmhrvdkvdk trsKd;rsKd;owif;Mum;& \/
vrf;yef;tquftoG,frlum; vkH;0jywfawmufvsufyif&Sdao;\/ wwd,
aeUü uREkfyfu ]]ausmufqnfodkUa&mufatmif oGm;ípkHprf;MupdkU}}[k ajym&m
olwkdUESpfa,mufu c&D;a0;vGef;í vrf;avQmufzdkUanmif;vdrfhrnfqdk um
jiif;Mu\/ þwGif uREkfyfu ]]armif&ifwkdUu touf40 orm;awGyg?
60eD;aewJU tbkd;BuD;wa,mufvkH;u avQmufEdkifvdkUrS rvkdufEdkifMubl;vm;}}
[k BuKH;0g;aigufief;vkdufvkdufonfwGif vkdufygawmhrnf[k jyifqifMuav
\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf EdkifcJUaom aiGuav;rsm;udk aygifwGifudk,fpDywfvsuf
][efjrifhrdk}&GmrS ajcvsufavQmufvmcJUMu&m vrf;wGifwkwfrsm;csKd;í
wacsmif;pDudkifvmMu\/ ESpfrdkifcefUvrf;avQmufMuaomfvnf; vloGm;
vlvm wa,mufrSrawGU/ *syefacwfBuD;ysufwkef;uxufyif acsmufcsm;
vsuf&Sd\/ olwkdUESpfa,muf aiGb,fhavmufygMurnfrod? uREkfyfurl
tvum;&cJUaom aiGqdkí ESajrmvSatmifr&Sd? wif;wif;awmif;vQif
xkwfay;zdkU toifh&Sdygonf/ aMumufvSonfum;r[kwf? t&m[kwfonf
rxifaom udpöwckwGif pGefUpm;csifaompdwf r&SdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
okH;rdkifcefU avQmufrdMuaomtcg uREkfyfwkdUaemufrS *spfum;wpD;rSDvmí
teD;ü&yfum pkHprf;\/ um;ay:wGif '&dkifbmESifh vli,fwa,mufyg\/
'&dkifbmu-
]]q&mwkdUb,foGm;MurvdkUvJ}}

915 
 ]]ausmufqnfoGm;MurvkdUyJ}}
]]uRefawmfwdkUvJ ausmufqnfoGm;csifwmyJ? roGm;0HUvdkU vSnfhjyef
awmhr,f pdwful;w,f}} xdktcg uREkfyf\vlESpfa,mufwkdUu ausmufqnfü
ab;tEÅ&m,fr&SdEdkif? rnfolrnf0gwkdUudk aumif;aumif;od onf?
tm;vkH;wm0ef,lEdkifonf ponfrsm;ESifh aoG;aqmifac:iifav&m xkdvlu
]]'gjzifh um;ay:wufMuygcifAsm;}}[k uREkfyfwkdUudk zdwfac:av\/ þokdUjzifh
uREkfyfwkdUonf ajcvsifravQmuf&awmhyJ um;pD;íoGm;Edkifjcif; twGuf
tvGefMunfEl;pGmESifh vkdufygvmMuav\/ [dka&mufawmhrS wm0efr,lEdkifyJ
wckckjzpfvQifvnf; ]aemifcgvm aemifcgaps;}[k oabmxm;vkdufMu
ygawmhonf/

aomifjyifvTwfaom acG;yrm

ausmufqnfodkUa&mufaomtcg wNrdKUvkH; acsmufcsm;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk

awGU&\/ ta&;ydkifESifhwuG tpdk;&t&m&Sdtm;vkH;onf rEÅav;odkUxGufajy;
oGm;MuavNyD/ olwdkU\tawG;rSm u&ifolykefrsm;onf rdw¦DvmrS
ausmufqnfodkU csDwufvmMuNyDqdkum tpdk;&aiGwdkufrS aiGowåmrsm;udkyg
o,f,loGm;MuavNyD/ uREkfyfwkdU\ um;udkrl rnfolurQ ppfaq;ar;jref;
jcif;r&Sd? vGwfvyfpGm oGm;vmEdkifMuavonf/ um;ay:ü&Sdaom vli,f
ESpfa,mufonf olwkdU\udpö&Sd&modkU oGm;MuonfwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf
rEÅav;odkUoGm;zkdU enf;vrf;udk pkHprf;Mu\/ xdktcsdefü ausmufqnfESifh
rEÅav;rSm tquftoG,fjywfvsuf&Sd\/ rnfolurQ roGm;&[k wm;qD;jcif;
r&Sd? um;&Sifrsm;ESifh c&D;onfrsm; udk,fEIdufuxdwfvefUNyD; roGm;0HUyJ
&SdaeMujcif;jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufrSm ausmufqnfNrdKUwGif

916 
todrdwfaqG&Sdonfr[kwfyJ xdkvli,fESpfa,mufudk jzef;oef;NyD; aoG;aqmif
ac:iifvmcUJjcif;jzpf&m olwkdUum; udpör&Sd? uREkfyfwkdUü udpö&SdavNyD/
taMumif;rlum; uREkfyfwkdUrSm wnf;cdkp&m&Sdaom [efjrifhrdk&GmrS
wnf;ckdp&mr&Sdaom ausmufqnfNrdKUokdU a&mufvmMuí vTwfxm;onfh
acG;rsm;yrmjzpfaeMu&aomaMumifhaywnf;/ eHeufpm rpm;cJU&ao;aom
uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufonf wckwnf;aom ukvm; vufzuf&nfqdkifwGif
vufzuf&nfESifh eHjym;jzifhom tmomajzMu&NyD;aemuf waeUvkH;
vSnfhvnfum rEÅav;oGm;zdkU jzpfEdkifaomenf;udk pkHprf;&SmazGMu\/
odkU&mwGif b,frSmrS&Smr&acs/ um;wpD;wavawGUí xkH;pHxuf um;c
okH;av;qay;ygrnf ajymaomfvnf; ydkU0HUrnfholr&Sdacs/ cufacsNyDwum;/

c&D;quf&NyD

naeapmif;wGif iSufaysmckdifrsm;wifxm;aom avmf&Dum;wpD;onf

NrdKUxJwGifa,mifvnfvnfESifh [dk0ifonfxGufvkyfaejcif;udkawGU&í pkHprf;
Munfh&m yvdyfodkU oGm;vdkaomfvnf; avsmfrnf ravsmfrnfudk csifhcsdef
vsuf&Sdonf[k od&\/ þwGifuREkfyfwdkUu ]]oGm;omoGm;yg? bmrS
aMumufp&mr&Sdygbl;? usKyfwkdUvJvdkufygrnf}}[k wkdufwGef;&kHru um;c
vnf; ydkíay;ygrnf[k ajymonfESifh &GHUwGefUwGefUjzifhyif xGufvmcJU\/
vrf;wavQmuf&Sd aus;&Gmrsm;wGif &Gmom;rsm;onf vufeufudkifum
vrf;ay:rSapmifhí uREkfyfwkdU\avmf&Dum;udk &yfwefUppfaq;Mu\/ &Gm
w&Gmürl &Gmom;wusdyfcefUonf "m; cuf&if;? 0g;&if;wkwfponfh
vufeufudk,fpD udkifpGJum um;a&SUrS&yfí wm;qD;Mu\/ ¤if;wkdUteuf
tBuD;tuJESifh oP²mefwlaom vlBuD;wa,muf\ ykHoP²mefrSm ,ckwdkif

917 
rsufpdxJwGif jrifa,mifao;í NyKH;rdygao;onf/ xdkvlBuD;onf
a&mifxkH;BuD;udk xdyftv,fwnfhwnfhwGif xkH;vsuf umuDabmif;bDwdkESifh
tuFsDryg zdeyfryg Avmjzpf&onfhtxJwGif aoewfBuD;udk yckH;ay:ü
xrf;vsuf wusdyfcefUrQaom &Gmom;rsm;\a&SUrS ppfAdkvfBuD;[efrsKd;ESifh
cg;axmufí avQmuf,if; uREkfyfwkdUtm; ]][dk;}}[ktrdefUay;vdkuf&m
uREkfyfwkdUrSm ol\ppfom;[eftrlt&maMumifh rvefUonfhjyif NyKH;yifNyKH;cJU
rdygao;onf/ yvdyf&GmodkUa&mufaomtcg avmf&Dum;onf qufvufí
oGm;rnfr[kwf aomaMumifh uREkfyfwdkUonf um;ay:rSqif;NyD; iSufwpif;
iSm;í a&TMuuf,ufodkU pkefvmMu\/ n9em&DausmfrS qdkufa&muf
oGm;Muaomtcg a&TMuuf,uf&Gmuav;rSm u&ifolykefrsm;owif;aMumifh
xdwfvefUaeMuí wdwfqdwfpGm uyfvsuf&SdMu\/ iSuform;\
tdrfodkUvdkufNyD;ajymif;zl;jyKwfjzifh NyD;&jyefí waeUvkH;xrif;iwf&aom
tjzpfESifh BuKHcJU&avonf/

aMumufyJaMumufvGef;onf

eHeufvif;aomtcg rEÅav;odkU bwfpfum;ESifhvdkufMuí tdrfodkU

a&muf&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUtwGufpdk;&drfylyefvsuf&Sdaom tdrfom;rsm;ESifh
vlxkarmifESHwkdUtm; tjzpftysufudk [kwfwkdif;rSef&m ajymjy&onf/
pdk;&drfMujcif;rSm rEÅav;odkUu&ifolykefrsm; aeUvm;nvm; 0ifvmrnf[k
wxdwfxdwf &SdaeMu&aomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ rEÅav;rSvlrsm;url
u&ifrsm; rdw¦DvmrS 0ifrnfr[kwf? arNrdKUbufrS 0ifvmrnf[k owif;&Muí
aMumufvefUaeMujcif;jzpf\/ okdUqdkvQif ausmufqnfrS ajy;vmMuaom
t&m&Sdwpkonf tcsnf;ESD;taMumif;rJUaMumufvefUaeMu jcif;jzpfae\/

918 
uREkfyfonf BuKHawGUcJU&aom 'ku©rsm;taMumif;udk jyefajymif; qifjcif
vdkufonfhtcg t&m&Sdwpk\ nHUzsif;rIaMumifh rdrdwkdU'ku©jzpf&onf[k
pdwfqdk;rdonf/ þtawmtwGif;ausmufqnfaiGwdkufrS rEÅav;odkU
aiGrsm;o,f,l&mü tawmfrsm;rsm; aysmufqkH;cJUonf[k Mum;&jyef&mwGif
]]vSHzsm;ykpOf;em;awmh usD;uef;u aMumufacs;ygonf}}qdkaom pum;ykHESifh
EIdif;um t&m&SdwpkwkdUu taMumufvGefykHtaMumif;udk tawmfjyif;xefaom
acgif;BuD;wyk'fa&;xnfhvkduf\/ uREkfyfwkdU'ku©a&mufcJUjcif; twGufaMumifh
pdwful;&Sdoavmuf jyif;xefpGm&Iwfcsa0zefrdjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; 0efcHygonf/
xdkpOfu wdkif;rif;BuD;jzpfcJUaom OD;cspfaqGESifhvnf; tawmftwefoduRrf;í
uHtm;avsmfpGm awGUqkHrd&mwGif ausmufqnft&m&Sdrsm;taMumif;udk tawmf
zdESdyfí wdkifwef;rdao;onf/ aemufqkH;ü wm0ef&Sdaom t&m&SdBuD; rsm;
ta&;,ljcif;cH&onf[k Mum;&aomtcgü 0rf;omrdovdk &Sdaomfvnf;
tNyD;owfwGif rdrd\a'gotjypfudk jrifrdygonf/

acsmh&aomacgif;BuD;

þtawmtwGif; u&ifolykefrsm;onf arNrdKUwGif ArmNrdKUol NrdKUom;

rsm; udk&maxmifcsDí owfonf[laom owif;rsm;Mum;&\/ rEÅav;odkU
qif;vm vdrfhrnf[lívnf; owif;ajy;vsuf&SdonfESifh rEÅav;NrdKUom;rsm;
tvGefw&m wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;vsuf&SdavNyD/ arNrdKUrS u&ifrsm;qif;vmNyD[k
Mum;Mu&mwGif rEÅav;ü&Sdaom tpdk;&ppfwyfonf ppfudkif;bufodkU a&GU
ajymif;oGm;onf[k Mum;&jyef\/ þwGif tpdk;&ppfwyfonf rEÅav;NrdKUol
NrdKUom;rsm;tm; tumtuG,fray;yJ ay,smvuefypfxm;cJU onf[laom
acgif;BuD;wyk'f a&;rd\/ xkdUaemuf u&ifolykefrsm;onf arNrdKUrS rEÅav;odkU

919 
qif;vmMuí vrf;ckvwfodkUa&mufNyD[laom owif;udkMum;&\/ xdktcg
uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfrSm u&ifolykefrsm;onf arNrdKUü tvGef&ufpufMuonf
qdk&m rEÅav;odkUa&mufaomtcgwGifvnf; xkdenf;twl &ufpufrnf
r[kwf[k rnfolrQrajymEdkif? tu,fí&ufpufM uonfqdkvQifvnf; ]touf
udk zufESifhxkyfxm;ayawmh}qkdonfh tajctaersKd; jzpfoGm;ayawmhrnf/
þwGifuREkfyfonf woufwmtwGif; wcgrQra&;bl;onfh acgif;BuD;rsKd;
wyk'fudk a&;vkduf&\/ uREkfyfa&;cJUorQaom acgif;BuD;rsm;rSm taMumif;
t&mwckwGif rcHcsifaom pdwfxm;uav;ESifh a&;rdonfcsnf;jzpf\/
þtBudrfürl rdrd\touftEÅ&m,fudk umuG,fvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
Armwdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; jzpfMuaom ArmESifhu&ifqdkonfrSm nDtpfukd
t&if; acgif;eif;qif;yrm jzpfcJUMuonfhtavsmuf wbufESifhwbuf txif
tjrifrSm;rIrsm; &SdonfhtcgwGif a'gotavsmufrjyKMurlí wdkifwkdifyifyif
aqG;aqG;aEG;aEG; arwÅmw&m; a&SUxm;um jyKrlMurnfqdkygu rajyvnf
Edkifaomjyóem[lí &Sdrnfr[kwfaMumif; ponfrsm;jzifh azsmif;zsa&;om;
vdkufav\/ tu,fwEÅK u&ifrsm;0ifvmí (0ifzkdUuvnf; aocsm
oavmufjzpfaeonf/) vlxkowif;pm tay:ü rsufrkef;usKd;rI? tmCmw
xm;rIjzifh tjypf&SmcJUaomf þacgif;BuD;udk taxmuftxm;vkyfí &Sif;vif;
wifjy&efyif jzpfavonf/ owif;pmacgif; BuD;taejzifh udk,fhtwGufiJUí
a&;om;jcif;rSm owif;pmq&mwoufwmwGif þwBudrfrQom BuKHcJU&bl;yg
onf/

920 
u&ifolykefrsm;0ifvmjcif;

rEÅav;NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf arNrdKUrS u&ifrsm;qif;vmonf[k

Mum;uwnf;u xdwfvefUwkefvIyfMuí ESpf&ufokH;&ufrQ usD;vefUpmpm;
aeMu&NyD;aemuf u&ifrsm;0ifvmMuavNyD/ okdUaomf u&ifrsm;onf
eef;awmftwGif;ü pwnf;csMuí NrdKUwGif;ütvHjzLeDrsm; tkyfcsKyfMuonf
qdkaomaMumifh arNrdKUol arNrdKUom;rsm;\ qkd;&Gm;aomtjzpfrsKd;rS vGwfuif;
csrf;om&m &Muojzifh uHaumif;vSayonf/ 0ifcgpnrsm;ü b,fqDu
bmvufeufrsm;ESifh ypfonfrod? rD;vkH; (tajrmufqefavm? armfwm avm)
rsm;wufvmí uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfrkd;ay:odkUjzwfa usmfoGm;jcif; udk awGU&ojzifh
AkH;usif;wl;olrsm;wl;Mu\/ wcgw&HwGif AkH;usif;xJodkUqif;í ykef;atmif;Mu
&aom tvSnfhrsm;vnf;&Sd\/ *syef? t*FvdyfAkH;rsm;udkyif rykef;cJUaom
uREkfyfrSmrl 15 rdepfcefUavmufwGifrS wcsufavmufypfaom þtoHrQ
avmufudk rNzKHyJ avSum;&if;rSxdkifí MunfhaecJUonf/ (&Jonf[k
<um;vdkaomaMumifhr[kwf? t&rf;aMumufwwfaomvlrsm; wGufcsufwwfap
&efjzpfonf/) u&if0ifNyD;aemuf w&ufESpf&uftMumwGif Armtpdk;&u
av,mOfysHjzifh AkH;wvkH;BuJcsjcif;udk awGU&í 0rf;enf;rdonf/ þtjyKtrl
onf tjynfjynfrStpdk;&wkdU jyKrlM uaom cHppfy&d,m,f jzpfavoavm
rajymwwf/ uREkfyf\tjrift& tvGefrSm;aom tjyKtrl jzpfonf[k
xifrdonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUtwGif;odkU olykefrsm;0ifvsuf&Sdí (jynfy&efolyif
jzpfapOD;awmh) NrdKUolNrdKUom; w&mwGifrS &efolwa,muf avmufom&Sdrnf
jzpfaomaMumifh NrdKUay:odkU aumif;uifrSAkH;rsm;BuJcsaom tvkyfonf aop&m
&SdvQif NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm; aoMu&rnfjzpfojzifh udkvdkeD e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\

921 
ppfwdkufenf;jzpfí udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif; tpdk;&rsm;u twkcdk;enf;,l
xdkufonfrxifay/ Armtpdk;&onf aumif;uifrS av,mOfysHESifh
AkH;BuJcsjcif;tvkyfudk wBudrfrQom prf;Munfhjcif;udkawGU&í rdrdwdkU\trSm;udk
jrifMu[ef&Sdayonf/ olykefrsm;0ifaeMuonfhtcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdU\ vlxk
owif;pmwdkufudk ydwfxm;&onf/

'dkif;erdkif;cJGjcif;

1949 ckESpf? {NyDv 24 &ufaeUwGif Armhwyfrawmfu rEÅav;NrdKUudk

jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif *kHwefaq;&kd;0if;twGif;&Sd vlxkowif;pmwdkufudk
'dkif;erdkif;jzifh NzdKcJGvkduf\/ vlxkowif;pm tvkyfwdkufrSm ,ckuJUodkU
vufqnfuef (AdkvfcsKyfvrf;BuD;)ay:ür[kwfao;yJ aq;&dk;0if;twGif;
0g;wJBuD;ESifh &Sdao;\/ uREkfyfonf xdktcsdefwGif ¤if;0g;wJBuD;ESifh
rsufESmcsif; qdkifwGif&Sdaom tkwfwdkufa[mif;BuD;wckwGif (a':pkwkdU\
wdkufjzpfonf/) tdyf&may:ü pmzwfvsuf&Sd&m 'dkif;erdkif;ud&d,mrsm;ESifh
wJBuD;xJodkU 0ifoGm;aom ppfom;rsm;udk jrifvkduf&\/ wkduftkdBuD;xJwGif
uREkfyfwkdU t&yfxJrS pkaygif;ckdatmif;íaeMuaom vlrsm;onf wdkufxJrS
xGufajy;Muav&m uREkfyfurl 'dkif;erdkif;cJGaomfvnf; uREkfyftzkdU tEÅ&m,f
r&SdEdkifqdkum pmzwfNrJwdkif; zwfae\/ wcPrQMumaomf jyif;xefvSaom
aygufuGJoHBuD; jzpfay:vmí trIdufo&dkufESifh zkHrsm;onf zGifhxm;aom
taygufrS yufvufvSefvsuf pmzwfaeaom uREkfyfxHodkU 0kef;ueJ
0ifvmonfESifh aigufueJ xxdkifvdkuf&m wkduftdkBuD;\ eH&Hrsm;onf
qifem;&Guf cwfonfhES,f vIyfcgaejcif;udk jrifvkduf&onf/

922 
 þwGif xíajy;&rnfavm[k tBuHjzpfaomfvnf; 'dkif;erdkif;wvkH;cJG
vQif vJNydKysufpD;rnfhwJB uD;jzpfí aemufxyfcJGzkdUvkdrnfrxif[k qkH;jzwfNyD;
xírajy;yJ wJBuD;bufodkU wdkufaygufrS vSrf;Munfhvdkuf\/ v[mjyifwck
vkH;um; rD;cdk;ESifh jrLrIefrsm;ESifh arSmifrnf;vsuf&Sdjcif;udkawGU&\/ rD;awmuf
rsm; rawGU&aomaMumifh xGufajy;zkdUrvkd[k qkH;jzwfvkdufonf/

OD;vSvdkufcJUygwJU

zkHESifhrD;cdk;rsm;vGifhpifoGm;í aumif;pGmjrifEdkifavmufaomtcg uREkfyf

onf ckwifay:rSxvmí vlxkowif;pmykHESdyfwdkufjzpfcJUaom wJBuD;udk
vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&mwGif trkd;tumrsm; r&SdawmhyJ ysufpD;,dk,Gif;vsuf&Sdaom
0g;taqmufttkHysufBuD;udkawGU&\/ xdktawmtwGif; vlxkowif;pmwdkuf
ydkif&Sifrsm; aexkdifaom AdkvfcsKyfvrf;qDrS <uufpD<uufpDMum;&í vlrsm;pk&kH;
vsuf&Sdjcif;udk jrif&onfwGif ¤if;vrf;bufodkU xGufvmcJUonf/ ,ckjrefrm
puúLqdkifjzpfaeaom wdkufcef;a&SUü *spfum;wpD;qdkufxm;í ppfom;okH;av;
a,mufudkvnf; jrif&\/ wdkufcef;wGif;okdU vSrf;Munfhvdkufaomtcg
rtrmESifhuav;rsm;tjyif armifvS\cg;udk qGJxm;onfh (rtrm\nDr)
rwifwifwkdUudkjrif&\/ rwifwifu ]]rxnfhEdkifbl;&Sif? udkfukdvSudkawmh
rxnfhEdkifbl;&Sif}}[k ajymvsuf&Sdojzifh uREkfyfpkHprf;Munfh&m eef;awmfxJü
&Sdaom AdkvfrI;usifu vlxkOD;vSudk awGUcsifí tac:cdkif;jcif; jzpfaMumif;
od&avonf/ ppfom;rsm;uvnf; rvkdufyJrjzpfaMumif; ajymvsuf&Sdí
um;ay:odkUwufcdkif;\/ jiif;qefírjzpfEdkifaMumif; odMuaomtcg
rwifwifESifh rtrmwkdUonf ab;tEÅ&m,f&SdonfxifMuaom vlxkOD;vS
twGuf tazmf&ap&efqdkí ¤if;wkdU\rdbrsm;udkxnfhzkdU owdr&MuyJ uREkfyf

923 
tm; vkdufoGm;zkdU wkdufwGef;Muavonf/ xdktcg uREkfyfonf cg;ü0wfxm;
onfh pGyfus,fuav;ESifhyif um;ay:odkU wufvdkufoGm;&m vlxkOD;vS\
0NzdK;0dkif;pufaom rsufESmrSm yl'DrkefUxuf BuD;awmhonf rxifyg/

AdkvfrI;usifESifhawGUjcif;

vrf;c&D;ü uREkfyfonf ppfwyfESifhywfoufí tNidtpGef;&Sdonfh

ta&;tom;rsKd;a&;cJUrdbl;ygoavm[k pOf;pm;Munfh&m u&ifrsm; 0ifvmrnf
qkdpOfu ppfwyfonf uREkfyfwdkUNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;tm; tumtuG,fray;yJ
ay,smvuef ypfxm;cJUonf[k a&;cJUbl;jcif;udk owd&\/ þwGifuREkfyf
ausmpdrfhoGm;jcif;udk 0efcH&ayrnf/ AdkvfrI;usifonf vlxkOD;vStm; xrif;pm;
zdwfí uREkfyfutazmfvkduf&jcif; r[kwf? vlxkwkdufudk 'dkif;erdkif;cJGNyD;
csufcsif;tac:cdkif;jcif;jzpfojzifh rauseyfcsuf&Sd&rnfjzpf&m txufyg
rSwfcsufudk a&;jcif;onfvnf; taMumif;w&yfjzpf&rnf[k uREkfyfawG;rdaom
aMumifhjzpfygonf/ rSwfcsufa&;aom t,f'Dwmonfvnf; uREkfyfyifjzpfí
uREkfyfausmpdrfhonfqkdjcif;rSm aMumufwwfvSonf[k rpGyfpGJoifhyg/
eef;awmfxJodkUa&mufí AdkvfrI;usif\a&SUodkU ac:oGm;Mu&mwGif uREkfyfonf
AkdfvfrI;usif\rsufESmudk tuJcwfvkdufaomtcg &Tif&TifysysBuD; r[kwfvS
aomf vnf; rsufESmxm;qdk;BuD;rsKd;r[kwfjcif;udk awGU&í udpör&Sdwef&m[k
udk,fhudk,fudk tm;ay;vkduf&onf/ AdkvfrI;usifonfuREkfyfwkdUtm; ae&m
xdkifcif;ay;í ukvm;xdkifrsm;ay:ü xdkifvsuf&SdMupOf ppfAdkvfuav;rsm;
onf teD;wGif0dkif;&Hum &yfvsuf&SdMu\/ ppfAdkvfuav;rsm;teufwGif
rsufESmodwa,mufyg\/ xkdolrSmar*smbjzLjzpfav&m olonf jrawmif
&Gmom; wa,mufjzpfí ZeD;rpdk;ESifh aqGrsKd;eD;pyfyif awmfayao;onf/ olUudk

924 
jrif&í uREkfyfuNyKH;&,fvkdufonfwGif olonf uREkfyfarQmfvifhouJUodkU
NyKH;NyKH;&Tif&Tif rvkyfyJrqdkpavmufuav;rQ oGm;uav; azmfjyvdkufjcif;udk
awGU&ojzifh þtrItm;rao;vS[k tuJcwfrdonf/
xdktcdkufwGif uREkfyftm; wGef;xkd;xnfhay;vkdufMuonfh rwifwifESifh
rtrmwkdUtay:wGifaus;Zl;wifaompdwf rjzpfay:vmjcif;udk 0efcHygonf/
AdkvfrI;usifu pum;ajymí acwÅpum;jywfonfwGif ppfAdkfvfuav;
wa,mufu ]]cifAsm;wkdUu uRefawmfwkdU taMumif;awG a&;ykHu
raumif;bl;As}} [k 0ifajymvkduf&m uREkfyf\pdwfxJü NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;tm;
ppfwyfu ypfxm;cJUykH taMumif;a&;jcif;udk ajymawmhrnf[k &dyfrdí
ckdudk;&mrJUjzpfNyD; tm;i,fonfESifh a&;rdjcif;jzpfaMumif; ajymrnf[k
jyifqifxm;\/ odkU&mwGif AdkvfrI;usifonf ppfAdkvfuav;tm; ]&SL; &SL;
&SL;}[k owday;vkdufonfESifh ppfAdkfvfuav;u &yfwefUoGm;í awmfygao;
\/ okUdr[kwfcJUvQif uREkfyfajymrnfhpum;udk ppfAdkvfuav;urnfuJUodkU
vufcHrnfrod/ þtwGufta&;,lOD;rnfavm rajymEdkifay/ xkdUaemuf
AdkvfrI;usifonf ppfAdkvfuav;pum;ajymcGifhr&atmif tjcm;taMumif;t&m
rsm;udk qufvufajymonfESifh pum;jywfí oGm;ygawmhonf/ aemufqkH;ü
AdkvfrI;usifonf uREkfyfwkdUtm; jyefcGifhjyKí ppfom;rsm;tm; uREkfyfwkdUudk
vkdufydkU&ef trdefUay;vdkuf&m tdrfodkUjyefa&muf aomtcgwGif tm;vkH;aom
tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;u 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfoGm;Mujcif;udk rSwfrdygao;
onf/ (AdkvfrI;usifonf ywf0ef;usifü&Sdaom ppfAdkvfuav;rsm;xuf
oabmaumif;ykH&onf[laom txiftjrifonf uREkfyf\pdwfxJwGif
,aeUwdkif pJGvsuf&Sdygonf/)

925 
tewåacgif;BuD;rsm;

owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm; a&;&mwGif ay:yifowif;ESifh ywfoufí 

(Topical)  a&;EdkifvQif taumif;qkH;jzpfonf[k acgif;BuD;a&;orm;wkdif;
em;vnfMuay&m ta&;BuD;onfh ay:yifowif;r&SdonfhtcgwGif tjcm;
vlrsm;onf bmudkvufudkifxm;Muonf rajymwwfay/ uREkfyfrlum;
eufvnf;eufeJ&rnf? vlomrefrsm;vnf; em;vnfEdkif&rnf[laom ]tewå}
taMumif;udk vufudkifjyKí a&;avh&Sd\/ uREkfyfa&;cJUonfh ]tewÅ}acgif;BuD;
rsm;rSm bkef;BuD;rsm;a[monfh (bkef;BuD;csif;omem;vnfEdkifaom) ]ygVd
tewÅ}rsKd;r[kwf? owif;pmzwfy&dowfrsm; OmPfvSrf;rDSEdkifonfh vufawGU
ESifh obm0taMumif;t&mrsm; jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh (vufrcHEdkif
MuvQif&Sdap) bmudk qdkvdkonf[lírlum; em;vnfMuonf[k ajymMuyg
onf/ r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m;onf xkdpOftcgu ,ckuJUokdU ]aejrifvjrif}
qdkMuonfh tajctaeodkUra&mufao;yJ qdyfcGH&Gmuav;üyif owif;okH;
vsuf&Sdao;&m q&mawmf\wynfh&if;wa,mufonf uREkfyf\ ]tewÅ
acgi;fBuDD;} rsm; taMumif;udk vlajymrsm;í owif;Mum;onfhvu©Pm ESifh
(owif;pmzwfolwa,muf r[kwfí oludk,fwdkifzwfrdjcif; [kwf[efrwl)
uREkfyfxHodkUa&mufvm\/ pum;píajymvkdufa omtcg þvlonfuREkfyf\
]tewÅ}acgif;BuD;rsm;udk oabmusí aqG;aEG;&efvmonf [k xifrd\/
okdU&mwGif þyk*¾dKvfum; ],l}&efr[kwf? ]ay;}csifívmjcif;jzpfonf[k
uREkfyftuJcwfrdonfESifhwNydKifeuf pum;vkírajymawmhyJ olUudk vTwfay;
vkduf\/ xdktcgolonf q&mawmf\ ]tazmif;tydef} enf;udk a[majym
avonf/ uREkfyfonf w&m;aqG;aEG;&mü pum;&Snfjcif;udk rBudKufwwf
aom 0goemtwdkif; ]]cifAsm;a[mjcif;xuf cifAsm;q&mawmfudk zl;awGU

926 
vkdonf? b,fhES,fvJ}}[kar;&m q&mawmfudkrawGUrD q&mawmf\pmtkyfudk
zwfygOD;[kajymí q&mawmfa&;onfh pmtkyfESpftkyf vSLygonf/ pmtkyf
rsm;rSm wtkyf 10pDjzpfí þyk*¾dKvf\apwemudk uREkfyf av;pm;onfh
tavsmuf olvSLaom pmtkyfBuD;ESpfwGJudk av;av;eufeuf zwf&Iqifjcif
ygonf/

prf;oyftm;xkwfjcif;

uREkfyfonftxufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; rdpOfzqufw&m;"r® 0go

em xkHcJUoljzpfí udk,fhq&m\enf;twkdif; wyifwyef; tm;xkwfjcif;tm;jzifh
,xmblw obm0udktxkduftavsmuf oabmaygufxm;onf[k ,kHMunf
xm;apumrl udk,hfq&mawmf\enf;emedó,rSwyg; tvum;[m
csnf;jzpfonf[k usOf;ajrmif;aom oabmxm;&Sdolwa,muf r[kwfonfh
tavsmuf þq&mawmf\enf;tm; ,kwfpGmhtqkH; prf;oyfxdkufaomenf;
wckjzpfayonf[k qkH;jzwfvkduf\/ (vufawGUtm;xkwfjcif;r[kwfyJ usrf;
*efxJrS xkwfNyD;a&;Muonfh tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udk zwf&bl;aomfvnf;
prf;oyfxdkufonf[k uREkfyfr,lqcJUyg/) okdUjzpfí aemufwBudrf xdkrdwfaqG
vmaomtcgwGif prf;oyftm;xkwfzkdUoabmwlaMumif; uREkfyfuajymonfESifh
xdkolonf uREkfyftm;xkwfa&;twGuf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omwm0ef,lí tpD
tpOfjyKvkyfay;ygonf/ vlxkrtrm\zcif OD;xifonf uREkfyfESifhtwl
vdkufí tm;xkwf&efoabmwlonfESifh uREkfyfonf vlxkwdkufrS tcGifh
ckESpf&uf,lí ppfudkif;awmif&dk;a&Trif;0HacsmifodkU oGm;Muav\/
r[mpnfq&mawmf\wynfh uREkfyf\"r®rdwfaqGrSm a&OD;NrdKUqefpuf
ydkif (,ckaumvif;NrdKU qefpufydkif) OD;boifjzpfav&m olonf

927 
a&Trif;0HacsmifodkU uREkfyfwkdUESifh twlvkdufí &ufowÅwywfcefUxdkifzdkU
uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf pm;a&;aomufa&;yg tpDtpOfjyKvkyfay;oGm;ygonf/
(olUq&mawmf\enf;twdkif; tm;xkwfrnfholqdkvQif vl?&Sif?&[ef;? oDv&Sif
ra&G; wm0ef,lzdkU toifh&Sdonf[lí ajymbl;ygonf/) a&Trif;0HacsmifodkU
a&mufMuaomtcg uREkfyfwdkUtm; jyornfhyk*¾dKvfrSm q&mawmfOD;aumov’
jzpf\/ OD;aumo’rSm rlvu rdk;nSif;q&mawmf\ vuf&kH;jzpfcJU&m OD;boif
wdkufwGef;rIaMumifh r[mpnfq&mawmfenf;t& tm;xkwfNyD; a&Trif;0Hacsmifü
enf;jyq&mawmf tjzpfESifh oDwif;okH;aeaom yk*¾dKvfjzpfygonf/ OD;boif
onf uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufudk OD;aumov’xHokdUtyfí wntdyfNyD;aemuf
rEÅav;okdUjyefoGm;avonf/

BudK;pm;cJUykH

aemufwaeUü (wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhaeUjzpfygonf/) q&mawmfonf

uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,muftm; tazmif;tydefenf;udk oifjyay;í pwiftm;xkwf
Muygonf/ uREkfyfrSm 0dyóemtvkyfESifh ywfoufí]tpdrf;}wa,muf
r[kwfojzifh þum; orx? þum; 0dyóem jzpfonf[k odESifhNyD;aom
]tcH}uav;rsm;yg&Sdaomfvnf; todrsm;udk tm;vkH;z,fxm;í þenf;
oufoufjzifh prf;oyftm;xkwfygawmhrnf[k oEédVmefcsxm;NyD;jzpfygonf/
okdUjzpfí uREkfyfonf q&mawmfnTefMum;oifjyonfhtwkdif; (qifajcuefjcif;?
ei,ftNrD;qufjcif; ponfwkdUudk a&Smif&Sm;NyD;) wdwdusus *CPe
rSwfom;vkdufemcJUygonf/ vjynfhausmfcgp&ufrsm;jzpfí ausmif;0if;BuD;rSm
xdefxdefvif;vsuf&Sd&m ]t<u tvSrf; tcs}wkdU udk q&mawmfajymonfhtwkdif;
rSwfum ausmif;0if;BuD; ywfywfvnf pBuFavQmufcsnfwvSnfh?

928 
ausmif;ay:ü ]tazmif;tydef} rSwfcsnfwvSnfhjzifh wnOfhvkH; tcsdef
ukefaponfhnOfhrsm;vnf; yg&Sdygonf/ oHkH;av;&ufMumvwfaomf orm"d
tm; tvGefaumif;í rdrd\pdwfudktawmfBuD; Edkifeif;vmygonf/ tdyfcsif
vmaomtcg ]]rtdyfcsifygeJU}}[k trdefUay;&kHESifh csufcsif;vdkyif
ajyaysmufoGm;yg\/ txdkiftx ayghyg;yg\/ pdwfMunfvifyg\/ ]tazmif;
tydef} wnf;[laom tm&kHrSwyg; tjcm;odkUrxGufyJ tMumBuD;aeEdkif
ygonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfarQmfvifhonfh (0dyóem) OmPftjrifrsKd;rlum;
ray:vmacs/

xl;qef;aom tawGUtBuKH

yOörajrmufaeUü eHeufcif;wGif uREkfyfonf tazmif;tydeftvkyfudk

oJoJrJrJvkyfav&m 0rf;Adkuf\/azmif;jcif; ydefjcif;rsm;udk &IrSwfjcif;tm;jzifh
a&ay:ü vIdif;pD;vsuf&Sdaom pifa&mfiSufozG,f rdrdudk,fudkxifjrifvm\/
&efukefqdyfurf;ü pifa&mfiSufrsm; vIdif;pD;jcif;udk uREkfyfjrifbl;&m 0rf;Adkuf
azmif;jcif;onf vIdif;0ifvmjcif;ESifhwlí 0rf;Adkufydefjcif;onf vIdif;xGuf
oGm;í edrfhoGm;jcif;ESifhwl\/ azmif;csnfydefcsnf&Sdaom tjcif;t&monf
vIdif;ay:a&mufvkduf atmufusvdkufjzpfaeaom tjcif;t&mESifhwlvSonf
jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfwudk,fvkH; vIdif;pD;ae&ouJU okdU tvGefNidrfhvSay\/
tazmif;tydefudk &IrSwf&jcif;aMumifh yifyef;onf[k ,cifu xifcJU&mrS
,ckrl vIdif;pD;&ouJUodkU NidrhfonfxifvmaomaMumifh ZdrftrsKd;&Sdonfqdkum
auseyfvsuf&Sdygawmhonf/ þokdU&Sdae&mrS uREkfyfu pdwftm;pdkuf&onf
r[kwfyJvsuf touf&Ijcif;onf wjznf;jznf; jyif;í jyif;í vmav&m
avrkefwkdif;wkdufcwfí vIdif;wHydk;x<ujcif;ESifhwlvS\/ xdktcgürl Nidrfonf

929 
[kkxif&aomtrSwfonf aysmufoGm;í taecufonfh oabmrsKd;xifvmcJU
avNyD/ þtawmtwGif; toufjyif;pGm&I&Idufjcif;onf wkd;íwkd;í
vmonfjzpfaomaMumifh aocgeD;ü tarmqdkufaom vlemwa,mufuJUodkU
jzpfaecJUavNyD/ touf&Ijcif;udk rjyKjyifyJ qufvufívTwfxm;vkdufygu
aemufqkH;wGif wm;rEdkfifqD;r& tarmBuD;qdkufaomvlemuJUokdU jzpfoGm;
vdrfhrnf[k pdk;&drfvmonfESifh uREkfyfonf touf&I&Idufjcif;udk b&dwftkyfum
xdef;odrf;xm;vdkuf&m e*dktwdkif; omreftouf&IaomtjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;
ygawmhonf/ xl;qef;vSonfwum;[k atmufarhrdonf/

qufvufípGefUpm;jcif;

uREkfyfonf &Gufzsifukvm;xdkifay:üxdkifum tvkyfvkyfjcif;jzpf&m

(q&mawmfuvnf; cGifhjyKonf/) ukvm;xdkifay:rSxí pBuFavQmuf,if;
txufyg tjzpftysufudk jyefvSefokH;oyfonf/ rBuKHbl;aom tjcif;t&m
wckjzpfí em;rvnfEdkifatmifjzpfae\/ twefMumatmifpBuFavQmufNyD;
aemuf uREkfyfonf ukvm;xdkifay:ü wzefjyefxkdifí ,cifutwkdif;
tazmif;tydefudk &Ijyef&mpifa&mfiSufuav; vIdif;pD;ouJUodkU&SdaomtjzpfodkU
rMumrDyif a&mufvm\/ xkdUaemuf toufjyif;jyif;&SLaomtjzpfodkU
(olUbmom) a&mufoGm;jyef&m wjznf;jznf; jyif;onfxuf jyif;aomtjzpf
odkUa&mufoGm;jyefí toufiifouJUodkU jzpfvmNyD; vefUjyefonfESifh wzef
&yfrdvkdufjyefonf/ bmjzpfoenf;[kpOf;pm;p&m tajzrxGufvmacs/
þwGif uREkfyfonf wwd,tBudrf xyfrHtm;xkwfjyef&m (uREkfyftxif)
wrdepfcefU twGif;wGif oufjyif;&SLaomtjzpfodkU a&mufvmjyef\/
þwBudrfüum; aMumufpdwfudkESdrfeif;íjzpfcsif&m jzpfprf;ygapqdkum

930 
b&dwfrtkyfyJ vTwfay;vdkufonf/ touf&SLjcif;onf jyif;onfxuf
jyif;vmí vIdif;wHydk;BuD;rsm;xonfhES,f 0rf;Adkufudkjrif&aomfvnf; &dk;&dk;
arm[dkufjcif; rsKd;uJUodkU tcH&cufjcif;? yifyef;jcif;rsKd;um; vkH;0rawGU&/
0rf;Akdufonf tpGrf;ukefazmif;í tpGrf;ukefydefoGm;aomtjzpfokdU a&mufoGm;
aomtcg (ydefaomtvSnfhrsm;ü ausmESifh0rf;Adkufxdonf[k xif&onf/)
touf&SLjcif;onf wjznf;jznf;uav; jyefíaysmhvm\/ þtjcif;t&m
udkvnf; uREkfyfaumif;aumif;od\/ þodkUjzifh wcsufxufwcsuf
aysmhonfxuf aysmhqif;vm&m aiGUaiGUuav; &SL&Iduf&mrS vkH;0toufr&SLyJ
Nidrfaeonf ]xif}&aomtjzpfodkU a&mufvm\/ (]xif}onf[k uREkfyf
a&;ygonf/ wu,fNidrfrNidrfudk uREkfyftrSefrajymEdkifyg/) xdkuJUodkU
touf&SLonf rxif&yJ Nidrfaeaom tcdkuftwefUüpdwf\ Nidrf;csrf;rI&Sdjcif;
rSm ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sd yg/
owdvpfjcif;um;r[kwf? avmuBuD;ESifh ywfoufí [dktaMumif;
onftaMumif;wkdUudkrod? bmoHrSvnf; Mum;onfrxif? bmrSvnf;
rpOf;pm;? Nidrf;csrf;rIoufoufudkom odygonf? þokdUjzifh (wrdepfomom
Mumvdrfhrnfxifonf/) twefMumaomtcg tm&kH 6yg;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh
toduav;rsm;ay:vmí wjznf;jznf;wGifrS vl&dk;&dk;wa,muf jzpfvm
ygonf/

931 
q&mawmfvnf;tcufawGU\

uREkfyfonf xdkif&mrSxcJUí q&mawmfxHokdUoGm;NyD; taMumif;jcif;&m

udk avQmufxm;av&m q&mawmfonf rBuKHbl;onfhvu©PmESifh uREkfyfudk
Munfh aeNyD;aemuf-
]]'umBuD;&JUtjzpfu awmfawmfqef;wmyJ? avSum;rygyJeJU xef;yif
ay:a&mufwJUvlvdk jzpfaeNyDaum? b,fw&m;rsm; tm;xkwfbl;ovJ}}
[kar;\/ uREkfyfu,cifu tm;xkwfcJUbl;ykHESifh ouFef;0wfcJUbl;jcif;
taMumif;wkdUudk tusOf;csKyfavQmufxm;av&m q&mawmfonf uREkfyf
jzpfykHudk qkH;jzwf&ef rwwfEdkifonfh vu©PmESifh þenf;twdkif; xyfí
tm;xkwfzkdU wdkufwGef;av\/ uREkfyfuvnf; rdrd\ tjzpfudk pdwfwkdif;us
vSonfvnf;r[kwf? q&mawmfuvnf; [kwfNyD[k axmufcHvdrfhrnf[lí
rarQmfvifhcJUbl;onfhtwGufaMumifh xyfrHtm;xkwfzkdU wdkufwGef;jyefjcif;
twGuf pdwfysufjcif;r&SdyJ qufvuftm;xkwfjyefygonf/

prf;oyfenf;

xkdnOfhüuREkfyfonf tazmif;tydefenf;t& tm;xkwfjyef&m pifa&mf

iSufozG,f vIdif;pD;aom tjzpfrsKd;okdU a&mufNyD;aemuf tarmqdkufovdkjzpfNyD;
NidrfoufoGm;aomtjzpfrsKd;odkU qdkufa&mufoGm;\/ xkduJUodkU okH;BudrfokH;zef
qkdufa&mufNyD;aomtcgüum; uREkfyfonf b,fESpfBudrfqufí tm;xkwf
onfjzpfap þenf;twkdif;om jzpfacsawmhrnf[k &dyfrdonfESifh qufvufí
tm;rxkwfawmhyJ tem;,lxm;vdkufav\/ t&kPfwufcsdefwGif uREkfyf
wkdUonf ,m*kaomuf&eftwGuf oDv&Sif\ ausmif;odkUoGm;Mu\/

932 
uREkfyfwkdUtm; csufjyKwfauR;zdkU wm0ef,lxm;aom oDv&SifrSm r[mpnf
q&mawmf\tazmif;tydefenf;jzifh w&m;tm;xkwfí ]OmPfpOfem} NyD;ol
jzpfav&m uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\jzpfykHudk oDv&Siftm; ajymjy\/ xdktcg
oDv&Sifu t"dXmefESifh prf;MunfhzdkU tBuHay;\/ prf;enf;rSm a&mufaeus
tjzpfrsKd;odkU em&D0uftwGif; a&mufygapom;? odkUr[kwf 15rdepftwGif;
a&mufygapom;ponfjzifh t"dXmefjyKNyD; ]xdkif}&ef jzpfavonf/ ,m*k
aomufNyD;Muí uREkfyfwkdUaeaom pBuFausmif;odkUjyef a&mufMuaomtcg
uREkfyfonf oDv&Sifq&muav;ajymonfhtwdkif; em&D0uft"dXmefjyKí
xkdifjyef&mxdktcsddefwGif a&mufoGm;\/ aemufqkH;ü 5rdepftwGif; vnf;
aumif; ? wzef 2 rdepftwGif;vnf;aumif; a&mufapom;[k t"dXmefjyKí
xdkifjyef&m xdktcsdefwdwdüyif a&mufjcif;udk awGU&onf/

jyefvmcJUjcif;

xdkeHeufü uREkfyfonf enf;jyq&mjzpfaom OD;aumov’q&mawmfxH

odkUoGm;í nOfhutm;xkwfykHtaMumif;udk avQmufxm;NyD;vQif uREkfyftzkdU
w&m;tqkH;okdU a&mufonfjzpfap? ra&mufonfjzpfap qufvuftm;xkwf
jcif;tm;jzifh taMumif;xl;zkdUr&SdaMumif;? tm;xkwfvkdufwkdif; Nidrfoufaom
tjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;í qufvuftvkyfvkyf&ef vrf;rjrifawmhaMumif;
odkUjzpfí tdrfodkUjyefzdkUrSwyg; tjcm;vkyfp&mr&SdaMumif; avQmufxm;av\/
uREkfyftuJcwf&orQrSm q&mawmfonf (olUpum;twkdif;) avSum;rjrif&
onfhtwGufaMumifh xef;yifay:okdUa&mufjcif;udk auseyfykHr&ojzifh
]atmifvufrSwf}vnf; ray;vdk? qufvufí tm;xkwf&ef ajymzkdUvnf;
cufaeonfjzpfaomaMumifh qdwfqdwfom aeawmfrlonf/

933 
 odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf a&Trif;0HacsmifrS jyefvmcJU&m OD;xifrSmrl
wpkHw&mxl;jcm;jcif; rawGU&ao;rD uREkfyfESifhtwl jyefvkdufvmav\/

EIdif;,SOfcsufxkwfjcif;

tdrfodkUjyefa&mufaomtcg uREkfyfonf rdwfaqGOD;boifxHodkUoGm;í

tjzpftysufudk ajymjy&molurl avSum;ryg[krajymyJ aemufqkH;a&mufonfh
Nidrfoufaomtjzpfudk oabmusí0rf;ajrmufvufcHavonf/ uREkfyfu
]]MunfhcsifvQif ckcsufcsif;vkyfjyrnf}}[kajym&m olu]]jyzkdUrvdkyg? auseyfyg
onf}}[k ajymavonf/ uREkfyf\tdrfwGifvnf; ZeD;ESifh ESruav;wa,muf
tm; uREkfyfjzpfykHudk olwkdUa&SUwGif vkyfjy&m olwkdUonf uREkfyf\
toufiifaeouJUodkU armonfhtjzpfudk aMumufvefUMuaomfvnf;
tvGefxl;qef;onfqdkum tHUMoMu\/ trSefrSm uREkfyfudk,fwdkifvnf;
tHUMovSygonf/ wrdepf t"dXmefjyKí vkyfvkduf&mwGif wrdepfaphonfESifh
wNydKifeuf rdrdu toufjyif;atmif &SL&Idufjcif;r[kwfyJ olUbmom jyif;jyif;
BuD;&SLvmNyD; wjznf;jznf; NidrfoufoGm;jcif;[lonfrSm em;rvnfp&m
tjcif;t&mwckjzpfygonf/ OD;boifu [kwfonf[kajymjcif;ESifh
enf;jyq&mawmfu rqkH;jzwfEdkifyJ&Sdjcif;wkdUudk tyxm;í uREkfyfonf
rdr\
d tjzpfudk tjyefjyeftvSefvSef pdppfpkHprf;ygonf/ uREkfyfwoufywfvkH;
em;vnfxm;onfrSmum; r*fqdkufjcif;wnf;[laom OmPftvkyfjzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifhvnf; r*fOmPf zdkvfOmPf[k ac:jcif;jzpfonf/ OmPf[lonfrSm
wckaomtjcif;t&mudk odjrifEdkifpGrf;onfh owådxl;wckjzpfonf/ ouFef;
0wfcJUpOfu uRekfyfonf (r*f[kwfr[kwf tyxm;í) ]ig} [laom
tjcif;t&monf t[kwfwu,f&Sdonfr[kwf? r&Sdaom tjcif;t&mwckudk

934 
&Sdonf[k xifaeMujcif;rQomjzpfonf[k wyftyfaocsm ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;BuD;
odvdkuf&onfESifh rdbrsm;tm;EdI;í ajymjycJU&bl;onf/ Oyrm
"mwfrD;yGifhwckudk BudK;jzifhwyfí rTwfvSatmif vSnfh,rf;ay;vkdufonfhtcg
rD;uGif;wck[lí xifrSwf&aomfvnf; vnfywfjcif; &yfoGm;onfudk wBudrf
jrifvkduf&bl;aom vlonf þonfum; rD;uGif;r[kwf? rD;yGifhwckaywum;
[k odvdkufbdouJUodkU jzpf\/ xdkvlonf wzefjyefívnfaom
rD;yGifhudkjrif& aomtcg rD;uGif;ESifhwlonf[lí 0efcHrnfjzpfaomfvnf;
txl;wvnf ydkif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odcJU&jcif;? odkUr[kwf txifrSm;aysmufcJUjcif;?
odkUr[kwf rsufpdvnf aysmufcJU&jcif;rsKd;[lí wpkHw&mrQ r&SdcJU&
acswum;[k pOf;pm;rdonf/ odkU&mwGif xl;jcm;csufwck &SdayonfrSmum;
tdrfodkUjyefa&muf cgptcsdefwGif t"DXmefESifh jyKvkyfwdkif; 15rdepftwGif;?
odkUr[kwf 10 rdepf twGif;? odkUr[kwf 5rdepftwGif; xdktjzpfodkU
a&mufEdkifjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ t"dXmefESifhvkyfwdkif; a&mufonfqdkjcif;rSm
uREfkyftzkdU&mü Mum;vnf;rMum;bl;/ uREkfyf,cifu tm;xkwfcJUonfhenf;
wGif BuKHvnf;rBuKHbl;ygay/ þxl;qef;aom tjcif;t&mwcktwGufaMumifh
uREkfyfonf þenf;udk tcsdeftwefMumonfwdkifatmif txifBuD;vsuf
&Sdjcif; udkvnf; 0efcH&ayrnf/

uREkfyf\tawG;tac:

tjcm;aom xl;qef;csufwck&Sdao;onfrSmvnf; (uREkfyf\rdwfaqGu

tBuHay;onfhtwkdif;) aemufwqifh wufvkdao;onfjzpfí ,ck&&Sdxm;
onfh NidrfoufrIudk tvkdr&Sdawmhyg/ pGefUvTwfvkdufygonf[k t"dXmef
jyKvkduf&mwGif ,cifu 15rdepf? 10rdepf? ig;rdepfrQ twGif;a&mufcJUaom

935 
Nidrfouf rIrsKd;odkU ra&mufawmhyg/ wcgw&H prf;oyfvdkaom oabmESifh
]tazmif; tydef}tvkyfudk wem&DrQ BudK;pm;aomfvnf; xdktjzpfrsKd;okdU
ra&mufjcif;udk 0efcHygonf/
þtjcif;t&monfvnf; uREkfyftzkdU&mü xl;qef;jcif;wck[líyif em;
vnf\/ ,cifuig;rdepfrQ twGif;a&mufcJUaom tjzpfrsKd;odkU (pGefUvTwf
vdkufonfhaemufwGif) wem&DrQ BudK;pm;ygvsuf ra&mufawmhjcif;rSm tb,fh
aMumifhayenf;[k pOf;pm;jyef&m t"dXmef\tpGrf;yifjzpf&rnf[k uREkfyf
oabmusygonf/ odkU&mwGif þae&mü t"dXmefjyKjcif;onf tb,fhaMumifh
þrQavmuftpGrf;owÅd&Sdygoenf;[k qufvufpOf;pm;jyef&m uREkfyfoabm
usaomtajzrSm þodkUwnf;/ pdwfonf orm"dtm; aumif;aomtcgü
rBuKHbl;aomvlrsm; r,kHMunfEdkifavmufatmif wefckd;owÅdxl;rsm; &Sdvm
wwf\/ tazmif;tydeftvkyfudk uREkfyftm;xkwfcJU pOftcgu uREkfyf\
pdwfonf orm"dtawmfBuD; aumif;vm\/ xdkorm"d\ tpGrf;owÅdaMumifh
]a&mufap}[k t"dXmefjyKjyefonfhtcg wem&DBudK;pm;aomfvnf; ra&mufyJ
&SdcJUonf[k pOf;pm;rdonf/ okdUjzpfí þtjcif;t&mwckvkH;onf orm"d\
owÅdjzpf&rnf/ ynm(OmPf)\ tpGrf;owådr[kwf[lí qkH;jzwfcsufcs
vkdufonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh tjcm;vlrsm;u vydkif;rQ BudK;pm;&aom
tvkyfwckudk uREkfyfonf ig;&ufrQ twGif; a&mufEdkifjcif;rSm ,cifu
tylwjyif; tm;xkwfcJUbl;onfh orm"d\ tpGrf;owådjzpf[ef&Sdonf[lí
vnf; uREkfyf,lqonf/ (uREkfyfa&mufcJUaom tajconf rppfrSefao;[k
qdkMuvQifvnf; uREkfyfrjiif;vdkawmhyg/ uREkfyftzkdU&mwGif ¤if;enf;t&
wufvrf;rjrifawmhonfjzpfí ]'daX'dXrwåH} enf;odkU ul;ajymif;oGm;cJU
NyD;jzpf&m oufqdkifaom ae&mwGifrS tenf;i,f qufvufazmfjyygOD;rnf/)

936 
bmomjyeftvkyf jyefaumuf&jcif;

1949 ckESpf? {NyDv 24&ufaeUwGif vlxkwdkufudk 'dkif;erdkif;tcJGcH

&ojzifh vlxkowif;pm &yfpJvkduf&onfwGif uREkfyfonf bmomjyef
0w¦Krsm;? r*¾Zif;aqmif;yg;rsm;? 0w¦Kwdkrsm; a&;om;jcif;jzifh toufarG;
cJU&\/ [Hom0wDowif;pmtwGufvnf; bmoma&; aqmif;yg;rsm;
prf;oyfa&;om;Munfh&m OD;nGefUu ESpfoufoabmusonf qdkí
tprf;oabmESifh xnfhay;\/ tcsKdUvnf; oabmusí tcsKdUuvnf;
Ak'¨aCmo(2)[laom uavmiftrnfudk jyif;xefpGm uefUuGufMuonf[k
OD;nGefUuajym\/ uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufrSm ]a&TOa'gif;}trnfESifh a&;cJUvQif
0w¦KESifhowif;pm acgif;BuD;rQavmufudkom a&;wwfonfh pma&;q&m
wa,mufu bmoma&;taMumif;udk a&;onfqdkvQif txifao;NyD; rzwfyJ
aeMurnfpdk;aomaMumifh emrnfopfwckESifh prf;vkdufjcif;jzpf\/ waMumif;
rSmvnf; Ak'¨aCmo[laom trnfrSm uREkfyf\ &[ef;bJGUjzpf&m
&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmownf;[laom tXuxmq&m &Sdbl;onfhtwGufaMumifh
(2)[lí wyfay;vkdufjcif;jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\pmzwfazmufonftcsKdUurl
]]cifAsm;b,fvdktrnfeJUa&;a&;? cifAsm;a&;ykHa&;enf;udk uRekfyfawmfwkdU
odxm;NyD;rkdUvdkU cifAsm;rSef;odygw,f}}[k ajymMuayonf/ (þpum;onf
pma&;&mü uREkfyf\udk,fydkif ][ef} wck&Sdonf[k todtrSwfjyK&m
a&mufaomaMumifh uREkfyf*kPf,lrd&m þtaMumif;udk pmayta&;tom;ESifh
ywfoufí azmfjyaomtce;fwGifrS pkHvifpGm a&;om;&ygOD;rnf/)

937 
[Hom0wDuar;jyefjcif;

vlxkwdkufydwfxm;&í 0w¦Krsm;ESifhaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;pm;vsuf&SdpOf

[Hom0wDowif;pmwdkufrS pmwapmifa&mufvm\/ ¤if;pmwGif [Hom0wD
owif;pmacgif;BuD;ESifh rSwfcsufcef;rsm; a&;ay;Edkifygrnfavm? a&;rnf
qdkvQif rnfrQay;&ygrnfenf;[k tar;wckyg&Sd\/ pmrSm [Hom0wD ydkif&Sif
OD;nGefU\ta&;tom;r[kwfyJ t,f'DwmcsKyf armifpdef\ vufa&;jzpf \/
OD;nGefUonf uREkfyfxHodkU ,cifpmrsm;ay;onfhtcg (wdkufom;rsm;
odrnf pdk;onfhvu©PmESifh) vufESdyfpufjzifhr&dkufyJ udk,fwdkifvufa&;jzifh
a&;ydkUavh&Sd\/ þwBudrfrSmrl ol\ta&;udk vufESdyfpufjzifh &dkufapjcif;
r[kwf&kHomru olUtaeESifh a&;jcif;r[kwfyJ owif;pm t,f'DwmcsKyf\
ta&;ESifha&;cdkif;vdkufjcif;jzpfavonf/ þtjyKtrlonf t"dyÜm,f&Sd&rnf[k
uREkfyf,lqí pOf;pm;rdygonf/ olonfuREkfyfxHodkU udk,fwdkifa&;onfh
pmokH;av;apmif ydkUcJUbl;aomfvnf; ratmifjrif/ xkdUaMumifh[Hom0wD
wdkufom;wa,mufudk a&;cdkif;jcif;jzpfEdkif\/ [Hom0wDowif;pm t,f'Dwm
csKyf armifpdefrSm uREkfyf ol&d,wm0efcH t,f'DwmjzpfpOfu owif;axmuf
csKyfjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf armifpdefxHodkU pmjyef&mwGif acgif;BuD;rSwfcsuf
a&;jcif;twGuf waeU 30d (wv 900d) &vdkonf[k pmjyefvdkuf&m
rsm;vGef;onf xifaomaMumifhayavm rqdkEdkif? aps;qpfzkdU tm;emonfh
vu©PmESifhxkwfírajymyJ tifwifwifvkyfaeMuavonf/ udpör&Sdyg?
uREkfyfuvnf; acgif;BuD;rsm; a&;&aomtvkyfudkNiD;aiGUvsuf&SdygNyD/ tjcm;
enf;tm;jzifhvnf; rSefrSeftvkyfvkyfvQif tvm;wl 0ifaiG&&SdEdkifaom
aMumifhrufarmavmufatmif r&SdvSyg/ wcgw&HwGif pOf;pm;rdonfrSm

938 
oaX;OD;nGefUESifh uREkfyfonf yk*¾dKvftaejzifh cifrifav;pm;jcif; &SdMuykH&aomf
vnf; tvkyfzufpyfvkyfudkifzkdU a&pufrygMuaomaMumifh jzpf[efwlonf/

oluav; abmfbD

1949 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmvü acG;uav;abmfbDaoqkH;&m

uREkfyfwkdUwtdrfvkH; csKH;csKH;csíidkMu&onf/ vljzpfap? wd&pämefjzpfap?
0w¦Kypönf;jzpfap *kPf&Sdaom r&Sdaom BuD;aom i,faom? wefzkd;&Sdaom
r&Sdaom taMumif;r[kwf? uREkfyfESifhcifrifoavmuf csD;ajrSmufa&;om;csif
wwfaom uREkfyf\0goemtwkdif; acG;uav;abmfbDtaMumif;udk pmzGJUvdkuf
&OD;rnfjzpf&m ]oluav;} \xl;jcm;csufudk zwf&I&aom y&dowfteuf
uREkfyftay:ü cifrifwG,fwmjcif; &Sdolrsm;tzkdU pdwf0ifpm;rI &SdMuvdrfhrnf[k
arQmfvifhonf/ uREkfyf\rdaxG;onf &efukefrS uREkfyfwkdU a&mufvmaomtcg
ArmacG;rESpfaumifudk arG;xm;&m waumifrSm ckd;pm;wwfaom 0goem
aMumifh vl&dkufowfíaooGm;NyD; usefwaumifrSm ArmacG;rwaumiftzdkU&mü
uspfvspfaom tquftayguf&Sdí tawmfacsm aom acG;0gruav;jzpf\/
rddaxG;uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf xkdacG;ronf acG;usm;uav; av;aumifayguf
zGm;í tm;vkH; txD;csnf;jzpf\/ acG;uav;av;aumifpvkH;onf b,fu
y#doaE¨&onfrod? tjcm;aom &GmacG;rsm;ESifhrwlyJ yef;a&mifEIwfoD;
uav;rsm;&Sdí vlwdkif;u vkdcsifNyD; awmif;aeMu\/ uREkfyf\oabmrSm
av;aumifvkH;udk arG;vdkaomfvnf; refusnf;wkH&Gmü uREkfyfMum&Snfaernf
r[kwfjcif;udk odonfESifh waumifudkomarG;NyD; okH;aumifudk ay;ypf&rnf[k
qkH;jzwfvdkuf\/ rnfonfhtaumifudk arG;&rnfenf;/ xdktcsdefü uREkfyfonf
av;aumifvkH;udk cspfaeí a&G;zkdUcufae\/ þwGifuREkfyfonfacG;uav;rsm;

939 
\ tarT;rsm;udk prf;oyfMunfh&m abmfbD\tarG;onf tMurf;qkH;jzpfí
¤if;udkcsefxm;NyD; usefacG;rsm;udk ay;ypfvdkuf\/ (ray;vQifvnf; ckd;,lMu
rnf[k owif;Mum;&\/) tarT;udkprf;í a&G;cs,fjcif;rSm tarG;Murf;rS
pdwfMurf;onf[k Mum;bl;í pdwfMurf;rS BudKufwwfaomaMumifhjzpf\/
(uREkfyfudk,fwkdifrSm zcif\ odrfarGUaompdwfudk tarGcH&í oli,fcsif;rsm;\
tEkdifusifhjcif; cHcJU&onf[laom t,ltq pGJuyfvsuf&Sd&m acG;csif;
udkufvQif &IH;jcif;udk rvdkcsifonfESifh tarT;Murf;aom abmfbDudk a&G;cs,f
rd[efwlonf/

pdwfMurf;aomabmfbD

abmfbDonf waumifwnf; &SdaeaomtcgwGif pdwfMurf;aom

vu©Pmrsm;azmfjyvsuf&SdavNyD/
uREkfyfESifhwluav;wkdU\ *&kwpdkufarG;jrLjcif;aMumifh abmfbDonf
waeUwjcm; ]arG;xl;a&;jcm;}ac:avmufonfh &kyfqif;o@mefrsKd;ay:xGuf
vmav&m uRekfyfwkdU\ 0if;NcHa&SUü &yfwefUMuaom vSnf;orm;rsm;onf
0acsmaom abmfbDudkckd;,lcsifaompdwf jzpfay:Mu\/ þtaMumif;udkuREkfyf
odí uREkfyfESifhwluav;onf abmfbDudk rsufjcnfjywfrcHyJ apmifhMunfhMu
\/ waeUoü vSnf;orm;wa,mufonf abmfbDtm; A,maMumfauR;í
acsmhaejcif;udk uREkfyfwkdUjrifMu\/ oef;a&T(wluav;)u abmfbDudk ac:,l
rnfjyK&m uREkfyfuwm;qD;vkduf\/ A,maMumfwckauR;NyD;aemuf vSnf;o
rm;onf abmfbDudkzrf;av&m abmfbDu ol\vufudk qwfueJ [yf
vkduf\/ vSnf;orm;onf pdwfqkd;NyD; abmfbDudkwkwfESifh&dkufrnf jyK&mwGifrS
uREkfyfuxGufNyD; ]]a[hvlbmvkyfwmvJ}}[k ar;vkdufojzifh wGefUqkwfoGm;NyD;

940 
&Sufudk;&Sufuef;jzpfae\/ tjcm;aomvSnf;orm;rsm;vnf; þtjcif;t&m
udkjrifawGUMu&í &,farmMuavonf/ uREkfyfonf refusnf;wkH&Gmü ]vlw
vkH;olwvkH;} jzpfonf[k todtrSwfjyKMuonfhjyif uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfa&SUOypm
t&dyftm0goudkvnf; ckdvIHMu&onfjzpfaom aMumifh uREkfyftay:ü
txdkuftavsmuf OD;nTwfM uykH&onf/ uREkfyf\ t&Sdefudk rSDcdk&onf
waMumif;? udkifvQif udkufwwfaom acG;uav;[k emrnfxGufvmonf
waMumif;aMumifh abmfbDonf xkdaeUrSpí c&D;oGm; vSnf;orm;rsm;ESifh
&Gmvli,frsm;\ ckd;,l&efBuHpnfjcif;rS oufom&m& avawmhonf/

tcspfprf;jcif;

waeUoü uREkfyfonf 0ufvufodkUvrf;avQmufxGufoGm;&m abmfbD

onf xkH;pHtwkdif; uREkfyfaemufrS waumufaumufvkdufvm\/ okH;vom;
cefUrQom&Sdao;í c&D;a0;oGm;Edkifaomt&G,fr[kwf? ayGUcsDí ac:&rnfh
t&G,fjzpf\/ uREkfyfpOf;pm;vsuf&SdpOf abmfbD\tar acG;0grvnf; ajy;
xGufvmí uREkfyfESifhtwl vkdufzkdUjyif\/ acG;0grum; zcif&SdpOfu uREkfyf
wkdU\ 0if;NcHxJwGif twlaeMuNyD; ,ck0ufvufodkU ajymif;a&TUaexdkif vsuf
&Sdonfh uREkfyf\ baxG;\tdrfodkU oGm;aeusjzpfí 0ufvufESifh refusnf;
wkHudk ul;csnfvmvSnfhjyKvkyfaeaom acG;rjzpfavonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyf
0ufvufodkU avQmufvmaomtcg abmfbDwdkUom;trdonf aemufrS
vkdufvmMu\/ 0ufvufNrdKUt0if rl;ajrmif;okdUa&mufvmaomtcg uREkfyf
onf awmifbufokdUcsKd;&rnfjzpf&m baxG;\aetdrfrSm ta&SUwnfhwnfh
ü&Sd\/ uREkfyfuawmifbufodkUcsKd;aomtcg acG;0gronf uREkfyfaemufodkU
rvdkufyJ uREkfyf\baxG;&Sdonfh ta&SUwnfhwnfhodkUoGm;av &m abmfbDonf

941 
rnfonfhbufudkrQrvdkufyJ vrf;qkHü xdkifvsufusef&pfonf/ wbufü
rdcif&Sdí tjcm;wbufü ocif&Sd&m rnfonfhbufodkUvdkuf&rnf[k rqkH;jzwf
Edkifonfhvu©PmESifh ta&SUbufMunhfvkduf awmifbufMunfhvdkuf vkyfae
&Sm\/ uREkfyfonfol\ tuJudkMunfhvdkonfESifh trnfudkrac:yJ &yfMunfh
ae&m acG;0gruvnf; uREkfyfenf;wl &yfíapmifhae\/ wcPrQ Mumaomf
acG;0gru ]td.td.td}[k ac:vdkufojzifh abmfbDonfxvdkuf\/ okdUaomf
vkdufíroGm;? &yfvsufomMunfhae\/ uREkfyfurl vkdufcsifvkduf oGm;
ygap[k oabmxm;um rac:yJtuJMunfhvsuf&Sd\/ abmfbDonf uREkfyf
bufodkU vSnfhMunfhvkduf\/ uREkfyfurl bmrQtoHray;yJ &yfvsufom
Munfhae\/ þokdUjzifh abmfbDonf rdcifudkwvSnfh uREkfyfudkwvSnfh
Munfhum rqkH;jzwfEdkifyJ awGvsuf&SdpOf acG;0gronf Mumonf[k atmufarh
onfhvu©PmESifh ta&SUt&yfodkU qufvufxGufoGm;av&m abmfbDonf
rsufpdwqkH; arQmfMunfhaeNyD;aemuf uREkfyfbufodkU wjznf;jznf;uav;
avQmufvmav\/

vufvGefrdrwwf

uREkfyfonf oGm;vdkaomtdrfodkU qufvufí avQmufvmcJU&m abmfbD

vnf;vdkufygvm\/ vrf;wGif (rdk;&GmaomaMumifh) &GHUAGuftdkifuav;rsm;&Sd
onfESifh abmfbDonf ¤if;wkdUudk uREkfyfuJUokdUa&SmifuGif;roGm;yJ jzwfqif;
oGm;onfh twGufaMumifh wudk,fvkH; &THUawGayusHvsuf&S\
d / abmfbD\
0goemrSm {nfhonftjzpfESifh tdrfwtdrfü uREkfyf0ifíxdkifonfhtcg wdkif;
uREkfyf\&ifcGifxJodkU 0ifíxdkifavh&Sd\/ þtaMumif;udk uREkfyfodonfESifh
ol\ayusHaom ajcvufrsm;udk a&ESifhaq;ausmay;rnf[k ac:,l&m

942 
teD;odkUruyfyJ a&Smifae\/ uREkfyfutwif;zrf;rnfjyKaomtcg uREkfyf\
vufudk udkufvdkuf\/ þwGifuREkfyfa'goxGufvmí wkwfaumufjzifh
cg;udkwcsufcyfqq&dkufvdkuf&m (taMumudkxdoGm;av oavmrajymwwf)
cg;usKd;ouJUodkU csufcsif; aysmhacGusoGm;NyD; ykHvJvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfu
ayGUcsDí,loGm;&ef udkifwG,fygawmhvnf; vkH;0 tudkifrcHyJ uREkfyf\
vufudkqD;íudkuf\/ cufacsNyD/ þtawmtwGif; abmfbDonf w*def*def
jrnfvsuf&Sd&m uREkfyfu enf;rsKd;pkHESifh acsmhaomfvnf; vkH;0txdrcHacs/
uREkfyfonf rnfodkUrQ rwwfEdkifyJ tvGefoem;aompdwfESifh Munfhae&m
tBuHwckjzpfay:vm\/ abmfbDum; cg;usKd;oGm;NyDjzpfí woufywfvkH;
acG;usKd;uav;jzpfae&Smawmhrnf/ (rSefonfjzpfap? rSm;onf jzpfap)
þudpörsKd;wGif uREkfyfrSm taemufwdkif; t,ltq ouf0ifaeol
wa,mufjzpf\/ uREkfyf\om;orD;jzpfap? rdbjzpfap? r,m;jzpfap
rcHr&yfEdkifaom a0'emcHpm;&í ukr&[kqdkvQif tqdfyfay;yg[k awmif;ygu
uREkfyfütqdyf&SdvQif ay;vdrfhrnfjzpf\/ Ak'¨uapwemudk uHaumuf&rnf[k
a[mawmfrl&m þpum;\ tqkH;tjzwfESifh ywfoufí rnfol\
tqkH;tjzwfudkrS uREkfyfvufrcH? udk,fh[mudk,f &J&JBuD; qkH;jzwf0Hol
jzpfonf/ odkUjzpfí abmfbDtm; acG;usKd;uav;tjzpfESifh woufywfvkH;
0#fcH&rnfhtpm; csufcsif;ao&vQif 0#fuRwfvdrfhrnfqdkum OD;acgif;uav;
udk wcsufwnf;ESifh &dkufowfvdkufrnfhtBuHESifh wkwfaumufudk udkifajrSmuf
vdkuf\/ xkdcPüabmfbDonf OD;acgif;uav; axmifMunfhvdkufojzifh
uREkfyfr&dkuf&ufyJ ajrSmufxm;aomvufudk jyefcsvkduf\/ xkdUaemuf
uREkfyfonf wkwfaumufudkcsxm;í teD;üxdkifum apmifhMunhfae&m
em&D0ufcefUMumaomtcgabmfbDonf xzkdUBudK;pm;jcif;udk jrifí uREkfyfu
tultnDay;&mwGif vufrcHyJ vSrf;íudkuf\/ uREkfyfpdwfrqdk;awmhyJ

943 
MuifempGmESifh apmifhMunfhae\/ abmfbDonf wjznf;jznf; BudK;pm;í
wa&GUa&GUukef;xEdkifcJUavNyD/ uREkfyfu0rf;ajrmufpGmESifh yGwfoyftm;ay;rnf
jyKaomfvnf; tvQif;vufrcHyJ [def;oHuav; ay;ao;\/ aemufqkH;ü
xEdkif&kHru vrf;avQmufEdkifaomtjzpfodkUa&mufavNyD/ uREkfyfonf vIyf&Sm;
jcif;rjyKyJ NidrfoufpGm xdkifvsufMunfhae&m abmfbDonf vrf;avQmuf
EdkifonfESifhwNydKifeuf rnfodkUjyKonfxifMuoenf;/ uRekfyftm; wcsufrQ
armhfMunfhNyD;aemuf csmueJvSnfhum &GmbufodkUjyefoGm;avawmh onf/
ESpfrdkifrQa0;aomc&D;udk acG;uav;tjzpfESifh waumifwnf; jyef0HUaom
owÅdudkvnf;aumif;? uREkfyftay:ü pdwfysufykH&aom tjyKtrludk vnf;
aumif; uREkfyftHUMoírqkH;jzpfrdygonf/ uREkfyfuvSrf;íac:aomfvnf; vSnfh
Munfh&kHrQMunfhNyD; &GmbufodkU qufvufí wjznf;jznf;avQmufoGm;
avawmhonf/ uREkfyf\udpöudk NyD;atmifaqmif&GufNyD;aemuf &GmokdUjyefvm
aomtcgvrf;wGif &GmrSvSnf;rsm;udkawGUí ]]udkBuD;odef;&JU acG;uav;udk
jrifvkdufw,f? uJGae&pfw,fxifw,f}}[k owif;ay;Muonf/ uREkfyfurl
abmfbDudk b,folzrf;írQ r&Edkif[k pdwfcsonfESifh vTwfvkdufjcif;jzpfav
onf/ tdrfodkUa&mufaomtcg abmfbDonf uREkfyfudkjrifaomfvnf;
tNrD;eHU&kHrQavmufjzifhom EIwfqufí c&D;OD;BudKrjyKacs/
aemufwBudrfxyfíprf;oyf&m þtwkdif;yifawGU&\/ tdrfrS twl
xGufvmMuí wzmvkHcefUa&mufonfqdkvQifyif uREkfyf\udkifwG,fjcif; udk
rcHawmhacs/ rnfodkUaom oaE¨ayenf;[k rajymwwfatmif&Sdawmhonf/
uREkfyftzkdU&mürl abmfbDudkrEÅav;okdUac:oifh rac:oifh tBudrfBudrfpOf;pm;
vsuf&Sd&m 0ufvufü tjzpftysufudkBuKH&uwnf;u ac:&rnf[k wcg
wnf; qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufygawmhonf/

944 
vlUpum;em;vnfoavm

rEÅav;odkUa&mufí "m;wef;&yfü aexdkifvsuf&SdpOf abmfbDonf

uREkfyf&dkufbl;aom tjzpfudkarhaysmufonfhvu©PmESifh uREkfyftm; ocif
tjzpfESifh tjcm;aomacG;rsm;ESifh rBuKHbl;avmufatmif cifrifvsuf&Sd \/
uREkfyfteD;rScGmonfr&SdawmhyJ ntcsdefwGif uREkfyf\ajc&if;ü ajcwif
]zkH}jzpfí aeUtcsdefwGif uREkfyftvkyfvkyfaomtcgü pm;yGJatmufrS ajcwifckH
tjzpfESifh tokH;cHavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfuvnf;"m;wef;rS vlxkwdkufodkU aeUwdkif;
ac:oGm;&mwGif acG;uav;rQom&Sdao;í acG;BuD;rsm;\ &efrljcif;rS 'ku©cHNyD;
tumtuG,fay;oGm;&\/ ]]'DacG;uav; armfawmfum;wdkufaoyg vdrfhr,f}}
[kjrifolrsm;u ajymMuaomfvnf; abmfbD\yg;eyfjcif;udk pdwfcsNyD; aeUwdkif;
ac:cJU\/ waeUoü uREkfyftvkyfroGm;rD rpdk;onf aps;csKdrS trJom;
0,fcJUNyD; rD;zdkxJwGifxm;cJUí tjyifodkUxGufoGm;&m cPMumü jyef0if
vmaomtcg trJom;wkH;BuD;r&Sdawmhacs/ þwGifrpdk;onf abmfbD tm;
ckd;pm;wwfaom acG;olcdk;[k Budrf;armif;um jrnfwGefawmufwD; NyD;aemuf
trJom;xyfí0,f&ef aps;odkUxGufoGm;\/ uREkfyf\wl0if;armif wkdUüvnf;
acG;waumif&SdonfESifh uREkfyfurl rnfonfhacG;u ckd;onf[k rqkH;jzwfEdkifyJ
jzpfae\/ rpdk;xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf 5 rdepfrQ rMumrD abmfbDonf trJ
aygifwkH;BuD;udk udkufcsDum rD;zdkxJodkU0ifoGm;onf udkjrifvdkuf&í uREkfyf
oGm;Munfhaomtcg trJom;wkH;udk csxm;cJUNyD;aemuf rD;zdkxJrS xGufvmaom
abmfbDudkawGU&\/ rpdk;onf aps;rSaemufxyf 0,fcJUaom trJom;ESifh
jyefvmaomtcg uREkfyfuajymjyojzifh tm;vkH; tHUMoMu&onf/ xkdaeUrSpí
abmfbDonf ckd;0Sufjcif;tvkyfudk wouf vkH;rjyKawmhacs/ (rpdk;\

945 
jrnfwGefawmufwD;jcif;udk em;vnf&kHru em;axmifonfhoabmyif jzpfae
awmhonf/)

txifvJGaeykH

waeUoü rpdk;onfrl;a0aoma&m*gjzpfonfESifh tdrfeD;csif; rdef;rrsm;

ajy;vmMuí OD;acgif;udkESdyfoluESdyf? ausmudkaxmufoluaxmuf?ajcaxmuf
udk csKd;zJUolucsKd;? ESmESyfoluESyf ponfjzifhjyKvkyfay;Mu\/ xdktcdkufwGif
rpdk;rSm qHyifrsm;zm;vsm;usvsuf OD;acgif;idkufpdkufjzpfum wcsufwcsufwGif
nnf;nLoHxGufvm\/ abmfbDonf vnf&mu ajy;wufvmav&m
rdef;rrsm;\ ESdyfe,fjcif;ESifh rpdk;\nnf;nLjcif;wkdUudk jrif&Mum;&onfwGif
ol\ocifrudk tm;vkH;u 0dkif;0ef;ESdyfpyfaeMuonf[k xifrSwfonfh
vu©PmESifh [ddef;a[mufum rdef;rsm;udk &efvkyfavawmhonf/ þwGif
uREkfyfuacsmharmhum qJGac:oGm;í tdrfjyifodkUxkwfNyD; wHcg;ydwf xm;
vdkuf&\/ odkUESifhvnf; tdrfjyifrS wHcg;udkukwfjcpfí a[mifjcif;? tljcif;?
[def;jcif; ponfjzifh toHay;um wHcg;udkzGifhcdkif;ao;/ rpdk; trl;aysmufí
rdef;rrsm; jyefrnfjyK&mwGif uREkfyfu wHcg;udkzGifhí abmfbDudkoGif;NyD;
aeaumif;aomolUocifrudkjyNyD;rS tdrfeD;csif;rsm;tm; jyefap&ygonf/
aeaumif;aeNyDjzpfaom rpdk;udkjrif&aomtcg abmfbDonf 0rf;omaom
trlt&mESifh rpdk;udkEIwfqufavonf/

946 
bufvdkufaom abmfbD

wcgu rpdk;ESifhuREkfyfonf ypönf;wckudk olt&igt&vkMu&m abmfbD

uMunfhae\/ uREkfyfonfabmfbDMunfhaeonfudkjrif&í rpdk;udkwGef;vkduf
&m rpdk; ,dkifoGm;aomfvnf; abmfbDu rnfokdUrQr&Sd/ rpdk;u uREkfyfudk
wGef;vkdufí uREkfyfu,kdifvJcsifjyKvdkufonfwGif abmfbDonf rpdk;udk
[def;um &efvkyfavawmhonf/
xdktcg rpdk;onf abmfbDudkpdwfqkd;í ]]eifhvm; aemufudkbmrSrauR;
bl;? iguawmh trJ&dk;qdwf&dk; trJ&Gwf0,fauR;&w,f? &efjzpfMuw,fxif
awmh olUocifbufuvdkufw,f? eifhudktiwfxm;r,f? bmrS0,frauR;bl;}}
ponfjzifh twnfajymvsuf&Sdav\/ xdktcg uREkfyfu acG;wdkUrnfonfrSm
ocifudktcspfqkH;jzpfí ocifuvJGvQif ocifrudk tcspfqkH;jzpfaMumif;?
waeUu tdrfeD;csif;rsm;u ESdyfES,fay;jcif;udk ESdyfpufonfxifí abmfbDu
rdef;rrsm;udk udkufrnfvkyfojzifh tdrfjyifodkUxkwfxm;&aMumif; ponfjzifh
ajymjyonfwGifrS rpdk;pdwfauseyfoGm;onf/ xdktcgrS uREkfyfu ]]ighudkawmh
rwkeJUavuGm? acG;qdkwm[m wyg;uRefyJ}}[k zdíajymvkduf&ao;onf/

ywfpOfaysmfyJGpm;xGufjcif;

paeaeUrsm;ü (xdkpOfu vlxkwdkufu paeaeUydwfonf/) uREkfyfonf

wudk,fwnf;jzpfap? OD;xifESifhjzpfap eHeufapmapmBuD; tdrfrS bkdifpu,fESifh
xGufMuí pm;p&mtwGuf uREkfyfu wm0ef,l\/ yJESifhMuufom;csufNyD;
eHjym; okdUr[kwf aygifrkefUjzpfap aqmif,lcJU\/ abmfbDrlum; xkdtcgwGif
t&G,fa&mufNyDjzpfí oGm;wkdif;vdkuf\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf ta&SUbufarNrdKUvrf;

947 
xkH;zdkodkUvnf;aumif;? awmifbuf&efukefvrf; jrpfi,fodkUvnf;aumif;?
taemufawmifbuf a&Tbdkvrf; tif;0wHwm;odkUvnf;aumif;? ajrmufbuf
tdk;zdk odkUr[kwf rEÅav;awmifajcokdUvnf;aumif; wvSnfhpD oGm;avh&Sd\/
c&D;tqkH;ü uREkfyfwkdUonf opfyif&dyfaumif;aumif;wGif xdkifí eHjym;
okdUr[kwf aygifrkefUESifh yJMuufom;[if;wkdUudk Nrdef&SufpGm pm;aomufMu&m
uREkfyfonf OD;acgif;warmhfarmfhESifh arQmfvsuf&Sdaom abmfbDudkjrif&í NyD;
atmif rpm;EdkifyJ wcsufwcsufwGif olUbufodkU wzJUwzJU ypfay;
vdkuf&ao;onf/ olUtwGuf tydkygí uREkfyfwkdUpm;NyD;cgrS auR;Edkifonf
rSefaomfvnf; 12 rdkif 13rkdifc&D;udk bkdifpu,frSDatmif ajy;vkdufcJU&aom
abmfbDonf uREkfyfwkdUxuf qmayvdrfhrnf[k owd&í uREkfyfwkdUESifh
wcsdefwnf; auR;&rS uREkfyfauseyfEdkifygonf/ pm;aomufNyD;Muí opfyif
atmufü wa&;warm tdyfMuaomtcg abmfbDonf uREkfyf\acgif;tkH;
jzpf\/ umabmfvpfqyfjym ESifh a&csKd;ay;NyD; aeUpOf b&Gwfjzifh zD;ay;
xm;onfh abmfbDjzpfí &GHp&mr&Sdyg/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap uREkfyfuawmh r&GHyg/
uRekfyfonf tay:0wf bavZm uGwftuFsDudkcRwfí abmfbD\ 0NzdK;
azmif;tdaom udk,fvkH;BuD; ay:okdU wifNyD;vQif acgif;tkH;ozG,f tokH;jyK
av&m cHaeusjzpfaom abmfbDonf rvIyfr&Sm; NidfrfoufpGm 0yfvsuf&Sd\/
wcgw&HuREkfyfonf em&D0ufausmfausmf wu,ftdyfaysmfoGm;aomfvnf;
abmfbDonf ,m;,Híjcpfukwfjcif;? vIyf&Sm;jcif;r&SdyJ taoaumifozG,f
NidfrfoufpGm 0yfae\/ acG;cspfwwfonfh rnfolrqdk abmfbD\tjyKtrl
udkjrif&vQif rcspfyJ aeEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfay&m ol\ajr;uav;rsm;udkrQ
,k,ydkufaxG; jyKvkyfzkdUowd&[efr&Sdaom OD;xifurl bmrQrajym?
rodrjrifouJUodkU cyfat;at;aewwfavonf/ tdyf&mrS Edk;vmaomtcg
wGif uREkfyfwkdUonf c&D;tqkH;ü awGU&wwfaom jrpf? okdUr[kwf acsmif;?

948 
okdUr[kwf rl;ajrmif; ponfwkdUü a&csKd;Muav&m abmfbDvnf; tyef;ajy
a&csKd;&Smonf/ waeUoü uREkfyfwdkUonf tif;0wHwm;ysufBuD; tpGe;f
wbufü pm;p&mrsm; pm;í {&m0wDjrpfxJodkUqif;um a&ul;MuNyD;aemuf
10 em&Dausmfausmf avmufwGif wHwm;rSqif;vmMu\/ tif;0wHwm;BuD;rS
qif;aomvrf;rSm tvGefrwfapmufí b&dwfxdef;NyD; owdESifhqif;Mu&\/
cGwfvyfodkUa&mufaomtcg wHwm;bufodkU wufvmaom avmf&Dum;BuD;
rsm;ESifh qkHrdMu&mwGif OD;xifonf b&dwfacsmfoGm;avoavmrod/ vrf;ab;
wGif vJygavonf/ yGef;yJU&kHrSwyg; txdtcdkufr&Sdaomfvnf; OD;xifrSm
bkdifpu,f rpD;Edkif awmhonfjzpfí bwfpfum;jzifh wifvTwfvdkuf&\/
armifae0if;od&vQif bmajymOD;rnfrqdkEdkifacs/ xkdaeUrSpí OD;xif\tdrfom;
rsm;onf OD;xiftm; bdkfifpu,fpD;cGifhrjyKyJ twif;ydwfyif wm;jrpfMuav
awmhonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfrSm pdwfwloabmwl tazmfaumif;wa,muf
vufvGwfoGm;í aemufaemifwGif abmfbDESifh uREkfyfom c&D;xGufMu&yg
awmhonf/

twif;vdkufvmjcif;

paeaeUrsm;ü xdkuJUodkU bkdifpu,fESifh c&D;&SnfxGuf&mwGif toGm;

tjyef rdkif 25-30 cefUaygufa&mufonfcsnf;jzpf\/ OD;xifvdkufaom tcg
rsm;ü uREkfyfonf bdkifpu,fpD;zdkU tusifhenf;aom OD;xifudk apmifh&jcif;
aMumifh cyfrSefrSefuav;om eif;&\/ uREkfyf\pdwfBudKufrSmrl wcsufwcsuf
wGif cyfokwfokwfuav;eif;NyD; acR;xGufatmifvkyfcsif\/ om;r,m;rsm;u
tpdk;&drfBuD;NyD; cGifhrjyKMuojzifh OD;xif rvdkuf&aomtcgü um; uREkfyfonf
rSefrSefwcg? cyfjrefjrefwvSnfh eif;cGifh&onfhtwdkif; jyKvkyf&í auseyf

949 
aomfvnf; abmfbDu wbuf&Sdaejyefonf/ c&D;&Snf&onfhtxJwGif
wcsufwcsufü tajy;BuD;vdkufjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh olcrsm tawmfyifyef;
&Smonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfonf abmfbDudk acgufwdkif; rac:yJ jrefjrefpD;
vkdfaomtcgrsm;wGif xm;ypfcJU&\/ okdU&mwGif olUudkxm;cJUzdkUrvG,ful?
twif;vkdufcsif\/ okdUjzpfí rpdk;tm;abmfbD\vnf ywfudk udkifxm;apí
uREkfyfubdkifpu,fESifh xGufrnfjyKonfhtcg twif;&kef;uefonfESifh bkdifp
u,frSqif;NyD; olem;vnfatmif aigufí ajym&ao;\/ rvkdufap
vdkrSef;odí NidrfoGm;aomtcgrS uREkfyfxGufvm&onf/ wcgw&Hürl rpdk;u
vTwfvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf abmfbDonf uREkfyfaemufodkU ajy;vkdufvm&m
ESpfrdkifokH;rdkifc&D;avmufwGif rSDvmjcif; rsm;vnf;BuKH&onf/ xkdUaemufürl
uREkfyfonf abmfbDudkxm;ypfcJUzkdU rBudK;pm;awmhyJ c&D;xGufwdkif; ac:cJUyg
awmhonf/

aysmfyJGpm;xGufM uykH

abmfbDudk xm;rnfhomxm;cJU&onf/ abmfbDvkdufvmjcif;onf (&Gm

acG;rsm;vkdufíudkufjcif;rS umuG,fay;&aom 'ku©rSwyg;) uREkfyftzdkU
ZdrfwrsKd;&SdvSonf/ wcgw&HwGif &Gmrsm;teD;rS jzwfoef;oGm;Muaomtcg
&GmacG;rsm;onf abmfbDudk0dkif;ívdkufMu\/ abmfbDonf ArmacG;rsm; teuf
wGif xkaumif;a'gufaumif;jzpfojzifh waumifcsif;jzpfcJUvQif olUudk udkuf0HU
aomacG; tvGef&Sm;í oluvnf;acG;waumifESpfaumif vkdufjcif;rQ avmuf
udkrNzKHvSyJ £ajEérysuf vdkufvmwwf\/ wcgw&H&GmacG;tkyfrsm;ESifh BuKH&
aomtcgrsm;üum; abmfbDonf uREkfyfudkrSDatmifajy;vmí ocifbuf odkU
ausmcdkif;um &GmacG;rsm;bufodkU rsufESmvSnfhNyD; ckcHwwf\/ acG;tkyf

950 
tvGefBuD;aomtcgwGif uREkfyfudk,fwdkifqif;NyD; tumtuG,fay;&yg onf/
þudpötwGuf uREkfyfonf MumyGwfwacsmif; aqmif,lcJUzkdU pdwful; rd&m
acG;&Sif&Gmom;rsm;ESifh y#dyu©jzpf&rnfpkd;onfESifh raqmifjzpfcJUyg/ rnfokdU
jzpfap abmfbDum; &GmacG;rsm;tudkufcH&onf[k wcgrQ rBuKH&bl;yg/ cH&
bl;ygrl bmyJjzpfjzpf uREkfyfMumyGwfaqmifrdvdrfhrnfxifonf/ abmfbDudk
ac:cJUí Zdrf&SdykHrSm wcgw&HwGif uREkfyfonf pmwtkyf? vufzuf&nfMurf;Al;
ESifh pm;p&m cyfrsm;rsm;,lvmcJUí acsmif;wckteD; t&dyfaumif;aom
opfyifBuD;atmufwGif waeUywfvkH; a&csKd;vdkuf? abmfbDudkacgif;tkH;NyD;
wa&;warmtdyfvkduf? pmzwfvdkuf? a&wxyfqif;ícsKd;vdkuf ponfjzifh
waeUywfvkH; tem;,lwwfMu&m ae0ifcgeD;wGif tdrfokdUjyefa&mufwwfMu
avonf/ &efuif;awmifywf0ef;usif&Sd &Gmuav;rsm;rS &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf
uREkfyfwkdUtm; ]acG;BuD;eJUvlBuD;} [lí odaeMuavNyD/ wcgw&HwGif
uav;oli,frsm;twGuf rkefUyJom;a&pmrsm; 0,f,loGm;&ygao;onf/

vl0ifpm;ayavm

abmfbD\xl;qef;jcif;wckrSm aoewfoH? tajrmufoH? AkH;oHponfh

NAKH;ueJjrnfaom toHrsKd;udk tvGefaMumufwwf&Sm\/ wcgu NrdKUxJü
vrf;avQmufvmMupOf w&kwf ESpfopful;csdef jzpfonfESifh tdrfwtdrfrS
wajAmif;ajAmif;rnfatmif w&kwfaAsmuftkd;rsm; azmufvdkuf&mwGif abmfbD
onfocifudkyif vSnfhírMunfhEdkifawmhyJ ajcOD;vSnfh&modkU wef;NyD; ajy;av
awmhonf/ ajy;vdkufonfrS vsm;ueJvsm;ueJ jrif;yJGrS NydKifjrif;rsm;
ajy;onfhES,f ajcukefokwfjcif;jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfuac:ygaomfvnf; Mum;
[efrwl? ol\em;xJü aAsmufoHawGcsnf; qlvsuf&SdykH&onf/ rEÅav;

951 
NrdKUwGif;okdU u&ifolykefrsm;0ifpOfuvnf; armfwmoHrsm;Mum;onfh tcg
abmfbDaysmufoGm;í tdrfomxJokdU 0ifaomvlu acsmifxJü ukyfaeaom
abmfbDudkawGUawmhrS ykef;aejcif;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ wzef umuG,fa&;
usif;wl;jyefawmhvnf; armfwmoHMum;í ykef;Muolrsm;onf usif;xJodkU
a&mifESifhaeaom abmfbDudkawGUMu&jyefonf/ þwGif uREkfyfü tawG;tac:
wck jzpfay:vm\/ 0ufvufNrdKUay:okdU t*FvdyfwkdUAkH;rsm;BuJcsbl;í vlrsm;
tawmftwef aoqkH;Mubl;&m vlrsm;aoMuaom tcsdefESifh abmfbD
arG;aomtcsdefrSm umvtm;jzifh a&SUaemuf udkufnDvsuf&SdaomaMumifh
abmfbDonf AkH;xdrSefol wa,mufa,muf 0ifpm;jcif;jzpfí AkH;oHudk
þrQavmuf aMumufwwfavoavm[k pOf;pm;rdonf/ tjcm;aom
taMumif;w&yfrSmvnf; tcsKdUudpörsm;wGif abmfbDonf acG;wd&pämefESifh
rvdkufatmif odwwfaom obm0wck yg&Sdjcif;yif jzpfavonf/

AdkvfusrIa&mufjcif;

1949 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvavmufwGif uREkfyfonf &efukefokdU&ufaygif;

20 ausmfcefU oGm;aecJU&m awmfovif;v &moDjzpfonfwaMumif;? uREkfyf
vnf; r&SdonfwaMumif;aMumifh abmfbDonf tdrfodkU uyfawmhonf r&SdyJ
t&yfxJwGif xdke,fw0dkufü ta&Gvkdufavawmhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif av;ESpf
om;t&G,f&SdNyDjzpfí ]acG;vm;}aumif;aumif;ajrmufvsuf &SdonfESifh ESpfwdkif;
ESifh rwlatmif umrpdwftm;BuD;vmí twm;tqD;r&Sd vkdufav awmhonf/
a'gufaumif;? xkaumif;? Avaumif;vnf;jzpfí ,cifESpf rsm;uuJUokdU
olaMumuf&aom acG;r&Sdojzifh Adkvfuscsifwdkif; usaeEdkif\/ &efukefrS
uREkfyfjyefa&mufvmaomtcgwGif abmfbDrSm tdyfysuf pm;ysufESifh tawmf

952 
ydefcsKH;vsuf &SdavNyD/ odkU&mwGif ]qifydef uRJavmuf} qdkaom pum;uJUodkU
awmifhawmifhwif;wif; &Sdygao;onf/ rpdk;u okH;av;&ufrQ tdrfodkUrjyefyJ
vnfaeaom abmfbDudk okH;av;jywdkfifatmif vdkufvHac:,l &aMumif;?
vdkufvmaomfvnf; auR;onfrsm;udk rpm;csifpm; csifpm;NyD;aemuf jyef
xGufajy;aMumif; ajymjyav\/ uREkfyfa&mufaomtcgü nOfhtdyfnOfhae
rvnfaomfvnf; olUtNrD;ü acG;udkufaom temwck&SdaecJUavNyD/ abmfbD
onf 0if;armifwkdU\tdrfü aecJU&uwnf;u olUxuft&dk;&ifhaom acG;BuD;
waumifESifh cPcPudkuf&jcif;aMumifh tavhtusihf &í ol\ta&SUydkif;udk
xdatmifrudkufEdkifojzifh aemufydkif;udk tjcm;acG;? waumifu qGJudkuf
xm;jcif; jzpf[efwlonf/ uREkfyfonf temudk aq;xnfhay;jcif;? 0rf;csL
jcif;tm;jzifh abmfbDrSm tawmfoufomvmcJUav NyD/

abmfbDESifhwdkifeD

a':pk\oruf um,Av armifae0if;u acG;cspfwwfaom uREkfyf\

0goemudk odonfjzpfí ]]OD;av;odef;udk acG;waumif ay;&OD;rnf}}[k ajym
bl;\/ ol\tdrfü t,fvfaq;&Sif; wpkH&Sdí acG;uav;&Spfaumif arG;onf
wGif uREkfyftm; ac:oGm;í BudKuf&macGG;uav;waumifudk a&G;,lap&m
uREkfyfonf acG;xD;uav;waumifudk a&G;,lNyD; wdkifeD  (Tiny)  [k trnfay;
xm;\/ wdkifeDa&mufvmaomtcsdefwGif abmfbDrSm uREkfyfjyKpkukorIaMumifh
usef;rmvkrwwf &SdaeavNyD/ waeUoü uREkfyfonf ye;fuefjym;wcsyfpDwGif
EGm;EdkU? qdwf&dk;ESifh qefrsm;a&musKdxm;onfh acG;pmrsm;udk xnfhapNyD;aemuf
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif apmifhíauR;\/ yef;uefjym; ESpfcsyfudkvnf;
eD;uyfpGmxm;ap&m uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufrSm rvkr,uf? tEdkiftusifh rusifh

953 
yJ udk,fhyef;uefjym;ESifhudk,f pm;wwfap&ef usifhay;jcif; jzpfavonf/ olwkdU
aMumufap&ef (txl;ojzifh acG;BuD;jzpfaom abmfbD aMumufap&ef)
uREkfyf\vufwGif wkwfwacsmif; udkifxm;\/ wdkifeDonf tpm;BuD;aom
acG;BuD;rsKd;jzpfí olUa0pkudkuysmu,m pm;NyD; abmfbDteD;odkU oGm;íarQmf\/
vu©PmrSm uREkfyfudktm;udk;NyD; csOf;uyf0HUjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; abmfbDudk
tvGefowdBuD;pGmESifh apmifhMunhfvsuf&Sd\/ wdkifeDonf abmfbD\ ye;fuef
wGif tuyftoyftjzpfESifh wzufESpfzwf usefaeao;aom qdwf&dk;wkH;
uav;rsm;\ aoG;aqmifrIaMumifh a&SUokdU wvSrf;wkd;vdkuf&m abmfbDu
]a0gif;}ueJ[efUum wdkifeDudk wcsuf[efUvdkuf jcif;ESifh uREkfyfuabmfbD\
ausmudkwkwfESifh wcsufcsvdkufjcif;wkdUonf wNydKifeufqdk&rwwf uyfíjzpf
aom tjcif;t&mrsm;jzpfavonf/ abmfbDu wkdifeDudk[yfvdkufjcif;onf
xdyifxdaomfvnf; remusifvS/ uREkfyfuabmfbD\ausmudk &dkufvkdufjcif;
onfvnf; rjyif;xefvS/ wdkifeDurl ]*def}ueJ vefUxGufajy;aomfvnf;
abmfbDrlum; uREkfyf\wkwfcsufaMumifh rnfokdUrQ toHrxGufyJ rsufESmnId;í
usoGm;\/ uREkfyfonfacG;waumif\ þrQavmuf rsufESmnId;i,foGm;
jcif;udk wcgrQ rjrifbl;ojzifh wtHUwMo jzpfoGm;\/ uREkfyfMunfhaepOf
abmfbDonf olUyef;uefxJü usef&Sdaeao;aom t&dk;ESpfzwfudk rpm;awmhyJ
ol\tdyf&mokdUoGm;í acGvsufaeygawmhonf/ xdktjyKtrludk rpdk;ujrifí
]]abmfbDbmjzpfoGm;wmvJ}}[kar;&m uREkfyfu ]]aeygapuGm}}[k pdwfckckESifh
jyefajymvdkufonf/

954 
qE´jywwfaom abmfbD

trSefudkazmfjy&vQif uREkfyfonfabmfbD\ odwwfaom oabmudk

BudKufaomfvnf; uREkfyf (ocif) tay:ü qE´jy&ma&mufaom tjyKtrl
twGuf pdwfckwkwkjzpfoGm;ygonf/ uREkfyfuvnf;armifae0if;u apwemESifh
ay;onfh acG;tzkd;wef (t,fvfaq;&Sif;rsKd;) jzpfonfhjyif oifMum;íwwf
vG,fvSonf[k urÇmausmfMum;aom acG;rsKd;jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh wkdifeD
uav;udk ,k,k,,vkyfrd\/ abmfbDonf xdktjyKtrludk jrif&aom
tcgwdkif; rsufESmnId;i,foGm;jcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&\/ uREkfyfuolUudk ac:onfh
tcgrsm;wGif ,cifuuJUodkU csufcsif;rvmyJ wcGef;jyif ESpfcGef;ac:rS vmav
awmhonf/ xkdaeUrSpí abmfbDonf tpm;taomuf qkwf,kwfjcif;udkvnf;
uREkfyfowdjyKrd\/ uREkfyfonfabmfbD\ trlt&majymif;vJjcif;udk oabm
usovdkvdk rusovkdvdkjzpfrd\/ uREkfyftay:ü,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sdatmif wmwG,f
cifrifjcif; udkoabmusaomfvnf; wdkifeDudkta&;w,l vkyf&acsrnfavm[k
0efwkd[ef&Sdaom oabmxm;udk rBudKufEdkifjcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdaeUu wdkifeD
twGufaMumifh olüt&dkufcH&jcif;um; rSefygonf/ okdU&mwGif þwBudrfrSty
aemufxyfí uREkfyfxdkokdUrjyKvkyfrdapzkdU owdjyK&ef uREkfyf em;vnfygonf/
rpdk;url wdkifeDudk jyefydkUvdkufzkdU tBuHay;ygao;onf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf
uvnf; acG;rsKd;aumif;waumifudk vufvTwfzkdUcJ,Of;onf waMumif;?
uREkfyfESifh wdkifeDuav;rSmvnf; oHa,mZOfBudK;aESmifzGJUvsuf &SdMuNyDwMumif;?
acG;wefyJvsufESifh þrQavmuf 0efwkdwwf&acsoavm[k rcHcsifonf
waMumif;aMumifh rpdk;\tBuHudk vufrcHcJUacs/ okdU&mwGif abmfbDa&SUü
wdkifeDudkyGwfvm;oyfvm;vkyfum cifrifMuifemrI azmfrjyrdzkdUum; owdxm;
ygonf/ okdUESifhvnf;abmfbDonf waeUwjcm; tpm;qkwf,kwfí BuKHvSD

955 
vsuf&SdavNyD/ pOf;pm;p&mwcsuf &SdonfrSmum; abmfbDonf (rpdk; xif
ouJUodkU) &ifuGJemusjcif; oufoufr[kwf? tNrD;ü acG;udkufaom 'Pf&m
uvnf; temrusufao;yJjzpfaeygonf/ uREkfyfu tpmraMuusuf? &if
jynfhonfxifí uREkfyfudk,fwdkif Muifem,k,pGm 0rf;csKay;ojzifh "mwfoGm;
NyD; aexkdifaumif;vmonfh tcgrsm;wGif abmfbDonf uREkfyf\ajcaxmuf
rsm;udk vsufjcif;tm;jzifh aus;Zl;wifjcif;? 0rf;omjcif;wnf;[laom trlt&m
rsKd; azmfjyygonf/ waeUoü uREkfyfonf abmfbDudk 0rf;csKay;í 0rf;ydkuf
xJü a&jynfhonfESifhwNydKifeuf abmfbDuqif;ajy;\/ (oluav;onf
0rf;csLonfjzpfap? tvkdtavsmuf "mwfoGm;jcif;? qD;oGm;jcif; jyKonfh
tcgrsm;üjzpfap? uREkfyfwkdU\aetdrfteD; em;ü rvkyfwwfyJ tawmfuav;
a0;aomae&modkU ajy;oGm;NyD;rS vkyfwwfjcif;rSm i,fi,fuav;uwnf;u
0goemjzpf\/) xkdaeUü 0rf;AdkufwGif a&jynfhíuREkfyfuvTwfay;vkduf&mwGif
tdrfay:rSqif;ajy;í tdrfa&SUodkUa&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf csmvywfvnfNyD;
vJusoGm;\/ uREkfyfwkdUvnf; tdrfay:rS qif;ajy;Muí teD;odkUa&mufMu
onfwGif abmfbDonf ajcav;bufudk tpGrf;ukefqefUvsuf wcsufwnf;
qwfqwfwkefoGm;jcif;udk jrifvkdufMu&NyD;aemuf toufukefaysmufoGm;&Sm
ygawmhonf/

uREkfyf\ xl;qef;csufwck

tdrfom;rsm; idka<u;MuonfwGif uREkfyfudk,fwdkifvnf; rsuf&nfrsm;

usrdygonf/ uREkfyfonf rdcif uG,fvGefpOfuvnf;aumif;? zcif toufiif
jcif;udk jrif&pOfuvnf;aumif; rsuf&nfruscJUyJ tkyfaygif;aojcif;
taMumif;udkMum;&í abmfbDtoufxGufjcif;udk jrif&aomtcgrsm;wGifrS

956 
rsuf&nfBuD;i,f us&onfqdkjcif;rSm xl;qef;onf[k rSwfxifzG,f&Sdaom
aMumifh &Sif;vif;azmfjyygOD;rnf/ þonfrSm uREkfyfw&m;tm;xkwfí od&jcif;
\ tusKd;tmedoifjzpfygonf/ &Sif;ygOD;rnf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh y&da'0rD;
avmifuRrf;í idka<u;Mu&mwGif xkdolwkdUonf aoolESifhb,fawmhrS awGUqkH
Mu&awmhrnfr[kwf[k awG;rdjcif;aMumifh 0rf;enf;NyD; &IdufBuD;wiif idka<u;
ylavmifMujcif;jzpf\/ rdcifzcifwkdUESifh ywfoufí uREkfyfüxkdokdUaom
tawG;rsKd;ray:vmacs/ xkdtcgrsm;ü uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; ig\rdcifESifh
zcif(txl;ojzifhrdcif)onf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ ,ckxuf ,kwfnHUaomb0
rsKd;okdUra&mufEdkif/ þb0wGifvnf; rdcifum; 70ausmf? zcifum; 80ausmf
aeMu&NyDjzpfí olwdkUvnf;auseyfoifhNyD? igvnf;auseyfavmufNyD[k qif
jcifrdaomtm;jzifh tvGeftrif; ylavmifp&m&SmrawGUaomaMumifh rsuf&nf
BuD;i,f ruscJUjcif;jzpfygonf/ ]oluav;}abmfbDESifh tkyfaygif;rl um;
¤if;wkdU\ao&ykHrSm &ifemzG,faumif;í oem;rdonfhjyif b,fb0odkU
a&muf&Smavrnfrod/ vuf&Sdb0xuf wkd;wufzkdUvrf; enf;onfhtwGuf
aMumifh u&kPmpdwfjzpfay:vmonfESifh rsuf&nfuscJUrdjcif;jzpfygonf/

wdkifeDuav;

abmfbDao&jcif;rSm 0rf;csLjcif;aMumifhr[kwf? tNrD;rStemu tqdyf

jzpfNyD;  (Septic)  tem0ifíaojcif;jzpfonf[k aemufwGifrSod&yg onf/ rpdk;
url wdkifeDaMumifh abmfbDao&onf[k (rdef;rNyDNyD) ,lqonfESifh usef&pf
aom wdkfifeDtay:ü arwÅmxm;&Sd[ef rwlacs/ uREkfyfurlabmfbDaoNyD;
onfhaemufü wkdfifeDudkwkd;í*&kpdkufNyD;? wkd;íMuifemvmcJUavonf/ abmfbD
\odwwfjcif;rSm ]vl0ifpm;}jzpfaomaMumifh[k uREkfyfxifrd&m? wdkifeDrlum;

957 
acG;rsKd;xJwGif todwwfqkH;aom acG;rsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh[lí uREkfyf,lq\/
uREkfyftay:ü cspfcifwmwG,fMujcif;rlum; (ESpfaumifvHk;tzdkU) uREkfyf\
acG;cspfwwfaom 0goemaMumifh [líxifjrifygonf/ abmfbDaoonfh
aemuf wdkifeDonfvnf; (uREkfyftxl;apmifha&SmufjyKpk auR;arG;xm;onfh
txJrSmyif) csdeJUaoma&m*gpJGuyfvsuf &SdavNyD/ þonfrSm uREkfyfwkdU\
tjyKtpknHUaomaMumifh r[kwfwef&macs/ armifae0if;ü (wkdifeD\nDtpfudk
armifESpfr ckESpfaumif&Sdonfhteuf) acG;uav; waumifNyD;waumif ao
ukefMuí wdkifeDonfaemufqkH;aom acG;uav;jzpfaeavNyD/ xkdUaMumifh
uREkfyfonf wdkfifeD\ oufqdk;&SnfykH ray:onfhtjzpfudkodonfESifY olU
usef;rma&;twGuf xyfqifhNyD; BudK;BudK;pm;pm; *&kpdkufygao;\/ wdkifeDESifh
ywfoufí uREkfyfrarhEdkifaom tjcif;t&m wcktjzpfESifh usefae&pfonfrSm
waeUoü uREkfyfonf zsmay:wGif ajcqif;vsuf ckcsufcsif;a&mufvmaom
owif;pmwapmifudk acwÅrQ vSefavSmzwf&Ivsuf&SdpOf wdkifeDonf uREkfyf\
ajcovkH;ESpfbuf tMum;odkU0if0yfum uRekfyf\aygifay:ü ar;wifvsuf
uREkfyf\rsufESmudk vSrf;Munfhae\/ þodkUaom taetxm;rSm yxr
tBudrfjzpfaomfvnf; wdkfifeDonf þtaetxm;udk tvGefESpfoufaMumif;
uREkfyf&dyfrd\/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfu tanmif;cHNyD; ajcqif;xm;&m wdkifeDonf
uREkfyfrxrcsif;0yfae\/ þtaMumif;udk &dyfrd&mwGif uREkfyfonf cPcP
ajcqif;xdkifay;í uREkfyfxdkifwkdif;wdkifeDu vmí0yf\/ aemufqkH;waeUü
wdkifeDonf uRekfyf\ ajcovkH;ESpfbuftMum;üyif 0yfvsuf
toufxGufoGm;&Smavawmhonf/ þwcsDwGifvnf; uREkfyfrsuf&nfuscJU
&ygao;onf/

958 
udk,fhacG;udk,fhudkuf

abmfbDESifhwdkifeDwdkUtjyif tjcm;aomacG;uav; (armifESr) ESpfaumif

arG;bl;ygao;onf/ xdkpOftcgu twlaeaom om;orD;r&Sdonfh uREkfyfrSm
acG;r&SdvQif raewwfoavmuf jzpfonfESifh acG;&Sm&ygao;onf/ armif
ae0if;ü t,fvfaq;&Sif;rsKd; acG;uav;rsm; &Sdygao;vQif uREkfyfawmif;
,lOD;rnfjzpf&m ol\acG;uav; ckESpfaumifvkH;rSm aoukefMuNyDjzpfí tjcm;
ae&mrS awmif;,l&onf/ uREkfyfonf "m;wef;&yfrS acG;xD;uav; waumif
udk oabmusí awmif;Munhf&m olUocifutxD;csnf;ray;Edkif? tr
uav;waumifyg wJG,l&rnf[k ajymaomaMumifh armifESrwpkH,l&\/
acG;cspfwwfaom uREkfyfwkdUonf EdkUrcGJwcGJ &Sdaeao;aom olwkdUESpfaumifudk
EGm;EdkUwdkufíarG;&\/ acG;xD;uav;rSm EIwfoD;cRefí em;&Gufaxmifaom
aMumifh ]<uufpkwf}[krSnfhxm;&m (abmfbDrSm EIwfoD;ykwdk ESifhem;&Gufukyf
jzpfonf/) acG;ruav;udkrl ]ruf*D}[k rSnfhxm;\/ waeUoü uREkfyfonf
rif;uGef;bufodkU Oykof&uf&Snfapmifh&ef oGm;í jyefa&mufvm&m wGif
<uufpkwfESifhruf*DwkdUudkac:í EIwfquf\/ ruf*Donf uREkfyftm; ]yvl;
yvJ}vkyfum EIwfqufNyD;aemuf uREkfyf\'l;udk qwfueJudkufvkduf ojzifh
aoG;tenf;i,fxGufvm\/ uREkfyfonf tvGeftHUMopGmESifh ruf*Dudk vSrf;
Munfhvkduf&m ruf*D\rsufvkH;rsm;rSm uREkfyfudk odonfhvu©Pmr&SdyJ wrsKd;
wrnfjzpfae\/ uREkfyfrpOf;pm;wwfatmif jzpfaepOfwGif rpdk;ESifh
c,frrdao;wkdUu olwkdUudkvnf; ,refaeUu udkufao;aMumif;ajymjyav
onf/ þwGif uREkfyfonf ruf*Dudkac:Munfh&m? ruf*Donf uREkfyfudk
od[efr&SdyJ rsufvkH;rsm; wrsKd;wrnf jzpfaejcif;udk awGU&\/ xkdtcgrS
uREkfyfonf ruf*D&l;aMumif;odí aqmif;BuD;wckESifh ruf*Dudktkyfxm;NyD;

959 
(aq;&kHpma&;BuD;)wl 0if;armifxHodkU taMumif;Mum;vkduf&onf/ xkdtawm
twGif;ü uREkfyfonfruf*Dtm; (aqmif;xJü) tpmauR;jcif;? a&wkdufjcif;
tm;jzifh prf;Munfh&m tpmvnf;rpm;? a&vnf;raomufojzifh ]&l;}jcif;um;
xif&Sm;avNyD/

uREkfyf\tqkH;tjzwf

bmoma&;udk av;pm;onfqdkonfh tjcm;aom Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;

onf þodkUaom tajctaeESifhrnfuJUodkUjyKvkyfMurnf rajymwwfacs/
uREkfyfpOf;pm;onfum; acG;[lonfrSm ]&l;}onfqdkvSsif ukoí&paumif;
onfr&Sd? raorDtwGif; tjcm;vlrsm;udk taESmifht,Sufay;zkdUom &Sdawmh
onf/ tcsKdUurl ,if;okdUqkdvQif aqmif;xJwGif tkyfxm;ygu awmfavmufNyD
r[kwfavm[k ajymaumif;ajymMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfrlum; (wae&mwGif
azmfjycJUonfhtwkdif;) þudpörsKd;wGif taemufwdkif;t,ltq udk oabmus
onfhtjyif Ak'¨a[mawmfrlonfh ]apwem}taMumif;udk uREkfyfpOf;pm;NyD;jzpf
onfhtavsmuf &J&JBuD;qkH;jzwfEdkifí cH&rnfqdkvQifvnf; cHzkdUtoifh&Sdonf/
(cH&rnf[lívnf; rnfoluajymí r,kHMunfyg/) uRefyfonf ruf*Dtay:ü
a'gopdwftvsOf;r&Sd? u&kPmBuD;pGmxm;vsuf&Sdygonf/ ruf*Dudk t&Sifxm;
ívnf; rnfonfhtusKd;rQ Munfhírjrifyg/ okdUjzpfíaq;&kHrS 0if;armifu
vTwfvdkufonfhvlwa,muf a&mufvmonfhtcg uREkfyfwkdUonf rMunhf&uf
onfESifh a&Smifz,fay;MuNyD; xdkvlu tqkH;pD&ifNyD;aemuf *kefeDtdwfESifh
xnfhí xrf;,loGm;ygavawmhonf/ q&m0efrsm;onf ruf*D\OD;aESmufudk
&efukefodkUydkUí cGJpdwfMunfh&Ionfhtcg acG;&SL;ydk;  (Hydrophobia)  awGU&onf
[k taMumif;jyefvkdufav\/ uREkfyfwkdUtdrfom;okH;a,mufonf jrefrmenf;

960 
t& (q,fenf;rxufrenf;) ukoMu&onfhtjyif taemufwdkif;enf;tm;
jzifhvnf; tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm aq;xkd;Mu&ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdUrSmokH;ESpf
twGif;ü ]acG;&l;jyef}Edkifao;onf[k ajymMuaomaMumifh ]acG;awmuf&Guf}
rpm;0HUyJ a&SmifMuay&m okH;ESpfausmfvGefaomtcgrS pdwfcsvufcs touf&SL
Mu&ay awmhonf/

<uuffpkwfuav;

1950 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmvü uREkfyfwkdUonf &efukefokdU ajymif;a&TU

aexkdif&ef qHk;jzwfMu&mwGif ]<uufpkwf}twGuf tcuftcJwck jzpfae\/
abmfbDokdUr[kwf wdkifeDjzpfcJUvQif acG;ac:oGm;í rjzpfEdkifqdkygu atmuf
jynfodkU roGm;yJaevQifom aevdrfhrnf/ þESpfaumifudkcGJí xm;cJUvdrfhrnf
r[kwfacs/ <uufpkwfrlum; xkdrQavmuf oHa,mZOfNidwG,f jcif;r&Sdao;acs/
okdUESifhvnf; uREkfyftzkdU&mü jyóemBuD;wckjzpfae\/ aemufqkH;ü <uufpkwf
\ocifESifh ¤if;\rdcifwkdUudk owd&í "m;wef;ü&Sdaom olUociftm;
pkHprf;Munfh&m <uufpkwfudk jyefí,lygrnf[k ajymonfESifh jyefydkUvdkuf
&onf/ jyefydkUNyD;aemuf uREkfyfonf &efukefokdU &kwfw&uf roGm;jzpf
ao;onfESifh rpdk;ESifh uREkfyfonf <uufpkwfwkdU&Sd&mokdU aeUpOfxrif; [if;ESifh
pm;p&mrsm; wvSnfhpDydkUMuygao;onf/ abmfbDESifh wdkifeDwkdUqdkvQif
b,fvdkrsm;aeMurnf rajymwwfacs/ uREkfyfum;acG;cspfwwfaom vlw
a,mufqdkí acG;b0rS vmavoavm[k ajymMuvQif uREkfyfpdwfqkd;
vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ uREkfyf\acG;rsm;onf uREkfyftay:wGif tcsKdUvlrsm;xuf
&dk;om;pGm Muifemjcif;? opöm&Sdjcif; wnf;[laom t*Fgrsm;ESifh jynfhpkHMu
onf[k wkHUjyefajym&rnfjzpfavonf/ &efukefokdU rajymif;a&TUrD wnOfhü

961 
uREkfyfonf aps;csKdem&DpifteD;&Sdonfh 'efaygufqdkifwqdkifokdU 0ifí
'efaygufpm;NyD;aemuf tdrfodkUjyefvm&m uREkfyf\vkHcsnfpudk aemufrS
jznf;nSif;pGm qJGonfxifojzifh vSnfhMunfhvkdufonfwGif <uufpkwfjzpfae
aMumif; awGU&\/ þae&mrSm <uufpkwf\tdrfESifh rdkifw0ufcefU a0;aomf
vnf; awmfovif;v &moDjzpfí vlysKdvSnfhvmjcif;jzpfaMumif; uREkfyfod
&\/ eufjzefwGif uREkfyfwkdUoabFmqif;Murnfvnf; jzpfavonf/
<uufpkwfonf uREkfyfaemufodkU vkdufvmrnfjyifae\/ þwGifuREkfyfonf
'efaygufwyGJudkrSm? qdkufum;wpD;udkac:? 'efaygufudkzufESifhxkyf <uufpkwf
udk auR;xm;cJUNyD; qdkufum;jzifhokwfajcwifcJU&avonf/

*sL'Da&mufvmjcif;

acG;rsm;onf uREkfyftay:ü opöm&Sdjcif;? tEHGHtemcHjcif;? a*smufrwGef;

wwfjcif; taMumif;udkuREkfyfodaomfvnf; olwkdUtay:ü oHa,mZOf
NidwG,fjcif;aMumifh 'ku©a&mufwwfjcif;udkvnf; em;vnfNyD;jzpfí aemufxyf
acG;rarG;zkdU qkH;jzwfxm;\/ okdU&mwGif um,Avarmifae0if;onf uREkfyf\
acG;0goemygjcif;udkodonfESifh py,frD,,facG;ruav;waumif vmydkUonf
wGif uREkfyf\ oEédXmefonf rckdifNrJawmhyJ ]cJedXmef}jzpfum t&nfaysmfí
oGm;ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfonf armifae0if;\ apwemudk odonfESifh
vufcHxm;vdkuf&\/ acG;uav;twGufemrnfwck pdwful;&mwGif taemuf
wkdif;Zmwfvdkufrif;orD; *sL'D*gvif\ rsufESmonf bGm;ueJay:vm\/
ay:vmjcif;rSm *sL'D*gvifonf emrnfBuD;í&kyftqif; rnHUaomfvnf;
ol\ESma&mifonfcyfaumufaumuf&Sd\/ (*sL'D*gvifMum;vQif uREkfyftm;
w&m;pJGrnfudk aMumuf&\/) þacG;ruav;rSmvnf; ESma&mif aumuf

962 
awmufawmuf &SdonfESifh uREkfyfu ]*sL'D} [krSnfhxm;vkduf \/ *sL'D
xl;jcm;csufrSm abmfbDuJUokdU uREkfyfoGm;wdkif; rvkduf&kHomru aetdrfrS
wzmvkHxufa0;atmif b,fawmhrSrcGmyJ ]rtdrfNrJ} uav;jzpfae\/
wcgw&HuREkfyfESifh vdkufvmaomfvnf; wzmvkHcefU a&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf
csmueJvSnfhíjyefajy;wwfavonf/ *sL'Dt&G,fa&mufonfwGif armifae0if;
wkdUvifr,m;onf uREkfyf\tdrfodkU tvnfvm&mwGif *sL'D\armif ]csrf;om}
ac: acG;xD;uav;waumif ygvm\/ xdkUaemufü csrf;omonf uREkfyf
wkdU\tdrfodkU cPcP tvnfvmí olUocifrsm;u vlvTwfNyD; tzrf;
cdkif;&\/ onfuaeUzrf;vQif eufjzefcgwGif jyefa&mufvm\/ þodkU
av;ig;BudrfjyKaomtcg olUocifrsm;u ]]OD;av;odef;qDrSm aysmfvQifvJ
aeygapawmh}}[kqdkum pGefUvTwfvkdufonfESifh uREkfyfwGif acG;wpkHjzpf vmjyef
av\/

csrf;omudkvGrf;rdjcif;

1956 ckESpfü zqyvtpdk;&onf olwkdU\ajcmufjypfuif;aom

jyLapmxD;rsm;udk vlxkowif;pmu a0zefa&;om;&acsrnfavm[k uREkfyftm;
axmifBuD;xJü csKyfavSmifxm;&mwGif uREkfyfonf csrf;omudk cPcP
owd&\/ csrf;omonf abmfbDuJUokdUAvraumif;aomfvnf; (acG;rsKd;
aumif;uav; jzpfonfhtavsmuf) owÅdt&mwGif abmfbDxuf rnHUacs/
abmfbDum; AvESifh usifvnfrItm;udk;jzifh owÅdaumif;jcif;jzpf [efwl&m
csrf;omrlum; acG;ykuav; jzpfygvsuf rnfonfhacG;BuD;udkrQ raMumufwwf?
tNrD;ukyfjcif;udk uREkfyfwcgrQ rjrifbl;acs/ olonfabmfbDuJUokdU

963 
olUudk,fol xdxda&mufa&mufckcHumuG,fEdkif&Smonf r[kwf? uREkfyftm;udk;
ESifh ae&mwumwdkif; vkdufvmwwf\/
uREkfyfaemufodkU vkdufvmaomESpfaygif;rSm csrf;omonfabmfbD
xufyif Mumayao;onf/ okdU&mwGif csrf;omonf abmfbDuJUokdU
bkdifpu,faemufrS rvkdufyJ ajcvsifavQmufaomtcgrS vkdufvmwwfonf/
eHeufwdkif; apmapmBuD;vrf;avQmufjcif;rSm ESpfaygif; 20rQ uREkfyf\tavh
tusifhwckjzpfí acG;ESifhwkwfaumufrSm uREkfyf\taumif;qkH;aom tazmf
rsm;jzpfMuavonf/ axmifxJokdUa&mufaomtcg uREkfyfonf csrf;omudk
cPcP owd&onfESifh olUudkac:,lzdkU axmifydkifxH tcGifhawmif;rnfBuH\/
þtaMumif;udk tjcm;vlrsm;tm; wdkifyifMunfh&m ]]rvkyfeJUq&mBuD;?
pDuvyfpfbufuvlawG pdwfrcs&bl;? acG;00uav;qdkvQif csufpm;rSm
pdk;&drf&w,f}} [kajym\/ wa,mufu ]]q&mBuD;&JU acG;udkawmh vkyfMu
rxifygbl;}}[k ajym&m yxrvlu ]]rvkyfeJUAs? [dkvlawGu EdkifiHa&;
tusOf;orm;awG r[kwfbl;aemf}} [kajymonfESifh rac:0HUawmhacs/ uREkfyf
axmifxJrS vGwfvmíwvcefUMumaomtcgwGif csrf;omaysmufoGm;av&m
ppfAdkvfESifhwlaom vlwa,mufu *spfum;ay:odkU wifac:oGm;jcif;udk
jrifvkduf&aMumif;ESifh vlwa,mufu owif;ay;avonf/ þwcsuf
wGifabmfbDESifh uGmvSonf? abmfbDonf tdrfoltdrfom; rsm;rSwyg; (bmudk
auR;í acsmhonfjzpfap) udkifwG,fjcif;udk rcHwwfyJjzpf&m csrf;omrlum;
olUtm; ,k,k,, yGwfoyfudkifwG,fvdkufonfqdkvQif b,folu ayGUac:
onfjzpfap tNrD;eefUí vdkufoGm;wwfavonf/

964 
r,fBuD;tdkuav; *sL'D

1960 jynfhESpf atmufwkdbmv(oDwif;uRwf)vü uREkfyfonf

ausmufqnf&Sd a0blq&mawmfudk zl;awGU,if; Oykofapmifh,if; oGm;av&mrS
jyefvmaomtcg *sL'DaoESifhaMumif;ajymMuí Mum;&onf/ *sL'Donf
uREkfyfwkdUvufxJwGif q,fESpfwdkifwdkifaecJUí tr,fBuD;tdkuav;tjzpfodkU
a&mufaecJUavNyD/ olUü ]tdrfNrJjcif;? ocifudk'ku©ray;jcif;? odrfarGUaom
oaE¨&Sdjcif;? olUocifrtm; cspfwwfjcif;paom tjcif;t&muav;rsm;
rSwyg; acG;xD;rsm;uJUokdU uREkfyftxl;wvnf ESpfoufaom obm0
rsKd;r&Sdonfh twGufaMumifh oem;&kHrSwyg; pdwfüxdcdkufvSatmif rjzpfcJUyg/
*sL'DaoqkH; onfhaeUrSpí,aeUwdkif uREkfyfonf acG;arG;csifaom tmoDoudk
jzwfvkdufNyDjzpf&m þpmudka&;aomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfü acG;waumifrQ
r&Sdawmhyg/ (udk,fhtjzpftysufudka&;&mrS acG;rsm;taMumif;udk a&;&av
oavm[k tjypfajymvdkaom vlrsm;&SdMuvQif uREkfyftzkdU&mü þacG;rsm;onf
uREkfyf\pdwfudk tcsKdUvlom;rsm;xuf xdcdkufapwwfaMumif; 0efcHNyD;aemuf
uREkfyfudk cifrifolrsm;ESifh acG;cspfwwfolrsm;udk csefvSyfNyD; þtwGuf
cGifhvTwfyg&ef awmif;yef&rnfxifygonf/)

uREkfyf\wynfhrsm; (1) aomfwmaqG

1946 ckESpfwGif 0ufvufrS rEÅa v;odkU ajymif;vmcJUí "m;wef;&yf

wl0if;armif\tdrfürSDcdkaexdkifvsuf&SdpOf waeUaomeHeufü vli,fwa,muf
a&mufvm\/ uREkfyfonfolUudkwBudrfrQrawGUbl;onfhjyif ol\udpöudkvnf;
rcefUrSef;wwfonfESifh tef;wef;wef;jzpfum ae&mxdkifcif;ay;av&m olu

965 
vnf;&Jwif;aom trlt&mr&SdyJ cyfwGefUwGefUESifhyif 0ifíxdkif\/ uREkfyfu
udpöar;aomtcg olu 0w¦Kwyk'fa&;xm;aMumif;? ¤if;udk uRekfyf Munfh&I
jyifqifay;apvdkaMumif;ajymavonf/
uREkfyfonf þudpörsKd;ESifhvmaom &Sif&[ef;rsm;udk rMumcP awGU&
bl;í ¤if;wkdU\pmrlrsm;udk zwfMunfhaomtcgwGif ykHESdyfavmufatmif
aumif;vSonf r[kwfjcif;udk BuH&zefrsm;cJUvSNyD jzpfaomaMumifh
tifwifwif jzpfoGm;rdonf/ (aemufydkif;ü aomfwmaqGu þtaMumif;udk
pum;pyfrdí ajym&mwGif ]]OD;BuD;udk yxrtBudrf uRefawmfawGUvkduf&wkef;
uodyfNyD; txifrBuD;bl;As? aemufawmhrSwjznf;jznf; MumavMumav
oabmusvmw,f}}[k ajymbl;avonf/)
tvkyftudkif? ae&yf? touft&G,fponfwkdUudk ar;jref;um pum;
ten;fi,f ajymMuNyD;aemuf uREkfyfu ol\pmudk,lcdkif;vdkuf\/ aemuf
wacgufvmaomtcg zdk;usifarmifonf pmrluav;ESifhtwl qefwtdwf
vnf;,lvm\/ tcsdefwefukefaom tvkyfwckudk vkyfay;&vQif vkyfc&
csifwwfaom uREkfyf\0goemudk0efcHí qeftdwfudk jrif&jcif;aMumifh
&kwfw&uf0rf;omovdkjzpfrdaomfvnf; þqeftdwftwGufaMumifh nHUzsif;
aom pmrlwckudk aumif;onf[k rajymrdapzkdU vkdtyfjcif;udkvnf; owd&
onfESifh qeftdwfudk &dk;om;pGmjiif;y,frdygao;onf/ odkU&mwGif zkd;usif
armifu ]]OD;BuD;pm;&atmif apwemeJU ay;jcif;jzpfygonf}}[k twif;ay;
onfESifh vufcHvdkuf&\/ uREkfyfonf ol\pmrludk csufcsif;zwfMunfhzdkU
tcsdefr&ao;aomfvnf; zkd;usifarmifu cPcP vmí pum;ajymonfESifh
pmrltaMumif; rod&ao;apumrl vludkrlum; wkd;íwkd;í oabmus
vmavNyD/ uREkfyfuwckowdjyKrdonfum; zdk;usifarmifonf txifBuD;
cHcsifí 0ifh<um;um [dwfxkwfwwfaom vli,fwa,mufr[kwf? &dk;&dk;

966 
uav; wifjywwfolwa,mufjzpfonf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrd\/ þwcsuf
onfolESifh uREkfyfa&SUtzkdUwGif Mum&Snfav;jrifh qufqHíjzpfEdkifrnfh
vli,fwa,mufjzpfaMumif; nTefjy\/ uREkfyf\0goemwckrSm vl<um;rsm;udk
trdzrf;í azmfxkwfcsifwwfay&m (aumif;vSa om 0goemawmhr[kwfyg/)
zrf;írdonfqdkvQif olwkdUonf uREkfyftm; aomufjrifuyfoGm;onfu
rsm;avonf/

tjyeftvSefem;vnfcGifh&jcif;

zdk;usifarmifESifh uREkfyfonf wlaom0goemuav;tcsKdU&Sdí (ok&mudk

&nf&G,fjcif;r[kwf) wBudrfxufwBudrf cifrif&if;ESD;jcif;&SdvmMu&m waeU
oü 0if;armifwkdUESifhtwl ppfudkif;awmif&dk;odkU uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,muf vkduf
oGm;Muonf/ uREkfyfonf zdk;usifarmif\pmrludkvnf;,lcJU\/ yxrü
uREkfyfonfolUpmrludk zwfvQifzwfcsif; pkHaxmuf0w¦Kjzpfjcif;udk &dyfrdí
tawmfpdk;&drfrd\/ pdk;&drfjcif;um; uREkfyf\armifpH&Sm; 0w¦Krsm;rS urÇmausmf
&Sm;avmh[krf;udk rSD;ía&;jcif;jzpf&m olu¤if;udk tm;usNyD; pkHaxmuf0w¦K
a&;rnfqdkvQif zwfaysmfaom 0w¦KwckjzpfvmEdkifzkdU cJ,Of;onf[k uREkfyf
,lqxm;aomaMumifhjzpf\/ odkUaomf qufvufízwfMunfh&mwGif zwf
aysmfaom pkHaxmuf0w¦Kwckjzpfaejcif;udkawGU&í 0rf;omrdonf/ þ
taMumif;udk zkdk;usifarmiftm; ajymjyíolvnf; 0rf;omonf/ þnOfhü
zdk;usifarmifESifh uREkfyfonf awGUu&m&Spfaomif; pum;rsm;udk ajymjyMu&m
wnwnf;ESifh tawmfBuD;&if;ESD;NyD; wa,mufudkwa,muf em;vnfaom
tjzpfokdU a&mufoGm;Mu\/ wnavmuf twltdyfí ajymcsif&mawG
ajymMujcif;uJUodkU vlwa,mufESifhwa,muf em;vnfrI&apEdkifaom tjcif;

967 
t&mwckudk uREfkyfrBuKHbl;yg/ em;vnfapEdkifonf[kqdkygonf/ oabmus
apEdkifonf rqdkvdkyg/ tcsKdUrSmwa,mufudkwa,muf "mwfod&kH omodNyD;
oabmrusaomtjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;jcif;rsm;vnf; BuKH&bl;ygonf/ zkd;usif
armifonf uREkfyftm; xdknrSpí q&morm;taejzifh todtrSwfjyK
oGm;[efwlay&m olonf uREkfyftm; bmudkq&mwifonfhrqkdEdkif? (0w¦Ka&;
&müvnf; w*dkPf;pDjzpfonf/) okdUaomf uREkfyfonfbmomjyef orm;
wa,muftaejzifh xif&Sm;olwa,mufjzpfonfrSefaomfvnf; uREkfyf\
wynfhESpfa,muf[k 0efcHMuaom zdk;usifarmifESifh zdk;BuD;armifwkdUu uREkfyf\
bmomjyefwynfhrsm;jzpfvdkMuonfh &nf&G,fcsuf&SdMuygrl cyfapmapmu
vufavQmhMuzkdU uREkfyftBuHay;vdkufygonf/ uREkfyfonf zdk;usifarmif\
pkHaxmuf0w¦KwGif ed'gef;a&;ay;í &Ir0u &dkufESdyfxkwfa0&mwGif atmifjrif
onf[k Mum;&í0rf;omvSonf/

ckwrsKd; ckwrsKd;

waeUoü zkd;usifarmifonf uREkfyftdrfodkUvmí txufjrpfnmü

qefa&mif;&ef ol\t&yf(aygif;wnf)rS qeftdwf tajrmuftjrm; ,lvmcJU
aMumif; armfawmfwpif;iSm;í uomodkUqefwufrnfjzpfaMumif; ajym\/
þrQavmuf aiGt&if;tESD;aumif;olwa,mufu pma&;q&mjzpfzkdU &nf&G,f
csuf&Sd&avoavm[k uREkfyiftHUMordygao;onf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap olxGuf
rnfhaeUü uREkfyfonf jrpfqdyfokdUqif;í olUudkEIwfquf,if; oaX;om;
uav;ayavm[k rk'dwmjzpfrdygao;onf/ xkdUaemuf uREkfyfonf
zdk;usifarmifray:vmonfESifh olUwnf;tdrfokdU oGm;ípkHprf;&m 8 vwdkifwkdif
bmowif;rSrMum;&onfwGif ppfNyD;cgpjzpfí cyf&Iyf&Iyf&Sdaeao;onfh

968 
tnmwckdtaMumif;udk od&onfESifh oaX;om;wa,muf wpcef;odrf;oGm;
acsNyDavmj[k pdk;&drfylyefrdygonf/ xkdtawmtwGif; uREkfyfonf
"m;wef;&yfrS *kHwef&yfodkUajymif;a&TUaexdkifvsuf&Sd&m waeUoü zkd;usifarmif
ay:vmí ol\qefukefonfZwf&IyfBuD;taMumif;udk tvkH;pkH &Sif;vif;ajym
jyonfwGifrS ol\oaX;om;tjzpfrSm uREkfyf\pdwful;,Ofoufoufjzpf
aMumif; od&ygonf/ wnaeü uREkfyfonf xrif;pm;awmhrnfjyKqJwGif
zdk;usifarmiftm; &kHawmfBuD;odkU bdkifpu,fjzifh tpdrf;aMumft0,fcdkif;&m
ESpfem&DausmfrSjyefvmí uomodkUqefa&mif;oGm;pOfu rdef;rwa,mufESifh
Zmwf&IyfcJUykHtaMumif;ESifh xdkrdef;rESifh ,ckawGU&ykHrsm;udk ajymavonf/
uREkfyfwkdUum; warQmfarQmfESifh apmifhaeMuNyD;rS qmvGef;vSonfESifh npm
pm;vkdufMuNyD;jzpf&m ol0,fcJUaom tpdrf;aMumfudknv,fpmtjzpfESifh pm;Mu
&ygawmhonf/ zkd;usifarmifonf xdkrdef;rtaMumif;udk uREkfyftm;
trsKd;rsKd;ajymjyí r*¾Zif;rsm;üvnf; trsKd;rsKd;a&;jcif;rsm;udk zwf&onfwGif
uREkfyfu ]]rifh[m b,fhESmvJuG? ckwrsKd; ckwrsKd; ajymvkdufa&;vdkuf jzpfae
ygNyDaum? b,f'if;u trSefvJuG}}[k ar;&m olu ]]tckaemufqkH; ajymwm
trSefyJ OD;BuD;}} [k ajym\/ aemufwzef wrsKd;ajymif;íajymjyefonf wGif
uREkfyfu ]]a[h zkd;usifarmif wrsKd;vkyfvmjyefNyD? b,f'if;udktwnf,l
&rSmvJuG}}[kar;í ]]ck[mrS trSefygOD;BuD;}}[k ajymjyef\/ aemufqkH;ü
uREkfyfu ]]'DudpörSmawmhrif;u bmajymajym b,f'if;rS r,kHawmhbl;uGm}}[k
ajymvkduf&onf/ zdk;usifarmif awmfaomtcsufrSm þrdef;uav;taMumif;
udka&;&mü wckESifhwck EIdif;MunfhrdaomaMumifhom trSm;zrf;í&onf/ wck
wnf;zwfMunfhygrl rnfonfhtw¦KywÅdudk zwfMunfhonfjzpfap? t[kwf
wu,fxif&avmufatmif ,kwÅD,kwÅmqifí a&;xm;onfcsnf; awGU&av
onf/ uREkfyfrauseyfaomtcsufrSm þokdUjzpf\/ tw¦KywÅdwckü rD;&xm;

969 
ay:wGif zdk;usifarmiftm; vlqdk;*sydk;rsm;u 0dkif;í&dkufMuaomtcg rdef;
uav;onf zdk;usifarmiftm; udk,fvkH;ESifh zkH;tkyfí tumuG,fay;onf
[kajymaomaMumifh uREkfyfonf rdef;uav;udkjrifawGU&aomtcgü [D;&dk;0if;
wa,mufozG,f txifBuD;cJUrdbl;onf/ aemufwzef þtaMumif;udk
ajymjyef&mwGif [D;&dk;0if; tjyKtrlonf aemufZmwfvrf;ESifhrudkufnD
rqDavsmfawmhonfjzpfí txifBuD;atmif vkyfxm;NyD;rS zsufypfjcif;udk
rBudKufEdkifonfESifh ]]ighvacG;wJU? awmfygawmhuGm? rif;OpömawG igb,f'if;rS
r,kHawmhygbl;}}[kajymvkduf&avonf/

&efukefokdUajymif;a&TUjcif;

1949 ckESpfwGif vlxkowif;pmwkdufudk 'dkif;erdkif;cGJcH&í owif;pm

&yfxm;&onfü uREkfyfonf 0w¦Ktwkdt&Snfrsm;a&;jcif;jzifh toufarG;vsuf
&Sd&m wESpfausmfcefUrQMumaomtcg &efukefodkUajymif;a&TUaexdkifvdkaomqE´
jyif;xefvmcJUjyefonf/ odkUjzpfí ZeD;rpdk;ESifh c,frrdao;yg uREkfyfwkdU
okH;a,mufonf 1950jynfhESpf? pufwifbmv w&ufaeUwGif oabFmjzifh
&efukefokdUpkefqif;Muav\/ xkdtcsdefü rD;&xm;vrf; raygufa o;acs/
oabFmrSmvnf; txufwef;atmufwef; tcef;r&Sd? ukef;ywfay:wGif
c&D;onftm;vkH; Murf;wjyifwnf; tdyfMu&onf/ rEÅav;qdyfurf;rS
oabFmxGufcGmaomtcg c&D;oGm;&jcif;rSm vkHNcKHrIr&Sd aomaMumifhxifh?
oabFmay:wGif c&D;onftvGefenf;í BudKufaomae&mudk a&G;,lEdkifMu
onf/ oabFmOD;ydkif;a&m aemufydkif;yg uufbif(tcef;)r&Sd? awmufavQmuf
BuD; jrifEdkifonfh [mvm[if;vif;BuD;jzpf\/ uREkfyfawmvkdufpma&; jzpfcJU
pOftcgu rif;BuD;ESifh oabFmjzifhc&D;oGm;Mu&mwGif uREkfyfu yJUcef;

970 
(puúif;uvyfpf)rS vkdufírif;BuD;u OD;cef;rSvdkufaom xkH;pH&Sd\/ uREkfyf
onf tvkyfudpö&Sdí rif;BuD;\OD;cef;odkU 0ifoGm;aomtcgrsm;wGif avw[l;
[l;ESifh tvGefat;í Zdrf&SdykH&aom olwkdU\ae&mxdkifcif;udk jrif&ojzifh
awmifhawmifhwwjzpfum waeUaeUü oabFmOD;cef;wGif igpD;Munfhcsifprf;
ygbd[k qE´jyKrdonf/ okdUjzpfí rEÅav;qdyfurf;ü oabFmay:odkU uREkfyf
udk,fwkdifwufNyD; ae&ma&G;onfhtcg oabFmOD;ydkif;wckvkH; vpfvyfvsuf
&Sdonfudk awGU&onfESifh xdyfcRef;uav;wnfhwnfhudk a&G;,lcJU\/ uREkfyf
wkdUxuf a&SUusaom c&D;onf[lí r&SdEdkifawmhacs/

oabFmpD;&jcif;\Zdrf

oabFmxGufvmí tajctaeudkMunfhvdkufaomtcg i,fpOfu

ig\awmifhwrIum; jynfh0ygayNyD[k atmufarhrd\/ tcef;wnf;[laom
tumt&Hr&Sdjcif;aMumifh awmifavw[l;[l;ESifh at;&kHru csrf;íyifvm
onfESifh uREkfyfwkdU\ 0efpnfpv,fypönf;rsm; NcH&Hxm;&kHjzifh rvkHavmufyJ
rkd;um(wmvywf)rsm;udkyif csxm;&\/ ]]tat;BudKufvSwJUvl b,fhES,fvJ
uG}}[k rdrdudk,fudkar;rd&m cyfayayawaw oabmxm;wwf aom
uREkfyf\0goemtavsmuf ]]udpör&Sdbl;? jzpfcsifwmjzpf&,if auseyfwmyJ}}[k
tavQmhray;aom tajzxGufvmavonf/ uREkfyfonf oabFmESifhc&D;&Snf
roGm;&onfrSm twefMumNyDjzpfí pdwfxJü tvGefauseyf NyD;
rD;&xm;vrf;raygufjcif;twGuf 0rf;omrdygao;onf/ a&aMumif;c&D;
oGm;aomtcgrsm;ü uREkfyfonf pmzwfjcif;xufurf;bufokdU arQmfMunfhum
&Icif;rsm;udk Munfhwwfaom 0goem&Sdonfhjyif wBudrfjrifxm;vQif
awmfawmfESifhrarhEdkifaom rSwfOmPfrsKd;vnf; &Sdonfjzpfí vGefcJUaom

971 
ESpfaygif; 30wdwdu (1920 jynfhESpf pufwifbmv) ol&d,wdkufü
vkyfpOfu 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh om;orD;rsm; rdbrsm;ESifhtwloabFmjzifh
pkefqif;vmpOf jrifcJU&aom&Icif;rsm;udk awGUjrif&onfESifh oGm;avolrsm;udk
owd&rdygao;onf/ xkdpOfu ol&d,wdkufodkUtcsdefrDatmif jyefra&muf
qkdum xkacsvTmawmif;Edkifrnfr[kwf[k owd&onfESifh vcpm;r[kwfonfh
pma&;q&mtvkyfudk auseyfvsuf&Sdygonf/ a&aMumif;c&D;jzifh oabFmpD;í
vmcJU&mü auseyfrItrsKd;rsKd; BuKHawGU&ay&m uREkfyftxl;wvnf auseyfvS
aom tjcif;t&mwckudk azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf oabFmay:odkU
xrif;0,fírpm;MuyJ udk,fh[mudk,f csufjyKwfpm;&eftwGuf i&kwf?
MuufoGef? qD? qef? ig;yd? ig;ajcmufrSpí tjynfhtpkH 0,fvmcJUMu&kHomru
uREkfyftvGefoabmusaom rD;zdkwckvnf; 0,fvmcJU\/ avxdk;rD;zdkr[kwfyJ
a&eHqDESifhxGef;&í rD;awmufjymuav;xGufa om rD;zdkrsKd;rSm xkdpOfu
ay:cgpjzpfí c&D;onfrsm;u tqef;wMu,ftjzpfESifh 0dkif;tkHvma&muf
Munfh&IMu&onf/ tvGefoefU&Sif;í vkdoavmuf tyl&Sdefvnf; &&SdEdkif\/
uREkfyfonf tcsufjyKwfwGif rsKd;&dk;Zmwdtvkduf 0goemygol wa,muf
jzpfav&m uREkfyf\ &Gufzsifckwifudkacgufxm;NyD; oifjzL;ay:wGif rD;zdkwifí
ZeD;ESifhc,frwkdUu axmif;xkvSD;jzwf ckwfxpfay;Muaom[if;csufp&m
om;ig;rsm;udk rD;zdkay:wGifwifí wifysOfacGvsuf csufjyKwfaMumfavSmf
NyD;aemuf rD;zdkukd z,fxm;í oifjzL;ay:wGif npm? eHeufpm? aeUpmrsm;
pm;aomuf&jcif;uJUokdU Zdrf&Sdaomtvkyfonf uREkfyftzkdU&mü cyf&Sm;&Sm;
&Sdygvdrfhrnf/ ywf0ef;usif&Sd c&D;onfrsm;onfvnf; uREkfyfwkdU\ wufnD
vufnd csufjyKwfaMumfavSmf cl;cyfpm;aomuf aq;aMumokwfoif
Mujcif;rsm;udkjrif&í oGm;&nfusonfh vu©PmESifh ]]odyfMunfhaumif;w,f
cifAsm}}[k wu,fh rk'dwmoabmESifh ajymqdkcsD;usL;Muavonf/

972 
vrf;avQmufjcif;\ tmedoif

uREkfyf\toufrSm xdktcgü 61ESpf&SdNyDjzpfaomfvnf; rdrdudk,fudk 40

t&G,favmufomxifrdonfhtavsmuf vlvwft&G,frsm; vIyf&Sm;Edkif
oavmuf tm;usrcH vsifjrefzswfvwfpGm vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmEdkifygonf/
qdyfurf;wckü oabFmqdkufonfqdkvQif aps;0,fonfhtcsdeftcgjzpfygu
ukef;abmifxkd;onfESifhwNydKifeuf vG,ftdwfuav;ESifh qif;oGm;NyD; om;ig;
ykpGefpaom [if;csufp&mrsm;0,f,lum ajcukefokwfíjyefvmcJU&m oabFmrS
qif;vmMuonfh tjcm;c&D;onfaps;0,frsm;ESifh vrf;wGifawGUí ]]aps;xJrSm
bmawGrsm;aygovJ q&mBuD;}}[kNyKH;&,fum ar;Mujref;Muav onf/
xdkvlrsm;onf vlBuD;wefyJvsufESifh þrQavmuf ]zifaygh}&acs oavm
qkdonfhoabmESifh cyfNyKH;NyKH;cyfavSmifavSmif ar;Mujcif;jzpfonf[k
&dyfrdaomfvnf; uREkfyfonf xkdolwkdU\ ajymifavSmifjcif;aMumifh &Sufonf
r&SdyJqdyfurf;wdkif;vdkyif þenf;twkdif;jyKvkyf\/ jrefrmvlBuD; wa,muf
taejzifh vG,ftdwfuav;ESifh aps;0,foGm;jcif;onf odu©mrJU onf[k
xifMuykH&aomfvnf; uREkfyfrlum; xdkokdUaom ]odu©m}rsKd;udk txifrBuD;
ojzifh udk,fvkyfcsif&m vkyfwwfoljzpfavonf/ þokdUaom tjcif;t&m
rsKd;aMumifh uREkfyftay:ü txifao;olrsm; &SdMuykH&aomfvnf; uREkfyf
*&krpdkuf/ olwdkU\ ]odu©mrsKd;ESifh uREkfyf\zswfvwfayghyg;í tokH;0ifjcif;
udkrvJEdkif[k atmufarhygonf/ jynfNrdKUqdyfurf;ü oabFmqkduf í
a&TqHawmfbk&m;odkU vrf;avQmuf,if; bk&m;zl;&ef uREkfyfqif;vmaom tcg
]]uRefawmfwdkUvkdufOD;rnf}}[kqkdum vlokH;av;a,muf vkdufvmMu\/
uREkfyfrSm oabFmay:ü ukyfae&aom&ufaygif; rsm;NyDjzpfí bk&m;odkU
cyfokwfokwf avQmufav&m vrf;w0ufausmfausmf a&mufMuaomtcg

973 
aemufrSrDatmif rvkdufEdkifaomvlrsm; usef&pfaeNyDjzpfí ]]a&SUu q&mBuD;?
ajz;ajz;vkyfyg? uRefawmfwkdU rvkdufEdkifbl;}}[k ajym,l&avonf/ ajymrnfh
om ajymMuonf/ olwkdUtxJwGif tBuD;qkH;vlrSm touf50yif ausmfao;
ykHr&acs/ þonfrSm vGefcJUaom 10ESpfcefUuwnf;u eHeufwdkif; rSefrSef
vrf;avQmufcJUjcif;\ tusKd;tmedoifaywnf;/ (uREkfyf\wynfh zkd;BuD;armif
onf uREkfyfESifhtwlaepOftcg b,fawmhrS vrf;avQmufvkduf onfr&Sd?
uREkfyfokH;av;jyef vrf;avQmufEdkifonfhaps;csKdc&D;rQavmufudk r&SdrJU&SdrJUESifh
qdkufum;tNrJpD;í oGm;wwfavonf/ olonf uREkfyfwkdUxHrS qkdufum;c
awmif;vQif cJ,Of;vdrfhrnf[k odonfESifh pmtkyfqdkifxGufaom uREkfyf\nD
bZHxHrS qkdufum;ctNrJawmif;onf[k od&onf/ zkd;usifarmifrlum;
uREkfyfESifh arNrdKUü twlaeMupOf eHeufwkdif;vrf;avQmufvdkufzkdU BudK;pm;&Sm
onf/ þwaumifvnf; cyfysif;ysif;&Sdonf/ odkUaomf uREkfyfqlrnf udk
aMumufonfESifh olUbmom rxaomfvnf; uREkfyfuEIdif;vkdufvQif vl;vJí
xazmf&ayonf/)

pdk;&drf&aomae&mrsm;

rEÅav;-&efukefa&aMumif;c&D;rSm xkdacwftcgu vkHNcKHrIr&Sdojzifh

atmufydkif;okdU a&mufvmaomtcg c&D;onfrsm;rSm wxdwfxdwf
wvefUvefUESifh vdkufygMu&\/ wcgw&Hürl xdwfvefU&kHESifh udpörNyD;acs/
oabFmt&m&Sdrsm;\ EId;aqmfcsuft& tcsKdUae&mrsm;ü c&D;onfrsm;onf
oabFmatmufxyfodkU qif;Muí qeftw
d frsm;tMum;wGif 0yfolu0yf?
arSmufoluarSmuf? acsmifBudKacsmifMum;ü ykef;vQKd;olu ykef;vQKd; trsKd;rsKd;
aom £&d,mykwfjzifh udk,fhudk,fudk ao;i,fatmif BuKHxm;Mu&avonf/

974 
wae&mwGif urf;yg;apmufBuD;onfoabFmtrdk;xufyif jrifhvsuf&Sd&m urf;
ay:rS b&if;*ef;? pwif;*ef;rsm;jzifh qJGvdkufvQif oufomvSrnf r[kwf[k
atmufarhrdonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh okH;av;BudrfrQ qeftdwfrsm;tMum;odkU
0ifcsnfxGufcsnf ykef;vQKd;Mu&aomfvnf; uHaumif;axmufrojzifh aoewf
oH wcsufrQrMum;&yJ acsmarmpGm vGwfajrmufvmMuygonf/

tm;emwwfvGef;jcif;

1950 jynfhESpf? pufwifbmv 7 &ufaeUwGif uREkfyfwkdU\

]rif;vwf}oabFmonf &efukefqdyfurf;odkU 0ifvmav&m vrf;c&D;wGif
c&D;onftjynfhygaomae&mrsm; &SdcJUaomfvnf; (xkH;pHayvmrod) &efukef
qdyfurf;odkU qdkufonfhtcgwGif c&D;onf 20? 25xufrrsm;awmh ojzifh
tcsKdUrSm ]]tr,fav;[JU? oabFmuvJ wapäÅacsmufrSmawmif aMumuf&w,f}}
[k ajymMuonf/ tcsKdUc&D;onfrsm;rSm urf;ay:rS tBudKvmolrsm;tm;
]]b,fola&?b,f0ga&}}ponfjzifh vSrf;í EIwfquf vsuf&SdMu&m
0efpnftawmfrsm;aom uREkfyfwkdUrSm b,folUudkrS vSrf;ac:&rnfhvl r&Sdojzifh
ZeD;ESifhc,frwkdU rsufESmi,fMujcif;twGuf uREkfyfoem;rdonf/ þokdU
jzpf&jcif;rSm uREkfyf\trSm;aMumifhkyif jzpfonf/ uREkfyf\0goemwckrSm
tjcm;vlrsm;udk 'ku©ray;csif? udk,fhzmom oGm;wwfonf/ a&mufaomtcgrS
0rf;omMuygap[k oabmxm;wwfaom aMumifh BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;jcif;
rjyKrdcJUacs/ &efukefü nDt&if;ESifh wynfhESpfa,muftjyif rdwfaqGrsm;
vnf;&Sdygvsuf BudKwiftaMumif;rMum;rdjcif;twGuf (txl;ojzifh ypönf;
rsm;ygaomaMumifh) ZeD;ESifh c,frwkdUtm;i,fMu&jcif;rSm uREkfyf\tjypf
jzpfonf/ uREkfyfonf rdrdukd,fwdkifEIdufu rsufESmri,f? tm;ri,f

975 
wwfonfESifh tjcm;vlrsm;vnf; þodkUjzpf&rnf[k arQmfvifhvGef;tm;BuD;
onfh tjypfrsKd;jzpfae\/ udk,fcsif;rpmwwfaom tjypf[lí um; qdkoifh
onfrxifyg/ uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; c&D;oGm;aom tcgrsm;wGifvnf;
BudKwif taMumif;Mum;onf[k tvGefenf;ygonf/

&Ir0ESifhtqufjywfykH

uREkfyfonf &efukefokdU rqif;rDuwnf;u ausmufajrmif;&yf oDwm

vrf;wGif tcef;wcef;&zdkUBudKwifpDpOfxm;NyD;jzpfonfESifhtnD nDESifh ¤if;\
tdrfoltdrfom;rsm; auseyfap&ef olwkdUtdrfü &ufowÅwywfrQ wnf;cdk
NyD;aemuf oDwmvrf;odkUajymif;a&TUaexdkifMu\/ xkdpOfu 0rf;a&;twGuf
uREkfyf\tm;udk;rSm aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;? [Hom0wDowif;pm ESifh 0w¦K&Snf
rsm;a&;jcif;yifjzpf\/ &Ir0r*¾Zif;twGufrl uREkfyfra&;awmh[k qkH;jzwfxm;
\/ ra&;jcif;rSm þodkUaom taMumif;aMumifhaywnf;/ uREkfyfonf
zkd;BuD;armifwkdufwGef;csuft& &Ir0twGuf awmfvfpwGdKif\ t,fem
u&if;eD;em; 0w¦Kudk pmtkyfqdkuft&G,f  (Book  Length)  bmomjyefay;NyD;
&Ir0r*¾Zif;üxnfhMu\/ ¤if;twGuftcaMu;aiG &Sif;aomtcg wifhw,ftm;
ay;onf[k zkd;BuD;armifajymzl;aom EIef;xuf avsmhenf;aejcif;udkawGU&í
bmrQjyefrajymaomfvnf; &Ir0twGuf bmrQra&;awmh[k qkH;jzwfvdkuf
onf/ udk,fydkifOmPfESifha&;Muaom 0w¦Kpmrlrsm;twGuf b,folb,favmuf
&Muonfjzpfap uREkfyfudpör&Sd? bmomjyef0w¦KtwGufqdkvQif rnfolxufrQ
,kwfavsmhay;jcif;udk uREkfyfcHEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ okdUESifh&Ir0ESifh uREkfyfjywf
oGm;cJUonfrSm ESpftwefMumcJUao;onf/ &efukefü&SdpOf wkdif;&if;arpaom
r*¾Zif;rsKd;üyif aomfwmaqG\ awmif;yefrIaMumifh) bmrqkdifnmrqdkif

976 
a&;cJUbl;aomfvnf; &Ir0twGuf wyk'frQuREkfyfra&;cJUacs/ &Ir0udkausmfonf
uREkfyftay:wGif ,ckwavmü awmfoavmuf xdkpOfu a&SmfcJUonf/ þvl
um; pmayorm;ESifh ywfoufí tuJcwf&mwGif (uREkfyftxiftm;jzifh)
]xifrdxif&m} vlwa,mufjzpf\/ pma&;q&mwa,mufudk oloabmus
onfqdkvQif olUvnfyif;ü uifqmaygufonfqdkygu xkdkvludkjy&rS auseyf
rnfhykH&\/ odkU&mwGif uRekfyfonf &Ir0r*¾Zif;twGuf bmrQra&;aomfvnf;
&Ir0{nfhcHyGJrsm;odkUrl zdwfwdkif;a&mufygonf/

OD;nTefUESifhOD;qefeD

&efukefodkUjyefa&mufí oDwmvrf;ü aexdkif&onfwGif ESpfaygif;

twefMumrQ uGJuGmaeaom ]&ifbwfrdwfaqG} udkcifarmifESifh jyefvnf
qkHpnf;cGifh&NyD; eHeufwdkif; twlvrf;avQmuf&jcif;? "r®rdwfaqGrsm;jzpfonfh
NAdwdoQbm;rm; OD;nGefUESifh yJa&mufOD;qefeDwdkUESifh w&m;"r®aqG;aEG;&jcif;?
aomfwmaqGac:cJUonfh pma&;q&mopfrsm;jzpfMuonfh okc? om"k?
oef;aqG? rif;&Sifaemif paom vli,frsm;ESifh rdwfjzpf&jcif;onf uREkfyftzkdU
]tjrwf} [lí atmufarhygonf/ txl;ojzifh OD;nGefU? OD;qefeD? (wcgw&H)
'*kefudkvSazpaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh w&m;aqG;aEG; &onfrSm tawmft&om
&SdvSygonf/ OD;nGefUESifh OD;qefeDwkdUonf uREkfyfESifh oduRrf;onfrSm
twefMumNyDjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyftm; w&m;"r®ü avhvmvkdufpm;ol
wa,muftaejzifh ,ckrSyifodMuí tvGefw&m tHUMo0rf;omvsuf&SdMu\/
we*FaEGaeUwdkif; OD;nGefUonf uREkfyf\tdrfodkU ol\um;udk vTwfavh&Sd&m
uREkfyfa&mufoGm;aomtcgü OD;qefeDa&mufvsuf&SdavNyD/ OD;nGefUonf uREkfyf
wkdUtm; we*FaEGaeUwdkif; eHeufpm auR;avh&Sd&m ol\taetxdkif tcif;

977 
tusif;ESifh tauR;tarG;rsm;rSm uREkfyfjrifbl; awGUbl;orQaom jrefrm
"e&Sifrsm;teufwGiftom;em;qkH;? toyf&yfqkH;? Zdrft&SdqkH;jzpfayonf[k
uREkfyftrSwftom;jyKrdygonf/ w&m;aqG;aEG;&mü uREkfyfonf Oykof
apmifhjcif;? v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ 'DyeDrsm;udkzwfjcif; ykwD;pdyfjcif;
rQavmufESifh auseyfMuonfh rd&dk;zvm Ak'¨bmomrsKd;r[kwfyJ awmfpGm avsmf
pGm Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;\ vrf;vGJaom t,ltqrsm;udk axmufjycsifwwf
onfh awmfvSefa&;orm;  (Revolutionary  Type)  Ak'¨bmomwa,muf
jzpfjcif;udkodM uí OD;nGefUum; tawmfoabmusykH& onf/ OD;qefeDrSmrl
bkdifpukyfukrÜPDtvkyfudk om;tm;vTJxm;í tvQif;jyefrMunfhyJ bmoma&;
pmayrsm;jzifhom tcsdefukefaponfhtwGufaMumifh OD;nGefUu ¤if;tm;rdrdxuf
omayonf[k csD;usL;ajymqdkwwfaomfvnf; bmoma&;t,ltqrSm
rd&dk;zvmtwkdif; pdyfykwD;ESifh &dyfBuD;cdkNyD; Oykofapmifhjcif;rQavmufudk
tjrifhqkH;pHcsdefxm;onfh vu©Pm&Sdayonf/ okH;a,mufom; w&m;aqG;aEG;
Muaomtcgrsm;wGif uREkfyfESifhOD;qefeDwkdUrSm ,lykHqykH cyfuGJuGJ&SdMuí
OD;nGefUurl trsm;tm;jzifh em;axmifaewwf\/ aqG;aEG;Muzefrsm;vwfaom
OD;qefeDESifh uREkfyft,ltq uGJvJGrI&Sdwdkif; OD;nGefUonfuREkfyfbufrS
axmufcHjcif;u rsm;vm\/ MumMumaeaomtcgü ukrÜPDtvkyfudk
pGefUvTwfxm;Edkifayonfqdkum OD;qefeDtm; tNrJcsD;usL;avh&Sdaom OD;nGefU
onf {&mrpGefUjcif;BuD;wck jyKEdkifayonfqdkaom OD;qefeDxuf uREkfyf
bufokdU (avmuDt& *kPfudpörSwyg;) av;pm;rI wjznf;jznf; ydkí
vmavawmhonf/ w&m;"r®aqG;aEG;&jcif;[lonfrSm tawmfcJ,Of;\/
rdrdtm; t[kwfBuD;xifvmcJUaom yk*¾dKvfwOD;u rdrdtay:ü tuJjzwfrI
edrfhusoGm;jcif;udk awGU&onfqdkvQif tenf;qkH; rsufESmromr,m jzpfwwf
onfom rsm;avonf/ þtjcif;t&mudk uREkfyf&dyfrdí OD;qefeDa&SUwGif

978 
uREkfyf\qef;opfaom t,ltqrsm;udk wifrjyawmhyJ OD;qefeD rvm
aomaeUrsm;ESifh olra&mufrD tcsdefrsm;ü aqG;aEG;Muygawmh onf/ OD;qefeD
rSmvnf; wjznf;jznf; tcsdefrrSefjcif;? &ufrrSefjcif;rsm;udk awGU&onf/
þodkUqdkaomfvnf; OD;qefeDonf uREkfyftay:ü "r®rpä&d,pdwf rsKd;xm;jcif;
udk uREkfyfawGU&onf[k rqdkvdkyg/ rEÅav;odkU uREkfyfjyefawmhrnf [k
EIwfqufaomtcgwGif ol\ukefpkHqdkifBuD;xJokdU ac:oGm;í uREkfyfBudKuf
ESpfouf&m 0w¦Kypönf;tzkd;wefrsm;udk a&G;,lzdkUajymum vufaqmifrsm;
ay;vdkufygayonf/

OD;nGefUu tm;ay;aomfvnf;

þtawmtwGif;ü OD;nGefUonfrEÅav;okdU uREkfyfrjyefapvdkonfh

vu©Pmrsm; azmfjyvsuf&Sd\/ waeUoü OD;nGefUu ]]uREkfyfa&;vdkaom
pmtkyfrsm;udka&;yg? oluaiG&if;pdkufxkwfNyD; ykHESdyfay;ygrnf? a&mif;csay;yg
rnf? [Hom0wDowif;pmü tcrJUaMumfjimay;ygrnf? jrwfonfhaiGxJrS
oluwjym;wcsyfrQr,lyJ uREkfyftm; tukefvkH;ay;ygrnf}}[k ajymygayonf/
pma&;jcif;ü txdkuftavsmuftpGrf;tp&Sdí aiG&if;pdkufxkwf&ef rwwfEdkif
onfh uREkfyfuJUokdUaom pma&;q&mwa,muftzkdUrSm þokdUaom tultnD
onf tvGeft&ma&mufaom tultnDBuD;wck jzpfygayonf/ uREkfyfvnf;
tvGefoabmusí aus;Zl;wifvSaMumif;ajym&ygonf/ okdU&mwGif
uREkfyfbufü tcuftcJwck&SdaeonfrSm uREkfyfonf bmomjyeftvkyf
udkvnf; jiD;aiGUvsuf&Sdonf/ udk,fydkifOmPfxkwfí 0w¦Krsm;a&;&efrSmvnf;
(xdktcsdefwGif w&m;bufodkU cyfnGwfnGwfjzpfvsuf&Sd onfESifh) 0w¦K
ZwfuGufZwfvrf;rsm; wDxGifpdwful;&ef 0efav;vsuf&Sdygonf/

979 
 þaemufydkif;ü &Ir0r*¾Zif;wGif a&;om;vsuf&Sdaom avmukwÅ&m
a&;&m aqmif;yg;rsKd;twdkif; pmtkyfjzpfatmif a&;xkwf&efrSmvnf; vkH;0
pdwful;r&yg/ &efukefüaecJUaom xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfonf xrif;pm;zkdU
vkHavmuf&kHtwGufom pma&;NyD; ydkvQHaom tcsdefrsm;udk w&m;"r®ESifh
ywfoufonfhpdwful;rsm;? rdrd\pdwfudk tavhtusifhjyKvkyfí wkd;wufrI
&Sdatmif BudK;pm;jcif;rsm;üom tokH;cscJUjcif;rSefygonf/ okdUESifhvnf; þ
aemufydkif;rSmuJUokdU usrf;jyKavmufatmif OmPf&TifvSonfr[kwfyg/ okdUjzpf
í rEÅav;rS vlxkOD;vSwkdUvifr,m;u vlxkowif;pm jyefxkwfzkdU
pma&;íac:&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf (rD;&xm;raygufao;onfESifh)oabFmESifh
yifqefwufvmcJUMuygonf/ OD;vSu av,mOfysHESifhvmMuzkdU ajymaomf
vnf; uREkfyfurl oabFmc&D;udk ESpfoufonfESifh oabFmESifhyif jyefvm
Muavonf/

ref;ajreif;&jyefjcif;

&efukefrSrEÅav;okdU tjyefc&D;rSm a&qefjzpfaomaMumifh oabFmay:ü

10 nwdwdtdyfcJU&ay&m tpkefc&D;xuf ESpfqrQ tcsdefMumojzifh oabFm
c&D;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyftzdkU tawmf0tDoGm;cJUavNyD/ rEÅav;qdyfurf;okdU
oabFmqdkufuyfaomtcg vlxkZeD;armifESHwkdU\ rsufESmrsm;udk jrifvdkuf&
onfESifh uREkfyftvGefauseyfrdonf/ wae&mü azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uREkfyf
onftvkyfwckudk vufcHaomtcgwdkif; vctenf;trsm;xuf uREkfyf
tay:ü tvkyf&Sifu av;pm;rI&Sdr&Sdtay:wGif tajcwnfí tuJjzwf
wwfolwa,mufjzpfygonf/ þokdUqdkjcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyfonf vlwdkif;u
c&D;OD;BudKjyKjcif;udk arQmfvifhawmifhwolwa,mufjzpfonf[k em;rvnfMu

980 
apvdkyg/ (þaemufydkif;ü 0ufvufodkUwcgw&H tvnftywfoGm;&mwGif
aqGrsKd;rsm;u vSnf;rsm;jzifh pnfpnfum;um; BudKqdkMuNyD; a&TOa'gif;BuD;
a&mufvmonfqdkaomtaersKd; vkyfcsifMuaomfvnf; uREkfyfu ¤if;wkdU\
tpDtpOfudk zsufvdkufygonf/) þwacgufwGif &efukefrSrEÅav;okdU
jyefwufvmcJU&mü NAdwdoQbm;rm;OD;nGefUuay;rnfqdkaom tultnDudk
pGefUy,fNyD; wufvmcJU&jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh vlxkarmifESHwkdU\ BudKqdkjcif;udk
uREkfyf tav;*&kjyKcJUjcif;jzpfygonf/ vlxkarmifESHwkdUum; (aemifwGifrS
jzpfcsif&mjzpfap) uREkfyfjyefa&mufvmjcif;ESifh ywfoufí tpDtpOfvkyfykHudk
uREkfyfcHwGif;awGUvSonf/ ZeD;ESifhc,frwkdUrSmvnf; &efukefodkUuREkfyfwkdU
qdkufa&mufpOfuuJUodkU tm;ri,f&ojzifh uREkfyfauseyfrdonf/

aetdrfjyóem

rEÅav;odkUa&mufMuaomtcg aetdrftwGufjyóemwckay:aygufvm
\/ rtrmu uREkfyfwkdUonf wl 0if;armifESifhtwl ,cifutwkdif;
(acwÅjzpfap) aexdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k xifrSwfonfhvu©PmESifh uREkfyfwkdU
aexdkifa&;twGuf tpDtpOfjyKvkyfxm;jcif;r&Sdacs/ uREkfyfuvnf;0if;armif
wkdUESifhtwl aexdkifMuzdkU BuH&G,fcsufr&Sdacs/ taMumif;um; þodkUwnf;/
uREkfyfwkdUonf 0if;armif\t&dyftm0goudk ESpfBudrfwdkifwkdifcdkcJU&bl;ayNyD/
uREkfyfwGifomru nDbZHwkdU wtdrfaxmifonfvnf; uREkfyfudk taMumif;
jyKí olUtdrfü vaygif;twefMum rSDcdkaexdkifcJUMubl;av&m uREkfyftwGuf
a&m bZHtwGufyg uREkfyfuaus;Zl;wifygonf/ aus;Zl;wifonfhtavsmuf
uREkfyfuvnf; OD;BuD;wa,mufESifh avsmfnDpGm uREkfyfwwfEdkifonfh ae&m
rsm;u tultnDay;cJUygonf/ uREkfyfay;cJUaom tultnDrsKd;rSm tjcm;

981 
vlrsm;ay;zkdUvnf; cJ,Of;rnf/ 0if;armifu awmif;cHzkdU vnf;cJ,Of;rnfh
tultnDrsKd;jzpfyg\/ twlwuG aexdkifcJUMuonfhtwGif; (ESpfESpfcefU
&Sdonf/) olUtdrfoltdrfom;rsm;ESifh uREkfyf\tdrfolrsm;vnf; tNidtpGef;r&Sd?
oifhjrwfpGmESifhyif cJGcGmEdkifcJUMuojzifh uREkfyftHUMo0rf;ajrmufcJU rdonf/
0if;armifür,m;bufrS twlae rdef;raqGrsKd; tawmfrsm;jcif;aMumifh omí
tHUMo0rf;ajrmuf\/ okdU&mwGif 0if;armif\tdrfü wwd,tBudrf rSDcdk
aexdkifzdkUtwGuf uREkfyfpOf;pm;vdkufaomtcgürlum; zcif\Mo0g'wckudk
uREkfyfowd&rd\/ zcifu uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;tm; ]]a[h rif;wkdUolrsm;tdrfudk
cPcPoGm;rvnfMueJUa[haemf? wacgufoGm;awmh a&T{nfhonf? aemuf
wacgufoGm;awmh aiG{nfhonf? oGm;zefrsm;awmh aomuf{nfhonf
jzpfoGm;wwfw,fa[h}}[k owday;bl;avonf/ þonfaMumifh uREkfyfonf
acwÅwnf;cdk&eftwGufyif 0if;armifudk tylruyfawmh[k qkH;jzwfvkduf
avonf/

jrrsKd;vGifESifh uREkfyf

&efukefokdU oGm;rnf[k oabFmqif;cJUpOfu q&mvGif(jrrsKd;vGif)wdkU

vifr,m;onf uREkfyfwkdUtm; EIwfquf&ef vufaqmifuav;rsm;ESifh
oabFmokdUqif;vmMuí (vlxkarmifESHwkdUum; ray:vmacs/) q&mvGifu
]]uRefawmfwkdUtdrfaqmufaeygonf? tdrfNyD;aomtcg uRefawmfwkdUtdrfrSm
b,ftcgrqdk wnf;cdkEdkifygonf}}[k ajymoGm;bl;onf/ rEÅav;odkU uREkfyf
wkdU jyefa&mufvmaomtcg q&mvGif\ aetdrfrSm aqmufvkyfNyD;NyDjzpf&m
uREkfyfonfq&mvGif\pum;twdkif; (tdrfr&ao;rDtwGif;) olUtdrfü wnf;cdk
&efrSwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf; r&SdonfESifh olUtdrfodkU wufMu&onfwGif

982 
olwkdUvifr,m;ESpfa,mufvkH;u 0rf;omtm;& vufcHMuygayonf/ xdkpOfu
uREkfyfonf &Hzef&Hcg aomufwwfao;onfjzpf&m twlwuG aomufMuaom
tcgrsm;wGif ]]bdef;orm;csif;wlwl wvkH;ydk&SLcsif}} [laom pum;t"dyÜm,f
rsKd;ESifhr[kwfyJ ESD;&if;aom rdwfaqGwa,muftjzpfESifh ]]aomufawmh
aomufwmaygh q&mvGif? okdUaomf ,pfxkyfwa,mufawmh tjzpfrcH
ygeJUaemf}}[k owday;bl;ygonf/ (aomfwmaqGudkvnf; þtwdkif;yif
uREkfyftBudrfBudrfowday;bl;ygonf/) uREkfyfwkdUonf q&mvGif\aetdrfü
okH;vausmfrQ wnf;cdkaexdkifcJU&m a,mufsm;csif;a&m? rdef;rcsif;yg oifhjrwf
MunfjzLpGm &SdMujcif;twGuf uREkfyf0rf;vnf;omí aus;Zl;vnf;wifygonf/
,if;okdU twlwuG aexdkifMuonfwGif uREkfyfonf q&mvGifESifh ywfoufí
tuJcwfzdkU tcGifhBuKHcJU&m olUü (vlcsif;qufqHrIESifh ywfoufí) uREkfyfxuf
omaom tcsuftvufrsm; awGU&jcif;udk MunfjzLpGm 0efcH&ayrnf/
q&mvGiftay:ü uREkfyf\aus;Zl; bmrQr&SdcJU/ oluomvQif uREkfyftm;
tBudrfBudrf zdwfac:auR;arG;cJUbl;onf jzpf&m odkUESifhvnf; olUtdrfü
uREkfyfrSDcdkaexdkif&pOf tawmtwGif;olonf uREkfyf\ aus;Zl;&Sdbl;onfh
taersKd;ESifhqufqHygayonf/ uREkfyfu tdrfvcay;aomfvnf; olur,l
onfhjyif ol\*spfum;ESifhyif uREkfyfwkdUtm; arNrdKUrSpí [dkt&yf onft&yf
rsm;okdU vkdufüydkUygao;onf/ uREkfyftay:üomru tjcm;aom todtuRrf;
rsm;tay:wGifvnf; avmu0wf ausyGefjcif;udk uREkfyfBuKH&onf/
xkdUaMumifhvnf; q&mvGifrSm uREkfyfxufi,faomfvnf; rdwfaqGaygrsm;í
ol\pnf;&kH;rIrsm; atmifjrifjcif; jzpf&rnf[k ,kHMunfonf? uREkfyfrlum;
pnf;&kH;wwfzkdUvnf; rBudK;pm;? BudK;pm;vQifyif jzpfvdrfhrnfrxif[k
oabm&onf/

983 
vuf0Jpmayavhvmjcif;

1951ckESpf aEG&moDwGif vlxkwdkufrScGifhESpfv,lí arNrdKUü tdrfwvkH;

iSm;NyD; q&mvGif\aetdrfrS ajymif;a&TUaexdkif&m aomfwmaqGvnf; vdkufyg
vm\/ uREkfyfonf vlxkowif;pmwdkufü okH;ESpfausmfrQ t,f'Dwm
csKyftjzpfESifh vkyfudkifvmcJUpOf vlxkarmifESHESifh EdkifiHa&;taMumif; aqG;aEG;
Muonfhtcgrsm;ü olwkdU\vuf0JoHygaom pum;vkH;rsm;ESifh t,ltq
rsm;udk uREkfyfem;rvnfEdkifyJjzpfcJU\/ olwkdUESifhuREkfyfonfwdkif;jynf vGwf
vyfa&;? e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;ponfh t,ltqrsm;wGif oabmwlnDMu
aomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdU\ oabmwlnDrIonf þrQESifhyif NyD;qkH;avawmh\/
uREkfyfwkdU\bmoma&; t,ltqrsm;ESifh ywfoufí ¤if;wkdUOmPfrrDEdkifouJU
okdU olwkdU\wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;ESifhywfoufonfh t,ltqrsm;wGif uREkfyf
OmPfrrDEdkifyJ jzpfae\/ Oyrm tewÅtaMumif;udk olwkdUem;rvnfEdkifonfh
enf;wl v,f,majrrsm;udk v,fvkyfrpm;aom ajr&SifBuD;rsm;xHrS odrf;,lNyD;
awmifolv,form;rsm;tm; cJGa0ay;jcif; wnf;[laom pHepfudk w&m;onf
[lí uREkfyfem;rvnfEdkifyJ jzpfaeawmhonf/ okdUjzpfí arNrdKUodkU
uREkfyfa&mufaomtcgwGif vuf0J0g'ESifh ywfoufonfh pmayrsm;udk
&SmazGawGU&SdorQ uREkfyfwkdUxHokdU wifydkUvdkufyg&ef vlxkarmifESHwkdUxHodkU
rSm;xm;vdkuf&m olwkdUwifydkUonf pmtkyfrsm;udk uREkfyfzwf&IavhvmcJUonfh
yxOD;qkH; zwf&onfh pmtkyfrsm;teuf OD;Eka&;onfh ]rmhufqD;Zdrf;}
ac:pmtkyfBuD;wtkyfyg&Sd&m þudpörsKd;wGif jrefrmbmomESifha&; onfh
pmtkyfrsKd;xuf t*Fvdyfvdka&;onfh pmtkyfrsm;onf (vuf&if;usonf[k
,lqonfhtavsmuf) t*FvdyfpmtkyfrsKd;udkom zwfvdkaomfvnf; 0efBuD;csKyf

984 
wa,muf a&;xm;jcif;jzpfonfwaMumif;? t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm; r&ao;
onfwaMumif;aMumifh uREkfyfonf OD;Ek\ ]rmhufqD;Zdrf;}udk pdwf0ifpm;pGmESifh
zwf&I&ygonf/ OD;Ekonf þusr;fudk tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;rS tawmfvnf;
auseyfygonf/ xkdUaemufwGif OD;Ekonf ol\]rmhufqD;Zdrf;}udk &kyfodrf;NyD;
uGefjrLepfqefUusifa&;a,mifa,mif tvkyfvkyfaejyefjcif;udk awGU&onfhtcg
ol\ tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;ESifh ywfoufí oHo,jzpfrdygonf/
oHo,jzpfrdjcif;um; þyk*¾dKvfonf tjcm;vlrsm;\ pmtkyfrsm;rS xkwfEkwf
wifjy&mwGif tawmf&Sif;atmif wifjywwfa omfvnf; udk,fwdkifpOf;pm;
qifjcif&aom udpörsKd;ü &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf  (Clear Thinking)  rpOf;pm;wwf[k
qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkuf&onf/

vlrsm;pktusKd; Munfh&rnf

vuf0J0g'ESifhywfoufí tjcm;pmtkyfav;ig;tkyf zwfNyD;onfhaemuf

þudpöESifhywfoufí vuf&if;tusqkH;jzpfonfh umvfrmhufpf\ uufyD
wJvf (aiG&if;) ac: pmtkyfBuD; okH;wJGteufrS yxrwJG zwfvkduf&
onfwGifuREkfyfrSm wkdif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;pHepfESifh ywfoufí rsufpdüzkH;uG,f
vsuf&Sdaom ]wdrfovm}rsm;udk xkwf,lypfvdkufonfhES,f pu©Ktvif;
&&Sdvmygawmhonf/ yrmqdkaomf awmifolr[kwfaom ajrydkif&SifBuD;rsm;\
vuf0,fü&Sdonfh v,fajrrsm;udk odrf;,ljcif;onf rw&m;[k xifcJUrd&mrS
v,fajrudk awmifolv,form;ydkifjzpfatmif vkyfray;yJ vlrsm;pkjzpfaom
awmifolv,form;rsm; aumif;pm;atmifvkyf&ef rjzpfEdkif[k oabmusvm
cJUygonf/ w&m;onf rw&m;onf[laomuREkfyf\rlv ]pHcsdef} rSm
vltcsif;csif;qufqHrItwGufom tokH;jyK&onfh ]csdefcGif}jzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;

985 
t&qdkygvQif zdESdyfjcif;cH&aom vlrsm;pktm; zdESdyfaom vlenf;pk\
vufrSvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf bmrqdkvkyf&rnf/ okdUrSom wwdkif;jynfvkH;
acsmifcsdoufomcGifh &Edkifonf[laom tjrifwck0ifvmcJUygonf/ okdU&mwGif
Ak'¨0g'udk eufeJpGm avhvmcJUaom uREkfyftzdkU&mü tzdESdyfcHvlwef;pm;\
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf BudK;yrf;&mwGif zdESdyfaomvlrsm;udk ESdyfpufcsifaom
apwemrsKd; r&Sdapoifh? zdESdyfcHrsm; aumif;pm;a&;twGufom apwemudk
OD;vSnfhxm;&rnf[k uREkfyfem;vnfonf/ rmhufpfrsm;onf uREkfyf\
t,ltqudk &Iyfonf[k qdkaumif;qdkMurnf/ uREkfyftzkdU&müum; tvGef&Sif;
í þenf;rSwyg; tjypfruif;[lí uREkfyfjrifonf/

]rl}udkvufcHjcif;

þpmtkyfBuD;udk zwf&NyD;aemuf uREkfyfonf umvfrmhuf\ wkdif;jynf

pD;yGm;a&;pHepfudk oabmaygufvmNyDjzpfaMumif; vlxkarmifESHxHodkU pma&;
xnfhvdkuf&m ¤if;wkdUu 0rf;omMuonf/ 0rf;omjcif;rSm vlxkowif;pm
t,f'DwmcsKyfvkyfaeolwa,mufu t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pHepf \tjypfrsm;udk
rjrifcJvQif ¤if;wkdUESifh tvkyfvkyf&mwGif tzktxpfrsm;ay: vmwwfonf
jzpfí aemiftcgwGif þtwGufESifhpdk;&drfp&m r&SdawmhNyD[k pdwfcs&NyD
jzpfaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonf t&if;&SifpHepf\ tjypfrsm;udk
jrifvmí qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pHepfudk ESpfoufvmNyDjzpfaomfvnf; ]rl}
tm;jzifhom vufcHwwfjcif;jzpfí (uREkfyfudk,fwdkif EdkifiHa&;orm; wa,muf
r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh) qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pHepf ay:xGef;vm atmif
rnfokdUrnfykH pDrHcefUcGJ&rnf[laom vDeifESifharmfpDwkH;wkdU\ pmayrsm;udk
zwf&Iavhvm&ef tvdkr&Sdacs/ okdU&mwGif ¤if;pHepf ay:xGef;vsuf&Sdaom

986 
EdkifiHrsm\ pD;yGm;a&;tajctaewkd;wufvmykH taMumif;t&mrsm;udkrl txdkuf
tavsmuf avhvmcJUygonf/

]rl}rrSefaomfvnf; tvkyfrSm;Ekdifjcif;

umvfrmhuf\ pD;yGm;a&;pHepfudk oabmuscgp tcsdefrsm;ü uREkfyfonf

¤if;pHepft& vdkufemaqmif&Gufvsuf&SdMuonfh vDeif? pwmvif? c&ka&Smh?
armfpDwkH;? csKdtifvdkufpaom acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;tay:wGif tjcm;aom
vuf0Jorm;rsm; txifBuD;ouJUokdUyif uREkfyfvnf; txifBuD;cJU\/
wdkif;jynfa&;&mESifh ywfoufí xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm; ajymqdkjyKvkyforQonf
rSefuefonfcsnf;jzpfonf[k olwkdUenf;wluREkfyfvnf;,kHMunfcJU\/ okdU&m
wGif uREkfyfusrf;wapmifwzJGU jyKpkcJUonfh 'daX'daXarwÅH usifhpOft&
tm;xkwfí txdkuftavsmuf oabmaygufvmaom tcsdefürlum; uREkfyfü
tjrifwrsKd; ajymif;vJvmcJUonf/ umvfrmhufpf\ wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;pHepf
onf t&if;&SifpHepfxuf wdkif;jynfvlrsm;pktwGuf tusKd;rsm;onf qdkjcif;
udkrl t<uif;rJU vufcH,kHMunfvsufyif &Sdygonf/ ¤if;yk*¾dKvfBuD;\ pHepft&
vDeifu vkyfykHvkyfenf;rsm; nTefMum;jyojcif;rsm;vnf; rSefuefonf[líyif
uREkfyfvufcH,kHMunfEdkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif ¤if;wkdU\nTefMum;csuft&
vdkufemaqmif&GufMuonfh pwmvif? c&ka&Smh? armfpDwkH;? csKdtifvdkufpaom
acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;ESifh ywfoufírlum; (vlESifhvlcsif;qufqHrIrsm;vnf;
yg&Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh) tm;vkH;rSefonf[k vufrcHcsifawmhyJ
trSm;rsm;vnf; ygcsifygEdkifonf[líyif ,lqvmcJUavNyD/

987 
rSm;jcif;\taMumif;&if;

&Sif;OD;tHU? þtaMumif;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyftm;a&S;OD;pGm rsufpdzGifh

ay;ouJUodkU&Sdaom tjcif;t&monfum; pwmvif? c&ka&Smhudpöyif jzpf\/
pwmvifvufxufü vuf0J0g'orm;rsm; tm;vkH;vdkyif pwmviftm;
]bk&m;wql? *lwvkH;}taejzifh ,kHMunfvufcHvmcJUMu&m c&ka&Smhay:vmaom
tcgü pwmvif\trSm;rsm;[lí axmufjyvsuf&SdavNyD/ þwGifpwmvifudk
,kHMunfolESifh c&ka&Smhudk,kHMunfol[lí ESpf*dkPf;ay:xGuf vmav&m
uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; rnfolurSefí rnfolurSm;onfjzpfjzpf (tenf;
qkH;)wa,mufa,mufawmh rSm;avNyD/ okdUqdkvQif olwkdUvkyf[efrsm; onf
rrSm;Edkifaomvkyf[efr[kwf? yk*¾dKvfwOD;\tawG;tac:t,ltqay:ü wnf
vsuf&Sdonf[k uREkfyfjrifvmonf/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm umvfrmhufpfESifh
vDeifwkdUrSefonfxm;OD;? vufawGUvdkufemaqmif&GufMuaom acgif;aqmif
rsm;um; rSm;csifrSm;Edkifonf[k qdkvdkonf/ vuf0Jorm;rsm;url pwmvif
urSefonf? c&ka&SmUurSefonfponfjzifh jiif;ckefMuwkef;yif&Sd&m uREkfyftzdkU
&mürlum; rnfolurSefonf[k (vufawGUEdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muf r[kwf
aomaMumifh) qkH;jzwfzdkUrBudK;pm;yJ vuf0Jacgif;acgifrsm;vnf; rSm;csif
rSm;Edkifonf[laom aumufEkwfcsuf ay:xGufvmavawmhonf/ ¤if;wkdU
onf tb,fhaMumifh rSm;Mu&oenf;[k xyfavmif;í ppfaq;jyef&m
pwmvifonfvnf;aumif;? c&ka&Smhonfvnf;aumif; EdkifiHa&;wGif
OmPfBuD;olrsm;jzpfMuí nHUzsif;aomaMumifh rSm;jcif;r[kwfwef&m/ avmb?
a'go? rmewkdUaMumifh rSm;jcif;jzpf&rnf[k (Ak'¨0g'&IaxmifhrS) tajzxGufvm
onf/ [kwfvnf;[kwf&rnf/ avmb? a'go? rmewnf;[laom
tjcif;t&mrsm;onf trSm;bufodkU wGef;ydkUavh&Sdonf[k Ak'¨a[mawmfrl&m

988 
xdkvlrsm;onf avmb? a'goESifh rmewkdUwGif wa&G;om;rQ ry,fpGefUao;&
onfhjyif olol igig wkdUxufyifBuD;xGm;vsuf &SdMuavonf/ vuf0J
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tjcm;vlrsm;xuf avmb? a'go? rmeavsmhyg;
ygonf[k tb,frnfaom vuf0Jorm;onf jiif;qdk&Jygoenf;/

oHo,&Sdpaumif;onf

þ]aomhcsuf}udk uREkfyfawGU&Sd&aomtcsdefrSpí uREkfyfonf (,cifu

txifBuD;cJUrdaom) c&ka&Smh\ tajymtqdkESifh tjyKtrlrsm;udk apmifhMunhf
vmcJU&m c&ka&Smh\ trSm;rsm;udk wBudrf ESpfBudrfjrifrd\/ ¤if;trSm;
rsm;onfvnf; a'goESifhrmewdkUaMumifh jzpfonf[k uREkfyf&Sif;&Sif;BuD;
jrifvm\/ uREkfyfonf þtaMumif;udk ESD;&if;aom vuf0Jorm;rsm;ESifh
aqG;aEG;Munhf&kHru trSm;rsm;udk wckpDaxmufíjy\/ xdkolu rnfokdU
jyefajymonf xifMuoenf;/ ]]c&ka&Smhonf EdkifiHa&;ü tvGefOmPfBuD;
olwa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh olUOmPfudk uRefawmfwkdU rrDEdkifyg/ olu
rSefonf[k ,lNyD;jzpfaomolwa,muf jzpfaomtjcif;t&m wckudk uRefawmf
wkdUu OmPfrrDonfhtwGufaMumifh rSm;onf[k jrifrdjcif; jzpfygvdrfhrnf}}[k
ajym&Smavonf/ þae&mü ol\,kHMunfykHESifh uREkfyf\ ,kHMunfykHudk
EIdif;,SOfcsufxkwfjyvdkuf&ygOD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf a*gwrAk'¨\ 0denf;ynwf
awmftcsKdUESifh ywfoufí pdwfxJür&Sif;vif;aomtcsufrsm;? rauseyf
Edkifaomtcsufrsm; awGU&Sdxm;ygonf/ okdU&mwGif þonfwkdUrSm vlom;
rsm;\ udpör[kwf? &[ef;rsm;\ udpörQomjzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh rdrdOmPf
rrDjcif;omjzpf&rnf/ Ak'¨rlum; {uefrkcs rSefuef&rnf[k qkH;jzwfum
jynfzkH;um;csavh&Sdygonf/ vuf0Jorm;rsm;onfvnf; (Ak'¨udk uREkfyf

989 
,kHMunfonfhenf;wl) olwkdU\pwmvif? c&ka&SmhwkdUudk ,kHMunfMu[efwl
avonf/ uREkfyftzdkUrlum; 'daX'dXrwÅHusifhpOft& tm;xkwfxm;aom
tcsdefrSpí obm00w¦KESifh ywfoufaom udpörsm;wGif (a*gwrAk'¨udk
csefvSyfí) rnfonfh tXuxm#Dum? 'DyeDusrf;jyKq&m (a&S;a&macwf
yg)rsm;udkrS rsufpdrSdwfNyD; vufcHvdrfhrnfr[kwf? xkdyk*K¾d vfrsm;\ t,ltq
ESifhywfoufí oHo,&SdcJUvQif &J&J0HU0HUyif oHo,&Sdvdrfhrnfjzpf\/ þokdU
qdkjcif;tm;jzifh olwkdUtm;vkH; rSm;onf? rdrdomrSefonf[k ajymvdkjcif;r[kwf?
Ak'¨rSwyg; rnfonhfyk*¾dKvfu a[majymonfjzpfap? r,kHMunfygu oHo,
&Sdpaumif;onf/ emrnfBuD; aomaMumifh olwkdUrSef&rnf[k rsufpdrSdwfNyD;
rvdkufemEdkifonfhtjzpfudk azmfjyjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/ uREkfyftHUMordjcif;
wcsufrSm vuf0Jorm;rSefvQif pdppfa0zefjcif;tvkyfwGif tvGef0goemyg
olrsm;jzpfMuygvsuf tcsKdUonf vlESifhvlcsif;jzpfaom c&ka&Smh? armfpDwkH;?
pwmvifwkdUuscgrS armfhírMunfh0HU avmufatmif owÅdenf;Mu0HU&jcif;yif
jzpfavonf/ þokdUa&;vdkufjcif;tm; jzifh rdrdudk,fudkowÅdaumif;vSonf[k
<um;0gvdkjcif;r[kwf? a*gwrAk'¨nTefjy awmfrlcJUonfh ]aomhcsuf}\ wefzdk;
&Sdjcif;udkazmfjyvdkjcif;rQomjzpfygonf/

olUa&m*gESifholUaq;

uREkfyfonf umvfrmhufpf\ ]aiG&if;} [laom pmtkyfBuD;udk

zwf&Iavhvm&jcif;aMumifh &&SdcJUaom tusKd;aus;Zl;ESifh a*gwrAk'¨\
'daX'dXrwÅH usifhpOft& tm;xkwfcJUjcif;aMumifh pdwfobm0taMumif;udk
odjrifvmcJUjcif;wkdU\ tusKd;aus;Zl;wkdUudk EIdif;,SOfazmfjyvdkygao;onf/
wdkif;jynfwjynfü vlrsm;pkqif;&jcif;udk awGU&onfhtcg rnfokdUaom

990 
taMumif;aMumifhjzpfonf[kvufESifh axmufíjyEdkifjcif;rSm umvfrmhufpf\
aus;Zl;aMumifh jzpfonfhenf;wl yk*¾dKvfwOD;a,mufü pdwf\qif;&JrIjzpfae
jcif;udk awGU&onfhtcg rnfodkUaom taMumif;aMumifhjzpfonf[k axmufí
jyEdkifjcif;onfvnf; a*gwrAk'¨\ 'daX'dXrwÅHusifhpOf\ aus;Zl;aMumifh
jzpfygonf/ okdU&mwGifvlrsm;pk usyfwnf;qif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif;&if;udk
vnf;aumif;? vlwOD;wa,muf pdwfqif;&Jjcif;\ taMumif;&if;udkvnf;
aumif;axmufjyEdkifonfqdkapumrl jyvdkuf&kHrQESifh vGwfajrmufoGm;onf[k
rqdkvdkyg/ vlrsm;pkqif;&JrIudpöü vltrsm;0dkif;NyD; BudK;pm;vdkouJUodkU
vlwa,mufqif;&JrIrS vGwfajrmuf&efrSmvnf; xkdvl\BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI
tay:wGif wnfvsuf&Sdygonf/ xkdUaMumifh &kyfw&m;ESifh ywfoufonfh
csrf;omrIwGif rmhufqD;Zdrf;onf aq;aumif;BuD;wvufjzpfonf[k em;vnf
onfhenf;wl pdwfcsrf;omrIESifh ywfoufí Ak'¨0g' (0dyóemtvkyf
udkqdkvdkonf/)onf taumif;qkH;aom aq;BuD;jzpfonf[k em;vnfygonf/
þuJUokdU olUu@ESifhol ydkif;jcm;em;vnfaomvlonf urÇmavmuü
tvGef&Sm;yg;onfudk awGU&\/ ]rmhufqD;ZD;}pmtkyfudk a&;xkwfaom
0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf þtjcif;t&mudk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm em;rvnfonfh
twGufaMumifh wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&; usyfwnf;vsuf&Sd&mwGif rmhufqD;Zdrf;udk
z,fxm;NyD; ig;yg;oDvjzifh vlawGudk ]xrif;cGHU}ay;zdkU BudK;pm;aejcif;jzpfav
onf/ a*gwrAk'¨\pdwfcsrf;omrI aq;enf;rSm ig;yg;oDvavmufESifh
rNyD;onfhtjzpfudk vufawGUtm;jzifh odEdkifavmufygvsuf odykHr&yJ
a&maxG;,Sufwif jyKrlaeMujcif;rSm ukefcJUNyD;aom 13ESpftcsdeftwGufESajrm
zkdUaumif;vSonf/

991 
vrf;avQmufzkdU 0g'jzefUjcif;

uREkfyfonf a&mufav&mt&yfwGif eHeufapmapm vrf;avQmufzdkU

udk,fwdkifavhusifh&kHomru taygif;tazmfrsm;tm;vnf; aoG;aqmifjcif;?
erlemjyjcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif; jyKvkyfavh&Sd\/ rEÅav;NrdKUq&mvGif\
tdrfüaepOf tvGefcsrf;at;onfh jymodkvjzpfaomfvnf; vrf;avQmufazmf
av;ig;a,muf&atmifpk&kH;í tcsdefrSefukefzkdUvnf; a&SUaqmifjyKí wdkufwGef;
onfhtwdkif; eHeufig;em&DwGif wnDwnmwnf; xGufEdkifMuzdkU aqmfMocJU\/
aEG&moDwGif arNrdKUü aexdkifvsuf&SdpOfuvnf; aomfwmaqG
ESifhvlxkrtrm\zcif(OD;xif)tygt0if vrf;avQmufazmf av;a,muf&
atmif pkH&kH;EdkifcJUonf/ wcgw&HwGif tazmfwa,mufwavu ]]csrf;vkduf
wmAsm? 'DuaeU uRefawmfrvdkufyg&apeJU}} [k ajymvQifvnf; &atmif
aoG;aqmifNyD; apmifhac:wwfavonf/ 1951ckESpfü aEG&moD eHeuf
apmapmwGif arNrdKUonf rEÅav;NrdKUjymodkvavmufyif csrf;at;onfjzpfí
avmif;uGwfrsm; 0wfMu&ygao;onf/ 1961ckESpf aEG&moDü arNrdKUwGif
uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; vrf;avQmufonfhtcg [ma0,H &SyftuFsDrQESifh
xGufvmEdkifonfjzpfí q,fESpfrQaom tcsdeftuGmtjcm;wGif arNrdKUonf
þrQavmuf tcsrf;ayghoGm;jcif;udkawGU&í tHUMordonf/ eHeufapmapmü
,mOfrsm;toGm;tvm&Sif;jcif;? vloGm;vlvmenf;jcif;? uwÅ&map;vrf;
jzpfjcif;? vwfqwfoefU&Sif;aomavudk &I&Iduf&jcif;wkdUaMumifh arNrdKUonf
vrf;avQmuform;rsm;\ edAÁmefjzpfonf[k qdkxdkufayonf/ pifppfrSm
ukef;jrifha'orsm;jzpfonfhawmifBuD;? uavm? rdk;ukwf paom NrdKUrsm;
tm;vkH;onf arNrdKUuJUokdUyif qdkcJUNyD;aom aumif;jcif;rsm;ESifhjynfhpkH

992 
jcif;udkawGU&í uREkfyfonf ¤if;NrdKUrsm;okdU aEG&moDwdkif; wvSnfhpDoGm;íaezdkU
BudK;pm;vsuf&Sdygonf/ ¤if;NrdKUrsm;ü uREkfyfonf aEG&moDwGif rEÅav;ESifh
&efukefNrdKUrsm;rSmxuf ESpfqrQ ydkítvkyfvkyfEdkifjcif;udkawGU&onf/ uREkfyf
onf ukef;jrifhNrdKUrsm;okdU oGm;onfhtcgwdkif; bdkifpu,fudkvnf;
,loGm;avh&SdíeHeufapmapm vrf;avQmufjcif;tjyif naecif;rsm;wGifvnf;
bdkifpu,fESifhwacgufxGufao;\/ okdUjzpfí vrf;BudKvrf;Mum;rusef
vSnfhvnf Munfh&Iojzifh uREkfyfra&mufbl;aomae&m r&Sdoavmufjzpfae
onfESifh tcsKdUvlrsm;u ]]bdkifpu,fpD;wJU tbdk;BuD; ydefydef&Snf&Snf
wa,muf}}[k trSwftom;jyKvmMuavonf/

[moorm;enf;y&d,m,f

1951ckESpf? ZGefvwGif aomfwmaqGESifh uREkfyfwkdUonf arNrdKUrS

qif;vmMuaomtcg q&mvGif\tdrfwGif raeawmhyJ 33vrf;ü wdkufwvkH;
iSm;íaexdkifMuonf/ aomfwmaqGonf uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwl wvcefU quf
vufaexdkifNyD;aemuf &efukefokdUjyefoGm;\/ þoli,fonf uREkfyf\tdrfü
okH;vcefUaexdkifoGm;&m bmudpöESifhvmonf[k oluvnf;rajym? uREkfyf
uvnf; rar;acs/ aemufrsm;ü ol\ ]udk,fawGU}wckudk uREkfyf
zwfMunfh&mwGif &efukefü&SdpOf oBuFeftwGuf oHcsyfrsm;a&;ay;zdkU a&obif
tzGJUwckxHrS p&HaiG,lxm;NyD;aemuf ra&;wwfonfESifh tnmodkU ajy;vmNyD;
uREkfyf\tdrfü wnf;cdkaexdkifcJUonf[k awGU&\/ [kwfr[kwfum; trSef
rajymEdkifyg/ uREkfyfonf olUudk,fudk zkH;uG,fay;xm;onfqdkonfh ][D;&dk;0if;}
taMumif;udkzwf&í [mopma&;q&mwkdUrnfonf tjzpftysuf [kwfr[kwf
tay:ü rlrwnfyJ yGJusatmif BuHzefa&;om;olrsm;jzpfonf[k odvkduf&

993 
uwnf;u aomfwmaqG\ udk,fawGUqdkaom wifjycsufrsm;udk tysif;ajy
avmufzwfNyD; wu,f[k r,lqawmhacs/ uREkfyftm; zqyvtpdk;&u
zrf;NyD; axmifxJü ydwfavSmifxm;onf[k Mum;&í ol\ezl;udk wkwfaumuf
usKd;atmif &dkufonfqdkjcif;rSmvnf; ]yGJoem;atmif rif;om;uav;u
idkjcif;}qdkouJUokdU [kwfrS[kwfygavp[k oHo,jzpfrdonf/ olonf
uREkfyfESifhtwl okH;vcefUaeoGm;í vlwkdU\ obm0wckrSm udk,fhbufrS
vdkufía&;vQif (,kHr,kH tyxm;í) oabmuswwfonfhtavsmuf
ol\ta&;tom;udk BudK;pm;NyD; vufcHcJUygonf/

OD;vS\csD;rGrf;csuf

cGifhESpfvaphí tvkyfjyef0ifaomtcg uREkfyfrSm 0g'wckudk vufcHcgp

vlrsm;\ pdwftm;xufoefwwfaom xkH;pHtwdkif; acgif;BuD;rsm;a&;&mwGif
umvfrmhufpf\ wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;pepftaMumif;rSwyg; tjcm;taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk ra&;wwfoavmuf? ra&;csifoavmufjzpfoGm;NyD; tm;yg;w&
a&;cJUbl;ygonf/ vlxkarmifESHwkdUuvnf; uREkfyfpdwftm;xufoefjcif;
twGuf tawmfauseyftm;&MuykH&onf/ waeUoü OD;vSu-
]]qdk&S,fvpf pD;yGm;a&;pepftaMumif;udk OD;av;odef;u 'gavmuf
jrefjrefBuD; oabmaygufoGm;wm odyftHUMowmyJ}}
]]tHUMop&m r[kwfygbl;? umvfrmhufpf&JU pmtkyfudk rzwf&bl;vdkUyg?
zwfMunfhvdkuf,ifawmhodyf&Sif;aewmyJ}}
]]'DavmufrvG,fbl;cifAsm;? OD;av;odef;u &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf pOf;pm;
wwfwJU tavhtusifh&SdvdkUoabmaygufvG,fwmyg}}

994 
 uREkfyfonf OD;vS\pum;ESifhywfoufí tBudrfBudrf tzefzefpOf;pm;cJU
&m vlowÅ0gwkdU\pOf;pm;OmPfESifh ywfoufí ta&;BuD;aom tjcif;t&m
rsm;xyfrHawGU&Sd&jcif;udk wifjy&ayOD;rnf/

twm;tqD;okH;ck

0g'tqef;topfwck ay:vmonfhtcg &mcdkifEIef; tawmfrsm;onfh

vlowÅ0grsm;onf pOf;pm;zdkU tawmfysif;&dMu\/ eufeJaom tjcif;
t&mwck udk pOf;pm;&jcif;tvkyfonf OD;aESmuf&Iyfonf[kqdkMu\/
pOf;pm;&aom tvkyfü 0goemygol tenf;i,fwkdUtzdkUrSmvnf; trSefodkU
ra&mufapEdkifonfh twm;tqD;rsm;&Sdaejyefavonf/ ¤if;twm;tqD;rsm;rSm
(1)rd&dk;zvm; tpOftvmudkry,fEdkifjcif;? (2) obm0usrusudk qkH;jzwf
wwfonfhOmPf rsKd; EkHUeJUjcif;? (3)rdrd\tvdkqE´ESifhqefUusifbufjzpfaeonfh
oabmw&m; wckudk vufrcHvdkjcif;wkdUjzpfavonf/ (1)rd&dk;zvmtpOf
tvmudk ry,fEdkifjcif;ESifh ywfoufí xif&Sm;aom O'g[&kPfwckrSm
urÇmavmuü (tMurf;tm;jzifh) bmomBuD;av;ck&Sd&m Ak'¨bmomrdbrsm;u
arG;vQif Ak'¨bmomtjzpfESifh wnfaejcif;? c&pf,efuarG;vQif c&pf,efjzpf
aejcif;? rlqvifu rlqvifarG;jcif;? [dE´Lu [dE´LarG;jcif; wkdUudkom
awGU&\/ þbmomBuD;rsm;ü aumif;aomtcsuftvufrsm; yg&SdMuonf
rSefaomfvnf; ta&;BuD;aom uJGvJGcsufrsm;vnf;&SdMu\/ okdUESifhvnf;
rdrdwkdU\pOf;pm;OmPfudktokH;jyKNyD; bmomwckrS wckodkUul;ajymif; ,kHMunf
Muolqdkí urÇmavmuü tvGefenf;yg;vSonf/ xm0&bk&m;ocifu
zefqif;NyD;oluyif owÅ0gudk aumif;usKd;qdk;usKd;ay;Edkifonfqdkaom bmom
0g'ESifh rdrdjyKorQtwdkif;cH&onf/ pH&onfqdkaom bmom0g'onf

995 
BuD;pGmaom jcm;em;jcif;&Sdygvsuf rnfonfu rSefuefonf/ obm0us
onf[k rpOf;pm;wwfMuyJ rlvarG;zGm;cJUonfh bmom0g'twkdif; b0tqkH;
wdkif vufcHxm;Mujcif;rSm rd&dk;zvm\ csnfaESmifwwfaom owÅdaywnf;/

obm0rusaom ,kHMunfrI

(2) obm0usrus qkH;jzwfwwfaom OmPf[lonfrSmvnf;

(vlajymrsm;oavmuf) raygrsm;vSyJ ¤if;OmPfrsKd;&Sdol tvGefenf;yg;jcif;udk
uREkfyf awGU&onf/ taemufwdkif;om;rsm;onf yifudkOmPft&mwGif
(þacwfü) ta&SUwdkif;om;rsm;xuf omMuonf[k todtrSwfjyKMu\/
okdUESifhvnf;c&pf,efbmom udk;uG,faom taemufwdkif;om;rsm;onf
rdrdwdkUjyKaom tjypfrsm;twGuf ocifa,&Ic&pfu cHonfqdkjcif;udk
vufcH,kHMunfEdkifMujcif;onfvnf;aumif;? b0topfpufpuf zefqif;vdkuf
aom xm0&bk&m;ocifonf arG;uwnf;u rsufuef;? em;yif;? ajcusKd;?
vufusKd;? tqHGU tt rsm;ukdzefqif;vTwf vdkufonf[k vufcH,kHMunf
Mujcif;onfvnf;aumif; uREkfyftzdkU&mü tHUMorqkH;Edkifatmif &Sdygbd
awmhonf/ zefqif;aom bk&m;[lír&SdEdkif? tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vm
Muonf[k xifjrif,lqonfqdkaom uGefjrLepfrsm;tm; bk&m;r&Sd? w&m;r&Sd
]"r®EÅ&m,f}[kajymMu\/ 0g'jzefUMu\/ uREkfyfonf a*gwrAk'¨\usifhpOft&
tm;xkwfxm;ojzifh uH-uH\tusKd;udk,kHMunfí oHo&mrS xGufayguf&Sd
jcif;udk odjrifxm;olwa,mufjzpfonfESifh Ak'¨\w&m;awmfudk ESpfESpfumum
,kHMunfolwa,muftjzpfü wnf&Sdygonf/ þuJUokdUr[kwfyJ uREkfyfonf
Ak'\
¨ w&m;awmfudkvnf; rMum;bl;? owÅ0gawGudkzefqif;NyD; olUoabm
twdkif; taumif;tqdk; pDrHonfqdkjcif;udk ,kHMunfaom c&pf,ef rdbrsm;

996 
\0rf;rS tusKd;tuef;tjzpf ESifh arG;zGm;vm&onfqdkygrl olwkdUac:Muonfh
bk&m;r&Sd? w&m;r&Sd? bmomr&Sdqdkaom vltkyfxJokdU aeUnrqdkif; tjrefqkH;
ul;ajymif;0ifa&mufoGm;vdrfhrnf[k &J&JBuD;0efcHygonf/ okdUjzpfí obm0
usrus[laom udpöudk qkH;jzwfEdkifaomOmPf qkH;jzwf&JaomowÅd[lonfrSm
vrf;ay:uvlrsm;ü &Sdaeonf[lí r,lqxdkufyg/

uREkfyfudkuGefjrLepfwJU

(3) rdrd\tvdkqE´ESifh qefUusifbufjzpfaeonfh oabmw&m;wckudk

vufrcHjcif; wnf;[laom obm0onfvnf; &mcdkifEIef;tawmfrsm;rsm;ü
udef;atmif;wwf\/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm &dk;&dk;OmPfjzifh pOf;pm;vdkufonfhtcg
]tjzL}jzpfaeonfudk awGU&aomfvnf; rdrdu teDjzpfapvdkaomqE´ t&if;cH
&SdoltzdkUrSm ]tjzL}udk vufrcHvdkyJ ]teD}jzpfatmif BuHBuHzefzef awG;q,l
wwfjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ O'gt&kPfum; tcsKdUvlrsm;onf waeUaomtcg
wGifoaX;jzpfzdkU arQmfvifhwwfMu\/ tcsKdUrSmoaX;om;jzpfí oaX;jzpf
zdkUvrf;p jrifav&m tcsKdUrSmvnf; vrf;pjrifonfr[kwf? wenf;enf;jzifh
oaX;jzpfatmifvkyf,lrnf[k tm;cJxm;Mu\/ vrf;pjrifonfjzpfap?
vrf;prjrifyJ avmbaMumifh pdwful;,Ofonfjzpfap oaX;jzpfcsifaom
awmifhwrIrsKd;&Sdol [lorQonf qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfudk b,feHa&mtcgrQ
rBudKufEdkifacs/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepf usifhokH;aom
wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif oaX;("e&SifBuD;) jzpfEdkifzkdU tayguftvrf;r&Sdqdkjcif;udk
Mum;bl;xm;MuaomaMumifhaywnf;/ bdef;pJGaomvlwa,mufonf bdef;r&Sd
aom wdkif;jynfwjynfwGif aecsifpdwf rjzpfEdkifouJUokdUyif rnfrQavmuf
Nidrf;csrf;om,mvSonfqdkapumrl bdef;orm;onf bdef;r&Sdaomwdkif;jynfudk

997 
rBudKufEdkifonfhenf;wl oaX;jzpfcsifaomol? jzpfEdkifaomol? jzpfaeaom
olwkdUonf qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk rBudKufEdkif/ ]]usm;csifusm; rD;,yfyJ}}[laom
pum;ykHtwdkif; jzpfMuayvdrfhrnf/ (oaX;jzpfzkdU owdr&aom tvkyform;
tcsKdUu qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk oem;zG,f&m uefUuGufajymqdkMujcif;rSmrl
0g'jzefUolrsm;\pum;udkem;0ifxm; aomaMumifh jzpf&ayrnf/ waeUoü
uREkfyfqdkufum;pD;oGm;&mwGif qdkufum;q&mu uREkfyftm; ]]q&mBuD;u
uGefjrLepfBuD;qdk}}[k ar;jref;jcif;udk tHUMopGmESifh Mum;cJU&bl;ygonf/)

xGufr,f xGufr,f

vlxkOD;vSu uREkfyftm; umvfrmhufpf\ pD;yGm;a&;oabmw&m;udk

oabmaygufvG,fvGef;onf[k ajymvdkufojzifh uREkfyfqifjcifokH;oyfonfh
tcg uREkfyfütxufyg tjypfokH;csuf uif;vGwfvsuf&Sdjcif;udk awGU&onf/
uREkfyfonf (1) rd&dk;zvmtpOftvm t,ltqrsm;udk wGef;vSefazmufxGif;
NyD; azmufxGif;qJ azmufxGif;vwHU&Sdaejcif;? (2) oabmw&m;wck\
obm0usrusudk jrifwwfaomyg&rDygcJUjcif;? (3) oaX;jzpfcsifaom
awmifhwrI b,ftcgrS ajymyavmufatmif&Sdjcif;wkdUaMumifh umvfrmhufpf\
]]aiG&if;}}[laom pmtkyfBuD;udkzwfvdkuf&onfESifh wNydKifeuft&if;&Sifpepf\
qdk;&Gm;csufrsm;ESifh tjypftemtqmrsm;udk wcgwnf;xdk;azmufodjrifoGm;yg
awmhonf/ wdkif;jynfüqdk&S,fvpfpepf xGef;um;atmif rnfuJUodkU jyKvkyf
oifhonfqdkaom udpöudkrl uREkfyf\t&mr[kwf? EdkfifiHa&;orm;rsm;\tvkyf
jzpfonf[k uREkfyfa&;cJUonf/ odkU&mwGif ae&l;? OD;Ekpaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;
aqmifrsm; vkyfykHrsKd;ESifhvnf; þpepf ay:xGef;vmatmif wwfEdkifrnfr[kwf
[k uREkfyfjrifonf/ ¤if;wkdUvkyfMuykHrsKd;ESifhqdkvQif ¤if;wkdUwoufwmtwGif;

998 
¤if;wkdU\wdkif;jynfrsm;ü qdk&S,fvpfpepf jzpfxGef;zkdU r&SdEdkifjcif;um;
aocsmonf[k qdk&onf/ uREkfyfonf (uREkfyfESifh wckwnf;zGm; jzpfaom)
ae&l;tay:ü twefMumBuD; txifBuD;cJUaomfvnf; umvfrmhufpfudk q&m
rwifyJ udk,fhbmomxGifcsifaom olwkdU\rmetaMumif;udk &dyfrduwnf;u
txifBuD;rI ,kwfavsmhvmí Mum;aewdkif;jynf acgif;aqmifBuD; wa,muf
taeESifh emrnfBuD;jcif;rSwyg; udk,fhwdkif;jynf vlaerIpepfESifh ywfoufí
[kwÅdywÅd rpGrf;aqmifEdkifyJ b*Fvm;atmf wbufESifhwbuf ]xGufr,f}
]xGufr,f}[kq&mwynfhESpfa,muf toHay;Mujcif;jzifhom tcsdefukefMuvdrfh
rnf[k jrifvmygawmhonf/

uREkfyf\Zmwm

þtawmtwGif; vlxkowif;pmü uREkfyf\acgif;BuD;rsm;ESifh a0zef

csufrsm;onf pmzwfy&dowf\rsufpdü wrsKd;wrnf tjrifajymif;vJ vm\/
1946-49ckESpfrsm;ü uREkfyf\vlxkacgif;BuD;rsm;onf &efukefol&d, acgif;
BuD;rsKd;cyfqefqef&Sdí vuf0Jvuf,mrjcm; pOf;pm;OmPf avhusifhjcif;ü
0goemygaom pmzwform;wdkif; oabmusonfursm;onf[k ajymMu\/
uREkfyfonft"dyÜm,ft&Sif;vif;qkH;jzpfatmif 0gustxm;todkü *&kpdkufol
wa,mufjzpfí &Sif;ygayonf[k ajymMuolrsm;&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyfa&;aom
pmrsm;ü pOf;pm;p&m tcsuftvufuav;rsm; a&mnSyfxnfhoGif; ay;wwf
jcif;rSm uREkfyf\0goemjzpf\/ xdkUaMumifharNrdKUrS jyefvmaomtcgwGif
EdkifiHpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh ywfoufí pOf;pm;p&mrsm; xnfhoGif;a&;om;jcif;
tm;jzifh omrefpmzwfy&dowfrsm;tm; tvkyfay;vmonfhtjyif vuf0J*dkPf;
om;rsm;\ csD;usL;ajymqdkoHrsm;vnf; ay:xGufvmonf/ okdU&mwGif

999 
vuf0Jorm;rsm; oabmusonfESifhtrQ jrefrmt&if;&SifBuD;rsm; wkefvIyf
acsmufcsm;jcif;udkvnf;awGU&\/
1952 ckESpfOD;ü &efukefokdUacwÅqif;oGm;í OD;nGefUESifhawGU&mwGif
OD;nGefUu ]]OD;azodef;&JU acgif;BuD;awGudk uRefawmftNrJapmifhzwfygw,f?
rEÅav;rSm vlxkowif;pmay:vmvdkufwm[m rEÅav;NrdKUawmh uGefjrLepfNrdKU
jzpfoGm;awmhrSmygyJAsm}}[k wu,fpdk;&drfaom rsufESmxm;ESifh ajymjcif;udk
uREkfyfrSwfrdygao;onf/ uREkfyfonf OD;nGefUay;bl;aom tultnDudk
vufrcHaomfvnf; ol\apwemudk owd&í ol\pdk;&drfylyefjcif;twGuf
u&kPmjzpfrdygonf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\ta&;tom;ESifh ywfoufícsD;usL;
jcif;onfvnf; pma&;q&mwa,muftaejzifh uREkfyftm; wbufu
0rf;omapjcif;udkvnf; 0efcH&ayrnf/ uREkfyftm;acgif;BuD;wyk'ftwGuf 30d
(wv900d)ay;&rnfudkrsm;vGef;onf[kxifcJUjcif;udk uREkfyfowd&aomfvnf;
zGifh[írajymcJUyg? tu,fí 1950jynfhESpfü OD;nGefUonfuREkfyftm; vc900d
ay;íiSm;cJUygrl uREkfyfonf umvfrmhufp\
f pmayrsm;udk zwfcGifh&awmhrnf
r[kwfaomaMumifh avmuDrIa&;&mESifhywfoufí odoifhodxdkufaom ynm
&yfwckvufvGwfoGm;cJUacsrnfwum;[k pOf;pm;rdygonf/ þonfudk
axmufjyojzifh uREkfyf\ZmwmrSm aiGESifhywfoufí tusKd;ray;ynmESifh
ywfoufíom tusKd;ay;rnfh Zmwm&Sifwa,muf[lí (wBudrfxyfNyD;)
&dyfrd&jyefygonf/

uyfoyfvSaom ,lbDat

1952 ckESpf? pufwifbmvü yDuif;NrdKUwGifusif;yonfh urÇmh

Nidrf;csrf;a&; uGefz&ifhBuD;okdU av;c&dkif udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfESifh uREkfyftm;

1000 
a&G;cs,fapvTwfonfESifh q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;tm; tzGJUOuúX tjzpf
ESifhvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfESifh vTwfawmftrwf ref;xGef;&ifwkdUtm;
'kwd,OuúXrsm;tjzpfESifhvnf;aumif; wifajrSmufum yDuif;uGefz&ifhodkU
wufa&mufcJU&ygonf/ (yDuif;uGefz&ifhtaMumif;ESifh w&kwfjynfBuD;twGif;
vSnfhvnfMunfh&IcJU&ykH taMumif;t&mrsm;udkrl pmwtkyfoD;oefUa&;xkwf
cJUNyD;NyDjzpfí þrSwfwrf;wGif tus,fw0ifh razmfjyawmhyJ uREkfyfESifh
wdkuf&dkufywfoufonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;udkom a&;om;azmfjyygawmhrnf/)
uREkfyfonf urÇmay:&Sd tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm; taMumif;yg0ifonfh 0w¦K
tajrmuftjrm;udk zwfcJU&bl;ol wa,muf jzpfonfESifh tjcm;
wdkif;jynfrsm;odkU oGm;a&mufMunfh&Ivdkaom qE´onf tjcm;vlrsm;xuf
jyif;xefvsuf&Sdonfxif\/ ra&mufbl;aom a'owckodkU a&mufbl;
csifonfqdkjcif;rSm vltawmfrsm;rsm;ü &Sdwwfonf rSefaomfvnf; bmrQ
rMum;&bl;? rzwf&bl;yJvsufESifh a&mufcsifonfqdkaom vlrsm;\ qE´onf
uREkfyf\qE´uJUodkU taMumif;,kwÅd cdkifvkHonfr[kwfacs/ uREkfyfrl um;
w&kwfjynfBuD;taMumif;udk zwfbl;xm;onfhjyif yxrH q&modef; 0w¦Kü
yDuif;NrdKU&dk;BuD;taMumif;ESifh &Sef[JNrdKUBuD;\ pnfum;&IyfaxG;ykH taMumif;
rsm;udk (pmawGUa&m pdwful;jzifh) a&;om;cJUbl;onfjzpfaomaMumifh rdrd
pdwful;xm;onfhtwdkif; rnfrQavmuf rSefuefrnfudk odvdkvSonfESifh
udk,fwdkifa&mufcsifaomqE´ jyif;jyvsuf&SdcJU ygonf/ odkUjzpfí 1952 ckESpf?
pufwifbmv 29 &ufaeUü &efukefrS av,mOfjzifh xGufcGmcJUMuaom
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;teufwGif uREkfyf\ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfjcif;udk wky,SOf
NydKifEdkifaom udk,fpm;vS,f&Sdvdrfhrnf rxifay/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\
0rf;omp&mrsm;wGif taESmifht,Sufay:vm wwfonfh Zmwm&Sifwa,muf
jzpfonfhtwdkif; befaumufNrdKUokdUa&mufvQifyif pdwfysufp&mwckay:vm

1001 
cJUavNyD/ uREkfyfwkdUpD;eif;onfh ,lbDat av,mOfysHonf udk,fpm;vS,f
30ausmfrQ wifaqmifvmcJUí befaumufodkU a&mufaomtcgusrS
a[mifaumifodkU qufvufysHoef;&rnfh c&D;wGif vltm;vkH;twGuf ae&m
r&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh &efukefNrdKUodkU vl10a,muf jyefoGm;&rnf[k qdkav
onf/ jyefoGm;&rnfh10a,mufteuf wGif uREkfyf\trnf yg0ifvsuf&Sd\/
þwGif Muifemjcif;oabmESifh jynfhpkHonfh udk,fpm;vS,fwa,mufu
(yckuúLNrdKUrS ocifaumif;qifhjzpfí uREkfyfarwÅmydkUygonf/) uREkfyfrSm
toufBuD;&ifholjzpfí 'ku©rrsm;ygapESifh? uREkfyftm; jyefydkUrnfhtpm;
oljyefíoGm;ygrnf[k ]aAmfvefwD,m} vkyfygayonf/ okdU&mwGif ]BudK;eD}
pepfayavm? bmpepfayvm rajymwwf? ,lbDat tpdk;&av,mOfysHu
trnftpm; rnfoljyefírSrjzpf? uREkfyfyif jyef&rnf[k ZGwftwif; tusyf
udkifygavawmhonf/ uREkfyfwkdUudk,fpm;vS,frsm;teufwGif ajymwwf
qdkwwf&Sdol twGif;a&;rSL;udkbNidrf;vnf; ryg&SdonfESifh ,lbDatt&m&Sd
rsm;\ trdefUtwdkif; udk,fpm;vS,f 10 a,mufjyefvmcJUMu& av\/

udkbNidrf;ESifhuREkfyf

uREkfyfum; tawmfBuD; pdwfysufvsuf&SdavNyD/ txufwGif azmfjycJU

onfhtwdkif; yDuif;NrdKU&dk;ESifh pnfum;&IyfaxG;aom &Sef[JNrdKUwdkU udk udk,fwdkif
awGUjrifvdkonfhqE´ jyif;xefrIr&SdcJUygvQif uREkfyfonf &efukefrS rEÅav;odkU
awmufavQmufjyefvmrdvdrfhrnfxifonf/ (uGefz&ifhum; udpör&Sd? uREkfyf
rwufvQifvnf; olUtcsdefwGif vkyfMurnfomjzpfonf/) aemufwaeU
&efukefrS av,mOfysHjzifh jyefxGufMu&mwGif ,refaeUu EdkifiHul; ]ywfpfykwf}
vufrSwfr&ojzifh usefae&pfcJUaom twGif;a&;rSL; udkbNidrf;wa,mufvnf;

1002 
ygvmojzifh uREkfyftawmftm;wufrdonf/ 'kwd,tokwfjzpfaom
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUteufwGif udkbNidrf;tjyif '*kefwm&m? Adkvfva&mif?
ref;xGef;&if? &efEdkifpdefwkdUudk uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ w&kyfjynfBuD;twGif;
vSnfhvnfMu&mwGif uREkfyfwkdU udk,fpm;vS,f 30ausmfrQ&Sdonfhteuf
udk,fhvlESifhudk,f tvsOf;oifh&m yl;aygif;wGJzuf qufqHorI jyKMuavonf/
uREkfyfrSmrl vlopfwa,mufESifh rdwfaqGjzpfzkdU vG,fulolwa,muf
r[kwfonfhtwdkif; a&S;uwnf;u oduRrf;NyD;jzpfonfh q&mBuD;ocif
udk,fawmfrdIif;ESifh ydkrdk&if;ESD;vmcJUjcif;rSwyg; rdwfaqGopf[lí r&&SdcJUacs/
yxrüuREkfyfonf twGif;a&;rSL; udkbNidrf;tm; tdkifpDtufpf wa,muf
taejzifhvnf;aumif;? udkbNidrf;uvnf; uREkfyftm;toufBuD;í acwfynm
wwfaom pma&;q&mBuD;wa,muftaejzifhvnf;aumif; tjyeftvSef
txdkuftavsmuf av;pm;jcif;&SdMuykH&\/ okdU&mwGif udkbNidrf;onf
EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,mufjzpfonfhtavsmuf olwkdUEdkifiHa&; orm;tcsif;csif;
udk ydkrdkav;pm;ykH&í bufvdkufcsifwwfaom 0goemuav;&Sdonf[lívnf;
uREkfyftuJcwfrdonf/ bufvdkufykHrSm þodkUwnf;/ uREkfyfESifh ref;xGef;&if
wkdUonf 'kwd,OuúXrsm;jzpfMuí yDuif;[dkw,fü wcef;wnf; twl
wnf;cdkMu&onfhtavsmuf olUtaMumif;udk uREkfyftawmfodvm\/ uREkfyf
wkdUonf axG&mav;yg; taMumif;rsm;udk ajymMu&mwGif ref;xGef;&ifü
trwfwa,muf taejzifh uREkfyfarQmfvifhonfh taxGaxGA[kokw  General 
Knowledge  rsKd;ESifh rjynfhjcif;udkawGU&\/ vTwfawmftrwfwa,mufqdkvQif
þrQru jynfh0oifhonf[k uREkfyf,lqxm;onf/ (þonfrSm
uREkfyf\txifBuD;rIvnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/) uREkfyfonfref;xGef;&ifESifh trsm;
qkH; qufqHpum;ajymcGifh&&Sdonfhtavsmuf ol\csKdUiJUcsufudk od&Sdvm
&mwGif (ausmif;q&mvkyfcJUbl;aom0oDaMumifhxifh) q&mwynfh r[kwfyJ

1003 
vsuf q&mwynfhtaersKd; cyfzdzd? cyfaigufaiguf ajymrdvmwwfygonf/
(þonfrSm uREkfyf\cRwf,Gif; csufjzpfonf[k t<uif;rJU0efcHygonf/)
ref;xGef;&ifonf uREkfyf\ ]tEdkifusifh} jcif;udk rcHcsif&kHESifh rNyD;yJ
udkbNidrf;tm;ajymjyonfh vu©Pm&Sd\/ udkbNidrf;ESifh uREkfyfonf
wBudrfwcgrQ ]uawmufuq}jzpf bl;onf[k uREkfyfrrSwfrdyJ uREkfyftay:ü
trlt&m ajymif;vJvmjcif;udk uREkfyf&dyfrdvmonf/
armfawmfum;jzifh c&D;twl oGm;Mu&aomtcgwGif ref;xGef;&ifESifh
uREkfyf,SOfwJGum xdkifaeusjzpfygvsuf (olwkdUESpfa,mufem;vnfrI,lxm;
onfhvu©PmESifh)udkbNidrf;u tv,frSxdkifum uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufudk
cGJxm;ygonf/ uREkfyfonfeD;uyfpGm qufqH&onfh vlrsm;\tjyKtrludk
trSwfrJUraeyJ owdxm;íMunfhwwfonfh tavhtx&Sdolwa,mufjzpf
onfhtavsmufolwkdU\ vkyfykHudkifykH? ajymykHqdkykHuav;rsm;udk &dyfrdonfESifh
uREkfyfuvnf; cyfcJGcJG cyfat;at;yif aecJUygawmhonf/ odkU&mwGif
udkbNidrf;ESifh uREkfyfonf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;orm;csif; eD;uyf&if;ESD;rI&Sdoifh
oavmufr&SdMuyJ cyfpdrf;pdrf;aevmcJUMu&m zqyvtpdk;&u uREkfyftm;
zrf;qD;wkdufydwfNyD;aemufwGifrS udkbNidrf;\trlt&majymif;vJNyD; vIdufvSJ&if;
ESD;rI&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfawGU&ygonf/ (þonfwdkUrSm udkbNidrf;\ cRwf,Gif;csuf
taejzifh wifjyvdkjcif;r[kwf? uREkfyf\]Zmwm}t&tm;jzifh cifrif&if;EDS;cJUorQ
aom rdwfaqG[lorQonf yxrwGif txpfaigh&SdNyD;rS em;vnfrI&í
tcsdefumv Mum&SnfaomtcgwGif cifrif&if;ESD;aomtjzpfodkU a&mufwwf
jcif;udk om"uwcktaejzifh wifjyjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/)

1004 
'*kefwm&m

pma&;q&m '*kefwm&monfvnf; urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; udk,fpm;vS,f

wOD;tjzpfESifhtwloGm;Muí ¤if;tm; txdkfuftavsmuf avhvmcGifh&cJUonf/
yDuif;odkUroGm;MurD 4ESpfcefUavmufu '*kefwm&monf uREkfyf\
t,ltqrsm;ESifh ywfoufí rnfokdUrnfykH a0zefonf[k aiGOa'gif;u
uREkfyftm;ajymjybl;\/ pma&;q&m&efatmifonf þtwGufaMumifh '*kef
wm&mtm; &dkfufrnfjyKao;onf[líyif aiGOa'gif;uajymbl;\/ ([kwf
r[kwfum; rajymwwf? q&m&efatmif r[kwfvQifvnf; wa,muf
a,mufjzpfygvdrfhrnf? emrnfudkawmh uREkfyfcyfarharh&Sdaeonf/ okdUaomf
q&m&efatmif[líyifajymonfxif\/) 1950jynfhESpfwGif uREkfyf oDwmvrf;
üaexdkifvsuf&SdpOf aiGOa'gif;onf uREkfyftm;olUtdrfodkU xrif;pm;zdwfí
a&mufoGm;aomtcg '*kefwm&mudk awGU&ojzifh uREkfyftHUMo rdao;\/
uREkfyfonf touft&G,ftvdkuf tuJcwfwwfolwa,mufjzpf onfESifh
uREkfyf\om;axG;t&G,favmufrQ&Sdolwa,mufu uREkfyftaMumif; udk
q&m&efatmifvdk Mum;vlwa,mufu 0ifí&dkufcsifavmufatmif &Iwfcs
ajymqdk&acsrnfavmqdkum '*kefwm&mtay:ü (aiGOa'gif;\pum;t&)
tmCmwxm;vsuf&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh aiGOa'gif;u wdkufauR;jcif;udk
vnf; raomuf? '*kefwm&mESifhvnf; pum;[[rajymyJ EIwfqdwfqdwfaecJU
rdonf/ '*kefwm&mudk,füuvnf; ]pum;a&mazma&m} ESifh aESmwwfol
wa,muf  (Good  Mixer)  r[kwfojzifh *GuswwESifhyif xrif;pm;yGJ
NyD;qkH;oGm;cJUonf/ tu,fí uREkfyfonf aiGOa'gif;0,fxm;aom &rft&uf
udk aomufcJUygrl (taomuform;wkdU\ xkH;pHtwdkif;) a&ma&maESmaESm
ajymrdqdkrd jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfod\/ xdkUaMumifhyif uREkfyfonf

1005 
wrifa&Smifí raomufyJaecJUjcif;jzpf\/ yDuif;okdUa&mufMuí wBudrf
ESpfBudrf pum;ajymrdaomtcgürlum; '*kefwm&mrSm vlaygif;qefUjcif; rqefU
jcif;udk tyxm;í t&nftcsif;tm;jzifh ]ac}aom vli,fwa,muf r[kwf
jcif;udk uREkfyftuJcwfEdkifvmygonf/ wnfhwnfh0efcH&vQif '*kefwm&mum;
uREkfyfxifrdonfxuf ]jynfh}aom t&nftcsif;&Sdjcif;udk awGU&\/
twD;trIwftaMumif;udkajymMu&mwGif ]]uRefawmfpE´&m;wD;vQif awmf&kHwef&kH
tqdkawmfrsKd;eJUrjzpfbl;? apmjrat;MunfwkdUvdk tqdkawmfBuD; rsKd;eJUrS
wD;csifw,f}} [k'*kefwm&mu ajymvdkufojzifh uREkfyftawmfrsufvkH; jyL;oGm;
\/ [kwfavmufonfxifjcif;w0uf (rlvtmCmwaMumifh) <um;onf
xifjcif;um; w0ufjzpfae\/
okdU&mwGifyDuif;üyifol\vufoHudk uREkfyfem;axmifcGifh&aomtcg
tm*vli,fwa,mufaywum;[k qkH;jzwfcJUygonf/ xdkUaemuf pmay
taMumif;rSpí axG&mav;yg; taMumif;t&mrsm;udkaqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif
ol\t&nftcsif;udk tuJcwfrdí tmCmwpdwfrsm; vkH;0vGifhpifoGm;ygav
awmhonf/ vlwa,mufü t&nftcsif;jynfh0jcif;udk awGU&onfhtcg
ol\tjcm;aom csKdUiJUcsufrsm;udk cGifhvTwfEdkifjcif;rSm uREkfyf\cRwf,Gif;csuf
ayavm? okdUwnf;r[kwf aumif;jcif;w&yfayavmrajymwwfyg/ tcsKdUurl
vlpGrf;aumif; MunfndKwwfjcif;  (Hero  Worship)  [kac:MuíEkHnHUonf[k
qdkMuavonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap w&kwfjynfc&D;wGif uREkfyftaMumif;udk
'*kefwm&mu odjcif;xuf '*kefwm&m taMumif;udk uREkfyfod&jcif;u
ydkonfxif\/ '*kefwm&mtay:ü ,cifu xm;cJUonfh tmCmwpdwfrSm
vnf;vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;cJUygavNyD/

1006 
q&mBuD;ESifh uREkfyf

w&kwfjynfü c&D;vSnfhvnfMupOf uREkfyfonftcGifhBuKHwdkif; q&mBuD;

ocifudkf,fawmfrIdif;ESifhtwlc&D;oGm;avh&Sd\/ ]tcGifhBuKHwdkif;} [lí azmfjy
&jcif;rSm rD;&xm;ESifh c&D;oGm;Muaomtcgrsm;üomvQif q&mBuD;ESifh
uREkfyfonf wa,mufwcef;pD;Mu&í olUtcef;odkUuREkfyfoGm;a&mufvnfywf
EdkifaomaMumifhjzpf\/ armfawmfum;jzifh c&D;oGm;Muaomtcgürl q&mBuD;u
um;wpD;? udkbNidrf;? ref;xGef;&ifESifhuREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufu um;wpD; &&SdMu
aomaMumifh q&mBuD;ESifhtwl pD;cGifhr&SdyJ uREkfyfudkMunfndKav;pm;ykHr&onfh
udkbNidrf;? ref;xGef;&ifwkdUESifhtwl ysif;ajcmufpGm c&D;oGm;&\/ uREkfyf
\0goemwckrSm rnfrQavmufBuD;us,faom yk*¾dKvfwOD;jzpfap uREkfyftm;
av;pm;ykHr&vQif uREkfyfuvnf; tzufrvkyfyJ aewwf\/ udkbNidrf;u
uREkfyf\A[kokwESifh pOf;pm;OmPfudk rav;pm;[kqdkvQif uREkfyfuvnf;
ol\tdkifpDtufpfESifh twGif;a&;rSL;&mxl;udk txifrBuD;awmhacs/ yDuif;
uGefz&ifhodkU uREkfyfvdkufygvmcJU&jcif;rSm uREkfyfü tusKd;aus;Zl;&Sd jcif;xuf
olwkdU\urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf uREkfyfu axmufcHa&;om;ay; Edkifjcif;
uom aus;Zl;rsm;onf[k uREkfyf,lqxm;\/ okdU&mwGif urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
orm;rsm;url þudpöüuREkfyfESifh t,ltqrwljcif;udk aemiftcgwGif
ydkrdkxif&Sm;vmonfjzpfí oufqdkifaomae&mwGif &Sif;vif;azmfjyygOD;rnf/
yDuif;odkU vdkuf&jcif;twGuf uREkfyftzdkU&mü xif&Sm;aom tusKd;aus;Zl;wck
ay:xGufvmjcif;rSmum; q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;u uREkfyftay:ü
txifrSm;rIwckyaysmufoGm;jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfudkol&d,wdkufu
xkwfypfvdkufojzifh q&mBuD;xHokdU oGm;a&mufEIwfquf&mwGif q&mBuD;
onf olUü ]&SdpkrJUpk} jzpf[ef&Sdaom '*Fg;rsm;ESifh rl;aph? rwfaph

1007 
ta<uuav;rsm;udk vufckyfjzifhaqmif,lvmNyD; uREkfyf\tdwfxJokdU
ZGwfxnfhum idkoHygBuD;ESifh EIwfqufonftxd uREkfyftwGuf pdwfxd
cdkufjcif;&SdykHudk uREkfyfjrif&\/ xdkUaemufwESpfausmfcefUMumí awGUqkH
Mu&mwGif q&mBuD;onf uREkfyftay:ü ajymif;vJjcif;&Sdonfudk awGU&\/
þwGifuREkfyfonf taMumif;jcif;&mudkawG;EdkifcJUavNyD/ uREkfyf\ 'kwd,
tdrfaxmifonf uREkfyfESifhuJGMu&mü olUtjypfudkjrKyfxm;NyD; uREkfyfESifh
rdbrsm;\tjypf[lí q&mBuD;tm; ajymxm;[ef&Sdonf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrd
onf/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf rD;&xm;ay:wGifwcef;wnf;pD;Mu&í &Sif;vif;
cGifh &aomtcgwGif þrSwfwrf;ü wifjycJUonfhtwdkif; 'kwd,tdrfaxmifudk
,kHMunfauseyfonfhvu©PmESifh ]]igurodaygifuGm? rif;rdbrsm;u
ac:ajy;w,fqdkrSwfaewmudk;}} [kjyefajymavonf/ uREkfyfonfrdrdtm;
rvdkvm;olrsm;u xifcsifovdk xifMujcif;udk ouFm&Sif;&ef rBudK;pm;aomf
vnf; q&mBuD;uJUokdUaom yk*¾dKvfBuDD;wOD;tm; uREkfyftay:ü txifvJGjcif;
ajyaysmufatmif&Sif;jyvdkuf&jcif;twGuf twdkfif;rod auseyftm;&jcif;
jzpfcJU&bl;ygonf/

uREkfyf\vlaygif;rqefUykH

uREkfyftay:ü udkbNidrf;uat;pufpufvkyfvmonfqdkvQifyif tjcm;

aom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftcsKdUu (tm;vkH;awmhr[kwfyg/) uREfkfyftay: wGif
txl;wvnfav;pm;rI r&Sdawmhjcif;udk uREkfyfawGUvm&onf/ uREkfyfonf
tdfrfh&Sifrsm;jzpfaom w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;tay:ü ({nfh0wfausyGefjcif; twGuf)
auseyfzG,faumif;jcif;udk w&kwfjynfoGm; rSwfwrf;wGif csD;usL;a&;om;
cJUbl;onfjzpf&m rdrdwdkUtcsif;csif; auseyfzG,fraumif;onfh tjcif;t&mudk

1008 
þae&mwGif a&;om;azmfjyvdkuf&ygOD;rnf/ waeUoü uREkfyfwdkU
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf jrpf0gjrpfudk wmwrHwl;NyD; a&vTJaygufjyKvkyf onfh
vkyfief;XmeBuD;wckodkU oGm;a&mufMunfh&IMuí tjyefwGif oabFmESifh
oGm;&onfh c&D;pcef;wck yg&Sd\/ uREkfyfrSmc&D;yef;onfhtwGuf aMumifh
aexdkifraumif;onfESifh oabFmay:ü cif;xm;onfh qdkzmBuD;wck ay:wGif
(pum;jyefw&kwfruav;\ nTefjycsuft&) vJavsmif;um tdyfae\/
oabFmrSm ao;i,faomaMumifh c&D;onfrsm;twGuf ae&m rvkHavmuf
jcif;um;rSefygonf/ tcsKdUudk,fpm;vS,frsm;onf qdkzmBuD;ay:ü vJavsmif;
aeaom uREkfyfudkjrifMuaomtcg bmjzpfoenf;[k rar;MuyJ ]]tr,f
av;[JU? ae&musOf;usyf&wJUtxJ tdyfwJUvlu tdyfaeoudk;}} [k uREkfyf
Mum;avmufatmif ajymMuonf/ uREkfyfonf(wwfEdkifvQif) tjcm;vlrsm;tm;
taESmifht,Suf ray;vdkaom 0goemtwdkif; xíxdkifrnfjyK&m pum;jyef
w&kwfruav;u ]]tdyfomtdyfyg tbdk;&JU? 'djyifae&mrSm olwkdUxdkifMu
vdrfhraygh}}[k ajymumjyefívJScdkif;ayonf/ þtjzpftysufESifh wuG
tcsdefudkrav;pm;jcif;? uREkfyfwkdUarmfawmfum;pD;&NyD; olwkdUtzkdUbwfpf
um;om pD;&í rauseyfonfESifhnnf;nLjcif; paomtjcif;t&mrsm;udk
uREkfyfawGUjrifvdkuf&onfwGif udkbNidrf;a&G;vmcJUaom urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;um; awmfawmfnHUao;onf[k uREkfyfrSwfcsufcsvdkufrd
onf/ okdU&mwGif tm;vkH;r[kwf? uREkfyftay:ü MuifemykH&onfh ocif
aumif;qifh uJUodkUaom udk,fpm;vS,f okH;av;a,mufudkvnf; BuKHcJU&
ygayonf/

1009 
avmif;upm;jcif;uif;ykH

uREkfyfwkdUonf w&kwfjynfü vSnfhvnfMunfh&IMupOf w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;

tay:ü rauseyfp&m bmwckrQ rawGU&yJ x<uvkHUv0D&d,&Sdjcif;? olwkdU\
acgif;aqmifrsm;pum;udk MunfjzLpGm em,lMuykH&jcif;wkdUudkom awGU&\/
wdk;wufjcif;[lonfrSmrl w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;\ ,ciftajctaeudk rjrif&bl;yJ
þwacgufwnf; a&mufbl;oljzpfí EIdif;,SOfcsufxkwfp&m r&SdonfhtwGuf
aMumifh wkd;wufonf? okdUr[kwf qkwf,kwfonf[k uREkfyfu rSwfcsufcscJU
vQif t"dyÜm,f&Sdvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/ uREkfyfcsD;rGrf;rdaom tcsufwckrSm
avmif;upm;jcif;tvkyfü urÇmausmfatmif 0goemBuD;aom w&kwfvlrsKd;
jzpfcJUygvsuf armfpDwkH;vufxufwGif rnfonfhae&mXmewGifrS avmif;upm;
jcif;ESifhywfoufí t&dyftaiGUrjrifcJU&jcif;yifjzpfonf/ þtaMumif;udk
a&;om;vsuf&SdpOf jrif;aumif;rsKd; xGef;um;&eftwGufqdkí Oa&mywdkufom;
rsm; pwifwnfaxmifcJUonfh jrif;yJGrsm;onf bk&m;r&Sd? w&m;r&Sd? bmom
r&Sdqdkonfh w&kwfuGefjrLepfwdkif;jynfü vkH;vkH;BuD; tpwkH;NyD; avmif;upm;
jcif;onf i&JBuD;onf[k yg;pyfuajymum EdkifiHawmfbmom wnfaxmif
onfqdkaom OD;Ek\jrefrmjynfü NAdwdoQtpdk;& vufxufu twkdif;
qufvufí pnfum;jyefUyGm;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk owd&rdonf/ rdrdrydkifaomaiGudk
tvJGokH;pm;jyKrdjcif;twGufaMumifh axmifwef;us&onfh aiGudkifpma&;rsm;?
aiGwdkuft&m&Sdrsm;? om;0r,m;0tzGJUtrIaqmifrsm;\ jzpftifudk ppfwrf;
,lvkdufonf&Sdaomf jrif;yGJrsm;ü &IH;jcif;aMumifh tvJGokH;pm;jyKrd olrsm;\
&mcdkifEIef;ta&twGufonf tawmfBuD;rm; rsm;jym;vdrfhrnf[k uREkfyfawG;
xifrdonf/

1010 
tvefUwMum; pdwfysufjcif;

txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uREkfyfrSm w&kwfjynfodkUoGm;cJU&jcif;

ESifh ywfoufíuHraumif;aom tjcif;t&mrsm; tawmfuav; BuKHcJU&\/
w&kwfjynfrS jyefvmMuí e,fpyfjzpfaom rD;&xm;blwm&kHodkU qdkufa&muf
Mu&mwGif uREkfyf\ywfpfykwfpmtkyfuav; &SmrawGUyJjzpfaeonf [kajymMu
ítawmfpdwfnpfoGm;\/ uREkfyfwkdUudk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;onf rdrdwkdU\
EdkifiHul;vufrSwf (ywfpfykwfpmtkyfuav;)rsm;udk w&kwftpdk;& t&m&Sd
rsm;\vufodkU toD;oD;ay;tyfxm;Mu&av&m e,fpyfblwm&kHodkU a&mufMu
aomtcgü tjcm;udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;\ ywfpfykwfrsm; awGU&ygvsuf
uREkfyf\ywfpfykwfwckwnf;rSa&G;NyD; aysmufaeonfqdkaomaMumifh tvGef
pdwfraumif;yJjzpfoGm;cJU\/ ywfpfykwfrygcJUvQif e,fpyfudk ul;ausmfcGifh
r&Sdojzifh uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; w&kwfjynfü csefae&pfrnfqdk aomaMumifh
tvGefpdwfysufvsuf&Sd\/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf jyefoGm;Murnfh udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;udkyif EIwfrqufEdkifyJ rD;&xm;ay:ü wa,mufwnf; yufvuf
vSefum tdyfae&pfonf/ okdU&SdpOf rdrdudk,fudk ]]w&kwfjynfa&muf csifvSwJU
ieJwa,muf rSwfaya&mhuGm? rif;wa,mufwnf; b,fESpf&uf b,fESpfv
aecJU&r,frqdkEdkifbl;? tDoGm;atmif ae&vdrfhr,f? rSwfua&maygh uGm}}[k
ajymrdygao;onf/ uREkfyfrSmtazmfcifwwfonfqdkavmufonfh 0goem
r&Sdawmhapumrl EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfodkU þwacgufwnf;oma&muf bl;aom
aMumifhxifh? wa,mufwnf; ae&pf&rnfhtwGuf tawmftm;i,fvS onf/
]a&TOa'gif;? a&TOa'gif;}}[k ac:oHMum;onfESifh xMunfhvdkufaom tcg
uREkfyfwkdU\ pum;jyefw&kwfruav;ajy;vmonfudkjrif&í vufxJü

1011 
teDa&mif&Sdaom pmtkyfuav;udk 0rf;omtm;&ESifh ajrSmuf,rf;vmjcif;udk
awGU&onf/ t"dyÜm,fum; uREkfyf\ywfpfykwfpmtkyfawGUNyDjzpfí e,fpyf\
tjcm;bufüqdkufvsuf&Sdao;aom rD;&xm;udkrDatmifajy;&efjzpfav onf/
uREkfyfonfw&kwfjynfütqef;topfrsm; jrifawGU&jcif;aMumifh 0rf;ajrmuf&
aomtBudrfaygif; tawmfrsm;cJUyg\/ okdU&mwGifpum;jyefruav;\vuf
xJü pmtkyfeDuav;udk jrifvdkuf&jcif;uJUokdU 0rf;omaomtjzpfudk
rrSwfrdyg/ pmtkyfuav;udk olUvufrSqGJ,lNyD; vufqGJtdwfuav;udk
vSrf;,lum e,fpyfqDodkU uwdkufu&dkufajy;av&m pum;jyefruav;u
]]*Gwf'fbdkif *&ifyg}} (oGm;ayawmhtbdk;)[k EIwfqufjcif;udkyif r[m;w&m;
jyefajymcJU&onf/ uREkfyf\av;vHaom om;a&tdwfudkrl urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
uGefz&ifh{nfhcHaumfrwDESifh tvkyfvkyfMuonfh vli,frsm;u xrf;ydk;o,f,l
ydkU aqmifMuygayonf/

uHqkd;ykHwcsuf

uREkfyf\uHraumif;jcif;onf a[mifaumifodkU a&mufMuaomtcgwGif

vnf; vufprodrf;ao;acs/ uREkfyfonfa[mifaumifNrdKUü vlokH;ypönf;rsm;
aps;aygonfqdkaomaMumifh tdrfrS,lcJUaom aiGESifhyDuif;uGefz&ifhaumfrwDu
wdkvDrdkvDokH;pGJ&ef ay;onfhaiGudk bmrQrokH;yJ a[mifaumifüaps;0,f&ef
twGuf csefxm;cJU\/ odkU&mwGiftvmc&D;ü uREkfyfwkdU'kwd,tokwfudk,fpm;
vS,frsm;pD;vmMuonfh xdkif;av,mOfysHonf aemufwaeUwGif qdkufa&muf
vmav&m (toGm;tjyef vufrSwf0,fxm;Muonfh) udk,fpm;vS,f 10
a,mufrSm aps;0,fcsdefr&awmhyJ avqdyfodkUvmMu&avawmhonf/ uREkfyf
onfaps;0,f&eftwGufomru urÇmütawmfemrnfBuD;aom a[mifaumif

1012 
NrdKUudk ESHUatmifvSnfhvnfMunfh&Ivdkaom qE´vnf;&Sd\/ uREkfyfwkdUESifh
twljyefMu&rnfh &[ef;udk,fpm;vS,fESpfyg;onf uREkfyfwkdUESifh twl
rvdkufvdkao;onfESifh udkbNidrf;tm; ae&pfcGifh&ap&ef ajymcdkif;Mu&m
tcGifh&í ae&pfMu\/ uREkfyfonfvnf; txufygtaMumif;aMumifh olwkdU
uJUodkU ae&pfcsifao;í tcGifhawmif;cdkif;zkdU pdwful;ygao;\/ odkU&mwGif
rsufESmomykHr&aom udkbNidrf;udkjrif&onfESifh þEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;xHrS
bmtcGifhta&;rS rawmif;vdkawmhyg[k qkH;jzwfum olwkdUESifhtwl jyefvdkuf
cJUygonf/ uREkfyfwkdU 10a,mufrSty <uif;usefaom udk,fpm;vS,f rsm;rSmrl
a[mifaumifü okH;&ufcefUqufvufaexdkifcGifh&SdMuav&m uREkfyfomvQif
bmrSr0,fcJU&yJ aiGudkykdufNyD; jyefvmcJU&onf/

rsufESmi,faom urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;orm;

r*Fvm'kHavqdyfokdU n8em&DtcsdefwGif qdkufa&mufvmaomtcg

taumuft&m&Sdrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUurÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; udk,fpm;vS,frsm;\
ypönf;rsm;udk txl;aphpyfpGm arTaESmuf&SmazGppfaq;Mu\/ EdkifiHjcm;rS
jyefvmMuonfh c&D;onf trsKd;rsKd;&SdMuonfhteuf taumuft&m&Sdrsm;
onf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;uGefz&ifhrS jyefvmolrsm;udk txl;*&kpdkufí ppfaq;
Muonfxif\/ tjcm;c&D;onfrsm;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
orm;rsm;onf avqdyfü tawmfrsufESmi,fykH&\/ t&m&Sdrsm;onf
w&kwfjynfuay;vdkufonfh 0g;xD;uav;wacsmif;udkyif taumufcGefcGJzdkU
owfrSwfMu\/ uREkfyfwkdUonf jrefrmaiGESifh 0,f,lcJUjcif;r[kwfyJ
wkdif;jynfwjynfu arwÅmvufaqmifay;vdkonfqdkygvQif uREkfyfwkdU jrefrm
jynfü b@m  (Wealth)  wkd;yGm;vmjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;ypönf;tay:rS

1013 
tcGefaumuf,lxdkufonf rxifyg/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap 0efBuD;tp&Sdaom
{nfhonfrsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;rSjyefvmí tvum;&cJUaom vufaqmifrSef
cJUvQif taumufay;aqmifMu& onfrxifyg/ uREkfyfwkdU urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;xHrSrl xD;uav;wvufudkrQ csrf;omray;MuyJ ]vkH;aph
ygXfaph} nSpf,lMujcif;udk cHcJUMu&onf/

OD;nGefUESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;

uREkfyfonf &efukefodkU jyefa&mufaomtcgwGif "r®rdwfaqGBuD;

wOD;jzpfaom OD;nGefUxHokdUoGm;íEIwfqufav&m OD;nGefUESifh uREkfyfwdkU
aqG;aEG;ajymqdkMuaom pum;rsm;rSm wdkif;jynfpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh oufqdkif
onfjzpfaomaMumifh pmzwfolwkdU\ A[kokwtvdkUiSm wifjyvdkuf&yg
OD;rnf/ EIwfqufMuNyD;aemuf-
nGefU/ ]]w&kwfjynf roGm;cifuwnf;u cifAsm;&JU ta&;tom;aMumifh
rEÅav;ol rEÅav;om;awG uGefjrLepfjzpfukefMuava&mhrvm;vdkU pdk;&drfaerd
wmw&kwfjynfu jyefvmawmhrS cifAsm;a&;ykHeJUqdkvQif wjynfvkH; uGefjrLepf
jzpfukefMuawmhrSm xifyghAsm}}
Ekyf/ ]]uRefawmfu Murf;ydk;udkvdyfjzpfatmif a&;wwfw,fvdkU
qdkvdkufjcif;vm; cifAsm}}
nGefU/ (&,farmvsuf)]]'Dvdkawmhrqdkvdkygbl;? OD;azodef;u taMumif;
jy&mrSm ,kwÅd,kwÅmt&Smaumif;vGef;vdkU uRefawmfwkdUu vefUw,fcifAsm}}
Ekyf/]]udk,fhpnf;pdrf jyKwfavrvm;vdkU vefUwmvm;cifAsm? odkUaomf
vnf; uRefawmfwifjyorQ[muawmh uRefawmfjrifwJUtwdkif; &dk;&dk;om;om;
wifjyjcif;jzpfygw,f? y&d,m,feJU vSnfhpm;jcif;rygygbl; cifAsm}}

1014 
 nGefU/ ]]'gvJyJ uRefawmfwkdUu vefU wmyJAs? 'gawGxm;ygawmhAsm?
w&kwfjynfrSm bmawGrsm; jrifcJUawGUcJUovJAsm}}
Ekyf/ ]]uRefawmfawGUcJUwmuawmh w&kwfjynfrSm tvkyform;
v,form;awG[m a&SUtzdkUarQmfvifhcsufawGeJU aysmfaeMuwmudk jrifcJU&
ygw,fcifAsm}}
nGefU/ ]]tck vufiif;twGufuawmh 'gavmuf r[kwfbl;vm;}}
Ekyf/ ]]vufiif;twGufvJ aysmfwefoavmuf aysmfaeMuykH&ygw,f?
okdUaomf qdk&S,fvpfpepftwdkif;olwdkU vdkufemcGifh&Muwmu okH;ESpfom
&Sdao;avawmh vufiif;cHpm;&wJU tusKd;w&m;udk axmufcsifhNyD; a&SUtzkdU
tBuD;tus,f tusKd;rsm;vmvdrfhr,fvdkU arQmfvifhaeMu[efwlygw,f}}
nGefU/ ]]ajrydkif&SifBuD;awG&JU vuf0,frSm&SdwJU v,fajrawGudk
awmifolv,form;rsm;vufa&mufatmif a0ay;avawmh aysmfMuwmaygh
av}}
Ekyf/ ]]'guvJ waMumif;ygyJcifAsm;}}
nGefU/ ]]uRefawmfwkdUqDrSmvJ v,fajrawGudk a0iSay;vdkufwm
ajrydkif&SifBuD;awGrSmom qkH;&IH;&NyD; v,form;awGrSm 'gavmuf tusKd;
rrsm;bl;? aiGaMu;acs;vdkUiSm;vkdU r&wmavmufyJ tzwfwifw,f qdkyg
uvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ ]]uRefawmfvJ Mum;&bl;ygw,f? uRefawmfwkdUqDu
ajrrJUv,form;awG[m v,fajruav; tcsKd;us&Muavawmh aomufvm;?
pm;vm;? avmif;upm;vm;eJU jzpfukefMuw,f? tpdk;&u trawmfaMu;
xkwfacs;w,fqdkvQifvJ acgif;ykHjzwfwJUvlujzwf? usefwJUaiGuav;udk
t&ufaomuf? zJ&dkuf? Muufwdkuf vkyfypfMuavawmh w0ufwjywfavmufyJ
tdrfjyefygMuw,fvdkUMum;&bl;ygw,f}}

1015 
 nGefU/ ]]'DvkdqdkvQif v,fajrawGa0ay;wJU pepf[mb,frSm
aumif;vdkUvJcifAs}}
Ekyf/ ]]pepfuawmhrqdk;ygbl;? vkyfykHvkyfenf;u ae&mrusvdkUyg?
a0iSay;wdkif; aumif;wmr[kwfbl;cifAs? vkyfwwfzdkUu vdkao;w,f?
'DtaMumif;eJU ywfoufvdkU uRefawmfMum;bl;wJU a&S;a[mif;&mZ0ifwckudk
ajymjycsifygw,f}}
nGefU/ ]]Mum;yg&apcifAsm? ajymygtkH;}}
Ekyf/ ]]a&S;wkef;u tdEd´,jynfrSm rif;wyg;[m qif;&Jom;awGtay:rSm
oem;u&kPmpdwf&Sdavawmh olUwdkif;jynfrSm&SdwJU olaX;ol<u,frsm;xHrS
v,fajra&m? pdefa&Ta&m? wdkufwmaetdrfrsm;a&modrf;,lNyD; qif;&Jom;awGudk
a0ay;vdkufw,fwJUcifAs? 'DtcgrSm qif;&Jom;awG[m tifrwefaysmfMuNyD;
tvkyftudkif rvkyfcsifMuawmhyJ aomufvm;? pm;vm;? yJGMunfhvm;?
avmif;upm;vm;eJU jzKef;wD;vdkufMuwm rsm;rMumrDtwGif; olwkdUvufxJrSm
vJ Opömypönf;awGajymif? wdkif;jynfrSmvJ v,f,mudkif;uRef;rS toD;tESH
txGufr&Sdavawmh tpm;taomuf&Sm;yg;? a&TaiG&wem qdkwmawGuvJ
,cifu oaX;ol<u,fqdkwJUvlawGvufxJ jyefa&mufukefw,fwJU? 'Dawmh
&Sifbk&ifu wzefodrf;,ljyefNyD; a0iSvdkuf&mrSm vQyfay:avmfvDrIaMumifh
a&S;enf;twdkif;yJ olwkdUvufxJrSm rwnfyJoaX;ol<u,f qdkolrsm;vuf0,f
jyefa&mufukefw,fwJU? 'DawmhrS bk&ifhr,fawmfu 'Dvdkqdkcuf&acs&JU
qkdNyD;olUom; &Sifbk&ifudk vkyfBuHNyD; owfdvdkuf&w,fwJUcifAs}}
nGefU/ ]][kwfvdkufavAsm? 'gjzifh wa,mufvufrSvkNyD; wa,mufudk
a0ay;jcif;[m raumif;bl;aygh}}
Ekyf/ ]]a0ykH ae&mrusvQif raumif;ygbl;cifAsm}}
nGefU/ ]]b,fykH ae&mruswmvJ cifAsm}}

1016 
 Ekyf/ ]]&dk;&dk;enf;eJU a0ay;vdkufvQif oaX;ol<u,fawG ZdrfcHMuwmudk
jrifNyD; oGm;&nfusaeMuwJU qif;&Jom;awG[m vufxJaiGa&mufwmeJU
wNydKifeuf acR;xGufwJUtvkyfrsKd;udk rvkyfcsifMuawmhyJ taysmftyg;aemuf
vkdufNyD; ZdrfcHcsifukefMuawmhwmudk;cifAs? w&kwfjynfwkdU? &k&Sm;jynfwkdU
qdkwmawGrSmawmh v,fajrawGudk a0ay;ayr,fh awmifolv,form;awG?
tvkyform;awGudk a&S;,cifuxuf ydkNyD;tvkyfvkyfcsifvmatmif? udk,fhwdkif;
jynfudk tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;xuf BuD;yGm;apvdkwJU pdwfqE´ jyif;xef
vmatmif? wdkif;jynfeJUtrsKd;om;udkcspfwJU pdwf"mwfrsKd;? wdkif;jynfeJU
trsKd;om;twGuf tepfemcHr,fqdkwJU pdwf"mwfrsKd;awG wzGm;zGm;ay:vm
atmif tcsdeftMumBuD; oifjyqkH;r Mo0g'ay;NyD;wJUaemuf rSmrScJGa0ay;jcif;
jzpfygw,fcifAsm}}
nGefU/ ]]'DvkdqdkvQifawmh uRefawmfhv,fajruav;awG odrf;,lxm;wm
qkH;csifqkH;ygapawmhAsm? 'DtaMumif;awGudk uRefawmfwkdU tpdk;& em;vnf
oGm;atmif a&;prf;Asm}}
Ekyf/ ]]uRefawmfwkdUvlawGu wqdyfynm Ekw,fcifAs? olwkdU
udk,folwkdU twwfqkH;avmufxifaeMuykH&w,f}}
nGefU/ ]]'DvdkqdkvJ ckeifu r,fawmfrsKd; arQmf&rnfhykH ay:aeNyDxifw,f}}
Ekyf/ ]]'guawmh ]"r®m[a0&u©wd "r®pm&D}qdkwJU bk&m;a[mtwdkif;
udk,fhapwemtavsmuf tusKd;ay;&rSmayghcifAsm}}

vlawGpGJaomtcsuf

rEÅav;odkU jyefa&mufí vlxkowif;pmwGif acgif;BuD;rsm;a&;&aom

tvkyfudkjyefaumuf&pOf uREkfyfonf w&kwfjynfoGm; rSwfwrf;udkvnf;a&;

1017 
í owif;pmwGifxnfhao;\/ NyD;qkH;aomtcgwGifpmtkyftjzpfESifh ay:xGuf
vm\/ w&kwfjynftaMumif;a&;&mwGif odef;azjrifh\ pmtkyfuJUodkU pkHpkH
vifvif om;om;em;em;a&;zdkU BuH&G,fcsuf&Sdaomfvnf; þtaMumif;?
xdktaMumif;rsm;udktao;pdwf ar;jref;pkHprf;&ef pum;jyefwa,muf awmif;í
r&EdkifonfESifh uREkfyf\pdwfü xdcdkufonfrsm;teuf pJGuyf<uif;usef&pf
orQaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udkom a&;om;wifjyEdkifygawmhonf/ ,if;okdU
a&;om;&mwGif uREfkyfü txl;wvnfxdcdkufcJUbl;aom tjcif;t&mrsm;onf
pmzwfy&dwfowf\ pdwfüvnf; txl;wvnfxdcdkuf jcif;&Sdonfudk
wtHUwMoawGU&Sd&ygonf/ w&kwfjynftaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí w&kwf
vlrsKd;rsm; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfMuykH? pnf;urf;aooyfykH? Edk;Mum;ykH? wdk;wuf
ykHponfrsm;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdorQ a&;om;azmfjycJUonfh txJwGif
pmzwfy&dowfwkdUtxl;oabmusí rMumcPajymMuaom tjcif;t&mwck
rSm ]yDuif;bJuif}taMumif;yifjzpfavonf/ pmzwfoltcsKdU uuREkfyf\pmudk
zwf&jcif;aMumifh bJuifpm;csifaom awmifhwrIrSm rcHr&yf Edkifatmif
jyif;xefvmí w&kwfwef;odkUajy;NyD; bJuifwaumif 0,fpm;&jcif;ESifh
ydkufqHukef&onfaMumifh uREkfyfuyif tavsmfay;&rnfhES,f ajymMuavonf/
yDuif;bJuifonf uREkfyfa&mufrS ay:onfr[kwf? pm;bl;aom jrefrmvlrsKd;
onfvnf; uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; &Sdonfr[kwf/ uREkfyfra&mufrD
uarÇurÇmBuD;uwnf;u tHcGufatmifpm;vmcJUMuonfh ArmawG tajrmuf
tjrm;&SdMuayvdrfhrnf/ okdU&mwGif yDuif;bJuiftaMumif; udkvlajymrsm;
vmonfrSm uREkfyfjyefvmNyD;onfhaemufrS jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyftm;
]yDuif;bJuif} aMumfjimorm; wa,muftaejzifh w&kwfjynftpdk;&ujzpfap?
[dkw,fydkif&Sifujzpfap a&TwHqdyfwckcsD;jrifhoifhonfxif\/ þtaMumif;udk
qifjcifokH;oyfonfhtcg uREkfyfum; rsKd;&dk;ZmwdwavQmufvkH; tpm;

1018 
taomufbufü 0goemxkHcJUoljzpfí rdrd\vQmay:ü awGU&Sdaom &om&kHudk
olwyg; oGm;&nf,kdavmufatmif wifjywwfaom yg&rD&SifwOD; jzpf[ef
wlonf[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkufygawmhonf/

]vlxk}rSxGufjcif;

1952ck ESpfukefcgeD;wGif uREkfyfüay:aeusjzpfaom a&m*ga[mif;BuD;

wzefxvmcJUjyefygavNyD/ uREkfyf\pmrsm;udkzwf&í oabmusaom
y&dowfydkif;tm; xdwfvefUwkefvIyfjcif; rjzpfMuzdkUowday;&ygrnf/ a&m*g
a[mif;qdkonfrSm tjcm;r[kwf? tvkyfwckü okH;ESpfxufydkNyD; rvkyfcsif
wwfonfh uREkfyf\0goemyifjzpfygonf/ w&kwfjynfrS jyefvmNyD;onfh
aemuf rsm;rMumrDtwGif;üyif uREkfyfonf owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm; a&;&
jcif;tvkyfudk waeUwjcm;tjyif;txef NiD;aiGUvmawmhav&m 1952ckESpf?
'DZifbmv 15&ufaeUü uREkfyfonf ESpfukefonfESifhwNydKifeuf vlxk
owif;pmt,f'DwmcsKyftjzpfrS EkwfxGufawmhrnfhtaMumif;udk vlxkarmifESH
wkdUxHodkU pma&;today;vdkfufygonf/ uREkfyfonfwpkHwckudk vkdcsifaom
aMumifh ]]xGufr,f-xGufr,f}} ESifhy&d,m,fvkyfaom vlwa,muf r[kwf
jcif;udk vlxkarmifESHwkdUodMuonfhvu©PmESifh axGaxGxl;xl; rajymMuyJ
'DZifbmv 31&ufaeUa&mufí ESpfukefonfwGif vlxkowif;pmwdkufrS
Nidrf;at;wdwfqdwfpGm xGufvdkufygawmhonf/

1019 
acgif;wkH;ay:xdyfuGufjcif;

]vlxk}rSxGufNyD;í rsm;rMumrDtwGif; 1916ckESpfu uREkfyfa&;cJUonfh

&wemykH0w¦KrSm ausmif;okH;jyXef;onf[laom owif;oefUoefUMum;vkduf&
avNyD/ trSefrSm uREkfyfonf ESpfwJGxGufonfh &wemykH0w¦Kudk ol&d,OD;baz
\ aps;qpfaumif;jcif;aMumifh ol&d,wdkufokdU 115usyfrQESifh rlydkifa&mif;NyD;
jzpfíausmif;okH;jzpfNyD; pmtkyftajrmuftjrm; a&mif;&onfqdkvQif ol&d,
xHrS o'¨gaMu;uav;rsm; ay;rnfavmufukdom arQmfvifhEdkifygonf/
þtawmtwGif; aemufxyfMum;od&aom owif;wckt& &wemykH0w¦K
rlydkifudpörSm vufajymif;vJoGm;NyDjzpfí ol&d,wdkufrS 0,f,loGm;onfh
rlydkif&Sifu uREkfyftm; aiG2000d (o'¨gaMu;) ay;ygrnf[k avoHypf
vdkufonf/ uREkfyftawmtHUMooGm;\/ tHUMojcif;um; aiGa&;aMu;a&;ESifh
ywfoufí tvGefyg;eyfonfhtavsmuf (vifaoa<u;yl[louJUodkU BuKHawGU
vsuf) tvkyfvufrJjzpfaeaom uREkfyfxHrS aiG115usyfESifh 0,f,lxm;
cJUonfh &wemykH0w¦KpmrlydkifcGifhudk ausmif;okH;jzpfvkqJqJ tcsdefuav;wGifrS
(OD;baztkyfcsKyfonfh)ol&d,wdkufrStjcm;vufodkU a&mif;vdkufonfqdkjcif;rSm
OD;bazudk,fwdkif tidkuf&dkufcH&onf[k awG;rdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
&wemykHrlydkif vufudkif&Sdaom ykHESdyfwdkufydkif&Sifu uREkfyftm; aiG2000d
tvum;ay;csifygonf[k Mum;od&aomtcg ay;orQESifh vufvTwfcsif
wwfaom uREkfyf\0goemtwdkif; vufcHcsifvSNyDjzpfaomfvnf; rdwfaqGrsm;
ESifh wdkifyif&mwGifenf;vGef;onf[k ajymMuonfESifh uREkfyfvufrcHao;yJ
apmifhMunhfvsuf&Sd\/

1020 
Armhacwf OD;tkef;cif

1953ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif Armhacwfudktkef;cifonf uREkfyf\

tdrfodkU rvmpbl;ay:vmí &efukefokdU wacgufwav tvnftywfvmzdkU
uREkfyftm;zdwfac:\/ uREkfyfu rD;&xm;raygufao;yJ av,mOfysHESifh
oGm;&rnfh acwfBuD;wGif p&dwfaiG 200dausmf 300d tukefrcHEdkifaMumif;ajym
&m udktkef;cifu þtwGuf wm0ef,lrnfhjyif ol\tdfrfüvnf; wnf;cdkapvdk
aMumif;zdwfac:avonf/ þwGifvGefcJUNyD;aom tjzpftysufwckonf uREkfyf
\pdwfxJü bGm;ueJay:vm\/ 1948ckESpf? rwfvwGif (zqyv tpdk;&
vufxuf) tvkyform;qdkaom vlwpkonf owif;pmwdkuf wcsKdUudk
&dkufcsKd;zsufqD;onfESifh q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;? Armhacwf OD;tkef;cif
ESifh wuG tjcm;yk*¾dKvfav;ig;a,mufwkdUonf (r[maqGvnf;ygonf/)
rEÅav;odkU wufvmMuí uREkfyf\aetdrfü wnf;cdkMuNyD; w&m;yJGrsm;
jyKvkyfMuonf/ ppfudkif;okdUoGm;Muí w&m;a[mNyD;tjyef orÁmefay:wGif
udktkef;cifESifh armifvSwdkU uREkfyftaMumif; ajymMuonf/ xdkaeUeHeufxkwf
vlxkowif;pmü uREkfyfonf owif;pmwdkufrsm; &dkufcsKd;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí
zqyvtpdk;&\ ]]uav;uvm;qHykH}}taMumif;udk a&;xm;&mq&mBuD;
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;u ]]odyfxdw,fuGm}}[k csD;usL;onfwGif udktkef;cifu
]][kwfw,fq&mBuD;? a&;vdkufykH[mu vdk&if;udk pGyf0ifoGm;wmyJ}}[k
jznfhpGufajymqdkavonf/ orÁmefay:ü udktkef;cifu uREkfyf\ta&;tom;udk
qufvufcsD;usL;jyef&mwGif armifvSu-
vS/ / ]]cifAsm;u OD;av;odef;udk qG,fraeygeJU? OD;av;odef;[m
uRefawmfwkdUeJU b,fawmhrSrcGJbl;rSwfxm;yg}}

1021 
 cif/ / ]]rif;uodyfrxifygeJUarmif? igac:,if &ygw,f? waeUawmh
rif;Munfhyg}}
vS/ / ]]prf;MunhfygAsm}}
cif/ / ]]at;av? rif; odygvdrfhr,f}}
txufygpum;udk owd&onfwGif udktkef;cifu uREkfyftm; &efukef
odkU p&dwfcHac:NyD; olUtdrfüwnf;cdk&ef [lonfrSm olUArmhacwftwGuf uREkfyf
udk qG,fjcif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyf&dyfrdygonf/ udktkef;cifESifhtwl Armhacwf
udk,fpm;vS,f armifvSa&Tvnf;ygvm&m jyefcgeD;ü udktkef;cifu armifvSa&T
tm; uREkfyftvdk&SdaomaeUwGif av,mOfysHvufrSwf0,fay;vdkufzdkU rSmxm;cJU
av\/

udktkef;cifxHodkU oGm;jcif;

udktkef;cifwkdU jyefoGm;onfhaemuf uREkfyfpOf;pm;onfrSm udktkef;cif

onf vlxkwdkufESifh tqifrajyrI&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyfxGufvdkufonf[k
xif[ef&Sdonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfudk olUArmhacwftwGuf qG,fjcif; jzpf&rnf
[kawG;rdonf/ uREkfyfrlum; uGefjrLepfqefUusifa&;ay:vpD vufudkifjyKaom
Armhacwfowif;pmü b,fenf;ESifhrQ rvkyfEdkif[k odNyD;jzpfonf/ þtawm
twGif; &wemykH0w¦Kudpöuvnf; rNyD;rjywf&Sdae\/ rlydkifvufudkif&Sd
olrsm;u aiG 2000dxufydkNyD; b,fenf;ESifhrQ ray;Edkif[kwif;cHvsuf&Sd&m
rdwfaqGrsm; uvnf; enf;ao;onf[k tBuHay;vsuf&SdMu\/ olwkdUbuf
uMunhfvQif ol&d,wdkufrS rlydkif0,fxm;NyD;qdkaomaMumifh aiG 2000dyifvQif
tvum;ay;jcif;jzpfonf[k ajymEdkifcGifh&Sdavonf/ þwGif uREkfyftBuH
ay:vm\/ udktkef;cifum; BuH&nfzef&nf&Sdolwa,mufjzpf&m olUtdrfü

1022 
wnf;cdkNyD; 2000dxufydk&atmif nSpf&vQif jzpfEdkifp&m&Sdonf[k pdwful;
ay:vm\/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf armifvSa&Ttm; taMumif;Mum;í
vufrSwf0,fckdif;NyD; av,mOfysHESifh &efukefodkUqif;oGm;av\/

tkef;&dyfcdk&jcif;

udktkef;cifwkdU\ tdrfBuD;ü wnf;cdkvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfonf uREkfyf

vma&mufjcif;\ udpötrSefudk zGifh[írajymao;yJ ol\arQmfvifhcsuf
twkdif; rufvkH;ay;xm;\/ olESifhtwlwl uvyfodkUvdkufoGm;NyD; uvyf
ydwfcsdefwdkifatmif bdvd,ufxkd;jcif;tm;jzifh cifrif&if;ESD;atmifvkyf xm;\/
oluvnf; ae;&Sif;owif;pmwdkufrS udkavm&kHESifhvnf;aumif;? tar&duef
oH&kH;rS t&m&Sdrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; rdwfqufay;í ]olwkdUvl} jzpf
vmonfhtaeESifh 0rf;omtm;& vufcHpum;ajymMu\/ þtawmtwGif;
uREkfyfonf (xdkpOfu) pma&;q&mtoif; OuúXjzpfaom Z0eESifhawGUqkHí
&wemykH0w¦Kudpöudkajymjy&m oluvnf;pma&;q&m tpnf;ta0;ac:í
&wemykH0w¦K rlydkifudpöESifh ywfoufí pma&;q&mtoif;u uREkfyftm;
vdkaomtultnDudkay;&ef qkH;jzwfcsufcsum Armhacwfowif;pmwGif
xnfhoGif;azmfjyMuavonf/ rlydkif&Sifonf &efukefokdU uREkfyfa&mufvmonf
qdkuwnf;u uREkfyftaMumif;udkpkHprf;ae[ef&Sday&m udktkef;cif\tdrfü
wnf;cdkvsuf&Sdjcif;udkvnf; olwkdUodMuykH&\/ okdUjzpfíArmhacwfowif;pmü
pma&;q&mtoif;u uREkfyfbufrS vdktyfaomtulnDay;rnfqdkaom
qkH;jzwfcsufygvmí udktkef;cif\tdrfü uREkfyfwnf;cdkvsuf&Sdjcif;udkvnf;
&wemykH0w¦Krlydkif vufudkif&Sdxm;olrsm;od&SdoGm;onfh aemufwaeUüyif
rlydkif&Sifqdkolonf uREkfyfxHodkUa&mufvmí vufzuf&nfqdkifwqdkifodkUac:

1023 
oGm;\/ aemufqkH;ü &wemykH0w¦K ausmif;okH;jzpfí &dkufESdyfa&mif;csrnfh
udpötwGuf uREkfyftm;aiG 5000d(ig;axmif) ay;ygrnf[k pum;xGuf
vmonf/ ,cifurl 2000dxufwjym;rQ ydkíray;EdkifonfhES,f twefMum
wif;NyD;cHaecJU aomrlydkif&Sifonf uREkfyfbmrQrajym&ao;yJ wcgwnf;aiG
3000dwkd;ay;zkdU oabmwlonfqdkojzifh tHUMordygonf/ okdU&mwGif
þokdUjzpf&jcif;rSmvnf; pma&;q&mtoif;\ qkH;jzwfcsufESifh udktkef;cif\
]t&Sdeftapmf}aMumifhjzpf onf[k uREkfyfem;vnfygonf/ uREkfyfu
rlydkif&Siftm; oGm;&vm&aom p&dwfputwGuf aiG500dydkay;zkdUajym&m
csufcsif;yifoabmwlayonf/

txifvJGMup&m

Armhacwfowif;axmuf cifarmifMunfonf uREkfyf\pmta&;tom;

udktvGefESpfoufí tcsKdUaompmydk'frsm;udk tm*kHaqmifxm;onfqdk&m
(uREkfyfvnf; i,fpOfu arwÅmav;ESifh qmygvwmpaumh\ pmydk'frsm;udk
tm*kHaqmifxm;onf/) cifarmifMunfu uREkfyfudk oabmusaomtjcm;
pmzwfy&dowfvli,ftcsKdUESifh {nfhcHyGJuav; jyKvkyfyg&ap[k zdwfMum;xm;
\/ okdU&mwGifuREkfyfrSm ,refnOfhuwnf;u tat;rdNyD; tzsm;0ifvmonf
ESifh rnfolUudkrQ taMumif;jyefjcif;? EIwfqufjcif;rjyKEdkifyJ rEÅav;odkU
av,mOfysHjzifh &kwfw&ufjyefvmcJUygonf/ pma&;q&mtoif;url &wemykH
udpötwGuf uREkfyfbufrS tultnDay;&ef qkH;jzwfxm;umrS wpkHw&m
taMumif;rMum;yJ &kwfw&uf jyefajy;onfqdkum pdwfckp&mjzpf avmufyg
ayonf/ uREkfyf\ tusifhwckrSm aeraumif;xdkifrom rusef;rrm jzpfonf
qdkvQif olwyg;tdrfü wnf;cdk&jcif;twGuf tvGef0efav;wwfí (b,fol

1024 
uwm;onfjzpfap) udk,fhtdrfodkU jyefcsifwwfygonf/ okdUjzpfí pma&;
q&mtoif;ESifhwuG cifarmifMunfESifh taygif;tazmfwkdUtm; uREkfyf\
cRwf,Gif;csuftwGuf 0rf;enf;pGmESifh þae&mrS tEl;tnGwfawmif;yefvdkuf
ygonf/ (odkUaomf aiG&NyD; auR;arG;&rnfudk a&SmifxGufajy;onf[k
rxifMuapvdkyg/ twefMumaomtcgrS aiGa&mufvmjcif; jzpfygonf/)

udkqef;xGef;

1953 ckESpfü vlxkowif;pmwdkufrS xGufNyD;cgptcsdefwGif uREkfyfonf

xrif;pm;avmuf&kHuav;twGufrQom tvkyfvkyfí Ak'¨\w&m;awmfrsm;udk
zwf&Iavhvmjcif;? tm;xkwfjcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;ponfh tvkyfrsm;wGif
tcsdefukefcHvsuf&Sd\/ oDwif;aeUrsm;wGif uREkfyf\aetdrfrSm w&m;aqG;aEG;&
aomXmejzpfvmí uREkfyfESifhoduRrf;onfh "r®rdwfaqGrsm;vma&muf aqG;aEG;
Muygonf/ tqdkygaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;ü uREkfyfonfrdrd\ t,ltqrsm;ESifh
tawGUtjrifrsm;udk wifjyjcif;xuftjcm;vlrsm;\ w&m;obm0 t,ltq
rsm;udk wD;acgufEIduf,ljcif;tvkyfudk tav;ay;wwfygonf/ odkUjzpfí
uREkfyftaMumif;udk xdkvlrsm;odjcif;xuf xdkvlrsm;\ t,ltqtoD;oD;udk
uREkfyfod&jcif;uomí jynfhpkHonfxifyg\/ aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;ü t&SifOmPkwÅ&
vlxGuf (rmhufpf0g'Da[mif;) ,ckref;wuúodkvf vufaxmufuxdu
udkqef;xGef;onf uREkfyfwkdUtxJwGif pmayusrf;*efü tESHUpyfqkH;aom
yk*K¾d vfjzpfonfhtavsmuf pmayESifhywfoufonfh taxmuftxm;rsm;udk
ar;jref;í taumif;qkH;&Sif;vif;atmif tajymwwfqkH;aom yk*¾dKvftaejzifh
uREkfyftodtrSwfjyKygonf/ okdUaomf usrf;*eftay:ü tawG;tac:
t,ltqESifhywfoufí uREkfyf&Joavmuf ol&JykH&aomfvnf; olESifhuREkfyf

1025 
uJGvJGaomtcsufrsm;vnf;&Sdygonf/ okdUaomf olonf uREkfyfuJUokdU
]tvkyform;} wa,mufr[kwfonfhjyif uREkfyftm;vnf; tvkyform;
wa,muftaejzifh oluodjrifao;[ef rwlaomaMumifh uJGvGJaomtcsuf
rsm;udk aqG;aEG;jcif;rjyKyJ ol\0g'udkom uREkfyfu rSwfom;xm;vdkuf
ygonf/ okdU&mwGif þaemufydkif;ü usrf;wapmifwzJGU taejzifh uREkfyf
a&;om; xkwfa0vsuf&Sdonfh 'daX'dXrwÅHusifhpOfrSmrl udkqef;xGef;u
rmvkusykwÅax&ftaMumif;udk usrf;pmtkyfrS zwfjy&mwGif uREkfyftvGef
oabmusNyD; udkifwkdifprf;oyftm;xkwfcJUjcif;jzpfaMumif; 0efcHygonf/

r[mpnfq&mawmf

uREkfyfonf 'daX'dXrwÅH usifhpOft& tm;xkwfít[kwf&Sd wu,f

&Sdaom obm0BuD;taMumif;udk &dyfrdvm&mwGif tjcm;enf;tm;jzifh tm;xkwf
vsuf&SdMuonfqdkaom w&m;*dkPf;q&mBuD;rsm;ESifh awGUqkHaqG;aEG; zdkUtcGifh
&SmcJUygonf/ aqG;aEG;onfqdkaomfvnf; (uREkfyf\0goemtwdkif;) uREkfyf\
tawGUtjrifudk wifjyjcif;xuf tMuifyk*¾dKvf\ t,l0g'ESifh tawG;tac:
rsm;udkod&atmif EIduf,ljcif;ü tav;ay;avh&Sdygonf/ waeUoü
ppfudkif;NrdKUqifrsm;&Sif&dyfomokdU r[mpnfq&mawmf <uvmonfqdkí
uREkfyf\"r®rdwfaqG OD;boifu oGm;a&mufzl;ajrmf&ef uREkfyfudkvmí
ac:onfwGif uREkfyfvdkufygoGm;\/ xdknOfhü Z&yfwaqmifwGif q&mawmfu
ckwifay:rSusdef;pufí uREkfyfu ckwifatmifrS uyfvsuftdyfum OD;boifu
tpGefrStdyf\/ okdUjzpfí olwkdUq&m'um ESpfyg;\tv,frS tdyf&onfESifh
tcGifhaumif;&í q&mawmftm; w&m;obm0ESifhywfoufaom ykpämrsm;udk
ar;avQmufavonf/ trSefudkajym&vQif uREkfyf\ar;cGef;rsm;rSm rodíar;

1026 
jcif;r[kwf/ uREkfyfü&SdNyD;aom t,ltqrsm;ESifh udkufrudkuf nDrnDudk
pkHprf;jcif;rQom jzpfavonf/ q&mawmfuvnf; uREkfyf\ &nf&G,fcsuf
udk&dyf rdykH&\/ ol\tajzrsm;rSm tm;vkH;vdkvdkyif uREkfyf\t,ltqESifh
udkufnDonf[k uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ uREkfyf\ykpämrsm;rSm pmwwfaywwfwOD;
upmwwfaywwfwOD;okdU ar;onfhykpämrsKd;r[kwf/ w&m;tm;xkwfxm;í
vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:wwfonfh tavhtx&Sdoltcsif;csif; ar;jref;jcif;rsKd;
jzpfavonf/ tcsKdUaomykpämrsm;rSm &dk;&dk;usrf;wwfyk*¾dKvfu tajzwrsKd;ay;
Murnfjzpfaomfvnf; q&mawmf\tajzudk uREkfyfydkíoabmusonf/ r[m
pnfq&mawmftaMumif;udk uREkfyfod&orQ a&;om;azmfjy&aomf uREkfyfawGU&
bl;orQaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;teufwGif usrf;*eftaejzifhvnf;aumif;? tvkyf
taejzifhvnf;aumif;? yifudkOmPftaetm;jzifhvnf;aumif; auseyfzG,f
taumif;qkH;aom yk*¾dKvfjrwfwOD;[lí qdk&ygrnf/ tvkyfoabm udkz,fxm;
í tcsKdUaomusr;fwwfyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf jyóemwck\ obm0usrusudk
qkH;jzwfEdkifaom yifudkOmPfenf;yg;jcif;udk awGU&bl;vSygavNyD/ obm0us
rusudk qkH;jzwfEdkifaom OmPfynm&Sdolrsm;\ ta&twGufonf omref
w&m;tm;xkwfxm;onfqdkaom yk*¾dKvfjzpfap wckaomtrIonf tb,fh
aMumifh ukodkvfjzpfonfudkvnf;aumif;? wckaom trIonftb,fhaMumifh
tukodkvfjzpfjcif;udkvnf;aumif; wckaomtavhtusifhonf tb,fhaMumifh
r*ftajc? zdkvftajc jzpfjcif;udk vnf;aumif; udk,fydkifOmPfjzifh olUtoufudk
qifjcifokH;oyfNyD; xkd;xGif;odjrifwwfaom yk*¾dKvfonf wdkif;jynfü tvGef
enf;yg;onfudkawGU& \/ ukokdvf&í r*ftajc jzpfEdkifonfqdkjcif;udk
udk,fydkifOmPfjzifh em;vnfol &Sm;vS\/ ar;vdkufvQif bk&m;a[m
aomaMumifh od&onf[k ajzrnfholrsm;omawGU&\/ uREkfyftzdkUrlum; tjypf
&Sdjcif;? ukodkvfjzpfjcif; paomudpörsm;rSm bk&m;a[mzkdUrvdk? udk,fydkif

1027 
OmPfjzifh &Sif;NyD;jzpf\/ ]uREkfyftzdkUwGif a*gwrAk'¨onf avmurS
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf oufouf yGifhawmfrljcif;jzpfonf[k em;vnf
ygonf/

aqG;aEG;jcif;wjcm;? jiif;jcif;wjcm;

txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uREkfyf\aetdrfü oDwif;aeUwdkif;

w&m;"r®aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif uRekfyf\&nf&G,fcsufrSm usrf;*efESifh ywfoufí
uREkfyf\ t,ltqrsm;udk udkqef;xGef;ponfh usrf;wwfyk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh
ESD;aESm&efaomfvnf;aumif;? w&m;tm;xkwfzl;onfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;yg&SdvQifvnf;
rdrdwkdU\]tjrif}rsm;udk wifjyum nSdEIdif;wdkufqdkifMunhfMu&ef vnf;aumif;
jzpfygonf/ yxrESpfywfokH;ywfcefUürl t,ltqrwlMuaom tcsuftvuf
rsm;udkaqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif jznf;nSif;om,mpGmESifh xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;ajymqdk
EdkifMuygao;\/ aemufydkif;ürl tcsKdUyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf rdrdwdkUt,ltq
tawG;tac:wdrf;acsmfjcif;rsm; &SdcJUvQif "r®rdwfaqGtcsif;csif;ESifh OmPf
zvS,fcGifh &&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh trSm;rStrSefodkU a&mufatmif[laom &nf&G,f
csufrsKd;ESifh aqG;aEG;jcif; r[kwfawmhyJ rdrdwkd\t,ltqtawG; tac:rsm;
rSefuefygonf qdkaomoabmESifh a&SUaersm; avQmufvJjcif;rsKd; uJUodkU
tEdkif&apjcif;iSm qifajcuefaom taersKd;jzifh jiif;Muavawmhonf/
trSefodkUa&mufatmif aqG;aEG;wdkifyifjcif;rsKd; r[kwfawmhyJ uyfvkH;rsm;&SmNyD;
]ighpum;EGm;&}[lbdodkU Edkifatmifjiif;Muaom tjzpfrsKd;odkU a&mufvmMuav
\/ tcsKdUurl ]]owÅd&SdxGufcJUprf;? rvIyfEdkifatmif jiif;jyvdkufr,f}}[laom
vlpGrf;jyenf;rsKd;? pum;wwfNydKifaom yJGrsKd;jzpfatmif zefwD;vmMu\/
wOD;aom yk*¾dKvfurl (pum;]uyf}wwfolwa,mufjzpfonfhtavsmuf)

1028 
tjcm; yk*¾dKvfwOD;ay:ü Edkifatmif jiif;NyD;onfhaemuf ]]ajymtkH;avAsmh?
cifAsm;bmajymEdkifao;vJ}}qdkum vJaeaomvludkzdíawmif;onfhES,f qifhí
qifhí ar;acsao;onf/ þwGifuREkfyfrSm w&m;aqG;aEG;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí
oHa0*tBuD;tus,f &oGm;onfESifh uREkfyf\ywfpOfaqG;aEG;yJGudk zsufodrf;
vdkufonfhjyif w&m;]jiif;jcif;}tvkyfudk b,fa wmhrS rvkyfawmh[k oEédXmef
csvdkufygawmhonf/ (okdUESifhvnf;uG,fvGefol rEÅav;NrdKUjynfolUbPf
'g&dkufwm OD;barmif\aetdrfü we*FaEGywfpOf w&m;aqG;aEG;yJGjyKvkyfMu&m
wGif a&SUaewa,mufu uREkfyf\w&m;"r®t,ltqESifhywfoufí a&SUae
qefqef ]uyfvkH; uyfayguf}rsm;ESifh zdíjiif;jcif;udk cHvdkuf&bl;ao; onf/
olonf a&SUaejzpfonfhtavsmuf a&SUaepdwfxm;vnf;&Sdí a&SUaeqefqef
jiif;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk awGU&aomtcg a&SUaejiif;enf;rsKd;jzifh xdkoludkEdkifatmif
rjiif;EdkifaMumif;od\/ uREkfyfwkdUjiif;MuonfrSmvnf; t*Fvdyfvdkjzpf\/
okdUESifhvnf; uREkfyf\pdwfxJüum; uREkfyfwifjyaom t,ltqESifh
ywfoufí a&SUaejiif;enf;rsKd;r[kwfyJ taMumif;oifh? tusKd;oifh? obm0
usus? &kd;&dk;om; oabmxm;rsKd;ESifh pmjzifha&;&rnf qdkvQif jrefrmvdkjzpfap?
t*Fvdyfvdkjzpfap ¤if;a&SUaeESifhomru bdk;ab;bD bifrsm;ESifhjzpfap
tcsdeftcgra&G; wkdif;jynfokdU ,SOfNydKifwifjy0HUonf[k atmufarhrdygao;
onf/)

arQmfwvifhvifh

1953 ckESpfwGif csm;vfpf'pfuif;pf  (Charles  Dickens  \  Great 

Expectations)  0w¦KBuD;udk ]arQmfwvifhvifh}trnfjzifh uREkfyfbmom jyefcJU

aom pmtkyfrSm pmayAdrmefqk&&S\
d / ]arQmfwvifhvifh}[laom pum;vkH; rSm

1029 
rl&if;t*Fvdyf0w¦KtrnfESifh tvGef[yfonfhjyif ¤if;pum;vkH;rSmvnf; jrefrm
tokH;tEIef;taejzifh uREkfyfwDxGifvdkufaom pum;vkH;jzpfonfh twGuf
aMumifh tawmfauseyfrdonf/ 'pfuif;pf\0w¦KBuD;rSm wurÇmvkH;&Sd
bmompum;aygif;pkHEsifh a&;cJUMuaom 0w¦KBuD;rsm;teuf 'kwd,taumif;
qkH;tjzpfESifh jyifopfjynf pmayXmeu a&G;cs,fcJUbl;onfqdk\/
yxrtaumif;qkH;rSm awmvfpwGdKif\ ]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;} 0w¦KBuD;jzpfonf
[kqdkavonf/ 'pfuif;pf\0w¦KBuD;aumif;ykHrSm ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;
qifykHESifhywfoufí pmzwfy&dowfwdkU BudKwifcefUrSef;&ef rwwfEdkifavmuf
atmifvQKdU0Sufxm;ykH oyf&yfvSonf[kqdkMuavonf/ pmayAdrmefXmeonf
uREkfyf\bmomjyef aumif;onfqdkum ¤if;0w¦Kudk a&G;cs,fMuaomfvnf;
jrefrmjynfpmzwfy&dowfonf ¤if;0w¦KBuD;\ZmwfuGufqifykH vQKdU0Sufodyf
onf;jcif;udk t&omcHwwfMuykH r&onfhtwGuf uREkfyf0rf;enf;rdonf/
qdkvdkjcif;rSm Armpmzwfy&dowf vlrsm;pkonfZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;ESifh ywf
oufí tuJcwfaom ynmbufwGif tawmfnHUMuao;onf[lvdk/
¤if;wkdUonf befaumufvkHcsnf0wfaom r[maqG\[D;&dk;rsKd;udkom
em;vnfMuí zm;zdkBuD;a&SUü tdk;rJawGayusHvsuf &J&JeDaomoHacsmif;BuD;udk
wlBuD;ESifhxk&onfh yef;yJorm;rsKd;udk [D;&dk;taejzifh rjrifwwfatmif
&SdaeMuao;[efwlavonf/

yxrtBudrf pum;ajym&jcif;

1953 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif uREkfyfonf arQmfwvifhvifh0w¦KtwGuf

pmayAdrmefqkudk udk,fwkdifvm,lzkdU wdkfufwGef;jcif;cH&onfESifh pdwfcyf
xifhxifhESifh qif;oGm;ygonf/ pdwfxifhjcif;um; qkay;aomtcrf;tem;wGif

1030 
uREkfyf pum;ajym&rnf qdkaomaMumifhjzpf\/ xkdaeUü tcrf;tem;odkU
wufa&mufMurnfh y&dowfrSmvnf; 0efB uD;csKyfOD;EkESifhwuG pmay0goem
ygonfh vlBuD;vlaumif;rsm;? tpdk;&t&m&SdBuD;rsm; yg0ifMuvdrfhrnf[k
od&Sd&\/ uREkfyfonfavmuD avmuukwÅ&mqdkif&m A[kokwbufwGif
tawmfjynfhpkHatmif qnf;yl;xm;cJUonf[k udk,fh[mudk,f ,kHMunfxm;
onfhtwGufaMumifh y&dowfudk &GHUjcif;rsKd;um;r&Sdyg/ uREkfyf&THUaMumufcJUvQif
uREkfyfxuf A[kokwrsm;oludk aMumufvdrfhrnf/ &mxl;BuD;jcif;udk
aMumufwwfol r[kwfyg/ uREkfyfpum;ajym&rnf[k od&aomtcsdefwGif
wynfhaomfwmaqG u,refESpfu qk&onfh pma&;q&mom"kajymoGm;onfh
pum;wvkH; taMumif;udkajymjy\/ om"ku pmayAdrmefqkudk ol,lonfrSm
þwBudrfonf yxrtBudrfjzpfaomfvnf; aemufqkH;rjzpfap&? cPcP
ol,lvdrfhrnf[k BuKH;0g;oGm;onfqdk\/ aomfwmaqG\pum;udk uREkfyf
Mum;&onfhtcg igonf om"kESifhqefUusifbufajymrnf[k qkH;jzwfvdkuf
onf/ okdUjzpfí q&maZmf*sDu uREkfyfpma&;q&m jzpfvmykHtaMumif;udk
ajymjyzdkU ]wpfay;}&mwGif uREkfyfonf rnfokdUajym&rnfudk pdwful;
ay:vmcJYuavNyD/ pifjrifhay:okdU wufrdaomtcg uREkfyfudkvludk,fwdkif
jrifbl;ol &Sm;ao;onfh vu©PmESifh y&dowfu tawmfpdwf0ifpm;pGmESifh
MunfhMujcif;udk uREkfyfowdjyKrd\/ pum;pvdkufonfESifhwNydKifeuf uRekfyf
pma&;q&m jzpfvm&jcif;rSm ]vlawmf}wa,mufjzpfaomaMumifhr[kwf?
]vla&Smf} wa,mufjzpfaomaMumifh pma&;q&mjzpfvm&aMumif; ajymvdkuf
onfwGif y&dowfonf ]bmrsm;ygvdrfh}[kapmifharQmfaom rsufESmxm;rsKd;
jzpfay:vmMu jcif;udkjrifvdkuf&\/ uREkfyfutpdk;&bufwGif touf
20ausmf t&G,fuav;wnf;u &dk;&dk;om;om; vmbfrpm;yJESifh vpOf0ifaiG
200usyf rQpDaomrif;BuD; awmvdkufpma&;tvkyfudk &&SdcJUaMumif;? xdkpOfu

1031 
aiG200usyfqdkonfrSm ,ckacwf aiG2000usyfrQESifh nDrQaMumif;? okdUygvsuf
*sD;xlaom rif;BuD;wa,muf vufatmufü trIxrf;jcif;onf pdwfnpf
p&maumif;onfqdkum tvkyfrjyKwfjyKwfatmif tcGifhpmvnf;rwif? bmrQ
vnf;rajymrlí tvkyfrqif;yJaecJUaMumif;? tcGifhawmif;vQif&Edkifaomf
vnf; tpdk;&tvkyfxJwGif oHo&m&Snfaernfpdk;aomaMumifh wrifwumuyf
zJUvkyfNyD; udk,fhudk,fudk jyKwfatmifvkyfvkdufonfESifh tvkyfNyKwfNyD;
pma&;q&mjzpfvm&onfh ]vla&Smf}wa,mufjzpfaMumif; ajymjy&mwGif
em;axmifaomy&dowfonf uREkfyf\&dk;om;aom 0efcHcsufudkoabmusonfh
vu©PmESifhwa0ga0g yGJuscJUbl;ygonf/ pma&;q&mom"kESifh qefUusifbuf
ajymrnfqdkjcif;rSm om"kuolUudk,fol csD;ajrSmufajymqdk&mwGif uREkfyfu
udk,fh[mudk,fESdfrfhcsNyD; ]vla&Smf}wa,muftaejzifh wifjyjcif;udkqdkvdkygonf/
qkay;yJGtcrf;tem;NyD;pD;í xGufvmMu&mwGif uREkfyfudkt&m&SdBuD; wcsKdUu
]]a&TOa'gif;BuD;pum;rajymwwfbl;qdkwmnmwm}}[k um;ay:rS [pfatmf
oGm;Muygao;onf/ wynfhaiGOa'gif;url uREkfyfudkapmifhMunfhNyD; a0zef
wwfonfhxkH;pHtwdkif; ]]q&mBuD;pum;ajymcgpwkef;uawmh oGm;a&mhvm;vdkU
uRefawmfu pdk;&drfrdao;w,f? aemufqkH;usawmh [efusom;yJq&mBuD;}}[k
ajymavonf/ þwynfhwa,mufum; uREkfyfvkyforQwGif [kwfrS[kwfygh
rvm;[k tNrJpdk;&drfvsuf &SdykH&onf/

w&m;tm;xkwfaom Xmersm;

1954 ckESpfESifh 1955 ckESpfrsm;wGif uREkfyfonf (vlokH;a,muf&Sdonfh)

uREkfyfwkdU wtdrfaxmiftwGuf pm;avmuf&kHuav;rQ&atmif tvkyfvkyfNyD;
ydkvQHaomtcsdefudk w&m;tm;xkwfjcif;bufwGif trsm;qkH; tokH;jyKvsuf&S\
d /

1032 
w&m;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyftvkyfvkyfcJUorQrSm ]ig}&Smjcif;tvkyfESifh pdwÅm
Ekyóemac: rdrd\pdwfudk apmifhMunfhjcif;wkdUomjzpfcJU&m &SifOmPkwÅ&
vlxGuf udkqef;xGef;u rmvkusykwÅtm; Akk'¨nTefjyawmfrlcJUonfh 'daX'dX
rwÅHusifhpOfudk zwfjyojzifh Mum;emvkduf&onfhaeUrSpí ¤if;usifhpOft&
tav;ay;NyD; tm;xkwfcJUygonf/ tqdkyg usifhpOft& uREkfyftm;xkwfí
jrifawGUorQudk &Ir0r*¾Zif;wGifaqmif;yg;rsm;taejzifh tawmfus,fjyefU
pkHvifpGm a&;aom;azmfjycJUNyD; jzpfygaomaMumifh þrSwfwrf;wGif
txl;wvnf xyfrHazmfjy&ef BuH&G,fcsufr&Sdawmhyg/ xdktcsdefrSpí
þpmudka&;om;aom ,cktcsdefwdkifatmif uREkfyfonf tvkyfacsmifaom
&ufrsm;wGif ppfudkif;awmif&dk;okdUr[kwf pdefyef;&dyfom? okdUr[kwf aAm"d
ukef;&dyfom? odkUr[kwf refusnf;wkH&GmrS Oykofawmfrefusnf; yifBuD;paom
Xmersm;odkU &Hzef&HcgxGufNyD; tm;xkwfavh&Sdygonf/

urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; aqmif&GufcJUykH

1955 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif uREkfyfonf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;tzJGUü em,u

wa,mufrQomjzpfaomfvnf; urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;orm;rsm;\ qJGaqmifrI
aMumifhwaMumif;? urÇmhvlxknDnGwfEdk;Mum;jcif;&SdcJUvQif urÇmppfudk wm;qD;
Edkifaomtm;tpGrf;&SdvmEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfonfwaMumif;aMumifh rEÅav;NrdKU
twGif; urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;toif;rsm;zJGUpnf;&mwGif udk,fwdkifvdkufí ra[m
wwfa[mwwfESifh a[majymcJU&\/ wcgw&HwGif waeUtwGif; reufwyGJ?
aeUv,fwyJG? nwyGJyg okH;yGJwdkifwdkif a[majym&jcif;rsm;yifyg&Sd\/ uREkfyfrSm
ta&;oufoufrQomwwfaom uavmiform;wa,mufjzpfyg onf[k
ajymjyxm;ygvsufESifhyif ]]q&mBuD;rsufESmjyvQif vli,frsm;vkyftm;&Sd

1033 
ygonf}} [kqdkum uyf&yfNyD; ac:MuonfESifh tm;emyg;em ygoGm;&\/
oGm;avol wdkUbk&if OD;b&ifrSm uREkfyfESifhtwl oGm;azmfvmbuf ]&Jabmf}
wa,mufjzpfí rEÅav;NrdKU acsmifBudKacsmifMum; rsm;ü zGJUpnf;xm;aom
urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;toif;rsm;okdU nBuD;rif;BuD;rsm;wGif csrf;csrf;at;at;ESifh
oGm;cJU&bl;\/ wcgw&Hvlxkrtrmvnf; vkdufygwwfao;&m uREkfyfwkdU
wl0&D;okH;a,mufonf *spfum;uav;ay:ü wkd;wkd;a0SUa0SU xdkifum
(pdefyef;&yf) arSmifarSmifrnf;rnf;BuD;wGif csrf;csrf;pD;pD;ESifh oGm;&jcif;
rsm;onf Zdrfr&Sdaomfvnf; aumif;aomtvkyfudk vkyf&jcif;[l aom
trSwfjzifh awmfawmfaysmfrdMuygonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxm;udk&dk;om;pGm 0efcH&
rnfqdkvQif urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf þuJUodkU aqmif&Guf&jcif;aMumifh
aemiftcgü rdrdtzdkUtusKd;aus;Zl;wpkHw&m ay:xGufvmvdrfhrnf[lí
rnfolurQvnf; rufvkH;ay;bl;jcif;r&Sd? rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; a&mf&rf;rSef;
arQmfbl;jcif;r&SdcJUyg/

w&m;cHjzpf&jcif;

1956 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif Aef;armfNrdKUrS zqyvwa,mufu

vlxkowif;pmudk toa&zsufrIESifh w&m;pJGqdk&mwGif uREkfyfonf t,f'Dwm
csKyftjzpfESifh vdkufoGm;&\/ vlxkrtrmu uREkfyftm;apmifha&SmufjyKpk&ef
twGufqdkí armifESHpkHwJGoGm;MuzdkU tpDtpOfvkyfay;vdkufygayonf/ uREkfyf
tzdkUrSmolwyg;jyKaom trItwGuf wm0ef,lNyD; w&m;cHjzpf& jcif;onf
tqef;r[kwfawmhyg/ ol&d,wdkufü&SdpOf udkodrf;armifxnfhaom owif;
wcktwGuf uREkfyfw&m;cHjzpfcJU&bl;&m vlxkwdkufwGifvnf; owif;
t,f'Dwmxnfhay;onfh aqmif;yg;wcktwGuf uREkfyfyifw&m;cHjzpfvsuf

1034 
&SdygavNyD/ wcguq&mrsKd;vGifonf rEÅav;wGif ]OuúXvkyfpm;onf} [k
Z0eujyuf&,fjyKí a&;vkdufjcif;udk awGU&onfwGif uREkfyfvnf; wm0efcH
t,f'Dwmvkyfpm;onf[k ajym&ravmuf jzpfaeawmhonf[k owd&í
NyKH;rdygao;onf/ Aef;armf&kH;ü w&m;cHwa,muf tjzpfESifhtrIqdkif& jcif;
onf tyef;rBuD;vS? a'oEÅ&A[kokwudk tcsKdUvlrsm;xuf vdkvm;aom
uREkfyftzdkUrSm [dka&mufonfa&muf vnfumywfum xrif;NrdefNrdef pm;&jcif;
avmufom tvkyf&Sdonfqdkum tawmfauseyfcJUrdygonf/ okdU&mwGif
]aeUwdkif;onf we*FaEGrjzpfEdkif}qdkaom t*Fvdyfpum;ykHtwdkif; w&m;pJGcH&NyD;
w&m;cHjzpf&aom tvkyfonftrIwdkif;üacsmifvSonf r[kwfjcif;udk aemif
BuKHawGU&aomtcgrS azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/

Nidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcHBuD;

Aef;armfrS jyefa&mufvmaomtcg urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;tvkyfwGif

tawmfpdwf0ifpm;vsuf&SdNyDjzpfí rEÅav;NrdKU &yfuGuftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif
urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; toif;tzJGUrsm; zJGUpnf;&mütajymorm;wa,muftaejzifh
ygavonfcsnf; jzpfaecJUavNyD/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;qdkif&m ]ajymvkH;
ajymayguf}uav;rsm;vnf; tawmfwdk;wufaeNyD jzpfaomaMumifh vkyfabmf
udkifbuf ]&Jabmf}rsm;u ]]q&mBuD; tawmfwkd;aeNyD}}qdkum ajrSmufyifh
ay;MuonfwGif pum;ajymjcif; tvkyfrsKd;üpdwful;rxnfhcJUbl; onfh
uREkfyfonfyifvQif tawmf]ajrmuf}oGm;NyD; pdwftm;wuf<uvsuf&Sd avNyD/
azazmf0g&DvwGif rdk;nSif;NrdKUüusif;yonfh ESpfywfvnf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;
a&;nDvmcHokdUyif vlxkrtrmu uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;udk apvTwfonfESifh
wufa&mufNyD; q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;? udkbNidrf;paomurÇmhNidrf;csrf;

1035 
a&;yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;ESifhtwl nDvmcHpifjrifhay:wufNyD; wcsDwyJGEGJcJU&ygao;
onf/ azazmf0g&Dv (wykdUwJGv) a&mufvmNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; rkd;nSif;a'orSm
tawmfBuD;csrf;at;vsufyif&Sdao;&m wtdrfwnf;twl wnf;cdkvsuf&Sdaom
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;ESifh uREkfyfonfoef;acgifausmfonfwdkifatmif
tdyf&mokdUr0ifMuao;yJ rD;vif;zdkuav;a&SUwGif rsufESmcsif;qdkif
xdkifumvuf zuf&nfMurf;wtdk;ESifh a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm; ajymvsuf
&SdMu\/ qD;ESif;aygufrsm;onf tdrfeab;ü&Sdaom 0g;&kHyifxufrS
opfyifatmuf&Sd rD;ykHjymxJokdU w&SJ&SJusaom toHrsm;onf oef;acgif
MuufwGefoHrsm;tMum;wGif pnf;0g;vkdufay;ouJUokdU wcsufwcsuf
ay:xGufvmjcif;udkMum;&\/ ]]b,fhES,fvJq&m? oef;acgifMuufawGvJ
wGefukefNyD? q&mtdyfysufaeawmh r,f}}[k uREkfyfuowday;aomtcg
q&mBuD;u ]]rif;tdyfcsifNyDvm;uG? igawmh rtdyfcsifao;aygifuGm? igwkdU'Dvdk
qkHqnf;cJUw,fuG}}[k ajymonfESifh uREkfyfonf wem&dxdk;onfwdkifatmif
qufxdkifNyD;rS tdyf&mokdU 0ifMu&ygonf/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; nDvmcHBuD;rSm
aeUtcsdefwGif pnfum;&kHomru nOfhrsm;wGifvnf; Nidrf;csrf;a&;nGefUwif
ZmwfyGJawGbmawG ESifh NcdrfhNcdrfhoJvsuf wkd;raygufatmif pnfum;
vSygbdonf/ uREkfyfwdkU jrefrmvlrsKd;tzkdUrSm rnfonfhudpöudkpDrHonfjzpfap
ZmwfyJGuav; bmuav;xnfhaom tpDtpOfonf rqdk;vS[kpOf;pm;rdonf/
nDvmcHNyD;í uREkfyfwkdUvlpk jyefcgeD;wGif rkd;nSif;NrdKUay:rSomru
¤if;e,fy,fw0dkuf&Sd trsKd;orD;trsKd;om;vli,frsm;onf tvGef&Tifysaom
rsufESmrsm;ESifh uREkfyfwkdUtm; EIwfqufpOf ]]'DnDvmcHrsKd;ESpfwdkif; rkd;nSif;rSm
usif;yEdkifatmif BudK;pm;r,f}}[k ajym&SmMuonf/ 0rf;enf;zG,f tjcif;t&m
wckazmfjy&OD;rnfrSm rkd;nSif;NrdKUay:&Sd zqyvtpG,ftyGm; vl&rf;um;uav;
rsm;onf yJGysufatmiftaESmifht,SufjyKvkyfMuao;onfqdk&m urÇmhNidrf;csrf;

1036 
a&;orm;rsm;\ ttkyftxdef;aumif;rIaMumifh olwkdU\tBuHratmifjrifyJ
Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzJGUqdkonfhtvdkuf Nidrf;csrf;pGmESifhyif vufpodrf;EdkifcJUMuygay
onf/ zqyv[laom trnfudk b,folu rSnfhcJUonfjzpfap xdktcsdefwGif
um; te,fe,ft&yf&yfüvl&rf;um;rsm; odrf;oGif;pkaqmif;jcif;tvkyfwGif
]]Edk;wl;}}ac:avmufonfhvlpkaywum;[k rSwfwrf;wifxdkufygayonf/

rkH&Gme,fwcGifodkU

rdk;nSif;nDvmcHBuD;rS rEÅav;okdUjyefa&mufaomtcg q&mBuD;ocif

udk,fawmfrIdif;ESifh udkbNidrf;wkdUtzJGUonf rkH&GmokdU qufvufoGm;a&mufí
Nidrf;csrf;a&;w&m;a[majym&ef pDrHMuonfwGif uREkfyftm;vnf;vdkufcJUzdkUac:
Mujyef\/ uREkfyfrSm ZmwfyJGESifh vkduf&onfh Zmwform;wa,mufuJUokdU
tzGJUtpnf;ESifh oGm;&jcif;tvkyfwGif tawmfaysmfydkufvsuf&SdaeNyDjzpfaom
aMumifh wcgjyifESpfcgjyifrac:&yJ olwkdUESifhtwlvdkufoGm;cJUjyefygonf/
xdktcsdefwGif udkbNidrf;? odef;azjrifhtp&Sdaom trwfavmif;rsm;onf
rkH&Gme,fbufü a&G;aumufyJGtwGuf w&m;yJGrsm; pDpOfvsuf&Sd&m uREkfyfonf
urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;w&m; a[m,if;uaeNyD; yrnwtrwfavmif;rsm;twGuf
axmufcHa[majymay;olwa,muf jzpfrSef;rod jzpfvmcJUygavNyD/ þtjyK
trltwGufaMumifhyif zqyvtpdk;&u uREkfyftay:ütnId;xm;NyD; zrf;onf
[k ([kwfr[kwfum; rqdkEdkif/) owif;pmq&mndKjru *g'D,ef owif;pmü
a&;om;jcif;udk oufqdkif&mae&mü azmfjyygOD;rnf/ rkH&Gme,fw0dkufwGif
uREkfyfonf t&Trf;taomuav;rsm;yg&Sdonfh ykHwdkywfp uav;rsm;nSyfum
a[majymwwfonfh q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;aemufrS ra[mwwf
a[mwwfESifh wwfoí rSwfoíuav;rsm;jzifh BuJcJU&ygao;onf/

1037 
uREkfyf\a[majymcsufrsm;rSm taMumif;,kwÅd wifjy&mü nHUvdrfhrnf
rxifaomfvnf; a[majymaeusjzpfaom EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;? w&m;a[m
"r®uxdursm;\ av,lavodrf;rsKd;r[kwfonfh twGufaMumifh xda&mufoifh
oavmuf xda&mufjcif;&SdykH r&jcif;udkvnf; uREkfyf&dyfrdygonf/ 0efBuD;
csKyfOD;Eka&SUü bmomjyefqk,lcJUpOfu rdrdtaMumif;udk ESSdrfhcsajymajym jcif;jzifh
atmifjrifcJUbl;aomfvnf; ae&mwumwGif udk,fhtaMumif;ajymjy jcif;tm;
jzifh pm;omrnfr[kwfjcif;udkodonfESifh xnfhrajymyJ ]&GufMurf;a&usKd}
rQESifhyif auseyfcJU&ygonf/

csJvifhcsfvkyfvkdufykH

rkH&GmrS q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;wkdUESifhtwl rEÅav;odkU jyefvm

Muí q&mBuD;wkdUvlpkonf uREkfyf\aetdrfü wnf;cdkMuNyD; &efukefokdU
jyefoGm;Muonfhaemuf &uftenf;i,ftwGif; vlxkt,f'DwmcsKyf a&TOa'gif;
ESifh vlxka':trmwkdUudk {NyDv 19 &ufaeUwGif zrf;vdrfhrnf[laom
owif;w&yf ay:xGufvmí tcsKdUowif;pmrsm;wGif azmfjyyg&Sdjcif;udk
awGUvdkuf&\/ um,uH&Sifrsm;jzpfaom a':trmESifh uREkfyfwkdUkum;
bmrQrod&acs/ þowif;um; tawmfqef;Mu,f\/ owif;pmwdkuf
t,f'Dwmrsm;udk zrf;onfqdkvQif zrf;NyD;aomtcgrS vltrsm;od&aom
xkH;pH&Sdygvsuf rzrf;rDokH;av;&ufBudKwifNyD;owif;ajy;aejcif;rSm tpOftvm
r[kwfacs/ zrf;vdrfhrnf[k owif;jzpfonfqdkvQif wcgw&H jzpfEdkifao;aomf
vnf; &ufpJGESifhwuG twdtus BudKwifazmfjyxm;jcif;rSm rnfonfhwdkif;jynf
owif;pm&mZ0ifwGifrS rMum;&bl;acs/ rtrmuqdkvQif {NyDv 19 &ufaeU
eD;uyfvmuwnf;u tdyf&mvdyfuav;rsm; jyifxm;onfqdk\/ b,ftcg

1038 
rqdk c&D;xGufzdkU toifh&Sdaom uREkfyftzdkUrlum; (zcif\0goemtwdkif;
yif)bmrQjyifp&mrvdk? apmifhíMunfhae\/ okdUESifh 19&ufaeUa&mufvm NyD;
ausmfvGefoGm;aomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdUudkrzrf;yJ xm;ao;\/ þtawmtwGif;
&efukefü ppfaq;vsuf&Sdaom vlxkOD;vS\trIwGif w&m;cHjyoufao
tjzpfESifh uREkfyftm;jyxm;í arv2&ufaeUwGif &efukefodkU uREkfyf
oGm;&rnfjzpf\/ xdktcsdefwGif jynfxJa&;0efBuD; Adkvfcifarmifuav;u
ausmufqnfe,f EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJwckwGif a[majymvdkufykHrSmum; a&G;
aumufyJGü yrnw trwfavmif;rsm;onf rdrdwkdU zqyvtrwfavmif;
rsm;ESifh NydKif0HUonfqdkvQif aiG100dESifh 1usyf? 1000dESifh 1usyf tausmhay;NyD;
avmif;0HUonf[k ajymonfqdk\/ þwGif uREkfyfu vuf&SdtmPm\
bkef;&dyfrcdkyJ vGwfvGwfvyfvyfoefUoefU&Sif;&Sif; a&G;aumufyJGusif;yrnf
qdkygu zqyvbufrS aiGausmay;zkdUrvdkyJ yrnwtrwfavmif;rsm;bufrS
]qwl}avmif;prf;csifonfqdkonfh csJUvifhcsfvkyfaom aqmif;yg;wyk'fudk
vlxkowif;pmü a&;xnfhvdkufavonf/

]ynm&Sd}ESdyfpufjcif;

txufygaqmif;yg;rSm arv1&ufaeUxkwf vlxkowif;pmwGif ygav

&m arv 2&ufaeUwGif vlxkOD;vS\ trItwGuf uREkfyf&efukefokdUoGm;
&avonf/ trIcsdef;&uf eD;uyfaeNyDjzpfí uREkfyfonf av,mOfysHESifh
oGm;&av&m c&D;onfrsm;teufwGif jynfxJa&;0efBuD; Adkvfcifarmifuav;
udk jrifvkduf&onf/ av,mOfysHay:ü Akdvfcifarmifuav;ESifh uREkfyf
wcsufrQ rsufvkH;csif;qdkifvdkufrdM u&mwGif wa,mufESifhwa,muf wBudrfrQ
rawGUqkHMubl;aomfvnf; wa,mufudkwa,muf odMuykH&onf/ olUrsufESm

1039 
xm;udk Munhf&onfrSm olonf yrnwbufrS ]qwl}avmif;&J onfqdkaom
uREkfyf\(csJUvifhcsf)aqmif;yg;udk zwfcJU&[ef&Sdonf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrdonf/
xdknaeü rkd;uav;pdyfpdyf&Gmvsuf&SdpOf av,mOfysH onf r*Fvm'kHavqdyfodkU
qdkufa&mufoGm;av&m vli,fwa,mufonf ]]q&mBuD;yguvm;}}[k
EIwfqufí uREkfyf\ypönf;uav;rsm;udk av,mOfysH ay:rS &kHxJokdU
ulnDo,f,lay;ygonf/ &kHxJokdUa&mufMuaomtcg (,pfrsKd;bufuxifh)
trIxrf;rsm;onf xdkvli,f\ypönf;rsm;udk arTaESmufMunfh&IMu&mwGif a&T
acsmif;okH;av;acsmif; awGUMu\/ þwGiftrIxrf;onf uREkfyfa&mvli,fudkyg
tcef;wckxJodkUac:oGm;NyD; ppfaq;Mu\/ vli,fu ol\txkyf
xJrSawGU&Sdaom a&Tacsmif;rsm;jzpfí ol\ypönf;jzpfaMumif; 0efcHajymqdk
ygvsufESifhyif trIxrf;rsm;u uREkfyfudkrvTwfa o;yJ ]]'D[m q&mBuD; ypönf;
vm;? cifAsm;ypönf;[kwf&JUvm;}} ponfjzifh tBudrfBudrf txyfxyfppfar;
vsuf&Sd\/ xdktawmtwGif;üvlrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufudk
acsmif;ajrmif;Munfh&IaeMu\/ vli,fu ]]uRefawmhypönf;ygqdkrSAsm?
cifAsm;wkdUu q&mBuD;udkar;vm;jref;vm; 'ku©ray;MuygbdeJU}}[kajymay;\/
xdktcsdefwGif jynfxJa&;0efBuD; Adkvfcifarmifuav;onf tjcm;tcef;
wckwGif xdkifvsuf&Sdí uREkfyfudk wwfEdkiforQ taESmifht,Sufay;zdkU trIxrf;
rsm;tm; rsuf&dyfjyxm;avo avm[líyif uREkfyfouFmruif;&SdvmavNyD/
c&D;onfrsm;onf ,lbDat bwfpfum;BuD;ay:okdU wufukefMuNyDjzpf&m
vli,fESifh uREkfyf ESpfa,mufwnf;om usefavawmhonf/ uREkfyfrSm
bwfpfum;udk rrDvdkufvQif aeuvnf;0if? rdk;uvnf;&Gm? tBudKtqdk
uvnf;r&Sdojzifh) wa,mufwnf; 'ku©a&muf&acsawmhrnfqdkum
pdwfaygufvmonfESifh ]]a[;vlawG bmvkyfMuwmvJ? a&Tacsmif;Opöm&Sif
&SdvsufeJU ighudkbmjyKvdkU wmqD;xm;EdkifovJ}}[k atmfaigufonfwGifrS

1040 
trIxrf;rsm;onf wa,muf\rsufESmudk wa,mufMunhfNyD; uREkfyfudkoGm;cGifh
jyKvdkufMuonf/
bwfpfum;vnf;xGufawmhrnfqJqJ&Sdae&m uREkfyfonf vlxkrtrmu
vufaqmifyg;vdkufonfh o&ufoD;jcif;awmif;uav;udkqGJNyD; bwfpfum;
ay:okdU tajy;tvTm;wuf&ygonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü Adkvfcifarmifuav;
onf tcef;xJrS acsmif;MunfhNyD; uREkfyf\'ku©a&mufykHrsm;udk &,fvsuf&Sd
onf[k xifrdonf/ (vlxk rtrmum; vufaqmifyg;jcif;ESifh ywfoufNyD;
&Sm&SmazGazG pdwful;&aom rdef;uav;wa,mufjzpf\/ w&kwfjynfodkU
oGm;pOfuvnf; oHtrwfOD;vSarmiftwGufqdkí vufzufpdk? MuufoGefaMumf?
ESrf;qDykvif;wkdUudk jcif;awmif;wckwGif udk;&dk;um;&m;xnfhNyD; vufaqmifyg;
vdkuf&m befaumuf? a[mifaumif? uGrfwkHpaom EdkifiHjcm;NrdKUrsm;wavQmuf
jzwfoef;oGm;&pOf vrf;wGif ypfcsxm;cJUzdkU q,fBudrfru pdwful;rdonf/
yDuif;odkUa&mufí oHtrwfOD;vSarmifodkU vufaqmifay;vkduf&mwGif OD;vS
armifu q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;okdU cGJay;onfudk jrif&ojzifh ]awmfyg
ao;&JU? igvJpm;&tkH;rSmyJ}[k ajzqnfrdonf/ aemufwaeUwGif cHwGif;csOf
onfESifh ]]uRefawmfhudkfvufzufw&dk;ay;ygq&m}}[kawmif;rd&m q&mBuD;u
]]a[h r&Sdbl;uG? OD;yOöif;awGudk igtukefvSLvdkufNyD}}[k jyefajymojzifh
]]yufvufvefusef&pfonf}} [laom i,fpOfuoDcsif;wykd'fudk owd&
rdonf/)

uHqdk;aomarv 10 &uf

uREkfyfwnf;cdkaom nDawmfarmif\ aetdrfodkUa&mufí vlxk\trI

wGif oufaocH&eftwGuf ESpf&ufokH;&uf aexdkifvsuf&SdpOf tpdk;&pkHaxmuf

1041 
rsm; onfaeUwdkif;vdkyif uREkfyftaMumif;udk vma&mufar;jref;Muonfqdk\/
uREkfyfESifhum; wcgrSrawGU&yg/ þwGifuREkfyfonf av,mOfysHay:ü
jrifvdkuf&onfh Akdvfcifarmifuav;\rsufESmxm;udk owd&í jynfxJa&;
0efBuD;um; av,mOfysH&kHxJwGif ighudknSOf;&&kHESifh auseyfao;ykHray:[k
pOf;pm;rdygao;onf/ trIwGifoufaocHNyD;aemuf uREkfyfrEÅa v;odkUjyefaom
tcgwGif &efukefblwmBuD;ü rD;&xm;wGJxJwGif xdkifvsuf&SdpOf vlESpfa,muf
onf rvSrf;rurf;rS uREkfyfudkMunfhvsuf olwkdUtcsif;csif; pum;ajymMujcif;
udkjrif&\/ pdwfxJüxdwfvefUavmufatmifr&Sdaomfvnf; olwkdUrsufESmrsm;
onf uREkfyftm; &TifjrL;jcif;rjzpfaponfudk 0efcH&ygrnf/ rEÅav;odkU
acsmarmpGm qdkufa&mufoGm;í wkdUbk&ifOD;b&ifonf uREkfyf\tdrfodkUvmNyD;
eufjzefeHeufapmapmwGif rwÅ&mNrdKUodkU oGm;MuzkdUajymojzifh uREkfyfu
vdkuf&efoabmwlvdkuf&ygonf/ aemufwaeUwGif uREkfyfonfeHeufapm
apmxírwÅ&modkUoGm;&eftwGuf t0wfrsm;vJvS,fjyifqifvsuf&SdpOf tdrf
a&SUü*spfum;wpD;qkdufvmonfESifh uREkfyfu ]]vmNyDAsKdU OD;b&if}}[k
vSrf;ajymvdkufao;\/ odkU&mwGif*spfum;udkMunfhvdkufaomtcgüí OD;b&if
\ *spfum;r[kwfonfhjyif OD;b&ifvnf;r[kwfyJ tjcm;vlESpfa,muf
okH;a,mufudkjrif&onfESifh ]b,folawGygvdrfh} [kpOf;pm;aerdao;\/
okdUaomf Mum&SnfpGmpOf;pm;zkdUrvkdacs/ azmfjycJUonfh tjzpftysufuav;
rsm;aMumifh trSefudk&kwfw&uf awG;qEdkifygonf/ Xmetkyfwa,mufonf
t&yfvlBuD;udkac:cJUí uREkfyfudkzrf;&efvmjcif;jzpfavonf/ þaeUonfum;
arv 10 &ufaeUjzpf&m 1942ckESpfu uREkfyftm; csefau&Sdwf\
w&kwfjzLrsm; zrf;oGm;jcif;rSmvnf; arv10&ufaeUyif jzpfaomaMumifh
þaeU þ&ufonf uREkfyftzkdU uHraumif;aom aeU&uf[lí trSwftom;

1042 
jyKrdonfESifh ESpfwdkif; þaeU þ&ufwGifbmrIESifhrsm; zrf;MuOD;rnfenf;[k
owd&rdygonf/

rdwfaqGrsm; vdkufydkUjcif;

rsm;rMumrD OD;b&if\ *spfum;vnf; qdkufa&mufav&m tzrf;tqD;

ESifh ywfoufí tqef;r[kwfaom OD;b&iftzdkUrSm rsufESmysufvSatmif
r&Sdaomfvnf; aemufxyfa&mufvmMuonfh q&mvGifESifh vlxkrtrmwdkUrSm
rsufESmxm; ajymif;vJjcif;&Sdonfudk owdjyKvdkufrdonf/ vlxkrtrmrSmrl
]]wa,mufwnf;rS [kwfygavp? igygygavao;ovm;}}[k pOf;pm;rdavo
avm rajymwwfay/ uREkfyftzkdU tdyf&mvdyfESifh &Gufzsifukvm;xdkifudk
*spfay:okdU wifNyD;aemuf ZeD;rpdk;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm;onf uREkfyftm;
axmifBuD;odkU vdkufydkUMu\/ uREkfyfrSm w&m;tm;xkwfxm;olwa,muf
jzpfonfhtavsmuf þrQavmufaom avmu"HtwGufjyifqifNyD;jzpfí
BuHUBuHUcHzkdUtoifh&Sdyg\/ odkU&mwGif tcsKdUvlrsm;uJUodkU NyKH;NyKH;&Tif&TifESifh
cHonf[líum; rqdkEdkifyg/ þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí avmu"H
cHykHcHenf;csif; wrsKd;pD&SdaeMuykHudk &Sif;jy&ygOD;rnf/

cHykHtrsKd;rsKd;

pdwfaysmhí cHEkdif&nfr&Sdaomvlrsm;onf tzrf;tqD;cH&jcif;? 'ku©wckck

awGU&jcif;paom avmu"HrsKd;ESifh BuKHawGU&onfhtcg rsufESmuav;i,fi,f
ESifh [dkvludkrmef? onfvludkrJ ponfjzifh vkyfwwfMuí tvGefnHUolrsm;um;
rsuf&nfuav; uv,fuv,fjzpfwwfMu\/ þonfwdkUum; vlnHUrsm;\

1043 
vu©Pmrsm;[lí em;vnfMuonfhtavsmuf owdaumif;aom vlrsm;onf
xdkuJUodkU rjzpfrdap&ef BudK;pm;Muavonf/ ,if;odkUBudK;pm;&mwGif
wbufpGef;odkUa&mufoGm;Muolrsm;vnf;&SdMu\/ taemufwdkif;om;rsm;u
'ku©awGUvQif  (Grin  and  Bear)  oGm;NzJNyD; cHwwf&rnf[kqdkMu\/ þtjyK
trlonf rsufESmuav;i,fi,fESifh cHjcif;rsKd;xuf aumif;rGefjcif;um;
,kHrSm;zG,f&mr&Sdygay/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\t,ltqrSm ]oGm;NzJNyD;} &,f&,f
NyKh;NyKH;ESifh cHjcif;onf ][efvkyfjcif;}wrsKd;jzpfonf[kqdkcsif\/ odkUaomf
[efrvkyfyJ rsuf&nf0dkif;jcif;xuf [efvkyfNyD;oGm;NzJEdkifjcif;u aumif;jcif;udk
0efcH&eftoifh&Sdyg\/ okdUESifhvnf; oGm;NzJícHjcif;onf ][efvkyfjcif;}oabm
rsKd;yg&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh taumif;qkH;aom ]cHenf;}jzpfonf[k uREkfyfr,l
qyg/ uREkfyf\xifjrifcsufrSmum; avmu"H&Spfyg;udk atmifjrifonfqdkaom
&[EÅmyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf 'ku©tBuD;tus,f BuKHawGU&aomtcgrsm;ü ]oGm;NzJNyD;}
cHMuonfrxifyg/ wkefvIyfjcif;? nId;i,fjcif;? 0rf;enf;jcif;? ESvkH;
rom,mjcif;? ylyefjcif;tp&Sdonfhtrlt&m vu©PmrsKd;tvsOf;uif;í
NidrfoufMunfvifaom rsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifh £ajEé&&cHawmfrlMuonf[k
xifjrifygonf/ uREkfyfrSm tmoa0guif;aomyk*¾dKvf r[kwfjim;aomfvnf;
(pufwdkifwuf&rnfh trIrsKd;vnf; r[kwfaomaMumifh) wkefvIyfavmufatmif
r&Sd/ [efvkyfaezdkUvnf; rvdk? eudktwdkif; BuHUBuHUcdkifckdifESifh £ajEé&&
aewwfzkdUavmufom owdjyKvsuf &Sdygonf/ vlxkrtrmu aemufwaeU
xkwf vlxkowif;pmwGif NyKH;NyKH;&Tif&TifESifh tzrf;cHonf[k uREkfyftaMumif;
a&;om;jcif;udkawGU&onfhtcg ]]r[kwfbl; rtrma&? 'Dvdkra&;ygeJU? rSefvJ
rrSefbl;}}[k ajymjy&mwGif rtrmonf uREkfyfqdkvdkaom t"dyÜm,fudk
em;vnfygavp rajymwwfay/ uREkfyfudk,fuREkfyf txifa&mufvsuf&Sdonf

1044 
rSmum; igonf[efvkyfzdkUvdkonfh tqifhtwef;xuf jrifhonf[k
qdkvdkygonf/

arQmfvifhcsuf rudkufykH

uREkfyfudkzrf;NyD; axmifxJokdU ydkUvdkufaomtcgü rwkefvIyfjcif;

taMumif;w&yfrSmaxmifxJütcsKyfcH&jcif;onf rdrdoGm;vdkaom ae&mokdU
roGm;&jcif;xufydkNyD; 'ku©a&mufp&mr&Sd? axmifxJüvnf;ighudkav;pm;onfh
vli,frsm;ESifh pum;pjrnfajymum tcsdefjzKef;Edkifonf? pmzwfEdkifonf?
w&m;ESvkH;oGif;Edkifonf? pm;csif&m rSmpm;Edkifonf? (tpm;orm;jzpfí
tpm;uav;awmh owd&ygonf/) vrf;avQmufEdkifonf ponfjzifh
xifrdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ okdU&mwGifZeD;ESifh rtrmwkdUjyefoGm;Muaom
tcg axmifrª;rsm;onf uREkfyfxifcJUonfhtwdkif; tjcm;EdkifiHa&; tusOf;
orm;rsm;&Sdonfhae&modkU ac:roGm;yJ tvGefusOf;ajrmif;vSonfh tkwfwdkuf
cef;uav;xJokdU ac:oGm;Mu\/ arv(uqkefv)jzpfí tvGefyljyif;
onfhaEG&moDjzpf&onfhtxJwGif wkdufcef;uav;onf taemufbufodkU
rsufESmrlvsuf &SdaomaMumifh onf;rcHEdkifatmif ylavmifvSygonf/
uREkfyfrSmaEG&moDokdUa&mufwdkif; arNrdKUwufNyD; wvausmfcefU
tyla&SmifvmcJUoljzpfav&m þESpfwGifvnf; vlxkOD;vS trIwGifoufaocH
NyD;vQif arNrdKUokdUwuf&ef BuH&G,fcsuf&SdcJUonfjzpfí wdkufcef;uav;onf
tjcm;vlrsm;xuf uREkfyftm; ydkíylavmifaponf[kxifrdygonf/ tod
vli,frsm;vnf; rawGU? a&vnf;rcsKd;&? avwdkufvnf;rcH&? tpm;taomuf
rSmvnf; tdrfrSydkUygvsuftvGefcsmvSonf/ uREkfyfrSwfrdao;onf/ uREkfyf
onf axmifxrif;[if;udk pm;Edkifygonfajymaomfvnf; ZeD;ESifh rtrmwkdUu

1045 
uREkfyf\pm;aumif;aomufzG,f wyfrufjcif;udk odMuonfESifh aeUwdkif;eHeuf
pmnpm ydkUMuzkdUpDrHMuonf/ aemufwaeUü tdrfrSydkUvdkufonfh xrif;[if;
oHqifhudk zGifhMunfhvdkufonfhtcg Muuf&dk;ESifh c0JoD;csufonfh [if;csKd?
o&ufoD;oeyfESifh ig;ydaMumfwdkUudk awGU&\/ [if;aumif;ryg&Sdacs/
rtrmESifh ZeD;wdkUa&mufvmMuí ]Al;}xJü awGUqkHMuojzifh uREkfyfu
ar;Munfhaomtcg Muuf&iftkyfaMumfwcGuf aysmufaeaMumif; odMu&av
onf/ ]Al;}xJrS uREkfy\
f wdkufacgif;uav;xJokdU xrif;oHqifhudk qJGydkU&onfh
tusOf;orm;onf Muuf&iftkyfaMumfudk EIduf,lxm;vdkufjcif; jzpf&ayrnf/
þtaMumif;udk axmifydkifMum;onfESifh xrif;ydkU&eftwGuf vlajymif;vJay;
av&m [if;aumif;wcGufvkH; raysmufawmhyJ wzJUw&GHUrQaysmufjcif;udk
([if;tptersm; awGU&jcif;tm;jzifh) od&ayonf/ okdUaomfolwkdUvnf;
iwf&SmMuonf[k atmufarhí wdkifwef;jcif;rjyKyJ onf;cHvdkufygonf/

tmCmwESifh ESdyfpufjcif;avm

uREkfyftzkdU&mü trsm;qkH; 'ku©a&mufapaom tjcif;t&mrSm tpm;

taomufr[kwf? aeylínOfhtdkufjcif;ESifh EkHapmfjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ uREkfyf
'ku©a&mufykHudk tjcm;wae&mü a&;om;azmfjycJUbl;NyDjzpfaomaMumifh þ
rSwfwrf;wGif tus,fw0ifh azmfjy&ef rBuH&G,fawmhyg/ zqyvtpdk;& onf
uREkfyftay:ü tmCmwxm;NyD; nOf;qJykH&onfh tjyKtrludkom
azmfjyvdkygonf/ zqyvtpdk;&onf vlxkacgif;BuD;wGifyg&Sdonfh jyLapmxD;
aMumif;a&;om;csufaMumifh uREkfyftm;w&m;pJGNyD; zrf;csKyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k
od&\/ jyLapmxD;raumif;jcif;udk wjynfvkH;od&kHru olwkdUudk,fwdkifvnf;
odí [dkvdkajymif; onfvdkajymif; vkyfcJU&\/ onftxJuyif ykyfapmfeHjcif;udk

1046 
ykyfapmfeHygonf/ þtwdkif;qdkvQif zqyvtpdk;&tzkdUvnf; emrnfysufrnf
udk pdk;&drf&ygonf[k owday;a&;om;rdaom acgif;BuD;twGuf uREkfyfudk
w&m;pGJNyD; zrf;csKyfxm;\/ þrQqdkvQifyif vGefvSygacsNyD/ vGefyif vGefapOD;
awmhuREkfyfonf xdkvlpk\ OmPfynmEke,fjcif;udk odNyD;jzpfí cGifhvTwf&ef
wwfEdkifygao;onf/ ,ckaomf uREkfyfudkzrf;NyD; axmifxJwGif oGif;xm;&kH
ru vlowfrIw&m;cHrsm;udk BudK;pifodkUrwifrD ydwfavSmifxm;onfh
vdkPfacgif;uav;xJodkU oGwfoGif;ydwfavSmifxm;avao;onf/ þtxJ
wGif &moDOwk\ yljyif;rIuvnf; uREkfyftm; jznfhpGufESdyfpufvdkuf ao;
onfjzpf&m uREkfyftay:ü tmCmwpdwfxm;jzifh wrifwum nSOf;yef;
ESdyfpufjcif;jzpfcJUygrl tMuifolonf uREkfyf\qif;&J'ku©a&mufcJU&ykH rsm;
taMumif;udk Mum;&jcif;tm;jzifh 0rf;omrnfqdkvQifvnf; omygap?
aemifww&m; &vQifvnf;&ygap[k atmufarhrdygonf/

pmxefxefa&;jcif;

xdk&ufrsm;ü uREkfyfonf axmifpnf;urf;rsm;taMumif;udk bmrQrod?

rnfolESifhrQvnf; awGUqkHcGifhr&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh wkdufydwfcH&jcif;onf
axmifxJodkU a&mufcgpvlrsm;twGuf xkH;pHwckayavm[k Budwfíom
cHcJUygonf/ okdU&mwGif bduvyfpf&onfqdkNyD; wkdufacgif;uav;xJwGif
wa,mufwnf;ae&jcif;twGuf tHUMordyg\/ okH;av;&ufcefU Mum vwf
aomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uawmf a':cifMunf\armif armifodef;onf
uREkfyfudk ydwfxm;onfh wHcg;tjyifbufrS acsmif;vsuf EIwfqufonfESifh
uREkfyfu ar;jref;pkHprf;&mwGifrS taMumif;rJUwdkufydwfxm;jcif; jzpfonf[k
od&ygawmhonf/ xdktcgüum; uREkfyfa'gyGzkdUem;vnfvmcJUavNyD/ odkUjzpfí

1047 
uREkfyfonf axmifydkif rpöwmu&pf&Sem;xHodkU rnfolUtrdefUESifh uREkfyfudk
wdkufydwfxm;jcif; jzpfaMumif; odvdkonf[k a'gygyg pmwapmif
a&;ydkUvdkuf\/ axmifydkifonf ae&mr&Sdonfh twGufaMumifhvdkvdk uREkfyfudk
ajymao;&m uREkfyfrEÅav;axmif BuD;wckvkH;wGif uREkfyftwGuf þ
vdkPfacgif;uav; wckwnf;om&Sdoavm? rsufESmvdktm;& oabmrsKd;ESifh
uREkfyfudk ESdyfpufcsifonfqdkvSsif cifAsm;OD;acgif;xufrSm rD;xawmuf
vdrfhrnf? owdxm;vdkufyg ponfjzifh txefqkH;aom pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh
a&;om;ay;ydkUvdkufonfwGifrS axmifydkifonf uREkfyftm;axmifaq;&kHay:okdU
ajymif;a&TUxm;ygawmhonf/ aq;&kHay:wGifvnf; wjcrf;vkH;udk uREkfyftwGuf
&Sif;vif;NyD; wa,mufwnf; xm;ygavonf/ odkUaomf tyl'PfESifh
teHtapmfuif;jcif;aMumifhauseyfyg onf/ wkdufydwfcH&jcif;rSm ajcmufaeUESifh
ajcmufnjzpfav&m zqyvtpdk;& \aumif;rIaMumifh uREkfyf\obm0ü
aemufqkH;aygufvmonfh rmxufaom ql;BuD;wacsmif;aywnf;/ (uREkfyf\
obm0ü ]jzL}aumifozG,f i,fpOf uwnf;u aygufcJUonfh ]ql;}rsm;
taMumif; a&;om;azmfjyjcif;udk rSwfrdolrsm;onf ql;raygufonfrSm twef
MumavNyD[k owd&aumif; &Muayvdrfhrnf/ ]ql;}[lonfrSm &efnId;zGUJjcif;
[lí r,lqMuapvdkyg/ uREkfyf\ obm0udk ]csOfpl;wl;cg;} atmifjyKvkyf
wwfjcif;[líom em;vnfMuapvdk ygonf/)

awG;MuxifMuykH

axmifxJü av;vESifh 22 &ufaecJU&NyD;aemuf 1956ckESpf? atmufwdk

bmv 1 &ufaeUwGif w&m;olBuD;onf uREkfyfudk pJGcsufrwifyJ  (Discharge) 
w&m;&SifvTwfzkdU trdefUcsvdkufav\/ axmifrSxGuf&onfqdkvQif 0rf;om

1048 
MupNrJjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyftzkdUrSm ]wdkufydwf}&mrSxkwfNyD; aq;&kHay:odkU
ydkUvdkufpOfuxuf ydkí0rf;omonf[k rqdkEdkifyg? 0rf;romEdkif atmifjzpf&ykH
rSmvnf; uREkfyftm;vTwfypfvkdufonfh w&m;olBuD;rSm &ufydkif; avmuf
twGif;rSmyif ausmufjzLodkU ajymif;a&TUvdkufonf[laom owif;udk Mum;
&aomaMumifhjzpf\/ þtaMumif;ESifhywfoufí awmifawmifajrmuf ajrmuf
ajymoHrsm;Mum;&\/ [kwfcsifrSvnf; [kwfayrnf/ tu,fí vltrsm;
awG;xifMuonfhtwdkif; uREkfyfudk vTwfypfjcif;aMumifh w&m;olBuD; udk
e,fajymif;a&TUypfjcif;rSefcJUygvQif uREkfyfonf olUtwGuf axmifxJodkU
jyef0if&ef toifh&Sdonf[k atmufarhbl;ygonf/ þodkUaomfpdwful;jzpfay:
vmjcif;rSmuREkfyfonf tvGefw&m pdwfESvkH;aumif;aom yk*¾dKvfwa,muf
jzpfaomaMumifh[lí qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf? uREkfyfü tusKd;&Sdonfxuf olUü
ydkítusKd;,kwfavoavm[k awG;awmrdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf
tzdkU&müum; axmifxJü av;ig;vaevkduf&uwnf;u tawmfusifhom;&
oGm;onfhjyif [dkoGm;onfoGm;rvIyf&Sm;&&kHrSwyg; axmifonf uREkfyftwGuf
aMumufrufzG,f&maom XmeBuD;wck r[kwf[líjrifvm aomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/ (0rf;omp&mESifh 0rf;enf;p&mwkdU yl;wGJuyfygwwf jcif;rSm
uREkfyf\Zmwmtwdkif; jzpfygonf/)

udkbNidrf;

uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;wGif tcsKdUyk*¾Kdvfrsm;tay:ü rauseyfrI&SdvQif raus

eyfonfhtavsmuf? auseyfp&mudk auseyfonfhtavsmuf a&;om;azmfjy
cJUjcif;rsm;udk pmzwfolwkdU owdjyKrdMuayvdrfhrnf/ w&kwf jynfodkUoGm;pOfu
udkbNidrf;tay:ü uREkfyfrausreyfjzpfcJU&bl;ykHudk azmfjycJUbl;onfjzpf&m

1049 
ol\auseyfzG,faom taMumif;t&mudk razmfjycJUvQif uREkfyfw&m;vdrfh
rnfr[kwfacs/ axmifxJüae&pOf uREkfyf\tdrfoltdrfom; rsm;aea&;xkdifa&;
twGuf vlxkrtrmwkdUu wm0ef,lonfhjyif uREkfyfwkdUüvnf; tvkyfuav;
tenf;i,f&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh aiGaMu;twGuf ylyif&jcif;r&Sd? rnfol\
taxmuftyHUudkrQ apmifharQmf&ef rvkdtyfaomfvnf; uREkfyfrarQmfvifhonfh
todrdwfaqG ESpfa,mufokH;a,mufwkdUu aiGaMu;ESifh ywfoufí tultnD
vdkcJUvQif ajymomajymyg[k rpdk;tm;ajymMuygayonf/ ¤if;wkdUteufwGif
udkbNidrf;um; uREkfyftrSwf&qkH;aom rdwfa qGjzpfavonf/ rEÅav;odkU
a&mufvmwdkif; ]]tpfrBuD; okH;avmufMu&JUvm;? uRefawmfhudkajymaemf?
tm;remeJU}}[k uREkfyfZeD;tm;ar;azmf&onf[k rpdk;uajymí od&ygonf/
xdkUjyif uREkfyfudkawGU&ef axmifxJokdU0ifvmMuonfh a'gufwmOD;at;armif?
odef;azjrifhESifh rkH&Gmtrwf av;ig;a,mufwkdU teufwGif udkbNidrf;vnf;
ygvmav&m udkbNidrf;onf uREkfyftwGuf 0rf;enf;ykHt&qkH;aom
rsufESmxm;udk uREkfyfjrifvdkuf&onf/ þvlpkteufwGif udkbNidrf;onf
uREkfyfESifhtrsm;qkH; qufqHrI&Sdol wa,mufjzpfaom aMumifhomr[kwf?
w&kwfjynfodkU twloGm;MupOfu wa,mufESifh wa,muf tjyeftvSef
rauseyfrIuav;rsm; &SdcJUbl;jcif;udkvnf; owd&onfhvu©PmESifh
xdktwGuf aemifw&onfhoabmrsKd;vnf; yg&Sdonf[k uREkfyf tuJcwf
rdonf/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap uREkfyf\pdwfxJüum; udkbNidrf;ESifh ywfoufí
rajyjypfonfh tzktxpfuav;rsm; &SdaecJUygvQif xkdaeUrSpí vkH;vkH;BuD;
acsmarmajyjypfoGm;onf[k azmfxkwfa&;om;vdkufyg onf/

1050 
ocifcspfarmif

uREkfyfonf ocifcspfarmiftm; trnfudkMum;&kHrQom Mum;&bl;í

uREkfyfaxmifxJrS vGwfvmaomtcgwGifrS yxrtBudrf awGU&bl;ygonf/
waeUoü ocifcspfarmifESifh udkatmifoef; (AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;\tpfudk)
wkdUonf uREkfyf\tdrfodkU 0ifvmMu\/ ocifcspfarmifu ]]q&mBuD;udk
aps;csKdem;rSm bdkifpu,fpD;oGm;wmjrifvdkufvdkU uRefawmf0rf;omvdkufwm
cifAsm}}[k píajym\/ udkbNidrf;tp&Sdonfh uREkfyfudkcifrifaom vuf0Jorm;
rsm;u uREkfyftoufB uD;NyDjzpfí bdkifpu,frpD;zdkU awmif;yefwwfMuonfh
txJwGif ocifcspfarmifwOD;wnf;omvQif xdktwGuf0rf;omonf[k ajymol
&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyftzdkU trSwfw&jzpfrd\/ ]]uRefawmfjzifh q&mBuD;&JU
usef;rma&;aumif;wmudk jrif&vdkUodyftm;&w,fAsm? bdkifpu,fawmif
pD;Edkifao;wmyJ}}[k xyfqifhí &Sif;ajymavonf/ qufvufí pum;ajym
Mu&mwGif uREkfyfudkav;pm;onfh vuf0JEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;teufwGif awGU
vQifawGUcsif;tjyeftvSefauseyfykH&olrsm;um; eHygwf (1) ocifcspfarmif
jzpfí eHygwf(2) Aef;armfwifatmifjzpfavonf/ þvlESpfa,mufum;
uREkfyfudk &dkaoudkif;&Idif;ykH&jcif;t&mwGif wlnDMuí tajymtqdk odrfarGU
ykHjcif;rSmvnf; ]eifvm;igvm;}qdkavmufay&m bmoma&;ü udkif;nGwfjcif;
rlum; ocifcspfarmifuomonf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrdonf/ vuf0Jorm;
qdkvQif 'dk;a'guform;rsm;om rsm;Muav&m (uREkfyfvnf; yg0ifonf/)
þvlESpfa,mufrSmrl aysmhaysmif;odrfharGUaom trlt&m&Sdjcif;wGif ]rdk;xl;
a&jcm;} qdkavmufí wBudrfrQpD awGUbl;uwnf;u uRekfyf\ESvkH;xJü
pGJvsuf&SdMujcif;udk owdjyKrdonf/ (uREkfyfudk,fEIdufu ]'dk;a'guform;}jzpf
onfhtwGufaMumifh omíxdcdkufjcif;jzpfavoavmrajymwwfay/) uREkfyfu

1051 
]]EdkifiHa&;orm;awGxJrSm ocifcspfarmif ESpfa,mufyguvm;As? jzpfvJjzpf
wwfw,fAsm? b,folu tvsifocifjzpfwmvJAs}}[k ar;rd&m ocif
cspfarmifu ]]uRefawmfueHygwf(1)ygq&mBuD;}} [k NyKH;&,fum ajymoGm;
avonf/ xdkaeUrSpí uREkfyfvnf; &efukefodkUa&mufwdkif; ol\tdrfodkU
r0ifrae oabmxm;íoluvnf; a&mufwdkif; 0ifNyD;uefawmhavh&Sdonf/
w&m;"r®t,ltqESifh ywfoufí uREkfyfudkMunfndKonfhtavsmuf uefawmh
olrsm; &SdMuaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;orm;teufrSrl olwa,mufwnf; xl;xl;
jcm;jcm;BuKH&bl;ygonf/

Aef;armfwifatmif

uREkfyfudk,fwdkif EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf; axmifxJü

ig;vcefUaecJU&í vGwfajrmufvmonfhaemufwGif vuf0JEdkfifiHa&;orm;rsm;
vnf;uREkfyftm; ]vlwvkH; olwvkH;}taejzifh todtrSwfjyKvmMuonfh
vu©Pm&Sd\/ *syefacwfü Aef;armfwifatmifonf uREkfyfwnf;cdkvsuf&Sd
aom Z&pfacsmif&GmteD;okdUa&mufí uREkfyftaMumif;udk Mum;cJU&onf[k
ajymbl;aomfvnf; olESifhyxrtBudrf awGU&bl;jcif;rSm uREkfyfaxmifrS
vGwfvmNyD;onfh aemufwGifrSjzpf\/ olUcrsmrSm axmifxJüae&aom
ESpfy&dapä'tawmfMum&Snfonfjzpfí &efukefokdU uREkfyfa&mufwdkif; axmifjyif
ü ol&SdcsifrS&Sdwwf\/ 1957ckESpfü (uREkfyftxif)&efukefodkU uREkfyf
a&mufoGm;í axmifjyifodkUola&mufaecdkufESifh qkHpnf;wdkufqdkifrd&mwGif
Aef;armfwifatmifonf uREkfyfxHodkU a&mufvm\/ þvli,fum; (rsufckef;
wkwfaomaMumifhomr[kwf) wBudrfjrifawGU&vQif rarhEdkifpaumif;aom
vli,fwa,mufjzpf\/ uREkfyfudkav;pm;onfqdkí awGUqkH&efvmaom

1052 
vli,frsm;onf (rsm;aomtm;jzifh) olwkdU\taMumif;jcif;&muav;rsm;udk
ajymjyjcif;tm;jzifh ]ac} aom vlwa,muf r[kwfygqdkjcif;udk wifjyjcif;
tm;jzifhavmufom auseyfum jyefoGm;wwfMu\/ uREkfyfuvnf;
rdrdtaMumif;udk (w&HqHvlrsm;tm;) ajymysif;olwa,mufjzpfonfESifh ¤if;wkdU
onf uREkfyf taMumif;udkbmrQodroGm;Muay/ Aef;armfwifatmifrlum;
xdkuJUodkUr[kwfacs/ tdrfokdUa&mufvmuwnf;u pum;ajymjcif;ü olU
tvSnfhr,lyJ uREkfyfudkom trsm;qkH;tvSnfhay;NyD; wwfEdkiforQ EIduf,l
oGm;olwa,muf jzpfavonf/ auseyfzG,faumif;aom tjcif;t&mwckrSm
Aef;armfwifatmifonf uREkfyfajympum;rsm;udk ayghayghqq omrefum
vQHum em;axmifjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ olUtdrfokdU jyefa&mufaomtcgü
uREkfyftaMumif;udkpmwtkyf a&;xkwfawmhrnfhES,f txl;wvnf *&kwpkduf
av;av;pm;pm; rSwfom; em,laeonfhtrlt&mrsKd;udk xif&Sm;pGm azmfjy
olwa,mufjzpfavonf/ Aef;armfwifatmifu uREkfyfudk rnfuJUodkU
rSwfcsufcsonf rajymwwf? uREkfyfurl þacwf þtcgrsKd;wGif vlBuD;ESifh
qufqHykHESifh ywfoufí &SmrS &Sm;aom vli,fwa,mufjzpfayonf/
tawmfvluif;yg;aom uREkfyf\c,fr (nD\r,m;) onf Aef;armf
wifatmifvmwdkif; owdESifhapmifhMunfhum tuJcwfvsuf&Sd&m jyefoGm;aom
tcgü csD;usL;írqkH;atmif &Sdygawmhonf/

pma&;q&mokc

uREkfyftm; av;pm;onf[k 0efcHMuaom pma&;q&mrsm;rSm rsm;aom

tm;jzifh vuf0Jorm;rsm; jzpfMuav&m vuf0Jr[kwfolrsm;teufrS uREkfyfudk
MunfndKav;pm;aMumif; azmfxkwf0efcHonfh pma&;q&monfum;

1053 
okcyifjzpfonf/ okc\xl;jcm;csufwckrSmum; olonfrEÅav;odkU a&muf
onfhtcgwdkif; uREkfyf\aetdrfodkU0ifvmí uREkfyftzkdUjzpfap? q&muawmf
zkdUjzpfap? vufaqmifuav;wck tNrJ,lvmwwfjcif;yifjzpfonf/ txl;
cspfzkdUaumif;onfrSmum; oludk,fwdkif vufaqmifrygaom tacgufrsm;wGif
vufaqmifygvmol wa,mufa,mufudkac:vmwwf\/ wcguolonf
aiG50duefawmhrnfh Zmwfvdkufrif;om; aZ,sudk ac:vmcJUbl;onf/
odkU&mwGiftaumif;ESifhtqdk; yl;wJGuyfygwwfonfh Zmwm&Sif wa,muf[lí
azmfjycJUbl;onfhtwdkif; okcESifh aZ,swkdU jyefoGm;onfhaemuf w&ufwGif
uREkfyfrSm tat;rdí aq;xkd;&onfESifh aZ,su uefawmhcJUonfh aiG50donf
uREkfyf\vufxJwGifrwnfyJ q&m0ef\vufokdU vTJay;vkduf&ygonf/
okc\tjcm;aom xl;jcm;csufwckrSmvnf; pma&;q&mrsm;teufwGif
bmoma&;udk tudkif;&Idif;qkH; vlwa,mufjzpf\/ ]udkif;&Idif;jcif;} qdk&mü
omrefOykofoDwif; aqmufwnf;jcif;rsKd;avmufomru uH? uH\tusKd;udk
av;eufpGm,kHMunfolwa,muf[lí uREkfyftuJcwf rdonf/ okconf
"r®q&mr[kwfonfh olUxuftoufi,faom avmuDrIa&;&m q&mjzpfonfh
at0rf;armifwifarmiftm; 'l;wkyfOD;csum uefawmhjcif;rSm ol\ ed0gw
oabmudk azmfjyjcif;jzpfí uREkfyfcsD;usL;rdonf/ olonfuREkfyf\
avmukwÅ&ma&;&m pmayrsm;udkpdwf0ifpm;jcif; &Sdaomfvnf; r*fayguf
zdkvfa&muf tm;xkwfzkdUqE´ rjyif;xefao;aMumif;0efcHav&m uREkfyfu
avmuDa&;bufü tusKd;ay;vsuf&SdcdkufwGif w&m;tm;xkwfzdkU qE´jyif;ol
&SdcJvSaMumif; ajymjyjcif;udk &,farmum 0efcHavonf/ okconf vnf;
uREkfyfawGUbl;onfh ]ynmonf} rsm;teufwGif vllxl;wa,muf[lí
todtrSwfjyKrdygonf/

1054 
trSwfw& tjzpftysuf

uREkfyfaxmifxJü&SdpOf trSwfw&&Sdaom tjzpftysufwckudk azmfjy&ay

OD;rnf/ ¤if;rSm Mo*kwfvwvwnf;twGif; uREkfyf\ "r®rdwfaqGokH;OD;ESifh
wOD;wnf;aom om;wa,muf uG,fvGefMujcif;yifjzpfonf/ yxruG,fvGef
olrSm rEÅav;jynfolUbPfrefae*sif;'g&dkufwm OD;barmifjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf
vGefcJUonfhokH;av;ESpfavmufuwnf;u we*FaEGaeUwdkif; OD;barmif\
bPfwkdufokdU OD;xifESifhtwloGm;í rEÅav;NrdKU&Sdw&m;aqG;aEG;&ef 0goem&Sd
aom vlwpkESifh awGUqkHaqG;aEG;&mwGif tygt0ifjyKvkyfcJU\/ xkdvlpkteuf
wGif a'gufwmqdkeD? a'gufwmacsm[ef? a&SUaerpöwmbdkUpf? rpöwmAm;rm;
tp&Sdaom vlrsKd;uGJrsm;vnf; yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh vltm;vkH; yg0if
aqG;aEG;Edkifap&ef t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh aqG;aEG;Mu\/ uREkfyfrSm EIwfjzifh
vlpGrf;jycsifwwfaom 0goemr&Sdonfjzpfí aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif aemufwef;u
xkdifol  (Back  Bencher)  wa,muftjzpfESifhom yg0ifcJU\/ uREkfyfum;
]tvkyform;}? xdkvlpkum; pmuav;bmav; zwfbl;onfh ]tajymorm;
rsm;} jzpfMujcif;udk odonfESifh aqG;aEG;&eftaMumif;t&m &Sm;yg;aomaMumifh
rdwfjzpfaqGjzpfoabmESifhom wufa&mufcJUjcif;jzpf\/ tcsKdUurl uREkfyftm;
uGefjrLepfwa,muf[líyif xifrSwfMuykH&í bmoma&;A[kokw &Sdonf[k
yifrxifMuacs/ waeUoü wdkif;jynfwGif twÅ0g'Dwa,muftjzpfESifh
xif&Sm;vsuf&Sdaom ppfudkif;ta&;ydkifa[mif; OD;pHaza&mufvmí ol\twÅ
0g' taMumif;udk vufcsmay;&m rnfolrSqifajcuefjcif;r&SdyJ a&ikHaeMu\/
uREkfyfu Ak'¨\ tewÅ0g'udkxdvQif rcHcsifwwfyJ wwfoí rSwfoíBuJcsif
aomfvnf; t*Fvdyfpum; rajymonfrSm ESpfaygif;MumvSNyDjzpfí xrif;pm;
a&aomufrQavmufom ajymwwfovdkjzpfaeonfESifh bmrQrajymyJ em;

1055 
axmifaevdkuf\/ OD;pHazjyefoGm;aomtcg ]]cifAsm;wkdU'DvdkyJ cHaeMuawmh
rvm;}}[k uREkfyfuar;onfwGif tcsKdUu ]]cifAsm;a&;csifa&;prf;Asm}} [k
wdkufwGef;Mu\/ þwGif uREkfyfonf &mxl;cefUxm;a&;bkwftzGJUwGif
twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfaeaom OD;pHazxHodkU tewÅ0g'taMumif;udk t*Fvdyfvdk
pm&SnfBuD;wapmifa&;vdkuf&m oluvnf; pm&SnfBuD;wapmif jyefa&;vdkuf
\/
uREkfyfu 'kwd,wapmif xyfa&;&m olujyefía&;\/ uREkfyf\
wwd,pmudkrl olurjyefawmhacs/ uREkfyfonf ¤if;pmrsm;udk OD;barmif\
"r®rdwfaqGtzGJUokdUwifjy&m a'gufwmqdkeDESifh 0wfvkHOD;omausmfwkdUrSwyg;
usefaomvlrsm;rSm uREkfyfudkremvdkMuovdkvdk? olwkdUudk,fwdkift*Fvdyfvdk
aumif;aumif;rwwfí em;rvnfMuovdkvdkESifhyif NrKHíaeMuonf/ a'guf
wmqdkeDESifh OD;omausmfwdkUurlum; (txl;ojzifh a'gufwmqdkeDu)
uREkfyfonfpma&;aomtcgwGif vlwbufom;\ESvkH;om;udk xdckdufatmif
a&;wwfayonf[k csD;usL;ajymqdkazmf&ayonf/ uREkfyfrSm rEÅav;om;
wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; rEÅav;ü xGef;um;rnfhykH ray:jcif;udk þ
aemufydkif; üomíxif&Sm;pGmod&ygonf/ OD;pHazudk,fwdkifurl rMumao;rDu
&efukefü awGUMu&mwGif (olonf uREkfyf\ 'daX'dXrwÅH pmtkyfudk
zwfNyD;NyDjzpfí) ]]cifAsmh0g'eJu uRefawmh0g' twlwlygyJAsm? wifjyykHcsif;
uGJaevdkUyg}}[kajymaeao;\/ uREkfyfurl vufrcHEdkifacs/ OD;barmifrSm
we*FaEG aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;wGif y&dowftm; tauR;tarG;rsm;ESifh aumif;rGefpGm
{nfhcHonfjzpfav&m &kwfw&uf uG,fvGefaMumif;udk axmifxJrSMum;&í
,lBuKH;r&jzpf&ygonf/

1056 
om;aojcif;

NAdwdoQbm;rm;oaX; OD;nGefUESifh yJa&mufOD;qefeDwkdU &kwfw&ufuG,f

vGefjcif;rSmvnf; axmifxJüuREkfyf\pdwfudk xdckdufvSonf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfESpfOD;
onf uREkfyfESifh "r®rdwfaqGtjzpfodkU a&mufcJUykkHtaMumif;udk wae&müazmfjy
cJUNyD;jzpf&m (,cktcsdefwGif uREkfyfü "r®rdwfaqGrsm;omru wynfhwyef;rsm;
yif&SdaeNyDjzpfaomfvnf;) xdkpOfurl uREkfyftaMumif;udk txdkuftavsmuf
em;vnfonfh yk*¾dKvfyif &Sm;yg;ao;onfjzpfí yk*¾voyÜg,taejzifhvGefpGm
ESajrmrdygonf/ OD;nGefUtm;rl aemufydkif;wGif uREkfyftm;xkwfxm;onfh
'daX'dXrwÅH usifhpOftaMumif; a&;om;xm;onfh pmtkyfudk rjyvdkuf&onfh
twGuf txl;wrf;w0rf;enf;vSonf/ uREkfyf\wa,mufwnf;aomom;
pdk;Edkifonfvnf; (orD;wa,mufawmh usefygao;onf/) uREkfyfaxmifxJü
&SdpOfuyif uG,fvGefav&m twefESD;&if;aom rdwfaqGokH;a,mufESifh
wNydKifwnf;uJUodkU qkH;&IH;&jcif;aMumifh uREkfyftzkdU tvGefuHraumif;aom
ESpfwESpftaejzifh trSwftom;jyKrdí uREkfyf\tukokdvfuHonf þrQESifhyif
vufpowfygrnfavm[k xkdpOfu pdk;&drfcJUrdygao;onf/ okdUaomf
om;aojcif;onf uREkfyftzdkU ,aeUtxd aemufydwfqkH; tukodkvfuH
tusKd;qufjzpfjcif;udk awGU&í awmfygayao;onf/

txifvJGMujcif;rsm;

axmifrS vGwfvmaomtcsdefwGif uREkfyfrSm touf 35ESpf

t&G,fuwnf;u ouFef;0wfNyD;w&m;tm;xkwfcJUbl;jcif;udk vnf;aumif;?
tjcm;aom enf;jyq&mrsm;\ usifhpOfusifhenf;twdkif; prf;oyftm;xkwf

1057 
bl;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? rmvkusykwÅESifh bm[d,ax&fwkdUtm; Ak'¨a[mjy
awmfrlcJUonfh 'daX'dXrwÅH usifhpOft& tm;xkwfbl;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;
(uREkfyf\ pmaywynfhwyef;rsm;rSwyg;) w&m;*dkPf;q&mrsm;teufrS vlod
enf;vSao;onf/ okdUjzpfí rEÅav;NrdKUrS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh &dkufESdyf
xkwfa0onfh  (Light of Buddha)  ]Ak'¨a&mifjcnf}trnf&Sd r*¾Zif;wapmif wGif
]uREkfyfem;vnfonfh aomwmyef}[laom acgif;pOfjzifh aqmif;yg;wyk'f
a&;xnhfvdkuf&m (uREkfyfrSmvnf; ¤if;pmapmifwGif t,f'Dwm tzGJU0ifwOD;
jzpfonf/) tjcm;aom t,f'DwmtzGJU0ifrsm;onf uREkfyf\aqmif;yg;udk
vufoHajymifvGef;onf xifaomaMumifh ayavm? aomwmyef yk*¾dKvf
taMumif;udk olajymvlajym rQavmufom Mum;bl;í udk,fwdkif aomwmyef
jzpfatmif tm;xkwfzkdUvnf; pdwfrul;? aomwmyef taMumif;udk
edum,fusrf;BuD;rsm;ü Ak'¨a[mawmfrlcJUjcif;rsm;udkvnf; rzwf bl;?
tu,fí zwfbl;ygonfqdkvQifvnf; obm0usus &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf
pOf;pm;wwfonfh  (Clear  Thinking)  ynmOmPf yg&rDcHr&SdaomaMumifhay
avm? twdkuftcHowif;pmorm; wa,mufjzpfonf qdkuwnf;u
(uGefjrLepf) wa,mufjzpf&rnf[k ,lqMuaomaMumifhayavm? tpdk;&u
zrf;qD;ta&;,laom pma&;q&mwa,mufudk rdrdwkdU\pmapmifwGif t,f'D
wmtzGJU0if wa,muftjzpfESifh vufcHxnfhoGif;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh zqyv
tpdk;&\ NidKjiifjcif;cH&vdrfhrnf[k pdk;&drfMuaomaMumifhayavm rajymwwf/
axmifrSvGwfvmí rMumrDtwGif; uREkfyftm; taMumif;wpkHw&m rMum;yJ
Ak'¨a&mifjcnf t,f'DwmtzGJU0iftjzpfrS xkwfy,fypfvdkufMuonf/ (xkwfypf
rnfhom xkwfypfMuonf/ xdkpmapmifudk uruxjyKí xkwfa0onfh yk*¾dKvf
wOD;tm; *VKHOD;apmtrIü zqyvtpdk;&u zrf;qD;csKyf aESmifxm;&mwGif
uREkfyfonfyifvQif vlxkowif;pmrS uefUuGufa&;om;cJUbl;ygonf/ þ

1058 
onfrSm [kwfrSefonfxifaombufrS owif;pmq&m wa,muftaejzifh
a&;om;bl;jcif;twGuf *kPfazmfvdkaomaMumifhr[kwf? trSefbufrS ,kHMunf
csuftwdkif; a&;avh&Sdaom uREkfyftm; txifvJGMujcif;twGuf rcHcsifvS
aomaMumihfrQom jzpfygonf/)

twif;q&mvkyfcsifol

jrefrmjynfrS bmoma&;ESifhywfoufí t*Fvdyfvdkxkwfa0Muonfh

]a&mifjcnf} trnfcHpmapmifrsm;onf uREkfyf\t&nftcsif;udk tuJcwfMu
&mwGif tawmfatmufwef;csxm;ykH&\/ ]Ak'¨a&mifjcnfpmapmifu uREkfyfudk
todray;MuyJ t,f'DwmtzGJUrS xkwfypfvdkufMuNyD;onfhaemuf &efukefrS
xkwfa0onfh ]"r®a&mifjcnf}pmapmif t,f'Dwmuvnf; þaemufydkif;wGif
uREkfyfxHrS aqmif;yg;awmif;onfh pmwapmifvufcH&&Sd\/ ¤if;pmwGif
Ak'¨bmomtaMumif; aqmif;yg;wyk'f uREkfyfu a&;ydkUygvQif "r®a&mifjcnf
t,f'DwmtzGJUokdUwifjyNyD; (oifhavsmfonfxifygu) "r®a&mifjcnfpmapmif
wGifxnfhoGif;azmfjyygrnf[lí yg&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfonf "r®a&mifjcnfpm
apmiftwGuf aqmif;yg;a&;ay;yg&ap[lí wkd;vQKd;awmif;yefcJUbl;jcif;r&Sdyg/
bmoma&;qdkif&m uREkfyf\aqmif;yg;rsm;onf r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif tywfpOf
ygvmNyD;onfhaemuf (pmzwfy&dowf\awmif;yefcsuft&) pmtkyftjzpfESifh
xGufvm&m 'daX'dXrwÅH usifhpOfac: yxrwJGrSm wESpftwGif; okH;BudrfrQ
&dkufESdyfcJU&ygonf/ uREkfyfonf bmoma&;pmapmifrsm; &dkufESdyfxkwfa0Mu
aomyk*¾dKvfrsm;\apwemudk MunfndKygonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfuolwdkUxH
wynfhcHonfr[kwfyJ uREkfyftay:ü q&mvkyfcsifvGef;&musonfh ]aumfyD}
awmif;enf;rsKd;udk uREkfyfem;rvnfEdkifatmif &Sdygonf/ t,f'DwmwkdUrnf

1059 
onf aqmif;yg;&Sifrsm;\ ]pmrl}udk zwf&Ippfaq;&aom wm0ef&Sdjcif;rSm
uavmiform;wdkif;em;vnfMuNyD;jzpfygonf/ ,ckrSmrluREkfyf\aqmif;yg;udk
ra&;&ao;rDu olwkd\wynfhtjzpfESifh vufatmufcHNyD; a&;&rnfqdkonfh
t"dyÜm,frsKd; oufa&mufaom pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufudk uREkfyfxHodkU
BudKwifay;ydkUjcif;rSm tHUMorqkH;&Sdygbdonf/ uREkfyf\ avmukwÅ&ma&;
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk y&dowfu pdwf0ifpm;pGmESifh zwf&Ivsuf&SdaeorQumvywf
vkH; uREkfyfonf rnfonfh]a&mifjcnf}twGufrQ wynfhcHNyD; bmaqmif;yg;rS
a&;vdrfhrnfr[kwfay/

udk,fhudk,fudkvSnfhpm;jcif;

w&m;a[monfh "r®uxdujzpfap? usrf;jyKq&mjzpfap? rdrdwkdUwwf

aMumif;udk wdkif;jynfodapvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ajyma[mMujcif;?a&;om;
Mujcif;ursm;\/ olwyg;odapvdkaom apwemjzifh ajyma[mygonf/
a&;om;ygonf[k qdkwwfMuaomfvnf; tMuifyk*¾dKvf\pdwfxm;udk tao
tcsmppfaq;vdkufonfhtcg olwyg;tay:ü xm;&Sdaom apwemxuf
rdrdwkdUwwfaMumif;udk jyvdkaom&nf&G,fcsufu (bk&m; &[EÅmrsm;udkcsefvSyf
í) &mcdkifEIef;tm;jzifh uJvGefydkarmufjcif;udk awGU&rnfcsnf;jzpf\/ olwyg;
twGuf oufouftyifyef;cHNyD; ajyma[mygonf/ a&;om;ygonf[k ajym
Muaomyk*¾dKvfrsm;onf rdrdwkdUudk,fudk rdrdwdkU vSnfhpm;xm;Mujcif;rQom
jzpf\/ vSnfhpm;jcif;trsKd;rsKd;ESifhywfoufí Ak'¨a[mawmfrlonfh a'oem
wckudk awGU&onfhtcsdefrSpí uREkfyfonf rdrdudk,fudk vSnfhpm;ol
rsm;teufwGif tygt0ifr[kwfawmhacs/ þokdUqdkjcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyfonf
rdrdwwfaMumif;udk jyvdkaomolwa,muf r[kwfawmh[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfyg/

1060 
olwyg;twGufav; bmav;ESifh udk,fhudk,fudk rvSnfhpm;yJ ]'Dae&mawmh
igwwfaMumif; jyvdkuftkH;rSyJ}[laom qkH;jzwfcsufjzifh wrifwuma&;onfh
olwa,mufjzpfonf[k qdkvdkygonf/ ,if;odkUqdkvQif ]rmejzpfraeygavm}
[k ar;Muygu rme[lonfrSm t&[wÅr*fjzifhom y,fEdkifonf[k Ak'¨a[m
awmfrl&m rdrdü&Sdaom rmeudk udk,fh[mudk,f0efrcHyJ y&d,m,fESifh
udk,fhudk,fudk vSnfhpm;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh rmevnf;rjyKwf? avsmhyifavsmhvdrfh
rnfr[kwfacs/ odkU&mwGif þodkUqdkjcif;tm;jzifh ]rmeBuD;wcGJom;}ESifh a[m
ajymoifhonf? a&;om;oifhonf[lí qdkvdjkcif;um;r[kwfyg/ odrfarGUpGm
ajyma[mwwfjcif;? a&;om;wwfjcif;onf aumif;aomt*Fgw&yfjzpfjcif;udk
uREkfyfem;vnfygonf/ odkU&mwGif udk,fhudk,fudk rvSnfhpm;yJ &dk;om;pGm0efcH
jcif;onfvnf;tvm;wl aumif;aomt*Fgw&yfyifjzpfonf[k uREkfyf,kHMunf
ygonf/

bmhaMumifhusrf;jyKoenf;

a[majymjcif;? a&;om;jcif;qdkif&mwkdUü ]rme}taMumif;udk &Sif;vif;

wifjyjcif;rSm &nf&G,fcsuf&SdaomaMumifhjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
tm;xkwfcJUí vGefcJUonfh 10 ESpfcefUavmufuwnf;u a*gwrAk'¨a[mf
awmfrlcJUonfh w&m;"r®ESifh ywfoufí vdk&if;udk &dyfrdonf[k auseyf
avmufaom tcsdefrSpí avmukwÅ&mESifh ywfoufonfh pmayrsKd; a&;om;zdkU
tBuHjzpfay:cJU\/ odkU&mwGif avmukwÅ&ma&;&mESifh ywfouf onfhpmayrsKd;
a&;om;zdkU rmrmqwfqwfa&;jcif;xufodrfarGUEl;nHUpGm a&;jcif;onf
omvGefoifhavsmfonf[k em;vnfxm;onfjzpfaomaMumifh w&m;"r®udk
qufvuftm;xkwfNyD; a'goukefcef;aom tqifhtwef;odkU a&mufcgrS

1061 
a&;ygawmhrnf[k jyXmef;xm;\/ okdU&mwGif 1956ckESpfü zqyv tpdk;&u
uREkfyftm; uGefjrLepfwa,mufxifonfhvu©PmESifh zrf;csKyfESdyf pufjcif;?
Ak'¨a&mifjcnfpmapmifu uREkfyftm; t,f'DwmtzGJUrS xkwfypfjcif; wkdUudk
cH&onfhtcg igonfolwkdUwawGxuf Ak'¨bmomppfaMumif;? Ak'¨\
w&m;awmfudk em;vnfaMumif;? tjcm;vlrsm;em;vnfatmifvnf; olwkdUxuf
a&;wwfaMumif;udk azmfjyvdkufOD;rSawmfrnf? wifjyzdkUtcsdefwef NyD[lí (rme?
a'go tjynfht0ESifhyif) qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkufygawmhonf/ þtaMumif;udk
rodMuaompmzwfy&dowftcsKdUu uREkfyf\pmrsm;onf rmvSonf[k
tjypfqkdoHrsm; Mum;&bl;av&m taMumif;pkHodaom tcsKdUy&dowfurlum;
]]q&mBuD; rauseyfrI BuKHawGU&aomaMumifhom uRefawmfwkdU apmapm
pD;pD;zwfcGifh&onf? xdkUaMumifh þokdUjzpf&jcif;twGufyif 0rf;om&tkH;rvdk
jzpfaeonf}}[k ajymMuavonf/ uREkfyf\pmrsm;udk jyefvnfppfaq;
onfhtcg axmifrSvGwfvmNyD;onfhaemufwGif ae&mwum ]rm} vmonf
[kvnf; xifrdygonf/

aysmfaysmfBuD;a&;onfh aqmif;yg;rsm;

1957ckESpf? rwfvxkwf &Ir0r*¾Zif;rSpí avmukwÅ&ma&;&m

aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;vmcJU&m yxrwGifwyk'fwavrQom a&G;xnfhzdkU
BuHrdaomfvnf; y&dowfu ]yJGawmif;}onfwaMumif;? a&;,if;ESifh
]cHwGif;awGU} ykHudk ajym&vQif uREkfyf\woufwmtwGif; tcspf0w¦Krsm;?
(udk,fydkifOmPfa&m rSD;aom0w¦Krsm;yg) bmomjyefrsm;? pGefUpm;cef;rsm;?
vQKdU0Sufonf;zdkzG,frsm;? pkHaxmufcef;rsm;? owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;? taxG
axGaqmif;yg;rsm; ponfwkdUudk a&;&jcif;xuf bmoma&;ac: avmukwÅ&m

1062 
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;&jcif;onf t&omt&SdqkH;? tNrdef&SufqkH; jzpfyg\/
&Ir0udkausmfonf 1958ckESpfü uREkfyfESpfvcefUrQ rusef;rmojzifh vpOf
a&;aeustwdkif; &Ir0r*¾Zif;twGuf avmukwÅ&ma&;&m aqmif;yg;rsm;
ra&;om;EdkifyJ&Sdaomfvnf; pmrlcqdkí vpOfay;ydkUygayonf/ uREkfyfbufu
wifjy&vQifvnf; &Ir0udkausmfu aiGa&;aMu;a&; tcuftcJESifh BuKH&onfh
tcg rsm;wGif aqmif;yg;twGuf OmPfylaZmfcudk acwÅrQavQmhaygh,lyg&ef
awmif;yefpma&;bl;&m uREkfyfu avmukwÅ&m aqmif;yg;rsm;twGufqdkygrl
avQmhaygh&kHomru tvQif;ray;vQifvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omyif qufvuf
a&;om;ay;ydkUygrnf[k jyefpma&;ydkUvdkufbl;ygonf/ odkUygaomfvnf;
udkausmf onfaqmif;yg;rsm;twGuf OmPfylaZmfcudkray;yJ aecJUbl;jcif;
r&Sdygay/

atmifjrifaom usrf;wapmif

uREkfyf\avmukwÅ&m aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí txl;auseyf

tm;&vSonfh tjcif;t&mwckudkwifjy&ygOD;rnf/ 1959ckESpf? pufwifbm
vü uREkfyfonf &efukefodkUwESpfwacguf qif;aeusxkH;pHtwdkif; qif;oGm;
&mwGif &Ir0udkausmfonf uREkfyfa&mufwdkif; wacgufwcg rdwfqufnpm
pm;yJGusif;y aomxkH;pHt& pma&;q&mrsm;udkzdwfac:avonf/ ¤if;npm
pm;yJGü pma&;q&mtcsKdUonf ]a&TOa'gif; pmay&dkufESdyfxkwfa0a&;}
twGufqdkum aiGaMu;xnfh0ifMuí &Ir0r*¾Zif;wGif yg&SdaomuREkfyf\
bmoma&; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk wwGJNyD;wwGJ &dkufESdyfxkwfa0&ef qkH;jzwf
Muavonf/ &Ir0udkausmfurl xdkpmtkyfrsm;rS&&Sdonfh tjrwfaiGrsm;rSm
uREkfyftwGufjzpf aMumif;ajymjy\/

1063 
 uREkfyf\qE´rSmrl xkdpmtkyfrsm;udk tjrwfwifía&mif;&ef tvdkr&Sdonf
ESifh udkausmfESifh wdkifyifMunhf&m udkausmfu uREkfyfrSm woufywfvkH;
pma&;í pm;Edkifrnfr[kwfaomaMumifh ]tdkpmrif;pm}twGuf rSef;&G,fxdkuf
aMumif; ajymonfESifh qdwfqdwfaevdkufygonf/ uREkfyf\bmoma&;
aqmif;yg;rsm;onf ]'daX'dXrdwÅH udk,fawGUusifhpOf} wnf;[laom trnfjzifh
1960jynfhESpfwGif yxrwGJxGufvm&m wvtwGif;ukefoGm;í wESpftwGif;
okH;Budrfwdkifwkdif &dkufESdyf&ygonf/ uREkfyf\0w¦Kpmtkyfrsm;udk þrQxuf
okH;av;qrQ wGifus,fpGm a&mif;cs&onf qdkapOD;awmh (a&mif;&onf[krqdk
vdkyg/) þw0ufrQ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ ,ckrl
bmoma&; jzpf&kHomru udk,fh[mudk,f tm;&yg;& a&;om;xm;onfh
aqmif;yg;rsm;jzpfí rdwfaqGrsm;ESifhwuG uREkfyfwkdUarQmfvifhMuonfxuf
ydkrdkatmifjrifjcif;udkawGU &í twdkif;rod 0rf;omvSygonf/ (&awmhrS&ap)
aiGwnf;[laom arQmfvifhcsufvnf; rxm;&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyf\ arQmfrSef;
csufonf tawmfjzLpifonf [kxifrdygonf/

&[ef;onfwyef;omjcif;

uREkfyf\wynfhwa,mufonf 'daX'dXrwÅHusifhpOfpmtkyfudk þacwf

wGif tvGefw&memrnfausmfMum;onfh "r®uxdu q&mawmfBuD; wyg;odkU
qufuyfvSL'gef;NyD;onfhaemuf zwfNyD;avmufaomtcsdefwGif uREkfyftm;
q&mawmfBuD;xHodkU ac:oGm;\/ wynfh\&nf&G,fcsufrSm uREkfyf\ pmtkyf
ESifhywfoufí q&mawmfu rnfuJUodkU a0zefonfudk ola&m uREkfyfyg
Mum;apvdkaomaMumifh jzpf\/ q&mawmfonf uREkfyf\pmtkyfudk tqkH;wdkif
rzwf&ao;yJ w0ufwysufrQom zwf&ao;aMumif; rdefUawmfrlNyD;aemuf

1064 
uREkfyf\pmtkyfrnfrQavmuf wGifus,fygoenf;[kar;&m uREkfyfutawmf
twefwGifus,faMumif;? rnfonfhenf;rqdk uREkfyfarQmfvifhxm;onfxuf
wGifus,fygaMumif; avQmufxm;\/ þwGifq&mawmfu ]]usKyfpmtkyfrsm;
jzifhAsm? xGufvmukefxGufvmukef? ajrBuD;eJUxdvdkuf&w,fudk r&Sdygbl;}}[k
rdefUawmfrlavonf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfrSm q&mawmfBuD;wyg;jzpfí uREkfyfurnfodkUrQ
jyefrajymyJ NyKH;íom aevdkufygonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJürlum; q&mawmfrSm
oaX;'umwynfhrsm;rygaomaMumifh tkyfa& 5000,fol? 1000 0,folrsm;
u"r®'gejyKvkyfMuonf/ uREkfyf\pmtkyfrSm r&SdrJU&SdrJUESifh okH;usyfay;NyD;
0,fzwf&jcif;jzifh tkyfa&wGifus,fonfht&mwGif rwlEdkifaomfvnf;
tvum;a0aom pmtkyfjzpfí zwfcsifolzwfvdrfhrnfjzpfaomaMumifh pdwf0if
pm;pGmESifh zwf&Ionfh ta&twGufrSm ydefromvdrfrom jzpfEdkifonf [k
atmufarhrdygonf/ þpdwful;onfrmerS jzpfay:vmonfh pdwful;wck
jzpfonf rSefaomfvnf; q&mawmfBuD;wyg; udk,füu ,SOfNydKifonfhtoHrsKd;
xGufvmonfhtcgwGif uREkfyfu bmrQjyefrajymyJ pdwful;jzpf&kHrQ jzpfay:jcif;
twGufcGifhvGTwfvdkufonfxifyg\/ vlyk*¾dKvfcsif;jzpfygrlum; pdwful;&kHESifh
rNyD;yJ azmfxkwfajymqdkvdrfhrnf{uefjzpfonf/

usef;rma&;av;pm;jcif;

uREkfyf\woufwm&nfrSef;csufrSm tcgcyfodrf; Nidrf;csrf;Munfvif

aom pdwfESvkH;&Sda&;yifjzpf&m xdktwGuf rdrd\pdwfudk Ak'¨\tqkH;r
awmftwdkif; wwftm;oa&GU tavhtusifhjyKvkyfcJUygonf/ odkU&mwGif
þNidrf;csrf;Munf vifrI&Sdaea&;rSm usef;rmaom udk,f&SdrS jzpfEdkifjcif;udk
em;vnfonfjzpfí usef;rma&;udkvnf; *&kpdkufygonf/ rsm;pGmaom

1065 
vlwkdUonf rdrdwkdU\BuD;yGm; a&;? pD;yGm;a&;twGuftrsm;qkH;tav;ay;í
*&kpdkufwwfMuonfjzpf&m uREkfyfrlum; pdwfNidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh udk,fusef;rma&;
udk trsm;qkH; tav;ay;ol wa,mufjzpf\/ rnfolrqdk rdrdwdkU
tav;ay;onfhbufü xGef;um;wwfjcif; rSma,bk,sobm0jzpfav&m
uREkfyfrSm pD;yGm;a&;ESifh BuD;yGm;a&;bufwGif tcsKdUvlrsm;uJUodkU rxGef;um;
aomfvnf; udk,fh[mudk,f a&mifh&Jauseyf&kHomr u xdkolwkdUESifhvnf;
tajctaecsif;rvJEdkifyg/ usef;rma&;twGuf *&kpdkuf&m üvnf; uREkfyfonf
touf&SnfvdkvSaomaMumifhr[kwf? touf&SifaeckdufwGif zswfzswfvwf
vwf ayghayghyg;yg;oGm;oGm;vmvm aeEdkifa&;twGufrQ avmufudkom
&nf&G,fygonf/ þonfrSm vuf&Sdí a&;jcif;r[kwf? uREkfyf\ toufwm
wGif (0rf;0 cg;vSonfqdkvQif) pD;yGm;a&;twGufxuf usef;rma&;
t&mudkydkí *&kpdkufoljzpfygonf/ Oyrmqdkaomf uREkfyfonf usef;rma&;
twGuf eHeufwdkif; av;em&DxcJUonfh ESpfaygif;tawmfrsm;cJUNyDjzpf&m
pD;yGm;a&;twGuf qdkygu þrQavmuf ESpf&Snfvrsm; BudK;pm;vdrfhrnf
r[kwfyg/ touf&Snfjcif;ESifhywfoufírl uREkfyfonf txdkuftavsmuf
&Snfcsifonf rSefaomfvnf; vlykHxJwGif tokbaumifBuD;taejzifh
0if&onfhvltdkBuD;wa,muf tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? vlxJodkU 0ifraumif;yJ
vl&mr0ifaom Z&mtdkBuD;tjzpfüvnf;aumif; Mum&SnfpGm wnfae&jcif;rsKd;
udkawmifhwjcif;r&Sdyg/ vltdkwa,mufonf om;orD;rsm;uyif &GHUcsifvmMu
aomtjzpfü wnfae&jcif;tm;jzifh tusKd;rrsm;? aocsdefwefvQif ao&aom
vl\tjzpfonf jrwfonf[k ,lqolwa,mufjzpfygonf/ a*gwrAk'¨onf
rdr\
d vkv’ya,m*tpGrf;jzifh toufw&mjynfhatmif (tm,kuyfwuyfrQ)
touf&Sifaevdku aeEdkifonfqdkygvsuf oufawmf(80)t&G,fwGif tm,k
ocFg& vTwfawmfrlonf qdkjcif;rSm vGefpGmobm0usonf[k uREkfyf

1066 
,kHMunfonf/ touf72ESpfjynfhawmhrnfjzpfaom ,aeUtcsdefwGif &G,fwl
csif;teufrS uREkfyfxuf vsifjrefzswfvwfol &Sm;vdrfhrnfxifaomf vnf;
a*gwrAk'¨\ t&G,fawmfonf b0Zmwfodrf;zdkU taumif;qkH;aom t&G,f
aywum;[k pOf;pOf;pm;pm;ESifhyif oabmusvsuf&Sdygonf/

vrf;avQmufjcif; tavh

1941 ckESpfwGif ol&d,wdkuftkyf OD;buav;ESifh uREkfyfonf &efukefrS

rEÅav;okdU rD;&xm;jzifhc&D;twloGm;MupOf pum;pyfrdMuí vrf;avQmufjcif;
taMumif; ajymMu\/ OD;buav;u olonf vGefcJUaom 15 ESpfcefU
avmufuwnf;u eHeufapmapmBuD; vrf;avQmufcJUaMumif;? rnfrQavmuf
rkd;onf;xefonfjzpfap (¤if;15ESpftwGif;) w&ufrQ rysufcJUbl;aMumif;
ajymjy\/ xdktcg uREkfyfu ]]aeraumif;xdkifrom jzpfvQifaumAsm}}[k
ar;Munfh&m ]]uRefawmfrSwfrdoavmuf 'DtcsdeftwGif;rSm wcgrS rzsm;bl;As}}
[k jyefajymavonf/ þwGifuREkfyftvGeftHUMoí olESifhuREkfyf oduRrf;vm
cJUMuonfh (1917-41ckESpf) 24ESpfrQaomtcsdefumvudk jyefvnf okH;oyf&m
OD;buav;aeraumif;í tvkyfysufonfqdkjcif;udk uREkfyf wBudrfrQ
rrSwfrdjcif;udk 0efcHygonf/ rD;&xm;ay:ü olESifhpum;ajympOf uREkfyf
vrf;avQmufjcif; avhusifhvmonfrSm wESpfausmfausmfrQom &Sdao;ay &m
ol\pum;udk uREkfyfMum;&aomtcgü uREkfyfonfvnf; oluJUodkUyif
&ufrSefrSef vrf;avQmufzdkU BudK;pm;rnf[k oEédXmefcsvdkufrdygonf/ wzef
1947ckESpfwGif uREkfyfonf &efukefodkUa&mufoGm;í orm"d owif;pmwdkuf
jzpfaom OD;buav;\aetdrfodkU oGm;a&mufawGUqkH&m OD;buav;rSm
1945ckESpfavmufu armfawmfum;arSmufjcif;aMumifh aygifusKd;oGm;NyD;

1067 
vrf;ravQmufEdkif&SmyJ &Sdaejcif;udk 0rf;enf;pGm awGUcJU&av\/ xdkUaemuf
wESpfcefUrQtwGif;üyif OD;buav; uG,fvGefaMumif; od&ygonf/ þwGif
uREkfyfcsufcsif;owd&rdaom tjcif;t&m wckonfum; OD;buav;onf
vrf;avQmufrSefvSjcif;aMumifh wtHUwMousef;rmvmcJUonf/ olonf
vrf;ravQmufEdkifaom tajctaewGif Mum&SnfpGm toufr&SifyJ
aoqkH;&onf/ uREkfyf\aumufEkwfcsufum; vrf;rSefrSefBuD;avQmufzdkU
tavhtusifh jyKvkyfxm;olrsm;onf (taMumif;wpkHw&maMumifh) vrf;r
avQmufyJ ae&aomtcgü jrefjrefaowwfonf [lonfyif jzpf\/ rSefonf
jzpfap? rSm;onfjzpfap uREkfyfonf þt,ltqudk tvGefoabm usonf
jzpfí xdktcsdefrS pNyD;vrf;avQmufaom tavhukdMum&SnfpGm tysufrcHawmhyJ
&ufrSef&kHru tcsdefygrSefzdkU BudK;pm;ygawmhonf/
okdUjzpfí 1948ckESpf? arv 31&ufaeUü rtrm\zcifOD;xifESifh
pum;pyfrdMuí eHeufwdkif;twlvrf;avQmufMuzdkU odEéXmefcsvdkufMu\/
uREkfyfwkdUonf rdk;&Gmra&Smif? avwdkufra&Smif avQmufMuzdkU uwdxm;Mu
onfhtwdkif; rSefrSefBuD;vrf;avQmufMu&m 1951ckESpfavmufwGif q&mvGif
ESifhtjcm;vl okH;av;a,mufyif vdkufygMuao;\/ odkU&mwGif xdkvlrsm;onf
uREkfyfwkdUuJUodkU ZJGaumif;olrsm; r[kwfonfESifh wjznf;jznf;wGif jyKwfukef
Muygavawmhonf/ 1955ckESpfavmufrSpí rEÅav;jrLeDpy,ftcGef0ef
(,ckyifpifpm;) OD;vluav;onfvnf; uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwlvrf;avQmufazmf
&vmcJUonfjzpfí tjcm;aom vrf;avQmuform;rsm;u (uREkfyfwdkU
okH;a,muf\ rSefrSefBuD;wGJjcif;udk jrifMuaomaMumifhxifh) ]ol&Jaumif;okH;
a,muf} (Three Musketeers)  [kac:pjyKvmMuavonf/

1068 
0rf;csLjcif;

vrf;avQmufjcif;onf usef;rma&;twGuf uREkfyftzdkU tavhtrSefwck

jzpfvmonfhenf;wl 0rf;csLjcif;onfvnf; 'kwd,tavhwckjzpfvm\/
1945 ckESpfü uREkfyfonf tar&duefjynfxkwfusef;rma&; pmtkyfwtkyfudk
oabmusí ]tm[m&jzifhusef;rmatmifvkyfenf;}[laom trnfjzifh bmom
jyefqdkcJU\/ ¤if;pmtkyfwGif 0rf;csLjcif;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;azmfjyyg&Sd
onfESifh uREkfyfudk,fwdkifprf;Munfh&m tusKd;rsm;aMumif;awGU&ygonf/
xdkESpfrSpí uREkfyfESifh OD;xifwkdUonf aeUpOfa&at;ESifh0rf;csLjcif;tvkyfudk
,aeUwdkifrSefrSefBuD; vdkufemaqmif&Gufvsuf&SdMuí MumavtusKd;rsm;
aMumif;awGU&onfESifh Mumav,kHMunfav &SdaeMuygawmhonf/ tm[m&jzifh
usef;rmatmifvkyfenf;pmtkyfudkzwf&í vkdufemjyKvkyfojzifh tusKd;rsm;vSyg
onfqdkaom pmrsm;vnf; þESpfrsm;twGif;ajrmufjrm;pGm vufcH&&S\
d /
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif tzdfkUrSmrl wcgpJGuyfvQif aysmufzdkUtvGefcJ ,Of;onfh
]ESif;ul} emBuD; &Sif;&Sif;aysmufoGm;í OD;xiftzdkUrSmvnf; 0rf;AdkufESifh
&ifywfwjyifvkH;wGif usa&mufonfhqifnSif;BuD; aysmufuif;oGm; avonf/
uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufrSmoGm;av&m t&yfodkU 0rf;csLykH;aqmifoGm; Muonf
csnf;jzpf\/ 1952ckESpfu w&kwfjynfodkU uREkfyfoGm;cJU&mwGif 0rf;csLykH;udk
rxm;cJUyJ okH;av;&ufoGm;&onfh rD;&xm;ay:üyif uwfuwf owfowf
csLrdatmifcsLcJUavonf/ twloGm;Muaom udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;onf
vnf; uREkfyf\0rf;csLykH;taMumif;udk b,fuMum;Muonfrod? acgif;cJ
vnfemjzpfwkdif; uREkfyfxHodkU 0rf;csLykH;iSm;&ef vmMuavonf/ OD;xifESifh
uREkfyfwdkU\ ,kHMunfcsufrSm uREkfyfwkdU\cE¨mudk,fonf tat;rdjcif;paom
tao;tzGJ a&m*grsKd;udk ckcH&efrwwfEdkifyJ&Sdcsif&Sdrnf/ odkUaomf uREkfyfwkdU\

1069 
aoG;om;pifMu,frIaMumifh aoG;om;xJwGif ESpf&Snfvrsm; tajcwnfNyD;rS
jzpfay:vm&onfh ]uifqm}? ]wDbD}tp&Sdaom a&m*grsKd;rlum; rpJGuyfEdkif?
(0g)tajcrwnfEdkif[lí vIdufvSJpGm ,kHMunfpdwfcsvsuf &SdMuygonf/
uREkfyfwdkU\ ,kHMunfcsufonf obm0usonfxifaomaMumifh tawmf
twef q&m0efrsm; wGef;vSefNzdKzsufjcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkif[k ]tonf;pGJ}
,kHMunfvsuf&SdMuygonf/

1070 
 qXrydkif;

pmayta&;tom;

uREkfyfonf pmtkyfwGif trnfay;xm;onfhtwdkif; uRekfyf:wouf

wmtjzpftysufrsm;ESifh tawG;tac:rsm; a&mnSyfum a&;om;wifjycJU&m
ed*kH;csKyf taejzifhrl uRekfy\
f tawG;tac:rsm;ESifh t,ltqrsm; oufouf
udkom azmfjy&ef usefygawmhonf/ uavmifjzifh toufarG;onfh pma&;
q&mwa,mufvkyfawmhrnfBuHvQif wwfEdkiforQ pmrsm;rsm;zwfjcif;onf
r&Sdrjzpfaom t*Fg&yfwckjzpfonf[k uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ tcsKdUpma&;q&m
rsm;u ]]uRefawmfwkdUawmh pmrsm;rsm;rzwfbl;aygif}}[k xkwfazmf ajymqdk
jcif;udkMum;&bl;&m ysif;&daomtaejzifh 0efcHjcif;jzpfvQifyif qdk;&Gm;vSavNyD/
xdkuJUodkU r[kwfrlí pmzwfzdkUrvdk? oludk,fwdkifpmrzwfyJ pma&;q&m
wa,mufjzpfvsuf&Sdonf[k ajymvdkjcif;jzpfygrlum; tvGefUtvGef qdk;&Gm;
onf[k qdkoifhonf/ pma&;q&m r[kwfolrsm;tzdkUrSm pmzwfjcif; onf
A[kokwtvdkUiSm jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; pma&;q&mrsm;tzdkUrSm
pma&;ykH a&;enf;avhvm&eftwGufyg zwf&IavhvmMu&ayrnf/

uREkfyf\pHerlemq&m

txufwGif 0efcHcJUbl;onfhtwdkif; (wwfEdkifvQif) uREkfyfonf

t*Fvdyfvdk pma&;q&mwa,mufjzpfzdkU &nfrSef;csufxm;bl;onfhtavsmuf
t*Fvdyfbmomü ]pHwifavmufonf} qdkonfhpmtkyfBuD;rsm;  (Classics)  udk

1071 
zwf&IcJUí jrefrmpmaybufwGif avhvmrIenf;yg;cJUygonf/ xdkpmtkyfrsm;rSm
(0w¦Krsm;aomfvnf;) 0w¦Kcsnf;r[kwf? ta&;tom;aumif;vSonf[k
emrnfausmfMum;vsuf&Sdaom pmtkyfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fzwf&IcJUonf/ tcsKdU
vlrsm;onf ta&;tom;aumif;aom pmayrsKd;udkawGU&aomfvnf; aumif;vS
onf[lí trSwfrxif? omrefumvQHum zwf&Iwwfonf/ tcsKdUrSmta&;
tom;aumif;jcif;? raumif;jcif;rQudkyif cJGjcm;írodwwfyJ (pma&;q&mrsm;
vnf;ygonf/) pmtm;vkH; twlwljzpfonf[k rSwfxifonfhtvm; tajy;
tvTm; zwfwwfMuonf/ uREkfyf\yg&rDwckrSmum; vkH;0pmra&;wwfao;
rDuyif ta&;tom;aumif;onhfpmqdkygu yDwdaomreójzpfwwfygonf/
t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;teuf a&;[efaumif;vSonf[k (xdkpOfu) emrnfBuD;
vSaom avmh'frauúmav;\ pmwrf;rsm;  (Essays)  udk zwf&I&onfhtcg
ol\0guswnfaqmufykH oyf&yfuspfvspfajyjypfjcif;ESifh tcsufusatmif
a&;wwfjcif;? acsmarGUvSyjcif;? cefUnm;atmif a&;wwfjcif;wkdUudkawGU&í
ausmxJü MuufoD;wjzef;jzef; xonfhwdkifatmif t&omay:xGufvmyg
onf/ ol\0gusrsm;onf yGwform;\ yGwfpifrSxGufvmonfh ]*sif}uav;
ozG,f acsmrGwfaooyfvSaomaMumifh tcsKdUudk uREkfyf tm*kHaqmifavh&S\
d /
uREkfyfonf pmzwfjcif;tvkyfü tawmf0g&ifhvmaomtcgrS ol\pmtkyfrsm;
udk zwf&Ijcif;jzpfí ]"mwfcH}tawmfaumif;vsuf&Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh ol\
pma&;ykHa&;enf;rsm;onf uREkfyf\pdwfxJodkU pdrfhípdrfhí0ifoGm;onf[k xifrd
ygonf/ ol\pmrsm;udk okH;ESpfcefUwqufwnf; zwf&Ivmonfhtcg
uREkfyfonf rauúmav;\ 0guswnfaqmufykHudk wrifwum twkcdk;&
onfr[kwfyJ rMumcP yDwdjzpf&jcif;twGufaMumifh wjznf;jznf;wpdrfhpdrfh
0ifí0ifíoGm;onf[kxifygonf/ odkUjzpfí avmh'frauúmav;:pmrsm;udk
uREkfyfESifhtwl ESpfoufoabmusaom oli,fcsif;armif&Du ]]rif;u

1072 
rauúmav;pwdkifrsKd;qefqef jzpfvmygNyDaum}}[k csD;usL;ajymqdk&m uREkfyf
tvGefw&m auseyfrdonf/

t*FvdyfESifhygVd

uREkfyfpma&;q&mjzpfvmí jrefrmvdk pma&;&aomtcg uREkfyf\ 0gus

rsm;onf (armif&Dajymbl;onfhtwdkif;) rauúmav;qefqef jzpfaeykH&\/
waeUoü trsKd;orD;pma&;q&m cifrsKd;cspf\cifyGef; udkcifarmifvwfu
pum;pyfrdí ajymbl;onfrSm ]]tpdk;&bmomjyefbufrSm uRefawmfvkyfcJU&bl;
wkef;u q&mBuD;&JU ol&d,acgif;BuD;awGudk uRefawmfu t*FvdyfvdkjyefNyD;
txuft&m&SdBuD;rsm;xHwGif jy&ygw,f? olrsm;pmawGeJUrwlbl;? q&mBuD;&UJ
acgif;BuD;awGudk t*Fvdyfvdkjyef&wm odyfvG,fw,f? wcgwnf; acsmrGwf
oGm;wmyJ}}[k ajymbl;avonf/ tcgwyg;üvnf; jrefrmusrf;jyK q&mrsm;
teufwGif xif&Sm;ausmfaZmaom q&mawmfBuD;wyg;u ]]0gus wnfaqmuf
ykHESifhywfoufvdkU ArmrSmodyfNyD; pnf;urf;pepfr&SdMubl;? 'umBuD;u
t*FvdyfpmrS &vmcJUw,f? bkef;BuD;u ygVdrS&vmcJUw,f? wrsKd;pD ae&m
uswmyJ}}[k rdefUawmfrlbl;avonf/ þyk*¾Kdvfrsm; pum;onf jrefrmpm
ta&;tom;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyftzdkU qifjcifokH;oyfp&mrsm; jzpfay:
vmapygonf/ xdkUaemuf q&mawmfESifh uREkfyfonf ZmwfBuD;q,fbGJU udk
pDukH;EIef;zGJUonfh OD;MobmoESifh OD;yknwdkUtaMumif;rsm;udk qufvuf
aqG;aEG;Mu&m q&mawmfu OD;ykn 0gustaMumif;udk ar;onfESifh uREkfyfu
]]OD;yknuawmh 0gusrSm 'gavmufr[kwfygbk&m;? olu pum;vkH;
ajymifwJUbufu pGrf;wJUyk*¾Kdvfjzpfygonf}}[k uREkfyfu avQmufxm;ojzifh
q&mawmfuvnf; oabmwl vufcHawmfrlonf/

1073 
pmtrsKd;rsKd;

pma&;&mü aumif;ykHaumif;enf; trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfhteuf trsKd;orD;

pma&;q&mwa,mufESifh uREkfyfaqG;aEG;bl;&mwGif olu ]]'DvufxufrSm
awmh OD;Mobmoudk jrefrmpm pum;ajyta&;aumif;wJU yk*¾dKvfrsKd; ray:vm
awmhygbl;xifw,f}}[k ajymvdkufojzifh uREkfyfu ]]OD;Mobmou bmta&;
aumif;wmvJ}}[k ar;vkduf&m trsKd;orD; rsufESmysufoGm;\/ uREkfyfqdkvdk
aomt"dyÜm,fudk em;vnf[efrwlacs/ uREkfyf\0goemrSm þodkUaomvSefU
vkH;uav;rsm;ESifh ajymcsifwwfay&m tcsKdUvlrsm;onf uREkfyfpum;
t"dyÜm,fudk usepGmem;rqifMuyJ ]]a&TOa'gif;BuD;u OD;Mobmoa&;wJUpmawG
raumif;bl;qdkyguvm;}}ponfjzifh tvGJvGJtacsmfacsmf ajymcsifwwfMu
avonf/ uREkfyfqdkvdkaom t"dyÜm,frSm bmompum; wckwnf;üyif
pmtrsKd;rsKd;qdk&mü OD;Mobmoa&;onfh ZmwfBuD;q,fbJGUtp&Sdaom ]pm}rsKd;?
rdwfaqGtcsif;csif;ay;onfhpmrsKd;? owif;pmacgif;BuD;ydkif;rsKd; ponfwdkU&SdMu
avonf/ uREkfyfwkdUjrefrmjynfwGif pmay;pm,l tjyeftvSefa&;Muonfh
ay;pmrsKd;udk a&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfí pmtkyf&dkufESdyfjcif; enf;yg;aomfvnf;
(om;orD;rsm;xHodkU vlxkOD;vSa&;onfh pmwtkyfawGU&bl;/) avmuDrIa&;&m
ü xGef;um;vsuf&Sdaom taemufwdkif; jynfrsm;ürl tqdkyg pmrsKd;udk olwyg;
xufaumif;atmif a&;wwfí þa&; enf;rsKd;jzifh urÇmausmfMum;onfh
pma&;q&mrsm;yif &SdMuavonf/

1074 
OD;Mobmoaumif;ykH

wzefpum;ajya&;csifwlaomfvnf; þacwfwGif owif;pmacgif;BuD;

rsm;ESifh aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;enf;[lí wrsKd;wzkHay:vmjyef\/ uRekfyfonf
OD;Mobmo: ZmwfBuD;q,fbGJUudk pDukH;EIef;zJGUjcif;ESifh ywfoufí olrwl
atmif aumif;jcif;udk 0efcHygonf/ ol\a&;enf;rsKd;rSm um&efuav;
rvGwfapyJ tcsdeftqufuav;awGESifh [yfum[yfum a&;xm;jcif;jzpf
aomaMumifh toHxkwfí zwfvdkufaomtcgü tvGefacsmarmajyjypfjcif;
&SdonfudkawGU&\/ þacwfpmzwfy&dowfurl pmvkH;aygif; 10ausmf 12vkH;
wGifrS tvsOf;oifhovdk wcsufwcsuf pyf[yfxm;onfh ]um&ef} uav;
rsm;udk owdjyKrdaumif;rS jyKrdM uayvdrfhrnf/ ol&d,wdkufü tvkyfvkyfcJUpOf
u ¤if;a&;enf;udk uREkfyfoabmusvSonfESifh q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;
xHrS uREkfyftenf;i,f avhvmcJUbl;\/ odkU&mwGifq&mBuD;udk,fwdkif
acgif;BuD;wyk'fa&;í OD;Mobmoa&;enf;rsKd; cyfqifqifpDukH;xm;onfudk
zwfvdkuf&aom tcgum&efuav;rsm;aMumifh acsmyifacsmaomfvnf;
wrsufESmESifh NyD;&rnfh pmwyk'fonf t"dyÜm,fydkrdkxda&mufjcif;vnf;r&SdyJ
okH;rsufESmcefU qefUxGufoGm;jcif;udk awGU&bl;avonf/ þwGifwkdwdkwkwf
wkwfESifh 'dk;'dk;a'gufa'guf BudKufwwfol wa,mufjzpfaom uREkfyfonf
owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm; udk,füuvnf; xdka&;enf;rsKd;ESifhom oifhavsmf
aMumif; odjrifonfjzpfí um&efESifh a&;enf;rsKd;udk tavhtusifhrvkyfawmhyJ
pGefUvTwfvdkufygonf/ ZmwfBuD;q,fbJGUudk ta&;aumif;vSaom OD;Mobmo
onfvnf;aumif;? ]tEkt,OfvlUwcGif olUjyifr&Sd}qdkaom v,fwDy@dw
OD;armifBuD;onfvnf;aumif; owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;a&;&vQif taumif;qkH;
a&;wwfMuvdrfhrnf[k rSwfxifolrsm;&SdMuvQif xdkvlpkxJwGif uREkfyftyg

1075 
t0ifr[kwfacs/ þrQavmuf a&;jyonfqdkygu ]]OD;Mobmou bmta&;
aumif;wmvJ}}[k trsKd;orD; pma&;q&mtm; uREkfyfar;cGef;onf ajyvnf
avmufNyD[karQmfvifhygonf/

acwfajymif;jcif;

0efpma&; OD;usD;ESifh v,fwDy@dwOD;armifBuD; uG,fvGefonfhaemuf

(vlowfcH&aom jrefrmhtvif;t,f'Dwm q&moifrSmvnf; þa&;enf;rsKd;
a&;csifa&;wwfygonf/) um&efuav;iJUuma&;Muonfh pum;ajya&;enf;
rsKd;onf 0w¦Krsm;a&;&müyif uG,faysmufrwwf &SdaecJUavNyD/ tjzpftysuf
taMumif;t&mudk vsifjrefpGm odvdkMuaom acwfpmzwfy&dowfonf
&Snfvsm;pGm pDukH;zJGUEJGUxm;onfh pum;vkH;rsm;: vSyjcif;oufoufrQudk
t&omcHpm;zdkU tcsdefr&&Sdawmhacs/ pum;wefqmqifjcif;rSm uAsmorm;:
t&mjzpfonf[k em;vnfvsuf&SdMuavNyD/ þacwfü pum;ajyaumif;a&;
wwfzkdU BudK;pm;wwfMujcif;rSm ZmwfBuD;q,fbJGUESifh cifjrifhBuD;0w¦K
toGm;rsKd; r[kwfa wmh/ umvay:0w¦Krsm;ESifh owif;pmrsm;onfomvQif
avhusifh &mXmersm; jzpfayawmhonf/ þae&mü uREkfyfonf
0w¦Ka&;q&mESifh owif;pmq&mwa,muf jzpfonfrSefaomfvnf;
rnfonfhpmrsKd;onf aumif;onf[k axmufjy&ef tvkdr&SdyJ rnfokdUaom
aumif;enf;rsKd;udk uREkfyfESpfoufí rnfonfha&;enf;rsKd;a&;wwfatmif
uREkfyfBudK;pm;cJUonf qdkjcif;rQavmufom a&;om;azmfjyvdkygonf/

1076 
tusifhqdk;udk jyifjcif;

uREkfyfonf 0w¦Ka&mowif;pmacgif;BudD;rsm;yg a&;om;cJU&mwGif

ta&;tom;ESifhywfoufí 0w¦KbufrSmxuf owif;pmbufü ydkrdk
tav;ay;cJUygonf/ 0w¦Ka&;&mwGif wcgw&H tvsifpvdka&;rdaomtcg
rsm;ü jyefMunfhzdkU tcsdefr&Sdqdkum wcgwnf; a&;vTwfcJUrdjcif;rsm;&SdcJUbl;&m
owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;? udk,fawGU tjzpftysufrsm;rlum;
tenf;qkH; wBudrfjzpfap zwfNyD;rSvufvTwfwwfygonf/ 0w¦Krsm;ü ta&;
tom;acsmfí udpör&Sd? acgif;BuD;wyk'f ta&;acsmfcJUvQif 'ku©a&mufEdkifonf
[laom t,ltqaMumifh jzpf\/ þt,ltqonf rSefyifrSefaomfvnf;
pma&;q&maumif;wa,muf\ t*Fgr[kwfjcif;udk 0efcHygonf/ pma&;
q&mBuD; awmfvfpwGdKif\ ]]ppfESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;}}[laom 0w¦KBuD;udk
zwf&I&aomtcg pmwrsufESmwnf;wGif 11 Budrfwdkifwdkif jyefvnfjyifqif
a&;om;xm;jcif;udk "mwfykHerlemrsm;ESifhwuG awGU&onfwGifrS uREkfyf
tBuD;tus,faemifw&NyD; uREkfyf\ ysif;&daom tusifhqdk;udk uwdkufu&dkuf
jyifvdkuf&ygawmhonf/

yDrdk;eif;\rSwfcsuf

pma&;[ef  (Style)  ESifh ywfoufírl uREkfyfonf pma&;q&mwa,muf

jzpfvmonfh ESpfaygif;okH;q,fcefUavmuftwGif;ü t*Fvdyfpmta&;tom;
wGif a&;[efaumif;vSonf[k emrnfBuD;vSaom pma&;q&mBuD; avmh'f
rauúmav;\a&;[efudk tvGefoabmusolwa,mufjzpf\/ uREkfyf\
0goemrSm wpkHwckudk ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKuf oabmusonfqdkvQif xdktjcif;

1077 
t&monf uREkfyftxJodkU wjznf;jznf; pdrfh0ifvmwwfonfjzpf&m
tjcm;vlrsm;tzkdUrSmvnf; þtwdkif;yif jzpfwef&monf[k ,lqrdonf/
þrSwfwrf;udk a&;om;vsuf&SdpOf vlwdkif;ü &Sdonfr[kwfyJ vltcsKdUü
om&Sdwwfonfh 0goemwck uREkfyfü&Sdjcif;udk owdjyKrd\/ ¤if;rSm wpkHwckü
]pJG}wwfaom 0goemyifjzpf\/ wpkHwckudk ESpfoufonfjzpfap? rESpfouf
onfjzpfap uREkfyf\pdwfudk xdcdkufwwfí trSwfwck usef&pfwwfaMumif;
udk txufwGif azmfjycJUbl;onfxif\/ rauúmav;\ ta&;tom;udk
uREkfyfoabmuspOfu yDwdwpdrfhpdrfhjzpfrdí ol\a&;[efESifh pum;tokH;
tEIef;rsm;onf uREkfyf\OD;aESmufwGif tvdktavsmuf pJGuyfusef&pfonf
xif\/ uREkfyfonf rcdkUw&dkUESifh rxdrcdkufuav; a&;enf;rsKd;udk rBudKuf/
]ydóm av;ESifh eHab;ypfonf}qdkaom rauúmav;\ ta&;tom;rsKd;udk
BudKufwwfoljzpf&m pma&;q&mjzpfvmonfhaemuf (txl;ojzifh owif;pm
acgif;BuD;rsm;wGif) xdxdckdufckduf av;av;yifyif a&;csifwwfaom tavh
tusifhjzpfvm\/ q&myDrdk;eif;u uREkfy\
f ol&d,acgif;BuD;rsm;udk zwf&
onf rSm ]]qdwfB uD;yJavSmfpm;&jcif;ESifh wlvSonf}}[k ajymbl;avonf/
qdkvdkjcif;rSm uREkfyf\pum;vkH;okH;ykHESifh 0guswnfaqmufykHrSm xkHxkH
xdkif;xkdif;r[kwf/ uRwfuRwf&G&G&SdvSonf[k xyfavmif;í &Sif;ajymyg
ao;onf/

ajympum;vkH;nSyfokH;jcif;

1936-41ckESpfrsm;wGif ol&d,acgif;BuD;rsm;a&;&mü [efwvkH;

yefwvkH;ESifh cefUcefUnm;nm;£ajEéBuD;ESifh a&;csifwwf\/ pma&;aom
tcgwGif pum;ajym&müokH;aom  (Colloquial)  ajympum;okH;rsKd;udk wwfEdkif

1078 
orQa&SmifcJU\/ okdU&mwGif wcgw&Hürl ]a&;pum;vkH;} xuf ]ajympum;vkH;}
u ydkrdkxda&muf awmufajymifjcif;udk awGU&onfhtcg uREkfyfonf ]ajympum;
vkH;}qdkíra&SmifyJ} ]aumfrmuav;rsm;ydwfí okH;avh&Sdygonf/ tcsKdU
pma&;&mwGif ]ajympum;vkH;}nSyfxnfhjcif;onf ]uvuf}oa,mifa,mif
rSwfxifMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl t"dyÜm,fav;eufjcif;udkom
OD;pm;ay;NyD; pum;vkH; a&G;csifwwfolwa,mufjzpfaomaMumifh ]ajympum;
vkH;}udkjzpfap? t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;udk jzpfap? ygVdpum;vkH;udkjzpfap pmzwfol
rsm;em;vnfrnfqdku okH;csifwwfonf/ wcgw&H ygVdvkH;udkuREkfyfokH;vQif
ygVdwwfaMumif; jycsifaomaMumifhr[kwf? (okH;awmhokH;cJygonf/) t*Fvdyf
pum;vkH;udk okH;vQifvnf; wwfaMumif; jycsifír[kwf? olUae&mESifhol
tqifajyatmif okH;wwfvQif tvGefxda&muf av;eufaomt"dyÜm,f&Sd
jcif;udk av;av;eufeuf jywfjywfom;om; a&;csifwwfonfh pma&;q&m
rsm;ESifh xdxdckdufckduf a&;aompmrsKd;udk zwfcsifwwfonfh pmzwfy&dowf
wkdUem;vnfMuayvdrfhrnf/

a&;[efajymif;jcif;

touf60ausmfvmaom tcsdefürl uREkfyfwGif ]a&;[ef}wrsKd;ajymif;

vJvmjcif;udk awGU&\/ ,cifurl txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; cefUnm;
aom£ajEéBuD;ESifh [efygyg a&;csifwwf\/ (uREkfyf\q&mrauúmav;onf
touf 57ESpfwGif uG,fvGefcJU&m olUtzdkU&mü ][ef}rajymif;aomfvnf;
touf 57ESpfausmfatmif rae&aomaMumifh jzpfcsifjzpfrnf/) uREkfyftzdkUrSm
rl touf 60ausmfvm&m ]tBudKuf}wrsKd;jzpfvmcJUavNyD/ xdktcsdefwGif
uREkfyfonf þacwfü tvGefemrnfB uD;aom t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD;

1079 
aqmrm;qufarmfrf\ pmwtkyfudkzwf&í pma&;enf;taMumif; a&;xm;
onfhol\ t,ltqrsm;onf uREkfyf\t,ltqESifh wxyfwnf;
udkufnDvsuf&Sdjcif;udk awGU&\/ tHUMozkdUaumif;onfrSm uREkfyfü tBudKuf
wrsKd;ajymif;vJcgpjzpfí okdUavmokdUavm &SdaepOf ol\pmudkzwfvkduf&onf
ESifh wNydKifeuf ][kwfwmyJ}[k csufcsif;oabmusum &J&JBuD; ajymif;vdkuf
jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí uREkfyfonf [efwvkH;yefwvkH;ESifh
cefUcefUxnfxnfBuD; a&;wwfrS aumif;onf[laomtxifonf wjznf;
jznf; avsmhyg;vsuf&Sdygawmhonf/

acwfajymif;vJjcif;

urÇmausmf pma&;q&mBuD;jzpfonfh aqmrm;qufarmfrfESifh uREkfyfonf

]OD;acgif;csif; wdkufrdonf}[k a&;cJUvQif <um;onf[k qdkMurnfavm rajym
wwf/ ¤if;q&mBuD;ESifh uREkfyfonf pmta&;tom;wGif tBudKufcsif;wl&kHom
ru t,ltqrsm;? nHUzsif;csufrsm;? aumif;aom tcsuftvufrsm;wGif
vnf; wlonfu rsm;aomaMumifh uREkfyftzdkU&mü wtHUwMojzpfcJU&bl;yg
onf/ xdktcsdefrSpípmayta&;tom;wGif r&SdyJrjzpf[lí uREkfyfwdkUoabm
usonfh t*FgokH;&yfrSm

(1) &dk;&dk;uav; a&;jcif;?

t"dyÜm,frSmtqef;? tuGefU? tnGefU? twufawGygapzdkU
oabmrxm;yJ ykHrSeftwdkif; &dk;&dk;a&; jcif;udk qdkvdk\/
uREkfyf\ta&;tom;udk ]&dk;}onf[k tcsKdUua0zefMu&m oabmusolrsm;
url &dk;aomfvnf;aumif;onf? okdUr[kwf &dk;&dk;ESifh aumif;onf[k

1080 
ajymMu\/ uREkfyfudk csD;usL;olrsm;yifvQif uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufudk
&dyfrdMu[efrwlacs/ olwkdU\txifrSm qef;qef;a&;EdkifvQifomí aumif;
vdrfhrnf[kqdkcsifykH&\/ uREkfyfurlum; wrifwum &dk;&dk;BuD;a&;zdkU BudK;pm;
vsuf&Sdygonf/ tqef;? tuGefU? twGefU? twufrsm;onf wcgu
acwfpm;cJUbl;aomfvnf; pum;vkH;vSvSa&G;NyD; t&omcHcsdef r&Sdaomacwf
jzpfvmcJUavNyD/ pum;vkH;vSvSa&G;NyD; wefqmqifaomtvkyfrSm pum;ajy
orm;rsm;twGuf r[kwfawmh? uAsmvuFmorm;wkdU\tvkyf jzpfoGm;cJUav
NyD/ pmzwf0gEkaom y&dowfonf uAsmqefaom pum;ajyrsKd;udkaumif;
onf[k xifwwfao;aomfvnf; 0g&ifhaom y&dowfurl NyKH;zkdUem;vnfukef
MuavNyD/

(2) &Sif;&Sif;a&;wwf&rnf
t"dyÜm,f&Sif;&Sif;a&;jcif;? qdkvdkjcif;rSm pum;ajya&;jcif;onf ya[Vd
(pum;0Suf)r[kwfonfudk uREkfyftxl;owdjyK\/ cufcJeufeJaom
t"dyÜm,f&Sdonfh pmyifjzpfap wacgufzwf&kHrQESifh em;o,fudk ESufvdkufbd
ouJUokdU ]tvefUwMum;}em;vnfapjcif;onf uREkfyfoabmusaom
a&;enf;rsKd;jzpf\/ tcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;onf cyfvG,fvG,f&Sdaom t"dyÜm,f
rsKd;udkyif ESpfacgufokH;acgufzwf,l&aom pmrsKd;jzpfatmif a&;csifwwf\/
uREkfyftzdkUrSm tqdkygpmrsKd;udk pdwfr&Snfwwfay/

(3) a'gif;a'gif;ajy;jcif;
zwfíacsmjcif;? pmwyk'fudk zwfvdkufonfhtcg ]a'gif;a'gif;
a'gif;a'gif;}ajy;í em;xJokdUtvdkufoifh 0ifoGm;aom pmrsKd;udkqdkvdkonf/
¤if;t*FgESifh rjynfhpkHaom pmrsKd;udk zwf&onfhtcg orHwvif;ay:wGif

1081 
oJjzL;NyD; owÅKtdk;zifESifh yGwfaomtoHuJUokdU uREkfyf\em;xJü tcH&cufvS
onf/ rdrda&;aompmonf acsmracsm ppfaq;vdkonfhtcg toHus,fus,f
xGufí zwfjcif;onf aumif;aomppfaq;enf;wckjzpf\/ okdU&mwGif
þonfrSm tawmf]ynmyg}aom a&;enf;jzpfí ]em;}aumif;zdkUvnf;vdkonf/
]em;nHU}aom vlrsm;onf racsmaompmudk zwfjyaomfvnf; racsmjcif;udk
rod&SdyJaewwf\/ uREkfyf\txifrSm pmtajrmuftjrm;zwfí pmtajrmuf
tjrm;a&;jcif;tavhtusifhjyKvkyfNyD;onfhtcgrSomvQif ]em;aumif;}vmEdkif
onfxif\/ odkUaomf ]&GufMurf; a&usKd}rQavmuf aumif;zdkUrSmBudK;pm;vQif
jzpfEdkifavmufayonf/

ndKjr\pum;wcGef;

txufyg r&Sdrjzpfaom aumif;jcif;t*Fgrsm;tjyif uREkfyfowdxm;rd

aom tcsuftvuftcsKdUvnf; &Sdygao;\/ 1961ckESpfv,favmufu
pma&;q&m ndKjronf rkH&GmrS &efukefokdUtjyefvlxkowif;pmwkdufodkU
0ifvmpOf (rnfonfhudpötwGuf[k uREkfyfrrSwfrd) pma&;q&m? yef;csDq&m?
umwGef;q&mrsm; yg0ifonfh ]ynmonf}wpkESifh tqifoifh qkHpnf;rdojzifh
pum;tenf;i,fajymoGm;\/ ol\pum;xJwGif ]atmufjrefrmjynfuvlawG
pmra&;wwfygbl;} [laom pum;vkH;wckyg&Sd\/ olonfxdkuJUokdU
odrf;BuKH;ajymqdkvdkuf&mü pdwfxJrSm &Sdonfxuf ]ceJU}onfhoabmrsKd;ESifh
]aigh}vdkufjcif;vnf;jzpfEdkifygonf/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap ndKjr\pum;wvkH;
onf uREkfyf\0rf;xJü wa&;a&;ay:bl;onfh t,ltqwckudk EId;qG
ay;vdkufonfh ES,f jzpfoGm;onfESifh þtaMumif;udk qufvufpOf;pm;rd&m
atmufyg tawG;tac:rsm; jzpfay:vmygonf/

1082 
pum;vkH; <u,fjcif;ESifh ]yD}jcif;

pma&;q&mrsm;onf pmxJrSawGU&aom pum;vkH;rsm;rSvnf;aumif;?

tcsif;csif;ajymMuaompum;vkH;rsm;rS vnf;aumif;xkwfEkwfum pDukH;EIef;zGJU
Mu&onfcsnf;jzpf&m pmawGUt&mwGiftxufom;ESifh atmufom;jcm;em;jcif;
r&Sd? tzwfrsm;olu omEdkifonf/ okdUaomfajympum;rS&aom ]tvkH;}rsm;rSm
rl txufom;uomEdkifí atmufom;xuf  (Vocabulary)  <u,f0Edkifonf
[kuREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonf/ ]ajympum;vkH;} yifjzpfaomfvnf; tcsufusí
t"dyÜm,fay:vGifaom pum;vkH;jzpfcJUvQif pmxJünSyfíokH;avh&Sdonfh
uREkfyf\ pmrlrsm;udk atmufom;rsm; zwf&onfhtcg olwkdUrMum;bl;aom
pum;vkH;rsm; ygwwfí em;rSvnfygrnfavm[k pdk;&drfrdbl;onf/ odkU&mwGif
Mum;yifrMum;bl;aomfvnf; pum;okH;ykHudk jrifjcif;tm;jzifh (pma&;0ol
jzpfcJU vQif) t"dyÜm,fudkawG;,lEdkifavmufonf/ okdUqdkvQif pmzwfoltzdkU
pum;wvkH;wdk;oGm;Edkifonf[k uREkfyf,lqonfESifh þaemufydkif;wGif
xdka&;enf;rsKd;udk wGifwGifBuD; tokH;jyKvmcJUonf/ ndKjronf atmufom;
rsm;\ pum;vkH;acgif;yg;jcif;udk taxmuftxm;jyKNyD; ]]pmra&;wwfygbl;}}
[kajymvkdufjcif; jzpf[efwlay&m wenf;tm;jzifhrSefonf[k uREkfyfuvnf;
axmufcHvdkonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfurl cRif;csufuav; jznfhpGufvdkuf\/
txufom;wdkif;onf atmufom;wdkif;xuf omonf[krqdkvdk? txufom;
wdkif; pma&;wwfonf[lívnf; rqdkvdk? yk*¾dKvftoD;oD;\ yg&rDcHuvnf;
&Sdayao;onf/ rEÅav;NrdKUonf rif;aejynfjzpfcJUbl;jcif; aMumifh (0g)
tnmt&yfonf rif;aejynfESifh eD;uyfaomaMumifh jrefrmpum;vkH; ]<u,f}
jcif;ESifh ]yD}jcif;udk 0efcHxdkufonfxifay&m atmufom;pma&;q&m
aumif;wa,mufonf rEÅav;NrdKUüarG;zGm;cJU&ygu rdk;xdk;atmif axmifoGm;

1083 
EdkifonfqdkcJUvQif atmufom;pma&;q&mrsm;tzdkU ]cdkomcHom} &SdMuvdrfhrnf
[k arQmfvifhygonf/

]ajym}pum;vkH;nSyfokH;jcif;

a&S;acwfu pma&;q&mrsm;onf ]um&ef}uav;ESifh a&;wwfMuí

um&efudk iJU&aomaMumifh jzpfap? rdrdwwfaMumif;udkjyvdkíjzpfap ]ayg&mP}
pum;vkH;rsm; nSyfokH;wwfMu\/ vlwdkif;em;rvnfcsifaeap pm]cefU}onf[k
oabmxm;wwfMu\/ þacwfwGifrlum; pum;vkH;cefUjcif; oufoufxuf
t"dyÜm,fay:vGifjcif;ESifh tvG,fqkH;? tjrefqkH; em;vnfap jcif;udk
tav;ay;í a&;om;vsuf &SdMuavNyD/ uREkfyfonf acwf\oabm udk
&dyfrdonfhjyif rEÅav;om; wa,mufyDyD atmufom;pma&;q&mrsm; xuf
]ajympum;vkH;} <u,fonf[k (udk,fh[mudk,f) txifa&mufvsuf &Sdonfh
twdkif; pma&;&mwGif wdkwkdESifhxdonfxifaom ]ajympum;vkH;} rsm;udk
tjcm;pma&;q&mrsm;xuf trsm;qkH;nSyfía&;wwfolwa,muf jzpf\/
tcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;ESifh pmzwfy&dowfonf uREkfyf\xl;jcm;csufudk&dyfrdMu
avoavm? &dyfrdvQifvnf; aumif;aoma&;enf;wck jzpfonf[k tod
trSwfjyKMuygav\avm rajymwwf/ trsKd;orD; pma&;q&m a':trmESifh
owif;pmq&m wa,mufurl þtaMumif;udkuREkfyfum; zGifh[csD;usL;
ajymqdkjcif;udk Mum;&ojzifh uREkfyfauseyftm;&rdygonf/ txl;ojzifh
a':trmonf uREkfyf\0guswnfaqmufykHESifh pum;tokH;tEIef; rsm;onf
olUem;xJodkU pdrfh0ifvsuf&SdaMumif; 0rf;ajrmufpGm 0efcHbl;onf/
tawmfpm0g&ifhaom oltcsKdUu rtrm\ ta&;tom;onf uRekfyf\
ta&;tom;ESifh wcgw&HrSm;rdMuygonf[k tHUMopGmESifh0efcHajymjyMubl;\/

1084 
okdU&mwGif ]ajympum;vkH;} nSyfí okH;jcif;ürl tavhtusifh&Sdao;ykHr&? wwkH
wwkHrS awGU&wwfavonf/ þonfrSmrl &kwfw&ufcsufcsif; twlckd;í
&avmufatmif rvG,fulaomaMumifh jzpfwef&monf/ [kwfawmh
vnf;[kwfonf/ ]ajympum;vkH;}okH;onfqdkvQifvnf; okH;csiftm;BuD;ESifh
okH;íraumif;? ]a&;pum;vkH;}xuf ]ajymif}í t"dyÜm,fav;eufaom
]ajympum;vkH;}rsKd;udk &EdkifrSom okH;EIef;xkdufayonf/ rtrmtjyif txufyg
vli,fpma&;q&mrSmrl atmufom;wa,mufjzpfí ]ajympum;vkH;
ajymif}rsm;udk r&Smwwf&SmonfESifh omrmefajympum;vkH;rsm;udkuREkfyfenf;wl ]
}aumfrmwyfí okH;aomfvnf; olarQmfvifhovdkjzpfrvmjcif;udk awGU&onf/
uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; 1917-20tcsdefu ol&d,r*¾Zif;acgif;BuD;rsm;wGif
cyf&J&JokH;0HUygonf/ xdkUaemuf vlxkowif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;ESifh þrSwfwrf;
udk a&;aomtcsdefodkUwdkifa&mufaomtcgürl 0g&ifhaom pma&;q&m
wa,muf? odkUr[kwf wdkif;jynfu vufcHaom pma&;q&mwa,muf
jzpfvmonf[laom ,kHMunfcsufjzifh (rSm;csifvnf;rSm;rnf/) þenf;udk
tuGufay:wdkif; wGifwGifBuD; tokH;jyKvsuf&Sdygonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;u
]tcefU}ysufonf ajymMujcif;udk uREkfyfcHEdkif&nf &SdvmcJUygNyD/

uREkfyf\q&mESpfa,muf

]ajym}pum;vkH;rsm; <u,f0jcif;rSm (rEÅav;om;wa,mufjzpfonfhjyif

pum;vkH;yDyDajymwwfonfh eef;wGif;ol rdcifESifh vTwfawmfpma&;jzpfcJUol
zcif\om; jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh) tacsmif&cJUjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; pma&;
aom tcgü ]0gus}wnfaqmufwwfzdkUrSmrl tvum;&onf r[kwf/
yxrq&mjzpfaom rauúmav;ESifh 'kwd,q&mjzpfaom aqmrm;qufarmfrf

1085 
wkdUxHrS (txufwGifa&;jycJUonfhtwdkif;) olwkdUpma&;ykHudk tBudrfBudrf yDwd
aomreójzpfjcif;tm;jzifh aoG;xJokdU pdrfh0ifvmjcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/
yxrq&mxhrSrl BudK;BudK;pm;pm;oif,l&í 'kwd,q&mxHrSrl olESifhuREkfyf
tBudKufjcif;wlonfudk awGU&í uREkfyftm;wufNyD; olUenf;twdkif; ]rlao}
vmjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ 'kwd,q&mxHrS uREkfyf&&Sdvkdufaom a&;enf;rSm
pmudkzwfMunfhvdkufonfhtcg (rauúmav;\pmrsm;uJUokdU) cJcJ,Of;,Of;ESifh
wyifwyef;a&;xm;&onfh toGifo@mef[efyefavoHrsKd; ay:rvmapyJ
tvG,fuav;aumufjcpfxm;onf[k xif&aompmrsKd;  (Easy  Flow)  a&;
wwfzdkUyif jzpfavonf/ þodkUa&;om;azmfjy&jcif;tm;jzifh q&mrauúmav;
\aus;Zl;udk ypfy,fjcif;r[kwf&yg/ aqmrm;qufarmfrfonf rauúmav;
xufpma&;aumif;onf[k rqdkvdkyg/ trSeftwdkif; &Sif;jy&vQif ]tvG,f
uav;aumufjcpfonf}xif&onfh pmrsKd;a&;wwfzdkUrSm ESpfy&dapä' Mum&Snf
pGm pmtajrmuftjrm;a&;NyD;aomtcgrS 0ifvmaom ]ynm}wck jzpfygonf/
xdktajctaeodkU a&mufvmaom tcgürl0guswnfaqmufa&; twGuf
wyifwyef; owdrxm;&awmhyJ vG,fvG,fuav; a&;xkwfEdkif aomfvnf;
pmra&;wwfolrsm; a&;ouJUokdU ]uysufuacsmf? awmftdavsmftd}
0gusrsKd;rjzpfvmyJ oyf&yfajyjypfí tzktxpfr&Sdaom pmrsKd;jzpfvmEdkifay
onf/ Oyrmaqmif&aomfrauúmav;\ 0gusrsm;onf yGwfcHxm;onfh
]*sif}uav;rsm;ESifh wlonfqdkvQif aqmrm;qufarmfrf\ 0gusrsm;onf
tdk;aygufrS,kdxGufvmonfh a&aygufuav;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOf oifhayonf/

1086 
0guswnfaqmufykH

&dk;&dk;0gusrsm;rSm uwÅm;? Bud,m? uH[lí tcsuftcsmBuD; okH;ck&Sd\/

t*FvdyfbmomwGif¤if;wkdUonf þtpDtpOftwdkif; owfrSwfwnf&SdMuí
jrefrmbmomürl uwÅm;? uH? Bud,m [laomtpDtpOfjzifh a&;wwfMu\/
okdU&mwGif usifvnfaom 0guswnfaqmuform;onf (t*Fvdyfbmomü
vnf;aumif;? jrefrmbmomüvnf;aumif;) wcgw&HwGif txufygtpDtpOf
udkzsufí a&;jcif;tm;jzifh t"dyÜm,fydkíav;eufapEdkifonfh tcgtcGifhrsKd;
ay:vmjcif;udk jrifwwf\/ xdktpDtpOfudk zsufí a&;jcif;tm;jzifh
ydkí&Sif;jcif;? ydkíacsmarmajyjypfjcif;wkdUudkvnf; jrifwwf\/ xdkrSwyg;
emr0daooe? Bud,m0daooe ponfwdkUvnf; &Sdao;ay&m ¤if;wkdUudk
]rlao}rxm;yJ oifhawmfaom ae&mrsm;ü nSyfoGif;xkd;xnfhwwfjcif;onf
vnf; usifvnfaom 0gus]vuform;}\t&nftcsif;wckaywnf;/
0gusvuform;aumif;wa,muf a&;xm;onfh 0guswydk'frS pum;vkH;rsm;
udk xdkrSþrS a&TUajymif;vkdufonfhtcg tqifajyrI ysufoGm;Edkifonfhenf;wl
rusifrvnf &Iyf&IyfaxG;axG; a&;wwfolwa,muf\ 0gusü pum;vkH;rsm;
udk ae&majymif;a&TUvkdufjcif;tm;jzifh ydkí&Sif;vif;vmEdkifjcif;udk em;vnfxm;
zkdUoifh\/ tcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;onf 0guswnfaqmufjcif;ESifh ywfoufí
rnfrQavmuf em;a0;Muoenf;[lrl 0gustm;vkH;onf a&;ykHtwlwlyifjzpf
onf[k rSwfxifMu\/ uspfvspfodyfonf;aom 0gus? ]yGavsmif;avsmif;}
jzpfaeaom 0gus? acsmarmajyjypfaom 0gus? tzktxpfrsm;aom 0gus[lí
&Sdwwfjcif;udk oabmyifraygufMuacs/ xkdokdUaom pma&;q&mrsKd;onf
teuft"dyÜm,fESifh pdwful;pdwfoef;bufwGif cRefcsifvnf;cRefayrnf/
odkU&mwGif 0gusvuform;aumif;wa,muf jzpfEdkifonf[líum; rqdkvdkyg/

1087 
tcsKdUrSm 0gustaMumif;em;rvnfaomfvnf; tjcm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;
aumif;rGefjcif;aMumifh emrnfausmfpma&;q&mrsm; jzpfaejcif;vnf;&SdMuyg
onf/ odkU&mwGif wa,mufESifhwa,muf tjyeftvSefa&;Muonfh pmrsKd;wGif
rlum; pdwful;pdwfoef;csif;? pum;vkH;ajymifykHcsif; wlnDcJUvQif 0gusaumif;
orm;u tEdkif&vdrfhrnfjzpf\/ tcsKyfü0gusaumif;orm;\pmonf ydkí
]touf0if} onf[k qdkvdkygonf/

0gustwdkt&Snf

tcsKdUu 0gus&Snf&Snfa&;jcif;onf pm]cefU}onf? pma&;q&m\vuf

&myDoonf[k ,lqí&Snf&Snfa&;zdkU BudK;pm;Mu\/ tcsKdUuvnf; 0guswdk
ygrS t"dyÜm,f&Sif;onfqdkum wdkwdka&;Mu\/ uREkfyf\t,ltqrSm &Snfwdkif;
vnf;rcefU? wdkwdkif;vnf;r&Sif;? ]rlao}rSwfxm;zkdUrvdkaom t&mwckjzpf
onfxif\/ 0gusvuform;aumif;wa,muf jzpfvmaomtcgwGif
rnfonfhae&mü &Snfoifhonf? rnfonfhae&müwdkoifhonfqdkjcif;udk
tvdktavsmuf jrifvmwwfayonf/ &SnfrSyifzwfíaumif;aomae&mrsKd;
vnf;&Sdí wdkwdkESifh qwfqwfa&;zdkU vdktyfaom ae&mrsm;vnf;&Sd\/
0gusvuform;aumif;rsm;\ t,ltqwckrSm 0gus&SnfBuD;rsm;csnf;
qufumqufum a&;xm;onfhtcgpmzwfolonf (rSwf&zefrsm;onfESifh)
yifyef;oGm;wwfaomaMumifh 0guswdkuav;rsm;tm;jzifh tem;ay;oifh
onf[k qdkMu\/ [kwfovdkvdkawmh &Sdyg\/ okdU&mwGif 0gusvuform;
aumif;wa,muf\pmudk zwf&onfhtcg (&Snfoifhí&Snf&jcif;jzpfcJUvQif)
pmzwfolonf wyifwyef;BudK;pm;í rSwfxm;zdkUrvdkyJ 0gusrqkH;rcsif;
zwfNyD;cJUaom t"dyÜm,frsm;onf pmzwfol\ OD;acgif;xJwGif uyfívdkuf

1088 
ygvmwwfayonf/ þtcsufonf 0gusaumif;raumif; qef;ppfaom
enf;wenf;jzpf\/ t"dyÜm,fonf olUtcsdeftqufESifhol OD;acgif;xJü
vdkufygaecJUvQif 0gus&Snfaomfvnf;rarhEdkifyJ&Sdwwf\/ zwf,if;arhukef
aom 0gusrsKd;um; 0gus&SnfvGef;jcif;? okdUr[kwfnHUzsif;aom vuform;
\vuf&mjzpfjcif; xif&Sm;avonf/ 0gusvuform;twwfü ruRrf;usif
ao;olwdkUtzdkUrSmum; wdkwdka&;jcif;onf tEÅ&m,fuif;onf[kqdkoifhay
onf/

oAÁE¨tokH;

tcsKdUpma&;rsm;onf oAÁE¨tokH;ESifh ywfoufí trSwfwrJUoabm

xm;Mujcif;udkawGU&\/ 0guswckwnf;twGif; tqifwlaom orÁE¨ wck
xufydkí rokH;rdap&ef uREkfyftNrJowdxm;\/ ]NyD;vQif} rsm;jzpfap? ]í}
rsm;jzpfap? ]&m}rsm;jzpfap wckxufydkokH;onfh 0gusrsKd;udk zwf&onfh
tcguREkfyftzdkUwGif ]em;uavm}vS\/ (wcgw&HjyefzwfzdkU tcsdefr&Sdaom
pmrsm;ü uREkfyfudk,f wdkifvnf;rSm;wwfjcif;udk 0efcHygonf/) þtjypfrsKd;rSm
]t&yfom;}rsm; rSm;csifrSm;Muygap? pma&;q&mwa,muftaejzifh cPcP
rSm;jcif;rlum; rjzpfMuapzdkU owday;vdkuf\/ ]NyD;vQif}wckokH;NyD;aemuf
]í}odkUr[kwf]&m} paom orÁE¨rsKd;jcm;NyD;rS ]NyD;vQif}udkjyefaumufvQif
cHomygao;\/ ]NyD;vQif} ESpfckqufíokH;jcif;um; txl;]toHqdk;}vSonf/

1089 
tokH;rsm;aom]&m}

]&m}[laom orÁE¨taMumif;udk txl;wvnfazmfjyvdkao;\/ ]&m}[l

onfrSm 0gusqkH;rnfqdku tqkH;owfEdkifygvsuf wrifqufí a&;csifao;
ojzifh tokH;jyKaom orÁE¨jzpf\/ ]&m}udkjzKwfNyD;]{}udkokH;vQif jzpfEdkifjcif;udk
awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ okdU&mwGif 0guswdkvGef;rnf xifaomaMumifh tqkH;rowf
ao;yJ ]&m} ESifhquf,ljcif;jzpfavonf/ tawmftwefokH;vQif udpör&Sd?
tcsKdUrSmrl 0guswckwGif wpf]&m}ESpf]&m}okH;]&m}wdkifatmif wckNyD;wck okH;jcif;
tm;jzifh pmzwfol\ ]em;}udknSOf;yef;ESdyfpufwwfMu\/ jrefrmbmom
üjzpfap? t*Fvdyfbmomüjzpfap Bud,mwckwnf;ygonfh 0gusrsKd;  (Simple 
Sentences)  csnf;a&;oGm;vQif ]em;}atmifhwwfonfjzpfí orÁ¨E¨rsm;okH;
umem;oufomatmif vkyfay;&\/ odkU&mwGif]&m}awGrsm;vGef;vQifvnf;
NiD;aiGUvmwwfjyefavonf/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkif]&m}udkvdktyfrS okH;rnf[k
owdxm;avh&Sdaomfvnf; wcgw&HwGif 0guswdkif;ü ]&m}wckxnfhíokH;aom
tavhtusifhay:vmao;\/ þtjcif;t&mudk owd&onfESifh wNydKifeuf
]&m}udktvQif; rokH;awmhqdkum jzwfxm;wwf\/ orÁE¨taMumif;udkaumif;
pGmem;vnfaom uavmiform;onf ]&m}rokH;yJ a&;íjzpfEdkif&kHomru omí
uspfvspfodyfonf;aom 0gusrsKd; wnfaqmufEdkifjcif;udk awGU&ay vdrfhrnf/
okdUjzpfí ]zkHyGyG} 0gusrsKd; a&;rdaomtjypfrsKd; uif;vGwfvdkaom uavmif
orm;onf ]&m} wnf;[laom orÁE¨udk acRacRwmwmokH;zdkU owdjyKMu
&macsonf/

1090 
a&Smiftyfaom orÁE¨

0guswck tqkH;owfNyD; aemufwck tpjyKonfhtcg ]okdUjzpfav&m}[l

aom pum;vkH;jzifh tpjyKjcif;onf cGeftm;enf;aom0gusrsKd;wnfaqmufap
zdkU tavhtusifhudk ysKd;axmifjcif;jzpf\/ woufywfvkH; uREkfyfpma&;cJUorQ
wGif ]okdUjzpfav&m} [laom pum;vkH;udk wcgrQ tokH;jyKcJUbl;onfrSm
rrSwfrdyg/ ]odkUjzpfí}aomfvnf;aumif;? cefUcsifvQif ]okdUjzpf&um;}[lí
vnf;aumif; okH;bl;yg\/ ]okdUjzpfav&m}[laom pum;udkrl rokH;cJUbl;yg/
þESpfckonf t"dyÜm,fjcm;em;jcif;&Sd\/ ]odkUjzpf&um;}[laompum;onf
taMumif;w&m;tjzpfESifh txufwGifazmfjycJUNyD;orQudk axmufxm;NyD;
tusKd;w&m;udkazmfjyawmhrnf[k [efjyifvdkufjcif;jzpf\/ ]odkUjzpfav&m}[l
onfrSmum; txufrS 0gusqkH;ykH ae&mrusjcif;aMumifh bmrQt"dyÜm,f
xl;r&SdyJ ]wkH;} ckay;&jcif;jzpf\/ uREkfyf\pmrsm;wGif ]okdUjzpfav&m} [laom
pum;vkH;ckay;zdkU vkdaomae&m[lí rawGU&bl;yg/ uREkfyfu ]cs} xm;cJU
onfhqdkNyD; xnfhay;vQifvnf; ]0if}rnfr[kwf? tydkoufoufjzpfae
ayvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;\pmürl ]okdUjzpfav&m}[laom tvkH;udk
okH;xm;onfhtcg jzKwfypfír&? jzKwfypfvQif [mvm[if;vif;BuD; jzpfoGm;
Edkif\/ uREkfyftzdkU&mü ]odkUjzpfav&m} [laom pum;vkH;rvdk? tcsKdUvlrsm;
twGufrSm ]odkUjzpfav&m}pum;vkH;onf wu,fyifvdk\/ tb,fhaMumifh
þodkUjzpf& oenf;/

1091 
BudKwifjyifqifrI

þtaMumif;udk em;vnfatmif&Sif;jy&efrSm rvG,fulaomfvnf; a&;rd

aom vufp&SdaeNyDjzpfí wwfEdkiforQ BudK;pm;NyD; &Sif;jyygrnf/ usifvnf
aom 0gusvuform;onf pma&;onfhtcgwGif 0guswckqkH;cgeD;ü a&SU
0gustwGuf BudKwifjyifqifxm;wwf\/ BudKwifjyifqifonfqdk&mü
t"dyÜm,ft&jzpfap? pm[eft&jzpfap BudKwifjyifqifrI&Sd&\/ Oyrm
a&SUwvSrf;wGif csKdifhwckudk jrifxm;aom vrf;avQmuform;onf xdkcsKdifhudk
rausmfrD&uwnf;u ajcaxmufudk [efjyifxm;&ouJUodkUyif/ xdkUtwl
usifvnfaom 0gusvuform;onfvnf; rdrda&;aeonfh0gusqkH;cgeD;onf
udkodonfjzpfí pdwfxJüBudKwifjyifqifrI&Sdxm;onfh twGufaMumifh ]okdUjzpf
av&m}wnf;[laom ]wkH;}ckay;zdkUrvdkawmhacs/ xkduJU odkU jyifqifrIr&Sdaom
pma&;q&mtzdkUrSmrl ]wkH;}rckvQif ][yfxdk;}jzpfoGm;NyD;pmracsmyJ jzpfwwfav
onf/ ]odkUjzpfav&m}[laom pum;vkH;onf &IyfonfqdkNyD; jzKwfypfí&onf
r[kwf? BudKwifjyifqifrIr&SdyJ ZGwft"r®jzKwfypfcJUygvQif pmzwfoltzdkUü
vrf;avQmuf,if; csKdifhxJodkUtrSwfwrJU ajcaxmufusoGm;onfhES,f [mueJ?
eifhueJ jzpfoGm;wwfayonf/ tcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;onf ]tusifhBuD;yg}ae
wwfí ]odkUjzpfav&m}[laom pum;vkH;udk cPcPokH;&aom tjzpfrsKd;okdU
a&mufoGm;Mu&avonf/ uREkfyf\tqkH;tjzwfum; acgif;BuD;wyk'favmuf
twGif; ]odkUjzpfav&m}wckxuf ydkíygcJUvQif uREkfyf\]0gusvuform;
ausmif;}rS atmifvufrSwf&vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

1092 
cGeftm;&SdaompmrsKd;

þvufxufürsm;pGmaom pma&;q&mwdkUonf ]cGeftm;&Sdaompm} 

(Forceful  Language)  [lonfrSm bmudkqdkvdkonf[k em;vnf&SmMuykHr&
acs/ ]cGeftm;&Sdaompm}rsKd; a&;wwfzdkUrSm (1)a&;vdkonfh taMumif;t&mudk
aumif;pGmem;vnfjcif;? (2)tcsufususa&;wwfjcif;? (0g)oifhawmfaom
pum;vkH;udka&G;cs,fwwfjcif;? (3) BuHUcdkifuspfvspfaom0gusrsKd;wnfaqmuf
wwfjcif;wkdUvdktyfayonf/
(1) tcsKdUvlrsm;onf taMumif;t&mwckudk aumif;pGmem;rvnfygyJ
vsuf udk,fh[mudk,fem;vnfNyDtxifESifh a&;csifajymcsifwwfMu\/
omrefum vQHumrQavmuf odxm;jcif;udk wu,fodxifMuí jzef;oef;um
a&;wwfajymwwfM u\/ rdrdwkdUudk,füu ]0dk;wdk;0g;wm;}jzpfaeao;aomtod
rsKd;udkyif t[kwfodxifNyD; rydkifEdkifyJvsufESifh ydkifEdkifav[ef a&;wwfajym
wwfMu\/ xdktajcrQavmufESifh a&;xm;onfhpmrsKd; jzpfrvmEdkifacs/
xdkolwkdUonf trItaMumif;udk wu,fodonfr[kwfyJ aMu;pm;vkdufaom
oufaotm; usifvnfaoma&SUaeu ppfaMumar;jref;vkdufonfhtcg
a,mifcsmcsmESifh z&dkz&JjzpfukefwwfouJUodkU pOf;pm;wwfaom pmzwf
y&dowfrsKd;u (odyfawmhrrsm;vS) OmPfjzifharTaESmufqifjcifvkduf onfhtcg
jzef;oef;a&;om;xm;aomvl\pmonf tvum;jzpfoGm;wwfav onf/
(2) olUae&mESifhol wdusrSefuefaompum;vkH; a&G;cs,fokH;EIef;wwf
jcif;onf tcsufusatmifa&;wwfjcif;yifjzpfí ]cGeftm;&Sdaompm}rsKd;jzpfvm
Edkif\/ þynmrSm vG,fulonfr[kwf? pmaumif;rsm;rsm;BuD;zwfxm;NyD;
pum;vkH; awmfawmfrsm;rsm; wwfxm;onfhjyif a&G;cs,fwwfaom
todOmPfrsKd;vnf; &SdzkdUvdk\/ tbd"mefuJUodkU pum;vkH;awG wwfxm;aomf

1093 
vnf; ta&G;rwwfvQif cGeftm;&SdaompmrsKd; a&;wwfao;onfr[kwfacs/
tcsKdUaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSmrl pum;vkH;rsm;rsm;BuD;rwwfyJvsufESifh wwfoí
pum;vkH;rsm;teufrS txda&mufqkH;aomtvkh;udk a&G;cs,fokH;EIef;wwfonf
[lí &Sdyg\/ okdU&mwGif xdkolwkdUum; yg&rDxl;aomyk*¾dKvfrsm;jzpfMuayonf/
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif BuKH&bl;onfrSm 10ESpfom;ausmfausmfrQ&Sdí ]]xrif;pm;
a&aomuf}} pum;vkH;rQom wwfao;onfjzpfygvsuf olwwfaom
pum;vkH;uav;rsm;teufrS uREkfyfudk,fwdkifwtHUwMojzpfavmufatmif
xda&mufaom pum;vkH;rsm; a&G;cs,fokH;EIef;wwfaom vli,fuav;udk
awGU&bl;avonf/ þoli,fum;BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgü tajymaumif;
aomfvnf;aumif;? ta&;aumif;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k
uREkfyfarQmfvifhcJu&m t&G,fra&mufrD aoqkH;oGm;ojzifh uREkfyfESmajrm
rdygonf/ omítHUMozkdUaumif;onfrSm xdkoli,fonf NrdKUBuD;om;r[kwf?
&Gmom;uav;wa,mufrQom jzpfavonf/
(3) BuHUcdkifuspfvspfaom 0gusrsKd;wnfaqmufwwfjcif;onf ]cGeftm;
&Sdaompm}rsKd;twGuf eHygwf(3)ae&mü azmfjyxm;aomfvnf; ta&;BuD;&mürl
eHygwf(3)r[kwf? (1)ESifh(2)wkdUuJUokdUyif wef;wlxm;vdkufonfxif\/
pum;vkH; ]ajymif}vQif ]cGeftm;&Sdaompm}rsKd; jzpfvmwwfaomfvnf;
0guswnfaqmufykHu yGpdpd csnfheJUeJU avsmh&J&JESifh caemfceJU jzpfaeonfqdk
vQif pum;vkH; ]ajymif}jcif;aMumifh ]em;}udkxdckdufaomfvnf; pmzwfol\
OD;aESmufESifhESvkH;odkU rxdckdufyJ &Sdaewwfonf/ (uREkfyfqdkvdkaom t"dyÜm,f
udk em;vnfMuapjcif;iSm tjcm;vlrsm;a&;Muonfh pmaumif;ESifh pmqdk;rsm;rS
O'g[&kPfrsm; &SmazGpkaqmif;NyD; oD;oefUpmwtkyftjzpfESifh wifjy&vQif
omí ay:vGifxif&Sm;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; raumif;aompmudk erlemtjzpf
wifjy&vQif um,uH&Sifrsm;\ &efolBuD;jzpfvmEdkifonfwaMumif;? BuD;jyif;

1094 
vmNyDjzpfaom þt&G,fü usef&Sdaom toufwmuav;udk xdkUxuf
ta&;BuD;aom tvkyfrsm;wGif tokH;cs&rnfjzpfonf waMumif; aMumifh
woD;wjcm; pmwtkyfa&;om;zkdU BuH&G,fcsufr&Sdawmhyg/) ]0gusvuf
orm;}\tvkyfrSm pum;vkH;rsm;udk olUae&mESifhol tpDtpOfjyKvkyf&jcif;yif
jzpf\/ þtvkyfudk em;vnf&efrSm q&mESifhoifjyíjzpfonfr[kwf?
]vuform;}aumif;rsm;\pmaywkdUudk BudKufwwfatmifavhvmNyD; yDwdESifh
wuG txyfxyfzwf&I&jcif;yifjzpfavonf/

0dbwfrsm;

pmacsmatmif a&;wwfcsifvQif 0dbwfrsm;udkvnf; wvSnfhpDokH;wwf

zkdU tavhtusifhjyKvkyfoifh\/ ,ckwavmü ]udk}[laom 0dbwftpm;
]tm;}[laom 0dbwfudk xyfcgxyfcg okH;Muaomtavhtusifhwckjzpfay:vm
\/ wvkH;pDMunfhvdkufvQif ]udk}[laom 0dbwfonf ]tm;}[laom0dwfbwf
xuf t"dyÜm,fxda&mufí wdkuf&dkufoabmrsKd;vnf; yg&Sd\/ okdUESifhvnf;
]udk}udkzwfxm;NyD; ]tm;}udk oabmusonfhvu©PmESifh txyfxyfokH;Mu
jcif;udk awGU&\/ 0dbwfESpfckonf t"dyÜm,fwloa,mif xifMuaomfvnf;
jcm;em;jcif;&Sd\/ O'g[&kPfum; armifbonfpmwtkyfudk uREkfyftm;ay;\
[ka&;oifhygvsuf armifbonf pmwtkyftm; uREkfyfudkay;\[ka&;ygrl
rSm;onf[kqdkoifhonf/ armifbonf pmwtkyftm; uREkfyftm;ay;onf[k
a&;ygrlum; rSm;&kHomru(uREkfyftzdkU) em;uavmvSonf/ odkUESifhvnf;
]tm;}ESpfvkH;xyfa&;Muol tawmfrsm;vmí txl;ojzifh ]jrefrmhtoH}onf
uREkfyf\em;udk cPcP ESdyfpufwwfavonf/ jrefrmbmomü t"dyÜm,f
cyfqifqif&Sdonfh 0dbwfrsKd;&Sdav&m (txufyg O'g[&kPfuJUodkU) ]ü}]rSm}

1095 
]wGif}]0,f}wnf;[laom 0dbwfrsm;udk xyfvnf;rxyf? tokH;vnf;wwf
atmif avhusifhxm;jcif;onf tqifajyaompmrsKd; a&;vdkolrsm;tzdkU
vdktyfvSayonf/

0daooersm;

emr0daooeESifh emrfudkvnf;aumif;? Bud,m0daooeESifh Bud,mudk

vnf;aumif; eD;uyfpGmxm;jcif;onf t"dyÜm,f&SifapzdkU taxmuftyHUjyK\/
vSyaom armifjzL\tdrf[k a&;jcif;xufarmifjzL\ vSyaomtdrf[k a&;jcif;
onfvnf;aumif;? vsifjrefpGm wdkufay:odkUwufoGm;onf[k a&;jcif;xuf
wkdufay:odkUvsifjrefpGm wufoGm;onf[k a&;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;
t"dyÜm,f&Sif;jcif;udk em;vnfoifhygvsuf þpnf;urf;udk csKd;azmufol
tawmfrsm;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk awGU&\/ uREkfyftzdkUrSmþrQavmuf vlodrsm;aom
pnf;urf;udkomru 0guswcktwGif; rnfonfhpum;vkH;udk rnfonfhae&m
wGif xm;oifhonf[k csufcsif;odjrifzdkU tavhtusifhjyKxm;onfh aus;Zl;
aMumifh uREkfyf\cufcJeufeJaom avmukwÅ&m aqmif;yg;rsKd;onfyif
&Sif;ygayonf[k ajymMu&jcif;jzpfygonf/

jrefrmpmESifh t*Fvdyfpm

uREkfyfausmif;aepOftcguRekfyf\ q&mrsm;u ]]rif;wdkUpma&;vQif

pum;ajymwJUtwdkif;a&;wm taumif;qkH;yJ}} [k Mo0g'ay;jcif;udk uREkfyf
rSwfrdao;\/ ¤if;Mo0g'onf t*FvdyfpmtwGuf oufoufjzpfonf
[kuREkfyfvufcHonf/ jrefrmpmtwGufrSmrl a&;[efESifhajym[efonf tBuD;

1096 
tus,fjcm;em;jcif;&Sdonfjzpfí ¤if;Mo0g'twdkif;a&;onfh jrefrmpmonf
taumif;qkH;aompmrsKd;jzpfrvmEdkifacs/ t*Fvdyfpmürl uREkfyf\erlemq&m
BuD;rauúmav;onf uAsmvuFmrsm;vnf; pDukH;a&;pyfonf/ pum;ajyrsm;
vnf;a&;onf/ NAdwdoQygvDrefü (trwfwa,muftjzpfESifh) tacstwif
rdefUcGef;rsm;vnf; ajymcJUonf/ þyk*¾dKvfBuD;rSm ygvDrefwGif pum;ajym
aumif; wa,muftjzpfESifhvnf;emrnfBuD;cJUíol\ rdefUcGef;rsm;rSm pmtkyf
tjzpfESifh oD;oefU&dkufESdyfa&mif;cscJUavonf/ 0guswnfaqmufjcif;ynmü
wynfhcHcJUaom uREkfyfonf ol\uAsmvuFmrsm;? pum;ajyrsm;ESifh rdefUcGef;
rsm;ruseftm;vkH;vdkvdkyif aphaphpyfpyfzwf&IavhvmcJUonf/ ¤if;wkdUteuf
wGif vuFmrsm;ESifh pum;ajyrsm;\jcm;em;jcif;rSm ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sdaomfvnf;
rdefUcGef;rsm;rSmrl ]a&;pm}rsm;ESifh vkH;0jcm;em;jcif;r&SdonfudkawGU&\/
(0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekonf ygvDrefrdefUcGef;rsm;udka&;NyD;rS zwfonfqdkaomfvnf;
olzwfjyaomtcgü ]a&;[ef}twdkif; zwfjcif;r[kwf? ]ajym[ef}ESifh zwfjcif;
jzpf\/ a&;[eftwdkif;zwfcJUygrl ol\rdefUcGef;rsm;onf ,ckuJokdU xda&muf
vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/) t*FvdyfbmomwGifwa,mufESifhwa,muf tcsDtcs
pum;ajymMu&mü a&;vkH;rsm;ESifhjcm;em;jcif;&Sdaomfvnf; rdefUcGef;taejzifh
wa,mufwnf;t&SnfBuD; ajym&aomtcgrsKd;ürl tajymESifhta&;onf twl
wlvdkyif &Sdae\/ jrefrmbmomürl tajymESifh ta&;onf pum;rsm;wGif
omru [efyef avoHESifhwuG bmrQrwlatmif jcm;em;jcif;&Sdavonf/

udkavm&kHESifhuREkfyf

ae;&Sif;t,f'Dwmudkavm&kHESifh uREkfyfonf EdkifiHa&;tjrifcsif; wrsKd;pD

&SdMuaomfvnf; t*Fvdyfvdkowif;acgif;BuD; a&;ykHESifh ywfoufí udkavm&kH

1097 
um;jrefrmjynfwGif taumif;qkH;acgif;BuD;a&;orm;wa,muf[lí pdwfxJu
oabmusxm;\/ 1952ckESpfü udpöwckESifh ywfoufí ae;&Sif;owif;pm
zwfy&dowfxHrS xifjrifcsuf awmif;cH&mwGif uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\t,ltq
udkwifjyonfh aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;ydkUvdkuf\/ ae;&Sif;onf pmzwfolrsm;xHrS
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk owif;pmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyzdkUuwday;xm;aomfvnf;
uREkfyf\aqmif;yg;rSm aemufusaeaomaMumifh azmfrjyyJ csxm;vdkuf&onf
qdk\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\aqmif;yg;udk vufcH&&SdaMumif;azmfjyí uREkfyf\
t*Fvdyfvdkta&;tom;Edkifeif;ykHudk tawmfuav; tus,fw0ifha&;om;xnfh
oGif;vdkufbl;\/ wzefokH;ESpfcefUMumaomtcg uREkfyfonf w&kwfjynf
tay:ü ae;&Sif;\oabmxm;udk tawmfjyif;xefpGm &Iwfcsa0zef,if;
udkavm&kH\ t*Fvdyfvdk ta&;tom;udk csD;usL;vdkufonfh aqmif;yg;wyk'f
a&;ydkUvdkuf\/ ¤if;aqmif;yg;udk ]xnfh0HUxnfhprf;} [laom acgif;pOfwyfay;
vdkuf&m udkavm&kHu olUowif;pmwGif xnhfay;vdkuf\/ okdU&mwGif
uREkfyf\aqmif;yg; tqkH;ü t,f'DwmrSwfcsufjzifh ]tuGefU} uav;a&;xnfh
vdkuf\/ t"dyÜm,frSm t,f'Dwmtm; tjyif;txefa0zefxm;onfh aqmif;yg;
rsKd;udk tjcm;t,f'D wmrsm;xnfh0HUMuygrnfavm[laom ar;cGef;uav;
rsKd;yifjzpf\/ þwGif uREkfyf'kwd,aqmif;yg;udkvnf; owif;pmwGif
xnfhay;vdkuf\/ okdUaomf ]tuGefU}uav;rygawmhacs/ þtaMumif;t&mudk
a&;om;azmfjyjcif;rSm uREkfyft*Fvdyfvdk a&;wwfjcif;udk <um;vdkír[kwf&yg/
vlwdkUrnfonf wa,mufuwa,muf\ ta&;tom;udk ESpfNcdKufvS
onfqdkvQif wa,muf uvnf;wkHUjyefESpfNcdKufwwfaom obm0&Sdjcif;udk
wifjyvdkaomaMumifhrQom jzpfygonf/ udkavm&kHESifh uREkfyfwkdUudpöü
uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf (qefUusifbuf0g'&SdMuaomfvnf;) pmayta&;
tom;ESifh ywfoufírl tBudKufcsif;wlMujcif;udk xif&Sm;apvdkaomaMumifh

1098 
jzpfygonf/ uREkfyfu olUtm;oabmusaeaMumif;udk yxrüolrod?
odkUaomf uREkfyf\aqmif;yg;udk olzwf&onfESifhwNydKifeuf wkHUjyefíBudKuf
&avawmhonf/ udkavm&kH taMumif;udk xnfhoGif;a&;om;&jcif;rSm þudpö
tjyif tjcm;aom &nf&G,fcsufwckvnf;&Sdygao;onf/
,ckwavmü udkavm&kHonf EdkifiHopfowif;pmwGif acgif;BuD;rsm;
a&;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfawGU&aomtcg t*Fvdyfvdk ta&;aumif;vSonf[k
uREkfyfoabmusxm;onfh vlwa,mufonf jrefrmvdka&;aomtcgü
b,fuJUokdU&Sdavrnfenf;[k odvdkpdwf jzpfay:vmonfESifh ol\acgif;BuD;
rsm;udk tvGefpdwf0ifpm;pGmESifh zwfMunfhygonf/ pdwf0ifpm;onfqdk&mü
ol\tmabmfudk qdkvdkonfr[kwf? (tmabmfudkrl uavmifwHudkol
udkifuwnf;u uREkfyfodNyD;jzpfonf/) ol\jrefrmvdkta&;tom;udk
odvdkjcif; aMumifhjzpf\/ acgif;BuD;wyk'fudk zwfvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf
udkavm&kH\ jrefrmpmta&;tom;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyf\rsufpdxJwGif
]rkefUwD[if;uJUokdU uGif;uGif;BuD;}jrif&ygawmhonf/ (þtokH;tEIef;rSm
OD;ykn\pum;vkH;jzpfí omvkdufNyD; okH;vkduf&onf/ ]rkefUwD[if;}onf
rnfonfhenf;ESifh uGif;uGif; BuD;&SdaeEdkifjcif;udk uREkfyf,aeUwdkif rawG;
wwfEdkifatmif &Sdygao;onf/) udkavm&kHum; t*Fvdyfvdkacgif;BuD;ta&;wGif
jrefrmjynfüolrwlatmif aumif;olwa,muf jzpfjcif;um;rSefonf/
t*FvdyfbmomrSm pmvdka&;aom tcgü (txufwGif azmfjycJUonfhtwdkif;)
pum;ajymovdka&;í vufcHMujcif;vnf;rSefonf/ udkavm&kHonf t*Fvdyf
bmome,fy,fbuf wGif ]wef;ukef}avNyD? xyfqifhíatmifyef;  (Fresh 

Laurels)  qGwfcl;&ef r&SdawmhNyD[lí ,lqonfh vu©PmESifh jrefrmpm

ta&;tom;zufodkU e,fcsJUonfhoabmESifh ajcwvSrf;0ifvmcJU[efwlonf/
olonf jrefrmvdk pma&;bl;[efr&Sd? (wu,fhpmudkqdkvkdonf/) pum;

1099 
avmufom ajymbl;ol jzpf&rnf/ ol\txifum; t*Fvdyfvdk a&;aomtcgü
pum;ajymovdka&;í jzpfonfqdkvQif jrefrmbmomwGifvnf; pum;ajym
ovdk pma&;íjzpf&rnf[k ,lq[efwl\/ þonfüudkavm&kHcrsmrSm tBuD;
tus,frSm;&SmavNyD/ udkavm&kHu jrefrmvdkta&;tom;bufü ]vufwnfh
prf;}vdkjcif;um; udpör&Sd? vlawmfwa,mufuwckckjyKvkyfvkdufonfhtcg
]evAdefwkH;} rsKd;u t[kwfBuD;rSwfum ta,mifa,mif trSm;rSm;jzpfukef
Muygu jrefrmpmay ta&;tom;onf tvdkvdkrS r[ef&onfhtxJwGif
udkavm&kH\ zsufqD;rI aMumifh aZmufxdk;rdk;arQmfusqif;oGm;rnfudk
pdk;&drfrdygaomaMumifh vuf0,fodkUa&muf&SdNyD;om; ]atmifyef;}rsm;ESifh
auseyfavmufNyDjzpfí jrefrmpmaye,fbufudk usL;ausmforI rjyKyg&ef
av;eufpGm arwÅm&yfcHvdkuf&ygonf/

tajymESifhta&;

t*FvdyfbmomwGif tajymESifhta&;onftwlwlvdkyif jzpfaomfvnf;

jrefrmbmomürl ajym[efESifh a&;[efrSm 0guswyk'fwynf;üyif jcm;em;jcif;
&SdykHudk xif&Sm;pGm odEdkifayonf/ tajymESifhywfoufí jrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;
jrefrmvdkajymwwfykHonf t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm; t*FvdyfvdkajymwwfykHESifh EIdif;pm
vQif xrif;pm;a&aomuf ajymwwf&kHavmufom &Sdonf[kqdkygu jrefrm
vlrsKd;rsm;u cHcsifMuvdrfhrnfr[kwfay/ rcHcsifawmhrS&SdMuap? þpum; onf
trSeftwdkif;xuf wa&G;om;rQ ydkonfr[kwfyg/ t*Fvefjynfü pum;
taumif;qkH;ajymwwfolwkdUonf ygvDrefwGif trwfjzpfzdkU wufvSrf;Muí
taumif;qkH;aom pum;rsm;rSmvnf; ygvDrefü Mum;&wwfayonf/
jrefrmjynfrSmrl ygvDrefouf tvGefEkao;onfjzpfí NAdwdoQygvDrefudk

1100 
rqdkxm;bd? tdE´d,ygvDrefESifh EIdif;,SOfvdkufvQifyif Armtrwfrsm;onf
uav;omomavmufom ajymwwfMuao;\/ NAdwdoQygvDrefwGif tcsKdU
trwfrsm;onf b,frQavmuf pum;ajymaumif;Muonfudk pmzwfol wkdU
A[kokwtvkdUiSm azmfjyvdkufygOD;rnf/ NAdwdoQygvDrefü tuf'frefbmhuf 
(Edmund  Burke)  ? azmufpf  (Fox)  ? &S&D'if  (Sheridan)  wnf;[laom
pum;ajym tvGefaumif;vSonfh trwfokH;a,mufwkdUonf wacwfwnf;
pifNydKifay: xGef;cJUMu\/ xdktcsdefwGif Oa&mywdkufjyifopfjynfü awmfvSef
a&;BuD;  (Frence  Revolution)  jzpfay:cJU&m þjyóemESifh ywfoufí
tuf'frefbmhufonf NAdwdoQygvDrefwGif twkduftcHbufrS pum;ajym\/
NAdwdoQygvDrefrSm xkH;pHtwdkif; ntcsdefü usif;y&m bmhufonfoef;acgif
rwdkifrDrS pípum;ajym\/ oef;acgifausmfaomfvnf; ajymwkef;? 2 em&D 3
em&Dxkd;awmhvnf; rqkH;ao;? rkd;vif;awmhvnf;ajymwkef;? eHeuf aumfzD
aomufcsdef wefvwfaomf bmhufurdrd\pum;rqkH;ao;ojzifh acwÅem;NyD;
aumfzDaomufMuzdkUajymav&m y&dowfub,fodkUjyKonfxifMuoenf;/
]]armifrif;BuD;om; tem;ay;ayvdkU awmfygao;Asm}}[kqdkum vufzuf
&nfcef;odkUxoGm;Muonfxifoavm? r[kwfyg/ trwfrsm;onf (twdkuf
tcHa&m tpdk;&bufyg) tvGefpdwf0ifpm;vsuf &SdMuonfjzpfí vufzuf
&nfaomufvdkufvQif tm&kHjywfoGm;vdrfhrnfqdkum vufzuf&nfaomuf
zdkUrxMuyJ  (G0  on!  Go  on!)  ]]ajymomajymyg? ajymomajymyg}}[k [pfatmf
MuonfESifh tem;r,lyJ qufvufíajym&avonf/ wzefeHeufpmpm;
csdefwGifvnf; xdkenf;twlbmhufu tem;ay;aomfvnf; y&dowfu rxyJ
(*dk;atmfef? *dk;atmfef)[k ckHrsm;udkxkum atmfaeMujyefojzifh bmhufu
qufvufíajym&jyefavonf/

1101 
t*FvdyfwkdU\ pm&dwÅpHcsdef

jrefrmjynfürl 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku tdrfrSa&;,lcJUaom rdefUcGef;udk okH;em&D

cefUavmufMumatmif zwfajymonfqdkvQif ]]{&mrrdefUcGef;&SnfBuD;}} (rm&oGef
rdefUcGef;BuD;) [lí owif;pmrsm;u csD;usL;axmyem Mobmay;Mu avonf/
bmhuf\rdefUcGef;onf tvsm;&Snfjcif; oufoufjzpfonf[k rxifMuyg
ESifhOD;/ awmfvSefa&;jyóemESifh tjynfhtESuf yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh
pmtkyfrsm; &dkufESdyfa&mif;cs&ao;ay&m uREkfyfwdkUi,fpOfu bDattwef;wGif
ausmif;okH;tjzpfESifh oifMu&onf[k trSwfjyKrdygonf/ bmhufonf q,f
em&Dru ajym&onfh ¤if;rdefUcGef;udk tdrfrSa&;,lcJUNyD; zwfjyjcif;r[kwf? rSwfpk 
(Notes)  uav;rsm;avmufom a&;cJUí wcsufwcsufwGif owday:ap&ef
vSrf;Munfh&&kHom&Sdavonf/ (uREkfyfonf t*Fvdyfvlawmfrsm; taMumif;udk
zwf&í MunfndKrdjcif;um; 0efcHygonf/) rMumao;rDu OD;EkESifh
tawmf&if;ESD;onfh vlcyf&G,f&G,fwa,mufonf uREkfyf\aetdrfodkU a&muf
vmí t*FvdyfpmtkyfawGzwfNyD; t*Fvdyfudk MunfndKaeMuwmudk;uG,fh}} [k
Budrf;armif;aMumif;ajymjybl;avonf/ OD;Ekonf uREkfyfESifh roduRrf;ojzifh
aqG;aEG;cGifhr&onfhtwGuf OD;EkuHaumif;onf/ pmtkyfaumif;udk ypfypfcgcg
ajymwwfolrsm;tm; bkd;atavmuf *kPfBuD;ap? uREkfyfwG,fprf;csifonf/
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;teuf rw&m;aom avmb&Sdonfh t&if;&Sifrsm;onf uREkfyf
wkdU\ vnfrsKdudkeif;NyD; aoG;pkwfMuonfrSefaomfvnf; ynm&Sdydkif;rS t*Fvdyf
rsm;onf (e,fcsJUorm;onf ynm&SdxJwGifrygacs/) ynmbufwGif omru
pm&dwÅbufwGifvnf; urÇmwGif OD;aqmifcJUol rsm;jzpfMuonf/
*sefwvfrJef  (Gentleman)  [lonfrSm pm&dwÅbufwGif vlwa,muf
taeESifh aumif;aomt&nftcsif;rsm; tawmfjynfhpkHol wa,muf[lí

1102 
(t*FvdyftokH;tEIef;udk em;vnfaom) urÇmolurÇmom;wdkif;u todtrSwf
jyKMu&onfjzpf&m ta&SUwdkif;a&m taemufwdkif;yg xdkpum;vkH;ESifht"dyÜm,f
tjynfhtpkHwlnDaom pum;vkH;[lí r&Sdjcif;udk urÇmu 0efcHvsuf&SdMu&
onf/ þtwGufaMumifh t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm; *kPf,lwwfMujcif;udk uREkfyf
vnf;axmufcHonf/ *sefwvfrJef [laompum;vkH;udk em;rvnfolrsm;
odMuatmif Oyrmaqmifíjy&aomf Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;onf ]t&d,m}[laom
pum;vkH;udk tjrwfwEdk;oabmxm;Muonfhenf;wl t*FvdyfvlrsKd;wkdUonf
vnf; xdkpum;vkH;udk tjrwfwEdk;xm;Mu\/ þodkUqdkjcif;tm;jzifh *sefwvf
rJefonf t&d,mESifh t&nftcsif;wlonf[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfay/ t&d,m
[lonfavmurS vGefajrmufolrsm;[lí Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm; (tMurf; tm;jzifh)
em;vnfMuay&m *sefwvfrJef[lonfrSm avmutwGif;ü taumif;qkH;aom
pm&dwÅt&nftcsif; &Sdolwa,muf[lí olwdkUuqdkvdkayonf/ avmuDom;
wa,muftaejzifh *sefwvfrJefxufydkNyD;aumif;&ef rjzpfEdkif[lí olwkdU
,lqMuonf/ t*Fvdyfudk uREkfyfMunfndKaom tcsufwckrSm pdwfESvkH;
aumif;aomvlrsm;onf *sefwvfrJefjzpfzkdU BudK;pm;Mu&efowd& wwfjcif;
yifjzpfavonf/ *sefwvfrJeftppfonf olwkdUtxJwGifvnf; w&mwGif
wa,mufp ESpfa,mufp &SdcsifrS&Sdonf[k t,l&SdMu[efwlav onf/
t*Fvdyf 0w¦Kaumif;rsm;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm pmzwfolrsm;tm; ]*sefwvfrJef}
jzpfatmiff BudK;pm;csifaomqE´rsKd; EId;qGay;Muonf jzpfygvsuf OD;Ekonf
xdkodkUaom pmrsKd;udk ausmcdkif;onfqdkjcif;twGuf tHUMorqkH; jzpfrdonf/
OD;Ekum; pm&dwÅaumif;a&;twGuf ]eDwd}pmtkyfrsm;zwfvQifvkH avmufonf
[k rSwfxifonfhvu©Pm&Sdonf/ rSm;avpGwum;/

1103 
pum;ajymaumif;aom Armrsm;

t*FvdyfvlrsKd; tuf'frefbmhuf\ pum;ajymaumif;ykHudk azmfjyrd&m

wGif pum;ajymaumif;aom ArmvlrsKd;rsm; taMumif;udkvnf; azmfjyvdkuf
csifygao;onf/ ,if;odkUazmfjy&mwGif uREkfyfudk,fwdkif em;axmif&bl;olrsm;
taMumif;udkom azmfjyEdkifygrnf/ uREkfyfü yxrOD;pGm em;axmif&bl;onfh
yk*K¾d vfrSm rEÅav;om; pDyDOD;cifarmifjzpf\/ ol&d,wdkufü EdkifiHa&; tpnf;
ta0;wck jyKvkyf&mwGif (0dkiftrfbDatavm? ig;yGifhqdkifavm rrSwfrd)
OD;cspfvIdif? OD;baz? OD;cifarmifwkdU wufa&mufMujcif;udk rSwfrd\/
xdktpnf;ta0;ü rEÅav;om;jzpfí pum;vkH; <u,f0onfhjyif ,Ofaus;aom
tokH;tEIef;rsm;ESifh u&m;a&oGefacsmarmoGufvufpGm ajymoGm;onfESifh
y&dowfrsm; ai;vsufem;axmifMu&\/ atmufom;y&dowfonf OD;cifarmif
ajymenf;rsKd;udk em;axmifMu&bl;onfh vu©Pmr&Sdacs/ pum;tqkH;ü
q&mvGef;u ]]'DuacG;rom;awG 'Dvdkwa,mufrQ rajymwwfygbl;}} [k
uREkfyfum;ajymonfudk rSwfrdygao;onf/ uREkfyf\t,ltqrSmum; pum;
\t"dyÜm,fav;eufjcif;xuf oGufvufjcif;? yDojcif;? acsmarm jcif;ESifh
,Ofaus;jcif;tm;jzifh xif&Sm;onf[k qdkcsifygonf/ atmufom;rsm; onf
t"dyÜm,f av;eufjcif;wGif omcsifomrnfjzpfaomfvnf; txufyg t*Fg
av;&yfwGif pDyDOD;cifarmifteD;odkU csOf;uyfzkdU cJ,Of;vdrfhrnfxifrdygonf/

1104 
*VKHOD;apm

yk*K¾d vfwOD;wa,mufwGif BuD;us,faom tjypftemqmrsKd;yif &Sdyif&Sd

aomfjim;vnf; tMuifyk*¾dKvfü xl;jcm;aom t&nftcsif;wrsKd;&Sdonfudk
awGU&vQif tjypf&Sdonfqdkí ajrjrKyfrypfvdkufcsifyJ xl;jcm;csufudk azmfxkwf
wifjyvdkjcif;rSm uRekfyf\0goemwckjzpf\/ þae&mwGif ]ajcmufwef;orm;}
[kajymaeMuonfh a&SUaeuav;tjzpfrS (xdkacwftac:) eef;&if;0ef
jzpfvmaom *VKHapm\ t&nftjcif;udk trTef;wif&efr[kwf? pum;ajym
jcif;ESifh ywfoufí tvsOf;oifhonf xifojzifh a&;om;rnfBuHjcif;jzpfyg
onf/ rEÅav;odkU &efukefrS uREkfyfacwÅa&mufaepOf r*Fvmaps;bufü
EdkifiHa&;w&m;yGJ&Sdí uREkfyfa&mufoGm;\/ xdkpOfu a&G;aumufyJG usif;yvkqJ
qJ&Sd&m rsKd;cspftrwfavmif;a&Tjynfq&mOD;bwiftwGuf eef;&if;0ef *VKHapm
pum;ajymrnfqdkojzifh uREkfyfoGm;a&mufjcif;jzpf\/ OD;apmESifhuREkfyfrSm
ol&d,wdkufwGif t,f'DwmcsKyfESifh wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtaejzifh tvkyftwl
vkyfcJUbl;aomfvnf; olpum;ajymjcif;udk wBudrfrQrMum;bl;ao;acs/
OD;apmrSm xdknü w&m;yJGtqufrsm;&SdaomaMumifh r*Fvmaps; w&m;yJGwGif
OD;apmu a&S;OD;pGma[mí OD;bwifu aemufrSa[m\/ uREkfyfonf
udk,fwdkifpum;ajymzkdUESifh ywfoufí xdkpOfuwnf;u vufajrSmufxm;cJUNyD;
jzpfaomaMumifh rdrdtwGuftwk,l&efr[kwfyJ pum;ajymjcif;twwfudk
ynm&yfwcktaejzifh A[kokw&SmrDS;&eftvdkUiSm em;pdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/
okdUjzpfí OD;apmpum;ajym aumif;vSonf[k emrnfxGufaejcif;rSm
bmrsm;aumif;íay;enf;[k pkHprf;vdkaompdwfxm;jzifh em;axmifvsuf&Sd\/
OD;apm\ pum;ajymaumif;aomt*Fgw&yfudk uREkfyftrSwfjyKcJUrdonfrSm

1105 
ajympOftckdufü ]a0gueJ}yGJusatmif ajymwwf&kHomru w&m;yGJNyD;í
y&dowfrsm; jyefoGm;Muaomtcgüvnf; olwkdU\OD;acgif;xJokdU ESufoGif;
vdkuf onfhES,fpl;0ifoGm;onfhpum; av;ig;vkH;onf ]aqmifyk'f}
uav;rsm;ozG,f wajymwnf;ajymvsuf usef&pfjcif;yif jzpfavonf/
þwGif ¤if;ajymenf; onf OD;apmtzdkU ]pm;ayguf} aywnf;[k uREkfyf
rSwfcsufcsxm;vkdufonf/

a&Tjynfq&m OD;bwif

OD;apmajymNyD;onfhaemuf um,uH&Sif trwfavmif; q&mOD;bwif

xíajym\/ pícsDvdkufonfqdkvQifyif a&TjynfOD;bwifu y&dowfem;vnf
csifvnf? rvnfcsifae ygVdygXfom; cyfrsm;rsm;&Gwfíajym&rS ajymwwfonf
qdkum pum;yv’ifcHvdkufNyD;aemuf (bmokwf[k uREkfyfrrSwfrd) tawmf
&Snfvsm;aom ygVdwyk'fudk &Gwfqdkavonf/ uREkfyfonf ywf0ef;usif&Sd
y&dowf\rsufESmrsm;udk vSrf;Munfhvdkufaomtcg ygVdoHudktxifBuD;avh
&Sdaom rEÅav;y&dowfjzpfí (tvSLr@yfxJü emrnfBuD;q&mawmfwyg;\
w&m;udk emMum;Mujcif;uJUodkU) atmifhtnf; onf;cHum em;axmifvsuf
&SdMuaomfvnf; olwkdU\ rsufESmxm;rsm;rlum; ESpfNcdKufoabmusjcif;udk
rqdkxm;bd? wcGef;wyg'rQ em;vnfonfh txdrf;trSwfrsKd; rawGU&ay/
(xdkpOfurl a&TjynfOD;bwifonf &[ef;b0udk pGefUvTwfcJUonfrSm
rMumao; [k uREkfyfxifonf) uREkfyfonf y&dowfESifhtwl pdwf&SnfpGm
em;axmifvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; pum;ajymaumif;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí þacwf
wGif emrnfBuD;vsuf&Sdaom a&Tjynfq&mOD;bwif\ aumif;jcif; t*Fg
vu©Pmrsm;udk t&dyfedrdwfrQyif rawGUcJU&aMumif;&Sif;&Sif;yif azmfxkwf

1106 
0efcH&ayrnf/ uREkfyfawGU&onfrSmum; a&Tjynfq&mOD;bwif\ pum;ajym
onfhtuGufrSm EdkifiHa&;bufr[kwf? &mZ0ifbufwGifjzpfonf/ uREkfyfpOf;
pm;rdonfrSmum; yk*¾dKvfwOD;onf rnfrQavmuftajymaumif;onfjzpfap?
ta&;aumif;onfjzpfap rdrdruRrf;usifonfh ynm&yfwckwGif t&mxif
avmufatmifrajymEdkif? ra&;Edkif[k qkH;jzwfcsufcsvdkufonf/ &mZ0ifESifh
ywfoufí uREkfyfonf q&mOD;bwif\ a[majymjcif;udk wBudrfMum;em
vdkuf&uwnf;u xdkyk*¾dKvf\ xl;uJcsufrsm;onf uREkfyf\OD;aESmufwGif
trSwfxifvsuf&SdcJUavNyD/ q&mOD;bwifonf jrefrm&mZ0ifudk ESHUpyfajcjrpf
pGm avhvmqnf;yl;xm;&kHomru rdrdod&Sdxm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;onf
(rSm;awmhrS rSm;ap){uefrkcsrSefuefonf[k pdwfcsxm;onfh twGufaMumifh
ajyma[m&mwGif ]]ighjyif r&Sd}} [laom ,kHMunfcsuf  (Self Confidence)  onf
em;axmifaom y&dowftm; vufrcHyJ raeedkifavmufatmif twif;
aoG;aqmifvsuf&Sdawmh\/ pma&;q&mü jzpfap? w&m;a[mq&müjzpfap
(txl;ojzifh pum;ajymorm;rsm;ü) þ,kHMunfcsufonf tvGefta&;BuD;
\/ ajyma[molu prf;w0g;0g;vkyfaevQif rSefyifrSefapOD;awmh y&dowfu
r,kHcsifyJ &Sdaewwf\/ xkdUjyif pum;ajymjcif;ESifh ywfoufí q&mOD;bwif
\]py,f&S,f}aumif;aom t*Fg&yfrsm;vnf; &Sdao;\/ olonf (Zmwfq&m
BuD;OD;zdk;pdefu Zmwfausm&SnfoGm;rnfudk rpdk;&drf&onfhenf;wl) y&dowfrsm;
NiD;aiGUukefMuvdrfhrnf[k pdk;&drfaMumifhMurI tvsOf;uif;onfh vu©PmESifh
ajym&ef&Sdaom taMumif;t&mudk ]tqdkif;uav;? ]tiHU}uav;? ]twefU}
uav;? ]t[efU}uav;rsm;jzifh pdefajyeajy ajymwwfavonf/ ¤if;t*FgrSm
tawmftwefpum;ajymaumif;&kHrQESifh jynfhpkHao;onfr[kwf/ y&dowf\
]qdkufaumfvdk*sD}udk em;vnfNyD; tcsdefudk y"merxm;olwkdUom wwfEdkif
ayonf/ (þae&mü ]tcsdefudk y"merxm;} [laom pum;udk

1107 
okH;EIef;jcif;rSmaumif;aom t"dyÜm,fESifhokH;EIef;jcif;jzpfygonf/ ajymcsiftm;
BuD;ESifh tavmokH;q,f wGef;xdk;ajymqdkjcif;rsKd;\ qefUusifbuf t"dyÜm,f
udk qdkvdkygonf/) xkdUjyif q&mOD;bwif\ ajc[efvuf[efrsm;onfvnf;
pum;t"dyÜm,fudk wkd;íav;eufap\/ a[majymyGJwckü q&mOD;bwif onf
wpkHwckudk xrf;íaygufonfh tjzpftysufESifh udkufnDatmifvuf[ef
udk,f[efESifh wuG,drf;EGJUíjyav&m tjypf&Smcsifaom vlrsm;u Zmwf[efyg
onf[k qdkaumif;qdkMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfurl bmajymajymMunfhí
aumif;onf[kxifrdygonf/

udkqef;xGef;

rEÅav;wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u ar;cGef;rsm;udkajz&onfh pum;yGJ

wck  (Brain Trust)  odkU uREkfyftm;zdwfac:&m xdkyGJwGif a&Tjynfq&m OD;bwif
ESifh udkqef;xGef;wkdUygonf[kod&\/ uREkfyfutajymorm; r[kwfojzifh
awmif;yefaomfvnf; twif;ac:MuonfESifh tm;emyg;emESifh vufcHvkduf
&\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyftm; a&S;OD;pGm ]xkwf}ygrnf[laom y#dnmOf
wckawmif;,lvdkufygonf/ aomvkH;rsm;jzifh &Trf;&Trf;a0atmif ajymwwfaom
udkqef;xGef;ESifh q&mOD;bwifwkdUaemufrS uREkfyfajym&vQif ajcmufuyfBuD;
jzpfNyD; NiD;aiGUzG,fjzpfaevdrfhrnf[k odaomaMumifh jzpf\/ odkU&mwGif
ausmif;om;rsm;onf ¤if;wkdU\ uwdtwdkif; rwnfMuacs/ udkqef;xGef;ESifh
q&mOD;bwifwkdUudk uREkfyfa&SUrSxkwfESifhMuavNyD/ txl;ojzifh udkqef;xGef;
\]'Pf}udk ref;wuúodkvfwGif rnfolrQcHEdkifMurnfrxifay/ wuúodkvf
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;um; vGefyJvGefvGef;vSonf/ olwkdU\q&mjzpf
aom udkqef;xGef;0ifvmonfqdkvQifyif ausmif;aqmifBuD; NydKusawmhrwwf

1108 
vufckyfwD;Muí em;uJGrwwfqlnHoGm;\/ xkdUaemuf OD;qef;xGef;
xvdkufaomtcg bmwcGef;rQ rajym&ao;rDu &,fzdkU yg;pyfjyif
vsuf&SdMuavNyD/ ausmif;om;rsm;\ ar;cGef;rsm;udk q&mudkqef;xGef;u
ajzqdkaomtcg &,fp&m tvkH;rsm;aygrsm;vSonfum; rSefyg\/ odkU&mwGif
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;url jyufvkH;avm? twnfvkH;avm ra&G;EdkifMu
awmhyJ olwkdUq&majymwdkif; wa0ga0gwaomaomESifh oabmusvsuf&SdMu
aomaMumifh udkqef;xGef;rSm bmrQpOf;pm;aezdkU rvdkawmhyJ yg;pyfvIyfaevQif
yif vkHavmufaeavNyD/ ausmif;q&mwa,muftaejzifh ]aomvkH;}xkwf&
aombufwGif udkqef;xGef;]ay:jyLvm}jzpfvdkufykHrSm tm;&p&maumif;ygbd
onf/ odkU&mwGif atmifOD;bMunf ponfh (olUtxGmESifhol) cyfaomaom
uav;ajymcsif[ef&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;tzdkUrl udkqef;xGef;aemufrS ajym&jcif;udk
cyfwGefUwGefU&Sdonfhvu©PmESifh xkwfazmfuefUuGufoH Mum;vkduf&\/
aomvkH;xkwfzdkU &nf&G,fcsufvnf; vkH;0r&Sd? rnfolESifhrQvnf; ,SOfNydKif&ef
tBuHr&Sdaom uREkfyfonfyifvQif udkqef;xGef;aemufrS ajym&NyD; ausmif;om;
rsm;uwdysufMuykHudk tvGefrauseyfonfESifh wuúodkvfyGJrsm;okdU bmtwGuf
rQ roGm;awmhyg[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csvkdufygawmhonf/ xdkaeUu udkqef;xGef;
ESifh ]'dk;a'guf}vkdufEdkifolrSm (ausmif;om;avmurS rMumao;rD urSxGuf
vmcJUonfh)a&SUaeudkjrpdefwa,mufom&Sdyg\/

ocifcspfarmif

ygvDrefwGif (tdrfrSa&;cJUNyD; zwfcGifh&aom) 0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkrSty

pum;ajymaumif;onf[k emrnf&vsuf&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrSm ocifcspfarmifyif
jzpfonf/ rEÅav;NrdKUodkU EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;w&m;a[m&ef wufvmMuonfh

1109 
tcgwdkif; uRekfyfonf ¤if;wkdU\ajyma[mykHrsm;udk avhvmvdkonfhtwGuf
aqmif;&moDrsm;üyif tcsrf;cHNyD; em;axmifavh&Sd\/ wcgw&H vufvGwfcH
aomfvnf; ocifcspfarmifESifh odef;azjrifhwdkU\ w&m;yGJrsm;udkrl rvGwfwrf;
em;axmifavh&Sd\/ ocifcspfarmifonf tcsdefvkHavmufpGm &&Sdí at;at;
aq;aq; ajymcGifh&ygrl olajymvdkaom taMumif;t&mudky&dowfoabm
aygufatmif ajymwwfjcif;t&mü &SmrS&Sm;aom pum;ajymorm;wa,muf
jzpf\/ olonf taMumif;t&mwckudk ajymrnfBuHonfhtcg wae&mrS
tpwnfvdkufNyD;aemuf xkdae&modkU jyefqkdufum (0vkH;a&;onfhES,f)
ajymwwfonfh tavhtusifh&Sdí uREkfyfoabmusvSonf/ tcsKdUtajym
orm;rsm;onf þajymenf;\ xda&mufjcif;udk r&dyfrdMuyJ ajymcsiftm;BuD;
ESifh ]ckESpfpiftrQifwef;} avQmufajymjcif;tm;jzifh vkd&if;odkUra&mufyJ tcsdef
aphukefNyD; &yfvdkufMu&avonf/ ocifcspfarmifrlum; 0vkH;pepf okH;jcif;udk
trsm;tm;jzifh awGU&onf/ ajymcGifh&cJUvQif ocifcspfarmifonf a&;zwfaom
OD;Ek\ ]rm&oGef}pHcsdefudk rDEdkifavmufonf[k uREkfyf,kHMunf onf/

odef;azjrifh

pum;ajymaomtcgü wkefvIyfjcif;tvsOf;uif;í tat;qkH;ajymwwf

aom tajymorm;wa,mufudk a&G;cs,fprf;yg[kqdkvQif uREkfyfonf
odef;azjrifhudk a&G;cs,fayvdrfhrnf/ olonfy&dowfudkpdwfwuf<uatmif
EId;qGNyD; rdrdvdk&modkU wGef;xdk;ac:iifoGm;Edkifonfh tajymorm;rsKd;um;
r[kwf? rnfolUudkrQ xdcdkufemusifatmifrajymyJ pum;vkH;cyfaysmhaysmh
rsm;udk avat;ESifhxkwfNyD; ]taysmhqJG} orm;wa,mufjzpfavonf/
odef;azjrifhonf tEÅ&m,fuif;atmif c&D;oGm;csifwwfonfh vu©PmESifh

1110 
waZmufuef; tajymrsKd;? tvkyfrsKd;udk (0d&wDp)ta0;rS wdfrf;a&Smifcsifwwf
onfh 0goem&Sd[efwl\/ odkUygaomfvnf; ol\ajymvkH;rsm;onf rxda&muf
onfr[kwf? tcsufvnf; usvSonf/ ol\&S&ywf&nf Oyrmuav;rSm
tcsKdU&yfuGufrsm;ü ,aeUwdkif pNrKHUjyefvsuf usef&pfcJUao;onf/

pum;ajymjcif;onf uREkfyfESifhrqdkifykH

tcsKdUaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;u uREkfyftm; A[kokwtawmfjynfh0aom

vlBuD;wa,muftaejzifh tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif pum;ajymzdkU wdkufwGef;wwf
Muav&m uRekfyfonf ]]zdk;ajymcsif}}wa,muf r[kwfygyJvsuf tm;emyg;em
ESifh ajymcJU&bl;aom tBudrfaygif; tawmfrsm;cJUygavNyD/ uREkfyfupum;
rajymwwfjcif;udk zGifhí0efcHbl;ygvsuf ,aeUwdkif ZGwftwif; wkdufwGef;ol
rsm;vnf; &SdaeMuao;onfjzpfaomaMumifh pum;ajymjcif;onf uREkfyfESifh
bmrQrqdkifykHudk þae&mwGif tvkH;pkHzGifhí a&;vdkuf&ygOD;rnf/ yxr
tcsufü uREkfyftaMumif;udk tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm rSefuefatmifa[mEdkifonfh
vu©Pmq&mBuD;OD;pdefu uRekfyfonf vlqef;wa,mufjzpfaMumif;? tcsKdU
vlrsm;üol&ówDonf EIwfwGifom apmifh&dk;xkH;pH&Sdygvsuf uREkfyfürl
uavmifwHwGif apmifhvsuf&SdaMumif; a[mbl;avonf/ olqdkaomt"dyÜm,f
udk uREkfyfukefpifatmif em;rvnfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\udk,fawGUt& csifhcsdef
onfhtcg [kwfykH&jcif;udk awGU&onf/ pum;ajym&aomtcgrsm;ü
pOf;pm;xm; aompum;vkH;rsm;onfyif uREkfyfBudKufaom tpDtpOfrsKd;
jzpfay:rvmyJ udk;&dk;um;&m;ay:vmMuonfESifh jzpfwwfovkd ajymvTwf
vkduf&\/ pmjzifha&;aomtcgürl wcgw&Hü (owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;
a&;pOfu) rnfonfhtaMumif;a&;&rnf[k pdwful;ray:EdkifyJ pm;yGJokdUoGm;NyD;

1111 
uavmifwHudk aumufudkifvdkuf&mwGif a&;p&mtaMumif;rsm;onf wzGm;zGm;
ay:vmwwfygonf/ xkdUjyifpmjzifh tacstwifa&;&rnfqdkvQif uREkfyf
aMumuf&rnfhvl r&Sdoavmuf xifrdaomfvnf; pum;jzifh acsy&rnf
qdkygu omrna&SUaewa,mufudkyif uREkfyfaMumufcsifwwfygonf/
þodkUjzpf&jcif;rSm vu©Pmq&ma[monfh ol&ówD\ owÅdayavm
rajymwwfay/
'kwd,tcsufü rEÅav;om; pDyDOD;cifarmif\ ,Ofaus;aom jrefrm
pum;vkH; okH;EIef;ykHtaMumif;udk txufwGifazmfjycJU&m uREkfyfrSmvnf;
eef;wGif;olrdcifESifh vTwfawmfpma&;zcifwkdUrS aygufzGm;&kHrQru uREkfyfwkdU\
tdrfodkU vma&mufvnfywfMuonfh jrefrmrif;orD;rif;om;? t&m&Sd t&mcH
rsm;\tv,fwGif BuD;jyif;vm&olwa,mufjzpfonfhtavsmuf jrefrmrIqdkif
&m ,Ofaus;aomtajymtqdk trlt&mponfrsm;udk uREkfyftm;vkH;em;vnf
ygonf/ okdU&mwGif tqdkyg,Ofaus;onfqdkaom tajymtqdktac:ta0:
rsm;onf uREkfyf\em;xJokdUr0ifyJ wa,mufESifhwa,muf tvum; ]nm}
aeMuonf[k uav;uwnf;u xifrdygonf/ uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfeD;csif;jzpfcJU
bl;onfh ppfuJawmfrif;tm; aus;uRefrsm;u ]]csOfaygif[if;?[if;?[if;
ygbk&m;}}? ]]ykpGefwkyfaMumfa[mfa[mfa[mfygbk&m;}}ponfjzifh oH&SnfBuD;qGJ
NyD; wifavQmufMujcif;rsKd;udk ¤if;ppfuJawmfrif;u om;orD;rsm;tm;
]]vluav; armifarmifBuD;a&}}? ]]orD;av; cifcifvwfa&}} ponfh ac:oH
rsm;udk Mum;&wdkif; uREkfyfNyKH;rdí tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD; OD;atmifaZ,s\
OD;BuD;? t&D;? a'G;av;rsm; eef;awmfxJodkU yxrtBudrf 0ifvmMupOfu
]]zdk;atmifaZ,swa,mufaum [&dkU}}[k 0efBuD;rsm;tm; ar;Muonf[k
rdcifuajymbl;jcif;udk Mum;&í uREkfyfyDwdjzpfrdonf/ uREkfyfüvl&dkif;pdwf
udef;atmif;onf[k qkdMuvQifvnf; cH&ayrnf/ ([kwfcsifvnf; [kwfay

1112 
rnf/) uREkfyf\pdwfxJüum; vlESifhvlcsif; tvGeftrif;t&dktaoay;jcif;udk
twkrckd;csifwwfonfh OmOfqdk;uav;&Sdjcif;udk 0efcHygonf/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm
uREkfyfonf pDyDOD;cifarmif\ ,Ofaus;aom tokH;tEIef; tac:ta0:rsKd;jzifh
ajymvdka&;vdku ajymwwfa&;wwfaomfvnf; uREkfyfudk,füu okH;EIef;zdkU
EkwfwGefUrdygonf/ yrmqdkaomf ]]uRefawmfwkdU}} [kajym&rnfhtpm; ]]uRef
awmfrsm;}} [kajymjcif;onf ZmwfobifqHonfxifí ]vlnm}wa,muf[k
NyKH;rdygonf/ Zmwfobiform;onf uREkfyfwkdUxHrS ydkufqH&atmif ]csL}
í,lonf/ ]nm} í,lonf[laomtrSwfudk uREkfyf azsmufzsufzkdUcJ,Of;
vSonf/ ]uRefawmfrsm;} [laomtvkH;udk (uREkfyftxif) a&S;OD;pGm
xGifíokH;aom Zmwfq&m OD;zkd;pdefonf t&yfom;rsm;ESifh qufqH&m wGif
cyfxefxef&Sdonf[k Mum;&bl;aomfvnf; t&m&Sdykdif;ESifh awGUqkHaom tcg
rsm;ürl ]]jym;jym;0yf}}onfrqdkEdkifaomfvnf; (,kwfpGmhtqkH;) aps;onf
wa,mufu aps;0,fudkjrLonfh trlt&mrsKd; omomBuD;&Sdonf[k uREkfyf
xifonf/ rnfolUxHrS bmudkrQjrLcszkdU pdwful;r&Sdaom uREkfyftzkdUrSm pifjrifh
ay:wufNyD; rJqG,faomvlrsm;vkyfMuonfh a[majymjcif;tvkyfrsKd;udk
tavhtusifhjyK&ef tvdkr&Sdacs/ uREkfyfpdwfwdkif;us pum;ajym&vQifacsmhí
rajymcsif? aigufíom qkH;rcsifwwfonf/ vltm;vkH;onf uREkfyf\wynfh
rsm; r[kwfojzifh uREkfyfaigufjcif;udk cHEdkifMurnf r[kwf&um;
uREkfyftzdkU&m ü pum;rajymjcif;onf taumif;qkH;jzpfygawmhonf/
wwd,tcsufü uREkfyfrSm pum;xpfwwfol wa,mufjzpfonf/
þtaMumif;udk zGifhía&;&OD;rnf/ pum;xpfonfqdkaomfvnf; pum;vkH;
wdkif; xpfonfr[kwf? wcgw&H (w)ESifhpaompum;vkH;rsm;? wcgw&H(y)ESifh
paom pum;vkH;rsm;? wcgw&H (p)ESifhpaom pum;vkH;rsm;? wcgw&H
(u)ESifhpaom pum;vkH;rsm; ponfjzifh wvSnfhpDajymif;íxpfwwf\/

1113 
wcgwnf; ]rlao}r[kwfacs/ þwvwGif (u)oHrsm;xpfvQif aemufwv
wGif (y)oHrsm;xpfcsifxpfjyef\/ þenf;tm;jzifh tajymif;tvJ&Sdwwfav
onf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;onf pum;xpfwwfMuaomfvnf; xpfcsifxpfqdkum
ZGwftwif; ajymwwfMu\/ tcsKdUvnf; xpfapumrl tajymrnHUvSjcif;udk
awGU&bl;\/ a'gufwmodef;armifonf txpfcHNyD; tawmfrsm;rsm; pum;
ajym\/ 5yGifhqdkif OD;pdefbonf xpfyifxpfaomfvnf; tawmftwef vlrsm;
xuf pum;ajymaumif;onfudk awGU&\/ uRekfyf\tcuftcJrSm y&dowf
a&SUüxpf&jcif;udk &SufonfESifh a&SmifvTJíajym&\/ a&SmifvJTykHum; (u)
oHxGufaom tvkH;rsm;xpfwwfaomtckdfufwGif taumif;qkH; pum;vkH;
tjzpfESifh pdwfxJay:vmaomtvkH;rSm (u)oHESifhpaom tvkH;jzpfae onf
qdktHU/ ¤if;pum;vkH;udk txpfcHNyD; rajymyJ ¤if;ESifht"dyÜm,fwlnDaom tjcm;
pum;vkH;wckudk csufcsif;&atmif&SmNyD; tpm;xkd;í ajym&ygonf/
þodkUajymif;vJjcif;twGufaMumifh tBudKufqkH;tvkH;udk rajym&onfESifh
t"dyÜm,fav;eufrI avsmhoGm;\/ xdkUjyifvnf;þajymif;vJ&rIaMumifh wcg
w&HwGif 0guswnfaqmufjcif;udkxdckdufNyD; cGeftm;&Sdaom0gusrsKd;rS csnfheJU
aom0gusrsKd; jzpfoGm;ygonf/ þrQomruao; uREkfyfonf iHUwefiHU?
wefUwefwefU? aomhwefaomh? wGef;wefwGef;&onfh pum;ajymjcif;
enf;y&d,m,frsm;udk em;vnfxm;ygvsuf xpfrnfpdk;onfESifh qdkif;iHU&rnfh
ae&mrsm;wGif 'vwGef;ajymcsvkduf&aom tjzpfrsKd;ESifhvnf; Budrfzefrsm;pGm
BuKH&bl;ygonf/ þrQavmuf zGifh[í 0efcHNyD;onfhaemufwGif uREkfyftm;
þtpnf;ta0;? xkdtpnf;ta0;rsm;ü rdefUcGef;ajymzkdU wdkufwGef;&ufaom
vlrsm;onf uREkfyfudk wrif]a*smufcs}vkdolrsm;[lí ,lqvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;
aemufqkH;tBudrf aMujimvdkuf&onf/

1114 
pmtkyfokH;rsKd;

t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;teuf pmaybufüvnf;aumif;? tawG;tac:

t&mü vnf;aumif;? pum;vkH;wdkwdkESifh xdatmifa&;wwfjcif;üvnf;aumif;
u0dwqltjzpfESifh wifajrSmufjcif;cH&onfh z&efqpfabaumfef (Francis 

Bacon)  u pmtkyfokH;rsKd;okH;pm;&SdaMumif; a&;om;azmfjycJUbl;&m ¤if;\tqkH;

tjzwfrSm EdkifiHra&G;? bmomra&G; pmayavmuwckvkH;twGufrSefuefonf
[k qdkEdkifonfhjyif uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSmvnf; ol\Mo0g'twdkif; vdkufem
usifhokH;cJUonfjzpfaomaMumifh A[kokwtvdkUiSm wifjy&ygOD;rnf/ ab
aumfefu pmtkyfokH;rsKd;&Sdonfhteuf tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;rSm jrnf;&kHrQ jrnf;Munfh
xdkufonf? tcsKdUpmtkyfrsm;rSm ]rsKd} csvdkuf&onf? tenf;i,frQaom
pmtkyfrsKd;rlum; nufnufygatmif0g;csNyD; tpmaMuatmif acs,lxdkufonf
[k a&;cJUbl;avonf/ uREkfyfonf pmwtkyfudk udkifvdkufonfhtcg
rnfonfhtrsKd;tpm;wGif yg0ifonf[k tuJcwfNyD;onfhaemufwGifrS zwf&I
avh&Sd\/ wcgw&Hürl jrnf;&kHjrnf;Munfhprf;rnfqdkum zwf&I&mrS
nufnuf0g;csNyD; tpmaMuatmifacs&bl;onfrsm;vnf; BuKH&bl;ygonf/
pmzwfy&dowfteuf jrnf;&kHomjrnf;&rnfh pmtkyfrsKd;jzifhom tcsdefukefMu
onfh &mcdkifEIef;onf tawmfrsm;ykH&av&m tcsKdUrSm nufnuf0g;&aom
tvkyfrsKd;udkysif;&d wwfonfESifh zwfaom tkyfa&rsm;aomfvnf; r,fr,f&&
ajymyavmuf atmif tzwfrwifolrsm;vnf; tajrmuftjrm; awGU&bl;\/
nufnufygatmif 0g;zdkUvdkonfqdkaom pmtkyfrsKd;rSm tbd"r®mqefaom
pmtkyfrsKd;udkcsnf; qdkvdkonfr[kwf? vlUobm0udk eufeufeJeJ xdxdcdkufckduf
azmfjyí pdwfaumif;ESvkH;aumif; 0ifvmapwwfaom pmtkyfrsKd;[lí
uREkfyfem;vnfonf/ pdwfaumif;ESvkH;aumif;0ifvmonf qdkjcif;rSmvnf;

1115 
bk&m;&Sdcdk; ausmif;wufcsifaompdwfrsKd; jzpfay:vmjcif;udkqdkvdkonfr[kwf?
wbufom;udk Muifemwwfí rw&m;jcif;udk &GHUrkef;wwfaompdwfrsKd;[lí
uREkfyfbmomjyefvdkonf/ uREkfyftzdkUrl abaumfef\ tqkH;tjzwfudk
vufcH&mü nufnufygatmif 0g;&onfhpmtkyfrsKd;udkrS zwfcsifonf[k
rqdkvdk? pmpkHatmifzwfzdkU BudK;pm;NyD; nufnuf0g;&aomtvkyfrsKd;udkvnf;
rwGefUqkwf? jrnf;wef;ujrnf;? rsKdwefursKd&jcif;rsm;vnf; yg&Sdygonf/

wdkwdkwkwfwkwf a&;wwfykH

wzef abaumfef\ wdkwdkwkwfwkwf a&;wwfykHESifh ywfoufí erlem

wifjyvdkonfrSm pmzwfjcif;? aqG;aEG;jcif;? pma&;jcif; wnf;[laom
tvkyfokH;ck taMumif;udk tusOf;csKH;a&;xm;ykHum; ]pmzwfjcif;jzifh]jynfh}aom
vlwa,mufjzpfvmEdkifonf? aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifh wcFPkyÜwÅdOmPf(vsifjrefaom
OmPf)aumif;vmEdkifonf/ pma&;jcif;jzifh wdusaomvlwa,mufjzpfvmEdkif
onf}}[k qdkavonf/ jrefrmpum;ü ]rjynfhaomtdk; abmifbifcwfonf} [k
tqdk&Sdav&m pmrzwfaomvlrsm;onf abaumfef\ pum;twdkif;a&
rjynfhaom tdk;uJUodkU abmifbifcwfonf[k t"dyÜm,f&Sdí obm0usonf
[kvnf;uREkfyfxifrdonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ajym&aomf ]a[mifzGma[mifzGm}
ajymwwfaom vlrsm;onf pmrzwfolrsm;jzpfonfudkawGU&\/ bmpmrSrzwf
aomvlwa,mufonf ao;i,faom ta&;t&mudk {&mrudpöBuD;taejzifh
jrifwwfí wtHUwMo ajymjcif;rsKd;udk BuKH&bl;onf/ ]aqG;aEG;jcif;onf
wcFPkyÜwÅdOmPFaumif;apwwfonf}qdkjcif;\ t"dyÜm,frSm olUtvSnfh
udk,fhtvSnfh tjyeftvSefajymum aqG;aEG;&jcif;tm;jzifh vlwa,mufonf
vsifjrefaomOmPfrsKd; wkd;wufvmapzkdU tavhtusifhjyKvkyf&ma&muf\/

1116 
"m;odkif;? vSHodkif;wwfxm;aom olonf rMumrMum owfykwfxdk;ckwf&ygrS
vsifjrefoGufvufí tcsuftvufudk jrifvmwwfonfhenf;wl tjyeftvSef
acsyajymqdk&aomtvkyfonfvnf; vl\OmPfudk vsifjrefpGm nSpfxkwfjcif;
wnf;[laomtvkyfü usifvnfrI&SdvmEdkifonf[k qdkvdkayonf/ ]pma&;jcif;
jzifh wdusaomvlwa,muf jzpfvmEdkifonf} qdkjcif;\t"dyÜm,f rSm ]vabmf
oa&} pOf;pm; qkH;jzwfavh&Sdaom vlwa,mufyif jzpfapumrl pmrsm;rsm;
a&;&aomtcgwGif pOf;pm;jcif; tvkyfonf rvTJra&Smifomaom tvkyfwck
jzpfvm\/ rnfonfhenf;rqdkolü&SdorQaom OmPfuav;jzifh pOf;pm;vm
&awmhonf/ þodkUjzifh xdkolonf wdusatmifpOf;pm;zdkU BudK;pm;
&onfESifhyif ,cifuxuf wdusaom tawG;tac:rsm; jzpfay:vmzdkU
vrf;yGifhvm\/ þodkUqdkjcif;tm;jzifh pma&;olwdkif;onf wdusaom
tawG;tac:rsm; &&Sdvmonf[k qdkvdkjcif;um; r[kwfay/ ol\A[kokwESifh
ynmyg&rDuvnf; &Sdayao;onf/ t"dyÜm,frSm vlwa,mufonf pmra&;
bl;ao;aom tcsdefuxuf pmcyfrsm;rsm; a&;vmaomtcsdefwGif
rdrdqdkvdkaom taMumif;t&mudkydkíxif&Sm;atmif wifjywwfonf[kqdkvdk
jcif;jzpfavonf/ okdU&mwGif tMuifolwifjyaom t,ltqonf rSm;csif
vnf; rSm;Edkifygao;onf/

jrefrmpum; tokH;tEIef;

jrefrmpum;rSm pma&;aom tcgüjzpfap? pmqefqef ajymaomtcg

rsm;üjzpfap twJGvdkufuav; okH;wwfaom xkH;pH&Sd\/ Oyrm ]oGm;a&muf}?
]zrf;qD;}? ]ajymqdk}? ]vkyfudkif}? ]wkefvIyf}? ]jznfhpGuf}paom pum;vkH;rsm;pGm
wkdUwGif twJGvdkuf okH;wwfjcif;rSm xkH;pHwck jzpfae\/ txl;ojzifh ]Bud,m}

1117 
rsm;wGif wvkH;wnf; rokH;paumif;oavmuf jzpfae\/ twJGvdkuf okH;jcif;
tm;jzifh t"dyÜm,fav;eufjcif;rsm;&Sdwwfaomfvnf; tcsKdUrSmrl þtwGuf
aMumifh ydkírav;eufonfhjyif rrSefuefaomt"dyÜm,frsKd; ay:xGufvmjcif;udk
yifawGU&\/ yrmqdkaomf ]0efBuD;csKyf OD;Ekonf rnfonfhaeUwGif ygupöwef
jynfodkU oGm;a&mufvdrfhrnf}[laom owif;udkazmfjyvdkufMu&m oGm;rSroGm;
&ao;rD ]a&muf}[laom pum;onf tydkjzpf&kHru rSm;yifrSm;ao;\/
wavmu OD;EktaMumif;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif txufygtwdkif; azmfjyMu&m
oGm;yifroGm;jzpfonfESifh xdkowif;\rSm;jcif;onf vkHavmufoifhayNyD/
]a&muf}[laom pum;vkH;udk xnfh&efyif rvkdacs/ okdU&mwGif
wvkH;wnf;ra&;onfh xkH;pHaMumifhrxnfhrjzpfouJUodkU oabmxm;vsuf
&SdMuavonf/ owif;pmrsm;ü ]]vlwa,mufudkzrf;qD;onf}}[k a&;wwf
Mu&m pifppfrSm ]zr;fonf}[k a&;vkdufvQif t"dyÜm,f jynfhpkH&kHomru
em;xJwGif omíay:vGifaom toHxGuf&Sdonfxif\/ ]]armifbonf tvkyf
vkyfudkifvsuf&Sdonf}} [ka&;rnfhtpm; ]]armifbtvkyfvkyfaeonf}} [k
a&;vkdufvQif omíem;&Sif;onfxif\/ þa&;enf;rsKd;onf owif;pmrsm;
twGuf txl;oifhavsmfonfxif\/ acgif;BuD;rsm;twGuf ]pmcefU}a&;vdku
a&;Edkifonf/ ]owif;}rsm;twGufrSm twJGvdkufrokH;yJ wvkH;wnf; a&G;íokH;
vQif puúLtukefenf;NyD; em;&Sif;onfxifygonf/ uREkfyf\ tBuHay;csufudk
oabmusí vkdufolrsm;vnf; vkdufMuap? ,ckrvdkufao;vQifvnf;
aemifumvü txl;ojzifh owif;pmrsm;wGif vkH;ydktwGJrsm; jyKwfukefMuvdrfh
rnf[k jrifa,mifrdygonf/

1118 
t"dyÜm,fESpfrsKd;&Sdaom pum;rsm;

jrefrmpum;wGif pum;wvkH;onf wae&mü aumif;aomt"dyÜm,f&Sdí

tjcm;wae&mwGif raumif;aomteuf &Sdwwfjcif;udk awGU&wwfay&m
]<u,f}[laom pum;wvkH;rSm xdkpum;rsKd;yifjzpfonf/ rEÅav;om;rsm;onf
atmufom;rsm;xuf pum;vkH;<u,fonf[k txufwGifa&;cJUbl;&m ¤if;rSm
aumif;aomt"dyÜm,fESifh okH;jcif;jzpf\/ pum;vkH;aygif; rsm;rsm;wwfonf[k
qdkvdk\/ tqdkyg ]<u,f}[laom pum;vkH;onfyifvQif raumif;aom
t"dyÜm,fESifh okH;onfrsm;vnf;&Sd\/
Oyrm]]awmifBudKawmifMum;aygufwJU0g; tzsm;cyfoG,foG,f}}
]]tdrfBudKtdrfMum;arG;wJUom; pum;cyf<u,f<u,f}}
þpum;ykHü ]<u,f}[laom pum;vkH;onf raumif;aom teuf
oabm &Sd\/ pum;<u,fjcif;[lonfrSm avcyfaygaygESifh cyf<um;<um;
ajymwwfjcif; udk qdkvdkygonf/ xkdUjyif]pif}[laom pum;wvkH;vnf;&Sdao;
\/ vltrsm; onf ]olawmfpif}[laom pum;vkH;udk ]olawmfoljrwf}
[laomt"dyÜm,fESifh okH;wwfMu\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfMum;bl;aom pum;ykH
wckrSmum;-
]]olawmfaumif;? raumif;xifrd? ab;&efxd/
olawmfpif? pkef;yifxifrd? jypfr&Sd}} [kqdk&m þtwdkif;qdkvQif
]olawmfpif} [laom pum;onf ]vl,kwfrm}[lí t"dyÜm,f&Sdavonf/

1119 
[mopmayrsKd;

urÇmausmfvuFmq&mBuD; rDvfweftaMumif;udk avmh'frauúmav;u

a&;om;&mwGif ]]rDvfwefüpma&;q&mrsm;wGif &SdwwfMuonfh aumif;jrwf
aom *kPft*FgtvkH;pkHESifh jynfhpkHonf[k qdk&efrSm ][mo}ynmwckwnf;vdk
vsuf&Sdonf}}[kqdkbl;avonf/ pma&;q&mrsm;ü &Sdwwfonfh t*Fgaumif;
rsm;rSm cefU nm;jcif;? eufeJjcif;? &Sif;vif;jywfom;jcif;? pmacsmjcif;? em;vnf
vG,fatmif a&;wwfjcif;? ESvkH;udk xdcdkufatmif a&;wwfjcif;? pum;vkH;
ajymifjcif; ponfwkdUjzpfav&m vuFmq&mBuD; rDvfwefwGif txufyg
t*Fgrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkHí][moOmPf}wckwnf;om csKdUiJUvsuf&Sdonf[k
qdkvkdjcif;jzpf\/ [mouav;zufjcif;onf jrefrmpmrsm;xuf t*Fvdyfpm
wGif omí tjrwfwEdk;xm;wwfMu\/ t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD;rsm;onf
pma&;onfhtcgü wwfEdkifvQif [movkH;uav;wvkH;wav nSufxnfh
EdkifygrS ]pmajymifonf}okdUr[kwf]&Tifonf}pk ,lqMuav&m jrefrmpmürl
a&S;q&mBuD;rsm;teuf OD;yknrSwyg;&SifoDv0Ho? &Sifr[m&Xom&paom
yk*K¾d vfBuD;rsm;\ pmrsm;wGif wcsufwavrQ NyKH;&aom tvkH;rsKd;? tuGuf
rsKd;yif awGU&cJvSonf/ xdkyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;u [mozufvQif pmysufonf?
okdUr[kwf ayghonf[k ,lqMuavooavm rajymwwfay/

[moESpfrsKd;&Sdjcif;

t*Fvdyf0w¦Krsm;a&;&mwGif tvGrf;Edkifaompma&;q&m  (Pathos) 

&Tif&Tifuav;a&;wwfaom pma&;q&m  (Wit  and  Humor)  [lí ESpf*dkfPf;

owfrSwfxm;\/ ESpfrsKd;vkH;a&;wwfzkdUvdkaomfvnf; wbufbufwGif

1120 
cRefaomq&mrsm;vnf; &SdMuonf/ jrefrmpum;ü ][mo}qdkvQif &,f&aom?
odkUr[kwf NyKH;&aompmrsKd;[lí wrsKd;wnf; em;vnfwwfMuay&m t*Fvdyf
pmürl  (Wit)  tayghpm; &,fp&mESifh  (Humor)  tcefUpm; NyKH;p&m[lí
ESpfrsKd;cJGjcm; em;vnfwwfMuavonf/ yxrtrsKd;tpm;rSm wckaom
tajctaewGif &,fp&mtjcif;t&mudk tuGufusus jrifwwfí tcsufusus
a&;wwfjcif;tm;jzifh pmzwfoludk &,farmapEdkifonf/ 'kwd, trsKd;tpm;rSm
tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;wkdUwGif ]*G}usaom tjcif;t&mudk jrifwwfí olNyKH;ovdk
tjcm;vlrsm;tm;vnf; NyKH;atmifvkyfEdkifaom owÅd xl;yifjzpfavonf/
t*Fvdyfpmü 'kwd,t*FgrSm tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;wGif BuKHawGUEdkifí pmzwf
oltm; rMumcP NyKH;apEdkifaomaMumifh tvGefwefzdk; xm;wwfMu\/
0w¦Ka&;q&mBuD; 'pfuif;pfonf oem;p&mrsm;txJrS NyKH;p&muav;rsm;
udkvnf; jrifwwfí oljrifonfhtwdkif;vnf; wifjywwf aomaMumifh
tqifhtwef;tjrifhqkH;aom 0w¦Ka&;q&m twef;tpm;wGif wifxm;Mu\/
acwfynmwwf pmzwfy&dowfonf a[ma[m'dkif;'kdif;ESifh 0g;vkH;uJGovdk
&,f&onfqdkaom tar&duef0w¦Krsm;aemufodkU vkdufMuNyD; 'pfuif;pfuJUodkU
aompma&;q&mrsKd;udk t&omcHzdkUem;rvnfMuonfrSm acwf\avQmqif;
jcif; w&yfjzpfonf[k qdk&rnfxif\/ acwfvli,frsm;onf bDatatmifNyD;
aomfvnf; 'pfuif;pf\0w¦K wpftkyfrQqkH;atmifrzwfEdkif[k 0efcHMujcif;rSm
oem;zdkUaumif;\/ tcsOftiefpl;pl;&m;&m;awGudkcsnf; pm;xm;aom vQmwGif
EGm;EdkUuJUodkU ,Of,Ofuav;qdrfhaom t&omrsKd; wkd;íraygufEdkifonfhES,f
jzpfukefMuonf[k xifrdonf/

1121 
q&mvGef;\ pm&Trf;rsm;

jrefrmjynfü tqifhtwef;jrifhaom NyKH;p&m  (Humour)  pmrsKd;udk

yxrOD;pGm a&;om;aomyk*¾dKvfrSm q&mvGef;( q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;)
jzpfonf[k uREkfyfawGU&onf/ q&mBuD;onf ]tlESdyfae&onf}[k ajymwwf
Muonfh ]pm&Twf} rsKd;a&;onfr[kwf? t&om&SdpGmESifh NyKH;&onfh pmcefUrsKd;om
a&;avh&Sdavonf/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifudk q&mBuD;jyefa&;pOfu uREkfyftm;ajymzl;
onfrSm ]]rSefeef;&mZ0ifBuD;[mu ajcmufuyfuyfBuD;jzpfaeawmh vlawG
rzwfMuvdkUrdkU vlawGzwfcsifatmif pmcyf&Trf;&Trf;eJU q&mu jyefa&;xm;
w,f}} [k q&mBuD;u ajymzl;avonf/ q&mBuD;onf i,fpOfu "m;ydef
q&mOD;armifBuD;ponfh pma&;q&mrsm; a&;Muaom (rif;orD; idk? rif;om;idk?
vljyufajym) [laom jyZmwfuav;rsKd; a&;cJUzl;aomfvnf; Adkvf#Dum
aqmif;yg;rS tpjyKí ]pmcefUavmuodkU}0ifvmcJUavonf/ xdktcdsef rSpí
]#Dum}tajrmuftjrm; a&;xkwfcJUzl;&m q&mBuD;a&;av;orQaom pmrsm;
onf b,ftcgrS ajcmufuyfuyfr&SdyJ wnfwnfcefUcefUESifh NyKH;&onfh
pmrsKd;csnf; rsm;vSonf/ þta&;rsKd;rSm tcsKdUjrefrmrsm; t&omrcHwwfyJ
&SdMuaomfvnf; t*Fvefjynfürl vlUtzdk;wefrsm; ESpfoufMuí t*Fvefjynfü
q&mBuD;arG;cJUygu ,ckxufyif ausmfaZmxif&Sm;Edkifonf[k uREkfyfawG;rd
onf/ odkUqdkvQif q&mBuD;\pmrsm;udktb,fhaMumifh t*Fvdyfbmom rjyef
Muoenf;[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/ jyufvkH;r[kwfyJ t&om&SdpGmESifh NyKH;&aom
pmrsKd;rSm bmomwckrS tjcm;bmomwckodkU jyefqdkírjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh[k
ajzqkd&ayrnf/ (uREkfyfonf 'pfuif;pf\arQmfwvifhvifh 0w¦KBuD;udk bmom
jyefqdk&mwGif ZmwfuGuf Zmwfvrf;rQudkom jyefqdk&efjzpfEdkifí NyKH;p&mtvkH;
uav;rsm;  humour  udkrl jyefqdk&efrjzpfEdkifonfh twGufaMumifhxdkpmtkyfrSm

1122 
aumif;oifhoavmuf raumif;yJjzpfcJU&onf)/ wnfwnfcefUcefUBuD;ESifh
NyKH;&aompmrsKd; a&;wwfolwkdUonf jrefrmjynfü tvGef&Sm;vSay&m uREkfyfqdk
vdkaom t"dyÜm,fudk em;vnfvdkaom olwkdUonf q&mBuD;\#Dumrsm;udk
aphaphpyfpyfzwf&IavhvmoifhMuayonf/

qdwfjrnfoHjyufvkH;

q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;uJUodkU wnfwnfcefUcefUBuD;ESifh NyKH;&aom

pmrsKd;a&;wwfolwkdUonf jrefrmjynfü tvGef&Sm;aomfvnf; vljyufoabm
rsKd;jzifh ]pm&Twf}a&;olwdkUum; enf;enf;yg;yg;&SdMuyg\/ þacwfü ¤if;pmrsKd;
a&;wwfolwkdUteuf Z0eonf a&S;OD;pGm xGufay:vm&m aomfwmaqGonf
'kwd,ay:vmol jzpfonf[k uREkfyfowdjyKrd\/ Z0eonf aumvdyfausmif;
om; 0w¦Kjzifhay:xGufvmí olU0w¦KaMumifh&,fMuonfh ]0g;} oHonf
xdkacwfu &efukefwGif tawmf*,ufjyif;onfudk BuKHvkduf&\/ ol\&,fp
&mrsm;rSm tjzpftysuftm;jzifh &,f&atmif ]qif}xm;&kHomru yGJxJuvl&Tif
awmfrsm;\ jyufvkH;rsm;vnf; tawmfrsm;rsm;yg&Sdavonf/ tcsKdUaom
jyufvkH;rsm;rSm vljyufrsm;\yg;pyfrS rEÅav;wGif uRekfyfMum;zl;onfxif\/
rnfokdUyifjzpfap xkdokdUaom ][mo}ynmrsKd;rSm tqifhtwef;jrifhvSonf
r[kwfay/ Z0eudk,fwdkifrSm þtaMumif;udkem;vnfonfh vu©PmESifh
[movrf;udk pGefUoGm;avoavm rajymwwfay/ Z0e\aemufü
aomfwmaqGwa,mufay:vmav&m aomfwmaqGonf Z0exuf Mum&Snf
cHonfhvu©Pm&Sd\/ olwkdUESpfa,muf\taumif;qkH;aom &,fp&mrsm;onf
]usyef;}jyufvkH;rsKd; tvGefenf;í ]qifvkH;}wdkUom rsm;Muonf/ ¤if;wkdU
&,fp&mjzpfatmif ]qif}ía&;&onfh  (Wit)  [moOmPfwrsKd;rQomjzpfav

1123 
onf/ &,fp&ma&;Mujcif;ESifh ywfoufí ,ckwavmwGif nHUzsif;aom
tusifhqkd;wck ay:vmjcif;udk uREkfyfowdjyKrd\/ ]aigh}vkH;qefqef
pum;wvkH;udk a&;xnfhNyD;aemuf qdwfjrnfoHuJUodkU ][J[J}[laom
pum;vkH;udka&;xnfhMu\/ þodkUa&;xnfhMujcif;rSm ]jyufvkH;}[lí pmzwfol
u oabmraygufcJUaomf ]jyufvkH;} rygyJ&,fMuayawmh}[k owday;,l&
jcif;ESifh wlvSonf/ ay:vGifatmif a&;wwfonfh&,fp&mjzpfcJUygrl pmzwfol
tm; ]qdwfjrnfoH}rsKd;jzifh owday;zdkU vkdtyfonfrxifay/ þtokH;udk
wnfxGifolrSm Z0eavavm? rdk;BudK;avavm rajymwwf/ (tjcm;vlrsm;
vnf; oHk;aeMuonf/) uREkfyf\wynfhaomfwmaqGvnf; ygcJUygrl wynfh
wa,muftaejzifh þtusifhudkazsmufzkdU owday;vdkufonf/

uREkfyfawGUbl;onfh q&mBuD;rsm;

jrefrmjynfü acwfynmwwfNyD; jrefrmvdka&;Muonfh pma&;q&mrsm;

&SdMuonfhteuf ]armif&ifarmif rr,fr}0w¦Ka&;onfh *sdrf;vSausmf? a&Tjynf
pdk;0w¦KESifh py,fyif 0w¦Krsm;udk a&;onfh OD;armifarmifvwfwkdUonf pmay
avmuwGif uREkfyftvsif ay:xGef;Muí uREkfyfESifhvnf;awGUqkHzkdU tcGifhr&
ojzifh xdkq&mBuD;rsm; taMumif;udk uREkfyfazmfjy&ef rwwfEdkifay/
acwfynm rwwfonfh q&mBuD;rsm;teuf uREkfyfawGUbl;onfh yk*¾dKvfokH;OD;
taMumif;udk uREkfyfodovdk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ q&mvGef;taMumif;udk
txufwGif tenf;i,f azmfjycJUbl;aomfvnf; pmayESifhywfoufí jznfhpGuf
p&muav;rsm; ay:vmonfESifh xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdygao;onf/ 1917 ckü
uREkfyfESifhawGUpOfu q&mvGef;rSm touf 42ESpfrQom&Sdao;í okH;vcefU
wpm;yGJwnf;xdkifum tvkyfvkyfMu&ojzifh vsifjrefpGm&if;ESD;vmMuonfwGif

1124 
q&mvGef;onf zdk;olawmfOD;rif; vlOD;rif;ponfh pmqdkawmfrsm;a&;aom
(umvom;BudKuf) cyfMurf;Murf; a&;pyfxm;onfh pmaytwdktxGmrsm;?
trnfrod pma&;q&mrsm;a&;cJUonfh (q&mvGef; a&;pyfjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkif
onf/) cyfaomaom aw;xyfrsm;udk uREkfyftm;&Gwfjyí uREkfyfuvnf;
a&;rSwf,lavh&Sd\/ ol&d,wwdkufvkH;wGif uREkfyfavmuf &if;ESD;olwa,muf
rQr&Sdojzifh uREkfyftm; tnmom;uav; wa,mufqdkum (tnmom;cspf
wwfaom q&mvGef;u)rnfolESifhrQrwlatmif ta&mw0if qufqHjcif;
aMumifh tqdkygvQKdU0Sufaom pmMurf;rsm;udk uREkfyftm;&Gwfjyjcif;jzpfav
onf/ q&mvGef;udk,fwdkifrSmvnf; ,ckESifhEIdif;pmvQif tvGefqkH; vlvwf
wa,muft&G,frQom&Sdao;onfhjyif jrefrmpm oufoufomwwfaom q&m
wa,mufonf acwfynmwwf t,f'Dwmuav;wa,mufxuf vcenf;í
armfhMunfh&OD;rnfuJUodkUjzpfcJU&aom ol&d,wdkufxkH;pHt& uREkfyfwkdUvlpkuyif
*kPfBuD;ovdkvkd jzpfcJUbl;onfESifh q&mvGef;onf uREkfyfvdkcsifaom
]pmMurf;}rsm;udk MunfjzLpGmay;wwf&Smonf/ odkU&mwGif q&mvGef;um;
tjcm;aom jrefrmq&mBuD;rsm;ESifh jcm;em;jcif;&Sdayonf/ ol&d,wdkufü
q&mvGef;tjyif tjcm;aom jrefrmq&mBuD;rsm;vnf; ESpfa,mufokH;a,muf
&Sdao;&m uREkfyfwkdUvlpkonf tjcm;aom jrefrmq&mrsm;tm; vlzuf
r[kwfav[ef qufqHrIenf;yg;aomfvnf; q&mvGef;\ynmudk wefzkd;xm;
MuzkdU uREkfyfwkdUu em;rvnfMuapumrl q&mvGef;\Oy"d&kyfonf rnfonfh
y&dowfrsKd;jzpfap rxDrJUjrifjyK&ef rjzpfEdkifaom &kyfrsKd;jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh
uREkfyfwkdU acwfynmwwf uav;rsm;u BudKufonfjzpfap? rBudKuf
onfjzpfap av;pm;Mu&avonf/ q&mvGef;udk,füuvnf; xdkpOf
uwnf;u olUudk,fol txifao;onf r[kwf? wkduftkyfESpfa,muf
wkdUtm;armifbaz? armifvSaz[k ac:avh&Sdav onf/ þaemufydkif;ü

1125 
q&mvGef;onf EdkifiHa&;t& wkdif;jynf\bkd;attjzpf odkUa&mufaomfvnf;
xkdpOfurl tvkyform;vcpm; jrefrmq&m wa,muf uacwfynmwwf
wkduftkyfrsm;tm; ]armif}wyfí ac:0HUjcif;rSm ao;i,f aom owÅdr[kwfay/
ol&d,wkdufü&SdMuonfh tjcm;jrefrmq&mrsm;url (q&mvGef;ESifh &G,fwl
avmuf&SdMuaomfvnf;) wdkfuftkyfrsm;udk ]armif}wyfí ac:zdkUa0;pG
rwfwwf&yfíyif pum;ajym0HUMu[efrwlacs/

pma&;q&mrsm;\ BudKufvkH;uav;

uREkfyfonf q&mvGef;xHrS ]pm0Sufrsm;}udkcsLí,l&mwGifq&mhtBudKuf

vkyfzkdU em;vnfygonf/ q&mvGef;onf rpöwmarmifrIdif;trnfESifh ol&d,
owif;pmwGif tcgtcGifhay:wkdif; av;csKd;BuD;rsm; a&;xnfhavh&Sd&m uRekfyf
onf ¤if;wkdUudk tm*kHaqmifxm;NyD; udk,fh[mudk,fvnf; oDqdkavh&Sd\/
tcGifhBuKHaom tcgrsm;ü ol\av;csKd;rsm;udk olUtm;vnf; &Gwfqdkjyavh
&Sd\/ waeUoü cyfMurf;Murf;ajymavh&Sdaom xkdpOfu xkH;pHtwdkif;
q&mvGef;ESifh uREkfyfonf umrESifhpyfvsOf;aom pum;rsKd;ajymrdMu&m
tvGefw&m t"dyÜm,fqDavsmfonfESifh ol\av;csKd;BuD;xJrS uREkfyfu
]]oHo&m *EdkifMumNrdKif tvGefeufaywJU? nGefAGufuef olUtwGif;qDokdU?
oufqif;um ruf&if;tmom &SdolwkdUrSmjzifh? pufuGif;yrmrSm vufiif;rMum
rdjyefawmh}}[k &Gwfjyvdkuf&m q&mtvGefyDwdjzpfykH&onf/ pma&;q&mwkdU
rnfonf rdrdwkdU pDukH;bl;onfhpmudk wOD;wa,mufu tuGufqdkufaom
tcgü &Gwfjyvdkufjcif;udk Mum;&onfhtcg ESvkH;acGUwwfjcif;rSm "r®wm
yifjzpf ayvdrfhrnf/ pmawGudk wykHBuD;&Gwfjyjcif;xuf tcsufusaomtcgü
wydk'fwnf; &Gwfvdkufjcif;onf em;0ifcsKdvSonf/ rkH&GmodkU urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;

1126 
udpötwGuf twlwuG oGm;MupOfuvnf; acsmif;OD;blwmodkU rD;&xm;
qkdufem;vsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfu ]]acsmif;OD;q,f&Gmu ajymif;zl;o,f r,fnSm
wkdUrsm; &SdMuao;ovm;q&m&,f}}[k ajymvkduf&m q&mBuD;\rsufESmü
tvGeftxl;MunfEl;ESpfodrfhaom trlt&mudk jrifvkduf&jcif;tm;jzifh
uREkfyftzkdU qkvmbfBuD;&ouJUodkU xifvdkufrdygonf/ uREkfyfü tjypftem
rsm; 'kESifha'; &Sdae&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; uRekfyfMunfndKjrwfEdk;aom yk*¾dKvfrsKd;
tm; ESpfodrfhauseyfatmif vkyfvkduf&í uREkfyfudk cifrifoabmusjcif;jzifh
wkHUjyefjcif;udk jrifvdkuf&aomtcgü jzpfay:vmonfh rk'dwmpdwfonf
uREkfyf\tjypftemtqmrsm;teufrS w0ufxufrenf; ajyaysmufoGm;ap
Edkifonf[k ,kHMunfvsuf &Sdygonf/ xdktcsdefü uREkfyfonf q&mBuD;\
av;csKd;BuD;rsm;udk tm*kHaqmifxm;NyD; vkdtyfaomtcsdefwGif ay:vmwwf
onfh uRekfyf\rSwfOmPftwGuf udk,fhausmudk udk,foyfay;csifonfhpdwf
jzpfrdygonf/

v,fwDy@dw q&mOD;armifBuD;

ol&d,wdkufokdU uREkfyfa&mufírsm;rMumrD NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf yOör

ajrmufa*smhbk&iftm; csD;usL;onfh ]bkef;awmfbGJU}wyk'fudk jrefrmvdk
taumif;qkH;pDukH;Edkifoltm;qkaiG 100d csD;jrSifhrnf[k aMujimvkduf&mblb,f
ESpfa,mufu a&;wifjyonf[k rrSwfrd/ jrefrmausmif;q&mBuD;wa,muf
pDukH;onfhpmudk taumif;qkH;[k qkH;jzwfNyD; qkaiGcsD;jrSifhvkdufbl;avonf/
wdkuftkyf OD;vSazonf tqdkygpmudk taumif;qkH;[kqkH;jzwfNyD; qkaiGcsD;jrSifh
vdkufbl;avonf/ wdkuftkyf OD;vSazonf tqdkygbkef;awmfbGJUudk q&mvGef;
tm;jyí xifjrifcsufawmif;av&m q&mvGef;u ajymyavmufatmif

1127 
ajymifajrmufjcif; r&Sdonfhjyif udk,fwdkifa&;pyfxm;jcif;omjzpfaMumif;
ajymavonf/ þwGifOD;vSazu bkef;awmfbGJUudk a0zefcsufa&;í ol&d,
r*¾Zif;ü xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ef qkH;jzwfav\/ q&mvGef;onf bkef;awmfbGJUxJ
rS pum;vkH;rsm;rSm rnfonfhpmrsm; rS xkwfEkwfcdk;,lxm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;
azmfjyí wyk'fpD wyk'fpDudk rl&if;pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhwuG
wifjyvdkufav\/ q&mvGef; wifjyonfhtwdkif; qdkygvQif cdk;,lxm;aom
xdkpmydk'frsm;udk Ekwfy,fvdkufrnfqdkygu bkef;awmfbGJUwckvkH;rSm ]\}onf
]í}wnf;[laompum;vkH;rsKd;rSwyg; rsm;rsm;pm;pm;usefawmhonf r[kwfay/
r*¾Zif;xGufNyD;onfhaemuf rsm;rMumrD v,fwDy@dw q&mOD;armifBuD;onf
ol&d,wdkufokdUvmí uREkfyfESifhwpm;yGJwnf;twl xdkifvsuf&Sdaom q&mvGef;
ESifhpum;ajymMu\/ q&mOD;armifBuD;u a0zefcsufudk zwfcJU&ojzifh
q&mvGef;\pmESHUykHudk csD;usL;ajymqdkavonf/ q&mvGef;onfvnf; (olwkdU
txif) xdyfoD;pma&;q&mtcsif;csif;u csD;usL;jcif; jzpfonfqdkum tawmf
yDwdjzpfykH&\/ uREkfyfonf q&mvGef;\ av;csKd;BuD;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;?
q&mvGef;\ ]tcefUpm;}&Trf;jcif;rsm;ESifh q&mOD;armifBuD;\ Ek,Ofaom
pdwful;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; csD;usL;&eftoifh&Sdaomfvnf; eufeJaompOf;pm;
vkH;rsm; yg&SdonfhpmrsKd; [kwfonfrxifaomaMumifh tcgcyfodrf; xdyfoD;
wef;wGifxm;zdkU uREkfyfoabmrwlEdkifacs/ uAsmtaejzifh xdyfwef;usay
rnf/ pum;ajytaeESifh xdyfqkH;wef;ü xm;oifhonfrxifyg/ þonfrSm
xifjrifcsufrQomjzpfí rSm;csifvnf; rSm;ayrnf/

1128 
jzpfykHcsif;rwkdufqdkif

q&mvGef;ESifh q&mOD;armifBuD;wkdU pum;ajymvsuf&SdMupOf uRekfyfrSm

yk*K¾d vfBuD;ESpfa,mufudk tuJcwfvsuf&Sd&m pum;twefuav; ajymMuNyD;
aemuf q&mvGef;onf uREkfyfudkq&mOD;armifBuD;ESifh rdwfqufay;\/
q&mvGef;u uREkfyfonf &wemykH0w¦KESifh &efBuD;atmif0w¦Krsm;a&;onfh
]wufopfp} pma&;q&muav;wa,mufjzpfonf[k ajymjy&m OD;armifBuD;
onf r[m0dZÆmwef;atmifjrifolwa,mufu rufx&pform;wa,muftm;
vSnfhMunhfvkdufonfh rsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifhMunhfvkduf\/ ol\yg;pyfurl
]]jrefrm pmaye,fxJokdU acwfynmwwfuav;wa,muf 0ifvmjcif;twGuf
0rf;ajrmufygonf} [kajymygonf/ trSefudk0efcH&vQif uREkfyfonf
OD;armifBuD;\ txufpD;ESifh Munfhjcif;udkrBudKufEdkifacs/ taMumif;rlum;
uREkfyfonf OD;armifBuD;\ tcspf0w¦Krsm;udk zwfcJU&bl;í ZmwfuGuf
Zmwfvrf;r[kwfvSyJ vlysKdvSnfhcPf;wkdUomrsm;onf[k atmufarhum
ZmwfuGufygaom0w¦KrsKd;a&;jyrnf[k &efBuD;atmif0w¦Kudk a&;cJUoljzpfaom
aMumifhwnf;/ xdkUjyif taMumif;w&yfrSmvnf; acwfynmwwf wa,mufu
jrefrmvdkoufouf a&;wwfol wa,muftm; (rnfrQavmuf]Ek,Of}aom
pmrsKd;[kwfapumrl) txifrBuD;jcif;uvnf; &Sdayao;onf/

xifjrifcsuf ajymif;vmykH

xdkUjyifw0vnf; pmpDorm;zdkrifarmifbouf qdkolu q&m

OD;armifBuD; taMumif;udk uREkfyftm;ajymjybl;onfh tjcif;t&mwckuvnf;

1129 
pdwfxJwGif ay:vmvdkufacsao;\/ armifboufonf q&mOD;armifBuD;ESifh
tawmf vufyGef;wwD;aevmcJUbl;ol wa,mufjzpfí ajymjybl;onfrSm
q&mOD;armifBuD;onf cifjrifhBuD;0w¦Kudk a&;pOftcgu rdef;rtaMumif;
a&;awmhrnfqdkvQif aq;ayghvdyfrSdef;vsuf olUZeD;\ &kyfvu©Pm wkdUudk
wpdrfhpdrfhMunfhNyD;rS pmzGJUavh&Sdonf[k qdkavonf/ þodkUaomtjyKtrlonf
pma&;q&mrsm; jyKaeustvkyfrsKd; jzpfcsifjzpfayrnf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSm
&[ef;vlxGufwa,mufqdkonfhtwGuf rESpfoufEdkifatmif &Sdygonf/ þ
twdkif;qdkygrl q&mOD;armifBuD;ü uREkfyfBudKufcsifp&m twGufenf;yg;vsuf
&dSavNyD/ odkUaomf aemufydkif;ü csD;usL;p&m tcsuftvufrsm; awGUvm&í
awmfygao;\/ uREkfyfonf v,fwDq&m awmfbk&m;\ pmrsm;udk
zwf&Iaomtcg q&mOD;armifBuD;\ bmomjyefrsm; ESifh BuKH&í pum;
okH;EIef;xm;ykHrsm;udk ESpfaxmif;tm;& jzpfvmygawmhonf/ þt&mBuD;um;
pmEkudkom a&;wwfonfr[kwf? pmcefUrsm;vnf; ta&; aumif;ygayonf[k
csD;usL;rdygonf/

q&moif

uREkfyfonf jrefrmhtvif; t,f'Dwm q&moifudkrEÅav; wdkif;owif;

pmwdkufwGif yxrOD;pGm awGUbl;ygonf/ &efBuD;atmif 0w¦Ka&;NyD;aemuf
uREkfyfonf pmrludk ol&d,wdkufodkUrydkUao;rD rEÅav;wdkif;owif;pmwkdufodkU
ydkUprf;\/ rEÅav;onf &efukefxufeD;í tqkH;tjzwfudk jrefjrefodvdkaom
aMumifhjzpf\/ wdkif;owif;pmwkdufrefae*smonf (Adkvfujym;wa,muf
jzpf\) uREkfyf\pmudk jrefrmq&mtjzpfESifh tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sdaom
q&moiftm;jyí uREkfyfESifhpum;ajymMu&ef vTwfvdkuf\/ q&moifonf

1130 
jyifa&;cay;NyD; refae*smxHodkUwifí a&mif;aomenf;om&Sdonfqdk\/
uREkfyfrSmtvkyfvufrJU tjzpfü&Sdí ydkufqHvdkvsuf&SdonfhtxJwGif olUudkjyifc
ay;ESifh&OD;rnfqdkaom tpDtpOfudk vufrcHEdkifonfESifh pmrludkjyef,lcJUNyD;
ol&d,wdkufodkU ydkUvdkuf jcif;jzpfavonf/

jrefrmhtvif;tkyfpk

ol&d,wdkufü uREkfyfr*¾Zif;t,f'Dwm jzpfvmaomtcsdefwGif jrefrmh

tvif; owif;pmwkdufwGif t,f'DwmcsKyfOD;pdef;? t,f'Dwm pdefuavmif
(xdkUaemuf AE¨Kv) OD;pdefwkdU&SdMu\/ q&mvGef;onf rpöwmarmifrIdif;
trnfESifh av;csKd;BuD;rsm; a&;&mwGif OD;pdeftm; ]t&D;pdrf;}trnfESifh &Hzef&Hcg
]uvd}wwfonfjzpfí "mwfodrsm;\ tac:ta0:t& OD;pdefonf ]t&D;pdrf;}
jzpfvmonf/ ,cktcg OD;Ektpdk;& vufxufü omoema&;XmewGif
nTefMum;a&;0efjzpfaeaom AE¨KOD;pdefonf xdkpOftcgu &[ef;vlxGufuav;
jzpfí qHyifwkduav;ESifh yGa&mif;a&mif;&Sdao;\/ AE¨KOD;pdefrSm olUOD;acgif;
wGif a&;p&mrsm;rsm;&SdykH r&aomfvnf; rEÅav;om; wa,mufjzpfí pum;
vkH; <u,f0jcif;twGufaMumifh t,f'Dwmjzpfvkdufao;í OD;Ekvufxuf
wGifvnf; Oy"d&kyfaumif;jcif; twGufaMumifh nTefMum;a&;0ef jzpfvsuf
&Sdonf/ OD;Ekvufxufü OD;aESmufrsm;rsm;&SdzdkUrvdk? vl[efaumif;NyD;
pum;rawmufwacguf ajymwwfvQif ae&maumif; &aeMuonfjzpfí
AE¨KvOD;pdef tzkdUqdkvQif þrQru BuD;yGm;xdkufygao;onf/ xdkpOfu
'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdonf ynmtkyf tvkyfESifh jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwGif
]awmufwJU}trnfESifh aqmif;yg;rsm; rSefrSefa&;xnfhavh&S\
d / xdktcsdefwGif
uREkfyfonfq&moifESifh rawGU&aomfvnf; t&D;pdrf;? AE¨KvOD;pdef? awmufwJU

1131 
OD;bcsKdwdkUESifh &Hzef&Hcg qkHrdwwfMuav&m uRekfyfrSm 0w¦K&Snf okH;ydk'fcefU
a&;xkwfNyD;jzpfí emrnfuav; tawmf twefxlaxmifrdNyD jzpfaomaMumifh
jrefrmhtvif;tkyfpkonf (uREkfyf\Zmwmtwkdif;) uREkfyfudk emvdkMuonfh
vu©Pmr&Sdacs/ uREkfyfuJUokdUyif acwfynmwwf wa,mufjzpfonfh OD;bcsKd
url uREkfyftm; ]cdk;cs} orm;wa,muftaejzifh tacsmifemrnfBuD;aeonf[k
,lqykH&onf/ OD;pdefESifh OD;bcsKdwdkUuwwJG? yDrdk;eif;ESifh uREkfyfuwwGJ
wbufESifhwbuf tjyeftvSeftxiftjrifao;xm;MuykHrsm;udk xkwfazmfí
a&;&vQif pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;rnfjzpfaomfvnf; tukodkvfpdwf yGm;rsm;zdkU
tvdkr&Sdaom þtcsdefwGif þrQESifhyif &yfvdkuf&ygawmhrnf/

q&moif

q&moifrSm jrefrmjynf owif;pmavmuwGif rBuKH&bl;ao;onfh

aoenf;rsKd;jzifh uG,fvGeftedpöa&mufoljzpfavonf/ q&moifonf t&D;
pdrf;ESifhtwl jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwdkufrS (xdkpOfu yef;qdk;wef;ü&Sd
onf/) nudk;em&DcefUwGif qif;vmMuí uGrf;NcHblwmteD;odkUa&mufMuonf
wGif vlqdk;irdk;qdkolu "m;ESifhxdk;owfojzifh yJGcsif;NyD; aoqkH;&Smonf/
irdk;udkrl csufcsif;yif vufyl;vufMuyfrdí &kH;wifppfaq;NyD; wouf
wuRef;ydkU tjypfay;cH&onf/ q&moifonf uREkfyf\&efBuD;atmif 0w¦Kudk
oljyifa&;rS aumif;rnf[k ajymbl;jcif;twGuf olUtay:wGif rausrcsrf;
jzpfcJUbl;aomfvnf; towfcH&ykHudk uREkfyfMum;od&aomtcg pma&;q&mcsif;
taejzifh vGefpGmu&kPmjzpfvSonfESifh ol\ao&ykHESifhywfoufí wu,fh
tjzpftysufa&m? pdwful;uav;rsm;ygxnfhoGif;um uREkfyfudk,fudk rsuf&nf
awGawG usavmufatmifawG;awmNyD; aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;í ol&d,

1132 
owif;pmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdufavonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;onf pmzwfol
rsm;\pdwfudk xdcdkufvSonfqdkí MunfhjrifwkdifbufrS toif;woif;u
uREkfyf\aqmif;yg;udk pm&Gufrsm;&dkufESdyfNyD; q&moif;\ tokbü a0iS
urf;vSrf;avonf/ q&moif\ tokbü uREkfyf\pdwfudk xdcdkufvSaom
tjcif;t&mwckrSm q&moif\tavmif;udk yef;&xm;ay:okdU wifMurnf
jyKaomtcg ol&d,wdkuftkyf OD;vSazonf (awmif&Snf tNrJ0wfolwa,muf
jzpfygvsuf) awmif&SnfBuD; wum;um;ESifh q&moif\ tavmif;udk
owif;pmorm;rsm; csnf; xrf;MupdkUqdkum pk&kH;ac:iifNyD; yef;&xm;ay:odkU
uREkfyfwkdUvlpk xrf;í wifMu&jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ awmif&Snfykqdk;ESifh
oyf&yfcefUx,fpGm tNrJ0wfwwfaom olwa,mufjzpfí OD;vSaz\
tjyKtrlonf uREkfyftm; tHUMoap&kHru oabmusírqkH; jzpfrdygonf/
q&moif\ psmyeü tnw&ausmif;om;tjzpfrS waeUcsif;twGif; rkd;xdk;
atmif emrnfBuD;oGm; olwa,muf&Sd\/ xdkolrSm*syfqifaumvdyfrS ]zdk;usm;}
(xdkUaemuf ynm0ef OD;zdk;usm;) yifjzpfavonf/ psmyeü ]zdk;usm;}
pum;ajymvkdufonfESifh wNydKif euf y&dowfrsm;onf ]olb,folvJ}?
]b,fuvJ}? ]bmvkyfwJUvlvJ} paom ar;cGef;rsm;jzifh wwGwfwGwf
ar;Muav&m olUudkodaom wa,muf wavu ajymojzifh ]zdk;usm;?
]zdk;usm;}? ]zdk;usm;}ESifhtkwfatmfaomif;wif; jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf/

ouFmruif;Mujcif;

q&moifudkowfonfh irdk;rSm vufonftjzpfESifh tjypf&onf

rSefaomfvnf; aoolESifh w&m;cHwkdUrSm rnfonfh tquftoG,frQr&Sd?
&efnIdf;&efp[lívnf; &Smr&onfh twGufaMumifh okdUavmokdUavmawG;

1133 
awmp&mjzpfae\/ w&m;cHirdk;udk,fwdkifrSmvnf; aMu;wef;pm; vlowf
orm; wa,mufjzpfonf[k ajymolrsm;uajymMu\/ q&moif udk,fwdkif
uvnf; jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmtcsKdUwGif tcsKdUvlrsm; rcHcsifp&mowif;rsKd;
xnfhoGif;onfqdk\/ okdUjzifh irdk;udk apcdkif;ol&Sd&rnfqdkum ykvdyfu
rouFmaomvlrsm;udk ta&;,lao;onf[k Mum;vkduf&aomfvnf; irdk;rSty
tjypf&aomvl &Sdao;onf[k rrSwfrdawmhay/

q&moif\vufpGrf;

q&moif\ pmayta&;tom;ESifhywfoufí uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmufrSm

acwfynmwwfr[kwfonfh jrefrmq&m&dk;&dk;wa,mufrQom jzpfonfhtwGuf
aMumifh owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;udkajymifajrmufatmif a&;Edkifonf[k uREkfyf
rxifay/ acwfynmrwwfyJvsuf yxrwef;acgif;BuD;rsKd; a&;Edkifonf[k
ajymol&SdvQif uREkfyfum; ,kHvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ jrefrmtaqGr*¾Zif;onf
q&mvGef;tm; vnf;aumif; (*kPfBuD;aomjrefrmq&mBuD;rsm;taejzifh
ykqdk;awmif&Snf "mwfykHBuD;rsm;xnfhum) cefUnm;atmif okH;cJUMubl;\/
okdU&mwGif ¤if;wdkUonf acgif;BuD;a&;q&mrsm;tjzpfESifh atmifjrifMuonf[k
uREkfyf0efrcHEdkifay/ okdU&mwGifq&moifonf uAsmbufwGif tawmfcRefonfh
vu©Pm&Sd\/ raorDtcsdeftenf;i,fu q&moifonf q&mvGef;\
av;csKd;BuD;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí (t&D;pdrf;u]wkdU}ay;avoavmrqdkEdkif/)
av;csKd;rsm;\ tydk'fpnf;urf;udk azmufzsufonf[k a0zef,if; oDaygbk&if
ygawmfrljcif;taMumif;udk oludk,fwdkif pDukH;a&;om;onfh av;csKd;wyk'fudk
jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyvkdufonf/ uREkfyfonf
¤if;av;csKd;udk zwfMunfh&m tydk'fpnf;urf;Oya'qdkonfudk em;rvnfaomf

1134 
vnf; q&mvGef;\ t&om&Sdaom NyKH;p&muav;rsKd;  Humour  rawGU&ap
umrl v,fwDy@dw q&mOD;armifBuD;\ ]tEkt,OfvlUwcGif olUjyifr&Sd}qdk
aom pum;tokH;tEIef;rsKd;bufwGif tawmfBuD;tqifhtwef;jrifhonfudk
awGU&ayonf/ uREkfyfonf ¤if;av;csKd;udk tm*kHraqmifEdkifyJ owif;pmjzwf
ydkif;udk odrf;qnf;xm;&m ppfBuD;twGif;ü tjcm;pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh
twlaysmufqkH;oGm;í ESajrmrdygonf/

][mo}\pnf;urf;csuf

pum;ajym&müjzpfap? pma&;&müjzpfap &,fp&muav;nSyfí ajymwwfa&;

wwfjcif;onf jyKvkyfoltzkdUüvnf;aumif;? Mum;&zwfoltzkdUüvnf;aumif;
t&omwrsKd;&Sdí vdkvm;tyfaom ynmwckjzpf\/ okdU&mwGif vlwbufom;
udk &,fatmifjyKvkyfMu&mü pnf;urf;uav;wck em;vnfMu&avonf/
[mobufü urÇmausmfMum;ovdk jyifopfpma&;q&mBuD; aAmfvfwJ,m; 
(Voltaire)  onf tvGef]&Twf}csifwwfol wa,mufjzpfí *kP0k'd̈ qdkonfudk
vnf;aumif;? bk&m;*dkPf; &mZ*dkPf;qdkonfudkvnf;aumif; axmufxm;jcif;
r&SdyJ &TwfwGwfwGwfa&;um aemufajymifavh&Sd\/ odkU&mwGif ¤if;q&mBuD;
onfyifvQif r&TwfrajymifyJ csefvSyfxm;onfhtcsuf&Sd\/ ¤if;onfum;
vlwOD;wa,muf\ udk,fum,ESifh ywfoufonfh cRwf,Gif;csufwrsKd;rsKd;udk
jyuf&,fajymifavSmiforIrjyKjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ pma&;q&mwkdUrnfonfrSm
vlrsm;\ pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifhywfoufíjzpfap tusifhpm&dwÅESifh ywfouf
íjzpfap? tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm;ESifh ywfoufíjzpfap ajymifavSmif
Edkifaom tcGifhta&;&Sd\/ ajymifavSmifp&mrsm;udk ajymifavSmif ay;jcif;tm;
jzifh vlrsm;udk jyKjyifay;jcif;rSm pma&;q&mrsm;\tvkyfjzpf\/ okdU&mwGif

1135 
udk,fum,ESifhywfoufonfh csKdUiJUcsufrsm;rSm jyKjyifEdkifpaumif; aomudpörsKd;
r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh ¤if;wkdUudk jyuf&,fajymifavSmifjcif; onf
uav;qefaom tvkyfrsKd;jzpf\/ ajcusKd;aom vlwa,muf vrf;oGm;ykHudk
ajymifavSmifonfhtaejzifh ]axmheJUaxmheJU}avQmufjyjcif;? rsufpdrjrifaom
vlwa,muf wpkHw&mESifh wdkufvJykHudkvkyfjcif;paom tjyKtrlrsm;onf
]vlBuD;} rsm;\tvkyf r[kwfouJUodkU t&kyfqdk;jcif;? oGm;acgjcif;?
tom;eufjcif;? cg;ukef;jcif; paom csKdUiJUrIudk &,fzG,fvkyfí a&;jcif;rsKd;
wkdUonfvnf; vl\,Ofaus;vSaom pnf;urf;rsm;udkazmufzsuf &musonf 
(Bad Form)  [k [mopma&;q&mrsm; em;vnfoifhMuonf/

owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;

waeUoü trsKd;orD;pma&;q&m rtrmu owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;

a&;ykHa&;enf;ESifhywfoufí Mo0g'ay;onfhtaejzifh wcef;wav a&;cJUzdkU
tBuHay; wdkufwGef;bl;&m udk,fhpmudk udk,ftaumif;qkH;[k owfrSwfaeMuykH
&onfh þacwfwGif rnfolUtay:rS q&mvkyfNyD; Mo0g'ay;zkdUrBuH&G,fyJ
acgif;BuD;a&;orm;aumif;wa,mufü &Sdtyfonf[k uREkfyfxifaom t&nf
tcsif;rsm;taejzifhom azmfjyvdkufygonf/ pma&;q&mwa,mufonf
A[kokw jynfhpkHa&;twGuf pmrsm;rsm;BuD;zwfxkdufonfqdkvQif acgif;BuD;
a&;orm; wa,mufonf omírsm;rsm;BuD;zwfxdkufonf[k uREkfyfqdkcsif
onf/ t*Fvefjynfxkwf vef'efwdkif;owif;pmBuD;rSm owif;pmavmuwGif
]tmPmpuf} tvGefjyefUESHUonfh owif;pmBuD;wapmiftaejzifh todtrSwf
jyKjcif;cH&av&m aeUpOfxkwf owif;pmwapmifwnf;ü acgif;BuD;okH;av;yk'f
okH;av;rsKd;yg&Sdí vlokH;av;a,muf a&;Muonfqdk\/ EdkifiHa&;?

1136 
abm*aA'a&;? ynma&;? ukefoG,fa&; ponfjzifh qdkfif&mqdkif&m acgif;BuD;
rsm;udk qdkif&mqdkif&myg&*lrsm;u a&;Mu&onfqdk\/ uREkfyfwkdU jrefrmjynf
ürl acgif;BuD;a&;orm;wa,mufwnf;u ay:yiftaMumif;t&m[lorQudk
tvsOf; oifhovdk wvSnfhpD a&;&onfhjyif aumufumiifum vSefí&SmEdkif
rnfh pmtkyfrsm;uvnf; enf;yg;av&um; acgif;BuD;a&;orm;wa,muf
tzkdU&mü A[kokw&SmrDS;zdkU rnfrQvdktyfonfudk txl;ajymzG,f&mrvdkay/
jrefrm&kyfao;pifü 0ef&kyf? rif;om;BuD;&kyf? yk@m;&kyf?ponfjzifh wvSnhfpD
udkifwG,f&aomvlonf 0efvdk? rif;om;vdk? yk@m;vdk ajymwwfatmif
avhusifhxm;&ouJUokdU acgif;BuD;a&;orm;onfvnf; EdkifiHa&;? ynma&;?
pD;yGm;a&; ponfwdkUudk txkduftavsmuf ]acguf}rdatmif avhvmxm;zkdU
vkdtyfayonf/ okdUr[kwfcJUvQif jyómemwckwGifav;eufaom xifjrif
csuf rsKd;ray;EdkifyJ ]t&l;acs;yef;}pmrsKd;om a&;wwfayvdrfhrnf/
ygvDrefonf pum;tajymaumif;qkH;aomolrsm; pka0;&mXmewck
jzpfoifhouJUodkU owif;pmwkdufrsm;onfvnf; taumif;qkH;aompma&;
orm;rsm; pka0;&maomXmejzpfoifhonf[k uREkfyf,lqonf/ þpum;onf
tenf;i,fvGefonf[k qdkMuvQifvnf; ,kwfpGmhtqkH;tm;jzifh aeUpOfESifhtrQ
ay:xGufvsuf&Sdaom pmayrsm;teufwGif owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;onf
jyóemwckESifh ywfoufí xifjrifcsufay;&mwGif uav;pum;ajymovdk
ryDuvm yDuvmESifh ]uaygufxd uaygufcsm}ta&;tom;rsKd;rjzpfapyJ
wnfwnfcefUcefU BuHUBuHUcdkifckdifESifh EdkifEdkifeif;eif; a&;wwfzdkU vdktyf
ayonf/ acgif;BuD;wyk'fonf bk&m;a[m usrf;wapmifuJUodkU opömw&m;
awGcsnf; pka0;&mXme rjzpfEdkifaomfvnf; txufazmfjy&myg t&nftcsif;
rQavmufudk rl ]olUqefudkpm;aom} acgif;BuD;a&;orm;wdkif; rjzpfjzpfatmif
BudK;pm;xdkuf onf[k uREkfyfqdkcsifonf/ jrefrmjynfü jrefrmrsm;a&;xkwf

1137 
onfh jrefrmowif;pm acgif;BuD;rsm;onf jrefrmrsm;a&;xkwfonfh t*Fvdyf
owif;pm acgif;BuD;ydkif;rsm;xuf (zsrf;rQtm;jzifh) ta&;tom; rsm;pGm
nHUzsif;jcif;taMumif;udk uREkfyfa&;cJUbl;avNyD/

bufrvdkufjcif;

rnfonfhwdkif;jynfüjzpfap ygwDwck? odkUr[kwf tzGJUtpnf;wck?

okdUr[kwf vlwpk? odkUr[kwf tpdk;&wck\ tusKd;udk umuG,f&efjzpfap?
aus;Zl;&Sdap&efjzpfap wnfaxmifxm;onfh owif;pmrsm;&SdwwfMu\/
tqdkyg owif;pmrsm;ü vkyfudkifa&;om;Muaom uavmiform;rsm;onf
,kHMunfrIjzifh a&;om;Mujcif;rsm;vnf; &SdEdkifí 0rf;a&;twGuf a&;cRwfMu
jcif;rsm;vnf;&SdEdkif\/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSm ,kHMunfrIr&SdyJ aMu;wef;pm;
uavmiform;tjzpfESifh a&;vnf;ra&;cJU? a&;vdrfhrnfvnf; r[kwfapumrl
þenf;jzifh toufarG;&olrsm;tm; txifrBuD;&kHrQom&Sdí uJU&UJ&Iwfcsvdk
aom apwem r&Sday/ xdkokdUaomvlrsm;u bmudka&;Muonfjzpfap (0rf;a&;
twGufqdkaomaMumifh) uREkfyfu rJU&GJUvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ okdU&mwGif udk,fh
odu©mudk udk,fapmifhpnf;onfh acgif;BuD;a&;orm;wa,muf jzpfygrlum;
bufrvdkufrdapzdkU txl;owdjyKoifhayonf/ b,fvkdufjcif;[k qdk&mü
udpöaygif; tajrmuftjrm;&Sdonfhteuf tBuD;tuJudpörsm;rSm jynfolESifh
tpdk;&? vuf0JESifhvuf,m? þygwDESifh xdkygwDponfwkdUtjyif t&Hzef&Hcg
ay:vmwwfonfh ausmif;om;ESifh ausmif;q&m? tvkyf&SifESifh tvkyf
orm;rSpí jyóemaygif;aomif;ajcmufaxmifru &SdwwfMuavonf/ wcg
w&Hay:vmwwfonfhudpörsm;ürl vlom;onf vlom;omjzpfí rdrdESifh
tusKd;csif; qufpyfonfh jyóemrsm;wGif eD;pyf&mbufokdU rvkdufyJ aezdkU

1138 
cJ,Of;vSonf/ yrmqdkaomf ausmif;q&mESifh ausmif;om;rsm;
jyóemay:onfqdkvQif ausmif;om;rdbjzpfaom t,f'Dwmwa,mufonf
ausmif;om;rsm;bufrS cyfyif;yif; ra&;yJ aeEdkifzdkU cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/
tvGefwnfhrwfvSygonfqdkaom t,f'Dwmwa,mufonf rdrduwnfhrwf
pGma&;ygawmhrnfqdkonfhtxJuyif udk,hf[mudk,frodyJ b,fvdkufvsuf
&SdEdkif \/ þodkUaomtcuftcJrsKd;rlum; vGefajrmufEdkifol r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;
vdrfh rnfxifonf/ þodkUaom udpörsKd;wkdUudk csefvSyfí jynfolESifhtpdk;&?
vuf0J ESifhvuf,m ponfh udpörsKd;wkdUwGifrl bufvdkufoifh rvkdufoifh
[laom jyóemwck oD;oefUyif&Sdaejyefavonf/ vuf0JESifhvuf,m
udpöwGif vuf0J0g'BudKufolESifh vuf,m0g'BudKufolwkdUu rdrdBudKufaom
0g'udk axmufcH&rnf? Mum;aeí rjzpfEdkif[k qdkMuayvdrfhrnf/ jynfol
ESifhtpdk;& jyóemay:aygufvQifvnf; jynfolUowif;pm qdkonfrsm;u
bmajymajym jynfolUbufu axmufcHa&;om;&rnf? jynfolUbufu trSm;
&SdvQif rdrdwkdUu axmufjyzdkU rqdkxm;bd? wbufu axmufjyjcif;udkyif
0efcHvdrfh rnfr[kwfacs/

rSefonfxifovdka&;csifonf

uREkfyfrSm rsufESmrvkdufyJ rdrdrSefonfxifaombufrS axmufcHa&;

om;vdkaomqE´ jyif;xefoljzpfonfhtavsmuf rnfonfhudpöESifhjzpfap
rnfolrBudKufBudKuf BudKufBudKuf rSefonfudkom 0efcHa&;om;vd\
k /
wdkif;jynf pD;yGm;a&;pepfwGif vuf0J0g'udk oabmusapumrl vuf0J orm;
rsm;ü trSm;awGUvQifvnf; axmufíjycsifwwf\/ þuJUodkU axmufjy
rdonfhtwGufaMumifh vuf0J0g' atmifjrifa&;twGuf taESmifht,Sufjzpf

1139 
onfqdkvQifvnf; uREkfyf*&krpdkuf? uREkfyfvljzpfvmonfrSm vuf0J0g'
atmifjrifa&;twGuf r[kwf? trSefw&m;udk odatmifvkyfNyD; uREkfyfjrifonfh
twdkif; wifjy&eftwGufomjzpfonf/ wdkif;jynfü vuf0J0g'atmifjrifvQif
vlrsm;pk acsmifcsdEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfaomfvnf; vuf0Jacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;
rSm;onfxifvQif zkH;zkH;zdzdrvkyfcsif; uREkfyfvufvrf;rSDoavmuf azmfxkwf
wifjy&rS auseyfwwfonf/ uREkfyfü ygwDpdwf"mwfrsKd;? 0g'pdwf"mwfrsKd;
wwfEdkiforQ uif;atmifaecsifwwfí xdktwdkif;vnf; a&;csifwwfonf/
þtwGufaMumifh rdwfaqGenf;vQifvnf; udpör&Sd? opömw&m;udkom
rdwfaqGzGJUcsifonf/ t*Fvefjynfxkwf wdkif;owif;pmBuD;onf vuf,m0g'
jzpf&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; jynfolESifhtpdk;& wbufwvrf;jzpfonfh udpörsKd;wGif
bufrvkdufyJ rSefonfxifovdk a&;xm;onfqdkaomaMumifh uREkfyfoabm
usvSonf/ uREkfyfBudKufykHonfaumif;aomenf;vrf; rSefaomenf;vrf;?
BuD;yGm;aomenf;vrf;? vlcspfvlcifrsm;aom enf;vrf;[lí rqdkvdk? uREkfyf\
0goemwcktaejzifh wifjyjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/

pOf;pm;p&may;jcif;

owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;onf A[kokway;jcif;? pOf;pm;ay;jcif;[lí

(tMurf;tm;jzifh) tvkyfESpfrsKd; aqmif&GufMuonfjzpf&m þESpfckudk
tvsOf;oifhovdk wvSnfhpD aqmif&GufMuavonf/ avmjynfü qlqlylyl
jzpfonfqdkvQif avmjynf\ordkif;udk pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;rS&SmazGNyD; tusOf;
csKyfa&;om; wifjyjcif;onf pmzwfoltm; A[kokway;jcif;jzpf\/
uREkfyfrSmrlrnfonfhpmudk a&;onfjzpfap pOf;pm;p&muav;rsm;ygatmif
a&;om;csifwwfaom tavhtusifh&\
Sd / taMumif;wkdufqdkifonfhtcg

1140 
A[kokwtjzpf wifjyjcif;rsm;&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyftNrJwap tmoDoxm;
onfrSm pmzwfolrsm;tm; pOf;pm;p&muav;rsm; wifjy&efjzpf\/ vljzpf
vQifpOf;pm;qifjcifOmPfokH;&rnf? pOf;pm;qifjcifwwf&rnfqdkum pOf;pm;
qifjcifzdkU tavhtusifh xlaxmifay;vdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh trsm;vlwkdU
rBudKufEdkifonfh tvkH;uav;rsm;udk wrifwum azmfxkwfwifjycsifwwf\/
OD;Ekuig;yg;oDvtaMumif;a[m\/ xm0&bk&m;ocifu ynwfawmfq,f
yg;wGif aot&uf raomuf&[laom trdefUay;csufwckyg&Sd\/ obm0udk
uREkfyfem;vnfonfum; owÅ0gudk (oHo&mtaejzifh) rnfonfhyk*¾dKvf?
rnfonfhbk&m;urS trdefUay;jcif;? tmPmjyjcif; rjyKEdkif? wOD;udkwOD;u
aus;Zl;jyKvsuf aumif;usKd;ay;onf? xdcdkufepfematmif apwemESifhvkyfí
xdcdkufepfemcJUvQif raumif;usKd;ay;onf? t&ufaomufvQif i&JBuD;onf[k
Ak'¨u a[mawmfrrlcJU? 'kp&dkufq,fyg;wGifvnf; ryg[k wa,mufwnf;
xí a&;cJUzl;onf/ þpum;udk c&pf,efrsm;ESifh OD;EkwdkU BudKufEdkifrnf
r[kwfaomfvnf; pOf;pm;OmPfokH;zkdU ysif;&dNyD; rsufpdrSdwfí ,kHcsifwwfaom
vlrsm; tvefUwMum;jzpfoGm;atmif vSefUay;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfudk,f
wdkif pOf;pm;qifjcifwwfaom 0goem&Sdí pmzwfolrsm;tm; pOf;pm;qifjcif
aomtavhjzpfatmif ysKd;axmifay;jcif;onf uavmiform;wa,muftae
jzifh uREkfyf\0w¦&m;wck[lí owfrSwfxm;ygonf/

&Sif;&Sif;jywfjywfpOf;pm;wwfjcif;

taemufwdkif;ynm&SdBuD;rsm;u urÇmavmuü axG;vkH;&pfywf pOf;pm;

wwfonfh  (Muddled  Thinkers)  vlwkdUomaygrsm;í &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf
pOf;pm;wwfonfh  (Clear  Thinkers)  vlrsm;onf tvGefenf;yg;onf[k

1141 
qdkMu\/ Ak'¨uvnf; rnfolajymvQifrSefvdrfhrnf[k r,HkMunfyJ udk,fydkif
OmPfjzifhvnf; pOf;pm;&rnf[k (umvmrokwfwGif) a[mawmfrlcJU\/
okdUESifhvnf; obm0 usrusudk udk,fydkifOmPfjzifh &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf
pOf;pm;wwfonfh vlOD;a& &mcdkifEIef;onf tydkif;*Pef;rQavmuf
om&Sdrnf[k uREkfyfqdkcsifonf/ þt&nftcsif;onf EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ü
vnf;aumif;? pma&;q&mrsm;ü vnf;aumif;? owif;pmq&mrsm;ü
vnf;aumif; tvGefw&m ta&;BuD;vS \/ odkUESifhvnf; ¤if;t*FgrsKd;ESifh
jynfhpkHaomvlrsm;rSm xdkolwkdUteufwGif cyf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdae\/ om"uwck
wifjy&aom umvfrmhufpfu bmoma&; onf ]bdef;}jzpfonf[k t"dyÜm,f
wrsKd;ESifh a&;cJUjcif;jzpfygvsuf (zefqif; aomxm0& bk&m;ocif&Sdonf[k
,kHMunfaom bmomrsKd;udkom qdkvdkonf [k ArmuGefjrLepfrsm;u
em;rvnfyJ) Ak'¨bmomudk ,kHMunfjcif;onf olwkdU\tvkyfudk aESmifh,Suf
onf[k t"dyÜm,faumufonfh vu©PmESifh Ak'¨bmomudk zsufypfEdkifvQif
aumif;onf[k ,lqMuykH&\/ (,ckum; rajymwwf) tjcm;wbufuvnf;
qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfonf Ak'¨bmomESifh rudkufonfhES,f ]"r®EÅ&m,f}
[kajymMu\/ þESpfbufvkH;onf avmua&;ESifh "r®a&;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf
rpOf;pm;wwfolrsm; jzpfMuavonf/ þaemufydkif;wGif uREkfyf\ ]pm}rsm;rSm
olwyg;\ pmrsm;xuf &Sif;onf[k uRekfyfudkoabmusolrsm;u ajymMu\/
þodkUjzpf&jcif;rSm uREkfyfpma&;wwfaomaMumifh jzpfonf[kvnf; ajymMu
\/ uREkfyf\txifum; pma&;wwfjcif; wckwnf;aMumifhr[kwf? &Sif;&Sif;
jywfjywf pOf;pm;wwfaom 0goem&Sdí uREkfyfa&;vdkaom taMumif;t&mudk
udk,fh[mudk,f &Sif;&Sif;BuD;em;vnfatmif avhvmNyD;rSa&;avh&SdaomaMumifh[k
xifygonf/ okdU&mwGif &Sif;&Sif;jywjfywf pOf;pm;wwfjcif;[lonfrSm ckx
vkyfí ckjzpfonfr[kwf? e*dkyg&rDcH (OD;aESmuf) tjyif A[kokwajrmuf

1142 
jrm;pGm &SmazGpkaqmif;NyD; av;av;eufeuf arTaESmuf qifjcifwwfolwkdUü
om &&Sdpaumif;onf[k uREkfyfqdkcsifonf/

omoemjyKjcif;taMumif;

taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif *sefwvfrJef twef;tpm; vlrsm;&SdMuonf

qdkvQif jrefrmjynfESifhwuG Ak'¨bmom udk;uG,fa om wdkif;jynfrsm;rS t*Fvef
tar&duef paom taemufwdkif;jynfrsm; omoemjyKoGm;&ef tBuH&Sdaom
yk*K¾d vfrsm; av;eufpGm pOf;pm;xdkufvSonf/ tu,fí omoem
q&mrsm;onf txufyg ]*sefwvfrJef} tqifhtwef;&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh
awGUMu&onfhtcg rnfodkUaom w&m;rsKd;udk a[mMuygrnf enf;/
t&ufraomufMuESifh? iSufrypfM uESifh? npm rpm;MuygESifh bkef;BuD;rsm;udk
&Sdckd;Muyg/ vlbG,f0w¦Krsm; ay;vlMuyg qdkonfrsm;xuf (vufawGU
usifhpOftaejzifh) ydkía[mp&m &SdMuygao;ovm;? þrQESifhvnf; edAÁmef
a&mufaMumif;w&m; [kwfyg\avm? edAÁmefa&mufaMumif;w&m;rsm; vnf;
a[majymwwfygonfqdkvQif a[majymrnfhyk*¾dKvfrsm; udk,fwdkifu ayguf
a&mufatmif tm;xkwfNyD;MuygNyDavm/ udk,fwdkifaygufa&mufatmif
tm;rxkwf&ao;ygyJvsuf olwyg;wkdUtm; aygufa&mufatmifjzpfap?
(,kwfpGmhtqkH;) tm;xkwfcsifaomqE´jyif;xefpGm jzpfay:vmatmifjzpfap
a[majymEdkifonf[k ,kHMunfMuygoavm? em*awmifwef;odkU w&m;
a[mxGufjcif;ESifh ]*sefwvfrJef}rsm;&SdaomXmeodkU w&m;a[m xGufjcif;onf
twlwlyifvG,fulonf[k xifMuygoavm/ taemufwdkif; jynfrsm;wGif
avmb? a'go? rme tm;BuD;onfum; rSefonf/ odkU&mwGif
rdrdwkdUudk,fwdkifu wPSm? rme? 'dXwdkUudk wqdwfwzJUrQ acRzdkU BudK;pm;

1143 
tm;xkwfjcif;rjyK&ao;yJ rdarG;wdkif; zarG;wdkif; &SdaeMuygao;vsuf
tjcm;vlrsm;udk avmb? a'goacRzdkU a[majym&ef jzpfEdkifonf[k ,kHMunf
Muygoavm/ tdE´d,jynfrS taemufwdkif;odkU w&m;a[m xGufcJUMuonfh
ADADumeE´? &mrwdópaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;onf ([kwfonfjzpfap? r[kwfonf
jzpfap) olwkdUenf;ESifh olwkdUawmxJwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tm;xkwfNyD;aemuf
taemufwdkif; bmompum;udk ya&mfzufqmrsm;uJUokdU ajymwwfatmif
avhvmNyD;umrS vSnfhvnf a[majymMuonf[k zwf&bl;\/ jrefrmjynfrS
omoemjyKq&mrsm;onf udk,fwdkif xdxda&mufa&muf r*faygufzdkvfayguf
tm;xkwfbl;jcif;r&SdyJ Ak'¨\ usrf;*efrsm;rS oiftHrSwfom;um ajyma[mjcif;
tm;jzifh ]*sefwvfrJef}rsm;tm; t&d,mjzpfukefatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkifMuvdrfh
rnf[k xifMuoavm/ vljzpfap? &[efjzpfap udk,fhwdkif;jynfwGif
emrnfBuD;&kHESifh taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif omoemjyKzkdU vkHavmufonf
xifMuvQif awmifolv,form;rsm;\ acR;ESifh &if;ESD;&aomaiGudk rjzpf
pavmufom EdkifiHa&;*kPfav;twGuf jzKef;wD;ypf&m a&mufayvdrfh rnf/
omoemjyKjcif;udpöonf acgif;aygif;paxmifaom awmif&Snform;rsm;
twGufr[kwf? bmompum; aumif;aumif;wwfonfh t&d,m &[ef;rsm;
twGuf jzpfoifhonf/ þtawmtwGif; xkdyk*¾dKvfrsKd;vnf;&&Sdí wkdif;jynf
vnf; acsmifcsdatmif vkyf&OD;rnf/ uREkfyfü awG;vkH;wck&SdonfrSmum;
txufyg yk*¾dKvfrsKd;&cJUvQif zefqif;aom xm0&bk&m;ocifr&Sd[k ,kHMunf
onfh &k&Sm;jynfonf Ak'¨\tbd"r®mudk vufcHvG,fqkH;aom wdkif;jynfjzpf
vdrfhrnf[k xifonf/

1144 
ausmcsrf;aomtvkyfwck

uREkfyfwkdUjrefrmvlrsKd;onf Ak'¨\ w&m;awmfaMumifh omoemawmf

ra&mufrDuxuf ckefíwufovdk ,Ofaus;vmMujcif;um; ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sday/
uREkfyfwkdU\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;onf Ak'¨\w&m;awmfrS ,Ofaus;rIwkdUom
rsm;\/ txl;ojzifh Ak'¨bmom &[ef;awmfrsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIonf Ak'¨
,Ofaus;rI oufoufjzpf\/ t*Fveftp&Sdaom taemufwdkif; jynfrsm;wGif
vnf; vlrsKd;,Ofaus;rIESifh c&pf,ef,Ofaus;rIESpfck wGJvsuf&Sd\/ xdkolwkdU
tm; uREkfyfwkdU ut&dkif;tpdkif;ozG,f oabmxm;um ,Ofaus;atmifqdkí
omoemjyKzkdU vdktyfonfr[kwfay/ olwkdUtxJü *sefwvfrJefqdkolrsm;onf
vlrsKd;,Ofaus;rItaejzifh xdyfwef;usolrsm;jzpfí avmuDom;wa,muf
taejzifh ¤if;wkdUtm; oifjyp&mcyf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ xdkolwkdU vdktyf
onfrSm wPSm? rme? 'dXd jyKwfatmif tm;xkwfenf;udkoifjy&efrQom
jzpfav&m rdrdwkdUudk,fwdkif tm;rxkwf&olrsm;u *sefwvfrJef tqifh
twef;rDaom yk*¾dKvfrsm; tay:ü q&mvkyfcsifonfqdkjcif;rSm uREkfyftzdkU&mü
awG;rdwdkif; ausmcsrf; vSygawmhonf/

ajympum;udka&;jcif;

jrefrm0w¦Ka&;q&mrsm;teuf Zmwfaumifrsm; tcsDtcsajymonfh

pum;rsm;  (Dialogues)  udkt[kwfwu,f ajymonfhtwdkif; a&;wwfolwkdU
onfrsm;rsm;&Sdonfrxifay/ pma&;q&mrsm;\ csKdUwJUcsufwckrSm pma&;
aomtcgwGif pum;ajym ][ef} rsKd;a&mnSyfygwwfí ajympum;rsm;udk
a&;&aomtcgürlum; a&;pum;[efrsKd; a&mnSyfygwwfjcif;yifjzpfavonf/

1145 
tcsDtcs ajymMuaompum;rsKd;udk 0w¦KwGifjzpfap? &kyf&SifZmwfnTef;wGif
jzpfap a&;xnfhonfhtcg wu,fpum;ajymonfhtwdkif; ppfppfjzpfatmif
a&;wwfolwkdUrSm cyf&Sm;&Sm;yif&Sdrnfxifonf/ pma&;q&mrsm;tzdkU uH
aumif;ao;onfrSm &kyf&Sifüjzpfap? 0w¦Küjzpfap ajympum;ESifh ajym[ef
ppfppfr[kwfjcif;udk&dyfrdaom y&dowfuvnf; tawmfBuD;enf;yg;ao;onf/
ppfrjzpfrDacwfü NAdwdoQbm;rm;&kyf&Sifu &dkufxkwfonfh ]zl;pmESpfcdkif}
Zmwfum;twGuf ajympum;rsm;udk uREkfyftm;a&;cdkif;ojzifh a&;ay;cJUbl;&m
OD;nGefUonf uREkfyfa&;ay;onfh ]ajympum;} rsm;udk oabmusonfh
vu©PmESifh ol\ukrÜPDrSxGufaom &kyf&Sifum;tm;vkH;twGuf ajympum;
rsm;udka&;ay;&ef uREkfyfESifhpum;qdkbl;avonf/ odkU&mwGif ppfBuD;jzpfvm
onfhtwGufaMumifh rvkyfjzpfawmhyJ olESifhuREkfyfuJGoGm;Muygonf/ xdkacwf
url ajympum;rsm;udk a&;&onfh ZmwfnTef;a&;q&mu ae&mrus&
onfhtxJwGif Zmwfaumifuvnf; (wvkH;pDoifay;&onfh vu©PmESifh)
0gus okH;av;ck yg0ifaom pum;wcGef;udk jywfawmif;jywfawmif;ESifh
av;ig;ajcmufcg &yfqdkif;&yfqdkif;ESifh ajymjcif;rsm;udk (Zwfaumifwa,muf
ESpfa,mufrSwyg;) trsm;tm;jzifhawGU&wwfygonf/ þonfrSm'g&dkufwm\
tjypfvnf; ygayvdrfhrnf/ xkdpOfurl rdef;rMurf;odef;&ifBuD;rSwyg;
þtjypfrsKd;uif; aomZmwfaumif cyf&Sm;&Sm;&SdcJU&m þacwfwGif xGef;a0?
armifoif;? MunfMunfaX; ponfwkdUay:vmí wu,fhpum;ajymvkH;udk
wu,fhajym [efESifh ajymEdkifolwkdU tawmfuav;rsm;cJUayNyD/ tcsKdUvlrsm;u
jrefrm&kyf&Sif Zmwfaumifrsm;onf t*Fvdyf&kyf&SifZmwfaumifrsm;uJUodkU
]tufwif} raumif;[k jypfwifajymqdkjcif;udk rcHEdkifyJ&SdwwfMuay&m
uREkfyftzkdU&müum; ]tufqif}qdkif&mtjcm;aom trlt&mrsm;udk xm;ygOD;?
rdrdwkdUajym&rnfh pum;udk ]pmausatmif} rusufyJ roifyJESifh

1146 
Zmwfum;&dkufMuonf &kyf&Sifynmonf wzGJUvkH;udk ukef;íom
aigufvkdufcsifonf/ tjcm;aom tcsufrsm;xuf þtcsufrSm
uREkfyftzdkU&mü cGifhrvTwfEdkfifqkH;aom jypfcsufBuD;wck jzpfav&m xGef;a0wdkU
vufxufwGif awmfvmao;ojzifh &kyf&SifMunfhí jzpfEdkifygavNyD/

obm0usowJU

uREkfyfonf ajympum;vkH;rsm;udk wu,fajymonfhtwdkif; obm0us

atmif a&;wwfonf[k udk,fh[mudk,f xifvsuf&Sdaomfvnf; NAdwdoQbm;
rm;OD;nGefUu ajymumrS awmfawmf&J&Jxif0HUvmygonf/ OD;nGefUrajymrDurl
pma&;q&mwdkif;onf rdrda&;onfhajympum;udk obm0usonfxifMupNrJ
jzpf&m olwyg;a&;xm;jcif;udk tjypfjrifNyD; udk ,fh[mudk,f[kwfaejcif;jzpfEdkif
onf[k pOf;pm;rdao;onf/ odkU&mwGif OD;nGefUu ajymumrS pdwfcsvufcs
&Sdvmygonf/ xdkrQru þaemufydkif;ü uREkfyfa&;onfhajympum;rsm;\
obm0usjcif;ESifh ywfoufí xyfavmif;NyD; om"ursm;awGU&Sd&jyefyg
onf/ uREkfyfonf &Ir0r*¾Zif;wGif avmukwÅ&ma&;&m aqG;aEG;cPf;rsm;ESifh
aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;ü (pOf;pm;OmPfavhusifhvdkolrsm;tzdkU) taxGaxG aqG;aEG;
cPf;rsm; a&;xnfhvsuf&Sd&m wwfodem;vnfykH&onfh pmzwfy&d owf
tawmfrsm;rsm;udk uREkfyf\ aqG;aEG;cPf;rsm;rSm taMumif;jy aumif;&kH
omru pum;ajymykH ajymenf;rSmvnf; t[kwfwu,f ajymrnfhtwdkif;
obm0usvSonf[k ajymMuonf/ vli,fpma&;q&m wa,mufurl ajym
pum;vkH;rsm;a&;om;jcif;ü olUudk,fol tawmf[efonf[k xifaeonfh
txJwGif uREkfyf\aqG;aEG;cPf;rsm;udk zwfvdkuf&aomtcgrS olU[mol
trsm;BuD;vdkao;jcif;udkawGU&í pdwfysufrdygonf[k 0efcHajymqdk bl;av

1147 
onf/ þonfwkdUrSm uREkfyftm; e*dkuwnf;uoabmusolrsm;u ajymMu
aompum;rsm;vnf; jzpfEdkifao;&m xkdUxufcdkifvkHaom taxmuftxm;
rsm;vnf; &Sdygao;onf/ aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;trSwf(1)wGif uREkfyfESifh rmhufpf0g'D
wa,mufaqG;aEG;cPf; yg&Sdav&m ¤if;udkjrefrmhtoHu okH;Budrf wdkifwdkif
vTifhay;bl;\/ uREkfyfonfa&'D,dkrS em;axmifaomtcg pOf;pm;
qifjcifykHrsm;ESifh taMumif;jycsufrsm;udk (udk,fh[mudk,f) [kwfvSonfxif
rdjcif;um; xm;ygOD;/ uREkfyfwkdUq&mwynfh ESpfa,muftaejzifh a&'D,dkxJrS
ajymMuolESpfa,mufwkdUu uREkfyfa&;xm;onfh ajympum;vkH;rsm;twdkif;
wvSnfhpDajymMuykHrSm (tajymaumif;olrsm;jzpfMuayaomaMumifh) t[kwf
wu,f ajymaeMujcif;uJUokdU xif&avmufayonf/ uREkfyfudkodaom
vlwa,mufurl a&'D,kdrS em;axmif&NyD;aemuf uREkfyfESifh awGU&mwGif
&efukefrS uREkfyfb,faeUu jyefa&mufygoenf;[kar;\/ uREkfyfu
&efukefodkU roGm;aMumif;ajymí ]]tb,fhaMumifh þodkUar;&oenf;}}[k
jyefar;&mwGif þvlu ]]a&'D,kdxJu pum;ajymwm[m q&mBuD;
r[kwfbl;vm;? ]rif;w,frkdufwJU aumifygvm;}qdkwJU tvkH;uav;rsm;awmh
wu,fhudk q&mBuD;&JU]av}ygyJcifAsm? uRefawmf[m q&mBuD;udk,fwdkif
ajymaew,f rSwfwmygyJ}}[k jyefajymavonf/ uREkfyfu ]]'Davmufrsm;
ajymwwfvQif pma&;q&mawmif vkyfraebl;}}[k ajymvkduf&ygao;onf/
þtaMumif;udk pOf;pm;rdaomtcg cyfapmapmydkif;u jyZmwfa&;q&mvkyf&
vQif atmifjrifavrnfavm[k rawmufwacguftBuH jzpfay:rdygao;onf/

1148 
avmutaMumif;ESifh "r®taMumif;

avmuaMumif;ESifh "r®aMumif;udk &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf rpOf;pm;wwfonfh

twGufaMumifh uREkfyfwkdU jrefrmjynfü jyóemrsm; ray:wefyJvsufESifh
ay:aygufae&onf[k uREkfyfjrifrday&m þtaMumif;udkvnf; tenf;i,f
wifjyvdkygonf/ uREkfyf\tjrifudk &Sif;&Sif;wifjy&rnfqdkvQif omoemjyK
rif; (þrQru)bk&m;avmif; [lonfwkdUonf wkdif;jynfwjynftwGuf
taumif; qkH;aom rif;jzpfonf[lí vufrcHEdkifacs/ þodkUa&;jcif;tm;jzifh
uREkfyftm; Ak'¨bmom0ifwa,muf r[kwf[lí rpGyfpJGMuygukefvifh/
Ak'\
¨ w&m;awmfudk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm avhvmjcif;? vufawGUusifhBuH
tm;xkwfjcif;ponfjzifh jyKvkyfcJUonfhtwGufaMumifh Ak'¨udk ,kHMunfrIESifh
ywfoufí uREkfyfESifhwlnD aomol &SdcsifrS&Sdrnf/ uREkfyfxuf,kHMunfrI
uJvGefydkarmufaomol[lí um; jrefrmjynfüomru rnfonfhwdkif;jynfwGifrS
&SdEdkifvdrfhrnfr[kwf[k uREkfyfxifjrifonf/ bk&m;tavmif;awmfwa,mufudk
taumif;qkH;aomrif;[k vufrcHEdkifjcif;ESifh Ak'¨udk tvIdufvJSqkH; ,kHMunfol
jzpfonf[laom pum;ESpfcGef;onf tNrD;tarmufrwnfh[k qkdMurnfjzpf&m
xkdolwkdUum; avmutaMumif;ESifh "r®taMumif;udk&Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf pOf;pm;
wwfavmufatmif OmPfrrDMuaomaMumifhrQomjzpf\/ uREkfyfrlum;
þESpfXmewkdU\ wuefUpDwnf&Sdjcif;udk &Sif;&Sif;BuD; jrifxm;onfhtwGuf
aMumifh txufyg pum;udk&J&JBuD;qdkvkdufjcif;jzpfonf/

1149 
om"uwifjyjcif;

&Sif;OD;tHU/ a0óEÅ&mrif;onf (Ak'¨ udk,fawmfwdkifu twdwfaqmif

NyD; a[mawmfrljcif; qdkaomaMumifh) okdUavm okdUavm tavmif;awmfrsKd;
r[kwf? ppfppfjrnfaom tavmif;awmfwyg;jzpf&ayrnf/ olonf (vI&J
aomrif;a0óefqdkonfhtwdkif;) qifjzLawmf ypö,udkvª\/ om;orD;
udkvnf;vSL\/ r'´Da'0Drdzk&m;BuD;udkvnf;vSL\/ qifjzLawmfypö,&Sdaom
wdkif;jynfwGif rdk;racgifapEdkifaom owÅdxl;&Sdonfqdk\/ rif;BuD;onf
wdkif;oljynfom; vltrsm;wkdUü rdk;acgifvQif 'ku©a&mufrnfhta&;udk odjrifyg
vsuf qifjzLawmfudk ay;vSLvdkuf\/ tb,fhaMumifh ay;vSLoenf;/
oAÁnKwOmPfawmfudk &&SdrItwGuf ay;vSLonfqdk\/ oAÁnKwOmPfawmf
onf b,folUtwGufjzpfoenf;/ tavmif;awmftwGufjzpfonf/ aemufqkH;
ü wdkif;oljynfom;wkdUonf a0óEÅ&mrif;BuD;udk (qifjzLawmfay;vSLrI
aMumifh)wdkif;jynfrS ESifxkwfvkdufMu&\/ þudpöwGif rif;BuD;u rSm;oavm?
wdkif;oljynfom;uyif rSm;oavm/ rif;BuD;url oAÁnKwOmPftwGuf
bmudkrqdk ay;vSL&rnf jzpfaomaMumifh rif;BuD;rSm;onf[k rqdkEdkfifacs/
wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;uvnf; rdrdwkdU'ku©a&mufaprnfh tvkyfwckudk jyKrdaom
bk&ifbm;wdkif;jynfrS ESifxkwfjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh rSm;onf[k rqdkoifhacs/
okdUjzpfí þudpöwGif rif;BuD;vnf;rrSm;? wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;vnf;
rdk;acgifaom 'ku©ESifhBuKHawGU&onf/ a0óEÅ&mrif;(tavmif;awmf)url
rnfonfhwdkif;jynfü bk&ifvkyf&onfjzpfap (tvSLcHrnfhol&Sdu) bmrqdk
ay;vSLvdrfhrnfom jzpf\/ tavmif;awmfwkdif;onf a0óEÅ&muJUokdU
&ifhao;onf r[kwfaomaMumifh bmrqdk vSL&ufvdrfhrnf r[kwfao;aomf
vnf; xdkolwkdUonf wdkif;oljynfom;\ tusKd;xufolUtwGuf oAÁnKw

1150 
OmPf&zdkUavmufudkom MunfhwwfonfqdkaomaMumifh wdkif;jynftwGuf
taumif;qkH;aom rif;tjzpfESifh vufrcHEdkif[laom pum;rSmajyvnfavmuf
NyD[k oabm&ayonf/

r[kwfEdkifjcif;wcsuf

þrQomruao;? tavmif;awmfqdkolrsm;onf om;orD; om;r,m;

rsm;twGufyif taumif;qkH;aom zcif? okdUr[kwf taumif;qkH; aomcifyGef;
r[kwfEdkif[k qdkygu rsm;vGef;onf[k qdkcsifp&mjzpfaejyef\/ qdkcsifvnf;
qdkMuap? uREkfyfrlum; þtwdkif;yifjrifrd\/ a0óEÅ&mrif;BuD;u *PSmESifh
ZmvDwdkUudk ZlZumykPÖm;tm; ay;vSLonfhtcg armifESrESpfa,mufwdkU onf
crnf;awmf\ yg&rDawmfudk ulnDjznfhpGufonf[k oabmxm;Muonf/
odkUr[kwf oabmxm;oifhonf[k qdkMu\/ uREkfyfonf oAÁnKwOmPf
\wefzkd;udk olvdkigvdkvlrsm;xuf em;vnfonfxif\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\
&Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf pOf;pm;wwfaom 0goemaMumifh ZmvDwdkUarmifESronf
crnf;awmf\ yg&rDawmfudk ulnDjznfhpGufrnf[k oabmxm;EdkifMurnf
vnf;rxif? oabmxm;oifhMuonf [lívnf;r,lqEdkifacs/

usrf;jyKq&m\pdwful;

&Sif;OD;tHU/ a0óEÅ&mrif; ay:xGef;onfhtcsdefESifh rZödsrwdkif;ü

a*gwrAk'¨ yGifhawmfrlonfhtcsdefumvrSm ESpfaygif; 57uka#ESifh 6 oef;
uGmjcm;onf[k usrf;*efuqdkonf/ twdtusrSefuefonf[k vufrcHvdkMu
vQif&Sdap? þESpfacwfrSm umvt&SnfBuD; jcm;em;vsuf&Sdonfqdkjcif;udkrl

1151 
Ak'¨bmom0ifwkdU vufcHMu&ayvdrfhrnf/ a0óEÅ&macwfrSm uóyjrwfpGm
bk&m;\omoemESifh a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmftMum;wGif
wnf&Sd&rnf jzpfonfhjyif ESpfbufaom omoemwkdUESifh ESpfy&dapä'
tvGefa0;uGmvsuf&Sd&ayrnf/ xdkokdUaom tcsdeftcgü ]omoem}[laom
pum;onfvnf;aumif;? ]Ak'´} [laompum;onfvnf;aumif; ¤if;vlwkdUem;
ü rMum;&bl;oavmuf jzpf&ayrnf/ a0óEÅ&mrif;BuD;rSm tavmif;awmf
jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh oAÁnKwOmPf[laom pum;vkH;onf trnfynwf
tm;jzifh ol\pdwfxJwGif rxif&Sm;aomf vnf; oabmw&m;taejzifh
em;vnfxm;jcif;rlum; &Sdavmufoifhonf[k vufcHEdkifavmufygonf/
odkU&mwGif i,f&G,foluav;rsm;omjzpfMuaom *PSm ZmvDarmifESrwkdUonf
oAÁnKwOmPfqdkonfudkvnf;aumif;? yg&rDjznfhrS&onfh obm0pnf;urf;
Oya'udkaomfvnf;aumif;? yg&rD[laom trnfemrESifh teuft"dyÜg,f
udkaomfvnf;aumif; em;vnfEdkifMurnfr[kwfaomaMumifh crnf;awmf\
yg&rDudk ulnDjznfhay;ygrnf[k oabmxm;Muonfqdkjcif;rSm rsm;vGef;tm;
BuD;vSonfjzpfí usrf;jyKolrsm;\ pdwful;,OfrI[k qdkoifhonfxif ygonf/

uREkfyf\qE´

wzefarmifESrESpfa,mufwkdUu yg&rDudk ulnDjznfhonf[k oabmxm;

oifhMuonfqdkvQifvnf; tvGefrw&m;&musonf[k qdkoifh\/ oAÁnKw
OmPf\BuD;us,feufeJjcif;udk xm;ygOD;? owÅ0g[lorQonf jzpfav&m
b0wGif BuD;us,fNyD; aysmfaysmfaecsifrIavmufudkom tvdk&Sd Muí oHo&m
onfqif;&J onf[lívnf; rxif/ xkdUaMumifh oHo&m0#fqif;&JqdkonfrS
vGwfajrmufvdk aomqE´qdkonfrSmvnf; r&SdMujcif;rSm owÅ0gtaygif;wkdU\

1152 
"r®wmoabmBuD; yifjzpfavonf/ rdrdukd,fwdkifu vGwfajrmufvdkaomqE´
r&SdygyJvsuf owÅ0gawG vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf a[majymrnfqdkonfh
Ak'¨wql yGifhawmfrl a&;twGuf *PSm ZmvD armifESrwkdUu rdrdwdkUudk,fudk
ZlZumvufodkU tay;cHNyD; tavmif;awmf\yg&rDudk ulnDjznfhpGufoifhonf
qdkjcif;rSm udk,fcsif;rpmemonfhtwGufaMumifh rarQmfvifhxkdufonfü
arQmfvifh&ma&mufonf[k qdkcsifygonf/ uREkfyftwGuf &Sif;&Sif;a&;vQif
tvSL&Jaom tavmif;awmfrsm;\ ydkifqdkifjcif;cH&í ay;vSLpGefUBuJEdkifonfh
om;orD;paomtjzpfrsKd;udk tvdkr&Sd? xdkyk*¾dKvfrsm;\ rdwfaqGtjzpfavmufudk
om vdkvm;ygonf/

aMumufp&maumif;aom tpdk;&

uREkfyf\,kHMunfcsufwckrSmvnf; wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfolwa,mufonf
wdkif;oljynfom; acsmifcsdoufoma&;ESifh ukodkvfa&;udk wGJzuf aqmif&Guf
Edkifu aqmif&Gufoifhonf rSefaomfvnf; wdkif;oljynfom;wdkUü tusyfcHNyD;
wdkif;ol jynfom;wdkU\aiGjzifh rdrdukodkvf&atmifjzpfap? wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;
ukokdvf& atmifjzpfap jyKvkyfonfqdkygvQif xdkolonf avmua&;ESifh
"r®a&;udk ydkif;jcm; em;vnfolr[kwf[k qdkcsifonf/ tpdk;&\0wÅ&m;onf
wdkif;oljynfom;wdkU\ pm;0wfaea&; tqifhtwef;udk jrifhwifay;&efjzpfí
ewfjynfodkUwifay;&ef wm0efr&Sdacs/ tkyfcsKyfolwa,mufonf olukodkvf
vdkcsifygu rdrd\acR;ESJpm jzifh ay;urf;vSL'gef;&m\/ jynfoljynfom;\
tcGefawmfaiGudk wdkif;oljynfom; \ vufiif; ypöu©tusKd;twGufrSwyg;
rnfonfhukokdvfa&;twGufrqdk okH;xdkufonf[k txifa&mufvmvQif
xdktpdk;&onf aMumufp&maumif;aom tpdk;&wck jzpfvmEdkifonf/

1153 
odxdkufaomtcsuf

yk*¾vdutaejzifhwrsKd;? tpdk;&taejzifhwrsKd; aqmif&Guf&aom udpö

rsKd;&Sd jcif;udk tkyfcsKyfolwkdUem;vnfoifh\/ vlwOD;wa,muf\v,fajrudk
tjcm;ol vlwa,mufu odrf;,ljcif;onf trSefpifppf rw&m;[k
qdk&ayrnf/ okdU&mwGif qdk&S,fvpftpdk;&wcktaejzifh v,frvkyfyJ xkdifpm;
olrsm;\ v,fajrudk odrf;,lNyD;v,form;rsm;\vuf0,fodkU ay;a0aom
enf;jzifhomvQif jrefrmjynfwGif vlrsm;pkjzpfaeonfh awmifolv,form;rsm;
acsmifcsdEdkifzdkU&Sdawmhonf[k ,kHMunfonfqdkygrlum; 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek ajymbl;
ouJUodkU 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrBuD;\ pmcsKyfvufrSwfawG bmawGESifh acsmifvnf
acsmifywfajymraeyJ ajymifajymif&J&Jyif cGJay;oifhayonf/ OD;Ekonf
v,fajrESifhywfoufí 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrBuD;\ pmcsKyfvufrSwfudk taxmuf
txm;jyKí ajymjcif;rSm ajrydkif&Sifrsm; auseyf atmif em;vSnfhjcif;ayavm?
olUudk,fwdkifyif wu,f,kHMunfíayavm rajym wwfay/ uREkfyf\txifrSm
ajrodrf;&jcif;udk oludk,fwdkifpdwf]roefU}onfESifh olUudk,folem;vSnfhjcif;
jzpfykH&onf/ jzpfoifhonfrSmum; tpdk;&vkyfrnfh yk*¾dKvf wa,mufonf
vlawG pm;ae0wf acsmifcsda&;twGuf þenf;vrf;wckwnf; om&Sdonf[k
,kHMunfygu cHp&m&SdvQifvnf;cHrnf? xdkenf;vrf;twdkif;vkyfrnf [k
qkH;jzwf0HUaomowÅd &Sd&ayrnf/ OD;Ekurl yg;pyfuawmh ajymbl;yg\/
wu,fvkyf&mürl i&JudkaMumuf&kHomru tkyfcsKyf,if;yif ukodkvfuav;
wbuf &vdkufcsifao;onf/ vlwa,mufonf yk*¾dKvfwa,muftaejzifh
a&SmifMuOf&rnfh tvkyfrsKd;wkdUudk tpdk;&taejzifh a&Smifír&aMumif;?

1154 
a&SmifvQif 0wÅ&m;ysufuGuf&musí ol\wkdif;oljynfom;rsm; usyfwnf;
qif;&JEkdifaMumif; udktpdk;&vkyfcsifolrsm; odxdkufvSonf/
&Sif;OD;tHU/ Ak'´bmom,kHMunfaom 0efBuD;csKyfwa,mufonf ygPm
wdygwtvkyfESifh ywfoufí tcuftcJawGU&wwf\/ xdktxJwGif vlrsm;
pm;Muaom wd&pämefrsKd;wdkU\toufudk umuG,fay;jcif;onf omoem
jyKjcif;rnfonf[k ,lqcJUvQif xdktcuftcJonf ydkrdkBuD;xGm;vmwwfí
ajz&Sif;&ef rjzpfEdkifaom tajcrsKd;odkU a&mufoGm;Edkif\/ EGm;om;ray:&?
ig;aps;BuD;í 0,frpm;EdkifMuvQif ig;awG taoowfomaomaMumifh
omíaumif;onf[l aomoabmxm;onfh t&yfom;wa,muftaejzifh
þtwdkif;usifhokH;onfhtcg wdkif;oljynfom; (txl;ojzifh qif;&Jom;rsm;)
tm; wdk;í usyfwnf;qif;&Jatmif zefwD;ay;&ma&mufavonf/ vdkifpif
orm;rsm;tzdkUrSm EGm;om;ray:vQif 0ufMuufpm;Edkifonf/ ig;&Sm;í
aps;BuD;vQif wydómudk 15usyf? 20dvnf; ay;0,fpm;Edkifonf/ tvkyform;
qif;&Jom;rsm;rSmom usyfvQifusyf iwfvQifiwfMu&onf/ (trJom;um;
ray:onfr[kwf? ]wdk;wdk;om;}tjzpfESifh aps;wuf oGm;&kHom&Sdonf/)
,ckwavmü uREkfyfwdkU0efBuD;csKyf\ OD;acgif;xJodkU xl;qef;aompdwful;
rsm; 0ifa&mufvsuf&Sd\/ a*gwrAk'´a[mjyawmfrlcJUonfhusifhpOf rsm;teuf
wGif tusyfwnf;qkH;? NcdK;NcH&qkH;aomusifhpOfrSm "lwifaw&oyifjzpf \/
xdkusifhpOfrSm Ak'¨\&nf&G,fcsufudk aumif;pGmem;rvnfaom vlrsm;u
jyif;xefvGef;tm;BuD;vSí twÅudvrxusifhpOf[líyif ajymcsifMuonf/
tqdkyg "lwifawo&oüyif oufoufvGwfpm;&rnf[laom usifh&yfwck
rygacs/ oufoufvGwfpm;jcif;rSm [dE´LbmomrS (aumif;Edk;a,mifa,mif
ESifh) ArmjynfodkU xdk;0ifvmonfh usifhpOfw&yfjzpfí 0efBuD;csKyfOD;EkuJUodkU
vlNydef;rsm; trsm;qkH;MunfndKMuonfh yk*¾dKvfBuD;wOD;u usifhokH;vmonf

1155 
qdkvQif Ak'¨omoemawmf nId;rSdefa&;twGuf [dE´LbufrS ajcwvSrf;
0ifvmjcif;jzpfonf [k uREkfyfpdk;&drfrdonf/ Ak'¨u ]]igrynwfcJUonfudk
ynwfjcif;? igynyfcJUonfudk zsufjcif;tm;jzifh omoemawmfudk nId;rSdef
atmif rjyKMuygukefvifh}} [krdefUawmfrlcJU\/ oufoufvGwfpm;jcif;onf
[dE´Lrsm;\enf;omjzpfonf/ uREkfyfonf a*gwrAk'¨\ omoemawmf
rsufESmudk axmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh a,mifvnfvnfvlrsm;u txGwftjrwf
xifMuonfh oufoufvGwfpm;enf;udk rnfolrBudKufonfjzpfap vufvSrf;
rDoavmuf wm0ef,l&ayvdrfhrnf/

ESvkH;aumif;aom OD;Ek

wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfí rif;vkyfrnfh 0efBuD;csKyfwa,mufonf &Sif;&Sif;

jywfjywf pOf;pm;wwfzdkUvdktyf\/ jynfolvlxk acsmifcsdatmifvkyf&rnfh
rdr\
d wm0efudk aqmif&Guf&mwGif tjypfay;xdkufonfh &mZ0wfaumifudk
tjypftm;avsmfpGm 'Pfay;wefvQifay;&rnf/ oem;onf? okdUr[kwf i&J
aMumufonf qdkum a&SmifvTJírjzpf/ wd&pämef\tom;udk pm;aeusjzpfaom
vlrsKd;tm; i&JrBuD;MuygapESifhqdkum om;owf&kHrsm;udk ydwfypfí enf;rus?
rdrdrvkyf0HUvQifvnf; a&SmifvTJíom ay;oifhonf/ wdkif;jynftwGuf aqmif
&Guf&mwGif i&JBuD;vdrfhrnf[k xifp&m&Sdaom trIrsm;udkvnf; jyKwefu
jyK&vdrfhrnf/ (tavmif;awmf awrdrif;onf tyg,fi&JodkU uscJU&onf[k
pmuqdkonf/) uREkfyftm;0efBuD;csKyfwifajrmufMuvQif vkyfrnfavmj[k
ar;jim;tHU/ uREkfyf wefcdk;tmPmudk rufarmaom pdwfrsKd;&SdívufcHcJUvQif
wm0efudka&SmifvTJNyD; i&Judk aMumufvdrfhrnfr[kwf? vkyfoifhonfudk
vkyfvdrfhrnfomjzpf\/ wbufü apwemaumif;ESifh jynfolUtusKd;twGuf

1156 
vkyf&onf[laom ]ajzvkH;} jzifhom rdrdudk,fudkajz,lygvdrfhrnf/ OD;Ek\
tjypfum; aumufuspfpOf;vJjcif;? npfywf ,kwfrmjcif;r[kwf? avmu
taMumif;ESifh"r®aMumif;udk ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;em;rvnf &Smjcif;yifjzpfonf/
OD;Ek\aumif;rGefaom tcsufwckudkuREkfyfjrifrdonfrSm olonf a0óEÅ&m
rif;BuD;uJUodkU wdkif;jynfrS ESifxkwfjcif;cH&rnfr[kwf/ (t&rf; MunfndKol
rsm;vnf; &Sdonf/) olUoEÅmefü &Sdaeonfh zDvmoabmw&m;rsm; 
(Absurdities)  aMumifh olU[mol pGefUcGmoGm;&vdrfhrnf xifonf/ tcsKyftm;
jzifh azmfjy&aomf OD;Ekonf pdwfESvkH;aumif;ESifh apwemaumif;&Sdaomfvnf;
em;vnfrI rjynfhpkH&Smacs/ ynm"dur[kwf? o'¨g"dujzpfykH&onf/

opömESpfrsKd;

rsm;pGmaomolwdkUu trSefw&m;onf ESpfrsKd;r&SdEdkif/ wrsKd;wnf; om&Sd

Edkifonf[k ajymavh&SdMu\/ uREkfyfonf avmukwÅ&mESifh ywfoufí
tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif a&;csifoavmuf a&;EdkifonfjzpfaomaMumifh þrSwf
wrf;wGif "r®a&;&mESifh ywfoufí tus,fw0ifha&;om;&ef qE´vnf;r&Sd?
oifhavsmfonf[lívnf; r,lqacs/ odkU&mwGifopömESpfrsKd;&Sdjcif;udk em;vnf
zdkUrSm avmuDom;rsm; twGufvnf;vdktyfonf xifaomaMumifh þ
taMumif;udk tenf;i,f &Sif;jyygOD;rnf/ avmukwÅ&ma&;&mü orkwdopöm?
y&rw¬opöm[lí ESpfrsKd;&SdouJUokdU avmu\usihfpOfrsm;wGifvnf; yk*¾vdu
taejzifh usifhpOfwrsKd;? tkyfpktaejzifh  (Society)  usifhpOfwrsKd; &Sd&ayonf/
&Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf pOf;pm; wwfaomOmPfr&SdcJUvQif "r®u©efaMumif;jzpfaom
orkwdopömESifh y&rwÅopöm udpöwGif a&maxG;jcif; &SdwwfouJUokdUyk*¾vdu
udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh tkyfpkudk,f usifhw&m;udkvnf; r&Sif;rvif; jzpfwwf

1157 
avonf/ yxrwJGwGif tcsKDUvlrsm;u orkwdopömxuf y&rwÅ
opömonfomvQif rSefuefonf[kqdkum olr&Sd? igr&Sd? yk*¾dKvfowÅ0gr&Sd[k
ajymNyD;vQif vkyfcsif&m vkyfonftxd y&rf;ywm jzpfoGm;ol rsm;vnf;
BuKHbl;onf/ pifppfrSm þopömESpfrsKd;teuf orkwdopömxuf y&rwÅ
opömu eufeJí tjrifcufonf rSefaomfvnf; olUae&mESifhol rSefuefjcif;udk
vnf; em;vnfzdkU ta&;BuD;ayonf/ odkUr[kwfcJUvQif ,xmblw
usaomtjrif rsKd; r&&SdyJ vGJvGJacsmfacsmf jzpfukefwwfayonf/

uREkfyfom rif;jzpf&vQif

wzefyk*¾vduusifhpOfESifh tkyfpkusifhpOfrsm;üvnf; tvm;wl ydkif;jcm;

em;vnfzdkU ta&;BuD;avonf/ yk*¾vduusifhpOft& vlwbufom;udk
oem;Muifem jcif;? ulnDapmifrjcif;onfaumif;\/ jrwf\/ csD;rGrf;xdkuf\/
odkU&mwGif vlwa,mufonf tusOf;orm;wa,mufudk oem;onfqdkí
axmifxJrS xGufajy;zdkU ulnDonfjzpfap? rif;wyg;onf tusOf;orm;udk
oem;onfqdkí cPcP axmifzGifhNyD; vTwfay;onfjzpfap tkyfpkusifh0wfudk
azmufzsuf&m a&mufayvdrfhrnf/ (ukokdvf&onfxifí vTwfypfjcif;jzpfygrl
omíqdk;ao;\/ emrnfaumif; vdkcsifí vkyfvQifvnf; tvm;wlyif/)
[dE´L0g'? okdUr[kwf a'0'wf0g'udkBudKufí oufoufvGwfpm;vdkvQif
yk*¾vdutaejzifh vkyfEdkifcGifh &Sd\/ odkU&mwGifrif;wyg;onf wd&pämefrsm;udk
oem;onf? odkUr[kwf vlawGudk vnf; i&JrBuD;apESifhqdkum om;owf
&kHawGudkydwf? tif;awGudkydwf? ydkufuGefawG udkodrf;? ydkufuGef,uf
olawGudkzrf; ponfjzifh oufoufpm;p&m ray:Edkifatmif tmPmESifh
jyKvkyfrnfqdkygrlum; xdkrif;onf ]tkyfpkusifhpOf} udk azmufzsuf&mus

1158 
ayvdrfhrnf/ olwyg;\ v,fajrudk vk,ljcif;onf yk*¾vduusifh pOf
taejzifh rSm;onf[kqdk&ayrnf[k ,kHMunfcJUvQif xdkuJUodkUjzpfatmifpDrH
jcif;onf tkyfpkusifhpOft& vrf;rSefonf[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSm
wef;cdk;tmPmudk rufarmolwa,muf r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh v,fajr
awG udkodrf;,l&rnfh rif;tjzpfudk rvdkcsifyJ&Sd&onf/ i&JBuD;rnfudk
aMumufvSaom aMumifh r[kwfacs/ tu,fí wefcdk;tmPmudk rufarmNyD;
rif;vkyfrdygrlum; i&Judk aMumufvdrfhrnfr[kwf? cHp&m&SdvQifvnf;cHrnf?
0wÅ&m;udkawmh a&Smifwdrf;vdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ oufxdkufolrsm;udkvnf;
owfzdkUtrdefUay;vdrfh rnfomjzpfonf/ yk*¾vduusifhpOfESifh tkyfpkusifhpOf
udkvnf; ydkif;jcm;íem;rvnf? wefcdk;tmPmudkvnf;rufvdkufao;? oem;
wwfonfqdkaom emrnfaumif; uav;vnf; ,lvdkufcsifao;qdkygvQif
tMuifolonf rif;tjzpf (odkUr[kwf 0efBuD;csKyftjzpf) ESifh ravsmfuef[k
uREkfyfem;vnfonf/ rnfrQavmufpdwfESvkH; aumif;aom yk*¾dKvfwa,mufyif
jzpfapumrl 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfonfhtcg wdkif;jynfacsmifcsdatmif pDrH&rnfh
rdr\
d wm0efukd a&Smifwdrf;cJUvQif olUudk,fwdkifvnf; qefUusifbuf
obm0rsm;  (Contradictions)  ESifhawGU&í jynfolvlxk rSmvnf; pD;yGm;a&;
tusyftwnf;rsm;ESifhawGU&rnf jzpfaomaMumifh aemufqkH; waeUwGif
olUbmol pdwfnpfNyD; wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;&rnfjzpfonf/

om"uwck

jrefrmjynfü v,frsm;udk EGm;rsm;jzifh xGef,ufMu&aomaMumifh EGm;

rsm; rvkHravmufjzpfrnfpdk;í (ppfwyfrSwyg;) EGm;owf&kHrsm; ydwfxm;jcif;
udk &SdygapOD;awmh/ tdE´d,jynfrS a&S;wacwfvkH; wifoGif;cJUonfh qwfom;

1159 
ajcmuf (trJajcmuf) rsm;wifoGif;jcif;udk ydwfyifxm;vdkufonfrSm em;rvnf
Edkifatmif&Sdawmhonf/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkif awmifoltquftEG,fjzpfí awmifol
v,form;rsm;ESifh vufyGef;wwD; aexdkifcJUbl;ojzifh awmifolv,form;
rsm;\ pm;ykH aomufykHaeykHxdkifykH taMumif;aumif;aumif;BuD;odolwa,muf
jzpfonfhtwdkif; yGifhvif;pGma&;om;&rnf[k qdkygvQif ¤if;wkdUtBudKufqkH;
jzpfí aps;taygqkH;vnf;jzpfaom [if;vsmrSm ]trJajcmuf} yifjzpfonf/
0ufom;? Muufom;? bJom;? ig;usif;om;onf 0efBuD;? 0efuav;?
pma&;pmcsDukefonfyGJpm;wdkUtwGuf xrif;udkvnfacsmif;xJrS wGef;csonfh
[if;vsmaumif;av;rsm;jzpfouJUodkU trJajcmufonfvnf; awmifolv,f
orm;ESifhqif;&Jom; tvkyform;rsm;twGuf xrif;udk vnfacsmif;xJrS
atmufokdUwGef;csay;onfh [if;vsmaumif;wcGufjzpfonf/ vlowÅ0gonf
qif;&Jcsrf;omra&G; [if;aumif;uav;wcGufrygvQif xrif;vkyfudk vnf
acsmif;xJrS atmufodkUqif;atmif rsKdrcsEdkfifojzifh qefUiifqefUiif jzpfae
wwfonfjzpf&m txufwef; ESifh vlvwfwef;rsm;u xrif;vkyfudk
Muufom;? 0ufom;? ig;Muif;om;jzifh wGef;csonfhenf;wl? awmifolrsm;ESifh
tvkyform; qif;&Jom;wdkUrSmvnf; trJajcmufudk ]'&dkifbm}tjzpfESifh
tokH;jyKí xrif;vkyfudk vnfacsmif;atmuf okdUusatmif armif;csMu
&avonf/ aps;aygí olwdkUvnf;BudKufaom trJajcmufudkyif
ydwfyifxm;vdkuf&mwGif crsmrsm;rSm xrif;vkyfudk ]'&dkifbm} rygyJ
armif;cs&ef rjzpfEdkifonfhtwGufaMumifh ig;ao;? ig;Ekyf? ig;ajcmuf&dk;?
Muuf&dk;uav;rsm;udk rrSdrurf;ESifh 0,f,lpm;aomuf&ojzifh ydkufqHvnf;
tydkukef? auseyfrIvnf; r&&SmMuacs/ uREkfyfonf þtaMumif;udk
pdwful;jzifh a&;onfr[kwf? qif;&Jom; vlwef;pm;rsm; taMumif;udk
aumif;aumif;BuD;odí a&;jcif;jzpfonf/ trJajcmufonf qif;&Jom;rsm;

1160 
tzdkUü ]'&dkifbm}aumif;BuD;jzpf \/ zkwfvdkzkwf? csufvdkcsuf? axmif;NyD;
i&kwfoD;ESifh aMumfvdkaMumf? tvkyform;? v,form;wdkUtBudKufqkH;aom
[if;vsmwcGufjzpf\/ þrQavmuf vlrsm;pku ESpfoufoabmusonfh
tm[m&wckudk jrefrmtpdk;& u EdkifiHjcm;rSroGif;&[k ydwfyifxm;jcif;rSm
uREkfyftzdkUü vkHavmufaom taMumif;jycsuf &Smr&atmif&Sdygbdonf/

þodkUjzpfavmoavm

trJajcmufudk EdkifiHjcm;rS oGif;cGifhjyKcJUvQif EdkifiHjcm;ü EGm;rsm;ao&vdrfh

rnf/ jrefrmjynfütvkyform;? v,form; qif;&Jom;awG usyfwnf;jcif;?
tpm;taomufaps;EIef; BuD;jrifhjcif;ta&;xufEdkifiHjcm;ü (rnfonfhwdkif;jynf
wGifjzpfap) EGm;owÅ0gawG ao&onfhta&;u ydkrdkBuD;us,fonf[k ,lqMu
oavm/ odkUqdkvQif EGm;owÅ0g\ toufonf tjcm;owÅ0grsm;\
toufxufvnf;aumif;? jrefrmwdkif;oljynfom;wdkU\ pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;rI
xnfvnf;aumif; ydkrdk*&kpdkufoifhonf[k qdkvdkygoavm/ EGm;\touf
onf tjcm;owÅ0grsm;\ toufxuf ta&;BuD;onf[k Ak'¨bmom
usrf;pmwapmif wzGJUu nTefMum;jcif;&Sdygoavm/ uREkfyf\t,ltqudk
wifjy&vQif EGm;om;udk a&SmifíEGm;aumifudk txl;tav;*&kjyKjcif;onf
[dE´LbmomrSpdrfh0ifvmonfh t,l0g'wckjzpfí aumif;jrwfoa,mifa,mif
ESifh Ak'¨0g'udk wGef;z,fxkwfonfh t&dyferdwfwck jzpfonf? tpm;taomuf
aps;EIef;BuD;jcif;aMumifh vlawGusyfwnf;rIxuf EGm;\toufu (EdkifiHjcm;rS
EGm;yifjzpfap) ydkrdk*&kjyKoifh onfqdkaom t,ltqonf [dE´L0g't,ltq
oufoufjzpfí wkdif;oljynf om; acsmifcsdatmifjyKpGrf;Edkifonfh tpdk;&wck\
rSefuefaom EdkifiHa&;tjrifwck r[kwfacs/

1161 
a'0'wf0g'

EGm;om;rpm;jcif;onf [dE´L0g'jzpfonf[lívnf;aumif;? oufouf

a&Smifjcif;onf ]a'0'wf0g'} jzpfonf[lívnf;aumif; a&;om;azmfjycJU&m
EGm;om;taMumif;udk a&;cJUNyD;í oufoufa&Smifjcif;\ a'0'wf0g'jzpfykHudk
&Sif;jy&ayOD;rnf/ Ak'¨vufxufawmfü a,mufzawmfa'0'wfonf
tBuHaumif; wck&onftxifESifh jrwfpGmbk&m;xHawmfodkU csOf;uyfNyD;vQif
&[ef;awmfrsm; usifhokH;vkdufem&ef twGufqdkum 0denf;ynwfcsuf
ig;csufudk tBuHay;avQmuf xm;\/ xdkig;csufrSm-
1/ &[ef;rsm;onf NrdKUausmif;üraeyJ awmausmif;rsm;üom
oDwif;okH; Mu&ef/
2/ vlrsm;ydkUaom qGrf;udkbkOf;ray;yJ? qGrf;auR;rsm;vnf;rvdkufyJ
qGrf;cHíom pm;&ef/
3/ opfwyif? odkUr[kwf 0g;wyifatmufüom aeMu&ef/
4/ oufoufvGwf pm;Mu&ef jzpfavonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a'0'wf\ tBuHay;csufig;ckvkH;udk wckrQ vuf
rcHyJ ig;ckvkH;udk y,fcsawmfrlcJU&m oufoufvGwfpm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí
]Mum;om;? jrifom;? &nfom;}[k qdktyfaom ]tpGef;okH;yg;}vGwfcJUvQif
bkOf;ay;Edkifonf[k rdefUawmfrlavonf/ a'0'wf\ tBuHay;csuf
ig;csufrSm olawmfaumif;[k txifcHcsifonfh ]vlNydef;}rsm; BudKufcsifpzG,f
jzpfay&um; teD;&Sd &[ef;tcsKdU onf a'0'wf\ rGefjrwfaom
tBuHay;csufudk Ak'¨uvufrcHaumif;avavm [k oabmrusjzpfMuí
Ak'¨xufyif a'0'wfu udk,fusifhw&m;t&mwGif omao;onf[k
xifrSwfMuonfhvu©PmESifh Ak'¨udk,fawmfjrwfudk pGefUNyD; a'0'wfaemufokdU

1162 
aumufaumufygatmif vkdufoGm;Muonf[kqdkavonf/ þtxufüvnf;
tom;a&Smifjcif;ESifh ywfoufí Ak'¨\ ]tpGef;okH;yg;}a[m ajymcsufudk
rauseyf(rvkHavmuf)[k rSwf,lMuonfh vu©PmESifh a'0'wf\
]OmPfuGefUjcif;}udk vufcHoabmusNyD; oufowfvGwfpm;Muaom
vlrsm;onf &Sifa'0'wf\ wynfhtquftEG,frsm; jzpfMu[efwlonf
[lí om qdk&ef&Sdayawmhonf/

oHo,jzpfwwfMuaomudpöwck

w&m;olBuD;wa,mufonf vlowfrIxif&Sm;aom w&m;cHwa,muf

aopm;aoap[k trdefUay;onfhtcg xdkw&m;olBuD;ü i&JBuD;onf[k ,lq
ol rsm;&SdMu\/ þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí Ak'¨\om;awmfBuD;jzpfaom
&Sifom&d ykwÅ&mESifh ]tmPmom;}(vlowform;)wa,muf\ tjzpftysufrSm
taxmuf txm;taejzifh pOf;pm;xdkufvSayonf/ waeUoü &Sifom&d
ykwÅ&m\ w&m;yGJ wckwGif ]tmPmom;} (&mZ0wfaumifrsm;udk owf&ol)
wa,mufonf &Sifom&dykwÅ&ma[majymonfhw&m;udk remEdkifyJ idkifvsuf
&Sd\/ xdktjcif;t&m udk &Sifom&dykwÅ&m jrifawmfrlí tmPmom;tm;
ar;awmfrl&m xdkolu ]]rdrdrSm tmPmom;wa,muf taejzifh &mZ0wfaumif
tajrmuftjrm;udk owfcJUbl;aomaMumifh aumif;pGmw&m;remEdkifyJ rdrd\
raumif;rIjyKrdjcif;rsm;twGuf awG;awmylyefvsuf&Sdygonf}} [k avQmufxm;
\/ xdktcg&Sifom&dykwÅ&mu ]]&mZ0wfaumifrsm;udk owf&jcif;onfoif\
oabmtavsmuf owfjcif;avm}}[k ar;awmfrl&m tmPmom;u
rif;rdefUt&owf&jcif;jzpf aMumif;avQmufxm;\/ þwGif&Sifom&dykwÅ&mu
]]odkUjzpfvQif oifübmylp&m&Sd oenf;}}[kar;awmfrl\/ xdktcsdefrSpí

1163 
tmPmom;onf &Sifom&dykwÅ&m a[mawmfrlonfh w&m;awmfudk
aumif;pGmemMum;Edkifonfjzpfí aomwmyefwnfonf[k pmqdk&Sdavonf/
uREkfyf\t,ltqrSmum; tmPmom;onf &mZ0wfaumifrsm;udk yk*¾vdu
oabmt& owfjcif;r[kwf? ]tkyfpkpnf;urf;} t& owf&jcif;jzpfaom
aMumifh tjypfr&Sd[kqdkcsifonf/ xdkenf;wlpGm w&m;cHudk BudK;rdefUay;&aom
w&m;olBuD;rsm;rSmvnf; ]tkyfpkpnf;urf;}t& 0wÅ&m;udk aqmif&Guf&jcif;
jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh tjypfr&Sd[k ,kHMunfonf/ odkU&mwGif tjcm;
wbufüvnf; w&m;olBuD;wa,mufonf vlowfrIw&m;cHwa,muf tm;
tjypfusL;vGefaMumif; rdrdod&Sdygvsuf aiGpm;NyD; vTwfypfcJUaomf ol\
toufudk u,fonfqdkí ukodkvfr&xdkufonfhjyif t*wdvdkufpm;jcif;
twGuf tjypf&Sdonf[k uRekfyf,kHMunfonf/ vdk&if;tcsKyfü rif;pdk;&mZm
rsm;ESifh rif;rIxrf;rsm;tzkdUrSm Oay'pnf;urf;twdkif; &dk;om;pGm aqmif&GufcJU
vQif (tkyfpk usifhpOft&) 0wÅ&m;twdkif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonfhtwGuf
aMumifh tjypfr&SdEdkif/ (tjypf&SdonfqdkvQifvnf; rqdkpavmufuav;rQom
&Sdoifhonf/) t*wdvkduf pm;rIonfomvQif omítjypfBuD;onf[k
&J&JBuD;,kHMunfvsuf&Sdonf/ (þtaMumif;t&mrsm;rSm pdwfobm0t
aMumif;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmavhvm okH;oyfcJUNyD;onfh uREkfyf\t,ltqudk
wifjyjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/)

ruG,faysmufEdkifaompmay

taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;ü pma&;q&mrsm;? yef;csDq&mrsm;rSpí

rsm;pGmaom tEkynmonfrsm;onfrdrdwdkU uG,fvGefoGm;aomfvnf; rdrdwkdU\
]vuf&m}rsm; onfruG,fraysmufyJ tNrJxm0pOfwnfae&pfapzdkUqdkonfh

1164 
Immortality  &nfrSef;csufBuD;xm;wwfMuonf[k zwf&bl;\/ þodkUaom
&nfrSef;csufrsKd;rSm vlBudKufrsm;í tvGefemrnfBuD;onfh ynmonf
tenf;i,fwdkYom xm;&Sd0HUjcif; jzpf\/ pma&;q&mjzpfcgpü uREkfyfonf
tqdkyg &nfrSef;csuftaMumif;udk Mum;&bl;aomfvnf; rdrdudk,fwdkifrlum;
xdkodkUaom &nfrSef;csufrsKD;xm;Edkif avmufonfh tajcrsKd;okdU b,faom
tcgrS a&mufvdrfhrnf[k tdrfrufrruf0HUcJUbl;yg/ touft&G,fBuD;&ifhvmí
w&m;"r®udk tm;xkwfvmaom tcgürlum; ruG,faysmufEdkifaom
pmayrsKd;a&;cJUEdkifjcif;twGuf *kPf,ljcif;onf a&;oltzdkU vkH;0t"dyÜm,fr&Sd?
vltrsm;udk tusKd;jyKrnfxifonfh pmayrsKd;a&;cJUEdkifvQif aemifvmaemifom;
rsm;tzdkU aus;Zl;&SdapEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpfaomaMumifh olwdkU\ tusKd;&SdaprItwGuf
rdr\
d pmay wnfae&pfapvdkaom qE´&Sdrdjcif;udkrlum; 0efcH&ayrnf/
qdkvdkjcif;rSm rdrd*kPf,lvdkí wnfae&pfap vdkjcif;r[kwf? aemifvm
aemifom;rsm;\ tusKd;twGuf wnfae&pfapvdkonfh apwemrQ
omjzpfygonf/ uREkfyfa&;cJUorQaom pmayrsm;teuf Mum&Snfav; jrifh
wnfaevdrfhrnfj[[k arQmfvifhrdonfh pmayonfum; þrSwfwrf;r[kwf?
avmukwÅ&ma&;qdkif&m 'da|'d|rwÅH tp&Sdaom bmoma&;pmayrsm;jzpfyg
onf/

tawG;ESifh]pma&;aumif;}

rdrd\vuf&mrsm; &moufyefwnfapzdkU arQmfvifholrsm;\ ]*kPf,ljcif;}

rsm;onf vkH;0t"dyÜm,fr&Sd[k qdkcJUjcif;rSm þokdUaomtaMumif;aMumifh
jzpf\/ pma&;q&mrsm; odkUr[kwf tEkynmonfrsm;onf rdrdwdkU\
vuf&mrsm; &moufyef wnfae&pfzdkU arQmfvifhcsufxm;Mujcif;rSm pdwful;

1165 
,OfrIoufoufjzpf í tqdkygpdwful;,OfrItay:wGif tajcwnfNyD;pdwfxJü
*kPf,ljcif;jzpfwef&m \/ ynmonfw&mteufwGifrS wa,mufwavrQom
jzpfEdkifay&m <uif;usef &pfaom 99a,mufwdkU\ vuf&mrsm;rSm rMumrD
wdrfjrKyfuG,faysmufjcif;odkU a&mufMu&onf jzpfaomaMumifh tawG;ESifh
*kPf,lrdMujcif;rQomjzpfayvdrfhrnf/ arQmfvifhcsufrudkufaom ynmonf
rsm;udk xm;ygOD;? vuf&mrsm; wu,fwnfaeNyD; emrnfBuD; wvkH;usef
aeonfhpma&;q&mESifh ynmonfrsm; taMumif;udk pOf;pm;MuygOd;pdkU/
jrefrmjynfü &SifoDv0Ho? &Sifr[m&|om&? e0a';? OD;Mobmo?
OD;ykntp&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsm; t*Fefjynfü &SdwfpyD;,m;? rDvfwef?
'pfuif;paom yk*¾dKvfrsm;? &k&Sm;jynfü awmfvfpwGdKif? csD;aumhAfpaom
yk*K¾d vfrsm;? jyifopfjynfü aAmfvfwJ,m;? 'l;rmhpfpaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;\
vuf&mrsm;ESifh ¤if;wkdU\trnfrsm;onf ,aeUwdkifwnfvsuf&SdMuí aemif
wGifvnf; urÇmcsifhatmif wnfaeMuvdrfhrnfqdkMuygpdkU/ xdkolwdkUonf
,cktcsdefü rnfonfhb0udk a&muf&SdaeMuygoenf;/ ¤if;wkdUonf
vlUb0odkUa&mufvsuf&SdMuonfqdkvQif rdrdwdkU\vuf&mrsm; usefae&pfjcif;
twGuf yDwdaomreó jzpfEdkifcGifh&SdMuyg\avm/ jzpfae&mb0wGif
rdrdwkdU\usef&pfaom vuf&mrsm;twGuf rnfonfhenf;ESifh *kPf,lEdkifcGifh
&SdMuygoenf;/ rdrdwkdU\vuf&mrsm; wnfae&pf jcif;twGuf rdrdwkdU\
tquftEG,frsm; *kPf,l&pfEdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k BudKwifNyD; pdwful;,Of
ESifhMuonfqdkygvQifvnf; taemufwdkif;om;rsm;twGufrSm [kwfaumif;
[kwfayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwdkUjrefrmvlrsKd;twGufrSm t"dyÜm,fr&SdvS acs/

1166 
tquftEG,frsm; *kPfjyKjcif;

&Sif;OD;tHU/ t*FvefjynfwGif &SdwfpyD;,m;\ tquftEG,frsm;?

jyifopfjynfwGif aAmfvfwJ,m;\ tquftEG,frsm; usef&Sdaeao;ygu
igwkdU\ab;? igwkdU\bD? igwkdU\bifonf jyZmwfa&;q&mBuD; &Sdwf
pyD;,m;jzpfonf? igwdkU\ bD? odkUr[kwf bifonf aAmfvfwJ,m;jzpfonf
ponfjzifh *kPf,l<um;0gEdkifcGifh &SdMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwdkU jrefrmvlrsKd;
tzkdUrSmum; rdrdwkdU\ tquftEG,fudk okH;qifhrQavmufxufydkí trSwf
tom;jyKEdkifol &Sm;ayvdrfhrnf/ tb,fhaMumifh qdkaomf &SdwfpyD;,m;u
&SdwfpyD;,m;uav;arG;aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfxkH;pHrSm OD;azodef;u azodef;
uav;arG;onfr[kwf? a&TOa'gif;BuD;u a&TOa'gif;uav; arG;onfr[kwfyJ
okH;av;qufqdkvQif bdk;ab;wdkU\trnfrsm; aysmufuG,foGm; wwfaom
aMumifh jzpfavonf/ yrmqdkaomf uREkfyfzcif\ ESr0rf;uJG wa,mufu
vuf0JokE´&trwfBuD;onf uRefyfwdkU\tquftEG,fjzpfonf[k ajymbl;&m
uREkfyfuzciftm; ar;Munfhaomtcg zcifu vuf0JokE´&ESifh qufonf
r[kwf? bkd;awmfbk&m;vufxufokH;yg;rif;BuD;qdkolESifhom tquf&Sdonf
[kajym\/ uREkfyfonf olwdkUarmifESrESpfa,mufudk awUqdkifay;aomtcg
wa,mufwrsKd; ajymMuí jiif;ckefMu\/ rnfol\pum;udk twnfjyK&rnf
rajymwwfEdkifatmif &Sdawmhonf/ odkUjzpfí rMumao;rDu vuf0JokE´&
\arG;zGm;&m ZmwdtaMumif; ESifh ywfoufí r*¾Zif;ESifhowif;pmrsm;wGif
tjiif;tckefjzpfMuonfhtcg uREkfyfonf tquftEG,f jzpfygonf[kom"u
wifjyEdkifjcif;r&SdonfhtwGufaMumifh vuf0JokE´&onf uREkfyf\ tquf
tEG,fjzpfygonf[k xkwfazmfa&;om;jcif;rjyK yJqdwfqdwfaecJUjcif;
jzpfygonf/ tu,fí uREkfyfwdkUjrefrmjynfwGifzcif\ trnfudkqufcH

1167 
&aomxHk;pH&SdcJUygrl uREkfyfonf ]OD;jrwfpH} wa,mufjzpfí rJZmawmifajc&wk
twGuf *kPf,lrnfqdku ,lEdkifcGifh&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm rdrd\vuf&m
rsm; wnfae&pfonfhtwGufaMumifh rdrdu BudKwif*kPf,ljcif;[l onfrSm
txl;ojzifh uREkfyfwkdU jrefrmjynfom;wa,muftzdkU&mü t"dyÜm,fr&Sd vSay/

uREkfyf\,kHMunfcsuf

uREkfyf\vuf&mtcsKdU wnfae&pfygrl rdrdtwGuf pdwful;,Of

oabmrsKd;ESifh BudKwif*kPf,ljcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; aemifvmaemifom;rsm;\
tusKd;twGuf 0rf;omrdjcif;udkrlum; 0efcHcJUNyD;ygNyD/ uREkfyf\ avmukwÅ&m
a&;qdkif&m pmayrsm; rSmaysmfaysmfaecsifwwfonfh pma&;q&mwa,muf\
vuf&mrQomjzpfonf[k þacwfvlrsm;u (txl;ojzifh vlBuD;ydkif;u)
ESmacgif;&IHUcsifMurnfjzpfaomf vnf;aemifcwfrsm;ürl rnfonfhyk*¾dKvfrsKd;u
a&;onfjzpfap obm0wnf;[l aom pHcsdefxdk;Munfhí udkufnDonfqdkvQif
vufcHzdkUtoifh&Sdí vGwfvyfpGm pOf;pm;&Jaom vli,fvlvwfrsm; ay:ayguf
vmvdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfonfh twGufaMumifh uREkfyf\vuf&mrsm;rSm
orm"dESifh owdudkvnf;aumif;? orx tvkyfESifh 0dyóem tvkyfudk
vnf;aumif; ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm; em;vnfí oJoJuGJuGJ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
wifjywwfaom yk*¾dKvfrsKd; tvGef&Sm;yg;í axG;vkH;&pfywf jzpfaeMu&&Smonfh
a,m*Drsm;om aygrsm;vSonfh þacwfjrefrmjynfwGif (uREkfyfudk,fwdkifu
ax&fBuD;0gBuD; q&mawmfBuD;wyg; r[kwfonfhtwGufaMumifh) [dk;av;
wausmfjzpfatmif acwfpm;onf[k rqdkEdkifapumrl þacwfrsKd;ü þrQ
avmuf vufcHMujcif;onfyifvQif yk*¾dKvfpGJuif;&Sif;í vGwfvyfpGm pOf;pm;
qifjcif0HUaom aemifacwfrsm;okdU a&mufaomtcgü r*fw&m; zdkvfw&m; udk

1168 
vdkvm;olrsm; &SdaeMuao;orQ umvywfvkH; enf;edó,wcktaejzifh
wnfae&pfvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifh&kHomru ,kHMunfvsuf&Sdygonf/ pma&;q&m
wa,mufjzpf&jcif;twGuf txifBuD;cH&oa,mifa,mifESifh txifao;cH&
bl;ykH tjzpftysufwckudk þae&mü azmfjyvdkygao;onf/

csD;rGrf;í0rf;omrdjcif;

1962 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvtwGif; uREkfyfonf &efukefNrdKUü&SdaepOf a,m*D

OD;wif\NcHodkUrdwfaqGwa,mufESifh a&mufoGm;\/ ¤if;wkdUNcHxJrSm "r®m&kHBuD;
wck&Sdí txufwef;t&m&Sd yifpifpm;rsm;onf we*FaEGESpfywfvQif wBudrf
us awGUqkHMuí w&m;a[mcsifolu wem&DrQa[mcGifh&NyD; usefaomtcsdef
wGif w&m;"r®aqG;aEG;Muaom xkH;pH&S\
d / aqG;aEG;yJGtNyD;ü vma&muf
orQaom y&dowf 20ausmfwkdUtm; a,m*DOD;wifu tvGefaumif;rGefpGm
csufjyKwfpDrH xm;onfh xrif;[if;rsm;udk tvGefoefU&Sif;oyf&yfpGm
jyifqifxm;onfhpm;yGJ &SnfB uD;ay:wGif auR;arG;ayonf/ (csufjyKwfykH?
[if;cGufrsm; pkHvifykHESifh jyifqifxm;ykHwkdUudk jrif&jcif;tm;jzifh tvSL&Sif
a,m*DOD;wif\ apwem xufoefjcif;udk uREkfyftuJcwfEdkifygonf/)
vma&mufMuonfh y&dowfrsm; teuf tcsKdUrSm uREkfyf\'da|'d|rwÅH
pmtkyfudkzwfbl;xm;Muonfjzpfí w&m;a[mzdkU wdkufwGef;Mu\/ uREkfyfum;
w&m;awmufavQmuf ra[mwwfyJ 'da|'d|rwÅHpmtkyfü yg&Sdaom
taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufí aqG;aEG;ar; jref;jcif; jyKvkyfMuygvQif
ajzqdkygrnf/ xdkpmtkyfrSty tjcm;aom taMumif; t&mrsm;udk ar;jref;
Muygrlum; uREkfyfajzqdkavmufatmif rwwfuRrf;yg[lí twdtvif;
azmfxkwf0efcH&ygonf/ vma&mufMuaom {nfhonfrsm;teuf txufwef;

1169 
t&m&SdBuD; wa,mufurl uREkfyfteD;odkU csOf;uyfí uREkfyf\ 'da|'d|
rwÅHpmtkyfü ta&;tom;&Sif;vif;jywfom;ykHudk vIdufvSJ0rf;ajrmufpGm csD;usL;
ygayonf/ uREkfyfrSm uREkfyfa&;cJUbl;onfh pmtkyfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí &Hzef
&Hcg csD;usL;pum;ajymjcif;rsm;udk BuKH&bl;yg\/ pkHaxmuf0w¬Krsm;? pGefUpm;
cef;rsm;? tvGrf;taqG;rsm;ygonfh 0w¬Krsm;ESifh ywfoufícsD;rGrf;jcif;rsm;udk
Mum;&onfhtcg ¤if;pmtkyfrsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ]rSD;}aom 0w¬Krsm;jzpfí
rSD;ykHrSD;enf;aumif;vQifom aumif;rnf? udk,fydkifpdwful; r[kwfjcif;udk
udk,fh[m udk,fodonfjzpfaomaMumifh csD;rGrf;pum; ajymjcif;twGuf
0rf;ajrmufvSatmif r&Sdojzifh ajymoifholrsm;udkrl rSD;aom0w¬Krsm;
jzpfygonfqdkum rlv0w¬KtrnfESifhwuG zGifh[íajymavh&Sdygonf/
txufwef;t&m&SdBuD;wa,mufu (rif;BuD;jzpfonf/) 'da|'d|rwÅH pmtkyf
taMumif;udk tcsKdUvlrsm; Mum;avmuf atmifcsD;rGrf;ajymqdkaom tcgürlum;
tzdk;wefvSonf qdkMuonfh avmukwÅ&ma&;&m jzpfonfhjyif rSD;jcif;?
odkUr[kwf cdk;csjcif;r[kwfyJ rdrdtm;xkwfí awGUjrif&onfhtwdkif; pmzwf
olrsm; em;vnfatmifBudK;BudK;pm;pm; a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfonfhtwGuf
aMumifh xdkpmtkyftaMumif;udk vIdufvSJpGm csD;usL;ajymqdkjcif;udk Mum;&
onfhtcg b,fwkef;uESifhrQ rwlatmif yDwdaom reójzpfrdygonf/
uREkfyf\rsufpdxJütenf;i,f ndKrnf;aom ¤if;t&m&SdBuD; \ tom;onf
tndKa&mifaysmufí a&Ta&mifawmufvmonf[k xifvmrd\/ aemufqkH;ü
t&m&SdBuD;onf uREkfyfESifhcGJcGmawmhrnftjyKwGif ajymvdkufonfrSm ]]uRefawmf
awmh aumif;aumif;BuD; oabmaygufoGm;NyD q&mBuD;a&? bmvJqdk awmh
w&m;"r®taMumif;rsKd;qdkwm[m pma&;q&mu a&;jyrS aumif;wmudk;vdkU
wxpfcs,lqvdkufNyD cifAsm}}[k ajymavonf/

1170 
oabmaygufykHwpfrsKd;

txufygpum;udkMum;&aomtcg vnfacsmif;teD;odkUa&mufatmif
jrifhwufaeaom uREkfyf\b0ifonf olUae&modkUjyefí ckefcsvdkufojzifh
]zkwfueJ}jrnfoHMum;vkduf&onfxif\/ vufpowfawmh ol\t,lrSm
uREkfyf udk,fwdkif tm;xkwfíawGU&onfh oabmw&m;rsKd;udk wifjyjcif;
r[kwf? pma&;q&m\pdwful;OmPfjzifh BuHzefawG;awmNyD; pma&;aumif;ol
wa,muf\ a&;om;jcif;rQom jzpfonf[k qdkvkd[ef&Sdayonf/ odkUqdkvQif
pdwful;wwfí pma&;aumif;aom pma&;q&mwdkif; a&;Edkifonfqdkonfh
t"dyÜm,frsKd; oufa&mufvsuf&Sd\/ xdkol\pum;onf wenf;tm;jzifh
csD;usL;&ma&mufayonf rSefaomfvnf; uREkfyftzdkUrl ]rSef;csuf}ESifh ESrf;
xGufuGmonf} qdkonfh pum;uJUodkUjzpfae\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
udk,fwdkiftm;xkwfí awGU&aom tjrifudk wifjyjcif;ESifh pdwful;wwfí
pma&;aumif;NyD; a&;xm;onfhpmaywdkU rSm (av;eufjcif; t&mXmeü)
BuD;pGmaom jcm;em;jcif;&SdayaomaMumifhwnf;/ uREkfyf\'da|'d|rwÅHpmtkyfudk
zwf&IMuol tm;vkH;onf xdkrif;BuD;uJUodkU ,lqMuonfqdkygvQif uREkfyf\
usrf;pmtkyf Mum&Snfav;jrifh wnfae&pfzdkU wnf;[laom ,kHMunfcsufrSm
cyfysufysuf jzpf&ayawmhrnf/ odkU&mwGif w&m;"r®ESifh ywfoufí yk*¾vdu
"d|mefoabmrxm;yJ "r®'d|mefenf;jzifh qifjcifMurnfh aemifvmaemifom;
rsm;twGuf arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdygao;onf[k ajzqnf&ayonf/ uREkfyf\
t,ltqwckrSmvnf; vlowÅ0gonf wacwfxufwacwf rd&dk;zvm
t,ltqrsm;udk azmufxGif;qifjcifwwfonfh pOf;pm;enf;rsKd; wkd;wuf
vsuf&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ bk&m;a[musrf;*efrsm;udk edó, taejzifh
teufjyefí a&;jcif;rsKd;xuf Ak'¨nTefMum;awmfrlcJUonfh usifhpOfrsm; t&

1171 
udk,fwdkiftm;xkwfNyD; acwfpum;rsKd;acwfOyrmrsDK;jzifh a&;om;wwfjcif;
onf aemifacwfvlrsm;twGuf omíxda&mufEdkifvdrfhrnf[lívnf; arQmfvifh
vsuf&Sdygonf/

udk,fusifhw&m; t,ltq

'da|'d|rwÅHtp&Sdaom avmukwÅ&ma&;&m pmtkyfrsm;udkawmha&;onf?

&kyf&Sifum;rsm;udkawmh Munfhao;onf[k uREkfyftm; tcsKdUaom avmukwÅ&m
orm; qdkolrsm;u uJU&JUcsifwwf\/ rdwfaqGwa,mufu ]]b,fhES,fvJAsm?
bdkifpukyfawG bmawG Munfhao;oudk;}}[k uREkfyftm; ar;bl;&m uREkfyfu
]]rMunfhyJaervm;Asm? bkdifpukyfZmwfnTef;awmif a&;wwf,if a&;csif
ao;&JU}} [k uREkfyfu 0goemtwdkif; cyf&GJU&GJUjyefajymvdkufrdonf/ trSefrSm
uRekfyfonf ]tNiD;ajy} oabmjzifh wcgw&HbdkifpukyfMunfhrdonf rSefaomf
vnf; bdkifpukyfZmwfnTef;rsKd;udkrl (aiG0ifaumif;vSonfqdkí a&;csifrd
aomfvnf;) aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;&jcif;uJUodkU t&om&Sdawmhonf r[kwfaom
aMumifh a&;zdkUpdwfrul;awmhyg/ odkU&mwGif bdkifpukyfMunfhjcif;aMumifh
vlBuD;wa,muftzdkU&mü odu©mysufonfqdkaom vlrsm;\t,ltqudkrl
vufrcHEdkifyg/ þtwGufaMumifh odu©mysufonf[k vltrsm;u ajymvQif
vnf; udpör&Sd? cHEdkif&nf&Sdygonf/ uREkfyf\t,ltqum; vlonf
&[ef;r[kwf? 0rf;pmudkudk,fh[mudk,f &Smpm;&aom wm0ef&Sdonf jzpfaom
aMumifh wcgw&H ]tNiD;ajy} oabmESifh aysmfp&mtm&kHuav;rsm; cHpm;
rdjcif;twGuf bmtjypfrSrjzpfEdkif? vlwbufom;tm; xdcdkufepfem
apjcif;r&SdorQ umvywfvkH; vlom;onf aysmfp&m tm&kHuav;rsm;udk
twdkif;t&SnfESifh cHpm;vQif tusKd;r,kwfEdkif[k ,lqonf/ &[ef;b0ürl

1172 
uREkfyfonf aeylvSíouFef;udkacgif;ay:wifrnf[k BuHrdjcif; udkyifravsmf[k
xifonfESifh rjyKvkyfyJ a&SmifcJUykHtaMumif;udk a&;om;cJUbl;yg onf/
&[ef;rsm;tzdkUrSm (ygom'du*kPfESifh jynfhpkH&rnf/) vlrsm; MunfndKzG,f
jzpfatmif aewwf&rnf[k Ak'¨u rdefUawmfrl&m pifppfrSm MunfndKzG,fjzpf
atmif aewwfygrSvnf; vlrsm;u vSL'gef;MuNyD; 0rf;0Edkifrnfjzpf\/
udk ,fh0rf;pmtwGuf udk,f&Smípm;&onfh vlom;rsm;tzdkUrSm wcgw&H
pdwf&Tifys aprItwGuf umr*kPftm&kHrsKd; cHpm;jcif;onf vdktyfonf[líyif
uRefyfxif onf/ vlMunfndKatmifqdkí [efvkyfcsifaom vlrsm;tzdkUrSm
a&Smifcsifvnf; a&SmifMuap? xdkvlpku uREkf yftm; uJU&JUcsifMuvQifvnf;
uREkfyf*&kpdkufvdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/

umr*kPf ra&SmifEdkifao;vQif

tcsKdUvlrsm;u uREkfyftm; ]][kwfawmh[kwfygonf? odkUaomf w&m;

orm; wa,mufqdkaomaMumifh a&SmifMuOfoifhonf}} [k ajymMu\/
þpum;udkvnf; uREkfyfvufrcHEdkifacs/ uREkfyfonf &Hzef&Hcg &ufowÅ
wywfESpfywf ponfjzifh qdwfNidrf&mt&yfodkU csOf;uyfí Oykof&uf&Shnf
apmifhNyD; w&m;tm;xkwfavh&Sd&m xdkodkUaom tcsdeftydkif;tjcm;wGif
aysmf&TifrIudk a&SmifMuOf&kHomru owdarG; jrLjcif;tm;jzifh rdrd\pdwfudk
jzLpifatmif? pdwftaMumif;udk od&atmif BudK;pm;bl;yg\/ tdrfodkUjyefvmí
tvkyfcGifodkU 0if&aomtcgürl w&m;tm; xkwfpOfu taersKd; raeEdkifyg/
(vuf&Sdtajctaeü vdktyfonf[lívnf; r,lqyg/) tdrfaxmifESifh
aexdkifí tjA[®p&d, odu©myk'fudk rapmifhxdef; Edkifaom vlrsm;tzdkUrSm

1173 
yGJvrf;obifESifh &kyf&SifMunfjcif;rQavmufudk a&Smif MuOfzdkU rvdktyf[lí
uREkfyfem;vnfygonf/ udk,fusifhw&m;jyif odu©mESifh qdkifaom t,ltq
uvnf;&Sdao;\/ uREkfyfwkdUta&SUwdkif;om;rsm; (txl;ojzifh jrefrmvlrsKd;
rsm;) onf touft&G,f BuD;jyif;vmonfhtcgü odu©mapmifhxdef;&aom
tpOftvm&S\
d / uREkfyfrSm touf70ausmfNyDjzpfaomfvnf; usef;rm
zswfvwfpGm&Sdao;onfhtcdkufwGif jcif;vkH;cwfjcif;? Muufawmif &dkufjcif;
paom upm;enf;uav;rsm;udk vkyfcsifao;\/ txdkuftavsmuf vnf;
upm;Edkifygao;\/ odkU&mwGif jrif&olrsm;u ]uav;uvm;&Sdonf}?
]tbdk;BuD;aqmhonf}[k ajymMurnfpdk;aomaMumifh atmifhtD;í aevdkuf&\/
þudpörsKd;ü uREkfyfonf taemufwdkif;om;rsm;\ xkH;pHudk oabmus\/
touf rnfrQBuD;onfjzpfap ]a*gufoD;}&dkufjcif;tvkyfudk vkyfMuao;&m
uREkfyf tvGefoa&usvSonf/ jrefrmrsufpdü tm;upm;jcif; tvkyftm;vkH;
onf uav;oli,frsm;\ aysmfyg;enf;jzpfonf? vlBuD;rsm;ESifh ravsmf[k
rSwfxifMu onfhvu©PmESifh udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;jcif;ESifh pdwfaysmfjcif;qdkif&m
tvkyfrsKD;udk vkyfrdMuvQif ujrif;onf[k rSwfxifwwfMuavonf/
bdkifpu,fpD;jcif;tvkyf udkyif ]uav;uvm;}&Sdonf[k rSwfxifykH&Muav&m
þwckudkrlum; rnfolu rnfodkUxifMuonfjzpfap? rsufpd? em;ESifh
owdrcRwf,Gif;orQ umvywfvkH; qufvuf jyKvkyfvdrfhOD;rnf[k qkH;jzwf
csufcsxm;NyD;jzpfavonf/

taysmfusL;jcif;

waeUoü uREkfyfonf urÇmausmft*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD; aqmrm;

qufarmfrf\ pmwtkyfudkzwf&IpOf uREkfyftHUMordaom taMumif;w&m wck

1174 
azmfjyxm;jcif;udkawGU&\/ armfrfu wcgw&Humr*kPfü taysmfusL;jcif;
onf 0dnmOftwGuf tusKd;&Sdonf? oludk,fwdkifrSm vkHavmufaom cGeftm;
r&SdaomaMumifh rwwfEdkifíae&onf/ Mu,fwm&mrsm;onf awmifxdyfay:
rSm wufíMunfh&jcif;xuf ajrmif;xJrSqif;íMunfh&onfhtcg omí
awmifyouJUodkU wcgw&H umr*kPftaysmfusL;NyD;aom tcgrsm;ü udk,fa&m
pdwfyg ESpfodrfhauseyfrI&Sdonf[k qdkavonf/ armfrfonf txl;oefpGrf;aom
udk,fum, r&Sdjcif;twGufaMumifh udk,fwdkifprf;oyfcGifhr&yJ tawG;ESifh
a&;jcif;ayavm? wcgw&HwGif prf;oyfbl;í a&;jcif;ayavm rajymEdkifay/
vlwa,muf\ tawGUudkvnf;aumif;? t,ltqudkvnf;aumif; tjcm;
vlwa,mufu rSefonf? odkUr[kwf rSm;onf[lí wxpfcsqkH;jzwf&ef
oifhavsmfonfrxifay/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl tvGeftusL; aysmfyg;jcif;
rsKd;xuf ]pkH}csifwwfaom 0goemuqGJaqmifvsuf&Sd\/ ]]a,mufsm;uav;
qdkwm pkHrSuG,fhorD;&JU}} [k tbdk;uajymbl;&m uREkfyfonf vlvm;
ajrmufaomt&G,frSpí umr*kPftrsKd;rsKd;udk pkHatmifjrnf;csifaomqE´
tNrJuyfvsuf&Sd\/ rpm;bl;aomtpm;tpm? rMum;bl;aom aw;csif;aumif;?
rawGUbl;aomazm|AÁm&kH? rjrnf;bl;aom ok&mar&,rSpí rawGUawGUatmif
vdkufvHpkHprf;wwf\/ odkU&mwGif vGefusL;atmif rjzpfcJUrdjcif;rsm;rSm
uREkfyf\owdw&m;aumif;jcif;xuf uHaumif;jcif; jzpf[efwlayonf/
tu,fí uREkfyfonf vGefusL;onfht&omudk BudKufESpf oufvmcJUygrl
a&SmifMuOfavmufatmif orm"d&SdvSonfrxif/ rdrdudk,füu vGefusL;&jcif;
udk rESpfoufwwfonfh obm0(yg&rD?) &SdonfhtwGufaMumifh uHaumif;jcif;
oufouf jzpfwef&monf/ pkH&kHrQompkHcsifí vGefusL;csifwwf aom
0goemuav;r&SdcJUonfhwGufaMumifh uREkfyfonf twlwuG aysmfyg;
cJUMuonfh i,foli,fcsif;rsm;tm;vkH; uG,fvGefMuonfhaemuf ,ckwdkif

1175 
touf&Sifvsuf&Sdjcif; jzpfoavm[k awG;awmrdonf/ uREkfyf0efcHygonf/
uREkfyfonfpdwfwif;rmvSaom vlwa,mufr[kwf? rnfonfht&mürqdk
vGefusL;&jcif;udk rBudKufwwf? jrnf;&kHrQavmuf (emrnfysuf&kHrQavmuf)
om prf;csifwwfolwa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh þrQavmuf ae&jcif;jzpf
[efwl \/

txifBuD;cHxdkufrS cHcsifonf

emrnfysuf&kH[laom pum;vkH;udk okH;cJUonfjzpfí þtaMumif;udk

&Sif;jy&ef vdkayao;onf/ rsm;pGmaomolwdkUonf udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh
ywfoufí emrnfaumif;&zkdU BudK;pm;wwfMuonfom jzpfygvsuf uREkfyfrl
um; wcgw&HwGif emrnfysufatmif wrifwumvkyfcsifwwfonf[k
ajym&vQif,kHEdkifzG,f&m r&Sdoavmuf jzpfaumif;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ þodkUaom
pdwfrsKd;jzpfay:wwfjcif;rSm tcgcyfodrf;r[kwf? wcgw&HrQomjzpfygonf/
þpdwfrsKd;jzpfvmwwfjcif;rSm uREkfyfü wu,fr&Sdaomt&nftcsif;rsKd;udk
tjcm;vlrsm;u &Sdonf[k txif a&mufvsuf&Sdaomtcgüjzpfap? tjcm;
vlrsm;[efvkyfaeMuonf[k xifrdaom tcgjzpfap uREkfyfonf udk,fhudk,fudk
emrnfysufatmif vkyfcsifwwfavonf/ waeUoü vli,fwa,mufonf
uREkfyf\pGefUpm;cef;0w¬Krsm;udk zwf&onfESifh uREkfyfudkauR;csifarG;csifaom
o'¨gw&m; xufoefonfhvu©PmESifh vrf;ü trSwfrJU awGUqkHMu&mwGif
uREkfyftm; [dkw,fxJodkU ac:oGif;auR;arG;avonf/ pm;p&mrsm;rSm,l
NyD;aemuf vli,fu uREkfyf\\pdwful;OmPfudk csD;rGrf;ajymqdk&kH wGifru
uREkfyf\ig;yg;oDvwnfNrJykH&jcif; taMumif;udkvnf; xkwfazmfajymqdk
avonf/ (xdkvli,fonf uREkfyftaMumif;udk rod&Smacs/) xdktcsdefü uREkfyf

1176 
onfbD,maomufzkdU vkH;0pdwful;r&aomfvnf; vli,fu uREkfyfü r&Sdaom
t&nftcsif;udk csD;usL;&mwGif 0rf;xJü ,m;usdusdjzpfvmonfESifh bD,m
wvkH; rSm,laomufpm;vdkufonf/ vli,fonf uREkfyftm; yg;pyfa[mif;
avmif;ESifh ai;MunfhaepOf uREkfyftay:ü tHUMojcif;ESifha&mpyfí txiftjrif
usqif;oGm; onfhrsufESmxm;rsKd; BuKHawGU&aomfvnf; uREkfyf0rf;renf;
vSacs/ xkdpOfu uREkfyfonf aomufcsifaomtcg aomufao;onfjzpfí
ok&mar&, uif;&Sif; onf? uif;&Sif;rSjrwfonf[laom ol\xifjrifcsufudk
zsufypfvdkuf&rS auseyf Edkifonf/ vli,fonf uREkfyfaomufaom
bD,mzdk;twGuf ydkufqHay;&rnfudk aESmifhaES;vdrfhrnfxifí ¤if;twGuf
uREkfyfuyif xkwfay;yg\/ odkU&mwGif olu vufrcHyg/ þtjyKtrlonf
rSefuefonf[k uREkfyfrqdkvdkyg/ rxdkufwefaomenf;jzifh txifBuD;
rcHvdkjcif;rSm uREkfyf\0goemjzpfygonf/ usrf;rjyKrD tcsdefumv
wavQmufvkH; uREkfyfrSm þtavhtusifhtwdkif; jyKvkyfvmcJUyg onf/

apwemygrS vkyfcsifonf

vGefcJUaom udk;ESpfcefUavmufuvnf; uREkfyfonf tjcm;aom

Oyoum rsm;ESifhtwl oBuFefwGif;wGif ukodkvfawmf bk&m;odkUoGm;í
OykofoDwif;aqmuf wnfMu\/ vlvwftcsKdUurl OykofrapmifhyJ npm
xrif;pm;Mu\/ wwd,aeUü uREkfyfonf olwkdUxrif;pm;jcif;udk jrif&í
xdkaeUtzdkU oDvr,lyJaevdkuf\/ oDv,l?NyD;rS OykofcsKd;onfr[kwf?
BudKwifNyD;oDvr,lyJ aevdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ uREkfyfonf þtaMumif;udk
OD;xiftm;ajymjy&m OD;xifu ]]rvkyfeJUAs? 'DtxJrSm cifAsm;eJUusKyfeJU
touftBuD;qkH;yJ 'DvdkqdkvQifcifAsm;udk txifao;ukefMuvdrfh r,f}}[k

1177 
owday;\/ ol\owday;csufonf uREkfyftzkdU omíqdk;oGm;\/
uREkfyfum; xrif;pm;vdk\/ rdrdudk,füu oDv,lzkdU qE´r&SdyJ olwyg;
txifao; rnfudkaMumufonfhtwGufaMumifh Oykofapmifh&onfqdkvQif
apwemrygonfh twGuf ]nm}onf[k t"dyÜm,faumufNyD; xdkaeUtzdkU
OykofrapmifhyJ xrif;Nrdef Nrdefpm;vdkufygawmhonf/ þonfrSmvnf; uREkfyf
\nHUzsif;csufjzpfonf[k qdkcsifqdkMuap? uREkfyf\0goemrSm apwemrygyJ
vkyf&vQif ]nm}onf[k xifwwfí rjyKvkyfyJ aeonfursm;\/
wu,fhapwem r[kwfyJ ]nm}aom tvkyfrsKd;udk uREkfyftxifrBuD;acs/
xkdtwGufamumifh uREkfyftay:ü txif ao;MuvQifvnf; udpör&Sd?
txifao;jcif;[lonfrSm tjyeftvSefjzpfEdkifaom tvkyfrsKd;jzpf\/
0gwGif;rsm;ü uREkfyfonf OykofoDwif; rSefrSefrapmifhwwf? pdwfygaomtcgrS
apmifhwwf\/ tvGefpdwfygí w&m;tm;xkwfcsifaomtcg rsm;ürl Oykof
&uf&Shnfapmifhwwfygonf/ uREkfyftzdkU&mü aeU&ufowfrSwfjcif; onf
t"dyÜm,fr&SdvS? pdwftm;xufoefaomaeUonf taumif;qkH;jzpfonf[k
,lqoljzpfonf/ ay;urf;pGefUBuJjcif;udpörsKd;üvnf; apwem&SdrSvkyfcsifonf/
yumoeudk &nf&G,fí rvkyfcsifwwf/ ig;usyfwq,frQaom aiGyif jzpfap
apwemxufoefaom tcsdefü ay;urf;pGefUBuJ&vQif axmifudk;&m
vSL'gef;Mu jcif;xuf tusKd;rsm;onf[k uREkfyf em;vnfNyD;jzpfonf/
uREkfyf\apwemum; vdkaeaomyk*¾dKvfudk ay;vSL&rS jzpfay:vmwwf\/
awmifykH&mykH&Sdaeaom yk*¾dKvftm; (rnfrQyif tusifhoDv jzLpifvSyg
onfqdkap)ay;vSLcsifaom apwemxufoefzkdU cJ,Of;vSonf/ txufyg
tjcif;t&mrsm;aMumifh uREkfyf tm; ]*GpmBuD;}wa,muf[k ac:MuvQifvnf;
cHEdkif&nf&Sdygonf/

1178 
uREkfyf\&nfrSef;csuf

rsm;pGmaom olwdkUonf rdrdwkdU\woufwmwGif &nfrSef;csuf[lí

wdwdusus r&SdMuyJ trSwfrJUaevmcJUMu\/ vuf&Sdtajctaexuf wdk;wuf
atmifqdkaom ]aomif;ajymif;}&nfrSef;csufrsKd;um; &SDwwfMuyg\/ tcsKdUurl
oaX;jzpfatmif [lívnf;aumif;? &mxl;wdk;wuf BuD;us,fatmif [lí
vnf;aumif;? xifay:ausmfaZmatmif[lívnf;aumif;? tmPmvufudkif&
atmif[lívnf;aumif; t"du&nfrSef;csuf wckckxm;wwfMuavonf/
txufygwdkUrSm uREkfyf\t"du&nfrSef;csufr[kwfacs/ xifay:ausmfaZmfjcif;
[lonfrSm tvdk&Sdwwfolrsm;onfhtavsmuf uREkfyfvnf; txdkfuftavsmuf
awmhBudKufwwfyg\/ ausmfaZm xif&Sm;atmifum; wrifrvkyfwwfyg/
ypönf;Opöm qdkonfrSmvnf; tvGeftrif;rawmifhw? ]r&Sdr&Sm;} qdkaom
tjzpfrsKd;avmufqdkvQif awmfavmufNyD xifygonf/ ypönf;OpömESifh ywfouf
írl uREkfyfrSm uREkfyf\apwemtwdkif; tusKd;ay;vsuf&Sdonfxifyg\/
uREkfyfonf ]]oaX;udkaMu;yHUonf}} [laom pum;uJUokdU wodef;wef
ausmif;BuD;ay:ü xdkifEdkifaom q&mawmfBuD;wyg;tm; (rnfrQavmuf Munf
ndKzG,faqmifonf jzpfap) xdkausmif;xufomatmif ESpfodef;wefausmif;BuD;
aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;csifaom apwemrsKd; jzpfay:vdrfhrnfr[kwf/ (uREkfyf
udk,fwdkif oaX;jzpfvQifvnf; vkyfvdrfhrnfr[kwf/) ausmif;ocFrf; csKdUiJU
aeaom &[ef;rsKd;twGufom vSLEdkifu vSLcsifwwf\/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm
vdktyfaom y*¾dKvfrsKd;tm; vdktyfoavmufom vSLcsifwwfonf? ]bkef;ayg
vatm} rvkyfcsifwwfacs/ wodef;wef ausmif;xdkifyk*¾dKvfBuD;rsKd;u
]]'gaMumifh'umBuD;rSm bkef;aygvatm tusKd;ray;yJ riwfjywf&kHavmufom
tusKd;ay;vsuf&Sdonf}} [kqdkvQifum; uREkfyfrjiif;vdkyg/ [kwfaumif; [kwf

1179 
ayvdrfhrnf[líyif 0efcHzdkUtoifh&Sdygonf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfujyefvnf
avQmufxm;vdkonfrSmum; ]]wynfhawmf udk,füu usdusdwuf atmif
<u,f0aom tjzpfrsKd;udkawmifhwjcif;r&Sdyg? r&Sdr&Sm;qdkaom tjzpfrsKd;
avmufqdkvQif awmfavmufygNyD? ypönf;OpömtvGeftrif;<u,f0wdkif;
aumif;csifrSaumif;wwfonf? umr*kPf,pfNyD; tBuD;tus,fZdrfcHrIaMumifh
odoifhodxdkufaom tjcif;t&mudk odatmifrBudK;pm;yJ <u,f0onfxuf
<u,f0atmif vkyf&onfESifhyif zwfzwfarmNyD; wb0ukefqkH; oGm;ol
rsm;vnf; 'kESifha'; &SdMuygonf}}[k avQmufxm;rnfjzpfygonf/

NydKifqdkifrI\qdk;&Gm;jcif;

aomufaomufpm;pm; aevmcJUolwa,mufu ]umr*kPf,pfonf}[l

aom pum;vkH;udk tokH;jyKrdonfhtwGuf ESmacgif;&IHUcsifolrsm; &Sdwwf
onfjzpfaomaMumifh þpum;vkH;\ t"dyÜm,fudk &Sif;vif;atmifazmfjy
&ayOD;rnf/ &Hzef&Hcg aomufpm;wwfaom vlwa,mufonf umr*kPf
ZdrfcH&ma&mufjcif;um; rSefygonf/ odkU&mwGif txdkuftavsmuf aomufpm;
wwfaom vlwa,mufonf aomufpm;onfh tcdkufüom rl;,pfwwf\/
oaX;wa,mufrlum; (qifjcifwkHw&m; vufvGwfcJUvQif) umr*kPf
cHpm;rIrsm;tjyif um;csif;NydKif&? wdkufcsif;NydKif&? vdkifpif&atmifvkyf&?
olUxufig ypönf;Opömomatmifvkyf&? udk,fhxufomaom vlrsm;tay:ü
remvdkjzpfapwwfojzifh zwfzwfarmvsuf&Sd Muonf/ pifppfrSm
umr*kPfcHpm;rIonf r*fzdkvfedAÁmeftwGuf taESmifht,Suf jzpf&kHrQom
wwfEdkifay&m vltrsm;ü&SdwwfMuonfh £óm? rpä&d,w&m;rsm;
onfomvQif pdwf\qif;&Jyifyef;jcif; jzpfapwwfí ,kwfedrfhaomb0rsKd;okdU

1180 
ypfcswwfavonf/ pdwfobm0udk uREkfyfavhvmawGU&Sd&onfhtwdkif; wifjy
&aomf [dkw,fü pm;aomufaysmfyg;vsuf&Sdaom vli,fwpkxuf
tjcm;oaX;rsm;uJUodkU vdkifpifrsm;rsm;r&ojzifh rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfum tHoGm;
wBudwfBudwfjzpfaeaom "e&Sifwa,muf\tjzpfonf ydkNyD;qif;&J&kHomru
qkd;&Gm;,kwfrmaom pdwful;rsm;vnf; yGm;rsm;apEdkifonf[k qdkvdkayonf/

&nfrSef;csufESpfck

rSm;onfjzpfap? rSefonfjzpfap uREkfyfonf Opömypönf; tvGeftrif;

<u,f0aom oaX;wa,muftjzpfxuf acsmifacsmifcsdcsd r&Sdr&Sm; aexdkif
pm;aomufEdkifaom tjzpfudktrSefwu,f vdkvm;ygonf/ odkU&mwGif
r&Sdr&Sm;qdkaom tjzpfonf uREkfyf\woufwm &nfrSef;csufjzpfonf[k
rqdkvdkyg/ r&Sdr&Sm;qdk aom tjzpfonf uREkfyf\tajctaeü txl;BudK;pm;
tm;xkwfae&avmufatmif cJ,Of;aomtvkyfwck r[kwfyg/ odkUqdkvQif
uREkfyf\woufwm &nfrSef;csufum; todkUenf;/ &nfrSef;csufum;
vlUjynfodkUa&mufae&onfh þb0wGif vlwa,muftaejzifh odoifhod
xdkufaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udkod&atmif vkyf,l&efjzpfygonf/ odoifhod
xdkufaom tjcif;t&m[lonfrSm (1)vlUtaMumif; odkUr[kwf avmuD
A[kokwESifh (2) pdwftaMumif; odkUr[kwf avmukwÅ&ma&;&mwdkU jzpfyg
onf/ obm0tm;jzifh avmukwÅ&ma&;&monf avmuDrIxuf ta&;BuD;
onfqdkaomfvnf; &dk;om;pGmpOf;pm;wwfol wa,muftaejzifh avmuDa&;
udk a&S;OD;pGmavhvmzdkU vdktyfonf[k owfrSwfonfhtwdkif; avmuD
A[kokwudk eHywf(1)xm;í azmfjyjcif;jzpf\/ þ&nfrSef;csuft&
uREkfyfonf avmuDrIqdkif&m vlom;wkdU\ taMumif;jcif;&mudk od&Sdem;vnf

1181 
atmif tcsdef&orQ avhvmqnf;yl;cJU\/ Oa&mywdkufpaom taemuf
wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif vlUtaMumif;udk od&Sdap&ef wjynfrSwjynfodkU vSnfhvnf
Munfh&IwwfMuonfjzpf&m uREkfyftzdkUrSm þodkUaomtcGifhta&;rsKd;udk
r&&Sdonfjzpfí urÇmhpmtkyf aumif;rsm;udk zwf&Ijcif;tm;jzifh avhvmqnf;yl;
&ygonf/ (þacwfü urÇmudkvSnfhzkdU tcGifhta&;&vsuf&SdMuaom
tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;ESifh 0efBuD;0efuav; qdkolrsm;onf vlUtaMumif;udk
b,fhavmufrsm; odcJUMuonfrajymwwf? vlUobm0ESifhywfoufí
pmwapmifwzGJU a&;om;Mujcif;udkrlum; rawGU&bl; ao;acs/)

tod&cufvSaom pdwfuav;

'kwd,&nfrSef;csufjzpfaom avmukwÅ&ma&;&mqdkonfrSm pdwf

taMumif; yifjzpf\/ avmuü emrfESifh&kyfrSwyg; tjcm;aomw&m;r&Sday&m
þESpfckteuf wGif Ak'¨bmomw&m;awmft& emrf(pdwf)onf a&SUaqmifjzpfí
pdwftaMumif;udk ,xmblwusus odonfqdkvQif udpöNyD;Edkifonf[k
a[mawmfrlonf/ ,xm blwus[lonfrSm taemufwdkif;om;rsm;
avhvmcgpjyKaeMuonfh qdkufaumf vdk*sDac: pdwfynmrsKd;vnf;r[kwf?
tdEd´,jynfü a&S;tpOftvmuwnf;u avhusifhvmMuonfh 0dnmPH
teEÅH[laom t&lyur®|mefrsKd;vnf;r[kwf? Ak'´\ pdwÅmEkyóemenf;udk
qdkvdkonf/ pdwftaMumif;udkrnfrQavmuf odonfjzpfap udpörNyD;Edkif[k
tcsKdUvlrsm; xifaumif;xifMuvdrfhrnf/ pdwfwckwnf;udk Ak'¨tvdkawmfus
odatmifvkyfxm;ygu udpöNyD;Edkifonfj[k uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ usrf;*ef
taxmuftxm;vnf; jyEdkifonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf pdwfudk
tvdkawmfusatmif odaomyk*¾dKvfonf pdwf(avmu)udk vGefajrmufonfh

1182 
w&m;udkvnf; odonf[k qdkEdkifonfjzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ rdrde,fy,f\
e,frdrdwfudk odaomolonf e,fy,f\tjcm;bufü &Sdaomt&mudk
odonf[k qkdEdkifouJUodkUyif taemufwdkif;qdkufaumfvdk*sDtaMumif;ESifh
tdEd´,jynf 0dnmPHteEÅH (t&lyur®|mef;) udkavhvmtm;xkwfaom
yk*K¾d vfrsm;onf pdwftjcif;t&mudk (Ak'¨\enf;uJUodkU) xkd;azmufvGefajrmuf
atmif rnfonfhenf;ESifYrQ odpGrf;EdkifzkdUr&SdaomaMumifh oHo&mrS rvGwf
ajrmufEdkifyJ&SdMu\/ tu,fí ¤if;wdkUvnf; xdk;azmufvGefajrmufEdkifaom
enf;&Sdonf qdkcJUvQif Ak'¨bmomt& or®morÁK'¨wnf;[laom *kPfyk'fonf
ysufjy,f&awmhrnfjzpfí Ak'¨bmom t,l0g'BuD;wckvkH; NydKuJG&ayawmhrnf/
Ak'¨bmom0if ppfrSefcJUvQif a*gwrAk'¨ \ usifhpOfenf;vrf;rsm;rSwyg;
pdwfobm0udk tqkH;wkdifodjrifNyD; avmuBuD;rS vGwfajrmufEdkifaom
usifhpOfenf;vrf; r&SdEdkif[k vufcH,kHMunf&ayrnf/ wenf;qdkaomf
avmurS vGefajrmufEdkifaom tjcm;enf;vrf;&SdEdkifonf[k qdk0HUaomolonf
Ak'¨bmom0ifwa,muf r[kwfawmhacs/

tjcm;enf;r&SdEdkif

þESpf Zefe0g&DvtwGif;u &efukefokdUa&mufcJU&mwGif acwfynm

vnf; xdyfxdyfBuJwwfonfh? w&m;udkvnf; (*dkPf;w*dkPf;rS edó,jzifh)
tjyif;txef tm;xkwfvsuf&Sdonfh? pOf;pm;OmPfvnf; tawmf&SdykH&onfh
vli,fwa,mufESifh aqG;aEG;cJU&bl;\/ xdkvli,fonf EdkifiHjcm;rS emrnf
ausmfyk*¾dKvfwOD;\ olUenf;ESifhol tm;xkwfjcif;udpöwGif r*fqdkufzdkvfqdkuf
aygufrayguf (edAÁmefudk jrifrjrif) uREkfyfa&SUwGif olU[mol qifjcif

1183 
ppfaq;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk Mum;cJU&\/ uREkfyftzkdUürl bmomuGJwa,mufonf
olUenf;ESifhol tm;xkwfjcif;tm;jzifh w&m;xl; awGU&ygonf qdkuwnf;u
olawGUaomw&m;onf r*fw&m;? zdkvfw&m;? edAÁmefw&m; r[kwfEdkif[k
wxpfcs,lqrnfjzpf\/ odkU&mwGif xdkuJUodkU wxpfcs,lqNyD; rsufESmvTJ
vdkufvdrfhrnf r[kwfao;yg/ rdrdawGUxm;onfh w&m;tjrifESifh ol\tjrifudk
wdkufqdkifcsdefxdk;Munfhvdkufonfhtcg uJGvGJaom tcsufudkawGU&rnfhtjyif
uREkfyf\tjrifonf xdkyk*¾dKvf\tjrifxuf usrf;*efpnf;rsOf;ESifh omí
udkufnDonfh tjzpfudkvnf; awGUatmif&SmEdkifayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyftHUMo
rdjcif;rSm w&m;vnf; tm;xkwfí pOf;pm;OmPfvnf; &SdykH&aom acwfynm
wwf xdkvli,fonf Ak'¨usifhpOfrSwyg; tjcm;enf;tm;jzifh tm;xkwf
xm;onfqdkonfh bmomuJG wa,muf\ w&m;tjrifESifh ywfoufí
wcPwmuav; twGufrQjzpfap? [kwfrSefoa,mifa,mif odkUavmodkUavm
jzpf&Sm&jcif;yifjzpfavonf/ w&m;tm;xkwfxm;aom a,m*Dwa,mufonf
ppfrSefaom 0dyóemusifhpOft& tm;xkwfí txkduftavsmufrQ ayguf
a&mufxm;onfhqdkcJUygvQif bmomuJGwOD;wa,muf\ w&m;tjrifESifh
ywfoufí cRwf,Gif;csufudk csufcsif;axmufí rjyEdkifvQif &SdapOD;?
Ak'¨om0uwdkU\ w&m;tjrifrsKd; r[kwfEdkif qdkjcif;udkrl rMumrwif
odjrifqkH;jzwfEdkifavmufayonf/

pdkufMunfhESifh apmifhMunfh

pdwftaMumif;odatmif vufawGUapmifhMunfh avhvmjcif;onf Ak'¨

usifhpOf trSefjzpfonfj [k vufcHMuonfqdkvQif avhvmjcif;wumwdkUwGif
pdwfudkvufawGUavhvm&jcif;uJUodkU pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom tvkyfonf

1184 
b,frSmrSr&SdEdkif[k uREkfyfqdkcsifonf/ i,fxdyfudkpdkuf&jcif;? 0rf;Adkufudk
tm&kHjyKjcif;? xGufouf 0ifoufudk &IrSwfjcif;? ajcvSrf;udk owdjyKjcif;paom
tm;xkwfenf;rsKd;wkdUrSm uav;oli,frsm;yif vkyfwwfMuí vG,fulonf[k
ajymMuaomfvnf; pdwfuav;udk apmifhMunfhavhvm&jcif;uJUodkU tb,frSm
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f &SdEdkifygtHUenf;/ i,fxdyfuJU odkU Nidrfvsuf&Sdaom tjcif;
t&mudkvnf;aumif;? 0rf;Adkuf? odkUr[kwf xGufav0ifavuJUodkU ESpfrsKd;
wnf;om vIyf&Sm;Edkifaom tjcif;t&mudkvnf;aumif; pdkufí&Ijcif;tm;jzifh
todOmPfwdk;wufzdkU tvGefcJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/ þusifhpOfrsm;onf wnfNidrf
aom orm"d&aponfh orx tvkyfrsKd;rQomjzpfí 0dyóemOmPfjzpfay:zkdU
vGefrif;pGm cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/ pdwfuav;udk apmifhMunfhavhvm&aom
tvkyfrlum; pdkufíMunfhjcif;r[kwf? apmifhíMunfh&aom tvkyfjzpfonfh
twGufaMumifh xdk;xGif;OmPfrsm; jzpfay: atmif qGay;onfhES,f&Sdae\/
apmifhMunfhwwfaom a,m*DtzkdUü OmPfrsm; onf (t&Sdef&vmonfESifh
wNydKifeuf) ay:xGufvmzkdU ]jyLpDjyLpD}jzpfaeMujcif; udkawGU&ayrnf/
jrefrmjynfü a,m*Dtrsm; em;vnfvsuf&SdMuonfrSm 0dyóemtvkyf[lonf
pdkufí&Ijcif;? odkUr[kwf &IrSwfjcif;[lí em;vnfMu\/ 0dyóemtvkyf
[lonfrSm pdkufí&Ijcif; r[kwf? apmifhí&Ijcif;jzpfonf/ pdkufí&I vQif
orxjzpfoGm;wwfonf/ uREkfyfonf þtaMumif;udk tawG;ESifh a&;jcif;
r[kwf? vufawGUusifhokH;NyD;rS &J&JBuD; a&;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ pdwÅmEkyóem
tvkyf[lonfrSm pdwfudkapmifhí Munfhjcif;[lívnf;aumif;? a0'em
Ekyóem tvkyf[lonfrSm a0'emapmifhí Munfhjcif;[lívnf;aumif;?
um,mEkyóem tvkyf[lonfrSm udk,fum,udk apmifhíMunfhjcif;
[lí vnf;aumif;? "r®mEkyóem tvkyf[lonfrSm w&m;obm0udk apmifhí
Munfhjcif; [lívnf; aumif; em;vnfoifhMuayonf/ tcsKdUa,m*Drsm;onf

1185 
a0'emEkyóem tvkyfqdkí a0'emudk apmifhírMunfhyJ pdkufíMunfh
wwfMu&m a0'em\ oabmobm0udk OmPfxJwGif ray:vmyJ
orxtvkyftaejzifh ]tjrif}? ]tMum;} paom wefckd;owÅduav;rsm;
&&SdaeMujcif;udk BuKH&bl;vSavNyD/ OmPf&Sdí pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf pOf;pm;wwfaom
yk*K¾d vfwOD;onf udk,fwdkifprf;oyf Munfhygu pdkufíMunfhjcif;ESifh apmifhí
Munfhjcif;wkdU\ jcm;em;ykHudk xifxif&Sm; &Sm; awGU&wwfayonf/

udk,fawGUtjcif;t&mwck

om"uwckwifjy&aomf *syefacwfü uREkfyfonf pdwÅmEkyóem

vkyf,if; pdwfudkapmifhMunfhzkdU em;rvnfyJ pdkufíMunfhrdcJU&m &ufaygif;
twefMumaom tcgü ]vu©Pm}rxifvmyJ 0dnmPteEÅac:onfh
(0dnmOftqkH;r&Sd) [laom t&ly ur®|mef;tjrifrsKd; 0ifvmcJUbl;avonf/
þur®|mef;onfvnf; rdpäm'dXd ur®|mef;r[kwf? Ak'¨udk,fawmfjrwf
onfvnf; y&dedAÁmefjyKcgeD;wGif 0dnmPHteEÅH tygt0if t&lypsmef
wdkUudkvnf; 0ifpm;awmfrlonf[k pmqdk&Sdavonf/ okdU&m wGif pdwfudkpdkufí
&Ijcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyf&&Sdbl;onfh t&lypsmef(taiGUtouf) onf pdwf\
Nidrf;csrf;rIudk jzpfapcJUbl;aomfvnf; tedpö? 'ku©? tewÅwnf;[l aom
vu©Pm oabmw&m;rsKd;vnf; rxifvm? 0dyóemOmPfrsKd;vnf;
aygufvmonfudk rawGU&aomaMumifh þvrf;um; igoGm;vdkaom
vrf;r[kwf [k udk,fh[mudk,f &dyfrdum pdwfudkpdkufí&I&mrS apmifhí&I&aom
tvkyfodkU ul;ajymif;vdkuf&ygawmhonf/ ]apmifh}Munfhjcif;ESifh ]pdkuf}
Munfhjcif;wkdU\ jcm;em;csufonf w&m;tm;xkwfaoma,m*Drsm;tzdkU
tvGefUtvGef ta&;BuD;vSonfhjyif trSm;vrf;odkU a&mufvsuf&Sdaom

1186 
a,m*Daygif;rsm;pGmwkdUudk awGU&Sdae&onfjzpfí Ak'¨\aus;Zl;awmfudk &IarQmf
axmifjcif;tm;jzifh (]emtDvSygNyD}[k qkdcsifqdkMuap) tcgtcGifhBuKHwdkif;
(aemifvmaemifom;rsm;twGuf jzpfcsifjzpfap) tenf;ESifhtrsm; a&;om;
azmfjy&vdrfhrnfjzpfí rvdkolrsm;cGifhvTwfMu&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf/
Ak'¨bmomrSefvQif w&m;tm;rxkwfcsifao;vQif&Sdap? A[kokwtaejzifh
zwf&I pOf;pm;xdkufvSygonf/

pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aompdwf

pdwÅmEkyóem [lonfrSm acwfpum;ESifh ac:onf&Sdaomf Ak'¨nTefjycJU

onfh enf;emtwdkif;pdwfobm0udk xdk;xGif;odjrifapjcif;iSm xufMuyfruGm
apmifhMunfhNyD; pl;prf;avhvmjcif; (0g)okawoejyKjcif;  (Research)  yif
jzpfonf/ taemufwdkif; qdkufaumfvdk*sDq&mrsm;u pdwftaMumif;udk
pOf;pm;jcif;? pdwful;jcif;tm;jzifh odatmifBudK;pm;Mu\/ tdEd´,ynm&Sdrsm;ESifh
zuD&frsm;u pdwfudkpl; pdkufí &Ijcif;tm;jzifh 0dnmPHteEÅH (0dnmOftqkH;r&Sd)
[laom oabmudkawGU Mu\/ Ak'¨enf;rSmrl pdwfudkvufawGU(ypöKyÜef)
taejzifh apmifhMunfhNyD; pdwf\ tom&u| (tewÅ) obm0udk
rsuf0g;xufxif jrifEdkifjcif;yif jzpfavonf/ ynmonfwa,mufonf
ajrBuD;taMumif;udk avhvmonfhtcg ajrBuD;&Sd&modkU udk,fwdkifoGm;
Munfh&\/ tcef;xJrSmxdkifNyD; pmtkyfudkzwf&kHESifh rvkHavmufacs/ ywÅjrm;
taMumif;udkavhvmaom ynmonfonf ywÅjrm;udk wudkifwnf;udkif
wMunfhwnf;Munfhvsuf ywÅjrm;trsKd;rsKd;udk wvkH;NyD;wvkH; avhvmNyD;cgrS
ywÅjrm;taMumif;udkodEdki\
f / ywÅjrm;wvkH;udk pdkufMunfhaejcif;tm;jzifh
ywÅjrm;wkdUtaMumif;udk odEdkifonfr[kwfacs/ opfyiftaMumif;udk

1187 
avhvmaom ynmonfwa,mufonf opfyiftrsKd;rsKd;wkdUudk wyifNyD;wyif
vufawGUMunfh&I avhvm&\/ opfwyifwnf;udk pdkufíMunfhaejcif;tm;jzifh
opfyifwkdUtaMumif; udk odEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/ pdwÅmEkyóem (acwftac:
pdwfokawoe) tvkyfrSm vnf; pdwfudkowdESifh apmifhMunfhaomtcgü
wckjzpfNyD; wckysufoGm;aom pdwfuav;rsm;? taMumif;wdkufqdkifckdufü
jzpfay:vmNyD; aysmufysufoGm;aom pdwfuav;rsm;? teDrIefUESifh
a&monfhtcg a&eDjzpfjcif;? t0grIefUESifh a&monfh tcg a&0gjzpfjcif;uJUodkU
aumif;aom(ukokdvf)apwodufESifh wGJonfhtcg pdwfa umif;jzpfjcif;oabm?
raumif;aom (tukodkvf) apwodufESifh wGJonfhtcg raumif;aom
pdwfjzpfvmjcif;oabm? cPcPajymif;vJvsuf&Sdjcif;oabm? tqif;&lyg&kH
wckudk owd&aom tcdkuftwefUü 0w¬Kj'yfESifhwuG ay:vmNyD; t[kwf
wu,f xifrSwf&jcif;oabm? aemufwcPü tjcm; tqif;wck
0ifvmonfhtcg ckeifuwu,fxif&aom 0w¬Kj'yfuG,faysmuf oGm;í
aemufwcku wGef;xkwfvdkufouJUodkU jzpf&aomoabm? 0rf;enf;zG,f
aomtm&kHwck ay:vmonfhtcg vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf;vmaomoabm?
aysmf&TifzG,faomtm&kHwckay:vmonfhtcg 0rf;omrdaomoabm? b,foif;
rS t[kwfwu,ftESpfom& r&Sdaomoabm ponfrsm;onf a,m*D\OmPf
tjrifüay:vmwwfayonf/ yx0DaA'ynmorm;onf ajrBuD;&Sd&modkU
oGm;& ao;onf/ &ku©aA'ynmorm;onf opfyif&Sd&modkU oGm;&ao;onf/
ywÅjrm;ynmonfonf ywÅjrm;trsKd;rsKd;udk aqmifxm;&OD;rnf/ pdwÅm
Ekyóem (pdwfynmonf) a,m*DtzdkUrlum; pdwfudkapmifhMunfhavhvm
&eftwGuf txl;wvnf ypönf;wckaqmifxm;zkdUvnf;rvdk? ajrBuD;ynm
onfuJUodkU 0w¬K&Sd&modkU xoGm;zdkUvnf;rvdk? xdkifvsufjzpfap? avsmif;vsuf
jzpfap? xvsuf jzpfap? oGm;vsufjzpfap pdwfuav;onf tcgcyfodrf;

1188 
olESifhtwl uyfygvsuf &SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh tcsdefra&G; ae&mra&G;
apmifhMunfhvkdufonfESifh wNydKifeuf pl;prf;avhvmzkdU tvkyfay:xGufvm
&ayonf/ avhvmp&m ynm&yf trsKd;rsKd;wkdUwGif pdwfuav;\ ajymif;vJykH?
jzpfay:ykH? aysmufysufykH? wu,fr[kwfygyJvsuf wu,fxif&atmif
vSnfhpm;ykH tjcif;t&mrsm;udk apmifhMunfhavhvm&jcif;uJUodkU pdwf0ifpm;zG,f
aumif;aom ynm&yfwckonf tb,frSm &SdEdkifygtHUenf;/ pdwf0ifpm;
zG,faumif;onfomruao;? ynm&yf wumwkdUwGif pdwfokawoe
ynmuJUodkU wefzdk;&Sad om ynm&yfonf tb,frSm &SdEdkifygrnfenf;/
pdwÅmEkyóemtvkyfonf cufcJvSonf? ysif;p&maumif;onf
jrifzkdUcuf onf ponfjzifh ajymwwfMujcif;rSm abmvkH;yGJ? bkdifpukyfyGJ
Munfhvsuf&Sdaom vlrsm;u ajymcsifajymMuygap? &uftydkif;tjcm;ESifh
prf;oyfMunfhvdkaom a,m*Drsm;tzdkUrSm pdwÅmEkóemtvkyfESifhywfoufí
vrf;rSefatmifjywwfonfh q&mrsKd; &Sm;vsuf&SdonfhtwGuf tvGJvGJ
tacsmfacsmf ajym&SmMujcif;jzpfonf/ aygufa&mufzdkU vG,fulonf r[kwf
aomfvnf; tm;xkwfzkdUrSm (q&maumif;í wynfhü o'¨gw&m;ESifh
jynfhpkHygu) rjzpfEdkifavmufatmif cJ,Of;vSaom tvkyfr[kwfoifhyg/

tusKd;w&m;rsm;

pdwfobm0udk ,xmblwusus odjrifatmif okawoejyKvkyfaom

pdwfynmonfwa,mufonf (pdwÅmEkyóem a,m*D0ifjzpfonf/) pdwf\
oabmobm0wÅudk txdkuftavsmuf xkd;xGif;odjrifvmaomtcgü
(aomwmyef ou'g*grfpaom emrnfBuD;rsm;udk tokH;rjyKyJ wrifa&Smifí
a&;onf/) cHpm;&&Sdaom tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk tenf;i,f azmfjyvdkao;

1189 
onf/ xdkolonf rdrd\pdwftaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;? cyfodrf;aom
pdwfwkdU\ taMumif;udkvnf;aumif; &dyfrdem;vnfonfjzpfí yxrü
avmbudk ry,fEdkifao;ojzifh avmbpdwfjzpfwwfao;apumrl avmbpdwf
jzpfonfESifh wNydKifeuf vdkcsifír&ojzifh tcH&cufaomoabmudk
qifjcifvdkuf&mwGif avmbpdwfonf uG,faysmufoGm;&ayonf/ (i,fxdyf
udk pdkufí&Iaomenf;? 0rf;ydkufudk pdkufí&Iaomenf;? xGufouf0ifowfudk
&Iaomenf;]rmoabm}qdk aom enf;rsKd;wdkUjzifh þodkUjzpfEdkifMuyg\avm/)
avmbpdwf\tjypfudk wwfwwftyftyf rjrifbl;yJvsuf avmbpdwfudk
wGef;xkwfEdkifygrnfavm? 0rf;Adkuf\ azmif;jcif; ydefjcif;udkvnf;aumif;?
MumMumxdkifí udkufcJanmif; nmvmjcif;udkvnf;aumif; pdkufí&Ixm;jcif;
tm;jzifh xdktckdufwGif avmb rjzpfEdkifaomfvnf; ur®|mef;ausmif;
rSxGufvmí avmbpdwf0ifvmaomtcg xkdpdwfudk rnfonfhenf;jzifh
ESifxkwf&ef jzpfEdkifygoenf;/ pdwftaMumif;udk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif odxm;rSom
vQif tvdkr&SdtyfaompdwfrsKd;udk ESifxkwfEdkifrnfr[kwfygavm/ pdwfokaw
oetvkyfvkyfí txdkuftavsmuf aygufa&mufxm;aom (OmPftjrif&
bl;aom) yk*¾dKvfonf owdapmifhvsuff&SdaeygvQif avmb? a'go?
rmepaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk tvQif;ry,fEdkifao;vQif &Sdrnf? Mum&SnfpGm
vufrcHyJ csufcsif;armif;xkwfEdkifonf/ armif;xkwfwwfonf/ tvdk&Sdtyf
aom pdwfaumif;udkom vufcHonf/ xdkUaMumifh vlomrefwkdUxuf pdwfqif;
&JrI oufomonf/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf udk,fhavmuudk udk,fhpdwfjzifh
zefqif;vsuf &Sdonf[k Ak'¨a[mawmfrl&m pdwfobm0udk ,xmblwusus
xdk;xGif;odjrif atmif avhusifhxm;jcif;uJUodkU aemufusdnpfnrf;aom
avmursKd;rjzpfay: atmif csKyfudkifEdkifaom ynmonf urÇmavmuwGif
tb,frSm &SdEdkifygOD;rnfenf;/ (pdwÅmEkyóemac:cJUvQif w&m;apmfeHvS

1190 
onf[k acwfvli,frsm; qdkMurnfpdk;onfwaMumif;? þacwfvlrsm;tzdkUü
]okawoe}[laom pum;vkH;onf omíay:vGifonf[k ,lqonf
waMumif;aMumifh xnfhoGif;okH;EIef;jcif;twGuf a&S;usaomvlrsm;u
ESmacgif;&IHUMuvQifvnf; rwwfEdkifyg? þacwfwGif vufrcHEdkifMuvQifvnf;
aemifacwfrsm;twGuf arQmfvifhygonf/)

'kwd, OD;atmifjrwfxG#fwJU

rMumao;rDu þacwfwGif tvGefw&m xif&Sm;ausmfapmí omoemh

0efxrf; &[ef;awmfrsm;\ MunfndKzG,f aqmifa&;twGuf txl;BudK;pm;
aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonfh q&mawmfBuD;wyg;tm;zl;awGUcGifh&&Sdí avmuDa&;&m?
avmukwÅ&ma&;&m axG&mav;yg; pum;vufqkHusMu&mwGif q&mawmfu
pmayusrf;*efESifhwuG t,ltqt&mwGif pl;pl;&S&S obm0usvSonf[k
emrnfBuD;cJUonfh t&Siftm'dpö0Ho (vlrnf OD;atmifjrwfxG#f) taMumif;udk
pum;pyfrdí rdefUawmfrlavonf/ q&mawmfu OD;atmifjrwfxG#fonf
pmta&;tom; tvGefaumif;rGefaMumif;? odkU&mwGif wif;rmcufxefaom
rmeoHygonfhtwGufaMumifh ol\pmudk BudKufaomfvnf; vufrcHcsifyJ&SdMu
aMumif;? uREkfyf(a&TOa'gif;)rSmvnf; 'kwd,OD;atmifjrwfxG#f jzpfae[ef&Sd
aMumif;ESifh rdefUawmfrlavonf/ uREkfyfonfq&mawmf jrifonfhtwdkif;
udk,fh[mudk,fvnf; jrifrdbl;yg\/ odkU&mwGif q&mawmf\pum;udk Mum;&
onfhtcg rdrd\tjypftemqmrsm;udk EIdufEIdufcRwfcRwf xyfqifhppfaq;&kH
omru tb,fokdUaomtaMumif;aMumifh ¤if;tjypfrsKd; uREkfyfü
&Sdae&onfudk pl;prf;&SmazG jcif;tm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif;awGU&Sd&ygonf/

1191 
jzLaumifobm0

uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;wGif (txl;ojzifh oli,fb0ü) ql;rsm; wacsmif;NyD;

wacsmif; aygufcJU&ykHudk azmfjycJUbl;&m ql;awGrsm;vmaomtcgwGif
uREkfyf\ pdwfaeoabmw&m;onf jzLaumifozG,fjzpfvmonf[k qdkvdkjcif;
jzpf\/ jzLaumifonf tjcm;aom owÅ0grsm;udk tEÅ&m,fjyK wwfonf
r[kwf? jyKEdkifaom owdÅd&Sdonfvnf;r[kwf? odkU&mwGif tjcm;owÅ0g
[lorQonf ¤if;wkdU\ &efolcsnf;jzpfonf[k ,lqonfhvu©PmESifh
rnfonfhowÅ0grsKd; csOf;uyfvm onfjzpfap udk,fü&Sdaom ql;acsmif;rsm;udk
ajrSmuf<uum ckcHzkdU [efjyifwwf onfhenf;wl uREkfyfrSmvnf;
olpdrf;jriforQudk rdwfaqG[k oabmxm;Edkif avmufatmif ,kHMunfrIr&SdyJ
udk,fhudk,fudk ckcHumuG,f&awmhrnfhES,f ]ql;} rsm;udk axmif<uxm;
wwfygawmhonf/ ql;rsm;ajrSmufaxmifxm;aom ]jzL} aumifudkrnfolurQ
cspfcifMuifemjcif;? yGwfumoyfum ta&mw0if qufqH jcif;jyKvkyf&ef
rjzpfEdkifouJUodkU rsm;pGmaom vlpdrf;rsm;onfuREkfyfudkjrifaom tcg
cifrif&if;ESD;aom tjzpfrsKd;odkU a&mufEdkifvdrfhrnf[k rarQmfvifhEdkifyJ &SdMu\
tcsKdUurl rmeBuD;aom vlBuD;wa,muf[k xifMuaMumif; ajymjyMu\/
pifppfrSm jzLaumifü rmer&SdEdkifpaumif;ouJUodkU uREkfyfrSmvnf; rnfolU
tay:odkUrSwufNyD; yvTm;<um;0gbl;jcif;r&Sd/ rdrd\tjrifudk pdwfcsvufcs
,kHMunfí &J&JBuD;wifjy0HUjcif;  (Self  Confidence)  rQom jzpfaomaMumifh
]rme}[kwfrnf rxif? rdrdtm; ykwfcwfajymqdkMurnfhta&;udk odjrifonfESifh
BudKwifNyD; ckcHum uG,fonfhoabmudk azmfjyonfh ]OmOfqdk;}wrsKd;rQom
jzpfwef&monfxifyg\/ jzLaumifonf usm;? usm;opfpaom

1192 
wd&pämefrsm;udk jrifonfESifhwNydKifeuf ]&efol}[lí csufcsif; odbdouJUodkU
uREkfyfonfvnf; uREkfyfESifh tpyfrwnfhrnfh vlwa,mufudk jrifvdkuf
onfESifh wNydKifeuf csufcsif;yif odwwf\/ þudfpörsKd;ü uREkfyf\
txifonf tvGefvGJcJvS\/ tpyfrwnfh[lí uREkfyfxif vdkufrdonf
qdkvQif tajctaet& rqufqHyJrjzpfí qufqHMunfhaom tcgwGifvnf;
xifonfhtwdkif; tpyfrwnfhjcif;udkyif awGU&\/ tcsKdUvlrsm;rSm rlyxr
tBudrf jrifvdkufuwnf;u uREkfyfu odonfhtwdkif; olUpdwfodkU"mwf&dkuf
onfh vu©PmESifh oluvnf;odykH&í wa,mufESifhwa,muf Budrfzefrsm;pGm
awGUMu&aomfvnf; pum;wcGef;rQ rajymyJ aeMuolrsm;vnf; &Sdavonf/
ql;aygufaom jzLaumifonf roifhjrwfoludk tuJcwfjcif;tvkyfü
tjcm;owÅ0grsm;xuf odvG,fwwfaom yuwdOmPf  (Instinct)  &SdykH&\/
uREkfyfonfvnf; rdrdESifhtpyfrwnfhrnfh vlwa,mufudkodzdkU&ef pkHprf;
qifjcif ae&onfr[kwf/ jrifvQifjrifjcif; wd&pämefwdkU\ yuwdOmPfrsKd;jzifh
odEdkifav onf/ þenf;tm;jzifh uREkfyfESifhBudrfzefrsm;pGmawGUbl;aomfvnf;
wBudrfwcgrQ rac:rajymbl;olaygif;rSm uRekfyf\woufwmü awmfawmfrsm;
avonf/ wcgw&HwGif xdkvlrsKd;wkdUonf uREkfyftaMumif;udk raumif;
ajymMuonf[lí vnf; tjcm;vlrsm;xHrS Mum;&avonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü
rnfodkUrQr&Sdyg/ xdkodkU aomvlrsKd;ESifh ac:ajymqufqHrIrjyKrdjcif;onf
&efjzpfzdkU tcGifhr&SdyJ &Sdonfqdkum udk,fh]tod}udkudk,fauseyfrdygonf/

1193 
pdwfrwdkrdoifhyJ wdkrdjcif;

ql;rsm;ayguf&jcif;onf þrQavmufom tusKd;w&m; ay:xGufonf

qdkygvQif awmfygao;\/ uRekfyftzdkUürl þrQavmufruao;jcif;udk
awGU&\/ uREkfyfü onf;rcHwwfjcif;? pdwfwdkjcif;? qefUusifbufobm0ESifh
awGUonfhtcg pdwfqdk;vG,fwwfjcif; wnf;[laom raumif;onfh
]OmOfqdk;}rsm;jzpfay:vsuf&Sd \/ O'g[&kPfaqmif&aomf yDuif;odkUoGm;pOfu
trwfwa,muf\ A[kokw rjynfhpkHjcif;twGuf uRekfyfupdwfqdk;vdkufrd\/
olU[mol A[kokwenf;jcif;onf uRefESifhbmqdkifygoenf;/ okdUESifhvnf;
uRekfyfu ydkifpdk;ydkifeif;vkyfí udk,fhwynfhozG,f aigufqwfqwf ajymvdkuf
rdonf/ &Iwfcsvdkufrdonf/ þonfrSm ql;rsm;aygufxm;jcif;\
tusKd;qufyifjzpfav&m þtjcif;t&mrsKd;rSmrl txufyg udpörsKd;wkdUxuf
qkd;&Gm;í udk,fh[mudk,fvnf;rauseyfojzifh þaemufydkif;wGif jyKjyifzdkU
BudK;pm;vsuf&Sdygonf/

cRwf,Gif;csufwck

tvm;wl qdk;&Gm;aom udpöwckvnf; &Sdao;\/ pma&;aomtcgü

uREkfyfonf (txl;ojzifh avmukwÅ&ma&;&mtaMumif; a&;om;aomtcgrsm;
wGif) tjcm;vlrsm; vGJrSm;vsuf&Sdonf[k uREkfyftaotcsmodaom taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk a&;csifwwf\/ uREkfyfu taxmuftxm;jynfhpkHpGmESifh a&;om;
wifjyapumrl tawmftwefvlrsm; (avmuü tawmftwef vlrsm;om
rsm;vS onf) vufcHEdkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfjcif;udk BudKwifod&Sdxm;\/
xdkuJUodkUBudKwifod&Sd xm;rIonf ql;awGaygufxm;onfh uREkfyftzdkU&mü

1194 
,m;usdusdjzpfatmif uvday;ouJUodkU&Sdaeí rnfolurQ qefUusifbuf
jiif;csufrxGuf&ao;rD rdrdwa,mufwnf; BudKwifNyD; jiif;aeESifhouJUokdU
a'gESifharmESifh a&;cJUrd\/ yDuif;trwfonf A[kokwenf;yg;jcif; twGuf
aMumifh uREkfyfpdwfwdkcJUbl;ouJUodkU a*gwrAk'¨u &Sif;vif;atmif a[mjy
awmfrlcJUygvsuf orxtvkyfESifh csifhcsdefEIdif;qEdkifaom OmPfr&SdMuoavm?
ax&fBuD;0gBuD; q&mawmfBuD;rsKd;u a&;jyrS[kwfrSefonf[k vufcHwwfMu
oavm? obm0udkpHcsdefxm;NyD; udk,fydkif OmPfjzifh rpOf;pm;wwfMuoavm?
umvmrokwftaMumif;udk rMum;bl;Mu oavm? bmavm nmavm
ponfjzifh udk,fwa,mufwnf; a'gazmif;NyD; wif;rmcufxefaom
pum;vkH;rsm;ESifh uRwfqwfaom 0gusrsm; xGufvmukef Muavawmhonf/
þtjcif;t&mudk ,ckuJUokdU&Sif;jyjcif;rSm uREkfyfpdwfwdkjcif; onf enf;vrf;
rSefonf[k qdkvdkjcif;  (Justification)  r[kwfyg? tb,fhaMumifh
pdwfwdkrdjcif;udk udk,fh[mudk &SmxkwfNyD; &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;  (Explanation) 
rQomjzpfygonf/ pdwfwdk&jcif;rSm taMumif;&Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyf\tjypf
(cRwf,Gif;csuf) jzpfygonf[lí ausauseyfeyfBuD; 0efcHygonf/

wudk,fwnf;orm;

uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\ (obm0us rus enf;vrf;rSefrSef) qkH;jzwfwwf

onfh OmPfpGrf;ESifhywfoufí avmuDrIüjzpfap? avmukwÅ&m a&;üjzpfap
&J&JBuD;pdwfcs,kHMunfxm;aomfvnf; uREkfy\
f nHUzsif;rIrsm; (txl;ojzifh vlrI
qufqHa&;wGif nHUzsif;rIrsm;)udkrl 0efcH&ef toifh&Sdygonf/ pOf;pm;OmPfjzifh
qkH;jzwfjcif;rSwyg; uREkfyf\nHUzsif;rIrsm;onf a&;írukefEdkifatmif &Sdae
aMumif; udk,fh[mudk,fvnf;odyg\/ obm0taMumif;udk þrQavmuf

1195 
odonfqdkvQif tb,fhaMumifh nHUzsif;rIrsm;&Sd&oenf;[k ar;csifpzG,f
jzpfae\/ odjcif;onf wjcm;? vkyfwwfjcif;onfwjcm; jzpfonf[k
qdk&ayrnf/ Oyrm vlaygif;qefU jcif;onf aumif;\[kod\/ vufawGUürl
(pdwfwdkjcif;tp&Sdaom cRwf,Gif;csuf uav;rsm;aMumifh)jzpfatmif
rvkyfwwfyJ&Sdae\/ þum;rSefonf þum;rSm; onf[lívnf;aumif;?
tb,fhaMumifhrSm;onf? tb,fhaMumifh rSefonf[lí vnf;aumif;
taMumif;tusKd;ESifh wuGuREkfyf aumif;aumif;od\/ okdU&mwGif vltrsm;ESifh
qufqH&aom tvkyf[lorQü uREkfyfratmifjrifyJ&Sd\/ uREkfyf\
pOf;pm;OmPfw0ufrQ r&Sdaomvlrsm;onf uREkfyfxuf ESpfqru atmifjrif
vsuf &Sdjcif;udkawGU&\/ pOf;pm;&aom tvkyfrsKd;onf udk,fh[mudk,f
vkyf,l&aom tvkyfrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh rSefuefatmif pOf;pm;wwfyg\/
vltrsm;ESifhrqdkxm;bd ESpfa,mufwJG? okH;a,mufwJG OD;pD;aqmif&Guf&rnfh
tvkyfrsKd;udkrl uREkfyf bmrQ jzpfatmifrvkyfwwf? vkyfwwfatmifyif
rBudK;pm;csifyg/ þonfrSm uREkfyf\ 0goemjzpfaeojzifh uREkfyfrwwf
onfhtwGufaMumifh vltrsm;rvkyf csifonfh pOf;pm;jcif;tvkyfrsKd;wGif
cGeftm;aumif;vsuf &Sdavoavm[k BuHqrdonf/ odkU&mwGif ESpfbufvkH;
cRefaom vlrsm;vnf; &SdMuygonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap uREkfyftzdkUrl vlrI
qufqHa&; tvkyf[lorQudk vufavQmhNyD; wudk,fwnf; pOf;pm;ía&;jcif;?
wudk,fwnf;tm;xkwfjcif;paom tvkyfrsKd;ESifhom woufywfvkH; aeyg
awmhrnf[k qkH;jzwfxm;NyD;jzpfygonf/

1196 
arwÅmw&m;\ tusKd;tmedoif

uREkfyf\ woufwmrSwfwrf;udk zwf&IMuonfh y&dowfESifh uREkfyfwkdU

uJGuGmvsuf &SdcJUonfrSm av;vcefUrQ&SdcJUavNyD/ þrSwfwrf;udk ,ckwzef
jyefvnfqufvufa&;om;azmfjy&mwGif qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkU uREkfyfoGm;a&muf
cJUjcif;udk od&SdMuaom rdwfaqGrsm;u ¤if;taMumif;udk a&S;OD;pGm odvdkMuvdrfh
rnf[k xifrdonfwaMumif;? uREkfyfudk,fwdkifuvnf; tjzpftysufrsm;udk
rSwfrdjcif;t&mwGif (toufBuD;jyif;vmrIaMumifh) a&S;,cifuuJUokdU r[kwf
awmhyJ tenf;i,fqkwf,kwfjcif;&Sdvmonfudk awGU&í qdkAD,uf,leD,Hü
BuKHcJU&aom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk ylylaEG;aEG;a&;om;azmfjyygrS wduspkHvif
vdrfhrnf [k ,lqonfwaMumif;aMumifh ,cifu azmfjyvmcJUonfh
taMumif;t&mrsm; udk acwÅjzwfxm;NyD;aemufqkH; BuKHawGUcJU&onfh
qdkAD,ufudk,fawGUtjcif;t&m rsm;udk a&S;OD;pGm wifjyvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/
,if;odkUwifjy&mwGifvnf; w&kwfjynfoGm; rSwfwrf;udk a&;om;pOfuuJUokdU
udk,fawGUtjzpftysufrsm;udk tpDtpOftwdkif; razmfjyyJ (tpDtpOfudkrl
tjcm;wae&mwGif tvsOf;oifhovdk a&;om;wifjyaumif; wifjyygOD;rnf/)
uREkfyf\ arwÅmur®|mef;(0g)arwÅm w&m;yGm;rsm;jcif;ESifh ywfoufí
wtHUwMo atmifjrifcJUykH taMumif;t&m oufoufudkom þae&mü
xkwfEkwfazmfjy&ef BuH&G,fcsuf&Sdygonf/

1197 
&Sif;vif;csuf

arwÅmw&m; yGm;rsm;rIESifhywfoufí uREkfyf\atmifjrifrIrsm;udk zwf&I

&aomy&dowfu uREkfyftm; ]udk,f&nfaoG;onf}[k pGyfpJGcsifpzG,f taMumif;
t&mrsm;vnf; yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh BudKwifí tenf;i,f&Sif;vif;
azmfjyvdkygao;onf/ uREkfyfonf vltrsm;csD;rGrf;jcif;? xifay:ausmaZmjcif;
tp&Sdaom t&mrsKd;udk vkH;0rvdkvm;ol wa,muf[lí rajym0HUapumrl
csD;rGrf;cHvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ]r@yfwdkif wufjyaom} vlpm;rsKd; r[kwf
aMumif;udkrl uREkfyf\woufwmrSwfwrf;udk zwf&IvmcJUMuonfh rdwfaqGrsm;
wdkU em;vnfavmufMuonf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ arwÅmw&m;\
tusKd;tmedoif taMumif;udk a&;om;wifjy&mwGif uREkfyfonf rdrdtwGuf
vlcsD;rGrf;cHvdkrIxuf ppfrSefaom arwÅmw&m;rnfonf avmuütHUMo
avmufonfh tusKd;tmedoif rsKd;jzpfay:vm&onfh tpGrf;owÅd&Sdjcif;udk
Ak'¨bmomjrefrmvlrsKd;rsm;omru rnfonfhbmom? rnfonfhvlrsKd;yifjzpfap
,kHMunfapEdkifavmufonf[k ,lqonfhtwGufaMumifh ,kHMunfaom
avmuvlom;wkdU\ tusKd;tvdkUiSm a&;om;azmfjyvkduf&jcif; jzpfygonf/
waMumif;rSmvnf; arwÅmw&m;\tusKd; BuD;jcif;udk vlwdkif;vdkyif
od&Sdem;vnfMuNyD;ouJUokdU &SdaeMuí yGm;rsm;olrsm; vnf;&SdMurnf jzpfaomf
vnf; yGm;rsm;ykHyGm;rsm;enf;ESifhwuG tao;pdwfazmfjyjcif; rsKd;udkvnf;
aumif;? xdkrSjzpfay:vmaom tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk udk,fawGUtaejzifh a&;om;
azmfjyjcif;rsKd;udkvnf;aumif; uREkfyfrawGU&ao;onfh twGufaMumifh avmu
BuD;twGif;ü tjrifhjrwfqkH;jzpfaom þarwÅmw&m; taMumif;udk
pmzwfy&dowfwkdU zwf&I&ygu tm;usapvdkjcif;tvdkUiSm a&;om;azmfjy&jcif;
jzpfygonf/ ]]avmuBuD;twGif;}}[laom pum;vkH;udk okH;EIH;&jcif;rSm

1198 
arwÅmw&m;onf avmurSvGefajrmufapaom w&m;rsKd;um;r[kwf/ okdUaomf
avmutwGif;ürl ¤if;xuf jrifhjrwfBuD;us,fonfh w&m;rsKd;r&Sd[lí qdkvdk
onfh twGufaMumifhjzpfygonf/ þrQpum;yv’ifcHNyD;aemuf þtaMumif;ESifh
ywfoufí uREkfyf\udk,fawGUtjcif;t&mrsm;udk azmfjyygawmhrnf/

q&mBuD; bmw&ef&wfqJvf

1961 ckESpfukefcgeD;wGif &efukefodkUqif;oGm;í uREkfyftm; *kPfjyK

{nfhcHMu onfh xrif;pm;yJGwyGJü uREkfyf\ pOf;pm;OmPf tawG;tac:ESifh
ywfoufí txifBuD;ykH&onfh &efukefwuúokdvfrS yk*¾dKvfESpfOD;wkdUu
urÇmausmf tbd"r®m q&mBuD; bmw&ef&wfqJvf pD&ifa&;om;onfh
pmtkyfav;tkyfudk uREkfyftm; ay;vSLMuayonf/ xkdav;tkyfteuf ]vlom;
onf tem*wf&Sdao;oavm}  Has  Man  any  Future?  [laom pmtkyfudk
uREkfyfa&S;OD;pGm zwf&Ivdkufonf/ yxrü uREkfyf\txifrSm ]vlowÅ0gonf
aoNyD;onfhaemuf b0&Sdoavm} qkdonfhtaMumif;udk a&;xm;onf
txifESifhpdwfrygwyg zwf&Irdygonf/ odkU&mwGif zwf&Ivdkufaomtcgü
xdkt"dyÜm,frsKd;r[kwfyJ urÇmppfBuD;jzpfNyD; vlom;rsKd;jyKwfoGm;Edkifoavm
[laomykpämudk q&mBuD;u olU[molar;NyD; olU[molajzxm;jcif;jzpfí
uREkfyf tvGefpdwf0ifpm;pGmESifh zwf&Iqifjcifygonf/ xdkpmtkyfwGif
q&mBuD;onf ykHrawmftqifroifhygu urÇmppfBuD;jzpfEdkifykHudk azmfjyí
xdkuJUodkUrjzpf&atmif umuG,fwm;qD;&ef enf;vrf;udkvnf; (ol\pdwful;
OmPft&) a&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf/

1199 
uREkfyf\tawG;

bmw&ef&wfqJvfrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk vdkvm;onfhurÇmausmf ynm&Sd

yk*K¾d vfBuD;jzpfay&m uREkfyfonf ¤if;\tBuHay;csufrsm;udk jiif;qdkvdkaom
BuH&G,fcsuf tvQif;r&Sdapumrl uREkfyfrSmvnf; a*gwrAk'¨ nTefjyawmfrl
cJUonfhtwdkif; pdwfobm0udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm avhvmxm;cJUol wa,muf
jzpfonfhtavsmuf urÇmppfrjzpfEdkifa&;twGuf pdwful;rsm;ay:aygufcJU
ygonf/ þonfrSm pdwful;oufoufrQom jzpfaomfvnf; 0efBuD;csKyf
a[mif; OD;EkwdkU ajyma[mwwfMuonfh ig;yg;oDvw&m;rsKd;rQavmufr[kwf?
wu,fvkyfvQif wu,fjzpfEdkifavmufonfh enf;vrf;wckjzpfonf[k uREkfyf
xifjrifrdygonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí urÇmhEdkifiHa&;ESifhywfoufí rnfonfh
tjzpftysuf tjcif;t&m udkrQ *&krpdkufawmhyJ qdkAD,ufESifh tar&duefwkdU
qufqHa&;wckwnf;udkom tav;ay;NyD; avhvmcJUygonf/ taMumif;rlum;
urÇmppfBuD;jzpfrjzpf[lonf rSm xdkwdkif;jynfBuD;ESpfjynfwdkU\ qufqHrI
ajyjypfjcif;&Sdr&Sd tay:wGif wnfvsuf&Sdonf[k uREkfyfxifjrifvsuf&Sdygaom
aMumifhwnf;/ wcsKdUuusL;bm; ta&;? bmvifta&;?
avmta&;ponfwkdUaMumifh ppfjzpfEdkifonf[kajymMuav&m uREkfyfrSmpdwfudk
t&if;cHxm;í pOf;pm;olwa,muf jzpfonfhtavsmuf (tjzpftysufrsm;u
pdwfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJapEdkifjcif;udk rjiif;vdkapumrl) wjynfudkwjynfu
txifrSm;rIrsm;? r,kHMunfrIrsm;? pdwfrcsEdkifrIrsm;udk ajz&Sif; ay;EdkifvQifvnf;
urÇmppfjzpfzdkU a0;oGm;Edkifonf[k ,kHMunfvsuf&Sdygonf/

1200 
b,fvdkvkduf&vdkuf&

uREkfyf\pdwful;t&rSm qdkAD,ufESifhtar&duefwkdU wbufESifhwbuf

txifvGJrSm;rIrsm; &SdaeMu&mwGif qdkAD,ufwkdU\ pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh
tar&duefwkdU\ pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udk uREkfyfod&atmif plprf;EdkifcGifh&SdcJU
vQif uREkfyf\tBuHtpnfatmifjrifrnf? ratmifjrifrnfudk rSef;qEdkif
cGifh&Sdvdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfvmonf/ xdkESpfjynfaxmif&Sd wkdif;oljynfom;wkdU\
pdwfoabmxm;rsm;taMumif;udk pmtkyfrsm;zwfjcif;tm;jzifh txdkuf
tavsmuf &dyfrdonfxifaomfvnf; udk,fwdkifoGm;í wD;acgufpkHprf;jcif;?
aygif;oif;qufqHjcif; ponfwdkUjzifh jyKvkyfcGifh&cJUvQif uREkfyftuJcwfEdkif
vdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfrdonf/ okdU&SdpOf tufz&dkat&Sef cspfMunfrI
wnfNrJa&;tzGJUrS udk,fpm;vS,fokH;OD;? apvTwfrnfBuH&mwGif uREkfyftm;
udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;taejzifh xnfhoGif;rnfqdkonfudk Mum;&onfhtcg
uREkfyfrSm txufyg&nf&G,fcsuf &Sdaeoljzpfonfh twGufaMumifh b,fvdk
tjzpfESifh vdkuf&onfjzpfap? vdkufvdkaom qE´jyif;xef vsuf&Sdygawmhonf/
odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf urÇmppfudk wm;qD;vdkjcif;wnf;[laom tBuH
tpnfBuD;ESifh (jzpfrjzpftyxm;í þtBuH&jcif;twGuf 0rf;ajrmuf
pGmjzifh)qdkAD,uf,leD,HokdU vdkufygoGm;cJUygonf/

arwÅm\tusKd;

armfpudkodkU a&mufoGm;aomtcg uREkfyfrSm uREkfyf\ ZmwmuHMur®m

xkH;pHtwdkif; ]]tqdk;xJrS taumif;xGufay:jcif;}} wnf;[laom tjcif;t&m
wckESifh &ifqdkif&avNyD/ uREkfyf\ twdwftjzpftysufrsm;teufrS O'g[&kPf

1201 
ESpfckrQudk wifjy&aomf (1)cspfBudKufvSaom pHa'0DESifh vJG&jcif;twGuf
0rf;enf;cJU&bl;aomfvnf; xdktwGufaMumifhyif w&m;bufodkU uREkfyf
wav;wpm;tm;cJí vkdufEdkifcJUjcif;? (2)udk,fh[mudk tvkyfjyKwfatmif
vkyfNyD; tpdk;&bufrSxGufcJU&jcif;twGuf pma&;q&mwa,muf jzpfvm&jcif;
wkdUjzpfygonf/ (tpdk;&bufü qufvuftrIxrf;cJUvQif 0efaxmufwef;rQ
avmufESifh b0Zmwfodrf;&rnfjzpf &m ,ckrSmwdkif;jynfudk aus;Zl;jyKEdkifaom
pma&;q&mwa,muftaejzifh a&SUtzdkU arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdvmonf/) armfpudkodkU
a&mufNyD;onfhaemuf uREkfy\
f pdwfudk tBuD;tus,fxdckdufaponfh tjcif;
t&mwckESifh BuKHawGU&av&m xdkuJUodkU BuKHawGU&jcif; twGufaMumifhvnf;
arwÅmw&m;yGm;rsm;onfh tBuHBuD; udk&í ¤if;wdkUtwGuf uREkfyfa&m
ywf0ef;usifyg tusKd;BuD;pGmay:xGufvmcJUyg onf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
arwÅmpdwf"mwfrnfonfrSm cH,lola&m ydkUoolyg tusKd;rsm;jcif;udk
udk,fawGUBuKHcJUaomaMumifh jzpfonf/

wqifhwufjcif;

txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uREkfyf\pdwfESvkH;ü xdcdkufjcif;

cHvdkuf&onfwGif uREkfyfrSm w&m;orm;wa,muf jzpfonfhtavsmuf
ajzqnf&m ajzqnfaMumif; enf;vrf;udk&SmBuHNrJjzpfavonf/ 1962ckESpf
Zefe0g&Dv 1&uf aeUrSpí uREkfyfonf vlowÅ0grSeforQ wa,mufESifh
wa,mufnDtpfudk armifESr? om;tz? om;trdrSpí tdrfoltdrfom;
tcsif;csif;? tdrfeD;csif; tcsif;csif;? wdkif;oljynfom;tcsif;csif;? wjynfESifh
wjynf? wwdkufom;ESifh wwdkufom; oifhjrwfMuygap? cdkuf&efa'go
rjzpfMuygapESifh? ppfrjzpfMuygapESifh [lí nwdkif;eHeufwdkif; arwÅmydkUzdkU

1202 
oEéd|mefcsrSwfcJUygonf/ ¤if;oEéd|meftwkdif; vnf;vkdufemaqmif&GufzdkU
BudK;pm;cJUygonf/ txufyg ESvkH;rom,mjzpfap onfhtjcif;t&mESifh
&ifqdkif&aomtcgürlum; igonf þrQaom arwÅm avmufrQESifh
rvkHavmufao;? þxufwqifhwdk;í BudK;pm;OD;rS awmfrnf[l aom
tBuHwckjzpfay:vmawmhonf/ xkdUjyifigonf qdkAD,uf,leD,HokdU vmcJU&m
wGif aumif;jrwfaom tBuHtpnf &nf&G,fcsufBuD;wckESifh vma&muf
cJUjcif;jzpfonfhtavsmuf igudk,fwdkifvnf; &SdorQaom tcsdefudk taumif;
qkH;aomenf;jzifh tokH;csygrS ig\tBuHtpnf atmifjrifEdkifzkdU&Sdvdfrfhrnf
[lí vnf; pOf;pm;rdonf/ okdUjzpfí uREkfyfü tm;vyforQaom tcsdefudk
atmufygtvkyfBuD;okH;ckjzifhom ukefvGefap&rnf[lí oEéd|mefcsrSwf
vdkufygonf/ tvkyfBuD; okH;ck[lonfrSmum; (1) Ak'¨udktm&kHjyKjcif;? (2)
arwÅmydkUjcif;? (3) 'da|'d|rwÅH wnf;[laom 0dyóemtvkyfudk tm;xkwf
jcif;wkdUjzpfygonf/

Ak'¨udk tm&kHjyKykH

jrwfpGmbk&m;udk tm&kHjyKjcif;ESifh ywfoufí enf;trsKd;rsKd; &Sdonfh

teuf uREkfyfMunfndKykHudk aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;ü tus,fw0ifha&;om; azmfjycJU
bl;NyDjzpfaomfvnf; BudKufESpfoufolwkdU twk,lvdku ,lEdkifMuapjcif;
tvkdUiSm þae&mü tusOf;rQ azmfjyvkdufygOD;rnf/ uREkfyfonf
qif;wkawmfrsm;ESifh apwDykxdk; ponfrsm;udk &Sdcdk;ylaZmfzl;ajrmfuefawmhjcif;\
tusKd;aus;Zl;&Sdjcif;udk ,kHMunfol jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;vlrsm;jyKvkyfMu
xdkenf;rsKd;xuf tusKd;rsm;onf[k rdrd,kHMunfonfh atmufygenf;twdkif;
om MunfndKavh&Sdoljzpfygonf/ uREkfyfonf qif;wkawmfwql&Sd&modkU

1203 
oGm;zdkUrvdkyJ a*gwrAk'¨\ MunfndKzG,ftaumif;qkH;aom o@mefawmfudk
pdwfxJü udk,fh[mudk,frSef;arQmf zefqif;í,lavh&Sdygonf/ uREkfyftMunfndK
qkH;aom oP²mefawmfrSmum; zvormywf 0ifpm;awmfrlonfh Ak'¨\oP²mef
awmfyifjzpfygonf/ qif;wkawmftjzpfESifhr[kwfyJ aoG;ESifhom;ESifh touf
&Sifvsuf&SdírsufvTmcsum zvormywf 0ifpm;vsuf&Sdonfh a*gwr\
oP²mefawmfay:vmatmif pdwfxJüzefqif;vdkufygonf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSm
vkyfaeusjzpfí rsufpdrSdwfNyD; pdwful;vdkufonfESifhwNydKifeuf oP²mef
awmfay: vm&ygonf/ aemufwcPü zvormywf 0ifpm;vsuf&Sdaom
a*gwrAk'¨\ &kyfawmfütwkr&Sdatmif Nidrf;csrf;aom pdwfawmf? Munfvif
aom pdwfawmf? jzLpifaom pdwfawmf? odrfarGUaompdwfawmfESifhwuG
vdktyfaom tjcif;t&m [lorQudk odwwfaom OmPfawmfvnf; udef;
atmif;vsuf&Sdonf[k tm&kHjyKvdkufygonf/ xdktcgwGif uREkfyfü orm"d
tm;aumif;vQif aumif;oavmuf MuufoD;arG;nSif;xjcif;rSpí rsufa&
rsm;0dkif;onftxd yDwdjzpfay:vm&ygonf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSm qif;wkawmf
rsm;ESifh apwDykxdk;ponfwdkU&Sdaomae&modkU oGm;zdkUrvdk? xkdifvsufjzpfap?
&yfvsufjzpfap? 0yfvsufjzpfap? tdyf&mxJü avsmif;vsufjzpfap tm&kH
jyKavh&Sdygonf/

arwÅmydkUykH

arwÅmydkUjcif;ESifh ywfoufívnf;tus,fw0ifh azmfjyvdkygao;onf/

rsm;pGmaom Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkUonf oaAÁowÅm ta0&ma[mEÅKwnf;[laom
arwÅmydkU y&dwfawmfudk &Gwfqdkjcif;tm;jzifh arwÅmydkUavh&SdMu\/ þonf
vnf; tusKd;&Sdjcif;um; rSefygonf/ odkU&mwGifrsm;pGmaom olwdkUonf

1204 
arwÅokwf y&dwfawmfudk EIwfrS&Gwfqdkvsuf&SdpOftwGif; ¤if;wkdU\pdwfonf
pOf;pm;csif&m pOf;pm;í a&mufcsif&ma&mufaejcif;udk awGU&wwfygonf/
þtjcif;t&mudk uREkfyfod&Sdonfjzpfí xkH;pHtwdkif;arwÅokwfy&dwfudk
&Gwfqdk&kHrQESifh rauseyfyJ pdwfyg0ifpm;jcif;&Sdatmif tavhtusifh jyKvkyf
xm;ygonf/ arwÅmpdwf xm;jcif; ESifhywfoufí razmfjyrD arwÅm[laom
pum;t"dyÜm,fudk &Sif;vif;azmfjyvdkyg ao;onf/ vli,fwa,mufonf
rdef;uav;wa,mufudk cspfBudKufonfhtcg arwÅm&Sdonf[k okH;EIef;
wwfMu\/ þonfrSm jA[®pdk&fxdkufaom arwÅmpdwfrsKd; r[kwfacs/
xdkvli,fonf rdef;uav;udkvdkcsif\/ olUtem;ü aeapcsif\/ cP
cPjrifcsif\/ olwyg;u apmfum;vQif ckcHumuG,fay;vdkjcif;um;rSefyg\/
odkU&mwGif rdef;uav;u tjcm;vli,fwa,mufudk cspfBudKufonf[k
olod&vQif rdef;uav;udk"m;ESifhckwfowfcsif\/ þonfrSmarwÅmr[kwf?
wPSm &m*rQom jzpfonf/ olonf rdef;uav;udk ]arwÅm&Sdonf}
qdkaomfvnf; rdef;uav;\ tusKd;udkvdkvm;jcif;xuf rdef;uav;udk
ol&vdkjcif;rQomjzpfonf/ ppfrSefaom arwÅmpdwfrnfonf rdrdtwGuf
arQmfvifhcsufrxm;? rdrd\tusKd;twGuf &nf;rSef;csufr&Sd? wbufom;\
tusKd;twGuf(0g) wbufom; aumif;apvdk onfhapwemoufouf
xm;&SdEdkifjcif;yifjzpfavonf/ om;orD;? om;r,m; tp&SdonfwkdUtay:ü
cspfvSygonf? MuifemvSygonf? arwÅmxm;vSygonfqdkaom arwÅmrsKd;
wkdUonf pifppftm;jzifh wd&pämefrsm;üvnf; &Sdwwfonfh cifwG,frIrsKd;om
jzpfay&m xdkodkUaom arwÅmrsKd;onf "r®wmoabmrQomjzpfí ]jA[®pdk&f
arwÅm}rsKd;wGif tygt0ifr[kwfEdkifacs/

1205 
tcuftcJBuD;wck

tvGefwefzkd;&Sdí jrifhjrwfppfrSefaom arwÅmrsKd;&Sdonfum; rdrdtwGuf

arQmfvifhcsuf vkH;0rxm;yJ(0g) wbufom;\ wkHUjyefrItay:rS tjrwf
xkwfzdkU r&nf&G,fyJ wbufom; aumif;pm;apvdkonfh apwemoufouf 
(Good  Will)  xm;Edkifjcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ þpdwfxm;rsKd;um; jrifhjrwf
oavmuf rvG,fulvSaom pdwfxm;rsKd;jzpf\/ uREkfyfonf jA[®pdk&f
arwÅmppf\ jrifhjrwfjcif;udk oabmaygufí arwÅmyGm;rsm;ygawmhrnf[k
tBuHjyKonfhtcg BuD;pGmaom tcuftcJESifh BuKHawGU&\/ uREkfyfonf
0dyóemw&m; tm;xkwfcJUaom tcsdefrSpí oDv? orm"d? ynmwnf;
[laom tjcif;t&mudkom em;vnfNyD; arwÅmbufodkU vkH;0rvSnfhcJUrday/
txl;ojzifh ]ynm}udkom wefzkd;xm;Nyd; ynmtwGufudkom BudK;yrf;
vmcJUoljzpf\/ uREkfyf\b0wmü ay:aygufcJUonfh ]ql;}rsm;onfvnf;
arwÅmw&m;\ qefUusifbufjzpfcJUí uREkfyfudk,fwdkif arwÅmw&m;
acgif;yg;olwa,muf jzpfjcif;udkvnf; udk,fh[mudk,fodygonf/ xdkodkUaom
tajctaeü&Sdaom uREkfyftzdkUrSm arwÅokwfy&dwf&Gwfqdk&khr[kwfyJ txuf
wGif azmfjycJUonfh ppfrSefaom arwÅmrsKd; yGm;rsm;zkdU rqdkxm;bd jzpfay:
zdkUyifvQif BuD;pGmaom tcuftcJESifh &ifqdkifvsuf&Sd&ygavNyD/

avhusifh,l&jcif;

ppfrSefaom arwÅmpdwf[lonfrSm udk,fhudk,fudk ]nm}í&onfr[kwf/

uREkfyfü tjcm;aomtjypfrsm;&Sdapumrl udk,fhudk,fudkvSnfhpm;NyD; nmvIdif;
jzef;oef;aom tjypfrsKd;um; &Sdonfrxifyg/ odkUqdkvQif ppfrSefaom

1206 
arwÅmrsKd; vdktyfonf? arwÅmyGm;rsm;&rnf[k qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfvdkufaom
xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyf b,fuJUodkUjyK&ygrnfenf;/ vlwbufom; aumif;pm;
ygap[laom arwÅmpdwf[lonfrSm ckcsufcsif;vkyfí jzpfay:vmEdkifonfh
tjcif;t&mrsKd; r[kwfacs/ odkU&mwGifAk'¨\tbd"r®mü rwdkufwGef;&yJ
oGufoGufvufvuf tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vmonfh (tocFg&du)
pdwf[lívnf;aumif;? rdrdukd,fudk rdrdwdkufwGef;NyD; BudK;pm;aqmif&Guf
&onfh (oocFg&du) pdwf[lí vnf;aumif;ESpfrsKd;&Sdjcif;udk oif&bl;\/
aumif;jrwfaom pdwfrsKd;onf rnfolü rqdkwcgw&HtaMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
tvdktavsmufuJUodkUjzpfay:vmwwf\/ owd&Sdaom vltzdkUrSmrl aumif;
jrwfaompdwfrsKd; tvdktavsmufrjzpfay:cJUvQifvnf; rdrdudk,fudk wdkufwGef;
NyD; jzpfay:atmifvkyf,l&\/ tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:vmaom pdwfaumif;
(tocFg&du) pdwfapwemonf xufoefjcif;&Sd onfhtwGufaMumifh
wdkufwGef;,l&onfh (oocFg&du)apwemrsKd;xuf tusKd;tmedoif BuD;rm;
onf[kqdkygonf/ odkU&mwGif tvdktavsmuf rjzpfay: onfhvlrsm;tzdkUü
wdkufwdkufwGef;wGef;jzifh tavhtusifh vkyf,lcJUvQif wjznf;jznf;wGif
xufoefaom tjzpfodkUa&mufvmEdkifonf[k uREkfyf,kHMunf ygonf/
okdUjzpfí uREkfyfonf arwÅmw&m; yGm;rsm;jcif;tvkyfwGif atmufyg
twdkif;tavhtusifhjyKvkyfygonf/

avhusifhíwkd;wufykH

a&S;OD;pGm uREkfyfonf tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;\ rsufESmudkxif&Sm;pGm

ay:vm atmif azmf,lí¤if;wdkUtm; tppt&m&m taMumif;ndnGwfMuygap?
Nidrf;csrf;rI &SdMuygap[laom pdwfapwem jzpfay:vmatmif vkyf,lygonf/

1207 
þonfrSm vG,fulaom tvkyfwckjzpf\/ xdkrSwqifhwufNyD; rdrdESifh
&if;ESD;cspfcifonfh aqGrsKd;nmwdESifh rdwfaqGo*F[wkdU\ rsufESmrsm;udk
wa,mufpDay:vmatmif azmf,lí txufygenf;twdkif; tppt&m&mwGif
taMumif;nDnGwfMuygap [laom apwemjzpfay:vmatmifvkyf,l\/
þonfrSmvnf; cJ,Of;vSaom tvkyfwck r[kwfao;acs/ tppt&m&m
taMumif;nDnGwfygap[laom pum;rSm udk,f\usef;rmjcif;? pdwf\
Nidrf;csrf;jcif;wnf;[laom tjcif;t&mrsm; yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh pum;
vkH;r&SnfyJESifh t"dyÜm,fpkHvifonfhtwGuf uREkfyf a&G;cs,fxm;jcif;jzpf
avonf/ vltajrmuftjrm;\ rsufESmrsm;udk wOD;pDazmf xkwfum
tm&kHjyK&jcif;rSm tcdseftawmfMumaomtvkyfrsKd;jzpfí wdkwdkESifh t"dyÜm,f
jynfhpkHaom pum;vkH;udk a&G;cs,fxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ cifriff&if;ESD;aom
rdwfo*F[rsm;\rsufESmrsm; aphpkHaomtcg tzsm;usaom todtuRrf;rsm;\
rsufESmrsm;udkazmfxkwfum arwÅmydkUygonf/ þodkUjzifh vlaphpkHNyD;aomtcg
uREkfyftay:üremvdk0efwdkjcif;&Sdonf[k uREkfyfxifaomvlrsm;\ rsufESmrsm;
udkazmf,lí txufygtwdkif; arwÅmydkUygonf/ þtvkyfrSm cifrif
&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGrsm;tm; arwÅmydkU&jcif;uJUokdU (tpyxrü)
rvG,fulvSaomfvnf; wdkufwdkufwGef;wGef;ESifh vkyfzefrsm;vmaomtcgürl
vG,fulonfxuf vG,fuljcif; &SdvmonfudkawmhawGU&ygonf/ xdktcgürl
uREkfyf\pdwfonf Munfvifjcif;? jzLpifjcif;? Nidrf;csrf;jcif;? odrfarGUjcif;
wnf;[laom t&nf tcsif;rsm;wGif ododomomBuD; wdk;wufvsuf&Sdjcif;udk
awGU&ygonf/

1208 
xl;jcm;aomMunfhjcif;

uREkfyfonf azmfjycJUNyD;aom tvkyfrsKd;wGif eHywf(2)jzpfonfh arwÅmydkU

jcif;wnf;[laom tvkyfudk tcsdeftrsm;qkH;ay;í eHygwf(3)jzpfonfh
'da|'d|rwÅHwnf;[laom 0dyóemtvkyfudk tcsdefydkaomtcgrsm;ü tajymif;
tvJ oabmrsKd;jzifhom avhusifhygonf/ rdrd\tcef;ü&SdpOf txufygenf;
twdkif; arwÅmydkUaomtvkyfudk avhusifhívltrsm;ESifhawGUqkHaomtcgrsm;ürl
wOD;wa,muf\ rsufESmudkaphaphMunfhum txufygenf;twdkif; arwÅmydkU
yg onf/ þtwdkif; okH;&ufcefUrQ rdepfrjywf BudK;pm;vdkuf&mwGif uREkfyf\
twGif; "mwfonf rBuKHbl;atmif Nidrf;csrf;Munfvifjcif; &Sdvm&kHomru
uREkfyf\ rsufvkH;rsm;onfvnf; ]arwÅmrsufvkH;} jzpfvmMu[efwl\/
vlrsm;onf uREkfyfudk jrifonfhtcg a&S;uuJUodkU omrefMunfhjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ
av;av;pm;pm; MunfMunfndKndK&SdykH&aom Munfhjcif;rsKd;jzifh Munfhvm
Mu\/ uREkfyfESifh rsufvkH; csif;wBudrfqkHrdaomolonf (a,mufsm;jzpfap?
rdef;rjzpfap) uREkfyfudkxyfí rMunfhyJ raeEdkifonfhvu©PmESifh
txl;pdwf0ifpm;pGm MunfhMujcif;udkawGU&\/ okH;&ufvGefajrmufaomaeUwGif
uREkfyfonf þtjcif;t&mudk owdjyKrdí udk,fh[mudk,f[kwfrS [kwfyg
av\avm[líyif oHo,jzpfrdygonf/ a&S;OD;pGm xl;xl; jcm;jcm;
xif&Sm;aom tjzpftysufwckudkazmfjyvdkygonf/

1209 
wcGef;wnf;aompum;

uREkfyftavhtusifhjyKvkyfí pwkw¬ajrmufaomaeUwGif uREkfyfwdkU

udk,fpm;vS,f okH;a,mufESifh uREkfyfwdkUtwGuf pum;jyeftjzpfESifh vnf;
aumif;? vrf;jytjzpfESifhvnf;aumif; vdkufygvmMuonfh &k&Sm;&Jabmf
ESpfa,mufwkdUonf armfpudkNrdKUrSxGufvmNyD;í tmrD;eD;,m;&Dywfbvpf\
NrdKUawmfjzpfonfh tD&mAefNrdKUrS &Gmuav;w&GmodkU xGufvmMu\/ uREkfyfwdkU
onf ¤if;&Gm&Sd pkaygif;pdkufysKd;a&;tzGJUOuúX\ zdwfMum;csuft& ¤if;aus;&Gm
ESifhwuG pkaygif;pdkufysKd;jcif;enf;pepfudkyg Munfh&I&ef vmcJUMujcif; jzpfav
onf/ aus;&Gm&Sd pmoif ausmif;ESifh pkaygif;pkdufysKd;jcif;enf;pepfqdkif&mwdkUudk
OuúXESifhtzGJUom;rsm;u jyoNyD;aemuf OuúXonf uREkfyfwkdUtm; aeUv,fpm
auR;arG; &eftwGuf ¤if;\tdrfodkU zdwfac:oGm;avonf/ OuúX\aetdrfrSm
bJ? Muuf? ief; ponf rsm; arG;jrLxm;aomfvnf; w,fvDAD;&Sif;ESifhwuG
tdrfaxmifrIud&d,mrsm;tjyif yef;uefcGufa,mufponfrsm;\ om;em;ykH
tajctaerSm jrefrmjynfrS 0efaxmuftqifhtwef;&Sdonfh t&m&Sd
wa,muf\ tajctaersKd;&Sdjcif;udk awGU&onf/ qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkU
a&mufonfrSpí uREkfyfonf tpnf;ta0;rsm;ü uREkfyfodvdkaom tjcif;
t&mudk wcGef;wav ar;jref;jcif;rSwyg; pum; rajym? ajym&efvnf;
tpDtpOfr&Sd? qdwfqdwfomaecJUonf/ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; qdkif&m aumfrwD
vlBuD;tzGJUESifh aqG;aEG;&mwGifrlum; OD;oefUtaMumif;udk pum;pyfrdonfESifh
uREkfyfu ]]OD;oefUonf uG,fvGefol [rf;rm;&Id;xufomonf[k rxifMu
oavm}} [k ar;vdkuf\/ þwGiftBuD;tuJjzpfolwOD;u ]]EIdif;,SOf vdkUawmh
rajymyg&apeJUcifAsm}}[k pum;cHNyD;vQif [rf;rm;&Id;\ t&nftcsif;ESifh
tcuftcJrsm;? OD;oefU\t&nftcsif;ESifh BudK;pm;csufrsm; ponfwkdUudk

1210 
ajymjyav&m uRekfyf\pdwfxJü rdrdodvdkaom tjcif;t&mudk od&NyD jzpfí
xdkol\pum;ajymykH vdr®mjcif;udk pdwfxJü csD;rGrf;cJUbl;ygonf/ þonfrQ
avmufrSty uREkfyfyg;pyfyif r[cJUbl;ao;yg/

arwÅmrsufvkH;okH;jcif;

aus;&GmOuúX\ aeUv,fpmpm;yGJüvnf; uREkfyfonf pum;ajymzdkU

vkH;0 tBuHtpnfr&SdyJ pm;yGJxdyfücif;xm;onfh qdkzmay:wGif cyfapmif;apmif;
rSDum xdkifvsuf&Sd\/ OuúXonf uREkfyftm;tzGJUacgif;aqmif r[kwfjcif;udk
odaomfvnf; vlBuD;wa,muftaejzifh taumif;qkH;aomae&mudk ay;jcif;
jzpf[ef&Sd\/ uREkfyf\tazmfrsm;u tufz&dkat&Sif cspfMunfrI cdkifNrJa&;tzGJU
taMumif;udkajymjyí pkaygif;pdkufysKd;a&;OuúXESifh tzGJUom;rsm;u ]wkdUpf}
vkyfvsuf&SdMuonf/ uREkfyfonf pm;yJGxdyfwGif wdwfqdwfpGmxdkifvsuf
pm;MuaomufMuaom vlrsm;\ rsufESmrsm;udk wa,mufpDMunfhum arwÅm
ydkUvsuf&Sd\/ &Gmom;rsm;onf uREkfyfESifhwBudrf rsufvkH;csif;qdkifvdkuf
&onfqdkvQif uREkfyf\rsufESmrS tjcm;odkUajymif;vTJMunfh&ef rwwfEdkif
onfhES,f tm;vkH;vdkyif uREkfyftm; plpdkufpGm MunfhvmMu\/ þwGif
tdrf&Sifjzpfaom Ouú|onf xdkif&mrSxí uREkfyftm; pum;ajymzdkU
awmif;yefNyD; wpkHwck ]wkdUpf} vkyfzdkUwkdufwGef;avonf/ uREkfyfonf
tufz&dkat&Sif udk,fpm;vS,ftzJGU\ acgif;aqmifvnf; r[kwfonfh twGuf
pum;ajymzdkU wm0efr&Sd[k ,lqum rnfonfhaqG;aEG;yGJwGifrQ pum;ajym zdkU
rBuHcJUaomfvnf; OuúXvkyfolu wdkuf&dkufawmif;yefonfhtcg jiif;qefzkdU
rjzpfEdkifouJUodkU&Sdae\/ pum;ajymzdkUvnf;trSefyif wGefUqkwfygonf/
okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\pdwfxJürl þvlxktm; ajymcsifaom pum;wcGef;

1211 
&SdonfESifh þwcsDawmh BuJvdkufrS awmfrnf[k qkH;jzwfum xdkif&mrS
xvdkufygonf/ odkU&mwGif rnfonfhbmompum;jzifh ajym&acsrnfenf;/

t*Fvdyfvdkajym&jcif;

uREkfyfonf jrefrmvdkajymygu þy&dowfü jrefrmpum;wwfolrSm

uREkfyf\tazmfESpfa,mufjzpfaom udkvSausmfESifh ocifausmfpdefwdkUteufrS
wa,mufa,mufu t*Fvdyfvdk jyefíajym&ayvdrfhrnf/ þy&dowfwGif
t*Fvdyfvdkwwfol av;ig;a,mufrQom&Sdonfjzpfí uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl
vdkufygvmMuonfh &k&Sm;&JabmfESpfa,mufteuf wa,mufa,mufu
&k&Sm;vdk bmomjyefíajym& ayOD;rnf/ xdkuJUodkU ESpfqifhrQ bmomjyefí
ajym&onfhtcg uREkfyfajymvdkaom t"dyÜm,frsm;onf ayghysufysufjzpfoGm;
Edkifonf[k pOf;pm;rdonf/ xdkUaMumifh t*Fvdyfvdkajymrnf[k BuHyg
awmhonf/ uREkfyfrSm t*Fvdyfvdkajymavh&Sdonfh uREkfyf\oli,fcsif; armif&D?
udkcifarmifESifh udkodef;azwdkU uG,fvGefMuuwnf; ut*Fvdyfvdkajymonfh
tavhtusifh vkH;0jywfpJvsuf &SdcJUonfhtwGufaMumifh t*FvdyfvdkajymzdkU
r&JyJjzpfae\/ aemufqkH;ü bmyJjzpfjzpf rdrdajymvdkonfh t"dyÜm,fudk
t*FvdyfvdkajymygrS ,kwfpGmhtqkH; tcsKdUvlrsm; tjynfht0 em;vnf EdkifcGifh
&Sdao;onf[k tBuH&um t*FvdyfvdkajymzdkU qkH;jzwfvdkufygonf/

1212 
yxrtBudrfpum;ajymjcif;

uREkfyfpum;ajymawmhrnf[k xdkif&mrSxvdkufonfqdkvQifyif xrif;pm;

yGJü &SdMuaom y&dowf20 cefUwdkUonfh rnfolpum;ajympOfuESifhrQ
rwlatmif em;pGifhvsuf&Sdjcif;udk awGU&\/ owif;axmufESifhwlaom
vlwa,mufurl tjcm;vlrsm;ajympOfu vkd&if;rQavmufudk a&;rSwf&kHrQ
jyKvkyfcJUaomfvnf; uREkfyf xvdkufaomtcgürl toHoGif;pufjzifh oGif;,lzkdU
jyifqifavNyD/ tjcm;aomtcsdefrsm;ü þtjyKtrlonf uREkfyftm;vefUzswf
aprnfjzpfaomfvnf; xdktcg url (uREkfyf\arwÅmpdwf"mwf tavh
tusifhaMumifhxifh) vefUjcif;? aMumufjcif; r&Sdonfhjyif taumif;qkH;jzpfaom
pum;ajymzdkUtm;ay;ouJUodkU&Sdae\/ uREkfyf ajymvdkaom pum;rSmum;
urÇmavmuBuD;ü wdkif;BuD;jynfBuD;rsm;onf (emrnfudkrazmfjy) wjynfESifh
wjynf rkef;wD;jcif; NydKifvsuf&SdMuaMumif;? wjynfudkwjynfu urÇmol
urÇmom;rsm; txifao;atmif ESdyfe,fonfh ESdrfvkH;rsKd;udk &SmBuHNyD;
ajymvsuf&SdMuaMumif;? acgif;aqmifrsm;u xdkuJUodkUajymvdkufonfhtcg
aemufvdkufi,fom;rsm;u vufckyfvuf0g;wD;um Mobmay;MuaMumif;?
þuJUodkU wbufESifhwbuf rkef;wD;rIwkd;yGm;NyD; pdwfcs,kHMunfjcif; uif;rJU
vsuf&SdaMumif;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk yg;pyfu b,fvdkajymMuaomfvnf;
rkef;wD;zdkU tjyeftvSefzefwD;um Ncdrf;ajcmufpum;ajymaeMurnfqdkvQif
urÇmol urÇmom;rsm;rSm b,ftcgrS pdwfcsvufcsaeMu&zkdU r&SdaMumif;?
þenf;twdkif; wbufESifhwbuf tjyeftvSefrkef;wD;atmif zefwD;aeMu
rnfqdkvQif wkd;wuf vSygonfqdkaom þurÇmBuD;onf waeUapmapmwGif
rD;cdk;ESifhjymavmufom usefawmhonfudk tjcm;urÇmom;rsm;u awGUjrifMu
&rnfjzpfaMumif; ponfrsm;jzifh vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf;yufvuf

1213 
trlt&mrsKd;ESifh uREkfyfu ajymjyavonf/ em;axmifaom y&dowfonf
yxrücyfaMumifaMumifjzpfaeMu&ykH&aomfvnf; uREkfyfursuf&nf0dkif;aom
rsufvkH;rsm;jzifh ESvkH;odkUcdkufatmif ajymjy&mwGif rlum; rsuf&nfusolus?
vufckyfwD;olwD;? pm;yGJudkxkolxk ponfjzifh Mobmay;Muavonf/
aemufqkH;üuREkfyf\ ]wdkUpf}rSmum; ]]urÇmolurÇmom; taygif;wkdUonf
rkef;wD;jcif;avsmhyg;ajyaysmufí ta&SUtkyfpkwkdUESifh taemuf tkyfpkwkdU
tjyeftvSef apwemaumif;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHaomtjzpfodkU  (Good Will 
and  Good  fellowship  )  tjrefqkH;a&mufMuygapownf;}} [k qdkum
qE´jyKvdkufygonf/

vlxkudktm;udk;jcif;

uREkfyf\pum;tqkH;ü &Gmom;rsm;onf 0dkift&ufcGufudk,fpDESifh

wa,mufNyD;wa,mufxí uREkfyftm; usef;rmcsrf;ompGm&SdygapaMumif;
qkawmif;um ]wkdUpf} vkyfMuavonf/ uREkfyfrSmrl t*Fvdyfvdk
yxrtBudrfajymjcif;ü atmifjrifonfwaMumif;? em;axmifaomy&dowf\
vIdufvJSaom trlt&mudkjrif&onf waMumif;aMumifh &ifxJü vIdif;wHydk;x
vsuf&Sdygawmhonf/ pum;ajymíqkH; aomfvnf; &Gmom;rsm;onf uREkfyftm;
][D;&dk;}wa,muftaejzifh oabmxm;Muonfh vu©PmESifh tav;jyKí
rqkH;Edkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/ þtjzpftysufudk uREkfyfaphaphawG;Munfh
onfhtcg uREkfyf\arwÅmpdwf"mwfatmifjrif jcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqonf
waMumif;? qdkAD,ufjynfoljynfom;rsm;onf uREkfyf\ arwÅm"mwfudk
wkHUjyefwwf&kHomru urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;&atmif vkyfjcif;ESifhywf oufí
uREkfyfajymjyonfh enf;vrf;udk [kwfwefavmufonf[k vufcHMu&m

1214 
a&mufonfwaMumif;? ,if;okdUqdkvQif q&mBuD; bmw&ef&wfqJvf\
ar;cGef;udk uREkfyfupmwtkyfjzifh ajzqdkrnf[laom tBuHtpnfESifh ywfouf
ívnf; rdrdajzqdkrnfh tajzonf ,kwfpGmhtqkH; urÇmolurÇmom;
tcsKdUem;0ifavmuf onf[k arQmfvifhcsuf&Sdvmonf waMumif;aMumifh
tBuD;tus,f 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;omjzpfrdygonf/ uREkfyf\xifjrifcsufrSm
urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;tvkyfonf tvGefw&m rmefrme BuD;vsuf&Sdaom
urÇmhacgif;aqmifrsm;u aqmif&Gufjcif; xuf urÇmolurÇmom;wkdUudk
csOf;uyf&vQifatmifjrifzkdU&Sdonf[k jrifvmygonf/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm tpyxrü
acgif;aqmifBuD;awGu rkef;wD;aq;azmfum wbufudkwbuf t&SufuGJ
atmif ajymMu? vkyfMuwdkif; [dkbufonfbuf&Sd aemufvdkufrsm;u t[kwf
BuD;xifNyD; vufckyfrwD;Mu&ef jzpfavonf/ okdU&mwGif þtaMumif;udkrl
aemufydkif;wGifrS tqifhqifh azmfjyygOD;rnf/

nDESifhom;wa,muf&vmjcif;

aeUv,fpm pm;yGJNyD;í &Gmuav;rS jyefMurnfjyK&mwGif &Gmol

&Gmom;rsm;onf txl;vIdufvSJpGm EIwfqufMujcif;udk awGU&í uREkfyf\
arwÅmpdwf"mwf atmifjrifjcif;twGuf yDwdjzpfrdygonf/ tjyefc&D;wGif
&k&Sm;&JabmfESpfa,mufwdkUonf uREkfyf\pum;t"dyÜm,f xda&mufykHudk
csD;usL;í rqkH;atmif&SdaeMuí touf 58 ESpf&SdNyDjzpfaom &Jabmfu
uREkfyftm; tpfudkBuD; t&if;uJUodkU cspfcifvmNyDjzpfaMumif;ajymNyD;vQif
olUtm;vnf; nDt&if;wa,mufuJUodkU uREkfyfu oabmxm;apvdkaMumif;
txyfxyf ajymavonf/ þwGif touf 43ESpf &SdNyDjzpfaom
&Jabmfuvnf; ol\MunfndKav;pm;jcif;udk tm;usrcH azmfjyvdkonfh

1215 
vu©PmESifh uREkfyfudk zcif[lí rSwfxifvmNyDjzpfaomaMumifh olUtm;vnf;
om;wa,mufuJUodkU oabmxm;zdkUtaMumif;ESifh wa,muf wvSnfh
tcsDtcs tm;&yg;&ajymMuygawmhonf/ uREkfyfuvnf; olwdkU\
Muifemcspfcifjcif;onf avmu0wfpum;r[kwf? wu,fvIdufvSJjcif; &Sdonf
udk od&ojzifh olwdkUESifhtvm;wlvIdufvSJpGm ]nDuav;} ]om;uav;}[k
ac:,if; tBudrfBudrf vufqJGMuygonf/ wbufu arwÅmxm;í wbufu
þuJUodkU vIdufvSJpGm wkHUjyefjcif;cH&onfh t&omonf &dk;&dk;om;om;
csD;rGrf;jcif;cH&aom t&omxufyif pdwf\csrf;ajrUjcif;&Sdonfudk auseyfpGm
awGUBuKHcHpm;cJU&ygonf/ vlcsD;rGrf;cH&í auseyfaomt&omonf ]w,fawmf
wJUigygwum;} [lonfh rme  Vanity  oabm,SOfwGJvsuf&Sdonfjzpf&m
wbufom;aumif;pm;apvdkonfh arwÅmppfjzifh wkHUjyefonf[k od&jcif;rl
um; rmerzufonfh jzLpifMunfvifaom ESpfodrfhrI rsKd;aywum;[k
pOf;pm;rdygonf/

opfusm;oD;taqmif

aus;&Gmxrif;yJGü uREkfyfonf vwfqwf jzLazG;aom opfusm;oD;

wyGJudkawGU&í q,fvkH;rQawmif;,lvmcJU\/ tazmfESpfa,mufu ]]bmvkyfzdkU
vJq&mBuD;}} [kar;aomtcguREkfyfu ]]taqmifayghAs}} [kjyefajymcJUonf/
[dkwJvfodkU a&mufMuí opfusm;oD;rsm;udk jrifMuaomtcg ]]q&mBuD;&JU
taqmifu w,fae&musygum;}} [k ajymMu&mü uREkfyfu ]][kwfwmayghAs}}
[lí om jyefajzvdkuf\/ olwkdUESpfa,mufu uREkfyf\ atmifjrifrIonf
opfusm;oD;taqmifaMumifhjzpfonf[k xifMuvQifvnf;&Sdap? uREkfyfu
arwÅmpdwf"mwf\ taMumif;udk &Sif;vif;írajymyJ xm;vdkufonf/

1216 
þtaMumif;udkþae&mü &Sif;jyygOD;rnf/ uREkfyfrSm rdbtpOftqufrSpí
t,lonf;aom  (Superstitions)  vlwa,mufr[kwfonfhjyif acwfynm
wwfwa,mufjzpfí pOf;pm;qifjcifwwfaom tavhtusifh&Sdol wa,muf
vnf; jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh taMumif;tusKd; qufpyfír&onfh tjcif;
t&mrsKd;udk r,kHMunfcsif wwfqkH;vlwa,muf[lí ,lqygonf/ okdU&mwGif
uREkfyf\ vu©PmESifh ywfoufí tcsuftvuf tawmfrsm;pGm rSefuef
atmifa[mbl;onfh vu©Pm q&mESpfa,mufESifhawGU&mwGif ,kwfpGmhtqkH;
vu©Pmzwfjcif; twwfynmudk ,kHMunf&rnfuJUodkU wjznf;jznf; jzpf
vm\/ a*gwrAk'¨\ vu©PmawmfBuD; vu©Pmawmfi,frsm; taMumif;
udkvnf; zwf&bl;onfESifh Ak'¨bmom0if wa,muftaejzifh ,kHMunf&
rnfuJUodkUjzpfcJU\/ uREkfyf\ vu©Pmq&mu EdkifiHjcm;odkU c&D;xGufvQif
opfusm;oD;tenf;i,f aqmifoGm;zdkU ajymbl;\/ uREkfyfonf qdkAD,uf
,leD,HodkU c&D;xGufcJU&mü txufwGifazmfjycJUonfh tBuHBuD; tpnfBuD;
rsm;vnf; &SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh ¤if;tBuHtpnfatmifjrif a&;twGuf
qdkvQif bmrqdkvkyfrnf? [kwfonfjzpfap? r[kwfonfjzpfap opfusm;oD;
tenf;i,f ]aqmif}oGm;&jcif;twGuf bmrQ 0efav;onfr[kwfqdk um
opfusm;oD;q,fvkH;rQudk rEÅav;uwnf;u aqmif,lvm\/ xdk&Gmuav;
ü vwfqwfjzLpifaom opfusm;oD;rsm;udkawGU&onfhtcgwGif uREkfyf\
pdwfxJü vwfqwfvQifomíaumif;rnf[laom txifESifh tdrf&SifxHrS
opfusm;oD; q,fvkH;awmif;,lcJUjcif;jzpfygonf/ a&SUtzkdUwGif qufvufí
uREkfyf\ arwÅmpdwf"mwf tpGrf;atmifjrifrIwGif þopfusm;oD;rsm;u
taxmuftyHUjyK[ef&Sdonf[laom t,ltqbufodkU cyf,drf;,drf;&Sdaejcif;
udk 0efcHygonf/

1217 
owdBuD;pGmxm;jcif;

uREkfyftzdkU&mü arwÅmpdwf"mwf\ atmifjrifrIrsm;onf tvGefrsm;jym;

aomfvnf; pmjzifha&;rSwfjcif;rjyKcJUrdonfhtwGufaMumifh tm;vkH;aphpkHatmif
razmfjyEdkifapumrl rSwfrdoavmufudk azmfjyygOD;rnf/ tmrD;eD;,m;e,f
NrdKUawmf tD&DAefrS a*smf*sD,me,f NrdKUawmfwpfbvpfqDodkU a&mufMuí
[dkwJvfwcküwnf;cdkvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfwkdUaeUwdkif;pm;aomufMuonfh pm;yGJ
wckü rdef;uav;wa,mufu vkdtyfaom pm;p&mrsm;udk o,f,lay;
onfhwm0efudk aqmif&Guf\/ xdkrdef;uav;um; tvGefacsmarmvSyonf[k
rqdkEdkifyJ ]&GufMurf;a&usKdrQ} avmuf&Sdonfh &kyfqif;o@mef&Sdapumrl
rsufESmxm;tvGef csKdítjcm;vlrsm;xuf uREkfyftm;ydkí *&kwpdkufjyKpkjcif;udk
tjcm;vlrsm;uyif &dyfrdMuí NyKH;pdpdrsufESmxm;ESifh uREkfyftm; MunfhMu\/
uREkfyfonf rdef;uav; tm; oefU&Sif;jzLpifaom arwÅmrsufvkH;jzifh Munfhrd
jcif;um; rSefygonf/ &k&Sm; &JabmfESpfa,mufESifh uREkfyf\tazmfESpfa,muf
wkdUu xdkrdef;uav;\Muifemaom jyKpkykHudk owdjyKrdMuaMumif; uREkfyfod
&onfhtcg uRekfyfonf uREkfyf taMumif;udkolwkdUtm; &Sif;írjyaomfvnf;
rdrdudk,fudk ppfaq;owday;jcif; jyKygonf/ uREkfyf\arwÅmrSm rdef;rrsm;ESifh
ywfoufaomae&mrsKd;wGif ESrt&G,f? orD;t&G,f? ajr;t&G,fponfjzifh
ydkif;jcm;NyD;vQif t&G,ftvdkuf ESruav;uJUodkUvnf;aumif;? orD;uav;
uJUodkUvnf;aumif;? ajr;uav;uJU okdUvnf;aumif; oabmxm;zkdU uREkfyf
rarhyg/ uREkfyf\ arwÅmpdwf"mwf atmifjrifvsuf&Sdjcif;udk udk,fh[mudk,f
odaomfvnf; azmufjyefaom &m*pdwf rsKd; rjzpfay:ap&atmif txl;wvnf
owdjyKygonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü aumif;uifc&D;rS psmef<uaom

1218 
omraPonf &ufuef;onfr\ aw;oDcsif;oH udkMum;&í psmefavQm
bl;onfh taMumif;t&mudk rMumcPowd&í qifjcifokH; oyfygonf/
uREkfyf\arwÅmpdwf"mwfonf ]psmef}tajcodkU a&mufatmif xufjrufonf[k
rxifrSwfapumrl uREkfyf\pdwfazmufjyefonf ESifh wNydKifeuf a&muf&Sdae
aom tajctaerS avQmqif;oGm;vdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfygonf/ xdkUaMumifh
txl;owdBuD;pGmxm;vsuf&Sdygonf/

ajr;ESifhtbdk;

uREkfyfwdkUjyefMu&rnfhaeUü eHeufpmpm;yGJwGif xdkrdef;uav;onf

uREkfyftm; tjcm;olrsm;xuf *&kpdkufjyKpk\/ uREkfyfwkdUxGufcGmMurnfh
taMumif;udk olodykH&í Muifemaom trlt&mrsKd;ydkí xif&Sm;pGmazmfjy\/
pm;yGJrSxMuaomtcg rdef;uav;onf uREkfyfwkdUtm;vkH;udk wa,mufpD
vufqGJí EIwfquf&mwGif uREkfyftm; txl;Muifemjcif;udk azmfjyaMumif;
vlwdkif;&dyfrd\/ EIwfqufNyD;í pm;yGJcef;rS xGufvmMuaomtcg uREkfyfonf
aemufydwfqkH;rS vdkufvmonfwGif rdef;uav;onf uREkfyf\aemufodkU
ajy;vdkufvmí aemufqkH;tBudrfxyfrH vufqGJEIwfqufjyefavonf/
oli,fronf uREkfyf\ajr;xuf 10 ESpfavmuf i,fygvdrfhrnf/ (uREkfyf\
ajr;onf om;orD; 7 a,muf&Sdí uREkfyfrSm ]jrpf} 7 a,muf&Sdoljzpfyg\/)
uREkfyfonf oli,fr\ jzLpifaom cifrifrIudk em;vnf í ol\ezl;udk
upöay;vdkufcsifaom pdwful;jzpfay:vmaomfvnf; uREkfyf\ tazmfrsm;u
txifvJGrnfudkpdk;onfESifh ¤if;tBuHtwdkif;rjyKcJUyg/ tjcm;tcef;odkU
ul;0ifawmhrnftjyKwGif uREkfyfonf rdef;uav;bufodkU aemufqkH;tBudrf
vSnfhMunfhvdkuf&mwGif rdef;uav;onf ¤if;\tvkyf0wÅ&m;rsm;udk

1219 
qufvufí rvkyfyJ uREkfyfwdkUbufodkUcg;axmufum ai;Munfhaejcif;udk
aemufqkH;tBudrfjrif cJU&ygonf/ uREkfyfonf oli,frtay:ü ajr;uav;
wa,mufuJUodkU Muifemjcif;rsKd;xuf rydkjcif;udk opömjyKEdkifouJUodkU
rdef;uav;uvnf; uREkfyftay:ü tbdk;wa,muftm; Muifemaom pdwfrsKd;
rQom&Sdrnf[k pmzwfolwkdU ,kHMunfMuapvdkygonf/

vlxkrtrmESifh uREkfyf

uREkfyfonf qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkU a&mufcJUonfhtjzpftysuf tjcif;

t&m rsm;udk tpDtpOftwdkif;r[kwfyJ uREkfyf\pdwfü xdcdkufaom
tjcif;t&mrsm;udk pdwfxJwGif ay:vmonfhtavsmuf a&;om;azmfjyrnf[k
qdkxm;cJU&m vlxkrtrmESifh armfpudkNrdKUü awGU&onfh tjzpftysufrSm
BuD;us,fvSonfr[kwfaomfvnf; uREkfyfonf pdwfudktav;ay;í pOf;pm;
wwfolwa,muf jzpfonfhtwdkif; uREkfyfpdwfü xdckdufcJUaom xdktjzpf
tysufudk þae&müwifjyvdkuf&ygOD;rnf/ uREkfyfrSm &k&Sm;pma&;q&mBuD;
awmfvfpwGdKifa&;onfh t,femu&JeD;em; 0w¬Kudk bmomjyefbl;? ppfESifh
Nidrf;csrf;a&;pmtkyfBuD;udkbmomjyefzkdU pdwful;jzifh tBudrfBudrf txyfxyf
zwf&I&uwnf;u &k&Sm;aqmif;&moD\ Murf;xrf;jcif; taMumif;udkod&í
armfpudkodkUa&mufvdkaomqE´ jyif;jycJU\/ qdkAD,uf,leD,HokdU zdwfac:onfh
tcg tcsKdUrdwfaqGrsm;u &k&Sm;aqmif;&moD Murf;vSaomaMumifh aEGaygufrS
oGm;zdkU uREkfyftm;wm;qD;Mu\/ uREkfyfurl tqef;topf awGUjrifcHpm;
vdkaom uREkfyf\0goemtwdkif; Murf;vSygonfqdkaom &k&Sm;aqmif;Owkudk
BuKHvdkaomaMumifh aqmif;rukefrDyif omíoGm;csif\/ okdUjzpfí nae
5em&DtcsdefwGif armfpudkavqdyfodkU av,mOfysHwHcg;zGifhNyD; qif;vdkuf&mwGif

1220 
rkd;yGifha&m rdk;yga&maESmvsufuREkfyf\ rsufESmodkU wkdufcwf vkdufonfh
avat;udk yxrtBudrf cHpm;vdkuf&onfESifh tvGefat;csrf;vSaomf vnf;
]]rif;vm;uG &k&Sm;aqmif;Owk}}qdkum ar;vdkufrdonf/ avqdyftaqmuf
ttkHxJodkUa&mufMuí BudKqdkvsuf&SdMuonfh &k&Sm;rdwfaqG av;ig;a,muf
wkdUudk awGU&onfhtcg uREkfyfonf rtrm\ rsufESmudk&Smaomfvnf;
rawGUojzifh xifajc rudkufyJ jzpfoGm;\/ okdU&mwGif avqdyfrSNrdKUxJodkU
um;jzifharmif;vmMu onfhtcg avqdyfESifhNrdKUrSm tawmfa0;onfudk
awGU&onfwGifrS þOwkrsKd;wGif þrQavmuf c&D;a0;atmif rvmEdkifay[k
atmufarhum cGifhvTwfvdkufygonf/

rtrm\toH

[dkwJvfodkU a&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf rtrmtaMumif;udk pkHprf;&m

uREkfyfwkdUudk vmíBudKonfh &k&Sm;rdwfaqGrsm;teufrS pum;jyef trsKd;orD;
uav;u ]]jrefrmtrsKd;ord;wa,mufonf}} a&TOa'gif;trnfudk wnaevkH;
ar;jref;pkHprf;vsuf&Sdonf[k ajymojzifh pdwfauseyfoGm;ygonf/ xdkUaemuf
t0wfrsm;vJí npmpm;vsuf&SdMupOf &k&Sm;rdwfaqGwa,mufu w,fvDzkef;
rS trsKd;orD;wa,mufonf uREkfyfESifh pum;ajymvdkaMumif; ajymvmonf/
uREkfyfum; rtrmjzpf&rnf[k csufcsif;odí xvdkufoGm;NyD; w,fvDzkef;
udkifvsuf ][Jvdk}[k ac:vdkufonfwGif ]]a':trm pum;ajymaeygw,f}}[k
t*Fvdyfvdk ajymoHMum; vdkufonfESifh rtrmonf uREkfyf\ þ][Jvdk}oHudk
uREkfyf\toHjzpfonf[k rodaMumif; uREkfyf&dyfrdavNyD/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfu
AdkvfqefqeftoHjzifh ]b,fu a':trmvJ? bmvJ nmvJ}ponfESifh
aemufajymifzkdU tBuHjzpfao;aomfvnf; wbufu awGUcsifvSí w,fvDzkef;

1221 
tBudrfBudrfqufae&mwGif uREkfyfu aemuf ajymifjcif;iSm roifh[k owd&NyD;
]]OD;av;odef;yg}}[k csufcsif;ajymvdkufonf/ þwGif uREkfyfonf 0rf;om
vGef;ojzifh wkef,ifvsuf&Sdaom rtrm\toHudk Mum;vkduf&NyD;aemuf
]uREkfyf\[dkwJvfodkU olcsufcsif;vmcJUygrnf}[k csdef;qdkav onf/ uREkfyfu
]],cknpmpm;yGJrSxí pum;ajym&jcif;jzpfonf}} [k jyefajymaomtcg
rtrmu ]]uREkfyfpm;NyD;csdefavmufwGif vmcJUygrnf}} [k ajymavonf/
uREkfyfonf pm;yGJcef;odkUjyefoGm;í npmudkqufvufpm;ygaomfvnf;
pdwfvIyf&Sm;vsuf&Sdí rpm;EdkifonfESifh emrnfBuD;vSonfh &k&Sm;Akd'fum
wcGufudk yxrtBudrf jrnf;NyD; uREkfyf\tcef;okdUjyefum apmifhaeygonf/

yxrtBudrf awGU&jcif;

uREkfyftxif wem&DcefUMumaomtcg (trSefrSm 15 rdepfcefUomMumyg

onf/) rtrmESifh&k&Sm;trsKd;orD;ESpfa,muf uREkfyf\tcef;odkU 0ifvmMu
onf/ uREkfyfonf rtrmudkjrif&í tvGef0rf;omaomfvnf; þxuf
pdwfxdcdkufonfh 'kwd,tBudrfawGUqkHjcif; &Sdao;aomaMumifh 0rf;omjcif;rQ
avmufudk pmrzGJUvdk awmhyg/ rtrmu trsKd;orD;ESifh uREkfyfudk rdwfquf
ay;NyD;aemuf trsKd;orD;u ]],ck&Spfem&D&SdygNyD/ 10em&DwdwdwGif jyefvm
ygrnf}} [k ajymíxGufoGm;av onf/ xdkaeUwGif uREkfyfa&mufrnf[k
odojzifh [dkwJvfaygif;9ckxufrenf; w,fvDzkef;qufí ar;xm;aMumif;ESifh
rtrmuajymNyD;aemuf olUtdrfu taMumif;rsm;udk uREkfyfu ajymjyavonf/
uREkfyfu(armifvSrcHcsifvnf; rwwfEdkif/) rtrmrdcifa':pktaMumif;udk
a&S;OD;pGm ajymjyavonf/ uREkfyfxGufvmrnfhaeUwGif a':pkwdkUtdrfokdUoGm;í
EIwfqufaMumif;? rtrmxH odkU pmay;vdkufvQif ,loGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;

1222 
ajymaomtcg a':pku ]]pmray; awmhygbl; udkazodef;&,f? yg;pyfeJU
rSmvdkufvQifawmfygNyD? usef;rmwJUtaMumif;udkom ajymvdkufygawmh}} [k
ajym\/ uREkfyfu ]]'DvdkvJb,f[kwfrvJrpk? om;orD;qdkwm rdcif&JUvufa&;
udkjrif&wJUtcg tvGrf;ajywmayghAs}} [k ajymvdkufonfwGif a':pku ]][kwf
w,f [kwfw,f? usKyfa&;ay;vdkufr,f}} qdkum pmwapmif a&;ay;vdkuf
aMumif;ajymjy\/ xdkUjyif uREkfyfu armifvSESifh om;orD;rsm;tm;vnf;
pmwapmifpDa&;MuzdkU ajymonfESifh olwkdU\pmrsm;vnf; ygvmaMumif;
ajymavonf/ rtrmu pmrsm;udk csufcsif;zwfcsifonfqdkojzifh uREkfyfu
xkwfay;í apmifhMunfhae&m rtrmonf tjcm;pmrsm;xuf rdcifa':pk
\pmudkzwfaomtcgü rsufESmajymif;vJoGm;jcif;udk uREkfyfawGU& onf/
(armifvSrcHcsifvnf;&Sdap? uREkfyfum; trSefudk a&;csifwwfoljzpfonf/)
pmrsm;tm;vkH; zwfNyD;aomtcg rtrmu ]]pmawGtm;vkH;xJrSm rrpka&;vdkuf
wJUpmu taumif;qkH;yJ}} [kajymonfESifh uREkfyfu ]]zwfjyprf;yg}} [kajym
onfwGif rtrmu zwfíjyavonf/

em;axmifaom orD;

a':pk\pmonf orD;jzpfol rtrm\pdwfudk xdckdufonfqdkvQif

uREkfyf\ pdwfudkxdcdkufjcif;rSmvnf; avsmhenf;onfrxifay/ ol\wae&mü
touft&G,fBuD;NyDjzpfaom uREkfyftm;orD;rtrmu *&kwpdkuf Munfh&I
jyKpkzdkU taMumif;? txl;ojzifhuREkfyf\usef;rma&;twGuf orD;rtrmu
wm0ef,lNyD; apmifha&SmufapvdkaMumif; ponfjzifh tawmf&Snfvsm;pGm
rSmMum;a&;om;jcif;udk awGU&ayonf/ xdkpmudk rtrmu zwfjyí
Mum;vkduf&onfwGif uREkfyfonf i,foli,fcsif; a':pktay:ü cifrifrI?

1223 
owd&rI qxufxrf;ydk; wkd;vmNyD;vQif uREkfyfarwÅmydkUaomtcgrsm;üvnf;
a':pk\rsufESmonf (vlOD;a& w&mxuf renf;&SdonfhteufwGif) eHygwf(3)
avmufwGif tNrJay:vmjcif;udk BuKH&yg onf/ axG&mav;yg;
pum;ajymvsuf&SdMupOf rtrmu 11em&Dwdkifatmif olaeEdkifaMumif;ajymí
11em&DwkdifatmifyifraeyJ 9 em&DcGJwGif ay:vmonfESifh uREkfyfwkdUcGJcGm
Mu&avonf/ aemufaeUeHeufü rtrmonf uREkfyf\ [dkwJvf odkU
tazmfwa,mufESifha&mufvmí uREkfyftwGuf ysm;&nfwAl;ESifh oHyk&moD;
wvkH; ,lvmav&m rdcif\pum;udk em;axmifaom orD;wa,muftaejzifh
rSwfwrf;wifvdkuf&ygonf/ rtrmum; xdkaeUüyif *smreDbufodkU
xGufoGm;í uREkfyfwkdUyxrtBudrfawGUqkHjcif; NyD;qkH;oGm;ygawmhonf/

'kwd,tBudrfawGUqkHjcif;

uREkfyfwkdUudk,fpm;vS,f okH;a,mufonf qdkAD,uf,leD,HtwGif;&Sd

NrdKUBuD;rsm;odkU vSnfhvnfMunfh&INyD;Muí *smreDjynfbufodkUxGufcGm&ef
jyifqifMuavonf/ aeUem&DjyefwcsufavmufwGif armfpudkavqdyfodkU
a&mufMuí uREkfyfwkdUudk vkdufydkUonfh uREkfyf\ ]nD} ESifh ]om;} wdkUu
pm;yGJcef;odkU ac:oGm;NyD; pm;p&muav;rsm; auR;arG;vsuf&SdpOf &k&Sm;&Jabmf
wa,mufonf uREkfyfteD; odkUcsOf;uyfí ]]a&TOa'gif;[kwfygovm;}}[k
ar;ojzifh uREkfyfu[kwfaMumif; ajym\/ xdktcg &Jabmfu ]]a':trm
wa,muf *sD'Dtm&frS av,mOfysHeJUtck qdkufvmygvdrfhr,f}}[k ajymonfwGif
uREkfyfonf csufcsif;xvdkuf\/ þwGif &Jabmfrsm;u &,farmvsuf
]]a':trm&JU av,mOfysHu ckcsufcsif;qdkufrSm r[kwfao;ygbl;q&mBuD;}}[k
ajymonfESifh jyefíxdkif&onf/ (&k&Sm;&Jabmfrsm;onf uREkfyfudk

1224 
tpfudkBuD;ac:onfh&JabmfrSwyg; q&mBuD;[kac:Muonf/) rnfokdUyifjzpfap
uREkfyfonf rtrma&mufvmrnf[k Mum;vkduf&uwnf;u *PmNidrfpGm
rxdkifEdkifawmhyJ zifw<u<u jzpfaeonfESifh &Jabmfrsm;onf uREkfyfudk
av,mOfysH&kHt0odkU ac:vmMuavonf/

0rf;omvdkufMuykH

em&Dw0ufcefUMumaomtcg av,mOfysHwpif; qdkufa&mufvmí

uREkfyf tm; taMumif;Mum;xm;aom &Jabmfonf rtrmudk uREkfyfwdkU&Sd&modkU
ac:vmojzifh uREkfyfwkdUBudKqdkaeMuonf/ uREkfyfonf rtrmudk
þwBudrfjrif&jcif;uJUodkU 0rf;omjcif;rsKd;udkrrSwfrdyg/ vkyfazmfudkifbuf
wa,mufjzpfjcif;? EdkifiHjcm;ü wkdif;jynfom;tcsif;csif; awGU&jcif;? xkdaeUu
cPuav;rQom awGUvdkuf&NyD; b,fae&mb,fXmeü b,ftcsdefwGif
awGU&rnf[k tcsdef;tcsuf ray;Edkifonfh jyifawGUcsifrS awGU&awmh
rnfj[laom txifrsKd; a&mufvsuf&SdaeonfhtwGif; bGm;ueJawGU&jcif;
jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh wtHUwMoBuD;0rf;omvsuf&Sdygonf/ av,mOfysH&kH0
wGif uREkfyfua&SUqkH;rSBudKaeí rtrm0ifvmonfhtcg uREkfyf onf
0rf;omtm;&BuD;ESifh ol\ykckH;ESpfbufudk udkifívIyfvkdufcsifonf/ odkU&mwGif
uREkfyfwkdUjrefrmvlrsKd;onf 0rf;xJü&Sdaom pdwf"mwfudk trlt&mjzifh azmfjy
aomxkH;pHr&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh vSrf;rnfjyKaom vufrsm;udk csKyfxm;
vkduf&onf/ odkUESifhvnf; olUykckH;ESifheD;uyfaom vuf0JvufrSm wm;qD;ír&
awmhyJ olU vuf,mykckH;udk qkyfudkifvdkufygao;onf/ rtrmonfvnf;
uREkfyfuJUodkUyif wudk,fvkH; wkefvsuf&SdykH&onf/ av,mOfysH&kHBuD;xJwGif
teD;qkH; ukvm;xdkifodkUoGm;í b,fujyefNyD; b,foGm;Murnfh taMumif;

1225 
rsm;udk tjyeftvSef ajymjyvsuf&SdpOf þrQavmufus,f0ef;aom wkdif;jynf
BuD;wjynfü c&D;onf wa,mufESifhwa,muf tcsdef;tcsufr&SdyJ wae&mü
awGUqkHrdjcif;rSm tvGefcJ,Of;vSonfhtaMumif;? ,ckuJUodkU avqdyfwckü
qkHrdMuonf qdkapOD;awmh rdepftenf;i,f vJGoGm;cJUvQif wa,mufxGufNyD;
rS wa,muf0ifvmrnf qdkygu vJGoGm;Edkifao;aMumif;? ,ckuJUodkU
wnfhwnfhrwfrwf qdkufqdkufNrdKuf NrdKuf qkHrdMujcif;rSm vlUjynfrS tyf
wpif;ESifh jA[®mhjynfrS tyfwpif;qdkaom pum;ykHuJUodkU tvGefuHBuD;vSí
awGUqkHMu&jcif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfuawG;rd&m rtrmuvnf; þenf;twl
awG;rdí 0rf;omvSonf[k ajymjyavonf/ em&D0ufcefU pum;ajymNyD;
onfhaemuf uREkfyfwkdU\av,mOfysH qdkufa&mufvmí EIwfqufum cGJcGm
Muav&m rtrm\rsufESmudk vSrf;Munfhvdkufaomtcgü tvGefawmufy
aom rsufvkH;rsm;udk jrif&onfESifh rsuf&nf\ t&dyfta&mif jzpfavoavm
[k awG;awm,if; av,mOfysHay:odkU wufcJU&ygawmhonf/

vDeif*&ufodkU

uREkfyfonf rtrmESifh ESpfBudrfawGUqkHcJU&jcif;taMumif;udk wquf

wnf; azmfjyvdkonfESifh a&SUokdUtenf;i,f ausmfvGefa&;om;xm;jcif;
jzpfav&m ,ckwzef a*smf*sD,me,f wDbvpfqDNrdKUawmf&Sd[dkwJvfrS xdk
oli,frESifhcGJcGmNyD; vDeif*&ufNrdKUodkUoGm;Muonfh taMumif;t&mudk
wkHUjyefazmfjy&OD;rnf/ wDbvpfqDNrdKUESifh vDeif*&ufNrdKUrSm wem&DvQif
uDvdkrDwm 800 (rdkifaygif; 492) EIef;rQ ysHoef;onfh*sufav,mOfysHBud;jzifh
okH;em&DcefUysHoef;&aom c&D;jzpfí qdkAD,uf,led,HtwGif;rQom jzpfaomf
vnf; c&D;tawmfuGmvSrf;onf[k qdk&ayrnf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf av,mOfys

1226 
Hay:okdUwufí c&D;xGufvmMu aomtcg av,mOfysHay:üvdkufygvmonfh
av,mOfr,f  Air  Hostess  okH;a,mufteuf wa,mufonf uREkfyftwGuf
pm;p&mrsm; wnfcif;ay;,if; uREkfyfESifh ]rsufrSef;wef;} rdMuavNyD/
rdef;uav;onf uREkfyfudkjrifonfESifh wNydKif euf ]]&SifbmvlrsKd;vJ}}[kar;í
uREkfyfu ]bd"r®m} [kajymvdkuf&mwGif uREkfyfteD;odkU csufcsif;0ifxdkifNyD;
]]&Sifhudkjrifjrifcsif; uRefru bd"r®mjynf taMumif;udk odyfodcsifwmyJ?
ajymjyprf;yg&Sif}}[k ajym\/ uREkfyfurl pm;,if;aomuf,if; pum;ajymwwf
onfh taemufwdkif;xkH;pHudk rBudKufvSonfESifh ]]bd"r®mtaMumif;udkodvdkvQif
[dkvludkar;Munfhyg}}qdkum ocifausmfpdefudk vufnId;nTefjyvdkuf\/ (ocif
ausmfpdefum; ArmjynftaMumif;ESifh Arm taMumif;udkajymjy&mü cyf
<um;<um;uav;ESifh em;axmifaumif;atmif ajymwwfolwa,muf
jzpfonf[k uREkfyfodNyD;jzpf\/) okdU&mwGif rdef;uav;u ]][if;tif olrsm;
ajymjywmxuf &Sifajymwmudk uRefrydkNyD;Mum;csifw,f? pdwf0ifpm;
w,f}}[kajymonfESifh uREkfyfrSm rvTJra&SmifomyJ ajymjy&ygawmh onf/
okdUaomf uREkfyfu ]]wavQmufxJawmh ajymrjywwfbl;? rif;odcsif
wmudkar;? iguajymjyr,f}} [kajym&\/ av,mOfr,fonf Armrdef;uav;
rsm;taMumif;? a,musmf;uav;rsm;taMumif;? Armav,mOfysHtaMumif;?
a&Trsm; xdefxdef0if;vsuf &Sdonfqdkaom ArmjynfrS apwDawmfrsm;taMumif;?
vli,frsm;0wfpm;qif,ifykHtaMumif;? vufxyfMuykH xkH;pHESifh r*Fvm
tcrf;tem;taMumif; ponfrsm;udk wGwfwD;wGwfwmESifhar;í uREkfyfu
vnf; wwftm;orQ ajzqdk&ygonf/ uREkfyfpm;aomufNyD;í vifyef;udk
odrf;,loGm;aomfvnf; oli,fronf tjcm;aom tvkyf0wÅ&m;rsm;
udkypfxm;NyD; uREkfyfteD;odkU tacguftacguftcgcg vmíxdkifum
awmifar;ajrmufar; ar;ygao;onf/ uREkfyfrSm pum;ajymjcif;twwfü

1227 
avhvmxm;olwa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf; tmrD;eD;,m;jynfe,f awm&Gm
uav;wGif wBudrfatmifjrifcJUNyD;uwnf;u t&SuftaMumuf tawmf
aysmufNyD; tawmfoGufvufpGm ajymEdkifvsuf&SdygavNyD/ rdef;uav;
rsm;tBudKuf ajrSmufumyifhumem;0ifcsKdatmif ajymjcif;t&mwGifvnf;
uREkfyfrSmtawmfynm wdk;vsuf&Sdygonf/ odkUjzpfí wem&DeD;yg;rQ pum;
ajymMu&onfwGif þrdef;uav;onfvnf; wDbvpfqDNrdKU&Sd [dkwJvfrS
rdef;uav;uJUokdUyif uREkfyftay:wGif cifrif&if;ESD;vsuf&SdaeavNyD/ þonf
rSmvnf; uREkfyf\pum;ajymaumif;jcif;xuf arwÅmrsufvkH;\ owÅd[lí
rSwfcsuf csvdkufygonf/

pdwfudkppfaq;jcif;

uREkfyfwdkU\av,mOfysHonf udAfavqdyfodkUqif;&mwGif bD;tm;vkH;

aygufuGJoGm;onf[kod&\/ udkvSausmfurl bD;awGtm;vkH; aygufuJGoGm;
jcif;udk av,mOfysHay:rS oljrifvkduf&ojzifh tawmfxdwfvefUoGm;onf[k
ajym\/ xkdaeUü qD;ESif;rsm; tawmfxlxyfpGm usvsuf&Sdí uGif;BuD;ay:ü
a&cJrsm;xlxyfpGm wifaeonfhtwGuf a&cJwkH;BuD;rsm;ESifh xdcdkufrdNyD;
bD;rsm;uJGoGm;jcif; jzpfonfqdk&m av,mOfarmif;orm;\ uRrf;usifvdr®mrI
aMumifh av,mOfBuD;udk acsmarmpGm &yfEdkifjcif;jzpfaMumif;? uREkfyfwkdU
tvGefuHaumif;aMumif; udkvSausmfu ajymjyavonf/ uREkfyftzdkU&mürlum;
uREkfyf\arwÅm"mwftpGrf;aMumifh ab;tEÅ&m,f NidwG,fjcif;r&SdEdkif[lí
pdwfcs ,kHMunfxm;onfhtwGufaMumifh udkvSausmf\pum;rsm;onf
uREkfyftm; tenf;i,frQ pdk;&drfjcif;? wkefvIyfjcif; rjzpfapcJUyg/ [kwfonf
jzpfap? r[kwfonfjzpfap rdrd\arwÅmpdwf"mwftpGrf;udk pdwfcs,kHMunf

1228 
Edkifjcif;onfum; pdwfoufomrI&apEdkifjcif;rSm ,kHrSm;zG,f&m r&Sday/ udAf
avqdyfwGif uREkfyfwkdU\ av,mOfbD;rsm;udk tcsdefrDatmifjyifqif &ef
rwwfEdkifojzifh xdkav,mOfysHudkxm;cJUNyD; tjcm;av,mOfysHwpif;jzifh
uREkfyfwdkU c&D;qufMu&avonf/ av,mOfysHajymif;ípD;&ojzifh uREkfyfESifh
pum;vufqkHuscJUonfh av,mOfr,fonf uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwl rygvmawmhyJ
olUav,mOfjzifhae&pf&\/ uREkfyfonf yxrü xdkrdef;uav;\ar;cGef;rsm;udk
ajz&jcif;twGuf 0efav;onf[k xifcJUrdaomfvnf; c&D;qufMuaom
tcgwGif xdkrdef;uav;rygonfhtwGuf pdwfxJü bmvkdvdkjzpfonfudk
owdjyKrd\/ odkU&mwGif rdrd\pdwfudk tpOfapmifhíMunfhavh&Sdaom uREkfyf
tzdkUrSm csufcsif;yif udk,fhudk,fudk a0zefppfaq;Munfhrdygonf/ uREkfyf
awGU&onfrSmum; uREkfyfonf xdkrdef;uav;tay:ü wPSm&m* pdwfrsKd;jzifh
wyfrufpGJvef;jcif;um; r[kwf? rdrdtm; cifrifav;pm;jcif;&SdaMumif;od&í
qufvufNyD; cifrifav;pm;jcif; cHvkdonfhrme  (Vanity)  oabmrQom
jzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfEdkifygonf/

tJUpfwkd;&D;,m;[dkwJvf

uREkfyfwkdUonf rwfv w&ufaeUnwGif vDeif*&ufNrdKUodkU qdkuf

a&mufMuí tJUpfwkd;&D;,m; [dkwJvfBuD;\ crf;em;BuD;us,fykH? aps;EIef;
BuD;jrifhykH? ae&m&zdkUcJ,Of;ykH ponfrsm;udkzwf&bl;onfh uREkfyfonf
vDeif*&ufNrdKUwGif emrnfwl [dkwJvfBuD;\trnfudk Mum;vdkuf&onfESifh
wNydKifeuf pdwf0ifpm;pGmESifh owdjyKrdyg\/ uREkfyfwnf;cdkcJUorQaom
[dkwJvfrsm;teufwGif þ[dkwJvfonf tcrf;em;qkH;jzpf\/ A[kokw
tawmf&Sdonfh ocifausmfpdefu þ[dkwJvfBuD;rSm e,l;a&mufNrDKU&Sd emrnfwl

1229 
[dkwJvfBuD;ESifh ydkif&SifwOD;wnf;jzpfcJUbl;aMumif;? qdkAD,uf,leD,Honf
qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiH jzpfvmaomtcgwGifrS tpdk;&u tar&duefydkif&SifBuD;rsm;
\vufrS 0,f,lvkdufjcif;jzpfaMumif; ajymjyavonf/ uREkfyfrSm cef;vkH;jynfh
aumaZmcif;onfh [dkwJvfBuD;rsKd;ü wnf;cdkcJU&bl;jcif; enf;yg;onfh
twGufaMumifh þ[dkwJvf\om;om;em;em; cefUnm;aom tcif;tusif;udk
owdjyKrdjcif; jzpfavonf/ tJUpfwkd;&D;,m;[dkwJvfwGif wnf;cdkaexdkifcJU
&NyD;onfhaemuf cef;vkH;jynfhaumaZmrcif;onfh [dkwJvfrsm;wGif wnf;cdk&
onfhtcg Murf;ESifhzdeyf xdawGU&jcif;twGuf ]oGm;usdef;} onf[k
xifvmonftxd pdwfBuD;0ifvsuf&SdavNyD/ aumif;aomt&mudk ]jrnf;}Munfh
&jcif;onf uREkfyfxifoavmuf tusKd;rrsm;vS[k pOf;pm;rdygonf/

tmPmodrf;aomowif;

uREkfyfwdkUudk,fpm;vS,f okH;a,mufESifh &JabmfESpfa,muf (uREkfyf\

]nD}ESifh ]om;}) wkdUonf vDeif*&ufNrdKUodkUrwfv w&ufaeUnwGif qdkuf
a&mufMuí 2&ufaeUnwGif jrefrmjynfü tpdk;&tajymif;tvJjzpfjcif;
taMumif;udk Mum;od&avonf/ xdknü vDeif*&ufNrdKUwGif ynmoif
vsuf&Sdonfh jrefrmausmif;om; wa,mufonf uREkfyfwkdUa&muf&Sdjcif;udk
Mum;odí EIwfquf&efvma&muf&mwGif þowif;udkajymjyjcif;jzpfavonf/
uREkfyfwkdUonf þowif;udkMum;& aomtcgü tvGeftHUMordMuonf[k
a&;vQif uREkfyfwkdU\ pdwfxJü&Sdaom tjcif;t&mudk q,fykHwykHrQ
azmfjy&ma&mufrnf r[kwfay/ uREkfyfwkdU\ pdwfxJü tHUMojcif;? pdk;&drfjcif;?
ylyefrdjcif;wkdUtjyif uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;u ylyefMuvdrfhrnf/
uREkfyfwkdUr&SdonfhtwGuf olwkdUtm;i,fMuvdrfhrnf? odkUavmodkUavm

1230 
awG;awmMuvdrfhrnf[laom tjcif;t&mrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUokH;OD;vkH;\
pdwfxJwGifjzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf[k uREkfyfrSef;qEdkifygonf/ &k&Sm;&Jabmf
rsm;onf þtjzpftysufESifh ywfoufí uREkfyfwkdU\xifjrifcsufudk
wD;acgufpkHprf;Muav&m uREkfyfum;bmrSrajymwwf? uRekfyf\ tazmfESpf
a,mufurl ]]cifAsm;wdkUodoavmufxuf uRefawmfbmrQydkrodaomaMumifh
xifjrifcsufray;Edkifyg? cifAsm;wkdUuyif uRefawmfwkdUxufydkNyD; odMuvdrfhrnf
xifygonf}}[k ajymjy\/ ¤if;wkdUajymykHvnf; rqdk;vS[k uRekfyfpOf;pm;
rdonf/ uREkfyfonf tawmftwefvlrsm;xuf pdwfoufomatmif pOf;pm;
wwfolwa,muf jzpfonf[k ,kHMunfxm;onfhtwkdif; &kwfw&uf
pdwfat;oGm;atmif tBuHr&ao;apumrl ylavmifapaom tawG;tac:rsKd;udk
vufrcHyJ olwkdUtxJwGif EIwftqdwfqkH;aom vlwa,muftjzpfESifh
xdkifaecJUygonf/ (uREkfyfrSmpum; enf;aom vlwa,mufjzpfonf[k
vlwdkif;uajymMuaomfvnf; qdkAD,uf,leD ,HokdUa&mufuwnf;u
em;rsufpdudk zGifhxm;&kHomru yg;pyfudkyg zGifhxm;NyD; yD,0gpmjzpfatmif
ajymzkdUBudK;pm;jcif;? odvdkaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pkHprf; ar;jref;jcif;
ponfjzifh ]rl}wrsKd; ajymif;vJvsuf&Sdonfh twGufaMumifh uREkfyf\
tazmfESpfa,mufu ]]wdkUq&mBuD; pum;enf;w,fqdkNyD; ckawmhawmfawmfajym
om;yJ}}[k tuJcwfMu[ef&Sdonf/ xdknürl uREkfyfonf ]'kH&if;}odkU
jyefqdkufoGm; onf[kqdkavmufatmif EIwfqdwfcJUygonf/)

1231 
jA[®pdk&fu&kPm

xdknOfhüuREkfyfonf qdkAD,uf,leD,HokdU a&mufuwnf;u tavh

tusifh jyKvkyfxm;onfhtwdkif; tdrfoltdrfom;rsm;? aqGrsKd;nmwdESifh ESD;&if;
aom rdwfaqGrsm;rSpí rsufESmodrsm;wdkifatmif wOD;pDarwÅmydkUNyD;aemuf
tmPmodrf;onfqdkaom awmfvSefa&;aumifpDteufrS "mwfykHudk uREkfyf
jrifbl;í rSwfrdonfhAdkvfcsKyfae0if;? AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD; tp&Sdaom
yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ rsufESmrsm;udkaomfvnf;aumif;? OD;Ek\rsufESmudkvnf;aumif;
xif;xif;BuD; ay:atmifazmf,lNyD; arwÅmydkUygonf/ uREkfyfonf rdrdtm;
axmifxJwGif ]wdkufydwfavSmif}xm;bl;onfh zqyvtpdk;&tzGJU\ acgif;
aqmifjzpfaom OD;Ek twGufoufoufqdkí arwÅmydkUjcif; r&SdcJUbl;aomfvnf;
&k&Sm;jynfodkU a&muf uwnf;u rsufESmudkjrifbl;olwkdif;tm; arwÅmydkUonfh
tavhtusifhjyKvkyfxm;onfhjyif tzrf;cHae&onfh 0efBuD;csKyfwa,muf
taejzifh u&kPmoufoufESifh txl;wvnf arwÅmydkUrdygonf/ uREkfyfonf
aoG;aomufr*¾Zif;wGif OD;EktaMumif;udk a0zefcJUbl;pOfu ol\nmjzef;csif
wwfaom OmOftaMumif;udk azmfjycJUbl;aomfvnf; tjcm;wbuf&Sd &dk;om;í
pdwfaumif;ESvkH;aumif;&SdykH& jcif;taMumif;udk a&;om;azmfjycJUbl;ygonf/
,cktcgürl OD;Ekonf axmifxJü wdkufydwfcH&ojzifh wdkif;Mum;onfh
uREkfyf\aMu;eef;udk *&krpdkufcJUaomfvnf; olUüapwemaumif;&SdykH&jcif;
wckwnf;udkom pdwfxJwGif tm&kHjyKonfhtwGuf aMumifh OD;EkBuKHawGU&onfh
avmu"HtwGuf &dk;&dk;om;om;yif jA[®pdk&fu&kPm xm;EdkifcJUygonf/

1232 
uREkfyfpOf;pm;ykH

uREkfyfonf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh AkdvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;wkdU\ rsufESmrsm;

udk tm&kHjyKaomtcgrsm;üvnf; xdkyk*¾dKvfESpfOD;onf qdk;,kwfaomtoGifjzifh
uREkfyf\rsufpdxJwGif rxifjrifvmyg/ þtaMumif;udkazmfjy&jcif;rSm
]]ppfwyf utmPmodrf;onf}} (ul;'Dwmvkyfonf)[k Mum;vdkuf&aomtcg
uREkfyf\ pdwfxJü raumif;aom tjcif;t&mwck taejzifhbGm;ueJ xifjrif
vmaomf vnf; yk*¾dKvftaejzifh qifjcifvdkufonfhtcg raumif;onfh"mwfcH
&SdonfhtxJ rSyif aumif;aomtoGifoP²mefay:vmjcif;udk jrif&aomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/ arwÅmydkUNyD;aemuf uREkfyfonf jrefrmjynfü tmPmodrf;jcif;
ESifhywfoufí av;av;eufeuf qifjcifokH;oyfygonf/ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü
bGm;ueJay:vm onfhtjcif;t&mwckrSm (bk&m;a[m [kwfr[kwf rajym
wwf) rdk;av;rsKd;? o&ufav;rsKd;? <uufav;rsKd;qdkaom taMumif;t&myif
jzpf\/ t"dyÜm,frSm (1) &Gmawmhrnf[efjyifNyD; r&Gmaomrdk;? (2) r&Gm
awmhrvdkESifh &Gmaomrdk;? (3) &GmawmhrvdkESifh &Gmaomrdk;? (4) r&GmawmhrvdkESifh
r&Gmaomrdk; [líav;rsKd; &Sdav&m o&ufESifh <uufwdkUrSmvnf; tvm;wl
tjcif;t&mudk azmfjyonfh O'g[&kPfrsm;yifjzpfavonf/ qufvufí
qifjcifonfhtcg tmPmodrf;,lonfh AdkvfcsKyftpdk;&onf raumif;
rvdkvdkESifh aumif;aom tpdk;&rsKd;vnf;jzpfEdkif cGifh&Sdonf[laom tcsufwck
ay:xGufvm\/
uREkfyf\EdkifiHa&;tjrift&rSm wdkif;oljynfom;rSwyg; (0g) wkdif;ol
jynfom;\udk,fpm;jyKaom tzGJUrSwyg; rnfonfhyk*¾dKvf? rnfonfhtoif;
tyif; tzGJUtpnf;ujzpfap tmPmodr;fjcif;onf raumif;[lí em;vnf
xm;\/ odkU&mwGif qkd;a,mifESifh aumif;jcif;? aumif;a,mifESifhqdk;jcif;

1233 
paom txufyg pum;uvnf; &Sdao;\/ þwGiftBuHwck
jzpfay:vmonfrSm zqyvtpdk;& onf jynfol\qE´t&wufvmí
(a&G;aumufyJGrsm;wGif npfywfrIrsm;awmh &SdykH&onf/) wkdif;oljynfom;
wa,mufvQif wkdufwvkH;um;wpD;ESifh 0ifaiGvpOf 800d &ap&rnf[k
rufvkH;ay;um bef;jyaumif;aomfvnf; vufawGUtm;jzifh bmrQraumif;cJU
[k pdwfxJüay:vmao;onf/ (raumif;ykH raumif;enf;rsm; vnf;pdwfxJü
tao;pdwfay:vmao;onf/) xdkUaemuf ppftpdk;&bufodkU vSnfhMunfhvdkuf
onfhtcg &mxl;rufykHr&onfh AdkvfcsKyfae0if; trSL;&SDonfh ppfwyfu
atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufcJUjcif;udkvnf;aumif; pOf;pm;rdonf/ xdkUjyif
a&S;cyfusus EdkifiHa&;yg&*lBuD;wa,mufu OmPfynm&SdaomtmPm&Sif
wa,muf  (A  Wise  Autocracy)  tkyfcsKyfjcif;onf taumif;qkH;aom
tkyfcsKyfjcif;jzpfonf[k a&;cJUbl;\/ uREkfyfonf xdkynm&SdBuD;\pum;udk
(trsKd;rsKd;aom taMumif;wkdUaMumifh) t<uif;rJUraxmufcHEdkifapumrl tmPm
&Sifwa,mufyif jzpfaomfvnf; OmPfynm tajrmftjrif&Sdol wa,muf
jzpfcJUvQif (&Sm;awmh&Sm;onf/) wdkif;jynfudk aumif;rGefpGm tkyfcsKyf&ef
jzpfEdkifonfqdkaom tcsufudkrl uREkfyfvufcHonf/ (odkUaomf ighrSmOmPf
ynm tajrmftjrif&SdonfqdkNyD; wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfcsifonfh vlwdkif;tm;
uREkfyfvuf cHvdkonf r[kwfyg/)

uREkfyf\tqkH;tjzwf

xdkrSqufvufí jrefrmjynfudkppfwyfu tmPmodrf;onfqdkaom

owif;taMumif;udk qifjcif&mwGifuREkfyfonf AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh OD;EkwkdUudk
yk*K¾d vftaetm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfcsuf xkwfrdonf/ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;taMumif;udk

1234 
uREkfyfMum;od&bl;orQESifh OD;EktaMumif;udk uREkfyfod&orQrSm (uREkfyfonf
þyk*¾dKvfESpfOD;wkdUESifh udk,fwdkifoduRrf;onf r[kwfyg/) tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;
wa,muftaejzifh AkdvfcsKyfae0if;udkydkíBudKufygonf/ (uREkfyftuJcwf
rSm;csif vnf;rSm;ayrnf/) aemufqkH;ü aumif;a,mifESifhqdk;Edkifonf?
qdk;a,mifESifhvnf; aumif;Edkifonfqdkaom pum;udk axmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh
OD;Ek\tkyfcsKyfa&; onf]rl}tm;jzifh aumif;í AkdvfcsKyftkyfcsKyfa&;onf
]rl}tm;jzifh raumif;apum rl vufawGUtm;jzifhrlum; AdkvfcsKyf\tkyfcsKyfykHu
OD;Ek\tkyfcsKyfykHxuf omcsifvnf;omEdkifonf[k pOf;pm;rdonf/ rnfodkU
yifjzpfap AdkvfcsKyf tkyfcsKyfjcif;onf OD;Ektpdk;&tkyfcsKyfjcif;xuf qkd;qdk;
&Gm;&Gm;jzpfroGm;Edkif? wkdif;jynfBuD; Aa,mufA,uf jzpfroGm;wef&m[k
qkH;jzwfcsufcsrSwfvdkufonfjzpfí wdkif;jynftwGuf uREkfyf\ pdk;&drfylyefrd
jcif;rsm;rSm wcgwnf;aysmufjy,fvGifhpifoGm;NyD; aumif;pGm tdyfpufEdkif
ygonf/

qufvufpkHprf;jcif;

eHeufvif;aomtcg uREkfyfonf,refnOfhu pOf;pm;qifjcifykHrsm;udk

ocifausmfpdeftm;ajymjy&m ocifausmfpdefu uREkfyf\tqkH;tjzwfudk ESpf
ouf oabmusvSonf[k tm;&yg;&axmufcH&kHomru &k&Sm;&Jabmfrsm;tm;
vnf; ajymjyavonf/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyfwkdUonf jrefrmjynfrS owif;rsm;udk
qufvufem;pGifhvsuf&Sd&m Mum;&orQaom owif;rsm;onfvnf; uREkfyf\
tqkH;tjzwfudk waeUwjcm; axmufcHvsuf&SdaMumif;awGU&í pdwfauseyf
vSygonf/ þwGifuREkfyfonf qdkAD,uf,leD,Hü qufvuf vSnfhvnf&jcif;

1235 
tvkyfwGif vkH;0aemufqHrwif;awmhyJ uREkfyfodvdkaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk
pdwfat;vufat;jzifh pkHprf;Edkifygonf/ uREkfyfpkHprf;vsuf&Sdaom tjcif;t&m
um; tjcm;r[kwf? q&mBuD; bmw&ef&wfqJvf\ ar;cGef;udk ajzqdkrnf
BuHonfh uREkfyf\ tajzonf qdkAD,ufjynfoljynfom;rsm;\ pdwfae
oabmxm;ESifh udkufrudkuf? nDrnD[laom tcsufyifjzpfygonf/

tazmfESpfa,mufwdkU

vDeif*&ufNrdKUwGif uREkfyf\arwÅmudk wkHUjyefjcif;ESifh ywfoufí

auseyftm;&avmufp&m atmifjrifjcif;udkawGU&\/ uREkfyf\atmifjrifykH
rsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif uREkfyftwGuf tom;,lvdkaomaMumifh r[kwf?
arwÅmpdwf"mwf\ tHUMoavmufaom tusKd;tmedoifudk pmzwfolwdkUod&í
,kHMunfMuapjcif;iSm wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkUazmfjy&mwGif udk,fawGU
]qdkif;bkwf} wyfNyD; pdwful;,OfoabmESifh csJUxGifa&;om;jcif;rsm;om
jzpfonf[k pGyfpJGí rjzpfEdkif avmufatmif uREkfyf\ tazmfESpfa,muf
vnf;yg&Sdygonf/ uREkfyfonf arwÅmpdwf"mwf prf;oyfjcif;taMumif;udk
tazmfESpfa,mufwkdUtm; xkwfazmf ajymjyjcif;rjyKcJUaomfvnf; uREkfyfa&;om;
wifjyonfh tjzpftysufrsm;rSm olwkdUESpfa,muf\rsufpdatmufwGif
jzpfysufjcif;wkdUom rsm;ygonf/ tu,fí uREkfyfonf wpdwfudkwtdwf
vkyfNyD; csJUxGifa&;om;onf[k xdkvlESpfa,mufu ,lqMuygrl uREkfyftm;
rnSmwmyJ zGifhcsvdku zGifhcsEdkifcGifh&SdMuygonf/ odkUqdkvQif uREkfyfu
jiif;qdkvdrfhrnfr[kwfyJ udk,fh[mudk,f txifBuD;NyD; tawG;tac:awG
acsmfcJUjcif; jzpfavoavm[líom pOf;pm;vdrfhrnfjzpfygonf/

1236 
arwÅmrsufvkH;\owÅd

vDeif*&ufNrdKU tJUpfwkd;&D;,m;[dkwJvfwGif npmpm;vsuf&SdMupOf

wuúodkvf ausmif;om; armifodkufonf olESifhtwl ynmoifvsuf&Sdonfh
&k&Sm;ausmif;ol  (Girl  Friend)  wa,mufudk [dkwJvfodkUac:vmí
uREkfyfwkdUpm;yGJwGif xdkifMu\/ armifodkufonf &k&Sm;ausmif;olav;tm;
udkvSausmfwdkUvlpkESifh rdwfqufay;&m uREkfyfrSmaq;wHydwfvsuf&SdonfESifh
olwkdUudkarmfhrMunfhtm;yJ aq;wHudkjyifqif vsuf&Sd\/ xdktcgudkvSausmfu
]]q&mBuD;armifodkufu &k&Sm;ausmif;olav; wa,mufac:vmw,f? EIwf
qufvdkufygOD;}}[k ajymaomfvnf; uREkfyfrSm uREkfyf\aq;wHonf &k&Sm;
ausmif;olxuf ta&;BuD;onfqdkaomoabmESifh armfhírMunfhyJ aq;wHudk
om ikHUíjyifqifvsuf&Sd\/ tvkyfNyD;aomtcgrS uREkfyfonf rdef;uav;
&Sd&modkU vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m xdktcgwGifrS rdef;uav;udk *&krpdkuf
onfhtaejzifh aq;wHudkikHUí jyifcJUrdjcif;twGuf tm;emaompdwfjzpf
ay:vm\/ þwGif uREkfyfonftm;emaom tjcif;t&mudk EIwfjzifhrajymyJ
rsufESmxm;jzifhjyvsuf oli,fr\ rsufESmudk uREkfyf\arwÅmrsufvkH;rsm;jzifh
wcsufMunfhvdkuf\/ xdkUaemuf olESifhuREkfyfrsufvkH;csif;qdkifrdwdkif;
jzLpifaom arwÅmrsufvkH;jzifh uREkfyfuMunfh&m okH;BudrfrQqdkifrd
MuaomtcgwGif oli,fr onf uREkfyfudkMunfh&mrS armifodkuftem;odkU
uyfum wpkHw&majymvkduf\/ armifodkufonf uRekfyfbufodkU vSnfhvsuf
]]q&mBuD;cifAsm;? rdef;uav;u q&mBuD;udk jrifjrifcsif; tifrwef
cspfcifav;pm;wJUpdwfawG jzpfay:vmwmrdkU oleJU wcsDavmuf wJGuzkdU

1237 
awmif;yefygw,fwJUcifAsm? q&mBuD;eJU wJGuvkduf&vQif olUrSm tifrwef
*kPfusufoa&wkd;oGm;vdrfhr,fvdkU ,lqygw,fwJU cifAsm;}}[kajymavonf/

]BuHBuD;pD&m} BuKH&ykH

uREkfyfwdkUvSnfhvnfcJUMuonfh qdkAD,uf,leD,HwckvkH;ü [dkwJvfBuD;

rsm; twGif;pm;yJGcef;BuD;rsm;wGif wbufaom rsufESmü pifjrifhwck&Sdí
¤if;tay: wGif wa,m? bm*sm? bif*sKd? r,f'vifponfh wl&d,m
tzGJUwck&Sd\/ [dkwJvf BuD;vQif BuD;oavmuf wl&d,mtzJGUvnf;BuD;í
tcsKdUrSm q,fhav;ig;a,muf txdyg0ifavonf/ wl&d,mtzGJUonf
wcsDwcsDwGif wD;rIwfM uí wcsDwcsDwGif tem;,lavh&Sd&m npmpm;
vsuf&Sdaom y&dowfonf wl&d,mtzGJUu wD;rIwf vkdufonfhtcgwdkif;
pm;yJGrSxvmMuNyD; tcef;BuD;tv,fü&Sdonfh uGufvyfwGif olUtwGJ
udk,fhtwGJ uMuí twD;trIwf &yfpJoGm;aomtcgrS udk,fhpm;yGJodkU jyefxdkif
um qufvufpm;aomufMujyefavonf/ þodkUjzifh 12 em&Dxdk;í
[dkwJvfydwfcsdefwdkifatmif tcsKdUum; wcsDwav em;aomfvnf; tcsKdUrSm
tem;r,lyJ twD;trIpwdkif; vufwGJíxvmMuavonf/ ausmif;olav;u
uREkfyftm; wJGuzdkUawmif;yefonfhtcg i,fpOfu awmifNyKH;yGJodkUa&mufí
oli,fcsif;rsm;uMuonfudkjrifaomfvnf;
wBudrfwcgrQvufyifrajrSmufcJUbl; onfh uREkfyfrSm ucsifzkdUa0;pG
rsufESmrsm; xlyloGm;ygao;onf/ þtxJwGif tcsKdUu ]]&Sufp&m r&Sdygbl;?
uomuygq&mBuD;}}[k wkdufwGef;Mujyef&mwGif uREkfyfrSm rsufESmrxm;
wwfatmif jzpfoGm;\/ tcsKdUvlrsm;onf ]yGwfobif} yGJtwGuf
oifwef;wufNyD; uMuonf[k Mum;&bl;aomfvnf; uREkfyfrSm tqdk

1238 
twD;bufwGif tazmfaumif;vQif vkyfcsifvkyfrnf/ rdrdudk,fudk ]uvef
uvm;} BuD;tjzpfESifh udk,fh[mudk,fxifjrifxm;olwa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh
ajc[ef vuf[efESifh vkyf&aom tvkyfrsKd;udk txl;a&SmifMuOfol jzpfonfESifh
wdkufwGef;jcif; cH&onfhtwGufyif rsufESmylvsuf &Sdygawmhonf/ aemufqkH;ü
uREkfyf\ ]nD}udk tpm;xdk;í xnfhay;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh jyóemudk
ajz&Sif;ay;vdkufEdkifyg onf/ uRekfyf rMumcPpOf;pm;rdaom tcsufwckrSm
uREkfyfudkjrifvQifjrifcsif; cifrifav;pm;jcif;&Sdonfqdkjcif;um; xm;ygawmh?
touf70ausmfí qHjzL oGm;usKd; &Sdaeonfh tbkd;BuD;tdkwa,mufESifhwGJí
uyg&ap[k rdef;rysKdav; wa,mufu cGifhawmif;jcif;um; em;rvnf
Edkifatmif&Sdygawmhonf/ uREkfyfwkdU ]bd"r®m} rsm;teufwGif t&G,faumif;
ao;onfh udkvSausmfESifh ocifausmfpdefwkdUudkrjrifyJ uREkfyftm; uGufí
a&G;cs,fjcif; jzpfonfhtwGufomí tHUMo\/ rdef;rysKduav;omru
trsKd;orD; pma&;q&m rkqdk;rwa,mufuvnf; uREkfyftm; tvm;wl
cGifhawmif;jcif;udk BuKHcJU&ygao;onf/

ydkifEdkifaomtrlt&m

vDeif*&ufNrdKUü&SdpOf uacsonfrsm;? yef;csDq&mrsm;? umwGef;

q&mrsm;? tqdkorm;rsm; tp&Sdonfh tEkynmonf trsKd;rsKd;wkdU
aexdkifMuonfh &dyfom wckodkU uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muftm; zdwfMum;ojzifh
npmpm;&efoGm;Muavonf/ uREkfyftm; wGJuyg&ap[k cGifhawmif;onfh
trsKd;orD;pma&;q&monfvnf; uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwl ygvmí vrf;wavQmuf
vkH;ü uREkfyfESifhcGmawmhonfr&SdyJ txl;*&kpdkufygayonf/ xdkrdef;ronf
qwfuwfyJGodkU uREkfyfESifhtwl oGm;bl;pOfu pmaytaMumif; aqG;aEG;Mu

1239 
&mwGif uREkfyfonf awmfvfpwGdKif\ ]t,femu&JeD;em;} 0w¬KBuD;udk
jrefrmvdkjyefqdkbl;onf[k od&uwnf;u uREkfyfrSm ol\rsufpdwGif
[D;&dk;BuD;wa,muf jzpfvmykH&onf/ npmpm;&ef oGm;Muaom xdknü
uREkfyfwdkUonf &dyfomwGif;okdU armfawmfum;jzifh0if&ef rjzpfEdkifojzifh
um;udk&yfxm;cJUNyD; wzmvkHcefUajcvsufavQmufMu&\/ avQmuf&aomvrf;
rSm qD;ESif;rSjzpfonfh a&cJwkH;BuD;i,fwkdUjzifh xlxyfpGm zkH;vTrf;vsuf&Sdonf
jzpfaomaMumifh owdBuD;pGmESifh cJcJ,Of;,Of; avQmufMu& \/
pma&;q&mronf uREkfyftm; &k&Sm;&Jabmfrsm;u tultnDay;jcif;udkyif
rcH,lapvdkonfh vu©PmESifh uREkfyftm; olUwa,mufwnf; wGJac:oGm;\/
touf50cefU&SdNyD jzpfaomfvnf; xdkrdef;ronf tawmfzsufvwfoefpGrf;ykH&í
uREkfyf\rayghvSaom udk,fum,udk (146aygif&Sdonf/) cyfuspfuspfzufNyD;
ydkifEdkifpGmwGJac:oGm;\/ uREkfyf\tazmfrsm;ESifh &k&Sm;&Jabmfrsm;onf
(nDESifhom;) aemufrSvdkufygvmMu\/ pma&;q&mr\ udkifwG,fykH
ydkifEdkifjcif;udk axmufjcif; tm;jzifh uREkfyftm; ESpfBudrfrQom awGUbl;
onfhEdkifiHjcm;om;wa,muf[lí oabmxm;[efr&Sd? ESpf&SnfpGmoduRrf;cJUNyD;
&if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGwa,mufuJUokdU vnf;aumif;? tpfudkBuD;wa,muf?
OD;av;wa,mufuJUodkU vnf;aumif; oabmxm;[ef&Sdavonf/ &k&Sm;
&Jabmfwa,mufonf rdef;r\ tv,ftvwf rQ&Sdaom cGeftm;ESifh
uREkfyf\rayghvSaom udk,fum,udk jrifojzifh pdk;&drfonfh vu©PmESifh
tultnDa;rnf jyKaomtcgrsm;wGif xdkrdef;ronf ]]rqdkifol rudkif
MueJU}}qdkonfh trlt&mrsKd;jzifh uREkfyftm; wGJac:oGm;jcif;rsm;udk BuKH&bl;
avonf/

1240 
yifpifpm; ynmonfrsm;

ynmonfrsm;\&dyfomodkU wufrdMuaomtcg yxrü cyfajcmuf

ajcmuf &Sdaeonf[k uREkfyfxifrdaomfvnf; [dktcef;onftcef;rsm;rS
wa,mufcsif;jzpfap? ESpfa,mufwwGJjzpfap xGufvmMuNyD; pm;yGJBuD;wckwGif
xdkifrdMuonfhtcg tawmf&Tifyspnfum;jcif;udk awGU&ayonf/ þae&mü
¤if;&dyfomtaMumif;udk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ tvGefus,f0ef;aom 0if;BuD;wck
twGif;ü taqmufttkH tawmfrsm;rsm;&Sdav&m uREkfyfwkdUonf taqmuf
ttkHwckay:odkU a&mufaeMu jcif;jzpf\/ taqmufttkHrsm;rSm azmfjycJUonfh
t&G,fBuD;&ifhaom ynmonf trsKd;rsKd;wkdUtwGuf tpdk;&u aqmufvkyfay;
xm;jcif;jzpfí pm;avmufaomuf avmufatmifvnf; vcay;xm;onf[k
od&avonf/ OD;a&okH;q,fcefUrQ&Sdonfh ynmonfrsm;udk uREkfyfMunfh
vdkufonfhtcg tm;vkH;vdkyif touf 60ausmfcefU &SdykH&í auseyf&Tifysonfh
rsufESmxm;rsm;&SdMuonf/ xdkolwkdUü om;orD;rsm;&SdMuaomfvnf; vli,f
rsm;rSm xdk&dyfomwGif aexdkifcGifhr&Sd? t&G,f vGefí tem;,l&onfh
tbdk;BuD;tr,fBuD;rsm;twGuf oufoufjzpfonf[k od&avonf/

bJav;acgif;aqmifrBuD;

pm;yGJ&SnfBuD;wck\xdyfü touftawmfBuD;aomfvnf; tdkonf[k

rqdkEdkifyJ tvGefMunfhíaumif;ao;onfh rdef;rBuD;wa,muf&Sdav&m uREkfyf
udkwGJí ac:vmcJUonfh pma&;q&mronf rdef;rBuD;xHodkUac:oGm;NyD;
uREkfyfESifh rdwfqufay;avonf/ rdef;rBuD;um; t&G,faumif;pOftcgu
bJav;tu acgif;aqmifuacsonfrBuD; wa,mufjzpfonfqdk&m ¤if;\

1241 
rsufESmESifh udk,fvkH; udk,faygufwkdUudk Munfh&jcif;tm;jzifh i,fpOfu
tvGefacsmNyD; tquftayguf tvGefvSvdrfhrnf[k uREkfyftuJcwfrdonf/
rdwfqufay;NyD;aemuf acgif;aqmif rdef;rBuD;u rdrdonf þ&dyfomwGif
tBuD;tuJjzpfí uREkfyftm; olESifhtwl pm;yGJxdyfwGif xdkifapjcif;jzifh
*kPfjyKcsD;ajrSmufygaMumif;ajymNyD;vQif pma&;q&mrtm;vnf; uREkfyf\
vuf0Jbufüxdkifaponf/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfrSm pm;yGJxdyfü vuf,mbufwGif
bJav;acgif;aqmifrBuD;? vuf0JbufwGif pma&;q&mr rkqdk;rwkdU\
tv,fü xdkif&ygonf/ (acgif;aqmifrBuD;vnf; rkqdk;ryifjzpfonf[k
aemifwGifod&onf/) pma&;q&mru uREkfyfrSm t,femu&JeD;em;
0w¬Kudkbmomjyefolwa,mufjzpfonf[k y&dowftm; ajymjyvdkufí
olwdkUonf uREkfyftay:ü ,cifuwnf;u pdwf0ifpm;jcif;&SdykH&onfh
trlt&mudk ESpfESifhajrSmufvdkufouJUokdU ESpfqxrf;ydk;wkd;í azmfjyvmMuav
onf/

txl;tav;jyKjcif;cH&onfh npmpm;yGJ

uREkfyfonf pm;yGJ&SnfBuD;\xdyfwGif bJav;acgif;aqmif uacsonf

rBuD; ESifh pma&;q&mrwkdU\ tMum;wGifxdkifum pum;vufqkHusvsuf&Sd\/
&k&Sm;jynf odkUa&mufuwnf;u uREkfyfonfarmfpudkNrdKUabmf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD;ü
wBudrf? vDeif *&ufNrdKUüwBudrf? tvGefemrnfBuD;vSaom bJab;ZmwfyGJudk
Munfh&bl;NyDjzpfí bJav;ZmwfyJGüvnf;aumif;? ujyolrsm;üvnf;aumif;
pdwf0ifpm;vsuf&Sd&m bJav;acgif;aqmif rdef;rwa,mufESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf
xdkifípum;ajym&aom tcgwGif (yifpiftNidrf;pm;wa,muf jzpfapumrl)
rBuKHbl;atmif pdwf0ifpm;vsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyf\pdwf0ifpm;ykHrSm i,fpOfu

1242 
tNidrfhrif;orD;pdefqiftay:ü pdwf0ifpm;ykHrsKd;ESifh cyfqifqifwlí ESpfq
avmufuJvGefjcif;rQavmufom jcm;em;jcif;&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfwkdUpum;ajym
vsuf&SdpOf bJav;acgif;aqmif\ rsufESmonfEkysKdonfxuf EkysKdvmonf
xif&í ¤if;\&kyftqif;rSmvnf; acsmonfxuf acsmvmonfxifrd\/
þwGifuREkfyfonf ol\toufudk odcsif aomqE´jyif;jyvm\/ rsufESmjzL
vlrsKd;onf rdef;rwa,muf\toufudk ar;&kd;xkH;pHr&Sd[lí uREkfyfodxm;\/
odkUqdkvQif rnfodkUjyK&ygrnfenf;/ uREkfyfrSmjrefrm rdef;rrsm;ESifhyif
xrif;pm;yGJrsm;ü ]awmufwdkp,}  Small  Talk  pum;ajymavY&Sdol wa,muf
r[kwfygyJvsuf taemufwdkif;ol ESpfa,muf\ tv,fwGifxdkifum
pum;ajym&jcif;onf tvGefcJ,Of;vdrfhrnf[k xifrSwfzG,f&Sd\/ odkU&mwGif
xifoavmufr[kwfyJ vG,fulacsmarmjcif;&Sdonfudk awGU&\/ þodkUjzpf
&jcif;rSm olwkdUuuREkfyftm; txl;{nfhonfhwa,muftaejzifh *kPfjyKvsuf
&SdMujcif;aMumifh  Lionize  tm;wufNyD; ]&Id;wkd;&SefUwefU} rjzpfonfwaMumif;?
uREkfyf\ arwÅmpdwf"mwf tpGrf;aMumifh rdrdukd,fudk pdwfcs,kHMunfvsuf
&SdaomaMumifh  (Self  Confidence)  waMumif; jzpfwef&monf/ tjcm;
waMumif;rSmvnf; uREkfyfonf ]awmufwkdp,} ajymenf;rsKd;ü udk,fwdkif
tusifhr&Sdaomfvnf; t*Fvdyf0w¬Kaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGm zwfbl;xm;ojzifh
pdwfxJu em;vnfae[ef wlavonf/

tjyeftvSef ajrSmufMujcif;

txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; uREkfyfonf bJav;acgif;aqmif\

toufudk odvdkaomfvnf; wdkuf&dkufrar;yJ-

1243 
 Ekyf/ / ]]cifAsm;Munfh&wm odyfacsmw,fAsm? ckawmif
'DavmufacsmvQif [dkwkef;ursm;qdk &k&Sm;vlysKdawG cifAsm;twGuf b,fESpf
a,mufowfcJUykwfcJUMu w,frqdkEdkifbl;? cifAsm; a,mufsm;uawmh [D;&dk;
ayghavAsmaemf}}
rdef;rBuD;onf ESpfodrfhaomrsufESmxm;ESifh uREkfyftm;Munfhí NyKH;vkduf
onf/
bJ/ /]]&Sifu uRefrtoufudk b,favmuf&SdaeNyDxifovJ}}
vuf0JbufwGifxdkifaom pma&;q&mronf uREkfyftm;rsufESmxm;
wrsKd; ESifhvSrf;Munfh&m qdkdvdkaomt"dyÜm,fudk uREkfyf&dyfrdygonf/
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfu cifAsm;touf[m 60 bufeD;rvm;? 50bufeD;
rvm;udk qkH;jzwfr&Edkifatmif jzpfaew,fcifAsm;}}
rdef;rBuD;onf uREkfyftm;tvGefoabmusonfh rsufESmxm;rsKd;ESifh
MunfhíNyKH;av&m pma&;q&mruvnf; uREkfyf\vufudk pm;yGJckHatmufwGif
vlrjrifatmifudkifíjzpfnSpfavonf/ tjcm;vlrsm;rSmrl udk,fhtwGJESifhudk,f
pum;vufqkH usvsuf&SdMuavonf/
bJ/ /]]wu,fvm;&Sif}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfu vluJcwfwJUae&mrSm eHygwf0rf;cifAsmh?
toufwkdU bmwdkUqdk q&m0efxufrSefatmif rSef;wwfwJU vlwa,mufyJ}}
bJ/ /]]'Dwcgawmh&SifrSm;NyD}}
Ekyf/ /]]rrSm;ygbl;? avmif;awmifavmif;0HUao;&JU}}
bJ/ /(pdkufxm;aom oGm;rsm;ay:atmif &,farmNyD;) ]]uRefrtouf
69ESpf&SdNyD&Sifh? 'DtxJrSm uRefrtBuD;qkH;yJ? &SifhxufawmifBuD;r,fxifw,f}}
þonfrSm uREkfyftm; wkHUjyefí tacs;qyfjcif;jzpfonf[k em;vnfyg
onf/ uREkfyf\toufrSm 73ESpf&SdNyDjzpfí olUxufav;ESpfBuD;ygonf/

1244 
þonfudkolodaomfvnf; ]toGm;&SdvQif tjyef&Sd&rnf} qdkonfhtwdkif;
tay;t,lvkyfvdkufjcif; jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ odkU&mwGif owÅ0gonf tajrSmuf
BudKufwwfaom obm0&Sd\/ olUxuf uREkfyfu i,fonfxifaMumif;
ajymvdkuf&mwGif uREkfyf\pdwfxJü ]euúwdkifawGbmawGeJU Adkvfvdk0wfxm;vdkU
rsm; Ekaeava&mh ovm;}[k awG;rdygonf/

'kwd,tBudrf pum;ajymjcif;

uREkfyf\toufudk oluavQmhítxifay;aomtcg uREkfyfonf rdef;r

BuD;tm; tuJcwfaumif;wa,muftaejzifh tom;,lcsifapjcif;iSm ol\
trSm; udk rjyifyJxm;vdkuf\/ olu twdtvif;ar;jcif; r&Sdojzifh
uREkfyfuvnf; NyKH;íaevdkufonf/ rdrdudk,fudk ppfaq;Munfhonfhtcg
toufi,fonf (Ekonf)[k txifcH&jcif;onfvnf; xdky&dowfwGif
t&omwrsKd;&Sdoa,mif a,mifjzpfaeygonf/ vlUobm0onf tawmf
qef;Mu,f\/ toufi,fonf[k b,ftcgrS txifrcHcsifcJUonfh
uREkfyfonf tbdk;BuD;tr,fBuD;rsm;csnf; pk&kH;vsuf&SdMuaom xdky&dowf
teufwGif i,fonfEkonf[k txifcH&jcif;udk oabmusvsuf&Sd\/ &kyf&nf
acsmonfh bJav;acgif;aqmif rkqdk;rBuD;wa,muf yg0ifaomaMumifhayavm
rajymwwfay/ npmpm;,if; olwdkUxkHpHtwdkif; ]wdkUpf} vkyfMuav&m
ocifausmfpdefu uREkfyftm; pum;ajymzdkU wdkufwGef;onfESifh qdkAD,uf
,leD,HwGif 'kwd,tBudrf pum;ajym&jyefayNyD/ uREkfyfu t*Fvdyfajym
jcif;udk teD;&Sdpma&;q&mru &k&Sm;vdkbmomjyefíajymavonf/ uREkfyfu
tEkynmonfqdkvQif uREkfyfESifh b0wlcsnf;jzpfonf[k rSwf,lwwfol
wa,mufjzpfí tEkynmonfrsm;? txl;ojzifh uREkfyfESifh oufwl&G,fwl

1245 
jzpfMuonfh tbdk;tdk tr,ftdkBuD;rsm;onf &dyfomwckwnf;ü pkaygif;um
oifhjrwfcspfcifpGm twlwuG aexdkifMuvsuf pm;ae0wftwGuf ryl&yJ
rdrdwkdU\tpdk;u tvkH;pkH wm0ef,lonfqdkjcif;udk Mum;od&onfhtcg
xdkuJUodkU wm0ef,lEdkifonfh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk wqifhwdk;í oabmus
vmaMumif;? uREkfyfrSm wdk;wufaom t,ltq&Sdonfh pma&;q&m
wa,mufrQomjzpfí uGefjrLepfwa,muf r[kwfygaMumif;? okdU&mwGif
þ&dyfomodkUa&mufí uREkfyfESifhb0wlrsm;\ taetxdkifudk rsufjrif
udk,fawGUBuKH&onfh ,cktcsdefürlum; uREkfyftm;vnf; þuJU odkUaom
tcGifhta&;rsKd;ay;Edkifonfh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrsKd;onf uREkfyfwkdU wdkif;jynfü
vnf;ay:aygufygap[k qkawmif;rdaMumif;? þ&dyfomü&SdMuonfh ynmonf
rsm;onf uREkfyfxuf rBuD;Muaomfvnf; tNidrf;pm;EdkifMuNyDjzpf&m rdwfaqG
rsm;xuf toufri,fonfh uREkfyfrSmuavmifudkudkifEdkifrS xrif; pm;&onfh
tjzpfü &Sdaeojzifh olwkdU\tjzpfudk oGm;&nf,dkrdygaMumif;? csD;rGrf;vdk
aomtcsufwck&Sdao;onfrSmvnf; tpdk;&u yifpifay;xm;í tNidrf;pm;Mu&
onfhtwGuf tpdk;&tm; csD;rGrf;&kHomru þuJUodkU tNidrf;pm;Mu&onfh
tajctaewGif tcsif;csif;qufqHMuykHudk Munhf&jcif;tm;jzifh wOD;ESifhwOD;
tvGefoifhjrwfí cspfcifMuifemykH&onfh tjcif;t&mudk awGU&ojzifh þ
&dyfomol &dyfomom;taygif;wkdUtm;vnf; csD;usL;írqkH;atmif&SdygaMumif;
ajymjyí þenf;twdkif; oifhjrwfNidrf;csrf;pGmjzifh toufxufqkH; aeEdkifMu
ygapownf;[kqdkum ]wkdUpf}vkyf&m þy&dowfonf ,Ofaus;aomvlpkjzpfí
tmar;eD;,m; jynfrS &Gmom;rsm;uJUodkU qlnHpGm Mobmay;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf;
auseyfESpfodrfYaom tjcif;t&mudk tjcm;enf;tm;jzifh azmfjyMuavonf/
uREkfyfteD;üxdkifaom bJav;acgif;aqmifrdef;rBuD;u uREkfyfonf olwdkU\
taetxdkifudk oabmusí olwdkUESifhtwl aexdkifvdkaomqE´&SdcJUygrl

1246 
uREkfyftm;vnf; olwdkUuJUodkUyif tcGifhta&;rsKd;&&Sdapí þ&dyfomü
aexdkifEdkif&ef olwdkU\tpdk;& tm;csOf;uyfum axmufcHajymqdkay;ygrnf[k
ajymav&m vlBuD;wa,mufu vnf; axmufcHajymqdkavonf/ uREkfyfonf
olwdkU\apwemudk vufcH&efrjzpfEdkifaomfvnf; þuJUodkU zdwfac:jcif;cH&
onfrSm uREkfyf\arwÅmpdwf"mwfudk wkHUjyefjcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqonfh
tavsmuf arwÅmw&m;\ atmifjrifrI twGuf 0rf;ajrmufvSygonf/
uREkfyf\pum;tqkH;ü y&dowfonf uREkfyftay:ü wdk;ípdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdvm
onfudk jrif&ojzifh auseyfvSygonf/

OmPf&TifvSjcif;

xdkUaemuf tjcm;vlrsm;vnf; ]wdkUpf} vkyfMuao;&m uREkfyfa&SUü

wnfxm;onfh 0dkif;*vwfpfrSm ukefvkeD;yg;jzpfaecJUavNyD/ þwGif
bJav;acgif;aqmifBuD;u ¤if;\aomufvufp 0dkif*vwfpfxJrS 0dkiftusefudk
uREkfyf\cGufxJodkUiSJUxnfhum  (If  you  Don't  Mind)  ]]&Sifr&GHbl;r[kwfvm;}}[k
ajymav&m uREkfyfu ]]r&GHwJUtjyif tBuD;tus,f*kPfjyKcH&jcif;wckvdkUudk
rSwf,lygw,f}}[k ajymíarmfhcsvdkufygonf/ uREkfyfum; rsufESmjzL rdef;r
rsm;ESifhrqdkxm;bd jrefrmtrsKd;orD;rsm;ESifhyif pm;yJGwGiftaygufwnfhatmif
ajymwwfol r[kwfygyJvsuf xdkjynfodkUa&mufcgrS b,fqDu OmPfawG
wkd;NyD; þrQavmuf  (Gallant)  tm&Tifvsuf&Sd&avoenf;[k tHUMordyg
ao;onf/ uREkfy\
f vuf0Jbufü xdkifaom pma&;q&mrurl uREkfyf\
ajymvkH;rsm;udk axmufcHtm;&onfh vu©PmESifh OD;acgif;wqwfqwfESifh
wNyKHNyKH;&Sdaeavonf/ 0dkifykvif;vnf; ukefípum;vnf; jywfoGm;onfwGif
rdef;rBuD;wa,mufonf pmtkyfBuD;wtkyfudk,lvmí {nfhonfrSwfwrf;a&;

1247 
cJUzdkU wdkufwGef;avonf/ qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkUa&mufuwnf;u {nfhonf
rSwfwrf;a&;&onfhtcg {nfhonfwa,mufa,mufua&;NyD; usefaom
{nfhonfrsm;u vufrSwfa&;xkd;Muonfh xkH;pH&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf rSwfwrf;
a&;aomtcgrsm;ü ]&Trf;vkH;}uav; wvkH;wav nSyfNyD;a&;avh&Sdonf/
ocifausmfpdefonf xdkta&;tom;udk oabmusonfhvu©PmESifh rSwfwrf;
a&;zkdUvdkonfhtcgwdkif; uREkfyftm; wdkufwGef;avh&Sd\/ uREkfyfujiif;aom
tcgrsm;üom olwkdUwa,mufa,muf a&;avh&Sd\/ xdknOfhüuREkfyfrSm
tvGefauseyf ESpfodrfhvsuf&Sdonfjzpfí rSwfwrf;a&;zdkUrjiif;yJ wm0ef,lí
a&;cJUygonf/ bmawGudka&;cJUonf[k uREkfyfrrSwfrdawmh/ odkU&mwGif wkdif;
wyg;ü b0wlvltdkBuD;rsm; tcsif;csif;&if;ESD;pGm pum;vufqkHuscJU&
onfhtwGuf b,ftcgrS rarhaysmufEdkifonfh trSwftom;wcktaejzifh
uRekfyf\ESvkH;om;wGifwHqdyf&dkuf ESdyf,lvmcJUonfh taMumif;wckudkom
uREkfyfrSwfrdí auseyfaom rsufESmrsm; udkvnf; ,ckwdkifuREkfyf\
rsufpdxJwGif xifjrifvsuf&Sdygonf/ (þpm;yGJü vlwa,mufvQif ESpfvkH;
okH;vkH;rQ aomufEdkifonfh 0dkift&ufESpfykvif;udk vl20cefU aomufMujcif;
jzpfí þtwGufaMumifh uREkfyf]tl&Tif}onf[kr,lq apvdkyg/)

ykHwlqGJcH&jcif;

{nfhonfrSwfwrf;a&;NyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf vlBuD;wa,mufu

uREkfyf\ oP²mefudkykHwla&;qGJyg&ap[k awmif;qdkav&m tm;vkH;u
oabmwlMuav onf/ xdkvlBuD;rSm i,fpOfu ykHwla&;qGJonfh
q&mBuD;wa,mufjzpfonfqdk&m uREkfyfonf olESifhtwl tcef;wcef;
odkUvdkufoGm;í olay;aomae&mü xdkifum ]tqGJ}cHcJUygonf/ q&mBuD;onf

1248 
uREkfyftm; taetxm;ESifh ywfoufí jyKjyifay;jcif;r&Sd? uREkfyfBudKuf
ovdkxdkif&\/ uREkfyfuvnf; udk,f[eftaetxm;xuf rsufESmxm;udkom
*&kjyKvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf "mwfykH&dkufjcif;vnf;cHbl;í ykHwlqGJjcif;vnf;
cHbl;ygonf/ rnfonfhtcgurS þwBudrfuJUodkU rsufESmxm; ESifhywfoufí
*&krpdkufcJUbl;jcif;udk 0efcHygonf/ *&kpdkufjcif;taMumif;um; uREkfyfonf
qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkU a&mufuwnf;u arwÅmpdwf yGm;rsm;vsuf &Sdjcif;udk
azmfjycJUNyD;jzpf&m uREkfyf\rsufESmxm;onfvnf; xdkpdwf"mwft& azmfjy
vsuf&Sdonf[k xifjrifvsuf&Sd\/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfxifonfhtwdkif;
[kwfr[kwfudk þvlBuD;\vuf&mwGif xif&Sm;vdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunf\/
þwGif uREkfyfonf ykHqGJcHvsuf&SdpOf rnfonfhtm&kHrsKd;rQ t0ifrcHyJ
vlowÅ0grsm;tay:ü arwÅmpdwfxm;wckwnf;jzifh {u*¾wmusatmifaernf
[kqkH;jzwfum xdktwdkif;]xkdif}cJUygonf/ em&Dw0ufcefU Mumaomtcg
]NyD;NyD}[k vlBuD;uajymvdkufojzifh pm;yGJcef;rSy&dowfonf pkNyKHum
0ifvmMu\/ uREkfyfonftjcm; vlrsm;ESifhtwl uREkfyf\]ykH}udk Munfhvdkuf
&mwGif wtHUwMo auseyfjcif;jzpfoGm;rd\/ udkvSausmfu ]]rsufvkH;eJU
rsufESmxm;udk oabmusw,fAsm? wu,fhudk  Serene  jzpfwJU rsufESmxm;
yJq&mBuD;a&U}}[k t*Fvdyfvdkajym\/ t"dyÜm,frSm ]]a'gouif;&Sif;NyD; tvGef
Nidrf;csrf;wJU rsufESmxm;jzpfonf}} [k qdkvdkonf/ uREkfyfrSm udkvSausmf\
pum;vkH;a&G;cs,fykHudkMum;&í yDwdjzpfrdonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf uREkfyf
rSef;&G,fxm;onfh t"dyÜm,ftwdkif; olupum;vkH;wyfí ay;vdkufouJUodkU
jzpfaeaomaMumifhaywnf;/ þwGif uREkfyfonf ykHudkaumuf ,lí
aphaphMunfhvdkuf&m uREkfyfoabmusykHudk pmzGJUumazmfjyxdkufygao;onf/

1249 
oabmusvkdufykHum;

taemufwdkif;'@m&Dwckü vkvifysKdwa,mufonf  (Narcissi)  Munf

vifaom a&uefwckwGif a&csKd;vsuf&SdpOf rdrd\t&dyfudk jrifvdkufonfESifh
vSyaom olU&kyftqif;udk olcspfBudKufNyD; pGJvrf;wyfrufvSojzifh tjcm;
rdef;uav;rsm;udk cspfBudKuf&efrwwfEdkifawmhyJ olUudk,folom pJGvrf;
wyfrufvsuf&Sdawmhonfqdk\/ uREkfyfonf xdkq&mBuD; a&;qGJaomykHudk
jrifvdkuf& aomtcgü oabmusvdkufykHrSm xdkvli,f\oabmusjcif;ESifh
EIdif;,SOfavmuf ygonf/ okdU&mwGif jcm;em;csufwck &SdonfrSmum;
xdkvli,fonf rdrd\&kyf tqif;udk wPSm&m*pdwfjzifh ESpfoufjcif;jzpf&m
uREkfyfrlum; &m*pdwfvnf; ryg? igwaumaumonfh rmepdwfvnf;r[kwf?
uREkfyf\pdwfxJü tBuHwck jzpfay:vmonfrSmum; rnfrQyift&kyfqkd;aom
vlwa,mufjzpfapumrl rsufESmxm;vSonf[lí jzpfEdkifonf? &kyfacsm
jcif;um;wjcm;? rsufESmxm;vS jcif;um; wjcm;jzpfonf/ rnfrQyif
&kyfacsmapumrl rsufESmxm; qdk;cJUvQif Munfhraumif;yJ jzpfEdkifonf/
t&kyfqdk;jcif;onf twdwfuH\ pDrHcsufjzpfaomaMumifh jyKjyif&ef
rwwfEdkifaomfvnf; rsufESmxm;vSjcif;um; ypöKyÜef\jyKjyifrI e,fedrdwf
twGif;ü&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh rnfolrqdk tvdk&Sdygu BudK;pm;vQif
jzpfEdkifonf/ vScsifaomvlrsm;onf þtjcif;t&mudk em;vnfMuygu
BudK;pm;xdkufvSonf ponfjzifh pdwful;rsm;jzpfay:vmygonf/ vlwkdU
rnfonf rdrdwkdUBudK;pm;aom tvkyfwckü atmifjrifonfhtcg
0rf;ajrmufMupNrJjzpfav&m aumif;aomtvkyfwckü BudK;pm;íatmifjrifjcif;
rlum; twdkif;rod 0rf;ajrmufvSonf/ uREkfyfrSm arwÅmpdwf"mwf arG;jrLjcif;
tvkyfwGifatmifjrifrI xif&Sm;vSonf[k oabmusonfESifh xdknOfhonf

1250 
uREkfyftzdkU&mü tauseyfqkH;? 0rf;tomqkH;aom nwntaejzifh
rSwfwrf;wifvdkuf&ygonf/ ,kHMunfMuzdkU cJ,Of;rnfavmrajymwwf? uREkfyf
txifrSm odef;xDaygufjcif;onf uREkfyftm; xdkrQxufydkNyD; 0rf;omap
Edkifvdrfhrnfrxifyg/

500d wefaom ykHwlum;

uREkfyf\ykHwludk 0dkif;0ef;csD;usL;MuNyD;aemuf q&mBuD;onf uREkfyftm;

¤if;\tcef;odkUac:oGm;í olwkdU\taetxdkifudk uREkfyftm;jyo\/
tcef;rSm [dkwJvfcef;wckuJUodkU&Sdí a&csKd;cef;ponfh vdktyfaom taqmif
ta,mifrsm; tjynfhtpkH&Sdavonf/ olwkdUZeD;armifESHudk Munfh&onfrSm
(touf60ausmf &G,fwlcsif;jzpfonf/) wa,mufudkwa,muf tvGef
auseyfykH&í pdwf\Nidrf;csrf; &SdMu[efwl\/ olwdkUZeD;armifESHonf uREkfyf
tay:ü tvGefpdwf0ifpm;ykH&í cifrifaom trlt&mrsm;vnf;azmfjyMuonf/
q&mBuD;onf uREkfyf\rsufESmxm;udk puúLtay:wGif xif&Sm;pGmay:vGif
atmif a&;om;azmfjy&mü uREkfyf\arwÅm pdwf"mwftaMumif;udkvnf;
&dyfrdykH&\/ xkdUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyftm;av;pm;jcif; jzpf[ef&Sdonf/
xkdUaemuf tcsKdUynmonfrsm;onf olwkdU\tcef;rsm;udk uREkfyfwkdUtm;
jyvdkao;&m txl;ojzifh touf60cefU&Sd rdef;rBuD;wa,mufonf ¤if;\
oyf&yfvSypGm jyifqifxm;onfh tcef;uav;udk uREkfyftm; 0rf;omtm;&
jyoavonf/ rnfonfh tcef;wGifrS csufjyKwf&ef rD;zdkr&Sd? ¤if;wkdU
tm;vkH;onf toD;oD;&&Sdaom yifpifvcrS tcsKd;usxnfhNyD; bkHrD;zdkcef;jzifh
csufjyKwfpm;aomufMu\/ tysif;ajz&eftwGufrSmrl NrdKUay:ü&Sdonfh Zmwf&kH
tm;vkH;wkdUrS tcrJUvufrSwfrsm; ay;vSLMuavonf/ cGJcGmeD;ü ykHwla&;

1251 
q&mBuD;u uREkfyf\ykHudktacsma&;NyD; uREkfyfxHodkU ydkUvdkufygrnf[k uwdjyK
vdkufayonf/ uREkfyfoabmusvdkufykHudk azmfjy&vQif udk,fwdkif <u,f0
olwa,muf r[kwfygyJvsuf xkdykHudk 500d ay;0,f&ef toifh&Sdygonf/

aqmif;eef;awmfBuD;

rwfv 3&ufaeUü uREkfyfwdkUonf vDeif*&ufNrdKUü aqmif;Owk

eef;awmf  Winter  Palace  ac:onfh jywdkufBuD;odkU oGm;a&mufMunfh&IMu\/
uREkfyfonf yef;ykESifh yef;csDynmwdkUwGif avhvmbl;jcif;r&Sd? olvkdigvdk
t&yfom;wa,muf taejzifhom t&omcHwwfolwa,muf jzpfaomfvnf;
yef;csDum;rsm;ESifh ausmufjzifh xkxm;onfh t&kyfrsm;\ vSyjcif;udkrl
rcsD;rGrf;yJ raeEdkifatmif &SdcJUygonf/ vSy&kHomruao;? jywdkufBuD;\
BuD;us,fcrf;em;jcif;rSmvnf; rnfrQavmuf xkHxdkif;onfh t&yfom;
wa,mufyif jzpfapumrl rtHUMoyJ raeEdkifavmufatmif &Sdygonf/
tcef;BuD;wcef;wGif emrnfausmf yef;csDq&m BuD;rsm; a&;qGJxm;onfh
yef;csDum;aygif; 20? 30cefU&SdMuay&m xdktcef;rsKd; 300 &Sdonf[k
odcJU&onf/ uREkfyfrSm ]yef;csDrsufpd} r&Sdaomfvnf; A[kokw&Sd
olwa,mufjzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm yef;csDum;wck\ vSyjcif;ESifh
obm0usjcif;wkdUudk tao;pdwf rcsD;rGrf;wwfapumrl tcsKdUaom
&mZ0ifum;rsm;tm;rl yef;csDq&m\trnfudk Mum;bl;í &mZ0iftjzpf
tysufudkvnf; zwfbl;onfjzpf aomaMumifh omreft&yfom;csif;wlvQif
uREkfyfu ydkNyD;t&omcHwwfonf[k xifygonf/ odkUESifhvnf; yef;csDum;rsm;
csdwfqGJxm;onfh tcef;aygif; 300rQudk aphpkHatmifvkdufMunfh&ef
rwwfEdkifonfESifh tcef;aygif;30cefUrQ vkdufMunfhNyD; aemuf vufajrSmufNyD;

1252 
wae&mwGif xkdifae&pfcJUygonf/ uREkfyf\tazmfESpfa,mufESifh &Jabmf
ESpfa,mufwkdUrlum; vrf;jyrdef;uav;ESifhtwl qufvuf&Ipm;Muonf/
wem&DcefUMumí olwkdUjyefvmaomtcg ]]b,fhES,fvJ? ESHUatmifMunfh
cJUMuNyDvm;}} [k uREkfyfuar;&m ]]tcef;aygif; 300&Sdonf}} [k
vrf;jyrdef;uav; uajymonfwGifrS uREkfyfod&onf/ uREkfyf\cefUrSef;ajcrSm
yef;csDum;rsm;udk tawmftwef ESHUpyfatmif t&omcHvdkolwa,mufjzpfygu
waeUvQifokH;cef; (um;aygif;wpf&m) EIef;jzifh &ufaygif;w&m Munfhonf
wdkifatmif vkHavmufvdrfhrnfrxifyg/ uREkfyfrSm urÇmudkESHUatmif
vSnfhbl;olwa,muf r[kwfonfESifh ]aqmif;Owkeef;awmf}jywdkufuJUodkU
yef;csDum;aygif;pkHvifonfh tjcm;jywdkufwckonf urÇmwGif&Sdvdrfhrnfrxif
[kajym&mwGif ocifausmfpdefu t*Fvefjynfvef'efNrdKU&Sd NAdwdoQjywdkuf
BuD;rSmvnf; tvGefBuD;us,fonf[k olMum;bl;aMumif; ajymygonf/
tjcm;aom 0w¬Kypönf;rsm;pkHvQif pkHvdrfhrnf/ urÇmausmf yef;csDum;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufírl þrQavmuf pkHvifrsm;jym;&ef rjzpfEdkif[k uREkfyfxifrdonf/
uREkfyftxl;ojzifh tHUMocJUrdaom tjcif;t&mwckrSm tcef;aygif; 300
&Sdonfqdkaom þjywdkufBuD;wGif uREkfyfa&mufcJUavorQaom tcef;wdkif;ü
Munfh&Ioly&dowf jynfhESufvkrwwf&Sdí vlcsif;wdrf;a&Smif ay;&onfh
tjzpfrsKd;udk BuKHcJU&jcif;yif jzpfygonf/ wae&mü uREkfyfonf t&kyfum;
wum;udk armfhMunfhvsuf&SdpOf rdef;rysKdwa,muftm; zifESifhaygufrdí
awmif;yef,l&ygonf/ odkU&mwGifrdef;rysKdonf uREkfyftm; ]bd"r®m} jzpf
aMumif; jrifonfESifh NyKH;&Tifaom rsufESmudkom jyygonf/ (qdkAD,uf,leD,Hü
]bd"r®m}jzpf jcif;onf tawmfae&musykHudk tjcm;ae&mü azmfjyygOD;rnf/)
þjywdkufBuD;ü yef;csDum;rsm;udk tcef;rsm;wGif qGJcsdwfxm;ü yef;yk
ynmESifhqdkifonfh ausmuf &kyf? aMu;&kyfponfrsm;udkrl tcef;rsm;\tjyif&Sd

1253 
avSum;tqif;twufrsm;ESifh uGufvyfrsm;wGif awGUcJU&ygonf/ rsm;pGm
aomt&kyfwdkUrSm &kyf&Sifum;wckwGif yg0ifcJUvQif jrefrmjynfrS qifqm
vlBuD;rsm;u jzwfypfzdkUtrdefUay;aumif; ay;vdrfhrnf[k awG;,if;NyKH;cJU
rdygao;onf/

vDeif*&ufjywdkuf

waeUwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf vDeif*&ufNrdKUBuD;taMumif;ESifh ywfouf

onfh "mwfykHum;rsm; pkpkaygif;xm;aom jywdkufBuD;odkU a&mufoGm;Mu\/
¤if;jywdkuf wGifvnf; tcef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm&Sdí "mwfykHrsm;udk eH&Hrsm;wGif
qGJcsdwfxm;av&m y&dowfonf wcef;rSwcef;odkU vSnfhvnfNyD; "mwfykH
rsm;udk MunfhMu&avonf/ þae&mürl uREkfyfwkdUESifh twlygonfh &Jabmf
ESpfa,mufESifh vrf;jywa,muftjyif þjywdkufBuD;rS rdef;rwa,muf
onfvnf; uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl vdkufygvmí "mwfykHrsm;\taMumif;t&mudk
tawmfpkHvifpGm tao;pdwfajym jyavonf/
uREkfyfonf okH;av;cef;rQ MunfhNyD;aomtcgwGif tawmfanmif;vm
onfESifh tcef;wcktwGif; "mwfykHrsm;udk aphpkHatmif waumufaumuf
vkdufí rMunfhvdkawmhyJ wae&mü cif;xm;onfh xdkifckHay:wGifxdkifum
arQmfMunfh&kHrQMunfh\/ þwGif uREkfyf\ ]nD}ESifh]om;} wdkUonf uREkfyf
aumif;pGmjrifapvdkonfh apwemjzifh uREkfyfxdkifonfh xdkifckHudk "mwfykHum;
teD; tjcm;vlrsm;\a&SUodkU a&TUuma&TUum cif;ay;Mu\/ olwkdUu
wa,mufwvSnfh ajymif;a&TUay;Mujcif;udk uREkfyfu tm;emonfESifh a&TU
ray;zdkU awmif;yefaomfvnf; olwkdUESpfa,muf ut,kt,uf a&TUay;Mu\/
þonfrSm ]nD}awmfyg&ap? ]om;}awmfyg&ap[k ajymNyD;jzpfonfh

1254 
&JabmfESpfa,mufjzpfaomaMumifh xm;ygOD;? tcef;apmifh rdef;rBuD;rsm;u
vnf; olwdkUESpfa,mufuJUodkUyif uREkfyftwGuf tvkt,uf aus;Zl;jyK
Mujcif;rSm tHUMoavmufygayonf/

vltdkcsif;MuifemykH

þjywdkufBuD;wGif tcef;aygif;rsm;pGm&Sdonfhteuf wcef;vQif touf

50 rS 60twGif; &Sdonfh rdef;rBuD;wa,mufpD apmifhvsuf&Sd&m yxr
wcef;ESpfcef;ü rdef;rBuD;rsm;onf &Jabmfrsm;u xkdifckHajymif;a&TUay;jcif;udk
MunfhaeMuaomf vnf; wwd,tcef;okdU a&mufMuaom tcgürlum;
tapmifhrdef;rBuD;onf &Jabmfrsm;a&TUay;jcif;udk MunfhraeyJ uREkfyftwGuf
xdkifckHudk oludk,fwkdifa&TUay;avonf/ tcef;wcef;vQif q,fae&mxuf
renf; ajymif;a&TU&av&m rdef;rBuD;onf uREkfyfteD;rScGmawmhonfr&SdyJ
aemufrSuyfí&yfum vdktyfaomtcsdefwGif zswfueJ aumuf,lajymif;
a&TUay;avonf/ xdkrSwzef pwkw¬tcef;? yOörtcef; ponfjzifh
wcef;NyD;wcef; ajymif;a&TUMuav&m aemufwcef;odkU uREkfyfwkdUul;cgeD;wGif
xdktcef;rS rdef;rBuD;onf t0rS uREkfyfudkBudKvsuf&Sdygawmh onf/
wa,mufNyD;wa,muf þenf;twdkif; jyKvkyfjcif;udk awGU&aomtcg
rdef;rBuD;rsm;onf toufBuD;&ifhaom {nfhonfrsm;tm; þenf;twdkif;
avmu0wfjyKMuavoavm[k uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdygao;onf/ odkU&mwGif
"mwfykH um;rsm;taMumif;udk &Sif;vif;ajymjyaom cyf&G,f&G,frdef;ru
uREkfyftm; rdef;rBuD;rsm; ta&;w,l pdwfygvufyg aqmif&Gufay;Mujcif;
rsm;udkjrif&í NyKH;jcif;udk uREkfyfawGU&ygonf/ tu,fívltdkwdkif;tm;
rdef;rBuD;rsm;u þenf;twdkif; aqmif&GufaeusjzpfcJUygrl xdkrdef;ronf

1255 
þuJUokdUjyKH;vdrfhrnf rxifyg/ xdkUaMumifh tapmifhrdef;rBuD;rsm;onf
uREkfyftwGuf oufoufaqmif&Guf ay;Mujcif;jzpfonf[k xifygonf/
þuJUokdU xifjrifrd&mwGif uREkfyfonf þtcef;rS xdktcef;odkU ul;awmh
rnfjyKwdkif; cGJcGm&rnfhqJqJ&Sdaom rdef;rBuD;\ vufudkvIdufvSJpGm
udkifvIyfav&m rdef;rBuD;rsm;onfvnf; uREkfyf\vIdufvSJaom trlt&mudk
jrifMuí 0rf;omMuykH&onf/ þenf;tm;jzifh uREkfyfwdkUonf tcef;aygif;
20cefUrQ 0ifa&mufMunfh&IcJUMu&m oGm;av&mt&yfwGif rdef;rBuD;wa,muf
ESifh cGJcgeD;ü tjcm;wa,mufu uRekfyfudkqD;BudKvsuf&Sdonfcsnf;awGU &\/
uREkfyf\]nD}url þtjcif;t&mudk wajymwnf;ajymum csD;rGrf;írqkH;
atmif&Sdygawmhonf/ þtjzpftysufudk tao;pdwfazmfjy&jcif;rSm
uREkfyftwGuf <um;vdkaomaMumifhr[kwf? arwÅmpdwf"mwf\tpGrf;udk
vltrsm; odapvdkaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\arwÅmrsufvkH;onf
xdkrdef;rBuD;rsm;\ Muifemaom oabmudkEId;qGay;onf[k uREkfyf ,kHMunf
onf/

pmaypdwf"mwf

vDeif*&ufü&SdpOf rwfv4&ufaeUwGif uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,mufonf

uREkfyf\ ]nD}ESifh]om;} tjyif vrf;jyrdef;ruav; tmvmESifhtwl &Gmuav;
w&GmodkU um;wpD;ESifh oGm;Mu\/ xdk&GmrSm vDeiftm; Zmbk&iftpdk;&u
zrf;qD;rnfqdkí ykef;atmif;ae&bl;aom &Gmuav;jzpf\/ uREkfyfwdkUarmif;ESif
vmMuonfh um;vrf;rSm zifvefyifv,fauGU urf;ajcrS jzwfoef;vmonf
jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfwdkUa&mufbl;cJUorQaom ae&mrsm;teufwGif ajrmuf
tusqkH; tat;qkH;jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonf zifvefyifv,fauGUqdkaom

1256 
aMumifh um;ay:rSwrifwum arQmfMunfhcJUygao;onf/ a&cJrsm;zkH;í azG;azG;
jzLvsuf&Sdjcif;udkom jrifcJU&\/ &Gmuav;odkU csOf;uyfvmaomtcg uREkfyf
wkdUonf armfawmfum;udk ESpfzmvkHcefUwGifxm;cJUNyD; ajcvsifavQmufMu
&avonf/ xdktckdufwGif rdk;yGifhrsm; wazG;azG;usvsuf avuav;uvnf;
wjzL;jzL;wkdufcwfaeaomaMumifh uREkfyf BuKH&bl;orQwGif tcsrf;tat;qkH;
Owkjzpf\/ (tat;csdefrSm oknatmuf 20 'D*&D&Sdonf[k aemufwaeU
owif;pmwGif awGU&onf/) uREkfyfwkdUajcmufOD;onf um;ay:rSqif;NyD;
ajcvsifavQmufMu&onfwGif tvGefat;csrf;vSonfESifh wjznf;jznf;
ravQmufMuyJ vufwJGí ajy;Mu\/ ]nD}ESifh]om;}onf uREkfyf\ vufrsm;udk
wbufpDwGJíajy;Mu&m ocifausmfpdefESifh udkvSausmfwkdU\tv,frS tmvm
u vufwGJíajy;\/ ESpfzmvkHc&D;rSm reD;vSaomfvnf; at;vSaomOwk
aMumifh arm[dkufonfrxif&ay/ &Gmuav;odkUa&mufí vDeifykef;atmifaecJU
onfh wJuav;udkjrif&onfhtcg uREkfyfrSm aq;wHaomufcsifvSNyDjzpfí
wJuav;xJodkU 0ifNyD;tm;&yg;& zGmvdkufrnfBuH\/ okdU&mwGif aq;wH
raomuf&[k ajymjy\/ okdUqdkvQif tjyifodkUxGufí aomufrnfBuHyg
awmhvnf; 0if;xJüyif aq;raomuf&[k ajymjyjyefonf/ taMumif;rlum;
aq;vdyfaq;wH aomufjcif;onf vDeifudk t&dktaoysuf&m a&mufonf[k
,lqMuaom aMumifhaywnf;/ bk&m;xJausmif;xJü aq;vdyfaomuf
wwfMuonfh Ak'¨bmom0ifwa,mufjzpfonfh uREkfyftzdkUrSm uG,fvGefol
wa,muftwGuf aq;vdyfraomuf&qdkaom &dkaoenf;udk rausreyf
jzpfrd\/ ESpfzmvkHajy;vmcJU&í cyfarmarmESifh 0atmif&SLvdkufrnf[k
rSef;&G,fvmcJUol jzpfaomaMumifh omí rausreyfjzpfrd\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap
uREkfyfonf vlwrsKd;\ &dkaoykH &dkaoenf; ESifh ywfoufí a0zef&ef
pdwfr&Sdaomfvnf; tm;&yg;& zGmvdkufrnfqdkonfh aq;wqkH

1257 
vufvTwf&jcif;twGufrlum; owdr&yJ raeEdkifatmif&SdcJUrdygonf/ vDeif
ykef;atmif;bl;onfh wJuav;rSm opfom;jzifh aqmufvkyfonfh ESpfxyf
taqmufttkHuav;jzpfí tay:xyfwGif vDeiftvkyfvkyfonf[kodcJU&\/
uREkfyfrSm EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwfxuf pmaypdwf"mwf jyif;xefolwa,muf
jzpfonfh tavsmuf awmfvfpwGdKif\ aetdrfodkU ra&mufcJU&jcif;twGuf
0rf;enf;cJUrdjcif; onf vDeif\wJuav;odkU a&mufcJU&jcif;ESifh
raxrdatmif&SdcJUygawmhonf/

rarhEdkifwJUMuifemrI

tjyefc&D;ü uREkfyfwkdUonf zifvefyifv,fauGUurf;ajc&Sd vrf;

wavQmuf armif;vmMu&m uREkfyf\vufrsm;rSm aoG;cJvkrwwf at;jrvsuf
&SdavNyD/ uRekfyf\vufwGif om;a&vuftdwf pGyfxm;aomfvnf; tat;
"mwfonf twGif;odkU xdk;0ifazmufonfhvu©PmESifh vufacsmif;uav;
rsm;rSm a&cJacsmif; uav;rsm;ozG,f rmausmvsuf&SdavNyD/ uREkfyfonf
tawmftcH&cufonfESifh vuftdwfESpfbufudkcRwfNyD; vufcsif;yGwfay;&\/
þtjyKtrludk vrf;jyoli,fr tmvmjrif&mwGif ¤if;\odk;arG;vuftdwfudk
cRwfí uREkfyf\vufrsm;wGifpGyf ay;NyD; vufESpfbufjzifh yGwfay;avonf/
okdUESifhvnf; uREkfy\
f vufacsmif;rsm;onf awmfawmfESifh taiGUr&EdkifyJ
&Sdae&mwGif tmvmonf uREkfyf\vufrsm;udk vufESpfbufjzifh qkyfe,fum
yGwfay;,if; yl;aEG;aom ol\tmaiGUudk uREkfyf\ vufrsm;ay:odkU
tBudrfBudrf ][m;wdkuf}ay;&Smonf/ þodkUjzifh rdkifaygif; tawmfa&mufumrS
uREkfyf\vufrsm;aEG;vmí vufacsmif;rsm;vnf; touf0ifvmygawmhonf/
rdef;uav;wOD;wa,mufu þrQavmuf Muifem,k,pGm jyKpkapmifha&Smuf

1258 
jcif;udk wBudrfwcgrQ rcH&bl;onfh uREkfyfrSm tmvm\ tjyKtrlaMumifh
&ifxJü qkdUoGm;rdonf/ þrdef;uav;onf uREkfyfESifh aqGrawmf rsKd;rawmf?
vlrsKd;wl? bmomwl wdkif;jynfom;csif;rQvnf; r[kwfygyJvsuf uREkfyf\
twGuf þrQavmufMuifempGm jyKpkapmifha&Smufjcif;onfum; qdkAD,uf
,leD,Hü uREkfyfBuKHawGUcJU&orQaom tjcif;t&mrsm;teufwGif rarh
EdkifqkH;aom tjyKtrlwcktaejzifh uREkfyf\ESvkH;om;wGif rSwfwrf;wif
xm;&ygawmhonf/ aemufqkH;ü cGJcGmcgeD;ü tmvmu uREkfyfwdkU\
rsufESmrsm;udk 0rf;enf;aom rsufESmjzifhMunfhum ]]*G'fbkdif? azmftJAm;}}
]]aemufwBudrfawGUzdkU arQmfvifhcsufr&Sdonfh EIwfqufjcif;jzifh uRefr
EIwfqufvdkufygw,f}}[k ajym&Smonf/ þpum;onf uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muf
twGufjzpfaomfvnf; txufyg tjcif;t&mudk owd&vsuf&Sdaom uREkfyfrSm
xdkvlESpfa,mufxufydkí xdckduf onf[k xifrdygonf/

ucsifpdwfjzpfay:jcif;

rwfv 4 &ufaeUnü uREkfyfwkdUonf vDeif*&ufrS armfpudkodkU

rD;&xm;jzifh jyefMurnfjzpf&m rD;&xm;xGufcsdefrSm 11 em&D 55
rdepfjzpfonf/ (vufOD;píxGufaom blwmjzpfygvsuf 12 em&Dwdwdr[kwfyJ
5 rdepfapmí owfrSwfxm;jcif;rSm &k&Sm;vlrsKd;wdkUESifh ywfoufí uREkfyf
em;rvnfEdkifaom tcsufjzpf\/) xdknOfhü uREkfyfwkdUonf [dkwJvfwGif
aemufqkH;EIwfqufonfh npmpm;yGJusif;yí tawmfaysmfMuonf/
npmpm;yJGodkU armifodkufwkdUpkHwGJESifh trsKd;orD;pma&;q&mrwkdUvnf;
vma&mufMu\/ (pkHwGJ[ka&;aomfvnf; armifodkufrSm vlysKdr[kwf? jrefrm
jynfü r,m;ESifhuav;wa,muf &Sdoljzpfav&m taemufwdkif;xkH;pHtwdkif;

1259 
]wGJ}Mujcif;jzpfí &dk;&dk;om;om;cifrifMujcif;jzpfykH &onf[k uREkfyf
tuJcwfrdonf/ ]usm;ESifhr} wGJMuonfh taemufwdkif;xkH;pHrSm
uREkfyfwkdUjrefrmvlrsKd;rsm; em;vnfzdkUtcuftcJ&Sdonfjzpfí þxkH;pH\
taumif;tqdk;udk a0zef&ef qE´r&Sday/) npmpm;yGJü ]ru} wwfaom
uREkfyfwkdUtbd"r®m okH;a,mufonf uREkfyfwkdUpm;yGJrSuwwfolrsm;udkMunfhí
oGm;&nfusvsuf&SdMu& onf/ ]oGm;&nfusonf}qdkaom pum;vkH;rSm
uREkfyftwGuf oufoufokH;EIH; jcif;jzpfyg\/ a&rSvGJí raomufrpm;?
aq;vdyfyifraomufyJ owfowfvGwfpm;onfh udkvSausmfESifh ocif
ausmfpdefwkdUum; rnfuJUodkU&SdMuonfrajymwwfyg/ avmu\]aysmf}jcif;rsm;ü
]pkH}csifaom uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl t&G,faumif;ao;í uwwfygu olwdkUESifhtwl
wGJu&vQif aysmfvdrfhrnf[laom pdwful;onf wBudrfru jzpfay:rdjcif;udk
0efcHygonf/ xdknOfhuyGJü uREkfy\
f ]nD}onf ausmif;oluav;ESifhwvSnfh?
pma&;q&mrESifh wvSnfhxíxí uMuav&m ausmif;oluav;u ]nD}\
tuaumif;ykHudk uREkfyftm; ajymjyojzifh ol\ ynmpkHjcif;udk pdwfxJu
csDrGrf;rdygonf/ [kwfykHvnf; &onf/ uREkfyf\]nD} onf
ppfAdkvfwa,mufjzpfcJUbl;\/ ol\ajc[ef? vuf[ef? u[efwkdUrSm
tjcm;vlrsm; xuf Munfhíaumif;onf[k owdjyKrdonf/

rSwfrdp&mtcsuf

uREkfyfwkdUonf 11 em&D xdk;cgeD;wGifrS pm;yGJcef;rS xvmcJUMuNyD;

xvmcJUMuNyD; c&D;xGuf&eftwGuf uwdkufu&dkufjyifqifMu&\/ uREkfyfrSm
rif;BuD;\ awmvdkufpma&;jzpfpOfu tavhtusifhaMumifh ypönf;rsm;
odrf;qnf;xkyfydk;jcif;tvkyfrsKd;wGif usifvnfcJUaomfvnf; touf60ausmf

1260 
uwnf;u ¤if;udpörsKd;udk ZeD;a':pdk;u wm0ef,lNyD; aqmif&Gufonfh twGuf
aMumifh c&D;xGufMurnfqdkvQif wkwfaumufudkifNyD; xGufvmcJUEdkif\/
xdknOfhü uREkfyfwkdUonf apmapmpD;pD;u BudKwifjyifqifrxm;MuyJ
tcsdefuyfcgrS ysm,D;ysm,modrf;qnf; Mu&jcif; jzpfonfESifh uREkfyfrSm
ta&;BuD;aom ypönf;wckarhusef&pfcJU\/ uREkfyfonf &k&Sm;jynfodkU
c&D;xGuf& rnfqdkuwnf;u aEG;aomtwGif;cH0wfrsm; vkHavmufatmif
0,f,lcJUaomfvnf; tay:0wftwGufrSmrl ouúvyf&Srf;abmif;bDwxnfESifh
*smuifwxnf omjyifqifxm;\/ vlxkOD;vSu tvS0wfwpkH csKyf
oifhaMumif;wkdufwGef;aomf vnf; ]]tbdk;BuD;uyJ awmfa&maygh}}[k uREkfyfu
jiif;vmcJU&m &efukefodkUa&muf cgrS udkvSausmfwkdUvlpkudk tm;usNyD;
tvS0wfwpkH csKyfvmcJUonf/ xkdnOfhü uREkfyfonf rD;&xm;jzifh c&D;
xGuf&rnfqdkum xrif;pm;yGJwGif 0wfpkHudkr0wfyJ *smuifESifh
&Srf;abmif;bDudkom 0wfxm;\/ okdUESifhypönf;rsm; odrf;qnf;&mwGif
uREkfyfonf tvS0wfpkHudk AD&dkxJwGif arhcsefxm;cJUNyD; rD;&xm;blwm&kHokdU
xGufvmcJUMuonf/ vdkufydkUMuolrsm; teufwGif armfodkufwkdUpkHwGJESifh
pma&;q&mrvnf; yg&Sdav&m pma&;q&mrrSm NrdKUtpGeftzsm;wGif
aexdkifonf [k uRekfyfodonfESifh tcsdefrJUBuD;wGif wa,mufwnf;jyef&rnfh
ta&;aMumifh vkdufrydkUzdkU uREkfyfu wm;aomfvnf;r&yg/ ¤if;wkdUonf
blwm&kHodkUvdkufydkUMuí rD;&xm;xGufonfhwdkifatmif uRekfyf\wJGteD;&yfum
EIwfqufaeMuav&m ydwfxm;onfh rSefwHcg;odkU rsufESmrsm; uyfxm;onfh
twGufaMumifh olwkdU\ jym;aomESmacgif;rsm;udk uREkfyf\rsufpdxJwGif
,ckyifjrifvsuf&Sdygonf/

1261 
oabmusNyD;,if; usjcif;

rD;&xm;ay:wGif ]nD} ESifhuREkfyfonfwcef;? ocifausmfpdefESifh

udkvSausmfwdkU uwcef;? ]om;}ESifhtjcm;c&D;onfwa,mufuwcef; pD;Mu\/
xrif;pm;yGJü&SdpOf pum;pyfrdMuonfESifh uREkfyfurD;&xm;ay:wGif jrefrm
a&S;oDcsif; wyk'fESpfyk'frQqdkjyrnf[k uwdjyKcJUaomfvnf; tcef;rsm;rSm
av;a,mufcef;r[kwf/ ESpfa,mufcef;rQom jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh
olwkdUuowday;wkdufwGef;ao;aomfvnf; uREkfyfu tajctaeraumif;[k
taMumif;jyum jiif;qdkcJUygonf/ trSefrSm uREkfyfonf ]nD}ESifh]om;} wdkUtm;
uREkfyfwwfonfh ynmuav;udk jycsifpdwf&Sdyg\/ odkU&mwGif ocif
ausmfpdefESifh udkvSausmfwkdUtm;rl &Sufwwfwwf &SdvmonfESifh &dk;r,fzGJUum
jiif;vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/ wa&;Edk;aomtcg uREkfyfonf AD&dkxJwGif
xnfhxm;onfh0wfpkHudk ,lcJUrdygavp[k pOf;pm;&m arhusef&pfcJUaMumif;
owd&avNyD/ 300dausmfay;cJU&onfhtjyif wckwnf;aom 0wfpkHjzpfonfh
twGufaMumifh awmfawmfESmajrmrdygonf/ odkU&mwGiftaMumif; aMumif;udk
qifjcifvkdufonfhtcg uREkfyf\0wfpkHum; raysmufqkH;Edkif? armfpudkodkU
a&mufonfhtcg [dkwJvfodkU w,fvDzkef;qufvkdufygu aemufwaeU
rD;&xm; jzifhygvmEdkifonf/ þwaeUtwGuf r0wf&&kHrQom &Sdrnfqdkum
pdwfat;pGmESifh vdkufygvmcJU\/ eHeufvif;aomtcg nDu ]]tpfudkBuD;
ypönf;rsm; arhrusef&pf bl;vm;}}
]]usef&pfw,f? 0wfpkHwpkHarhusef&pfw,f}} [k cyfat;at; jyefajym
vdkuf\/
nDonf uREkfy\
f at;aq;aom trlt&mudkjrifí tHM oykH&\/

1262 
 ]]usef&pfwm b,fwkef;u odovJ}}
]]nu wa&;Edk;awmh owd&w,f? cifAsm;u bmhaMumifhar;EdkifovJ}}
nDonf NyKH;pdpdrsufESmxm;ESifh uREkfyftm; MunfhvdkufonfwGif
uREkfyf&dyfrd avNyD/
]]b,folawGUvdkU xnfh,lcJUovJajymprf;}}
þwGifrSnDonf tjzpftysufudk ajymjyygawmhonf/ pma&;q&mr
onf tcef;xJrS uREkfyfxGufvmNyD;onfhaemuf pdwfrcsonfESifh ]om;}
udkac:NyD; uREkfy\
f tcef;odkU 0ifMunfhMuaMumif;? 0wfpkHudkAD&dkxJwGif
awGUonfESifh,lcJUí uREkfyf\aowÅmxJodkU wdwfwqdwf xnfhxm;MuNyD;
rajymyJaeMujcif;jzpfaMumif;? pma&;q&mru ]]0wfpkHwckvkH; arhxm;cJUw,f
qdkawmh olUudk,foltpkHygcJU&JUvm; vdkUprf;MunfhygapOD;}} [k &,farmum
ajymNyD; uREkfyfudkrajymao;yJxm;zdkU ydwfxm;aMumif; ajymjyavonf/
pma&;q&mronf touf50ausmf rkqdk;r wa,mufjzpfí cyf&Twf&Twf
ajymEdkifjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? uREkfyftm;vnf; aqGrsKd;om;csif;wa,muf
taejzifh oabmxm;onfhtwGufaMumifh xdkuJUodkU&J&J vGwfvGwfajym0HUjcif;
jzpf[ef&SdaMumif; ponfrsm;jzifh uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdygonf/ ]nD} url
0wfpkHarhusef&pfaomfvnf; wkefvIyfjcif;r&Sdonfh uREkfyf\trlt&mudk tHUMo
csD;usL;írqkH;&Sdygonf/ þwGifuREkfyfonf ]]rkef;vQiftjypf? cspfvQiftusKd;?
jrwfEdkif;vQifo'¨g? MuifemrSoem;onf}} [laom jrefrmpum;udk
owd&rdonf/ ]nD}onf uREkfyftm; oabmusí cspfcifvsuf&Sdonf
jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfjyKvkyfajymqdkorQonf ol\em;rsufpdwkdUwGif
taumif;csnf;jzpfaeykH&yg awmhonf/

1263 
abmfvf&TdKifZwf&kHBuD;

qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf bJav;tuudk Zmwf&kHBuD;okH;&kH

wGif MunfhcJU&\/ (1) armfpudkNrdKUü abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD;? (2) vDeif*&uf
NrdKUZmwf&kHBuD; (3) armfpudkNrdKU u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;?  (Palace of Congress) 
[lí vnf; ac:onf/ uREkfyfrSm bJav;tutaMumif;udkvnf;aumif;?
abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD; taMumif;udkvnf;aumif; Mum;&bl;onfjzpfí
abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD;ü bJav;tuudk yxrtBudrfMunfh&aomtcgwGif
tqef;topfjrifcsif jrnf;csifwwfaom uREkfyf\0goemtwdkif; arQmfvifh
csufBuD;pGmESifh oGm;a&mufcJUygonf/ uREkfyfwdkUvlpku abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD;ü
bJav;tuudk tjrefqkH;Munfhvdk aMumif; ajymjy&mwGif &k&Sm;&Jabmfrsm;u
aumif;ygNyD[k csufcsif;uwdray;yJ jzpfatmifBudK;pm;ygrnf [líom
ajymMuonf/ taMumif;um; þodkUwnf;/ abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD;rSm urÇmü
emrnfwvkH; &onfwdkifatmif vlBudKufrsm;vSaom Zmwf&kHBuD;jzpfonfh
tavsmuf armfpudkNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;onf þZmwf&kHü vufrSwf&zdkU
ta&;twGuf &ufowÅwywfru BudKwifNyD; 0,f,lMu&onfqdk \/
uREkfyfwdkUuJUodkUaom {nfhonfawmfrsm;twGufyifvQif (txl;tpDtpOf
jyKvkyfxm;aomfvnf;)csufcsif; vufrSwf&zdkU rvG,fulqdk\/ [kwfvnf;
[kwfayrnf/ armfpudkNrdKUrSm [dkwJvfaygif; &mESifhcsDí&Sdaomfvnf; wnf;cdk&ef
twGufae&m&zdkU tcuftcJ&Sdonfqdk&m w&kHwnf;om&Sdaom abmfvf&TdKif
Zmwf &kHrSm (tjcm;Zmwf&kHrsm;awmh tajrmuftjrm;&Sdonf/) vufrSwf&zdkU
tcuftcJum; tawmfBuD;ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf vufrSwf&aom
nOfhüyif uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muftwGufom &&Sdí tazmfvkyfaom

1264 
&JabmftwGuf r&Edkifojzifh &Jabmfonf uREkfyfwdkUudk vdkufydkU&kHydkUNyD;
jyefoGm;&avonf/

jyifqifMuykH

xdknü&Jabmfonf uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufudk vdkufydkUíckHeHygwftvdkuf

ae&m csxm;ay;NyD;aemuf jyefoGm;&onf/ odkUESifhyif uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muf
twGuf ae&mwqufwnf; r&Edkifojzifh udkvSausmfESifh uREkfyftwGufom
ae&mwqufwnf;&NyD; ocifausmfpdefrSm tjcm;ckHwef;ü xdkif&onf/
&kHayguf0 üyGJMunfhy&dowfonf wdk;a0SUjcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; vlcsif;xdrwwf
pnfum;vsuf &Sd&m twGif;bufodkU a&mufaomtcgüum; usm;r ra&G;EdkifyJ
BudwfBudwfwdk; vsuf&Sd\/ twGif;bufwGif tay:0wftusØxlBuD;rsm;ESifh
OD;xkyfrsm;udk odrf;,l onfh tbdk;BuD;tr,fBuD;rsm;vufodkU uREkfyfwdkU\
t0wfESifhOD;xkyfrsm;udk cRwfí tyfxm;cJUMu&\/ t0wfrsm; odrf;aom
tvkyfudk vkyfolrsm;rSm rdef;rBuD;rsm;ESifh a,muffsm;BuD;rsm;omjzpf\/
cyfayghayghtvkyfrsKd;jzpfí toufBuD;&ifholrsm;tm; wm0efay;xm;jcif;
jzpfykH&\/ (qwfuwfyGJrsm;rSwyg; Zmwf&kH[lorQwGif yGJMunfh y&dowf
tm;vkH;onf tay:0wf tuFsDxlBuD;rsm;udk cRwfítyfcJUMu&onf/ þ
taMumif;udk aemiftcgü uREkfyf\rdwfaqG pma&;q&mrtm;ar;Munfh&m
qwfuwfyGJrsm;rSm ]vlxk\yGJ} jzpfí tay:tusØxlBuD;rsm; 0wfcGifh&
onf[kajym avonf/) uREkfyfwdkU\ vufrSwfokH;apmifteuf wapmifrSm
atmufqkH;txyf a&SUqkH;wef;rSjzpfí usefESpfapmifrSm eHygwf(7)
twef;üjzpf&m uREkfyfonf eD;ed;rS uyfí tm;&yg;& MunfhvdkonfESifh
a&SUqkH;wef;udk ,lrnfBuHao;\/ odkU&mwGif toufBuD;vmí ]aMumif}

1265 
onf[k xifonfwaMumif;? wa,mufwnf; cGJMunfh ygu pum;ajym&rnfh
tazmfr&SdyJ jzpfaernfwaMumif;aMumifh a&SUqkH;wef; vufrSwfudk ocif
ausmfpdef,lapygonf/

[efygvSaom twD;acgif;aqmif

uREkfyfwdkUonf rdrdwkDU\ae&mwGif xdkifMuí uREkfyfonf

yJGcif;tajctae udkMunfhvdkuf&m atmufqkH;xyfjzpfaom Murf;jyiftjyif
tay:ü txyfav; xyf&Sdjcif;udkawGU&\/ txyftm;vkH;wdkUrSm
a&Trsm;0if;xdefatmifcsxm;í y&dowfwdkU\ rsufESmrsm;rSm 0&efwmtxufrS
jyKvsuf&Sdjcif;udkawGU&\/ uREkfyfwkdUESifh Murf;wajy;wnf;&Sdí ZmwfckHBuD;\
vuf0Jvuf,mwkdUü vnf; aumif;? ZmwfckHESifh wnfhwnfhaemufydkif;qDrS
txufxyfrsm;üvnf;aumif; uefUvefUumBuD;rsm;ESifY txl;om;em;atmif
jyifqifxm;aomae&mrsm;udkjrif&\/ ¤if;wkdUrSm qdkAD,uf0efBuD;rsm;ESifh
tjcm;wdkifjynfrsm;rS txl;{nfhonfawmfrsm;  (State  Guests)  twGuf
jzpfonf[k od&onf/ tawG;tac:orm; wa,mufjzpfaom uREkfyfonf
taumif;qkH;aom ae&mwckudk vSrf;arQmfMunfh&I,if; 0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ek vm
a&mufpOfu rpöwmc&ka&SmhESifh twlxdkifí &Ipm;aom ukvm;xdkif
jzpfwef&monf[k awG;rdygonf/ (xdkpOfurlOD;EkrSm 0efBuD;csKyftjzpfü
&Sdygao;onf/) yGJrxGufrD atmhcJUpMwmtzGJUBuD;u pwifíwD;rIwfvkduf&m
wD;rIwfoHxuf tzGJUacgif;aqmif  Band  Master  \ udk,f[efvuf[efudk
uREkfyf txl;rsufpdusonfESifh ai;Munfhaerd\/ xdkolonf rsm;pGmaom
acgif;aqmif rsm;uJUodkU oufBuD;&G,f&ifhwa,mufr[kwfyJ touf 30ausmf
40eD;yg;rQ avmufom&Sdao;onfjzpf&m vufwbufwcsufwGif wkwf

1266 
uav; wacsmif;pD udkifum qefUcsnf auG;csnf? ajrSmufcsnfcscsnf? jrefcsnf
aES;csnf? vuf0Jbuf okdUwvSnfh? vuf,mbufodkUwvSnfhMunfhcsnf
ponfjzifh tcsufay;vsuf&Sd\/ ol\udk,fudk ,drf;EGJUykHESifh vufrsm;
udkauG;csnfqefUcsnf vkyfykHrsm;rSm uREkfyf\ rsufpdxJü tvGefw&m[efygí
vSy,Ofaus;onfxifrdaomaMumifh uefUvefU um<uí Zmwftuorm;rsm;
rxGufrcsif; olUudkom pdkufai;aerdygonf/ uREkfyfonf ol\rsufESm
udkrjrif&yJ ausmydkif;udkom jrif&onfESifh vSrvS acsmracsmudk rajymEdkif
yJ&Sd&m udk,f[efvuf[efvSoavmuf rsufESmvScJUvQif Munfhítaumif;qkH;
vlwa,mufjzpfvdrfhrnf[kawG;rdygao;onf/

rsufpdvSnfhpm;ykH aumif;vSjcif;

uefUvefUum<uí ZmwfckHay:rS ]Zmwfcif;}udk jrif&aomtcg uREkfyfrSm

Munfh,if;Munfh,if; wcef;xufwcef; tHUMoonfxuf tHUMovsuf&Sd
ygawmh onf/ vuf0Jvuf,mwkdUü wJi,fuav;wckpD&Sdav&m wJrsm;teD;ü
opfyifBuD;rsm; aygufvsuf&Sd\/ wJrsm;eHab;wGifvnf; yGifhaomyef;yif
uav;rsm;&SdMuav onf/ wJuav;rsm;\ tjcm;bufü vrf;uav;rsm;jzifh
jzwfoef;azmufvkyf xm;í csKHrsm;ESifh opfyifBuD;i,frsm; xlxyfvSonfh
awmuav;&Sd&m awmonf aemufodkUqufNyD; t&SnfBuD;&Sdae&mrS ta0;ü
rkd;yGifhrsm;zkH;í azG;azG;jzLvsuf&Sd aom awmifxGwfBuD;udk jrif&avonf/
teD;ü &Sdaom yef;yGifhrsm;udk vSrf;í qGwfMujcif;? opfyifBuD;rsm;ay:odkU
wufolrsm;uwufMujcif;? wJuav;rsm;xJodkU 0ifcsnfxGufcsnfjyKvkyf
olrsm;u jyKvkyfjcif; ponfwdkUudk jrif&jcif;tm;jzifh yef;yifuav;rsm;?
wJrsm;ESifh opfyifBuD;rsm;onf t&kyfum;r[kwf? wu,fht&m 0w¬K

1267 
rsm;jzpfjcif;udk xif&Sm;pGmodEdkif\/ wJuav;rsm;ESifh opfyifBuD;rsm;\aemuf
bufü&Sdaom awmuav;ESifh vrf;uav;rsm;udkvnf; jrif&ay&m awm
uav; rSm t&kyfum;jzpfonf[k xifae&onfhtwGif; csKHrsm;\tMum;&Sd
vrf;uav; ay:wGif jzwfoef;um tBudKtMum;rS oGm;vmaeMuolrsm;udk
jrif&onfwGifrS wu,fhcsKH wu,fhvrf;rsm;jzpfvmMuavonf/ þae&mrS
qufí wjznf;jznf; a0;ía0;íoGm;av&m aemufqkH;wGifrS rkd;yGifhrsm;jzifh
azG;azG;jzLaom awmifxGwfBuD;udk jrif&avonf/ opfyifBuD;rsm;ESifh
wJuav;rsm;onf wu,fh0w¬K ypönf;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; awmifBuD;ESifh
awmifajc&Sd vrf;uav;rsm;onf wu,fr[kwfEdkif[k OmPftm;jzifh
odEdkif\/ okdU&mwGifwu,f&Sdaom 0w¬Kypönf;rsm;ESifh wu,fr[kwf t&kyf
um;rQomjzpfonfh awmifajcESifhawmifBuD;wkdUonf rnfonfhae&mü a&mpyf
oGm;Muonfudk &SmírawGUEdkifatmif jzpfaeygawmhonf/ vrf;uav;wck
udkjrif&í þum; t&kyfum;jzpf&rnf[k xifvsuf &SdpOf vrf;qkHvrf;cGwGif
auGUaumufum avQmufoGm;aom vlwa,mufudk jrif&onfwGifrS a&;xm;
aomvrf;r[kwf? vkyfxm;aom vrf;uav;jzpfonf[k od&ygawmhonf/
uefUvefUum<uí twefMumonfwdkifatmif uREkfyfonf ujyolrsm;ESifh
ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;udk tm&kHrjyKEdkifyJ Zmwfcif;udkMunfhum twk ESifhtppfudk
ydkif;jcm;od&Sdatmif BudK;pm;&jcif;jzifh tcsdefukefvsuf&Sdygonf/ þwcef;NyD;í
Zmwfcif;om ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ uREkfyfrSm a&;aomt&kyfum; ESifh
vkyfxm;aom 0w¬Kypönf;udk rcGJjcm;Edkifatmif&Sdawmhonf/ aemufwcef;wGif
Zmwfcif;wck ay:vmjyefawmhvnf; uREkfyftzdkUrSm tvm;wljyóem
ay:vmjyefonfESifh aemufqkH;ü vufajrSmufvdkuf&ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfwkdU
jrefrmjynfü awmum;? eef;awmfum;? tdrfawmfykHum; ponfh um;vdyf
BuD;rsm;udk wvdyfNyD; wvdyf ajrSmufcsnfcscsnfvkyfí ujyMu&aomtjzpfrS

1268 
xdktjzpfrsKd;odkUa&mufatmif tcsdefumv rnfrQMumygOD;rnfenf; [kpOf;pm;rd
ygao;onf/

b0ul;jcif;udk ,kHMunfoavm

ujyonfhZmwfuGufESifh ywfoufí uREkfyf\pdwfxJü jzpfay:vmonfh

tawG;tac:rsm;taMumif;udk azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ Zmwfvrf;rSm a,mufsm;
uav;wa,mufESifh rdef;uav;wa,muf cspfBudKufMuNyD;aemuf taMumif;
rqkH;qnf;yJ uGJMu? aoMu&NyD; aemifb0wGifrS taMumif;qufum
aygif;zufMu&onfh Zmwfvrf;jzpfonf/ aemifb0qdk&mü ]vlaovljzpf}
oabmrsKd;r[kwf? wapä avmu  (Spirit  World)  t"dyÜm,frsKd;jzpfí
csufcsif;b0wckü topfjzpfNyD; csufcsif;awGUqkHcspfBudKufum taMumif;yg
Muonfh oabmrsKd;jzpfavonf/ b0wckrSwckodkU ul;ajymif;onfqdkjcif;udk
t,kHtMunfr&Sdaom uGefjrLepf wdkif;jynfrsm;ü txufyg ZmwfuGuf
Zmwfvrf;rsKd;udk a&;om;jcif;? ujyjcif; rjyKawmh[lí xifrSwfcJUrdaom
uREkfyftzdkUrSm tawmftHUMovsuf&Sd\/ (uREkfyf\txifrSm;jcif; vnf;jzpfEdkif
ygonf/) þodkUaom tjzpftysufrsKd;onf wu,frjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh
obm0rus[k ,lqMuvdrfhrnfxifrd\/ vGefcJU aomESpfaygif;tenf;i,fu
[kwfonfjzpfap? r[kwfonfjzpfap ZmwfuGuf Zmwfvrf;aumif;vQif
a&;om;oifhonf? ujyxdkufonf  (Art  for  Art's  Sake)  [laomt,ltq
orm;rsm;ESifh trSefwu,fjzpfEdkifonfh (obm0usonfh) tjcif;t&m
rsm;udkom a&;om;xdkufonf? ujyxdkufonf[laom t,ltq &SdolwkdU
tjiif;tckef jzpf&mwGif 'kwd,*dkPf;om;rsm;u tEdkif&onf[k uREkfyf

1269 
trSwftom;jyKrd\/ txufyg Zmwfvrf;rSm yxr*dkPf;? t,ltqrsKd;jzpfae
onfxifaomaMumifh uREkfyftHUMordjcif; jzpfygonf/

pOf;pm;p&mtcsuf

þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí qufvuf qifjcif&mwGif vGefcJUonfh

q,fESpfcefUu w&kwfjynfodkU uREkfyfa&mufcJUí ZmwfyGJwyGJMunfhaomtcg
txufyg Zmwfvrf;ESifh cyfqifqif&Sdaom tjzpftysufudk awGUcJU&onf/
¤if;Zmwfvrf;rSm orD;&nf;pm;ESpfa,muf aoNyD;onfhaemuf vlom;ykHo@mef
r[kwfyJ vdyfjymaumifrsm;tjzpfESifh awGUqkHaygif;oif;Mujcif;jzpfavonf/
wapä(0dnmOf) tjzpfESifhjzpfap? vlom;tjzpfESifhjzpfap? vdyfjymaumifrsm;
tjzpfESifhjzpfap jyefvnfawGUqkH aygif;oif;Muonfqdkjcif;rSm oabmtm;jzifh
twlwlyifjzpf\/ xdkoabmum; vlowÅ0gonf uG,fvGefNyD;onfhaemuf
b0opfwckodkU a&muf&ao;onf[laom t,ltqyifjzpfavonf/
uREkfyfwkdU jrefrmjynfü ]pkef;wapäua0}paom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk
a&;om;jcif;onf ]acwfaemufjyefqGJjcif;} jzpfonf[k ajymolrsm;u
ajymMu\/ aemifb0&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfolaygrsm;onfh jrefrmjynfwGif
]wapäo&J} paomtjcif;t&mrsm; taMumif;udk ra&;om;xdkuf? a&;cJUvQif
r[kwfw&kwfawG a&;jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh acwfaemufjyefqGJ&m a&mufonf
[k ajymMujcif;onf wu,fh ynm&Sdrsm;\pum; [kwfygav\avm[k
uREkfyfudk,fwdkif,kHrSm;jcif;jzpfrdonf/ (þae&mü uREkfyfudk,fwdkif wyftyf
ydkifEdkifpGm ajym0HUonfr[kwfaomaMumifh ],HkrSm;jcif;} [laom pum;udk
okH;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf/) trSefudkazmfjy&vQif uREkfyfudk,fwkdifrSm
qdkAD,uf,leD,Hü *dkPf;ESpf*dkPf;uGJMubl;onf qdkpOfuwnf;u oifcef;pm

1270 
ygcsifyg rygcsifae ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;aumif;í rnpfnrf;vQif a&;xdkuf
onf? ujyxdkufonf[laom *kdPf;bufodkU cyfygygjzpfcJUbl;ygonf/
uREkfyf\t,ltqum; ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;aumif;í oifcef;pmvnf;ygvQif
tvGefaumif;ygonf/ okdU&mwGif tvGefaumif;aom 0w¬Kwckudk oifcef;pm
rygqdkonfh taMumif;wckwnf;jzifh rypfy,fxdkuf? rokH;yJ raexdkuf
[lonfyif jzpfygonf/ txufyg &k&Sm;Zmwfvrf;üvnf;aumif;? vdyfjym
ESpfaumif Zmwfvrf;üvnf;aumif; aoNyD;onfhaemuf wzefjyefawGUNyD;
aygif;rSomvQif ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;\ t&omtjynfht0ay:Edkifonf/
raoyJESifh jzpfudkrjzpf onfhtwGufaMumifh uGefjrLepfEdkifiHBuD;wckwGif
jyoaeMu[efwlayonf/ acwfaemufjyefqGJjcif;taMumif; ajymwwfMuonfh
pmaya0zefa&;q&mrsm; pOf;pm;xdkufMuonf/

&k&Sm;vlxktBudKuf

þudpöESifhywfoufí uREkfyfpdwfxJü jzpfay:vmonfh tawG;tac:

wckudk azmfjyvdkygao;onf/ qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif uREkfyfMunfhcJU&onfh
bJav; uyGJ3yGJteuf (qGrf;vdyfryg) txufyg uyGJrSmtrsm;qkH;
Mobmay;jcif;cH&onf udkawGU&\/ uyGJNyD;onfaemuf uacsonfrsm;ESifh
uacsonfrrsm;tm;y&dwf owfu vufckyfwD;ac:Muojzifh uefUvefUum
tjyifbufodkUxGufum rsufESmjy Mu&aom tBudrfaygif;rSm 5Budrf
6Budrf&Sdvdrfhrnfxifonf/ uREkfyfjrifcJUbl;onfh tjcm;ESpfyGJü trsm;qkH;
okH;BudrfrQomxGufí rsufESmjyMu&onf/ þwGifomru vufckyfwD;MuykH
vIdufvSJjcif; qlnHjcif;rSmvnf; tjcm;aom uyGJrsm;xuf ESpfqavmuf
&Sdonfudk uREkfyfawGU&onf/ þonfudkaxmufjcif;tm;jzifh ¤if;Zmwfvrf;rSm

1271 
vlBudKufrsm;aMumif; xif&Sm;&kHomru &k&Sm;y&dwfowfonf wb0rS
wb0odkU ul;&onfqdkaomtjcif;t&mudk oabmusaMumif;? vlowÅ0g
onf aemifb0&Sdonfqdkaom tjcif;t&mudk 0rf;xJu ESpfouf
wwfaMumif; (b0wPSm)? aemifb0&Sdjcif;wnf;[laom tjcif;t&monf
wu,ftrSefjzpfí vlowÅ0gonf trSefw&m;udk t&dyftaiGUtm;jzifh
xkd;xGif; í odjrif[ef&SdaMumif;? aemifb0r&Sd[k ywf0ef;usif&Sd
vlrsm;uajymMuapumrl &k&Sm;y&dowfrsm;onf aemifb0&Sdonf[laom
t,ltqudk,kHMunfESpfouf Mu[efwlaMumif; ponfh tawG;tac:rsm;
jzpfay:vmygonf/ þonfrSm uREkfyf\ tawG;tac:oufoufrQom
jzpfaomfvnf; ,kwÅd,kwÅmruif;[lí xifjrifrdygonf/

wu,faysmf&TifMuolrsm;

qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif yGJvrf;obifrsm;ESifh ywfoufí uREkfyf\tawG;

tac:wckudkwifjyvdkao;\/ yGJMunfhy&dowfwdkUrnfonfrSm rnfonfh
wdkif;jynfüjzpfap vGwfvyfaysmf&Tifaom trlt&m&SdMujcif;um; rSefygonf/
uREkfyfwkdU jrefrmyGJMunfhy&dowfonfvnf; (t0wftpm;udk taygifqdkifü
aygifcJU&apumrl) vGwfvyfpGm aysmf&Tifaom rsufESmxm;rsKd;&SdMujcif;vnf;
rSefygonf/ odkU&mwGif &k&Sm;y&dowf\ &Tifysjcif;onf jrefrmy&dowf
xufyif uJvGef;onf[k xifrdygonf/ vlwdkif;vdkyif0wfaumif;pm;vSESifh
a&mufvmMuí &Tifysaom rsufESmrsm;udk xdkifckHwdkif;üvdkyifawGUjrif&\/
jzpf[efvu©Pm&SdonfrSm igwkdUonf waeUvkH; acR;usatmif vkyfcJU&NyD;
onfhaemuf (pum;&Sdíom a&;rdonf/ &k&Sm;jynfwGif xdk&moDü
rnfrQavmuf tvkyfvkyfonfjzpfap? acR;rusEdkifyg/) aysmf&onfh

1272 
þtcsdefydkif;wGif tm;&yg;&w0BuD;aysmfvdkufrnf[laom oEéd|mef jzifh
yGJodkUvmMujcif; jzpf[ef&Sdonf/ ckHwef;rsm;odkU vSrf;Munfhvkdufonfhtcg
£ajE´BuD;ESifhMunfhaeonfh a,mufsm;udkvnf;aumif;? rdef;rudkvnf;aumif;?
vlq,fa,mufwGifrS wa,mufawGUrdonfrxif? wD;Muaom vufckyfoHrsm;?
oabmusonfh &,foHrsm;onf vIdufvSJjcif;&SdvSí vljzpf&jcif;\t&omudk
&mckdifEIef;jynfh cHpm;vsuf&SdMu\/ [kwfvnf;[kwfayrnf/ jrif;yJG&IH;vmaom
rsufESmrsKd;? ydkum0dkif;rS xvmaom rsufESmrsKd;? tdrfvcray;Edkifí
ESifxkwfjcif; cH&onfhrsufESmrsKd;? a<u;ylaom rsufESmrsKd; ? tifydkU
vdkifpifr&ojzifh &IHUrJUaeol\ rsufESmrsKd;onf þy&dowfxJwGif yg&Sd
vdrfhrnfr[kwf? &IHUrJUaeol\rsufESmudk awGUcJUvQif rdrd\tcspfudk wkHUjyefjcif;
rcH&ol\rsufESmyif jzpfwef&m\/ þonfrSm umrbkHom;wkdU\ "r®wm
aywnf;/

u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;

abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD;onf Zmbk&ifrsm; vufxufuwnf;u

aqmufvkyfcJUojzifh a&Ta&mifwajymifajymifESifh crf;em;wifhw,fvSonf
rSefaomfvnf; aemufqkH;aqmufvkyfonfh u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;ESifh EIdif;,SOf
vdkufonfhtcgwGifrlum; (ta[mif;trsOf;udk wefzdk;xm;wwfonfh ordkif;
q&m rsm;\ rsufpdrsKd;rSwyg;) r,SOfomatmif uGmjcm;vsuf&SdavNyD/
u&ifrvif Zmwf&kHBuD;rSm 1961 ckESpfatmufwdkbmvw&ufaeUwGif
aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;í 22 Budrfajrmuf qdkAD,ufygvDreftjzpfESifh tpnf;ta0;
xdkifcJUojzifh uGef*&uf eef;awmfBuD;  Palace  of  Congress  [lí
trnfwGifcJU&m ¤if;taqmuf ttkHBuD;udkyif Zmwf&kHBuD;tjzpfESifh

1273 
tokH;csjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh u&ifrvif Zmwf&kHBuD;  Kremlin  Theatre 

[lí vnf; ac:wGifavonf/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm ¤if;taqmufttkHBuD;udk &k&Sm;

ygvDrefcef;raqmifBuD;tjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;? (tpnf;ta0;rxdkifonfh
&moDwGif) Zmwf&kHBuD;tjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;ESpfrsKd; tokH;jyKavonf/
&k&Sm;qdkvQif &IwfcszdkUBuHpnf pdwful;olrsm;u ]]rcrf;em;yJ &Sdrnfavm?
ygvDreftaqmufttkHudk Zmwf&kHtjzpfESifh okH;xm;jcif;r[kwfygavm}} [k
ajymaumif;ajymMuayvdrfhrnf/ rnfokdUyifjzpfap Zmwf&kHBuD;wck taejzifh
rBuKHbl;atmif crf;em;wifhw,fonfh taqmufttkHBuD;jzpfonfh twGuf
tenf;i,fazmfjyyg&apOD;/

BuD;us,fcrf;em;ykH

uREkfyfrSm tenf;i,ftat;rdí *smreDjynfü aq;&kHwuf ae&pfcJU&

ojzifh udkvSausmfESifh ocifausmfpdefwkdU jrefrmjynfodkUjyefoGm;Mu
onfhaemufwGifrS u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;udk MunfhcGifh&onfhtwGufaMumifh
tat;rdjcif;udkyif aus;Zl;wif&rnfuJUodkU atmufarhrdonf/ *smreDrS
uREkfyfjyefa&mufvmaomtcg uREkfyf\nDonf uREkfyftm; ¤if;Zmwf&kHBuD;odkU
ac:oGm;\/ xdkyJGrSmtxl;aeUyGJjzpfonf/ yJGujyonfhZmwf&kHESifh ZmwfckHBuD;
wkdU\ BuD;us,fcrf;em;jcif;xuf ywfywfvnf&Sd taqmifaqmif
tcef;cef;wkdU\ crf;em;jcif;ESifh qef;Mu,f jcif;wkdUtwGuf uREkfyfomí
tHUMordonf/ Zmwf&kHcef;odkU r0ifrDjzpfap? acwÅcP tyef;ajz&efjzpfap
ywfywfvnf&Sd taqmifaqmiftcef;cef;wdkUwGif xdkifEdkifMuonf/ aq;vdyf
aomuf&ef twGufvnf;aumif;? pum;ajym&eftwGufaomf vnf;aumif;?
pm;aomufMu&ef twGufaomfvnf;aumif; us,f0ef;vSaom tcef;BuD;

1274 
rsm;&Sday&m tcif;tusif;ESifh rD;xGef;xm;ykHwdkUonfyifvQif (uREkfyftzkdU &mü)
wtHUwMo&Sdygbdonf/ tvif;a&mifonf pl;pl;0g;0g;r[kwfyJ rsufpdESifh
tvGefyeH&atmif&Sdaomfvnf; vif;vdkufykHrSm vdkavao;r&Sday/ Murf;jyifBuD;
wckvkH;rSm a&mfbmtaysmhpm;jzifh cif;xm;onfjzpfí tEktnHUBudKufaom
uREkfyftzkdU Zdrf&SdvSonf/
pm;yGJcef;BuD;rSmvnf; tvGefus,f0ef;í crf;em;pGmjyifqifxm;onfhjyif
Nrdef&SufykH&aom yGJM unfhy&dowfwkdU pm;vdkufaomufvdkufMuykHrSmvnf; aysmf
p&mBuD;jzpfae\/ tpm;taomufrsm;rSm uREkfyfwkdUjrefrmaiGESifhwGufaomf
aps;EIef;BuD;jrifhonf[k qkd&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; NcdK;NcHjcif;r&Sd? tvQHy,f
pm;Mu aomufMujcif;udk awGU&\/ aps;EIef;csKdaomfvnf; ydkufqH&Sm;í
0,frpm;EdkifMuvQif aps;csKdjcif;onf tcsnf;ESD;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ olwkdU\
tpm;taomuf tokH;tpJG&ufa&mykHudk uREkfyfjrif&onfhtcg jrif;yGJudk
ESpfacgufokH;acguf a&mufbl;pOfu jrif;Edkifaomolrsm; okH;MujzKef;Mujcif;udk
owd&rdonf/ pnfum;vdkufykHudk OyrmEdIif;&aomf uREkfyfwkdU jrefrmjynfü
tpnfum;qkH;aom bk&m;yGJBuD;wckwGifpm;MuaomufMujcif;ESifhwlvS\/
okdUaomfjcm;em;csufwck &SdonfrSmum; bk&m;yGJrsm;ü vlpnfum;onfqdkvQif
awmfatmifavsmfatmif jyifqifay;wwfMuay&m xdkpm;yGJcef;BuD;ürl
xkH;pHtwdkif; jyifqifay;í udk,fhtvSnfhusaomtcg (tawmftwef awmh
Mumonf/) rcRwf{uef&Muavonf/

1275 
"mwfavSum;wrsKd;

u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;rSm abmfvf&TdKif Zmwf&kHBuD;uJUodkUyif txyf

av;xyf&Sday&m abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD;rSmrl udk,fhtxyfodkUa&mufatmif &dk;&dk;
avSum;jzifh ajcvsifwufMu&\/ u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;ürlum; ]rufx&dk}
ajratmufrD;&xm; rSmuJUodkUyif tJUpfumvdwÅm  (Escalator)  ac:
"mwfavSum;wrsKd;jzifh wuf&onf/ "mwfavSum;wrsKd;[ka&;jcif;rSm a&Twd*kH
bk&m;ESifh &efukefwdkufBuD;rsm;wGif wyfqifxm;onfh txufESifhatmuf
rwfapmufpGm qif;wuf&aom (avSmiftdrfcef;) avSum;rsKd;r[kwf?
MunfhvdkufvQif yuwdavSum;&dk;&dk;uJUokdU txpfawGESifh cyfapmif;apmif;
&Sdaom avSum;rsKd;jzpfavonf/ þavSum;taMumif;udk tjcm;vlrsm;
a&;zl;MuvSí tqef;topf r[kwfaomfvnf; rzwf&bl;olwkdUtwGuf
A[kokwjzpfapjcif;iSm tenf;i,fazmfjyvkdufygOD;rnf/ avSum;&if;rS
&yfMunfhvdkufonfhtcg omrefavSum;&dk;&dk;ozG,f txpfawGESifh cyfapmif;
apmif;&Sdí ESif;pif;,SOfvsuf&Sdonfudk jrif&ayvdrfhrnf? wbufwcsuf
NrJNrJr&yfwwfolrsm;tzkdU vuf&ef;rsm;vnf; &Sd\/ (tavhtusifh
r&SdrDudk,fhudk,f udkpdwfrcsEdkifí vuf&ef;udkudkifum xdef;xm;&aomfvnf;
uREkfyftbdk;BuD;tdk wa,mufyifvQif ESpfBudrfavmuf qif;wuf&aomtcg
vuf&ef;udkrudkif&awmhyg/) avSum;&if;rS wufvdkaomolonf atmufqkH;
avSum;xpfay:odkU zswfueJ &yfvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf txufodkU
wufvsuf&Sdaom avSum;xpfrsm;ESifh twl ygoGm;awmhonf/ tjcm;bufü
rdrdESifhqefUusifbuf c&D;oGm;aeMuonfh tqif;orm;rsm;udkvnf;jrif&\/
avSum;xdyfodkU tvdktavsmuf a&mufoGm;aomtcg rdrd\ tvkyfrSm
nDnmaom Murf;jyifay:odkU tomuav; vSrf;ul;vdkuf&efom&Sdonf/

1276 
tqif;rSmvnf; tvm;wlyif avSum;xpfay:okdU tomuav; vdkufyg
oGm;&efom jzpfonf/ u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;ü yGJMunfhy&dowfonf rdrdwkdU\
vufrSwf&Sd&mtqifhodkU "mwfavSum;jzifh ajcanmif;rcH&yJ oGm;EdkifMu
avonf/

ZmwfckHBuD;

Zmwf&kHBuD;xJodkU wtdtdaysmhaysmif;aom Murf;jyifwavQmuf vSrf;0if

oGm;aomtcg xdkifckHrsm;rSm abmfvf&TdKifZmwf&kHBuD; rSmuJUodkU cyfrIdif;rIdif;
r[kwfyJ &J&JeDvsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&onf/ ydkíqifajcavQm jyKvkyfxm;
onfhtwGuf y&dowfonf ZmwfckHay:ü ujyolrsm;udk ydkíxif&Sm;pGm
jrifEdkifonf/ xdkifckHwckü xdkifNyD;aemuf uREkfyfonf uREkfyfxdkifaom xdkifckHudk
aocsmpGm udkifwG,fprf; oyfMunfh&moyf&yfjcif;? acsmarGUjcif;? yifudk
txnfaumif;jcif;wkdUudk jrif&ojzifh jrefrmvuform;wa,mufonf
¤if;xdkifckHrsKd;wckudk usyf 300xufavQmhí vkyfEdkifygrnfavm[k tuJjzwf
rdonf/ xdkifckH\vuf,mbufü pm;yGJ&Sifuav; wck&Sd&m tvdk&Sdonfhtcg
rdr\
d &ifcGifxJodkU qGJwifNyD; pm;aomufp&mrsm; wifum okH;aqmifEdkifonf/
xdkifckHwGif cvkwfuav;wck&Sdao;&m uREkfyfonf ¤if;\tokH;udk
odvdkonfESifh uRekfyf\nDtm;ar;Munfh\/ olonfcvkwfudk xdkrS þrS
vIyfcgprf;oyfMunfhaomfvnf; tokH;udk&SmrawGUEdkifyJ &SdívufavQmhvdkuf
Mu&onf/ ]nD}onf &Jabmfwa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; tvkyfrsm;olwa,muf
jzpfí u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;odkU þwBudrfom a&mufbl;onf[k od&onf/
bJav;uyGJrSm tcef;wcef;ajymif;í ]Zmwfcif;}udk jyKjyif&onfhtcg um;vdyf
rsm;udk BudK;jzifh qGJ&kHESifhrNyD;yJ rsm;pGm jyKjyif&efvdkonfjzpfaomaMumifh

1277 
em&Dw0ufcefU tem;ay;NyD; y&dowfvnf; tjyifodkUxGufum pm;Mu
aomufMu aq;vdyfaomufMuavonf/ uREkfyfrarhEdkifonfh Zmwfcif;wckrSm
ZmwfckHaemufydkif; cyfususwGif a&S;a[mif;tdrfBuD;waqmif&Sd&m twGif;ü
rD;tdrfrsm;xGef;nSdxm;í vlrsm;xGuf0ifoGm;vmvsuf&Sd\/ tdrfa&SUüum;
rdef;uav;wa,mufESifh a,mufsm;uav;wa,mufonf jrufcif;ay:wGif
wGJí uvsuf&Sd\/ aemufqkH; üum; a&S;tdrfBuD;onf ZmwfckHay:üyif
rD;rsm;awmufavmifvsuf&Sd onfudk jrifMu&onf/ azmfjycJUNyD;onfhtwdkif;
uREkfyfrSmbJav;uyGJrsm;wGif Zmwfaumif rsm;ESifh Zmwfvrf;xuf o&kyfygí
wu,fxif&avmufatmif jyifqifxm;onfh ]Zmwfcif;}rsm;ü ydkrdkpdwf0if
pm;jcif;&SdcJUygonf/

bJav;tu

bJav;tuESifh ywfoufí uREkfyfowdjyKrdaom tjcif;t&mwckudk

azmfjyvdkao;\/ bJav;uyGJudk Munfhumpü uREkfyfonf ajczsm;uav;
ESpfacsmif;axmufum ranmif;rnm Mum&SnfpGmuEdkifjcif;udk tHUMo&kHrSwyg;
csD;rGrf;p&m &SmrawGUyJjzpfae\/ ajcaxmufrsm;udk ajrSmufjcif;? um;jcif;ESifh
vufrsm;udk vIyf&Sm;ykHwdkUrSm rdef;uav;rsm;twGuf tvSrf;uGmvGef;NyD; udk;&dk;
um;&m; EdkifvGef;onf[líyif xifrd\/ odkU&mwGif Mum&SnfpGm
Munfhvdkufaom tcgürlum; olwkdU\vIyf&Sm;ykHrsm;onf xifoavmuf
r&dkif;[kjrifvm\/ xdkUxufMumjyefaomtcgürlum; olwkdU\vIyf&Sm;ykHrsm;
ESifh ywfoufí tqif ajyaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk jrifwwfvmawmhonf/
rdef;uav;rsm; aygifum;&m;vkyfjcif;? ajcaxmufajrmufvGef;jcif;onf
jrefrmrsufpdESifh jrifvdkuf vQif jrifvdkufcsif; &dkif;pdkif;onf? tjrifrawmf[k

1278 
wcgwnf; qkH;jzwfwwf\/ uREkfyfwdkUonf tawG;eufaom vlrsKd;jzpf
[efwlonf/ uREkfyfonfbJav;tuudk tcsdefMum&SnfpGm Munfhonfhtcg
rlvuwnf;u tcH&Sdonfh tqdkygtawG;rsKd; aysmufoGm;í ajc[efvuf[ef
oufoufudkom jrifvm\/ trSefrSm bJav; uacsonfrrsm;\
ajcvufvIyf&Sm;ykHonf tvGef,Ofaus;onfh [eftrlt&m rsKd; yg&Sdjcif;udk
uREkfyfoabmaygufvmonf/ pmzwfol oabmaygufatmif &Sif;jy&rnf
qdkvQif bJav;uacsonfrrsm;\ u enf; u [efESifhudk,ftae txm;udk
avhusifhrxm;onfh rdef;uav;wa,mufonf ¤if;wdkUenf;wl aygif
ESpfacsmif;udk um;onfjzpfap? ajcaxmufESpfacsmif;udk wbufpDajrSmuf
onfjzpfap rMunfhaysmfatmifjzpfNyD; rsufpdxJü udk;&dk;um;&m;ESifh rzG,f
&maom pdwful;rsKd; 0ifvmayvdrfhrnf/ bJav;tuudk Munfhwwfvmaom
tcgürl aemufajcwbufudk cg;txufa&mufatmif ajrSmufvdkufapum
rlvnf; udk,fum,\ [efjyifykH tvdkufoifh&SdvSí vSyaom udk,fvkH;
udk,faygufvnf; &Sdolrsm;jzpfonfh twGufaMumifh rawmfwavsmf toGif
rsKd;ray:vmyJ udk,fvufESifh ajc axmufwkdU\ vIyf&Sm;enf;qdkif&m
tEkynmonfomvQif pdwfxJwGif ay:vmyg awmhonf/ þonfaMumifh
taemufwdkif; bJav;tuonf tEkynmwcktaejzifh urÇmwGif
emrnfBuD;jcif; jzpfwef&monf[k uREkfyfawG;awmrdygonf/

&k&Sm;qwfuwf

urÇmwGif emrnfBuD;vSaom &k&Sm;qwfuwfudkvnf; armfpudküwBudrf

vDeif*&ufü wBudrfuREkfyfMunfhcJUbl;onf/ vDeif*&uf&Sd qwfuwfodkU
pma&;q&mrESifhtwl uREkfyfwdkUoGm;Mu&mwGif q&mru ]]uRefrawmh

1279 
qwfuwfyJG rMunfhwmMumygNyD? &SifwkdUMunhfcsifw,fqdkvdkU vdkufykdUyg
w,f}} [kajymonfESifh uREkfyfwD;acgufpkHprf;í atmufygtwdkif; od&Sd&onf/
qwfuwfyGJ [lonfrSm uav;oli,frsm;ESifh tvkyfMurf;orm;rsm; 
(Uncultured)  omMunfhaomyGJ jzpfí tay:0wf tusØxlBuD;rsm;udk &kHxJwGif
0wfEdkifcGifh&SdaMumif;ajym&mwGif ]]uav;yJxifxif? pmrwwfwJU trsKd;tpm;yJ
xifxif uRefawmfwkdUawmh MunfhcsifoAsm}}[k uREkfyfu jyefajym\/
þwGifolu ]]&SifwkdUvdk wcgw&HvmwJU oltzkdUawmh[kwfygw,f? MunfhvJ
Munfhxdkufygw,f? 'gaMumifhvJ uRefru vdkufydkUwmygyJ}}[kajymavonf/
þpma&;q&mrum; ajymp&SdvQif bGif;bGif;ajym wwfonfh 0goem&Sdol
wa,mufjzpfí aemufqkH;wGif uREkfyfESifh tvGefcifrif &if;ESD;aom tjzpfodkU
a&mufcJUMuonf/ (uREkfyf\0wfpkHarhusef&pfpOfu ]]prf;MunfhygapOD;}}[k
ajym&Jaom trsKd;orD;yifjzpfonf/) vDeif*&ufqufuwf yJGü uREkfyfonf
olESifhyxrtBudrf awGUjcif;jzpfí t,femu&JeD;em;taMumif; aqG;aEG;Mu
onfESifhyif qwfuwfü &nfrSef;oavmuf tm&kHrpdkufEdkifyJ jzpfcJU& onf/
uREkfyfu ]]t,femu&JeD;em;\ tjzpfrsKd;ESifh BuKH&vQif rdef;rw&mteuf
b,fESpfa,mufavmuf tvGef&kef;Edkifrnfxifygoenf;}}[k ar;aomtcg
olu ]]tvGwf&kef;EdkifwJU rdef;rrsKd; r&Sdbl;vdkUawmh rqdkygbl;? uRefrudk,fwdkif
jzifh wa,mufrS rawGUbl;ao;bl;}} [k jyefajym&m þtqkH;tjzwf
ESifhwuGol\ yGifhvif;aom oabmxm;udkyg uREkfyfoabmusvSonf/
]]'Dvdkqdk cifAsm; tygt0ifaygh}} [k uREkfyfu ppfar;&m ]]uRefrvJ
rkd;usa&Tudk,f  (Heaven  Born)  wa,mufrS r[kwfyJ}} [k &J&J 0HU0HU
ajzqdkavonf/

1280 
armfpudkqwfuwfyJG

armfpudkqwfuwfyGJokdUrl uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,mufonf ]nD}ESifh]om;}wkdUESifh twl

oGm;a&mufMu\/ yGJxJodkUr0ifrD ]om;}u tkdufpu&ifpm;MutkH;rvm;}}[k
ar;onfESifh uREkfyfu pdwfcyfxifhxifhESifhyif ]]pm;rnf}}[k ajymvdkuf\/
pdwfxifhrdjcif;rSm þrQavmuf at;vSaoma'owGif pm;íoifhawmfyg
rnfavm [k pOf;pm;rdjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ odkUjzpfí av,mOfysHay:ü
þ[mrpm;? [dk[mrpm;? a&udkyifaomuf0HU[efrwlaom ocifausmfpdef
rSwyg; tkdufpu&ifwxkyfpD ,lvmcJUMuonf/ yGJxJü uREkfyfwdkUonf
tdkufpu&ifxkyfudk ajzumajzum Budwf&onfrSm Zdrf&SdvSonf/ qwfuwf
yGJrSm bkdifpukyfxJü uREkfyfMunfhbl;onfh tcef;tcsKdUyg&Sdaomfvnf; t&kyf
tjzpfESifh Munfh&jcif;xuf vludk,fwkdifjrif&jcif; \t&omonf BuD;pGmaom
jcm;em;jcif;&Sdayonf/ xkdUjyif tcsKdUaom tqef;rsm;udk tjcm;aomqwfuwf
rsm;wGif i,fuwnf;u jrifcJUzl;aomfvnf; wlyifwlapumrl ydkícufcJaom
twwfrsm;udk awGU&onf/ yrmqdkaomf aumif;uifbm;? BudK;wef;
avQmufjcif;? *Rrf;ypfjcif;? jrif;pD;jcif;rSpí acG;vdr®m? jrif;vdr®m? awm
wd&pämef&dkif;rsm; ponfudk qwfuwfyGJrsm; ay:uwnf;u vlwdkif;jrifcJUMuí
uREkfyfvnf; vufrvGwfwrf; MunfhvmcJUolwa,mufjzpf\/ odkU&mwGif
aumif;uifbm;üvnf;aumif;? BudK;wef;avQmufjcif;ESifh jrif;pD;jcif;wkdUü
vnf;aumif; tjcm;qwfuwfrsm; jyMuonfxufESpfqrQcJ,Of;NyD; okH;qrQ
Munfh&Iaumif;onfudkjrifcJU&\/ acG;vdr®mcsif;vnf;rwl? jrif;vdr®mcsif;
vnf;rwl tvGefUtvGefcJ,Of;vSí wcgw&H [mozufaom twwf
uav;rsm; oifjyxm;ykHrSm r,kHEdkifavmufatmif cufcJvSygayonf/
uRekfyfonf wbufwGif tkdufpu&if\ &om&kHudkcHpm;,if; vljyufrsm;\

1281 
&,fp&m tjyKtrludk wbufu &,farm&onfrSm rtm;vyfatmif &Sdyg
awmhonf/ wcsufwcsuf wGif uREkfyfü pdwful;av;wckay:aygufvm\/
(tdkufpu&ifrSm puúLjzifhywf xm;í tawmifhvdkuf vufESifhudkif
pm;&onfjzpf&m a&cJaom &moDOwkjzpfonf ESifh t&nfraysmfyJ vufxJü
tawmifhvdkufwnfvsuf &Sdojzifh udkufpm;vdkaom txufydkif;rSpuúLywfudk
wjznf;jznf;csif; ajzum udkufpm;Edkifavonf/) uREkfyf\pdwfxJü tkduf
pu&ifawmifhudk udkufpm;,if; qwfuwfvljyufrsm;\ aemufajymifjcif;
rsm;udk ttkyftxdef;r&Sd? vGwfvyfpGm w[m;[m;&,fvsuf&Sd jcif;rsm;udk
owdjyKrdygonf/ igonfqdkAD,uf,leD,HokdU a&mufcgrS uav;b0 odkU
jyefqif;ae&acsNyDwum;[k pOf;pm;rdayao;onf/

wwd,tBudrf pum;ajymjcif;

armfpudkNrdKUrS uREkfyfwkdUokH;a,muf 'kwd,tBudrf xGufcGmcgeD;wGif

tm&Stmz&du cspfMunfrIckdifNrJa&;aumfrwD vlBuD;rsm;u uREkfyfwkdU
wnf;cdkonfh bk'ghyJpf [dkwJvfwGif aeUpmpm;yGJ wnfcif;auR;arG;jcif;tm;jzifh
EIwfqufMuavonf/ ¤if;EIwfqufyGJwGif uREkfyfonf ]nD}\wkdufwGef;csuf
t& wwd,tBudrf pum;ajymcJUygonf/ xdktcgürl uREkfyfonf
qdkAD,uf,leD,HtwGif; tawmfuav;ESHUatmif vnfywfNyD;í tawmftwef
vluJcwfcGifh &&SdcJUNyDjzpf aomaMumifh uREkfyf\pdwfxJü&Sdaom tjcif;t&mudk
txdkuftavsmuf zGifh[ajymjycsifaomqE´jzpfay:vsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfajymaom
pum;rsm;udk pum;jyefrdef;uav; tm'gu bmomjyefajym&\/ (tm'gonf
uREkfyfawGUcJU&onfh qdkAD,ufpum;jyefrsm;teufwGif t*Fvdyfvdk tawmf
oyfoyf&yf&yf bmomjyefwwfolwa,mufjzpf\/ &k&Sm;vdkjyefqdkjcif; rlum;

1282 
uREkfyfrajymEdkifay/) pvQifpcsif; uREkfyfu udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwGif
OD;vSausmfum; OD;acgif;? ocifausmfpdefum; yg;pyf? uREkfyfum;
ESvkH;ESifhwlygaMumif;? ESvkH;ESifhwlykHrSm qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkU a&mufuwnf;u
uREkfyfonf awGU&orQaom vlrsm;ESifh cspfcif&if;ESD;jcif;&Sdatmif txl;
wvnf BudK;pm;cJU&m BudK;pm;onfhtwdkif;vnf; atmifjrifjcif;udk awGU&í
0rf;ajrmufvSygaMumif; (þae&mü yifpifpm; uacsonfBuD;rsm;\
&dyfomwGif uREkfyftm; ¤if;wkdUESifh twlaezkdU zdwfac:NyD;tpdk;& tm; ¤if;wdkUu
axmufcHwdkufwGef; ay;ygrnf[k ajymbl;onfh taMumif;rsm;ESifh
uREkfyf\vufacsmif;rsm; at;vGef;vSí aoG;awmifhrwwf&Sd&mwGif pum;jyefr
uav; tmvmu ]tmaiGUjzifh} [m;wkdufNyD; aEG;atmifvkyfay;onftxd
Muifemjcif;&SdykHwdkUudk ajymjyonf/) þonfudk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh qdkAD,uf
wkdUonf MuifemaomESvkH;udk MuifemaomESvkH;jzifh wkHUjyefwwfonfh
vlrsKd;jzpf onf[k uREkfyf,kHMunfaMumif; (vltm;vkH; OD;acgif;qwfMuonf/)
odkUqdkaomfvnf; uREkfyfESifhtqufjzpf&olrsm;rSm tpdk;&tzGJUwGif txufwef;
usonfh y&JUqD;'D;,rf; tqifhtwef;r[kwf? omreftwef;tpm;
rQomjzpfaMumif;? uREkfyf\txifrSm txufwef;qdkaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;rlum;
a'goawGrmeawG rkd;rTefNyD; igwaumaumcsifonfh pdwf"mwfrsKd;awG
jynfhvQHvsuf &SdMuonfxif aMumif;? qdkAD,ufacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;onf
awmifolv,form;ESifh tvkyform;wdkU\ arwÅmpdwf"mwfrsKd; rarG;jrLMuyJ
rmefrmeawG axmifvTm; vsuf&SdMuygu urÇmBuD;onf waeUapmapmwGif
rD;cdk;ESifh jymavmufom usef&pfzG,f&m&SdaMumif;? qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkU
ESvkH;tjzpfESifh uREkfyfvdkufygvmcJU jcif;rSm ESvkH;tvkyfudk udkifwkdifavhusifhNyD;
tjcm;olwdkUtm;vnf; jyefUyGm;ap&ef twGufjzpfaMumif;? (tcsKdUrSm
pOf;pm;vsuf wa,mufESpfa,mufrQ OD;acgif;qwf Muonf/) uREkfyf\

1283 
]wdkUpf}um; urÇmhwdkif;jynfrsm;tm;vkH; wpfjynfESifhwpfjynf arwÅmpdwfjzifh
tjyeftvSef wkHUjyefEdkifMuNyD; oifhoifhjrwfjrwf &SdMuygapownf;?  (Good 
Will  and  Good  Fellowship)  [kqE´jyKcJUygonf/vltm;vkH;onf uREkfyf\
]wdkUpf}udk xkH;pHtwdkif; 0dkift&ufjzifhvufcHMuaomfvnf; 0rf;xJu &kwfw&uf
BudKufcsifrSBudKufayrnf/ wa,mufESpfa,mufurl ESpfoufaomtrlt&mrsKd;
jyMuav&m tm;vkH;rlum; av;eufpGm pOf;pm;aom rsufESmxm;rsKd; azmfjyMu
onfcsnf; awGUcJU&ygonf/ (ocifausmfpdeftm; ]yg;pyf}ESifhEIdif;í
uREkfyfuajympOf OuúXvkyfol pma&;q&mBuD;u ]]yg;pyfruygbl;cifAsm;?
avmufpydumeJU wlygayw,f}}[k ajymygao;onf/ aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;wGif
ocifausmfpdefonf pum;rajymonfr&Sd? ajymonfcsnf;awGUcJU&onf/)

&Jabmfrsm;ESifhcGJcGmjcif;

aemufwaeUaeUv,fwGif uREkfyfwdkUonf armfpudkNrKdUrS 'kwd,tBudrf

xGufcGmMuav&m uREkfyf\ ]nD}ESifh]om;} wkdUonf uREkfyfwdkUludk avqdyfodkU
wdkifatmif vdkufydkUMu\/ &JabmfESpfa,mufonf uREkfyfwdkUtm; tmrD;eD;,m;?
a*smf*sD;,m;? vDeif*&uf paomNrdKUrsm;odkU uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl vdkufyg
vmcJUMu&m þwBudrfrSmrl tjcm;wdkif;jynfwjynfodkU xGufcGmMu&rnfjzpfí
olwdkUudk,fwdkif vdkufygcGifhr&SdyJ uREkfyfwdkUtm; avqdyftxdom vdkufydkU
Mujcif;jzpfavonf/ (uREkfyfwdkUonf av,mOfysH&kHxJwGif av,mOfysH
apmifhvsuf&Sdonf/ rtrmonf *smreDjynfrS av,mOfysHESifh qdkufa&muf
vmjcif;taMumif;udk txufwGifazmfjycJUNyD;ygNyD/ cGJcgeD;wGif nDESifhom;
wdkUonf 0rf;enf;aomrsufESmxm;udk xif&Sm;pGmazmfjyvsuf &SdMu&m
uREkfyfonf rtrmtm; &Jabmfrsm;ESifh rdwfqufay;ítxl;ojzifh ]nD}\

1284 
0rf;enf;aom rsufESmxm;udk rtrmudk,fwdkif jrifEdkifavmufygonf/
nD\rsufESmudk jrif&onfwGif uREkfyf\pdwfüxdckdufonfESifh ]nD}tm;
wcgwnf; tNyD;cGJMujcif;r[kwfao;yJ wzefjyefawGUMu&OD;rnf jzpfaom
aMumifhtvGefBuD; 0rf;enf;p&mr[kwfao;aMumif;ESifh tm;ay;pum; ajymcJU
&ygao;onf/)

xdwfvefUrdaomtjyKtrl

bmvifNrdKUodkUa&mufMuí eD0g[dkwJvfü wnf;cdkvsuf&SdpOf

*smreD&Jabmfrsm;onf uREkfyfwdkUtm; vdkufyZpfNrdKUjyyGJBuD;odkUvdkufydkU&ef
pDrHMuavonf/ qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHrsm;rS &Jabmfrsm;onf tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;rS
zdwfac:onfh {nfhonfawmfrsm;tm; *&kpdkufMuykHrsm;rSm tvGefaus;Zl;wifzdkU
aumif;vSonf/ tpm;taomuf taetxdkifESifh vnfywfMunhf&I&eftwGuf
tvkH;pkHwm0ef ,lay;onfhtjyif uREkfyfwdkUvlokH;a,mufESifhtwl &JabmfESpf
a,muf? wcgw&H okH;a,mufrQ tNrJxnfhay;wwfMuayonf/ (þonf
udkyif rvdkaomolrsm;u ]olvQKd}tapmifh xnfhay;xm;onf[k ajymMuOD;
rnfavm rqdkEdkifay/) bmvif odkU uREkfyfwdkUa&mufonfhnü {nfhcHyGJ
uav;wckjyKvkyfí &Jabmf 8a,mufcefU vma&mufMuonf/ ¤if;teufwGif
a,mufsm;av;a,mufESifh rdef;rav;a,muf cefUyg&Sd\/ rdef;rav;
a,mufteuf Oy"d&kyfaumif;aumif;ESifh tawmfcefUcefU 0wfxm;í touf
40cefU&Sdaom rdef;rwa,mufonf pm;yGJwGif uREkfyfESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif
xdkifrdMu\/ xdkrdef;ru *smrefvdkajymaom pum;udkwa,muf ut*Fvdyfvdk
bmomjyefí ajym&jcif;udk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh olwdkUtxJwGif tBuD;tuJ
jzpf[ef&Sd\/ tm;vkH;uvnf; ¤if;tm;&dkaoav;pm;MuykH&onf/ pm;yJGü

1285 
npmpm;vsuf&SdMupOf xdkrdef;rESifh uREkfyfonf xkH;pHtwdkif; rsufrSef;wef;
rdMuavNyD/ odkU&mwGifolu t*Fvdyfvdkvnf; ajymwwf[efrwl? tao;tzGJ
taMumif;t&muav;rsm;udk pum;jyefESifhajymzdkUvnf; roifhojzifh olESifh
uREkfyfonf pum;urf;vSrf;jcif;rjyKyJ pm;yGJwbufwcsufüxdkifum Munfh&kHrQ
om MunfhaeMu\/ pm;aomufNyD;Muí xdkif&mrSxMuaomtcg xdkrdef;ronf
uREkfyf&Sd&modkU avQmufvmí vufqGJEIwfqufMu&mwGif uREkfyf\rsufESm
teD;odkU qwfueJikHUvdkufonfudkjrifonfESifh uREkfyfrSm upf(pf)ay;vdkufacs
awmhrnfavm[k 'dwfueJjzpfoGm;\/ odkU&mwGif xdkuJUodkUrjyKyJ uREkfyf\
teD;odkUcsOf;uyfNyD; ]]*G'fEdkuf}}? ]]*G'fEdkuf}} [k ESpfcGef;wdkif cyfwdk;wdk;
EIwfqufavonf/ ol\jzLpif aompdwfESifhywfoufí uREkfyf,kHrSm;jcif;
r&Sdaomfvnf; tjyKtrlum; xl;qef; onf[k uREkfyfowdjyKrdygonf/

tat;rdjcif;

rwfv 13&ufaeUü uREkfyfwdkUonf pum;jyefrdef;rwa,muf? vrf;jy

a,mufsm; wa,mufESifh twlarmfawmfum;jzifh vdkufyZpfNrdKUodkUxGufvmMu
onf/ xdkNrdKUwGifuREkfyfwdkUvlpk wnf;cdkaom[dkwJvf\trnfrSm tJhpfwkd;&D;
,m;[kdwJvfyifjzpf\/ okdU&mwGifvDeif*&ufNrdKUrS emrnfwl[dkwJvfBuD;uJUodkU
BuD;us,fcrf;em;onfawmhr[kwfyg/ [dkwJvfü aeUpmpm;aomufMuNyD;aemuf
uREkfyfwdkUonf jyyJGBuD;odkU oGm;a&mufMunfh&IMu\/ wdkif;jynfaygif; 80
ausmfrS ukefypönf;rsm; vma&mufjyoMujcif;jzpfí wjynfvQif taqmuf
ttkHBuD;wckpD ae&m,lxm;MuonfjzpfaomaMumifh jyyJGBuD;\ BuD;us,f
crf;em;vdkufykHrSmajym zG,f&mr&Sday/ odkU&mwGif xdkaeUrSm jyyJGaemufqkH;aeU
jzpfonfhtwGufaMumifh pnfum;oifhoavmufrpnfum;awmh[k od&\/

1286 
odkUESifhvnf; MunhfírESHUEdkif atmif&Sdygbdonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf taqmuf
ttkHBuD;wckESpfckodkU 0ifMunfhí 0,fvdkaomypönf;tenf;i,fawGUonfESifh
ar;Munhf&m vufvDa&mif;zdkUr[kwf [kajymonfESifh uREkfyfpdwfysufcJUavNyD/
odkUjzpfí uREkfyfonf 0,fvdkaom ypönf;0,fr&onfhvlokH;ypönf;jyyJGudk
ajcanmif;cHNyD; vSnfhírMunfhvdkawmhonf ESifh tazmfrsm;tm; taMumif;
Mum;um armfwmum;ay:okdUoGm;í xdkifae\/ wem&DcefUMumí tazmfrsm;
rjyefvmMuao;yJ&Sd&mwGif um;ay:ü wpdrfhpdrfh at;vsuf&SdavNyD/ (xdkaeUrSm
ESif;rsm;txl;usí csrf;at;vSonf/) wem&DcGJMumaomfvnf; ray:vm
Muao;yJ&Sd&mwGif uREkfyfonf'&dkifbmtm; [dkwJvfodkUjyef ydkU&efajymNyD;
tdyf&mxJüauG;aeygawmhonf/ odkUESifhyifuREkfyfrSm tat;rdoGm;cJU avNyD/
olwkdUjyefvmí uREkfyftat;rdonfxifaMumif; ajymjyonfhtcg &Jabmf
rsm;u oHyk&ma&wzefcGufudk wkdufMuonf/ uREkfyfonf jrefrmjynfü
tat;rdí zsm;aoG;&SdpOfu tcsOf[lorQudk a&SmifzdkU a'gufwmuajymzl;
onfESifh oHyk&m&nfudk aMumufaMumufESifholwkdU wdkufwGef;íom aomuf
vdkuf&onf/ aemuf waeUü roufomonfESifh bmvifodkUjyefvmMuonf/
[kdwJvfodkU a&mufaom tcg a'gufwma&mufvmí ukoonfESifh
oufompjyKvmaomfvnf; EdkifiHjcm; a&;&kH;rS &Jabmfwa,muf a&mufvmí
aq;&kHodkUydkUvdkufygonf/ (þonfrSm&J abmfrsm;ESifh udkvSausmfwkdUvlpk
r&SdcdkufwGifjzpfonf/)
aq;&kHodkUa&mufaomtcg uREkfyftm; jyKpkapmifha&SmufMuykHrsm;rSm
auseyf zG,f&m aumif;vSaomaMumifh tao;pdwfazmfjyvdkygao;onf/
uREkfyfonf emzsm;rusef; jzpfcgpü tpmrpm;yJaevdkufvQif oufom
NrJjzpfonfhtwGuf aMumifh tpmrpm;yJae&m q&m0efu csrf;at;aom
olwdkUwdkif;jynfrsm;ü tat;rdí tpmrpm;vQif cGeftm;ukefcrf;rnfudk

1287 
(txl;ojzifh vltdkwa,muf tzdkU&mü) pdk;&drf&onf[kajymojzifh BudK;pm;í
rsKdcs&ygonf/ uREkfyf\tcef;odkU q&m0efuav;wa,muf? rdef;uav;
ESpfa,mufESifh rdef;rBuD;wa,mufonf wvSnfhpD vmMunfhMuonf/
q&m0efonf ESpfacgufvmMunfhí rdef;uav;rsm; ESifh rdef;rBuD;rSmrl
rMumcP a&mufvmMuonf/ ESpf&ufavmufMumaomtcg rdef;uav;
rsm;onf MuifemrIwjznf;jznf; wkd;vmMuykH&av&m touf50cefU&Sd
rdef;rBuD;rlum; tuRrf;w0ifjzpfvm&kHru Muifemaom trlt&mudk
xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyvsuf&SdavNyD/ 'kwd,aeUwGif uREkfyfonf q&m0efu
BudK;pm;í pm;&rnf qdkaomaMumifh cJ,Of;pGm rsKdcsygaomfvnf;
wvkwfwavxuf ydkírsKdrcsEdkifyJ olwkdUydkUaom pm;p&mrsm;rSm pm;yGJay:ü
eudktwdkif;&Sdae\/ þwGifrdef;rBuD; onf pm;p&mrsm;udk wem&DvQif
wrsKd;tvJvJ,lvm\/ okdUESifhvnf;uREkfyfrpm; Edkifacs/ rdef;rBuD;onf
tcef;wGif;odkU0ifvmí pm;yGJay:&Sd pm;p&mrsm; t&m r,Gif;yJ
eudktwdkif;&Sdaeonfudkjrif&wdkif; ndI;i,faomrsufESmxm; jzpfoGm;jcif; udk
uREkfyfjrif&onf/ xdktcgrdef;rBuD;onf uREkfyfudkayGUxlí pm;p&mrsm;udk
ZGef;jzifhjzpfap? c&if;jzifhjzpfap &,fumarmumESifh acsmhícGefUay;&Smonf/
uREkfyf rSmrl trsKd;rsKd;&Edkifonfh [dkwJvfpm;p&mrsm;udkyif &GHUrkef;vmcJUNyDjzpfí
aq;&kH pm;p&mrsm;udk teHUyif rcHcsifatmif &GHUrkef;vsuf&Sdae\/ odkUESifhvnf;
rdef;rBuD;onf vufravQmhao;yJ aq;&kHü&Sdonfh pm;p&mtrsKd;rsKd;udk
tenf;enf;jyif qifí,lcJUygonf/

1288 
rawmfwqjzpfrI

uREkfyf\tcef;odkU rdef;uav;ESpfa,muf 0ifa&mufjyKpkavh &SdaMumif;

azmfjycJUNyD;jzpf&m wa,mufrSm axmifaxmifarmif;armif;ESifh tm;cGefAv
aumif;vSí 'kwd,wa,mufrSm t&yfcyfjywfjywf yg;eDuav;ESifh NyKH;NyKH;
uav;aewwfoljzpfavonf/ xdkESpfa,mufteuf yxrrdef;uav;onf
a,mufsm;uav;ozG,f &Jwif;aom trlt&m&Sdí 'kwd,rdef;uav;rlum;
OD;acgif;udk tNrJikHUí &GHU&Sufwwfonfh trlt&m&Sdavonf/ 'kwd,
rdef;uav;onf aq;&kHodkU uREkfyf a&mufonfh yxraeUütcef;xJodkU
0ifvmí uREkfyfESifhwBudrfwnf; rsufESmcsif; qdkifNyD;onfrSpí uREkfyf\
rsufESmudk b,ftcgrSarmfhrMunfhawmhyJ tNrJikHUxm; avh&Sd\/ uREkfyfar;onfh
pum;rsm;udk ikHUvsufom ajzavh&S\
d / waeUoü rdef;uav;onf EIwfoD;rS
taiGUyef;xGufonfh ud&d,mwckudk uREkfyf\a&SUwGif wnfay;í xGufaom
taiGUudk uREkfyfu &I&\/ ig;rdepfcefU&INyD;í rdef;uav; onf xdkud&d,mudk
odrf;&mwGif a&aEG;aiGUxGufonfh EIwfoD;rSa&aEG;xGufvmí uREkfyf\
rsufESmodkUyef;ygonf/ uREkfyfonftawmfylavmifaom a&aEG;aMumifh vefU
atmfvdkufrd&m rdef;uav;onf ikHU&mrS uREkfyf\rsufESmodkU zswfueJarmhf
Munhfvdkufojzifh uREkfyfESifhrsufvkH;csif;qdkifrdMu\/ uREkfyfonf a&aEG;yl
0ifaom rsufvkH;wbufudkvufjzifhydwfí Munfhvdkuf&m olYüjzpfay:vsuf
&Sdaom u&kPmrsufESmxm;rSmvnf; b,fawmhrSuREkfyfarhEdkifrnf r[kwfonfh
rsufESm xm;jzpfygawmhonf/ rdef;uav;onf uREkfyfudk oem;&kHomru
olUtjypfaMumifh jzpf&jcif;twGufvnf; tBuD;tus,f aemifw&vsuf
&SdykH&onf/ trSefrSm ol\ayghavsmhrIaMumifh jzpf&ykHvnf;&onf/ uREkfyfrSm
tawmfylavmifonf rSefaomfvnf; rdef;uav;\0rf;enf;aom rsufESmudk

1289 
jrifonfESifh vufjzifh zkH;tkyfxm;onfh rsufvkH;wbufudk zGifhvSpfí
]]udpör&Sdygbl;}} [k &,farmum ajymvdkuf&onf/ þwGifrS rdef;uav;onf
uREkfyf\vufarmif;wbufudk olUvufESpfzufjzifhudkifum NyKH;Edkifavonf/
xdkaeUrSpí rdef;uav;onf uREkfyf\ tcef;xJwGif OD;acgif;rikHUawmhyJ
0ifvQif0ifcsif; NyHK;íEIwfqufazmf &ygawmhonf/

]*G'fEdkuf}\cefUnm;ykH

uREkfyfaq;&kHokdUwufNyD; aemufw&ufü ocifausmfpdef? udkvSausmf?

vrf;jy &Jabmf? pum;jyefrdef;uav;wkdUonf uREkfyfudkvmíMunfhMu&m
¤if;wdkUESifhtwl uREkfyftm; ]*G'fEdkuf} [k wD;wdk;EIwfqufonfh rdef;rvnf;
vdkufygvmonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf olwdkU0ifvmckdufwGif yufvufukvm;xdkif
ay:ü xkdifumteD;&Sd pm;yGJuav;y:wGif rvdkifwzefcGufESifh yef;oD;
yefuefjym; wifxm;í yef;oD; wvkH;udk tcGHEGmvsuf&Sd&m ocifausmfpdefonf
uREkfyf\taetxdkifudkjrifonf ESifh ]]q&mBuD;uawmhZdrfyJq&mBuD;a&U}}[k
0rf;omtm;&ajymavonf/ &Jabmfrsm;onf uREkfyf\ usef;rma&;taMumif;
udk ar;jref;Mu&m ]*G'fEdkuf}rdef;ruvnf; pum;jyefESifh ar;ygonf/
olwdkUtm;vkH;onf ukvm;xdkifvkHavmufpGm r&Sdojzifh rwfwwf&yfum
ar;Mu&\/ xdktcdkufwGif q&mruav;wa,mufonf tcef;xJodkU
ysm,D;ysm,m0ifvmí *smrefvkdajym&m uREkfyfupum;jyef rdef;uav;tm;
ar;ojzifh ]]tBuD;qkH;q&m0efBuD;awGeJU q&m0efrBuD;wGvmae MuvdkU
jrefjrefxGufMuygwJU}}[k jyefajymavonf/ q&mruav;\pum;aMumifh
tjcm;vlrsm; vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm;jzpfoGm;Muaomfvnf; ]*G'fEdkuf}url rxD
w&DvkyfaeNyD; uREkfyftm;ar;vufp pum;udk pum;jyefrSwqifh qufvuf

1290 
íar;ae\/ þwGifq&mruav;u xGufoGm;MuzdkU xyfavmif;ajymqdkjyef&m
*G'fEdkufonf tenf;i,frQ tajcrysufyJ q&mruav;tm; ]]w,f&Iyfw,f}}
[k qdkvdkaom t"dyÜm,frsKd;jzifh vufjy&kHjyNyD; qufvufí ar;aeao;onf/
xkdUaemuftcef; jyifrS ajcoHrsm;Mum;onfwGifrS ]*G'fEdkuf}onf tcef;jyifodkU
at;at;aq;aq; xGufoGm;í tjcm;vlrsm;vnf; vdkufygoGm;Muavonf/
xdkrdef;r\cefUnm; wnfNidrfaom £ajE´udk uREkfyfjrif&ojzifh ]BuD;BuD;
rmpwm\ uawmfBuD;} wa,muf jzpf&rnf[k tuJcwfrdygonf/

ppfaq;Mujcif;

uREkfyf\tcef;wGif;odkU touf 50ausmfcefUrQcsnf; &SdMuonfh vlBuD;

ESpfa,mufESifh rdef;rBuD;ESpfa,muf 0ifvmMu&m ¤if;wdkU\aemufrS
uREkfyfxHvmaeusjzpfonfh q&m0efuav;vnf;ygvm\/ aemufqkH;rS
olemjyKq&mrBuD; wa,mufESifh q&mruav;wa,mufvnf; vdkufyg
vmMuonf/ olwdkUig; a,mufvkH;rSm ]em;usyf}udk,fpDwyfvsuf &SdMu\/
a&S;OD;pGm uREkfyftm;yufvuf vSefapí q&mrrsm;u uREkfyf\ a&SUydkif;
t0wfrsm;udkvSefMu&m q&m0efuav;uvnf;ulay;\/ q&m0efBuD;
ESpfa,mufESifh q&m0efrBuD; ESpfa,muf wkdUurl (uREkfyftuJcwfEdkifygNyD/)
em;usyfudk,fpDESifh &yfMunfhaeMu\/ t0wfrsm; vSefNyD;aomtcg ¤if;wkdU
av;a,mufonf uREkfyf\vuf0JbufodkU ESpfa,muf vuf,mbufodkU
ESpfa,muf csOf;uyfMuí uREkfyf\&ifbwfudk e,fedrdwfav; pdwfcGJjcm;
xm;onfh vu©PmESifh udk,fhtydkif;ESifhudk,f wD;acgufjcif;? zdESdyfprf;oyfjcif;?
em;axmifjcif; ponfjzifh twefMumatmifjyKvkyfMu\/ xdktawmtwGif;
q&m0efuav;url olwdkUav;a,muf\ rsufESmrsm;udk apmifhMunfhum

1291 
tuJcwfaeykH&\/ &ifbwfudk prf;oyfMunfh&INyD;onfhaemuf uREkfyftm;
arSmufckdif;í ,cifenf;wlt0wfrsm;udkvSefapNyD; a&S;enf;twdkif; pum;
ajymjcif;r&Sd? wa,muf\rsufESmudk wa,mufvSrf;Munfh&kHrQ MunfhMu onf/
a&SUydkif;aemufydkif;NyD;aomtcg atmufydkif;udk 'l;txdvSefapNyD; ajczsm;rSpí
'l;wdkifatmif wD;acgufprf;oyfMunfh&IMuonf/ NyD;aomtcg q&m0efrBuD;
ESpfa,mufwkdUudk z,f&Sm;NyD;'l;txuf cg;xdatmif q&m0efBuD; ESpfa,muf
wnf; qufvufprf;oyfMunfh&IMuavonf/ prf;oyfykHrSm tvGef aocsmí
32usyfay;NyD; uREkfyfprf;oyfjcif;cH&aom tcgrsm;xuf aphpkHvSonf/
udpöNyD;aomtcg q&m0efuav;tm; rSm;xm;cJUMuí ¤if;uuREkfyf\ em;&Guf
atmufydkif;rS aoG;udkvnf;aumif;? vufarmif;rSaoG;udkvnf;aumif; xkwf,l
oGm;avonf/ xkdUaemufq&mrBuD;wa,mufu uREkfyf\qD;udk,l&eftwGuf
zvfcGufwdkydkUvmonf/ uREkfyf\txufydkif;udkvnf; "mwfrSef&dkuf&efac:oGm;
onf/

tm;vkH;aumif;onfwJU

aemufw&ufjcm;wGif q&m0efav;a,mufvmMujyefí ,cif wacguf

uenf;wl 'kwd,tBudrfprf;oyfMunfh&IMujyefonf/ ppfaq;NyD;aomtcg
q&m0ef uav;tm; aoG;azmufzdkU rSmxm;í¤if;uusefaom vufarmif;
wbufESifh em;&GufwbufwdkUrS aoG;rsm;udk xkwf,loGm;NyD; qD;twGuf
udkvnf;q&mrBuD; wa,mufu zefcGufydkUvmonf/ aemufwaeUü
q&m0efBuD;wa,mufESifh q&m0efuav;ay:vmí uREkfyfüESvkH;wGif
vnf;aumif;? tonf;wGifvnf;aumif;? tqkwfwGifvnf;aumif; vkH;0

1292 
cRwf,Gif;csufr&Sd? pdwfcsvufcsaeEdkifaMumif;ESifh q&m0efuav;u
ajymygonf/ q&m0efuav;onf t*Fvdyfpum; tawmftwefajymwwfí
q&m0efBuD;rlum; vkH;0ajymwwf[efrwlyg/ uREkfyfonf a&m*gESifh
ywfoufí bmrQem;rvnfolwa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf; tonf;ESvkH;ESifh
tqkwfwnf;[laom t*Fgtpdwftydkif;wkdU\ ta&;BuD;jcif;udk rlum;
Mum;bl;em;0ESifhem;vnfygonf/ odkUjzpfí¤if;t*FgokH;&yfESifh ywfoufí
cRwf,Gif;csuf  (Defect)  r&SdaMumif; Mum;od&aomtcg aq;&kHwuf&usKd;eyf
onf[k 0rf;omrdygonf/ yxrü uREkfyfonf tat;rdjcif; oufoufrQESifh
aq;&kHokdU ydkUjcif;udkrausreyf&SdcJU&m *smrefaq;&HkhodkU wufcJU&í þrQavmuf
aphpyfaocsmpGm ppfaq;Munhf&Ijcif;cH&NyD; cRwf,Gif;csufr&Sd[kod&jcif;\
tusKd;aus;Zl;rSm tvGefBuD;us,fonf[k 0rf;omrdygonf/ aoawmhrSao
apa&mh awmfawmfESifh uREkfyf raoEdkifao;[k udk,fhudk,fudk ,kHMunfvmcJU\/
þ,kHMunfcsufonfvnf; touf&SnfapzdkU taxmuftyHUwck jzpfwef&m
ayonf/

rdwfaqGopfrsm;

yxrokH;av;&ufü uREkfyfonft*Fvdyfpum;vkH;0rajymwwfojzifh
ajcjy vufjyavmufom vkyfwwfMuonfh q&mruav;rsm;ESifh wvkH;
wavavmufom ajymwwfonfh q&m0efuav;wa,mufrQESifhom qufqH
&onfhtwGuf aMumifh ]tazmfqm}vSonf/ xl;qef;jcif;wckrSm uREkfyfonf
udk,fhjynfü&SdpOfu &ufowÅwywfrQ pum;rajymyJae&vQif rnfodkUrSr&SdcJU?
(aevnf;aecJUbl; onf/) ,ckrSmrl b,fvdkaMumifhbmjzpfonfrod?
pum;ajymcsifpdwf jzpfvsuf&Sd\/ pmtkyfudkvnf; tazmfvkyfwwfol?

1293 
udk,fhtm&kHESifhvnf; pdwfavvsuf&Sdí cufaeonf/ (odkUaomf þtjzpfrsKd;rSm
cPcP r[kwf? wwkHwwkH jzpfwwfyg onf/) xdkaeUü uREkfyfonf
tcef;a&SUwGif&Sdaom pBuFwGif ukvm;xdkifwvkH;ESifh xdkifvsuf&SdpOf
vlwa,muf vrf;avQmufvmí vGefoGm;NyD;rS uREkfyfudkvSnfhMunfh\/
¤if;aemufxdkvlonf jyefvSnfhvmí ]]cifAsm; t*Fvdyfpum;ajymwwfo
vm;}}[k a&vnfaom pum;vkH;rsKd;jzifht*Fvdyfvdkar;&m uREkfyf0rf;omoGm;NyD;
wwfaMumif; ajym\/ þwGif tjyeftvSef rdwfqufMuí uREkfyfum;
]bd"r®m}? olum; £&uf vlrsKd;jzpfaMumif;ajymjyonf/ olUrSmvnf;
tonf;üa&m*gpGJuyfojzifh *smrefaq;&kHodkU vma&mufukojcif;jzpfaMumif;
od&avonf/ olonf tvGefxufoefaom EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,mufjzpfí
olUtpdk;&u ]awGU&moif;csKdif;}} trdefUxkwfjcif;cH&olwa,muf jzpfonf
qdk\/ uREkfyfurl EdkifiHa&;0g' taMumif; rajymvdkonfESifh urÇmha&;&mrsm;
taMumif;udkom aqG;aEG;Muonf/ rMumrDvlwa,mufavQmufvmí uREkfyf
wdkU\pum;0dkif;wGif 0ifajymav&m olonf t*Fvdyfvdkwwfonfh &lar;
eD;,m;wa,mufjzpfonfqdk\/ rMumrD wwd, vlwa,mufay:vmí
¤if;rSm*smrefwa,muf jzpfonfqdk\/ uREkfyfwdkU tm;vkH;rSm aq;&kHwuf
vsuf&SdMuonfh vlemrsm;jzpfMuav&m 15rdepftwGif; tawmfuav;
tuRrf;w0ifjzpfvmMuavNyD/ xdkaeUrSpí uREkfyf\tcef;jyif bufpBuFrSm
uREkfyfwdkUav;OD;\ awGUqkHaqG;aEG;&m Xmejzpfvmí q&mrrsm;u at;vGef;
vSygonf[k wdkufwGef;,l&ygonf/

1294 
w,fvDAD;&Sif;

wnoü uREkfyf\tcef;jyifbufpBuFwGif wa,mufwnf; acgufwkHU

acgufjyef vrf;avQmufvsuf&Sd&m (ayESpf&mcefU tvsm;&Sdvdrfhrnf xifonf/)
q&mruav; ESpfa,mufteuf axmifaxmifarmif;armif;ESifh &Jwif;aom
trlt&m&Sdonfh rdef;uav;ESifh pBuFwGif uREkfyfESifhrsufESmcsif; qdkifqkHrd
MuonfESifh uREkfyf\vufarmif;wbufudk olUvufarmif;ESifh nSyfí
ac:oGm;\/ t*Fvdyfvdkvnf; rwwfonfESifh bmrajymnmrajym ac:oGm;&m
uREkfyfvnf; b,fudkac:rSef;rod? ar;vnf;rar;EdkifyJ vkdufoGm;&\/
oefpGrf;vdkufonfh rdef;uav;rSm uREkfyf\vufarmif;wbufudk nSyfíwGJ
ac:onfESifhyif uREkfyfrSm ajcaxmufESifh Murf;jyifrxdwxdESifh ygoGm;
ygawmhonf/ rD;yGifhrsm; cyfusJusJ xGef;xm;í arSmifvkrwwf&Sdaeaom
aq;&kHtydkif;odkUa&mufaomtcg uREkfyfwkdUonf wdwfqdwfvsuf&Sdaom
tcef;okH;av;cef;udk ausmfvGefoGm;Mu\/ yOörtcef;okdU a&mufaomtcg
rdef;uav;onf &kwfw&uf&yfwefUNyD; wHcg;udk zGifhvdkuf&mwGif
rD;a&mifrjrif&aom tcef;jzpfonfESifh uREkfyf'dwfueJjzpfoGm;NyD; ]bk&m;
bk&m;} word\/ aemufwcPwGifrS arS;rdefaom tvif;a&mifwGif pk&kH;um
xdkifvsuf&Sdonfh vlrsm;udkjrif&í w,fvDAD;&Sif; em;axmifaeMuolrsm;
jzpfonf[k od&ygonf/ rdef;uav;onf uREkfyftwGuf ae&m&Smay;NyD;
aemuf jyefxGufoGm;&m uREkfyfESifh pum;ajymzl;onfh todrsm;u qD;BudKEIwf
qufMuygayonf/ uREkfyfrSmrl þtcef;taMumif;udk apmapmu rod&av
vm;[k 0rf;enf;&ygao;onf/

1295 
vufqGJaomxkH;pH

uREkfyfrSm acwfynmwwfwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; taygif;toif;

enf;olwa,mufjzpfí udkcifarmifwifhESifh udkodef;azwdkUrSwyg; vIdufvSJpGm
vufqGJEIwfquf&ol tvGefenf;yg;\/ w&HqHtodrsm;ESifh rdwfqufay;jcif;
cH&onfhtcg tcsKdUESifhomvufqGJí tcsKdUrSm OD;acgif;ndwf&kHrQavmufESifhom
NyD;Muavonf/ tcsKdUrSm vIdufvJSjcif;&Sdí tcsKdUrSm0wfaus0wfukef
oabmrsKd;jzifh vufqGJMu\/ [efBuD;yefBuD; wa,mufwavrSmrl vufzsm;
uav;rQavmufomvSrf;ay;NyD; oluvufrvIyfyJ wbufom;\
vIyfjcif;udkom cHwwfavonf/ yxrwBudrf vIdufvSJpGm vufqGJcH&jcif;rSm
vGefcJUaom 10ESpfu w&kwfjynfodkUa&mufpOf yDuif;NrdKUwGifjzpf\/
'kwd,tBudrfvIdufvSJpGmESifh tajrmuftjrm; vufqGJcH&jcif;rSm armfpudkNrdKU
wGifjzpf\/
t*FvdyfvlrsKd;rsm;(txl;ojzifh t*Fvdyfrrsm;)onf vufzsm;uav;rQ
avmufom ay;wwfM u&m qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHrsm;ürl a,mufsm;rsm;udk rdef;rrsm;
(txl;ojzifhrdef;uav;rsm;)onfyif vIdufvSJpGm vufqGJwwfMuonfjzpfí
zspfnSpfvGef;ojzifh uREkfyf\vufacsmif;rsm;yif emusifrwwf&Sdygonf/
*smrefaq;&kHBuD;ü rdef;rBuD;a&m rdef;uav;rsm;yg aemufqkH;tcsdef 9 em&DcGJ
avmufwGif uREkfyf\tcef;odkU 0ifíEIwfqufM uykHrsm;rSm cifrifMuifemMuykH
&vSaomaMumifh uREkfyf0rf;omtm;&&SdvSonf/ rdef;rBuD;url uREkfyf
oufomvmjcif;udkawGU&í tBudrfBudrfvufqGJjcif;tm;jzifh 0rf;omjcif;udk
azmfjy&Smonf/ þtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk qifjcifrdonfhtcg taemufwdkif;
xkH;pHrsm;teuf vufqGJaom tavhonf vl\cifrifrIudk azmfjyEdkifonfjzpf
aomaMumifh aumif;aomtavhtusifhwcktaejzifh uREkfyfwkdUjrefrmrsm;u

1296 
twk,lcJUvQif qkH;&IH;jcif;r&SdEdkif[k uREkfyfoabmusrdygonf/ tb,fhaMumifh
qdkaomf cifrif&if;ESD;olwa,muftm; vufqGJzspfnSpfvdkuf&onfhtcg
auseyf tm;&rI&Sdjcif;ESifhtwl cifrifrIonfvnf; wdk;wufcdkifNrJ vmbdouJU
odkU xif&aomaMumifh aywnf;/

q&mBuD;udkowd&jcif;

*smreDü aq;&kHwufcJU&onfhtaMumif;udk ,ckazmfjyonfhae&mtxdrSm

oufomaomtajcodkU a&mufaeNyDjzpf&m þtajcodkUra&mufrDu pdwf\ndI;
i,fjcif;jzpfcJU&ykH taMumif;udkvnf; tenf;i,fazmfjyvdkygao;onf/
aq;&kHodkU a&mufcgpü tazmfrsm;jyefMuNyD; uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; wjynf
wEdkifiHüae&pf& rnfhtjzpfudk tawmfuav; aqG;rdygonf/ vluvnf;
tm;enf;? aq;&kHol aq;&kHom;rsm;ESifhvnf; rsufrSef;rwef;rdao;? aq;&kH
tpmrsm;udkvnf; rsKdírus? teHUrQrcHEdkif? pdwftm;udk,ftm;i,fvsuf&SdpOf
tdyf&may:wGif awmifawmif ajrmufajrmuf pOf;pm;rdygonf/ tu,fí
þa'oü aoqkH;&vQif woufwmrSwfwrf;udkvnf; tNyD;rowfEdkif?
bmw&ef&wfqJvftm; ajz&eftwGuf pdwful;xm;onfh tBuHtpnf uav;
rsm;ESifh tawGUtBuKHuav;rsm;rSmvnf; tokH;rcsEdkifyJ tcsnf;ESD;jzpf&
acsawmhrnf ponfrsm;jzifh ndI;i,faompdwful;rsm; jzpfay: vsuf&SdpOf
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;tm; bGm;ueJowd&rdonf/ owd&jcif;um;
tjcm;aMumifhr[kwf? uREkfyaf &mufuwnf;u q&mBuD;wufoGm;onfh
aq;&kH[lí rMumcPtrSwfjyKrd aomaMumifhjzpf\/ igonfq&mBuD;\
wynfhqdkrS wu,fhwynfhjzpfonf/ 1956ckESpfu jrefrmjynf txufydkif;odkU
vSnfhvnf um twlwuGurÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; w&m;a[mMujcif;? ol&d,wdkufü

1297 
wpm;yGJwnf;xdkifí tvkyfvkyfMujcif;wdkUtjyif q&mBuD;wufcJUonfh aq;&kH
odkU rarQmfvifhyJ a&muf&í ]]q&mBuD;\ajc&mudk Munfheif;onf}} qdkaom
jrefrmpum;onf ightzdkU&mü wnfhwnfhrwfrwf wdkuf&dkufBuD; rSefvsuf&Sd
acsNyDwum;? þtcef; onfyif q&mBuD;aecJUzl;onfh tcef;jzpfavrnfavm
ponfrsm;jzifh a&muf wwf&m&m pOf;pm;rdygao;onf/ þodkUaom
tawG;tac:rsm;onf wenf;tm;jzifh vGrf;qGwfjcif;ESifh qufpyfvsuf&Sd
onfhtwGuf t&omwrsKd;&Sd\/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyfvufcHxm;jcif;
jzpf\/ tu,fí uREkfyftm; ESvkH;yl avmifaprnfh 'ku©a'greó
a0'emrsKd;oufoufjzpfcJUygrl uREkfyfonf wrdepftwGif; armif;ESifz,f&Sm;
Edkifonfh ESvkH;oGif;w&m; vufudkifxm;ol wa,muf jzpfygonf/ tb,fh
aMumifh csufcsif;rz,f&Sm;yJqif;&JcHbdoenf;[k ar;jim;tHU/ tvGrf;0w¬K
zwfolrsm;&Sdjcif;udkaxmufí vGrf;&jcif;onfvnf; t&omwrsKd; &Sdaom
aMumifh[k ajzqdk&ygrnf/

]nD}ESifhqkHrdMujyefjcif;

rwfv 22 &ufaeUwGif uREkfyfaumif;pGm usef;rmvmNyDjzpfí armfpudk

odkU av,mOfysHjzifhvkduf&ef pDpOfxm;NyDjzpf&m xdkaeUwGif &Jabmfwa,mufESifh
]*G'fEdkuf rdef;r}wdkUaq;&kHodkUvma&mufMu\/ qif;cgeD;ü olemjyKq&mrBuD;?
q&mruav;rsm;ESifh EIwfquf&mwGif ¤if;wkdUonf uREkfyf\ypönf;uav;rsm;
udk ulnDodrf;qnf;ay;jcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyftay:wGif Muifemjcif;&SdaMumif;
azmfjy& &SmMuygao;onf/ uREkfyfonf xdk&ufodkUwdkifatmif 0w¬Kypönf;
wpkHwckrQ (trSwftom;tjzpfESifh) 0,f,l&ao;jcif;r&SdonfESifh

1298 
aps;qdkifrsm;odkU twlwuG oGm;a&muf&SmazGMuygaomfvnf; tqifoifhaom
0w¬Kypönf;qdkí [kwÅdywÅd rawGUonfESifh wdwf&Daumh'gwvkH;ESifh
wdkvDrdkvDypönf; tenf;i,frQom 0,fcJUygonf/ wdwf&Daumh'grSm csufcsif;
tokH;r0ifaomfvnf; EIwfjzifhajym aom tavhtusifhvkyfNyD; wdwf&Daumh'gü
oGif;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh tvkyfvsifjrefvdrfhrnf [laomtBuHESifh 0,f,lcJUjcif;
jzpfygonf/ ]*G'fEdkuf}url uREkfyftwGuf pma&;puúLxnfhonfh om;a&tdwf
wvkH; vufaqmifay;vdkufygayonf/ xdkaeU em&DjyefwcsuftcsdefwGif
armfpudkNrdKUodkU wwd,tBudrfqdkufa&mufoGm;í avqdyfwGif uREkfyf\]nD}u
BudKqdkvsuf&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfwdkUESpfOD;awGUqkHMujcif; rSm nDtpfudkt&if;rsm;
awGUqkHMujcif;xuf vIdufvSJrIavsmhonfrxifyg/

uREkfyfpdwfBuD;0ifvmykH

þwacgufwGif bl'gyJUpf [dkwJvfü ae&mr&SdonfESifh bl;cg;&JUpf

[dkwJvfodkU ac:oGm;\/ þ[dkwJvfrSm uREkfyfwnf;cdkcJUzl;orQaom [dkwJvf
rsm;teufwGif tnHUqkH;jzpf/ tjcm;t&mrsm;raxmif;wm? oD;oefUa&csKd;cef;
r&Sd? bkHa&csKd;cef;rQ om&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfum; tawmfpdwfBuD;
0ifvsuf&SdavNyD/ rdrdtdrfwGif [ef& yef& a&csKd;cef;wckrQ r&SdygyJvsuf
a&yla&at;&Sdao;aom bkHa&csKd;cef;udkyif ESmacgif;&IHUcsifouJUodkU jzpfae
avNyD/ uREkfyfonf rESpfoufaom trlt&mrsKd; razmfjyzdkU BudK;pm;aomfvnf;
]nD}url &dyfrdykH&onf/ wntdyfNyD;aemuf eHeuf vif;aomtcg uREkfyfrSm
tenf;i,faeraumif;yJjzpfae\/ pdwfxJü csrf;ovdk vdk at;ovdkvdkvnf;
xifrd\/ ]nD}a&mufvmí ajymjy&mwGif olonftcef;udk ppfaq;pkHprf;
onfESifh jywif;aygufrSefwcsyf uGJvsuf&Sdjcif;udkawGU&\/ armfpudk NrdKUü

1299 
[dkwJvfjywif;aygufrsm;rSm rSefESpfcsyfxyf wyfavh&Sd&m uREkfyf\tcef;jy
wif;aygufrSm rSefwcsyfuJGaeonfhtwGufaMumifh aumif;pGmavrvkHojzifh
csrf;at;jcif;jzpfonf[k ajym\/ odkUjzpfí ]nD}onf csufcsif;oGm;íwdkifNyD;
uREkfyftm; tjcm;tcef;odkU a&TUajymif;ay;avonf/ naecif;ü uREkfyfonf
]&Sdef;w0J0J}taersKd;jzpfvsuf&Sd&m ]nD}a&mufvmí q&m0efac:zdkU pDrHavonf/
xdktcdkufwGif armfpudka&'D,kdrS armifMuifa0a&mufvmí npmpm;zkdU zdwfac:
av&m uREkfyfrSm jrefrmxrif;[if;pm;csifaom tmomqE´jyif;xefvsuf&Sd\/
odkUjzpfí nDtm; q&m0efac:zdkU tpDtpOfudk qdkif;oifhaMumif;? jrefrmxrif;
[if; vkdufpm;NyD; aeraumif;jcif;wkd;vmrS q&m0efac:apvdkaMumif;
ajymjy\/ odkUqdkvQif þ[dkwJvfüraeyJ onfhxufaumif;aom [dkwJvf
&SmOD;rnfqdkum ]nD}qif;oGm;\/ em&Dw0ufcefUwGif nDjyefvmí uREkfyf\
ypönf;rsm; odrf;MuNyD; vQif 0gaqm[dkwJvfodkU ajymif;a&TUMuavonf/

NrdefvSaom xrif;weyf

armifMuifa0onf 0gaqm[dkwJvfodkU twlvdkufvmí uREkfyfwkdUtm;

apmifhac:&m olUtdrfütqifhoifh&Sdaom [if;rsm;udk uREkfyfu ar;onfwGif
tjcm;[if;rsm;tjyif Muufom;&nfcsKd? ykef;&nfBuD;okyf? ig;ydcsuf[k
ajymojzifh uREkfyfoGm;&nfusvsuf&SdavNyD/ (armifMuifa0\ npmrSm
BudKwifjyifqif&jcif; r[kwf/) uREkfyfa&mufonf[kMum;í csufcsif;
vmawGU&mwGif zdwfac:&jcif; jzpfavonf/ odkUESifh oGm;&nfusonfh
[if;rsKd;yg&Sdjcif;rSm tBuD;tus,f uHaumif;jcif;jzpf\/ uREkfyfonf ]nD}tm;
vnf; jrefrmxrif;[if; jrnf;zkdUac:&m olvnf; 0rf;ompGmvdkufvm\/
armifMuifa0\wdkufcef;rSm [dkwJvfESifh &SpfrdkifcefUa0;í wuúpDESifhoGm;MuNyD;

1300 
11 xyfodkU wufMu&onf/ odkUaomf "mwfavSum;&Sdíawmfygao;onf/
armifMuifa0onf [dkwJvfrSrxGufrD olUtdrfodkU w,fvDzkef;qufí ]]uREkfyfeJU
&Jabmfwpfa,muf npmpm;zdkU ygvmMuvdrfhrnf}} [k ajymxm;NyD;onfESifh
uREkfyfwdkUa&mufMuaomtcgwGif oifhjyifqif NyD; &SdaeavNyD/ uREkfyfonf
tjcm;aom[if;cGufrsm;xuf ykef;&nfBuD;? Muufom; &nfcsKdESifh
ig;ydcsufudkomEIdufNyD; ZGef;ESifh cuf&if;udkz,fxm;í vufjzifh ukef;avG;
vdkuf&m ArmjynfrS xGufvmuwnf;u tNrdefqkH;aom xrif;weyf jzpfyg
awmhonf/ ]nD}onfvnf; olwkdUxkH;pHtwdkif; igydcsufESifh ykef;&nfBuD;wdkUudk
ZGef;cuf&if;ESifh pm;&í tcsKD;rusapumrl tvGeft&om&SdvSonf[k wajym
ajym&Sdaeavonf/

taumif;qkH;aomyef;oD;

xrif;pm;NyD;Muonfhaemuf armifMuifa0u yef;oD;wyef;uefjym;

wnfcif;í uREkfyfwdkUtm; pm;zdkUwdkufwGef;av&m uREkfyfu ]]aq;&kHü
yef;oD;udk csnf;pm;cJU&vSaomaMumifh yef;oD;qdkvQif rkef;oavmufjzpf
aeygNyD}} [kajym\/ armifMuifa0u ]]yef;oD;qdkayr,fh yef;oD;csif;
rwlygbl;q&mBuD;? wvkH;avmuf jzpfjzpf jrnf;Murf;prf;ygOD;cifAsm}}[k
wdkufwGef;onfESifh uREkfyfonf yef;oD;rsm;udk vSrf;Munfvdkuf\/
yef;uefjym;xJü xnfhxm;onfh yef;oD;rsm;rSm a&SmufoD;ao; ao;t&G,f&Sdí
pdrf;zefzef? jzLwlwl taoG;&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf w&kwfjynf wavQmufü
vSnfhvnfcJUzl;pOfu vufoD;qkyfruBuD;í tndKa&mifodkUr[kwf yef;usm;
awGESifh &J&JeDaom yef;oD;BuD;rsm;udk pm;cJU&zl;vSNyDjzpfaomaMumifh ol\
yef;oD;udk rufvkH;r&SdyJ rpm;csifpm;csif tm;emyg;emESifh wvkH;EIdufjrnf;

1301 
vdkuf\/ uREkfyfrsufvkH;jyJoGm;avNyD/ armifMuifa0wkdUvifr,m;onf
uREkfyftm; Munfhae Mu\/ ]]b,fhES,fvJq&mBuD;}} [k ar;Muí ]]aumif;vJ
aumif;ygayw,fAsm}}[k jyefajymvdkuf&onf/ yef;oD;rsm;wGif ]rTwf}
aomtoD;? ]uRwf}aomtoD;[lí 2rsKd;&Sdjcif;udkodMuol tawmfrsm;
ygvdrfhrnf/ rTwfaomtoD;xuf uRwfaomtoD;u ]tawGU}omjcif;udkvnf;
odMuolrsm;ygvdrfhrnf/ (]tawGU}qdkonfrSm udkufpm;aomtcg wuRwfuRwf
jrnfjcif;aMumifh oGm;ay:ü cHpm;&onfh azm|AÁm&kHudk qdkvdkonf/ &om&kH
r[kwfao;yg/ &om&kHudkvQmjzifhomcHpm;Edkifonf/) uRwfueJjrnfoH
Mum;NyD;aemuf vQmay:okdUpdrfhqif;onfh tcsKd&nfaMumifh uREkfyfrsufvkH;NyJ
oGm;cJU&jcif;jzpfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf toD;tESH[lorQonf olU
tcsKd'D*&DESifhol &SdMuonfjzpf&m xdkyef;oD;udk wudkuf udkufvdkufpOf
uREkfyfonf yef;oD;rsm;\t&omudk odNyD;jzpfípdwfxJü arQmfrSef; xm;onfh
tcsKd'D*&DpHcsdef&SdNyD;jzpf\/ vQmay:okdUtcsKd&nf pdrfhqif;aomtcg uREkfyf
rSef;qxm;onfh twdkif;twmxuf trsm;BuD; ausmfvGefjcif;udkawGU&í
tvefUwMum; jzpfoGm;&jcif;aywnf;/
þrQomruao;? arT;BudKifvSaom *E¨m&kHuvnf; &Sdygao;onf/
yef;oD; [lorQonf teHUwrsKd;&SdMujcif;um; rSefygonf/ þyef;oD;rsm;rSmrl
teHUwrsKd; &Sd&kHomru yef;yrmPuJUokdU arT;BudKifaom teHU&Sdygonf/
uREkfyfonf tpm;aumif;awGUvQif pkHprf;csifwwfaom 0goemtwdkif;
ar;Munfh&m þyef;oD;rsm;rSm bmvfa*;&D;,m;jynfrSvmí tjcm;yef;oD;rsm;
xuf aps;EIef;BuD;jrifh aMumif;? vlwdkif;0,fpm;? taumif;BudKufwwfaom
vlrsm;om0,fpm;aMumif;? vdkcsifwdkif;vnf;0,fr&? wcgw&HrS vmwwf
aMumif;? [dkwJvfrsm;ESifh aq;&kHrsm;odkU þyef;oD;rsKd;a&mufcJaMumif;
ajymjyavonf/ jyefcgeD;ü armifMuifa0wdkU vifr,m;u yef;oD; 7 vkH;

1302 
ay;vdkuf&m [dkwJvfodkUa&mufaomtcg tcGHroifyJ wjznf;jznf;csif;
pm;,l&ygonf/ ArmjynfodkU jyefcgeD;wGif tdrfom;rsm;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm;tm;
tjrnf;ay;vdkí ¤if;yef;oD;rsKd; 0,fcdkif;ao;&m bmvfa*;&D;,m;rS rvmaom
aMumifh r&cJUyg/ rtrm&SdpOfu þyef;oD;rsKd; wxkyfay;zl;onfqdk&m
rtrmrSm aexdkifraumif;ckdufjzpfí cHwGif;ysufaomaMumifhayavm?
vQmxlaomaMumifh ayavm rajymwwf/ yef;oD;xl;jcif; taMumif;udkajymoH
rMum;&yg/

0gaqm[dkwJvf

uRekfyfonf nHHUaom[dkwJvfwckrS ajymif;a&TUwnf;cdk&aomaMumifhay

avm rqdkEdkif? 0gaqm[dkwJvfonf uREkfyfudk txl;MunfEl;aponf/ wnf
aqmufxm;ykHrSm rnfonfh[dkwJvfESifhrQrwl? txl;acwfqefí aqmufNyD;
onfrSmvnf; wESpfxuf ausmfvGefao;ykHr&acs/ bl'gyJUpf[dkwJvfodkU rtrm
vmvnfpOfu olwnf;onfh rufw&dkydkvf [dkwJvfrSm BuD;aomfvnf;
a[mif;EGrf;aMumif;? bl'gyJUpf[dkwJvfrSm opfvGifícspfp&maumif;aMumif;ajym
oGm;zl;onfudk rSwfrdí 0gaqm[dkwJvfopfü uREkfyfae&aomtcg rtrmudk
vnf; owd&onf/ [dkwJvfopfvGifjcif;\ aumif;rGefjcif;udk uREkfyfxyfí
oabmaygufonf/ þ[dkwJvfwGif wa,muftdyfcef; rtm;vyfojzifh
uREkfyf twGuf ESpfa,muftdyfcef;,l&í aexdkif&onfrSm us,fus,f0ifh0ifh
ESifh pdwfacsmifcsdvSonf/ armfpudkwGif [dkwJvfcef;rsm;rSm wa,muftdyfcef;
2&dkbJvf (usyf10)? 2a,muftdyfcef; 4 &dkbJvf(usyf20) qdkaomaMumifh
tawmfaps;csKdvSonf/ 7 xyfü&Sdaom uREkfyf\tcef;rS atmufodkUikHUMunfh
vdkufaomtcg vrf;qkHvrf;cGBuD;ESifh wnfhvsuf&Sd&m jywif;aygufteD;wGif

1303 
xdkifum tysif;ajy ikHUMunfhvdkufwdkif; azmif;yGaom t0wfxlBuD;rsm;ESifh
vrf;avQmufae Muonfh a,mufsm;rdef;rrsm;rSm 0wf0HBuD;rsm;ozG,f
xifvm&onf/ ]nD}onf tpnf;ta0;r&Sdaomtcgrsm;wGif uREkfyf\
tcef;odkUvmí 0g'a&;&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;Mu&m nOfhtcgrsm;wGifrS
yGJvrf;obifrsm;odkU vnfywfMuonf/ u&ifrvif Zmwf&kHBuD;ü bJav;
uyJGMunfh&onfrSm þwacgufwGifrSjzpfí xdkZmwf&kHBuD;udk rjrif&yJ
jyefoGm;Mu&onfh udkvSausmfwkdUvlpkudkoem;rdygao;onf/ 0gaqm[dkwJvfü
pm;yGJcef;onf xdyfqkH;xyf (9xyf)ü&Sdí tjcm;[dkwJvf rsm;uJUokdU
ydwfavSmifjcif;? anSmfeHjcif;r&SdyJ MunfEl;zG,faumif;vSay&m eHeufpm twGuf
]blaz;}cef;rSmrl wwd,txyfü&Sdavonf/

bd"r®mrsufESmyGifhjcif; (1)

0gaqm[dkwJvfü pm;aomufcef;udk 11 em&DrSzGifhí eHeufapmapm

twGuf rl wwd,txyfwGif blaz;cef;zGifhxm;\/ uREkfyfonf eHeuf
8em&DcGJavmufü uREkfyf\tcef;rSxGufvmí wwd,txyf&Sd ]blaz;}
tcef;odkUoGm;&ef "mwfavSum;odkU avQmufvm\/ avSum;avSmiftdrfxJwGif
vlwa,muf&SdaeESifhí uREkfyf0ifoGm;NyD;aemuf olucvkwfudkESdyfrnfjyK&mí
]]eHygwf3}}[k uREkfyfu ajymvdkuf\/ þwGifxdkvlu ]]vlwdkif; 'DtcsdefrSm
eHygwf3csnf;ayghAsm? blaz;cef; yJ[mudk;}}[k t*Fvdyfvdk a&vnfpGmajym\/
uREkfyfu-
]]tvdk cifAsm; t*Fvdyfpum;ajymoudk;? 0rf;omoAsm}}
]]t*Fvdyfpum;ajymqdk uRefawmfut*FvdyfyJ}}

1304 
 ]]][kwfvm;? awGU&wm 0rf;omvdkufwmAsm? uRefawmfu t*Fvdyf
*sefwvfrJefudk tvGefMunfndKwJU vlwa,mufygAsm}}
uREkfyfonf ol\vufudkqGJí vIyf,rf;&m? xdkvlonf rsufESmxm;
wrsKd;jyifvsuf ]]uRefawmfut*Fvdyfqdkayrifh t*Fvdyfpum;ajymjcif;udk qdkvdk
ygw,f? vlrsKd;uawmh tar&duefyg}}
xdkvlonf *sefwvfrJef[laom uREkfyf\ pum;tokH;tEIef;udk b,fuJU
odkU t"dyÜm,faumuf,lonfrod? rsufESmxm;tenf;i,f ajymif;vJoGm; NyD;
uRekfyfudkrapmifhyJ pm;yGJcef;qDodkU olUzmom xGufoGm;avonf/ tar&duef
wkdUonf *sefwvfrJef[laom t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;udk em;rvnfaomaMumifh
ayvm? odkUwnf;r[kwf oludk,fwdkifu *sefwvfrJefwa,muf[lí 0efrcH&J
onfhtwGuf &Sufwwfwwf&SdaomaMumifhayavm rawG;wwfatmif &Sdyg
awmhonf/ blaz;cef;ü vl10a,mufcefU pDwef;vsuf&Sd&m aemufqkH;rS
&yfaeaom tar&duef? tar&duefaemufrS uREkfyf0ifí wef;pDygonf/
cPrQMumaomf pm;p&ma&mif;aom rdef;uav;onf uREkfyfudkjrifí vuf,yf
ac:&m uREkfyfudkac:onfrxifaomaMumifh awmifMunfhajrmufMunfh vkyfae
\/ þwGifa&SUem;rSvlrsm;u ]]oGm;avAsm? cifAsm;udkac:aew,f}} [kajymMu
awmhrS uREkfyfxGufvmí rdef;uav;teD;ü&yf\/ rdef;uav;onf uREkfyfvdk
aom pm;p&mrsm;udk csufcsif;vkyfay;NyD; vifAef;wGif xnfhvTwf vdkufojzifh
uREkfyf,lvmcJU\/ uREkfonf vifAef;udkudkifvsuf avQmufvm,if; uREkfyf
tm; txl;tcGifhta&;ay;jcif;twGuf remvdkMuavoavm[k xdkvlpkudk
Munhfvdkuf&m tm;vkH;aomvlrsm;onf uREkfyftm; rsufpypfum NyKH;&,fMuí
aemufqkH;rS tar&duefwa,muf wnf;omvQif ykyfodk;aom rsufESm&Sd
onfudkjrifcJU&ygonf/ uREkfyfonf blaz;cef;odkU 0ifoGm;onfhtcgwdkif;
tjcm;vlrsm;xuf tvsifqkH;pm;cJU&onfcsnf; jzpfygonf/ þtaMumif;udk

1305 
]nD}tm;ajymjy&m olu ]]rdef;uav;awGu rjrifvdkU&SdvQif ]bd"r®m}
vdkomatmfomatmfvdkuf}} [k nTefMum;ygao;onf/

bd"r®mrsufESmyGifhjcif;(2)

nDESifhuREkfyfonf u&ifrvifZmwf&kHBuD;ESifh vDeif\tavmif;udk waeU

wnf;MunfhMucsdef;xm;í Zmwf&kHBuD;ü bJav;tuudk MunfhNyD;aemuf (þ
taMumif;udk txufwGifazmfjycJUNyD/) vDeif\oif;csKdif;odkU oGm;Muavonf/
vDeif\oif;csKdif;udk &ufowÅwywfvQif av;&ufrQzGifhay;&m ESpfem&Dtcsdef
avmufwGif Zmwf&kHBuD;rS uREkfyfwkdUxGufvmMuaomtcg vDeif\oif;csKdif;
odkUoGm;onfhvrf;ay:ü eHab;wdkufav;a,mufwef; avmuf&Sdí av;zmvkH
cefU&Sdaom vlwef;BuD;onf wazG;azG;usvsuf&Sdaom rdk;yGifhrsm;atmufü
pDwef;um wa&GUa&GU avQmufoGm;vsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&avonf/
uREkfyfwkdUonf xkH;pHtwdkif; vlwef;BuD;\aemufrS 0if&yfygu oif;csKdif;odkU
a&mufatmif ESpfem&D xufrenf;wjznf;jznf; avQmufMu&ayvdrfhrnf/
]nD}onf ol\]yufpf}pmtkyfi,fudk vrf;apmifhykvdyftm;jyí uREkfyfudk
vufnId;xdk;um ]bd"r®m} [kajymvdkuf&mwGif ykvdyfonf uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,muf
tm; vlwef;BuD;aemufrSrvdkufapyJ eHab;rSa&SUodkU ausmfwufcGifhjyKvdkuf
avonf/ uREkfyfwkdUausmfwufvmMuí a&SUüawGU&onfh ykvdyfwa,muftm;
tvm;wl]bd"r®m}[k ajymvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh qufvufavQmufoGm;cGifh &&SdMu
avonf/ oif;csKdif;t0odkU a&mufaomtcgrS uREkfyfwkdUonf vlwef;BuD;
xJodkU 0if&yfMuav&m ESpfem&DcefUMumrnfh c&D;udk 10 rdepfcefUrQtwGif;
a&mufvmMuavonf/ taqmufttkHBuD;twGif;odkU ESpfa,mufpD,SOfum
0ifvmMuí rSefaowÅmBuD;twGif; "mwfrD;xGef;jyxm;onfh vDeif\tavmif;

1306 
udkjrifMu&avonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf acgif;&if;bufrS p0ifMuí wjznf;jznf;
avQmufvmojzifh ajc&if;bufodkU a&mufvmMuaomtcg vDeif\
wudk,fvkH;ESifh rsufESmudkxif&Sm;pGmjrifEdkifayonf/ vDeif\OD;acgif; onf
usKHU0ifoGm;onfh vu©PmESifh omrefOD;acgif;xuf ao;i,f[efwlaomf
vnf; (vDeif\yuwdOD;acgif;onf tjcm;vlrsm;\ OD;acgif;xuf
ao;i,fvdrfh rnfrxif? usKHU0ifjcif;omjzpf&ayrnf/) rsufckef;arG;?
EIwfcrf;arG;? qHyifrSpí rsufcGH? rsufawmif? ESmacgif;? yg;jyifponfwdkUrSm
tavmif;ESifhrwl? tdyfaysmfvsuf&Sdaom vlwa,muf[kqdkvQif ,kHEdkifavmuf
ayonf/ udk,fay: wGifqefUxm;onfh vufESpfbufteuf vuf,mbuf
vufacsmif;uav;rsm; onf auG;vsuf&Sdaomfvnf; vuf0Jbuf
vufacsmif;rsm;rSmrl yuwdtwdkif; ajzmifhpif;pGm qefUwef;vsuf&Sdavonf/
&k&Sm;vlrsKd;rsm;u bk&m;wql *lwvkH; taejzifh *g&0jyKvsuf&SdMuonfh
vDeifonf ,cktcgü rnfonfhb0odkU a&mufvsuf&Sdavbdoenf;[laom
ar;cGef;onf uREkfyf\pdwfxJwGif xkH;pHtwdkif;ay:vmygonf/ (tavmif;udk
Munfhwdkif; þar;cGef;onf ay:vmjcif;rSm uREkfyftzkdU xkH;pHwckjzpfygonf/)
av0ifavxGufr&Sdí vdkPf*lBuD;ozG,f&Sdaeaom taqmufttkHBuD;xJodkU
vltajrmuftjrm; 0ifMuxGufMuonfhtwGuf uREkfyf\ESmacgif;xJü rcHom
aom teHUwckcHpm;&onfxif\/ okdUjzpfí jrifvdkaom tmomqE´ jynfhpkH
onfESifhwNydKifeuf uRekfyfrSm tjyifodkUcsufcsif; a&mufvdkaompdwfjzpfay:vm
ygonf/

1307 
pwmvif\aMu;&kyf

uREkfyfwdkUonf vDeif\oif;csKdif;rS xGufvmMuaomtcg taqmuf

ttkHBuD;t0wGif armfawmfum;rsm; &yfcGifhr&Sdaom ae&modkU vrf;avQmuf
oGm;Mu\/ avQmufoGm;aomvrf;rSm u&ifrviftkwf&kd;BuD;wavQmufwGif
azmufvkyfxm; aomvrf;ESifh tkwf&dk;tMum;wGif awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif
BuD;rsm;\ aMu;&kyfrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? tkwf&dk;wGif emrnfrsm;udkvnf;
aumif; ? arG;zGm;aom ouú&mZfESifh uG,fvGefonfh ckESpfudkvnf;aumif;?
woDwoef;BuD; urÜnf;xdk;xm;jcif;udk awGU&avonf/ xdktxJwGif *syef
vlrsKd;wdkU\ trnfrsm;vnf; yg&Sd\/ wae&modkU a&mufMuaomtcg
aMu;&kyfwckz,f&Sm;xm;onfh uGufvyfwck udkawGU&í atmufcHausmufckH
wGif 1879-1953 [laomckESpfouú&mZfudk awGU&onf/ xdkausmufckHESifh
uGufvyfudkjrifaomtcg ]nD}tm;ar;awmhrnfjyK NyD;rS &kwfw&ufowd&í
EIwfudk b&dwftkyfxm;vdkufonf/ owd&jcif;um; þouú&mZfonf pwm
vif\ouú&mZfjzpfí ¤if;\aMu;&kyfudk þae&mrS a&GUxm;jcif;jzpf&rnf/
þudpöonf olwkdUygwD0ifrsm;tzkdU odrfarGUaomudpö wckjzpfí ar;jref;jcif;?
aqG;aEG;jcif;jyK&ef roifh[k pOf;pm;rdjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ odkUaomf uREkfyfonf
nD\tuJudkodvkdonfESifh qufvufíravQmufyJ uGufvyfa&SUwGif rwf
wwf&yfvsufMunfhaeao;&m ]nD}onf uREkfyftm; bmrQrajymyJ uREkfyf
ESifhtwl &yfvsufom apmifhMunfhaeygonf/

1308 
bmaMumifhazsmufzsuf&oenf;

xdknOfhü uREkfyfonf awmfawmfESifhtdyfraysmfEdkifyJ pwmvifudpöESifhywf

oufí t,ltquGJvJGMujcif; taMumif;rsm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcifrdygonf/
pwmvif\ tavmif;ESifh aMu;&kyfudk ajymif;a&TUypfjcif;ESifh ywfoufí
tjypfajymMuolrsm;u pwmvifü rnfodkUaom tjypftemtqmrsm; awGU&
onfjzpfap qdkAD,ufjynfoljynfom;wkdU\ u,fwif&SifBuD;wa,muf tppf
trSefjzpfcJUonfhtwGufaMumifh uG,fvGefNyD;onfhaemufü ol\*kPfoa&udk
ndI;ykyfapjcif;iSm tavmif;udk a&TUajymif;í aMu;&kyfudkazsmufzsufypfjcif;onf
vufwkHUrjyefoifhaom udpöü vufwkHUjyef&m a&mufaomaMumifh rSm;onf[k
qdkMuonf/ uREkfyfonf c&ka&Smhudk umuG,f&efvnf; tvdkr&Sd? jypfwif
uJU&JU&ef vnf;tvdkr&Sd? vl\pdwfoabmxm;udk uREkfyfem;vnfoavmufESifh
c&ka&Smh taMumif;udk uREkfyfavhvmod&Sd&oavmuftay:wGif tajcwnf
ípOf;pm; qifjcifjcif;tm;jzifh ay:xGufvmonfh tajzudk bufrvdkufyJ
wifjyvdkygonf/ vl\obm0rSm rdrd\wdkif;jynfwGifjzpfap? wwfEdkifvQif
urÇmwGifjzpfap rdrdom vQiftBuD;tus,fqkH;? tav;pm;cH&qkH; yk*¾dKvf
wOD;jzpfcsifí rdrdxufBuD;us,fonf? tav;pm;cH&onfqdkvQif rnfolUudk
rqdk NzdKzsufypfcsifwwfonfh avmb rsKd;?l rmersKd;&Sdwwfjcif;um;rSefonf/
odkU&mwGifc&ka&SmhtaMumif; uREkfyfod&orQ rSm þyk*¾dKvfonf omrnr[kwf?
pOf;pm;OmPfBuD;&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfwOD;jzpfonf/ qdkAD,ufjynfBuD;wckvHk;u
u,fwif&SifBuD;tjzpfESifh MunfndKav;pm;Muí wurÇmvkH;\ txifBuD;
jcif;cHcJU&onfh pwmvif\tavmif;udk r&dkrao rav;rpm; jyKvkyf
vdkufacsaomf wkdif;oljynfom; vltrsm;pku rauseyf&kHru urÇmu vnf;
uJU&JUjypfwifMuvdrfhrnf? uJU&JUjypfwifp&mtaMumif;aumif;BuD;wckvnf;

1309 
&oGm;Muvdrfhrnf[lonfudk olrodyJr&Sd? od&Sd&rnfomjzpfonf/ okdUjzpfvQif
tb,fhaMumifh xdkuJUokdU jyKvkyfbdoenf;[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/ qdkAD,uf
,leD,HwGif pwmvif0g' (pwmvifvrf;pOf) orm;rsm;ESifh c&ka&Smhvrf;pOf
orm;rsm;[lí ESpf*dkPf;&SdMujcif;rSm urÇmutodjzpf\/ c&ka&Smh0g'orm;
rsm;onf tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif vlrsm;pkjzpfaeí vlenf;pkjzpfonfh pwmvif
vrf;pOform;rsm; jzKwfcscH&jcif;rSmvnf; vlwdkif;todjzpf\/ EdkifiHa&;
orm;wkdU\ tjrift& ]yGpdyGpd}vkyf aom*dkPf;udk jzpfEdkifaomenf;jzifh jzKwfcs
&rnfjzpf&m c&ka&Smhonfvnf; pwmvif*dkPf;udk (wwfEdkifvQif) aoG;xGuf
oH,dk ryg&Sdaomenf;jzifh jzKwfcsifayvdrfhrnf/ pwmvif\tavmif;
udkwl;azmfajymif;a&TUvdkufjcif;? aMu;&kyfudk azsmufzspfvkdufjcif; wnf;[laom
tvkyfonf pwmvif*dkPf;udktjrpfrSudkifí vIyfvdkufjcif;jzpf&rnf/ ]]cGeftm;
&SdvQifxMuprf;? tm;r&SdvQifjyKwfMuprf;? yGpdyGpd awmhvkyfraeMueJU}}[k
csJUvifhcsfvkyfvdkufjcif;yifjzpf&rnf/ uREkfyfonf c&ka&Sm\
h tjyKtrludk enf;
vrf;rSefonf[k axmufcHjcif;r[kwf? tjypfwifjcif;vnf;r[kwf? tcsKdU
vlrsm; awG;qMuonfh taMumif;jycsuf rrSefjcif;udk wifjyjcif;rQomjzpf
onf/ c&ka&Smh\tvkyfudk rSefrrSefudkrl &mZ0ifuom qkH;jzwfayvdrfhrnf/

EdkifiHa&;xkH;pHavm

tcsKdUvlrsm;u c&ka&Smhudk,fwdkif þuJUodkUrajym? pwmvif\ tjypf

rsm;udkom azmfxkwfpGyfpGJygwum;[k apm'u wufaumif;wufMuayvdrfh
rnf/ c&ka&Smh\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm pwmvifvrf;pOfESifh pwmvif*dkPf;udk
NzdKzsuf &efjzpfaomaMumifh pwmvif\ udk,fusifhw&m;ESifh ywfoufí
tjypftemtqmrsm; &SmazGazmfxkwfaMujim&efrSm ol\tvkyfjzpfae\/

1310 
odkU&mwGif þodkUjyKvkyfjcif;ü c&ka&Smhonf pwmvifudk rkef;wD;aomaMumifh
[kuRekfyfr,kHMunf/ (rcspfcsifawmhaeEdkifonf/) pwmvifudk vlawGu
MunfndKav;pm;rI ysufoGm;ygrS pwmvif\ vrf;pOfESifh pwmvif\*dkPf;yg
emrnfndI;ykyf NydKysuf oGm;vdrfhrnf[k wGufudef;&aomaMumifh jzpf&ayrnf/
uREkfyf\wGufudef;wckrSmum; tu,fípwmvif\vrf;pOfudk oabmus
onfh pwmvif*dkPf;om;rsm; rusef&pfcJUygrl c&ka&Smhonf pwmvif\
tavmif;udk vDeif\oif;csKdif; taqmufttkHxJrS xkwf,lajymif;a&TUvdrfhrnf
rxifay/ tjcm;awG;vkH;wckrSm c&ka&Smhonf pwmvif\tavmif;udk a&TU
ajymif;&mü olUoabmwckwnf; r[kwfEdkif? ygwD\tqkH;tjzwf ,layrnf/
uGefjrLepfygwDxJwGifvnf; pwmvifudk tm;vkH;urkef;onf r[kwfEdkif?
tavmif;rdrdajymif;jcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;olrsm;vnf; &Sd&rnfjzpf&m a&TwkdU\
ygwD wnfwefUcdkifNrJa&;twGuf vkdtyfonfxif aomaMumifh vkyfMu&jcif;
jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ c&ka&Smhonfvnf;aumif;? tcsKdUygwD0ifrsm;onf vnf;
aumif; olwdkUwnfNrJa&;twGufqdkvQif bmrqdkvkyfMurnfh vlpkjzpfykH&onf/
(tjcm;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf; þtwdkif;yif&SdMurnfavm rajymwwf?
EdkifiHa&;qdkvQif þtwdkif;yif jzpf&avoavmvnf; rajymwwfyg/) c&ka&Smh
udk,fEdIufu zGifhrajymqdkjcif;rSmrl txl;&Sif;vif;&ef vdkawmh onfrxifay/

Mo'dótvSLBuD;

armfpudkrSjyefcgeD;wGif uREkfyfonf w&kwfpm;p&mrsm;&Edkifonfh yDuif;

[dkwJvf[lí armfpudkNrdKUwGif;ü&SdaMumif; od&Sd&onf/ &k&Sm;pm;p&mrsKd;
NiD;aiGUNyD; w&kwfpm;p&mrsm; pm;csifpdwf ay:vsuf&SdonfrSm twefMumayNyD/
jyefcgeD;ü uREkfyfonf &k&Sm;owif;pmwapmif\ wdkufwGef;csuft&

1311 
aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;ay;&m &lbJESpfq,f (usyfw&mausmf) &&Sd\/ þwGif
uREkfyfonftawmfBuD; cifrif&if;ESD;vsuf&Sdonfh &k&Sm;&JabmfokH;a,mufwdkUudk
yDuif;[dkwJvfü 'if;em; ygwDuav;auR;vdkaom tBuHjzpfay:vmí
]zJ,m;0Jvf'if;em;} (EIwfqufyJGnpm) auR;cJUygonf/ uREkfyftm; xrif;
ESpfeyfpD auR;zl;onfh armifwif[kwf ESifh armifMuifa0wdkU pkHwGJtm;vnf;
zdwfcsifao;\/ odkU&mwGif c&D;a0;uGmvSaomaMumifh pm;&onfhtpmESifh
wuúpDcESifh rumrdatmif &Sdvdrfhrnf[k pOf;pm;rdonfESifh rzdwfyJaerdonf/
(þtwGuf uREkfyfaemifw&rdonf/) uREkfyfwdkU av;a,mufonf yDuif;
[dkwJvfodkU nckESpfem&DcefUwGif a&mufoGm;aomtcg tawmfus,f0ef;onfh
yDuif;[dkwJvfpm;yGJcef;BuD;rSm jynfhusyfvsuf &SdavNyD/ &Jabmfrsm;u
ae&m&atmif BudK;pm;Muaomfvnf; tcsnf;ESD;jzpfae\/ aemufqkH;ü ]nD}
onf refae*smudk udk,fwdkifoGm;awGU&m refae*smvdkufvmí uREkfyfudk
jrifonfwGifrS [dkwJvftvkyform;rsm; pm;yGJrsm;udk [dkajymif;onfa&GU
jyKvkyfapum uREkfyfwkdUav;a,muftwGuf ae&mr&&atmif pDrHay;Muonf/
(þonfvnf; ]bd"r®m} rsufESmpmyifjzpfonf/) &Jabmfrsm;onf w&kwf
pm;p&m rsm;taMumif;udk bmrQrodMuojzifh ]rD;El;}pm&if;udk uREkfyfyif
a&G;cs,f&onf/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; w&kwfpm;p&mrsm;udk t*Fvdyftac:ESifh
a&;xm;ojzifh ra&G;wwfyJjzpfae\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfonf rodol
tcsif;csif;tay:wGif vlv,f vkyfvdkufOD;rnf[k atmufarhum rodjcif;udk
zGifhírajymyJ yDuif;bJwyGJrSwyg; awGUu&m pm;p&mrsm;udk xifajcESifh
&rf;orf;NyD;a&G;vdkuf\/ a&mufvmaomtcgü yDuif;bJtjyif Muufom;
csKdcsOf? 12 rsKd;aMumf? 0ufom;pif;aumvkH;? awmufawmufaMumfwkdUudkjrif&í
awmfygao;\/ trSefudk0efcH&vQif uREkfyf onf þpm;p&mrsm;udk t*Fvdyfvdk
vkH;0rac:wwf? b,fenf;rqdk pm;íjzpf& rnf[laom tm;udk;wckESifh

1312 
rSm,lvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf/ &Jabmfrsm;onfvnf; þpm;p&mrsKd;udkwcgrS
rpm;bl;Mu[kqdkum tvGefNrdef&SufpGmpm;Muaomuf ygayonf/ (uREkfyf
udkjyefí ]vSdrfh} Muavoavm rajymwwfay/) pm;p&mrsm;\ tbdk;EIef;rSm
]rD;El;}wGif wcgwnf; a&;xm;ojzifhuREkfyfodEdkifyg\/ okdUaomf &Srfydef?
a*smf*sD,m0dkif? AdkU'fum? paumhcsf0DpuD ponfh aomufp&mwkdU\ tbdk;
EIef;udkrl uREkfyfbmrQrodyJ &rf;NyD;rSm&jcif;jzpf\/ (paumhcsf0DpuDrSm uREkfyf\
wdkufwGef;csufjzpf\/ olUcrsmrsm;rSm AkdU'fumrSwyg; aomuf&cJvSonf/)
yxrü uREkfyfonf aqmif;yg;twGuf&onfh &lbJvfESpfq,fESifh vkHavmuf
rnf[k cefUrSef;aomfvnf; apwemo'´gw&m; xufoefvmonfh tvSL&Sif
wa,mufjzpf vmonfESifh tdwfxJü t*FvdyfaygifawG &Sdao;onfqdkum
&Jabmfrsm;u awmif;yef,l&atmif &uf&ufa&ma&m azmazmoDoD rSm,lvsuf
&Sdygawmhonf/ xdknü uREkfyfwkdU tm;vkH;twGufajym&rnfqdkvQif (vltm;
vkH; touf50ausmf awGcsnf;jzpfonf/) wOD;wa,mufrQ £ajE´rysuf?
cifrif&if;ESD;aponfxuf &if;ESD;apaom pum;rsKd;udkom ajymMuygayonf/
]]bd"r®mwa,mufu qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkUvmNyD; auR;onfh 'if;em;ygwDodkU
þwBudrfom a&mufzl; onf}}[k ]nD}uajymygao;onf/ pm&if;&Sif;aom
tcg &lbJESpfq,fyifrukef? w&lbJvfESifh udkyuf50ydkygao;onf/

urÇmha&;&m aqG;aEG;cef;

uREkfyfarmfpudkrS jyefrnfhaeU (rwfv27&uf)ü armifwif[kwfwkdU

vifr,m;ESifh armifMuifa0onf 0gaqm[dkwJvfodkU vufaqmifuav;rsm;
ESifh vma&mufuefawmhMu\/ olwkdUonf ]]armfpudkwGif jrefrmrsufESmudk
jrif&í jrefrmvdkajym&jcif;twGuf 0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;vSygonf}} [k

1313 
ajymMuonf/ xdkUjyif &k&Sm;&JabmfokH;av;a,mufwkdUvnf; vma&muf
EIwfqufMuonf/ xdkolwdkUonf uREkfyftay:wGif cifrifav;pm;rI&SdMujcif;
um; ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sdyg/ tm&Stmz&du cspfMunfrI ckdifNrJa&;tzGJUrSvnf;
vlBuD;ESpfa,mufvmMuonf/ nDrSmrl xdkaeUeHeufcif;rS nOfhem&DjyefESpfcsuff
wdkifatmif uREkfyfESifhrcGJawmhyJ 0g'a&;&mESifh urÇmha&;&mrsm;udk ckwif
wvkH;pDwGif yufvufvSefum 0dkifaomufumjzifh (olu0dkifESpfvkH; ,lvm
cJUonf/ ) aqG;aEG;Muav&m uREkfyfwdkU\aqG;aEG; cef;udk pmzwfolwdkUtzdkU
A[kokwtvdkUiSm azmfjyvdkufygOD;rnf/

nD/ / ]]yifpifpm; uacsonfrsm;&JU a*[mrSmwkef;u tpfukdBuD;

uajymw,f? wkd;wufaompma&;q&mwa,mufawmh [kwfw,f? uGefjrLepf
awmh r[kwfbl;wJU? bmjyKvdkU uGefjrLepfr[kwfwmvJ tpfudkBuD;}}
Ekyf/ / ]]wdk;wufaom pma&;q&mwa,muftaeJU umvfrmhufpf&JU
pD;yGm;a&;pepfudkawmh vufcH,kHMunfw,f? uGefjrLepfygwD0ifwa,mufawmh
r[kwfbl;ayghAsm}}
nD/ / ]]bmhaMumifh ygwDxJr0ifwmvJtpfudkBuD;}}
Ekyf/ /]]wynfhrcHEdkifbl;qdkygawmhAsm}}
nD/ /]]wynfhrcHEdkif,if tpfudkBuD;u q&mjzpfatmifvkyfayghAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'DvdkvJ rjzpfygbl;? uRefawmfu acgif;aqmifwa,mufjzpfzdkU
t*Fgt&nftcsif;r&Sdygbl;}}
nD/ /]]tpfudkBuD;u pOf;pm;OmPf&SdwJu vlwa,mufyJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]pOf;pm;OmPf&Sdayr,fh vlawGpnf;&kH;wmwkdU BudK;udkifwmwdkU
pDrHcefUcGJwmwkdU vkH;00goemrygbl;? wwfvJ rwwfbl;As? acgif;&Iyfw,f}}

1314 
 nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUwkdif;jynfeJUywfoufvdkU tpfudkBuD;u bmrsm;
a0zefp&m&SdovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]] cifAsm;wdkUqDrSm jynfwGif;a&;&meJU ywfoufvdkU rmhufpfvDeif
(pwmvifawmh rxnfhawmhygbl;) wdkUqDu qufcH&&Sdxm;wJU rlaopepf
aMumifh wdkif;jynfBuD;yGm;aejcif;udk awGU&wJUtwGuf uRefawmfbmrS a0zef
p&mr&Sdygbl;? a0zefEdkifavmufwJU t&nftcsif;vJ uRefawmhfrSmr&Sdygbl;}}
nD/ /]]bmudkawmh a0zefcsifovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]EdkifiHjcm;eJUqufqHrIqdkif&mrSmawmh cifAsm;wkdUrSm ]rlao}
enf;r&Sdao;bl;? prf;NyD;vkyfae&wkef;yJ &Sdao;w,fr[kwfvm;? 'Dawmh
rSm;csifrSm;Edkifw,faygh}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUrSmvJ enf;aumif;&Sdygw,fcifAsm? Oyrm
urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;udpöBuD;[mvrf;rSefw,fr[kwfbl;vmcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]Nidrf;csrf;a&;qdkwmuawmh vrf;rSefygw,f? ,kHrSm;zG,f&m
r&Sdygbl;? odkUaomf vkyfykHvkyfenf;uvdkao;w,fAs}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUpvkyfuwnf;u EdkifatmifqdkNyD; oabmxm;w,f
r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]wbufu ppfwdkufcsifwJUvlawGudk rwdkufEdkifatmif[m
Edkifatmifvkyf&rSmyJ r[kwfvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'Duwnf;uoGm;NyD? cifAsm;wkdUu Edkifwmvdkcsifwmvm;?
Nidrf;csrf;wmvdkcsifwmvm;}}
nD/ /]]'DudpörSmEdkifwmeJU Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJU[m wGJaew,f r[kwfvm;
cifAs}}

1315 
 Ekyf/ /]]tJ'g cifAsm;wkdUvlpk aumif;aumif;BuD;vGJaewmyJ? uRefawmf
ajymr,f? tEdkif,lNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;,lr,fqdkvdkU þurÇmr&bl; rSwfxm;
vdkufAsm}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkajymwmvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdU txifay;xm;ykHu tar&duefawG[m ppf0g'DawG
(taemuf*smreDuawmh [kwfygw,f/) olwkdUrvdkufEdkifatmif vufudk&dkufcsKd;
xm;rS Nidrf;csrf;rI&rvdkvdk cifAsm;wkdUajymwwfMuw,fr[kwfvm;? b,fvdk
t"dyÜm,f&SdovJ? cifAsm;wkdUu olawmfaumif;awG ? olwkdUuol,kwfrm awG?
'Dol,kwfrmawGudk csKd;zJUESdrfESif;xm;rS urÇmBuD;Nidrf;csrf;r,fqdkr[kwfvm;?
'Dvdkqdk olwkdUcHcsifyghrvm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfvJ [kwfwmudk;cifAsmh}}
Ekyf/ /]][kwfw,fyJxm;OD;? 'Denf;eJUNidrf;csrf;a&;r&Edkifbl;? tckawmh
[kwfwmvJr[kwfbl;? tar&duefu ppfwdkufcsif,if cifAsm;wkdU&JU urÇmh
Nidrf;csrf;a&;aMumifh rwdkufwmvm;? cifAsm;wkdU&JU nIuvD;,m;vufeuf
awGaMumifh rwdkufwmvm;}}
nD/ /]]urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;aMumifhvJ ygrSmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'gucifAsm;wdkUpdwful;,OfwmygAsm? olwkdUaMumufwmu
nluvd,mvufeufygAs}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh urÇmhvlxktiftm;eJU aqmif&GufaeMuwJUNidrf;csrf;a&;
vkyfief;BuD;[mtvum;yJvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]vlxkaoG;pnf;rIudk uRefawmftxifrao;bl;? odkUaomf
cifAsm;wkdU vkyfykHu vrf;vTJaew,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJGwmvJcifAsm}}

1316 
 Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUu tar&dueftay: tEdkif&atmifqdkwJu &nf&G,f
csufeJU vkyfaeMuwmudk;As? vuf&dkufcsKd;r,f? wkyfaESmifxm;r,fqdkwJU
oabmyJAsm? 'Dvdkr&bl;As? tm;vkH;vufwJGNyD;aqmif&Guf&rnfhenf;vrf;udk
tar&duefBuD;rygyJ raeEdkifatmif urÇmhvlxkeJU odrf;oGif;NyD;&,leJUenf;udk
&Sm&r,fAs}}
nD/ /]]tckvJ urÇmhvlxkeJU odrf;oGif;wmyJ r[kwfbl;vm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]odrf;oGif;ayr,fh cifAsm;wkdUapwemurlrS rrSefyJAs? wbuf
om;udk vl,kwfrmtaeeJUwifjyNyD; &dkufoGif;csifwmudk;As? 'DvdktnHUcHNyD;
0if&rnfh oabmrsKd;eJUawmh a0;ao;Asm}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh uRefawmfwdkU bmvkyf&rvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]pnf;&kH;wmuawmhpnf;&kH;yg? wbufom;tay: tEdkif,l
zkdUqdkwJU &nf&G,fcsufudkawmhpGefUvTwfvdkufyg/
nD/ /]]bmxl;ao;vkdUvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]xl;ygaomfaum? uRefawmfwkdUqDu uGefjrLepfawGudkvJ
uRefawmfwkdUcPcP owday;ygw,f? t&if;&SifawGysufpD;ygapqdkwJU a'g
o pdwfrsKd;eJU tvkyfrvkyfMuygeJU? tvkyform;v,form;? qif;&Jom;awG
acsmifcsd MuygapqdkwJU apwemrsKd;eJU tvkyfvkyfMuygvdkU owday;&ygw,f}}
nD/ /]]bmxl;ao;ovJcifAsm? ypönf;udk odrf;,lwmcsif;twlwlyJ
r[kwfvm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]odrf;wmcsif;wlayr,fh apwemcsif;rwlvQif tusKd;w&m;csif;
rwlwwfbl;As}}
nD/ /]]bmaMumifhvJ b&m;om;}}

1317 
 Ekyf/ /]]a'goqdkwm raumif;bl;? raumif;usKd;ay:xGufwwfw,f?
arwÅmqdkwm aumif;w,f? aumif;usKd;ay:xGufwwfw,f? a'goeJUarwÅm
[m rwlbl;qdkwmawmh cifAsm;0efcHrSmaygh}}
nD/ /]]rwlawmawmhodygw,f? EdkUayr,fh tvkyfcsif;wlvQif
tusKd;w&m;csif; wl&rSmayghAs? a'gowkdU arwÅmwkdUqdkwmawGupdwfyJ?
tvkyfrS r[kwfyJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]pdwfrSjzpfwJU apwemwkdU? arwÅmwkdU qdkwmawG[m
tusKd;w&m; ay:xGufEdkifw,f qdkwmawG[m cifAsm;wkdU umvfrmhufpf&JU
pmtkyfBuD;xJrSmrygbl;? &kyfeJUvkyf&wJU tvkyfudkom tav;ay;NyD; azmfjy
xm;wmudk;? 'gaMumifhrdkU cifAsm;wkdUtvkyfawG[m racsmarmyJ wpfqdkUqdkU
jzpfaewmyJ}}
nD/ /]]'guawmh b&m;om;&JU pGyfpGJcsuf&SdwmygcifAsm? 'gxm;
ygawmh? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;udpörSm uRefawmfwkdUu wbufom;udk
tEdkif&csifwJUoabmxm;eJU aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfw,fvdkU b,fhES,fpGyfpGJEdkif
ovJAs}}
Ekyf/ /]]odNyDvm;Asm? cifAsm;wkDUurÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; uGefz&ifhawGrSm
bmawGajymMuovJ? wbufom;[m ppfbDvl;BuD;qdkNyD; tjypftemtqm
awG avQmuf ajymMuw,f r[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]urÇmol urÇmom;awGodatmif wdkif&wmaygh b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]wdkifawmhbmjzpfovJ? wbufom;u a'gojzpfw,f
r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]olwdkUa'gojzpfvJ b,fwwfEdkifrvJ b&m;om;}}

1318 
 Ekyf/ /]]Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,OfwGJaexkdifa&;qdk? wbufom;udk a'go
jzpfatmifvkyfNyD; Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexdkifa&;qdkwm jzpfEdkifyghrvm;Asm?
uRefawmfem;vnfwJU pdwfobm0t&awmh jzpfzkdUa0;ao;Asm}}
nD/ /]]qkd;csif rdkufcsifwJUvludk rqkd;0HU rrdkuf0HUatmif vkyf&rSmaygh
b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]jzpfovm;? &ovm;? wif;rmrIawG ravQmhyJ wkd;wkd;
omvmw,f r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]wbufom;udk vlqdk;BuD;vdkU a<u;aMumfNyD; vuf&dkufcsKd;zdkU
vlawG pkaer,fhtpm; Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk vufwGJ aqmif&Gufcsifatmif
odrf;oGif;,l&r,f As}}
nD/ /]]ajymawmhvG,fw,f? vkyfawmhb,fvkdvkyfrwJUvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ ]]cifAsm;wkdUvlpk vkyfaeMuykHawG[m onftwdkif;xdkifaewmu
awmfvdrfhOD;r,f? Nidrf;csrf;a&;qdkNyD; wbufom;&JU tjypfawGudk armif;wD;NyD;
aMujimay;Muwmu omvdkUomvdkUqdk;qdk;oGm;wmudkcsnf; awGUae&w,fAs}}
nD/ /]][kwfygNyD? xm;ygOD;awmh b&m;om;? 'gjzifh
b,fvdkvkyf&rvJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmf ckeifu ajymcJUwJUtwdkif; cifAsm;wkdUudk,fEIdufu
wbufom;tay:rSm tEdkif,lzdkUaemufvdkufpkNyD; tom;,lcsifwJU &nf&G,f
csufudk pGefUvTwfNyD; &dk;&dk;om;om; Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwlaecsifwJU oabmxm;udk
xif&Sm; atmifazmfjyzdkUvdkw,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkjy&rSmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]a&S;OD;pGm wbufeJUwbuf rkef;wD;jcif;avsmhatmif rwwf
Edkifao;rD ,ckxufwdk;NyD; rrkef;Mu&atmifawmh vkyfwwf&r,fAsm}}

1319 
 nD/ /]]b,fvdkvkyfrvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]ighwkdUudkrxdeJU rD;yGifhoGm;r,f? rsKd;jyKwfoGm;r,f? acsrIef;
ypfvkdufr,fvdkU wbufu BuKH;0g;vdkufwJUtcgrSm wbufu b,fvdkjzpf
oGm;ovJ? aMumufygNyD cifAsmqdkNyD;'l;axmufvdkufua&mwJUvm;}}
nD/ /]]raxmufygbl; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]a'goawG xGufvmNyD; oluvJ jyefBuKH;0g;w,fr[kwfvm;?
tckvdk tjyeftvSefBuKH;0g;vdkufMuwJUtcgrSm wbufeJUwbuf pdwfapwem
aumif;awG wzGm;zGm;ay:vma&mwJUvm;}}
nD/ /]]r[kwfygbl; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]a'gopdwfawG wkd;vmNyD; ysufpD;&mysufpD;aMumif; tBuH
tpnfawG xkwfMua&mhr[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]rSefygw,f b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUtpdk;&eJU tar&duef[m ckwavmrSm 'DvdkyJ
vkyfaeMu w,f r[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]olwkdUbufpNyD; BuKH;0g;wmyg cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]olwkdUbufupNyD; BuKH;0g;awmh cifAsm;wkdUbufujyefNyD;
BuKH;0g;w,f? 'Dawmh ckeifuajymcJUwJUtwkdif; wbufeJUwbuf wqifhwuf
NyD; rkef;oGm; Muw,fr[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfrSmaygh cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]wkd;NyD;rkef;wm vdktyfovm;? rvdktyfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]rvdktyfbl; xm;ygawmhcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]xm;ygawmh rvkyfygeJUav? Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,OfwJGaecsif
w,f qdk}}
nD/ /]]aewmhaecsifygw,f}}

1320 
 Ekyf/ /]]wbufu BuKH;0g;vdkU wbufu jyefrBuKH;0g;yJ qdwfqdwf
aevQif aMumufw,fvdkUvlawGuxifMurSm pdk;&ovm;}}
nD/ /]]rajymwwfbl;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]rajymwwfr&SdygeJU? 'DacwfrSm jzpfaeMuwmu wbufu
BuKH;0g;vdkU wbufuqdwfqdwfaevQif *kPfi,foGm;w,f?  Prestige  avQm
qif;oGm;w,f? &Sufp&maumif;w,fvdkU ,lqaeMuw,f r[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfw,fxifyg&JU b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]*smreDrSm uRefawmfzsm;oGm;wJUtwGuf rlvBuH&G,fcsufwck
ysufoGm;w,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]bmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfwkdU tm&Stmz&du BuHUcdkifa&; aqG;aEG;yJGrSm
ocifausmf pdefu c&ka&SmhxHar;cGef;awG a&;wifw,f r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfygw,f EdkUayr,fh rwifjzpfygbl;? jyef&kyfodrf;
oGm;ygw,f}}
Ekyf/ /]]'Dwkef;u uRefawmfpdwful;wckjzpfzl;w,f? jyefcgeD;rSm
rpöwmc&ka&SmheJU awGUcGifhawmif;NyD; ajymcsifwmuav;awGudk wa,mufcsif;
ajymprf;csifw,f? tckawmh zsm;wmeJU pdwf"mwfusqif;NyD; 'DHtBuHudk
zsufvdkuf ygNyD}}
nD/ /]]bmvdkU pdwf"mwfusqif;oGm;wmvJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]ajymcsifwJU pum;awGu olBudKufcsifrS BudKufrSmawG jzpfav
awmh armif;xkwfcsifxkwfapvdkU [dkwkef;updwfwif;xm;Edkifw,f? zsm;NyD;wJU
aemufawmh vlutm;aysmhvdkU pdwftm;uvJavsmhNyD; rajym0HUawmhovdk
jzpfoGm;w,f}}
nD/ /]]bmtaMumif;awGajymcsifvdkUvJ b&m;om;}}

1321 
 Ekyf/ /]]ajymcsifwm okH;csufav;csufygyJ? olrBudKufvQif
olUwdkif;jynf xJuarmif;xkwf&kHjyif r&Sdbl;ayghavAsm}}
nD/ /]]Mum;yg&apvm; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]yxrwcku ckeifuajymcJUwJU urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; vrf;pOf
taMumif;? 'kwd,wcku wif;rmrIavsmhyg;a&;taMumif;? wwd, wcku
bmvifjyóemtaMumif;? pwkw¬wcku ,lwl;av,mOfysHypfcsjcif;ESifh
xdyfoD; uGefz&ifhtaMumif;wkdUygyJ}}
nD/ /]]urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; vrf;pOftaMumif;udkawmh enf;enf;Mum;
&ygNyD ausauseyfeyfBuD;awmh oabmraygufao;ygbl;}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfu pOf;pm;p&mav;awGavmufudkom wifjycJU
&ygao;w,f? oabmaygufavmufatmif wxdkifwnf;ESifh ajymrjyEdkifygbl;?
odkUaomf wif;rmrIavsmhqif;a&;taMumif;eJU qufaeavawmh wif;rmrI
taMumif; ajymwJUtcgrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;qdkif&m tcsufuav;awGygxyfNyD;
&Sif;oGm;zdkU arQmfvifhygw,f}}
nD/ /]] wbufeJUwbuf BuKH;0g;MuwJU taMumif;udkjyefqufygOD;
cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]][dkbufu BuKH;0g;vdkU cifAsm;wkdUujyefNyD; BuKH;0g;&w,fqdk
r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfygw,f}}]
Ekyf/ /]]'guawmh oGm;&dk;oGm;pOf vrf;BuD;ayghAsm? t&ufqdkifxJrSm
t&ufrl;wJU vlawG[mvJ 'Dvrf;twdkif;oGm;MuNyD; Xmea&mufMuwmyJ
r[kwfbl;vm;? rpöwmc&ka&Smhudk uRefawmfu'dxufru arQmfvifhw,fAs}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJb&m;om;}}

1322 
 Ekyf/ /]]wbufu BuKH;0g;vdkU rBuKH;0g;vQif c&ka&SmhBuD; aMumuf
oGm;NyDvdkU urÇmuxifoGm;rSm pdk;&drf&w,fqdkygawmh? uRefawmfwck
ajym&Jygw,f? 'djyifvludk aMumufwwfw,fvdkUxifcsifxifMur,f? pOf;pm;
OmPf&SdwJUvlxJu rpöwmc&ka&Smhudkawmh aMumufwwfw,fvdkUxif0HUwJU
vlr&Sdygbl;? cifAsm;wkdUvlpk txifrSm;aewmwcku udk,fhudkwbufu
tNrJaMumufaerS awmfumusr,f? 'gaMumifh aMumufvefUatmif ajcmufvSefU
ay;zdkU vdkw,fvdkU xifaeMuykH&w,f}}
nD/ /]]raMumufvQif vmNyD;rapmfum;aybl;vm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]tJ'DacwfuvGefcJUygNyD? nIuvd,macwfBuD;rSmwrsKd;As?
raMumuf vkdUrapmfum;ygbl;? aMumufavav ckcHumuG,fzdkU enf;vnf;
&Sm,if; wbuf eJUwbuf NidpGef;NyD; txifvJGrIawG jzpfukefavavyJAs}}
nD/ /]]O'g[&kPfwck jyygcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdU[dkbuf 'Dbuf tEkjrLAkH;awG prf;Muwm[m
bmaMumifhvJ? wbufudkwbuf aMumufaeMuvdkU r[kwfbl;vm;? aMumuf
aeMuawmh pdwfcs,kHMunfrI r&SdEdkifMuawmhbl;? ckcHumuG,fa&;twGuf
vufeufqef;&SmMu&a&m? oluprf;iguprf;eJU tawmrowfEdkifatmif jzpf
ukefMua&m? wbufeJUwbuf taMumufajyatmif vkyfzdkUvdkwJUae&mrSm
cifAsm;wkdU wawGu wacsmufxJacsmufaeMuw,f r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]tpfudkBuD;ajymwm [kwfovdkvkdawmh jrifvmNyDcifAsm? 'gjzifh
b,fES,fvkyf&rvJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]wbufur,kH? r,kHawmhaMumuf? aMumufawmhvufeufvkyf?
vufeufvkyfawmh wbufuwkd;NyD;r,kH? wdk;NyD;r,kHawmhwkd;NyD;aMumuf?
wdk;NyD; aMumufawmh wkd;NyD;vufeufvkyf? cifAsm;wkdU[mu  Vicious  Circle

1323 
oHo&mpuf&[wfvdk jzpfaeNyDaumAs? 'Dtwdkif;qdkvQif Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJU
a0;ao;Asm wkd;NyD;qdk;zkdUwm uRefawmfjrifwmyJ}}
nD/ /]]'Dvdkqdk b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]'D&[wfudk wa,mufa,mufupNyD; &yfrSjzpfr,f?
uRefawmfu rpöwmc&ka&Smhudk tm;udk;w,f? ol[mrpöwmuae'DwkdU
vlpkxuf owÅd&Sdw,fvdkU uRefawmf,kHMunfw,f}}
nD/ /]]bmaMumifhvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]rpöwmuae'DwkdUvlpku ydkNyD;aMumufvdkUydkNyD; r,kHae&Sm
Muw,fAs? 'djyif[m rMunfheJUav? aumif;uifrSm av,mOfysHawGeJU
24em&DvkH; rvyfatmif tapmifhcsxm;wmudk MunfhrSaygh? b,favmuf
aMumuf b,favmufr,kHaevkdufovJvdkU}}
nD/ /]]'Dawmhaum b,fhES,fvkyf&rvJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]'Dawmhaum olwkdUbufu b,fvdkajcmufajcmuf rpöwm
c&ka&Smh u owdÅdaumif;wJUvlwa,mufyDyD wkHUjyefNyD; rajcmufapcsifbl;?
'DvdkrSom oHo&mpuf&[wfBuD;  (Vicious  Circle  )  t&SdefaES;oGm;zkdU
uRefawmfjrifw,f? t&SdefaES;onfxuf aES;oGm;w,fqdkvQif tEkjrLAkH;
prf;wmawGbmawGpGefUvGwfNyD; Nidrf;csrf;rI? pdwfcsrI&vkdUrdkU vufeufvkyfief;
avmufudk rvdkufMuawmhyJ urÇmolurÇmom; acsmifcsdoufomrI &&SdMur,f
r[kwfbl;vm;As? 'DtaMumif;awGudk uRefawmfu rpöwmc&ka&Smhudk ajymjy
csifcJUwmAsm? taMumif;rnDnGwfcJU bl; cifAsm;u uRefawmfajymwmawGudk
oabmusNyD;awmh ajym0HUrSm r[kwfbl;? uRefawmfuawmh armif;xkwf&kHtjyif
r&SdEdkifbl;qdkNyD; ajymcJUprf;csifwmAsm}}
nD/ /]]'Dawmhvdk&if;tcsKyf ajymprf;ygOD;cifAsm}}

1324 
 Ekyf/ /]]tcsKyfuawmh olwkdUbufu b,fvdkajcmufajcmuf? b,fvdkyJ
BuKH;0g;BuKH;0g; rpöwmc&ka&Smhu wkHUjyefNyD;rBuKH;0g;apcsifbl;? rajcmufvSefU
apcsif bl;Asm? tar&duefjynfrSm rpöwm'g;vJhpfuG,fvGefoGm;wJUaemuf
rpöwmc&ka&SmheJU ,SOfNydKifNyD; xdatmifajymwwfwJUvl? ematmifajymwwf
wJUvl ray:vmao;bl;As? [dkwkef;uawmh tcsDtcsajymEdkifMuvdkU
awmfao;w,f? tckawmh 'DbufuwcsufwG,fvdkufvQif olwkdUcrsmrSm
ememoGm;w,f? wbuf udkematmifajymwwfjcif;[m udk,fhvlawGtzkdUawmh
yJGusyg&JU? odkUaomf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGufawmh qdk;qdk;oGm;w,fAs?
uRefawmfwkdUuMum;vlawG jzpfavawmh? vufckyfwD;&wmudk t&omrcH
wwfbl;? urÇmppfeD;eD;oGm;rvm;vdkU ausmcsrf;csrf;oGm;w,fAsm? uRefawmf
awmif;yefcsifwmuawmh pum;&nfvk yGJrSmvdk wbufudkxdNyD; yGJusatmif
ajymwJUbufrSm rpöwmc&ka&Smh&JUtpGrf;udk urÇmuodNyD;vdkUrdkU wkPSdbma0
qdwfqdwfaewJUenf;udk wvSnfhavmuf prf;Munfhapcsifygao;w,f}}
nD/ /]]ajymcGifh&SdvJ ajym&r,fr[kwfvm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]ajymcGifh&SdawmhvJ ajymayghAs? okdUaomf wbufom;udk
a'gojzpfatmif ajymwJUenf;rsKd;uawmh tysif;ajypum;&nfvkyGJrsKd;eJU w&m;
cGifrSm a&SUaecsif;jiif;&mrSmavmufom oifhavsmfygw,f? wjynfeJUwjynf
em;vnf rIa&atmif aqmif&GufMuwJU udpörsKd;rSm tokH;rjyKoifhygbl;
xifygw,f}}
nD/ /]]bmvifjyóemudk tpfudkBuD;u b,fvdkjrifvkdUvJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]rpöwmc&ka&Smhu udpöwckrSm EdkifiHa&;tjrifeJU pOf;pm;w,f?
uRefawmfu pdwfobm0tjrifeJU pOf;pm;w,fAs}}
nD/ /]]pdwfobm0tjrifqdkwmu b,fvdkvJ b&m;om;}}

1325 
 Ekyf/ /]]pdwfobm0tjrifqdkwm wbufom;&JU avmbwkdU?
a'gowkdU? rmewkdUudkyg xnfhNyD;pOf;pm;w,f}}
nD/ /]]&Sif;ygtkH; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG[m igu b,fvdkajcvSrf;vdkufvQif
wbufu b,fvdkwkHUjyefr,fqdkwmudk BudKwifcefUrSef;NyD; wa,mufqDu
wa,mufwwfEdkiforQ nSpf,laeMuwmyJ r[kwfvm;? 'gudk  (Brinkmanship) 
]]ppfEIwfcrf;avQmuf}} vkyfenf;vdkUac:w,fr[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]'gu 'g;vJUpf&JU enf;ygb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]ESpfbufpvkH;ygyJAsm? cifAsm;wkdUuvJ vkyfaewmygyJ}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUu b,frSmvkyfovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]] aumif;NyD uRefawmfjyr,f? usL;bm;udpö&,f? pl;tuf
wl;ajrmif; udpö&,f? bmvifudpö&,fayghAsm? ppfEIwfcrf;avQmufvrf;pOf
usifhokH;jcif;[m rSm;w,fvdkU uRefawmfu rqdkvdkygbl;? EdkifiHa&;qdkwm
'DvdkvkyfMuwmygyJ? odkUaomf wbufom;&JUpdwfudk rSefuefatmif BudKwif
cefUrSef;wwfzkdUu ta&;BuD;w,fAs? BudKwifcefUrSef;wJU tcgrSm
wbufom;&JU rmeudkxnfhNyD; pOf;pm; wwfzkdUu odyfta&;BuD;w,f}}
nD/ /]]&Sif;jyygOD; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ ]]pl;tufwl;ajrmif;udpörSm t*Fvef? jyifopfeJU tdpa&,vfwkdUu
tD*spfudk0dkif;wdkufMuawmh c&ka&Smhu [efUvdkufw,fr[kwfvm;? wefvQif
wefMu rwefvQif aqmfvkdufr,fqdkwJUpum;rsKd;okH;vkdufw,f? wdkufwJUtxJ
rSm tar&duef rygbl;As? c&ka&Smhu 'djynfokH;jynf[m tar&duefrygyJ
b,fenf;eJU rS ZGwfrvkyf0HUbl;vdkU BudKwifcefUrSef;vdkufwm[m rSefoGm;w,f
r[kwfvm;? [dkvlpk csufcsif;aemufqkwfoGm;Mu&w,fav? 'DudpörSm
c&ka&Smh&JU cefUrSef;csuf udk csD;usL;xdkufygayw,f}}

1326 
 nD/ /]]b,fvdkcefUrSef;csufvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]c&ka&SmhuBudrf;vdkufwJUtcg tar&duefu ighvlawGudkBudrf;&
rvm;qkdNyD; olyg0ifwdkufvQif urÇmppfBuD; jzpfroGm;aybl;vm;? urÇmppfBuD;
jzpfzkdUuvJ c&ka&Smhu b,fenf;eJUrS rvdkvm;bl;? olBudrf;vdkufvQif
[dkvlawG wGefUoGm;vdrfhr,fvdkUwGufNyD; vkyfvdkufwmyJ? olUwGufudef;
rSefoGm;wJUtwGuf tD*spfvJ csrf;om&m&w,f? urÇmppfvJ rjzpfvdkuf&bl;?
'D[m c&ka&Smh&JU tpGrf;yJ}}
nD/ /]]usL;bm;udpöaum b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]usL;bm;udpöuawmh tar&duefJU acgif;csif;qdkifvdkuf&wmrdkU
ydkNyD;vefUp&maumif;w,f? odkUaomf c&ka&SmhwGufude;fu pl;tufudpörSm
tar&duef0ifrulavawmh usL;bm;udpörSmvJt*FvefeJU jyifopfwkdUu
0ifrulaybl;? olUvlawGu rulvQif tar&duefwOD;wnf; rvkyf0HUbl;vdkU
jrifxm;w,f xifyg&JU? wcsufwnf; a[mufvdkuf&w,f tar&duef
BuD;vuf&IyfoGm;&wmyJ? wGufykHcsufykHvJawmfygayw,fAsm? uRefawmfwkdUawmh
[dkwkef;u awmfawmfvefU oGm;w,f? odkUaomf aemufydkif;awmhuRefawmf
pOf;pm;rdygw,f/ 'gaMumifh c&ka&SmheJU awGU&vQif [dkwkef;uusL;bm;udk
tar&duef0ifpD;vQif cifAsm; wu,fypfrSmvm;vdkU ar;prf;csifw,f? olu
ajzrSmawmh r[kwfygbl;}}
nD/ /]]bmaMumifh tpfudkBuD;u'DvdkpOf;pm;rdwmvJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUEdkifiHa&;orm;awGu tavQmhtwif;vkyfNyD; ppf
EIwfcrf;avQmuf0g'usifhokH;aeMuwmudk awGUae&wmudk;Asm? wif;vdkU&vQif&?
r&vQif jyefavQmhay;wmrsKd;vJ awGUae&NyDaum? bmvifjyóemrSm cifAsm;
wkdU q&mBuD; jyefavQmhcswmudk awGU&w,fr[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]jyefavQmhwmudk rBudKufbl;vm;cifAsm}}

1327 
 Ekyf/ /]]b,fhES,frBudKufyJ&SdayrvJ? urÇmppfjzpfwmudk uRefawmf
vdkvm; Edkifyghrvm;Asm}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh bmhaMumifh'DtaMumif;udkxnfhajymovJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]ajym&jcif;taMumif;u 'DvdkAs? pl;tufudpöESifh usL;bm;
udpörSmawmh c&ka&SmhvkyfvdkufwmrSefw,f? olatmifjrifw,f? bmvifudpörSm
awmh olratmifjrifcJUbl;? bmhaMumifh atmifjrifw,f? bmhaMumifh
ratmifjrifbl;qdk wmudk tao;pdwfolUudk&Sif;jycsifw,f? aemufaemifudk
'DtrSm;rsKd;rrSm;vQif olUtzdkUvJ aumif;w,f? urÇmom;tzdkUvJaumif;w,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdk&Sif;jycsifwmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]pl;tufudpöeJU usL;bm;udpörSm c&ka&Smh atmifjrifjcif;u
olwkdUcsif; oabmuGJvJGrI&Sdjcif;uwaMumif;? olwkdU[molwdkU rw&m;rSef;udk
odwmuwaMumif; 'gaMumifh atmifjrifw,f}}
nD/ /]]bmvifudpörSmawmhaumcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]olwkdUcsif;uvJnDnGwfw,f? olwkdUbufu w&m;enf;vrf;rSef
w,fvdkUvJ ,lqMuykH&w,f}}
nD/ /]]nDnGwfwmuawmhxm;ygawmh? olwdkUbufu w&m;enf;vrf;
rSefw,fvdkU qdkEdkifovm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]rSefw,fvdkU uRefawmfu rqkH;jzwfvkdygbl;? olwkdUbufu
w&m; enf;vrf; rSefw,fvdkU olwkdU,lqp&mtaMumif;awG&Sdayw,fAs}}
nD/ /]]bmrSefovJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]bmvifudk ta&SUjcrf;taemufjcrf;cGJpOfu cifAsm;wkdU udk,fwdkif
u oabmwlNyD; vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJUMuw,fr[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]vufrSwfxkd;cJUayr,fh 'Dtwdkif;urÇmcsOf;atmifwnfNrJaeoifh
w,f? wnfNrJae&r,fvdk,lqoifhovm; cifAsm}}

1328 
 Ekyf/ /]]'Dvdkawmh r[kwfbl;ayghavAsm? odkUaomf vuf&Sdtajctae 
Status  Quo  udk cifAsm;wkdUbufu ajymif;vJcsifwm r[kwfbl;vm;? oabm
wlcJUNyD;jzpfwJU vuf&Sdtajctaeudk ajymif;vJcsifvdkU&SdvQif wOD;wnf;
wa,mufwnf;oabmeJU rjyKjyifoifhbl;? tm;vkH;oabmwlnDcsufeJUrS
ajymif;vJoifhygw,fvdkU olkwdkUtm;vkH;u ,lqaeMuvQif 'Dt,ltq[m
w&m;enf;vrf; rusbl;vdkUcifAsm;wkdUu qdkEdkifrvm;}}
nD/ /]]epfemwJUvlawGrSm epfemaevQif ajymif;oifhwmayghcifAsm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]'gu cifAsm;wkdUbufu t,ltqavAsm}}
nD/ /]]t,ltqr[kwfygbl;? enf;vrf;rSefw,f r[kwfbl;vm;
b&m; om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]tJ'guvJcifAsm;wkdUbufu txifav}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifhajymif;vJcsifw,fqdkwm uRefawmfwkdUurSm;ovm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]ajymif;vJcsif&kHuawmh rSm;w,fvdkUrqdkoifhygbl;? rlvu
oabmwlvufrSwfxdk;cJUwJU tvkyfwckudk wOD;wnf;oabmeJU twif;
jyKjyifzdkU pDrHjcif;uawmh w&m;enf;vrf;rusbl;vdkU olwdkUbufu ,lq
Edkifp&mtaMumif;wck &xm;ayw,fAs? wu,fvdkU urÇmhckH&kH;rSm
wifjyr,fqdkvQifvJ cifAsm;wkdUbufu &IH;aervm: rqdkEdkifbl;}}
nD/ /]]urÇmhckH&kH;qdkwmrsKd;udkvJ uRefawmfwdkUu vufrcHEdkifygbl;}}
Ekyf/ /]]'DvdkavAsm? uRefawmfwckajymr,f? w&m;enf;vrf;usjcif;
rusjcif;udkxm;vdkufMuygpdkU? cifAsm;wkdUbufuyg oabmwl vufrSwf
xdk;xm;wJU udpöwckudk cifAsm;wkdU oabmwckwnf;eJU ZGwftwif;jyifqifzdkU
pDrHw,fqdkjcif;[m cifAsm;wkdU rw&m;bl;vdkU olwkdUbufu wnD
wnGwfwnf; &dk;&dk;om;om; ,kHMunfaeorQ umvywfvkH; cifAsm;wkdUu
ZGwfvkyfvQif olwkdUrcHaybl;? uRefawmfaumif;aumif;em;vnfw,f}}

1329 
 nD/ /]]bmaMumifh tpfukdBuD;lu ajymEdkifovJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]rmeAs rme? olwkdUrSmvJ cifAsm;wkdUvdkyJ rme&SdwmyJ?
cifAsm;wkdUu ZGwfvkyfvQif olwdkUuavQmhray;aybl;? olwkdUu ZGwfcHrSmyJ?
wdkufola&m ckcHol a&m ESpfbufvkH; aoukefMuvJ NyD;wmyJ? rw&m;wmawmh
ikHUrcHbl;qdkwJU pdwfrsKd;[m olwdkUrSmvJ&Sdw,f? cifAsm;wkdUrSmvJ &Sdw,f
r[kwfvm;? vl&,fvdkUqdkvQif 'DrmersKd;&dSd&rSmyJ? 'DrmersKd;r&SdvQif tEkHpm;
tnHUpm; tvum;vlpm;rsKd;awG jzpfukefawmhrSmayghAs}}
nD/ /]]'Dvdkqdk uRefawmfwkdUbufu tcsdefa&TUay;vdkufwm
vrf;rSefwm ayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]vrf;rSefw,fqdkygawmhav? jyefrqkwfvdkufvQif urÇmppf
jzpf&kH&Sd awmhrSmaygh? 'DtcsufrSm b,folUbufu ,kHMunfcsufu
jyif;xefw,f? ckdifNrJw,fqdkwm ay:xGufvmwmyJAs}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJ tpfudkBuD;}}
Ekyf/ /]]rpöwmc&ka&Smhu olU[m vrf;rSefygw,fqdkNyD; wifjy
prf;w,f? [dkbufuvlpku olU[m w&m;enf;vrf;rusygbl;vdkU cHajym
w,f? ZGwfckcHw,f? 'Dae&mrSm ,kHMunfrIESpfck b,f'if;uckdifNrJovJqdkwm
NydKifMuwmyJ? aemufqkH;rSm rpöwmc&kaS&Smh&JU ,kHMunfrI[m [dkbufu
,kHMunfrIavmuf rckdifNrJavawmh olu avQmhay;vdkuf&w,f r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]urÇmppfjzpfrSmudkpdk;vdkU tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmeJU qkwfay;
vdkufw,f vdkUqdkEdkifw,f r[kwfbl;vm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfu 'Dvdkrjrifbl;? olUtrI[m [dkbufu trIavmuf
raumif;bl;vdkU olU[molodwJUtwGuf &kyfodrf;vdkufjcif;jzpf&r,f? tu,fí
om olU&JU,kHMunfcsufuvJ [dkbufuavmuf jyif;xefw,f? ckdifNrJ
w,fqdkvQif rpöwmc&ka&Smhudk uRefawmftuJcwfrdoavmufrSm urÇmysufcsif

1330 
ysuf avQmhay;r,fhvlr[kwfbl;xifw,f? olu [dkvlpkxuf csKdwJU aysmhwJUvl
r[kwfbl;? ydkvQifom ydkvdrfhr,fxifw,f? olUtrIu w,fraumif;rSef;
olU[molodNyD; &kyfodfrf;vkdufjcif;jzpf&r,f/
nD/ /]]&kyfodrf;wmr[kwfygbl;? tcsdefa&TUvdkufwmyg cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]awmfprf;ygudk,fhvl? 'DupörSm 'Denf;vkyfvdkU r&bl;qdkwmudk
rpöwmc&ka&SmhodavmufygNyD? odkUaomf uRefawmfpdk;&drfaewmwck&Sdw,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]bmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]ESpfbufpvkH;u udk,fh[mudk,f rSefw,fvdkU tnDtrQckdifNrJpGm
qefUusifbuf,kHMunfwJUudpörsKd;wck ay:vmvQifawmh urÇmBuD; oufwef;
aph NyDvdkU uRefawmfu aA'ifa[mcsifawmhwmyJ}}
nD/ /]]'DavmufyJqdk;ovm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]vuf&Sd vufeufrsKd; rmersKd;? tmCmwrsKd;awGeJUawmh
uRefawmf 'DvdkyJjrifw,f}}
nD/ /]]vGwfajrmufp&menf;vrf; r&Sdbl;vm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]vufeufvQifvJ zsufodrf;? rmevQifvJ avQmh?
tmCmwvQifvJ avQmh 'DokH;ckrSm wckckvkyfMuygrS jzpfrSmyJAsm}}
nD/ /]]'DokH;ckrSm b,f'if;u ta&;BuD;ovJ? b,f'if;u vG,fovJ
cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]wckpD pOf;pm;MupdkUAsm? nluvD,mvufeufawGudk zsufodrf;
vdkuf Muw,fqdkygawmh? rmeeJU tmCmwpdwfawG[m tcktwdkif;
&SdaeMur,fqdkvQif urÇmrysuf&kHom&Sdr,f? yxreJU 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;rsKd;awG
jzpfEdkifao;wmyJAs? 'DvkdqdkvJ vlawGqif;&JMutkH;rSmyJ? wu,fvdkU AkH;?
tajrmuf?aoewfpwJU vufeufawGyg zsufodrf;vdkufMuaptkH;awmh? rmeeJU
tmCmwudk ravQmhMuvQif "m;awGwkwfawGeJU a&S;wkef;uvdk AdkvfvktkH;rSmyJ?

1331 
rmeeJU tmCmwudk ravQmhMuorQ umvywfvkH; wkwf"m;r&SdvQif
vufoD;eJUxdk;Mur,f? vufr&Sd vQif wd&pämefrsm;vdk oGm;eJUudkufMur,f?
wenf;enf;awmh owfaeMur,fh vlawGyJAs? Nidrf;csrf;rSmawmhr[kwfbl;?
vlrsKd;rjyKwf&kHom&SdrSmyJ}}
nD/ /]]rmeavQmhvQifaumcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]rmeudkavQmhzdkUu vufeufudkzsufodrf;zdkUxuf cJ,Of;vdrfhrnf
xifw,f? uRefawmfwkdUAk'¨w&m;awmft& rmeudkazsmufzdkUu tcufqkH;
vdkUqdkxm;w,f? jzpfEdkifvQifawmh [kwfyg&JU? cJ,Of;vGef;wJUtwGuf 'Dvrf;udk
csefxm;vdkuf MupdkUAsm? rjzpfEdkifwmudk pOf;pm;aevdkU tydkyJjzpfaevdrfhr,f}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh tmCmwtaMumif; ajymygawmhcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]tmCmw  Hatred  qdkwm qefUusifbufoabmxm;&Sdjcif;?
rvdkrkef;wD;jcif;? udk,fhxufomoGm;jcif;udk rMunfhEdkifjcif;? rvdkvm;jcif;?
olUtay:rSm Adkvfusvdkjcif;? wbufom; ysufpD;jcif;udkom jrifvdkMum;vdkjcif;
tp&SdwJU oabmxm;awG tm;vkH; yg0ifwmayghavAsm}}
nD/ /]]tdrfeD;csif;udk rdrdudk,fuJUodkUcspf&rnf? vuf0Jbufyg;udk &dkuf
vQif vuf,mbufyg;udkvSnfhay;rnfqdkwmrsKd;awGaum ygovm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'gawGrygygbl;? uRefawmhenf;u vla wGrusifhokH;Ekdif wJU[m
rsKd;awG r[kwfygbl;? tdrfeD;csif;udk udk,fhudk,fuJUodkUcspfwJUvl b,frSm
&SdovJAsm? vuf0Jbufyg;udk&dkufvsuf vuf,mbufyg;udk vSnfhay; wJUvl
awGUzl;ovm;Asm}}
nD/ /]]ckeifuajymcJUwJU[mawGxJrSm b,f'if;udkt&ifqkH; vkyfxdkuf
ovJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]pdwfeJUywfoufvdkU uRefawmfu vufawGUpkHprf;avhvmxm;wJU
vlwa,mufjzpfygw,f/ rkef;wD;jcif;qdkwJU tmCmwpdwfeJU ]Akdvfvk}

1332 
csifwJUpdwf qdkwmrSm ]Akdvfvk}csifwJUpdwfu taMumif;w&m;? tmCmwpdwfu
tusKd;w&m; jzpfygw,f/ odkUaomf avmuvlom;rsm;taeeJUuawmh
]Adkvfvk}csifwJ?Updwfudk ry,fazsmufEdkifrD tmCmwxdatmifra&mufzdkU?
tmCmwxm;wdkif;rvkyfzdkU? tmCmwpdwf? &Sdjcif;udk xkwfazmfNyD;rjyzdkU
qifjcifMuygrS wjznf;jznf; Nidrf;csrf;a&;&EdkifzdkU &Sdvdrfhr,f}}

nD/ /]]b,fhES,fvJ tpfudkBuD; ]Adkvfvk} csifwJUpdwfu taMumif;

w&m;? rkef;wD;jcif; (tmCmw) oabmu tusKd;w&m;vdkUqdkvQif taMumif;
jzpfwJU ]Adkvfvk}csifaom oabmudka&S;OD;pGm ESdyfuGyf&r,f r[kwfbl;vm;
cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'Dudpöu eufeJw,fAs? pOf;pm;NyD;em;axmifyg? uRefawmf
BudK;pm;NyD;&Sif;jyygr,f? cifAsm;wdkUuGefjrLepf0g'ray:rD vGefcJUwJU acwfawG
wkef;uawmh wjynfeJUwjynf[m olUxufigajrBuD;vkMuw,f? ypönf;pk
Muw,f? e,fajraygrsm;wJUjynfu tifydkif,mBuD;qdkNyD; ]Adkvfvkyf}cJUMuw,f?
r[kwfbl;vm;? atmfwdkreftifydkif,m? &dkreftifydkif,m? NAdwdoQtifydkif,m?
bmwdkUnmwdkUayghavAsm? wvSnfhpDAdkvfvkyfcJUMuw,f r[kwfvm;? uGefjrL
epf0g' ay:aygufvmwJU 'Dacwfusawmh tifydkif,macwfr[kwfawmhyJ
Opömypönf;eJU Adkvfjzpfatmif ppfwyfeJUAdkvfjzpfatmif vufeJUAdkvfjzpfatmif
N*dKvfwkeJUAdkvfjzpf atmif aemufvdkufaemufygta&twGufeJUAdkvfjzpfatmif
NydKifwljzpfap? wckNyD; wck wrsKd;NyD;wrsKd;jzpfap ,SOfNydKifBudK;pm;aeMuw,f
r[kwfbl;vm;? tckwavm rsm;rSmawmh a&TaiGypönf;OpömeJUawmif
*kPfr,lMuawmhbl;? udk,fhrSm&SdwJU aiGudkjzefUjzL;NyD; aemufvdkuf
pkaqmif;Muw,f? N*dKvfwkvkyfzdkUtwGuf tqrwef tukefcHMuw,f?
'gawG[m tm;vkH;bmvkyfzdkUvJ? olUxufig ]Adkvfvkyf}zdkUtwGuf r[kwfvm;?

1333 
txl;ojzifh cifAsm;wkdU&k&Sm;eJU tar&duefeJU AdkvfvkaeMuwmyJ r[kwfbl;
vm;}}
nD/ /]]'grSvJ wkd;wufw,f r[kwfbl;vm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]0w¬Kypönf;bufu wkd;wufwmudk 0efcHygw,f? odkUaomf
wbufu raumif;wJUpdwfawG wkd;wufvmwmudk umuG,fwwfzdkU
uRefawmf owday;csifw,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]udk,fhjynfudk wkd;wufatmif tNydKiftqdkif BudK;pm;
Muwmuawmh udpör&Sdygbl;? rBudK;pm;wJU wkdif;jynf? rBudK;pm;wJU
vlrsKd;[mvJ nHUaomwdkif;jynf nHUaomvlrsKd; jzpfoGm;&rSm trSefygyJ?
odkUaomf udk,fh[mudk,f BuD;yGm;wdk;wuf&kH eJU rNyD;yJ]Adkvfvk}wJUpdwfrsKd;?
]Akdvfus}csifwJUoabmxm;rsKd; 0ifvmvQifawmh raumif;bl;As? Adkvfvkcsif
wJUpdwfrsKd; 0ifvmNyDqdkrSjzifh udk,hf[mudk,f BuD;yGm;&kHeJU rauseyfcsifyJ
udk,feJUtwlwl wkdif;jynfcsif;u udk,fhxufomoGm;wmudk rMunhfcsifbl;?
udk,fhatmufu wkdif;jynfu udk,hfrDvmwmudkvJ rMunhfcsifbl;? wbufaom
wdkif;jynfysufpD;oGm;wmudk jrifcsifw,f? wwfEdkifvQif ysufpD;atmif
vkyfcsifw,f? 'DpdwfrsKd;awGu aumif;ovm; raumif;bl;vm;Asm}}
nD/ /]]raumif;bl;vdkU qdk&rSmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]raumif;bl;qdkwm [dktxuf aumif;uiftmumoxJrSm
olU[mol raumif;wJUtjcif;t&mawG jzpfaewmrsKd; r[kwfbl;As?
wjynfeJUwjynf? wa,mufeJU wa,muftjyeftvSefyJUwifxyfNyD; tm;vkH;
ukefraumif;wJU oabmw&m;awG jyefUESHUukefwmyJAs}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkcifAs}}

1334 
 Ekyf/ /]]'DacwfrSm tar&duefeJU cifAsm;wkdU[m urÇmrSm Adkvfvk
aeMuw,f qdkwmudk jiif;Edkifovm;}}
nD/ /]]xm;ygawmh b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]0efcHvdkufygAsm? olUxufigomatmif BudK;pm;aeMuw,f
r[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]BudK;pm;wmawmh [kwfygw,f}}
Ekyf/ /]]wjynfuwjynfxufomatmif BudK;pm;,if; olwkdUbufu
cifAsm;wkdUxuf wckckrSmomoGm;vQif cifAsm;wkdUpdwfxJrSm b,fvdk&SdovJAs}}
nD/ /]]rDatmifvdkufzdkUBudK;pm;rSmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]aumif;NyD? 'gudkxm;awmh? taemuftkyfpk? ta&SUtkyfpk
&SdMuw,f r[kwfvm;? b,fbufudkrSrygyJ Mum;aewkdif;jynfwjynf[m
taemuftkyfpkxJ udk ygoGm;vQif cifAsm;wkdUb,fHES,f&SdovJ? aysmfMu&JUvm;}}
nD/ /]]b,faysmfrSmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]aiGeJUvkyf&rvm;? b,fvdkacsmh&rvJ? olUBudKufvkH;udk
b,fvdk&SmrvJ? bmvJnmvJeJUpOD;pm;Mur,f r[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]]'gawmh [kwfygw,f}}
Ekyf/ /]][dkwkef;u uRefawmfwkdUArmjynfudk jyifopfuvdkcsifw,f?
t*Fvdyfu vdkcsifw,f? acsmif;aecJUMuw,f aemufqkH;usawmh t*Fvdyfu
OD;atmif0ifvk,lvdkufwm NyD;oGm;wmyJ 'Dacwfu'Dvdkr[kwfbl;As? wynfhvk&
wmu 'Dxuf&efrsm;w,f? axmufyHUw,fqdkNyD;aiGoGefay;vdkuf&wmu udpö
r&Sdbl;? wbufudkwbuf oHuGefcsmwJU? 0g;uGefcsmwJU? bk&m;r&Sd
w&m;r&SdwJU? ppfbDvl;wJU? e,fcsJUwJU? aoG;pkwfaumifwJU ajymvdkufMu?
a&;vdkufMu? udk,fh[m udk,f,kH? udk,fhvludk,fodrf;oGif;? 'Dvdk'DvdkeJU

1335 
wbufeJUwbuf tmCmwawGyGm;NyD; awmifavmifaeMuw,f r[kwfbl;
vm;}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUbufu ajymwmawGrrSefbl;vm;? r,kHbl;vm;
cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]b,fbufuajymwmudkrS uRefawmftm;vkH;r,kHbl;Asm?
r[kwfwm a&m? [kwfwma&m wqdwfudkwtdwfvkyf? wbufom;udk &GHatmif
rkef;atmifpufqkyfatmifvdkU &nf&G,fcsufeJU ykwfcwfaeMuwmudk uRefawmf
awGU&w,f? vkyfcsifMuvQif udk,fhwdkif;jynfaumif;aMumif;udk oabm&Sd
ajymMuyg? wbufudk vlayGvlnpf vl,kwfrmvdkUawmh rykwfcwfMuvQif
aumif;w,fAs? wynhfaemuf vdkufrsm;ygrS AdkvfvkyfEdkifw,fqdkvQif
Adkvfvkyf&rS auseyfEdkifr,fqdkvQif Mum;wkdif;jynfawGudk ulnDMu? axmufyHU
Mu? ay;Mu? urf;Mu? acsmhMuarmhMu? ajyma[mMu? wbufom;udk
&THUeJUyufjcif;rsKd;udkawmh a&SmifMuOfzkdU em;vnf xdkufMuw,fAsm? emayhqdkwJU
pum;vkH;awG a&;MuajymMuNyD; wbufom; a'goxGufatmif vkyfjcif;rsKd;
uawmh tusKd;r&SdwJUtjyif tusKd;,kwfzkdUcsnf; uRefawmfjrifw,fAsm?
cspfatmifrvkyfcsifvQif? rvkyfwwfvQifaeMu? wdk;NyD; rkef;atmifawmh vkyf
MuzdkU rawmfbl;Asm? 'gaMumifh udk,fhvlrsKd;udk wkd;wufatmif BuD;yGm;atmif
vkyfMuyg? AdkvfvkcsifwJUpdwfrsKd;[m ola&migyg tEÅ&mvJrsm;wwf
w,fqdkwJU taMumif;avmufudkawmh oabmaygufMuzdkU aumif;w,f?
oabmraygufao;vQif raygufrcsif; MuyfMuyfBuD;pOf;pm;MuzdkU aumif;
w,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]'DvdkqdkvQif rvGwfvyfao;wJU wdk;jynfawG[m 'Dtwdkif;ae&
awmhrSmvm; cifAsm}}

1336 
 Ekyf/ /]]'Dudpöudk uRefawmftBudrfBudrf pOf;pm;rdygw,f? 'Dacwf[m
vGwfvyfa&;acwfygAs? cifAsm;wdkUeJUtar&duefeJU rkef;wD;a&; avQmhwJUtcsdef
rSm urÇmhwkdif;jynfawG tm;vkH;vGwfvyf&rSmyg}}
nD/ /]] b,fvdkoufqdkifvdkUvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]tar&duefudk,fEIdufuvJ wjynfuwjynfudk tkyfcsKyfwm
0rf;xJu rvdkvm;ygbl;? cifAsm;wkdUaMumifh uyfzJUvkyfaejcif;jzpfygw,f}}
nD/ /]]r&Sif;vif;ao;ygbl; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmf&Sif;jyygr,f? aemufvdkufpkNyD; AdkvfvkMuwJUacwfvdkU
uRefawmfajymcJUw,fr[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfuJUcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUu rvGwfvyfao;wJU wdkif;jynfuav;awGbufu
vdkufNyD; ajymw,fqdkw,f? axmufcHw,f r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfygw,f? 'D[mvrf;rSefwmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]wcsKdUae&mawGrSm vrf;rSefjcif;? vrf;rSm;jcif;xuf vlpkzdkUu
ta&;BuD;aewJUacwfAs? cifAsm;wkdUu vufatmufcHwdkif;jynfawGbufu
vdkufajymNyD;aemufvdkufpkw,fvdkU tar&duefujrifavawmh olwkdUutkyfcsKyf
wJU wkdif;jynfawGbufu vdkufNyD;vlpkwmyJ? taMumif;uvJ cifAsm;wkdUu
jzLvQif olurnf;r,fqdkwJU tmCmwoabmuvJ tNrJ&Sdaew,f? 'DupörSm
cifAsm;wkdUbufu w&m;enf;vrf;uswm trSefyJ? w&m;enf;vrf;us
wJUtwdkif; tar&duefudk cifAsm;wkdUuepfematmif? &Sufatmifzdajymawmh
vlUobm0twdkif; wubfu t&GJUwdkufNyD; ZGwfvkyfcsifwwfwmyJ? *dk0g;eJU
tdE´d,udpörSmtifrwef xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rw&m;NyD; cGeftm;csif;rwlwmawmif
ay:wl*Du b,fhavmufMumMumBuD; wG,fuyfaeEdkifovJAsm? 'D[m tar
&duefwdkU taemuftkyfpkawGu rsufESmomay;xm;cJUvdkUayghAs? ckwzef

1337 
tif'dkeD;&Sm;eJU a[mfvefwdkUudpö ay:vmjyefNyD? 'D[mvJ wbufu a[mfvef
udk rsufpypfNyD;tm;ay;xm;cJUvdkyJAs? ckeifu ajymcJUwJUtwdkif; w&m;
enf;vrf;usrusxuf aemufvdkufi,fom; pkzdkUeJUcifAsm;wkdUudk uPvkyfzkdU
u ta&;BuD;aewJUacwfAs? tar&duefOD;pD;wJU taemuftkyfpkuom rsufESm
vTJxm;vdkufvQif taemuf*DeDwdkU tmz&duwdkufxJu wdkif;jynfuav;awG
wdkU[m olwdkUtvdktavsmufa&Sma&Sm&SL&SL jzpfukefMurSmyJ}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkrS olwdkUu rsufESmvTJrSmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUeJUtar&duefeJU tmCmwavsmhyg;atmif BudK;pm;
wJU tcsdefrSm 'DudpöawG trsm;BuD; &Sif;oGm;rSmayghAsm}}
nD/ /]]olwdkUeJU uRefawmfwdkUeJU b,fbufu tmCmwydkovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]olwdkUbufu 24 em&D tqufrjywf aumif;uifwufapmifh
ae&jcif;udk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh olwkdUbufu ydkNyD;aMumufaew,f? tpdk;
&drfBuD;aew,f? rouFmrItm;BuD;aew,f? 'gaMumifhydkNyD; tmCmwrsm;
aew,fvdkU qdk&r,f}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifhb,fhES,fvkyfMurvJ? tmCmw ydkaewJUvlu tmCmw
avQmhay;&r,f r[kwfvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]olwkdU[molwdkU vkyfvdkUr&bl;? cifAsm;wkdUudk olwkdUu
rkef;aew,f qdkvQif rkef;wD;jcif;avsmhatmif cifAsm;wkdUuyJ vkyf&r,f}}
nD/ /]]udk,fhpdwfu rkef;aew,fqdkvQif rkef;wD;jcif;avsmhatmif
udk,fh[mudk,f vkyf&r,fr[kwfbl;vm; cifAsm}
Ekyf/ /]]'guwenf;yJ? Ak'¨bmomrSm &Sdw,f/ avmbavsmhatmif
a'goavsmhatmifvkyfwJUenf;awG &Sdw,f? cifAsm;wdkUvlpku 'Dpmudk
ra&mufao;bl;? avmuenf;eJUyJvkyf&r,f? udk,hfudkolu rkef;aevQif
olrkef;wD;jcif; avsmhatmif udk,fuvkyf,l&r,f}}

1338 
 nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]ola'gojzpfatmif rajymeJU? rvkyfeJUayghAs? cufaewmu
wjcm;r[kwfbl;? wbufudkwbufu rkef;aejcif;[m ola&mudk,fyg tusKd;
ysufpD;w,fqdkwmudk cifAsm;wkdUtm;vkH; aumif;aumif;BuD; oabmrayguf
Mubl;As? wbufeJUwbuf a'gojzpfatmif wdk;NyD;rkef;atmifwrifwum
ajymaeMu? vkyfaeMuw,f? 'Dvdk ajymEdkif ? vkyfEdkifrS *kPf&Sdw,f? vlawGu
Mobmay;w,f 'DvdkxifaeMuw,f? cifAsm;wkdUtm;vkH;yJ 'djyifae&mawGrSm
awmfMuyg&JU? pdwfqdk;vmvQif wbufom;udk ematmifwG,fcsifwJU ae&mrSm
awmh ausmif;om;tqifhtwef;xuf jrifhao;w,f rxifaygifAsm}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh uRefawmfwdkUBudK;pm;cJUorQawG[m tvum;yJvm;
b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]umvfrmhuf&JU 0g't& udk,fhwdkif;jynfom; tcsif;csif;
tay:rSm oabmxm;MuykHuawmh trsm;BuD;wdk;wufygw,f? uRefawmfvJ
jrifygw,f? odkhaomfcifAsm;wdkU&JU q&mBuD;umvfrmhufpfudk,fEIdufu wdkif;jynf
wjynftwGif; tcsif;csif;pdwfxm;ykHeJU pD;yGm;a&;acsmifcsdrIavmuf twGufudk
om oabmxm;NyD; pOf;pm;xm;w,fvdkU uRefawmfem;vnfw,f? t&if;&Sif
wdkif;jynfawGeJU ywfoufwJU qufqHa&;rsKd;awmh olUpmawGxJrSm uRefawmf
rawGU&bl; olUtvkyf vJr[kwfaybl;? olUt,ltquawmh urÇmBuD;[m
waehaomtcgrSm uGefjrLepfjzpf&rSmyJvdkU ,kHMunfoGm;ykH&w,f? odkUaomf
olUacwfwkef;u nluvD,mvufeufawG ray:ao;bl;As? uGefjrLepfawmh
tjzpfrcHbl;? urÇmBuD; ysufcsifysuf wa,mufrSrusefcsifae zsufypf
vdkufr,f qdkwJU pdwful;rsKd;awGvJ ray:ao;bl;As}}
nD/ /]]'Dpdwful;rsKd;awmh w&m;ovm; b&m;om;}}

1339 
 Ekyf/ /]]urÇmavmuBuD;rSm vlawG[m w&m;wmudkrS vkyfygr,fvdkU
b,folu wm0efcHxm;ovJ? rmeudkodvQif bmrqdk vkyfwwfw,fqdkwm
cifAsm;wdkU rpOf;pm;bl;vm;? urÇmBuD;udk uGefjrLepfjzpfatmifvkyfr,fqdkwJU
cifAsm;wdkU&JU arQmfrSef;csuf[m ckvkyfenf;twdkif;qdkvQif pdwful;,Of
oufouf jzpfaeNyD? cifAsm;wdkU&JUa&SUu rkef;wD;rIeJU nluvD,mvufeufBuD;
qD;aeNyD}}
nD/ /]]olwdkUvkyfcsifwdkif; vkyf&rvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]vmjyefNyDAsm? uRefawmfajymcJUNyDr[kwfbl;vm;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;
vkyfcsifvQif wbufom;udk a'gojzpfatmif rvkyfMuygeJUvdkU?
tEkjrLacwfBuD;rSm cka'gojzpfvdkU ckvkyfcsifwm xvkyfvdkufvQif b,folu
b,fudkvdkufqJGEdkifrSmvJAs? [dkwkef;uqdkvQif ppfwdkufzdkUqdkwm wkdif;ol
jynfom;awG pdwfygvmatmif [pfwvmwdkU tawmfajyma[modrf;oGif;
,lMu&w,f? ckqdkvQif xdyfqkH;u vl10 a,mufavmufu qkH;jzwfNyD;
vlwpf&mESpf&mavmufu pwdkufvdkufvQif urÇmppfjzpfoGm;Edkifw,f
qdkr[kwfvm;? 'DavmufodrfarGUaewJU udpöwckrSm vufudkZGwfcsKyfudkifzdkU
cJ,Of;w,fqdkwm cifAsm;wkdUvJ odMuygw,f? 'Davmuf txdrcHjzpfaewJU
tajctaerSm cifAsm;wdkUq&mBuD;uvJ wcsufwcsufrSm vrf;acsmfw,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkacsmfvdkUvJcifAs? vudkoGm;zkdU udpörsKd;awGrSm
tm;vkH;wdkif; jynfawG vufwGJNyD;aqmif&GufMuzdkU tBuHay;onftxd
qE´aumif;jyxm;ygNyD b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]vdkufa&mwJUtcsufawGudkvJ uRefawmfawGUcJU&ygw,f?
qdkAD,uf ,ledD,Hudk tjcm;wdkif;jynfawGrSvmMuwJU {nfhonfawmfawGxJrSm
tar&duef {nfhonfawmfawGudk ta&;tay;qkH;? *&ktpdkufqkH; auseyfatmif
tjyKpkqkH;vdkU od&ygw,f? tar&duefjynfoGm;MuwJU &k&Sm;{nfhonfawmf

1340 
awGudk 'Dvdktxl;wvnfrS jyKpkygav&JUvm;? rajymwwfbl;? uRefawmfh
oabmuawmh olwkdUbuf uxl;csifxl; rxl;csifae? cifAsm;wkdUbufu
olwdkUtay:rSm xl;NyD; *&kwpdkuf jyKpkw,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfcsD;rGrf;w,fAsm?
'gaMumifhvJ 'DujyefoGm;wJU {nfhonfwdkif;vdkvdku auseyfcJUwJUtaMumif;
ajymMuaywmyJ? 'D[mrsKd;uav; awG&,f? ckeifu cifAsm;ajymwJU
tmumopkHprf;a&;udpörSm vufwGJNyD; aqmif&GufMuzdkU tBuHay;wmrsKd;
&,fuawmh tvGefaumif;ygayw,f? odkUaomf wcsufwcsufrSm cifAsm;wkdU
q&mBuD;u tonf;ESvkH;udkcGyfvdkufwmu qdk;w,fAs}}
nD/ /]]bmvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]],lwl;av,mOfysHudkypfcsNyD; 'l;axmufawmif;yefckdif;wJU tvkyf
rsKd;uawmh vGefvGef;w,fxifw,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]udk,fhqDvmNyD; usL;ausmfapmfum;wmudk ypfrcs&bl;vm;
cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]usL;ausmfwmawmh ypfcsayghAsm? q,fcgusL;ausmfvJ
q,fcgypfcsaygh? odkUaomf urÇmhAdkvfxktv,frSm 'l;axmufawmif;yef
cdkif;wmuawmh rjzpfEdkifwJUtvkyfwckudk vkyfckdif;&ma&mufvdkUrdkU wif;rmrIawG
tqrwef wdk;vmukefawmhwmygyJAsm}}
nD/ /]]&efpwm  Provocation vufydkufMunfhae&rvm; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wdkUu tvGeftuRH t"dyÜm,faumuf ,lukefMu
wmudk;As? usL;ausmfwmawmh[kwfygw,f? &efpwmawmhr[kwfygbl;? &efjzpf
csifvdkU &efpvQif 'Dvdkbmvkyfaep&m&SdovJ? nluvD,mAkH;ypfxnfh
vdkuf&kHaygh/ uRefawmfajymwJUtwdkif; olwdkUbufucifAsm;wdkUudk tifrwef
vefUNyD; tifrwef ,kHyJjzpfaew,f? 'DawmhcifAsm;wkdUrSm bmawGrsm;&SdovJvdkU
od&atmif? ,lwl;vTwfNyD; pkHprf;axmufvSrf;jcif;jzpfrSmaygh? 'gudk&efpw,f

1341 
vdkUcifAsm;wkdUbufu t"dyÜm,faumufwmuawmh wrifoufouf ]csJU}
&ma&mufygw,f? cifAsm;wdkU udk,fwdkifuvJ rcHcsifatmif ]wrifouf
oufpw,fvdkU,lqw,f rxifygbl;?wbufom;ydkNyD; qdk;&ma&mufatmif
pGyfpJGjcif; jzpf[efwlygw,f? 'grS 'l;axmufcdkif;aumif;atmifayghav}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh b,fvdkvkyfoifhw,f xifovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]usL;ausmfwJU ,lwl;udkypfcsNyD;NyD r[kwfvm;? olwdkU
bufuawmh olwdkUav,mOfysHudk cifAsm;wkdUypfrcsEdkifaybl;xifNyD; awmif&Sm
ajrmuf&SmeJU axmufvSrf;pkHprf;aew,fav? cifAsm;wdkUbufu roda,mif
aqmifNyD; bmrSrqlyJ xdyfoD;uGefz&ifhudk wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwfvkyf? olwdkU
[molwdkU a'gif;awmufatmif &Smayap? ,lwl;udpöudk cifAsm;wkdUu  (Trump 
Card)  *sKdum taeeJUta&;&SdrS okH;oifhokH;&atmif vQKdU0Sufxm;?
okH;zdkUvdkwJUtpdyftydkif;a&mufawmhrS cifAsm;wdkUqdk;npfwmawGudk uRefawmf
wdkUodygw,f? cifAsm;wkdU t&SufruGJ&avatmif uRefawmfwdkUu vQKdU0Suf
xm;NyD; BudwfcHcJUygw,fvdkU xkwfajymvdkuf&vQif [dkvlawG tifrwef
vefUoGm;NyD; trsm;BuD;vdkufavsmvdrfhr,fvdkU uRefawmfarQmfvifhw,f? ckawmh
cifAsm;wdkUu t&SufcJG&wmudk tom;,lNyD; qlvdkufylvdkuf awmif;yef
cdkif;vdkufawmh tjyeftvSefqlMuNyD; xdyfoD;uGefz&ifh rvkyfvdkuf&bl;
[kwfvm;? cifAsm;wdkUvlpkcsnfykHwkyfykH redyfao;ygbl;Asm}}
nD/ /]]'DvdkqdkvQif xdyfoD;uGefz&ifhatmifjrifr,fvm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]atmifjrifonftxdawmh uRefawmftxifrBuD;ygbl;?
odkUaomf b,fenf;rqdkwif;rmrIuawmh ,ckavmuf 'D*&Drjrifhaybl; xif
w,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwdkUu qdwfqdwfaevdkU olwdkUu ,lwl;awG
wpif;NyD; wpif; qufNyD;vTwfaevQifaum cifAsm}}

1342 
 Ekyf/ /]]qufvTwfawmhvJ qufypfcsayghAsm? okdUaomf uRefawmf
ajymcsifwmu vkH;0qdwfqdwfaezdkU r[kwfygbl;? xdyfoD;uGefz&ifhxJrSmyJ
tcsdefwef awmhajymjyzdkUygyJ? ckawmhcifAsm;wdkUu qlyl&kHruawmif;yefckdif;NyD;
t&SufcGJvdkufao;wmudk;As? uRefawmfuawmh 'Duwnf;u wif;rmrIavQmhzdkU
qdkwmarQmfvifhcsuf r&Sdawmhygbl;vdkU pdwfysufrdawmhwmygyJ}}
nD/ /]]olwdkUrSm;vQif awmif;yefrckdif;&bl;vm; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ / ]Sorry  0rf;enf;ygw,fAsm qdkwmrsKd;avmufawmh [kwf
rSmaygh? cifAsm;wdkUawmif;yefcdkif;ykHu 'l;axmuf&ravmuf tusyfudkifxm;
wmAs? urÇmhtv,frSm 'Dvdkawmif;yefenf;rsKd;awmh tar&duefvJ rawmif;
yefbl;? cifAsm;wdkUvJrawmif;yefbl;? urÇmrSm xdyfoD;a&mufaewJU b,fvdk
wdkif;jynftpdk;& rsKd;urS rawmif;yefaybl;Asm? 'gavmufawmh cifAsm;wkdUvJ
em;vnfavmuf ygw,f? rme  (Pride)  As? rmeqdkwm b,ftxd
ZGwfaycHwwfw,fqdkwm cifAsm;wkdUvJ pOf;pm;rdzkdUaumif;ygw,f? 'Dwcsuf
cifAsm;wkdUbuf acsmfoGm;wm uRefawmfawmh urÇmBuD;twGuf 0rf;enf;vdkU
rqkH;bl;Asm}}
nD/ /]]bmawGrsm; jzpfukefao;vdkUvJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUvkyfvdkufwm olwdkUtifrwef&SufoGm;NyDAs? 'g
avmuf&Suf&atmif jzpf&zl;wJUwjcm;udpöwckudk uRefawmfjzifh &SmvdkUr&bl;?
rmeBuD;aewJU vlwa,muf? odkUr[kwf vlwpk &SufoGm;w,fqdkvQif
awmfawmfeJU rajy aysmufEdkifbl;qdkwm cifAsm;wdkUowdxm;zdkUaumif;w,f}}
nD/ /]]olwdkU&Sufwm uRefawmfwkdUtylvm;Asm}}
Ekyf/ /]]woufvkH; &efoltjzpfeJU c&D;oGm;MurSmjzifh [kwfygw,f?
tckawmh cifAsm;wdkUu Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJaexdkifMuzkdU &nf&G,fcsuf
&Sdw,fqdk? usL;bm;udpörsKd;vdk olwkdU[molwdkU&Suf&wmuawmh b,fwwfEdkif

1343 
rvJ? cifAsm;wkdUu 'l;axmufawmif;yefzdkU tusyfudkifcHwJUqDtxd BuKH&wm
uawmh arhEdkifr,fr[kwfbl;As}}
nD/ /]]rarhEdkifawmh bmjzpfovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ ]]oifhjrwfnDnGwfa&;eJU ywfoufvdkU cifAsm;wkdUbufu pum;
urf;vSrf;csufuav;awG rpGHyJjzpfwwfwmaygh}}
nD/ /]]olwdkUu b,fvdkjrifovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]tvum; 0g'jzefUwmvdkUjrif[ef&Sdw,f? ,lwl;udpöjzpfvdkuf&
uwnf;u tar&duef[m tcGHxJ0ifoGm;wJU vdyfacgif;vdk cifAsm;wdkUjrLvdkU
awmfawmfeJUxGufawmhrSmr[kwfbl;? 'Dvdkwcsufaumif;ESpfcsufaumif;uav;
rsKd;avmufeJUawmh cifAsm;wkdUudk r,kHawmhbl;Asm}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJcifAs}}
Ekyf/ /]]t&if;tjrpfupNyD; BudK;pm;,l&r,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fhES,fvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwlaexdkifjcif; qdkwm[m cifAsm;wkdUu vdkcsif
wmvm;? tar&duefuvdkcsifwmvm;}}
nD/ /]]b,folrqdk vdkcsifxdkufwmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]vdkcsifxdkufwmawmh [kwfw,f? olurvdkcsifawmh olwdkUu
rvdkcsifwmvJcifAsm}}
nD/ /]]wu,f vdkcsifxdkufwJU tjcif;t&mwckudk bmhaMumifholwdkUu
rvdkcsifwmvJcifAsmh}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUudk vefUaew,f? r,kHbl;? pdwfemxm;w,f?
t&SufcGJ cHxm;&w,f? 'gaMumifholwkdUu tEdkif&csifw,f? Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk
rvdkcsifbl;}}
nD/ /]]'DvdkqdkolwdkUu qdk;wmayghcifAsm}}

1344 
 Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfu olqdk;wm? igqdk;wmudk wifjyvdkjcif; r[kwfbl;?
cifAsm;wkdUu Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk vdkcsifwJUbufjzpfawmh &atmif,lzdkU[m cifAsm;
wkdU wm0efjzpfaew,f}}
nD/ /]]acgif;ikHUcHwJU enf;vrf;vm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]umvfrmhufpf&JU ]rl}eJUywfoufvdkUvufwvkH; avQmhay;zdkU
uRefawmfu rwdkufwGef;csifygbl;? umvfrmhufpfu t&if;&SifEdkifiHawG
a'gojzpf atmif wrifwum vkyf&r,f? ajym&r,fvdkUvJ rnGefcJUygbl;?
udk,fhjynfwGif;a&; rSm b,fol0if&IyfwmudkrSvJ rcHxdkufygbl;? odkUaomf
0g'csif;NydKifcsifwJUpdwfrsKd; awG? olUpepfxuf udk,fhpepfu omw,fqdkwmudk
ae&mwumwdkif; ,SOfjycsifwJU pDpOfrIrsKd;awGudkawmh tavmokH;q,f rvkyf
MuzdkU awmif;yefcsifw,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]urÇmhvlxkcsrf;omatmif raqmif&Gufxdkufbl;vm; cifAsm?
urÇmh zdESdyfcH vlwef;pm;u uRefawmfwdkUudk arQmfMunfhaeMuw,f r[kwf
bl;vm; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'guawmh vkyfxdkufygw,f? odkUaomf]iguG}qdkwJU
oabmrsKd;eJU rvkyfzkdU? b,folUrS*&krpdkufbl;qdkwJU oabmeJUrvkyfzdkU awmif;
yefcsifwmyJAsm}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdU vkyfwmawGrSm ]iguG}qdkwJU oabmrsKd;ygovm;
cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]ygygw,fav? 'grsKd;[m udk,fh[mudk,f rjrifayrifh
Mum;vlawGu awmh jrifEdkifygw,f? remvdkwJU wbufom;uqdkawmh
csJUxGifNyD;awmif jrifwwf wmudk;As}}

1345 
 nD/ /]]b,folUrS *&krpdkufbl;qdkwJU oabmrsKd;vJ ygygovm;
cifAsm? w&m;enf;vrf;usrus? rSefrrSeftjyif b,folUudk *&kpdkuf xdkufao;
ovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]udk,fhjynfwGif;a&;awmh [kwfwmaygh? jynfya&;&mrsKd;awGus
awmh wbufub,fvdkufcHr,fqdkwmudkyg xnfhNyD;csifhwGufxdkufygw,f?
igwdkUvkyfwm enf;vrf;rSefw,f? b,folu bmajymcsifao;ovJqdkwJU
jy,k*frsKd;udkawmh uRefawmfuvefUw,fAsm? txl;ojzifh ,ckvdktvGefw&m
t,kHtMunfuif;rJUNyD; aoG;vefUaeMuwJU tcsdeftcgrsKd;rSm omNyD; owdjyKzdkU
vdkw,fAs}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om;u uRefawmfwdkUtwGuf aMumifhMuBuD;aeovm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUtwGuf oufoufqdkvQifawmh uRefawmfrajym0HU
ygbl;Asm? ckawmhjzpfvdkufw,fqdk vlrsKd;jyKwfoGm;rSmaMumifh pdwfxJ&SdwmawG
xkwfajymrdjcif;jzpfygw,f}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om;u tar&duef[m e,fcsJUw,fvdkUrjrifbl;vm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]a&S;wkef;uvdk ajrBuD;udk e,fcsJUwmwkdU? a&TaiGtjrwfxkwfwm
wdkUawmhvkyfwJU acwfr[kwfawmhygbl;cifAs? jyifopfwdkU a[mfvefwkdU?
ay:wl*D wkdUqdkwJU tpdk;&awGu vkyfcsifMuao;ayrifh ,kwfpGmhtqkH;
tar&duefeJU &k&Sm;uawmh rvkyfcsifMuawmhbl;vdkU uRefawmf,lqw,f}}
nD/ /]]azmfrdkqmwdkU? tdkwDem0gwkdU? ,dk;',m;wkdU? avm?
AD,uferfwkdUawG rSm 0if&IyfaewmubmvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'guawmh cifAsm;vJ odygw,f? a&S;wkef;uvdk aoG;pkyfzdkU
r[kwfygbl;? aemufvdkufrsm;atmif vlpkwJU&nf&G,fcsufyg? olwkdUtdwfxJu
a':vmawGtukefcHNyD; vkyfaew,f r[kwfbl;vm;? cifasm;wkdUudk NydKifcsifwJU
oabm? AdkvfvkwJUoabmygyJ? cifAsm;wkdUvJ AdkvfvkwJUoabmrsKd;

1346 
ruif;ygbl;? odkUaomf tar&duefuawmh ]Adkvfus} wJUoabmygw,fAs?
'gaMumifh omqdk; w,f}}
nD/ /]] ]Adkvfvk}wmeJU? ]Adkvfus}wmeJU b,fvdkjcm;em;ovJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]] ]Adkvfvk}w,fqdkwmu tar&duefa&m? cifAsm;wkdUa&m[m
urÇmrSm MoZmtmPmeJUwuG urÇmolurÇmom; txifBuD;cH&wJUae&mrSm
(1)eHygwf wdkif;jynfjzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfaeMuw,fr[kwfvm;? 'gudk
Adkvfvkw,fvdkU ac:w,fAs}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUuawmh 'Dvdkr[kwfygbl; b&m;om;? urÇmol
urÇmom;tm;vkH; zdESdyfrIcH&wJU tjzpfrsKd;rS vGwfukefMuNyD; acsmifcsdpGm
aexdkifEdkifMu w,fqdkvQif auseyfwmygyJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]'D&nf&G,fcsufrsKd;&Sdvdrfhr,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfrjiif;ygbl;?
odkUaomf 'DqE´[m t"dur[kwfao;ygbl;As? cifAsm;wkdU vlpkawGu vlUpdwf
taMumif;udk tao;pdwf avhvmzl;jcif;vJ r&Sdbl;? pdwftaMumif;udk tp
tqkH;odwJU yk*¾dKvfrsKd;u a[mjyxm;cJUwJU usrf;rsKd;vJ r&Sdbl;? uRefawmfajym
r,f? urÇmrSm udk,fusKd;rygyJ olwyg;tusKd;twGuf oufoufaqmif&GufcJU
ygw,fqdkwJU yk*¾dKvfwOD;wnf;jyprf;yg? umvfrmhufpf ajymrvm;? vDeif
ajymrvm;? b,folUajymrvJ ajymprf;? umvfrmhufpfonf wdkif;jynf
pD;yGm;a&;eJU ywfoufvdkUvlrsm;pk acsmifcsdatmif enf;rSef? vrf;rSef pepfrSefudk
&SmazGawGU&Sd oGm;wJU yk*K¾d vfBuD;wOD;jzpfjcif; rSefygw,fqdkygpdkU? vlom;
vlrsm;pk csrf;omapcsif wJUapwemESifhtwl igonfþenf; þvrf;udk
yxrOD;qkH; awGU&SdwJUyk*¾dKvfwOD; taejzifh emrnfwvkH; usef&pfapawmhqdkwJU
&nf&G,fcsufuydkNyD; BuD;us,fw,f vdkU uRefawmfem;vnfw,f}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om; b,fhES,fodEdkifovJ}}

1347 
 Ekyf/ /]]vlUpdwfobm0taMumif;udk q&maumif;\ wynfhtjzpfeJU
avvmxm;vdkUodw,f}}
nD/ /]]q&maumif;u b,folvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]a*gwrAk'¨wJU}}
nD/ /]]olub,fvdka[mcJUovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ / ]]owÅ0gonf udk,fhudk,fudktcspfqkH;wJU? udk,fhtusKd;udk
a&S;OD;pGm Munfhwwfw,fwJU}}
nD/ /]]'Dvdkqdk vlnHUcsnf;yJvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ / ]]udk,fhtusKd;udkeHygwf(1)xm;NyD; olUtusKd;vJygatmif aqmif
&GufwJUvl[mvlawmfyJ}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUqDrSm wdkif;jynftwGuf touftaocHNyD;
aqmif&GufoGm;wJUvlawGtrsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]emrnfwvkH;twGuf vkyfoGm;wJU &nf&G,fcsufvJ ygrSmaygh}}
nD/ /]]emrnfwvkH;twGuf toufudk taocHyghrvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]&Sdawmh &Sdygw,fav? &Sm;awmh &Sm;oaygh vltrsKd;rsKd;
tBudKuftrsKd;rsKd;ayghAs}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om;u uwfuwfowfowf EIdufpOf;pm;wmudk;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]usKyftpGrf;r[kwfygbl;cifAsm? q&mhvrf;nTefcsufyg? vl&l;rS
wyg; udk,fhtzdkUwckckr&yJ cufcufcJcJ bmrSrvkyfbl;As}}
nD/ /]]xm;ygawmh b&m;om;? Adkvfusw,fqdkwm ajymygOD;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]tar&duef[m cifAsm;wkdUeJUusawmh ]Adkvf}vk w,fwJUAs?
olUxufedrfh uswJU wdkif;jynfrsm;tay:rSmawmh Adkvfuscsifw,fwJUAs}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkjcm;em;ovJcifAsm}}

1348 
 Ekyf/ /]]&k&Sm;tpdk;&eJU ,SOfNydKif&wJUtvkyfrsKd;rSmawmh olu&rf;&rf;
um;um; rvkyfbl;? cifAsm;wkdU wkdif;jynfuav;wjynfudk a':vmwoef;
axmufyHvQif olwkdUuESpfoef;axmufyHUr,f? cifAsm;wkdUu wbufudk tm;
ay;vQif olwkdUu tjcm;wbufudk tm;ay;r,f 'DvdktNydKiftqdkifvkyfrSmyJ?
apwem aumif;&Sdygw,fqdkwJU ae&mrSm cifAsm;wkdUu olwkdUxuf om
w,fvdkU txifrcH Edkifbl;As? 'gudk]Adkvfvk}w,fvdkU ac:w,f}}
nD/ /]]Adkvfuswmuawmh b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]w&kwfyifv,fxJrSm (7)eHygwf a&wyfBuD;eJU vrf;ovm;
aew,f r[kwfvm;? tJ'gu AdkvfuswmwJUAs? olU[mol rw&m;rSef;awmh
odwmyJ? EdkUayr,fh w&kwfxuf olucGeftm;omao;wJUtcgrSm rif;wkdU
bmwwfEdkifao;ovJqdkwJUoabmeJU t&rf;vkyfaewmyJAs? 'gudkAdkvfusw,f
vdkUac:w,f? azmfrdkqm udpöudkerlemwcktaeeJU wifjyjcif;om jzpfygw,f?
tar&duefu'DudpörsKd;awG vkyfaewm awmfawmfrsm;ygw,f? cifAsm;wkdUvJ
awmfawmfatmifhw,f r[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]rw&m;wmawGudk jrif&awmh rcHcsifbl;aygh cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmf jrifxm;wmawmh vGwfajrmufzdkU&m enf;vrf;ESpfck
&Sdygw,fav}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]armfrdkqmvdk udpörSmawmh w&kwfu cGeftm;csif; rNydKif
Edkifao;cifayghAs? w&kwfrSmnluDv,mvufeufrsKd; jzpfvmwJU tcsdefusawmh
pum;qdkvm vdrfhr,fxifw,f? w&kwfu pum;qdkEdkifwJU tcsdefusawmh
tar&duef[m olU[mol rw&m;rSef;odwJUtwGuf tomwMunf qkwfcGm
oGm;vdrfhr,fvdkU uRefawmf,kHMunfw,f? ]Adkvfusw,f}qdkwJU vl[m rdrdu

1349 
cGeftm;omwJU tcdkufavmufom vkyf0HUwmAs? olao udk,faoqdkvQif
qkwfcGmwwfwmyJ}}
nD/ /]]w&kwfrSm olwdkUeJU wlnDwJUvufeuftiftm;rsKd;
jzpfEdkifyghrvm; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]nluvD,mvufeufrsKd;qdkwmu wlnDaezdkU rvdkygbl;?
taorcH 0HUwJU bufu qkwfpwrf;yJ? udk,fh[mudk,frw&m;rSef; odwJUvl[m
taorcH wwfygbl;As? armfrdkqmudpörSm w&kwfutar&duefxuf
q,fjyeftaocH&ap? taocHzdkU toifhyJvdkU uRefawmf wGufrdw,f?
bmhaMumihfqdkawmh olwkdUbufu vrf;rSefaywmudk;As? odkUaomf armfrdkqm
udpörsKd;rSm cifAsm;wkdUu0ifNyD; pum;qdkvdkawmh tar&duefu rcHaybl;
xifw,f? usL;bm;eJU rwlbl;As? armfrdkqm udpöuawmh tawmfMumaevdkU
tom;aoeNyDrdkU cifAsm;wkdUu topf0ifNyD; vlpGmvkyfw,fvdkU olwkdU,lq
wwfw,f? uRefawmfajymwmawGu EdkifiHa&; tjrifawmh r[kwfbl;As?
vlUpdwf obm0taMumif;udk uRefawmfenf;vnf oavmuf ajymjcif;yJ}}
nD/ /]]w&kwfu nluvD,m vufeufvkyfzkdUxuf tjcm;enf;vrf;
r&Sdbl;vm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]&Sdw,f? tJh'gu 'kwd,enf;vrf;yJ 'Denf;uawmh cifAsm;wkdU
q&mBuD; c&ka&Smh&JU vufxJrSm &Sdw,f? olvkyfvQifawmh jzpfr,fvdkU
uRefawmf ,kHMunfw,f? rvkyfcsifvQifawmh rajymwwfbl;}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmf ckeifu bwydkif;wpawmh ajymcJUNyD;ygNyD? olwkdUu
cifAsm;wkdUudk tifrwefvefU? tifrwefr,kH? tifrwefrkef;aew,fqdk r[kwf
vm;}}

1350 
 nD/ /]]rkef;wmuawmh t&if;&Sifpepfudk uRefawmfwdkUu NzdKzsufae
wmudk;cifAs}}
Ekyf/ /]]NzdKzsufwmawmh tEkenf;eJU NzdKzsufEdkifygw,f}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwdkUu tMurf;zufvdkUvm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]vufeufeJUawmh tMurf;rzufygbl;? EdkUayr,fh
olwkdUrkef;atmif cifAsm;wkdUu cPcPajymw,f? vkyfw,fAs? vkyfcJUorQ
atmifjrifrItwGufvJ cifAsm;wkdUu ]iguG}qdkwJU oabmrsKd;eJU tifrwef
tom;,lw,f? a<u;aMumfw,f As? vlUpdwfqdkwm b,fvdkvJvdkU cifAsm;wkdU
aumif;aumif;em;rvnfygbl;? uRefawmfem;vnfwmuawmh cifAsm;wdkU
atmifjrifrIawGxuf cifAsm;wkdU tom;,lwmawG? a<u;aMumfwmawG?
[pfwdkifwufwmawGudk olwdkUuydkNyD; cHysif;w,fAs? udk,fhrmeudk xdvmvQif
a':vmwkdU? &lbJvfwkdUudk 'va[moGefNyD; okH;aeMuwmudk cifAsm;wkdU
jrifMuom;yJ? t&if;&SifpepfeJU NydKifMuwmawmhrSefyg w,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh
tar&duefbufu cifAsm;wkdUudk rkef;vGef;vdkU b,fvdk enf;eJUEdkif&Edkif&?
bmpepfjzpf&jzpf& aemufqkH;rSm cifAsm;wkdUudk t&SufcGJ&kH vkyf& vkyf&
t&rf;avQmufvkyfcsifwJU a'gopdwfawG jzpfvmukefMuwwfw,fAs? jzpfwkef;
uawmh aiGw&mavmufwefwJU ajruav; wrdkufavmuftwGuf pjzpfMuNyD;
aemufqkH;rSm ESpfbufvkH; aomif;udk;axmifru ukefMu&wJU trIrsKd;awG
cifAsm;wkdU rMum;zl;bl;vm;? cifAsm;wkdUtkyfpkESpfckudk uRefawmf'DvdkyJ
jrifvmNyD}}
nD/ /]]t&if;&Sifpepf[m ppfjzpfapwwfw,fvdkU b&m;om;
em;rvnfbl;vm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]em;vnfygw,f? t&if;&Sifpepf[m olwkdUtcsif;csif;vJyJ
jzpfwwfw,f? qdk&S,fvpfpepfeJUvJ jzpfwwfw,f? olwkdUtcsif;csif;awmh

1351 
avmbpNyD; jzpfwwfw,f? qdk&S,fvpfpepfeJUusawmh a'goupNyD; jzpfEdkif
w,f? rmeuvJpNyD; jzpfEdkifw,f? umvrmhufpfu avmbppfudkom oljy
oGm;w,f? rmeppfrsKd;awmh olBuKHroGm;bl;}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwdkUaum BuKH&OD;rSmvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUtm;vkH; owdrxm;vQif BuKHEdkifw,fAs}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdk owdxm;&rSmvJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]],lwl;udpöwkef;upNyD; tar&duef[m olUrmeudk xdcdkufwJU
twGuf tifrwefpdwfqdk;aew,f? &Suf&rf;&rf;csifwJUpdwfawG jzpfaew,f/
'DtxJrSm vlpk&mrSmvJ cifAsm;wkdUbufu ta&;om;ovdk jzpfaew,f ?
'gudkolrcHEdkifbl;? &Suf&rf;&rf;vdrfhr,f}}
nD/ /]]ol&rf;vQif olrSm;rSmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]&rf;wdkif;avQmhay;zdkU rqdkvdkygbl;? odkUaomf ol&rf;vdkUcHp&m
&SdvQif olomcH&rSm r[kwfbl;? uRefawmfwkdUygcH&r,f? cifAsm;wkdUyg rouf
omygbl;}}
nD/ /]]'Dvdkqdk ol&rf;orQuRefawmfwkdUu avQmhay;&rSmvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]&rf;wdkif;avQmhay;zkdU rqdkvdkygbl;? odkUaomf r&rf;rDu ol
a'gojzpfatmif? ,kwfpGmhtqkH;wkd;NyD; a'gorjzpfatmif cifAsm;wkdUbufu
vkyfay;zkdU enf;vrf;yJ &Sdw,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ / ]]aMujimcsufu tMurf;tm;jzifh'DvdkAs? ]uREkfyfwkdUonf
rnfolUudkrQ raMumufcJU? aemifudkvnf; b,folUudkrQ aMumufvdrfhrnf
r[kwf? odkU&mwGif olwyg;udk aMumufapjcif;iSm ajcmufvSefcJUbl;onf?
olwyg;wkdUaMumufatmif ajcmufvSefUaomvrf;pOfonf olwyg;tzkdU
raumif;? uREkfyfwkdUtzkdUvnf; Nidrf;csrf;jcif; uif;uGmonfhtjzpfudk uREkfyf

1352 
wkdUoabmaygufem;vnfcJUavNyD/ wjynfESifhwjynfEIwftm;jzifhjzpfap? vuf
eufjyifqifjcif;tm;jzifhjzpfap? Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;onf rnfolUtwGufrS aumif;
usKd;rjzpfapyJ pdwfqif;&J&aom urÇmBuD;jzpfvm&jcif;udk uREkfyfwkdU oabm
aygufcJUavNyD/ wjynfudk wjynfu aMumufvefUae&jcif;xuf udk,fh
pepfESifhudk,f Nidrf;csrf;pGmtvkyfvkyfMujcif;onf tm;vkH;twGuf tusKd;rsm;
onf[lí ,kHMunfvsuf&SdavNyD/ odkUjzpfí uREkfyfwdkUtm; rnfonfh
wdkif;jynfu udk,fxdvufa&muf usL;ausmfapmfum;jcif; rjyKorQ umv
ywfvkH; uRekfyfwkdUtm; rnfonfhwkdif;jynfuBuKH;0g;jcif;? ajcmufvSefUjcif;
jyKapumrl uREkfyfwkdUu wkHUjyefBuKH;0g;jcif; jyKvdrfhrnf r[kwfaMumif; aMujim
vdkufonf} tMurf;zsif; 'DavmufqdkawmfygNyDAs}}
nD/ /]]'Dvkdqdk wbufu b,fvdkjzpfoGm;rvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]yxrawmh tHUMooGm;rSmyJ? csufcsif;,kHrSmawmh r[kwfbl;?
odkUaomfajymwJUtwdkif; [kwfygapvdkUawmh qkawmif;ygvdrfhr,f? [kwfr[kwf
udk apmifhMunfhMurSmyJ? olwkdUuvJ apmifhMunfhr,f? wurÇmvkH;uvJ
apmifhMunfhMu r,f? 'DtawmtwGif;rSm cifAsm;wkdUbufu owdjyKNyD;
ajymwJUtwdkif;udkufnD atmif apmifhpnf;&ayvdrfhr,f}}
nD/ /]]'DtwGuf raumif;usKd;awGrsm; ay:xGufrvmEdkifbl;vm;
b&m; om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]b,fvdkvJ &k&Sm;BuD; tpG,fusKd;oGm;NyDqdkNyD; cifAsm;wkdUudk
0dkif;wdkufzkdUvm;? pdwfcsygrjzpfEdkifygbl;? vlUobm0udk uRefawmf em;vnf
ygw,f? wbufu &kwfw&uf rwkHUjyefapumrl pyfMum;wdkif;jynfawG
uawmh om"k ac:MurSm {uEÅygAs}}
nD/ /]]'Dvdkqdk zdESdyfcHae&wJU wdkif;jynfuav;awGtzdkU arQmfvifhcsuf
a0;roGm;aybl;vm;cifAsm? tm;i,f rukefMuaybl;vm;cifAsm}}

1353 
 Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfuawmh &Sif;&Sif;jywfjywf pOf;pm;wwfwJU 0goem&Sd
w,fAsaemf? bufrvdkufwwfbl;? cifAsm;wkdUu rvGwfvyfao;wJU wdkif;jynf
i,frsm;udk tm;ay;vsuf&Sdw,fqdkwm[m b,fvdktxd tm;ay;EdkifovJ? 
Moral  Support  pdwf"mwftm;eJU tvGefqkH; tBuHOmPfavmufyJ r[kwf
bl;vm;? cifAsm;wkdU tm;ay;jcif;twGuf pdwf"mwftm;wufjcif;udkawmh
uRefawmf rjiif;ygbl;? jrifwwfygw,f? odkUaomf cifAsm;wkdUu wbufudk
tm;ay;awmh tar&duefu tjcm;wbufudk tm;ay;wmyJ r[kwfbl;vm;?
ZGwfvkyfp&m&SdvQif cifAsm;wkdUxuf olwkdUbufu omNyD;ZGwfvkyf0HUw,f
r[kwfbl;vm;? 'Dawmh b,fhES,f&SdovJ? cifAsm;wkdUu yg;pyf? olwkdUu
udk,fxdvufa&mufulukefawmh zdESdyfcH wdkif;jynfrsm;rSm b,fhES,fjzpf
ukefMuovJ}}
nD/ /]]olwkdUbufu rw&m;vkyf0HUwmudk;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'Dawmh cifAsm;wkdUu rw&m;bl;qdkNyD; ulatmfay;&kHyJ
r[kwfvm;? cH&wJU olcrsmrsm;rSmawmh em&SmwmyJ}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om; arQmfvifcsufu ajymygOD;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]yxrwcsufu vGwfajrmufa&;qdkwm tvsifpvdkvkyfvdkU
rjzpfbl;qdkwmudk cifAsm;vJ em;vnf NyD;yg? olkUwdkif;jynfom;rsm;udk,fwdkif
vkHavmufatmif oabmaygufNyD; vkHavmufwJU ta&twGuf&wJU tcgrSm
oifhawmfaom acgif;aqmifrsKd;ay:vmNyD; wnDwnGwfwnf; vkyfMurS
&EdkifwJU tvkyfrsKd;r[kwfbl;vm;Asm? tckawmh cifAsm;wkdUudk tm;usNyD;
ynmEkao;wJU acgif;aqmifawGu xxvkyfMuwJUtcgrSm [dkwbufu
(cifAsm;wdkUudkrkef;wJU) vlpku aiGukefcHNyD; 0ifzsufvdkufawmh crsmrsm;rSm
raooifhyJ aoMu&? wdkif;ol jynfom;awGvJ 'ku©a&muf? 'Dvdk[mrsKd;awG
'DacwfrSm trsm;BuD;&SdMuw,f r[kwfvm;Asm}}

1354 
 nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUuawmh apwemaumif;ESifh aqmif&Gufjcif;yg
cifAsm? wbufu zsufqD;csifwJU apwemqkd; &Sdaewmudk;cifAs}}
Ekyf/ /]]apwemawGudk uRefawmfem;vnfygw,fav? cifAsm;wkdUu
wynfhaemufvkdufwkd;yGm;zkdU vkyfMuwmyJ? [dkwbufu cifAsm;wkdUtBuHysuf
atmif aESmifh,SufzsufqD;wmyJ? 'gut&if;cHygAs? qdk&SpfvpfwkdU? t&if;&Sif
pepfwkdU qdkwmawGu tpuawmh [kwfvdrfhr,f? tckawmh [dkaemufbufrSm
usef&pfcJUygNyD? cifAsm;wkdUtay:rSm tEdkif&NyD; olwkdUAdkvfvkyfcsifwJUpdwfu
xdyfqkH;a&mufaeygNyD}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om;[mu wbufowf rusvGef;bl;vm;cifAsm? pD;yGm;
a&; udk tav;ray;awmhyJ tmCmwudkcsnf; tav;ay;awmhwmudk;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]pwmuawmh pD;yGm;a&;ygyJ? rSefygw,f? ckusawmh Adkvfvk
a&;u tav;omoGm;NyDAs? aiGw&mavmufwefwJU ajrwayavmuf vkMu&m
rSm w&m; olB uD;udk aiGwaxmif ESpfaxmifvmbfxdk;wJU trIonfvdkayghAs?
trIEdkifNyD;wJU aemuf &wJUajruGufuav;udk olwyg;ay;ypfwmudkawmif
uRefawmfMum;zl; ao;w,f? cifAsm;wkdUvlpku rmetaMumif;udk rpOf;pm;bl;?
tar&duefvdkcsifwmu a':vmr[kwfawmhbl;cifAs? cifAsm;wkdUudk tEdkif&csif
awmhwmyJ? cifAsm;wkdUudk tEdkif&r,fqdkvQif &SdwJUa':vmawGudk a&xJudk
awmif vTwfypf0HU w,fxifw,f}}
nD/ /]]NyD;awmhrS t&if;&SifpepfeJU jyef&Sm,lr,fayghav}}
Ekyf/ /]]'Dtxdatmif pdwful;r,frxifygbl;? cifAsm;wkdUudk
Edkifvdkuf&vQif jzpfcsifwm jzpf&apvdkU oabmxm;ykH&ygw,f}}
nD/ /]]tcsKyfudkajymygawmhcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]tcsKyfuawmh tvsifpvdk ajrSmufray;MuygeJU? xdkufwefaom
tcsdefwdkifatmif olwkdU[molwkdU vkyf,lygap}}

1355 
 nD/ /]]'kwd,tcsuf &Sdao;vm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]'kwd, tcsufuawmh uRefawmfajymcJUwJU aMujimcsufBuD;udk
xkwfjyefNyD;wJUaemufcifAsm;wkdU&JU pdwfxJESvkH;xJu tNydKiftqdkifoabmxm;
NyD; tEdkif,lwJUvrf;pOf[m nluvD,macwfBuD;rSm rjzpfEdkifawmhwJU
taMumif;? vufeufeJUvJ rjzpfEdkif? vla&;jyNyD;awmhvJ rjzpfEdkifaMumif;
vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ oabmaygufNyD; aMujimcsuftwdkif; &dk;om;pGmBudK;pm;
MuzdkUygyJAsm}}
nD/ /]]vla&;jyNyD; vkyfw,fqdkwm bmvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUvlpkawGu vufeufeJUrjzpfEdkifayr,fh vlpGrf;vlpeJU
tvdr®mOmPfeJU [dkvdk'Dvdkzv,fNyD;AdkvfvkyfcsifwJU enf;vrf;&Sdao;w,fvdkU
arQmf vifhaeMuykH&w,f? nluvD,mvufeufawG [dkbufonfbuf
jzpfukefMuu wnf;u onfvrf;vJ ydwfoGm;NyDAs? rmeqdkwJUoabmu
tnHUrcHcsifwwfbl;As? udk,fhtay:rSm b,fenf;eJU AdkvfusAdkvfus?
Murf;Murf;EkEk tm;vkH;zsufypfvdkufrSm yJ? ]iguG} qdkwJUoabmrsKd;eJU
tpGrf;jywmrsKd;awmhrcHbl;? 'gaMumifh ]Adkvfvkyf} zdkU (olwyg;u rwifyJ)
]Adkvfvkyf}zdkUqdkwJU oabmrsKd;awGudkawmh vkH;0pGefUvTwfEdkifzkdU cifAsm;wkdUu
pNyD; BudK;pm;Muayvdrfhr,f}}
nD/ /]]xdyfoD;csif;awGUqkHwJU uGefz&ifhudk b,fvdkxifovJ b&m;
om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]awGUqkHaqG;aEG;w,fqdkwm ]rl}tm;jzifh aumif;ygw,f?
odkUaomfvJtckjzpfaeMuwJU pdwfxm;rsKd;awGeJUawmh tusKd;rsm;vdrfhr,f
rxifygbl;Asm}}
nD/ /]]bmhaMumihfvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ ]]uRefawmfajym&rSm cifAsm;wdkUudk tm;emw,fAsm}}

1356 
 nD/ /]]ajymomajymyg b&m;om;? rcH,lEdkifvJaeaygh Mum;yg&apAsm}}
Ekyf/ / ]]xdyfoD;uGefz&ifh vkyfwJUtcgwdkif; cifAsm;wkdUESpfbufvkH;u
urÇmhZmwfckHay:wufNyD; pum;&nfvkyGJvkyfwJU oabmrsKd;eJU wa,mufudk
wa,muf tEdkifajymcsifMuwmyJAs wbufeJUwbufem;vnfrI&zdkU &nf&G,f
csufeJU apwemurygvmMuygbl;}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUbufu ygygw,f b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ / ]]b,fbufurS rygMuygbl;? cifAsm;wkdUbufu
omqdk;ao;w,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ / ]]cifAsm;wkdUbufu Edkifajc&Sdw,fvdkU wGufNyD;om;udk;As}}
nD/ / ]]b,fvdkvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]yxrtcsufu t&if;&SifpepfeJU qdk&S,fvpfpepf&SdMuwJUteuf
wcku t&if;&SifoaX;rsm;tBudKuf wckuqif;&Jom; tvkyform;rsm;
tBudKufjzpfavawmh vlrsm;pkjzpfwJU tvkyform;BudKuf qdk&S,fvpfpepf
bufu yifudktm;jzifh omNyD;omjzpfaew,f? ajymwwfwJUvl b,fol
ajymajym? b,fy&dowf a&SUrSmyJajymajym qdk&Spfvpfpepfbufu Edkifvdkuf
wmyJ? ajymMuwJUtcgrSmvJ b,folUudktxl;ojzifhcsdef&G,fNyD;ajymMuovJ?
pyfMum;EdkifiHawGu y&dowfudk vSrf;NyD; ajymMujcif;jzpfrSmyJ? pyfMum;EdkifiH
awGrSm b,fvdkvlawGursm;ovJ? qif;&Jom;tvkyform;awGu rsm;Mu
wmyJ? onfawmh&dk;&dk;om;om; ajymMu awmifxdyfoD; uGefz&ifhwyGJwyGJrSm
urÇmhy&dowfu rJay;&vQif qdk&S,fvpfpepf bufu EdkifrSmyJ? twdtvif;
xkwfazmfNyD; rJay;cGifhr&SdwJU uGefz&ifhrsKd;jzpfapumrl uGefz&ifhwcsD vkyfvdkuf
,if pyfMum;EdkifiHawGrSm qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk oabmuswJUvlawG tawmfBuD;

1357 
wdk;wdk;oGm;Edkifw,f? 'g[mcifAsm;wkdUbufu &dk;&dk;ajymvQif awmifjzpfwwf
wJU obm0yJAs}}
nd/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUu bmrsm;r&dk;ovJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]r&dk;qdkwm vdrfvnfjcif;awmhr[kwfygbl;? uGefz&ifhrSm
ajymMuaqG;aEG;MuwmawGudk tjyifxkwfNyD; ajzrjypwrf;vdkU y#dnmOfay;
Mu&w,fqdk r[kwfvm;? olwkdUbufu uGefz&ifhvkyfr,fhom vkyf&w,f
]ay:} ukefrSmudk tvGefaMumuf&SmMuw,fAs? 'gudkcifAsm;wkdUu wcsufwcsuf
rSmtjyifxkwfNyD; aMujimw,f qdkyguvm;As}}
nD/ /]]'g[m vGefovm;b&m;om;? vlawGodoifhwmvJ odap&
rSmaygh}}
Ekyf/ /]]'Duwnf;u cifAsm;wkdU&nf&G,fcsufu ay:aeNyDAsm? wbuf
eJUwbuf oabmwlem;vnfrI&apzdkUxuf vlawGodatmif 0g'jzefUzdkU
&nf&G,fcsuf[mu cifAsm;wdkUrSm ydkNyD;jyif;xefaMumif; xif&Sm;aewmayghAs?
olwdkU &nf&G,fcsufu vlodrcHcsifbl;? enf;enf;yg;yg; tay;t,lvkyf&
vQifvkyfMur,f? 'gavmufyJ cifAsm;wkdUu vlawGudkwdkifwnfNyD; nSpfawmif;
,lcsifw,f? [kwfuJUr[kwfvm;}}
nD/ /]]'gu w&m;enf;vrf;twdkif;yJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ / ]]'gu cifAsm;wkdUtjrifAs? olwdkUtjrifu tjyifxkwf
rajymygbl;vdkU xm;rdwJU y#dnmOfudk xdef;odrf;oifhw,fwJUAs}}
nD/ /]]'djyifaum b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ / ]]'kwd,tcsufuawmh rpöwmc&ka&SmUu wbufom;udk
Edkifatmif ajymwwfwJUae&mrSm tvGefpGrf;w,fAs? Edk;wl;yJ? tar&duef
jynfrSmvJ r&Sdbl;? cifAsm;wkdUjynfrSmvJ &SdykHr&bl;? tar&duefjynfrSm rpöwm
'g;vJUpf wa,muf&Sd bl;aomfvnf; xdyfoD;uGefz&ifhrSm xdyfoD;csif;ajym&wm

1358 
jzpfavawmh tdkufqifa[mif0gvJ olUudkrEdkifbl;? uae'DuvJ olUudkrEdkifEdkif
aybl;? 'gudkvJ olwkdUodw,f? 'DtxJrSm cifAsm;wkdUq&mBuD;u pum;eJUEdkifo
avmuf zdaxmif;csifwwfwJU 0goemvJ&Sdw,f? 'DawmhxdyfoD; uGefz&ifh
vkyfvQif urÇmhZmwfckHay:wufNyD; t&SufcJGcH&ovdk jzpfaeawmh olwdkUbufu
xdyfoD;csif;awGUqkHa&;udk rvdkvm; awmhbl;? wu,fvdkUawGUqkHMu&ifawmifrS
tusKd;rsm;awmhr,f? rxifbl;? &efjzpf jzpfNyD; vufpodrf;cJU&&kH&SdrSmyJvdkU
jrifMuykH&w,f}}
nD/ /]]trSefw&m;udk vlawGodMu&wmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'gu cifAsm;wdkUtBudKufudk;As? olwkdUu vdkufrvkyfaybl;}}
nD/ /]]'gjzifh b,fvdkvkyfMurvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]yxrOD;qkH; uRefawmfajymcJUwJU aMujimcsufudk xkwfjyefNyD;
usifhokH;&vdrfhr,f? rpöwmc&ka&Smhudk,fEIdufuvJ 0g'a&;&m tEdkif&csifvGef;wJU
apwemudkz,fxm;NyD; wjznf;jznf;qGJ,lrSjzpfr,f? aMujimcsuftwdkif;
cifAsm; wdkUbufu usifhokH;vdkUrdkU [dkbufu ,kHMunfvmNyD; xdyfoD;uGefz&ifh
usif;yjzpf Mur,fqdkvQif e,fa&;? y,fa&; 0g'a&;&mawGxuf oabm
wlnDrI wckwnf;& EdkifMuvQifawmfygNyDAsm}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdk[mvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]ta&SUtkyfpkESifh taemuftkyfpk0if wdkif;jynfrsm;onf (txl;
ojzifh &k&Sm;ESifh tar&dueftpdk;&wdkUonf) wbufudkwbuf Ncdrf;ajcmuf
onfh tjyKtrl tajymtqdkrsm;rS a&SmifMuOfMuNyD;vQif rdrdwkdU\ owif;pm
rsm;tm;vnf; wbufaom tpdk;ESifhvlrsKd;wdkU\ *kPfoa&udk ndl;ykyfusqif;
aprnfh ta&; tom;rsKd;rS a&SmifMuOfMuzdkU qkr®ygrnfqdkwJU tcsufavmufudk
ESpfbuf oabmwlnDcsuf&EdkifMuvQif urÇmBuD;tawmfNidrf;csrf;oGm;vdrfhr,f
vdkU uRefawmf,kHMunfw,fAs}}

1359 
 nD/ /]]wdkif;jynfi,frsm;twGuf tusKd;w&m;&,fvdkU bmrSrygyg
uvm; cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfhtjrift& pdwf"mwfuta&;BuD;ygw,f? ray;csifyJeJU
nSpf,l&wJU pnf;urf;csufrsKd; w&mwaxmifxuf MunfMunfjzLjzL ESpfbuf
oabmwljyKvkyfMuwJU pnf;urf;wcsuf[mu wefzdk;&Sdygw,f? cifAsm;wkdUu
urÇmBuD;udk uGefjrLepfjzpfatmif aeUcsif;ncsif; vkyfcsifwJUqE´u w,favm
wmudk;As}}
nD/ /]]'Dpnf;urf;rsKd;udk olwdkUbufu oabmwlyghrvm;? b&m;
om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUbufu AdkvfvkcsifwJU pdwfxm;rsKd;udk olwkdU
,kHMunfavmufatmif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; pGefUjyEdkifwJUwaeUrSm olwdkUvJ
&dkif;r,frxifygbl;? cifAsm;wkdUbufu uRefawmfajymwJU aMujimcsufrsKd;
xkwfjyefNyD; wu,fusifh okH;w,fqdkvQif pyfMum;wdkif;jynfawGu oabm
us&r,f? pyfMum;wdkif;jynfawG uoabmusvQif olwkdUpOf;pm;Mu&r,f? 'grS
rvdkufemvQif pyfMum;wdkif;jynf awGu [dkbufudkarwÅmxm;Muvdrfhr,fvdkU
olwkdUpOf;pm;rdMuvdrfhr,f? 'Denf;rsKd;urS oefU&Sif;wmAs? acsrIef;ypfEdkifwm
wkdU? jymjzpfoGm;apEdkifwmwkdU? bmwdkUnmwdkUqdkwJU BuKH;0g;enf;rsKd;awGuawmh
pyfMum;wdkif;jynfawGU&JUpdwfxJrSm ]w,f[def;a[mufwJU vlawGyguvm;?
waeUawmh cufukefMuygvdrfhr,f}vdkU atmufarhNyD;cifAsm;wkdUESpfbufpvkH;udk
&GHMu? rkef;Mu? aMumufvefUukefMuwmyJAs? NyD;awmh uRefawmfhtawG;tac:
wck&Sdao;w,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]bmvJ b&m;om;}}
ekyf/ /]]vuf&Sdpdwf"mwftajctaeu b,fvdkjzpfaeovJqdkawmh
wbufeJUwbuf avQmhray;csif&kHru avQmhay;w,fvdkUolwyg;u xifoGm;

1360 
rSmudkawmif pdk;&drfaeMuw,f? Oyrm udpöwckrSm onfvdkvkyfvdkufvQif
oifhawmf vdrfhr,fvdkU udk,fh[mudk,f xifw,fqdkygawmh udk,fxifwJUtwdkif;
wcgwnf; rvkyfvdkufcsifMuao;bl;As? onfvkyfvdkufvQif iguavQmhay;
w,fvdkU vlawGuxifukefMuavrvm; qdkwJUqDtxd pOf;pm;aeMuw,f?
wu,favQmhay;wm r[kwfao;yJvsufeJU vlawGu xifwmuav;avmuf
udkawmif rcHEdkifMubl;As? wu,fhtusKd;xufvlawGu xifwmavmufudk
ydkNyD;*&kpdkuf tav;ay;aeMu w,fqdkwm tawmfuav;qef;wJU rmeyJvdkU
qdkcsifw,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]txifBuD;cHcsifrIuawmh olwkdU bufuomNyD;qdk;ygw,f}}
Ekyf/ /]]a&GU? uRefawmfrjiif;bl;? vufcHw,f? aumif;NyD? onfawmh
uRefawmfajymcJUwJU aMumjimcsufrsKd;udk cifAsm;wkdUbufu xkwfjyefvdkuf
wJUtcg rSm &k&Sm;BuD; aysmhvmNyDvdkU wcsKdUuajymMur,f? avQmhcsvmNyDvdkU
wcsKdUuajymr,f? onfvdk pum;awGudktar&duef Mum;&wJUtcgrSm wenf;
tm;jzifh *kPf,lMuvdrfhr,f? wif;rmEdkifrS *kPf&Sdw,fxifwJU vlpkudk;As?
wbufom; aysmhw,f? avsmhw,fqdkvQif olwdkUoabmuswmyJ? oabmus
&Smprf;ygapAsm? 'Denf;rsKd;eJU oabmusavav Nidrf;csrf;a&;tvkyf atmifjrif
jrifavavyJvdkU uRefawmfjrifygw,f}}
nD/ /]]olwkdUu urf;wufrvmaybl;vm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]'guawmh rar;ygeJUAsm? uRefawmfh aMujimcsufrsKd;u
urf;wuf apEdkifwJUtcsufrygygbl;? wif;rmrI odkUr[kwf wif;rmw,fvdkU
txifcHcsifrIawG rkd;rTefaeMuwJU acwfBuD;rSm udk,fhtdwfxJu bmwckrSvJ
rxkwf&? rmhufqD;Zif; xJu ajcwvSrf;rSvJ aemufqkwfray;&yJeJU
vdkufavsmvmNyDvdkU vlawGu txifcH&jcif;[m urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf

1361 
tjrwfwck xGufvmjcif;jzpfvdkUrdkU a&SUtzkdUarQmfvifhcsufBuD;taeJU uRefawmf
jrifw,fAsm}}
nD/ / ]]b&m;om;u umvfrmhufpf&JU pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk b,fykHBudKuf
wm vJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfu Ak'¨&JU rZösdry#dy'g  Middle  Way  qdkwJU usifhpOf
udk ae&mwdkif;rSmvdkvdk BudKufcsifwJU vlwa,mufyJ? bmrqdk twkdif;t&SnfeJU
tv,ftvwfudkBudKufwwfw,f? t&if;&SifpD;yGm;a&;pepfu yifyef;&wJU
tvkyform;rSm tusKd;rcHpm;&yJ t&if;&Sifrsm;u jcaoFhrif;a0pk  Lion's Share 
,loGm;Muwmuwcsuf? tvGeftrif;csrf;omwJUvleJU tvGeftrif; qif;&JwJU
vlawG jzpfukefwmuwcsuf? 'DESpfcsufudk rBudKufbl;? vlawGtm;vkH;
]]r&Sdr&Sm;}}qdkwJU tajctaersKd; jzpfapcsifw,f? uRefawmfudk,fwdkifuvJ
r&SDr&Sm;qdkwJU tjzpfrsKd;udkyJ awmifhwygw,f? qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfu
'DvdkjzpfEdkifwJU tptejrif&vdkU uRefawmfoabmusw,f}}
nD/ /]]qdk&S,fvpfpepfatmufrSm ppfrjzpfEdkifbl; qdkwmaum r,kHbl;
vm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]qdk&S,fvpfcsif; ppfrjzpf&rD t&if;&SifpepfeJU jzpfNyD; urÇmBuD;
aysmufoGm;rSmudk aMumuf&w,fAsm? 'gaMumifh uRefawmfjzifh ckwavmrSm
bmudkrSrpOf;pm;yJ tar&duefeJU cifAsm;wkdUtaMumif;csnf; pOf;pm;aewmyJ?
uRefawmfu tvGeftuRHqdkwmbmrS rBudKufbl;As? ypönf;OpömrSmvJ tvGef
tuRH rBudKufbl;? MoZmtmPmrSmvJ tvGeftuRH rBudKufbl;Asm}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkajymwmvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]tar&duefrSmawmh ypönf;Opömbufu aX;vGef;w,fAs?
qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHrsm;rSmawmh MoZmtmPmbufu ]aX;}vGef;w,fxifw,f?
tv,ftvwfyJ uRefawmfBudKufw,f? MoZmtmPmr&SdwJU tpdk;&rsKd;

1362 
jzpfvQifvJ tkyfcsKyfvdkUrjzpfbl;? uRefawmfwkdUjynfu OD;Ektpdk;&vdkjzpfrSmyJ?
MoZmtmPm]aX;} vGef;awmhvJ tydkifpD;csifwwfw,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]tydkifpD;w,fqdkwmu bmvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]EdkifiHa&;orm; wa,mufjzpfap? ygwDwckjzpfap olUtpGrf;
tpeJU txG#ftxdyftmPmydkiftjzpf a&mufvmMuwJUtcgusNyDqdkrSjzifh olwkdU
wdkif;jynfudkol? odkUr[kwf olUygwDrSwyg; BuD;yGm;aumif;pm;atmif vkyfEdkif
wJUvl? odkUr[kwf ygwD&,fvdkU r&SdEdkifawmhbl;vdkU ,lqvmwwfw,f?
'Dt,ltq[m rSefcsifvJrSefr,f? rSm;csifvJrSm;r,f? rSefrSefrSm;rSm; olwkdU [m
olwdkUawmh ZGwft"r®,lqaeawmhwmyJ? 'Dt,ltq[m b,fvdkaMumifh
jzpfay:vmovJqdkawmh avmbpdwfaMumifhjzpfay:vmjcif;yJ? b,fvdk
avmbpdwfaMumifhjzpf ay:vmovJqdkawmh txG#ftxdyfae&mrS rqif;
csifawmhwJU avmbAs? 'DavmbrsKd;[mu vlwdkif;vdk jzpfwwfwmyJ?
'DavmbrsKd; 0ifvmNyDqdkrSjzifhig? odkUr[kwf ighygwDrSwyg; wdkif;jynfBuD;
yGm;atmif pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkifwJUvlr&Sdawmhbl;vdkU olwkdU[molwdkU t[kwfwu,f
xifvmonfjzpfap wu,frxif0HUyJeJU rsufpdrSdwfNyD; ZGwfjiif;onfjzpfap
vkyfvmwwfw,f? 'DtcgrSm olwkdUu txG#ftxdyfa&mufaecdkufjzpfavawmh
olwkdUrqif;&atmif awmifajymajrmufajym? awmifvkyfajrmufvkyf Oya'awG
vkyfukefMua&mAs? tvkyf wu,fawmfwJU vluvJ 'grsKd;vkyfwmyJ? olU[mol
pdwfrcsEdkifyJudk;As? wu,frawmfyJ olU[mol xif&kHxifaewJU vluvJ
vkyfwwfwmyJ? wu,fawmfwJUvlu vkyfrdvQifawmh raxmif;ombl;
xm;ygawmh? olUxufawmfwJU vlawG&SdvsufeJU olutxG#ftxdyf tmPm
&xm;cdkuf jzpfaevdkUrdkU wjcm;vl? odkUr[kwf wjcm;vl pkHudkrwufEdkifatmif
vrf;ydwfxm;wmrsKd; jzpfaevQifawmh tJonfhwdkif;jynftzdkU repfem
aybl;vm;Asm? taumif;qkH;vl&SdvsufeJU rwuf&yJ jzpfaeawmhwmaygh?

1363 
'gaMumifhtpdk;&wpk&JU vuf0,frSmwefcdk;tmPm rsm;vGef;jcif;udkvJ uRefawmf
rBudKufbl;Asm? tv,ftvwfavmufyJ BudKufw,f? uRefawmfwkdU wdkif;jynf
rSm tmPmodrf;w,fvdkU Mum;&w,f? b,favmufawmfwJU vlawGu
odrf;onfjzpfap? olwkdUvuf0,frSm tmPmawG rsm;vGef;vQifawmh uRefawmf
rBudKufbl; Asm? Munfh&OD;rSmyJ}}
nD/ /]]tmPmrsm;vGef;w,fqdkwm b,fvdkvJb&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]vkyfcsifwm vkyf? jyKwfrusEdkifbl;? vlrsm;pku oabmrwlwJU
tvkyfwckjzpfayrifh olwkdUvkyfcsifvkyfEdkifw,f? jzKwfcsEkdifwJU Oya'
&SdapumrlvJ [dkvdkonfvdk zefwD;Edkifw,f? zvS,fEdkifw,f qdkwJU tcGifhta&;
rsKd; &&Sdxm;vQif tmPmrsm;vGef;w,fvdkU uRefawmfem;vnfwmyJ}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwdkUqDrSmaum cifAsm? tmPmrsm;vGef;w,fvdkU
jrifyg ovm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]'guawmh tajctaetm;avsmfpGm pDrHxm;&jcif;jzpfygw,fvdkU
ajymEdkifrSmayghavAsm? [kwfcsifvJ [kwfayrSmyJ}}
nD/ /]]b,ftcsufudk axmufNyD;rsm;vGef;w,fvdkU qdkcsifygovJ
b&m; om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;wkdUjynfwGif;a&;udpöudk uRefawmfra0zefcsifygbl;Asm?
ajymp&m taxmuftxm;awmh&Sdygw,f? uRefawmfhpdwfxJrSm trsm;qkH;
ta&;BuD;wmu urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfygw,f? 'guvJGvQif uRefawmf
rajymcsif ygbl;}}
nD/ /]]urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;eJU ywfoufvdkUaum ajymp&m&Sdao;ovm;
b&m;om;}}
Ekkyf/ /]]wckawmh uRefawmfajymcsifao;w,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]ajymygcifAsm}}

1364 
 Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfajymcsifwmu '@m&Duav;wckygyJ? aerif;eJU
avrif;[m c&D;onfwa,muf&JU t0wftpm;udk cRwfcGmzdkU tNydKiftqdkifBudK;
pm;MuowJU? a&S;OD;pGm avrif;utpGrf;&Sdoavmuf jyif;jyif;BuD;wdkufcwfNyD;
c&D;onf&JU t0wfudkcRwfcGmzdkUBudK;pm;&mrSm c&D;onfu av[kefjyif;avav?
olUt0wfudkruRwf&atmif odrf;usKH;NyD; zufxm;avavyJwJU? onfawmh
avrif;vufavQmhvdkuf&a&mwJU? aerif;tvSnfhusawmh txufaumif;uif
tmumorSm avrif;wdkufvTifhxm;vdkU wdrfawGvGifhpGifNyD; v[mjyif
[if;vif;BuD; jzpfaecdkufrSm tpGrf;&SdorQ tm;xkwfNyD; usJusJBuD;
ylay;vdkuf&mrSm c&D;onf[m yljyif;vSvdkU rcHr&yfEdkifatmifjzpfNyD; olUudk,frS
t0wfawGudk cRwfcGmvdkuf&owJU? cifAsm;wkdUc&ka&SmU[mvJ tar&duef
eJUqufqH&mrSm aerif;&JUxkH;udk usifhokH;vQif aumif;r,fAsm? olwdkUbufu
avrkefwdkif;vdk [def;a[mufprf;ygap? udk,fu emusnf;wJU pum;vkH;rsKd;
awGeJU jyefrwG,fyJ BuHUBuHUcdkifNyD; urÇmolurÇmom;udk tEkenf;trsKd;rsKd;eJU
,Of,Ofaus;aus; odrf;oGif;oGm;vQif ,ckxufatmifjrif NyD;urÇmppfBuD;vJ
tvSrf;a0;oGm;vdrfhr,fvdkU uRefawmfxifygw,f}}
nD/ /]]b&m;om;ajymwJU enf;rsKd;awGeJU jzpfEdkifyghrvm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]cifAsm;udk q&mBuD;umvfrmhufpfu vlrsm;pk oufom
acsmifcsda&;pepfeJU ywfoufNyD;olU[mol pdwfcs,kHMunfovdk? uRefawmfu
vJyJ wbufeJUwbuf tmCmwavQmusatmif vkyfjcif;onf urÇmppf
wm;qD;Edkifw,fqdkjcif;udk olUavmufyJ ,kHMunfygw,f? tmCmw avQmus
atmif vkyfykHvkyfenf;rsm;eJU ywfoufvdkUvJ uRefawmfh[m uRefawmf
,kHMunfvsuf&SdwJUtjyif umvfrmhufpf&JU  Theory  pdwful;udk vDeifu
vufawGUprf;oyfjznfhpGufcJUovdk? cifAsm;wkdUu uRefawmfhenf;udk jznfhpGuf

1365 
ay;EdkifMuvQif aumif;ygvdrfhr,f? uRefawmfhenf;eJU jzpfrjzpfxm;ygOD;?
cifAsm;wkdUrSm urÇmppfrjzpfEdkifwJUenf;&,fvdkU vufudkif&Sdxm; NyDvm;}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUvJBudK;pm;NyD;vkyfaewmyJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]aumif;ygNyD? urÇmppfrjzpfEdkifwJUenf;&,fvdkU  (Theory) 

pdwful;wcktaeeJU awGUxm;MuNyDvm;}}
nD/ /]]olwdkUbufu vdkcsifwmawGudk avQmhay;vdkufvQifawmh
ppfrjzpfbl;ayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ / ]]uRefawmfwifjycJUwJUenf;[mu umvfrmhufpf&JUvrf;pOfudk
zsufodrf;NyD; avQmhay;&wJuqDtxd vkyfzkdUygovm;Asm}}
nD/ / ]]'guawmh pOf;pm;&OD;rSmyJcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]pOf;pm;Muygav? odkUaomf uRefawmfwckajymcsifygw,f?
cifAsm;wdkU urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;aumfrwDwkdU? BuHUcdkifa&;aumfrwDwdkUeJU uRefawmf
aqG;aEG;cJUzl;ygNyD urÇmppfBuD; rjzpfEdkifawmhygbl;vdkUawmh pdwfrcs&ygbl;wJU?
'Dvdkqdkuwnf;u pdwfcsavmufwJUenf;wckudk pdwful;tm;jzifhawmif awGU
rxm;ao; bl;qdkwm xif&Sm;ae w,fr[kwfbl;vm;}}
nD/ /]][kwfuJUqdkEdkifygw,f}}
Ekyf/ /]]'DvdkqdkvQif uRefawmfhenf;udk prf;oyfwJUtwGuf cifAsm;wkdU
umvfrmhpf&JU pD;yGm;a&;vrf;pOfudk xdcdkufysufjym;jcif; r&SdEdkifbl;vdkU pdwfcs&
w,fqdkygu prf;oyfrMunfhxdkufbl;vm;Asm}}
nD/ /]]'guawmh tcsdef,lNyD; pOf;pm;Mu&ayrSmayghcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]tcsdefuawmh odyfr&Sdawmhbl;aemf? [kdwbufu tifrwef
pdwfqdk;aeMuNyD? olwdkU&JUa'gorefrmetavsmuf cifAsm;wkdUonf;rcHEdkifwJU
tjyKtrlrsKd; wckckjyKvdkufrdvQif tm;vkH;'ku©awGUukefMuvdrfhr,f? *smrefqdkwJU
vlrsKd;uvJ rmecJBuD;As? uRefawmf a&mufcJUzl;vdkU tuJcwfcJUEdkifw,f}}

1366 
 nD/ /]]b&m;om;u 'gawGudk b,fwkef;u pOf;pm;xm;ovJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]uRefawmfvJ urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;orm;wa,mufygyJ? [dkwkef;u
cifAsm;wkdUenf;rsKd;eJU udk,fwwfoavmuf a&;cJUa[mcJUzl;ygw,f? ,lwl;udpö
ay:vmawmhrS cifAsm;wkdUenf;rsKd;eJU urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;r&Edkifbl;vdkU oabm
aygufNyD; udk,fh[mudk,f pOf;pm;cJUygw,f}}
nD/ /]]bmudktajcwnfNyD; pOf;pm;ovJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ /]]a*gwrAk'¨&JUenf;ygyJ? a*gwrAk'¨&JU Mo0g'tay:rSm tajc
wnfNyD; onfacwftajctaet& onfacwfvlawG (bmomra&G;? bmom
&Sd&Sd r&Sd&Sd) tm;vkH; oabmaygufem;vnfa vmufatmif b,fvdkwifjy
&yghrvJvdkU pOf;pm;cJUwm awmfawmfMumygNyD? t*Fvefu tbd"r®m q&mBuD;
bmw&ef&wfqJvfu ]]vlom;onf tem*gwf&Sd&Sdao;oavm}}qdkwJU ykpämudk
pmwtkyfxkwfNyD; ar;vdkufawmh uRefawmfu tajzay;zkdU tylwjyif; pOf;pm;
pdwful;jyefw,f? uRefawmfhtajzudka&;NyD; pmwtkyfxkwfzkdU pdwful;aewkef;rSm
cifAsm;eJU pum;vufqkH0ifNyD; 'gawGudk avQmufajymrdwmyJ}}
nD/ / ]]b&m;om;&?JU q&mBuD;a*gwrAk'¨u olwyg;xuf bmrsm;
xl;ovJ cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ / ]]Ak'¨udk;uG,fwJU Ak'¨bmom0ifawGuawmh tvkH;pkHaom
tjcif;t&mudk odEdkifwJUOmPfawmf  (Omniscience)  &Sdawmfrlw,fvdkU qdkMu
w,f}}
nD/ /]]tvkH;pkHudkodw,fqdkwm bmvJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]tvkH;pkHawG bmawGvkyfraeeJU? uRefawmfta&;BuD;wmuawmh
Ak'o
¨ nf udpö[lorQrSm taMumif;w&m;udk odawmfrlw,f? tusKd;w&m;udkvJ
odawmfrlw,f? 'g[m uRefawmfhtzkdUta&;BuD;qkH;yJ? 'gudk uRefawmf,kHMunf
w,f? 'DOmPfudk uRefawmfMunfndKw,f}}

1367 
 nD/ /]]'gjyifvlrsm;aum rodEdkifbl;vm;cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]odwefoavmuf odwJUvlrsm; &SdMuygvdrfhr,f? udpö[lorQ
rSmawmh rodEdkifMubl;As? odjyefawmhvJ trSef;tqtm;jzifhom odEdkifMur,f?
rSefwJUtcgrSefw,f? rSm;wJUtcgrSm;w,f? Ak'¨uawmh wwftyfaocsm
rvGJwrf; odawmfrlw,fAs}}
nD/ /]]xyf&Sif;ygOD;b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ / ]]  Matter  &kyfw&m;eJUywfoufvkdU 'Dacwf avmu"mwfq&m
awG[m prf;oyfjcif;? awG;awmjcif;tm;jzifh taMumif;w&m; tusKd;w&m;
awGudk tawmfrSef uefatmif odEdkifMuygw,f? pdwfeJUywfoufvdkUawmh
olwkdUrSefatmif rawG;wwfbl;? wbufu a'gojzpfaevQif olUxufBuD;wJU
a'goeJU cHwdkufvdkU atmifjrifEdkifw,f xifMuw,f? Ak'¨uawmh a'goudk
a'gojzifh racsrIef;Edkif? arwÅmjzifhom atmifEdkifw,fvdkU wwftyfaocsm
odawmfrlw,f}}
nD/ / ]]a'gojzpfaewJUvludk arwÅmxm;zkdU jzpfEdkifovm; b&m;om;}}
ekyf/ /]]arwÅmxm;zdkU rjzpfEdkifvQif a'gocsif; rNydKifzkdUavmufudkawmh
BudK;pm; Mu&vdrfhr,f}}
nD/ /]]'gavmufawmifrS cJ,Of;vSygw,fcifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]cJ,Of;wmuawmhrSefw,f? odkUaomf 'Denf;vrf;udkrS wbuf
bufupNyD; rvdkufMuvQif 'DvufeufrsKd;awGeJUawmh wcsdefcsdefrSm vlrsKd;
jyKwfwwfw,f? rjyKwfao;rDtwGif;rSmvJ wcsdefxufwcsdefpdk;&drfaMumifhMurI?
pdwfylavmifrIawGu wkd;íwkd;íom wufvmawmhrSmyJ}}
nD/ /]]a&SUudkrwkd;yJ 'Dtwdkif; &yfwnfraeEdkifbl;vm; b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ / ]]pdwfu &kyfvdkr[kwfbl;As? OyrmoHrPdwacsmif;qdkvQif
twefMumMumBuD; wnfaeEdkifw,fqdkygawmh? pdwfrSmjzpfwJU a'gow&m;

1368 
qdkwmrsKd;uawmh 'Dvdkr[kwfbl;As? qkwfvQifqkwfr,f? rqkwfvQif wdk;rSmyJ?
tMumBuD;&yfwnfvdkU raewwfwJU obm0&Sdw,f}}
nD/ /]]uRefawmfwkdUbufu b&m;om;ajymwJUtwdkif; tmCmwavsmh
atmifBudK;pm;NyDqkdygawmh? olwkdU&JUtkyfcsKyfa&;0g'u ppfjyifqifa&;0g'
cifAs? csufcsif; ppfxwdkufzkdU r[kwfayr,fh vufeufawGvkyfae&rS tvkyf
orm;awG tvkyf&NyD; puf,EÅ&m;BuD; vnfEdkifwmcifAs? 'DtaMumif;udk
b&m;om; pOf;pm;zl;&JUvm;}}
Ekyf/ /]]pOf;pm;zl;ygw,fav? cifAsm;wdkUbufu uRefawmfajymwJU
twdkif; aMujimcsufxkwf? aemufwxpf oabmwlnDcsuf &atmifvkyfEdkifwJU
tajca&mufwJU tcgrSm olwkdU[molwkdU tBuHOmPfxkwf&ygvdrfhr,f? tck
awmh cifAsm;wkdUu olwjyef igwjyef ajcmufvSefUay;aeMuawmh olwkdU
t&if;&SifBuD;awGtBudKuf? olwkdUtpdk;&tBudKuf jzpfaeNyD; olwkdUaxmifxm;
wJU ausmhuGif;xJ cifAsm;wkdUu0ifwkd;aeovdk jzpfaewmayghAs}}
nD/ /]]olwdkUu 'DtajcudkjrifNyD; uRefawmfwdkU avQmhwdkif;ravQmhyJ
wif;cHae vQifaum cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]'DawmhvJ pyfMum;aeMuwJU urÇmolurÇmom;awG &SdMuygao;
w,fav? cktxdawmh cifAsm;wkdUtkyfpkBuD; ESpfckvHk;[m NydKifwlvdk
wif;aeMu&mrSm 'Dbufuqdk;w,f? [dkbufu qdk;w,fvdkU rajymEdkifMuyJ
MunfhaeMu&wmyJ? cifAsm;wkdUbufu &efrvdkwJUtaersKd; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;
jyEdkifwJUtcgrSm pyfMum;wdkif;jynfawGu cifAsm;wkdUbufudk arwÅmxm;vmMu
vdkUrdkU olwkdUwenf;wvrf;OmPfxkwfMu&awmhrSmyJ}}
nD/ /]]OmPfxkwfwJUtcgrSm enf;aumif;enf;rSefudk rawGUyJeJU
ppfxwdkufwJU enf;udkvdkufoGm;vQifaum cifAsm}}

1369 
 Ekyf/ / ]]'Dae&musawmh uRefawmfhq&m a*gwrAk'¨&JU ajc&maysmuf
oGm;vdkUrdkU uRefawmfhxifjrifcsuft& ajz&awmhrSmyJAsm? aMujimcsufxkwfNyD;
cifAsm;wkdUu pwifaumif;vmcJUwmudk wurÇmvkH;uvJ odvdkUrdkU olwdkUvJod
&rSmyJ? vufeuftiftm; awmifhwif;ygvsufeJU &efa&SmifwJUvrf;pOfudk
pwifusihfokH;cJUwJU tpdk;&wcktm; rkef;wD;p&maMumif;tcsufvJ r&SdygyJeJU
wrifoufoufpwdkufzdkUqdkwmawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;vdkU uRefawmfqdkcsifw,fAsm?
jzpfEdkifw,f? wdkufw,fqdkvQifvJyJ urÇmBuD;ysufzkdU tcsdefaphvdkUyJvdkU qdk&
awmhrSmyJAsm}}
nD/ /]]'DjyifaumcifAsm? b&m;om;&JUq&mu bmrsm;jrifao;ovJ}}
Ekyf/ /]]umvfrmhufpfu t&if;&SifpepfaMumifh vlawGpm;ae0wf
rvkHavmufyJ qif;&JMu&w,f? ppfjzpfMu&w,fvdkUjrifw,f? 'gu &kyfbuf
utjrifyJ? olU [meJUolawmh rSefayw,f? olUenf;twdkif; vdkufemusifhokH;
MuvdkU qdk&S,fvpfwdkif;jynfawGrSm pm;ae0wfeJU ywfoufvkdU tqifhtwef;
wufvmNyD; vlrsm;pkrSm oufomacsmifcsd vmwmudk uRefawmfawGUcJU
&ygw,f? odkUaomfwbufu taESmifht,SufwrsKd; 0ifvmjyefw,fAs?
'gudkawmh umvfrmhufpf&JUenf;eJUr&bll;? a*gwrAk'¨enf;eJU vkyf,lrS &r,fvdkU
uRefawmfjrifw,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkrsm; a[mcJUovJAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]]avmuBuD;rSm vlawG[m bmhaMumifh Nidrf;csrf;pGmraeMu&yJ
wxdwf xdwfwvefUvefUeJU aomupdk;&drfrIawG jzpfaeMuowJUvJAs? yk*¾Kdvf
wOD;u ar;avQmufw,f}}
nD/ /]]b,fvdkajzowJUvJcifAs}}
Ekyf/ / ]]  Jealousy  And  Envy  (£óm?rpä&d,) remvdk0efwdkrI
awGaMumifhwJUAs? umvfrmhufpfu &kyfbufuMunfhw,f? Ak'¨u pdwfbufu

1370 
Munhfw,f? umvfrmhufpf&JU enf;rSefuefvdkU qdk&S,fvpf wdkif;jynfawGrSm
]pm;ae0wf}rItwGuf acsmifcsdvmw,f? EdkUayr,fh vlawGrSm wenf;wzkH
tm;jzifh pdk;&drfaMumifhMurIawG wdk;yGm;vmNyD; Nidrf;csrf;rI r&Mubl;r[kwfvm;?
'gudkawmh umvfrmhufpfu rwwfEdkifbl;? Ak'¨&JUenf;eJU vkyf,lrS atmifjrif
r,fvdkU uRefawmfjrifw,f}}
nD/ / ]]b&m;om;ajymwJU ]AdkvfvkrI} qdkwm[m remvdk 0efwdkrIyJvm;
cifAsm}}
Ekyf/ /]][kwfwmayghAs? wbufuurÇmrSm t&Sdeftapmf wefcdk;tmPm
BuD;oGm;vQif rcHr&yfEdkifjzpfNyD; olUxufomatmif vkyf,laeMuw,f r[kwf
bl;vm;? cifAsm;wkdUeJU tar&duef[m ajrBuD;vkawmhwmvJr[kwfbl;?
olUxufig t&Sdeftapmf wefcdk;tmPm  Power  BuD;atmif tNydKiftqdkifvkyfae
Muw,fr[kwfvm;? umvfrmhufpfu vrf;nTefcJUwJU pm;ae0wfjyóem[m
cifAsm;wdkUeJU rqdkifawmhbl;? vGefcJUNyD? Ak'¨a[mawmfrlwJU *kPfNydKifrIqD
a&mufvmMuNyD? olUenf;eJU&Sif;rS &awmhr,fAsm}}
nD/ /]]AdkvfvkMuwm[m bmhaMumifhwJUvJ b&m;om;}}
Ekyf/ / ]]Ak'¨ucspfjcif; rkef;jcif;aMumifhvdkU a[mawmfrlcJUw,f?
wbufeJUwbuf trkef;uJaeMuavawmh AdkvfvkrI[m omNyD;qdk;aewmudk
awGUMu&w,f r[kwfbl;vm;? 'gaMumifh rkef;wD;jcif;avsmhatmif cifAsm;wkdU
bufupNyD; vkyfygvdkUuRefawmf awmif;yefwdkufwGef;jcif;? jzpfygw,f?
Ak'¨&JUenf;u [dka&S;wkef;u ay:aygufcJU bl;wJU EdkifiHa&;u0d  Machiavelli 

BuD;&JU wjynfudkwjynfuvSnfhywfNyD; tEdkif,lwJU y&d,m,fenf;rsKd;

r[kwfygbl;As? t[kwfwu,f Nidrf;csrf;a&;&EdkifwJUenf;jzpfygw,f? urÇmh
Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf cifAsm;wkdUrSm onfhjyifenf;vJ r&SdEdkifygbl;? uRefawmf

1371 
ajymcJUwJUaMujimcsufudk cifAsm;wkdUbufu xkwfjyefEdkifatmif rpöwmc&ka&Smh
udk uRefawmf b,fvdkcsOf;uyf&yghrvJvdkU pdwful;aewkef;yJAsm}}

tbkd;BuD;ESpfa,muf aqG;MuykH

]nD}ESifh uREkfyfonf 0gaqm[dkwJvfü nOfh12em&Dxdk;onfhwdkifatmif

pum;ajymMuí [dkwJvfcef;apmifhrdef;rBuD;u c&D;xGufzkdU tcsdefwefNyD
jzpfaMumif; vma&mufowday;onfwGifrS wuúpDwpD;jzifhavqdyfodkU xGuf
vmMuav\/ avqdyfü ]nD}u aemufqkH;EIwfqufonfhtaejzifh a*smf*sD,ef
0dkifwvkH;rSm,lum wa,muf\ usef;rma&; csrf;oma&;twGuf wa,mufu
]wdkUpf} vkyfMuavonf/ þodkUjzifhwem&DcefUMumí em&DjyefwcsufcGJ
tcsdefwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf toifhqdkufxm;onfh armfpudk*smumwm &k&Sm;
av,mOfysHBuD;qDodkU avQmufvmMuonf/ av,mOfysHBuD;teD;ü c&D;onf
10a,mufcefU&yfvsuf&Sd\/ av,mOfysHodkU uREkfyfwufcgeD;ü ]nD}onf
uREkfyfwudk,fvkH;udk odrf;usKH;umzufvsuf uRekfyf\yg;ESpfbufudk ol\
yg;ESpfbufjzifh wvSnfhpDtyfum &IdufBuD;wiifidka<u;av&m uRekfyfrSm
oluJUodkUxdcdkuf wkefvIyfonfr[kwfaomfvnf; rsuf&nfrsm; usvmygonf/
av,mOfysHteD;ü &yfvsuf&SdMuaom c&D;onfrsm; onf av,mOfysHay:odkU
wufMuawmhrnf[k avSum;vuf&ef;udk udkifNyD;umrS rwufEdkifMuao;yJ
]bd"r®m} tbdk;BuD;wa,mufESifh &kk&Sm;tbdk;BuD;wa,mufonf b,fvdk
taMumif;rsm;aMumifh þrQavmuf MuifemwG,fwmjcif; &SdMuavonfudk
awG;awmaeMuonfh vu©PmESifh uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,muftm; ai;MunfhaeMu
ygao;onf/

1372 
 uREkfyfü r&SdvQifa0pm;rnfqdkonfh (pm;vnf;pm;Muygayonf/)
oli,fcsif; okH;av;a,muf&SdcJUbl;yg\/ uREkfyf\obm0rSm tcsKdUvlrsm;
uJUodkU &kwfw&ufrdwfaqG rjzpfwwfyJ ESpf&Snfvrsm; aygif;oif;qufqHcGifh
&&SdaomtcgrS wjznf;jznf; cifrifrIwkd;yGm;NyD; &if;ESD;aomtjzpfodkU a&muf&Sd
cJUMuonfcsnf;jzpfay&m wvcefUrQtwGif; þ]nD}uJUodkU tjyeftvSef
cifrif&if;EDS;aomtjzpfrsKd;odkU a&mufcJU&jcif;udkrl uRekfyf\ touf 70ausmf
twGif;ü wBudrfwcgrS rBuKHcJU&bl;yg/ av,mOfysHxGufaomtcg uREkfyf
onf vufudkify0g ,rf;jyvsuf&Sdaom ]nD}udkvSnfhMunfh,if; armfpudkNrdKU\
rD;yGifhrsm;vSaomtjzpfudkvnf; owdjyKrdygonf/ aetdrfwdkufcef;rsm;ESifh
vrf;rsm;rS rD;yGifhrsm;onf ajrBuD;ay:wGif ESrf;rsm; yufjzL;xm;onfhES,f
>ywfodyftGwfodyf jzpfae&m av,mOfysHonf wem&DvQif uDvdkrDwm
670EIef;ysHoef;ygvsufESifhyif rdepfaygif;rsm;pGmwdkifatmif rD;yGifhrsm;udk
rausmfvGefEdkifao;aMumif; owdjyKrdygonf/ uREkfyfonf qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkU
wacgufwnf; a&muf&aomfvnf; armfpudkodkU okH;Budrf wdkifwdkif
a&mufcJU&ygvsuf armfpudkNrdKUBuD;\ tus,ft0ef;udk odEdkifapjcif;iSm
NrdKUBuD;\ tpGeftzsm;rS wywfywfí rvnfcJUrdjcif;twGuf
0rf;enf;rdonf/

cJavorQ

armfpudkodkU toGm;c&D;ü av,mOfysHonf [dr0EÅmawmwef;udk

jzwfausmfysHoef;vsuf&SdpOf av,mOfr,fu uREkfyfwdkU\ av,mOfysHonf
tjrifhayaygif;rnfrQ? t[kefuDvdkrDwmaygif; rnfrQEIef;jzifh {0&uf
awmifxGwfudk jzwfausmfvsuf&SdaMumif; aMujimonfudk Mum;vdkuf&onfESifh

1373 
qdkAD,ufoH&kH;rS armifb0if;ajymvdkufaompum;udk owd&rd\/ armifb0if;
u {0&ufawmifxGwftxufrS rSefajymif;jzifhMunfhí aumif;vSonf
[kajym\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfü rSefajymif;r&SdaomaMumifh rMunfhEdkifcJU acs/
armfpudkrS jyefcgeD;wGif þtaMumif;udk owd&onfESifh rSefajymif;uav;ESpfck
0,fvmcJUonf/ wckrSm uREkfyftwGufjzpfí wckrSm uREkfyf\nDu arG;onfh
wlruav; MunfMunftwGufjzpf\/ tjyefc&D;ü uREkfyfonf [dr0EÅm
awmifwef;&Sd {0&ufawmifxGwfay:okdU a&mufí av,mOfr,fu
txufygtwdkif; a<u;aMumfjcif;udk Mum;&onfwGif rSefajymif;udk owd&\/
odkU&mwGifrSefajymif;uav;rsm;rSm tvG,fwul xkwfíokH;&rnfh wdkvDrdkvD
ypönf;uav;rsm;xnfhonfh vufqJGtdwfuav;xJü rxnfhcJUrdyJ c&D;aqmif
aowÅmBuD;xJodkUxnfhNyD; ]vufa*U*s} vkyfcJUrdaomaMumifh xkwf,l&ef
rjzpfEdkifojzifh awmifxGwfudk rSefajymif;jzifh rMunfhcJU&awmhyJ vufvGwf
cJU&ygonf/ uRekfyf\b0woufwmwGif þtjzpfrsKd;uJUodkU tqkH;owf
uav;wGifrS vGJ&NyD; ]tzsm;&l;} oGm;cJU&onfhtjzpfrsKd;aygif;rSm tvGefrsm;vS
cJUzl;ygavNyD/

udk,fhwdkif;? udk,fhjynf? udk,fhXmeD

n10em&DcJGtcsdefü &efukefavqdyfodkU qdkufrnfjyK&mwGif uRekfyfonf

&efukefNrdKUESifh avqdyfudk vSrf;arQmfMunfhvdkufaomtcgü rD;yGifhrsm; tvGef
enf;yg;jcif;udkjrif&í &efukefNrdKUyif[kwfygav\avm? NrdKUodrfNrdKUi,f
uav;wNrdKUodkU taMumif;wckckaMumifh acwÅcPqif;oufjcif; jzpfav
oavm[k awG;xifrdonfESifh teD;&Sdc&D;onfwa,muf tm;ar;rdyg
ao;onf/ þodkUtxifrSm;rdjcif;rSm uREkfyfonfrsufpdjzifh MunfhírqkH;Edkif

1374 
atmif aygrsm;vSonfh armfpudk rD;yGifhrsm;udk vSrf;íMunfhcJU&NyD;aemuf
rsufpdxJü pJGNrJvsuf&Sdí &efukefrD;yGifhrsm;udk enf;yg;vSonf? arS;rdSdefvS
onf[k txifao;jcif;aMumifh jzpf[ef&Sdygonf/ þwGif igwkdU
&efukefNrdKUrSmvnf; olwkdUarmfpudkuJUodkU rD;yGifhrsm; azmazmoDoD
xGef;EdkifzdkUb,frQavmuf tcsdefMumygavOD;rnfenf;[lí pdwful;jzpfay:
rdygonf/ av,mOfysHay:rS qif;Muaomtcg uREkfyfrSmtaEG;0wftuFsD
BuD;udkayGU&rnfuwbuf? ypönf;uav;rsm;xnfhonfh vufqGJtdwfu
wbuf? wkwfaumufuwbuf jzpfaeonfESifh tjcm;c&D;onfrsm; oGm;ESifh
ukefMuí uGif;BuD;xJü uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; bdkoDbwfoDESifh avQmufvm
&pOf av,mOfysH&kHqDodkU arQmfMunfhvdkuf\/ &kHa&SUü vltkyfESpfpk
&yfvsuf&SdMu&m uREkfyf&dkufMum;vdkufonfh aMu;eef;rS a&mufyg avp?
ra&mufírBudKMuvQif þtcsdefwGif NrdKUxJodkUoGm;zkdUtcufygyJ ponfh
pdk;&drfylyefrI rsm;jzifh wjznf;jznf;rQom avQmufvm&\/ em&Daygif; 20cefUrQ
xdkifcJU&jcif;aMumifh ajcaxmufrsm;uvnf; anmif;nmonfESifh rvIyfwvIyf
om vSrf;aeMuonf/ xdkcPwGif &kHa&SUü&yfaeaom vltkyfwtkyf teufrS
rdef;uav;wa,mufxGufvmí uRekfyfxHodkUajy;vmNyD; ypönf;rsm;udk
qGJ,lav&m uREkfyfonf armfpudkodkUa&mufpOfu ]'gvm;uG armfpudk}[kqdkum
0rf;omjcif;vnf;wrsKd;? wlruav; MunfMunfudkzuf,if; ]udk,fhwdkif;
udk,fhjynfodkUa&mufvmacsNyD} [k atmufarhum 0rf;omjcif;vnf;wrsKd;
&Sdygawmhonf/ &kHxJodkUa&mufaomtcg &Ir0udkausmfESifh vlxkwdkufcGJrS
armifwifarmif wdkU vma&mufBudKqdkMujcif;twGufvnf; 0rf;omvSygonf/

1375 
wlrav; MunfMunf

uRekfyfrSm nDwa,mufESifh ESrwa,mufom&Sdí (ESrrSm uG,fvGef

&SmavNyD/) arG;aygufazmfenf;yg;aomfvnf; aqGrsKd;nmwd enf;yg;ol
wa,muf r[kwfay/ om;wa,muf orD;ESpfa,mufteuf orD;wa,muf
omusefí ajr;17a,muf? jrpfckESpfa,muf &Sdojzifh wlESifhwlr t&if;rsm;
vnf; udk;a,muf&Sdygonf/ ¤if;wdkUteuf nDuarG;onfh wlruav;
MunfMunfonf uREkfyftm; *&ktpdkufqkH;? tMuifemqkH;jzpfyg ayonf/
&efukefodkUuREkfyfa&mufwdkif; MunfMunfonf uRekfyftm;bBuD;wa,muf
taejzifh *&kpdkuf&kHomru uREkfyftaMumif;udk csD;usL;ajymqdkírqkH; &Sdonf
ESifh olUzcif (uREkfyf\nD)uyif remvdkcsifpzG,f jzpfaeygawmhonf/
ESrt&if;u arG;xm;cJUonfh wlrsm;ESifhwlrrsm;onf rEÅav;NrdKUwGif uREkfyfESifh
twl &SdMuaomfvnf; ]ac:xl;ar;ajym} tjzpfrsKd;avmufom &SdMuí
EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;odkU uREkfyfoGm;&onfh tcGifhta&;rsKd; &&Sdjcif;twGuf
0rf;omjcif;? *kPf,ljcif;ponfh t&dyferdwfrsm;yif azmfjyjcif;r&SdMuacs/
xdkwlrsm;ESifh wlrrsm;onf uREkfyfESifhwBudrfwcgrQ tcsif;rsm;jcif; r&SdcJU
bl;ygvsuf þtjzpfrsKd;ü &SdaeMujcif;rSm uREkfyf\tjypfr[kwf? olwkdU\
tjypfvnf;r[kwfwef&m? uHZmwmtavsmufom jzpf[efwlonf/ uREkfyf\
uHZmwmrSmum; aqGrsKd;t&if;tcsmrsm;\ cifrifav;pm;rIudk rcHxdkuf?
(0rf;uJGESrrsm;url tav;jyKMuygayonf/) olpdrf;w&Hpmrsm;\ &dkao
udkif;&Idif;rIudkomvQif (þaemufydkif;ü) cH,lxdkufonfh Zmwm&Sif
wOD;jzpf[ef&Sdonf/ þodkUjzpf&jcif;twGuf uREkfyfonf rnfolUtay:rS
rauseyfjcif; r&Sd/ (qefay;rSaq;&onf/) uRekfyftaMumif;udk wifjyonfh
rSwfwrf;a&;om;jcif; jzpfonfhtwGuf xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif;rQomjzpfygonf/

1376 
arwÅmrSurÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;odkU

uREkfyfonf e*dkp&dkuftm;jzifh arwÅmorm;wa,mufr[kwf? ]ynm}

orm; wa,mufjzpfygvsuf qdkAD,uf,leD,HwGif taMumif;rnDnGwfaom
tjzpftysufwckaMumifh (qdkAD,ufESifh rnfodkUrQroufqdkif) arwÅmw&m;
yGm;rsm;ygawmhrnf[k oEéd|mefjyKcJUaMumif;ESifh uREkfyf\atmifjrifcJUykH tjcif;
t&mrsm;udkvnf; azmfjycJUzl;ygNyD/ uREkfyf\]arwÅm}rsufvkH;taMumif;udk
owdjyKí zwf&Izl;olrsm;u uRekfyfjyefa&mufvmaomtcgü uREkfyfudk
jrif&onfwGif ]ola&;xm;oavmuf xl;jcm;jcif;r&Sdygwum;} [kajymzG,f&m
jzpfaeojzifh tenf;i,f&Sif;vif;vdkygonf/ &k&Sm;jynfü&SdpOf uREkfyfonf
rdrdudk,fwdkiftvGef auseyftm;&onfjzpfí udk,fhjynfodkU jyefaomtcg
wGifvnf; þtwdkif;yif qufvufusifhokH;ygawmhrnf[k atmufarhzl;
ygonf/ okdU&mwGif xdkuJUodkUr[kwfyJ pdwftm;xufoefrI avsmhyg;NyD;
wjznf;jznf; qkwf,kwfukefcJUjcif;rSm uREkfyf\nHUzsif;aom obm0wck
taejzifh 0efcH&ygawmhrnf/ okdUjzpfí qdkAD,uf,leD,Hü arwÅmw&m;
yGm;rsm;cJUjcif;rSm uREkfyftzkdU&mwGif Oykof&uf&Snfapmifhjcif;rsKd;uJUokdU jzpfaeí
,aeUtzdkUt&mü tuwftowfrQavmufom <uif;usefonfhvu©Pm
&Sdygonf/ odkUyifjzpfvifhupm; rdrdtwGuf udk,fvGwf&kef;um owdy|mef
w&m;bufodkUom tpOfwpdkuf pdwftm;xufoefvmcJUzl;onfh uREkfyfonf
arwÅmw&m;yGm;cJUzl;onfh t&SdefaMumifh urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;qdkif&m tBuH
tpnfESifh pdwful;OmPfrsm; xkwfonfhbufwGif b,fwkef;uESifhrQ rwlatmif
tav;ay;csifonfh qE´rsKd;xufoefvsuf&Sdjcif;udk awGU&ygonf/ odkUjzpfí
uREkfyfonf oHo&mrSvGwfajrmufa&;udpöudk acwÅacgufxm;NyD; rnfol\

1377 
tpGrf;aMumifhjzpfap? urÇmppfjzpfzdkUawmh a0;oGm;avNyD[k pdwfcs&aom
tcsdefodkUra&mufrcsif; uREkfyfü&SdorQaom todOmPfESifh 0D&d,udk urÇmh
Nidrf;csrf;a&; tvkyfwckwnf;ü tm;oGefcGefpdkuf aqmif&Guf&ef oEéd|mef
csvdkufNyD;ygNyD/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfaqmif&GufykH aqmif&Gufenf;rSm urÇmh
Nidrf;csrf;a&;trnfjzifh tjcm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm; aqmif&GufykHESifh wlaumif;rSwl
Muayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyf\vrf;pOft&rSm þvlrsKd;? xdkvlrsKd;? þpepf?
xkdpepfonf &efvkyfzG,f&mr[kwf? £ómESifh rpä&d,wnf;[laom obm0
wkdUonfomvQif vlowÅ0gudk nSOf;yef;ESdyfpyfvsuf&Sdonf[k oabmayguf
em;vnfNyD;avsmhyg;oGm;atmif aqmif&Guf&efjzpfygonf/

em;rvnfEdkifaom vlwa,mufwJU

rsm;pGmaomvlwkdUonf uREkfyfudkem;rvnfMu? tcsKdUurl (udkodef;az

vnf;ygonf) em;vnfzkdUcufaom vlwa,muf[lí zGifhajymMuonf/
trSefrSm tjcm;vlrsm;u rqdkxm;bd uREkfyfudk,fudk uREkfyfyif em;rvnf
aomtcsufrsm; &Sdygonf[k zGifhajym& vQif tHUMoMurnfjzpfaomaMumifh
&Sif;vif;azmfjyvdkuf&ygOD;rnf/ em;rvnfqdkaom vlrsm;uw&m;tm;xkwfNyD;
ouFef;vnf; ('kv’br[kwf) 0wfzl;onf? oka&mar&, onf i&JrBuD;
[kvnf; a&;onf? umvfrmhufpfudkvnf; vufcHonf/ Ak'¨bmomudk
aumif;aumif;BuD; em;vnfonf[kvnf; (olU[mol) xif0HUonf?
w&m;bufüvnf; 0goemygonf? aysmfaysmfvnf; aecsifwwfonf?
wdk;wufaom t,ltq&Sdonf[k vnf; ajymonf? vlBuD;rdb q&morm;udk
&dkaoudkif;&Idif;oifhonf [kvnf;a&;onf? avmukwÅ&musrf;rsm;vnf;
a&;onf? bdkifpukyfvnf;Munfhwwfonf? cPcPvnf; w&m;tm;xkwf

1378 
onf? tpm;aumif;vnf;BudKufwwfonf ponfrsm;jzifh a0zefwwfMu
avonf/ þtjcif;t&mrsm;rSm uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;udk a&vnfpGmzwf&IolwkdU
em;vnfavmufonfxifojzifh &Sif;vif;&eftBuHr&SdyJ uREkfyfudk,fudk uREkfyf
em;rvnfaom tcsuftvufrsm;udkom azmfjyygawmhrnf/

(1)
w&m;tm;xkwfNyD;í ouFef;0wfcJUpOfu uREkfyfonfaeylBuD;usJusJwGif
zcifESifh vrf;avQmufoGm;&m vlolr&Sdaom awmc&D;üyif ouFef;udk
OD;acgif;ay:odkUwifjcif; tm;jzifh aeyl&SdefrS tumuG,fr,lcJUjcif;taMumif;udk
azmfjycJUzl;onf? ouFef;udk OD;acgif;ay:ü rwif&[lí 0denf;ynwfawmfü
ygonfrygonfudk uREkfyrodyg/ Ak'¨u &[ef;rsm;onf ygom'du*kPfESifh
jynfhpkHap&rnf (vlrsm;MunfndKzG,f toGif&Sdap&rnf) [kqkH;rawmfrl&m
ouFef;udkacgif;ay:wifjcif;onf xkd*kPfysufonf[k uREkfyf,lqaom
aMumifh aeylcHNyD;avQmufonftxd apmifhxdef;cJUygonf/ vlt0wfESifhrlum;
uREkfyfonfolwyg;tm; xdyg;epfemapaom tjyKtrlrsKd;avmufudkom
a&SmifMuOfí tjcm;udpörsm;ürl xifcsif&m xifMuprf;ygap[k oabmxm;
wwfonf/ &[ef;wkdUxuf usyfwnf;pGm xdef;odrf;cJUzl;onfh uREkfyfonf
vlUb0ü vlrsm;pkavmufrS xdef;odrf;rIudk *&krpdkufjcif;rSm uREkfyftzkdU
xl;qef;jcif;w&yfjzpf\/ odu©myk'fawmfrsm;udk txl;&dkao av;pm;onfh
EdkifiHausmfq&mawmfBuD;wyg;onf uREkfyf\pmayta&;tom;udk oabmus
awmfrlonfESifh ]]'umBuD; &[ef;abmifra&muf&wm epfemw,fAsm? EdkUrdkU,if
omoembufrSm ta&;tom;eJUywfoufvdkU tm;udk;avmufwJU yk*¾dKvfwyg;
jzpf&rSmyJ}}[k rdefUawmfrlzl;\/ uREkfyfurl ta&;tom;twGuf rajymwwf?
0denf; odu©myk'fawmfrsm;udk &dkaoapmifhxdef;onfht&mrSmjzifh emrnfwvkH;

1379 
&vdrfhrnfxifygonf[k zGifhíravQmufaomfvnf; pdwfxJüatmufarhrd
ygonf/ &[ef;tjzpfü vl&dkaoatmif BudK;pm;csifygvsuf ]vl}
tjzpfü*&krpdkufcsifaom uREkfyf\ 0goemudk em;rvnfEdkifatmif &Sdygawmh
onf/

(2)
uREkfyfonf tjcm;vlrsm;\ av;pm;jcif;udk rESpfoufonfr[kwf?
ESpfoufwwfyg\/ rav;rpm; jyKonfxifvQif rcHcsifaompdwfyif jzpfay:
wwfyg\/ odkU&mwGif tjcm;vlrsm;u tvGeftrif;&dkaoav;pm;jcif;rsKd;ESifh
BuKH&onfhtcg tae&cufovdk jzpfwwfygonf/ uREkfyfawGU&zl;onfh
yk*K¾d vftajrmuftjrm;wdkUrSm (&[ef;a&mvlyg) olwyg;wkdUu &dkaoudkif;&Idif;
avav ESpfoufoabmusavav &SdMujcif;udkomawGU& \/ uREkfyfrlum;
uREkfyftm; &dkaovGef;vQif raewwfovdk jzpfwwfygonf/ Oyrm
tcsKdUvlrsm;onf uREkfyf\avmukwÅ&ma&;&m pmayrsm;aMumifh uREkfyfudk
yifhzdwfí bkef;BuD;&[ef;ozG,f ae&mxdkifcif;jyifqifum t&dktao
jyKwwfMuay&m uREkfyfonf olwdkUjyifxm;onfhae&mwGif xdkif&jcif;ü
vkH;0aysmfydkufjcif; r&Sdonfhjyif xdkt&yfodkU aemufwBudrf yifhzdwfvQifvnf;
roGm;awmhyg/ tcsKdUrdef;rrsm;onf ¤if;wkdU tvGef MunfndKvSygonfqdkonfh
&[ef;\a&SUü qHyifudkjzefUcif;jcif;? ajcaxmufudk qHyifESifh yGwfjcif;
ponfjzifh jyKvkyfwwfMuav&m uREkfyfom &[ef;jzpfí xdkuJUodkUjyKjcif;cH&
rnfqdkvQif aemufaemifwGif vlawGUrcHawmhyJ wcgwnf;wdrf;a&Smif
xGufajy;vdrfhrnf[k xifrdygonf/ aumif;aomtjcif;t&mudk BudKufwwf
aomfvnf; aumif;vGef;vQif &GHUovdk jzpfwwfjcif;rSm uREkfyf\xl;qef;rI
wck[líxifrdygonf/

1380 
(3)
0wfjzLpifMu,fESifh pdyfykwD;tNrJaqmifum Oykof&uf&Snf cPcP
apmifhavh&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfrsKd;udk vltrsm;wkdUMunfndKwwfMu\/ uREkfyfrlum;
xdkyk*¾dKvfrsKd;xuf q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;udk ydkíMunfndKonf/ uREkfyf
od&oavmufrSm q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf oDvpifMu,frI
ESifhywfoufí rSJUpGef;waygufrQ NidpGef;jcif; r&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfBuD;jzpfonf[k
,kHMunf\/ okdUESifhvnf; q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf uREkfyf
oabmtusqkH;aom yk*¾dKvfrsKd;r[kwfao;acs/ vltrsm;wkdU\xkH;pHrSm tjypf
temtqm uif;&Sif;avav? MunfndKzG,faumif;avav[k ,lqwwf
Mu\/ uREkfyf\tBudKufrSm &[ef;rsm;tzkdUü ]ajcmufjypfuif; oJvJpif}
qdk&ravmuf jzLpifjcif;onf MunfndKzG,faumif;onf[k 0efcH&ef
toifh&Sdaomfvnf; vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;tzkdUrl (olwyg;tm; xdcdkufepfemaponfh
tjyKtrltajymtqdkrsKd;rS a&SmifMuOforQumvywfvkH;) tjypftemtqm
uav; tenf;i,fawmh&SdrS oabmuscsifwwfonf/ þtaMumif;udk
&Sif;vif;azmfjy&aomf vl\oGm;rsm;onf nDnDnmnm&SdygrS vSonf rSef
aomfvnf; tcsKdUrdef;uav;rsm;tzkdUü ]oGm;wuf} uav;wacsmif; ayguf
onfhtwGuf omíMunfhaumif;onf xif&ouJUodkUyif wzefrsufESmjyifü
]rSJU} uav;wvkH;rQ r&Sdjcif;onf aumif;aomvu©Pmwckjzpfonf
rSefaomfvnf; rsufckef;ESpfbuftMum;ü rSJUuav;wvkH;aygufonfh oli,fr
uav;wa,mufudk jrif&zl;uwnf;u tpGef;txif;[kqdkMuaom ]rSJU}onf
xdkoli,frtzkdUü wefqmqifxm;ouJUodkU&Sdygbd onf[k uREkfyfatmufarh
rdzl;onf/ þodkUtm;jzifh uREkfyfonf ]pif;vkH;acsm} qdkMuonfh tusifh
pm&dwÅrsKd;&Sdaom vlyk*¾dKvfrsKd;xuf wpGef;wuGufuav; tjypftemqm
&Sdonfh yk*¾dKvfrsKd;udk omíoabmuswwfonf/ vlwa,muftaejzifh

1381 
tjypfvkH;0uif;pifjcif;onf aumif;vGef;tm;BuD;í ]obm0rus} onfhES,f
xifrdí tjypfuav;wckwav&SdygrS uREkfyfoabmuscsifwwfonf/
jrif;rsm;ü tjypftemtqm vHk;0uif;onfqdkvQif ]pGefU} wwfaom
owÅdr&Sdojzifh xl;xl;cRefcRefrjzpfvmEdkif? omrn jrif;aumif;wpD;om
jzpfvmwwfonf[k jrif;orm;rsm; ajymwwfMu\/ xdkpum;onfvnf;
uREkfyftzkdUü em;0ifvsuf&Sdygawmhonf/ xkdUjyif ]a,mufsm;qdkwmrsKd;[m
pkHrSuG,fh}} [k uREkfyf\tbdk; ajymzl;onfh pum;wvkH;onfvnf;
uREkfyf\em;xJwGifpGJvsuf&Sd\/ xkdUjyifvnf; t*Fvdyf0w¬Krsm;udk zwf&I&onfh
tcg taumif;awGcsnf; pkHaygif;xm;onfh ][D;&dk;} rsKd;xuf  (Villain  Hero 
type)  taumif;ESifhtqdk; a&mpyfvsuf&Sdonfh ]Zmwfvdkuf} rsKd;udk uREkfyfomí
ESpfoufwwfonf/ t*Fvdyf ]*sefwvfrJef} taMumif;udk uREkfyftus,fw0ifh
a&;aom;azmfjycJUzl;onfjzpf&m uREkfyfonf ol\tusifhpm&dwÅESifh tae
txdkifudk pdyfykwD;orm;wa,muf? ur®|mef;orm;wa,muf\ taetxdkif
xuf ESpfoufoabmusvsuf&Sdygonf/ uREkfyf\tBudKufonf rSefuefonf?
w&m;enf;vrf; usonf[k rqdkvdkyg/ odkU&mwGif jrefrmvlrsKd;
w&m;orm;wa,muftaejzifh xl;qef;onf[k qdkMuvdrfhrnfxifygonf/
]]vl&dk;vlaumif;BuD;}}wa,mufjzpfonfh arG;ozcifrS uREkfyfuJUodkUaom
om;wa,muf aygufzGm;vm&jcif;rSmvnf; uREkfyftzkdU&mü em;rvnfEdkif
aom tjcif;t&mwckjzpfygawmhonf/

(4)
uREkfyfonf avmuBuD;wGif txdkuftavsmufpnf;pdrfuav;ESifh
aecsifwwfol wa,mufjzpfyg\/ Opömypönf; tvGef<u,f0NyD; 0ifh0ifh
0g0gae&aom tjzpfrsKd;udk rawmifhwapumrl acsmifacsmifcsdcsduav;

1382 
aexdkifpm;aomuf&aomtjzpfrsKd;udk vkdvm;rdyg\/ tdrfaxmifa&;ESifh ywf
oufí (txl;ojzifh'kwd,tdrfaxmifysufonfh tcsdefwGif) xdkuJUodkUaom
tajctaersKd; &EdkifavmufonfhtcGifhta&;rsKd;vnf; BuKHcJUyg\/ tdrfaxmif
a&;tm;jzifh jzpfap? rdrdudk,fwdkif BudK;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh jzpfap azmfjycJUNyD;onfh
tajctaersKd;odkU a&mufEdkifavmufonfh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; ay:aygufcJU
yg\/ uREkfyfudk,fwdkifrSm pOf;pm;OmPfuif;rJUonfh vlpm;rsKd;vnf; [kwf
onfrxifyg/ odkUygvsuf (þaemufydkif;tcsdefrSwyg;) qif;&zkdUtaMumif;
awGcsnf; xyfumxyfum jyKvkyfcJUyg\/ txufwGifazmfjycJUonfh
EdkifiHausmfq&mawmfBuD;url uREkfyftaMumif;udkodonfESifh tjypfrwifapum
rl tHUMordaMumif;ESifh tBudrfBudrf rdefUawmfrlzl;ygonf/ þonfrSmvnf;
uREkfyfudk,fudk uREkfyfem;rvnfaomtcsufwck jzpfygonf/

jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;

uREkfyfonf zcif\usyfwnf;aom yJUjyifrIESifh ti,fqkH; ausmif;om;

uav; tjzpfESifh ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ tEdkifusifhrIrsm; cHcJU&jcif;
twGufaMumifh uREkfyf\ obm0ü ]ql;}rsm;aygufvmcJU&ykHudk pmzwfolwkdU
em;vnfavmufygNyD/ ql;rsm;onf wNydKifeufwnf; aygufvmjcif;r[kwfyJ
tEdkifusifhrIcH&í wacsmif;aygufvmonfhtcg uREkfyf\obm0onf ]csOfwl;}
aomtjzpfodkUa&mufNyD; olwyg;ESdyfpufcsifp&m jzpfvmí aemufwacsmif;
aygufapzkdU zefwD;ay;ouJUodkU&Sdae\/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh ]r&SdírvSL
rvSLír&Sd} [laom pum;uJUodkU  (Vicious  Circle)  ql;aygufavav?
tEdkifusifhcsifol aygrsm;avav? wkd;í ]csOfwl;} avav? tEdkifusifh
csifMuavav jzpfvmcJU&ygawmhonf/ tu,fíuREkfyfonf omrefzcif

1383 
wa,muf\ yJUjyifjcif; cHcJU&onfqdkygu uREkfyf\zcifuJUodkUyif ]vl&dk;
vlaumif;uav;} wa,muftjzpfESifh b0Zmwfodrf;aumif; odrf;&acs
rnfavm[k awG;awmrdygonf/ odkUqdkygvQifvnf; emrnfwvkH; ay:xGuf
vmzdkU cJ,Of;avrnfavm rajymwwfyg/ jrif;orm;rsm; ajympum;uJUodkU
]tjypfuav;&SdrS ]pGefU}csifwwfNyD; xl;cRefwwfonf} qdkonfhtwdkif;
olwyg;ESifhrwlaom uREkfyf\tcsKdUt,ltqrsm;udk azmfxkwfí a&;0HUjcif;rSm
jzLaumifobm0aMumifh jzpfavoavmrajymwwfyg/ xdkodkUaom tawG;
tac:rsKd; jzpfay:zkdUyif cJ,Of;aumif;cJ,Of;ygvdrfhrnf/ okdUqdkvQif
uREkfyfonf ]aomif;ajymif;} pma&;q&mrsm;\ tqifhtwef;rS vGefajrmufzdkU
cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/ qdkvdkjcif;rSm ]ql;}rsm;raygufcJUvQif uREkfyfonf rd&dk;zvm
t,ltqtcsKdUudk awmfvSefcsifaom pdwfrsKd;&Sdaumif;rS&Sdayrnf/ tu,fí
pdwf&Sdapumrlvnf; azmfxkwfa&;om;0HUaumif; rS0HUayvdrfhrnf/

jzLaumifrS,kefaumifodkU

þtwdkif; [kwfrSefcJUygvQif uREkfyf\ ]ql;} rsm;onf ]ESpfbufcRef}

qdkaom pum; uJUodkU tusKd;ESpfrsKd;jzpfapvsuf&Sd\/ wbufütcsKdUvlrsm;u
uREkfyf\pmrsm;onf uRwfqwfrmausmvSaomaMumifh zwfcsifpzG,fr&Sd[k
tjypfqdkjcif;cH&\/ owÅdaumif;aom vli,fwa,mufurl uREkfyfwdkUxH
vmí rsufESmcsif;qdkifajymjyzl;\/ (odkU&mwGif xdkol onf aemifwGif
]ta&vnf}oGm;ygonf[k 0efcHoGm;ygonf/) tjcm;wbufü uREkfyf onf
xdk]ql;}rsm;aMumifhyif &J&JpOf;pm;NyD; &J&Jxkwfí a&;0HUjcif;jzpf[ef&Sdonf/
qdkAD,uf ,leD,HokdUoGm;í arwÅmw&m;yGm;rsm;cJUonfh tcsdefrSpírlum;
uREkfyf\]ql;}rsm;onf wjznf;jznf;tzsm;wkH;vmí ,cktcsdefwGif tm;vkH;

1384 
uRwfuGmusNyD; jzLaumiftjzpfrS ,kefaumiftjzpfodkUa&mufum b0ajymif;
vmNyD[k arQmfvifhygonf/ þodkUqdkaomf vnf; a&;zdkUvdkonfxifvQif
a&;0HUaomowÅdudk csefxm;í uRwfqwfwif;rmaom pmrsKd; a&;om;jcif;rS
a&Smif&Sm;Edkifvdrfhrnf[lí om arQmfvifhygonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap uREkfyfonf
a&S;,cifu rausrcsrf;jzpfcJU&zl;onfudk yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí
qefUusifbuf (tmCmw) oabmrsKd;udk vkH;0pGefUy,fEdkifNyD[k ,kHMunfvsuf
&Sdygonf/

0efcHcsuf

þae&mü &Sif;vif;&ef wcsuf&Sdygonf/ uREkfyfonf a&S;,cifu

tcsKdUvlrsm; tay:wGiftmCmw xm;cJUonf[k 0efcH&ma&mufaomfvnf;
uREkfyf\woufwmwGif rnfolUtm;rQ &efNidK;xm;NyD; xdkolwdkU ysufpD;&m
ysufpD;aMumif;udk udk,fjzifhjyKvkyfjcif;? EIwfjzifhajymqdkjcif;? pdwfjzifhBuHpnf
pdwful;jcif;[lí r&SdcJUbl;jcif;udk opömqdk0HUygonf/ trsm;qkH;jyKvkyfcJU
rdjcif;rSm rcHcsifaom taMumif;t&mudkpmjzifh a&;om;azmfjyrdjcif;rQ om
jzpfygonf/ yrmqdkaomf ol&d,udkodef;armiftaMumif;ESifh wynfhaiGOa'gif;
taMumif;udk þrSwfwrf;wGif xnfhoGif;a&;om;zl;í odef;azjrifhtaMumif;udk
aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;wGif a&;cJUzl;ojzifh tawmfuav;]em} Muonf[k Mum;od&
onf/ udkodef;armif ESifh aiGOa'gif;wkdUtaMumif;rSm xdcdkufepfemapvdkaom
&nf&G,fcsufr&SdyJ uREkfyf\pdwfxJü cHjyif;í ]ckvkckvk} &Sdaeaom
tjcif;t&mudk wifjyjcif;rQomjzpf&m? aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;wGif odef;azjrifh
taMumif;udk a&;cJUjcif;rSmematmifa&;xdkufonfxifí wrifwum ematmif
a&;cJUrdjcif;jzpfaMumif;? 0efcHygonf/ odef;azjrifhtaMumif;rSm ]vufvGef}

1385 
NyD;jzpfí rwwfEdkifaomfvnf; udkodef;armifESifh aiGOa'gif;wkdUtaMumif;udkrl
aemufaemifwGif xyfrH&dkufESdyfcGifh&Sdygu pmrlrS xkwfEkwfypfygrnf[k uwdjyK
ygonf/

arwÅmpdwf"mwf\ tmedoifayavm

(1)

uREkfyfonf qdkAD,uf,leD,HodkUoGm;pOfu arwÅmw&m; yGm;rsm;cJUzl;

aMumif;? jrefrmjynfodkU jyefa&mufaomtcgü owdvpf[if;íxdktvkyfü
ayghavsmhcJUaMumif;? okdU&mwGif uREkfyfjyKaeusxkH;pHtwdkif; yltdkufaom
aEG&moDwGif rkd;ukwfNrdKUodkU oGm;a&mufaexdkifvsuf&Sdonfhtcg arwÅmyGm;
aom tvkyfudk wzefjyefíaumuf onfhtaMumif;wkdUudk þrSwfwrf;
wae&mwGif azmfjycJUygonf/ arv14&ufaeUü uREkfyfonf c,fr rapmvS
(nD\ZeD;) ESifh wlrav; MunfMunfwdkUESifhtwl *spfum;wpD;ESifh
rdk;ukwfrSjyefvmMu&mwGif ab;tEÅ&m,frS oDoDuav; vGwfoGm;onfh
tjzpf tysufwckESifh BuKHcJU&ygonf/ uREkfyfwkdUonf 0g;jzLawmifpcef;udk
tenf;i,fausmf vGefvmMuaomtcg a&r&Sdaom acsmif;wacsmif;udk
jzwful;Mu\/ acsmif;v,fodkUa&mufí um;orm;onf tjcm;bufurf;yg;
udk wuf&eftwGuf ]*D,m}ajymif;vdkuf &mwGif um;onf 'dwfueJjrnfoGm;NyD;
um;bD;wbuf jyKwfxGufum tomuav; &yfwefUoGm;ygonf/
uREkfyfwkdUonf um;ay:rSqif;Muí opfwyifatmufokdU0ifum um;orm;
upy,f,mbD; vJvS,fvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfESifhrapmvSwkdUonf rdrdwkdU\
uHaumif;aomtjzpfudk pOf;pm;rdMuygonf/ rdk;ukwfNrdKUESifh 0g;jzLawmif

1386 
pcef;rSm rdkif50rQuGmvSrf;onfjzpfí xdkc&D;vrf;wavQmufvkH;rSm
]awmifqif;} BuD;jzpf\/ um;bD;onf xdkrdkif 50c&D;twGif;ü ruRwfyJ
0g;jzLawmifudk ausmfvGefrdumrS uRwfxGufoGm;jcif;jzpf\/ tu,fí
]awmifqif;} c&D;ü uRwfxGufcJUygrl um;onft&Sdefjyif;pGmESifh armif;ESif
vsuf&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh wbufü&Sdaom awmif;urf;yg;udkvnf;
0ifwdkufEdkifonf/ okdUwnf;r[kwf tjcm;wbufü&Sdaom acsmufxJodkU
aomfvnf; xdk;qif;usoGm;Edkifonf/ uREkfyfonf þtjcif;t&mudk
udk,fwdkifpOf;pm;rdonf r[kwfyJ rapmvSu ajymjyaomtcgrS owdjyKrdjcif;
jzpfygonf/ rapmvSu rdrdwkdU\uHaumif;ykHudk ajymjyaomtcgwGifrS
uREkfyfonf udAfav,mOfysHuGif;ü bD;awGtm;vkH; aygufuJGoGm;aomtjzpf
tysufudk tao;pdwfawG;awmrdonf/ ausmcsrf;rdygao;onf/ av,mOfysH
bD;rsm; aygufuGJjcif;taMumif;udk a&;om;azmfjycJUNyD;aomfvnf; {&mr
tEÅ&m,fBuD;rS vGwfajrmufcJU&jcif;jzpfykHudk ,ckrS tao;pdwf awG;rdygojzifh
azmfjyvdkuf&ygOD;rnf/

(2)

a*smf*sD,me,f wDbvpfqDNrdKUrS vDeif*&ufokdU uREkfyfwdkU pD;eif;

vdkufygonfh av,mOfysHBuD;rSm &efukefrSarmfpudkodkU ysHoef;onfh ]wmbdk*suf}
trsKd;tpm;xuf BuD;vnf;BuD; jrefvnf;jrefonfh*sufav,mOfysHBuD;jzpf\/
av,mOfysHBuD;onfh tavsmuf uGif;odkUqif;aomtcgwGif t&Sdefvnf;jyif;í
t&SnfBuD;vnf; vdrfhajy;&jcif;rSm xkH;pHjzpf\/ uREkfyfwkdU\ av,mOfysH
BuD;onf uGif;BuD;\wbufaomtpGef;wGif ajrBuD;rsm;ESifh bD;rsm;xdNyD;
aemuf ajrBuD;ay:wGif armfawmfum;ozG,f okH;av;zmvkHcefUrQ vdrfhajy;&\/

1387 
ajrBuD;ESifhxdí a&S;OD;pGm vdrfhajy;ump tcsdefwGif ¤if;\t&Sdefonf rdkif
100ausmf 200EIef;&Sdí xdkaemufrS wjznf;jznf;t&SdefavsmhoGm; jcif;jzpfav
onf/ av,mOfysHbD;rsm; aygufuJGoGm;jcif;rSm a&cJwkH;rsm;ESifh wdkufrdaom
aMumifh[kqdk&m a&cJwkH;rsm;onfvnf; uGif;BuD;ay:wGif tESHUtjym;
&SdaeMu\/ bD;rsm;ESifh a&cJwkH;rsm;onf cdkufrdcsifaomae&mwGif cdkufrdEdkifí
bD;rsm;rSmvnf; aygufuJGcsifaomae&mwGif aygufuGJEdkif\/ tu,fíajrBuD;
ESifhbD;rsm; xdump tcsdefü rdkifw&mausmfESpf&mEIef;jzifh vdrfhcdkufwGifjzpfap?
uGif;v,fodkUa&mufí rdkifig;q,fausmf w&mEIef;jzifh vdrfhcdkufwGifjzpfap
aygufuJGvdkufygrlum; av,mOfysH BuD;onf bD;rsm;rygaomaMumifh
rvdrfhEdkifyJ&Sd&mwGif t&Sdefuvnf;tawmfjyif;vsuf &SdonfhtwGufaMumifh
*Rrf;xkd;NyD; arSmufoGm;edkifonf/ xdkrQru rD;avmifysufpD;ívnf;
oGm;Edkifonf/ ,ckrSmrl uGif;\tqkH;odkU a&mufcgeD;í t&Sdefukefvkrwwf
aES;oGm; aomtcgwGifrS aygufuGJoGm;NyD; uREkfyfyifrodvdkuf&atmif
jznf;nSif;pGm&yfwefUoGm;jcif; jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonf þtjcif;t&mudk
xdkpOfurawG;rd? udk,fharwÅmpdwf"mwfudk udk,f,kHMunfvsuf&SdonfESifh
cyfayghayghcyfat;at;yif aevdkufrd&m þ*spfum; bD;uRwfaom tjzpf
tysufESifh BuKH&onfwGifrS c,fruajymjyí jyefawG;rdNyD; ausmcsrf;rd
ygao;onf/ þtjzpftysufESpf&yfrSm tjcm;vlrsm;\ uHaMumifh vnf;
aumif;? uREkfyf\uHaMumifhvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifygonf/ uREkfyfurl uREkfyf\
arwÅmpdwf"mwfaMumifh[lí ,lqvsuf&Sd&m [kwfr[kwfudktyxm;í
uREkfyftzdkU tm;wufp&mBuD;jzpfaeygawmhonf/

1388 
a0zefcH&jcif;

þacwfwGif tawmfemrnfwufvsuf&Sdaom &efukefpma&;q&m

wa,mufonf rMumao;rDu uREkfyf\aetdrfodkU vma&mufí ]woufwm
rSwfwrf;} taMumif;udk a0zefaqG;aEG;avonf/ xdkolonf rSwfwrf;wGif
azmfjyyg&Sdonfh uREkfyf\aumif;aom tjyKtrlrsm;taMumif;udk txdkuf
tavsmuf csD;usL;ajymqdkNyD;aemuf olrauseyfonfh tjyKtrlrsm;udk
axmufjyí tb,fhaMumifhuREkfyf xdkuJUodkUjyKvkyfcJU&avonfudk xkacsvTm
awmif;onf taersKd;jzifh ppfaq;ar;jref;ygonf/ tjcm;vlwa,mufu
xdkuJUodkUjyKvkyfygrl uREkfyfonf rnfodkUrQ&Sdvdrfhrnfr[kwf? emrnftawmf
ausmfMum;vsuf&Sdonfh pma&;q&mwa,mufu ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif; jzpfaom
aMumifh tawmfuav;tHUMordygonf/ odkU&mwGif tar;&Sdu tajz&Sd&rnf
jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyfonf xdkoltm; woufwmrSwfwrf;  (Autobiography) 
a&;om;jcif;\&nf&G,fcsufudk &Sif;vif;ajymjyvdkuf&ygao;onf/

0w¬KESpfrsKd;

jzpf[ef&SdonfrSm xdkpma&;q&monf 0w¬Ka&;orm;wa,mufjzpfí

ol\ ]Zmwfvdkuf} rsm;tm; tjypftemtqm vkH;0uif;onfh taersKd;jzifh 
(Perfect  Hero)  BuHpnfpdwful;NyD; pmzwfolrsm;u ]bk&m;wql
*lwvkH;}taejzifh udk;uG,fcsifavmufatmif a&;om;vmcJUykH&onf/
þa&;enf;rsKd;onf a&S;acwfu t*Fvdyf0w¬Krsm;ESifh þacwfjrefrm

1389 
0w¬Krsm;wGif acwfpm;vsuf&Sd&m ¤if;wkdUt*Fvdyfvdk  Story  [kac:í jrefrmvdk
]pdwful;,Of0w¬K} [kac:oifhonfxif\/ 0w¬Ktm;vkH;onf pdwful;
,Of0w¬Kcsnf; r[kwfygavm[k ar;cJUvQif þudpörSm jrefrmtokH;tEIef;
ay:vGifatmifr&Sdao;onfjzpfí t*Fvdyfpum;vkH; tultnD,lrS
&Sif;jyEdkifayvdrfhrnf/ t*Fvdyf0w¬Krsm;ü  Story  (pdwful;,Of0w¬K) ESifh  Novel 
(obm0udkwdusatmifazmfjyaom0w¬K) [lí ESpfrsKd;&Sd\/ þ0w¬KESpfrsKd;vkH;rSm
pdwful;jzifh a&;;&onfcsnf;jzpfaomfvnf; yxrtrsKd;rSm obm0usrIxuf
ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf;udk ydkítav;ay;Muonf/ qdkufum;orm;u oaX;
orD;udk wuúodkvfrStqif;wGif qdkufum;ESifhcdk;wifajy;jcif;rS pí
ao&mrSjyef&Sifonftxd ZmwfuGufudk qifcsifovdk qifEdkifcGifh&Sdavonf/
vlUobm0udkrSefuefwdusatmif wifjyonfh  Novel  trsKd;tpm; 0w¬KrsKd;
rlum; ZmwfuGufZmwfvrf; aumif;ap&efqdkí a&;csifovdk a&;Edkifonf
r[kwf? Zmwfvrf; rnfrQaumif;apumrl obm0rusaom tjzpftysuf
wckygonfqdkvQif  Novel  t*FgESifhrnDqdkum  Story  tqifhtwef;odkU
avQmqif;&ygawmhonf/ taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif  Novel  tajrmuftjrm;
BudK;pm;a&;om;vsuf &SdNyDjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfrS 0w¬Ka&;q&mrsm;rSmrl 
Story  tqifhtwef;rQavmufom (trsm;tm;jzifh) a&;aeMuí tcsKdUrSm
þ0w¬KESpfrsKd;\ jcm;em;ykHudkyif oabmaygufMuao;[ef r&Sdacs/

uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsuf

txufyg pma&;q&monf pdwful;,Of0w¬K  Story  a&;orm;

wa,muf\ tjrifrsKd;jzifhuREkfyf\ rSwfwrf;udk a0zefonfh vu©Pm&Sd\/
trSefrSm tw¬KywÅdudk rdrdbmom a&;om;wifjyolrsm;onf txufyg

1390 
obm00w¬Krsm;  Novel  a&;orm; xufyif opöm&SdzkdU wm0ef&Sdayonf/
udk,fhtaMumif;udk udk,fa&;Muonfhtcg tqdk;awGudkjrKyfxm;NyD; taumif;
awGudk csJUxGifum wifjyjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdwkdUudk,fudk ][D;&dk;} ozG,f
txifcH&atmif a&;csifwwfMu\/ uREkfyf\&nf&G,fcsufrSm aumif;aom
tcsuftvufrsm;udk jrKyfxm;jcif;tm;jzifh ESdrfhcsonfhoabmrsKd;  Modesty 

azmfjy&efvnf; rBudK;pm;? (arwÅmw&m;yGm;rsm;jcif; tvkyfrsKd;uJUodkU)

tm;&yg;& a&;om;wifjycsifwifjyzdkU BudK;pm;cJUygonf/ uREkfyfonf
rdrdudk,fudk ][D;&dk;} wa,muf taejzifh txifay;vdkí a&;om;jcif;r[kwf?
taumif;ESifhtqdk;wkdUonf uREkfyf\oEÅmefü b,fuJUokdU jzpfay:cJUonfh
taMumif;udk pmzwfolwkdU obm0usus odap&ef twGuf&nf&G,fcsufjzifh
wifjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ tu,fíuREkfyfonf taumif;csnf; oufouf
pkaygif;zGJUpnf;xm;í (xdkpma&;q&mu axmufjyonfh) tqdk;obm0rsKd;
vkH;0uif;pifolwa,muf jzpfcJUygrl uREkfyf\woufwmrSwfwrf;onf
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfvdrfhrnfrxifaomaMumifh uREkfyfa&;zkdU pdwful;
xnfhvdrfhrnfyif r[kwfyg/ þrSwfwrf;udk a&;&mü uRekfyfonf rdrdudk,fudk
txifBuD;cHvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufxuf rdrd\tw¬KywÅdudka&;vQif rnfodkU
a&;vdkufonfqdkjcif;udk uREkfyfem;vnfovdk wifjyvdkaom &nf&G,fcsuf
ydkrdkvsuf&Sdygonf/

y&dowfudkEIwfqufjcif;

vlxkowif;pmwGif uREkfyf\ ]woufwmrSwfwrf;} udkxnfhoGif;

azmfjycJUonfrSm ESpfESpfausmfcJUNyDjzpfí þrQavmufMum&Snfaom tcsdef
umvtwGif; uREkfyf\aqmif;yg;rsm;udk onf;cHzwf&IMuonfh pmzwf

1391 
y&dowftm; aus;Zl;Oyum&wif&Sdygonf/ þtaMumif;udk yrmaqmif&aomf
pmzwfy&dowfESifh uREkfyfonf yifv,ful; oabFmBuD;wpif;ESifh c&D;twl
xGufcJUMujcif;ESifhwlí uREkfyfum; uydÜwef? pmzwfy&dowfum; oabFmpD;
c&D;onfrsm;ESifh ykHEIdif;csifygonf/ uyÜdwefonf c&D;onfrsm;tm; ac:csif&m
ac:oGm;í qdkufcsifaom qdyfurf;üqdkufNyD; jycsif&m jyouJUodkU uREkfyfonf
vnf; a&;csif&ma&;í awG;csifovdkawG;onfh tawG;tac:rsm;udk
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