Lch s kin trc phng Ty

Bi 1 : KIN TRC AI CP C I

Chng I : CC NH HNG T NHIN & X HI 1. a l: - u mi giao thng quan trng gia Chu , u v Phi. - Tp trung di ph sa hp ven 2 b sng Nile. t ai mu m tp trung dn c ng. Ton hc, thin vn hc (o c rung sau ma l lt) XD chnh xc. 2. Kh hu: nng kh khng cn nhiu ca s (mng tng ln trang tr), khng cn mi dc thot nc nhanh, kin trc tn ti gn nh vnh cu. 3. Vt liu xy dng: - Nhiu : vi trng (p mt KTT), sa thch (mm, c, lm li KTT), hoa cng trang tr, en, thch anh. - G t t dng trong kin trc, lm hm p xc. - Bn trn lau sy lm mi bng, vch, tng to g Ai Cp (gorge lEgypte) 4. X hi: - Chim hu n l, pharaon ng tr tuyt i nh ng nht thn qyn v vng quyn. (pharaon ng nht vi thn linh). Kin trc th nng, b him (kh gp pharaon). Khc phc thin nhin cng bi XD nhiu n th. - Giai cp : pharaon tng l th li (ghi chp trn giy papyrus), quan li, qu tc nng dn cng x (do phi hp sc lm nng nghip), th th cng n l.

5. Tn gio: - a thn gio: Ammon (Thn mt tri), Osiris (Thn cht), Seth (Thn c), Serapis Thn b), Hathor (Thn tnh yu). - Ngi Ai Cp tin vo s tn ti vnh vin ca kip sau, coi kip sng hin ti ch l tm thi. p xc sau ny linh hn Ka ti nhp vo sng kip sau Xy lng m b vng lu di bo qun thn xc. 6. Kinh t: - Nng nghip thin vn v ton hc . - Cc ngh th cng phc v pharaon v tng l, quan li . 7. Lch s cc thi k kin trc: + Thi k C Vng quc (3000-2000 TrCN): th Memphis, xut hin v pht trin loi hnh mastaba v kim t thp. + Thi k Trung Vng quc (2000-1600 TrCN): th Thebes, lng m nh hn thi C Vng quc, kt hp mastaba v KTT, xut hin kin trc Pylon (thp mn). + Thi k Tn Vng quc (1600-1100 TCN): bt u suy tn, th Thebes, kin trc chuyn thnh a m (hypogee) hay semi-hypogee. + Thi k b h (660 TCN-30 SCN): b Hy Lp ri La M thng tr. Sau thi k ny, Ai Cp chuyn thnh mt tnh ca La M. Chng II : C IM KIN TRC 1. Cu to: + Kt cu tng dm hay ct dm chu lc. Ct rt ln v khong cch gia cc ct nh gy cm gic p ch nng n, thn b.

+ Mng cn nh ln m khng cao. + Tng xy hoc gch. Xy khng trng mch. + Mi lau sy trn bn hoc lp dale . Xy vm ni hnh lang hp chy di. 2. Ngh thut kin trc: + Cng trnh c quy m ln, kch thc s, cch b tr tn nghim cht ch, thn b, nng n, c tnh p ch con ngi. + Phong cch kin trc lin tc thng nht qua cc thi k th hin trong b cc, iu khc trang tr (do t pht trin, khng chu nc khc thng tr) + Th thc ha: - G mi : g cong Ai Cp (gorge lEgypte). - Thc ct: thc bng sen (lotuforme), thc papyrus, thc hnh chung (campaniforme), thc cy ch l (palmiforme), thc hathorique (4 mt hnh n thn tnh yu), thc hn hp (composite) + Trang tr c tnh quy c (hi ha v iu khc) Chng III : LOI HNH KIN TRC TIU BIU 1. Kin trc lng m: c 3 loi l mastaba, pyramid v hypogee. + Mastaba: XD hng B-N, chia 2 ng tch bit ngi sng-ngi cht. L tin thn ca KTT. C 4 thi k pht trin : - Thi k 1: bt chc ngi nh gi, c nhiu phng, gia xc p, cc cn li cng t. Khi nh hnh ch nht, chm su xung di t, lp mi g. Tng gh dy xy c gn. Cng trnh tiu biu l Mastaba ca AhaSakkara.

- Thi k 2: c cu thang t hng Bc su xung phng xc. Vch khng cn gn vch, khng cn bc chc ngi nh gi, tng ngoi nghing 750. Cng trnh tiu biu l Mastaba ti Beit Khallaf. - Thi k 3: thm n cng t. Hm m su hn. Lm bng vi. Tiu biu l Mastaba ti Gizeh. - Thi k 4: n th c trang tr chau chut hn, hnh thnh 1 snh nhiu ct. C phng t tng ngi cht c xy kn ch cha 1 ca s trn nhn thng vo tng lm tng khng kh linh thing. Tiu biu l Mastaba ti Sakkara. + Kim t thp (Pyramid) Cc kim t thp tiu biu - Hin Ai Cp cn khong 100 KTT. Gm cc kiu KKT c bc KTT c 2 dc KTT c 1 dc. Tng trng cho chm tia sng t tri xung. Ngi sng to ra KTT l t tng Imhotep. - Cc thnh phn ca KTT l: 1. n n tip (t b sng), 2. ng dn t n n tip ti KTT, 3. Tng bao quanh ton khu, 4. n cng t, 5. n tang nghi 6. KTT (c phng t m nm trong li hay pha di KTT). - Phng php thi cng hin vn cha bit chnh xc. KTT tiu biu: - KTT Zoser ti Sakkara (2778 TCN) c 6 bc, y hnh CN 105m x 123m. Bc vi trng, do Imhotep thit k. C tng cao 9m bao quanh ton khu rng 545m x 278m. L cng trnh ln u tin ca th gii. - KTT ti Medum ca vua Huni: ban u 7 bc, sau sa thnh 8 bc ri li lt phng. Cnh 146m, cao 90m, dc 510. - KTT ca Seneferu ti Dashur: Mt nghing c 2 dc, cnh 188m, cao 97m.

- Qun th KTT ti Gizeh (2680-2565 TCN) l cm KTT ln v th v nht. Gm 3 KTT ln, 8 KTT nh v 400 Mastaba. Gm : KTT Khuphu (Cheops) cao 146 m, cnh y 230 m, mt nghing 500 52. KTT Khaphra (Khephren) cao 143 m, cnh y 215m, dc 520 20. KTT Menkaura (Mykerinos) cao 66m, cnh y 108m, dc 510. Nhn s Sphinx. - KTT ca pharaon Mentuhotep III (2095 TCN) l n tang nghi kt hp hang m su trong ni. C hnh lang ct bao bc xung quanh n. + a m (Hypoge) pht trin t thi Trung v Tn Vng quc. Xy ti Thung lng cc v vua v Thung lng cc hong hu gn Thebes. Ca hang m l mt ng dng ct Tin Doric. M c dng hang su, t 100m-230m. 2. Kin trc tn gio: n th, xy dc sng hoc c trong ni. + n th 1 v thn: tiu biu l qun th ti Karnak gm n th thn Ammon, thn Mon, thn Khons. MB hnh ch nht theo 4 hng -T-N-B. Li vo c tng nhn s hai bn, cng c hai pylon. n khng cao m ko di, ct to nhng st nhau to nn snh nhiu ct. gia cao ln, hai bn thp. Khng c ca s, tch bit vi bn ngoi. n hang ca Ramesses II c c vo trong ni. + n th Mt tri + n tang nghi: theo dy chuyn sau: a tang t sng Nile n tip nhn p xc a xc theo mt ng di lp vm ni n tang nghi Kim t thp 3. Kin trc cung in:

+ Cung tip tn: ni ca vua v hong gia. + Hnh cung: xy ngoi tp vua ngh khi i sn hay i chi. + Cung miu : vua ngh tm khi trng coi xy KTT. 4. Kin trc nh + Nh th dn + Nh kiu doanh tri cho dn xy dng KTT . 5. Kin trc ct k nim Obelisk (Timbi)