1

AXnn ewL\ :
aebmfKthjWnse Asshm\nIX
Sn.-Fw. tkma-em

{]_kw{Klw
sshm\nI taJebn AXnn ewL\ (Transgressions) ]Xnhmbncn
pp. hnm\hn`P\ns AXnnIfmWv ewLnsSpXv. CXv Dcm[p\nI
LnemWv IqSpX hn]peamb kz`mhambnocpsXnepw CXns\ cq]sSpnb
\ymboIcWbpnbvv \qmpIfpsS hnImk Ncn{Xapv. B[p\nI Adnhpev]m\
{IatmSp hnai\hpw AXns IqSpX ^e{]Zamb cq] tXSnbp
\nccmt\zjWhpamWv CXn\p]nnse t{]cIw. Cu Ncn{X]cnWmans Hcp
kmI^eamWv Asshm\nIX (Interdisciplinarity). Adnhns \nN\w,
tI{, hn`P\w, B[nImcnIX Fnhsb kw_nv Dcm[p\nI \ne]mSpI
kqnp Hcp Adnhpev]mZ\ coXn]XnbmWnXv. Asshm\nIXsbpdnv
Hcp kwhmZw cq]sSpm\mWv {]_w {ianpXv.
{]_n aqv `mKfpv. BZy`mKv, Asshm\nIXbpsS k`w,
kaImenI m]\cq]fn CXns kzm[o\w, cq]oIcWNcn{Xw, AXntep\bn
_eX{, \nN\w, {]tbmK]Xn, {]tbmKamXrII, Asshm\nIXsb
kw_nv Db hnai\ Fnh N sNbvXncnpp. Asshm\n
IXbpsS cq]oIcWNcn{Xw imJm[njvTnX hnm\ns ]cnWmaNcn{XamsWp
ImWmw.
{]_ns cmw`mKv aebmfKthjWNcn{Xs imJm\njvThnm\
kz`mhfpsS ]cnWmaNcn{Xsa \nebn ]cnKWnpsImp hnai\mI
]cntim[\bmWv. Fv ]XnmpI (19332012) \ofp aebmfKthjWNcn{Xs 1.
imJm\njv T XbpsS DZv ` hLw 2. _lphnm\Lw 3. Ahnm\Lw
Fns\ aqmbn XncnpsImmWv ]T\w \nlnpXv. hnm\imJbpsS
cq]oIcW LSIfmb kev]\, knm, {]Xn`mk, [mcWI,
m\imkv{Xw Fnhbn kw`hnp amns kqN\Ifntev ISpsImv
`mjsbbpw kmlnXysbpw A`napJoIcn coXnt`Zfnse sshcpytfbpw
AXn\p]nnse t{]cWIsfbpw IsSpm ChnsS {ianpp.
ASp `mKv aebmfnse Asshm\nIKthjW amXrIIfpsS
BhnjvIcWhpw hniIe\hpamWv. 1. ae_m Iem]ns hmsamgn ]mccyw (2005)
2. B[p\nIXmhmZns cm{ob At_m[w t\mhenepw Nn{XIebnepw (2006) 3.
aebmfnbpsS `qXIme : HmWhpw kmaqly `mh\mtemIhpw (2006) Fns\ aqv
KthjW {]_sfbmWv ]T\amXrIIfmbn sXcsSpncnpXv .
Asshm\nI ]T\sfv ]q Aw sImSpm\mhnsnepw
Asshm\nI {]hWXI {]ISnnph Fv \nwibw hnfnmhphbmWv
Cu amXrII. Asshm\nIXbntep aebmfKthjWns kw{IaW
Lns kz`mh DsmphbmWnh. Cu kz`mh FsmsbmWv?
Ah aebmfKthjWn cq]sSpp ]cnWmasfsmsbmWv? kaImenI
aebmfKthjWsf apgph Asshm\nIsav kwt_m[\ sNmtam?
Asshm\nIXbpsS cq]sSepw \nehnse kIemimem kwhn[m\hpw
Xnep _ns kz`mhsav ? Fns\bp ]cntim[\I ChnsS
\Spp. Cs\ Asshm\nIX Fv FXpw AXns {]iv\hcWhp
amWv Cu {]_w.

AXnn ewL\ :
aebmfKthjWnse Asshm\nIX
Sn.-Fw. tkma-em
BapJw
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {]ap-J-amb Adn-hp-hn-`-P-\-bp-n-bmb imJm-[n-jvTnX hnm\ (Disciplinary
knowledge) tmSp hnai-\km[y-X-bmbmWv Assh-m-\n-I-X {]m[m\yw t\SpXv. Adn-hns
A{]-am-Zn-Xzw, tIh-eX Fnh kw_-nv GXm\pw Zim-_vZ--fmbn Dbp-sIm-n-cn-p tNmZyv Cn-tm IqSp-X inbpw hy-Xbpw Dv. aspw t]mse Adnhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-amWv;
kXyns hnip {]Jym]\f, \nnXnIfmWv; kzm`m-hn-I-tam \njvI-f-tam A, ]-]m-X-]-cam-Wv Fsmw D-cm-[p-\nI Nn s]mXpsh Icp-Xp-p. kmwkvImcnI]T\w, amIvkn-kw, ]mcn-n-XnI-hm-Zw, kv{XohmZw, at\m-hn-t-j-Ww, hwiob ]T-\-, Zfn-Xv-]-T-\- XpS-nb knm--hn-Nm-c-sfmw B[p-\n-I-X-bvp-tijw cq]-s-Sp-p Adn-hp-\nm-W-am-XrI Assh-m-\n-I-X-bp-tS-XmWv.
Ign--\q-m-ns Bcw-`-n Xs, AXm-bXv 1920ItfmsS cq]spXpSp Hcp hnmt\m-Xv]m-Z\ coXn-im-kv{X-amWv Assh-m-\n-IX. Ccp-]-Xmw- \q-m-ns cmw-]IpXnbn {]tXyInv temI-bp-m-\-cw B[p-\nI hnm-t\m-Xv]m-Z-\-tm-Sp-h hnai-\-n-sbpw ]pXnb XmXzn-IXn-cn-d
- n-hp-If
- p-tSbpw ASn-m-\
- n CXv hn]p-es
- -Sp-p-v. Cv [mcmfw Kth-jW
- a
- m-Xr-II
- Asshm-\n-I-X-bp-tS-Xmbn e`y-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-K-th-j-W-ta-J-e-bnepw s]mXp-hm-b-]-T-\-ta-J-e-bnepw cv ]Xnm-n-e[
- n-Ia
- mbn Cu hmn-sbpw AXns {]tbm-K
- n-tbpw kmn-[y-ap-v. k-Ie
- m-im-eI
- Ahnm-\-]-T-\- kwcw-`-sf t{]mm-ln-n-p-h-cp-p. kwkvIr-X-k-I-em-im-e-bn Ahn-m\]cw
Fp-hn-fn-m-hp kmwkvIm-cnI-]-T-\s Bkv]-Z-amn Hcp ]T-\-tI{w Bcw-`n-p. _ncp-Zm\chn-Zym`ymkw apX Assh-m-\n-I-amb kao-]\w ]pe-s-Sp-p. 1990 apX tIc-f-nse hnhn-[k-I-em-im-e-I-fn \S-p-sIm-n-cn-p Kth-j-W--fpsS ioj-I- ]cn-tim-[n--tm tIcf
kIemimebn GXmv Ccp]Xv iXam\hpw almmKmn, tImgntmSv kIemimeIfn
bYm{Iaw apnbpw \mev]Xpw iXam\hpw kwkvIrXkIemimebn GXmv Adp]Xv
iXam\hpw KthjW hnj-bm--c-K-a\ kz`mhw {]I-Sn-n-p--Xm-sWmWv ImWm-\m-b-Xv.1
Asshm\nIXsb Fs\ \nh-Nn-mw? AXns kz`m-h--sfv? AXv cq]-s-p-h
Ncn-{X-km-l-N-cyhpw knm--]-cn-k-c-hp-sav? AXv cq]-s-Sp-p Adn-hns `mhn Fv? cm{o-bm-[nIm-c-hp-ambn AXv CS-s]-Sp--sX-s\? Fn--s\-bp tNmZy-v Dcw tXSp-I-bmWv Chn-sS.
aebmfKthjWamXrIIfmWv ]T\ns hntij taJe. Asshm\nIXbpsS At\zjWw
hnm\imJbpsS hniIe\n \nmWv XpStXv.
I
hnm-\-imJ (Discipline)
Unkn-n F hmn\v B[p-\n-I-amb A-n cv {][m\ {]tbm-K--fp-v. Hv
{]tXyI ]T-\-imJ F-Xv. DZm. KWn-Xw, Ncn-{Xw, cm{-X-{w. asm-v, Nn F \ne-bn. DZm-l-c-Wambn ]m-f-m, Poh-\-m, hnZymn-I Fn-hn-S-bnse s]cp-am kwln-X. Cu cv {]tbm-Kfpw cv kam\ A- k q- N - \ - I \ev I p- p- v . 1. ta- - I o- g v { Iaw 2. A[n- I m- c - { ]- t bmKw.
]ckv]c]qcIfmWnhsbv ImWm {]bmkan. emn-\nse Unkn-n\ F hmn \nmWv
Unkn- n F hmp- m- b - X v . ]Tn- X m- psIm- S p- p {]tXyI \nt- i - k w- l nX FmWv
HmIvkvt^mUv Cwojv Unv-Wdn CXn\v Aw \evIp-Xv.
imJm-[n-jvTnX hnm-\-ns Ncn{Xw
Adn-hns\ cq]-s-Sp-pI F {]{In-bbvv {Kov XXz-Nn--tbmfw ]g--ap-v. Adnhv {Iao-Ir-X-

3
am-bmWv \apv e`n-p--Xv. CXn-eq-sS, {Iao-Ir-X-amb LS\ AXns kzm`m-hnI KpW-am-sW [mc-W-bpm-Ip-p. {Ia-an-m-bvabpw A\n-n-XX
- zhpw ]pdta \np A{]-[m-\L
- S- I
-
- f
- mbpw ImWp-p. hmkvXhw
CXn\v hncp--am-Wv. {Ia-an-m-bva-bpsS bmYmy-n-\p-ap-I-fn Gs-Sp-p teme-amb A-co-amWv {Iaw.2 {Kov XXz-Nn--I-\mb Acn-tm-n Adn-hp-cq-]-sf tao-gv{I-a-n aqmbn Xcw Xncnp. 1. sskm-nIw (Theoretical) 2. {]mtbm-KnIw (Practical) 3. Dev]m-Z-\-]cw (Productive). sskm-nI-hn-j-b- t{iWo-{I-a-n BZy-m-\- hln-p-p. Xntbm-f-Pn, KWn-Xw, `uXnIw Fn-s\
t]mIpp sskm-nI hnj-b--fpsS {Iaw. CXn-\p-Xm-sg, {]mtbm-Kn-I-hn-j-b--fmb \oXn-im-kv{Xw,
cm{-X{w Fn-hbpw AXn\p Iosg Dev]m-Z-\-]-c--fmb Imhyimkv{Xw, efnXIe, kmtXnIhnZy
Fo hnj-b-fpw hcp-p. Nne am\Z am{Xw Bkv]-Z-am-n-bp--XmWo hn`-P\w F-Xm-bncpp Acn-tm-n-ens ]w. Bh-iy-sa-n Cu hn`-P-\-tcJ Ah-K-Wn-m-hp--Xm-sWv Atlw
kqNn-n-p. XpSv, XXz-Nn-sb {Iao-Ir-X-a-m hnm-\-ta-J-e-sb \ne-bnepw Fm hn[ Adn-ht\z-j-W--fp-sSbpw ASn-d F \ne-bnepw m\-s-Sp-n. XXz-Nn--bpsS Cu ]Zhn Cv \evI-sSp Kth-jW _ncpZtfmsSmw \ne-\n-p-t]m-cpp (Moran J., 2002:1-5).
Acn-tm-n-ens Adnhv hn`-P-\-]--Xnsb hnain-p-Itbm kzoI-cn-p-Itbm sNp--Xn-\-p-dv,
Adn-hp-cq-]--fpsS {Iao-I-c-Whpw taIo-gv{I-ahpw mkn- Ime-Lw apXte \ne-\n-p-t]m-cp HmsWv ChnsS \npa\-n-emmw. Cu hn`-P\w GXmv ]qW-ambn XpSp \qm-p-I-fn \ne-\np-t]mp B[p-\nI Unkn-n-\p-I-fpsS hnIm-k-Lw hsc.
Cu hnIm-k-am-I-s, kh-I-em-im-e-I-fpsS Bcw-`-hp-ambpw bqtdm-]y kaq-l-ns koW-hnIm-kh
- p-ambpw _-s-n-cn-p-p. a[y-bp-K
- n bqtdm-nse {]ap-J\
- K
- c
-
- fn bqWn-th-gvkn-n-I Dbph-p. ChnsS s{]m^-j-\p-Iv Unkn-n (hnm-\-imJ) F ]Zw D]-tbm-Knp hp. kmaq-ln-Iw,
km-n-Iw, ssZh-im-kv{X-]-cw, ]utcm-lnXyw Fn-hbvv apXqw \evIn-sm-m-bn-cpp hnm\-im-J-I {Iao-I-cn-Xv (Repko A.F., 2008, 32).
hnm-\-im-J-Ifpw imkv{Xm-`n-ap-Jyhpw
bqtdm-]y \thm-m-\-Nn kh-I-em-ime F k-ev]s kmc-ambn kzm[o-\n-p. ]Xn-t\gmw
\qmv HSp-hnepw ]Xn-s\mw \qmv XpSn-ep-ambn hnI-kn \thm-m-\-Nn Pohn-X-ns ka{K-ta-J-e-I-tfbpw ]p\\nh-Nn-p--Xns `mK-am-bn-m-bn-cpp CXpw. sshhn-[y-]qWhpw ka-{K-hp-am-bncp-p-sh-nepw Cu Ime-b-f-hnse Nn-I bpn-bvp-\-evInb {]mY-an-IXzw Adnhv \nam-W-ns
coXn-im-kv{Xs kzm[o-\n-p. {]Ir-Xnsb imkv{X-\n-b-a--\p-k-cnv {]hn-p b{-ambn \thmm-\-Nn hn`m-h\w sNbvXp (Moran J, 2002 : 6) Fmw IrXyhpw kXyhpw {Iao-Ir-X-hp-am-pI F
XmXv]cyw {]hn-p. Cs\ imkv{Xo-b-X-bp-tS-Xmb coXn ]Xn hnm-\-sf imJm-[n-jvTn-Xhpw
bmYm-n-Xn-I-hp-am-n. {Kov--m-kn- {Iaw ]cn-W-an-sSp-Ibpw hnm-\-im-J-I-fn imkv{X-n\pw
imkv{Xo-b-Xbvpw {]m[m\yw e`n-p-Ibpw CX-c-hn-j-b- Xg-b-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Adn-hns ]ckv]-cm-{in-X-Xz-sbpw sFIy-sbpw Ipdn-p \thm-m-\-Nn--bpsS hnkvXrXn Am-ev {]kn-oI-cn--s kh-hn-m-\-tIm-i--fn HXp-n. hnm-\-tIm-i- Cu Ime-L--n Gsd {]kno-I-cn--s-Sp-I-bp-m-bn. kIe Adn-hp-cq-]-fpw hnm-\-tIm-i--fpsS GXm\pw thmfy--fn {IaoI-cn-p-h-bvm \thm-m\ Nn {ianp (Ibid, p.11).
imkv{Xs {]Ya m\p {]Xn-jvTn-p-sIm-p hnm-\-im-J-I-fpsS {Iao-I-cWw GXmv
Am-e-p-Xs hnain-s-n-cp-p. Pntbm-_m-n-- hn-tm-sb Cm-en-b Nn-I CXn \Inb
kw`m-h\ {][m-\-am-Wv. hnm-\-ns kmaq-ln-Im-`n-ap-Jyhpw {]m[m-\yhpw hntm Nqn-m-n. ]smXmw \qm-n, {^{UnIv \osj, B[p-\nI hnm\sf hnain--h-cn {][m-\n-bm-Wv. {Iao-I-c-W_m-ly-amb Adn-sh \ne-bn XXz-Nn hln-n-cp m\w \jvS-s-Xv \osj Nqn-mn. B[p\nI hnm\fpsS hnIm-ks kzm`m-hn-I-amb hnm-\-hn-Im-k-am-b \osj ]cn-K-Wn--Xv. m]\-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb in-Iv hnm-\-a--e-n-ep kzm[o-\-am-bmWv Atlw CXv ]cn-KWn--Xv. kmt-XnI hnZym-{]-[m-\-amb ko-k-aq-l-n-\m-h-iy-amb hnZKv[ tPmen-msc \nn-pI
F hyh-km-bm-hi
- y-amWv hnm\imJI \nd-th-n-bXv FmWv \osjbpsS ]w3 (Moran J, 2002:13).
amIvkns kw`mh\IfmWv asmcp {][m\taJe. amIvknkns ({]tXyInpw amIvkns)

4
hnm\kao]\ hnm\ns AXnnt_m[sfbpw ]ckv]cw A\yamb \netbbpw
AhKWnpsImpXmbncpp.
hnm\imJIfpw A[n-Im-c-_-hpw
^qtm A[n-Im-chpw hnm-\i
- m-JI
- f
- p-am-bp _w hnai-\m-I
- a
- mbn ]cn-tim-[n-p. IqSpX
Nn- s kaq- l - t m- S mWv imJm[njv T nX hnm- \ - c o- X nsb ^qtm _n- n- - X v . Atlw
hnm\imJIsf cp hnt[\ hnain-p. hnm-\s {Iao-I-cn-p ]Xn F \ne-bnepw
A[n-Im-c-ns {]h-\-ta-Je F \ne-bnepw.
\thm-m-\m-\-c kaq-l-n, GXmv ]Xn-s\mw \qm-ns Ay-n-\p-tijw P\-pta-ep \nb-{-W-]--Xn-I-fn kmc-amb amw hp. {]Xy--n-ep-Xpw s]mXp-hmbn \S-n-en-cp-Xpw
_e-{]-tbm-Kn-eq-sS-bp--Xp-amb \nb-a--\n-b-{W ]-Xn-I-fmb Xqn-en-S, {]Xy--]o-U\w Fnhsbmw Hgn-hm--s-p. P\-Xsb \nb-{-W-n-em-m ]pXn-b-Xmbn \S-n hcp-nb amXrI inW-n-sbpw A-S--n-sbpw hgn-bmWv kzoI-cn--Xv. hyn-IrXz-ns cq]-s-Sp--en Xs
Cu Nn-s-Sp- \nh-ln-p-p. kvIqfp-I, kh-I-em-im-eI Fn-h-bmWv Ah-bpsS {]apJ tI{. Ah hnZymn-Ifpw A[ym-]-Icpw Xn ta--Iogv _w m]n-p-p. ssSwtS-_n-fp-I, ]co-I Fnh hgn CXv m]n-s-Sp-p-p. KpWwXncn-, hKo-I-c-Ww, inWw Fn--s\-bp
{]{In-b-I-fn-eqsS CXv ]qn-bm-pp (Ibid, 15).
hnm\imJIfpsS ]c-kv]c A\y-kz`mhw
hnm-\-im-J-I-fn-eq-sS-bp Adn-hp-\nmWw hnm-\-sf ]c-kv]cw A\y--fmbn \nhNn-p. 1960-ItfmsS _n.-B. mv Unkn-n-\p-Isf \c-hw-ii
- m-kv{X-ns cq]Ifn {Iao-Ic
- n-psImv
CXns\ hnainppv. Unkn-n-\p-Isf, thXn-cn--s-Xpw hyXy-kvX kw-kvIm-c--fp--Xp-amb tKm{Xhn-`m-K--tfm-SmWv mv D]-an--Xv. Hcn- hnm-\-im-J-I cq]o-I-cn--s-p-I-gn-m Ah kzw
AXnn-I \nh-Nn-p-p. X-fpsS hyh-lm-c-sf khn-ti-j-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-p-p. Cs\ khnti-j-amb Nnm-co-Xn-sb-am{Xw t{]mm-ln-n-p-Ibpw {]Xn-i-_vZ- \nc-kn-p-Ibpw sNp A[nIm-cL
- S- \
- b
- vI
-
- mWv hnm\imJI {]hn-p-Xv FmWv mns hmZw (Moran J, 2002:14).
hnm\-fpsS LS-\v {i sImSp-p--Xn-\m Kth-jW {]iv\w hnm-\-im-J-bv-Is
{]iv\w am{X-am-bn-o-cp-p. Fm kaq-l-n Is-p {]iv\--sfmpw Hcp hnm-\-im-Jbvp-n hv am{Xw ]cn-lmcw ImWm-hp--h-b-. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, BtKm-f-Xm-]\w F {]iv\w ]cnK-Wn-m, {]IrXn imkv{X-ns hymJym-\-n AXv Hcp A-co--{]-iv\-am-Wv. [\-im-kv{X-ns
ImgvN-m-Sn AXn\v asmcp hymJym-\-ap-v. cm{-X-{-ns ho-W-nse hymJym\w asm-m-Wv.
CXn-te-sX-n-ep-sam-ns\ am{Xw Bkv]-Z-amn {]iv\s kao-]n-p imJm[njvTnXhnm\ kao]\w `mKnI hoWw am{X-amWv \evIpI (Repko A. F., 2008:29).
aX-]-T\w Cv Xntbm-f-Pn-bpsS am{Xw ]m--e-n \S-m-\m-hn. aXw cm{o-bhpw hwiobhpw a\x-im-kv{X]chpw XXz-Nn-m-]-chpw apambn ]Tn--s-tS--Xm-sWXv X-hn-j-b-a-m-Xm-Ipp. \ne-\n-evp imJm-[n-jvTn-X-hn-m-\-ho--W-n Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn Cu {]iv\s ssIImcyw
sNm-\m-hn. t]meokv tj-\n dntmv sN-s-Sp Hcp Ip-IrXyw At\z-j-W-{]-iv\-ambn FSpm AXv Hcp \nb-a-{]iv\w am{X-a-sv a\-n-em-mw. Fm \nb-a-{]-iv\-ambn am{X-am-WXv a\-nem-n-hc
- p-X
- v. CXm-Is imJm[njvTnX hnm-\
- ns ]cn-an-Xn-bm-Wv. kaq-ls _m[n-p koW-fmb {]mtbm-Kn-I-{]-iv\- a\-n-em-m \nc-h[n hnm\sf tNp-h-p-sImv Ah-bpsS
Dm-gvN-Isf {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-n-bmte Ign-bq. Fm hnm\ hnZ-Kv[-m Ccw {]iv\- hcptm kp-NnX ]cn-lm-c-amWv \nt-in-p-I (Ibid :29).
II
Assh-m-\n-IX
hnm\\njvT ]T-\--fpsS t]mcm-bva-Isf XpSmWv Asshm\nI kao-]\w hnmt\m-ev]m-Z-\-cw-Kv Cv kzoI-cn--s-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. CUn-kn-n-\m-cnn F ]Z-ns \njv]n

5
IrXy-ambn ]d-bm-\m-hn-s-nepw 1920 apX-emWv CXns {]Xy-{- ]-tbmKw Ip-hc
- p-X
- v. tkmjy kbkv
dnkv Iukn F Ata-cn- m]-\w, Iukn-ens sshm\nI hn`-P-\-sf adnI-Sp Kth-j-W-sf hnfn-m-\p Npcp--t-cm-bmWv CXv D]-tbm-Kn-Xv (Frank R., 1988:91). B[p-\nI
Nnsb ]cn-hn-n \mev Dc (Post) Nn-Ifmbn t]mv t]m-kn-n-hn-kw, t]mv--tam-tU-Wn-kw,
t]mv--kv{S-IvN-d-en-kw, t]mv--sIm-tfm-Wn-b-enkw Fn-hsb nt^mUv {Kovkv Fp-tm D-cIm-e-L--ns m\-\namW coXnbmbn KW--fpsS hn`P\w A{]kamIp Ah (Blurring
of genres) F t]cn Asshm\nIXsb A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNpp (Repko A. F., 2008:28).
Cwo-jnse CUnkn-n-\dn Uokv F {]tbmK-n aqv hmp-I-fp-v. C, Unkn-n\-dn, Uokv. Chbvv aqn\pw {]tXyI A--fp-v.
C F `mKw
CUn-kn-n-\m-cnnbnse C F BZy-`mKw XpSp-h-cp Unkn-n-\m-cnn F `mK-ns
hnai-\-amWv Dt-in-p--Xv. Adn-h-[n-Im-c-ns CS-amWv Unkn-n-\m-cn-n-sb-n C AXn-s\-Xn-scbp m\-im-kv{X-{]-Xn-tcm-[-am-Wv. C F `mK-ns Aw CS-bn (between, among, in the
midst) FmWv. CUn-kn-n-\m-cnn Fm hnm-\-im-J-Iv CS-bn Fv Aw. C FXn\v Hn-e-[nIw LS-I--fn \nv DZv`-hn-Xv F A-hp-ap-v.
ctm AXnq-Sp-Xtem hnm\fn \np hnm-t\m-ev]m-Z-\-s-bmWv CXv kqNn-np--Xv. CS-bnse CSw kwLjmI-amb CS-am-Wv (Repko A. F., 2008, 15). C F `mK-n-\ptijw hcp Unkn-n-\dn F hmv apv N sNbvXp-I-gn-p.
Uokv F `mKw
]c--cm-KX Unkn-n-\p-I Uokv Fv Cu Ime-L---fn t]cp amdp-p-v. cmw temI-bp-n-\p-ti-j-ap--h, {]tXyI `q`m-K-sfpdn-ph, \thm-m-\-s-p-dn-p-h XpS-n-b-h-sbmw
Uokv Bbn Adn-b-s-Sp--h-bm-Wv. am\-hnI hnj-b--fn Cwojv Uokv, en-ddn Uokv Fnh
DZm-l-c-Ww.
Unkn-n-\p-Ifpw Uokpw Xn hyXym-k-ap-v. Unkn-n-\p-Iv temI-hym-]-I-ambn AwKo-Icn Hcp Adn-hp-ta-Je Dm-bn-cn-pw. Cu ksb ]ehn[-n hn`-Pnv ]e ]mTy]XnI Dm-pp. Cs\ IrXy-ambn hn`-Pn--s hnm-\-ta-Je Uo-kn-\n-. Unkn-n-\dn AXnn-I apdnp
IS-p Hmbn AXv amdp-p. AXp-sImv Unkn-n-\p-I Uo-kn \nv hyXym-k-s-n-cn-p-p.
am{X-a Uokv Unkn-n-\dn Am Adn-hp-Ifpw ]T-\-n-tev kzoI-cn-pp.
C Unkn-n-\dn Uokv
C Unkn-n-\dn Uokv AYhm Assh-m-\nI ]T-\s kw_-n-p-mb aqv {][m\
\nh-N-\--fmWv C\n ]cn-tim-[n-p--Xv.
1. A-ssh-m-\n-I-]-T\w Fm Hcp hnm-\-im-Jbvv ]cn-l-cn-m Ign-bm heptXm
koWtam Bb {]iv\s A`nap-Jo-I-cn-p-I, Hcp {]iv\-n\v D-cw \evIp-I, {]iv\w ]cn-l-cnpI F {]{In-b-bm-Ip-p. ChnsS hnm-\-im-J-I-fpsS ho-W--sfmw kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw AhbpsS Dm-gvN-Isf kwtbm-Pn-nv IqSp-X anI Hcp hoWw (Perspective) cq]-s-Sp-p-Ibpw
sNpp (Klein & Newell, 1997:79).
2. Assh-m-\n-I-K-th-jWw (Inter Disciplinary Research - IDR) FXv hyn-Itfm {Kqp-Itfm
sNp Kth-jW {]h-\-am-Wv. CXn ctm AXn-e-[n-Itam hnm-\-im-J-I-fn-setbm taJ-eI-fn-tetbm (Bodies) Adn-hp-I, Z-, X{-, D]-I-c-W-, ho-W-, k-ev]-,
knm-- Fnh kzoI-cn-p-p. Hcp hnm-\-im-J-bpsS ]cn-[n--p-d-ap Kth-j-W-{]-iv\ns ]cn-lm-c-n-\mWv CXv D]-bp--am-Ip-Xv (Repko A. F., 2008:21).
3. Assh-m-\nI Adn-hp-coXn Fmctm AXn-e-[n-Itam hnm-\-im-J-I-fpsS hnm-\-tfbpw Nnm- c o- X n- t bbpw kwtbm- P n- n- pI (Integrate) bpw As\ hnmt\mev ] mZ\w

6
\nlnpIbpw sNp {]{In-b-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn H-hn-m-\-im-Jbvv Gs-Sp-m Ignbm {]Xn-`m-k-sf hni-Zo-I-cn-p-I, {]iv\-sf ]cn-l-cn-pI, ^e cq]oIcn-p-I, AXp-a-sn tNmZyw DbpI Fns\ (Moran J., 2002:14).
Assh-m-\n-IX hnm-\i
- m-JI
- v \nc-t]-a
-
- . Assh-m-\nI At\z-jW
-
- v
Bh-iy-amb ]m-ew Hcp-p-Xv hnm-\-im-J-I/ Unkn-n-\p-I-fm-Wv. CtXm-sSmw Unkn-n-\dn
Am Adn-hp-Ifpw Assh-m-\nI At\z-j-W-n Gs-Sp--s-Sp-p. Asshm-\n-I
X-fpsS Kth-jW {]{In-bsb coXn AYhm satXUv Bb {]{Inb AYhm t{]mkkv BbmWv ]cnK-Wn-p--Xv. satX-Un-t\-m t{]mkkv IqSp-X coXn-im-kv{X-kzm-X{yw {]Zm\w sNp-pshmWv
kev]w.
Assh-m-\n-I Kth-jWw Ftmgpw kzbw hnai-\-n-sbpw hnai-\m-I m\-nsbpw kev]w aptm-p-h-bvp-p. Unkn-n-\dn hnm-\-\nam-W-n\v Cu BZi-]-cn-k-c-an.
Assh-m-\n-IX ASn-m-\-]-c-ambn {]iv\-tI-{n-X-amWv, hnj-b-tI-{n-X-a (Moran J., 2002:12).
Assh-m-\n-I-Xbpw _lp-ssh-m-\n-I-Xbpw
Assh-m-\n-I-Xbpw _lp-ssh-m-\n-I-Xbpw ]cym-b-]-Z--sf-tm-se-bmWv ]e-tmgpw ]cnK-Wn-p--Xv. Fm Ch cpw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. cpXcw hoWfpsS ^eamWv. _lp-ssh-m\n-IX Fm Hn-e-[nIw hnm\-fpsS Dm-gvN-Isf Hn-\p-]n-d-In Hv F an {Iao-I-cnp-I-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Hcm Hcp {]tXyI {]ta-b-s-p-dnv Hne[nIw sshm\nI hnZ-Kv[cpsS D]-tZiw tXSp-p. Hmtcm-cp--cpsS A`n-{]m-b-fpw kam--c-ambn tNp-h-bvp-p. CXmWv _lphn-m-\-k-ao-]-\-ns coXn (Repko A. F., 2008:13). ChnsS sshm\nI Dm-gvN-I-fpsS tIhew
tNp-h-bv-emWv \S-p--Xv. DZv{K-Y\w (Integration) \S-p-n-. hnm\ Xn-ep _w
]c-kv]ckmao]yns (Merely one of proximity) am{X-am-Wv (Moran J., 2002:11). Ch Xn-ep hyXym-k KthjW{]h\ns kmtXnIkz`mhnepw AXphgn cq]sSp hnm\ns
kzcq]nepw \ne\nevpp. cv D]-a-I-fn-eqsS Cu hyXymkw Nne Nqn-m-m {ian-n-p-v. {^qv
kmeUpw {^qv Pyqkp-am-W-h. {^qvkm-eUv _lp-ssh-m-\nI Adn-hp-\nm-W-ns cq]-I-am-sWn ]g- kay-mbn ebn {^qv PyqkmWv Assh-m-\n-I-Xsb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p-Xv (Ibid,
13). Fm Ccw D]aI `mKnIhoWntev \bnm CSbmpsaXv {][m\ ]cnanXnbmbn
A\p`hsSppv. DZmlcWambn tad cq]In hnm\sf kwtbmPnnpp FmsX
AsXs\ Fv hya. Fm Cu kwtbmPIw (integrator) Ahnm\ DZv{KY\n
(Integration) hfsc {][m\amWpXm\pw.
{]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-n Hn-e-[nIw hnm-\-im-J-Isf B{i-bn-p-p, hnm-t\m-Xv]m-Z-\-n
hnj-bm-[n-jvTnX hnm-\s (disciplinary knowledge) B{i-bn-p-p, hnm-t\m-Xv]m-Z-\-n-\mbn
hnm-\-im-J-I-fpsS Dm-gvN-Isf Hcp-an-p-tNpp Fo aqp-X-e--fn Ahnm\,
_lphnm\ At\zjW kam-\-am-Wv. Fm hnm-\-ns imJm-hy-n-Xz-n (disciplinary identity) _lp-hn-m\w hniz-kn-p-tm Ahn-m-\w CXv ]cn-K-Wn-p-n-. Bb-Xn-\m
imJm-c hnm-\-K-a-\- _lp-hn-m\ At\z-j-W-n km[y-a-.Assh-m-\n-I-X-bn
AXv km[y-am-Wv. Hcp {]iv\s _lp-ssh-m-\n-I-ambn At\z-jn-p-tm At\z-j-W-n-s\-Sp
Hmtcm hnm-\-n-sbpw ho-W-tIm-Wn {]iv\s ImWpI FmWv Aw. _lp-hn-m-\-At\z-j-W- F{X hnm-\- D]-tbm-Kn-mtWm \S-p-Xv A{X-Xstbm AXn IqSp-Xtem
D-c-sf D]m-Zn-n-p-p. hnm\-v {]tXy-I-{]-iv\-n D \ne-]mSp hyXym-k-sf _lphn-m\w AtX-]Sn Ah-Xc
- n-n-p-Ib
- mWv sNp-I. Ahn-m-\a
- m-Is
- , hnhn[ hnj-b
- f
- psS/hnm\--fpsS DmgvNIsf kwtbmPnnpXneqsS AXv \n-ln-p-p. {]iv\-\nm-c-W-n-eqsS H^-e-n-emWv Fp-I. Cu ^ew GsX-n-ep-samcp hnm-\-ns ]cn-[n-bn HXp-n-\nm-\m-hn-.
Fm Fm hnm-\--fp-sSbpw Dm-gvN-I kzoI-cn-p-sIm-p--Xm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpw. {]tXyI-{]-iv\-n hnm-\--I-p--Xmb FXnL-S-I-sf IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-p-sImv Chbvv tbmPnp-\nm-hp Hcp s]mXp-Xew (common ground) Isn AXns ASn-m-\-n hnm-\-sf
Iqn-bn-W-p-I-bmWv Ahn-m-\-co-Xn. Bb-Xn-\m hnm-\-sf Iqn-bn-W-p-tm k-e-\a

7
kwtbm-P\
- a
- mWv \S-p-X
- v. NpgbpsS IhnhynXzw hniIe\w sNp Hcp KthjWw imJm\njvT
At\zjWamWv \SpsXn IhnhynXzs kmlnXy Ncn{Xn\Iphv hniZoIcnmw.
Asn a\ximkv{Xw D]tbmKnv hniZoIcnmw. AXpasn XXzNn D]tbmKnv hniZoIcnmw.
an Unknn\dn/_lpsshm\nI coXnbmsWn tad aqv Unknn\pIfpw {]kvXpX
{]iv\s hniZoIcnp Xesf tNphmw. CXns\ Asshm\nI kmyXbp Hcp
KthjW {]iv\ambn DbmhpXmWv. IhnhynXzw FXv tad hnm\fpsS CSbnep
Hcp kwLjmI (Contested) `qanIbmWv F hoWn {]iv\s kao]npI CXntep
Hcp hgnbmWv. CtXmsS Unknn\pI cq]sSpnb kzX{hymJym\v km[pX app.
tad hnm\pn kw`hnmXpw Fm AhbvnSbn (Inter) kw`hnpXpamb
Hcp {]Xn`mkambn IhnhynXzw a\nemsSpp. IhnhynXzs kwLjmI ]mTambn
a\nempI F kao]\w Unknn\pIsf Asshm\nIambn DZvKYnm\p s]mXpXeambn
amdpp.
Asshm\nIX : sskm-nI ]cn-kcw
km{-Zm-bnI hnm\sf kw_-nv AXns {]mcw-`-Imew apX Dbp-h hnai-\ Cu {]_--n kqNn-n-p-I-gn-p. Fm Cu hnai-\- aptm-p-hbvp tIh-e-amb
Hcp ]cnlmcw am{X-a Assh-m-\n-I-X. B[p\nIm\c sskm-n-I-X-bp-sS hni-Z-]-m-ew
Assh-m-\n-I-X-bvp-v. Hcp Am-Z-anI m\-\nmW-co-Xn-bmbn CXv AwKo-I-cn--s-Sp-Xv
Cu ]m--e-ns IqSn ]n_-e-n-emWv.
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns a[y-tmsS {]_-e-amb LS-\m-hmZ Nn-bmWv bpn-{]-[m-\-amb
hnm\\njvT Adn-hp-\nam-W-n \npw ]mT-{]-[m-\-amb Assh-m-\nI Adn-hp-co-Xnsb km[yam-nb {]mY-anI LS-Iw. LS-\m-hm-Z-n\v `mjm-im-kv{X-]-c-amb thcp-I-fmWv Dm-bn-cp--Xv. tImgvkv
C P\-d enwKzn-nIvkv F {K-n-eqsS skmkq Nn-hy-h--bpsS (Sign system) Hcp ]pXnb
imkv{Xw aptm-p-h-p. `mjbvv bmYmy-hp-ambn t\cnv _-an-spw hyXym-k--fpsS LS-\-bnemWv Aw \ne-\n-evp--sXpw skmkq ]d-p. hmp-I (kq-N-I-) aq-h-kvXp--fp-ambn
kzm`m-hnI _w ]pep-n-. CXc kqN-I--fp-am-bp Ah-bpsS hyXym-k-n-emWv A-kq-N-\bp-m-Ip--Xv. `mjsb Nn--fpsS Bt]-nI LS-\-bmbn hn`m-h\w sNp Cu kev]w kmln-Xy]-T-\-a-S--ap CXc hnm-\-im-J-I-fn-tev Btcm-]n-p-tm Assh-m-\nI km[y-X-I-fp-tSXmb hn]peaew Xpd-pp (Moran J., 2002:85). Hcp DZm-l-c-Ww ]cnKWnm, Cwojv F Unknns \ne-\n-evns ASnm\-amb cv k-ev]-sf CXv {]Xn-tcm-[-n-em-p-p. Hv {KIm-hv. cv Imt\m-\o-I-cn--s ]mTw. {K- cq]-s-Sp-Xv {]tXyI {K-Im--fn-eq-sSb Fpw ap ]mT- Xn-ep kwhm-Z-n-eq-sS-bm-sWpw hcp-p. LS-\m-hmZ A]-{K-Y-\-n
kmlnXy ]mT- `mj-bpsS hn]p-e-amb a-e-nepw hyh-lm-c-nepw a-t\Iw ]mT--fp-am-bp-,
`mtj-Xc ]mT--fS-ap (kn\n-a, t^mtm-{Km-^n, kwKoXw, ^mj Fn--s\-bp) kwhm-Z-ev cq]-s-Sp--Xm-Wv. Cs\ kmlnXy ]mT-v Ah-bpsS D-S--n\p \nc-t]--ambn CXc
]mT--fp-am-bp ]mTm--c-_w (Intertextual relations) hni-Z-am-m Ign-bp-p.
sdmfmMv _mXns BZy-Im-e-{K--amb antXm-f-Pokv (1957) C-c-n Assh-m-\n-I-aX {]Zin-n-p auenI cN-\-bm-bn-cp-p. P\-{]nb kwkvIm-c-s-p-dn-p hni-Z-N Cu {Kn D-S-p-p. 1950 apX {^mkn-ep-mb kmwkvIm-cn-I-am--sf _mXv Xs {K-n Ns-Sp-p-p. ]c-ky-, Iem-cq-]-, KpkvXn-a--c-, Ifn-m-- Fn-s\ kmwkvIm-cnI Dev]--fpsS hni-Z-t{iWn N sNbvXv CsX-s\ Hcp AXn-`mj km[y-am-pp Fv At\z-jn-pp.
hnim-e-ambn \nh-Nn kmwkvIm-cnI ]mTw F Bi-bs ap\nn _mXv Hcp Assh-m\nI ]T-\-am-XrI aptmp hbvp-p. Assh-m-\n-IX hyXykvX hnm-\-im-J-I-fpsS DmgvN-I Hcp {]tXyI {]ta-b-n\p kao]w sImp-h-c-e-. adnv ]pXnb Hcp ]T-\-h-kvXp-hn-tev Chsb
kwtbm-Pn-n--emWv (Moran J., 2002:85).
_mXns A`n-{]m-b-n LS-\m-hmZw Assh-m-\n-I-am-Wv. ImcWw AXn Fm {]Xn`m-k-fpw ]mT--fmbn, hnim-e-amb kmwkvIm-cnI tI{--fpsS Dev]---fmbn ]Tn--s-Sp-p.

8
kwkvImcw F ]Z-n\v IqSp-X hn]p-e-amb Bi-b-]-cn-kcw \evIn hnI-kn ka-Im-enI
kmwkvIm-cnI-]-T-\-ns Bi-b-k-ap-bw Assh-m-\n-I-]-T-\-v hn]p-e\w \evIn. CXp-ambn
_-sv h Hcp {][m\ amw kmln-Xy-]-T-\-ns imJmhynXzw ]cn-Wm-a-hn-t[-b-ambn F-XmWv. kmlnXyw F KWw IqSp-X hnim-e-amb kwkvImcw F KW-n ebnp. kmaqlyimkv{Xw,
\c-hw-i-im-kv{Xw, Ncn-{Xw, `mjm-im-kv-{Xw, Xz-Nn-, ]mT-hn-aiw, cm{o-bw, kZv imkv{Xw, at\m-hnm-\w Fn-s\ kmaq-lnI imkv{X--fpsS kwtbm-P-\-_n-p-hmbn kmwkvIm-cnI-]-T-\-w amdn (Moran
J., 2002:51).
am\hnI]T\m`napJyw
imkv{Xsmfp-]-cntbm H-tam Bbn am\-hnI hnj-b-p-h {]m[m-\y-amWv Cu Lnse {][m-\-amb amw. am\-hnI hnj-b--fn kmlnXyw {]ap-J-amb m\-t-p-h-p. Cwojv
kmln-Xy-]-T-\-n-\p-h amw CXn\pZm-l-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Cwo-jns\ BZy-Lw apXte {_nojv tImtfPp-Ifpw bqWn-th-gvkn-n-Ifpw Zp_-e-amb hnm\imJbm-bmWv Icp-Xn-b-Xv. ]sm-Xmw \qm-ns
HSp-hn ]e Imc-W--fm Cwo-jns\ {]apJ bqWn-th-gvkn-n-Ifmb HmIvkvt^mUv, tIw{_nUvPv Fnh
AwKo-I-cn-s-nepw AsXmcp hne-bn-m hnj-b-am-bn-cp-p. `mj F-Xn-\-p-dv Cwo-jnse kmlnXy-amWv hnm\imJ F AXns kpi--amb \nev]n\v {]Xn-_--am-b-Xv. kmln-Xy-ns kmam\y-kz-`mhw (non specialised)Bbn-cpp {][m\ ImcWw. CXn-s\mcp ImcWw kmlnXyw ka{K Pohn-Xsbpw Ipdn-p--Xm-bn-cpp F-Xm-Wv.
kvt\lw, ssewKn-I-X, kulr-Zw, IpSpw-_-_--, hm-Iyw, ac-Ww, kmaq-ly--N-cn-{X-]-cn-Wma-, aX-hn-izm-k-, _un-Imib, As\ sshhn-[y-]qW-amb Pohn-X-s-p-dn-p kmlnXys imJmhynXzns kp-NnX AXnn-I-fn HXp-m Hcn-epw Ign-n-. Fm kmlnXy-]-T-\s GXp {]tXy-I-X-sImv sshm\nI ]T-\- Hgn-hm-n-tbm, AtX {]tXy-I-X-sImv
Assh-m-\nI]T-\- Gs-Sp-pp (Klein, 1996:137). D-cm-[p-\n-I-ambn cq]-s Hcp \ncknm- krjvSn-p ssh-m-\n-Im--co--n-emWv Assh-m-\n-Im-t\z-j-W--fpsS asmcp
{]mtbm-Kn-I-ta-Je hnI-kn-p--Xv. s]mXpsh Cu knm-- Assh-m-\n-Im-`n-ap-Jy--ap--h-bmWv. ImcWw Ah hnm\sf hnain-p-Itbm Ahbvv ]pd-tp k-cn-p-Itbm sNp-p.
A-s\, {Iao-I-cn--s-Sm- Adn-hn-t-Xmb taJ-e- \nh-Nn-pp (Moran J., 2002:14).
\hamIvkn-kw, kv{Xohm-Zw, at\m-hn-t-j-Ww, tImf-\n-b-\--c-hm-Zw, ]cn-n-Xn-hm-Zw, \h-N-cn-{XhmZw, kmwkvIm-cnI-]-T-\-w Fn-s\ Ign GXm\pw Zim-_vZ-p-n cq]-s knm--sfmw kzbw Assh-m-\n-Ia
- m-bn-cn-ptXmsSmw Assh-m-\n-Ia
- mb Adn-hp-co-Xnsb Bkv]Z-amn hnI-kn-phbp-am-Wv.
Ncn-{Xhpw kmln-Xyhpw Xn-ep _-ns Assh-m-\nI LS-\-bmWv amIvknv
kmln-Xy-kn-m--]-cn-kcw aptm-p-h-bvp--Xv. 1920-I-fn {^mv^v kvIq Nn-I hnai-\m-I
knmw Bkv]-Z-amn kmaqlnI imkv{X-K-th-jWw \S-n. aqe-[-\-ns {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-kzm-[o-\am-Wv, km{-Zm-bnI amIvkn-k-n \nv hn`n--ambn {^mv^v Nn-I At\z-jn--Xv. XXz-Nn-sb
kmaq-ly-cm-{o-b-hn-ai-\-hp-ambn _n-n-m-\p amIvkns Blzm-\-amWv Ch Gs-Sp-Xv (Moran
J., 2002, 125). sls_Sv amIyqkv, XntbmtUm AtUm-tWm, amIvkv slmssJ-a Fn-h-cmWv hnai\m--I-kn-mw hnI-kn-n-h-cn {][m-\n-I.
asmcp ka-Im-enI knm--amb kv{XohmZw kmln-Xy-hn-ai-\w, kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-ai\w, kmaqln-I-im-kv{X-, XXz-Nn-, a-t\m-hn-m-\o-bw Fn-h-bpsS Dm-gvN-I D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p-p. ChbpsS ImgvN-m-Sp-I-fn-eqsS, kv{Xo Fs\ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN-sp Fpw Fs\ kzbw {]Xn-\n-[o-Icn-p Fpw At\z-jn-pp. cmw Xcw-K-s^-an-\n-k-n-s, (1960--I apX-ep s^an-\n-k-ns)
km[y-XI
- Gsd hn]p-ea
- mb taJeIfn-emWv m]n-s
- -Sp-X
- v. kmaq-ln-Ihpw cm{o-bh
- p-amb hynXzw
m]n--s-Sp--Xn\v XS--ambn \nevp kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw a\ximkv{X-]-c-hp-amb taJ-e-I-fnse ]nXrA-[n-Im-c-L-S-\sb Ch tNmZyw sNp-p. Cu L-ns ASn-m-\-{K--amb kna Zn_p-sh-bpsS
sk v skIvkv (1949) \nc-h[n hnm\imJIfpsS AXnn-I adn-I-Sv D At\z-j-W-am-Wv.
kv{Xo F-s\-bmWv kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn cq]o-I-cn--s-Xv Fpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN-s-Xv Fpw

9
_psh At\z-jn-p-p (Moran J., 2002:103). s^an-\n-k-ns Assh-m-\nI km[y-X-I Gs-Spp-sIm-mWv ]noSv Izo Xnbdn hn]p-e-s--Xv. ssewKn-IX kmwkvIm-cnI \nn-Xn-bm-sW hmZamWv CXns {][m-\-_n-p. ^qtm-bpsS lndn Hm^v skzm-enn (1976) CXn-te-v hgnXpd ASnm-\-{K--am-Wv.
at\m-hn-t-j-W-nse Asshm\nI km[y-X-I cq]-s-Sp-Xv imkv{X-hp-ambpw n\n saUn-kn-\p-am-bp-ap AXns _-n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. t{^mbvUv Hcp imkv{X--\m-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw
At-l-ns IrXn-I IqSp-X imkvt{XXctaJe-I-fn-em-bn-cp-p. Ah imkv{X-Im-c-m-cm hnain-s-p. Bh-iy-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn--d-bn-m-bva, ]co-nv Adn-bm Dul--fn \npw cq]-I-fn \npw apw knm-- cq]o-I-cn- Fnh Ah-bpsS kz`mh-am-bn-cp-p. imkv{X-hn-m-\im-J-I-sf-tm-se-b-, at\mhntjWw. Ah-bpsS ]Zm-h-ensb {]tXyI AXnn-p-n \nm
Ign-bp--X-. n\n- saUn-kn\v hy-amb ]T-\-h-kvXp-hp-v. tcmK-ns NnIn-bpw ia-\-hp-am-WXv . acp- p- I , kmt- X n- I - h n- Z y, ikv { X- { Inb Fnh hgn- b mWv AXv km[y- a m- p- - X v . Fm
at\mhntjWn\v Acw Hcp hn`-P-\-tcJ k-ev]n-m-\m-hn (Ibid, 97).
Ahn-m\Kth-j-W-n\v kmam-\y-ambn Ggv ]-S-hp-I Iev]n-s-Spp (Repko A.F., 2008).
Ah Xmsg--d-bp--h-bmWv:
1. {]iv\w \n-Nn-pI 2. {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-n\v Ghpw KpW-I-c-amb hnm-\-sf Is-SppI 3. Cu hnm-\--fn Ah-Kmlw t\SpI 4. hnm-\- \Ip Hmtcm Dm-gvNbpw
Bkv]-Z-amn {]iv\s hni-I-e\w sNp-I. 5. hnhn[ hnm-\- Xn X-nepw B`y--c-ambpw
{]iv\-k-ao-]-\n ImWn-p kam-\-X-Ifpw sshcp-y-fpw Is-p-I. 6. kam-\-X-I-tfbpw sshcpy--tfbpw Iqn-bn-Wn hnm-\--fpsS Dm-gvN-I-sf-bmsI Iqn-bn-W-m-\p Hcp s]mXpXew
Is-p-I. 7. Cu s]mXpXew D]-tbm-Knv Ahn-m-\-]-c-amb DZv{K-Y\w \S-pI.
Ahn-m\{]-iv\-v [mcmfw amXr-I-I \nXy-]-cn-N-b-n Xs ImWm-hp--Xm-Wv.
FmWv t_m[w? FmWv kzmX{yw? FmWv IpSpw_w? a\p-jy Fm FmWv A-am-pXv? Fp-sIm-mWvv ]nWn \ne-\np--Xv? Ch-sbmw Ahn-m\ {]iv\--fm-Wv. \nc-h[n
hnm-\--fpsS Iqmb A]-{K-Y-\-n-eq-sStb Chbvv Dcw ImWm-\m-hq. Un.F.F.bpsS U_n
slen amXrI Isnb hmSvk {Iov ]coWs Asshm\nIXbpsS mkn
DZmlcWambn KWnp t]mcppv (Ibid, 220). `uXnIimkv{Xw, P\nXIimkv{Xw, Pohimkv{Xw,
ckX{w, KWnXw XpSn \nch[n Unknn\pIfpsS kwtbmP\_nphmbncpp Un.F.F. KthjWw.4
Fm Ch BZyw cq]oIcn Un.F.F.bpsS LS\bvv ckX{\nba{]Imcw
km[pXbpmbncpn. U_n slen LS\ F ]pXnb Hcmibw {]tbmKntmgmWv CXv
]cnlcnsXv. AtXmsS hnhn[ hnm\fpsS IqmbXpw Fm GsXnepsamn\v {]tXyI
AhImiw CmXpamb ]pXnb Hcdnhpcq]w Un.F.F.bpsS LS\ cq]sp. U_n slen
LS\ F kev]w hnm\ DmgvNIsf IqnbnWm\p s]mXpXeambn hnp.
III
hnai-\-
Assh-m-\n-I-X-bpsS anI-hp-I Nqn-m--s-Sp-tm Xs m\-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw
cm{o-ba
- mbpw AXns t]mcm-bvaI
- hne-bn-cp-s
- -Sp-p-apv. kh-Ie
- m-ime XI-bn (The University
in Ruins) F {K-n _n doUnw-Kvkv, Assh-m-\n-IX hn]Wn krjvSn-bm-sWpw Am-Zan-I \mi-n-tep \op-Ibm-sWpw hnain-p-p. Assh-m-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw am\-hn-I-hn-jb--fp-sSbpw tNmZyw sN-s-Sm AwKo-Imcw kh-I-em-im-e-Ifn kw`-hn-p-Xv Ah-bpsS AmZ-anI \ne-hm-c-n\v lm\n-bp-m-p-sav Ctlw A`n-{]m-b-s-Spp. Assh-m-\n-I-]-T-\-pthn Unmp-sap-I ]c-kv]cw ebn-p-Xv sNe-hp-Np-cp- \S-]-Sn-bm-bmWv ImtW-Xv FmWv
doUnw-Kvkns A`n-{]mbw (Readings, 1996:3).
doUnw-Kvkn-tXv Assh-m-\n-IX
- b
- psS km-n-IX
- m-Xv]c
- y-sf Bkv]Z- a
- m-n-bp hnai\-am-sW-n AXns m\-im-kv{X-{]-iv\--sf-p-dn-mWv lm t^m N sNp--Xv (1998).
cv ]Xn-m-p-Ip-ap-p-h-sc-sb-nepw IrXy-amb Unkn-n-\dn ]cn-[n-I-fp-m-bn-cp-p. Ctm AX

10
nXn. Cv C Un-kn-n-\dn F t]cn ]pd-p-h-cp ]T-\- Unkn-n-\dn t]mep-a-. Asshm-\n-I-am-I-W-sa-n AXn-\p-apt Unkn-n-\dn BI-Ww Fsmcp {]apJ hmZapv. Fm ]ecpw
Cv Unkn-n-\dn ]T-\-n-te-p-I-S-m-sX-bmWv C Un-kn-n-\-dn-bn-te-p-h-cp--Xv. CXv ^e-n
hy-am-bn-o-cp-I-bmWv (Foster, Hall, 1998:162).
Xs {K-n tPm samdm (Joe Moran) Cu hnai-\-v adp-]Sn ]d-bp-p-v. hn]-WnbpsS kzm[o\w Assh-m-\nI ]T-\--fpsS am{Xw {]iv\-a-. Kh-s v \nb-{-W-n-ep-Xpw
Unkn-n-\dn ]T-\-coXn XpS-cp--Xp-amb kh-I-em-im-e-Ifpw hn]Wn B`n-ap-Jy-ap--Xm-bn-op-sImn-cn-p-p-v. Cs\ hcp-tm PmK-cq-I-am-tI cm{ob {]Xn-tcm-[-ns km[yX Asshm-\nIX Xpd-n-Sp-pv (Moran J., 2002:185).
Assh-m-\n-Im-t\z-j-W- hnm\imJI-fn \nv kzX-{-am-sW [mc-W-bn-emWv
Ah {Ia-an-m-bva-bp-sSbpw Acm-P-I-Xz-n-sbpw krjvSn-bn-tep \bnpw F A`n-{]mbw hcp--Xv.
Post Discipline F {]tbm-Khpw Cu A-n-emWv hcp--Xv. Fm Unkn-n-\dn hnm-\s
Assh-m-\n-IX \nc-kn-p-Itbm B{i-bn-m-Xn-cn-p-Itbm sNp-n-. Assh-m-\n-Im-t\zj-W- Bcw-`n-t-Xv Unkn-n-\dn Dm-gvN-Isf DZv{K-Yn-p-sIm-m-Wv. Asshm-\n-I-X Adnhp-\nm-W-ns Imcy-n hy-amWv F [mcW samdm Xn--f-bp-p. Assh-m-\nIX Ign GXm\pw Zim-_vZ-p-n \nn hn-h-I-c--fmb Adn-hp-I Xs-bmWv AXv
Dev]m-Z-\-]-c-a F hnai\-n-\p adp-]Sn.
IV
imJm\njvT Adnhp]XnbpsS ]cnWmaw aebmfKthjWn
Hu]NmcnIhpw AmZanIhpamb aebmf KthjWn\v Fp ]XnmpImes Ncn{Xapv.
Cu Ncn{Xs imJm\njvT hnm\tmSp AXns CSs]SepIfnse coXnt`Z Bkv]Zamn
hoIcnv ]Tnm\mhpw. GXmv aqv ]XnmpI hoXw hcp cp Lambn Cu Ncn{Xs
t\mnmWmw. 1930Ifn Bcw`np BZy[mc imJm[njv T nX hnmt\mev ] mZ\ns
{]mcw`Lhpw Ghpw bmYmnXnIamb LhpamWv. cmas [mc Adp]XpI apX sXmqdpI
hscsbv hIXncnmhp imJm\njvThnm\ns hnImk ImeamWv. _lpsshm\nIamb
Adnhpev ] mZ\w hsc AhbpsS hnImkw XpScpp. sXmqdpI apX KpW]cambn asmcp
thXncnbemWv aebmfKthjWn kw`hnpXv. imJm[njvTnX AdnhpIsf kzoIcnptm
Xs imJm hynXztmSpw hnm\mXnnItfmSpw hnt[bXzw ]pem Hcp [mcbmWnXv.
CXns Db coXnimkv{Xcq]amWv Asshm\nIX.
imJm\njvTLw
_lphnm\Lw
Ahnm\Lw
(193060)
(19601990)
(1990 apX XpScpp)
Cu hn`P\w km[phmbncnptm Xs ImeLIv IrXyambn AhbpsS
_eX{sf HXpnomw F [mcW ChnsS kzoIcnpnsbv {]tXyIw kqNnns.
Ahnm\Ln t]mepw BZycv LfpsS {]hWXI XpScpXv KthjWn
ImWm\mhpw.
aebmfw ISw sIm CtmBcy ]Z (Indo Aryan Loan Words in Malayalam) F sI.
tKmZhbpsS KthjW {]_w 1933 emWv _ncpZmlamIpXv. aebmfs Bkv]Zamnbp
Cu BZy KthjWns {]Imi\aplqs aebmfns B[p\nIhpw imJm\njvThpamb
hnm\]mccyns {]mcw`ambn IWmmw. CXns ]mew cq]sSpXn B[p\nI
hnZym`ymkns Bcw`w apXep Ncn{Xns ]n_eapv. Cu Ncn{Xns KpW]camb
]cnh\_nphmbncpp {]kv X pXaplqw. \oXn\nmWn tImSXn t]msebpw
hyn\nmWn hnZymeb t]msebpw hnmt\mev]mZ\ns `cWIqSm]\ambn
kIemime aebmf PohnXn m\apdnpp. AXphscbp hnm\]mccyfpsSsbmw
\ntj[ns kwLj`qanbmWnXv. Afhnepw KpWnepw sXfnhnepw bpnbnepw A[njvTnXamb
imkv{XobcoXn (Scientific Method) Cu _em_en ta[mhnXzmibambn. Cu Lw B[p\nIXbpsS
hnai\m\fneqsS ]ean ]pXnb XpdhnIv km[yXsbmcpppv . `mjbpw

11
kmlnXyhpaSp hnm\kzcq]tmSv B[p\nIhnmt\mev]mZ\{Iaw {]XnIcnXns GXm\pw
{]Xn\n[m\fntev ISmt\ ChnsS DZyanppp.
Adp]XpIfpsS a[yLw hsc aebmfs Bkv]Zamn ApKthjWfmWv DmIpXv
({]`mIchmcy, sI.Fw., 2009:915920). BZyKthjWn\p]pdsa Fgp\pw Atlns Imehpw
(tNe\mv ANypXtat\m, 1938) tIcfnse \mtSmSn \mSI (Fkv.sI. \mb, 1951) cmaNcnXhpw
{]mNo\ aebmf ]T\hpw (sI.Fw. tPmv, 1951) IrjvWKmYbnse `mjmhnhcWhpw DShpw
(hn.B. {]t_m[N{, 1965) FnhbmWnh. ChbpsS hnm\imJI `mjmimkv{Xhpw Ncn{Xhpw,
\mtSmSnhnm\hpamWv. kmlnXyw D]mZm\ ]Zhnbvpdv Chbnsempw kzoIcnsSpn Fp
ImWmw. CXv KthjWkwcw` Amev s]mXpth IpdncpXn\memWv Fv
hmZnmhpXmWv . Fm nXn AX. 1963 tIcf kIemimebn aebmfhn`mKw
m]nsXn\ptijhpw kmlnXytmSp kao]\n Fsnepw ]ptcmKXn ssIhcnm
aebmfKthjWn\v Ignn FpImWmw. {]mNo\ aWn{]hmfw Hcp ]T\w, ]qm\hpw
Atlns IrXnIfpw, Fw.Sn. hmkptZh \mbcpsS IYmtemIw, htm IhnXI Hcp
hnai\mI]T\w, Fns\sbmap iojIfn tIcf kIemime \nnsSp
kmlnXy KthjW]cn{ia tiJcWnsbpw hoIcWnsbpw BkzmZ\nsbpw
Xen \nv aptmpt]mbn. Amev ka{Kamb Hcp aebmfkmlnXyNcn{Xw cNnpIbmbncpp
tIcfkIemimebpsS eysapw ]T\ Ccn {IasXns ImcWaXmsWpap
hmZKXnI 5 ]cnanXnbpsS {]Jym]\fmbn thWw hmbnphm. Afhnsbpw (Quantity)
KpWnsbpw (Quality) coXn ]XnI sImv kmlnXyn sNm\pmbncpXv Ahsb
tiJcnpI, hoIcnpI, Ncn{Xw cNnpI FXv am{Xambncpp. ipkmlnXyns
AKm[Xsbpdnv hmNmecmhpI, Ah imkv{X]XnIv hgm cmw XcamsWv ap{Z Nmn
AIew ]menpI Fns\bp kao]\ XpSp. Cs\ B[p\nI hnmt\mev]mZ\{Iaw
kmlnXytmSv ]men Abnhpw AIehpw Ctmgpw XpScp HmWv . kmlnXys
]cnKWnm\mhmsX hXv kmlnXyns {]iv\ambmWv, adnv kzw {]iv\amb B[p\nI
hnmt\mev]mZ\w
IXv.
Cubn
BZyIme
aebmfKthjWsf
aebmf`mjmKthjWsftm Ncn{XKthjWsftm hnfnpXn\pdv kmlnXy KthjWw
Fphnfnm km[yamsXbmWncnpXv.
Adp]XpIfpsS Ahkm\tmsS CXn \nv hyXykvXamb asmcp [mc aebmfKthjWn
DZv L mS\w sNsSppv . kmaqlnI imkv { X, am\hnIimkv { Xhnjbfnse knm
D]tbmKsSpn kmlnXys {]iv\hcnpI FXmbncpp CXns apJykz`mhw. CXpIqSmsX
hnh\w, kzm[o\Xm]T\, XmcXay]T\ Fnhbpw KthjtWm]IcWfmbn kzoIcnp.
`mcXobkmlnXyknmfpsS {]tbmKhpw KthjWn ISphp. kmlnXyhnai\n
{i]nSnp]nb ImgvNmSpIfpsS hnImkcq]ambncpp Ch FpImWmw. amIvknkw, XXzNn,
at\mhniIe\w XpSnb hnm\imJIfn \npw NnmkcWnIfn \npw Cu Ln
kmlnXyknm kzoIcnppv. {]m\kev]amWv asmcp kao]t\m]IcWw. `mjmimkv{Xw,
t^mIvtem, Ncn{Xw, Iem]T\w apXembh kzm[o\w XpScpXpw ImWmw. C\nbpapff Hcp {]hWX
Nne kev]\sf ap\nn kmlnXyIrXnsb At\zjnpI FXmWv. Ipamc\mims Imhyfn
\nv shfnsSp Ihn at\maew (1986), tXmw ]mpI Hcp ]T\w (1980) Nhnp\mSIs
Bkv]Zamn tIcfnse cwKIeIfnep sshtZinI kzm[o\]T\w (1977) sshtemnnbpsS
PohnXZi\w (1989) (Fmw tIcfkIemime). sI. kptc{s t\mhepIfnse lyqa\nkw Hcp
]T\w (1993) KmnPnbpsS kzm[o\w aebmfkmlnXyn (1992) tXmevmhqns cwK{]tbmKhpw
kmlnXyhpw (1991) htm IhnX ssieohnm\]camb A]{KY\w: eLpImhysf ap\nn
Hcp ]T\w (1991) eZzo]v aebmfns ]Zmheob]camb ]T\w (1989) ss__n {]tab
aebmfalmImhyfn (1989) kn.F. {ioIWvT \mbcpsS \mSI (1993) amIvknv Zi\ns
kzm[o\w aebmfkmlnXyhnai\n (1996) (Fmw tImgntmSv kIemime) XpSnbh
DZmlcWfmWv. CXns ]cnWmaLn sXmqdpIfn _lpsshm\nIamb Xentev
KthjWw ISpXpImWmw. CXv Cu Lns DLhpw ASp Lntep
Bcw`kqNIhpambn ]cnKWnmw. {iocmas\ {]m[mt\y\ ]cnKWnpsImv aebmfnse mknIv
IhnXIfnepw NphNn{Xfnepap sslhtZhXm{]Xn\n[m\hpw AXns kzm[o\hpw (1997) (tIcf

12
kIemime), Ipamc\mims ImhyPohnXns ]cnWmaw a\ximkv{X]chpw XXzimkv{X]chpamb
At\zjWw (1996) (tImgntmSv kIemime) apXembh DZmlcWw.
Ch `mjtbbpw kmlnXytbpw ]cnKWnsXs\sbv hnai\mIambn
]cntim[nptm Hcp Imcyw hyamWv . kmlnXys A`nkwt_m[\ sNp {ia
BZyLs Bkv ] Zambn t\mptm ham\amb \ne ssIhcnp Fp ImWmw. `mjm
kao]\fpsS Imcyn BZyLnteXpt]mse kPohX XpScpp. ChnsS kmlnXytmSv h
kao]\t`Zns ^esfmsWpt\mptm BZyLnse tiJcW, hoIcW coXn
]XnI \evInb
D]mZm\]Zhnbn \npw kmlnXyw kmaqlnI knmfpsS
D]{]Xn`mk]Zhnbntep hcpp FXmWv . \nch[n kmaqlyknmfpsS I`qanbmbn
kmlnXyw {]m[m\yw t\Spp. Fm kmlnXyw Hcp D]{]Xn`mkw am{Xambncpp FXv {]tXyI
{imlamWv . Chbv v ]nnse BJym\ ]eXmImw. a\mImw, hinbmImw,
{_m\hpamImw. _rlZv {]Xn`mkfpsS I`qansb \nebn kmlnXyw Ftmgpw
cmw]ZhnbnemWv kzoIcnsXv. BZyLns Hcp XpS \apnhnsS Zinmw. B[p\nI
IpSpw_nse kv{Xo]Zhnbpw B[p\nI kaqlnse ZfnXv kzXzhpw A\p`hn A[nImc{]tbmKns
cq]ImIamb Hcp XpS XsbmWv kmlnXyhpw aebmfKthjWns cmw Ln
A\p`hnXv Fp ImWmw.
sXmqdpIfpsS Bcw`tmsS aebmfKthjWw aqmwLntep ISpp FpImWmw.
Asshm\nI Lns DZvLmS\amWnXv. apLn e`yambXnt\m ]eaSv A[nIambn
hnhn[ hnm\fpsSbpw knmfpsSbpw kev]\fpsSbpw coXnimkv{XfpsSbpw ]cnkcw
aebmfn e`yamhpp FXmWv CXns Hcp {]tXyIX. kn\na, aXw, hwiobX, kv{Xo, ZfnXv,
am[yaw, icocw, enwK]Zhn, tZiobX, {]mtZinIX, hmsamgn, Hm, {]hmkw, ]cnnXn XpSnb
hnm\taJeI DZmlcWamWv. AXphsc XpSph knm ]pXpsSpXpw Cu
Lns {]tXyIXbmWv. \hNcn{XhmZw, \hamIvknkw, \hat\mhntjWw apXembh DZmlcWw.
`mjmhnm\n Nnhnm\w t]msebpw t^mIvtemdn hwiob]T\w t]msebpw ]pXnb
]T\taJeI cq]sp. Chbn anhbpw hnm\imJsb kz`mhne knmfpw
kev]\fpw coXnimkv{Xfpw apambmWv aebmfn e`yamIpXv.
ChnsS ]cnKWnt {][m\amb Imcyw Cu ]pXnb hnm\taJeIsfmw Xs
B[p\nIimJm[njvTnX hnm\{Ian \nv kzmX{yw {]Jym]npp FXmWv. asmcp
khntijX GsXnepsamcp hnm\imJbpsStbm _rlZmJym\nstbm tatmbva Ch
AwKoIcnpn FXmWv. Ch cn\pw ]nnepXv LS\A\chmZ aptmphXpw
Dcm[p\nIXbpsS ASbmfhmIyhpamb, Adnhv hymhlmcnIambmWv cq]sSpXv F kev]amWv.
hymhlmcnIamb Cu m\Zi\w imkv{Xns ta[mhnXz]Zhnsb tNmZyw sNpIbpw AdnhpIsf
\nnXmXnnIfp kXytaJeIfmbn \nhNnp imJm[njv T nX hnm\bpnsb
adnISpIbpw sNbv X p. Adnhv hnm\ imJIIv cq]sSp Hsbpw hnhn[
hnm\fpsS k`amb hyhlmcn cq]sSpXmWv Fpw Dcm[p\nINn IcpXn. ChnsS
kmlnXykao]\n cv {][m\am kw`hnp. Hv kmlnXyw atXp hyhlmchpw t]mse
Atmev]mZ\n {]apJ m\obamWv Fv hp. cmaXv aebmf]T\w FXv `mjbpsStbm
kmlnXynstbm am{Xw ]T\aspw aebmfPohnXw CSs]Sp kIehyhlmcfntepw
hym]v X nbp aeamWv Fpw hp. kmlnXy]T\ns AXnnt_m[ CtXmsS
A{]Xyambn. ChnsS kw`hn asmcp kwKXn kwkvImcw F {]Xn`mkn\ph ]pXnb
hymJym\amWv . AXphsc Hcp {]tXyI hn`mKns Bhnjv I mcsfbmWv kwkv I mcw
FphnfnphXv. Cu kwkvImcw GXm\pw IeIsftbm Nne kmaqlyPohnXssienIsftbm am{Xw
{]Xn\n[oIcnpXmbncpp. Ch aebmf]T\ns `mKhpambncpp. Fm
kIePohnXmhnjv I mcfpw kwkv I mcamWv Fv \nNnpsImv cwK{]thiw sNbv X
kmwkvImcnI]T\w F hnm\taJe Fmw kmwkvImcnI \nnXnI F An
aebmfKthjWn\v Ahbntep {]thi\w \evIn. aebmfKthjWw Ccw km[yXIsf apgph
{]tbmP\sSpnsmmWv Ctm \ne\npXv Fp ]dbm\mhnsnepw
hnjbkzoIcWnepw knmkev]\fpsS kzoIcWnepw coXnimkv{Xns
kzoIcWnepsamw Dcm[p\nIamb Cu hntZw DsmpsImp KthjWfpsS Hcp [mc

13
cq]w sImphfcpXv \app ImWm\mhpw.
apgph kIemimeIfnsebpw
aebmfKthjWiojI Ahnjbm`napJyw {]ISnnpXns tXmXpI {]_ns
BapJ`mKv Nqnmnbnpv.
\mpIqmbvabpsS B[p\nIoIcWw sImbnemn tZis Bkv]Zamnbp
kwkvImchniIe\w (2005), i_cnae XomS\w P\Iob/P\{]nb kwkvImc]T\w (2004) (cpw
kwkv I rXkIemime) XpSnb KthjWiojI aebmfKthjWns \ho\
kmwkvImcnIm`napJyns sXfnhpIfmWv. tIcf ss{IkvXh tZhmebfnse NphNn{Xfpw
Amcn{Xfpw Hcp hnai\m]T\w (Fw.Pn.) (2005) P\{]nbkn\naIfnse aebmfn : {io\nhmk
kn\naIsf Bkv]Zamn Hcp hniIe\w (2010) (Fw.Pn.) ]pXpIhnXbnse ZfnXv CSw (2009) (Fw.Pn.)
XpSnbh ]pXphnjbkzoIcWv DZmlcWfmWv.5 Asshm\nIX ]pXnb Lns
hnIknXcq]amWv. CXv Dcm[p\nIamb m\t_m[y A\pkcnp Hcp coXnimkv{XamWv.
]pXnb Lnse Ahnm\]cw Fv ]dbmhp GXm\pw KthjWsf
amXrIbmsbSpv AhbpsS kz`mh hyampIbmWv ASp `mKv sNpXv . 1.
KthjW{]iv\w Hne[nIw hnm\imJInSbnembncnpI. 2. Hcp {]tXyI hnm\imJbn
Du CmXncnpI 3. Hne[nIw hnm\imJIfpsS DmgvNIsf D]tbmKsSpnsmv
{]iv\w hniIe\w sNpI 4. imJm hynXzn\pdw hnm\sf IqnbnWm\p Hcp
s]mXpXew Isn AXneqsS DmgvNIfpsS DZv{KY\w \SpI 5. Cs\ Xopw ]pXnbXpw
LSIhnm\imJIfn \nv hyXykvXhpamb Hcp Asshm\nI Adnhpev]mZ\w \nlnpI
XpSnbhbmWv Asshm\nIKthjWfpsS apJap{ZI. Hcp KthjWw
Asshm\nIamtWmsbv Cu ]cntim[\bneqsS \apv Ism\mIpw.
V
ae-bmf Kth-jW amXr-II-fnse Ahnm\-kz-`m-h-
1. ae-_m Iem-]-ns hmsamgn ]mc--cyw, 2005, kwkvIrX k-I-em-ime : ae-_m Iem]s kv{XoI-fn \npw Iogm-f-cn \npw tiJ-cn hmsam-gn-I-fneqsS a\-n-em-m {ian-p Kthj-W-am-Wn-Xv. Acn-Ip-h-cn--s--h-cpsS Ncn-{X-\nnXn FXmWv Kth-j-W-ns eyw. km{Zm-bnI Ncn-{Xhpw kmaq-ly-[m-c-WIfpw Dev]m-Zn-nv {]_-e-amn \nnb Adnhp cq]--fpsS _Z
km[y-X-sbv F-XmWv Kth-jW {]iv\w. apow kv{XoI-fn \npw tiJ-cn hmsamgn Adn-hp-IfmWv ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-p--Xv. {]_w ]d-bp-p:
""\m\m-h-i-tbvpw Xpd-m-hp BJym-\-sf Ah-bpsS km[y-X-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn Ah-X-cn-npI
F-XmWv Kth-j-W-ns ASn-m\ eyw. samgn-I tiJ-cnp {Iao-I-cn-p--Xn\pw Ah-X-cn-n-p-Xn\pw Ch-bpsS km[y-X-I N sNp--Xn\pw {in-n-cn-pp'' (jwjmZv lpssk sI.Sn., 2005
: 5).
Ncn-{Xw, kv{Xohm-Zw, hwiob ]T-\w, Iogmf-]-T-\w, t^mIv tem, hmsam-gn-]-T\w XpSn \nc-h[n
hnm\imJ-I-fpsS CS-bn-emWv Kth-j-W-{]iv\w \ne-\np--Xv. AXn-\m CXns\ Asshm-\nI {]iv\-sap hnfn-mw. {]iv\-\n-N-\-n-\p-tijw {]iv\-\nm-c-W-n-\m-h-iy-amb {][m\
Unkn-n-\p-I-fnse Dm-gvN-I kam-l-cn-pI F-XmWv A sshm-\nI Kth-j-W-ns coXn.
ChnsS ta hnh-cn hnm-\-im-J-I Kth-j-W-n-\m-h-iy-amb {][m\-hn-m\ imJ-I Bbn
{]_w kzoI-cn-p-p. CXn-\p-]p-dsa A sshm-\nI Kth-j-W-ns km[y-X-bmWv Unkn-n\dn Am hnm-\--sfbpw Kth-j-W-n\v D]-tbm-Kn-pI F-Xv. Cu Kth-jWw Cu coXn Ahew-_n-p-p. Cu Kth-j-W-ns {][m\ Z-ta-J-e-bmb Hm, hmsam-gn-I Unkn-n-\dn hnm-\ns ]cn-[n-bn hcp--X-. CXp-Iq-SmsX apIqn Xm-dm-m-sX-bp A`n-ap-J-, kulr-Z-kw-`m-jW- Fn-hbpw Z kzoI-cW-n KthjWw D]tbmKnp-p.
Cs\ cq]o-I-cn--s hnm-\-`q-an-I-bnse Dm-gvN-Ifpw sshcp-y-fpw a\-n-em-pI FXmWv Ahn-m\ Kth-j-W-ns ASp--]-Sn. ChnsS {]iv\-hpambn _-s-p-h-cp hnm-\im-J-I-fnse Dm-gvN-I-fn-tebvv hn]p-e-ambn Kth-jWw k-cn-p-n. ]Icw Cu hnm-\--fpsS
hn]p-eamb ho-W-sf Gs-Sp-p-Ibpw Ah-bvn-S-bnse sshcpyw {]iv\-h-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-

14
p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn k{-Zm-bn-I-N-cn{Xw kv{Xosb A\p-`-hn-t--h-fmbpw Gp-hm-t--h-fmbpw
Itm hmsam-gn-bn-eqsS cq]-s kv{Xo {]Xn-\n-[m-\- Iem-]-s-p-dnv KpW-]-c-amb CS-s]-S-epI \S-m tijn-bp--h-fmWv Fp sXfnp hp. kv{Xo Ncn-{X-n-s-bpw, km{-Zm-bnI Ncn-{Xn-sbpw BJym-\-co-Xn-bn ap-Nne sshcp-y-fpw Ip. kv{Xo Ncn-{X-n Adn-hp-Ip -sshIm-cn-I-Xbpw atXn AXns \ni-_vZ-X-bp-amWv Cu sshcp-y--fn-sem-v. apow P\-hn-`m-Ks Iem]-Im-cn-Ifpw A]-cn-jI
v- r-Xc
- p-ambn ap{Z-Ip-p kz`mhw km{-Zm-bnI hnm\w Dev]m-Zn-n-n-cp-p. Fm
hmsam-gn-N-cn{Xw CXns\ dp sNp-p. apow hwio-b-Xsbpdn-p Cu [mcW ]pem hensbmcp `qcn-]--hp-ap-v. hmsam-gnsb BZim--I-ambpw tNmZyw sN-s-Sm--Xmbpw kzoI-cn-p kao]-\w Kth-jW
-
- n-\n-. hnai\ kmy-Xb
- n-eq-sS- km{-Zm-bnI Ncn-{X-sf ]p\-cp-ev]m-Zn-n-p hmsamgn
Adn-hp-Isf {]_w thXn-cnp \np-p.
Cs\ km{-Zm-bnI hnm-\-v kv{XohmZhpw hmsamgn Ncn-{Xhpw t]mep Ahnm-\-fpw Adnhp cq]-fpw Dbp _Z km[y-X-I-fpsS Hcp kam-lm-c-sa \ne-bvmWv KthjW-ns \nK-a-\- cq]-s-Sp--Xv. CXv sshcp-y-fpw sshhn-y-fpw tN Dm-gvN-I-fpsS `qanI-bm-W.v ChnsS {]_w ASp-]
- S- n-bmb DZv{K-Y\n (Integration) tebvv IS-p-Xv ]mTXzw (Textuality)
F Bi-bs s]mXp-Xe-ambn (Common Ground) kzoI-cn-p-sIm-mWv. ]mT- F \ne-bn km{ZmbnI Adn-hp-I-tfm-sSmw ]pXnb Adn-hp-IsfIqSn In-tNp--Xn-eqsS Kth-jWw hnm-t\m]mZ\w km[y-am-p-p. Ahn-m\ Kth-jWns Hcp khn-ti-jX ChnsS ImWm-\m-hn-. {]iv\w
ko-a F-XmWv AXv. AXn-\m CXv _lp-ssh-m-\n-I-amb Hcp Iqn-tens {]Xo-Xn-bpm-p-p. Fm CXv _lp-ssh-m-\n-I-Xsb IS-p-\np--XmWv. Imc-Ww, hnm-\--fpsS
]cn[n t_m[-sf CXv AwKo-I-cn-p-n-. hnj-bm-[n-jvTn-X-a-m Adn-hp-I-sfbpw CXv kzoI-cn-p-p.
Adn-hp-I kzbw ]q-f-spw ]mT-cq-]-am-sWpw D [mc-W-bn Adn-hp-Isf DZv{K-Yn-m Ignbp-p.
2. B[p-\n-IXmhmZ-ns cmjv{Sob At_m-[w Nn{X-I-ebnepw ae-bmft\mhenepw, 2006,
kwkvIrX kh-I-em-ime : Ncn{Xw, Iem-]-T-\w, kmln-Xy-]-T\w Fo hnm-\--fn hn]p-e-\ap
Hcp KthjW{]iv\-am-Wn-Xv. ta-d Unkn-n-\p-I-fn \nv D]m-Zm-\- kzoI-cn-p-tm Xs
Ah-bpsS AXnn-Isf Kth-jWw {]m[m-\y-n FSp-p-n-. sI.-kn.Fkv. ]Wn--cpsS ae-_m
Ij-Is PohnXw F Nn{X-hpw (1957), H.-hn. hnP-bs Jkm-ns CXn-lm-khpamWv (1969) khntij ]T-\-n-\mbn sXcsSpp--Xv. Hv Hcp Iem-h-kvXphpw Hv kmln-Xy-h-kvXphpw F Unknn-\dn t_m[yw {]_w adn-I-S-p-Xv hn]p-e-amb A-n Ncn-{X-]m-T--fmbn Chsb ]cn-K-Wn-psIm-m-Wv.
B[p-\n-I-X-hm-Z-sp-dnv ]Tnm kmln-Xy-tm-sSmw Nn{X-I-ebpw sXc-s-Sp--Xn\v cv
Imc-W- Dv. B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-ns A\p-`qXn LS-\sb \n-bn Ncn-{X_ Is-Sp-pI-bmWv eyw. Hmtcm ]mThpw H Xncn Iem-hnjvmcw F \ne-bn-msX hn]p-eamb Hcp hnNmc
amXrI (Paradigm) bpsS Bhn-jvmc{]Imcw (objectification ) F \ne-bn \ne-sImp-sX--s\sbv ]cn-tim-[nv Cu hnNm-c-am-Xr-I-bpsS s]mXpkz-`mhw hni-I-e\w sNm\mWv ChnsS {ian-n-cn-p-Xv. hyXy-kvXIm-e--fn hyXykvX-I-emtaJ-e-I-fn Dmb B[p-\n-I-Xm-hm-Z-c-N-\-Isf ]c-kv]cw
tNphv hni-I-e\w sNp-Xv Cu hnNmc amXr-I-bpsS ASn-m\ kz`mhw hni-Zo-I-cn-m IqSpX ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cn-pw. H Xncn IemtaJe-I-sftbm kmln-Xy-]m-Tsftbm ]n]-msX, hnjmb--c-kz-`mhw ]pep hni-I-e-\-n\v klmb-I-amb hn[-n t\mh, Nn{X-Ie Fn-h-bpsS
amXr-I-I ]T-\-n-\mbn sXc-s-Sp--Xns BZy-Im-cWw CXmWv (kp\n ]n. Cfbn-Sw, 2009 : 4).
Ncn{Xw FXv ChnsS {]tXyI \n_--\-I-fp Hcp hnm\imJ A FXv {]tXyIw
Hmt--Xp-v. Ncn-{X-]m-T-sa kev]\w DZv{K-Y\ kqN-I-ambn \ne-\np-p. CXn-eqsS t\mh-ens\bpw Nn{X-sbpw cv Ncn{X ]mT--fmbn ImWm-\m-hp-I-bpw Ah-bn cmjv{Sob At_m[w F
knmw Bkv]-Z-amn At\z-jWw \S-m {in-p-Ibpw sNp-p. sI.-kn.-Fkv ]Wn--cpw H.-hn.
hnP-b\pw B[p-\n-IXm-hm-Z-ns \m\m-hn[ kzoI-cW[mcIfn kam-\-amb Hcp aWvUew ]p-sh-ncpp FXv Is-p-p. {]_ns {]knoIrXcq]n\v Bdv Aymbfpv. BZy Aymbw
(B[p\nIXmhmZw : Ncn{Xhpw A\p`qXnbpw) {]_ns coXn]Xn hniZampp. B[p\nIXm

15
hmZs hn]peamb Hcp A\p`qXn LS\bpsS Bhnjvmc{]tbmKw F \nebnemWv ]T\w
kzoIcnpXv. km{ZmbnI kmlnXy, Iem]T\fn \np hyXncnambn
kmwkvImcnI]T\ambmWv {]_w kzbwm\sSpXv (ta]pkvXIw, ]pdw.5). B[p\nIXbpsS
sskmnI hniIe\amWv XpSp hcp `mKw (Aymbw cv B[p\nIXbpsS \m\mw).
Ncn{Xw AYhm cmjv{Sob At_m[w F kev]s hniZampIbmWv tijw (Aymbw aqv
Ncn{Xw AYhm cm{ob At_m[w). XpSp cv Aymbfn bYm{Iaw Jkmns
CXnlmktbpw ae_m IjIs PohnXtbpw ]Tnpp (Aymbw \mev Jkmnse
Ncn{X_, Aymbw Av B[p\nIXmhnaiw Hcp Irjn]mTw). Bdmaymbn
(B[p\nIXmhmZnse A[n\nthi `mc) hniIe\hpw \nKa\fpsS t{ImUoIcWhpamWv.
sXcsSp IrXnIsf ap\nn B[p\nIXmhmZs hnai\mI ]cntim[\bvv
hnt[bamnsmmWv ]pXnb Dcntebv v {]_w {]thinpXv . B[p\nIXbpsS
tZiobk`n A[n\nthintbpw AXns\Xncmb {]Xntcm[ fpsSbpw hncp[mcI ImWmw.
tZiob`mh\bnse khkwkvIrX ]mccysf \ne\nnsmpw A[n\nthins `mKambn
h B[p\nIm\sbpw m]\sfbpw D]tbmKsSpnsmpw cq]s taemf[mcbmWv
CXnsemv . asmv km{amPy hncpXsb tI{amnsmv cq]s Iogmf tZiobXbpsS
[mcbmbncpp. Jkmpw ae_m IjIs PohnXhpw taemf B[p\nI[mcbmWv ]npSsXv
{]_w \nconpp. ""Jkmn chnbpsS ]cnWmaIY\ns\mSphn ISphcp
KoXtKmhnnse ZimhXmch\bpw am[h\mbcpambp NIfpsS k`n cq]sSp
'CZv {]hbtXN{Iw' F {]amWhmIyhpw chnbpsS ]T\]Xnbmbn {]XysSp Xmc`uXnI
Hu]\njZnI kwtbmKhpsamw ASbmfsSppXv Cu [mcsbbmWv . ae_m IjIs
PohnXnemIs Dev]mZ\nsbpw Azm\nsbpw aWvUes ]nXnsmv Nn{X ]T\n
tas t\Sp kph tim`bmbn Cu Ncn{X _w Xebpbn \npp (]pdw 220) Cu
[mcbpsS {]Xntcm[ i_vZ Fs\ \ni_vZambntmbn F At\zjWhpw XpSv hcppv.
hyhlmcw, Ncn{Xw, tZiobX, kwkvImcw, B[p\nIX, Dcm[p\nIX, at\mhnm\w, amIvknkw
XpSnb hnm\fpsS sshhn[ymIamb IepIfnemWv {]_w cq]sSpXv. cm{ob
At_m[w F knmneqsSbmWv hnjbmcamb DZv{KY\w \nlnpXv.
3. ae-bm-fn-bpsS `qX-Im-e-: HmWhpw kmaq-ly-`m-h-\m-tem-Ihpw F {Kw (cPn-v.-]n.,
2000) tImgn-tmSv k-I-em-im-e-bn 2006 kan--s Kth-jW {]_--ns ]cn-jvI-cn cq]am-Wv. HmW k]w ae-bmfn Pohn-X-n i-amb kzm[o\w sNep-panm-W-tm. Ncn{XhkvXpX-bm-tbm, \mtSm-Sn-]m-c--cy--fm-tbm, kmln-Xy-{]-Xn-\n-[m-\--fm-tbm, tIcf tZio-b-X-bpsS GIo-I-cW
_e-X-{-amtbm Fmw HmW-sn hymJym-\- Dm-bn-p-v, ]pXn-bh Dm-bn-sm-p-an-cn-p-p.
Cs\ tIc-f-nse Am-Z-an-I-fnse kmaq-ly--am-\-hnI ]T\ imJ-I-sfmwXs HmW-n-s\-p-dnv
AXm-Xn-t-Xmb ImgvNm-Sp-I-fn \nc-h[n Kth-jW kn-I-I cq]-s-Sp-n--gn-n-p-v. C-s\bp kao-]-ImeL-n-emWv HmWs kw_-n-vX-s-bp Hc-t\z-jWhpambn {]kvXpX {]_w
aptm-p-h-cp--Xv. coXn-im-kv{X-n hcp-nb hyXn-bm-\-n-eqsS km{-Zm-bn-I-amb hn-m\fneqsS cq]-s ]e-hn-t[-\-bp HmW-hn-m\v {]I-S-amb hntZw Ipdn-m {]_w {ian-pp. GsX-n-ep-samcp hnm\im-J-bn-eq-sStbm Nne hnm-\-im-J-Isf k-e\w sNbvtXm \n-lnp-h- Adn-hp-]-Xn XpS-cp--Xn-\p-]-Icw ]e-hn-m-\--fpsS Dm-gvN-Isf DZv{K-Yn-p-sImv AhbpsS ko- k w- b p- - a mbn HmW- h n- m- \ - s - a m- n- op- I - b mWv {]_w. sXc- s - S p
hnm\imJ-Ifn GsX-n-ep-sam-ns ImgvN-I-tfmSv ]-]m-XnXzw kqn-p-n. \mp-]m-c--cy-fn \npw hmsam-gn-I-fn \npw Adn-hp-I tiJ-cn-pp. {]_w ]d-bpp:
""Ncn-{X-Imcsm-w-Xs Ihnbpw ]mp-Imcpw IY]d-n-ep-Imcpw km-cn-Ifpw Nn-{X-Im-camcpw.. kmaq-l-n\p apn X-fpsS `mh\ Bhn-jv-cn-p- GsXm-cmfpw ]cn-K-Wn--s-S-Ww.. tcJs-Sp--s `mh-\-bpsS sNdn-sbm-cw-ita \apv IsSpm-\m-hq. BJym-\- Xnc-s-Sp-p--Xn
Xo-bmbpw e`y-X-bp-tSbpw k`m-\p-kr-X-hn-th-N-\-n-tbpw ]cn-an-Xn-I Dv F-Xn kwi-ban. AsXm-gn-hm-m am-hp-an'' (]p-dw.15). hnm-\-im-J-I ]pen-h cp Imcy- ChnsS
Hgn-hm--s-Sp-p-v. Hv Am-Z-an-I-am-b-XmWv Adnhv F k]w. cv Adn-hns A[n-Im-cn-I-X-

16
bnepw ka-{K-X-bn-ep-ap-hn-iz-mkw. {]_w D-cm-[p-\n-I-amb hntOZw ImWn-p-p-shv ]pkvX-Ins Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn tUm.-Fw.-Pn.-F-kv.- \m-c-mb-W A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-pv:
"Ncn-{X-Im-c-t\m-sSmw-Xs `qX-Im-e-N-bn Ihnbpw ]mp-Imcpw Xpey-{]m-[m-\y-tmsS ]cn-KWn--s-SWw Fm-h-iy-s-Sp-tm Ncn-{X-t_m-[-ns AXp-ey-{]m-[m\yw \jvS-s-Sp-p. `qX-Im-eN-bn B[p-\n-Isc kw_-n-n-S-tmfw bpn-hy-h-lm-c-ns ]c-a-Im-jvT-bn Fn-\np
Ncn-{X-n\v Hcp kph-knw-lm-k-\-ap-v. as-m-N-cn-{Xhpw ]mp-Im-c-tbpw IYm-Ir-n-tbpw kmcnbp-tSbpw BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-tSbpw Ncn-{X--sfmw AXns Iogn \n-Ww. B Ncn-{X-amWv kmaq-ly]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS am\-Z-WvUw. ap Ncn-{X-v AXp-ambn kam-\X In-mns kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-KXn-sb-p-dnv A-h-mb N-bn-. Fm Ncn-{X-n-tbpw kaXzw AwKo-Icn-p CXv Ncn-{X-a-,
kmwkvIm-cnI hymJym-\-amWv. cpw cm-bn-s ImtW-n-bn-cn-p-p' (2011 : 10).
GsX-n-ep-sam-cp-hn-m-\-im-J-bn \nebp-d-n-m kwkvIm-c-hn-i-I-e\ kz`m-h-amWv {]_w
{]I-Sn-n-p--Xv. HmWskw_-n hkvXp-\n-jvT-bm-Ymyw Is-m-\-, HmWs kw_-n
ae-bm-fn-bpsS `mh-\m-tem-I--fn-tev k-cn-m-\mWv {]_w DZy-an-p--Xv. BJym-\-im-kv{Xw, \chw-i-im-kv{Xw, kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw, tIc-f-ns cmjv{Sob Ncn-{Xw, Iogm-f-X, {]hm-kw, hyh-lm-c-hn-i-I-e\- XpS-n-b-h-bpsS Dm-gvN-I-fn-te-smw {]_w k-cn-p-p. BJym-\-hn-m-\-n\nmWv Assh-m-\nI DZv{K-Y-\-n-\p D]m[n kzoI-cn-p-Xv. kI-e-hn-m-\--sfbpw BJym\- Fan kwtbm-Pn-n-p-Ibpw Adn-hp-ev]m-Z\w FXv H D-c-sa \ne-bn-e-msX Cu hnhn[-fmb BJym-\--fpsS `qanIbmbn \ne-\npI F-Xp-amWv CXns coXn-im-kv{Xw. ]e-a-I -HXn-cnv \np-I-b kwhm-Zm--I-ambn CS-I-e-cp-I-bmWv F-XmWv {][m-\ hyXn-bm-\w.
""`mjsb B{i-bnp \np ]mc--cm-KX cq]-p ]pdta Bhn-jvIm-c--fpsS hen-sbmcp
temIw Xs BJym-\-hn-m\w ]T\ Kth-j-W-mbn Xpd-n-Sp-p. kmwkvIm-cnI \c-hw-i-imkv{X-n-t-bpw, kmln-Xy--I-em-\n-cq-]-W-n-tbpw shtsd hn`m-K--fm-bn, hyXy-kvX-kn-m--fpw
coXnimkv{X--fp-ap]-tbm-Knv ]T\w \S-n-bn-cp-h BJym-\-hn-m-\-ns _lp-apJ kz`m-h-ap
]T-\-co-Xn-bn Xmc-Xayw sNm-hp-{X AI-e-n ASp-p-p''(]p-dw.17).
]Xn-s\mw \qm-p-ap-X tIc-f-kw-m\w cq]w-sImv HmWw tIc-f-ns tZio-tbm--am-bno-cp--Xp-h-sc-bp Ime-amWv {]_--nstaJe. A{X hep-X-m Cu Ime-L--n t]mepw
BJym-\--fpsS hnkvXrXn hep-Xm-Wv. Ch-bn \nv Nne-sXmw Xnc-s-Sp-p-sImv BJym-\neqsS
amdn-sm-n-cn-p HmW-n-sbpw tIc-fo-b-X-bp-tSbpw Nn{X- AXns ko-X-I \jvS-sSmsX cq]-s-Sp-m-\p {ia-amWv {]_w \S-p--Xv.
sshhn[y-]q-amb D]m-Zm\ taJ-e-bmbn t^mIvtem-dn-s\-bmWv {]_w kzoI-cn-p--Xv. Hmw
`mK-n Ccp-]Xmw \qddm-ns a[ywhsc kam-l-cn--s t^mIvtem-dn-s\-pdn-mWv N sNp-Xv. t^mIvtem-dn-s A-ssh-cp--y FUnpsNbvXv GIo-I-cn-m-\mWv s]mXp-hn AXp-hsc-bp-ff
{ia- \-S-n-cp--sXv {]_w {in-p-p-v. ZfnXvkaq-l- t^mIvtem-dn- IqsS Xsf Bhnjv-cn--sXs\sb At\z-jWw cv A[ym-b--fn-embn \S-p-p. Zfn-Xp ]pdta CXchn`m-Kfpw t^mIvtem [mcm-f-ambn Bhn-jv-cn-n-cp-p. CXp-ambn _-sv Xrm--csb kw_-n
sFXnly-, alm-_enNcnXw Fn-h-bpsS hni-I-e-\-amWv addp cv A[ym-b-. HmW-ns kmnI {Ib-hn-{I-b--fmWv asmcp {]Xn-]m-Zy-ta-J-e. HmW--fn-bpsS \c-hw-i -im-kv{Xhpw A\pjvTm-\h-c-W-ns cmjv{Sob kmaq-lym-fpw XpSv {]Xn-]m-Zn--s-Sp-p.
cmw `mK-n, 20-mw \qm-n HmW-hp-ambn _-s N-I-fn cq]-s-Sp `m-jmtZiobX
At\z-jn-p-p. sImtfm-Wn-b B[p-\n-IX, PmXnkap-Zmb _e-X-{-, ae-bm-fn-sb ]pXnbkzXzt_m[w, kvt]mkjn-n-sbpw sNe-h-gn-p ]W-nsbpw ASn-kvYm-\-n tIc-fo-bXz-n-s
apJykrjvSn-Im-fmbn adp-\m-S ae-bmfn amdp-p-sh kev]w Fn-h-bn-te-smw N hnIkn-p-p. {]_w Ah-km-\n-p-Xv GXm\pw \nK-a-\--fn-e-. At\z-jWhgn-bnse Nne {][m-\-kqN-I- am{Xw Ah-X-cn-n-n-cn-p-p. B[p-\nI HmWhpw tImf-\n-]q-Hm-Whpw cptaJe-I-fmWv.
]e-X-p-I-fn-embn \ne-\n kmaq-ly-hn-`m-K- X-fpsS `q{]-IrXnsbbpw Imem-hsbbpw kmaq-lyPo-hn-X-sbpw B-c-h-cn-p--Xns {]{Inb-I-fn-emWv Ifn/NSv/Bcm-[-\-I-fpsS {]XoIm-IX

17
tX-tS--Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS \K-c-tI{fn DZv-`hn ]pXnbHmWwasmcp ]mc-cyw krjvSn-s-Spv
apJy-[m-cm-hy-h-lm-c-ambn \ne-\npp. adp-\m-S ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS kzXz-kw-Ljw eLq-I-cn-p--Xn\pw
ae-bm-fn-sb s]mXp-t_m[w cq]w sImn-p-s-v Ah-\-h\pw A]-c-k-aq-l-pw t_m[y-s-Sp--Xn-\mbpw BN-cnp-XmWv C-s- HmWw. Cu ]gb ]pXnbHmW--fpsS kwLj-`q-an-IbmWv
BJym\sshhn[yfpsS Ah- X - c - W - n- e qsS {]_w Bhn- j v - c n- p- - X v . AXn- e qsS, apJy[mcmHmWkev]w ]e-a-n NnXdntmIp-p-v. ae-bm-fnv FmWv HmWw F-Xn\v H-ov AkwK-X-amWv FmWv Ahnm-\-co-Xn-]--Xn-bn-eqsS Cu {]_w sXfn-bn-p--Xv.
VI
\ncoW
tad aebmfKthjWamXrIIsf ]cntim[nptmgpw kaImenIaebmf KthjWsf
s]mXphn ]cntim[nptmgpw sNsm\mhp Nne \ncoW BWv C\n :
aebmfKthjWw hnjb\njvTXbpsSbpw _lphnjb\njvTXbpsSbpamb NqSpIfn \nv
]pdtv ISpIgnncnpp. Fn CXv hn tXmXv ImWnpnsnepw KpW]cambp
amns Hcp [mc ImWm _pnapn.
Asshm\nIXbpsS kz`mh
A\pkcnpnsn t]mepw hensbmcp hn`mKw KthjW Hne[nIw hnm\fn \nv
Adnhpev]mZ\w \SphbmsWp ImWmw. hnm\fpsS AXnnInSbnep {]iv\fmWv
`qcn`mKw KthjWfnepw hcpXv. Ch Ahnm\]Xnbntep {]thiILnemWv
Fp]dbmw. kmwkvImcnI]T\w, kv{XohmZw, Dcm[p\nINcn{Xw \hamIvknkw, BJym\]T\w
XpSnb Ahnm\sf KthjW hym]Iambn D]tbmKsSppp FpImWmw. Cu
Ahnm\ fpsS XncndnhpI hnhn[ hnm\sf DZv{KYnm\p s]mXpXew Hcppp
FXmWv {][m\s hkv X pX. kwkv I mc]mTw, AcnIphcns ]mT, Ncn{X]mTw,
{]Xybimkv{X]mTw, BJym\]mTw Fns\bp kev] Ch {]Zm\w sNpXneqsSbmWv
CXv kw`hnpXv. DZmlcWambn kmwkvImcnI]T\ns tI{mibw GXp hnm\ns
Adnhnt\bpw ]mTw F \nebn AYhm Ans {]kamb Hcp km[yX F \nebn
kzoIcnm\pw AhbpsS DmgvNIsf sshcpy \ne\nevptmt]mepw IqnbnWm\pw Ignbpw
FXmWv . AcnIphcns ]mTfpsS kamlmcsa \nebn hnm\imJIsf
IqnbnWm kv{Xo, ]cnnXn, tImf\nb\c, ZfnXv hmZv Ignbpp. Ccnep
IqnbnWepIfmWv aebmfKthjWns Asshm\nI{]hWXIfn {]apJamb Xew
ssIbSnbncnpXv. ChnsS hniIe\w sNbvX amXrIIfn BZytXv AcnIphcns
BJym\fpsS bpnbnepw cmatXv \ho\mn Ncn{X]mTw F bpnbnepw aqmatXv
kmwkvImcnI BJym\bpnbnepw DZv{KY\w \Snbncnpp.
]e Xefn {]iv\hcnmhpXmWv Cu DZv{KY\coXn. CXn {][m\amb Hv CXv
hn]pemnep Hcp IqnbnWemWv FXmWv. khntijhpw kohpamb {]iv\n
Cu km[yX kmam\yamb Nne kw`mh\Itf \evIq. Fm aebmfn Ahnm\ DZv{KY\w
Cu hn]pemnemWv IqSpXembpw \SpXv.
{]iv\]cnlmcns emLhbpn CXns asmcp {]iv\amWv. ]mTsf
kamlcnpXn\pdtv hniIe\n th{X {i ImmsX Xs KthjWw ]qoIcnm
Cu coXnsImv BIpw. AXpsImv \nKa\fpsS `mKw Ccw KthjWfn ipjvIamtbm CmsX
Xstbm htmw. Cs\ kw`hnm AhtemI\mIhpw tiJcWmIhpamb Hcp {]{Inbbmbn
KthjWw amdpw.
Ahnm\ KthjW {]mYanIambn hnm\imJIfpsS AdnhpIfn
\npXpSWsapw B AdnhpIfpsS Bgnep ]cntim[\sbpSmWv hnjbmcXzntev
{]thintXv FpamWv Ahnm\kev]w. Xobmbpw Unknn\dn Am AdnhpItfbpw
D]tbmKnmw. Fm Unknn\dn hynXzs Xopw AhKWnpsImv \nch[n
hnm\imJIfpsS hn]peamb Dmgv N m kamlmcn \npw kuIcy{]Zamb NneXv
kzoIcnpsImv KthjWw \nlnmsaphm AXv Asshm\nIamhn. Cv
CUnknn\dn F t]cn ]pdndp KthjW Unknn\dn t]mepa F _n
doUnwKvkns A`n{]mbw apv N sNbvXXv ChnsS Hmnmw. hnjb]cn[nI hn]peamIptm

18
KthjWns coXnimkv{XkzmX{yw ZpxkzmX{yamIpXns {]iv\amWnXv.
Ccw hn]ptemZv{KY\fpsS asmcp hnai\km[yX AXns ka{Kkz`mhamWv. GsXnepw
Hcp {]iv\s kw_nv kmwkvImcnIhniIe\w \SpI Fm AXpambn _sv e`yamb
apgph hnm\fntepw hnmt\Xc AdnhpIfntepw {]thinpI F sXmb Aw
kzoIcnpXns {]iv\amWnXv. C\n AXv KthjWs kmIampsn Xs ]pXnb
KthjWsf dmp an AXns ka{KXmt_m[w \ne\nev pp FXmWv {]iv \ w.
DZmlcWambn ae_m Iem]s kw_n hmsamgn BJym\hniIe\tam HmWs kw_n
kmwkvImcnIhniIe\tam C\nbpw aebmfKthjIv kzoIcnm\mhptam? kzw aefn
ka{Km[n]Xyapdnp kz`mhw coXnimkv{X]cnNcWn kzbw hnai\w kqnptm
t]mepw Cu KthjWfnepsXv ImWmsX t]mIm\mhm HpXsbmWv.
ChnsS ]T\n\mbn kzoIcn cmas amXrIsb kw_npw Ccw Nne {]iv\
\ne\nev ppv . AXv Asshm\nI kz`mhw {]ISnnptm Xs iojIn
sshm\nIm`napJy ]pep coXn ]npScpXv ImWmw. Asshm\nI cN\Ifn
HgnhmsSphbmWv Cu coXn. {]iv \ \njv T Xbn \npw hnjb\njv T Xbntev Du
hyXnbm\sSp {]XoXnbpmm CXv ImcWamIpw. hnhn[ hyhlmcfneqsS sXfnpw adnpw
kwhZnpw \nevp cm{ob At_m[ns k`sf BhnjvIcnp {]_icoctmSv
iojIw \oXn ]pepn.
Asshm\nI km[yXbp ]pXpknmfpsS Hcp hn]pe`qanI Dcm[p\nIambn
aebmfn e`yambnpsnepw km{ZmbnIamb kmlnXy]Tt\m]m[nbmbn Chsb kzoIcnp
\ne]mSv aebmfKthjWn ImWmw. \ho\ kmwkv I mcnIm`napJyw Dsmppshv
AhImisSptmXs kwkvImcw FXv kmlnXyw am{XamWv F tXmepfhmpwhn[n
kmlnXy]T\ XsbmWv aebmfKthjWnse `qcn]w KthjWfpw.
kmlnXyn\p]pdtv aebmf]T\w hnIknnptmgs AmZanIhpw kmtXnIhpamb
{]iv\ efnXa. Nnmlamb Hcp taJebmWnXv.
km{ZmbnIambn hnm\sav AwKoIcnm Hns\ D]mZm\ambn kzoIcnmtam F
Imcyn tIcfnse kIemimeI C\nbpw Xonsenbnn. Ccw kwcw`
kIemimeI AwKoIcnmXncnp Ah Xs \ne\nevppv.
{][m\ambpw am\hnI ]T\taJebnepw AXn Ipd Afhn kmaqlyimkv{X taJebnepw
D hnm\imJIfmWv Asshm\nIambn aebmfn D]tbmK sSpnsmncnpXv.
Ch Xn Xsbpw Chbvp]pdp hnm\imJ Ifpambpw hn]peamb DZv{KY\km[yXI
\ne\nevpp. Chbntev KthjWtaJe ISsnbnn. kmaqlyimkv{Xnse
CXchnm\imJI, {]IrXn imkv{Xhnm\imJI XpSnbh DZmlcWw. ChbpsS km[yX
km[phmtWm F tNmZyw aebmfKthjWn {]kamWv.
\nehnep kIemimemkwhn[m\ns {IaoIcWspdnv ]p\xnnmsX ]pXnb
B`napJyv hn]peambn hfcm Ignbn FXv \nkvXamWv. {]tXyIhnjbhnZKv[cpsS
hIppIfmbmWv kIemime hn`mh\w sNsnpXv. Hcp {]tXyI Unknn\n KthjWtbmKyX
t\Sn Hcp {]tXyI hIpn KthjIcmbntcphv XfpsS KthjW{]iv\w ]qambpw
CXchIppI sImv ]qcnntXmWv F Ah hm {]kv X pX KthjW{]iv \ w
Dt]npIbmWv XpSphcp s]mXpcoXn. KthjI hIppI sXcsSppIb, hIppI
Xv tbmPn KthjIsc sXcsSppIbmWv \ne\nevp coXn.
aebmfw hIppIsf am{Xw _m[np {]iv \ a Dcm[p\nIamb m\hntZhpw
Asshm\nIXbpw. Fm hIppIfpw hnZKv[cpw KthjIcpw tNp \nlnt Hcp ]pXnb
Adnhpev]mZ\ {Iahpw kaql\nmW coXnbpamWXv.

19

IpdnpI
kwkvIrXkIemime aebmfhn`mKn tUm. jmPn tP_ns The Impact of Elecronic
Media and Visual Culture on Reading Culture and Literary Sensibility in Malayalam F bp.Pn.kn.
taP t{]mPIvSns `mKambn \Snb At\zjWw.
2. Before we go any further here, has it ever occured to any of you that all of this is simply one Grand
misunderstanding? Since you are not here to learn anything, but to be taught so you can pass these tests,
knowledge has to be organised so that it can be taught, and it has to be reduced to information so it can be
organised, do you follow that? In other words this leads you to assume that organisation is an interent
property of knowledge itself, and that disorder and chaos are simply irrelevant forces that threaten it from
outside. Infact its exactly the opposite. Order is simply a thin, perilous condition we try to impose on the
basic reality of chaos. (Gaddis, William (1976), JR London, Jonathan Cape P.20, referred in Moran J,
2002 : I)
3. Declaration of Independence of the Man of Science, his emancipation from philosophy, is one of the more
subtle after effects of the democratic form and formlessness of life. The self - glorification and presumption
of the Scholar now stands everywhere in full bloom and in its finest spring time (Nietzsche (1886), 1990 :
129) referred in (Moran J., 2002 :13).
4. Un.-F.-F-bpsS LS-\bpw U_n slen- amXr-Ibpw Ahn-m\ kao-]\w
Un.-F.-F-bpsS LS-\bvv U_n slen- amXr-I \ntin hmSvk {Inv ]co--Ws
Ahn-m-\-am-Xr-I-bm-bmWv Cv a\-n-em-n-tm-cp--Xv. Ahn-m\Kth-j-W-n ]ment kmt-Xn-I-]-S-hp-I-fpsS ZrjvSm-- Ch-bn ImWmw. CXns Kth-j-W-{]-iv\w AXmbXv Un.-F.-F-bpsS LS\ hni-Zo-I-cn-pI F {]iv\w Hcp hnm-\w-sImv ]cn-l-cn-m-\m-hm
ko-{]-iv\-am-sWp ImWmw. {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-n-\mbn {][m-\-amb hnm-\-sf {]tXy-I-amsb-Spv Hmtcm-nepw {]iv\s kw_-n-v t\cnpw Am-sX-bp-ap Dm-gvN-I, knm--,
kao-]-\- Fnh hni-Z-ambn a\-kn-em-p-I-bmWv cm-as ]S-hv. ^nkn-Ivkv, _tbm-f-Pn,
sIankv{Sn Fn-hbpw Ah-bpsS D]-hn-m-\-fpw Cu Kth-j-W-n-\mbn {]tXyIw sXc-sSpv Hmtcm-nepw Kth-j-I th{X {]mhoWyw t\Sp-I-bp-m-bn.
XpSv {]iv \ - h n- i - Z o- I - c - W - n hnm- \ - ]pep Dm- g v N - I - f psS ka- \ z- b hpw
kwLjhpw ]cn-tim-[n-p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. _tbm-f-Pnbpw AXns D]-hn-m-\-amb P\-nIvkpw
AXp-t]mse uXn-I-im-kv{Xhpw AXns D]-hn-m-\-amb x-ray {In-tem-{Km-^nbpw Un.-F.-FbpsS LS\ hni-Zo-I-cn-m {]m]vX-amWv F {]I-S-[m-cW krjvSn-n-cp-p. Fm Ah-I-fpsS
_e-lo-\-X-I AXn\nv B hnm-\-sf XS-bp-I-bmWv sNp-Xv Fp Kth-j-I a\-n-emn. DZm-l-c-W-ambn P\-nIvkv hnZ-Kv[ sshd-kp-Isf ]Tn-p-I-bmWv Un.-F.-F-bpsS LS\ a\-knem-m \-sXp Icp-Xn. ImcWw sshd-kp-Iv GXmv \-amb Po LS-\-bm-Wp--Xv. ]t
Po\ns LS\ hni-Z-am-p--Xn P\-nIvkv Imcy-ambn bmsXm-c-dnhpw aptm-p-sh-bvp-n-. BbXn-\m Ah-bpsS kz mhw hni-Zo-I-cn-m P\-nIvkv Ai--am-bn-cp-p. ^nknIvkvs D]-im-Jbmb x-ray{Inkv-tem-{K^n t{]mo-\p-I-fpsS LS\ hni-Zo-I-cnm-\mWv {ian--Xv. t{]mo-\p-I ko--fmb Xm-{X-Ifm-bn-cp-p. t{]mo Xm-{X-sb-Np-nbp Adn-hp-Iv Un.F.F Kth-j-W-n {]tXyI {]m[m\yw Dm-bn-cp-n-.
t{]mo-\p-I-f-, Fm-tIm-i--fn-tebpw t{Ima-tkm-ap-I-fn-ep
Un.-F.-F- I-fmWv Poh-tI{w Fv Kth-j-I hniz-knt
t{]mo Xm-{X-Isf Poh-k--bpsS hml-I-ambn KWn-p
knm--fpw P\n-n-Ivkn Dm-bn-cp-p. hnm-\--fpsS
Cu kwLj-]-cn-k-cv KthjI-cmb hmSv-k\pw {Inpw
Pohs ASn-m-\-L-SIw t{]mo Xm-{X-I-f Un.-F.F
Xs-bmWv Fv Dd-p-hn-iz-knp. t{]mo Xm-{X-I-fpsS LS\m-hn-t-j-W-n {in ^nkn-Ivkns D]-im-J-bmb xray{Inkv-tem-{K^nbpsS Adn-hp-I kzoI-cn-p--Xn\p ]Icw
x-ray {Inkv-tem-{K^nbpsS kmt-Xn-I-hn-Zy-am{Xw kzoI-cnp.
Cs\ Cu Kth-j-I Kth-jWw ]ptcm-K-an-n-p-sImv ]pXnsbmcp Xncn- - d n- h n- s e- n. Un.- F .Fbv v Hcp jpK
t^mkvt^v tI{-L-S-\-bmWv DXv F-Xm-bn-cpp AXv.
Fm CXv sIan-kv{Sn-bpsS \nb-a-v km[p-hm-bn-cp-n. Atbm-Wp-Iv ASp-n-cn-m-hp an\naw AI-et- -m
Ipd-hmIpw {]kvXpX Kth-j-I-cpsS amXrI F-Xn-\m sXmb Hcp Kth-j-W-am-Xr-I-bmbn Iev]nv
Kth-j-Wn-\p [\-k-lmbw \nn-h-bv-s-Sp-Ibpw Kth-jWw Xmm-en-I-ambn \ne-bvpIbpw sNbvXp. XpSmWv Sp_mtm samsskv sshd-kp-I-fn ]T\w \S-m Cu Kth-j-I
1.

20

5.

6.

7.

Xocp-am-\n--Xv. Un.-F.F tbmSv kam-\X ]pep B.-F.F F LSIw \nco--W-n\v

Ghpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-n {Iao-I-cn--s-n-cn-pp F-XmWv Sp_mtm samsskv
sshd-kns {]tXy-I-X. Cu \nco--W-n-eqsS Ah sshd-kns `mK-ambn Nne Atbm
ktX ImWp-I-bp-m-bn. Atbm ktX--fpsS hnX-cWw a\-n-em-n-b-tm ChbpsS
Atbm-Wn-I-_-\w Xr]XnI-c-am-hm U_n slen- LS-\-bmWv Ghpw efn-X-ambn
tbmPnI F kmam-\y-bpn {]tbm-Kn-p. Fm CXv KthjW-n-\msI D]-bp-amb
hgn-n-cn-hm-bn. Cu U_n slen- LS\ Un F F bntev Btcm-]n-t- m sIankv{SnbpsS
sshcp-y- ]cn-lcn--s-p. \nc-h[n hnm-\-sf Iqn-tbm-Pn-n-m-\mIp kmam-\y-Xeambn (Common Ground) U_n slen- amXrI F k-ev]\w amdn. CXneqsS Xopw
]pXnb Hcp hnmt\m-ev]m-Z\w \S-p. cq]-s- Un. F. F bpsS LS-\-sb ]pXnb Adn-hmIs, GsX-nepsamcp hnm\-n\v kzmX-{m-h-Imiw D-bn-m-\m-hm-Xpw Fm {]kvXpX
hnm\-f
- p-sS-sbmw Iepam-bn-cp-p. Cs\ Asshm\n-Ia
- mb Hct\zjW hgnbpsS
]qo-I-c-W-ambn Un F F LS\m KthjWs ImWmw.
1963 tIcf kIemimebn Hcp aebmfhn`mKw tUm. ]n.sI. \mcmbW]nbpsS
t\XrXzn cq]w sImsnepw 1969 IqSpX Aym]Isc tNv
hnIknntXmSpIqSnbmWv KthjW{]h\w Ne\mIambnocpXv. BZyLn
\nnXamb Hcp eytmsS Bkq{XnXamb coXnbnemWv KthjW{]h\w aptdnbXv.
ka{Kamb Hcp `mjmNcn{Xhpw kmlnXyNcn{Xhpw XmdmpIbmbncpp Cu eyw. AXn\p
klmbIamb {]iv\fmWv KthjWhnjbfmbn \evInbncpXv (s_an Un., 1994,
kaImeaebmfKthjWw : km[yXIfpw {]iv\fpw, KthjW{]Xn`, AWn sI.,
s_an Un... (]{Xm[n]kanXn), Un.kn. _pIvkv, tImbw, ]pdw. 139).
tIcfnse _paX]mccyw \mdnhpIfneqsS 2002, sImSpqcns kmwkvImcnI\nabpw
tIcfobmht_m[hpw 2004, tZiobX : kev]\hpw {]Xn\n[m\hpw aebmft\mhen 2004,
aebmfkmlnXyhpw kn\nabpw : A\ph\nse {]iv \ 2004, B[p\nIXbpw
BWhpw 2006, aebmfnse emn\tacn t\mh hnh\ kwkv I mchpw
cm{obhpw 2005 Fmw kwkvIrXkIemime. Counter Sexual Culture in the post Colonial
Kerala Society (2008) The Language of Astrology - A Critical Discourse Analysis (2008) Literary
Public Sphere in the Modern Kerala Society (2007) - Fmw a{Zmkv kIemime. tIcfkwkvImcw
Hcp ZenXv kao]\w kmlnXyIrXnI apJymhew_amnbp ]T\w 1997, am[ya`mj Hcp
]T\w 2008, Ifsagppw tIcfns B[p\nI Nn{XIebpw 2001, aebmfNen{Xnse kv{Xo
kev ] w `cX kn\naIsf Bkv ] Zamnbp ]T\w 2001, hS tIcfnse
hmsamgnhyhlmcfpsS {]Xn^e\w aebmfkmlnXyn 2008, IYbpw XncYbpw
am[yat_m[ns {]iv\, Fw.Sn. hmkptZh \mbcpsS cN\I apJymhew_amn
Hct\zjWw 1998, ]cnnXn kucyZi\w aebmfIhnXbn 1999, eLp IqmbvaIfnse
GIoIcW{]{Inbbpw kzXzt_m[hpw 1999 (Fmw tImgntmSv kIemime), ]pXphnX :
Hcp t^mIvtemdnnIv ]T\w 1999, aebmft\mh (19501970) LS\mhmZ]camb kao]\w 1995
(Fmw tIcf kIemime) XpSnbh ]pXnb hnjb kzoIcWnsbpw ]cnWmansbpw
GXm\pw DZmlcWfmWv.
hnm\imJ (Discipline) \nch[n LSIfpsS kamlmcamWv. kev]\ (Concepts)
knm (Theories) {]Xn`mk (Phenomena) [mcWI (Assumptions) m\imkv{Xw
(Epistemology) coXn (Method) Fnh CXns cq]oIcWLSIfmWv (Repko AF, 2008:83115). imJm[njv T nX hnm\n \npw imJmc hnm\ntep ]cnWmaw
hnm\imJIfpsS tad cq]oIcWLSIfn h ]cnWmans Xen
]TnmhpXmWv . kmwkv I mcnI]T\w F ]pXnb ]T\taJe (hnm\imJsbp
{]tbmKnpXv A{X `{Zatm)bpsS cq]sSen tadhbpsS ]cnWmaw Fs\
]phlnp Fv DZmlcnpXneqsS CXv hniZoIcnmhpXmWv.
kwkvImcw F {]Xn`mk (Phenomena) s a\nemn h kev]\ (Concepts)
amdnbXv CXnse {][m\amb hyXnbm\_nphmbncpp. AXphsc IemhnjvImcfpsStbm
kmaqlymhnjvImcfpsStbm ]cnanXaes A`nkwt_m[\ sNbvXncp Cu kev]w
ka{KPohnXssien F ]pXnb kev ] ambn cq]w amdn. Adnhv hymhlmcnIambmWv
cq]sSpXv F m\imkv { X]camb hntZw (Epistemological Break) CXpambn
tNphtm Fm BhnjvImcfpw kmwkvImcnI\nnXnIfmbn a\nemmsap hp.
Cs\ kwkvImcsa {]Xn`mks (Phenomena) kw_np [mcWI (Assumptions)
]pXnb Xen {]XnjvTnsp. Ch Asshm\nIXbSap ]pXnb coXn (Method)
IfneqsS kmwkvImcnI]T\sa hn]peamb hnm\kzcq]w \nnpp.

21

{KkqNn
1.

{]`mIchmcy sI.Fw., (1998) 2009, KthjWw B[p\nIkmlnXy Ncn{Xw

{]m\fneqsS, Un.kn. _pIvkv, tImbw.

2.

cPnv ]n., 2011, aebmfnbpsS `qXIme, HmWhpw kmaqly`mh\mtemIhpw, Id v

_pIvkv, Xriq.

3.

jwjmZv lpssk, sI.Sn., 2005, ae_m Iem]ns hmsamgn ]mccyw, KthjW

{]_w, kwkvIrXkIemime, ImeSn.

4.

kp\n ]n. CfbnSw, 2009, ZanXw, tIcf`mjm Cnyqv , Xncph\]pcw.

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Foster Hall (1998), Trauma Studies and the Interdisciplinarity : An Overview, in Alex Coler and
Alexia Defert (eds.), The Anxiety of Interdisciplinarity, London, Backless Books.

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Frank R., (1988), Interdisciplinarity : The First Half Century, in E.G. Stanley and T.F. Hoad
(eds.) Words : For Robert Burchfields Sixty fifth Birthday, Cambridge : D.S.Brewer.

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Moran J. (2002), Interdisciplinarity, New York : Routledge.

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Philosophy of the future, trans. R.J. Hollingdale, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
11. Readings Bill (1996), The University in Ruins, Cambridge, MA : Harward University Press.
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Indianapolis, IN : Bobbs - Merrill.