{io-]Z

- va
- \
- m-`t- -{X[-\w :
A-\
- c
- m-hI
- m-in-Ifmb hn-izm-kn-If
- p-sS \n-e]
- mSv
Aemhp-os AZv`p-X-hn-ftm Beo-kns AZv`pX-tem-Itam C\n Hcp an\n-Y am{Xw. temIm-Zv`pX--sf-bmsI adn-I-S Znhym-Zv`pXw! A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\--fn XnSp-hpw aqbpap-m-bn-cp \psS
cmjv{So-b
- mn-I Hp-t]mepw Cs\ Fs-nepw I-Xmbn ]d-bp-t-bn-. Bb-Xn-\m, Ipd-]w
atX-X-c-Xztam \yq\-]-m-h-Im-itam Fnepw {hW-s-nn Fv \ap-p-d-mmw! ]s, bpn-bn-m
bpn-hm-Zn-Ifpw hKo-b-hm-Zn-Ifpw \nn-]vX-Xm-ev]-cy-mcpw ]e-tIm-Wp-I-fn\npw apd-sX-msX A`n{]m-b--sf \ne-bn sXp-[m-cW ]c-n-sm-t-bn-cn-p-p. _pn-Iqa-bp-ff km s]mI-fnp-p. Fmw Iv Ftmgpw Aw-hn-n-cn-pI ioe-am-n-b-h Ahn-S-hn-sS-bn-cn-p-v. \apmIs,
hmkvXhw tXtS--Xp-v.

XZv hnjvtWmx ]caw ]Zw kZm ]iyn kqcbx

A\--X-bn hnjvWp-hns -i-b-\s \nc-cw Im-Wp--h-cmWp _pn-am-m
(b-PpthZw 6.5)

t{X-[-\-n-s kz-cq]w : Fsms-bm-bn-cpp \ne-h-d-bn?

1) {io-]-Zva\m-`-hn-{K-l-n-\p-f-f A-e-m-c: i-c-sm-fnam-eI, D-S-bm-S-I-, c-Xv-\-J-Nn-X-fm-b In-coS, H-Uym-W-, hn-{K-l-n-s av B-`-c-W-.
2) hn-ti-jm]q-P-bp-sS km-a-{Kn-I: kz-W-hn-{K-l, kz-W-hn-f-pI, kz-W-Ipw-`-, kz-W-pI, kz-W-\m-cp-I (Nq), (\n-thZyw A-]n-p--Xn-\pf-f) c-Xv-\-J-Nn-X-fm-b kz-W-n-c-I,
sh-f-fn-p-S, sh-f-fn--nI, in-h-\p-f-f X--n-s 5000 F-cn-n-]q-hp-I F-nh.
3) Im-Wn--bp-sS cq-]-n-ep-f-f k-a-]n-X-h-kv-Xp: kz-W-jm-fpI, kz-W-s\-I-Xn-cpI, B-\-{]Xn-aI, am-Wn-Iyw, a-c-XIw, C-{-\oew, sshcw, ssh-Uqcyw Xp-Sn-b c-Xv-\-, _--Pn-bw c-Xv-\-,
s\-tm-fn-b kz-W-\m-W-b, kzm-Xn-Xn-cp-\m-fn-s Ime-v kq-d-n-\npw sIm-p-h- e--W-n-\p kz-W-\m-W-b-, 1877\p ti-j-ap-f-f Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq cm-P-\m-W-b.
4) ]-ehI: In-co-S-[m-c-W-k-a-b-p-]-tbm-Kn-p- kz-W-ho--bp-sS I-j-W-, tI-Sp-]m-Sp-I h--Xn-\m
am-n-h- 35 In-tem- X--A-n X-p-S-nbh.
]e-]e am[y-afpw hyn-Ifpw \evInb hnh-c--fn C\n Am-aXv Hcp C\-ns kqN-\-I-fn-.
C{]-Imcw, \ne-h-d-I-fn\npw e`n-Xv Fsms-bmWv Fv hnth-Nnp t\mm--XmWv sIp-I-YIp Imc-Ww.

t{X-[-\-n-s kz-`m-hw: \n[ntbm Icp-X[-\tam BIptam?

\n-e-h-d-km-a-{Kn-I-fp-sS knw-l-`m-Khpw Im-Wn--X-s. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq cm-Pm--m \n-Xy-Z-i-ns\-p-tm k-a-]n--hbpw ]n-d-m t]m-se-bp-f-f hn-ti-jm-h-k-c--fn sIm-m-c-n-ep-f-f-hcpw apw
k-a-]n--hbpw t\-m, _-tdm-U Xp-Sn-b hn-tZ-i-cm-Py--fn-\n-pw cm-P-Io-b-k--i-\- ]-Xn-hm-bncp- Ime-v k-a-]n--s--hbpw a-pam-Wp Im-Wn--bp-sS hen-sbm-cp ]v. tem-I-s-mSpw kp-K--hyRv-P-\-hym-]m-c-n-s Ip--I-bp-m-bn-cp--h-cmWv tN-c-N-{I-h-Xn-amcpw ]n-Km-an-Ifmb Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq
cm-Pm-m-cpw. B \n-e-bv-p h-p-tN--Xn Ip-e-ssZ-hamb {io-]-Zva-\m`-\p cm-Pm--mXs [amw-iambn I-cp-Xn-h--hbpw hn-tZ-i-p-\n-p-f-f I--h-S-{]-ap-J-cp-w k--i-I-cp-w b-Ym-Y-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp {io-]Z- va\m`-s-cp-am-fn-\p \-evIn-b Im-gv-N-[-\hpw a-p-am-Wv hn-tZ-i-[-\-am-bn Im-Wp-h. C-s\ t\m-n-m-Wptm t{kmX-p hy--am- H-cp h-kvXp-t]mepw C-q--n-en. t{X-[-\-w F-p ]-d-bm-\m-Im-Xmbpw H-p-an. \n-[n-sb-tm cm-Py-n-s I-cp-X-[-\-satm Cu k--n-s\ hn-fn-p-Xv Xn-I- Adn-hnm-bv-a-bm-Wv.

b-Ym-Y-aq-eyhpw {]-N-cn-p- aq-eyhpw

Ip-d-Xv B-bn-c-n-cp-q-dp h-jw ]-g--ap-f-f-hbpw D-s]-Sm-\n-S-bpf-f Cu ]-c--cm-KXt{X-[-\n-s aqeyw Bpw Xn--s-Sp-m-\m-hn. A-fhpw Xq-hpw C-\hpw am-{X-ta \n-co--I Xn--s-Sp-pp-ff
- q. Du-lhn-e {]-Nc
- n-n-p- ]-{X-am-[y-a
- ]pXn-b P-\m-[n-]Xy-ssi-en-bn ]-d
m "A-\m-im-ky'
am-Wp sN-p--Xv; i-cnbm-b `m-j-bn tZi-t{Zm-l-am-Wp sN-p--Xv. C-Xp sX-fn-bn-pXv C--s
Xncph\]pcw BcykamPw {]knsSppXv
BcykamPw eLpteJ 2

X-e-ap-d-bp-sS N-cn{X-t_m-[-anm-bv-a Iq-Sn-bmWv: 1990 tImS-Xn B-h-iy--m-bn t-{Xw-h-I IW-p

\-ev-In-b-tm H-cp e--n- A-dp-]-Xn\m-bn-cw tImSn-tbm-fw F-v CtX t{X-[-\-ns Zr-iy-aqeyw
Xn--s-Sp-n-bn-cpp. C-cp-]-Xp-h-j--p ti-jw cq-]-bp-sS aq-ey-h-[-\ am{Xw I-W-n-se-Sp-mepw AXv
]- p- e - w tIm- S n- b n- t e- d pw! B Ah- - b n Ctm ]- d - p- ] - c - p- I- W - pIv Fv
B-[m-camWpffXv?

t{X-[-\w hptN hgn

t{Xsf ]gbt]mse imZrnbn t\mnmWphm C\n ]epw Ignbn.
cmP`cWImev \nIpXn ]ncnp kzcpqnb kmZyw t{X\nehdIfn Hfnnp hXmsWpw
hntZim{IaWw `bv adph cmP[\amsWpw apapff hmZapJ AXns ZrmfmWv. Acw
hn]coXhmZ s]mffbmsW hmkvXhw P\sf t_m[nntXpv.

t{Xw s]mXp-J-P-\mhm-bn-cp-n
Inn-bn-cn-p-Xv t{X[\w am{X-amWv Fs{X \ne-h-d-I-fn\npw e`n-hsb thXn-cnp
t\mnbtijw \mw apI- f n IdnXv . am{X- a - , s]mXp- P - \ - ns knhn{Inan\
hyhlmcmbn lPq Itcnbpw km-n-I-Im-cy-mbn lPq{Sjdnbpw ]papXte {]tXyIw
\ne\nXnbncpp Fp Ncn{Xkmyhpapv.

aXneIw tcJI F alm-[\w

Nne Ncn{XImcm ]{Xfnepw apw a
XneIw tcJI Fp ]cmainppsnepw C u
t{X[\s kw_nv AhbpsS Kuchw hyamsnn. aXneIw Fm t{Xns
aXnsIn\p`mKw FYw. AhnsS \Snpff khhn[hyhlmcfpsSbpw sImhjw 479
({InkvXzw 1304) apXepff \mhgnWpIfpw \mNcn{XhpamWv Ahbvp ]d-bp-hm-\p-ff
- Xv. 3000]cw
]\tbmespI AYhm NpcpWIfmbn GXmv Apetmfw XmfpIfmWv t{XtmSp tNp
\nncp hStamfnI s]mfntijw ]p]pcs sk{S Bsshvkn FnnpffXv. Dffqcpw
iqc\mS\pw apw tNp ]pdndnb "Nne {][m\ aXneIw tcJI' F Hcp sNdp]pkvXIw
am{Xta Ahbn\npw shfnw Inpffq. iqc\mSs Xs tat\mn ChbpsS Hcp
`mKnIkw{Klw sNbvXnpffXpXs {]knsSpm 100]cw hmfyfmbnpv. Chptijw
B hgnv Bcpw Xs Imcyambn ]cn{iannn FmWv Bsshvkv A[nImcnIfn\npw
Adnbm\mbXv. hmkvXhn, \mw NNsNbvXphcp t{X[\tmsSmw Xs aqeyapff Ah
XnIpw AhKWns \nebnemWv. {]kvXpXt{X[\snbpff ka-{K-tc-J-I-I-fm-W-h. CXp
XnIpw ssl-h-[-\-am-sWv Cu tcJ-I-fn-eqsS Itm-Sn-p--hp ImWm\m-Ipw. kwibapffh Ah
]cntim[ntijw am{Xw A`n{]mbw ]dbpXmIpw DNnXw. kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS "tImhn-eIw tcJ'-I-sf-tmse
Chbpw \in-n--s-Sm-\mWp hgn.

Chn-sS-s Fp-sImv C{Xbpw [\w?

hntZim{IaWn\npw csncp ew `mcXJfinemsIbpmbncpXv bYmYn
ZnWtIcfw am{Xambncpp FXpw tNccmPmmcpsS cmtI{ambn AhnSw hXnncpp FXpw
kphnZnXamWv. aX]camb Imcyfn AXohXmXv]cyw {]Zinnncp IpetiJcscpamfpsS
]mccyw kqnncphcmWv AhnSps thWmcNm. XncphnXmwIqcmPmhns\ Atlns
]cnipnsImv XncpASnI Fpw cmPys XncpASn tZiw Fpw ]dpt]mncpp. AtX
AYapff "hm\h\mSv' (=tZhtZiw) BWv thWmSmIpXv. hnjvWp`nbpsS 108 ZnhytZifn
tIcfnepff 13 ]Xns\mpw XncphnXmwIqdnembncpp FXv {inpI. GXp \nebnepw kam[m\w
]peXpI FXmbncpp tNck{ampIsftmse ChcpsSbpw s]mXp\bw. bpambncpn, hym]mchpw
kwkvImchpambncpp ChcpsS {ibnepmbncpXv. Cu ImeLfn kp-K
- h
- y-RvP
- \
- hn]Wnbnse
IpIbpw apw ImcWw hmWnPy]camb kpnXn ssIhcnm tIcfn\p km[nXpsImv
hym]mcnhKns ] [\w IpanpIqSn. kaqlnse khK t{X\namWn\pw
cbvpw thn kw`mh\ \evIp Imcyn ]ckv]cw acnp. tIcfnse anhmdpw Fm
t{Xpw Bhn`mhhnImk kqNnnp e]pcmW (encomiums) Dv. ]Xn\memw
\qmn\Spv FgpXssXp ncoIcnnpff A\]pchW\w, kym\qc]pcmWkapbw
XpSnbhbpw A\ib\t{Xamlmflyw, Xncph\]pcw hnjvWpkvtXm{Xw XpSnb eLpIrXnIfpw
{io]Zva\m`kzmant{Xns alnabpw Ncn{Xhpw hnhcnppv. ]{p \qmp app Pohnncp
\mhm F almkn {io]Zva\m`s\ hmgvnmSnbncnpXp ImWmw. AXn{]mNo\cmb Bbv
cmPmmcpsSbpw ]nevImes thWmcNmcpsSbpw IpessZhXambncpp {io]Zva\m`kzman. thZXncph\]pcw BcykamPw {]knsSppXv
BcykamPw eLpteJ 2

hn[n {]Imcw kzw hcpam\-ns Hcp sNdnb iX-am\w (an--hmdpw 10%) \n-bnv kzmanp
kan- pt]mn- c p- p. 172958 Imev cmPyw hmW amXmfihaalmcmPmhv ]ecmPyfpw
shv 1750 P\phcn 3 \v {io]Zva\m`\p "XrSnZm\w" sNbvXXmWv Hcp khntijNcn{XkwKXn.

"s]cp-am-fns ]Ww {]P-Iv' Fp ]d-bm-\m-Iptam?

XrSnZm\'n\ptijw {io]Zva\m`\v "s]cpam' F cmP]Zhn e`nncpp FXpsImp am{Xw
t{X[\w s]mXp[\amIpp Fp ]dbm\mIn. "{Inkv X y A^tbgv k v ' Fpw apw
CXcaXhn`mKfpsS Imcymbn XncphnXmwIqdn {]tXyIw cmPIob kwhn[m\fpmbncpp.
XncphnXmwIqdnse lnp`cWm[nImcnI ss{Ikv X hapow {]PIv ]ffnI ]Wnbnp
sImSppItbm ]ffnIpthn `qkzpfpw [\hpw Bhiywt]mse Zm\w sNpItbm
]Xnhpmbncpp. \KclrZbn ]mfbp XebpbXn\nevIp sk vtXmakv Io{Uen\v
Hc\qmntesd ]gapv. henbXpdbnepff sk v BWn ]ffnv \m\qdntesdsmw ]gapv.
16mw \qmn sk v {^mknkv tkhy Xncph\]pcns Xoc{]tZifn kphntij{]NmcWw
\Snbncpp. Atlns t]cnepw ]gb ]ffnbpv. Xncph\]pcpXsbpff shpImp]ffn
asmcp DZmlcWamWv. \m\mPmXnaXcmb \nch[n t] Zi\n\pthn ChnSfn XSnpIqSpp.
Cu ]ffnIfpsS hcpam\hpw KWyamWv. apo Xmaknp GXp tIcf{Kmanepw AhcptSXmb
]gb ]ffnI ImWmw. Xncph\]pcw IS]pds _oamffnbmWv ZnWtIcfnse Ghpw
IoXntI apow XoYmS\tI{w. PmXnaXt`Zat\y BbncWn\v Bcm[I ChntSp
{]hlnppv. N\pSw s]cpmfn\pw apapff hchv DulmXoXamWv. t]mXpKokv apX {_oojv
hscbpff hntZiinIfpsS Xffnbw {InkvXym\nIv hntijamb Ahkc \evInbnpv.
CXn\p ]pdta t{XfpsS \mimhin pta Dbp hnpff ]ffnI ]eXpapv. tImbw
ao\n Xmeqnse Ncn{X{]knamb CSI ]ffn DZmlcWw.
hn`naXcpsS Bcm[\mtI{ sXmpcpnsmst]mse \nesImffp Xncph\]pcw
\Kcw A\\ykm[mcWamb aXkulmZnsbpw At\ym\y_lpam\nsbpw AcnamWp
shfnsSppXv. thWmcN\mb A\SnI XncphSnI {InkvXzw 849 ]pdsSphn Xcnkmffn
Xm{aimk\n {Inkv X ym\nIp \ev I nb \nch[n B\pIqey tcJsSpnbnpv .
tIcfcmPmm {]ISamnb aXklnjv W pXbv pw hnimehoWn\pw Dff At\Iw
sXfnhpIfnsemmWnXv. F.Un. ]Xns\mmw \qmnse aqjIhwiwImhyn ""cmPjnamcpsS
B{ian arK F{]ImcamtWm ]ckv]cw IelnmsX hXnpXv AtXt]mse hn`naX
kulmZ]pccw hXnpp"" Fp tcJsSpnbXv AXnitbmnb. lnpfptSsXmgnsI
_ussP\PqX{InkvXyapow Bcm[\mtI{p s]mXpth ]ffn Fmbncpp t].
XncphnXmwIqdn Hcnepw aXssmn Iel Dmbnn.
CXcaXhnizmknIfpsS [\w s]cpam F \nebnt]mepw {io]Zva\m`\p ka]n
sncnm\pff km[yXsb Cu sXfnhpI XffnfbpIbmWv. PmXnsbbpw aXk{Zmbsbpa,
a\pjyXzsbmWv Apffh am\nncpsXp sXfnbnp tcJI ]eXpv. C\n adphiv,
]e]e aXk{Zmb \Snhcp hnZym`ymk m]\fnepw apw A\yaXcpsSbpw [mcmfw
[\w kw`mh\bmbpw ^okpIfmbpw apw hptNcpptm. AmcWwsImv B kn
A\yaXcpsS AhImihmZw Bscnepw AwKoIcnmdptm? BbXn\m, Cs
aXhKob]men Cu t{X[\s t\mnmWm XncnWsav R A`yYnpp.

\mw sN-tXv
D-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw t\Sn-bn-cp {_mWmZnhK-v Np-fpw alm-Im-hy-fpw ap-ap-f-f-Xpt]mse kmam-\y-hn-Zym-`ymkw am{X-ap-m-bn-cp \mn]p-d-p-Imv "]mv' F Imhy-cq]-ap-m-bn-cpp. 12-mw \qm-nse cma-N-cnXw ]mv DZm-l-c-Ww. GXp hWnepw s] ssl\P\hKn\pw ]pff "]mv' F Imhycq]ns eWw ]dbpnSv Hcp {io]Zva\m`kvXpXntmIamWv eoemXneI
Imc DZmlcnncnpXv FXn\npw Fm lnqfpw Cu t{Xs XfpsS `nv
B{ibamnbncpp Fp a\nemmw. B \nebvv CuizchnizmknIfmb kakvXlnpfmWv
{io]Zva\m`s t{X[\n\v AhIminIfpw cnXmfpamtIXv. tIcfnXs
t{XkzpI kwcnpw F Khsa v Xocpam\w XnIpw kzmKXmlamWv; sslha\p
IdnpsImpffXmWv . Fnepw t{Xw tIcfkmtcm tI{kmtcm GsSpp
\nebntepff \S]SnI GXp tImSXnbpsS `mKp\npmbmepw lnpkaqlw Hsmbn AXnXncph\]pcw BcykamPw {]knsSppXv
BcykamPw eLpteJ 2

iw FXnWw. Cmcyn CXphsc lnp_lpP\fpsS ]p\npw tImSXnIfn Hcp

CSs]Sepw Dmbnn FXv XnI Hcp \yq\Xbmtb ImWm\mIppffq. lnp _lp
P\kwLS\Itfm sslhXmXv]cykwcItcm kp{]owtImSXnbn ASnbncambn
IntNtcXmWv. \psS ]qhnI Bt]clnXambn IcpXnhXpw P\\bvv Bhiyapfftm
D]tbmKnncpXpamb Cu t{X[\w ap t{X[\fn\npw ]teImcWfm hyXykvXamWv.
Cuizcka]nXamb Cu [\cmin `np hn]coXamImsXbpw bpnp \ncp hn[hpw ssIImcyw
sNtXvv amcpa, lnpkaqlwXsbmWv.
takqNnn kzcq]nepff t{X[\w C\ndbp aqp hn`mKns]SppXv
DNnXambncnpw.
1)

cmPssZhXambncp {io]Zvva\m`s {]uVn \ne\np hn{Klkw_nbmb

AhiyhkvXp.

2)

Ncn{X]pcmhkvXpsf \nebn XnIpw hntijssXp IcptXh.

3)

IcpX[\amtbm ^mtbm ]cnhXnnmhph.

"{io]Zv v a \m`kzmanbpsS [\w h[n- n- psImp kwcnpI' F cmPhwifpsS

{]Xnbv\pkcnpthWw lnp C\n DWp {]hXntXv. [\w ayqknbnsenp
ImgvNmcmIpXpsImp km[nmhpX B almb eyw. AXn\v kwcWtm-sSmw
kwh[-\-n\pw \S-]Sn thWw. XncpXn, hmcWmkn XpSnb t{X\KcfpsS amXrIbn
{io]Zv a \m`s t]cn Hcp Amcmob sslhkwkv I rXntI{amn Xem\\Kcnsb
cq]sSpm \apmIWw. AXn\pXIpwhw imkv{Xobamb ]Xn cq]oIcnv tImSXnIsfbpw
kmcns\bpwsImv AwKoIcnnt NpaXebmWv lnpkwLS\Iv s]mXphmbpffXv. ]peb XpSn A[xnX IqSp-X-ep-ff lnp-Pm-Xn-Iv Cu t{Xn hnti-jm-h-Imiw Dm-bn-cpp
Fp kqNn-n-p tcJ-I-fp-v. aqmw KW-n Is-p [\w Aq--cpsS ta-n-\mbn hn\ntbm-Kn-m aX-]-cn-hX\w aqe-ap-ff `mcn Xe-th-Z-\-I-fn\npw ssl-hp c-s-Sm-\m-Ipw. tdmUpI-fp-sSbpw apw hnI-k-\-n\v cmjv{SobIn-S-a--c-n-S-bn em]vkm-bn-tm-Ip ^p aXnbmIpw.
cmP-`-c-W-ns ]te KpW-fpa-\p-`-hnnpff kmXs thWw Icp-X\-S-]-Sn-Ip-ff sNe-hpI hln-t--Xv.
tIcft{Xfn ]eXn\pw hn B`cWkpw hkvXphIIfpw apXIqmbpv. \mw
IXpt]mse, almcmPmmcpw \m\m-Pm-Xn-{]`pmcpw apw km\nnpffhbmWv AsXmw.
AsXmsbpw A\ym[o\sp hcpXmbmWp ImWp--Xv. {io]Zva\m`kzmanbpsS [\tiJchpw
\nehdIfpw Kpcphmbqcentepw AXpt]mse ap t{Xfntepw "Bfp'IfpsS {i
XncnphnSppv. A[nImcnIfpw hnizmknIfpw IcpXnbncnpI.

IqSpX Bgnep hnhcpw \ntZ-i

- p-ambn ASpew

"thZkckzXn'

hmbnpI.

_sSpI:

BcykamPw
]n._n. \ 44, Xncph\]pcw 1

Zqc`mj : 94 000 00 600

hcn-kw-Jy-bmtbm kw`m-h\
- b
- mtbm ]W-aS- b
- vp-hm
SBT, Santhi Nagar:

57000823997

(Au-phgn ASbvmh 225-cq] Abbv-Ww)

Xncph\]pcw BcykamPw {]knsSppXv

BcykamPw eLpteJ 2

tZhn Hm^vskv {]ntgvkv, t^m : 2547205