CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS: NGUN QUAN TRNG CA LUT LA M

Cc nh nghin cu lch s php lut chu u lc a ni chung v lch s Lut La M ni ring lun coi Tp hp cc ch nh lut dn s - Corpus Juris Civilis l ngun v cng qu gi t c th hiu c lch s v ni dung ca Lut La M. Trong thi k phc hng ca Lut La M bt u t th k XI, cc khoa lut trong cc trng i hc tng hp chu u ging dy Lut La M qua Corpus Juris Civilis. Tp hp cc ch nh lut dn s Corpus Juris Civilis c xp l mt trong 100 cng trnh c nh hng khp th gii. Corpus Juris Civilis bao gm 4 b phn cu thnh:

Codex Constitutionum - B lut Justinian, Institutiones - Sch gio khoa Lut La M Digesta - Tng lun lut hc Justinian, Novellae - Tp hp lut mi cn c tn gi l i ton quc php Justinian.

Justinian l tn ca Hong ng La M - Eastern Roman Empire hay cn c gi l quc Byzantine.

1. Hong Justinian v nhng l do khin vic php in ho Lut La M thnh cng

Justinian sinh nm 483 llyria v c hc Constantinople (nay l Istanbul, Th Nh K). Nm 518, ngi ch, ng thi l b nui ca Justinian, ln ngi Hong ca quc Byzantine, Justinian gip gii quyt vic triu chnh. Nm 527 ch ng qua i, Justinian c bu k ngi Hong , c s sch gi l Justinian i . Di thi Justinian (527-565), quc Byzantine pht trin rc r nhng Justinian khng thc hin c kht vng ca ng l chinh phc li cc vng pha Ty v ti thng nht vng a Trung Hi. Cc cng trnh v i nht ca Justinian khng phi trong lnh vc qun s v chnh tr m trong lnh vc vn ho: l Nh th ln Hagia Sophia v vic php in ho Lut La M thnh Corpus Juris Civilis. Nhng l do khin vic php in ho Lut La M thnh Corpus Juris Civilis thnh cng l: s ho danh ca Justinian mun c vinh quang ca nh lm lut v i v vic la chn mt cch thnh cng nhng ngi tham gia php in ho. Nhim v t ra cho cc lut gia La M khi bin son Corpus Juris Civilis l t hai dng vn bn php lut ca qu kh (lch s ca ba th k pht trin Lut La M) - cc lut ca cc hong (leges) v trc tc ca cc lut gia c in (jus) xy dng tp php in ph hp vi nhng iu kin chnh tr v kinh t mi. bin nhng ngun lut c thnh ngun sng ng ca lut mi, cn phi a ra mt cu trc cht ch cho tp hp hn n cc vn bn, lut, hng dn...

Corpus Juris Civilis khc vi nhng ln php in ho trc quy m cha tng thy v tnh sng to cao. Trong Corpus Juris Civilis khng ch c s tp hp y nht cc ngun vn bn lut m cha ng c s chnh sa k cng cc vn bn c la chn.

2. Codex Justinian - B lut Justinian Ngy 13 thng 2 nm 528, Justinian I thnh lp Hi ng bin son b lut mi gm 10 ngi vi s tham gia ca Magister Officiorum, Quaestor Sacri Palatii Tribonian. Justinian trao cho Hi ng thm quyn rng bao gm c vic rt gn v thay i vn bn php lut . nhng ch cn thit do quy nh li thi v hnh thc v ni dung c th thay th bng quy nh khc. mi mc vn bn c sp xp theo trnh t thi gian, u c ghi tn hong ban hnh vn bn v cui c ghi ngy ban hnh. Cc ln php in ho php lut La M trc (Codex Gregorianus v Codex Hermogenianus nm 295, Codex Theodosinus nm 438) lm gim nh cng vic ca Hi ng nn ch sau hn mt nm, ngy 7 thng 4 nm 529, B lut Justinian cha ng cc lut ca hong La M t th k 1 n th k 6 c cng b. T ngy ny cc tp hp lut c b cm s dng. Sau ny, vi mc ch a vo B lut nhng vn bn c ban hnh trong thi gian php in ho v thng nht leges vi jus c tp hp trong Digesta, Codex Justinian c Hi ng gm 5 thnh vin vn vi s tham gia ca

Tribonian bin son li v c cng b ngy 16 thng 11 nm 534 di tn gi Codex repetitae praelectionis. n ngy nay ch lu truyn li chnh bn Codex Justinian sa i ny gm 12 quyn.

3. Digesta - Tng lun lut hc Ngy 15 thng 12 nm 530, Justinian I thnh lp Hi ng gm 17 ngi do Tribonian ng u bin son Digesta (hay cn c tn l Pandectae Justiniani) - Tp trch tuyn cc trc tc ca cc lut gia La M. Di gc l lun - nhn thc, Digesta c nh gi l c vai tr quan trng nht trong cc tc phm ca Corpus Juris Civilis. tng xy dng tuyn tp trc tc ca cc lut gia La M c t thi Hong Theodosian II vi mc ch gim bt nhng kh khn khi s dng trc tc ca cc lut gia La M (v rt kh c th nm c ht cc tc phm ca cc tc gia c in v kh c th tm thy on trch ca cc tc gi khng ni ting, v nhiu ch nh v iu lut li thi v trong trc tc ca cc lut gia c nhiu vn cha c gii quyt) n cui th k 3, qu trnh xy dng h thng Lut La M v c bn hon tt, cc ch nh v quy phm nhm cng c v bo v ch s hu ca ch n hnh thnh. Trong iu kin ny nhu cu sng to php lut nh thi cc lut gia La M c in khng cn na, ng thi cng vi vic tp trung quyn lc vo chnh quyn trung ng, quyn lp php tr thnh c quyn ca Hong . Do ,

chc nng tr li (respondere) ca cc lut gia La M dn b hn ch. Trc y, suy lun ca cc lut gia jus respondendi c hiu lc bt buc v khi khng c bt ng kin gia cc lut gia c s dng nh cc quy phm php lut khc. Nm 426, Hong Valentinian ban hnh Lut trch dn, quy nh ch c suy lun ca nm lut gia Papinian, Pavla, Ulpian, Modestin v Gaius l c hiu lc bt buc; trong khi c bt ng kin phi theo quan im ca s ng lut gia v nu quan im cc lut gia ngang bng nhau s theo quan im ca Papinian (excellentis ingenui vir). Hi ng bin son khng b rng buc bi Lut trch dn (ch cng nhn mt s juris auctoeres) v c quyn thay i, loi b nhng g khng cn c p dng v nhng im mu thun, thm ch c th vit li li vn. y nhanh tin lm vic, Hi ng chia ra thnh cc nhm lm vic: theo lut dn s, theo lut ca cc php quan (jus praetorium). Sau hn ba nm lm vic ct lc, cng vic bin son Digesta c hon thnh vo 16 thng 12 nm 533. Digesta gm 50 quyn, trch dn 2000 trc tc ca 39 lut gia, mi quyn li chia ra thnh cc mc (v d v vt de rebus, v mua bn de actinibus empti vebditi, v di chc de testamentis...) Sau khi Digesta c cng b, vic s dng cc ngun vn bn c b cm v cm tt c cc bnh lun lin quan. Trong nhng trng hp c nghi ng cn phi c chnh Hong gii thch. Vic trch dn Digesta c vit tt D v cc s km theo ch quyn, mc v on.

4. Institutiones Sch gio khoa Lut La M ng thi vi vic bin son Digesta, theo lnh ca Justinian, Tribonian cng Theophin v Dorothea cng bin son Institutiones (hay cn c gi l Institutiones sive Elementa) - Cun hng dn c hiu lc nh vn bn lut bng ting latin v hon thnh vic ny ngy 21 thng 11 nm 533. Vic bin son Institutiones c mc ch mang n s r rng v gii thiu ton b khoa hc v lut (tota legitima scientia) bi vy trong khng ch c vic gii quyt cc vn php l thc t m cn cha ng nhng suy lun l thuyt chung v lut nh nh ngha v lut, v khoa hc lut . Cc sinh vin lut s phi hc theo Institutiones nn n cn c gi l Sch gio khoa Lut La M. Trang 1, Institutiones c ghi: Uy nghim quang vinh ca Hong khng nhng da vo v kh m cn phi dng php lut cng c, bt lun thi chin hay thi bnh u c th dng lut cai tr quc gia. Institutiones gm 4 quyn, 98 mc, di mc li chia theo cc phn mc. Theo ni dung v cu trc Institutiones nhc li Institutiones ca Gaius. Institutiones cng l tp trch tuyn trc tc ca cc lut gia La M nh Digesta nhng nu Digesta trch dn gn 2000 trc tc th Institutiones ch yu trch dn Gaius. Quyn th nht ca Institutiones gm cc quy nh lin quan n con ngi quy nh ch th php lut c lin quan n t php ca La M. Chng ta u bit Lut La M chia thnh hai loi cng php v t php: cng php quy nh mi tng

quan vi tn gio v kt cu t chc quc gia cng phm vi hot ng ca n, t php l php lut trc tip lin quan n li ch c nhn. Cng php lin quan n chnh th ca quc La M, t php lin quan n li ch c nhn (D.1.1.1.2). T php c chia thnh lut t nhin, lut th dn v lut vn dn lin quan n loi ngi vi cc quyn c t nhin giao ph (jus nature), quyn li ca cng dn La M (jus civil) v quyn li ca nhng ngi khc trong quc La M (jus gentium). Quyn th nht ca Institutiones lun v nng lc hnh vi ca con ngi vi t cch l ch th t php, lun v v tr php l ca con ngi... Quyn th hai v ba ca Institutiones gm quy nh lin quan n vt, quan h ti sn. nh ngha v vt rt rng, khng nhng gm vt hu hnh m cn bao gm c vt v hnh, khng nhng gm vt do con ngi sng to ra m cn gm c vt tn ti trong t nhin. Vt c chia ra thuc cng hu, t hu, s hu tp th v s hu c nhn. Ni dung v vt chim s lng trang nhiu nht trong Tng lun lut hc chng t nn sn xut hng ho v quan h trao i trong quc La M tng i pht trin, ng thi cng cho thy giai cp thng tr rt coi trng vic cng c ch s hu ca mnh. Quyn th t ca Institutiones quy nh v kh c v trnh t t tng, phn tch tng tn v cc loi t tng, t cch ch th t tng, trnh t t tng, m bo t tng...

Th t sp xp lut thc nh trc, lut t tng sau trong Institutiones l ngc li vi th t sp xp trong Lut XII bng - Lut thnh vn u tin ca quc La M, nhn mnh quyn li ca ch th php lut, phn nh tnh cht ca nn kinh t tin t hng ho trong quc La M v theo yu cu ca n. Vic thay i cch sp xp ny c nh gi l mt tin b to ln. Institutiones vi t cch l mt cun sch gio khoa v Lut La M a ra cc nguyn l c bn ca Lut La M, l tp hp tinh hoa ca php lut La M, ng thi trnh by phn tch mch lc r rng, ni dung t m xc thc khin chnh Justinian cng tha nhn n bao gm ton b nguyn l c bn ca lut hc. Do khm lnh Hong son ra, cng vi ba tc phm khc trong Corpus Juris Civilis, Institutiones c tnh cht bt buc ca mt vn bn php lut ch khng n thun l mt cun sch gio khoa. Cch phn chia cng php, t php trong Tng lun lut hc t nn mng cho s phn chia trong lut hc chu u lc a, cc quy nh v quyn s hu l hnh mu trong vic xy dng cc B lut dn s nh B lut Napoleon 1804, B lut dn s c 1896. Nguyn tc bo h ti sn t hu ca ch n v sau c pht trin thnh nguyn tc php lut c bn ti sn t hu thing ling bt kh xm phm. Nhiu ni dung trong Institutiones phn nh yu cu tt nhin ca vic sn xut v pht trin x hi hng ho, i vi s pht trin ca khoa hc php l l cng hin to ln.

5. Novellae - Tp hp lut mi Tt c cc lut c ban hnh sau Codex repetitae praelectionis c tp hp trong Novellae - phn th t ca Corpus Juris Civilis. Novellae (hay cn c gi l Novellae leges) gm cc vn bn di thi Justinian (535-565) vi 122 vn bn, sau ny c b sung ln n 168 vn bn, a s bng ting Hy Lp.

6. Kt lun Khi nghin cu v Dng h Civil Law Dng h php lut chu u lc a vi cc B lut Dn s s l hnh mu cho B lut Dn s ca rt nhiu nc trn th gii, chng ta khng th khng nhc n Lut La M vi Corpus Juris Civilis. L Tp hp lut thnh vn v i nht trong lch s ca ch chim hu n l, nh du Lut La M pht trin n thi i huy hong, Corpus Juris Civilis thc s c nh hng mnh m n s pht trin ca php lut v hc thuyt php l cc nc chu u lc a./. TS. PHM TR HNG Trung tm Lut So snh - i hc Lut H Ni Xin cm n thy cho php ng li bi nghin cu ca thy trn din n