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onf,kHMunfrI&vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ppfonfawmf\b0twdkif;tjynfht0aejyjcif;jzifhom acgif;aqmifonfolqE
jyif;jyonfhtwdkif;jzpfvmygvdrfhrnf/olonfppfyGJumvtwGif; aejy?pm;jy?tdyfjy&rnf/ zrf;&cufaom wdkufyGJ
0ifppfonfawmfwpfOD;\pdwf"gwfudk vuf0,f&&SdEdkif&ef r&yfrem;wrf;BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnf/ xdkpdwf"gwf
onf&JpGrf;owdESifhatmifyGJudk&,lay;rnfh rD;I;wefaqmifudkxGef;nday;rnfhrD;yGm;uav;jzpfonf/ acgif;aqmif
wpfa,muftjzpfvnf;aumif;?wkdufyGJ0ifppfonfawmfwpfa,muftjzpfvnf;aumif; arG;zGm;vmol[lr&Sdyg/
vlwcsKdUonfppfonfawmfaumif;tjzpfa&muf&Sdap&ef axmufulay;aom xl;jcm;onfhudk,f&nfudk,faoG;rsm;
jzifharG;zGm;vmMuonfudkum;tjiif;yGm;zG,f&mr&Sdyg/ tvm;wl vltenf;i,fonf ppfonfawmfykHpHjzifharG;zGm;
vmEdkifygonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap ppfonfawmfwpfa,mufjzpfvm&ef oif,lEdkifonfrSm taotcsmjzpfygonf/
a&S;acwfqdkdk; pum;wpfckonfrSefuefonf[kvufcHpOf;pm;Edkifygonf? xdkpum;rSm ]]vlwpfa,muf
onfawG;xifxm;onfhtwdkif;jzpfvm\}}[ljzpfonf/ tu,f vlwpfa,mufonf wdkufyGJ0ifppfonfawmf
wpfOD;\pdwf"gwfudk&,l&ef wdusaomqkH;jzwfcsufcsNyD; *kPfodum&SdpGm atmifyGJcHrnf odkYr[kwf taocHrnf
[laom oabmxm;twdkif; aexdkifNyD;usifh,lcJhvQif ol\yef;wdkifudk &&Sdrnfomjzpfygonf/ r0Hhr&JjzpfaevQif
um; rnfonfhtcgrQ ,kHMunfrIpdwf"gwfudk &&SdvQifvdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ at;pufaom oHo,onf pdwftm;
wuf<urIudk rnfonfhtcsdefwGifrQrjzpfapyg/

10

]]&mxl;BuD;av a&SUwef;oGm;&eftcsdefydk&avjzpf\}}
&mxl;BuD;aomt&m&Sd tenf;tusOf;uom tcsufudk 0efcHMuygvdrfhrnf/ odkY&mwGif &mxl;BuD;av?
vkyfp&mtvkyfenf;avjzpf\/ wyfrawmfwpf&yf\tvkyfonf tajccHtm;jzifh wyfpktqifEh Sifh wyfcGJtqifhwGif
vkyfMu&onf/ vIyf&Sm;rIrjyKbJ wifyg;ESpfbufudk ukvm;xdkifESifh wpfwdkif;wnf;usatmif xdkifaeNyD; rdrdukd,f
rdrdta&;BuD;onf[kcHpm;aernfhtpm; wyfrSL;wpfa,mufonf olYwyftm; ykHrSefa&SUodkY csDwuf aejcif;udk
vnf;aumif;? ol\wyfzGJU0ifrsm;onf olwdkY\&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf tvkyfvkyfaejcif;udkvnf;aumif; tcsdef
jynfhoGm;Munfhae&rnfjzpfonf/ wyfwpfwyfudkuGyfuJjcif;onf jyemtm;vkH;twGuf 'dkifcHajz&Sif;ae&onfh
&nfrSef;csufwm0efr[kwfyg/ ta&;ygaom qkH;jzwfcsufwcsKdUudk jyKvkyf&eftwGuf wyfrSL;onf aeYaeYnn
ae&mwGif tcsdefjynfhtoifh&Sdap&rnf[lvnf; >cif;csufay;rxm;yg/ rMumcPawGUae&onfrSm tqdkyg
ta&;ygaomqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;qdkonfrSmvnf; ppfrsufESmwpfae&mwGif &efol\twdkufcHae& ppfyGJIH;edrfhawmh
rnf[k xifaeolrsm;tm; xdkodkYr[kwfaMumif; awmifhcHxm;&efajymjykHxufrydkyg/

11

]] BuD;us,faomqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf taumiftxnfay:NyD;rS BuD;us,frSef;od&onf?

xdkqHk;jzwf csufrsm;udk jyKvkyfaeqJumv rQBuD;us,frSef;rodbJ vkyfcJhMu&jcif;
jzpfonf}}
BuD;us,faomatmifyGJudkBudKwifcefYrSef;&ef rjzpfEdkifyg/ tawmfqHk;yef;csDq&mrsm;ESifh aw;a&;q&mrsm;
yif ]]'DaeYawmhtajymifajrmufqHk;vuf&mudkzefwD;awmhrnf}} [l rajymEdkifyg? odkYjzpf vlwdkif;onf rdrdvkyf
aeaomtvkyftay:wGifvnf;aumif;? bmhaMumifhvkyfae&ovJqdkonfhtaMumif;csif;&mtay:wGifvnf;aumif;
odrItNrJuyfae&efvdktyfygonf/ tu,frdrdonf&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifwpfckudk tNrJrjywf tm&Hkpl;pdkufxm;NyD;
tqdkygyef;wdkifESifhywfouf pOf;pm;awG;ac:rIudkvnf; rysufruGuf vkyfaqmifaernf? xdkYtjyif yef;wdkif
twGuf &nfrSef;NyD; tvkyfvkyfaernfqkdvQif rdrdcsrSwfrnfhqHk;jzwfcsufwdkif;onf xdktNyD;owf&nfrSef;csuf
yef;wdkiftwGufom&nf&G,fygvdrfhrnf/yef;wdkifonfwjznf;jznf;csif;kyfvHk;ay:vmonfhtcgrSom aemufaMumif;
udkjyefMunfh rdrdvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk ,xmblwusus tuJcwfEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/
xdktcsdefwGif rdrd\qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk jyefvnfavhvmoHk; oyfcJhvQif wcsdKUonf odyfrxl;jcm;onfudk vnf;
aumif;? wcsdKUonf jynfhpHkvHkavmufonfudkvnf;aumif;? wcsdKUonftxl;ajymifajrmufcJhonfudkvnf;aumif;
awGU&Sd&rnfjzpfonf/ jyefajymif;awG;awmjcif;onfomvQif rdrd\ordkif;udk rSefuefaomIaxmifhtjrifrS avhvm
pdppfEdkif&efwpfckwnf;aom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf/ odkYjyKvkyfNyD;rSom rdrd\ rnfonfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf
trSefwu,fta&;ygonf? rnfonfhqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onfr&Sdrjzpftxl;wvnf ta&;BuD;onfESifh rnfonfh
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;onf atmifyGJtwGuf twdrf;tapmif;rcHonfwdkYudk od&Sd&ygonf/

12

]]ppfom;qdkonfrSm wyfrawmfygyJ}}
rnfonfhwyfrawmfrQ yg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;aom ppfom;rsm;xuf ydkraumif;Edkifyg/ ppfom;aumif;
wpfa,mufjzpf&ef vlwpfa,mufonf pnf;urf;? rdrdudk,frdrd,HkMunfrI? rdrdudk,frdrdav;pm;rI? wyfzGJYtwGuf
*kPf,lpdwfESifh EdkifiHtwGuf*kPf,lpdwfwdkY&Sd&rnf/ olUwm0efxrf;aqmifrI? txuft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh &Jabmf&Jbuf
rsm;tay:xm;&Sdtyfonfh0w&m; apmifhxdef;rIjrifhrm;pGmwnf&Sdae&rnf/ tu,f xdyfwef;tqifh acgif;aqmif
rsm;ESifhwyfrSL;rsm;onfppfom;rsm;twGuf pl;pdkufESpfjrKyfvkyfudkifjcif;rjyKMubJ udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;vkyfaqmif aeol
rsm;jzpfaeygutxufygtcsufrsm;onfvHk;0rjzpfEdkifyg/ rdrdb0tpudk rarhygESifh? enf;enf;uav; jyefpOf;pm;
vdkuf aoroGm;Edkifyg/ &mxl;BuD;vmonfESifhtrQ jyefowd&yg/ opm&SdrI? wm0efodrIESifh pOf;pm;qifjcif&ef
t,ltqrsm;udk vufatmufvlrsm;\ pdwfxJwGifpGJNrJoGm;&efjrKyfESHay;yg/ t,ltqrsm;udkyif olwdkY\
&Jabmfrsm;twGif;odkYvnf;oGwfoGif;cdkif;yg/ rdrd\&mxl;uBuD;jrifhvmNyD;rdrduwyfzGJYrsm;tay:uGyfuJtkyfcsKyfaerI
ykHpHoauFwonf olwdkYpdwfxJwGif a&muf&SdaeNyDqdkvQif vufatmufrS &Jabmfrsm;tm;vHk;udk t,ltq
oGwfoGif;ay;ygu wyfrawmfaumif;wpf&yf&&Sdvmrnfjzpfonf/ NyD;qHk;atmifjrifcJhaom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESifh
*kPfowif;rsm;,laqmif rdrd\b0wmqHk;cef;wdkifa&mufcJhNyDqdkvQif? rdrdonfvlajrmufjrm;pGmwdkY\ touf
rsm;ESifh b0vrf;aMumif;rsm;tay: tusdK;oufa&mufapcJhrIudk jyefMunfhNyD; tHhtm;oifhae&ygvdrfhrnf/ rdrd\
tMuD;rm;qHk;NyD;ajrmufatmifjrifrIonfydkrdkaumif;rGefaom ppfom;rsm;ESifhacgif;aqmifrsm;udkxkwfvkyfay;EdkifcJhNyD
qdkonfhtcsufyifjzpfygonf/

13

]]wyfrrsm; wyfrBuD;rsm;xuf ydkrdkyifyef;aeaom wyfrrSL;rsm;ESifh wyfrBuD;rSL;rsm;&SdMuonf}}

wyfrSL;rsm;pGmu qHk;jzwfcsufwdkif;udk olwdkYvkyf&rnf[kxifaeMuonf/ ppfqifa&;tpnf;ta0; wdkif;
wGifvnf;aumif;? wdkufcdkufrIwpfck\ tao;pdwftcsuftvuftwdkif;wGifvnf;aumif; yg0ifaeMuonf/
rrSefuefaom taMumif;jycsufaMumifh wyfrSL;rsm;\pGrf;tiftrsm;tjym;udk rvkyfoifhaomtvkyf twGuf
oHk;pGJrIudkjzpfay:apygonf/ odkYjyKvkyfjcif;jzifh wyfrSL;rsm;tm; rvdkvm;tyfaom yifyef;qif;&JrIudk jzpfapNyD;
aemufqHk;wGift&mrxifyJjzpfoGm;apygrnf/ yifyef;qif;&JrIonf vlwdkif;twGufol&Jabm enf;rIudk jzpfay:ap
ygonf/ yifyef;qif;&Jjcif;onf rjzpfoifhaompdwfcHpm;rI a0'emudkjzpfapygonf/ odkYjzifh wyfrSL;wpfa,muf
onfol\ppfrSefaom &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifudk aysmufuG,foGm;apEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh OD;pD;tzGJYwpfck&Sd&jcif;
jzpfygonf/vdktyfaomtrdefYrsm;udkolwdkYtm;xkwfjyefcdkif;yg?wm0efESifhvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udkolwdkYtm; udk,fpm;vTJay;
yg/ olwdkY\tvkyftm; wef&mwefaMu;vkyfygap? rSefygonf? rdrducdkif;apxm;aom tvkyfrsm;rSefuefpGm
vkyfaqmifaejcif; &Sd r&Sd vdkufMunfh&ef wm0efrdrdwGif &Sdygonf/ odkY&mwGif rdrd\trdefYrsm;twdkif; qufvkyf&ef
udponf OD;pD;tzGJY\ wm0efjzpfygonf/ olwdkYtwGuf vdkufvkyfay;&efrvdkyg/

14

]]ajymif;vJ&efrvdkonfhppfenf;AsL[mqdkif&m tajccHpnf;rsOf;wpfckwnf;om&Sdonf?
,if;rSm-&efoludkusqHk;'Pf&m& trsm;qHk;jzpfap&efESifhtwdkawmif;qHk;tcsdeftwGif;zsufqD;ypf
Edkif&ef rdrdvufxJwGif&Sdaom enf;vrf;tm;vkH;udkoHk;pGJ&efjzpfygonf/}}
&efoludkvQifjrefpGm wdkufcdkuf&rnf? jyif;jyif;xefxefwdkufcdkuf&rnf ? tqufrjywfwdkufcdkuf&rnf
jzpfygonf/ xdk;ppfudkrnfonfhtcgrQ r&yfem;ygESifh / wdkufNyD;&if;wkduf? wdkufNyD;&if;wkduf&rnf/ &efoludk
jrefjrefqefqef owfjzwfjcif;ESifh tqufrjywf wdkufcdkufjcif;wdkYjzifh rdrdacRwmNcdK;NcH&&SdcJhaom tcsdefrsm;onf
rdrd\&Jabmfrsm; toufqHk;IH;jcif;ESifh ppfajrjyif\ aMumufrufzG,fcHpm;csufrsm;twGuf ay;&rnfhtcsdefrsm;
avQmhyg;oGm;ap&efjzpfonf/ wdkufyGJwGif toufqHk;IH;rIonfra&SmifvTJEdkifyg/ odkYaomftcsdefqHk;IH;aprIonf jypfrI
jzpfonf/ ppfyGJwpfck\ atmifjrifrIudk aESmifhaES;aprSef; odaomfvnf; tcsdefqGJNyD; ppfwdkufjcif;jzifh cJ,rf;
rD;ausmuftajrmuftjrm;udk oHk;pGJypfcJhMuaomwyfrSL;rsm;vnf;&SdMuonf/ ppfyGJumv&Snfvsm;apjcif;jzifhrdrd\
ppfonfrsm;udk vdktyfonfxufydk tE&m,f&SdaprSef;odMuaomfvnf; olwdkYonf twdkif;yJvkyfaeMuonf/
4if;wdkY\taMumif;jycsufrSm tpD&ifcHaomumvwpfcktwGif; ysrf;rQqHk;IH;rIonf rsm;pGmrjrifhrm;ap&eftwGuf
jzpfonf/ wyfrSL;aumif;wpfa,mufonf wlnDaom cJ,rf;rD;ausmufudk tvGefwdkawmif;aom tcsdefumv
twGif; oHk;pGJjcif;jzifh ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom &v'fudk&&Sdap&ef jyKvkyfEdkifygonf? xdkwdkawmif;aom umvtwGuf
xdcdkufaoqHk;rIudef;*Pef;rsm;onfjrifhrm;onf[kxif&aomfvnf; ppfyGJwpfyGJvHk;twGuf tm;vHk; NcHKvdkufvQif
trSefwu,fqHk;IH;rIrSm avsmhenf;rnfjzpfonf/ t"duusaomtcsufrSm tpD&ifcHpmudk ydktav;xm;aom
wyfrSL;\aeYpOfqHk;IH;rIonf enf;yg;rnfjzpfNyD; tpD&ifcHpm(owif;pmacgif;pnf;)wGif ydkMunfhaumif;rnf
jzpfonf/wyfrSL;aumif;\ aeUpOfqHk;IH;rIrSm ydkaeygvdrfhrnf/ odkYaomfwdkufyGJpOfwpfckvHk; odkYr[kwf ppfyGJrsm;NyD;
onftxdIjrifvQifrl wyfrSL;aumif;twGufrSwfwrf;onf tpD&ifcHpmudk tav;xm;aom wyfrSL;\rSwfwrf;
xufavsmhenf;ygvdrfhrnf/ aemufxyfydkrdkaumif;rGefapaom tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;rSm wdkufyGJumvwdk tawG;
tac:&Sdaom wyfrSL;aumif;onf ppfonfrsm;udk &Snfvsm;aomwdkufyGJumvtwGif;odkY twif;xdk;oGif;jcif;
rjyKojzifh olwdkYonf &efolypfcwfrI atmufwGifae&onfhtcsdefumvonf wdkawmif;apjcif;jzpfygonf/ wzef
tcsufaMumifh ppfonfrsm;twGuf usqHk;? 'Pf&m&&ef tvm;tvmavsmhyg;aponf/ odkYjzpf aumif;rGef
aomwyfrSL;\ ppfonfawmfrsm;onf pdk;&drfaMumuf&GHUae&jcif;? rcsdwifuJa0'emcHpm;&jcif;? qmavmifrGwfodyf
jcif;ESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mzdpD;rI'PfcH&jcif;wdkYrS avsmhyg;oufomaprnfjzpfygonf/

15

pma&;ol\tBuHjyKcsuf/

pD;yGm;a&;tjrift& MunfhrnfqdkvQif t&if;tjrpftwdkif;onf t&nftaoG;

&Sdaom xkwfukefypnf;jzpfvmapa&;twGuf xkwfvkyf&mwGif trsm;qHk;tusKd ;aus;Zl;&SdpGm toHk;jyKEdkif&rnf
jzpfonf/wcsdKUudprsm;wGift&if;tjrpfonfxkwfvkyfrItwGufrjzpfbJrefae*smrsm;\ odef;oef;csDaomvpmrsm;?
&mxl;vkyfief;t& &&SdaomtusdK;cHpm;cGifhrsm;? qkaMu;rsm;ESifh udk,fusdK;twGufjzpfapcJhonf/ erlem wcsdKUtae
jzifhMunfhrnfqdkvQif refae*smwpfOD;\ pm;yGJay:&Sd topfqHk;? tjrefESKef;taumif;qHk; uGefysLwmonf &Sm;&Sm;
yg;yg;omtoHk;jyKavh&SdNyD; 4if;\twGif;a&;rSL; tNrJwrf;toHk;jyKaom uGefysLwmrSm ta[mif;jzpfaejcif;?
pm&if;udkifXmerS 0efxrf;rsm;uvnf; vufatmuftvkyfXmersm;rSvdktyfaompufypnf;ud&d,mrsm; awmif;cH
&mwGiftxuf pDrHcefYcGJa&;XmerS ,ckav;vywfwGif bwf*sufoHk;pGJaiGodyfrsm;onf[k txifrcH&ap&ef
vufatmufrSawmif;cHvTmudky,fcsjcif;? uGefysLwmtpDtpOfrSL;rsm;udk OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;pDrHudef;rS xkwfEkwfNyD;
trIaqmift&m&SdcsKyf\ tpD&ifcHpmwGifazmfjyay;&rnfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm; Munfhaumif;ap&ef oufqdkif
&m refae*smupDpOfay;&jcif;? aemufqkH;OyrmwpfckrSm uGefysLwmtpDtpOfrSL;wcsKdUudk a':vmoef;csDwefaom
vkyfief;pDrHudef;wpfckwGif jzpfay:aeaomjyemwpfckudk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&eftwGuf wm0efay;xm;aomfvnf;
xdkjyemonf wpfjym;rQrukefbJ olbmomol ajz&Sif;Edkifaomudpjzpfaejcif; ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/

16

]]yuwdjynfhpkHaumif;rGefaom pnf;urf;wpfrsKd;wnf;om&Sdonf}}
tbd"mefrsm;wGif pnf;urf;qdkaompum;vkH;ESifhywfouf trsm;udkjyKjyifay;jcif;? ykHpHoGif;jcif; trSef
udkwnfhrwfapjcif; odkYr[kwf yuwdjynfhpkHaumif;rGefapjcif;[l azmfjyMuygonf/ aumif;rGefaomwyfrSL;wdkif;
upnf;urf;onfwyfrawmf\ toufaoG;aMumjzpfonf[kqdkMuygonf? pnf;urf;r&SdbJ tzGJUtpnf;wpfcku
jzpfap vlwpfa,mufujzpfap tvkyfwpfckudk vnfywfatmif rvkyfEdkifyg/ vlwpfa,mufudk *kPfodum&Sdol?
dk;om;ajzmifhrwfolESifh wefzdk;&Sdolwpfa,muftjzpf vlYtzGJUtpnf;uvufcHEdkif&efpnf;urf;&Sd&ygrnf/pD;yGm;a&;
avmuwGif oufqdkif&mvkyfief;e,fy,fwpf&yf rdrd\ auseyfESpfoufzG,f&m toufarG;rIwpfcktjzpfvufcH
Edik &f ef pnf;urf;&S&d ygrnf/ wyfrawmfwiG f pnf;urf;onf vlYtoufrsm;udk u,fwif&ef? axmufyHhrIrsm;ESifh
tcsdefudkacRwm&efwdkYtwGuf vdktyfygonf/ wdkufyGJjzpfaeaom tajctaewGif trdefYrsm;onf ar;cGef;
xkwfp&mrvdkbJ csufcsif;vdkufem&rnfjzpfonf/ trdefYudkcsufjcif;vdkufemvkyfaqmif&ef vufatmufi,fom;
rsm;\ ysufuGufrIonf vltoufrsm;pGmudk qHk;IH;apjcif;omru wdkufyGJygIH;edrfhoGm;Edkifygonf/ wdkufyGJIH;edrfh
jcif;rSonfppfyGJIH;edrfhjcif;qDodkY aemufqHk;a&mufoGm;Edkifygonf/ ppfyGJIH;edrfhjcif;onf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH\ tcsKyftjcm
tmPmqHk;IH;jcif; taMumif;w&m;jzpfvmEdkifygonf/ wyfrSL;rsm;onf pDrHcsufrsm;a&;qGJpOfu rdrdwdkY\tBuH
OmPfrsm;udkod&Sdap&efESifh ay;a0&eftwGuf tcsdeftrsm;tjym;&&Sdygonf/ odkYaomfpDrHcsufNyD;pD;trdefYxkwfjyef
NyD;aomtcg oabmrwlnDp&m odkYr[kwf oabmxm;uGJvGJp&m r&SSd&yg/ tm;vHk;uwlnDaom pDrHcsuftwdkif;
rdrdwdkYpGrf;aqmif&nf&SdorQ taumif;qHk; vdkufemtaumiftxnfazmf&efom&Sdygonf/ jynfhpHkaumif;rGefaom
pnf;urf;&Sdonfh ppfonfawmfrsm;onf tcsufudk aoaocsmcsm em;vnfvufcHMuygonf/

17

]]vufatmufutxufodkYopm&SdrItaMumif;trsm;BuD;ajymMuonf/odkYaomftxufrSatmuf
odkY opm&SdrIuydkvdktyfNyD;ydkysHUESHYrIenf;onf/xif&Sm;aomacgif;aqmifrsm;\ t*Fg&yfwpfck
onf vufatmufi,fom;rsm;tay:wGifopm&Sdjcif;jzpfonf}}
t&m&Sd0wfpkH0wfxm;aomudk,fusKd;&Smorm;\odomxif&Sm;aom yk*Kdvfa&;mOfwpfckrSm vufatmuf
ppfonfrsm;tay:tBuD;tus,f opmrJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ olYtwGufom tcGifhtmPmwdk;wufaprnfqdkvQif
atmufvludkwufeif; txufvl\ ajcz0g;udkerf;rnfhvljzpfonf/ yk*Kdvfa&;tusKd;tjrwf&&Sd&efudprSm
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18

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19

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20

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21

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22

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23