Teachers Guide

The mediocre teacher tells The good teacher explains The superior teacher demonstrates The great teacher inspires
William Arthur Ward

(For questions and comments, please contact Phan Hien Giang at 8517244 or btnghia@fpt.vn) Unit 1. Task 1. LM CHO TRNG I HC THC S EM LI HIU QU
1. Trng i hc l ni ta gi gm bao hi vng, v cng l mt s u t y ri ro cho tt c chng ta. D theo hc chng trnh trung cp, i hc hay cao hc, d chng trnh ko di hai nm hay tm nm, th tt c chng ta dnh thi gian i hc u nhm t khng nh bn thn v c c mt tm v vo i. Chng ta n trng vi mt mong c thm kn v nhng iu chng ta s hc hi c. Chng ta mong mun s c x hi chp nhn, tn trng v s dng. Chng ta cng hi vng rng vic hc tp s m ra cho chng ta nhng gii p k diu, gip chng ta thnh cng chc chn khi vo i. Khi hon thnh xong kho hc, chng ta hi vng rng mi s u tr nn r rng; chng ta s thng minh sng lng, v mi kin thc u rng m trc mt chng ta. 2. Ti tng t vn cho khng bit bao nhiu ngi - tt c u hi vng vo iu k diu y, v nhiu ngi trong s h tht vng khi iu h mong i chng bao gi xy ra. Nhiu nm sau h mi nhn thy rng qu trnh k diu y n gin l khng tr thnh hin thc. 3. Tt c chng ta u quen vi vic th ng ngi ch s vic xy n vi mnh, ch khng bit ch ng t c nhng iu mnh mun. Chng ta c hc rng nu lm ht cc bi tp thy giao th s hc gii, hay ch t th cng t mc trung bnh. Chng ta c hc rng cn phi xem thy gio yu cu iu g, thc hin yu cu , v sau th i kt qu. Sau khi hc ht cc mn, chng ta s c ln lp, chng hn t nm th nht ln nm th hai. Nhng thc s chng ta hc c g? Ch l s ph thuc vo mt h thng cng nhc! Chng ta ch hc c mt iu l ai tr li ng nhiu cu hi nht th c coi l ngi gii nht lp. 4. Nhng thc t cuc sng li hon ton khc. Vy m chng my ai trong chng ta nhn ra iu . D chng ta 10 tui, 25 tui hay 44 tui th chng ta vn ch l mt hc sinh th ng nh lc mi 14 tui, tip tc mang quan h thy tr p dng vo quan h cng vic. V khi chng ta mi nhn ra rng tuy hc lch s hay ngh thut hay g i na c th v tht y, nhng bn thn iu chng em li g nhiu nhn - nh nhng kinh nghim mi, nhng quan h mi, hay vic lm mi.

5. Chng ta tht bi phn nhiu l do chng ta s dng trng hc sai mc ch. V th n lc chng ta cn iu chnh li quan nim ca mnh c th tip cn trng hc theo cch tch cc, hiu qu v ch ng ging nh nhng ngi thnh t tip cn cuc sng. 6. Trng hc c th bin tt c c m ca ta thnh hin thc. l ni chng ta hc tp, ni m ra nhng chn tri mi, ni ta t khm ph bn thn, khm ph mi quan h vi nhng ngi xung quanh, l ni t ra mc tiu v ch ng t c nhng mc tiu . Tm li, trng hc l ni ta pht trin nhng k nng cn thit, nhng k nng s gip ta khng ch trong nhng nm ngi trn gh nh trng m cn mi sau ny khi trng thnh; nhng k nng y cn qu gi hn tm bng tt nghip, gip chng ta chun b hnh trang khi vo i. 7. V vy, ng quan nim trng i hc ch l mt cp hc kh hn lp 12, m hy coi nh trng i. Hy ng dy v thot ra khi ci v c ngt ngt ang km hm nhng kh nng tim n ca bn. Hy ghi nh rng cng ngi lu th sc cng ln. Thi hc sinh ngoan y th ng chc chn s lm bn mt i c hi tr thnh mt con ngi nhit huyt, nng ng, sng to v c quan h rng ri vi nhng ngi xung quanh. ng chn bc, hy c gng thm mt cht. Nu bn ch thc hin nhng yu cu thy gio giao cho th s l s hiu lm ng tic nht v mc nh ca trng i hc!

Unit 1. Task 2
1. Nhng ph n nng thn ny phi u tt mt ti, mt nng hai sng. 2. Chc bn thng l bnh an. 3. C y p khng bt no t xit. 4. Hy bit s dng thi gian ca bn cho c ch/Thi gian l vng l bc. 5. Qua cn b cc ti hi thi lai. 6. y bn s thy thoi mi nh nh/y l ngi nh th hai ca bn. 7. Nhiu ngi cht di tay Lu Linh hn di tay H B. 8. Anh y ni vi ti c nh ni vi ngi dng nc l. 9. Tay tr l mi ca ti rt c vic. 10. Khc vi cc nh qun l, ngi lnh o cc chng (bt dc d) mi phi dng ti quyn lc.

Unit 1. Task 4 IMPROVING EDUCATION IN A TRANSFORMING COUNTRY

1. With 91% of children between the ages of 5 and 10 enrolled in school and 88% of the working age population reported to be literate, Vietnam has an impressive educational record. As Vietnam enters the new millennium, however, competition from its East Asian neighbours will pose important new challenges for the countrys system of education and training.

2. The government of Vietnam has set ambitious targets for increasing enrolments in educational and training institutions, but it also faces crucial challenges in implementing policies that will ensure that the expanded system provides the knowledge and skills demanded by the future society. 3. The key challenge for educators in Vietnam is to ensure that the system will be responsive to the emerging demands of a growing market economy. Expansion and modernisation of the system are important elements of the governments strategy to sustain rapid economic growth and alleviate poverty. 4. Stated government policy objectives include the achievement of universal primary education by the year 2005, and universal lower secondary education by 2010. Tertiary enrolment, which comprised 450 000 in the year 2000, is expected to increase by 30% at the end of the decade. 5. Achieving these objectives will require changes in both the supply of and the demand for education services. On the supply side, improvements in quality are needed to attract more people and achieve higher enrolments. Critical improvements in quality will require improved teacher qualifications and salaries, longer school hours, and expanded access to teaching facilities and materials. 6. On the demand side, people need to see that the returns to schooling will be sufficient to compensate them for their investment costs - both direct and indirect. In fact, the demand for education services is on the increase in recent years. This is reflected in the mushrooming of numerous new educational modes and institutions such as people-founded schools, semipublic schools, or open universities.

Unit 2. Task 1. iu quan trng nht trong vn bo v mi trng

1. Khi mt phi hnh gia ngi M nhn thy Tri t qua ca knh con tu v tr ca mnh, anh phi tht ln: N qu l to ln v p v cng. Nh c quan st Tri t t v tr m anh cm nhn c mt cch su sc v nhng ca ci v gi m to ho ban cho hnh tinh ca chng ta . Bu khi quyn ca Tri t c cha xi mun loi c th ht th c. Tri t cn c nc ngt v nc mn cn thit cho s sinh tn ca con ngi, ng vt, chim mung, tm c v cy ci. Tri t cn c nhiu loi t cc cy lng thc giu cht dinh dng c th mc. Tri t quay xung quanh mt mt tri, v mt tri cho chng ta nng lng, nh sng v hi m. Khng kh, nc, t, cy ci, ng vt v kh hu ca Tri t to thnh mi trng sng ca Tri t, ni nui sng 13 triu loi cy ci v ng vt khc nhau, trong c loi ngi. 2. Mn hc nghin cu mi lin h gia loi ngi v tt c cc yu t ca mi trng t nhin c gi l mn sinh thi hc. Mn khoa hc ny trang b cho chng ta nhng kin thc v s cn bng t nhin tinh t trong ngi nh Tri t ca chng ta. Mn hc ny cn cho ta thy khi ta thay i mi trng th s ph v s cn bng nh th no. Qua mn hc ny, ta cng bit c con ngi ph hoi ngi nh t nhin ca chnh mnh nh th no, lm sao khc phc nhng tn hi , v lm sao trnh khng lp li nhng hnh ng ph hoi trong tng lai. Mc d chng ta khng th khi phc c nguyn trng mi trng, nhng nu chng ta p dng nhng bin php bo v h sinh thi cht ch th vn c th bo tn c nhng vng t cha kp b bn tay con ngi tn ph.

3. Trong mt nh gi v tng lai nhn loi trong nhng nm u ca th k ti, ng Klaus Topfer, gim c iu hnh chng trnh mi trng ca LHQ pht biu rng nhng e do ln nht i vi s sinh tn ca loi ngi l s thiu nc sch, s nng ln ca tri t, v tnh trng nhim kh nit trn ton th gii. ng ni rng ch khi no cc chnh ph c mt quyt tm chnh tr cao hn th chng ta mi c th y li c cc cuc khng hong c th xy ra trong tng lai. Chng ta c cng ngh, nhng li khng mun p dng cng ngh . 4. Theo ng, nhng c gng ca chng ta trong vic ngn chn s nng ln ca tri t cn cha thm vo u so vi mc ct gim cn thit l 60%; ng cn ni thm rng th gii bt u phi hng chu hu qu ca s thay i kh hu, v con ngi phi b tay trc s thay i . Trong vng 5 nm qua, thin tai cp i sinh mng ca 3 triu ngi . 5. Theo bn bo co th nhiu ni tnh trng ln ti mc bo ng: s khan him nc ang lm cc nc ang pht trin phi iu ng; s xung cp ca t ai lm gim ph nhiu v gim sn lng nng nghip, v nn cht ph rng nhit i tr nn trn lan n mc khng khc phc c; nhiu sinh vt trn tri t b tuyt chng hoc sp tuyt chng; mt phn t s loi c v ang c nguy c b tuyt chng hon ton. 6. Ngoi khi, cc loi c ang b nh bt qu mc cho php, v mt na s ni san h ca th gii ang c nguy c b ph hu. nhiu thnh ph, nhim khng kh ln n mc bo ng, v gi y vic ngn chn s nng ln ca tri t tr nn qu mun. Chnh s thiu kim sot ca chnh ph lm gim kh nng gii quyt vn . Tin s Topfer ni rng iu ti quan trng l chng ta cn phi buc cc cng ty a quc gia c trch nhim hn i vi hnh ng ca h cng nh i vi nhng sn phm h sn xut ra. 7. Cui cng, bn bo co kt lun rng chng ta khng th c tip tc tnh trng nh hin nay, v khng th c tr hon mi m khng hnh ng. Chng ta cn phi c s lnh o ca cc chnh ph vi tinh thn trch nhim cao v s hp tc cht ch ca tt c cc vng cng nh cc khu vc ca nn kinh t vc c th thc hin nhng cng c chnh sch hin nay v trong tng lai.

Unit 2. Task 3
1. Never before has this little village suffered from such a devastating typhoon. 2. What every country has to do is to raise peoples awareness of the importance of environment protection. 3. No longer have the mitigation of greenhouse gas emission and the protection of the ozone layer been the task of a single nation. They now become a common task of the human race. 4. It is estimated that with the present level of energy consumption and in the absence of alternative/substitute energies, especially renewable ones, by as early as 2050, all the worlds fossil fuels will be depleted. 5. International conventions on biological diversity have created the legal tools to control the trade of the world wild animals. It is the increased demand for natural resources, however, that gives rise to the continued depletion of endangered species.

Unit 2. Task 4

UNDP HELPS TO PHASE OUT OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

1. UNDP will be working closely with the Ministry of Industry and the Hydro-Meteorological Service of Vietnam in a 15-month project to reduce CFC emission in the commercial refrigeration sector. 2. The project is channeling nearly $0.5 million from the Trust Fund of UNDP, Montreal Protocol and Australias Environment Protection Agency for identifying and implementing recycling and other cost-effective emission reduction measures. 3. We believe that this project marks a milestone for phasing out ozone depleting substances in Vietnam, said UNDP Deputy Resident Representative Nicholas Rosellini, who signed the project today with Vice Minister of Industry Le Quoc Khanh. 4. In 1994, Vietnam became a signatory to the Vienna Convention on Ozone Layer Protection and the Montreal Protocol, which aim to limit and then to eliminate the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. 5. In the commercial refrigeration sector alone, as many as 450 small and medium-sized enterprises are now consuming CFCs, a substance that has been linked to ozone depletion and global warming. The average annual consumption of these enterprises ranges from 300 to 1500 kgs. 6. Through this project, UNDP will work with various enterprises to identify the most costeffective opportunities to achieve emission mitigation through recycling. Specialised equipment and training will then be provided for a number of enterprises so that they can implement the identified measures. 7. This project is indeed an evidence that we can achieve sustainable development: protect the environment and yet, achieve better economic output, Mr. Rosellini said.

Unit 3. Task 1. nn tham nhng gnh nng ti t nht i vi x hi

1. Hn bao gi ht, cc nh lnh o chnh tr v kinh t trn th gii hin nay u ang n lc kim tm cch iu tr cho cn bnh tham nhng. Hi thp k 70, ngi ta tng bao bin rng tham nhng gip nng cao hiu qu, hay ch t cng l mt t nn cn thit. Nhng gi y, nhng lun c b phn bc v c qu nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng tham nhng em li hu qu v cng t hi: nng sut lao ng b gim st, ngho i gia tng, chi tiu cng cng lch lc, cng mt lot cc vn x hi khc. 2. Mt t chc chng tham nhng phi chnh ph t ti Bc lin mang tn Transparency International a ra mt ch s gi l ch s bi tr tham nhng vi thang im t 1 n 10. Mt nghin cu cho thy nu ch s ca mt quc gia tng thm 2 im th tc u t ca quc gia s nhanh thm 4% v GDP s tng khong 0.5%. Mt nghin cu khc ch ra rng mc tham nhng cao c lin quan mt thit ti kin trc h tng km cht lng, ch yu l do khng c tin dnh cho hot ng vn hnh v bo dng kin trc h tng , v hot ng ny vn l ngun thu bt minh chng ly g lm bo b. 3. Mt nghin cu gn y hn a ra mt lun c rt thuyt phc rng khng nhng nn tham nhng l mt gnh nng i vi cc n v kinh doanh cng nh cc c nhn trong x

hi ni chung, m n cn c xu hng ph hu chnh nhng th ch lm tr ct cho hot ng ca th trng. Khi nhng ngi cm cn ny mc cng c th b mua chuc th quyn s hu ti sn v nhng c ch v t trong vic thc hin cc hp ng thng mi s b e do nghim trng. Nu chnh nhng nh qun l ngn hng li vi phm nhng chun mc v vay vn, th lm sao c th bo m c s hp l trong phn phi tn dng c na. 4. i vi nhiu nh quan st, mc tham nhng ton cu chng h thuyn gim l mt bi ton kh. Vo u thp nin 90, khi cc quc gia thuc khi Lin x c v cc quc gia ang pht trin cng tham gia vo nhng chng trnh ci cch theo nh hng th trng ca WB v IMF, nhiu kinh t gia tng rng nn tham nhng sp n on dit vong. Ngi ta ngh rng t do ho kinh t s gii quyt t tham nhng n tn gc thng qua vic ct gim cc th tc phin h v gim bt quyn sinh st ca cc quan chc nh nc. Bng vic xo b s khan him gi to ca cc nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung, ngi ta tng rng nhng v th trng quan liu chuyn n hi l s khng cn chn dung thn. 5. Th nhng thc t li khng din ra nh vy. Paulo Mauro, mt kinh t gia ca IMF, l lun rng vic chuyn t nn kinh t tp trung sang nn kinh t th trng to ra v vn c hi phn b li nhun, v v th n thng i km vi mt s dch chuyn t mt h thng tham nhng c t chc sang mt h thng hn lon hn v nguy him hn. 6. Cc nghin cu v kha cnh chnh tr ca cc cuc ci t kinh t cc quc gia nh n , Uganda hay Nam phi a ra hai l gii ht sc thuyt phc cho cu hi ti sao t do ho khng bi tr c tn gc t tham nhng nh ngi ta ban u mong i. L do th nht l: bn thn qu trnh chuyn giao ti sn v trch nhim t khu vc kinh t nh nc sang khu vc t nhn l mt c hi lm ny sinh cc hnh thi tham nhng nh cc phi v t nhn ho vi gi ngi nh, hay vic thc thi mt cch thin lch cc u i thu nhm khuyn khch u t. 7. L do th hai bt ngun t bn cht lin tc ca cc chng trnh ci t hu ht cc nn kinh t ang pht trin v thc hin chuyn i. Sau nhng ci t rm beng ban u thng l mt qu trnh ko di v tn trong chnh ph phi loay hoay vi cc qui nh khc nhau, th nghim vi cc hnh thc qun l khc nhau, p dng c ch qun l doanh nghip...v.v v v.v. Tm li, nhng ngi thc hin ci t hu nh c ton quyn quyt nh s thc hin ci t theo kiu no. V ng nhin mi kiu ci t li c nhng nh hng khc nhau ti nhng phe phi khc nhau trong gii kinh doanh. 8. Chnh v vy m c hi cho tham nhng vn tip tc ny n, v trong mt s trng hp cn vt xa nhng c hi trong thi quan liu bao cp. Ngay c khi cc quyt nh ci t c thc hin mt cch cng bng th vic c thng bo trc cng ht sc c gi tr i vi cc ch th kinh t t nhn, c bit l trng hp ci t th trng vn. Chnh qu trnh ci t lin tc bin thng tin ni b c v thi gian ln ni dung tr thnh mt th hng ho c sn lng ro rit.

Unit 3. Task 3. Vietnam - the deepening rich-poor divide

1. The discrepancy between the rich and poor in Vietnam, although not very pronounced according to international standards, is on the rise. This conclusion is drawn from Vietnam Development Report 2002 jointly compiled by government agencies, international aid donors and NGOs in an attempt to do away with poverty incidence in Vietnam.

2. The countrywide increasing rich-poor gap could be atributed to the worsening discrepancy between urban and rural areas, says the report. Growth rates in urban areas are far higher than in all rural ones, except the Red River Delta. The difference is especially pronounced when the richest and poorest regions of Vietnam are compared. 3. As revealed by Nguyen Phong, deputy director of the Social and Environment Department, General Department of Statistics, while income improves by only 30% in rural areas, it has already doubled in urban areas and even quadrupled or quintupled in major cities. A survey conducted by the General Department of Statistics shows that 4 out of 5 poor people work in the agriculture sector. 4. Director of the Statistics Division at the Science Information Centre of War Invalids and Social Affairs Hoang Thuy Nhung said that the income gap between rural and urban areas not only affects peoples standard of living but also has important implications for their access to job, health care, and education opportunities. As estimated by the report, a visit to hospital can cost a poor person a sum equivalent to 22% of his annual food expenditure. 5. Despite the encouraging inrease in school enrolment, a large proportion of rural population still enjoy less favourable conditions than their urban counterparts in accessing basic education. A finding of the report shows that on average spending on education is 10 times higher in urban areas than in rural ones. Going to school is even more difficult in mountainous and remote areas. Only 49% of adult women in Lai Chau are literate. 6. The widening rich-poor gap can also be attributed to the difference in growth rates across regions. The South East region has had the highest growth rate during the 93-99 period (hitting the 78%record), according to the report. The Mekong Delta, on the other hand, is the slowest growing region, with only 18% growth. 7. Preventing the rich-poor divide from developing any further, and trying to bridge the urbanrural gap, therefore, is one of Vietnams top priorities in the planning and implementing of its socio-economic development strategy in the years ahead.

Unit 3. Task 4. Table 1. Intransitive verbs

Increase accelerate be up balloon climb crawl creep develop deepen edge up escalate gain go up grow improve intensify jump Decrease abate collapse decline diminish drop fall plummet plunge slash slide slow shrink worsen

pick up rally rebound rise rocket soar surge swell uphill widen worsen

Table 2. Maximizers and minimizers

considerable encouraging dramatic drastic enormous formidable fabulous great heavy impressive magnificient massive marvelous noticeable outstanding rapid remarked remarkable respectable robust severe sharp significant spectacular splendid steep striking surprising sustainable strong substantial swift tremendous unprecedented unrivaled vast vigorous manageable modest moderate reasonable slight slow sluggish soft steady weak

Unit 4. Task 1

Triu Nguyn (1802 - 1945)

1. Hong Gia Long khi xng ci m nh s hc David Marr gi l "chnh sch khi phc li gi tr v t tng o Khng mt cch ton din" nhm cng c v th non yu ca triu nh bng cch li ko nhng nh nho c xu hng bo th ang cn s hi trc tro lu ci t ca phong tro khi ngha Ty Sn. 2. Gia Long cng khi xng nhng cng trnh quy m ln nh k, knh o, ng x, cng bin, cu cng v khai hoang rung t chn hng t nc b tn ph sau gn 3 thp k chin tranh. Con ng Thin L ni Hu vi Si Gn v H Ni c xy dng trong thi k ny, v c thnh tr hnh ngi sao th ph ca cc tnh theo nguyn l ca kin trc s qun s Vauban ngi Php cng vy. Tt c nhng cng trnh ny t mt gnh nng ln dn chng VN di dng thu kho, cng bc tng qun hay lao dch. 3. Thi t ca Gia Long, hong Minh Mng, cng c xy dng t nc v thit lp mt chnh quyn tp quyn mnh. Do c gio dc theo Nho gio nn Minh Mng cao tm quan trng ca gio dc Nho gio truyn thng , mt cch gio dc theo kiu ghi nh v din gii kinh in cc in tch Nho gio v vn t trong lch s Trung Hoa c i. Do vy m gio dc v cc lnh vc da vo Nho gio u b nh tr. 4. Minh Mng c bit i nghch (th ch) vi o C c v ng ta coi o C c l mi e do i vi quc gia, v ng ta cn c cm c vi tt c nhng nh hng ca phng Ty. 7 nh truyn gio v rt nhiu ngi VN theo o c c b hnh quyt trong nhng nm 1830, gy ra s cm phn ca ngi Php C c gio v h i chnh ph Php can thip vo VN. 5. Nhng cuc ni dy ln n ra c min Bc ln min Nam trong giai on ny v ngy cng lan rng trong nhng nm 1840 v 1850. Tnh hnh cn tr nn ti t hn khi cc v bo ng cc vng chu th li din ra cng vi dch bnh u ma, ni lon vng sn cc, hn hn, nn chu chu v c bit nghim trng l cc v v sng Hng lin min do triu nh l l, sao nhng. 6. Cc hong u triu Nguyn tip tc chnh sch bnh trng ca cc triu trc, ln t ca Campuchia v m rng b ci trn mt di bin gii di min ni pha Ty. Triu Nguyn chim gi mt vng t rng ln ca Lo v tranh chp vi Thi Lan trong vic ginh quyn kim sot t ai ca triu nh Cao Min suy yu. 7. Hong Thiu Tr k v tin hong Minh Mng v trc xut hu ht cc nh truyn gio. Hong T c ln ni ngi v tip tc cai tr theo quan im Nho gio c h v bt chc cch cai tr ca triu Thanh bn Trung Quc. C hai v hong ny u ra tay n p nhng cuc ni dy ca nng dn.

Unit 4. Task 3 Vietnamese Dishes

1. Foreigners like Vietnamese food not only because of its refined taste but also its variety. Vietnamese cookery has, at least, three distinct styles, each deriving from a particular region: northern, central, and southern, to say nothing of the various sub-regional styles.

2. Southerners also like to use groudnuts and rice paper sheets as ingredients in their cooking. Pho is a dish of northern origin, but when preparing it southern cooks often use additional ingredients that northerners would not use, such as bean sprouts and herbs. 3. While both northern and southern dishes are enjoynable, the southern tend to be more exotic and the northern more profound. This is probably why Vu Bang, a Vietnamese gastronome, has titled his book on northern cooking The Delicious Dishes of Ha Noi and southern cooking The Extraordinary Dishes of the South. 4. Hues dishes, on the other hand, are highly refined. Many such dishes originated at the Nguyen court in the 19th century. Some popular dishes from Hue are fermented shrimps, round rice noodle with beef and part of a pigs leg, rice pan cake and bean pudding. As more and more people are looking for delicate tastes, restaurants serving Hue food are mushrooming in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. 5. Vietnam is a long, narrow country stretching from north to south, with many different social, cultural and geographic regions and sub-regions, so its wide variety of dishes is understandable. A cookbook recently published in Hanoi has listed 555 Vietnamese dishes, but experts say this is just one tenth of the total number of the dishes eaten across the whole country. 6. Hanois foods are described in early historical records. In his book Vietnams Geography published in the early 15th century, Nguyen Trai listed some well-known foods and drinks of the capital city at that time. 7. Vu Bang observes, One Autumn day I wandered through the 36 streets of Hanois old quarter and suddenly realised that Hanoi had changed a lot: the streets, houses and clothes. One thing remained unchanged, though: the foods Hanoians eat. 8. Flavouring the food is an important part of Hanoian cooking. Each dish has its own spices and garnishes: lemon leaves and peppered salt for boiled chicken; sweet marjoram for bun noodle soup with rice field crabs; garlic for duck; and ginger for beef. 9. For traditional Hanoians, the way one dines is no less important than the food itself. Because they consider it an occasion for friends and ralatives to meet and talk. They will eat and drink little by little to savour all the flavours of the different dishes. But in the rush of modern life this traditional way of eating is vulgarised, as people devour their food without really tasting what they are eating.

Unit 4. Task 4
1. The Vietnamese are not only brave in fighting but also diligent at work. 2. Both students and teachers must be on time for classes. 3. Vietnamese cuisine is loved by foreign visitors and local people alike. 4. The last couple of decades saw Vietnams strong performance on social as well as economic fronts. 5. China is seen thesedays as the worlds most dynamic economy as its impressive rate of growth is coupled with sustainability.

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6. The American Constitution owes its staying power/ its enduring character to not only its simplicity but its flexibility as well.

Unit 5. Task 1. nhng kin phn i v ng h nhng sinh th c bin i gen

1. Dn s cc nc ang pht trin ang tng nhanh, nhng t ai dnh cho trng trt th li khng tng. Ngi ta d on vo nm 2025, th gii s c thm 2 triu ming n, v nui sng nhng ngi ny, cn phi tm ra nhng bin php tng nng sut cho mi hcta t nng nghip. C nhiu ngi hn khng ch c ngha l phi sn xut ra nhiu lng thc hn nui sng h, m cn c ngha l chng ta phi lao tm kh t nhiu hn tm cch sn xut ra c s lng thc y. c nhiu tng hay c xut, trong c sc thuyt phc hn c l p dng cng ngh sinh hc, c bit l cng ngh bin i gen. y l mt ngnh khoa hc mi: sinh th c ci bin gen u tin mi ch c tung ra th trng cch y c 5 nm. Nhng ngi ng h cng ngh bin i gen hi vng rng n s gii quyt c nn i trn th gii. Nhng nhng ngi phn i cng ngh ny th li quan ngi rng n c th gy c hi cho tt c chng ta. n lc chng ta cn bnh tnh xem xt nhng c hi cha tng c cng nh nhng vn kh x m cng ngh ny c th mang li. Thc ra ngi nng dn c nhng thao tc can thip bin i b gen ca cy trng v vt nui t rt lu trc khi thc s bit n khi nim ny. T hng ngn nm nay, h tm cch chuyn nhng c tnh u vit ca mt loi cy ny sang cho mt loi cy khc thng qua lai ghp. y chnh l qu trnh c di bin thnh cy la m. H cng gy ging vt nui mt cch c chn lc chng tng trng nhanh hn v cho tht ngon hn. Chnh nh vy m ln rng bin thnh ln nh. Cng ngh bin i gen cng nhm t c nhng kt qu tng t, nhng nhanh hn v chnh xc hn nhiu. JT, gio s kim trng khoa vi sinh ca H Cape Town Nam Phi ni v tm quan trng ca cc cy trng c ci bin gen i vi khu vc cn sa mc Sahara Phi chu. Trong nghin cu thc hin trn loi ng, b chng kin ging cy ny v nhiu cy khc c th c ci to nh th no chu ng c hn hn v chng chi vi virut, nm v su bnh tt hn. Lng thc c bin i gen l mt phn trong gii php tng hp nhm gii quyt nn thiu lng thc nhng ni trn th gii m nn i vn ang honh hnh. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng li ch thc s v tim tng k trn ca cng ngh bin i gen, chng ta cng cn thc c v nhng ri ro ca n. Cy ghp gen ca cc loi khc nhau c th gy nguy him cho sc kho, v cc cy trng c bin i gen cng c th gy ra nhng vn i vi mi trng. Cng nh bt k mt cng ngh mi no, kh m c th chng minh mt cch thuyt phc rng lng thc c bin i gen l an ton. Do cn th nghim nhng sn phm c bin i gen mt cch k lng trc khi tung ra bn trn th trng, v sau cn tip tc theo di nh hng ca nhng sn phm . i vi ngi ngho th cng ngh bin i gen xut hin ch ng lc t no. Sau khi xy ra mt s ca t vong Anh m nguyn nhn hu nh chc chn l do bnh b in ngi gy nn, dn chng chu u mt lng tin vo kh nng ca chnh ph trong vic bo v h khi nhng thc phm c hi. C l v vy m mt s nc ngho vn do d cha mun trng cc loi cy c bin i gen v s lm kinh ng dn chu u. Cc t chc phi chnh ph ru rao rng cc loi cy c bin i gen c th gy c hi cho nhng

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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cnh ng ln cn do phn hoa bay sang. V cng rt c th h s nhn c hi ku gi mi ngi ty chay khng dng tt c cc loi lng thc nhp khu t cc nc c trng rng ri cc loi cy bin i gen, d sn phm nhp khu c c bin i gen hay khng. 7. V dn cc nc giu ch my khi b i nn h cng khng qu ho hng trc vin cnh l th gii s c nhiu lng thc hn vi gi r hn. Nhng s tht ng bun nu chng ta ch lo lm p lng mt s t ngi lc no cng no bng m qun mt rng hng t ngi i km trn th gii s gp nhiu kh khn hn trong vic nui sng chnh bn thn mnh.

Unit 5. Task 3.

the ethical aspect of genetics

1. Few could argue that using genetic therapies to predict and cure diseases is a giant leap forward for humanity, but also gives rise to ethical dilemmas. In a session entitled Science and medicine: are we playing God?, Peter Singer, professor at American Princeton University pointed out that there were, in fact, enormous advantages in using genetic techniques to deal with diseases, but there must be some boundaries to this. What will happen if we use genetic engineering to clone cute babies according to their parents orders? 2. Prof. Singer was not alone in his deep concern about the applications of genetics and its long-term effects. Many still recall how Robert Oppenheimer, developer of the atomic bomb, and his colleagues died from the effects of radiation when the first bomb was tested in Los Alamos. This is a hard lesson for us all. 3. Moreover, many share the fear about what the G-revolution would mean for those who are not able to access it and the potential for deepening the divide between the rich and the poor. 4. Mrs. Shiva, Director of the Research Foundation for Science and Technology in India, is another doubter about the assumption that genetically-modified organisms are superior to natural ones. She pointed out that people in the region around the Himalayas where she comes from regularly live to reach 100 or more without the aid of genetically modified drugs. 5. In some other nations such as Australia the level of disquiet about the development of genetically modified crops has been growing with each passing year. People in other countries even boycott such varieties. Indeed, a hardening of community attitudes is being reflected in a broad range of initiatives by government to stiffen provisions regulating the development, use and labelling of genetically modified foods.

Unit 5. Task 4.
1. The benefits of genetical modification technology is now being questioned. 2. In health and environment terms, there seem to be no reasonable scientific evidence to support the commercial manufacturing of genetically modified crops. 3. It is important to negotiate and implement international arrangements to protect community health and environmental resources.

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4. Genetically modified crops is expected to be a topic of lively debate at the WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle. 5. It is widely believed that research is needed to explore opportunities to enable poor farmers and low income consumers to benefit from genetically modified foods.

Check your progress 1 EN-VN

1. Th gii ca chng ta l mt th gii trong khng mt c nhn no hay mt quc gia no tn ti n l. Chng ta u cng chu nh hng ca nhng bin i v chnh tr, x hi v cng ngh nh nhau. Tng t nh vy, nn nhim, ti phm c t chc v s ph bin v kh git ngi cng khng loi tr mt quc gia no. Gia chng ta lun c s rng buc, lin h v ph thuc ln nhau. 2. Hu ht nhng iu ny thc ra chng c g xa l. Nhng ring xu th ton cu ho trong thi i ngy nay th li mang mt sc din mi. N din ra nhanh chng hn v b chi phi bi nhiu qui lut hoc i khi chng theo mt qui lut no. Ton cu ho em li cho chng ta nhiu s la chn v thi c mi. Tuy nhin i vi nhiu triu ngi trn th gii, n li khng phi l mt tc nhn em li s tin b, m l mt tr lc c th lm o ln cuc sng, ph v thun phong m tc v lm h mt i k sinh nhai. 3. i mt vi nhng c hi cng nh thch thc ca xu hng ton cu ho, vi nhng cuc xung t m mu trin min m nn nhn ch yu l nhng ngi dn lnh v ti, i mt vi i ngho v bt cng vn cn y ry, chng ta cn phi xc nh xem cn ng tm hip lc nh th no bo v c li ch cho ton nhn loi. n lc chng ta cn chng minh rng cng ng quc t khng phi l mt khu hiu sung. 4. C ngi ni rng cng ng quc t ch l vin tng hoc l mt khi nim qu m h. Nhng ti li c mt nim tin st vo s hin hu ca n. Khi chng ta thy nhng nn nhn ca cc v ng t Th nh k hay Hi lp nhn c vin tr, th chnh l cng ng quc t ang thc hin s mng nhn o ca mnh. Khi cc chnh ph b gy p lc phi xo nhng khon n chng cht cho cc nc ngho nht th gii, th chnh l cng ng quc t ang r b nhng gnh nng ang km hm qu trnh pht trin kinh t chung. V khi cc t chc on th buc cc chnh ph phi k mt cng c cm v kh git ngi hng lot, th cng chnh l cng ng quc t ang n lc gn gi cho ho bnh th gii. 5. Vy iu g khin chng ta xch li gn nhau trong mt cng ng quc t? Ni mt cch nm na nht th l c vng v mt th gii tt p hn cho tt c mi ngi, nh c nu trong Hin Chng Thnh Lp Lin Hp Quc. l khun kh ca lut php, hip c v cng c nhn quyn quc t. cng l mong mun ca chng ta v nhng vn hi chung cho mi ngi, chnh v vy chng ta mi thnh lp nn nhng th trng chung v cc t chc chung. Mt cy lm chng nn non, ba cy chm li nn hn ni cao. Kofi Annan Tng th k LHQ VN - EN 1. Before human came on the scene, the world changed only slowly over periods of thousands, if not millions of years. But during the past two milleniums, the rate of change has been dramatic. Forests have vanished, river courses have been altered, and large areas of natural vegetation have disappeared under/ been replaced by farmland and cities. The delicate

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balance of nature have been disturbed/upset, and some of the results pose serious problems for the survival of the human race. 2. The greenhouse effect. The build-up of the so-called greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane and CFCs) arising from industry and agriculture traps heat in the atmosphere and causes global warming. If the earth continues to warm at its present rate, sea levels could rise by over 1 meter by 2030, which would make 15 million people homeless in Bangladesh. Large areas of London would be under the water and the whole Venice would be destroyed. 3. Ozone depletion/ erosion. The ozone layer absorbs 99% of the harmful incoming ultra violet radiation from the sun. But industrial pollutants such as CFCs, methane and nitrous oxides are damaging this protective shield where significant holes have already been detected. Ozone depletion is the main culprit in causing fatal diseases like skin cancer, rickets, and kidney-stones. 4. Deforestation. More than 100 000 sq km of forests, major suppliers of the worlds oxygen, are being destroyed every year. Undiscovered plant and animal species of potential benefit to man disappear as the forest is cut down/ with wanton logging. Burning produces CO2 which fuels/agravates/worsens the greenhouse effect. The exposed soil is then washed away leaving a sterile and arid landscape. 5. Acid rain. Industrial emissions of acid gases combine with moisture in the air to produce acid rain, which attacks trees and plants, kills fish and water animals, damages the brick and stonework of houses and buildings and corrodes the metalwork of steel bridges and railings.

Unit 6. Task 1. hip nh thng mi mang li nim hi vng

1. Mi ngi u t ra phn khi trc s kin hip nh thng mi Vit M c k kt vo thng 7 nm 2001 sau hn bn nm m phn ko di. Hip nh ny s gip cho nn kinh t Vit nam m ca mnh m v thc y mu dch gia hai quc gia. Hip nh s gip cho Vit nam c hi tip cn vi th trng M vi nhng iu kin nh cc quc gia khc ang c hng, v c th gip cho cc cng ty Vit nam kim thm c 1 t la nh c nhiu c hi lm n hn. Hip nh cng s to iu kin cho H ni trong vic xin gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii. i li, c hi cho cc nh u t M Vit nam cng tr nn rng m hn. Tuy vy vn cn phi thc c nhng mt hn ch ca hip nh. Hip nh chng mang li g hn l cho Vit nam c hng iu kin quan h thng mi bnh thng, trc y c gi l qui ch ti hu quc, cho php hng ho ca Vit nam vo th trng M vi mc thu sut nhp khu thp nh mc m hu ht cc nc khc ang c hng. Hip nh khng ng g n h thng hn ngch hin ti. Mc d cc nh kinh t hc d tnh rng kim ngch xut khu ca Vit nam sang M - m nm ngoi l 450 triu la c th s tng gp i trong nm u tin hip nh c hiu lc, nhng cng nn nh rng ngi ta cng tng a ra nhng d on lc quan tng t nh vy khi hai nc bnh thng ho quan h ngoi giao vo nm 1995. Th nhng s bng n v du lch m ngi ta hng mong i khng bao gi tr thnh hin thc. Mt hn ch na l s suy gim nghim trng ca u t nc ngoi vo Vit nam, mt phn l do cuc khng hong khu vc gy nn. Nhng mt nhn t khng km phn quan trng khc l s chn ngn ca cc nh u t trc nhng kh khn khi lm n Vit nam.

2.

3.

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K t khi Vit nam m ca cho cc nh u t nc ngoi vo nm 1998, cc nh u t chuyn t tm l hi vng, sang tht vng, ri sang tuyt vng. 4. Vn c nhng cng ty n nn lm ra ti Vit nam, nhng thc t ny li t c cp mt cch y trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng. iu ny mt phn l do cc doanh nhn c ngi Vit nam ln ngi nc ngoi u cho rng khng nn ph trng mnh. ng Cng sn thng hay nghi ng s giu c v cng ty t nhn, v cc c quan thu thng rt thnh v ti pht hin ra nhng doanh nghip giu c. Gn y th tc cp php c gin tin ngay c i vi cc doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi. Ban u, hnh thc u t nc ngoi ch yu Vit nam l lin doanh vi t l gp vn Vit nam 30-nc ngoi 70, nhng sau ngi ta nhn ra rng pha i tc Vit nam thng chng em g n bn m phn ngoi mt bng kinh doanh b nh gi qu cao. Do cc nh u t nc ngoi ngy cng thch hnh thc doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi hn mc d thi gian hot ng c b hn ch hn v gp nhiu kh khn hn trong vic xin quyn s dng t. Mt hnh thc u t khc l hp ng hp tc kinh doanh, trn thc t l h tr cho cc doanh nghip t nhn Vit nam. Rt nhiu doanh nghip thnh cng nh nm c phng chm khng ph trng ni trn. Tuy nhin kh khn vn cn chng cht. Tt c cc doanh nghip Vit nam u phi chu mt h thng thu tu tin, khng r rng v tht thng nh vo li nhun , mt bng kinh doanh v ngi lao ng, nhng ngi ny phi chu mt ch thu lu tin rt cao, c ngha l nu mt nhn vin nhn c mc lng 2000la mt thng th cng ty phi tn ti 10000la. Cc doanh nghip khng th chuyn thu nhp ra ngoi t, cng khng th xm nhp vo cc knh phn phi sn c ca Vit nam. Cc hp ng gia bn Vit nam v bn nc ngoi thng l khng thc hin c. H thng to n kinh t hu nh khng hot ng. H thng trng ti trong nc khng c kh nng cng ch thi hnh n, cn kh nng cng ch ca phn quyt trng ti theo Cng c New York v Ti Phn Nc ngoi m Vit nam tham gia k kt th cn cha c kim chng. Cc nh chc trch Vit nam cng tuyn b rng h ang c gng khc phc nhng tn ti trn, v thng t chc cc bui to m cp cao gia cc quan chc chnh ph v cc nh u t nc ngoi, nhng cc nh u t th ngy cng t ra nghi ng tnh hiu qu ca nhng bui to m .

5.

6.

7.

Unit 6. Task 3 ALBRIGHT URGES MOVEMENT ON TRADE AGREEMENT

1. Good afternoon. I am pleased to be back in Vietnam. Before continuing on to HCM City, I would like to say a few words about my talks today with the General Secretary, the Prime Minister, and the Vice Prime Minister. 2. Since my last visit 2 years ago, the US and Vietnam have consolidated our progress on 2 key issues. First and foremost, we remain grateful for Vietnams cooperation with our effort to obtain the fullest possible accounting of Americans still missing in the Vietnam war. 3. Another stepping stone toward more normal ties has been immigration. Vietnams strong performance has permitted us to renew our Jackson-Vanik waiver and to normalise consular relations - as signified by the new consulate I will commission tomorrow in HCM City.

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4. In my talks today, however, I also emphasised that Vietnam needs to conclude a number of pending agreements that would help to revitalise growth and strengthen economic ties with the US. 5. Most importantly, we must reach closure on a landmark agreement which, if approved by the Congress, would open way for freer trade between our countries. After nearly 4 years of negotiation effort, prompt action is needed if this golden opportunity is not to be missed. 6. Ofcourse, Vietnams economic development depends on far more than agreements with the US. To spur overall foreign investment and trade, Vietnam must continue and intensify its reforms. This is also a precondition to boost Vietnams bid for membership of the WTO . 7. I also urged Vietnamese leaders to move decisively on a variety of non-economic matters that are ripe for progress. These range from fighting against drug trafficking to concluding a pact that will facilitate joint research on a number of science and health issues. 8. Once more, I want to thank Minister Cam for his welcome. We have some work left to do, but if Vietnam does its part, the US is willing to redouble our effort in the months to come. And now I would be pleased to answer your questions.

Unit 6. Task 4
1. He is very popular in spite of his appearance. 2. In his speech, the governor promised a solution to the plight of the homeless. 3. People are revolting against their corrupt leaders. 4. After coming to power, he destroyed all his political opponents. 5. The world is asking them to abide to the peace treaty that they have signed with their neighbouring countries. 6. They betrayed their country when selling the army secrets to the enemy agents. 7. Banks say losses are an unavoidable step in their recovery from the crisis. 8. Its the downturn in American markets that cause investors to move their funds to Asia.

Unit 7. Task 1 cu tr li l : phi ton cu ho

1. Cuc khng hong ti chnh lm ny sinh v vn tng v vic ci t li trt t ti chnh ton cu. Tuy khc nhau v chi tit, song c th chia cc tng ra lm ba trng phi ln. 2. Trng phi th nht cho rng cu trc ti chnh th gii hin nay l tng i n. Ci cn phi sa i l s kt ni bn trong ca h thng. Theo trng phi ny, cch khc phc khng hong l nng cao vai tr v m rng ngun lc ca IMF vi t cch l ngi cho vay cui cng, nhng ch cho vay i vi nhng nc sn sng tin hnh ci t trit m thi.

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3. Trng phi th hai li kin ngh rng nn p dng cc qun ch i vi vic di chuyn vn thng qua mt loi thu chuyn nhng vn. Cc bin php qun ch ny khng ch nhm ngn chn s di chuyn ca nhng dng vn u c gy mt n nh kinh t, cng khng ch nhm thu ht cc dng vn u t v tn dng di hn. Cc bin php qun ch ny cn cn c coi nh nhng cng c hp php cc quc gia c th p dng cc chnh sch thng mi v cng nghip ca mnh. 4. Trng phi th ba li nhn nhn vn theo mt cch khc. Theo trng phi ny, vn chnh li nm bn thn m hnh pht trin - ly xut khu v u t nc ngoi lm hai ng nng tng trng chnh. Sai lm c bn ca cc nn kinh t b khng hong l ho nhp mt cch ba bi vo nn kinh t th gii. 5. Do cch thot khi khng hong l phi phi ton cu ho nn kinh t quc dn trong mt chng mc nht nh - c ngha l phi ti nh hng nn kinh t quay v vi th trng ni a, phi ph thuc nhiu hn vo cc ngun vn trong nc, phi hp tc cht ch hn vi cc quc gia xung quanh, phi h bt nhp tng trng gim i s chnh lch qu ln v thu nhp, v phi tin hnh ci t chnh tr lm nng ct cho tng trng bn vng. 6. ng nhin, nu chng ta c c mt c cu ti chnh thch hp th cn g bng. Nhng v s khng th t c iu ny trong ngy mt ngy hai, nn trc mt chng ta c hai nhim v chnh. Th nht, cn phi ngn chn cc cuc ci t hin nay khng cho khu vc ti chnh ca cc quc gia ang pht trin b ho tan vo h thng ton cu do cc nc pht trin chi phi. Th hai, cn thit lp mt lot cc bin php qun ch vn, cc chnh sch thng mi v cc tho c hp tc khu vc c hiu qu nn kinh t quc dn c th thc hin chuyn i vi s can thip ti thiu ca cc th lc bn ngoi.

Unit 7. Task 3 Search of new growth engines

1. As East Asia continues to sift/struggle through the wreckage of one of the greatest financial collapses since the Great Depression, there finally are signs that the foundations of a new Asian economy are starting to rise. Chinas decision to lower its trade barriers in order to enter the WTO and revitalise its economy is part of the ocerwhelming liberalisation trend sweeping the region. 2. Sobering economic realities/The gloomy economic picture in East Asia are driving the changes. Chief among them is the regions shattered financial system. The 3% of GNP the US paid to fix its savings and loans in the 80s pales in comparison with the 15% of GDP it will cost South Korea to clear bad loans, which some analysts believe exceed $95 billion. Deutsche bank puts the cleanup bill at 50% of GDP in Indonesia and 56% in Thailand. 3. The financial meltdown and changes in the global economy have dealt a heavy blow to the old economic model. Many of the giant groups that propelled the tiger economies in the past are in shambles, as are the banks that supported them. At the same time, Asias manufacturing base has come under threat by falling world prices and mounting competition from Latin America and Eastern Europe. So Asian governments are struggling to find new engines of growth for the 21st century. 4. For the first time since the regions takeoff in the 60s, industrial giants are focusing on profits rather than on new output records. Once mighty conglomerates are breaking up, as Asia can no longer depend on them to fuel growth. Banks, once merely conduits for funnelling Asias savings to favoured companies, are having to become more sophisticated.

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Governments, long obsessed with rigid statistics, are focusing more on basic social needs. And they are looking inward, toward the domestic consumers, to find new engines of growth in high tech, services, and small business. 5. The goal for many Asian leaders is nothing more than replicating the success of the American New Economy. Economies that rely too heavily on manufacturing are quickly becoming obsolete, says the managing director of Singapores Economic Development Board, Liew Heng San. Thus Singapore is aggressively planning to turn the island into an R& D centre. The new paradigm is based on knowledge, added Liew. 6. But change is often painful, and risky. It will be years before Asias new economic model can fly in its full wings. Tigers cant change their stripes overnight/ Rome was not built in one day. It took nearly two decades for America to lay the grounds for its New Economy with corporate reengineering, government budget fights, and technology investment. For Asia, that journey is just beginning.

Unit 7. Task 4
1. You should be patient. Diligence is the mother of good fortune. 2. Ill pay you right after this consignment is sold. - Dont count your chickens before they are hatched. Who knows the goods can sell? 3. I wont buy so many shares of this company if I were in your shoes. You shouldnt put all your eggs in one basket. 4. I think youve been too hard on him. To err is human, you know. 5. I dont think you should learn at two universities at the same time. You will be Jack of all but master of none. 6. Your idea is interesting and feasible, go ahead with it. Dont hesitate. Man proposes and God disposes. 7. What matters is that youve been well prepared. The first step is the hardest. Ill give you a hand if you want.

Unit 8. Task 1. bc kinh c th hc hi g t sai lm ca cc nc lng ging

1. Ngi ta vn thng mc nhin cho rng t do ho th trng l hon ton c li. Nhng khi Bc Kinh, Oasinhtn v c th gii ang hn hoan n mng vic Trung quc gia nhp WTO, chng ta vn cn phi nh rng nu vi vng tham gia vo th gii t bn ch ngha cnh tranh khc lit ca th gii m cha c s chun b k cng th s v cng nguy him. Trc khi buc phi tun th nhng lut chi mi, Trung quc cng cn phi nghin cu nhng sai lm m cc nc khc trc mc phi khi t do ho v phi tin hnh nhng ci t cn thit. Kinh nghim ca Hn quc v Thi lan trong vic m ca th trng ti chnh trc khi n ra cuc khng hong chu li nhng bi hc xng mu. Vic cho ng nhn dn t c t do chuyn i v d b cc ro cn i vi dng vn nc ngoi vo Trung

2.

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quc cha nm trong k hoch ca nc ny khi gia nhp WTO. Nhng khi cc cng ty Trung quc tr nn dy dn hn v buc phi cnh tranh trong mt th gii m bin gii gia cc quc gia b xo nho, th Trung quc tt yu s phi m ca th trng ti chnh hn na. 3. Hn quc t ra rt yu km trong vic thc hin chuyn i khi phi i mt vi thch thc ny. Chnh quyn Seoul tin hnh t do ho th trng ti chinh dng vo lc nc ny gia nhp t chc OECD vo nm 1996. Kt qu l cc ngn hng, cc nh mi gii v cc cng ty ca Hn quc c mc sc t tung t tc. c php vay trc tip t cc ngn hng nc ngoi, cc tp on khng l nh Daewoo lm vo cnh n nn chng cht. Mt nm sau, qu d tr ngoi hi ca Hn quc hon ton cn kit. Chnh quyn Seoul phi mui mt n xin IMF mt khon vin tr ti chnh tr gi 58 t la. Trng hp ca Thi lan cng chng sng sa hn. Quyt nh ca nc ny trong vic thc hin chng trnh Dch v Ngn hng Quc t Bangkok vo nm 1993 nhn c s tn thng nhit tnh ca nhng ngi ch trng t do ho th trng. Vi mc tiu bin Bng cc thnh mt trung tm ti chnh quc t, chng trnh ny cho php cc cng ty Thi lan vay ngoi t mt cch d dng hn, vi li sut thp hn li sut trong nc t 0.5 n 0.6 phn trm. Ban u vic ny tng chng nh v hi. Nhng khi cn cn thanh ton ca Thi bt u b thm ht v cc khon n nc ngoi ngn hn n hn thanh ton, th ng bt st gi nghim trng. Hng lot cc cng ty ti chnh ph sn, v h thng ngn hng Thi n gi vn cn chm ngp trong nhng khon n khng c kh nng chi tr. Mc d hip nh WTO ca Trung quc ch yu cp n vn mu dch, nhng n cng em li cho cc ngn hng, cc qu u t v cng ty bo him nc ngoi nhiu c hi hn trong vic tip cn th trng rng ln ca mnh. Mt khi xm nhp c vo th trng, cc cng ty nc ngoi rt c th s ph v th cn bng mng manh ca h thng ti chnh vn lung lay ca Trung quc. Nhng iu trn y khng phi l mt lun c nhm phn i tin trnh ton cu ho, m ch l mt li cnh bo rng Trung quc cn phi khn ngoan trong vic n nhn nhng c hi pha trc. Ngay t by gi, Trung quc cn phi o to nhng ch ngn hng, cc nh mi gii v cc nh qun l qu u t h c c nhng k nng cn thit cho tng lai. Nu Trung quc khng tin hnh ci t ti chnh mt cch hp l th nc ny s khng th tn dng c nhng c hi do WTO mang li.

4.

5.

6.

Unit 8. Task 3. China - the promise and peril of the WTO DEAL
1. By the time Chinas Trade Minister and Americas Trade Representative signed a WTO deal on Nov 15, it was clear that Beijing had little choice. Chinas economy was looking shaky, with growth slowing and unemployment rising into double digits. Foreign investors, weary of bureaucratic obstacles, were withdrawing from China. China needed WTO to force through needed reforms. 2. The agreement paving the way for entry into the WTO, however, wont produce an overnight miracle. But it is a significant step for China on its path to open markets after

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decades of halting progress. Despite the pains that will accompany reform, Chinese leaders recognized that the potential gains were too great to ignore. 3. Estimates are that entry into the WTO could bring China $100 billion of new investment annually, and add one percentage point to its economic growth thanks to enhanced efficiency, improved competitiveness and boosted exports. Companies in the hightech and biotech industries will thrive. The garment and textile industry within 5 years can create 5 million jobs, the service industry 2.6 million, and the construction industry 1 million. 4. But grabbing that growth depends on China following through on its new pledges, and on investors felling confident in Chinas resolve. The deal calls for China to open sectors ranging from telecom and internet, to banking, securities, and distribution. Also to be phased in are tariff cuts on a wide range of products, from an average of 22% to 17%. Beijing also promised to end all export subsidies. 5. For the first time, Western companies will be able to sell products directly to Chinese consumers. Currently, computer manufacturers face headaches in China, including quotas and tariffs on imported components, and restrictions on distribution. With the WTO, they now can consider expanding. 6. American farmers have hopes, too. China is now supposed to drop export subsidies and sharply cut tariffs for farm products. But it is hardly a win for the Chinese farmers or manufacturers. Entry into the WTO will force a dramatic split, creating winners and losers. Many companies in noncompetitive heavy industries such as steel and petrochemicals run the risk of going bankrupt as the trade barriers that used to prop them up now evaporate.

Unit 8. Task 4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. conduct/ adopt/ pursue/ formulate/design policy set a target/ meet the given target fulfil/ follow through commitments errode/ undermine/ smash/restore/regain/ rebuild/ consolidate/ win/ rekindle confidence take/ adopt a measure lift/ remove/dismantle/ lower barriers ease/loosen/relax/abolish/remove/end restrictions improve/build/develop/sharpen skills fight/combat/attack/alleviate/eradicate/eliminate/do away with/win the battle against poverty add to/create/ease/relieve/shoulder/remove/lift a burden

Unit 9. Task 1. thc y xu hng ton cu ho

1. V nhiu quc gia khng sc ng u vi nhng tc ng ca ton cu ho, nh trng hp ca chu A trong cuc khng hong ti chnh cui thp k 90, nn nhiu chuyn gia cho rng vai tr ca chnh ph ang m nht dn. Cc cng ty a quc gia, cc t chc ti chnh, cc nghip on lao ng, cc t chc phi chnh ph v cc t chc on th khc gi y dng nh ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng hn trong nn kinh t th gii. iu ny khin ngi ta i n ch tin rng th trng chim u th v y chnh ph sang mt bn. iu tai hi trong quan im ny l n dn n mt quan im khc cho rng: nu ton cu ho khng th phc v li ch cho mt quc gia, th lm sao n c th phc

20

v li ch cho c nhn c. V n sau quan im ny c th l t tng bi xch ton cu ho. 2. i ngc li vi t tng trn, cc nh lnh o trn th gii nh th tng Anh Tony Blair a ra gii php th ba nhm c gng t chnh ph vo v tr trung tm ca qu trnh ton cu ho. Tuy chnh ph c th khng can thip vo th trng, nhng li c th gip cho th trng hot ng sun s v c hiu qu. V khi pht sinh chi ph x hi th chnh ph c th h tr. Nu hiu theo cch ny th chnh ph khng h gim st vai tr, m ch t xc nh mnh vi t cch l mt b phn khng th tch ri ca ton cu ho. Nhng tuy cc nh lnh o u chu u ng h quan im trn, cha ai thnh cng trong vic bin tng thnh chnh sch c th. Tuy vy, chnh ph c th m nhim ba vai tr c bn. 3. Th nht, nhim v ca chnh ph theo quan im ny l buc cc ch th kinh t phi tun theo nhng chun mc o c nht nh, c nh vy th th trng mi hot ng ng chc nng ca n. Chnh ph c th t c iu ny bng cch a ra nhng qui nh v gim st vic thc hin nhng qui nh . Th hai, chnh ph c th gip trang b cho cng dn nc mnh nhng k nng cn thit cnh tranh trong nn kinh t ton cu. Chng hn nh ngy nay vic ngi lao ng bit s dng vi tnh v bit giao tip bng ngoi ng ngy cng tr nn quan trng. Cui cng, chnh ph cn phi thit lp mt h thng an sinh x hi. Trong cnh tranh bao gi cng c k thng ngi bi. Nhng nu khng c ai quan tm n nhng ngi thua thit th mi lin kt x hi s tr nn lng lo khi nhng ngi ny b y ra ngoi l. 4. Nhng vai tr ca chnh ph khng dng li . Ngi ta ngy cng t ra quan ngi rng nn kinh t th trng ang to ra nhng li t duy c hi cho nhn phm. L no vai tr ca chnh ph li ch l m bo tnh hiu qu ca th trng v nng cao kh nng cnh tranh cho cng dn? Cn vic nui dng mt bn sc vn ho v tm linh, em li cho con ngi s hon thin v mt tm hn th sao? Vic tr li nhng cu hi ny cng l cch ngi dn nhn thc c tm quan trng ca ton cu ho. iu ny li cng tr nn quan trng chu , ni m ngi ta bt u c cht hoi nghi v xu th mnh m ny. 5. Do , bn cnh nhng vai tr c bn, chnh ph cn phi khuyn khch ngi dn ch trng n nhng gi tr o c, m din t mt cch nm na l phi dy cho con ngi bit thng khng kiu, bi khng nn - y l nhng phm cht v cng quan trng nu chng ta mun duy tr n nh x hi. Ni tm li, cnh tranh ch c li cho chng ta nu n i km vi nhng gi tr o c. V vn ny, chnh ph ng vai tr rt ln thng qua giao dc v nui dng cho ngi dn bit thc v bn sc vn ho. 6. Thc ra, nu hiu nh vy th khng ch c chu m tt c cc nc trn th gii u bit tn trng nhng gi tr o c, min l s tn trng bao hm c s tn trng i vi cc nn vn ho khc. Cuc khng hong chu l mt tn bi kch do ton cu ho gy ra. Khng phi v ton cu ho l xu, m v cc nc chu khng chun b y n nhn n. Nhng khng hong cng c mt tt ca n. Cui cng n khin cc nc chu tnh ng rng mnh qu chm chp trong vic thch ng vi cc lut chi mi. N cng nhc nh tt c chng ta rng di sc p ca tin b khoa hc k thut v ton cu ho, chng ta xem nh tm quan trng ca nhng gi tr o c. Ton cu ho c th v nn c tnh nhn vn. V thc s n c th tr thnh mt xu th cn mnh m hn na trong th k ti.

Unit 9. Task 3. globalisation in the new millennium

21

1. Thirty years ago, when asked what they wished for at the turn of the millenium, many teenagers would have said world peace. Ask the same people now what they wished for, and their answer may well be world domination, for many of those idealistic youths are now at the heads of some of the worlds- greatest companies and are working frantically to build their organisations market shares worldwide. 2. The emphasis on the importance of globalisation was spelt out recently by AT& T president John Zeglis, who believes that companies in the future will have only two options: go global, or go bankrupt. His idea captures the spirit of a corporate world where now, more than ever, the Darwinian theory of the survival of the fittest holds true. 3. In many ways, this is nothing new. The past century saw plenty of multinational corporations extending their influence across the globe and many of the largest and most successful are still dominating international markets. Among the list of the best global companies, the majority, including Ford Motor, General Electric, and IBM, have long been favourite household names around the world. 4. What has changed is the speed with which they are able to operate and to change. Advanced communications make it now possible to manage a truly global company and yet remain nimble. New production techniques are reducing operating costs and making it feasible to site manufacturing facilities where they can utilize the cheapest labour or raw materials. 5. But while established giants are using these technologies to their advantage, they also present a threat. The field is also left wide open for new players, and with the advent of Internet, market shares built up over decades can be lost almost overnight. 6. Globalization also faces resistance from developing nations, who are concerned that global companies are threatening their own fragile companies and economies. Many are blaming the U. S of rigging the world trading system for their own benefits. Developing nations therefore are demanding more gains from international trade and economic arrangements.

Unit 9. Task 4.
1. At the recent World Economic Forum, the fact of globalisation was not challenged, but the debate on alternative approaches to this overwhelming trend truly achieved critical mass. or: At the recent World Economic Forum, debate was centered on alternative approaches to globalisation rather than on criticism against this overwhelming trend. 2. While a market economy is always desired, a market society is not. The challenge that needs to be addressed, therefore, is to ensure that society is more than just the market/ to prevent our society from becoming a purely market one. 3. According to UK PM Tony Blair, governments political leadership in our societies is changing. What is needed is a government that is responsive to and unafraid of reforms. 4. Grants have certain advantages over loans. They can be withdrawn if conditions are not met. 5. Globalization requires that old rules have to be scrapped.

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Unit 10. Task 1. kinh t chu c gng vt qua khng hong

1. Nu c ai tng ngh rng thm kch hm 11/9 ch l mt s kin pha bn kia b i dng, tuy au thng nhng li vo d vng m chng h c nh hng thc s no n cuc sng thng nht ca mnh, th gi y chc chn h phi thay i suy ngh y. 2. Cuc suy thoi kinh t t bi kch nc M ph mt bu khng kh m m ln khp khu vc chu Thi Bnh Dng. Khi hot ng mu dch tha tht dn v cc dng u t tr nn cn kit th chu mi bt u nm tri v ng ca qu trnh ton cu ho. Gi y d chng c li g, cc nc chu vn ang phi i mt vi mt cuc suy thoi kinh t trm trng hn v c th s ko di 6 thng lu hn so vi ngi ta tng d on. 3. Ti t hn c l cc nc chu hu nh lc bt tng tm. Cc ngn hng trung ng trong khu vc c th ct gim li sut i ph vi nhng ct gim li sut M, cc chnh ph c ngn sch d tha c th tng chi tiu cng cng, v cc nc c ch t gi hi oi th ni c th c gng h gi ng ni t hn na. Nhng M li l nn kinh t ln nht th gii v xa nay vn l ng nng tng trng cho kinh t ton cu, nn khi nim tin trong lng nc M b gim mnh bi cc cuc tn cng vo New York v Washington th cc bin php m cc nc chu ang p dng ch c th gim nh phn no nh hng ca suy thoi kinh t M ch khng trnh hon ton c s suy thoi . 4. nh hng ca suy thoi M s c nh hng trc tip n cc nn kinh t da vo xut khu ca chu . Trc khi xy ra s kin 11/9, cc nc chu vn phi hng chu nh hng ca cuc suy thoi cng ngh ton cu. Sau khi kim ngch xut khu hng in t b st gim mc k lc hai con s trong na u nm nay, Singapore v i loan bt u lm vo suy thoi. Khng ch xut khu, m c u t cng b e do k t sau cuc tn cng hm 11 thng 9. Vic bn tng bn tho cc c phiu ti cc th trng chng khon trn th gii hi h tun thng 9 cho thy r cc nh u t gin tip ngy cng t ra e ngi ri ro. S suy thoi kinh t hu ht cc nc chu l c bit nghim trng. Trong 3 tun sau cuc tn cng, ch s cng nghip Down Jones ch gim c 8%, trong khi ch s ca Thi bo Singapore Strait gim ti 15%. Ngay c trc khi s kin 11 thng 9 xy ra th chu cng chun b i mt vi mt cuc suy thoi kinh t ton cu. Nhng gi y, cc nc trong khu vc s phi tri qua mt giai on nhiu gian nan th thch hn phc hi kinh t.

5.

6.

Unit 10. Task 3. TRADE IN ASIA

1. Trade in paper and ink, at the very least, must be booming in South-East Asia, given the number of commercial agreements the countries of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) are busily signing. In November, at their eigth summit in Phnom Penh, they unveiled a framework deal to achieve free trade with China by 2013. At the same time, they made a declaration about strengthening trade with Japan, held their first summit with India (with trade high on the agenda) and published a report about integrating the

23

economies of ASEAN+3, which ropes in China, Japan and South Korea. Last week, America announced a new scheme to promote free-trade agreements with individual ASEAN members. And on January 1st 2003, the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) came into full force among the six original members of ASEAN: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. 2. Ironically enough though, this frenzy of deal-making may actually signal a loss of momentum towards free trade in the region. As a relatively open, stable and low-cost manufacturing base, ASEAN used to attract much export-oriented investment. But the Asian crash of 1997, and the instability that followed, reduced the region's appeal, while investors stampeded off to ever more welcoming China. Since then, ASEAN governments have accelerated their effort to forge a common market among their 500m citizens to lure back foreigners. AFTA, which caps intra-ASEAN tariffs at 5%, marks the culmination of this effort. Despite their consensus on the benefits of free trade, however, AFTA's members do not trust one another enough to streamline the current system, nor to negotiate collective deals with outsiders. Hence the bewildering array of overlapping protocols and compacts. 3. Even the new China pact will entail special exemptions and varying timetables for the different ASEAN members, albeit under a shared framework. Anyway, the deal comes more at China's initiative than ASEAN's. China first floated the idea two years ago and sweetened it by offering to lower tariffs on agricultural imports from ASEAN within three years as a gesture of goodwill. 4. Of course, the deal is in ASEAN's best interests anyway: trade with China has grown threefold over the past decade, with ASEAN running a healthy surplus. This boom is helping to lessen South-East Asia's dependence on exports to America, Europe and Japan, which are stuck in the doldrums. The prospect of duty-free exports to China will doubtless persuade some of those flighty investors to return to ASEAN. The proposed free-trade area, after all, would be the world's biggest, with some 1.7 billion consumers. 5. The hope is that the benefits of even the initial early harvest of Chinese tariff cuts announced in Phnom Penh will inspire ASEAN to redouble the pace of integration and trade liberalisation. But the effect, some fear, could be the reverse: such deals might deepen the divisions within ASEAN, and weaken its ability to bargain collectively with outsiders.

Unit 10. Task 4.

1. The administrations complacency has been punctured/has taken a severe beating/ has been hammered hard by an underworld scandal in which a number of high-profile officials are believed to be involved. 2. The door remains shut to a multi-party political system in Vietnam. 3. Deputy Prime Minister Vu Khoan has a lot of expertise in negotiating and can lend a big hand to the government in pinpointing priorities and danger spots. 4. The nusts and bolts / the heart and soul of a sound corporate sector are transparency and accountability. 5. Its mating season for Asian companies.

Check your progress 2

24

EN - VN
1. Thay th cho Chin tranh Lnh, ton cu ho gi y tr thnh mt v i chnh tr quan trng tranh lun v nhng gi tr c coi l c s xy dng nn cc x hi, cc quc gia v cc t chc quc t. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn khin cho qu trnh ton cu ho tin trin ngy cng nhanh trong thi gian gn y l tro lu chuyn sang hng dn ch. Tip theo s sp ca ch ngha cng sn ng v Trung u, nhiu nc theo ch c ti chuyn quyn trc y dn theo c ch dn ch v ti ho nhp vo nn kinh t th gii. Ton cu ho va l s thit lp cc mi quan h quc t, li va l mt qu trnh thay i. Ln sng ton cu ho bt u phi thai t sau Nh Th chin c nh hnh bng mt lot cc quy tc hay t chc quc t, t nhng t chc c nhiu ngi bit n nh Ngn hng Th gii cho n cc t chc t c ting tm nh T chc Quc t v Tiu chun o lng Cht lng. Tri qua bao thng trm trong vng 50 nm tr li y, n nay tin trnh ton cu ho mang mt din mo khc hn so vi nhng giai on u trong lch s th gii. Mi quc gia s phi t quyt nh ly con ng tham gia ton cu ho cho ring mnh. C nhng nc pht trin v ang pht trin u phi thch ng vi s hi nhp th trng nhanh chng, u t ti chnh ngy cng gia tng cng nh vic s dng cng ngh mt cch rng ri. Thm ch c nhng nc c nn kinh t m vi qui m nh cng khng nht thit s tr thnh nhng nn nhn xu s b gung quay ca nhng th lc quc t ngoi tm kim sot ca h cun tri i. Nc no khng hi nhp c vo h thng ton cu ang hnh thnh v vn hnh da trn cc quy lut cht ch th nc s phi tr gi. Bi hc cay ng trong qu trnh hi nhp ca cc nc c nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung trc y Trung v ng u, trong c Lin bang X vit, khng ch n thun l hu qu ca mt h t tng sai lch. Bi hc cn cho thy rng chng ta khng th tip tc c gng thay th nn kinh t th trng mang tnh cnh tranh bng nhng k hoch u t theo nh hng ca nh nc.

2.

3.

4.

VN - EN
1. Vietnams economy is manifesting apparent defects, and staying disconnected is no longer an option. Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Manh Cam at a conference quoted a recent survey by Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry that 16% of Vietnamese businesses have no information about global economic integration, and 50% do not have even the roughest idea about the Vietnam-U.S. Bilateral Trade Pact. Heavy subsidies, which is unacceptable in the integration process, still persist. This is a matter of opportunities and challenges. However, instead of waiting for things to happen to us, we ourselves have to make things happen. Its vital to realize our shortcomings and correct them when engaging in international business, Cam stressed.

2.

3. Nguyen Dinh Luong, Assistant Trade Minister, believes that massive effort is needed in the struggle against internal economic difficulties and perils, which are easy to recognize but hard to deal with. The first and foremost challenge, according to many conference participants, is the low competitiveness of Vietnamese goods. 4. When pointing out some benefits for WTO entry, Cam said Vietnam will have a relatively stable export market and a place to settle international trade disputes. In addition, the accession can contribute to a more logical world trade rule and avoid imposition. The country, however, will also have to face numerous contraints. Its economy is still

25

underdeveloped, import tax cut will result in loss of revenue, or domestic market share of Vietnamese goods will shrink, etc. Yet, overall, Vietnam is believed to have the needed willpower to defeat internal hurdles and surmount external threats.

Unit 11. Task 1. thy thuc lm thm vit nam

1. K t khi ci cch y t c thc hin vo nm 1989, bc s v nha s c php khm bnh t nhn c thm thu nhp ngoi gi lm vic ca mnh bnh vin. Cc bc s ngh hu trc y thuc bin ch nh nc cng c php m phng mch t. Cuc ci t cng vi vic chuyn sang mt nn kinh t theo nh hng th trng cng khin cho dch v y t ca Vit nam bt u thay hnh i dng. Chnh ph ch trng khuyn khch cc bc s t nhn, v iu ny c th hin c th vic cc phng khm ca c nh nc v ca t nhn u khng phi np thu. Mc ph bin ca phng mch t nhn c th hin r nht trong chi ph y t: hin nay, ngi dn Vit nam ng gp ti hn mt na tng chi ph chm sc y t ca c nc. Cc s liu thng k ca Ngn hng Th gii cho thy ngi Vit chi cho vic n khm v mua thuc cc phng mch t nhiu hn l cc phng khm thuc qun l nh nc. Mc d khm t c tn km hn, nhng ng l tin no ca ny v h c chm sc tt hn. Khng ch l vn cht lng, m u im quan trng ca phng mch t cn s thun tin na. Cc phng mch ny m ca c chiu v ti nhng ngy trong tun v c nhng ngy cui tun, ngoi ra th tc cng gin tin hn nhiu. Cc bc s t cn c th chn on v cung cp nhng dch v khc nh xt nghim, in tm v tiu phu. Nhng l do chnh m cc c-t nu ra khi m thm phng khm t l gi c leo thang, i sng t , v chi tiu cho vic hc tp ca con ci. Cng nh Nht, Nam Hn hay i Loan, nhiu ngi Vit nam chi kh nhiu tin con mnh theo cc lp hc ph o ton, l, ho v ngoi ng vi hi vng cc c cu m s vo mt trng i hc danh ting. Tuy nhin, khng phi ai cng t ra lc quan i vi nhng i thay ny. Mt s nh qun l cc bnh vin quan ngi rng nhng thay i ny s lm gim cht lng chm sc y t v lm cho khi lng cng vic ca cc bc s vn nng li cng nng n thm. Cc nh qun l l lun rng cc bc s lm thm s b qu ti v kit sc, khng th hon thnh cng vic vi cht lng tt ngay c trong gi lm hnh chnh ch cha ni g n lm ngoi. Hn na, nhiu bc s cn kim c bn thuc thm thu nhp, chnh v th m ngi ta cn lo ngi rng h s k n thuc nhiu v nng hn mc cn thit. Mt vn na l s phn b bc s khng ng u gia cc vng min Vit nam. Nh nc hin nay khng cn chu trch nhim phn cng cng tc cho cc sinh vin y khoa mi tt nghip, m nhng sinh vin ny chng my ai li mun i xa ni phn hoa th m h c o to.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Unit 11. Task 3.

26

United against aids

1. Measured in natures terms, HIV is a success. In the 20 years since its effects were first medically recognized, the immuno-deficiency virus is thought to have infected almost 60 million people, and that number grows by 16,000 a day. But in human terms, HIV is a disaster. Of those 60 million people, more than 22 million have already died of AIDS, the disease it causes. Most of the rest will die soon. HIV infection has taken root in South Asia and poses a threat to development and poverty alleviation efforts in the region. HIV infection is fueled by risk behaviours, extensive commercial sex, low awareness, lack of blood safety, injecting drug use, population movements (cross-border/rural-urban migration), and trafficking of women and girls into sex work. Social and economic vulnerabilities, including poverty and illiteracy, highlight the need to act effectively and aggressively to reduce its spread. In Vietnam, the number of HIV-positive cases has steadily risen since 1990 when the first case of HIV infection was detected in Ho Chi Minh City. As of February 2002, a total of 18, 196 people had been diagnosed as HIV-positive, more than 3,000 people were diagnosed with full-blown AIDS, and more than 2,000 AIDS patients had died. These numbers are only the officially reported cases, while government projections are actually much higher. What is worse is that the epidemic is now beginning to spread form risk groups to the general population. A rise in sexually transmitted infections, increasing drug use and Vietnams mobile workforce are all helping to speed the spread.

2.

3.

4.

Unit 11. Task 4.

1. 2. Home-made motorbikes are under great competition pressure of low-price imports. The government states that rapid and well-balanced development of the rural sector is a top priority in the country. A UNDP- funded survey revealed that food security together with education and primary health care is the most critical concern for ethnic minorities. Vietnam and China have pledged to improve the well-established relationship and multifaceted cooperation. She prefers delicate but long-lasting perfumes.

3.

4.

5.

Unit 12. Task 1. Ni u phin ca ngi ngoi quc trn t Si Gn

Vic i ph vi i qun p xch l v bn thuc l rong trong nhng ngy trn t Si Gn c th lm khch du lch ngoi quc phin lng. Tuy nhin, phng vin Arrts ca tp ch Marie-Claire li chim nghim ra rng, phng thuc cha phin mun li chnh l tip tc quay li mnh t ny. 1. Si Gn tht lm phin toi, Barbara - bn ti - ngng nghu ni vi ti sau khi c buc phi to ting/nng li vi mt ngi bn thuc l do c lng nhng bm theo

27

chng ti. i vi ngi nc ngoi, cuc sng trn t Si Gn i khi mang li qu nhiu phin toi, n mc h c th ni cu. 2. Ni u phin ca ngi nc ngoi trn t Si Gn khng n mt cch bt ng m thng tch t dn dn qua mt thi gian di, v nhng ai tinh s d dng nhn ra nhng du hiu u tin. C ngi tng v nhng u phin ging nh nhng hn cui nm vo bn ngy qua ngy. Nu ch l mt vin cui, th hn bn chng thy h hn g; nhng nu l mt trn ma di vo bn lin tc th chc chn bn s ng gc. Ni u phin bt u xut hin khi bn xung sn bay Tn Sn Nht v mt i qun bn hng rong, i tin v ti x tc-xi lp tc bu ly bn. Bn thot khi m bao vy v vo thnh ph mt cch yn n, ri ngay lp tc nhn ra rng mnh tr thnh mi sn ca cc bc ti xch l. Cyclo madam? l li cho mi ca ming ca nhng ngi p xch l, v trc l mt li hi han nim n c nh th bn l c tri vy. Ai th nh? Khng bit c phi ngi mnh quen khng? chc chn ban u bn s thm hi nh th trong u. Nu l ngi quen m bn li pht l th tht t. V hn th na, du sao chng ta ti y du lch cng l kt giao tnh bng hu vi ngi dn y c m? Tuy nhin, bn tht ng thng bi nhng cho hi vn v ho ra ch l mt cch cho mi khch thng dng y m thi. Bn hy th tng tng vic cho ko khch nh th nhc cng n th no. Cc bc ti t ra do dai v bn b v cng, trong khi cc v khch nc ngoi li rt d mm lng. Vic ny ging nh mt cuc ua sc bn, v bn s thy nhng ngi phc v ca Thng s lun thng cuc. Trn thc t, c mt cch duy nht bn thot c s sn lng ca i qun xch l Si Gn: ng nhn h cho d bt c chuyn g xy ra. Bi, nhn ln c ngha l nh mnh, ngha l bn s phi kt tnh bng hu vnh vin, hoc t nht cng l n lc bn chun vo c mt ca hng. V bn cng khng th tha thn qu hai ting ng h m khng b nghi ng. Nhng ngi bn hng s d dng nhn ra k trn chy t ng ph, v trc khi bn kp nhn ra mi iu th bn tr thnh kh ch bt c d ca mt l xch xng nhng bt la Zippo v a c loi xn va c ch tc mt con hm cch ch vi bc chn. Cui cng th cng n lc bn phi ri ca hng, tay xch nch mang cc th thp cm va mua. Th kia, ngi bn trung thnh ca bn, bc ti xch l xut hin. Tt nhin, ln ny th madam cn mt xch l ch nhng ca n v. Th di nh st mt ci, bn tro ln xch l v ku bc ti ni cn ti. Thi cht, bn mc mt sai lm nghim trng! L ra bn phi mc c gi tin trc, bi rt c th vi mt cuc xch l vn vn 5 pht, madam s phi tr ti 2 -la. Trong khi , mt gia nh vi mt ng b, mt b m, l tr v 5 con vt ch mt c tng ng c 40 xu. Vo nhng lc nh th, bn s cm thy thm tha hn ht ni nim ca ngi ngoi quc. Ni u phin ca bn hu nh l v phng cu cha. Tt nhin, bn vn hon ton c th la chn t mt v my bay, i khi t nc ny. Th gii bn ngoi ang vy gi; c th l mt bi bin vng ngi, sch s khng nhim, hoc cng c th l nhng cnh sc thn thuc ni qu nh. Tuy nhin, d bn c la chn ni no chy trn Vit Nam, th c mt iu bn cho l khng th xy ra li chc chn s xy ra: bn cm thy nh n cn co mnh t y.

3.

4.

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6.

7.

8.

9.

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10. Rt nhiu ngi nc ngoi th cch , h i v cng c gng khng quay tr li. Nhng, ch mt vi thng sau bn li thy h xut hin mnh t . Nhn vai, ci ngng nghu, tuy ho hng hn so vi trc, h tha nhn: Qu tht ti rt nh ni ny. 11. Ni nh Vit Nam - l ci tn m nhip nh gia Tom Page t cho hin tng ny . ng Si Gn sut nhng nm cui ca thp k 60 v nhp sng si ng Vit Nam ko ng quay li ni ny khng bit bao nhiu ln. Qu tht l mt ni nh k l vi mt t nc m mi ngy tri qua l y vt v, song cuc sng khng bao gi n iu, bun t.

Unit 12. Task 3. VietnamS Tourism

1. The reason why the worlds leading travel operators focus their eyes on Vietnam is so simple: it has tremendous sources of tourism awaiting to be tapped. Vietnams tourist attractions lie in its cultural and ethnic diversity, tumultuous history, French-, Chinese- and Cham-influenced architecture, ancient pagodas, vast coastline, saucy cuisine and of course, business opportunities as well. Vietnam has become one of the top tourist destinations in Asia in recent years. Today hardly any aspect of life here is left untouched by tourism. Although statistics provided by official sources are questionable, estimates indicate that the sub-sector contributes roughly 2% to the countrys total employment. Tourist receipts have shown a continuous upward trend since 1996. Fully aware of this vast foreign exchange earner and employment source, the government has released the Master Plan for Tourism Development Period 1995-2010, which lays out the overall framework for the development of the countrys tourism sub-sector. Having made inroads to the regional market, yet Vietnam is a small player in the global tourism market and will likely remain so in the years to come. A recent study conducted by the World Bank has identified sector-specific and cross-cutting issues seen as constraints to the operation and development of Vietnams tourism businesses. Despite reports that improvements have been made during the past few years (e.g improved hotel quality, availability of the Internet, upgraded infrastructure and abolishment of the two-tiered pricing system), the private sector is held back from exploiting opportunities. A licensing regime blocks private-owned companies from dealing fully with international tourists, while state-owned enterprises have full rein over the sub-sector. Compounding the challenges facing the sub-sector are the complicated and lengthy investment procedures, overlapping responsibilities and unofficial payments, which limit both domestic and foreign investment. Some other issues are also recognised by the researchers as impediments to the growth of the sub-sector as a whole. Existing regulations relating to visas, for example, may direct tourism to other Asian countries. Or, lack of competition in the airlines industry results in overbooking, insufficient number of flights and disgruntled tourists, especially during peak seasons.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

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8.

Much should be done by Vietnam to reap ample opportunities for growth in the regional market. Liberalization of the sub-sector as part of Vietnams accession to the WTO would promote competition and encourage important benefits, but only in the long run. Of more immediate concern is the need to level the playing field between the stateowned and private-owned companies. The removal of regulatory restrictions that are stunting the growth of the private sector would benefit all types of tourism enterprises regardless of their ownership. Improvements are sorely needed to formulate a comprehensive strategy if the future sustainability of the sub-sector is to be guaranteed. This is not only for the sake of the sub-sector itself because tourism, as empirical experience shows, can serve as a catalyst to expand other sub-sectors of the economy.

Unit 12. Task 4

Its huge sources of tourism have yet to be tapped/ are remaining untapped/ /It has vast sources of tourism remaining untapped VN attracts tourists by / VN appeals to tourists by / Tourists are attracted to VN by Most aspects are affected by... (to some extent) / Few aspects are left untouched by / Hardly any ... can be seen untouched by ... Tourist receipts have recorded/reported/seen a continuous upward trend / have gone up continuously Is still held back/blocked from fully exploiting/ /(active) (smt) obstructs sb in exploiting Hinder/stunt/dampen the growth/progress of//be a big brake on/be impediments to /constraints to Made important inroads into = gained a significant presence/foothold in

Unit 13. Task 1. liu nng nghip c tr thnh gnh nng i vi nn kinh t?
1. i vi cc nh chnh tr v kinh t, khi nim pht trin kinh t by lu nay ng ngha vi khi nim cng nghip ho. Nhng nn kinh t tin tin trn th gii s d tr nn giu c nh hin nay l nh chuyn t sn xut nng nghip sang sn xut cng nghip. V vy, chng c g l l khi cc nc ang pht trin li ua nhau thc hin bc chuyn i ny. Vic gi gm nim tin vo s nghip cng nghip ho i ngc li mt trong nhng tro lu ph bin ca thp k 1990: t do mu dch. Trong c ch mu dch t do, mi nc s tp trung sn xut nhng sn phm m mnh c li th tng i. iu c th c ngha l mt s nc s i i kip kip sn xut c ph v chn nui gia sc, m s khng bao gi sn xut my tnh hay t. V nu nhng nc gn b sut i vi

2.

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nng nghip th phi chng h chng c hy vng thot khi tnh trng i ngho v km pht trin? 3. Chi-l l mt v d in hnh bc b lp lun trn. K t khi nc ny m ca nn kinh t, quy m tng i ca ngnh cng nghip gim, trong khi t trng ca sn xut nng nghip trong GDP li lin tc tng. Tuy nhin, s st gim ca hot ng sn xut cng nghip khng ng ngha vi nn kinh t tng trng chm. Tri li, kinh t Chi-l pht trin nhanh chng. ng lc tng trng kinh t l xut khu, trong xut khu nng sn c vai tr ni bt nht. T mt nc xut khu tri cy khng ng k (ch yu l xut khu to) vo nhng nm 1960, n nay Chi-l tr thnh mt trong nhng nc xut khu tri cy nhiu nht trn th gii. C th nhng mt hng xut khu khng phi l hng cng nghip, song nhng doanh nghip sn xut hng xut khu lin tc i mi cng ngh sn xut v cng tc qun l. Mc d nho vn l mt hng tri cy xut khu ln nht hin nay, song t nhng nm 1980 Chi-l bt u xut khu ru vang v n thp k 1990 h chim lnh c mt th phn ng k trn th trng ru vang th gii. Tng t nh vy, vic xut khu c trc kia ch yu ly ngun t c nh bt trn bin, nhng hin nay sn lng c hi nui th ngy cng tng. Vic p dng tin b KHKT nng cao nng sut trong ngnh nng nghip v cI thin ng k thu nhp. Vy phi chng nng nghip cng c th m ra mt con ng pht trin kinh t theo hng khc? Mt nh kinh t nhn xt: Trc kia chng ta thng cho rng pht trin cc nc phi i theo con ng cng nghip ho, tun t theo cc bc sn xut hng dt may, chi, v..v ri cui cng l hng in t. Nhng ngy nay chng ta nhn ra rng c nhiu con ng khc na pht trin kinh t, v nh cc nc c th i t hoa qu ti sang ru, c hi v.v... Nghe cng c l, nhng ngi ng h chnh sch cng nghip ho c th s ni nh vy. Song, theo h, cho d nng sut trong ngnh nng nghip c cao n u th cc nc ang pht trin vn cn cng nghip ho bi nhu cu i vi lng thc, thc phm ch l hu hn. Lun im ny xut pht t mt kt qu nghin cu kh ni ting mang tn Quy lut ca ng-ghen. Theo Quy lut ny, khi thu nhp ca mt ngi tng th t l chi tiu ca ngi dnh cho lng thc, thc phm gim. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng c ngha l trc sau g th nng nghip cng s tr thnh gnh nng i vi nn kinh t. Thc ra, hm su xa ca quy lut ny l cc nh sn xut phi lin tc nm bt v p ng nhng thay i trong th hiu khch hng: mt x hi giu c c th s tiu th t khoai ty, nhng li nhiu tht b v hoa qu hn. Mt lp lun cui cng nhm bc b kin cho rng cc nc gn b vi nng nghip s khng c c hi pht trin: Sai lm ca kin ny l gi nh rng li th so snh ca cc nc l tnh, v th mt nc ang sn xut chui th 20 nm sau vn ch trng chui m thi. Khng nht thit l nh vy, bi nu mt nc chuyn tm vo sn xut nhng mt hng h c li th tng i v nh thu nhp tng ln, th h c th tng cng u t vo gio dc v c s h tng, v kt qu l s c c nhng li th mi. Tht kh c th ni trc c cc nc nng nghip pht trin v thc hin c ch m hin nay trong tng lai s ra sao. C th h s xy dng thng mt khu vc dch v m khng cn ti mt khu vc cng nghip s. Hoc h cng c th tm ra nhng con ng pht trin mi trn c s khai thc nhng ti nguyn thin nhin ca mnh. C th c ch m ca mu dch s gy nhiu kh khn cho h trong vic xy dng mt s ngnh cng nghip nht nh, song iu khng c ngha l s phn ca h gn lin vi tnh trng tng trng chm.

4.

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Unit 13. Task 3. Vietnams agriculture in the economic reforms

1. The agriculture sector is central to the Vietnamese economy and hence to the countrys reform efforts. Prior to the beginning of doi moi, the sector was characterized by poor production performances and stagnating per capita food production, which were partly attributed to collectivization. The failure of collectivization was among the driving forces behind a series of farreaching reform efforts. The first efforts to carry out reform in agrriculture were made in 1981 but more profound reform was only introduced in 1988. For the agriculture sector, the reforms implied first and foremost departure from the collective organization of production and a return to the farm household as the basis unit of production. A strengthening of the reforms was initiated in 1993, following the adoption of Resolution 5 at the Seventh Party Congress. The decisions made under the Resolution called for promotion of rural development in general, with recognition and encouragement of the private sectors role in the rural economy; and for the renovation of cooperatives and state-owner enterprises, emphasizing their self-government and innovation. With the revised Land Law of 1993, farmers were granted long-term use rights (20 years for annual crops and 50 years for perennial crops), together with the right to transfer, exchange and inherit land and to use land as collateral. Through the revision of the Land Law in 1998, land use rights were further expanded, with an extension of lease rights and possibility of granting land use rights to people other than farmers. The sector has responded dynamically to the policy reforms. Overall production expanded at an everage annual rate of 5.4% over the period 1991-99, with per capita food production increasing by an annual 3.1% over the same period. Most important has been the rapid expansion in rice production, the main staple crop, since the late 1980s. This has allowed Vietnam not only to turn from a small net importer to a large net exporter of rice, but also to become the worlds third largest rice exporter in terms of volume and the fourth largest in terms of value.

2.

3.

4.

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Current policy emphases in agriculture and rural development

6. Policies recently emphasize the improvement of agriculture market linkages and the promotion of rural development. Improving market linkages in agriculture implies, among other measures, a shift away from the traditional emphasis on rice production for food security towards more commercial agriculture production, in particular for exports. Rural development is the other cornerstone of current government policies. Rural poverty remains pervasive and rural - urban income gaps have been increasing. There is a need to generate off-farm income and employment opportunities as well as to further the process of rural industrialization. This, however, requires rural development based on diversification within agriculture, in order to make agriculture production more responsive to market forces, as well as diversification to the other economic activities.

7.

Unit 13. Task 4.

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1. Although a variety of new forms of ownership flourished, not until the mid-1990s, did de facto privatization get underway in China. 2. Rarely in recent years have there been such divergent views on where the country is heading. 3. Little evidence is there to suggest that he is anything more than a loyal executor of his managers orders. 4. Barely a week after the managing director quit his position, are the departures of two other experienced managers. 5. OPEC has just announced a temporary cut in their oil supply, then up goes the price of crude oil in the world market.

Unit 14. Task 1 bn nhy bn n u i vi cng ngh thng tin?

1. Bn c phi l ngi sng bi cng ngh thng tin? Nu vy, hn bn tin rng h Internet thay i mi qui lut cnh tranh, lm o ln li t duy xa v vic iu hnh cng ty, v em li v vn c hi to lp nhng c s kinh doanh mi cng nh c hi lm giu. 2. Hay bn hon ton th vi ngnh iu khin hc? Nu vy c l bn s ngh rng ngi ta ni qu v h Internet, hoc cho rng thng mi in t chng phc v cho con ngi nhiu nh vn thng c ru rao. Bn cng c th ca thn rng s dng e-mail hay truy cp thng tin trn mng tn qu nhiu thi gian khin nng sut lao ng b gim st. 3. Bn hy xem mnh thuc tp ngi no: ng h hay nghi ng ngnh cng ngh thng tin? Trn y ch l mt vi quan im ca nhng nh lnh o cng ty trn khp th gii. ng sau nhng quan im ny l hng lot nhng quan im v vic liu c nn thay i hay khng, bao gi nn thay i, v thay i n mc no. Khi nhng chuyn gia Internet ni v ngy xa, h mun ni n cui nm 1997. Qu l ln sng thng mi in t din ra mt cch v bo hu nh tt c cc ngnh n ni chng cn th g c coi l mi na. 4. Vic pht minh ra h Internet l mt bc t ph mnh m cha tng c trong vic qun l s thay i. Internet t tt c cc cng ty kinh doanh trc mt bi cnh mi, d h c giao dch qua mng hay tn cng ty ca h c kt thc bng chm com hay khng. Cc cng ty sng s trong cc ngnh truyn thng gi y mi ch bt u nhn thc c bn cht v mc ca s thay i. Mt s cng ty ch bit th ng ngi ch, ph mc s phn cho khch hng, nh cung cp hay cc i th cnh tranh ca mnh nh ot. 5. Nhng thnh cng li khng ch n thun l vic ni mng Internet hay lp mt trang web. Mt nh lnh o ni v von rng vic c gng bt cc cng ty gi ci phi giao dch kinh doanh trn mng th cng chng khc g vic bi son mi cho mt ch ch bull. Cng vic ho trang ny khng nhng kh thc hin, m n cn khng th bin qu thnh cng ch v c b lng cnh sc s. Mt cng ty cng khng th thay i ch v n lp mt trang web. thnh cng, cn cn phi thay i m hnh t chc cng vic v

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lnh o ca cng ty. iu buc chng ta phi xem xt li nhng li t duy c v t chc, v giao tip, v vic ra quyt nh, v phong cch lm vic, v hnh vi qun l - v sau xc lp ra mt hng i mi. y l vn con ngi, ch khng phi vn cng ngh. 6. c th tn dng c ht tim nng ca kinh doanh in t, cc nh lnh o phi lnh o theo mt phong cch mi, v mi ngi cng phi lm vic cng nhau theo mt cch mi. Chng ta c th gi li lm vic mi ny l vn ho in t - mt khi nim phn nh kha cnh nhn vn ca k nguyn thng tin ton cu, l yu t cn bn ca nn kinh t mi. 7. Tuy nhin cha c ai a ra c mt nh ngha chnh xc cng nh hiu mt cch thu o v khi nim vn ho in t. Nu mt cng ty vn khng s dng cng ngh in t th cng ty phi thay i nhng g trong vn ho v phong cch lm vic ca mnh thch hp c vi cng ngh in t? c th xc nh c ngha ca vn ho in t, mc sn sng ca cc cng ty thch ng vi n, v kh nng ca cc nh lnh o c th cho li trong nn vn ho , ngi ta lp ravmt d n ton cu v vn ho in t. D n ny bao gm cc nghin cu tnh hung ca i hc Kinh doanh Harvard, cc cuc phng vn vi mt s cn b qun l t cc cng ty c chin lc kinh doanh i lp nhau, v mt cuc iu tra trn giy v trn mng vi qui m ton cu. 8. Cc iu tra ban u ca d n cho thy mt lot cc l do m cc cng ty sng s a ra gii thch ti sao h li khng chuyn, hoc c chuyn th cng rt chm chp, sang m hnh kinh doanh in t. Nhng ro cn i vi s thay i c th l nhn vin khng thch thay i, hay nhng hn ch v ngun nhn lc hay ti lc. Ti mt s cng ty thay i chm chp, bn thn ban lnh o cng l mt cn tr. iu ny cng hon ton d hiu: vic tn dng c bt k mt cng ngh mi no u yu cu chng ta phi thay i t duy i vi mi kha cnh ca ton b h thng.

Unit 14. Task 3 IT- MORE AN OPPORTUNITY THAN A THREAT

1. With IT now claimed to be the main engine of growth over the next couple of decades, there is massive concern that developing economies, which have far fewer computers and Internet connections than the rich world, will get left behind. But such fears about a digital divide seem to be based on a misunderstanding of the nature of growth as well as of the nature of IT. If IT can boost growth in the rich economies, why should it not do the same trick in developing economies? 2. Pessimists point out the fact that the rich countries account for only 15% of the worlds population but as much as/up to 90% of global IT spending and 80% of Internet users. Much of the developing world is too poor to buy computers or telephones. Worse still, the role of first-movers wil favour rich nations to establish a dominant position, so that developing countries will be frozen out of e-commerce, as some economists worry. 3. Their argument has a grain of truth in it somehow, but there are good reasons for hoping that developing economies could gain even more from IT than the rich world does. As latecomers, poorer countries do not need to reinvent the telephone or the computer, but merely open their economies to ideas from the rich world.

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4. Computers, modern telecommunications and the Internet all reduce communications costs and loosen the concept of geographical borders, so they are bound to speed up the global diffusion of knowledge. IT can even allow developing economies to leapfrog/skip old technologies, for example copper wires. New wireless technologies require less fixed investment and maintenance than traditional wire-based ones, so they are more effective in countries with sparse populations and tricky terrain. Mobile phones can extend communications to areas that copper wires might have taken decades to reach, allowing people from remote villages to tap into the global store of knowledge. 5. But before we get carried away with rosy visions of IT bringing up huge prosperity to developing economies, some big caveats need to be added. There is nothing automatic about the process of economic catch-up. IT will increase the opportunities for poorer countries to narrow the income gap with rich countries, but wiring the country is only the beginning. IT has no Midas touch/is not a panacea that allows governments to avoid doing all the hard stuff, such as opening up markets to foreign trade and investment, liberalizing telecommunications, improving education, and ensuring an effective legal system and efficient financial markets. Indeed, IT makes it even more important for governments to do all these basic things, because it increases the rewards for doing so. There is little point in doling out millions of dollars connecting villages to the Internet if most people cannot even read and write. To reap the economic benefits from IT investment, developing countries need to put in place other policies as well.

Unit 14. Task 4

1. Just a few years ago, it might have been considered smart to wear a shirt with a designers logo embroidered on the pocket; it now seems a bit naff. All could have been forgiven or tolerated, were it not for that financial scandal. Some economists said that the country may have come out of recession too early to get fundamental reforms. Some U.S. congressmen said that the administration did know about Enrons impending disaster and should have warned the public in advance. Korea must have struggled hard to have pulled itself of the Asian financial turmoil.

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Unit 15. Task 1 Ai l ch nhn ca nn kinh t tri thc?

1. "Nu To ho sng to ra mt th duy nht khng th b s hu c quyn th chnh l tri thc. Khng ai s hu tri thc t hn ai bi tt c mi ngi u c th s hu chng. Khi mt ngi lng nghe kin ca ta, t anh ta tip nhn thm tri thc cho mnh m khng lm cho ta km i. Cng ging nh khi anh ta thp sng ngn nn ca mnh t ngn nn ca ta, anh ta sng ln m khng lm ta ti i." Theo quan im trn ca Thomas Jefferson, c th thy rng hon ton khng tn ti mt ro cn no i vi qu trnh tip thu tri thc. Khng ai c th c chim tri thc, mi ngi u c th s hu chng, v v vy, hn l mi iu trn th gii ny s tr nn tt p hn.

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2. Ngy nay, khi tri thc chim lnh mt v tr ng k trong nn kinh t th dng nh nhn nh trn ca Jefferson cng tr nn xc ng. By lu nay vn vn l mt trong nhng ro cn ln nht i vi vic gia nhp ngnh; ngy nay, tng, hay tri thc, chnh l vn. Mt khi vic tip nhn vn tr nn d dng nh vic thp sng mt ngn nn th hn mi cn tr i vi vic gia nhp bt k mt ngnh no cng s khng cn na. V vy th, "Vnh bit nh, c quyn i!" 3. Nu iu l ng th ti sao phn quyt ca To n M trong v kin chng li tp on Microsoft hi thng 4/2000 li gy xo trn trn th trng ti chnh? V ti sao tnh trng c quyn vn lin tip din ra trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin? Cu tr li l: trn thc t tri thc v tng khng phi l nhng dng t do lu chuyn nh Jefferson thy trong trng thi nguyn thu ca chng. Chnh ph ra nhng quy nh v quyn s hu tr tu, v mt khi nhng quy nh b lm dng th tri thc v tng hon ton c th b chim hu c quyn. 4. Xt t nhiu gc th v Microsoft chng qua cng ch l mt v kin nh bao v chng c quyn khc v tnh trng c ln nut c b. Nhng n cha sau b mt tng chng nh n gin y l mt mi lo ngi khng h nh v bn cht d b c quyn ca ngnh cng ngh thng tin. Gi tr ca mt hng ho (v d: mt h iu hnh my tnh) ngy cng ph thuc vo s lng ngi s dng hng ho , v th mt sn phm mi kh c th cnh tranh c vi mt sn phm c th trng chp nhn rng ri (nh h iu hnh Windows). Chnh ph M hon ton ng khi t ra cnh gic trc loi hnh c quyn mi manh nha ny trong ngnh CNTT. 5. Tuy nhin, s cnh gic hon ton i ngc li vi chnh sch ca chnh ph M v quyn s hu pht minh sng ch. Bng pht minh sng ch (patent) l hnh thc bo h s hu tr tu mnh m nht. Mc ch ca patent l khuyn khch u t vo nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh, t thc y kh nng pht minh v sng to trong tng lai. X hi phi cn nhc gia mt bn l li ch trc mt thu c t vic t do trao i tng v tri thc vi mt bn l li ch lu di ca vic khuyn khch pht minh sng ch. V bin php cn bng hai li ch l cho php ngi c patent s hu c quyn trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. 6. Ngi ta bt u cp patent trong c nhng trng hp m trc y chng my ngi cho rng c th cn n patent. Cc Thng hiu v Bng sng ch ca M (c quan chc nng) cho rng chng c l do g khng cp patent trong nhng trng hp bi chng tho mn y nhng tiu ch t ra l nhng tng mun c cp patent phi mi, hu ch v khng hin nhin. Tuy nhin, y li ny sinh mt vn quan trng: Liu h thng lut php ca M trong lnh vc ny c cn pht huy tc dng khi m hai th k qua n chng c iu chnh g ng k? Cc TH v BSC li phn bc rng chnh s tn ti ca h thng qua hai th k, cng nh s pht trin v bo ca khoa hc cng ngh di tc ng ca n, l mt bng chng thuyt phc v tc dng ca h thng. Cc nh pht minh sng ch ln trong lch s u t bo v mnh thng qua mt lot patent. V nu khng c s bo h , h hn s chng c ng lc pht minh v sng ch nhiu n th. 7. Vn l ch: s bo h ca h thng lut php ginh cho mt tng bt cht ny sinh (thm ch c th l ny sinh trong khi tm) cng nhiu nh ginh cho mt dc phm m ngi ta phi mt hng nm tri v tiu tn hng triu -la pht trin v a ra th trng. Bo h s hu tr tu l cn thit, nhng mc bo h nh hin nay l qu nhiu. Nc M cn sm thay th h thng bo h c tnh nh ng ca mnh bng mt h thng mi da trn c s mc u t ca mi pht minh hoc sng ch. Tnh trng bo h v li nh hin nay thm ch s cn tr ch khng h khuyn khch s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh. V vn ny, nm 1882, To n Ti cao M nhn

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nh: N s to ra mt nhm k c hi (n trn ngi chc) ch i ln sng pht trin ca KHCN dng ln, ht ly mt cht bt v ng du c quyn vo vi tn ca h. Loi ngi ny vn chng ng gp g vo s pht trin ca KHCN m ch l mt gnh nng i vi t nc.

Unit 15. Task 3. Knowledge is power

1. Knowledge, as embodied in human beings and in technology, has always been central to economic development. So the concept of a knowledge-based economy (KBE) is not an unfamiliar one to economists. What is new is that a growing chunk of production in the modern economy is based on the exploitation of ideas rather than material things. The KBE seems to defy the basic economic law of scarcity. If a TV set is sold, the seller ceases to own it. But when an idea is sold, the seller still possesses it and can sell it over and over again. However much knowledge is used, it does not get used up. Traditional economic theory assumes that the economy is based on the notion of scarcity. Most industries run into diminishing marginal returns at some point, so no one firm can corner the market. But an increasing number of products have increasing marginal returns. A new software program might cost millions of dollars to develop, but each extra copy costs next to nothing to make. Economies of scale have thus increased. In the early 20th century, if a firm was twice as big as its rivals, its average unit costs might be up to 10% lower. Today, if a software firm is twice as big as its competitor, its average unit costs might be up to 50% lower. This makes it harder for new entrants to break into a market. An added complication is that the value of many goods, such as fax machines or software packages, increases as more people use them. If everybody you know uses Microsoft Word, then you will find life easier if you use it too. This also creates strong barriers to entry. Another factor can then strengthen a leaders grip on the market is the lock-in effect. Once the customer has learned how to use a computer program, he is loath to switch because of the hassle of learning a new program. So a newcomer has to show a huge advantage to persuade consumers to switch. Many pundits suggest that existing competition rules are no longer appropriate for the information economy. In particular, they argue that the government should go easy on hi-tech companies. With rapid technological change and vigorous competition, monopolies will prove only temporary/ monopolies wont last long. Furthermore, breaking up a monopoly could actually hurt consumers. A traditional monopoly maximizes profits by restricting supply and raising the price. But in the new economy, a firm will do the exact opposite. So there is a strong case for governments to show greater tolerance of monopolies to allow them to reap full economies scale. Rapid innovation will always keep firms on their toes. If they become inefficient, they will quickly be displaced/overthrowwn/ruled out of the game by sharper rivals.

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Unit 15. Task 4.

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1.

Mt s quc gia Trung u d mi ch ang nui hy vng tr thnh thnh vin EU bt u tnh n chuyn chnh thc p dng ng Euro. ng c vin tng thng ni danh v kh nng lnh o kinh t, v y chnh l iu m nn kinh t quc gia ang trong thi k kh khn ny rt cn. Nu chnh ph tip tc d b nhng ro cn i vi u t nc ngoi th cui cng n s c th snh vai/ngang hng vi nhng con rng chu . Nhng c hi mi chc s tr thnh hin thc i vi chu u v so vi nhng nm va qua, chu lc ny trong nm nay s ng mt vai tr ln hn i vi nn kinh t th gii. Mc d thot ra khi cuc khng hong ti chnh 1997, nhng Hn Quc vn cha gii quyt tn gc nhng vn v c cu gy ra cuc khng hong . Cc nc ngho hy vng rng mt vng m phn thng mi ton cu mi s loi b nhng ro cn cn tn ti i vi hng dt may v nhng mt hng nng sn quan trng ca h. Ngi ta cho rng v khng b ngy 11/9 nh hng su sc n cch thc nhn nhn th gii ca cc nh chnh tr M/quan im ca cc nh chnh tr M i vi th gii. Vic xy dng mt h thng ngn hng hin i l yu t ct li nng cao hiu qu phn b vn v duy tr tng trng kinh t nhanh cc nn kinh t trong thi k qu . Tc cho vay ca cc ngn hng nh nc hin nay c v khng phi l mt tc bn vng v mt kinh t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. T l tit kim trong dn chng cao lun l ng c thc y tng trng trong sut thi k tin hnh ci cch, song s sp ca mt s ngn hng ln c th gy nhng tc ng tiu cc trong di hn i vi t l .

Check your progress 3

EN-VN 1. Trong sut nhng nm sau khi Th chin th Hai kt thc, hai ting Vit nam thng gi cho ngi phng Ty nh n mt cuc chin tranh du kch c lit hoc l s thm bi ca ngi M - hoc l c hai iu . Mc d k c v cuc chin vn s tip tc m nh tt c nhng ai tng tri qua cnh khi bom, nhng t nc Vit nam ngy nay l mt t nc trong thi bnh, vi nn vn minh c o v a dng, vi phong cnh thin nhin v cng ti p v nhng con ngi hiu khch, mang m mt bn sc vn ho ring. Hu nh mi du khch n Vit nam u b chinh phc bi v p thin nhin hng v ca mnh t ny. i t ng bng sng Hng min bc, sut dc di duyn hi min trung cho n ng bng sng Cu long min nam, u u ta cng bt gp nhng cnh ng la xanh mn mn c chm bn bi bn tay nhng ngi nng dn tn to, mt nng hai sng. 3451 kilmt b bin ca Vit nam c t im bng rt nhiu nhng bi tm cn nguyn s v nhng vnh nh vi v p m hn. C ni, bi bin rp bng da v phi lao xanh tt. Cng c ni ta li bt gp b bin vi nhng n ct tri di ht tm mt hoc nhng nh ni ip trng ca dy Trng Sn.

2.

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3.

Khch du lch n Vit nam s b cun ht bi nhng cnh sc, m thanh v hng v ca mt t nc vi hn mt th k giao thoa hai nn vn ho ng Ty. Tht kh t ni cm gic ca bn khi ngi thng thc nhng c sn a phng ngon tuyt mt dy hng n tt su trong gc ch, vy quanh bn l nhng ngi bn hoa qu vng nhit i v mt l nhc hiu k. Cng khng c g snh c vi ci th khi bn ngi bn mt thc nc min Cao nguyn Trung b, nhm nhp nc sa chanh v ngm nhng i tn hn din nhng b cnh p nht ang nhn bc bn b sui trong tun trng mt ngt ngo. i vi nhiu du khch, Vit nam qu l mt dp him hoi ngm nhn mt t nc vi nhng nt duyn truyn thng ang e ngi bc nhng bc u tin ho nhp vi cuc sng hin i.

VN-EN 1. In the wake of the dotcom/digital meltdown and terrorist attacks, and among the 2002s economic miseries/gloomy economic picture, all the excitement about the Internet of the 90s can seem like a distant memory. But while the enthusiasm over the digital revolution/e-revolution has gone/faded, its significance has not. 2. For many countries, HIV/AIDS is a development crisis/ obstacle/ impediment/ challenge and not solely a health issue. Multisectoral partnerships/concerted actions are therefore needed to scale up/push forward with and sustain/ preserve effective measures to control and prevent the epidemics spread. 3. In the emerging knowledge economy, the creation and diffusion of knowledge are increasingly crucial in enhancing/ improving/ sharpening competitiveness of companies and nations alike. Knowledge is not only embodied/manifested in goods and services but also in knowledge as an intangible commodity itself under such forms as intellectual property rights or the talents/wisdom of key employees.

Unit 16. Task 1 cht v lm vic

1. Mt phng s c bit va c chiu trn TV lt t rt r hin tng ny: phng s quay cnh mt to nh trung tm Tky vi nhng ngn n vn phng c t chng trnh sn u ng lot t tt vo lc 10 gi khuya, nhng ch vi giy sau, hu nh tt c cc ngn n li c bt sng tr li. Nht bn l nc tng ly cm t qu say m cng vic lm nim t ho, l t nc chim c 2% dn s th gii nhng li sn xut ra 10% lng hng xut khu ca th gii. Mc d vy, t nc ny gi y ang b m nh bi mt hin tng cht ngi m ting Nht gi l karoshi, c ngha l cht v lm vic qu sc. Testunojo Uehata, mt chuyn gia y t pht minh ra thut ng ny, nh ngha karoshi l mt tnh trng trong li lm vic c hi cho tm l con ngi c ko di v ph v nhp lm vic v sinh hot bnh thng ca ngi lao ng, dn n suy nhc c th, v l mt tnh trng lm vic qu sc trin min lm trm trng thm cn bnh cao huyt p, lm x cng ng mch v cui cng dn n suy sp nghim trng. Ni cho d hiu l: ch lm vic m khng ngh ngi c th hu hoi sc kho ca con ngi, d ngi l ngi Nht bn. 2. Chng c tun no tri i m bo i khng a nhng tin tc git gn v mt vin chc no ang sung sc nhng qu tham cng tic vic nn khng th t chi lm thm gi. Cch y khng lu, mt trung s cnh st 39 tui tn l Haruo Okada c a ln trang nht v l nn nhn ca hi chng karoshi do lm vic hai ca trong sut mt thng t chc l ng quang cho v tn Nht Hong. Tuy cha c con s thng k chnh

39

xc v s nn nhn, nhng cc nh phn tch cho rng hng nm c ti hng vn ngi Nht b m thp t nht sinh hoc b mng v lm vic qu sc. Mc d chnh ph ha s gim gi lm, nhng con s thng k nm 1989 cho thy tng s gi mt ngi Nht trung bnh lm trong mt nm l 2150 ting ng h, trong khi ngi M ch lm c 1924 ting, cn ngi Php ch lm c 1643 ting. 3. Mt s ngi Nht mun chm dt tnh trng ny. Khi mt nhm lut s v bc s thit lp ng dy nng karoshi u tin Nht vo nm 1988, trong ngy u tin c 135 ngi gi in n. Cho n nay c gn 2000 ca c cp bo cho 42 ng dy nng trn ton nc Nht, v gn y ngi ta thnh lp mt trung tm cp bo quc t. 4. nng cao nhn thc cho ngi dn v vn ny, v buc chnh ph cng nhu cc doanh nghip phi hnh ng, mt nhm lut s, bc s v v ca cc nn nhn cho xut bn mt cun sch mang ta Karoshi: khi chin binh cho doanh nghip qua i, trong k li nhiu cu chuyn khng khip. Vy nhng chnh quyn v hu ht cc doanh nghip Nht li khng tha nhn karoshi v khng c ch bi thng c bit no cho nhng ngi cn tr li. Theo nh ngha ca B Lao ng Nht, lm vic qu sc ch c coi l nguyn nhn gy nn t vong nu nn nhn lm vic lin tc 24 gi lin trc khi cht, hoc lm vic 16 ting mt ngy lin tc trong 7 ngy trc khi cht. 5. Than i, nh vy th d cho bo ch c lm rm beng cng s chng lm cho ngi Nht gim bt cng lm vic ca h. Trong mt cuc thm d d lun do mt cng ty bo him tin hnh mi y, hn 40% nhn vin mua bo him ca cng ty khi c hi u ni rng h s s cht v lm vic qu sc; nhng chng my ai nh lm iu g ngn chn chuyn ny. Xem ra nm ti s vn l mt nm y bn rn i vi nhng ngi trc my cc ng dy nng karoshi.

Unit 16. Task 2

1. Although some Japanese women are successful in business, the majority of Japanese companies are run by men. 2. In spite of their dedication to their companies, many young Japanese employees want more leisure time. 3. Although they have intense work habits, many Japanese socialise quite easily after work. 4. Despite the increase in their salaries, 60% of Japanese workers still spend Saturday at work. 5. Even though some Japanese and American management practices are similar, there are many striking differences between them. 6. The headquarter of most major Japanese companies are located in Tokyo despite the very expensive rents.

Unit 16. Task 4 knowledge management starts with coporate culture

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1. There has been an unusual amount of interest the last 4 years or so in knowledge management - that is, finding ways to capture the wisdom of the workers within an organization in order to leverage that knowledge to its fullest or to preserve it after key individuals retire from or quit the organization. 2. At first blush, it seems like an idea that someone should have thought of long ago. And that may be why nearly every company from Intel to Chevron to Lockheed Martin - just to name a few - is working feverishly to put knowledge management system in place. Intel, for example, has on its company intranet a yellow page of on-call expert resources, another site that contains the best practices within the company, a site for a network of experts who look to create standards and best pratices within a given business area, and center-of-excellence sites that serve as almost a virtual university for the rest of the organization. 3. Of course, one should not oppose to the idea of knowledge management. Indeed, it makes sense for a company to leverage the many years of experience and knowledge of its workers into better products and services. But when a company tells you that it has a sense of urgency to put in place a knowledge management system, that suggests that somethings is missing in its management style. 4. Maybe its managers arent empowering their workforce but just paying lip service to the concept. Or maybe they only think they have a good environment to spur creativity and innovation, but in reality they dont. Or maybe theyre simply not doing a good job of managing their people or planning for the future. 5. How frequently do you hear managers moaning the fact that the only person familiar with a technology or process is retiring and they dont know how theyre going to find an adequate replacement? And how often do you see employees with great knowledge underutilized? 6. No doubt, knowledge management can help a company. But if a company needs to move in that direction, maybe it also should take a look at its management style, its work environment, and its culture to see whether it is fostering an environment of sharing and openess.

Unit 17. Task 1 Doanh nghip nh: Khm ph sc mnh bn thn

Ln u tin trong lch s M, cc ch doanh nghip va v nh (SMEs) s tr thnh lc lng vn ng hnh lang ln nht t nc. 1. By lu nay linh hn ca h thng doanh nghip M chnh l cc nh doanh nghip nh. l nhng ngi t mnh tham gia kinh doanh cho chnh bn thn mnh vi trn tr nhit huyt, lng quyt tm, s sng to, kho lo, mt ci u tnh to m bo lun thu c li nhun v h lun thnh cng trong nn kinh t cnh tranh khc lit ca chng ta. Tr tru l, by lu nay khng phi l h, m chnh l cc ng ch ca cc tp on ln mi l nhng ngi c nh hng quan trng n chnh sch kinh t quc gia. Song tnh hnh gi y c th s thay i. Chng ta s c nghe nhiu hn kin tp th ca cc ch tim hoa, ch tim vn phng phm, cc i l du lch hay ch nh

41

hng..., tt c nhng ngi ny hp thnh mt lc lng hn 14 triu doanh nghip nh M. 2. Phi chng chng ta ang qu phng i mi vic? Hon ton khng. Bt k ai chng kin nhng hot ng si ni bt ng ca 2.100 i biu tham d cuc hp gn y ca Nh Trng v doanh nghip nh s u ng rng hot ng ca cc doanh nghip nh ang sp sa bc sang mt trang mi. 3. L do th nht, v c l cng l l do quan trng nht, cc ch doanh nghip nh nhn thy mt iu l tt c cc ngh s, quan chc chnh ph v thm ch c tng thng M u rt sn sng, thm ch st sng, lng nghe kin ca h. iu ny khng ch ng vi nhng ch doanh nghip tham d hi tho ngy hm , m ng vi c hng ngn, thm ch l hng vn ch doanh nghip khc khi h c nghe cc i biu i d cuc hp v k li. Cui cng th Washington (Quc hi M) cng hiu c tm quan trng ca cc doanh nghip nh i vi tng lai t nc. 4. Th hai, r rng l cng ng doanh nghip nh khng cn tnh trng b chia r do mu thun v li ch nh trc na. Hai cuc hp trc ti Washington u kt thc tht bi; cuc hp u tin vo nm 1937 kt thc trong x xt, ln th hai vo nm 1956 th ton nhng li bng by v ngha. Nm nay, cng tc tr b cuc hp c tin hnh rt k cng. Nhng vi mt lot i hi t cc pha ph n, dn tc thiu s, cu chin binh, v nhiu on th khc, nhng tng cuc hp s li mt ln na kt thc tht bi. Nhng khng, trc s ngc nhin v vui mng ca cc i biu, cuc hp din ra trong tinh thn ho hp nht tr, v iu ny r rng l c th to dng mt nn tng chung ton b cng ng doanh nghip nh c mt vai tr chnh tr mi m hn v nng ng hn. 5. Th ba, cc doanh nghip cng bn bc, trao i v nhng vn m h d nh t ln chnh ph v quc hi vo nm ti, ng thi thng nht th t u tin ca cc vn . Cng ng cc doanh nghip cng xy dng mt chng trnh t c cc mc tiu chung. 6. Ci c ln nht ca chng trnh ny l vic khi dy s tn trng ca cng ng i vi cc doanh nghip nh, ng thi cng nh thc lng t trng ca cc doanh nghip. Cc doanh nghip nh by lu t coi mnh l nhng phn t b nh v tm thng trong c h thng kinh t. Nhng gi y, h thay i li suy ngh y. 7. Mt trong nhng h qu quan trng ca thay i ny trong i sng chnh tr ca M l nhng chuyn bin trong thi ca cng chng i vi doanh nghip ni chung. Cc lut s v ngi dn ni chung s c thi thin ch i vi nhng doanh nghip nh. Khi cc ch doanh nghip ny pht biu v vn t do kinh t, kin ca h c nh gi cao bi nhng ngi lu nay thng ln ting ch trch cc tp on ln li dng cng chng v mc ch ring ca mnh. 8. Mt s ngi vn ch i mn kt ca cc doanh nghip nh. Nhng s ng li tin tng rng y mi ch l khc do u v nc M ang ch i mt bu khng kh kinh doanh sc si tr li vi quyt tm ca cng ng doanh nghip nh nhm thc hin xut sc vai tr tr ct ca mnh.

Unit 17. Task 3 SMEs - issues and solutions

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1. Never before has there been such broad consensus about what needs to be done to reduce poverty, and this consensus includes realization of the importance of the private sector, a key engine of growth. One of the best way to build it is from the bottom up - focusing on small-scale entrepreneurs. This means listening to their concerns, identifying their biggest obstacles, and helping them compete in an increasingly global economy. Given the right tools, they can create many of the jobs, and much of the wealth, that their society so badly requires. 2. What is needed are healthier, more competitive, and more sustainable small business sectors that can take full advantage of the opportunities before them. But experience shows they rarely evolve on their own. Carefully chosen, transparent, and well-designed interventions are important, especially in expanding access to critical resources such as capital, skills, and industry information that help small businesses move on faster, straighter growth paths. 3. Development institutions worldwide have long tried to do just this, but found the micro sector especially difficult to serve. While many individual programs have been put in place, lasting and far-reaching results have been the exception, not the rule. Meanwhile, income gaps have widened in many areas, and population growth has increased the number of poor people. 4. The World Bank Group has therefore begun taking a more proactive approach to help countries diagnose their key constraints to small business growth and efforts are underway to integrate SME issues into the planning tools of the borrowing governments. To this end, a strategy with four pillars has been developed in an attempt to addressing SMEs most essential problems. 5. Business Environment. SMEs do not operate in a vacuum, but in a business environment determined by government policies, public and private sector institutions, physical infrastructure, and other factors. Frequently, small businesses have to struggle against macroeconomic uncertainty, weak infrastructure, widespread corruption, and difficulties enforcing contracts and property rights. Other factors also stand in their way, including excessive demands for licenses, permits, inspections, fees, burdensome tax and regulatory regimes. More than anything else, they need a more level playing field. Unless weaknesses in this environment, which impose major constraints to SMEs operation, are addressed, international efforts to strengthen the micro sector are likely to have uneven results. 6. Technical assistance and capacity building. SMEs need more than just money. Many of them often dont know what they dont know. To move forward, they need affordable, easy access to accountants, management and marketing consultants, technical experts and others who can bring them direct bottom-line, well-targeted advice and support services. 7. Access to capital. Established financial institutions are reluctant to lend to small businesses they dont know, leaving SMEs dependent on their own cashflows or less reliable informal sources of capital. It is therefore important that new and better financial products be designed and quickly made available. Today the emphasis is on helping local banks, leasing companies, equity investors, credit rating agencies and others see the benefits that can come from providing SMEs with properly-structured financing packages. Once this happens, financial institutions can build a potentially strong new line of business. 8. Access to information technology. Small businesses often lack the awareness and skills to tap into the unprecedented opportunities offered by Internet-based computer

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applications. But the Internet should indeed be seen as a tool that facilitates a firms evolution. E-commerce, for example, can help entreprneurs with small budgets find new buyers in overseas markets that would otherwise be unreachable. Placement and fulfillment of orders, arranging of financing, accounting and insurance, and interactions with distributors can also be done online at a fraction of the offline costs. Such opportunities require affordable access to the Internet and other new technologies.

Unit 17. Task 4

1. C tin cho hay mt nh bo ngi Anh ang c trong tay mt s cun bng ct st ghi li bn cuc ni chuyn gia Thi t v Cng nng Diana, trong ngi ta buc ti Thi t c thi thiu tn trng i vi dn c.

2. Th tng thi xa ca Anh, ng Churchill, ca ngi cng lao ca Lc lng Khng qun Hong gia sau nh Th chin nh sau: Trong sut lch s ca Vng quc Anh, cha bao gi c mt dn tc li phi chu n mt s t ngi n nh vy, m li chu n su sc n nh vy. 3. Gic ng l mt qu trnh t nhin, v con ngi vn cha th khm ph nhng b n v n mc d vit rt nhiu v n. 4. Chng ta c c ngy hm nay l nh cng lao ca rt nhiu ngi Vit nam v M, nhng ngi cng nhau hp tc trong vic thng k s ngi M mt tch ca chng ta. T trc n nay, cha bao gi chng ta li n lc nhiu n vy an i vong linh ca nhng chin s khng th tr v nh sau cuc chin. 5. Khch du lch n Vit nam vn sn lng chi tin, nhng h khng mun chi m khng bit khon tin s ri vo ti ai.

6. Lc no cng s b mt uy tn nn mi khi ban hnh mt chnh sch no m b d lun

phn i, chnh ph thng bin bch l mnh lc bt tng tm.

7. V c ti 2/3 ngi ngho trn th gii sng ti chu nn khu vc ny chnh l ni

chng ta cn phi chin thng i ngho.

Unit 18. Task 1 cc hnh thc u t trc tip nc ngoi

1. Khi tin hnh u t trc tip ra nc ngoi, mt cng ty a quc gia c th cn nhc la chn nhiu hnh thc s hu khc nhau, t s hu 100% vn n cc mc thp hn, thm ch c th ch l mc thiu s. Ngy nay, khi sc hp dn ca nhiu th trng u t gim, nhiu cng ty bt u s dng phng thc hp ng qun l nh mt hnh thc u t quc t. Hnh thc s hu 100% vn. i vi nhiu cng ty khi quyt nh u t trc tip ra nc ngoi, hnh thc s hu 100% vn thng c h xem xt trc tin. iu ny c th xut pht t tm l vng ni, ngha l nhng ngi qun l doanh nghip cho rng khng th cho ngi ngoi xen vo nhng quyt inh ca ni b cng ty. Quyt nh u t cng c th da trn nhng tnh ton v mt ti chnh. V d, nhng nh qun l ca tp on IBM cho rng vic chp nhn chia s quyn s hu vi i tc nc ngoi c th t ra mt tin l cho vic chia s quyn kim sot cng ty vi cc i

2.

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tc nc s ti, v iu hn s c hi nhiu hn l c li. Trong mt s trng hp, IBM la chn chm dt hot ng u t thay v chp nhn yu cu ca chnh ph nc s ti v vic chia s quyn s hu (lin doanh) vi doanh nghip nc . 3. c th a ra c mt quyt nh hp l v hnh thc s hu, cc nh u t phi xc nh c liu vic duy tr kim sot ton b s c ngha nh th no i vi thnh cng ca cng ty nc ngoi. Thng th, vic duy tr s hu 100% vn s to iu kin thun li hn cho hot ng ca cng ty trn phm vi quc t, nhng hnh thc s hu khng phi l iu kin bt buc (iu kin cn) m bo thnh cng. Tuy nhin, s hu ton phn i khi cng c ngha sng cn, c bit l trong trng hp hot ng ca cng ty hon ton da trn nhng mi lin kt cht ch trong ni b. Trong nhng trng hp , mi quan h ph thuc gia cng ty m v cng ty con nc ngoi cht ch n mc bt k mt s thiu ng b nh no trong phi hp hot ng cng c th gy tn hi n li ch ca ton th cng ty ni chung. Tuy nhin, mi trng u t quc t ngy cng tr nn bt li cho hnh thc s hu ny. Nhng quy nh c tnh hn ch hoc phn bit i x ca chnh ph cc nc s ti ang dn khin cho hnh thc u t ny tr nn km hn dn. Cc nh u t ng trc hai con ng: hoc l tun th nhng quy nh hn ch v chp nhn nhng mt phn kim sot cho i tc nc s ti; hoc l mt i c hi lm n ti nc . Ngoi sc p chnh thc t pha chnh ph, tnh hnh chung trn th trng u t quc t cng c th khin cho cc cng ty cm thy cn phi lin doanh lin kt vi cc i tc a phng. Hnh thc lin doanh. Sc p t pha chnh ph khng phi l nguyn nhn duy nht gii thch cho s pht trin lin tc v mt s lng ca cc lin doanh trn th trng u t quc t hin nay. Trong bi cnh chi ph kinh doanh ngy cng tng, cnh tranh th ngy cng khc lit, cc cng ty ang nhn nhn hnh thc lin doanh nh l mt gii php cho nhng vn ca h. Lin doanh thc s khng phi l mt hnh thc u t mi m. Ngay t nm 1879, Thomas Edison lin kt vi Corning Glass Works ch to v sn xut bng n in. Cng tng t nh th, cc cng ty ng st ca M t cui nhng nm 1880 cng lin doanh vi nhau thc hin nhng d n ln. Mc d t trc n nay cc lin doanh thng hot ng trong lnh vc sn xut ch to, nhng hin nay hnh thc ny ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong c lnh vc dch v. Ngnh hin c nhiu lin doanh hot ng nht l ch to, sau n thng tin lin lc, vn ti v khai khong. im mu cht trong quyt nh thnh lp mt lin doanh l cc bn phi c mc tiu kinh doanh chung. iu lm cho mi quan h ca cc bn tham gia lin doanh khng kht hn so vi mi quan h mua - bn, nhng li khng b buc nh mc thn tnh mua li cng ty. L do cn bn ca cc i tc khi tham gia lin doanh c th rt khc nhau. V d, trong cng ty NUMMI lin doanh gia Toyota v GM, pha i tc Nht hy vng c th thm nhp mt cch trc tip vo th trng M, cn pha cng ty M li k vng hc hi c v cng ngh cng nh kinh nghim qun l ca ngi Nht. Thng thng, vic lin doanh ch c tin hnh trn c s thnh lp mt thc th c lp, c ngha l cng ty lin doanh hon ton c lp vi hai cng ty b m. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu hnh thc lin doanh mi ang xut hin. Lin kt trong hot ng R&D ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong lnh vc cng ngh cao. Mt s cng ty li tin hnh lin doanh lin kt theo tng v vic c th, ch khng lp ra mt thc th mi, c lp. Ngay c thut ng s dng cho hnh thc ny cng c thay i. Ngy nay, ngi ta gi cc lin doanh l cc lin minh chin lc hoc lin kt chin lc. Mt nh qun

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

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l ni: V th cnh tranh ca mt cng ty ngy nay khng cn ph thuc duy nht vo cng ty na, m n ph thuc c vo kh nng to dng lin doanh lin kt ca cng ty .

Unit 18. Task 3 investors, welcome back to vietnam !

1. It isnt hard to find plenty of foreign investors disillusioned with their forays into Vietnam. In 1994, they came in enormous numbers with grand plans for oil refineries and automotive plants. But to a large extent their ambitions were thwarted: bureaucracy or lack of clarity in government policy stood in their way, and laws kept changing. Or they found the great market they had predicted didnt exist in the first place. Often, their own naiivet was as much to blame as any restrictive practice in Vietnam. Either way, many have left the country disappointed. 2. But although foreign direct investment figures are at historic low levels - total FDI in the first half of the year was $318.6 million, there are brighter signs for foreign investors. Apart from the traditional sectors of footwear, garment and textiles, electronics and processed seafood, there is also scope for greater overseas participation in service sectors like legal consultancy, banking and insurance. 3. In addition, new legislation is improving Vietnams appeal to investment. The Law on Foreign Investment allows and guarantee convertibility from dong into foreign currencies. The new Enterprise Law also dramatically simplifies the way new businesses can be established. 4. Another positive sign is the Private Sector Forum, formed by the WB and IFC with the MPI, to back reforms in this sector. The raising of interest rate ceilings , the institution of a base rate and the formation of the new stock exchange are also seen as positive. 5. Despite public applause, these changes in legislation also pose a headache. People talk about the lack of laws in Vietnam, but in fact it is completely the opposite, says HCM City lawyer Lucy Wayne. There were 4600 laws, regulations, circulars and so forth in Vietnam in 1998, and that figure has more or less doubled since then. Many investors find this confusing, and furthermore, enforcement of legal awards is difficult and corrupt. 6. Nobody should assume Vietnam is without problems for foreign investors; even the most bullish enthusiasts think it will be 5 to 7 years before the country becomes a sound place. But against the grim backdrop of the last 6 years, things are looking up for Vietnam.

Unit 18. Task 4

1. Although the talks have been dragging on for a couple of months, the two sides/countries havent reached/ have yet to reach an agreement on their borderline. 2. The rescue package from the IMF has helped Turkey fend off a financial crisis, but will it be enough to get Turkeys economic reforms back on track?

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3. In the long run, price-fixing conspiracies will fall apart under the pressure of market forces; therefore, it would be hard for companies to corner the market. 4. Many governments still turn a blind eye toward professional associations that limit competition; for example, doctors and lawyers professional bodies can set minimum prices for their services. 5. So many major incidentshave occurred in the past 6 months that the government has been forced to accept that the problem can no longer be swept under the carpet. 6. The curent situation is somewhat under control for now, but if the economy doesnt move forward, the social tensions are likely to get out of hand.

Unit 19. Task 1. Thuc l v sc mnh ca nhn hiu

1. Ngi ta bn ci qu nhiu v vn (nn hay khng nn cho php) qung co thuc l. Mt mt, c nhng ngi cho rng y l mt vn c tnh nguyn tc: nu thuc l c php tiu th trn th trng th nghim nhin n phi c t do qung co. 2. hon ton khng phi l mt cch lp lun hp l. N chm ngi cho nhng tranh lun gay gt xoay quanh mt vn c bit nhy cm (mt sn phm gy hi cho sc kho); v dn dt cuc tranh lun i trch hng - vn mu cht y khng phi l c nn quy nh cm qung co thuc l hay khng, m l cn p dng nhng bin php g hn ch tiu th thuc l. 3. Mt khc, cng vi cch lp lun khng km phn v l, mt s ngi khc li cho rng vic cm qung co thuc l (v c l cm c vic cc hng thuc l ti tr cho mt gii u th thao) s l bin php duy nht gii quyt tn gc mi vn . Th nhng ch c ai h mi tin rng Silk Cut v Marlboro s khng th bn c hng khi b cm qung co. n gin l nhng nhn hiu thuc l qu ni ting ri. 4. iu dn dt chng ta n ct li ca vn : l sc mnh ca nhn hiu, ch khng ch n thun l qung co. Bt k ai nu tht s mun chng thuc l hy s dng cc yu t P trong marketing mix nh vo sc mnh ca cc nhn hiu thuc l, cng nh khi ngi ta s dng cc yu t P xy dng nn sc mnh . 5. Ch P th nht (Product) chnh l sn phm, ngi ta c th lm cho thuc l tr nn km hp dn v t c hi hn bng cch sn xut nhng iu thuc nh hn. Nh vy, trng iu thuc bn ht khng c tao nh lm, v ht 20 iu mt ngy cng t b c hi hn. 6. Ch P th hai (Packaging) l bao b, nhng quy nh ca lut php v bao b cng c th lm tn hi n sc mnh ca nhn hiu. Bn th tng tng xem hiu qu s th no nu nh cc nh sn xut ch c bn sn phm trong nhng bao b khng c biu trng ca hng, v d tt c cc v bao ch ghi: 20 iu, tiu chun chnh ph, loi A, hm lng nictin thp. 7. Ch P th 3 (Price) l gi c, hy th ngh ti vic y gi thuc l ln cao v dng khon tin thu c t chc mt chin dch rm r chng thuc l. Vic ti tr cho cc gii thi u c l cng s chm dt. Hn cc nh sn xut s khng my mn m vi vic ti tr cho mt s kin mang tn Gii V ch Bi-a Snooker thuc l ho hng, loi B.

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8. Vy cn ch P th 4 (Place) - knh tiu th? Ch cho php bn thuc l cc quy CTN (quy bn bnh ko, thuc l v bo), v tip tc thc hin vic cm ht thuc nhng ni cng cng. Thc hin ng lot nhng iu trn s chm dt c nhng tranh lun gay gt v vn qung co thuc l. V lc ny ct li thc s ca vn s c ngi ta quan tm n, l quyt nh ca chnh ph th hin thi ca x hi i vi sn phm thuc l. 9. Vy mc ch cui cng ca tt c nhng phn tch trn l g? Th nht, ch ra rng nu mt ngi thc s quan tm n vic gii quyt nhng vn thuc kiu ny, hy nhn nhn v phn tch vn trn phng din marketing, ch khng phi phng din qung co n thun. 10. Th hai, cho mi ngi thy rng vic khng nhn thc c y sc mnh ca marketing c th s em li nhiu rc ri. Cui cng v quan trng hn c l khng nh sc mnh thc s ca marketing mix vi nhng nh qun l doanh nghip v nhng ngi khc cn t ra nghi ng sc mnh . nh gi thp uy lc ca n, iu c ngha l bn t chuc v cho mnh.

Unit 19. Task 3 marketing in vietnamese companies (an extract from an interview with a foreign marketing specialist)
1. Ive visited and worked with some sate-owned and private-owned businesses here. But Id prefer not to refer to any specific enterprise as well as what is behind their particular success or failure. I just want to speak from the angle of an observer. 2. During my visit it occurred to me that marketing performance in state-owned businesses isnt as good as (that) in private ones. The objective cause is: Vietnam is now still in its transition to a market economy; so the concept of marketing somehow sounds unfamiliar to most managers. But the subjective cause is that while most state-owned enterprises currently operate on a large scale, accounting for a remarkable share of the domestic market, just few of them have specialized marketing staff. These activities are traditionally performed by sales department, thus resulting in their poor knowledge of the market, demand and consumer taste and consequently their inefficiency. 3. Another cause is that management of these companies is often influenced by higherranking directorship, such as from the General Corporation or the Union. They cant take the initiatve in production and investment planning. 4. Vietnamese enterprises generally invest in an unplanned way; they run business in a wide range of goods rather than focus on what they are best at. While their competitiveness is weak, competition is often ruthless among these businesses themselves. This particularly holds true for those dealing in import-export and processing. In short, given their poor knowledge of the market, both at home and abroad, they stand little chance of making money. 5. Despite the fact that much progress has been reported in this field, much still should be done. Businesses are seemingly paying too much attention to mere advertising while taking for granted all such things as price, product quality, consumer taste. In the near future, as more foreign investors are choosing Vietanm as their destination and bringing with them modern technology and professional marketing expertise, local businesses will

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be fighting a losing battle if they insist on/keep on adopting their old-fashioned tactics. The challenge is: businesses should quickly plot themselves a marketing strategy and modern, effective tactics. Bear in your mind that Customers are the God and the God decides your fate/fortune.

Unit 19. Task 4

1. Mt s doanh nghip t lu nhn thc c rng bo v mi trng v pht trin kinh t hon ton c th l hai ngi bn ng hnh. hoc: Mt s doanh nghip t lu nhn thc c rng h hon ton c th pht trin kinh t m vn bo v c mi trng. 2. L l ca cu nghe cng c y, nhng ng tic l n chng n nhp g my vi vn chng mnh ang bn. Cc ng i lp cng nm trong tay nhng bng chng v mt s v tham nhng v b bi ti chnh trong vn ng tranh c ca ng cm quyn. Vn l ch, cc ng i lp cng chng ly g lm trong sch. Cc ng i lp bt u bn ti chuyn lin minh tranh c trong cuc bu c thng 7 ti. Nu khng lp tc hnh ng, rt c th ng s kt thc nhim k ca mnh vi hnh nh mt tng thng ch gii thuyt gio sung v ci cch. Tnh hnh kinh t xu i c th c li cho th tng bi ng c th ly lm v kh tn cng nhng k ang cc lc phn i ci cch. B Thng mi v Cng nghip xa nay vn bo th nhng gi y quyt nh cho thm t Kinh t v tn ca b mnh. y l du hiu cho thy b ny chp nhn mt li t duy khi qut hn. ng H Cm o kh c th thc hin ngay nhng bin php mnh tay y mnh ci cch doanh nghip nh nc v gii quyt n ng, v gi y ng cn ang phi c gng khng nh uy tn ca mnh sau k i hi ng (Trung Quc ln th 16).

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Unit 20. Task 1 IU HNH DOANH NGHIP

1. Ngy nay, trong kinh doanh quc t v chng trnh pht trin ca cc quc gia, t c vn no li ng vai tr quan trng nh vn iu hnh doanh nghip. Nu nh ngha mt cch chnh thng th iu hnh doanh nghip c ngha l gii quyt cc vn ny sinh trong vic qun l doanh nghip do ngi s hu v ngi qun l doanh nghip l nhng ngi khc nhau. Nhng s kin xy ra trong 2 thp nin tr li y khin cho vn iu hnh doanh nghip tr thnh mi quan tm hng u ca cng ng kinh doanh quc t cng nh cc t chc ti chnh quc t. Gn y, sau mt s v b bi ti chnh ln Nga cng nh cuc khng hong chu , cc nc ang pht trin v ang chuyn i t ra c bit quan tm n vic iu hnh doanh nghip. Hn na, cng ng doanh nghip cc nc u thm tha rng nu mun nng cao nng lc cnh tranh

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quc t v thu ht u t nc ngoi th khng c con ng no khc ngoi vic phi thit lp nhng h thng qun l v kinh doanh thit yu. 2. Sau khi bc tng Bclin sp v ton b c cu kinh doanh cc nn kinh t hu cng sn c t nhn ho mt cch nhanh chng, ngi ta bt u quan tm nhiu hn n vn iu hnh doanh nghip v coi l mt nhn t can thit pht trin t nc. Bc khi u l phi c phn ho cc doanh nghip nh nc, tc l chuyn t s hu nh nc sang lai hnh doanh nghip a s hu. Bc tip theo l phi xy dng c mt b lut thng mi hon chnh bao gm lut ph sn doanh nghip, lut s hu ti sn, ch k ton, v mtk lot cc lut l v qui nh kinh t khc. Nhim v kh khn nht l phi bi dng c nhn ti, bi v trong thi bao cp chng my ai c kinh nghim v trnh chuyn mn cn thit c th m nhim tt mt v tr trong hi ng qun tr. 3. Gi y c nhiu kin cho rng cuc khng hong ti chnh chu thc cht l do thiu tnh cng khai trong iu hnh doanh nghip, trong mi quan h gia chnh ph v doanh nghip, gia c ng v nhng ngi nm gi tri phiu cng ty, v cc bin php v mt php l i vi ph sn doanh nghip. Hn na, ng nh bo ch tng nhn nh, vic thiu nhng th ch quan trng Nga cng dn n mt s v b bi ln lin quan n chim ot ti sn, khai khng vic mua vt t v gian ln thng mi hay ti chnh. Chng chnh t nhn ho Cng ho Sc cng cho thy nhc im ca h thng thanh ton bng ho n nu nh c ch iu hnh doanh nghip khng c thc hin mt cch st sao, bi v iu s lm cho vic ti c cu kh thc hin v tt yu dn ti nng lc cnh tranh b gim st. 4. bao nhiu ln bn c nghe mi ngi ni cu ny: Tt nht l chnh ph hy trnh sang mt bn v mc cho th trng hot ng ng chc nng ca n. ng nhin l iu khng tng. Chnh ph thc ra ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong vic thit lp nn khun kh cho nn kinh t th trng. Nu khng c nhng qui nh v lut l rng buc th hu qu s l mt tnh trng kinh doanh hn lon, v t chc, v lc kih doanh ch l mt kiu ch ngha t bn sng bc v cc quyt nh u t ch l tr may ri: chng ta u t v hi vng rng i tc s lm n ng n, hi vng rng doanh nghip m ta u t ang ni nhng li trung thc, hi vng rng ngi lao ng s c tr lng sng phng, hi vng rng s tin ta cho vay s khng b ngi ta qut mt. Nu ni mt cch khi qut th iu hnh doanh nghip thc cht l lm sao to ra c mt khun kh trong mi ngi c t do ti a trong kinh doanh nhng phi tun th nhng qui nh ca php lut. Cui cng th nhng qui nh s l nn tng cho s tin cy ln nhau, m s tin cy li chnh l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht trong lm n kinh t. 5. Mt h thng iu hnh doanh nghip st sao s phc v cho x hi rt nhiu. Ngay c cc nc m cc cng ty khng tch cc tham gia giao dch trn th trng chng khon th vic p dng nhng chun mc v tnh cng khai i vi cc nh u t v cp tn dng cng s c li cho tt c cc bn, v n gip ngn chn khng hong trong h thng ngn hng. Tin thm mt bc na - p dng nhng qui nh cht ch v ph sn doanh nghip - v iu ny gip chng ta bit trong trng hp kinh doanh thua l th phi gii quyt th no cho tho ng i vi cc bn c lin quan, trong c ngi lao ng, c ng v nhng ngi nm gi tri phiu cng ty. 6. iu hnh doanh nghip cng lin quan mt thit vi mt vn thi s nng hi hin nay trn th gii - vn bi tr nn tham nhng. Vic cc nc cng nhau ph chun cng c v chng tham nhng ca OECD mi y ch l bc khi u ch cha phi l ch n ca mt chin dch chng tham nhng ton cu. Vic thit lp mt h thng iu hnh doanh nghip cht ch gi y ang l mi quan tm hng u i vi cc t

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chc pht trin, cc c quan tham mu v hip hi kinh doanh tt c cc nn kinh t ang pht trin v ang chuyn i.

Unit 20. Task 3. soe dOWSIzing - the initial stEPS

1. Weve met Le Trung Tien, a 57-year-old supervisor at the Hanoi Construction Company N 2, who admitted that hes no longer a spring chicken after devoting 27 years of his life to the company. But by mid October, Tien and 252 co-workers will leave after pocketing cash payouts and other perks. This is the first batch of state employees to opt for voluntary redundancy under the governments new scheme (to be implemented in 7 pilot SOEs) to speed up dowsizing efforts at oversmanned state firms. 2. The 400 million scheme, backed by the WB and other donors, aims to lift/ease/relieve the burden of surplus workers from heavily indebted state firms; this, in turn, will help accelerate privatization and resolve the bad debts weighing on Vietnams state-run banks. 3. Compared with China, Vietnam has relatively few state workers to make redundant. With about 80% of Vietnamese earning their living from agriculture, only 1.6 million work in the countrys 5650 state firms, of whom 400,000 will be laid off over the next five years. Yet the political sensitivities loom large. What will happen to those dismissed workers, including the party faithfuls? 4. Balance sheets, however, make clear that the transition must be made. By the end of last year, state firms had debts of 190 trillion dongs, roughly 10 times more than their assets. And having locked itself into an ambitious reform timetable with the IMF, the regime couldnt afford to wait any longer. 5. To tempt workers to quit, the government is offering an incentive-laden package. Compared to the late 80s and early 90s when state workers were laid off with a tiny lump sum and no pension, the new package is generous: 2 months of basic salary per year of service, a lump sum of 5 million dong, an additional 6 months of full salary, and, at retirement age, a monthly pension payment. 6. Whether the scheme comes up to expectations remains to be seen/ There is much speculation that the scheme will finally be able to fulfil its promise. But in any case, trimming the workforce is just one small step toward sharpening competitiveness. Managers must prove they can run profitable companies without relying on a safety net of endless state handouts.

Unit 20. Task 4.

1. Through taxation and public spending, governments can cushion the losers. 2. Public confidence has been hammered hard by the Enrons financial scandal. 3. ASEAN has signed the ASEAN+3 agreement to rope in China, South Korea and Japan. 4. The over-burdened state-owned banks can no longer milk the state-owned enterprises.

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5. As the 21st century dawns, challenges to the global economy begin to appear on the
horizon.

6. One of Hondas famous business philosophies is to axe costs to improve productivity. 7. SMEs are central to fueling economic growth. 8. Japans economy hasnt bottomed out in spite of the bold economic reforms.

Check your progress 4 Task 1.

1. Cch y 8 thng, mt ng vin ng Cng sn Vit nam phi ln ting ch trch nhng yu km cn bn ca nn kinh t, trong ni ln l nng sut lao ng v nng lc cnh tranh cng nh cht lng sn phm thp km. V kin khng phi ca ai xa l m ca chnh Th tng Phan Vn Khi, mt nh kinh t c o to Lin X, trong bi pht biu nm ngoi ca ng trc quc hi, c quan lp php cao nht ca Vit nam.

2. Uy tn ca ng Khi c nng ln kh nhiu v ng y mnh ci cch kinh t, c

bit trong vic m rng khu vc kinh t t nhn. Vo thi im ny, b my lnh o ca Vit nam ang phi x l mt v tham nhng ca cc quan chc cao cp, ng thi li phi i ph vi nhng nh hng sp ti ca t do ho thng mi. Chnh ph cng cam kt thc hin mt lch trnh ci cch cht ch, th hin bng hip nh thng mi song phng vi Hoa k va bt u c hiu lc vo thng 12 nm 2001.

3. Vi p lc cnh tranh gay gt t AFTA v vic gia nhp WTO s din ra trong nay mai,
hn bao gi ht, ng cng sn Vit nam ang trng i vo ng Khi trong vic khc phc nhng yu km cn bn ca nn kinh t.

4. Xem ra th tng Phan Vn Khi ln ny thnh cng trong vic gim bin ch 5650
doanh nghip nh nc, mt tin ti cp vn cho cc ngn hng thng mi thuc s hu nh nc hin ang qu ti. Vo thng 10 nm 2002, chnh ph bt u rt nhng khon tin ln cho nhng cn b thuc bin ch t nguyn ngh vic. y l mt phn trong chng trnh an sinh x hi mi ca nh nc.

5. Trong khi , khu vc t nhn cng t ra c nhiu kh nng hn trong vic to cng n
vic lm cho lao ng di d. Lut doanh nghip mi y n gin ho th tc thnh lp doanh nghip, nh mi thng c ti hn 2000 doanh nghip mi c thnh lp. Tuy vy ng Khi vn cn phi tip tc bi b thm hng trm giy php na ang l nhng ro cn kh chu i vi vic thnh lp doanh nghip, ng thi cn rt thm vn cho khu vc t nhn.

6. Ngn hng Th gii v Qu Tin t Quc t cng ch i nhng h tr nhiu hn na t

pha chnh ph i vi khu vc t nhn, cng nh nhng tin b rong ci cch ngnh ngn hng v doanh nghip nh nc, nh chnh ph nu trong cam kt nm 2002 ca mnh. Vi rt nhiu nh u t ang c nh rt vn vo Vit nam, t nc ny khng cn nhiu thi gian thc hin nhng ci cch cn thit.

Task 2.

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1.

As the global economy becomes more open to international business, countries increasingly have to compete for foreign investors. In response to this situation, most countries are liberalizing their FDI framework. The following three elements are crucial to successfully attracting FDI:

2. Formulating a vision of technological upgrading, and targeting FDI to this aim. Host countries should formulate strategic goals and try to identify windows of opportunity relating to foreign investment. Policies to attract FDI should not only be professional and aggressive but also selective and embedded in a comprehensive national development strategy. As a first step it is necessary to create a consensus among national entrepreneurs, trade unions, policy-makers and civil society in general about the necessity of technological upgrading. Second, strategic goals should be set forth. Third, efforts should be made to identify which foreign investors and activities are suitable and at the same time realistic for achieving these strategic goals. This requires continuous monitoring of changes in the market and of their specific strengths and weaknesses in order to timely and precisely identify windows of opportunity. Fourth, based on this assessment, promotion should be intensified in order to attract the targeted investors. 3. Creating and promoting a positive image of the location. Countries are undertaking pro-active approaches to sell their image abroad. Investment promotion is usually done by public agencies or private non-profit organizations. These institutions should nevertheless be organized in a businesslike manner and develop an attitude oriented towards the private sector. Often it is helpful to advertise success stories of pioneering investors because would-be investors tend to observe the performance of these pioneers before making their own investment decisions, which is an efficient way to minimize risks. 4. Improving advanced and specialized factors in accordance with technological goals. Most developing countries strive to attract foreign direct investment by their low costs (especially for labor and natural resources), subsidies (which may take the form of grants, tax holidays, or subsidized land). In fact, these are basic and generalized factors, which are usually not enough to sustain long-term competitiveness. Subsidies draw off resources from other activities and may lead to a subsidy race among competing locations while they do not help to improve the underlying factors of competitiveness. In order to achieve the envisaged goal, advanced and specialized factors need to be developed. These include a knowledge workforce, R&D activities, specific infrastructure in fields such as information technology.

Unit 21. Task 1. Hai tro lu ln trong thi i ca chng ta

1. Mi c hn 10 nm tri qua k t khi bc tng Bclin sp , nhng lch s th gii th lt sang mt trang mi. Gn mt na th k qua, cc nc phng Ty u tranh mnh lit truyn b ch ngha t bn v t tng dn ch ra khp th gii. Gi y h t c iu mnh mun - sc mnh th trng v ti tr ca con ngi c pht huy mt cch ti a, v qun l c sc mnh s tr nn kh khn hn bt k ai c th hnh dung c. Ch ngha t bn v t tng dn ch l hai tro lu chnh ca lch s th gii ng i; chng gii phng cho sc sng to v nng lc ca con ngi hn bt c lc lng no khc. Nhng chng cng l nhng tr lc v cng nguy him. Chng lm o ln nhng tn ti trt t c, nhng truyn thng li thi, nhng cng ng hay ngh nghip khng ph hp, thm ch chng cn e do s n nh v s thanh thn ca chnh chng ta. Mt cch khng thng xt, hai ln sng ny lin tc trn dng ln pha

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trc, thay i tt c nhng g trn ng i ca mnh. Thch thc i vi cc nc phng Ty trong th k ti l lm sao kim sot c sc mnh v bo ca hai tro lu ny v khng ch nh hng ca chng trong vic thay i cc hot ng v hnh vi ca con ngi. Nu khng th hu ht cc nc trn th gii s kh trnh khi nhng hu qu nng n m hai ln sng ny mang li. 2. Ngy nay mi th u thay i. Ngy xa, sut 3 th h, nhng s kin ni bt nht ca th gii l nhng cuc u tranh chnh tr: cuc i Suy thoi, Th chin th hai, cuc Chin tranh Lnh, v phong tro ginh c lp ca cc nc thuc a. Thi d, chnh tr v ngoi giao ng vai tr ch o. Cn ngy nay, u u ta cng cm thy mt bu khng kh mi rt si sc - kht vng lm giu. Ngy xa, ngi ta c th tn th cc chin binh, cc chnh khch, cc ho s, hay nh vn. Cn anh hng thi nay li l cc nh doanh nghip. Ngay c nhng nc ngy xa vn khinh b ch ngha trng thng thp km ca cc nc phng Ty nh Trung Quc, n hay Brazil gi y cng ra sc tm cch thit lp cc khu ch xut v cc hnh lang cng ngh cao thu ht u t v pht trin kinh t. 3. Cc nh tr thc c l mun nhc nh chng ta rng ton cu ho thc ra chng c g l mi m. Ngay t u th k 20, mu dch v th trng t do cng nh c ch chnh tr dn ch rt ph bin. Ngy nay chng ta c th i khp chu u m khng cn th thc; nhng thi ng cha ta cn chng cn n h chiu na c! 4. Nhng u th k trc v u th k ny vn c nhng nt khc bit rt quan trng. Ln sng ton cu ho ngy nay l mt qu trnh c nh hng su rng cha tng c. Hng ngn sn phm, dch v v thm ch c tng c to ra trn phm vi ton cu, to nn nhng mi quan h tng tc phc tp gia cc nc. Mt nt khc bit na l bn cht ca cc siu cng. Mt nn kinh t th gii t do cn phi da trn s tn ti ca ho bnh, m iu ny thng ch c c khi c mt nc ng vai tr b ch th gii. Hi u th k 20 th l nc Anh, cn u th k 21 th l nc M. Nhng hi nm 1900 th nc Anh l mt cng quc ang trn suy vong. Cn gi y th tnh hnh li khc hn. Khng nhng M vn ang t tin trong vai tr b ch th gii, m nh hng ca nc ny vn ang khng ngng lan rng: chng ta ang sng trong thi i ca Hoa K. 5. Vy iu g s ch i chng ta trong thin nin k mi ny? Hu ht cc nc u nhn thy rng cn phi khng ch c nhng nh hng tiu cc khn lng ca ch ngha t bn. Cng ngy chng ta s cng gp nhiu kh khn hn trong vic tm ra bin php hu hiu nht i ph vi ch ngha dn tu. Mt vi quc gia bt u nhn thy nhng him ho m ch ngha ny c th mang li: dn ch m khng c lut php, khng c s bo v i vi nhng nhm ngi thiu s v quyn s hu ti sn, th dn ch ch l v ngha. Kh khn ln nht l cc nc phi t iu chnh mnh khi nhng ln sng i mi trn n vi sc mnh ngy cng v bo khng g cn ni. D sau cc nc c t c mt s cn bng mi, th h cng vn phi lin tc thay i mt cch su rng hn v nhanh chng hn nhiu so vi trc kia. Li khuyn duy nht m chng ta c th a ra lc ny, khi ton th gii bc vo mt thi i mi, l: hy cn thn v chun b tinh thn, chng ng pha trc s cn nhiu gian lao th thch.

Unit 21. Task 3. An overview of international politics

1. It is only in the most recent years of human existence that we have had a world of regular contacts between different states - what we call international politics. Exploration of most

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of the planet has been accomplished only in the past three hundred years, detailed mapping is less than one hundred years old and we never saw the entire planet until the 1960s, when the missions to outer space sent back the first snapshots. 2. The rise of European power in the 15th century makes the start of world politics as we know it. The European kingdoms found their vital trade routes to the south and east blocked by powerful, hostile empires. Armed with modern firearms and bold enough to attempt hazardous, long-distance sea ventures, first the Spanish and Portuguese and later the north Europeans set out in search of new trade routes and new opportunities. Sea routes rather than land routes formed the first avenues of this new international contact. Of course some, notably the Russians, began expanding on land eastward, but most sailed west to discover and conquer the Americas. By the 18th century, the basic structure of the modern international political system was established. By the 19th century, Africa had become the focus of European colonial attention, while the older colonies of the Americas were gaining their independence. 3. The spread of European power brought new political and religious ideas in its wake and closer international relationships in trade. The interchange of plants, for example, helped create a boom in food production which spawned uncontrolled growth in population. More people meant, in turn, a greater demand for trade and hence multiplied the clash of interests between states. 4. This exchange of ideas and goods where interests clashed led to wars over power and wealth. There was also a new desire for a trading currency of exchange, to replace the old barter system. This creation of money also helped create new mercantile classes which began to challenge hereditary rulers or military leaders for power. 5. In the Second World War the United States triumphed in Asia, and, with its allies, in Europe. After the war, the most powerful land power was the Soviet Union. As it swept through Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union established friendly, communist-led governments and, in its wake, challenged the political order in Western Europe. The old empires of the European powers were shattered and the board was reset. 6. Fifty-one states formed the United Nations in 1945 but it was already clear that not all the states were equally important. Two Superpowers, the Soviet Union and United States, clearly dominated all the others (the term Superpower as coined in 1944). However, the locus of world power had not entirely shifted from Europe. The continent was effectively divided into East and West and the Superpowers split the Europeans into the key alliances that formed the basis of their global contest for power. Although the European allies were important to Moscow and Washington, the decline of the European age of international relations was already apparent. 7. However, in the late 1980s, the United States was gradually coming to terms with its declining influence, even though many in the United States were reluctant to accept this view. But it was the rapid reforms in the Soviet Union that took the world by surprise. Mikhail Gorbachev pulled back Soviet forces from distant engagements and above all, allowed the East Europeans to abandon Communism. The breaching of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989 marked the end of the Cold War, and perhaps a new European renaissance. By the early 1990s, several states, most notably the Soviet Union, had broken up into new units. Many of the Cold War conflicts were being wrapped up, but a whole range of new disputes were re-emerging. Not since 1945 had the balance of power been so uncertain.

Unit 21. Task 4.

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xy dng lng tin xy dng k hoch xy dng chnh sch xy dng n xy dng nn mng xy dng ch s

build/gain/win confidence make a plan formulate a policy develop a project lay the foundation construct an index

thc hin d n ng k hoch ra thc hin k hoch thc hin c m thc hin li ha thc hin chuyn thm thc hin cam kt thc hin nhim v thc hin chnh sch thc hin kim tra gim st thc hin n hng p dng bin php p dng khoa hc k thut p dng chin lc thnh ph ln s tin ln cng ty ln vn ln thnh tu ln tin b ln thch thc ln mc tiu ln khng hong ln nh hng ln s phn cch ln gii thng ln s a dng ln t hng t phng t v t bn t nim tin vo... t bt ln bn t nn mng cho ...

to fulfil a project on schedule to carry out a plan to realise a dream to keep a promise to pay a visit to fulfil/ follow through a commitment to perform a task to adopt a policy to exercise control/supervision to fulfill an order take a measure apply technology pursue a strategy major cities huge amount giant companies key issue impressive achievement remarkable progress considerable challenge ambitious target serious crisis profound impact dramatic split prestigious prize enormous diversity place an order reserve a room book a ticket reserve a table place trust in ... put ... on the table lay the foundation for ...

Unit 22. Task 1. Cc siu cng ang suy yu v nhng cng quc mi 1. S hng thnh v suy vong ca cc cng quc, cha k ti s th nghch t nhin gia
h, l cuc chi v i nht trn th gii ngy nay. Ch trong mt vi thp nin ngn ngi

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sau nm 1945 ni ln hai siu cng c v kh ht nhn sc tiu hu ton b nn vn minh nhn loi trong mt cuc thm st ht nhn, v kh nng trin khai lc lng qun s ng s trn ton th gii. Nhng n u thp nin 90, mt trong hai siu cng sp , cn siu cng th hai - Hoa k - th ang rt lui khi nhiu cam kt ton cu. Th gii dn dn quay tr li tnh trng tranh ginh vn tr nn quen thuc nhng li phc tp hn ca chnh tr cng quyn.

2. Thi i ca cc siu cng bt u khi Hoa K v Lin X thng tr th gii sau th

chin th hai. Mi bn cm u mt trong hai lin minh qun s hng mnh nht, v c hai u kim sot lc lng v kh nguyn t nhiu hn bt c quc gia no khc. Mi bn u trin khai cc chng trnh chnh tr mang tnh th nghch vi pha bn kia v tranh ginh ng minh v nh hng vi nhau nhng khu vc xa xi trn ton th gii. 3. Mc d Nga v M phi hp cng nhau nh bi c v Nht, song h khng th nht tr vi nhau v hnh th ca th gii thi hu chin. Chu u b chia ct dc theo ranh gii kim sot qun s c nht tr trong thi k chin tranh. Tt nhin vic Trung u b chia ct khng thng tic bi bc mn st nh Churchill gi l iu tri t nhin, nhng mi ti khi ranh gii chia ct c phn nh r rng th cc cuc khng hong mi thi khng tip din. 4. Chu u c bnh n bi chin tranh Lnh, nhng ngay sau nhng bt n ln li nhanh chng ni ln nhng khu vc nm xa hn nhng mi quan tm trc tip ca cc siu cng. Cuc chin Triu Tin nm 50-53 m u cho mt lot cc cuc xung t chu v Trung ng, v xung t gia cc siu cng dch chuyn khi chu u, v nhiu nc ang pht trin u tranh ginh c lp t tay cc cng quc chu u gi ci. Nhng cuc xung t nguy him nht xy ra ti Cuba nm 62 li lin quan ti vic Lin X trin khai tn la ht nhn sn sau ca M. Khip s trc vin cnh phi lao vo mt cuc chin ht nhn, nm 1963, hai siu cng ng k kt hip c kim sot v kh c qui m ln u tin - Hip c Cm th V kh Ht nhn Cc b nhm thit lp cc c ch mi kim sot xung t. 5. Khi cc siu cng nhn thy rng cc kho v kh ht nhn ca h khng phi l cng c chnh sch hu hiu, th h cng bt u thc c v nhng hn ch thc s i vi v th siu cng v nhng ri ro m h c th phi gnh chu khi l ch th ca nhau. Cc hip c m phn Hn ch V kh Chin lc c k kt nm 1972 v cc vn bn khc cng c k kt nm 1974 ti Helsinki m bo cho thi k ho du ng-Ty ti chu u. Song v pha cc siu cng, nhng gii hn m nhng hip c ra i vi s ganh ua gia h khng c ngha l s cnh tranh gia h chm dt. 6. n nm 1980, cc siu cng dng nh c gii quyt ni tht vng ca h bng cch lao vo mt cuc chin tranh lnh mi. Vic Lin X xm lc Afghanistan cui nm 79 v vic trng c ca chnh quyn Reagn bo th ti M nm 80 li dn ti tnh trng cng thng ngy cng ln, phn nhiu th hin qua nhng li l ch trch gay gt hn v s ganh ua gia h. Nhng hu ht cc khu vc, tnh hnh nguy him i nhiu. Cuc khng hong ti Balan nm 80-81 ko di hn cuc khng hong Tip khc nm 68, nhng cha bao gi Hoa k thch thc mt cch nghim trng khu vc nh hng ca Lin X ng u. Cuc chin Iran-Iraq n ra t nm 1980, trong cc tu ch du thng xuyn b nh m, nhng c hai siu cng u ht sc kim ch. Bng cch m rng qui m kho v kh ht nhn ca mnh m khng lm o ln th cn bng ht nhn, cc siu cng ch c th khin cho tnh hnh cng tr nn phc tp hn m thi. 7. S bt lc ca v kh ht nhn v kh nng khng th t c mc tiu thng qua xung t ca cc siu cng ti cc quc gia ang pht trin khin ngi ta phi xem li

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ngha thc s ca mt siu cng. Khi X-M mt i s tin tng th Trung Quc, Nht bn v Cng ng Chu u bt u ln ting, lm gim tm nh hng ca 2 cng quc ny. Hoa K nhn thy h khng cn thng lnh nn kinh t th gii na, v phi i x vi Nht v c bit l Ty u mt cch thn trng hn. Nhng chnh Lin X mi ri vo tnh trng kh khn su sc nht v tht bi kinh t ca chnh mnh. C hai siu cng u sn sng t n mt tho thun nu mun cu vn mt cht g t v th vang bng mt thi ca h. 8. S sp ca Lin X nm 91 v s suy yu ca qun i Hoa k sau khi chin tranh Lnh kt thc ch tm chng li bi vic lin qun do M cm u nh bi Iraq nm 91. Nu khng c s ng h t cc ng minh th Hoa k kh m tp hp c lin minh chin thng ca h hay tin tr cho lin minh . Gi y, mt vng xoy quyn lc an ci ln nhau bt u ni ln thay th cho mt th gii do cc siu cng chi phi. c 5 u vin thng trc ti Hi ng Bo an LHQ, 7 cng quc cng nghip v thm ch 3 khi mu dch ln ti chu u, ng v Bc M. Th gii mi v y bt chc ho ra c th s nguy him hn c mt th gii gm nhng siu cng thiu nhy bn.

Unit 22. Task 3. The end of the american era? (another american era?)
1. It has been the American century in more than one sense. Not only did this indisputable leader prevail in the centurys great conflicts, but these helped to eliminate potential rivals. WWI effectively removed Britain. WWII did the same for Germany. And the Cold War left Russia exhausted. 2. For the moment, America has no rivals for military or economic superiority. Chinas forces may outnumber Americas, but the U.S. army is the most advanced and mobile - as shown in Kosovo and the Persian Gulf. As for economic superiority, the U.S. GDP in 1999 of more than $8 trillion slightly exceeded the output of the E.U, which has 100 million more people. On average, income per capita are 45 % higher in America than in Europe and 26% higher than in Japan. 3. It is hard to deny the U.S. pre-eminence. Five of the ten largest MNCs are American. Coca Cola is the worlds best-selling soft drink. Hollywood is the world's entertainment capital. And the American ideal - with its emphasis on human dignity, freedom and material progress - was the only ideal that survived at the end of the 20th century, overruling the empire at the outset, or fascism and communism in the middle of the century. 4. Given this vast U.S. dominance, it may seem illogical to suggest that the nest century won't belong to America. Yet this is the best bet. The American century label has, to some extent, distorted history. For most of the century, America did not dictate events, but frustrated the will of others. Meanwhile, domestic tranquility was often absent, with the 1930s Great Depression and the 1960s social turmoil being the clearest examples. Pessimism abounded in the 1980s, with inflation hitting the 14% mark. 5. The U.S. dominance, moreover, also depends on objective factors. Even the most powerful nation-state may not be able to tame menaces of the new millenium: nuclear proliferation, terrorism, use of mass-destruction weapons, economic instability, and technological breakdowns of vital computer or communications systems. And beyond

58

these threats lie internal challenges to social cohesion and economic well-being. What our future will be like still remains to be seen.

Unit 22. Task 4.

1. Last years euphoria over Chinas WTO accession now becomes clearly premature. 2. The fiasco in Seattle, when the WTO ministerial meeting collapsed without agreement on a Millennium Round, had a great effect on the international political cycle not so much in the area of trade policy, but in the future of globalisation. 3. Indonesias A. Wahid said the discrepancy between rich and poor was a natural result of competition, which is the essential mechanism for economic growth. 4. The U.S Congress, with 2/3 votes in each house, may initiate an amendment of the Constitution.

Unit 23. Task 1. chnh sch ca hoa k ang hng v chu

1. Thng thng th thi k chuyn giao quyn lc chnh tr Hoa k l thi im thch hp cc cng dn cng nh cc ng c vin tng thng suy ngm mt cch nghim tc v lch s chnh tr nhng nm gn y v a ra nhng nhn nh v tng lai t nc. iu ny khng ch c p dng vi cc chnh sc i ni m cn c i ngoi na. Nhng v vic kim phiu v cc chin dch sau bu c chun b cho ng Bush ln nm quyn vo nm 2000 ko di qu lu, nn ngi ta qun mt cng vic quan trng ny. 2. Nh Trng qu bn rn n ni khng c lc no ngh n vic hoch nh chnh sch khi ng Bush bt u nhim k mi. iu ny qu l kh chp nhn, bi v trong khi bo ch v cc trang x lun u ni trng giang i hi v tin trnh ca cuc bu c, nhng iu m d lun quc t v c bit l chu quan tm th li t c nhc ti: v tng thng Hoa k mi ny s c nhng chng trnh hnh ng nh th no? 3. Chin dch tranh c mang tm thin nin k ca ng Bush cng vi giai on chuyn giao quyn lc sau c nh gi l mt bc ngot lch s nh du s thay i trong u tin chnh tr ca Hoa k t chu u chuyn sang chu . Thc ra kh nng chuyn trng tm ca chnh sch ngoi giao sang chu khng c cp nhiu khi ng Bush vn ng tranh c. iu ny mt phn l do c ng Cng ho ln ng Dn ch u c ng quan im v ba mc tiu hng u chu : tm quan trng ca cc lin minh song phng ca M, s cn thit ca quan h vi Trung quc, v nhng li ch thu c t vic t do ho hot ng thng mi v u t. 4. Tuy nhin, d hai ng u c chung quan im v chu , v d chu lc ny t c nhc n trong chin dch tranh c, th iu cng khng c ngha l quan h vi chu lc ny s sun s trong tng lai. Th k ti s l th k ca chu Thi Bnh Dng, mc d xa nay ngi ta ch ln ting ni v khu vc ny ch t ai thc s hiu v n. Sau mt thp k tng i t bin ng, gii y chu ang chun b c nhng bc i thay chin lc. Trc mt, ba thch thc ln nht i vi Hoa k l lng trc v i ph c vi nhng bin i tt yu chc chn s din ra nay mai bn o Triu Tin,

59

khng ch c v th qun s v chnh tr ngy cng mnh ca Trung Quc trn trng quc t, v i ph vi nhng din bin chnh tr phc tp Innxia. 5. Ngoi ba thch thc ln ni trn, cn rt nhiu thch thc na i vi M, v u c lin quan ti chu . C th l mu thun v mu dch gia M v chu - xa nay vn khng c t ra v nn kinh t M qu mnh - gi y s ti hin nh mt nguy c ln i vi M nu tng trng kinh t ca nc ny b gim st. Mi quan h i Loan vi Trung Hoa i Lc cng ang l mt trong nhng ni nguy him nht v din bin phc tp nht trn th gii, v M cng khng bit mnh s ng vai tr g trong vn ny. Trn thc t, c cu an ninh chu ( hoc vic thiu mt c cu an ninh chu lc ny) s l mt thch thc ln m Hoa k cn gii quyt trong nhiu nm ti. 6. im mu cht y l s n nh ca giai on chnh tr ti y s ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhng quyt sch ca Hoa k trong vi nm ti. Bi cnh chin lc ang thay i hng ngy chu i hi Hoa Thnh n phi ch tm c bit n khu vc ny, t nht th cng nh Nh Trng tng ch n vic hnh thnh chu u mi hi thp nin 90.

Unit 23. Task 3. the transatlantic rift

1. One of the themes that emerged in this years World Economic Forum Annual Meeting was the worry about increasing strains in the relationship between the US and EU. The underlying root of the problem, as far as Europeans are concerned, is that the US has become the worlds sole superpower. The result is that it started to see the rest of the globe as less important. With the evaporation of the Soviet bloc menace, the US clearly began a slow disengagement from Europe. America cut the number of its troops in Europe from 300,000 to 100,000 during the 90s alone. 2. Europe is also accusing the US of the latters growing reluctance to commit itself to international treaties, conventions and organisations. The saga of money owed by the US to the UN loads up. The Congress has refused to ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and the Kyoto Treaty on global climate change. During the last springs Kosovo conflict, when air attacks failed to expel the Serbs, America was slow in sending ground troops to the area. 3. Moreover, Europe charges that America is becoming more unilateralist. One manifestation of this trend is the enthusiasm of Americas political classes for a system of National Missile Defense, despite the strong objections of Russia and the European allies. 4. Meanwhile, from the Americas angle, Europe is becoming more unified in a way that disturbs many Americans. A year before the launch of the euro, many American commentators believed that Europe would never create a single currency. Now that it is a fact, they assume that the euro will not challenge the global role of the dollar, and that it therefore will not require the US to re-examine its own policies. 5. They are probably wrong. Although the euro is still in its infancy, once it has established a track record as a solid currency, investors and central banks will want to balance their dollar holdings with euro investments. The establishment of a bipolar global financial system indeed proves awkward for Uncle Sam. 6. Europe is integrating not only economically, but also in the field of defence. EU governments believe that they need to be able to back up their diplomatic

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pronouncements with the threat of force. Therefore, 15 EU nations, at the insistence of Britain, have agreed to focus on improving their military capabilities in the years ahead. 7. So it is hard to be optimistic about the immediate outlook for transatlantic relations. In the long run, however, the emergence of a more powerful and successful Europe could encourage Washington to accept a new world order that is less unipolar and more rulebased than that of today.

Unit 23. Task 4.

1. I love this room because it is beautifully designed and well equipped. 2. Although e-commerce is in fashion nowadays, a recent survey revealed that 75% of all ecommerce initiatives failed due to bad business planning and unrealistic expectations from this lucrative field. 3. When East Asian countries began to learn about the dark side of liberalisation, they had neither the time nor the effort nor the courage to set up the institutions that would have been needed to protect themselves from the volatility of the outside world. 4. A nations constitution is the most important instrument for the governmnt and the supreme court. Its also the basis for political stability, individual feedom and social progress.

Unit 24. Task 1. cc t chc lin chnh ph

1. Cc t chc quc t hay t chc lin chnh ph l mt trong nhng ch th ch yu ca h thng quc t ng i. Thng thng, ngi ta s dng thut ng t chc LCP bi v bn thn thut ng nhn mnh mt thc t l nhng t chc nh vy, trong c LHQ, l do cc quc gia hp thnh, v nhng c nhn c c ti lm i din ti nhng t chc phi i din cho quyn li v chnh sch ca quc gia h.

2. Cc t chc LCP c th c phn loi theo phm vi tham gia ca cc thnh vin v
phm vi mc ch ca chng. Mt mt, chng ta c cc t chc chnh tr rng ri nh Hi Quc lin trc kia v LHQ hin nay, vi mc tiu kt np cng nhiu thnh vin trn qui m th gii cng tt. Nhng t chc nh vy cng l nhng t chc c mc ch chung chung, trong h m nhn chc nng chnh tr, kinh t, pht trin, qun s, vn ho x hi v cc chc nng khc cho cc quc gia thnh vin. Cc t chc c mc ch chung chung khc li c s thnh vin hn ch hn, v d T chc Hip c Bc i Ty Dng, T chc Thng nht chu Phi v mt s t chc khc. Khi Thnh vng chung ca Anh khng mang tnh khu vc nu xt theo tiu ch hp nht cc thnh vin trong mt khu vc a l bt k, m ch hn ch trong phm vi cc thuc a c ca ch Anh quc trc y.

3. Rt nhiu cc t chc khc, gi l cc t chc chuyn mn lin chnh ph, li thc hin
cc chc nng c th hn. C t chc th nhn mnh vo chc nng qun s, v d nh Lin on Rp, khi NATO hay Hip c Vc-sa-va trong thi k u mi thnh lp. Cc t chc khc li lin quan ch yu ti cc vn kinh t, chng hn cc c quan chuyn mn ca Cng ng chu u hay cc t chc nh Th trng chung khu vc Trung M, Hip hi cc quc gia ng nam , hay Hi ng Tng tr kinh t do Lin

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X thit lp ng u trc y. Mt s khc li cung cp cc dch v x hi nh T chc Y t Th gii hay T chc Lao ng Quc t. Mt s khc na li chuyn mn v vn tin t v pht trin kinh t, nh Qu Tin t quc t hay Ngn hng Th gii.

4. Cc t chc LCP c tc ng lin tc v ng k ti quan h gia cc quc gia. Vai tr

ca nhiu t chc LCP r rng c th ch ho theo cc quc gia trng ch cc t chc nh vy ra tay hnh ng trong mt s lnh vc nht nh. V d, h trng ch LHQ s hnh ng nhng ni c xung t lin min, chng hn gip chm dt giao tranh gia Iran v Iraq nm 88. H trng mong T chc Thng nht chu Phi hnh ng ng-g-la nm 76, hay Lin on Rp hnh ng Li-bng cui thp nin 70. Khi mt quc gia lm vo tnh trng kh khn kinh t trm trng, lp tc cc quc gia s trng ch vo cc hnh thc vin tr khc nhau ca WB hay IMF. Cc nc th gii th ba ngy cng nhn thy vic gn b vi cc t chc LCP s gip h ci thin hot ng kinh t ca mnh. Ngoi ra, cc t chc LCP cn l nhng ch th lin tc nh hng ti nhng ng i trong chnh sch i ngoi ca cc quc gia, min l cc quc gia gia nhp t chc v thc tm mun l mt thnh vin lu di ca t chc . Ch ring vic c i din ca mnh ti mt t chc, s dng cc ngun lc duy tr cc t chc , hoc lin kt vi cc thnh vin khc thong qua cc t chc LCP cng c tc ng ti mi quc gia. C l iu quan trng nht l cc t chc LCP c xem l cc ch th bi l cc quc gia v cc nh lnh o tin tng rng cc t chc LCP ang hot ng vi t cch l cc ch th trn trng quc t v cn phi c cn nhc trong nhung tnh ton v chnh sch i ngoi ca h. Ngi ta s thy cc t chc LCP c nh hng ti cch thc v lnh vc tng tc gia cc quc gia.

5. Cc t chc LCP c th gy nh hng theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Chc nng d nhn
thy nht ti LHQ v nhiu t chc LCP khc l to ra mt din n cho cc quc gia thnh vin gp g v tip xc vi nhau. Cc t chc LCP c th ng vai tr trung gian, l mt knh lin lc hay l mt ni gp g, hoc ng vai tr trung gian ho gii tch cc. mt hnh thc tch cc hn, cc t chc LCP cn ng vai tr iu tit trong mt lot cc lnh vc nh kinh t, y t, thng tin lin lc v vn ti, v d nh Lin minh Bu chnh chu Phi hoc C quan Nng lng Nguyn t Quc t. y, cc t chc LCP, vi s nht tr ca cc quc gia thnh vin, s iu chnh hnh thc quan h gia cc thnh vin vi nhau hot ng mt cch sun s, hiu qu v c li trong mt lnh vc c th. Chc nng qun l v iu phi ny ng vai tr quan trng m bo cho cc mi quan h ton cu din ra mt cch qui c.

6. Tuy nhin, mt s t chc LCP li c chc nng phn phi, tc l phn chia li ch v chi
ph gia cc quc gia vi nhau. Mc d ngi ta s ngh ngay ti cc t chc nh WB, song cc t chc khc nh To n Quc t c thm quyn quyt nh php l cng c chc nng phn phi tng t. Cc quc gia phi tnh ti quyn hn ca cc nhn vin chuyn nghip ca cc t chc LCP tng xng, nhng ngi s quyt nh chia s chi ph v li ch hin c nh th no.

7. Nu chc nng phn phi c thc hin mt cch trit hn th mt vi t chc LCP
cn c th t chc Siu quc gia. Nhng t chc nh vy c quyn ra quyt nh p dng cho tt c mi quc gia thnh vin ngay c khi c mt vi thnh vin khng nht tr. Thc ra nhng t chc LCP tc i mt phn ch quyn ca cc quc gia thnh vin. Rt nhiu c quan chuyn mn ca Cng ng chu u c quyn nh vy v l nhng t chc LCP siu quc gia thc s duy nht ang tn ti hin nay.

Unit 24. Task 3. the united nations system 62

1. In the aftermath of World War II, the United Nations reflected the desire of the victorious states to maintain world peace and to attack the conditions that appeared to foster war: colonialism, poverty, inequality, and ignorance. The charter of the United Nations (UN), drawn up at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference of August-September 1944, was largely the product of American, British, and Soviet negotiations. At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin agreed the procedures that ensured the great power dominance of the UN. The founding conference of the UN took place in San Francisco in April-June 1945. The Charter was signed on 26 June by fifty-one members, twenty of them from Latin America, eleven from Asia and only three from Africa. 2. The UN placed its headquarters in New York, partly in recognition of the United States leading role in formulating the Charter. The official languages are now Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish, symbolizing the genuinely international character of the organization. But by far the most important balancing act of the UN was evident in the types of institutions it set up. There were, and still are, three main bodies. 3. The most powerful is the Security Council which has responsibility for maintaining peace and security. Its fifteen members are dominated by five permanent members (Britain, China, France, Russia, United States) with the right to veto any non-procedural matter. (The Chinese seat was occupied by Nationalist China until 1971.) The veto is the vivid evidence of the power in the term great power. The other ten UNSC members are elected for two-year terms by the UNs second main body, the General Assembly (UNGA). 4. In the UNGA all UN members are notionally equal - each with one vote. The UNGA meets regularly each year in September and has seven main committees which deal with a range of issues. The UNGA can discuss and subject, but a two-thirds majority is required before an important question can be passed. However, the UNGA merely has the power to recommend, unlike the UNSC which can enforce observance. 5. The third UN institution is the Secretariat headed by the Secretary General, who is elected for a five-year term. President Roosevelt had visions of the Secretary-General as a world moderator but the reality has been an often powerless figurehead whose good offices are regularly by-passed. 6. Despite its excesses during the Cold War, the UN has its good points. First, its various types of peacekeeping have been useful. By now we are familiar with the mixed-race, multi-lingual, blue-helmeted soldiers, lightly armed and operating in squalid or remote places. They have to carry out difficult, if not impossible, tasks because the UN itself is rarely sure about what it is doing and does not give its forces much authority. Nevertheless, enough states have seen it fit to make use of UN troops in a wide range of passive and active roles. 7. Second, the UN serves a passive role as a venue for traditional diplomacy. In the more obscure, smoky corridors or small back rooms, enemies can meet, signals can be sent and talks can begin. Even in a shrinking world of modern communications, there is still a need for face-to-face contacts. 8. Third, the UN has established a wide range of specialized agencies and associated organizations that are of practical use. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are perhaps two of the best-known suppliers of funds to states in economic need. The UN International Childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and the High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) provide essential help for individuals in need.

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9. Fourth, the UN is simply a place where the poor and weak, in a world so dominated by great powers and the developed states, can feel they are being heard. To be sure, this has too often deteriorated into absurd and outrageous proposals, childish antics and shrill speeches. The impotent may feel better for upbraiding the powerful but their actions only undermine the ability of the UN to act effectively. 10. There is much speculation that the UN will finally be able to fulfil its promise. Although it is likely that reforms will take place - greater payments of debts by great powers like Russia and the United States, and perhaps even a seat on the Security Council for Japan there is little sign that the UN could manage effective collective security. Although there are reasons to deride or ignore the organization, if the UN did not already exist it would certainly have to be invented.

Unit 24. Task 4.

1. The food giant will put credit cards on trial in 12 of its outlets. 2. A number of changes have been made to credit cards usage to make them more acceptable. 3. There has been a reduction in the number of cheque book users, which proves the advantage of credit cards in payment. 4. We are enclosing our latest catalogue and price list. Please note that some alterations have been made with regard to the payment of large orders. 5. Various objections to smoking in the office were brought up in the recent staff meeting. 6. They do not place much trust in the ministers promise. 7. For 18 years the US has enjoyed continuous economic expansion. 8. The London Business School enjoys recognition all over the world.

Unit 25. Task 1. chu u cn mt s khi sc

1. Chu u cn mt con ng pht trin kinh t mi. Chu lc ny cn phi chng t rng mnh c th vn dng nhng thnh tu khoa hc v cng ngh, tri thc v tnh sng to to ra cng n vic lm, tng trng v thnh tu kinh t. Vic sng to, truyn b, p dng v khai thc cc b quyt k thut chnh l ng lc cho tng trng kinh t trong bi cnhton cu ho ngy nay, khi m khng mt quc gia no c th tn ti trong c lp. iu ny khin cho tnh sng to, u c kinh doanh v tinh thn bn b khng ngi kh khn ngy cng c nh gi cao. Vic tm ra con ng pht trin cho ring mnh trong nn kinh t tri thc cng chnh l vic i tm cu tr li cho cu hi m bt c ai cng t t ra cho mnh: chng ta v con ci chng ta s sng ra sao trong tng lai? Nu cc nh lnh o chnh tr khng a ra c mt cu tr li sng t v thuyt phc cho cu hi ny th uy tn ca h s b lung lay nghim trng. Tuy nhin vic tm ra mt cu tr li thuyt phc ngy cng tr nn kh khn bi v i sng kinh t ca chng ta gi y ang tri qua nhng i thay v bo hn bao gi ht.

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2. C mt vi nhn t khin cho nn kinh t ca chng ta bin i tng ngy. Xu th ton cu ho ang buc cc cng ty phi m ca i mt vi cnh tranh t pha cc nh sn xut vi chi ph thp hn cng nh t pha cc nh u t v th trng vn ang ngy cng tr nn kht khe hn. S chuyn i t cc ngnh ch to sang khu vc dch v ang din ra ngy cng nahnh chng v phc tp di nh hng su rng cu cng ngh thng tin v my vi tnh. Cc sn phm ch to ngy cng c hm lng tri thc cao hn v trnh cng ngh tinh vi hn. H Internet v h thng thng tin di ng gip cho con ngi c kh nng lu tr, truy cp, phn tch v chia s thng tin vi mt khi lng ln v tc nhanh cha tng c. Cc x hi tin tin c kh nng tin hnh cc nghin cu khoa hc mt cch hiu qu hn, v p dng kt qu nghin cu nhanh chng hn vo vic sn xut ra nhng sn phm mi cng nh khai sinh mt s ngnh mi nh cng ngh sinh hc v cng ngh gen. 3. Tt c nhgn i thay ny kt hp li khin cho cc ti sn v hnh nh nghin cu v pht trin, thng hiu, b quyt k thut v ngun nhn lc tr thnh nhng ng lc c bn trong vic to ra ca ci vtj cht cho x hi. Tnh sng to v c kinh donh ang chuyn nhng ti sn v hnh ny vo trong gi tr ca nhng sn phm v dch v mi, v gp phn y mnh tng trng kinh t, to cng n vic lm, p ng nhu cu x hi v tng nng sut lao ng. 4. T xa n nay chu u vn km nng ng so vi M trong vic bt nhp vi nn kinh t mi. l mt trong nhng l do ti sao t l to cng n vic lm chu u khng cao bng M. Chu u cng t ra chm chn hn trong cc ngnh cng ngh cao. Rt nhiu cng ty M cch y 10 nm ch l nhng cng ty ht sc nh b, vy m gi y h tr thnh nhng cng ty tm c quc t v ang gi vai tr thng tr trong cnh tranh. Nn kinh t mi ny ang t ra nhng thch thc v cng to ln i vi trt t kinh t chu u. 5. u c kinh doanh i hi chng ta phi bit chp nhn ri ro, v mt x hi kinh doanh cng phi bit chp nhn nhiu tht bi hn, v y l nhng yu t khong th thiu trong qu trnh tm ti hc hi, khuyn khch con ngi th nghim v t hon thin bn thn. Nhiu cng ty Thung lng Silicon (khu cng ngh thng tin ln nht Hoa k) trc khi thnh danh phi tri qua i ba ln tht bi. Nu mt x hi khng c ch cho tht bi th x hi khng th no tin b c. 6. Mt nn kinh t sng to s khin cho thay i din ra nhanh chng. Tnh sng to ch thnh cng nu nhng tng mi, sn phm v dch v mi, v cc doanh nghip mi thay th cho nhng g c, v cc ngun lc c chuyn sang nhng kgnh hiu qu hn. Vo nhng nm 50 v 60, thay th c 1/3 s cng ty ln nht ca M, ngi ta phi mt 20 nm. Vo nhng nm 70, ngi ta ch mt c 10 nm; nhng nm 80 - ch cn 5 nm. Cn gio y mt cng ty trong ngnh ch to ca M ch c tui th trung bnh l 3 nm. Chnh tc d thay i nh v bo ny t ra mt thch thc ln i vi cc cng ty c b dy hot ng chu u.

Unit 25. Task 3. A measure of success

1. How ready is Europe for the 21st century? It is out of question that European countries, West and East, have made incredible strides over the past 50 years. Nonetheless, the old continent must change agendas, directions and priorities if it is to prepare for the future.

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To that end, a group of European leaders have met at the World Economic Forum to identify what needs to be done. 2. The leaders were convinced that the old measures of success, especially those that track only economic wealth, are no longer adequate. The major task of European leaders is not to rebuild a war-devastated continent, but to ensure prosperity for the next generation. In the future, a successful society will be sustainable in economic, political and environmental terms. It will afford its citizens the possibility to develop and grow. And it will be able to resolve its own conflicts. All this is such a tall order that none of the contemporary European societies meets it today. 3. These ideas have been developed by European leaders into four broad measures of success: Sustainability: wealth creation is an important aspect, but not the only one. A sustainable society must have a good health care system, a clean environment and a government playing an active role in the economy. Readiness for the future: since technology is the key to the future, this index measures the availability of internet hosts and access to telecommunication lines. We also have to look at R & D and patents and the number of well-educated and trained people. Fairness and individual freedom: it is crucial that all citizens have equal opportunities to develop. More specifically, this captures youth unemployment, education, illiteracy, life expectancy and the distribution of wealth. Harmony: not a word often used in political or business circles, but an important characteristic of the kind of society we all long to live in. Harmony goes to our ability to resolve conflicts between different social classes, or between different racial or religious groups. Since this is not an easy thing to measure, the leaders have used proxies such as prison population, homicides and suicides.

4. Finally, the leaders incorporated the four measures above to produce an overall ranking for European countries. The key findings are that in general, the North does better than the South, small does better than large, and homogeneous beats heterogeneous. 5. And not just Europeans. For the sake of comparison, the leaders have applied the overall index to data from the U.S., Canada and Japan. Three European nations outpaced Japan, and no fewer than nine seem better prepared for the future than the U.S. and Canada. So it is not only the Old Continent that needs to ask how ready it is for the new century.

Unit 25. Task 4.

1. Why are you so happy today? Well, I have just received a pay rise. 2. In the recent department meeting he was heavily criticised of his being impunctual. 3. The depreciating baht has made Thailand an attractive destination for tourists. 4. The worst thing that can happen to investors in limited companies is to lose their initial contribution if the company goes bankrupt. 5. You are looking cool today! Well, I have just had my hair cut. 6. I am so delighted to be awarded the Master Degree after nearly 2 years of hard work. 7. Why does he look so sad? Well, he has just been sacked. 8. This photocopying machine is not working! Isnt it? I will get it mixed soon.

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Check your progress 5 EN-VN S bp bnh CA NN KINH T TON CU

1. Ch ngha t bn (CNTB) l h thng kinh t thnh cng nht m th gii tng bit n trong vic to ra ca ci vt cht. H thng ny to ra ca ci thng qua vic ngy cng t n nhng nng sut lao ng ngy cng cao hn v trnh cng ngh ngy cng tinh vi, phc tp hn; n i hi phi o thi cc nh my km hin i, nhng lnh vc tt hu ca nn kinh t, v thm ch c nhng k nng li thi ca con ngi. Trong h thng ny, ai lm vic nng ng v hiu qu th s c trng dng, cn ai km hiu qu v khng cn thit s khng cn ch ng. Qu trnh ph hu sng to ny to ra rt nhiu nhng k thng v ngi bi, t nht th cng trong ngn hn, e do nghim trng n nhng gi tr, nim tin v c nhng th ch x hi truyn thng. Hn na, s pht trin ca CNTB lun i km vi nhng giai on suy thoi c th lm tn hi n cuc sng ca con ngi. Mc d CNTB cui cng s phn b ca ci vt cht mt cch cng bng hn v n thng cng xng ng cho nhng ai lm vic hiu qu vi nng sut cao nht, nhng n cng c xu hng lm cho ca ci, quyn lc, v hot ng kinh t tp trung trong tay mt s t ngi. Do , nhng c nhn, t chc hoc thm ch c cc quc gia b CNTB e do s tr thnh mt lc lng c th lt hoc ch t th cng cn tr s pht trin ca h thng ny. Di tc ng ca mt s din bin v chnh tr, kinh t v cng ngh, kinh t th gii b phn cc mnh m thi chin tranh lnh gi chuyn thnh mt nn kinh t ton cu vi mc hi nhp ngy cng mnh m. Qu trnh cng nghip ho nhanh chng trong thp k 80 v 90 nhng th trng mi ni ng , chu M Latinh v nhiu ni khc lm dch chuyn quyn lc kinh t ton cu v to ra mt nn kinh t th gii ngy cng cnh tranh khc lit hn. Tuy nhin, n cui thp nin 90 th nhng bin i ny cng dn n mt lot nhng t bin tiu cc trong tng nc cng nh trn ton th gii. Cuc khng hong kinh t ton cu bng n Thi lan thng 7 nm 1997 nhanh chng trn qua cc nn kinh t ang cng nghip ho chu TBD v lan sang c Nht, ri nhn chm rt nhiu nc khc trn th gii. n ma thu nm 98 th 1/4 nn kinh t th gii lm vo suy thoi. Bao nhiu ca ci chu TBD v nhng nc khc bng chc tiu tan/khng cnh m bay. Cc nc xut khu hng nguyn liu b thit hi nng n khi th trng xut khu ca h tr nn cn kit. Cc th trng mi ni lc ny b coi l mt mi trng rt khng n nh v kinh t v chnh tr, mc d chnh nhng nc ny tng c ca ngi ht li hi u nhng nm 90. Vo u th k 21 ny, nn kinh t th gii vi mc hi nhp ngy cng cao hn vn s phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc mc d nhng kh khn ca ng c khc phc rt nhiu. H thng TBCN th gii s khng th tn ti nu thiu s lnh o chnh tr khn kho v cng rn. S lnh o ny phi y mnh hp tc quc t thit lp v thc thi cc qui nh v mu dch, u t nc ngoi v ti chnh tin t. Mt vn khng km phn quan trng khc l s lnh o phi m bo quyn li cho nhng ngi thua cuc trong c ch th trng. t nht nhng ngi ny cng phi tha nhn rng mnh thua l ng. S tn vong ca c ch th trng s b e do nu nh ngi ta ch quan tm n hiu qu m qun i vic bo v nhng ngi b thit thi v

2.

3.

4.

5.

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kinh t v khng o to li nhng ngi lao ng b tt hu do nhng thay i v bo v kinh t v cng ngh.

VN-EN Asian regionalism

1. From the mid 1980s until the financial crisis struck in the fall of 1997, the Pacific Asian region, an arc of countries from Japan and Korea in the northeast to Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore and Southern China in the southeast, was the fastest growing region in the world economy. Some have estimated that these economies were growing at 8% a year and accounted for approximately 1/4 of world output and almost 2/3 of world capital spending. Indeed, the spectacular economic growth of the emerging markets of East Asia transfixed the rest of the world. Before the 1997 meltdown, it seemed possible that these economies would become the center of the world economy early in the 21st century. During the past quarter century, a number of significant developments within this vast and extraordinarily diverse area transformed the region and its place in the global economy. Steady development of a regional economy and regional identity under Japanese leadership, rapid industrialization of southern China, and the financial collapse that suddenly enveloped the region in the late 1997 were particularly important and have significant implications for the future of the region. Pacific Asian regionalism has several distinctive features that have set it apart from both West European and North American regionalism. There is no hegemon or core alliance of major powers like Ameica in North America or the French-German alliance in Europe. In the Pacific Asia, there are three major powers - the U.S., Japan, and China with interests and ambitions vary considerably from one another. Despite the increasing integration of certain aspects of the region, its immense economic, cultural, and political diversity has significantly inhibited the development of a regional mentality and of regionwide institutions. While Asian nations share some important characteristics, the region is deeply riven by cultural differences, diverse economic systems, and serious political conflicts. As the 21st century dawns, the Asia Pacific region remains in economic turmoil. East Asia is slowly emerging from the severe storm, and Japan is by no means out of the woods. Yet the region is rich in such economic fundamentals as an excellent labor force and large pools of national savings that propel economic growth over the long term. Despite its ample supply of problems, the resion is slowly regaining its strength.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Unit 26. Task 1. Nn tng cho s n nh

1. Cui cng th cc quan chc ti chnh ng nam cng c th hnh din tuyn b rng tho thun hp tc khu vc gi y khng cn l mt khu hiu sung. Vic b trng ti chnh cc nc ASEAN, Nht, Nam hn v Trung quc mi y a ra tuyn b chnh thc v tho c chuyn i tin t - c gi l sng kin Ching Mai - l mt s kin quan trng trn nhiu phng din. 2. Trc y d lun vn nghi ng v nhng xut ny v cc nn kinh t ng nam u c qui m nh v cc quyt nh ca hip hi ASEAN thng c ng c chnh tr

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nhiu hn l kinh t. Nhng d sao th tuyn b va ri cng khin cho ngi dn yn tm rng s kh c th xy ra mt cuc khng hong ti chnh th hai chu , tuy din bin kinh t ton cu ang t ra phc tp v kh kim sot. 3. Cc hip nh v chuyn i tin t - c phc tho trong cuc hp thng nin ca ADB Honolulu, Hawaii vo thng 5 va qua - th hin tnh ng nht cao hn trong vic hoach nh chnh sch ca cc nc ng , v iu ny c th l c s cho s hi nhp khu vc su rng hn. Khi hot ng thng mi, u t v th trng chng khon gia cc quc gia tr nn gn kt, ph thuc ln nhau ngy cng cht ch th vic phi hp cc chnh sch tin t s tr thnh mt yu cu v mt thc t tt yu. 4. Theo nhng hip nh ny, cc nc k kt hip nh cam kt s cho nc khc vay nhm b p thm ht d tr ngoi hi nu khng hong tin t xy ra. Cho n nay, Nht bn cam kt s cho vay ti a l 3 triu la cho Thi lan, 2 triu la cho Hn quc v 1 triu la cho Malaysia. S tin trn cha phi l ln, nhng cng cc nc mun vay phi tho mn nhng iu kin nht nh. Cc nc b khng hong nu mun s dng hn 10% s tin trn th phi c s cho php ca IMF - y l iu kin quan trng dn chng yn tm rng cc nc cho vay s khng h tr ti chnh cho cc chnh sch thiu khn ngoan ca nc i vay. 5. Cc tho c chuyn i tin t ny s gip cho cc nc i vay phn ng mt cch kp thi v linh hot trc tm l hong lon ca cc nh u t nh tng xy ra cuc khng hong nm 97. ng thi cc hip nh ny cn l c s cho mt trt t ti chnh vi qui m ln hn nhm m bo rng cc nc trong khu vc s khng bao gi cn dng n s tin . Vic cng b s liu kinh t trong khu vc thi gian gn y c nhng tin b vt bc v cht, v cng khai cng nh v tnh hiu qu, v nh cc nh u t c th s trnh c nhng bt ng chng ly g lm d chu. Hu ht cc quc gia b khng hong gi y t b l thuc hn vo cc khon vay ngn hn ca cc ngn hng nc ngoi. Khng quc gia no cn p dng ch t gi hi oi c nh cng nhc nhng li kh duy tr. Tt c nhng nc ny u ph gi ng k ng ni t ca mnh v do khng cn b nguy c t pha cc nh u c tham lam e do. 6. iu ny khng c ngha l cc nn kinh t trong khu vc hon ton h cnh an ton. Nhiu nc vn cn phi tip tc qu trnh ti c cu h thng doanh nghip, nng cao tnh cng khai minh bch v bi tr nn tham nhng - nhng vn khin h khng th no i ph vi hu qu ca khng hong vo nm 97. Tuy nhin, hip nh v chuyn i tin t em li hiu qu tm l cao v l mt minh chng cho thin ch hp tc trong khu vc. iu m chng ta hi vng nht i vi nhng hip nh ny l cc nc k kt hip nh s khng bao gi phi dng n chng.

Unit 26. Task 3. IMF NEEDS TO MEND ITS WAY

1. There is little doubt by now that both the IMF and the WB are in a crisis of confidence. A recent report delivered to the U.S. Congress by the International Financial Institution Advisory Commission contains significant analysis and findings which uncover what is wrong with these two major international institutions as they now function, and what can best be done to set them right. 2. While there were disagreement on a number of points within the Commission, the majority felt strongly that neither the IMF nor the WB has been very effective in the past

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two decades in carrying out its assigned responsibilities. Originally, the IMF was set up immediately after WWII to help maintain financial stability by acting as a monitor and advisor of member governments, and also as a lender of last resort when countries fall into acute financial distress as occurred in east Asia in 1997. But since the 1970s, its mission has expanded enormously. 3. In addition to the originally assigned task of preserving global financial stability, it has taken on two other enormous tasks. First, for the past 20 years it has teamed up with the WB in overseeing structural adjustment loans to the worlds poorest countries to help them reduce poverty and achieve sustained economic growth. Second, it supported market transitions in the post-communist countries of eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. 4. Sadly, the IMFs record is pretty mediocre on all three of these aims. The emerging markets in Latin America, eastern Europe and east Asia have suffered wild financial shocks during the second half of the 1990s. The IMF failed to foresee those crises, and IMF interventions proved futile in moderating their virulent outbreak. 5. Even now when the crisis-hit nations are turning around, the IMFs role is somewhat ambiguous. There are big debates on whether the IMF programmes actually speeded recovery in those countries, or whether the bounce back simply reflected the market cycle of financial panic giving way to financial balance once again. After all, countries that shunned or avoided the IMF such as Malaysia or Hongkong seemed to bounce back at least as fast as the IMF-managed crisis cases. 6. The Commission finally reached the conclusion that the IMF can be fixed only if it focuses again on its core mission: helping to preserve global financial stability. Of course, it would still play a useful role through policy consultations, economic monitoring, and data collection. But it should get out of its long-term lending activities. Even when providing emergency funds to financially distressed nations, the IMF should require them to get their banking sector cleaned up and their budget under better control.

Unit 26. Task 4.

1. Heart disease is the number one killer in the United States. 2. The time of heavy-handed state intervention is dead and burried. 3. Threats from the digital age include job losses and increased need for education and social safety nets. or: The digital age has exposed us to so many challenges, including job losses and increased demand for education and social safety nets. 4. The public deficit disappeared and productivity increased strongly due to technological advances, economic deregulation, and company downsizing. 5. In Asia today, a robust rebound has rekindled confidence, but doubts about the sustainability of the recovery still remain. or: Public confidence is returning in Asia thanks to the respectable economic recovery, the sustainability of which remains in doubt.

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6. Singapore has been the best performer in Southeast Asia since the regional meltdown, but the future of this externally-driven economy may be limited by events outside its control, despite continued restructuring efforts by the government.

Unit 27. Task 1. mt ng tin ln ang b lng qun

1. Euro l ng tin quc t. Ngy nay, euro va l ng tin ca hn 300 triu ngi dn chu u, va l ng tin ca mt i tc thng mi ln nht th gii, chim gn 20% kim ngch xut khu v 15% GDP ton cu. Phm vi s dng ng euro cn c th m rng thm na - tng 60% v s ngi s dng v 35% v GDP - nu 3 nc thnh vin EU cn li v tt c cc nc ang chun b gia nhp Eu u tham gia lin minh tin t chu u trong nhng nm ti. 2. Mc tiu c bn ca ng tin chung chu u l th hin mt bn sc tin t chung cho khi, duy tr n nh v nng cao hiu qu kinh t x hi trong khu vc. Vic bin ng euro thnh ng tin quc t bn thn n khng phi l mc ch cui cng i vi cc nh lnh o chnh tr, v cng khng phi l mc tiu ca Ngn hng TW chu u. Vai tr ca ng euro l y mnh hi nhp v duy tr trt t kinh t trong lin minh. iu ny ph thuc hon ton vo tc ng th trng cng nh nh gi ca th trng v mc n nh v tnh hiu qu ca nn kinh t khu vc. Tuy nhin gi y ng euro c v nh t c a chung v cng t c nhc n hn l ngi ta tng mong i. 1. Nhng ngi lc quan thng t an i mnh rng tuy thot u ngi ta c th lnh nht trc nhng g mi l - chng hn nh mt ngi ngoi quc hay mt ng tin mi nhng tip xc cng lu th ta s quen dn. Chnh v th m ngi ta hi vng rng dn Anh dn dn s bt nghi ngi i vi ng euro khi h hiu c rng cm ng tin mi ny tay h cng khng b bn, hay ng tin cng chng t nhin bc chy u m lo! 2. Nhng c v nh ngi ta khng lc quan ng ch. Mt cuc thm d d lunmi y phng vn nhng ngi i ngh mt Ty Ban Nha v xem cm gic ca h ra sao khi cm ng euro bng xng bng tht mua mn ung c sn sangria. Cu tr li l h chng cm thy g c. Nhng ngi c phng vn cng t r thi phn i ca mnh i vi vic thay th ng bng Anh bng ng euro. Mt phn nguyn nhn dn n thi ny l do dn chng cc nc s dng ng euro ang ku ca rng gi c nc h ngy cng tr nn t t khi ng tin ny chnh thc c lu hnh. 3. C cho l dn Anh c ngh ti ng tin chung i na th cng chng my ai mn m g vi n. Rt t ngi ngh ti ng euro hay ni v n. Mt s t ngi cung tn c th ng h mnh m, mt s ngi cc oan khc c th phn i kch lit, nhng a s ngi dn bnh thng th vic gia nhp lin minh tin t chng lm h bn tm. Tuy vy cc cuc thm d d lun gn y cho thy ngy cng c t ngi coi vic gia nhp ng tin chung l quan trng. Nhng v chnh ph vn t ra ... v vn ny cho nn vic ng euro t c nhc n cng chng c g l l. 4. Tt nhin cc quan chc chnh ph cng bt u ni n nhng vic cn lm trong ma h nm nay. Chnh ph sp ti s phi cng b xem nc Anh c iu kin ca 5 bi trc nghim kinh t c th gia nhp lin minh tin t vo thng 6 nm 2003 hay khng. Nhiu nh quan st d bo rng u nm 2003 chnh ph s t chwcsmootj cuc trng cu dn , nhng trc cn phi c quc hi cho php. Tuy nhin trong thi im hin nay th vn cha c s kin ng k no xy ra.

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5. Trong nhng nm u tin p dng ng tin chung, ng lc ch yu ca s hi nhp ti chnh l tc ng ca th trng. Nhng gi y, mun tip tc qu trnh hi nhp, cn phi c quyt tm c th hn t pha chnh ph v cc t chc th trng ca cc nc thnh vin tong vic h tr cho ng tin chung pht trin. S n nh v gi c, cc bin php ti kho ca chnh ph, vic hi ho ho c cu lut php, s hi nhp th trng ti chnh v vickhc phc nhng bt cp ca th trng lao ng v hng ho l nhng yu t c bn ng euro ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng hn c v cht ln v lng trong nn kinh t u chu.

Unit 27. Task 3. The Euro debate

1. The sinking of the euro beyond the psychological parity level with the dollar is causing a stir. Most economists were of the opinion that in the long-term, the plunge of the euro didnt matter very much, and that there was enough data to support a prediction of an upturn in the near future. Willem Buiter, member of the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England and professor of economics at Cambridge University, called the weakness of the euro the biggest non-event of the decade. President of the Bundesbank Earnst Welteke said that the decline went against expectations, but was more a psychological than an economical problem. 2. Financier George Soros said that the fall of the euro was largely a matter of capital flows. The US was attracting the capital, the euro zone wasnt. However, he added at a press briefing, I think it would be a mistake to defend the euro by raising interest rates too much just as growth in the region was picking up. Even the capital flow situation could reverse itself, argued Bergsten, director of the US-based Institute for International Economics, if investors took fright at the yawning trade and current account deficits in the US. 3. Some other was less sanguine. Nobel prize-winner Robert Mundell was of the opinion that if the European Central Bank did not pay attention to the exchange rate, it could be setting up the region for inflationary pressures. So what is it that ails the euro? Structural problems, to start with. Unemployment, while falling, is still relatively high. Unattractive tax rates and inflexible labour markets tend to keep investors away. Added to this were the brewing political uncertainties in Germany and Austria. 4. The ECB also needs to establish greater credibility. A collection of 11 central bankers with differing agendas could give conflicting signals to the market. Some pointed out that decision-making within the ECB needed to be made transparent to thwart any perception that members were being swayed by national interests. Christian Noyer, vice president of the ECB, could only defend his institution by saying that a balance has been struck to ensure accountability and transparency without freezing open debate among members. 5. The concensus was that if there is indeed a new economy in the US, it has yet to make it to Europe. But the lesson to be learned is that the USs much-vaunted productivity gains have been fueled by IT. In order for Europe to embrace an e-culture, it has to undergo some painful restructuring and loosen labour rigidities. The euro itself is helping to overcome inefficiencies in the capital markets and is facilitating cross-border transactions. And Europe has the advantage through its leadership in wireless technology. It now remains to be seen whether politicians have the stomach to turn these gains into a period of sustained growth - and thus prevent the euro from taking any further plunge.

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Unit 27. Task 4.

1. After reaching dizzying heights over the summer, mainland stocks have come back to earth now. 2. A heavy impact of US interest rate movements is fuelling demand for Hong Kong to break off its peg to the US dollar. 3. Confidence is booming in Malaysia, with all the key indicators pointing to a healthy rebound. 4. The decline in interest rates has injected life into Indonesias debt market. 5. The government efforts to entice more FDI seem to be paying off/bearing fruits/ making themselves felt. 6. Globalization is adding to the reach and power of the market. Now even the government, not just firms and people, must bow down before the new master of worldwide competition. 7. To win the battle against poverty, Asian countries need to push stronger forward with their economic policy reforms.

Unit 28. Task 1. Thanh ton trn mng ang lm vai tr ca ngn hng b lu m dn
1. Vai tr tr ct ca ngn hng trong h thng thanh ton ang b e do nghim trng bi mt i th mi cung cp dch v xut trnh v thanh ton ho n bng phung tin din t. Cho ti thi im ny, c 2% s h gia nh M thanh ton ho n qua mng, mc d h vn nhn c mt ng ho n giy gi n h qua ng bu in mi thng. 2. H thng thanh ton qua mng c nhng u im ni bt. Nhng ngi pht hnh ho n s tit kim c mt khon tin v h khng phi mt cng x l ho n giy v khng phi tr bu ph na. Cc khon phi thu cng t b tn ng hn v ho n s c thanh ton nhanh hn. Theo c tnh, cc cng ty pht hnh ho n M c th tit kim c hn 2 t la trong vng vi nm ti. 3. Mc d nhng ngi phi thanh ton ho n cng s tit kim c bu ph, tin mua phong b, v c l c ph thanh ton bng sc, nhng li ch ln nht i vi h li l s tin li. Cng ty Transpoint do Microsoft v First Data lp nn c tnh rng ngy nay ngi tiu dng mi thng phi mt 2 ting ng h cho vic thanh ton cc loi ho n, v nu h thanh ton qua mng th s ch mt 1 ting thi. Cng ty Tower Group d bo rng tt c nhng u im trn s khin cho s h gia nh s dng phng thc thanh ton qua mng M tng t 1.3 triu h vo thi im hin nay ln hn 10 triu h vo nm 2003. 4. Vn t ra i vi cc ngn hng l liu h c th duy tr c v tr trung tm ca mnh hay khng khi m cc hot ng thanh ton c tin hnh trn mng ngy cng

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nhiu. Ri ro m cc ngn hng ang gp phi rt ln. Nu cc ngn hng chu hi sinh v tr ca mnh trong h thng thanh ton th rt c th h s mt lun c nhng mi khch hng quan trng. 5. H thng thanh ton trn mng c th l du chm ht cho cc ngn hng. Nu mt cng ty khc, chng hn nh Microsoft, chim c v tr ng u trong h thng thanh ton th khch hng s kt ni mng ca mnh vo mng ca cng ty thanh ton ho n hng thng ca h. V mt khi chc chn trong h thng thanh ton th Microsoft s chng kh khn g trong vic tung ra cc sn phm p ng mi nhu cu v ti chnh cu khch hng, t nhu cu u t cho n vay mua nh th chp. 6. Tnh hnh c th cn ti t hn. H thng thanh ton qua mng c th khin cho doanh thu t cc dch v qun l tin mt - vn l mt lnh vc lm n bo b - b gim st khi ni ho n v sc bng giy bin mt v thay vo l dch v thanh ton qua mng. Nu cc ngn hng b y ra ra v tut mt cc mi khch hng vi cc cng ty c bit th tn tht cn ln hn nhiu khi m h khng cn c hi cung cp cc dch v nh kt mt gi ngn hng, kim sot vic gii ngn, hay i chiu ti khon. 7. Nguy c m cc ngn hng ang gp phi hin nay cng gn ging vi nguy c m h tng gp phi, v chu thua cuc, trc s cnh tranh trong giao dch bng th tn dng. Ngy nay, 75% cc giao dch bng th tn dng M l do cc t chc khng phi ngn hng m nhim. lch s cay ng khng lp li, cc ngn hng M phn ng bng cch thnh lp nn tp on Integrion v Spectrum - nhng tp on ang c gng gi vai tr u mi chuyn cung cp cc loi dch v thanh ton qua mng cho ngn hng. Tuy vy cho n nay 2 tp on ny vn hot ng ch cm chng do b cn tr bi cc vn v iu hnh doanh nghip v bt ng quan im trong vic quyt nh nhng chun mc v ni dung ch yu. 8. V tnh hnh din bin phc tp nh vy cho nn nhiu ngn hng ang lo tm cho mnh nhng gii php an ton hn. Chng hn ngn hng Citibank va l thnh vin ca Integrion li va c c phiu trong cng ty Transpoint, cn ngn hng Che va l thnh vin ca tp on Spectrum ng thi li lin kt vi CheckFree. Cc ngn hng u bit rng ri ro l rt ln, v nu h khng nhanh chn chp ly c hi do h thng thanh ton qua mng em li th ngi khc s tranh th ngay c hi .

Unit 28. Task 3. banking in the 21st century

1. As the worlds banks enter the new millenium, they face a confusing paradox. On the one hand, they need to be bigger, more diversified, and offer more comprehensive services in order to compete globally. On the other hand, in a rapidly changing market, only the most nimble will survive. 2. European banks are facing the toughest challenges as they wrestle with the implications of the single currency and play catch-up on technology. Mergers have been picking up pace as banks seek to defend their positions. More consolidations are expected, particularly through cross-border mergers, although clouds are already gathering over the merger arena. 3. Economic analysts are beginning to realise that mergers are not necessarily a good thing. Efficiency gains are easily outweighed by cultural clashes, while strict employment laws

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in Europe mean the scope for rationalization is limited. More worrying is the fact that many mergers resulted in nothing but eroded share values. 4. The major banking groups sloth is leaving the field wide open for new players, particularly the Internet banks. With low overheads, and the benefit of being in fashion, Internet banks in Europe are wresting customers from their cumbersome old rivals. 5. Bankers operating in the emerging markets are facing different challenges as the new millenium dawns. Worldwide anxiety about credit risks and lingering pain from the 97 Asian meltdown are leading to increasing demands for security from those investing in emerging markets. New proposals relating to credit risk ratings and reserve requirements could lead to a shakeout of the industry, forcing unreliable businesses out of the market. In the banking world, there is only one principle: bigger is better.

Unit 28. Task 4.

1. While there is upside potential in the stock market, investors are advised to give a second thought to their decisions/ to think twice before making up their minds/thrusting into their pockets/ parting with their money. 2. With the new bond issue, the market has roared into life, signalling/heralding the dawn of a new era. 3. Financial reform tops the regional agenda/ is high on the regional agenda. 4. China is losing its charm/appeal to foreign investors. Much of the blame lies with excessively stringent regulations and mounting competition from domestic rivals. 5. A heavy dependency on mainlands economic outlook and US monetary policy is clouding the forecasts for Hongkong. But signs are emerging of brighter prospects. 6. The shakeup of the state sector will surely give the talent chance to shine. 7. Many analysts believe that the rally in Indonesian stocks is drawing to a close as investors are beginning to fear the widespread corruption in the country. 8. Singapore has barely put a foot wrong in its response to the turmoil. With careful management, the economy is showing every sign of effecting a full rebound.

Unit 29. Task 1. th trng bo him vit nam ang khi sc

1. Vit nam l nc ng dn th hai ng nam vi 80 triu ngi. K t khi Vit nam chuyn i sang nn kinh t th trng, ngnh BHVN tng trng nhanh chng v vng chc, t mt qui m cn rt khim tn. Bo Vit, c thnh lp vo nm 1965, l cng ty trc thuc b ti chnh v gi v tr c tn trong ngnh cho ti tn nm 94. Hot ng ca Bo vit tp trung ch yu vo bo him cho hot ng xut nhpkhu, bo him hng hi qui m nh, bo him giao thng ng thu v bo him phng tin giao thng ng b. Cng ty phc v nhu cu bo him ca mt nn kinh t nh gm ton cc doanh nghip nh nc. Nhng khi nn kinh t thc hin ci t vo nm 96, cc cng ty nc ngoi v lin doanh bt u c nhu cu v nhng sn phm bo him khng

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thuc phm vi kinh doanh ca Bo Vit. ng thi, nhiu cng ty bo him khu vc v quc t cng bt u t ra quan tm n vic xm nhp vo th trng bo him Vit Nam nh Allianz (c), Cng ty bo him ho hon v tai nn hng hi Tokyo (Nht), hay cng ty ACEINA ca M.v.v... 2. Mc d cc cng ty nc ngoi c php kinh doanh cc sn phm bo him trn th trng Vit nam, B ti chnh vn t ra mt s hn ch nhm bo h cc cng ty trong nc (u do b ny qun l) v h tr s pht trin ca cc donh nghip ny, gip h chun b tt hn trong vic cnh tranh vi cc cng ty nc ngoi khi m ca th trng. Chng hn nm 97, mt vi cng ty nc ngoi c php bn bo him y t v nhn th, nhng ch cho cc i tng khng phi l cng dn Vit nam (tc l ngi nc ngoi sng v lm vic ti Vit nam cng cc thn nhn ca h). 3. Thng 3 nm 98, B Chnh tr - c quan lnh o cao nht ca ng - ban hnh mt vn bn chnh thc th hin mt t tng, ng li hon ton mi: cho php cc cng ty bo him nhn th v phi nhn th 100% vn nc ngoi c t do hot ng trn th trng bo him Vit nam. Ln u tin cc cng ty nc ngoi c t do tip th v bn trc tip cc sn phm bo him a dng, hin i vi trnh chuyn mn cao cho ngi Vit nam vi rt t hn ch v mt s nhng iu kin bt li nh trong cnh tranh vi cc cng ty bo him trc thuc b ti chnh. 4. Hin nay Vit nam c 5 cng ty bo him ln trong nc, ngoi ra cn c hn 45 cng ty nc ngoi v 4 cng ty i l t vn phng Vit nam. Nhng cng ty nc ngoi cm thy y l mt th trng c tim nng to ln v mc tng trng hangf nm kh cao. Mt vi cng ty trong s l nhng tn tui c hng trong th trng bo him quc t, v nhng cng ty tm c v dy dn kinh nghim ny gip cho nng lc cnh tranh gia cc cng ty bo him trong v ngoi nc tng ln ng k. 5. Nh trin vng kinh t sng sa cng vi Lut Kinh doanh Bo him mi c ban hnh v bt u c hiu lc t ngy 15 thng 4 nm 2001, hi vng rng th trng bo him Vit nam s c nhng khi sc mi trong th k 21. Tc tng trng ton ngnh nm 2001 t khong 40%, tnh c nhn th ln phi nhn th. Bo him nhn th c tc tng trng 80%, chim hn mt na tng thu ph. Bo him phi nhn th c tc tng 10%. 6. Khc vi cc ngnh khc, th trng bo him khng b gii hn bi tc tng trng kinh t trong nc. Cc cng ty bo him nc ngoi c th tn dng c mt thc t hin nay l cung khng p ng nhu cu i vi cc sn phm bo him. y l hin trng ca cc dng bo him nh bo him ti sn, bo him trch nhim dn s, bo him xng du, bo him hng hi Hull v P&I, v bo him CAR/EAR, v cc cng ty bo him trong nc khng nng lc p ng nhu cu v nhng sn phm ny. Ngoi ra cc cng ty bo him cng cha p ng c nhu cu v nhng sn phm mi cha c trn th trng, nhng snp phm tuy c bn trn th trng nhng cn trong giai on th im, hay nhng sn phm cha c php lut cng nhn hay cha c ph bin. Nhng sn phm ny bao gm cc sn phm nhn th v phi nhn th, bo him y t, v bo him x hi. Vi vic sp gia nhp WTO v ci thin c quan h thng mi vi Hoa k, Vit nam s to ra c mt th trng nhiu tim nng i vi cc cng ty bo him trong cng nh ngoi nc.

Unit 29. Task 3.

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LEVEL THE PLAYING FIELD FOR VIETNAMS INSURANCE COMPANIES

1. Competition in Vietnams insurance market is intense and state firms are trying to hold on to their former monopolies against well-organized and stiff foreign pressures. 2. The Vietnam Insurance Corporation (Bao Viet) has a head start in this aspect. Its collected premiums of $96 mil in 1999 posted an impressive rise of 12% over the previous year. With 63 branches and over 4000 staff, Bao Viet remains the market leader, grabbing around 60% of the market share around the land, followed by Bao Ming CMG ( a joint-venture between the Australian financial group Colonial and the HCM Insurance Company), Prudential UK ( the largest foreign insurer with total investment of $14 mil) and AIG ( the American International Group). 3. The unleveled playing field is causing concerns among insurers, especially with non-life insurance products. To sell more policies, some companies are willing to pay commissions much higher than levels permitted by the Ministry of Finance, and reduce premiums to unacceptable levels. The Government, in an attempt to secure future sustainability of the sub-sector, is moving forward with new policies and regulations. Circular 144, for instance, governs insurance commissions for agents and brokers with regard to 5 insurance products: death, term life, endownment, lifetime and annuity. 4. The establishment of the Association of Vietnam Insurers signifies another move to bar unfair competition and promote cooperation in the sub-sector. The founding members expect to reach consensus on minimum insurance premiums and to seek ways to strengthen effective cooperation in the face of foreign competition. 5. The sub-sectors role in the national economy is also a matter of public interest. Figures from the MPI reveal a trivial contribution of 0.58% GDP from premium revenue, in sharp contrast to the 5-14% GDP in developed countries. But theres grounds for optimism: the amount of premiums has demonstrated an annual growth of 30%. Foreign insurers therefore believe that increased marketing and strategic alliances will boost demand for existing and new products that will be affordable to the majority of Vietnams 80 million residents.

Unit 29. Task 4.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. heated/ lively debate intense/ great/immense/enormous pressure solid/ sound/profound understanding key/ major/burning/pressing issue vigorous/ fierce/ intense/ stiff/ pressing/ mounting/ tough/harsh competition overwhelming/ irreversible/ unstoppable/ strong/ pervasive/ sweeping trend radical/ swift/ bold/ tough/ painful /tentative/ drastic reform acute/serious problem devastating/ damaging/ violent/ raging storm outstanding/ impressive/ spectacular/ formidable performance corrosive/deleterious/negative/profound/major/significant/positive/favoura-ble/lasting/farreaching impact 12. unique/unprecedented/valuable/golden/precious/breath-taking/impressive opportunity 13. convincing/persuasive/compelling answer

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14. hostile/ inhospitable/ unattractive/ agressive/ attractive/ supportive/charming / healthy/ favourable/ welcoming/ encouraging/enabling environment 15. strong/ robust/ impressive/ spectacular/ respectable/ vigorous economic rebound 16. massive/ numerous/ painstaking/ enormous/ collected/ concerted effort

Unit 30. Task 1. d sao cng l mt s khi u

1. S giao dch chng khon mi c thnh lp ny ch c vn vn 4 cng ty c nim yt, cch mt ngy mi m ca giao dch mt ln (tr th by v ch nht), v ch trong tun khai trng m qui nh giao dch thay i ti hai ln. Nhng thi, chng ta cng khng nn ma mai th trng chng khon mi khai sinh ca Vit nam lm g. Vic th trng ny c thnh lp l c mt s kin trng i ri. Tuy kh c th xc nh ngy thng mt cch chnh xc, nhng cng chng ngoa nu ni rng ngi ta phi mt t nht 6 nm Trung tm Giao dch Chng khon t ti thnh ph HCM c th m ca n cc nh u t. 2. Bc khi u khng hon ton sun s. Ngy giao dch u tin hm 28 thng 7 ch c 2 cng ty thc hin giao dch l Cng ty C in lnh (REE) v Cng ty Vt liu Dy cp v Vin thng (SACOM), vi khi lng giao dch 70.4 triu ng (tc l ch hn 5000 la). Mt tun sau, thm hai cng ty khc l Cng ty Giy Hi phng v Cng ty Kho bi v Giao nhn c nim yt (hai cng ty ny khng kp hon tt h s c ln sn trong ngy u tin). Vy l S GDCK Vit nam tr thnh SGD v tin khong hu trong lch s: c s lng s cng ty nim yt tng gp i ch trong tun u tin! 3. Khng ch nhng con s ni trn t ra km thuyt phc i vi cc nh u t nc ngoi, m c cch qun l ca U ban Chng khon Nh nc cng khin h ngc nhin. Ngay trc phin giao dch u tin, ng mt ci u ban ny tuyn b p t mc gi trn i vi c phiu ca c hai cng ty c nim yt (kt qu l mc d c lnh t mua ti 187000 c phiu ca SACOM, nhng cui cng ch c 100 c phiu c bn). Trc ngy th hai, bin dao ng gi b thu hp t 5% xung cn 2%. Bo Si gn trch dn li mt quan chc ca UBCKNN gii thch rng y l bin php nhm ngn chn u c thc t chng c s giao dch no li t ra mc tiu ny. 4. Ni chung s GDCK mi ca Vit nam vn cn rt nhiu tn ti cn khc phc. Nhng d sao dn chng cng t ra phn khi khi s c thnh lp. Ph gim c Trung tm GDCK, ng Trn c Sinh, cho bit trong tng lai s c khong 20 n 30 cng ty na c yt danh, nhng c l qui m ca cc cng ty l vn quan trng hn ch khng phi l s lng cc cng ty c nim yt. Cho n nay cc cng ty ln sn u l nhng cng ty lm n tng i pht t v n nh, nhng nu Vit nam mun thu ht c s quan tm ca cc nh u t nc ngoi th S GDCK cn phi yt danh cc cng ty c tm c hn nh Tng Cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng, Tng Cng ty xng du Vit nam, hay Hng Hng khng Quc gia Vit nam. 5. Mt thch thc na m chnh ph cn phi vt qua hp dn cc nh u t l nn kinh t Vit nam vn cn da qu nhiu vo giao dch tin mt, mt phn l do mc thu nh vo ngi giu qu cao mt nt in hnh ca cc nn kinh t x hi ch ngha. Mun mua c phiu, cc nh u t phi ng k vi mt trong s 6 cng ty mi gii chng khon c nh nc ch nh, v phi t tin vo ti khon ca cng ty mi gii trc khi tin hnh giao dch. Cc nh u t trong nc lo ngi rng nh vy th s l ra h giu n th no mt iu m h khng mun chnh ph bit c.

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Unit 30. Task 3. toward a fair securities trading centre

1. Fund managers are gearing up for the launch of the first securities trading centre in Vietnam which has just been opened late July 2000. Both a primary and an OTC stock market have sprung up some time ago. What we aim to do is to legalise the whole system by setting up an official stock exchange in the form of a Securities Trading Centre, said Tran Dac Sinh, deputy director of the centre. 2. He said a set of measures to protect the rights of prospective investors have been implemented. These include a comprehensive legal framework concerning securities trading, establishment of professional securities companies, and installation of advanced facilities and equipment. Also, the State Securities Committee (SSC) will only allow transactions involving good-quality financial assets such as government bonds and listed companies shares. Some $214.9 million of shares and bonds are expected to be ready for transactions. 3. In another move to ensure smooth trading at the newly born stock market, Sinh said the SSC will control the maximum price movement on each trading day within a 5% band. We have now completed the installation of the system and conducted training programmes for our officers and staff, Sinh said. In the near future we will work towards creating a favourable working environment as well as establishing connections between the trading floor and securities firms. 4. Regarding the extremely small scale of the future stock market with only 5 stockbroking firms lisenced and 2 joint-stock companies registered for trading so far, Sinh said he is optimistic the number of players and commodities will incease rapidly once the exchange takes shape and proves to be efficient. 5. Yet a word of caution. In the flush of Vietnam enthusiasm 5 years ago, no less than 6 Vietnam country funds raised a total of $400 million in capital. Unfortunately, none have invested all their funds due to the small size of Vietnams private sector. Two funds have already moved out. Others have been forced to write down the values of their portfolios. 6. The Government has therefore issued a decision to give tax concessions to encourage securities trading activities. VAT is temporarily exempted with respect to the business acitvities of securities companies. They also enjoy exemption of Enterprise Income Tax for one year and a 50% reduction for the subsequent two years.

Unit 30. Task 4.

1. Chinas political outlook seems promising, but on the financial front, things can not be more different. 2. Economic growth depends on far more than foreign aid. 3. The use of force is no longer an option. Any conflict or dispute must be settled by negotiation and compromise. 4. Hardly a week goes by without a complaint from a customer.

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5. Japans role in the regional economy is far from clear. 6. Nothing like this happens in real life/ Things dont quite turn out that way. 7. You cant convince buyers unless you yourself believe that youre selling good value.

check your progress 6 Task 1. EN-VN

1. Qu Tin t Quc t v Ngn hng Th gii tun ny s li gp rc ri to. Vi mc ch cu th gii khi cn bnh u ma y nguy him, hng ngn ngi phn i ton cu ho ang d nh s bao vy tr s ca hai t chc ny Washington, ni vo ngy 28 v 29 thng 9 ny s din ra cuc hp thng nin ca b trng ti chnh v thng c ngn hng trung ng n t 184 nc trn th gii. Sau mt thi gian ngn im hi lng ting vo cui nm ngoi do c cuc tn cng khng b vo nc M, gi y hot ng ca nhng ngi ch trng v chnh ph, cc sinh vin i hc v cc nh hot ng x hi khc bt u si ni tr li. H c gng ph hoi cc hi ngh kinh t quc t vi phng chm Mt cch phn i ch ngha t bn y sng to.

2. Mc d nhng ngi ging cao khu hiu v biu ng ny khin cho ph x tr nn

ng nght, v i bo hu nh chng a c tin g khc, nhng h li khng th gy mt e do thc s no cho Qu Tn t Quc t v Ngn hng Th gii. Khu hiu kt liu ch ngha t bn m h a ra tht v l, nhng lp lun ca h cng rt thiu nht qun. Nhng nm nay, Qu Tin t Quc t li phi ng u vi s phn i nghim trng hn t chnh ni b ca mnh ch khng phi t nhng k bn ngoi. Cng ngy, cc nhn vin ca t chc ny (tuy ch t thi mt cch mm mng) v cc gim c ngn hng th trng ti chnh M (nhng ngi ny th phn i gay gt hn) cng t ra nghi ng khng bit t chc ny v cc nc giu vn c ting ni quan trng trong vic hoch nh chnh sch ca t chc c hiu r vic mnh lm hay khng.

3. Vo thi im ny, ngi ta khng cn tin tng vo l l chnh m Qu Tin t Quc t

thng dng thanh minh cho nhng sai lm trc y ca mnh - l h ang th p dng nhng loi thuc men dng cp cu. ng l chu , Qu phi quyt nh nhanh chng xem phi lm th no i ph vi cuc khng hong v ngoi hi ht sc t ngt xy ra nhng nc m Qu khng theo di st sao nhiu nm nay. Cn Nga, Qu phi h tr cho cng cuc chuyn i c mt khng hai trong lch s t ch ngha cng sn sang ch ngha t bn. Nhng thm ch vi s chm nom cn thn ca Qu i vi khu vc chu M Latinh, th ngay c Gim c qu, ng Horst Kohler, cng vn phi tha nhn rng tht bi ca qu trong vic ngn chn khng hong hin nay khu vc ny cho thy rng Qu Ting t Quc t cn phi tip tc rt kinh nghim trong tng lai.

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