Nd.

wxlh :

Y%S ,xld j oHd T,smshd ;r`.h 2011

ms<;re m;%hs fuu fldgi mlaIlg ndr fokak' =

A fldgi - nyqjrK m%Yka
ksjer m%;spdrh () ,l=Kla fhfuka ,l=Kq lrkak'
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5) (5)

Y%S ,xld j oHd T,smshd ;rh 2011

B fldgi
1' my; oelafjkafka fmd,a M,hl wNHka;r jHqyh oelafjk rEm igykls' fmd,a Ydlfha 2n jKfoay ixLHdj 32 f' n fldaIfha we;e fldgiaj, ,ehsia;=jla o we;' rEm igyfka 1" 2" 3 iy 4 f,i k fldg we;s fldgia iNjh jkafka n fldaIfha A-I olajd l=uk fldgiaj,skaoehs wod< fldgqj, olajd ta tl tflys ffi,j, we;s jKfoay ixLHdjkao ,shkak'

A. nfldaI ;a;sh" D. we;=<; ndjrKh G. l,,fldaIh

B. fldaIaGh" E. wkqoajdrh H. n ffi,h

C. msg; ndjrKh F. l=laIsh I. oa;shl N%EKfmdaI kHIah

jHqyh 1 2 3 4

nfldaIfha fldgi

jKfoay ixLHdj

2' my; oelafjk rEm igyfka ffi, pl%hla ;=< isjk we;e isoaka fmkajhs' m%ia;dr ;=fkka kHIafha we;s DNA m%udKh ffi,fha rhsnfidau ixLHdj iy ffi,fha uhsfgdfldkahd ixLHdj fjkiajk% wdldr fmkajhs' ^A& my; oelafjk tla tla isu fmkajk pl%h l=ulaoehs i|yka lrkak' kHIafha we;s DNA m%udKh ffi,hl we;s rhsnfidau ixLHdj ffi,hl we;s uhsfgdfldka%hd ixLHdj '''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''
G1 S G2 M C

a b

^B& my; i|yka tl tlla isjk ffi, pl%fha wjia:dj ^G1, S, G2, M, C& l=ulaoehs i|yka lrkak' flakasld Ndckh ffi,;,h iEu kHIa mg,h iEu
2

'''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''

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Y%S ,xld j oHd T,smshd ;rh 2011

3' m%Ndixiaf,aIKh yd inkaO m%;sl%shd y;rla my; oelaf' (a) RuBP + CO2 PGA PGAL RuBP .afldaia

(b) PGA (c) PGAL

(d) PGAL

my; j.=f oelafjk tla tla l%shdj,sh i|yd .e<fmk m%;sl%shd fudkjdoehs oelau i|yd tys fldgqj, wod< nj ( ) fyda wod< fkdjk nj () ,l=K fhdokak' a ATP wjYHjk m%;sl%shd NADPH wjYHjk m%;sl%shd ldfndyhsf%g ixiaf,aIKh flfrk m%;sl%shd b c d

4' ffi,hla ;=< we;s jHqy my; i|yka f' ^a& ffi, mg,h ^c& isks wka;#ma,diau cd,sldj ^e& rhsnfidau ^f& fmfrdlaisfidau ^b& r wka;#ma,diau cd,sldj ^d& welaka iQ;%sld ^g& ,hsfidfidau

my; i|yka tla tla ia;rhg .e<fmk jHqy a isg g w;ka fudkjdoehs i|yka lrkak' I. fm%dakj,ska muKla iEfoa" ffi,hg ikaOdrKh f.kfoa '''''''''''''''''''''''''' II. fm%dak yd ,smsvj,ska iEfoa' m%;s.%dyl fm%dak we; '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' III. fm%dak yd ,smsv c,fokh lrhs ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' IV. fm%dak lrKh lrhs' ,smsv ixiaf,aIKh lrhs ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 5' fuu m%Yakh my; i|yka jxY u; mok f' A. wek,Svd B. wdf;%dfmdavd C.tlhsfkdvfgd E.fldafgd F.fud,iald my; oelafjk j.=f 1 jeks ;Sref i|yka ,laIK lsish jxYhlg wh;a i;=kaf.a we;ak wod< fldgqf ( ) ,l=K;a" tu ,laIKh fkdue;s k wod< fldgqf () ,l=K;a fhdokak' ,laIKh c,laf,dau msg iels,a, we;= iels,a, lSg wjia:d
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wek,svd

wdf;%dfmdavdtlhsfkdvfgd

fldafgd

fud,iald

Y%S ,xld j oHd T,smshd ;rh 2011

6' my; oelafjk j.=f fldgq ;=< ( ) ,l=K fhfuka we; hkak o () ,l=K fhfuka ke; hkako i|yka lrkak' l%shdld;ajh c,h mjykh flf ldnksl jH mjykh flf wldnksl whk mjykh flf t;s,Ska mjykh flf ihsfgdlhskska mjykh flf ffY,uh maf,dahuh

7' my; we;s wka;rdi. .%ka" j.=f 1 jeks ;Sref olajd we;s l%shdjka hdukh lrk fydafudak ksmojkafka k wod< fldgqf ( ) ,l=K;a tu l%shd hdukh lrk fydafudak ksmojkafka ke;ak wod< fldgqf () ,l=K;a fhdokak' l%shdj le,aish mjD;a;sh ffoysl jOkh fm%dak |fy,Su fmdiafmag mjD;a;sh merd;hsfrdhsvh mQj mshqgh ;hsfrdhsvh wjDlalndyslh

8' oHd{hska miafofkl=f.a k o ka j.SlrKfha Nd; jk mo 5lao my; we;' tla tla inkaOh ksjer hkak ( ) ,l=Klskao jer hkak () ,l=Klskao olajkak' wrdcOdksh jxYh fudfkrd fm%diagd ;lafidakh - Woese - Linnaeus - Haeckel - Whitaker - Aristotle '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

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Y%S ,xld j oHd T,smshd ;rh 2011

9' fukav,a ;u mlaIK i|yd Nd; l< f.j;= uE Ydlj, m%fNaofha" .sfnr,ska ixiaf,aIKh i|yd wjYH cdkhl lD;shla we;s nj oeka fidhd f.k we;' fukav,a l< Wi ^TT& x ^tt& uqyqfuka ,o F1Ydl Wi tajd h' f ms<sn|j my; i|yka j.ka;sj,ska ljrla ksjero ^ ,l=K fhfuka& ljrla jero ^ ,l=K fhfuka& i|yka lrkak'

I. .sfnr,ska l|kaj,ska .aug fya;=f' II. Iu hq.aul ^Tt& Ydl iy m%uqL iu hq.aul Ydl iudk m%udKj,ska .sfnr,ska ixiaf,aIKh lrhs' III. .sfnr,ska u.ska Tlaiska ixiaf,aIKh fm%arKh f' IV. lD;sh tkaihsuhla ksmojk cdkhl isjQjla h yelsh' 10' we;e jHdckl nelahd nysIaOQ,l fyda wka;YaOQ,l ksmojhs' my; oelafjk j.=f we;s ,laIK nysIaOQ,l yd wka;YaOQ,l ms<sn|j i;H ( ) fyda wi;H () oehs oelau i|yd wod< ,l=Kq fhdokak' nysIaOQ,lwka;YaOQ,l 1' fm%dakj,ska iefoa' 2' ,sfmdafmd,sielrhsvj,ska iEfoa' 3' iuyrla iakdhqI f' 4' kgk c,fha kdY f' 5' ffi,fha jHqy ix>glhls' 5' fld,rdI g wh;a f' 7' ffi,fha mjD;a;Sh l%shdj,g ydks muqKqjhs'

11' jdhqf.da,fha CO2 idkaKh l%ufhka jefjka mj;S' fuu jeu .gu mej;=kfyd;a tys m%;sM,hla f,i wkd.;fha my; i|yka ljrla isfo ( ,l=K fhfuka& ljrla is fkdfo ( ,l=K fhfuka& hkak j.=f olajkak' I. C4 m%Ndixiaf,aIl Ydl" C3 m%Ndixiaf,aIl Ydlj,g jvd fydka jOkh jkq we;'

II. fndfyda fYaI by< WIaK;ajhg wkqj;kh u i|yd je lD;s YS>%;djhla fmkajkq we;' III. Ydl ffcjialkaOh jeu ksid mig je ldnksl jH m%udKhla tlajkq we;' IV. mir WIAK;ajh jeu ksid we;e kaf.a mjD;a;sh YS>%;dj jejkq we;' V. mfiys Lksc pl%ShlrKh oekg jvd wvq f.hlska isjkq we;' VI. f.da,Sh jIdm;k rgdj fjkiajkq we;'

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Y%S ,xld j oHd T,smshd ;rh 2011

12' my; we;s j.=f 1 jeks ;Sref olajd we;s wmsPo mgl lsish wjhjhl olakg ,ef k wod< fldgqf ( ) ,l=K;a" tfia olakg fkd,ef k wod< fldgqf () ,l+K;a fhdokak' wmsPo mgl iu ir, >kdldr wmsPoh ir, ia;Nl wmsPoh ia;N+; Y,aluh wmsPoh wjhjh ;hsfrdhsvh jDlalh wdudYh

13' fuu m%Yakh" Tlaiscka wdxYsl mSvkhla iu. ysfuda.af,dka Tlaiscka u.ska ika;Dma; u ^m%;sY;hla f,i& fjkia jk wdldrh olajk my; we;s rEmh u; mok f'

100

P Tlaiscka u.ska % saturation of ysfuda.af,dka haemoglobin ika;Dma; f m%with Oxygen;sY;h QQ RR SS

0 A

A
B

B CC

M Tlaiscka wdxYsl mSvkh

NN

my; we;s m%ldY ksjer k Bg bfhka we;s fldgqf ( ) ,l=K;a" tu m%ldY jer k () ,l=K;a fhdokak' 1' A jl%h u.ska oelafjkqfha B jl%fhka oelafjk ldnkavfhdlaihs idkaKhg jvd wvq idkaKhl ika;Dma;f m%;sY;hhs' 2' jvd;a u il%sh mglfha ksoyia jk Tlaiscka m%udKh P-S u.ska oelaf' 3' A, B iy C fjkia Yajik jKl k C Tlaicka i|yd Wmu nkaO;djlasq olajkafka h'

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Y%S ,xld j oHd T,smshd ;rh 2011

14' my; olajd we;s m%ckl ,di fmkajk i;a;aj ldKav wod< fldgqf ( ) ,l=Kla fhu u.ska fmkajkak' tu m%ckl ,dih lsish i;aj ldKavhl olakg fkd,ef k wod< fldgqf () ,l=K fhdokak'

i;a;aj ldKavh w,sx.sl m%ckkh yhsfv%dfidajd fud,iald wek,svd ma,efy,akaf;aia

m%ckl ,dih wNHka;r ixfiapkh ndysr ixfiapkh

15' ksidf.a uia;sIal iqIqkd ;r,h ms<sn| m%ldY y;rla my; oelaf' ksjer m%ldYh bfhka ( ) ,l=K o jer m%ldYh bfhka () ,l=Kla o fhdokak' 1' th cd,dldr mg,h yd jrdYsldj w;r;a" fud<fha fldaIsld ;=<;a" iqIqkdf uOH kd,h ;=<;a msysghs' 2' th iakdhq mglhg fmdaIK jH iy Tlaiscka imhhs' 3' laIh jk ffi," kdY lrk fudfkdihsg tys wka;.; f' 4' iakdhq mglfhka wmjH bj;a lsug th Wmld f'

16' my; oelafjkafka i jHj, jdhq yqjudrej uekSu i|yd Nd; jk Yajikudkhls' x yd y f,i k fldg we;s jH my; j.=f oelaf' WmlrKh ksh; WIAK;ajhl mj;ajd f.k hkq ,ef'

iskach Syringe uefkdagrh Manometer

y i jH living matter A

x djKh Solution x

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Y%S ,xld j oHd T,smshd ;rh 2011

my; j.=f oelafjk mrd;sl" ld,h;a iu. jef' ^ ,l=K fhfuka& o wvqf' ^ ,l=K fhfuka& o fkdfjkiaj mj;S ^ = ,l=K fhfuka& o hkak olajkak' x djKh yd y mglh x = c,h" y = uE c x = KOH" y = uE c x = KOH" y = f;,a tr`vq c x = KOH" y = lDka 17' kd.l oYSh c, msmyjl is flfrk mshjr my; rEmfhka fmkajd we;' A j, jdhq mSvkh B j, j ugu RQ =1

my; j.=f we;s tla tla ia;rhg wod< mshjr fudkjdoehs fmkau i|yd ( ) ,l=Kq fhdokak' A weksh i,af*a fhu nelahd bj;a lsu Salmonella jeks jHdcklhska bj;a lsu ishq wj,Ns; jH bj;a lsu B C D E

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Y%S ,xld j oHd T,smshd ;rh 2011

18' laIq ka u.ska uOHidr mdk ksIamdokfha fhdod.kakd jH iy laIq ka iuyrla my; olajd we;' A. c,hB. fuda,a E. Aspergillus oryzae G. fjdaH. C. fydmaiaD. fud,Eiia F. Saccharomyces cerevisiae I. msIaghJ. m,;=re

h ksIamdokhg wod<j my; oelafjk tla tla l%shdj,shg inkaOjk jH yd ka ^ A - J wl=re u.ska& i|yka lrkak' I. CO2 uqla; lsu II. msIagh iSks njg yeru III. rilrKh IV. tkaihsu il%ShlrKh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

19' lafIa;%hg ,efnk wdf,dal m%udKh 7200 K J m-2d-1 f' Ydlj, Y=oaO m%d:l ksIamdokh i|yd 1] wdf,dal m%udKhla fhdod .efka' tla tla fmdaIS ugu yryd .uka lsf b;sjkafka 10] Yla;s m%udKhls' oa;Shl mdfNdaclhkag ,efnk Yla;s m%udKh ljrla o@ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 20' Ydlhl m;%hla fokh l< isiqfjl= tys msIag lKsld msreKq l,dm fldmq ffi, kslaIKh lf<ah' fuu Ydlh ms<sn|j my; j.=f i|yka tla tla m%ldYh ksjer ^ & o jer ^ & oehs i|yka lrkak'

I.

mqld rd;%S ld,fha jD; f'

II. m;% uOHffi,j, PEP ldfndlaisf,aia wvx.= f' III. l,dm fldmq ffi,j, Rubisco wvx.= f' IV. WKqiq kj, m%NdYajik YS>%;dj je f' V. wdf,dal m%;sl%shd yd ldnka ;srlsu fjkia ffi, ;=< is f' VI. ldnka ;srlsf YS>%;dj WoEiku ix;Dma; f'

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