He Thong Thong Tin Quang 1-NXAnh

I.
GiithiuHthngTTQIMDD
HthngTTQIMDDlg?
Cc H Thng Thng Tin Quang
s dng iu bin cng (IMIntensity

Modulation),v
tchsngtrctipDD(DirectDetector)
thngtinvphacatnhiukhngngvaitrquan
trng(khcbitvihthngTTQCoherent)
Msc.Eng.NghimXunAnh
H thng TTQ IMDD ra i u tin, v ang

c s dng rng ri trong mng quang ti Vit
namvnhiunckhc.Tchinnayt(2,5
10Gb/s(STM4,STM16)
2/26/2007
II.
I.1NguynlhthngIMDD
Nhngnidungchnh
I.
OpticCommunicationSystems
HthngthngtinquangIMDD
Hthngthngtinquangcoherent
2/26/2007
2/26/2007
I.1.2.Truyntintrnsiquang
I.1.1.PhaMyPht
Pha pht thc hin bin i tn hiu in uvo
thnh tn hiu quang tng ng v pht tn hiu
quang ny vo si quang thc hin vic truyn
thngtin.
[My pht thc hin iu ch ngun quang (LED
hoc LD) bng dng tn hiu in (digital hoc
analog)cntruyn].Tcl,cngsutquangratl
tuyn tnhvi dng iu bin Kiu iuch ny
giliuchcngIM(IntensityModulation).
2/26/2007
Cngsut tnhiu b tn haotrong qu trnh truyn

nhsngdctheochiudicasi(dohpthca
tpcht,cabnthnvt liu,hpthint, suy
haodouncong,tnxvv) Lengthlimitted!
Suyhaocngsut(suyhaoxen)doccphnttrn
tuyn(bni, mi ni, mi hn,ccb ghp/xenr
knh,ccbchuyni) Lengthlimitted!
Mo(dnxung)tnhiudotnsc(tnscgiacc
mode,tnscmode(tnscvntcnhm),tnsc
dn sng, tn sc vt liu, tn sc phn cc mode
vv... Bitratelimitted!.
2/26/2007
I.1.3.PhaMyThu
Intensitymodulation
Sngtnhiuquangcphtitphaphtsaukhi
ti b thu quang c bin i thnh tn hiu in
(nhphotodiode),ckhuchivkhiphcthnh
tnhiucdngnhuvothitbphtquang.
Photodiode (O/E) thc hin tch sng theo lut bnh
phngvnbinicngsutquangthuctrc
tipthnhdngin(dngphoto)tiuracan.
bthukiunycgilbthutchsngtrctip
(DD).CcphotodiodecthlpinhocAPD. Tch
sngtrctipcbiuhinl mythuquang,tn
hiu c tch ra trc tip bng gc m khngc
btkxlhocbinino.
2/26/2007
2/26/2007
I.2.TstnhiutrnnhiuSNR
SNR(continued.)
Tstnhiu/nhiu(SNR)lthamsrtquantrng
trong b tch sng quang. N xc nh cht lng
ca b thu quang tng t v l yu t ch yu
quytnhnhycabthuquangs.
Saukhitnhiuquanglantruynquamtclydi,
cng sut ca n rt thp. Do cn c b thu
quang tt, b tch sng quang v cc mch in
khuchisaunphikthptiuchoraSNR
cao.Tcl:
Btchsngquangcnchiusutlngtcaopht
racngsuttnhiuln,v
2/26/2007
SNR(continued)
T stnhiutrnnhiucaphotodiodecxcnh
l
2
Ip
Cngsut tn hiu t dng photo
SNR =
= 2
Cng sut nhiu b tch sng + Cng sut nhiu b khuch i s
Note: Trong cc b thu quang thc t s dng tch

sngpin,nhiutrilnhiunhit(dobtchsng
c intr titchsng nnn sinhra dngnhiu
nhitkhlntoranhiunhit.)
2/26/2007
11
Trong nhiu b thu quang, dng nhiu nhit hiu

dng ln gp khong 20 ln dng nhiu lng t
hiudngvkhong100lndngtihiudng.
Tngt,tsSNRcabthuquangdngAPDl
(MRPin)2
SNRAPD =
2eBe(RPin + Id )M2FA + 2eBeIl + (4kBT /RL)FnBe
Tronggiihnnhiunhit(ss << sT)thSNRAPD l:
T sSNRcabthuphotodiodepincvitl:
2/26/2007
Cntronggiihnnhiulngt(ss >> sT)th

RPin
h Pin
SNR pin =
=
(*)
2eBe 2hnBe
SNR(continued.)
Nhiucabtchsngquangvbkhuchiinphi
cngthpcngtt.
SNRpin =
Tronggiihnnhiunhit(ss << sT)khi

RL
2
Fn:HsnhiucabK
SNRpin =R2 Pin
4kBTBeFn
SNRAPD = R2 M2Pin
2
in
R P
2eBe(RPin + Id + Il)+ (4kBT /RL)FnBe
RL
4kBTBeFn
vihyvngcthcithinM2 sovibthupin.
10
2/26/2007
12
nhythusthamchiu
SNR(continued.)
Ngcli,tronggiihnnhiulngt,(ss >> sT),lc
nytac
SNR APD =
RPin
hPin
=
2eBeFA 2hnBe FA
Vtrongtrnghpny,tstnhiutrnnhiuSNR
cabthudngphotodiodeAPDlibgim ibih
snhiutriFA sovibthuphotodiode pin.
TrongFAcxcnhbngthcnghimxpxl
FA Mx
Vixlphntgam,=0.3viphotodiodethcSilic,=
0.7/vInGaAs,=1viGermanium.
2/26/2007
13
I.3.nhycabthuquang
Khimypht
CTX(Bnipht)
Khimythu
Siquang
CRX(bnithu)
R
2/26/2007
15
nhythuccimthamchiu
nhy thu l tham s quan trng nht nh gi

khnngvchtlngcaHTTTQ.
nhycaothhinkhnngthucmccng
sutquangrtthp.
nhythucaochophpthitkcccHTTTQ
ctccaovclyxa.Nb tcngtrc tip
bitsSNRcabtchsngquang.TclSNR
cngcaothnhycngcao.
eSNR ch nh gi cht lng tn hiu thu
trong truyn dn analog c p ng tiu chun
rahaykhng,cn
2/26/2007
Trong thng tin quang s, nhy thu lun b rng

buc bi t s li bit BER. nhy c th hin
bng mt cng sut quang ti thiu c th c th
mbotslibitBERcho.(Thngcxc
nhtimtimthamchiutrcbnithuR)
14
Slimthamchiutrnsiquangngaysaubni
phtCTX,cnRlimthamchiutrnsiquang
ngaytrcbnithuCRX.
Cc thng s ti cc im tham chiu xc nh c
linquantimctiuthitkontruyndnquang
ctslibitBER.
BERthngnmtrongdi106 1012
2/26/2007
16
nhythucckhuynngh
BER(continued.)
Nh vy nhy ca b thu quang l cng sut

trungbnhnhnhtcthchpnhnctiim
R t c t s li bit BER (Khuyn ngh ca
ITUT)nhsau:
106 109 ivicchthngPDH,
1010 i vi cc h thng SDH STM1, STM4 v
STM16mkhngckhuch iquang,
v 1012 i vi h thng n knh quang v nhiu
knhquangcsdngkhuchiquangtiSTM64
2/26/2007
17
I.4.Tsbtli(BER)trongbthuquang
Do tn hiu sau tch sng rt yu nn n cn phi

ckhuchi,clc,saucsosnhvi
mcngngtimchquytnh thucxung
mongmun(bit1hoc0)trongkhethigiancan.
Trong trng hp khng li th khi 1 c thu th
u ra Vout(t) phi cao hn in p ngng, v khi
0cthuthVout(t)phinhhnngng.
Trongthct,dotcngcaccloinhiukhc
nhauvsgiaothoagiaccxunglncncth
gy ra s trch khi gi tr trung bnh ca Vout(t)v
gyrali.
2/26/2007
19
BER
BthuquangtronghthngthngtinquangsIM
DDgmmtbtchsngquang,btinkhuchi,
b khuch i in, mch cn bng (lc) v quyt
nh.
xcnhtllixyratacthdngcchchia
cc xung li Ne cho tng s cc xung Nt trong
khongthigiantcho.Ncgiltslibit
BERvcvitnhsau:
BER =
Ne
Nt
xcnhBERtibthu,sphnbxcsuttn
hiuuracamchcnbnglrtquantrngv
iu quyt nh xem bit 1 hay 0 c pht
n. Do , ta xt vn ny thng qua h thng
thngtinsviccxung0v1.
2/26/2007
18
2/26/2007
20
BER(continued.)
BER(continued.)
LixyrakhiI<ID chobit1donhiumythu.Mtli
cngcthxyranuI>ID chobit0.
Chaikiulitrncthgplibngvicnhngha
xcsutlibitnhsau
BER = p(0)P(1/0)+ p(1)P(0/1)

TrongP(1/0)lxcsutquytnhnhmbit1khi
bit 0 c gi n. P(0/1) l xc sut quyt nh
nhmbit0khibit1cgin.
p(0) v p(1) l xc sut nhn ng cc bit 0 v 1
tngng.
Mtxcsutp(I)
2/26/2007
21
BER(continued.)
23
BER(continued.)
Hnh trn ch ra tn hiu dao ng nhn c bi

mch quyt nh, mch ny ly mu ti thi im
quytnhtD xcnhthngquaskhiphcxung
ngh.
GitrlymuIbinngtbitsangbitquanhgi
tr trung bnh I1 hoc I0, ty theo bit tng ng
vibit1haybit0tronglungbit.
Mch quyt nh so snh gi tr ly mu vi mc
ngngID vginlbit1nuI> ID hocbit0
nuI<ID.
2/26/2007
2/26/2007
22
TrongtrnghpsbitNtronglungbitlln(>215)th
p(0) p(1) 0,5.Khi
BER =
P(1/0)+ P(0/1)
2
(*)
Hnh trn cho thy P(0/1) v P(1/0) ph thuc vo hm

mtp(I)cagitrlymuI.Dnghmp(I)phthuc
vothngkccngunnhiugyraccbinngdng.
Nhiu nhit iT v nhiu bn c xp x bng phn b
Gaussian,do tng ca chng (gi tr c ly mu I)
cnglbinngunhinGaussiancphngsail
s 2 = s s2 + s T2
2/26/2007
24
BER(continued.)
2
2
Vis s = 2e(Ip + Id)Be cn sT =
BER(continued.)
4kBTBe
Fn
RL
Vi
Gitrtrungbnhvphngsaicabit1vbit
0khcnhaudoIp tngngviI1 hocI0,ty
theobit nhnc.Nu s12 v s02 lccphng
saitng ngth xcsutc iukin trn c
chobi
2/26/2007
25
BER(continued.)
Q = Q0 = Q1
I - I
I - I
Q1 = 1 D vQ0 = D 0
s1
s 0
s I + s I
Nhvy,dngquyt
(*)
ID = 1 0 0 1
nhtiul
s1 + s 0
Khi s1=s0,thID=(I1+I0)/2tngngvingngquyt
nhnmgia.Trnghpnypdngchohuht
ccbthupindonhiucanchyulnhiunhit
(sT>>sS)vclpvidngtrungbnh.
TrongccbthuAPDthID cttheobt(*).
2/26/2007
27
BER(continued.)
Nh vy BER vi gi tr ngng ti u (IDopt.) ph
thucvothamsQnhsau
Trongerfclhmlib,cnhnghal
Khi
(*)
TrongthamsQcxcnhl
Phng trnh trn cho thy BER ph thuc vo
ngngquytnhID.Trongthct, ID ctiu
nhm ti thiu BER. BERmin. t c khi ID c
chnsaocho
2/26/2007
26
(**)
HnhsauchothysbinthincaBERtheoQnh
thno.
2/26/2007
28
BER(continued.)
I.5.nhythuPINphotodiode
N c v da trn biu thc gn ng v kh

chnhxckhiQ>3.
BERcithinkhiQtngvtrnnnhhn1012 vi
Q>7.
nhy thu tng ng vi cng sut quang trung
bnhcQ6scBER109,.
Gi thit bit 0 khng mang cng sut quang

saochoP0=0,tcI0=0.
Nugi<Prec>lcngsutquangTBthucth
lgitrtrungbnhcaccbit1v0vkhi
P1 + P0
Prec =
P1 clinquan ti I1 trongbtchsngpinnh
sau
I1 =RP1 = 2R Prec (vi P0 = 0)
2/26/2007
29
BERvs.Q
2/26/2007
31
PINnhythu
s1 v s0 bao gm cc thnh phn ca c nhiu
lng t v nhiu nhit, v vy chng c th c
vitnhsau:
s 1 = s s 2 + s T2 v s 0 = s T
B qua thnh phn dng ti, phng sai nhiu tr
thnh
s s2 = 2e(2R Prec )Be
s T2 =
2/26/2007
30
2/26/2007
4kBTBe
Fn
RL
32
PINnhythu
I.6.nhythuAPDphotodiode
KhihsQcvitnhsau
TngtnhivitrnghpPIN, githitcc
bit0khngmangcngsut(P0=0hayI0=0).
Vi RAPD=MR th cng sut ng vi cc bit 1 lin
quanviI1 trongbthuAPDnhsau:
2 R Prec
I1
=
s 1 + s 0
s S2 + s T2 + s T
Q =
KhichnhBERthQcxcnhtheobt.BER
(trang 28), ri t bt. trn tm c nhy thu
<Prec>cabthuquangnhsau:
Prec
2/26/2007
=
pin
Q
(eBeQ+ s T )
R
B qua cc thnh phn dng ti, phng sai nhiu

cabthuAPDtrthnh
s s2 = 2eM2RFA(2 Prec )Be
s T2 =
33
PINnhythu
2/26/2007
4kBTBe
Fn
RL
35
APDnhythu
Nhnxt: nhy thu ph thucvoccthams

b thu.ivi bthuquang PINth nhiunhit sT
thngltri,vkhi<Prec>cthcvitdi
dngnginnhsau:
Qs T
Prec
pin
Tathy sT khngchphthucvoccthamsnh
RL v Fn m cnph thucvoc tc bit thng
quabngtninBe cabthuquang(Be=B/2). B
l tc bit. V th <Prec> tng theo B1/2 trong gii
hn nhiu nhit, v iu ny c ngha l nhy
thusgimkhitcbittng!
2/26/2007
I1 =RAPDP1 = MRP1 = 2MR Prec (do P0 = 0)
34
KhiQcxcnhl
2 MR Prec
I1
=
s 1 + s 0
s S2 + s T2 + s T
Q =
ViBERcho,tacthxcnhthamsQda
vobt.BER(trang28),vnhythu<Prec>APD i
vibthuAPDcxcnhtbt.trnnhsau:
Prec
2/26/2007
Q
s T
=
eQF
B
+
A e
APD
R
M
36
APDnhythuRemarks
BERtronggiihnlngt
Nhnxt
T biu thc trn, nhy thu APD c ci thin
vihsMsoviPINnunhiunhitlnhiutri.
Tuynhinnhiulngtcngtngngktrongb
thuAPDnncngthctrnnncsdngchoc
hailoinhiu.
Nhnchung,nhycabthuquangAPDcci
thint68dB.
<Prec>APD tngtuyntnhviB,cn<Prec>PIN tngtheo
B1/2 nn nhycaAPDgimnhanhhn sovi
nhycaPINkhitcbittng!
2/26/2007
37
I.7Giihnlngtcatchsng
quang
Pm =
(Np)
m!
(*)
BERcthctnhtonsdng(*p.24)v(*).
P(1/0)=0dokhngccpTLTnoctorakhiNp=0.
P(0/1) t c bng cch gn m=0 trong (*) do 0 c
quyt nh trong trng hp mc d 1 nhn c. Do
P(0/1)=eNp nnBERcchobibiuthcsau
- N
e p
BER =
2
2/26/2007
39
nhymythu
Trongbthuquang, h lmtthamsquantrng.
Btchsngltngc h=1vId=0.
Viiukintrn,cngsutquangthucnhnht
@BERchogilgiihnlngt.
Vi btchsngltng, s0=0vnhiu lngt trit
tiu khi khng c cngsutquang ti. Do ,ngng
quyt nh c th t gn mc 0. Khi , ngay c 1
photon(cabit1)cngcthctchravmtli
xyranu1bit1khngtorathmch1cpint
ltrng.
Vi s photon v in t t nh vy, thng k nhiu
lngtkhngthlyxpxbngphnbGaussm
phisdngphnbPoisson.
2/26/2007
NugiNp lsphotontrungbnhtrongmi bit1,xc

suttoramcpintltrngcchobiphnb
Poisson.
- Np
m
38
Nhvy,viBER<109 thNp phi>20.Doyucu

nylktqutrctipcanhngbinnglngt
linquantinhsngtinnncgilgiihn
lngt.
Mibit1phichatithiu20photoncpht
hinviBER<109.Yucunycthchuynsang
cngsuttheoP1=NphnB,viBltcbitvhn l
nng lng photon. nhy my thu, c nh
nghal<Prec>=(P1+P0)/2=P1/2,cchobi
Prec = NphnB/ 2= Np hvB

2/26/2007
(*)
40
Advantagesofcoherentlightwave
systems
Sphotontrungbnhnhythu
<Np>thhinnhymythutheosphoton
trungbnh/bitvquanhviNp theo<Np>=Np/2
khiccbit0khngmangnnglng.
Tronggiihnlngt,<Np>=10.Cngsutc
thctnht(*p.40).
Vd:mtmythu1,55 mm(hn=0,8eV),<Prec>=13
nWhay48.9dBmtiB=10Gb/s.Huhtmythu
hot ng ngoi gii hn lng t khong 20 dB
hoccaohn.iunytngngvi<Np>in
hnhvt1000photontrongccmythuthct.
2/26/2007
41
NhcimcahthngIMDD
Khngtndngcbngtnrtlncasiquang
khimcchthngtruyndnIMDDnknhmi
chttc622Mb/s,2.5Mb/sclyvichckm
vhthng10Gb/schaphbinnhiu.
nhy thutrc tipbhnch tc truyn dn
cao,tcbitcngcaothnhythucxuhng
gimlmchogiiphpIMDDkhngthvatngc
lyvatngtcc.
CithinctstnhiutrnnhiuSNRura
ca mch tin khuch i, dn ti nhy thu cao
(upto20dBsovihthngIMDD),chophpkodi
clytruyndnti100kmtibcsng1.55 mm
S dng hiuqu hn bngtnca si quang bng
cchtnghiusutphcacchthngWDM.
2/26/2007
43
Disadvantages
II.HthngthngtinquangCoherent
2/26/2007
uimcahthngTTQcoherent:
42
H thng TTQ coherent i hi nhiu gii php k

thutvqutrnhcngnghphctp.
T pha pht ti pha thu ca h thng, nhiu mt
xchcnphigiiquytbaotrmccvnvph,
nnhtns,duytrphnccvvnhmnng
cao tin cy ca h thng trong iu kin hot
ngtcGb/sviclyhngtrmkm.
2/26/2007
44
II.1.KhinimvThngtinquang
coherent
Characteristicsofcoherentsystems
H thng TT coherent da theo nguyn l truyn

sng nh sng mang tn hiu kt hpvi mt sng
nhsngkhctiphathuquang.
Tngttrongcchthngthngtinvtuynviba,
truyn tin bng vic iu tn hoc pha ca sng
mangquangvtchtnhiunhncbngcck
thuttchsnghomodynehocheterodyne.
Skthpvphacasngmangquangngvai
trquantrngtrongthchincchthngny,do
ncgilhthngthngtinquangkthp
(coherent).
2/26/2007
45
Developments
Khc vi IMDD, cc h thng coherent c nhng

cimsau:
Thngtinciuchphaphtvimcyucu
caovrngphtnhiu,nnhtns(cth
iuchtrctiphociuchngoi).
phn cc ca nh sng c phi c gi
nguyntrngtrongqutrnhtruyn.
Trckhitchsngmythu,tnhiuctrnvi
sngdaongni(laserdiode).Nhvynhsng
cxltrckhitibtchsngquang.
2/26/2007
47
II.2.CutrccaHTTTQcoherent
Khinimvcoherentctnhngnm1970s
n u 1980s, khi cng ngh si quang v laser t
c nhng bc tin nhyvtmi to chocc h
thng coherentpht trin. (Si quang n mode G.652
c suy hao thp 0.154 dB/km @ 1550nm. Laser bn
dncn nh tnscao, rngphhp lmcho
tnscgydnxungkhngngk.)
Chtrongvng67nm,hthngcoherentca
vo s dng trong cc mng vin thng. Cc hng ni
ting th gii nh AT&T, NTT, NEC vv cho y l
hng mi nhn trong vic nng cao kh nng truyn
dnvkhongcchgiacctrmlp.
2/26/2007
46
2/26/2007
48
SystemstructureTransmitterside
Btrnquang
Phnphtgmmchiukhin,laserdiode,biu
chngoi(ngoiracncthcthmbKcng
sut,biukhincngsuttng).
LaserbndnthnglloinmodeDFB,rng
phhp 0.1nm,lasercbcnghngngoihoc
lasercchtcrngph10 100MHz.
Cc loi LED v laser a modekhng thchhp cho
hthngcoherentvrngphcangunphi<
rngbngtntnhiu.
Ngun laser cn phi c n nhitnhm duy tr
nnhtns
2/26/2007
49
SystemstructureReceiverside
Btrnquang,
Laserdaongni,
Photodiode,
Tinkhuchi,
Giiiuchtitrungtnv
Mchquytnh
2/26/2007
51
HomodynevHeterodyneReceivers
Bthucahthngcoherentlphnphctpnht
ca h thng v cng c trng nht ca h thng
coherent.Vcbn,nbaogm:
2/26/2007
L mt mng 4 ca, tng t nh b ghp nh

hngsiucaotn.Nchaitrngquanguvo
(tn hiuthng tinv sng dao ng ni) c trn
vinhauvcngtuyntnhticara.
Yucuchai trngquangcnphi ng hng
trnmtcaphotodiode.Dotrngthiphnccca
tnhiudctheosibthnggingnncnphis
dng b iu khin phn cc tn hiu v dao ng
niucuicatuynsiquang.lchgiacc
trngthiphncccatnhiuvdao ngnic
thnhhngnchtlnghthng.
50
Nutnscasngdaongnivtnhiuging
nhauthmythugilHomodyne,cn
nu tn s ca sng dao ng ni v tn hiu khc
nhau(Df=fIM)thmythugilHeterodyne.
Cutrccalaserdaongnivlaserphapht
vcbnlgingnhau,tuynhincmtimkhc
l: tronglaserdao ngni c kh nng iu chnh
tngtnsphttrongmtdirngmbotn
stnhiusaukhitrnlunnnh.
Btrn+photodiodehotngnhmtbbin
itnthp(heterodyne)hoctchpha(homodyne)
2/26/2007
52
Priciplesofoperation
Dngtnhiuturacabtchsngca
titinkhuchi,clcthngdigiihn
rng bng tn nhiu v sau c gii iu ch
tngngvidngiuch.
Lurngnhiuphatronglaserrtquantrngtrong
h thng coherent v n xc nh rng bng tn
cablctrungtnhayrngbngtntnhiu.
Mt phn dng sau bin i O/E c s dng
cht trung tn ti mt gi tr mong mun thng qua
vngiukhintnstngAFC.
2/26/2007
53
II.3.Nguynlhotng
ws
As lbintrngcatnhiuquang, ws ltns
tnhiu, fs(t)lphacatnhiuquang.
truynthngtin, tacthsdngkthutiu
bin,iutn,hociuphasngmangquang.
2/26/2007
55
ASKhayOOK.Trongtrnghpny, fs lhngs
vbintnhiuAs chnhn1trong2gitrtrong
michukbit,tytheo0hay1cphti.
FSK.BinAs lhngsvpha fs nhngitr w1t
hay w2t,trong w1 v w2 biuthccgitrcatn
hiunhphn.
PSK. Thng tin ctruyn i quas thay ipha
visnghnhsinc fs (t)= b sinw mt,trong b lch
siuch, wm ltnsiuch.
(ws wLO)
Es = As cos[w st+ fs(t)]
TransmitterModulationMethods
wLO
2/26/2007
Gistacoitrngintcatnhiuntpha
phtlsngphngcdng.
54
2/26/2007
56
Receiver
Twostagesofdemodulation
Ti b thu quang, tn hiu ny trc tin c trn vi

sng quang pht ra t b dao ng ni. Tip theo,
photodiodetchsngtnhiukthpthaitnhiuny.
Vic trn c thc hin ti b mt ca bphotodiode.
Daongnictrngcvitnhsau:
ELO = ALO cos[w LOt+ fLO(t)]

ALO, wLO v fLO(t)lbin,tnsvphacadaong
ni.
GithitctrngEs vELO ccngphncc.Btch
sngphathuspngvicngquang|Es+ELO|2.
2/26/2007
57
Do photodiode p ng vi cng quang nn

cng sut thu c ti b tch sng c cho bi
2
ViKlhngst l.
Nhvytasc
Trong
Ps=KAs2 v PLO=KALO2 tng ng l cngsutquang
tnhiuvcngsutquangdaongni.
fIF=wIF/2p=(wswLO) /2p ltrungtn,
Thng thng thPLO lnhnrtnhiu Ps.Khi
wswLO , tn
hiuquangscgiiiuchtheohaigiaion:
Tn s sng mang trc tin c bin i thnh
trungtnfIF=wIF/2p (typ.0.1 5GHz)
2/26/2007
59
Sautnhiucgiiiuchsangbngcs.
Khngnhtthitlunphisdngtrungtn.Trong
b thu coherent thc t, c hai k thut tch sng
tuthucvo wIF =0hay wIF 0.
Nu wIF =0thtchsngcgilhomodyne,cn
Nu wIF 0thtchsngcgilheterodyne.
Pcoh (t)= Ps + PLO + 2 PsPLO cos[(w IF(t)+ f (t))]cosq (t)
2/26/2007
mangtinvtnhiudaongni,cn
cos q(t)thhinslchphnccgiatrngquang
tnhiuvtrngquangdaongni:
E E
cos q (t)= r s rLO
Es ELO
HomodyneandHeterodyneDetection
Pcoherent cngsutthucoherent
P = K Es + ELO
f(t)= fs(t) fLO(t)lskhcphatngigiatnhiu
58
ScithinvnhythutrongtchsngCoherent
cthhinbngcckthutny.
Tiuchnhgi,phntchthngquavicsosnh
dngphototrongtchsngtrctipvCoherent.
2/26/2007
60
II.3.2.KthuttchsngHomodyne
RemarksonHomodyneReceiver
wLO cchn trng vi tn s tn hiu ws sao cho

wIF=0.
Dngphototrongtrnghpnyl
Iho (t)= R(Ps + PLO)+ 2R PsPLO cos[fs(t)- f LO(t)]
(*)
ThngthngPLO>>Ps nntngPLO+PSPLO.
Trongbiuthctrn,shngcuicngmangthng
tinphtvcsdngtimchquytnh.
2/26/2007
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61
Sosnhthuhomodynevitchsng
trctip
Isho(t)= 2R PsPLO
TrongkhidngtnhiuthutrctipIDD(t)=RPs(t).
Sosnhhaidngphototrntathy,nukhiu<Ps>l
cngsutquangtrungbnhthcngsutintrungbnh
trongtchsnghomodynestngvi hs4PLO/<Ps>
sovitchsngtrctip.
Nhnxt:
Do PLO>>Ps nn t s 4PLO/<Ps> >> 1, dn ti s tng
cng sut c thvt 20 dB. B dao ng ni ng
vaitrbkhuchitnhiu!
2/26/2007
63
II.3.2TchsngHeterodyne
Xt trng hp fs(t)= fLO(t). Khi dng tn hiu

homodynel
2/26/2007
Vshngcuitrongbiuthc(*p.61)rrngtnti
phatnhiunncthtruynthngtinbngiuch
phachosngmangquang iumtchsngtrc
tipkhnglmcdotonbthngtinvphatn
hiubmt!
Tch sng homodynel mt k thut tin tinnhng
ncngcvndotnhnhycmphacan.Yu
cuphicmchkhaphaquangOPLLkhapha
cabdaongnivisngmangtnhiu.
Ngoira,cyucunghimngtivisngtn
gialaserphtvlaserdaongni.
iu ny c khc phc bng tch sng
heterodyne!
62
wIF0
Khng cn OPLL nn cc b thu Heterodyne d thc
hinhnbthuHomodyne.
DngphotothuctrongtchsngHeterodynel:
Ihe (t)= R(Ps + PLO)+ 2R PsPLO cos[w IF(t)+f s(t)- fLO(t)] (*)
Ta quan tm n thnh phn iu ha v dng ny s
clcranhblc.Thnhphnnycmangthng
tinvl:
Ishe (t)= 2R PsPLO cos[w IF (t)+f s(t)- fLO(t)]
Heterodyne c th dng iu bin, pha v tn s ca

sngmangquangmangthngtin.
2/26/2007
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64
Remarks
II.4.SNRcabthuquangcoherent
Bdaongnicngkhuchitnhiuthuc,do
cithinctsSNR.
Tuynhin,scithinSNRthphntrnghptch
snghomodynebihs2(hay3dB).
Ngungcca3dBcththykhixtcngsuttn
hiu (t l vi bnh phng dng in). Do bn cht
cadng Iac,cngsut tn hiu trung bnhb gim i
hs2khiIac2clytrungbnhquacchukti
trungtn(nnnhltrungbnhcacos2q qua q l)
Strgichothitthi3dBcblibngvicn
gin ha thit k my thu do vng kha pha quang
khngcnna.
2/26/2007
65
Remarks
Trong
s 2 =s s2 + s T2
s s2 = 2e(I+ Id)Be,
2/26/2007
s T2 = (4kBT/RL)FnBe
(*)
67
SNR
Cc bin ngtrongc fs v fLO vn cn c iu

khinsdngcclaserbndnvchphhpchohai
ngunquang.
Tuynhin,tasthyyucuvvchphkhngqu
nghimngtkhiphngngiiiuchkhngng
b c s dng. im ny lm cho tch sng
heterodyne rt ph hp cho thc hin cc h thng
thngtinquangcoherenttrongthct.
2/26/2007
u im ca tchsngquangcoherentc th nh
lngbngvicxemxtSNRcadngmythu.
Nh phn trc trnh by, dng my thu bin
ngdonhiubnvnhiunhitgyra.Phngsai
s2 caccbin ngdng t cbngcchly
tngcahaithnhphn,vvy
66
Skhcbitviccphntchtrcynms
ng gp ca nhiu bn. Dng I trong biu thc
(*p.67) l dng photo tng c cho bi bt (*p.61)
hoc(*p.64)tythucvotchsnghomodynehay
heterodynecsdng.
Do thc t PLO>>Ps nn ta th I trong (*p.67) bng
I=RPLO chochaitrnghp.
SNR c xc nh bng cch chia cng sut tn
hiutrungbnhchocngsutnhiutrungbnh.
2/26/2007
68
SNR Heterodyne
Remarks
SNRcabthuheterodynel
SNR =
2
she
s 2
2R2 Ps PLO
2e(RPLO + Id)Be + s T2
Trongtrnghphomodyne,SNRlnhnbih
s2nutagithit fs=fLO trongbiuthc(*p.61).
T bt trn ta c th thy c u im ca tch
sng coherent. Do cng sut quang dao ng ni
PLOcthciukhintibthunnncth
lnnhiumythucnhiubn(shotnoise)l
tri.
2/26/2007
69
SNRHeterodyne
SNRhe =2hNp
Xttrongcngiukin,nggpcadngtivo
nhiu bn l khng ng k tc (Id<<RPLO). Khi
SNRcchobi
2/26/2007
71
S dng cc gi tr trn ca <Ps> v Be trong bt

(*p.70),SNRhe cchobimtbiuthcngin
PLO >>s T2 /(2eRBe)
h Ps
SNR
=
eBe
hnBe
h
e
Trong R =
hv
2/26/2007
SNRheterodynevhomodyne
Cthhn ss2>>sT2 khi
R Ps
Tch sng coherent cho php t c gii hn

lngtngayckhibthuquangsdngPIN(loi
thngcnhiutrilnhiunhit).
SosnhSNRtrongbt(*p.11)vi(*p.70)chothys
cithinSNRtrongtchsngheterodynesovitch
sngtrctipnhthno.
HuchhnnutabiudinSNRtheosphotonNp
nhnctrongmt bitn.Titcbit B,cng
suttnhiu<Ps>vBe trong(*p.70)quanhviNp
theo<Ps>=NphnB.inhnh,Be=B/2.
(*)
Trong trng hp tch sng homodyne, SNR ln

hnbihs2vcchobi
SNRho = 4hNp
(**)
(*)
ivibthucoherentcsdngAPD,vicphn
tch tng t nh trn trong R c th bi
RAPD=MR.
70
2/26/2007
Backtop.120
72
II.5.Ccdngthciuch.
II.5.1.iuchASK
u im quan trng ca s dng cc k thut tch

sng coherent l ch c bin v pha ca tn
hiuquangthuccthctchravo.c
im ny m ra kh nng gi thng tin bng cch
iuchhocbin,hocpha,hocltnsca
sngmangquang.
TrongccHTthngtins,3khnngiuchc
s dng l ASK, PSK v FSK. Cc dng iu ch
ny c trnh by cho mt mu bt c bit trn
hnhsau.
2/26/2007
73
intrngkthpvimttnhiuquangcthc
vitl
Es (t)= As(t)cos[w0t+ fs(t)].

Trong trng hp iu ch ASK, bin As c iu
chtrongkhiduytr w0 v fs lhngs.iviiuch
s nh phn,As nhn mttrong hai gi tr c nhtrong
michukbit,tytheobit1hay 0ctruyni.
Trongphnlncctnhhungthct,As =0khitruyn
ccbit0.Khi,ASKcgi lOOKvgingvis
iuchthngcsdngchocchthngTTQ
snoncoherentIM/DD.
2/26/2007
75
SkhcbitgiaASKchoIM/DDv
ASKchocoherent
ModulationFormats
ThchinASKchocchthngcoherentkhcvi
trng hp cc h thng tch sng trc tip mt
khacnhquantrng.
IM/DD : lung bit quang cho cc h thng tch sng
trc tip c th c to ra bngvic iu ch trc
tipLEDhoclaserdiode
Coherent:cniuchngoi.
Whyneedanexternalmodulator?
Answer: Lun c s thay i v pha khi bin As
thayidobidngiuchtvolaserbndn.
2/26/2007
74
2/26/2007
76
ASKforcoherent
PSKimplementation
VicchthngIM/DDnhngbiniphakhngc
nh vykhngthycbi b tchsng(photodiode
ch p ngvi cng sutquang)v khngphi lmi
quantmchnhngoismtmtcngsutdotochirp.
Khc vi IM/DD, p ng ca b tch sng trong h
thngcoherentphthucvophacatnhiuthuc.
ThchinASKchohthngcohherentihi fs duytr
gn nh khng i. iu ny t c nh vn hnh
laserbndn lin tcbngmtdng inkhng iv
iuchuracanbngmtbiuchngoi.Tuy
nhin,khiscsmtmtcngsutdosuyhaoxen.
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77
II.5.2.iuchPSK
2/26/2007
79
DPSK
Lungbitquangctaorabngviciuchpha
fs trongkhiginguynbin As vtns w0 ca
sngmangquang.
ViPSK nh phn, fs nhn haigi tr, thng c
chnl0v p.
im th v ca PSK l cng quang duy tr
khng i trong tt c ccbit v tn hiu xemra c
dnglintcCW.
Tch sng coherent l cn thit cho PSK v mi
thng tin s b mt nu tn hiu quang c tch
sng trc tip m khng trn n vi u ra ca b
daongni.
2/26/2007
ThchinPSKihimtbiuchngoickh
nng lm thayi pha quang theo in p t vo.
Cchvtlcsdngbinhngbiuch
nhvycgilkhcxin.
SdngPSKihiphacasngmangquangphi
duytrnnhsaochothngtinvphacthc
trch ra ti my thu m khngc s nhm ln. Yu
cunytmtyucunghimngtlndungsaiv
rngvchphcalaserphtvdaongni.
Yu cu ny c th c gim bt bng cch s
dngmtbinthcaPSKgilDPSK.
78
TrongtrnghpDPSK,thngtincmhas
dng s khc pha gia hai bit ln cn. Chng hn
nh, nu fk i in cho pha ca bit thk, lch
pha Df=fkfk1 bthayimtlngl p hoc0,ty
theobitthklbit1haybit0.
uimcaDPSKltnhiuphtcthcgii
iuchthnhcng minlphasng mang duytr
tnginnhquamtkhongthigian2bit.
Loi iu ch ny thng c s dng trong cc
h thng thc t v khngcn cc b gii iu ch
phctpmvnchochtlngtt.
2/26/2007
80
II.5.3.iuchFSK
II.6.Ccphpgiiiuch
Thngtincmhatrnsngmangquangbng
cchdchchnhtnssngmang w0.
ivimttnhiusnhphn, w0 nhnhaigitr,
w0+Dw v w0Dw, ty theo bit 1 hay bit 0 c pht
i.
dch Df= Dw/2p cgillchtn.ilng
2Df i khi c gi l khong cch tone do n i
din cho khong cch tn s gia bit 1 v bit 0.
TrngquangcaFSKcthcvitl.
Es(t)= As cos[(w0 Dw )t+ fs]

2/26/2007
81
WidebandandnarrowbandFSK
rng i s ca hm cos c th c vit l
w0t+(fsDwt),FSKcthc xem l mt kiu iu ch
pha sao cho pha sng mang tng hoc gim tuyn tnh
trongkhongthigianbit.
Viclachn Dfphthucvobngtnkhdng.Tng
bng tn ca FSK xp x l 2Df+2B,trong B l tc
bit.
Khi Df>>B,bngtn 2DfvgnnhclpviB.Trng
hpnycgilFSKbngrng.
Khi Df<<B,cgilFSKbnghp,bngtn 2B.
Ts b FM= Df/BcgilchsiuchFMnhmphn
bithaitrnghptrntytheo b FM>>1hay b FM<<1.
tnstrngvitnssngmangv
phackhavotnhiuti.
2/26/2007
83
Giiiuch
trong,du+vtngngvibit1vbit0.
2/26/2007
Nh trn tho lun, tch sng homodyne hoc

heterodynecthcsdngbinitnhiu
quangnhncsangdngtnhiuin.
Vi tchsnghomodyne, tnhiuquangcgii
iuchtrctipsangbngcs.Mcdvkhi
nim th n gin nhng tch sng homodyne kh
thchintrongthctdonihibdaongni
c
82
Sgiiiuchnhvycgilngbv
cnthitchotchsnghomodyne.Mcdccmch
vng kha pha quang cpht trin cho mc
chnynhngsdngtrongthctkhphctp.
Tch sng heterodyne n gin ha thit k my
thu, do khng i hi kha pha quang cng nh
trnghptnscabdaongni.Tuynhin,tn
hiuindaongnhanhcctnsvibavphi
cgiiiuchtbngIFxungbngcss
dngcckthuttngtnhkthut cpht
trinchocchthngthngtinviba.
2/26/2007
84
SynchronousandAsynchronous
Demodulations
Synchronousdemodulation
Gii iuch c th c thchin ng b hoc

khngngb.
Giiiuchkhngngbcngcgilkhng
kthptrongtiliuthngtinvtuyn.
Trong ti liu thng tin quang, thut ng tch sng
coherent(kthp)csdngtheongharnghn.
Mt h thng c gi l coherent min l n s
dngmtbdaongnibtchpkthutgiiiu
chcsdngbinitnhiuIFsangcctn
sbngcs.
Dng to ra ti photodiode c a qua mt b lc

thngdi(BPF)ctnstrungtmnmtitrungtn wIF.
Dngsaulcvngbngnhiucthcvitl
If (t)=Ip cos(wIFt- f )
Trong Ip =2 R PsPLO v f=fLOfs llchphagia
bdaongnivtnhiu.Nhiucngclcrabi
BPF.Sdngccthnhphnngphavvungpha
ca nhiuGauss lc, nhiumy thu c bao hm
thngqua
(*)
If (t)= (Ip cosf + ic)cos(w IFt)+ (Ip sinf + is)sin(w IFt)

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85
2/26/2007
87
SynchronousDemodulation
II.6.1.GiiiuchngbHeterodyne
Ic vis lccbinngunhinGaussctrungbnhbng
0vphngsai s2 cchobi(p.67).
Vigiiiuchngb,If(t)cnhnvicos(wIft)
vclcbimtblcthngthp.Tnhiubngc
s(bnggc)l
Smythuheterodynengb
I d = If cos(w IFt) =
1
( Ip cosf + ic)
2
(*)
ydungocvungkhiulcthngthpcs
dngloitrccthnhphnacdaongti2wIF.BT
trnchothychthnhphnnhiungphanhhng
tihotngcab thuheterodynengb.
2/26/2007
86
2/26/2007
88
SynchronousDemodulation
Giiiuch khngngbheterodyne
Giiiuch ng bihikhi phcsngmang

viba ti trung tn wIF. Mt s mch in t c th
csdngchomcchny,ttcyucumt
loivngkhaphain.
Hai loi vng kha pha thng c s dng l
vngsquaringloopvCostasloop.Vngsquaring
loopsdngmtlinhkintheolutbnhphng
tc1tnhiucdngcos2(wIft)cthnhphn
tns2wIF.Thnhphnnycthcsdng
totnhiuvibati wIF.
2/26/2007
89
II.6.2.Giiiuchkhng ngb
heterodyne
I d = If = (Ip cosf + ic)2 + (Ip sinf + is)2
1/2
Skhcbitchnhlcthnhphnngphavvung
phaca nhiumy thu u nh hng n tn hiu. V
vy,SNRxuhnsovigiiiuchngb.
2/26/2007
91
Giiiuch khngngbheterodyne
Smythuheterodynekhngngb.
2/26/2007
Khng i hi phi khi phc sng mang viba ti trung

tn,dnnthitkmythunginhn.
TnhiusaulcIf(t)cbinisangbnggcnhs
dngbtchsngngbao,sauclcbimt
b lc thng thp. Tn hiu nhn c bi mch quyt
nhlId=|If|,trongIf cchobi(*p.87).
Phnsautasthy,sgimnhydogimSNR
lkhnh(khong0.5dB).
Doyucunnhphalkhnglntrongtrng
hp gii iu ch khng ng b nn s ny
thng c s dng cho cc h thng sng nh
sngcoherent.
My thu heterodyne khng ng b trong hnh trn
i hi sa i khi cc dng thc iu ch FSKv
PSKcsdng(xemstrangbn)
90
2/26/2007
92
DualfilterFSKvDPSKasynchronous
heterodynereceivers.
DPSK
Giiiuchkhngngbkhngthdngchotrng
hpPSKdophacalaserphtvbdaongnikhng
ckhavcthtritheothigian.
Tuy nhin, s dng iu ch DPSK cho php gii iu
chkhngngbbngvicsdngsctrnh
trn hnh (b). tng l nhn lung bit nhn c vi
mtbnsaocansaukhiblmtrbichuk1bit.
Tn hiu ra c 1 thnh phn c dng cos(fkfk1) c th
csdngkhiphcmubitdothngtincm
hatronglchpha fkfk1.(y fk lphacabitth
k).Mtsnhvyihinnhphachtrongvi
bitvcthcthchinbngcclaserbndnDFB.
2/26/2007
93
2/26/2007
95
II.7.BERtrongbthuquang
coherent
DualandsinglefilterFSKreceivers
MythudualfilterFSKsdnghainhnhringbit
x l cc bit 1 v bit 0 m tn s sng mang ca
chng(haytrungtn)khcnhau.
csdngbtckhino b FM>>1,chophcabit1
v bit 0 c chng cho nh. Hai b lc BPF c tn s
trungtmnmcchnhauchnhxcbngkhongcchtone
choBPFchoquachhocbit1hocbit0.
BER ( nhy my thu) ph thuc vo dng thc

iuchcngnhs gii iuch sdngbi
my thucoherent. Do , ta s xem xetBER v
nhythuchotngtrnghpringbit.
Mythudng1blccthcsdngchogiiiu
chFSKnubngtncancchnrngcho
quatonblungbit.Khi,tnhiucxlbimt
bphnbittnsnhndngccbit1vbit0.S
nychlmvicttchoFSKlchhp( bFM<<1).
2/26/2007
94
2/26/2007
96
II.7.1.BERcabthuASKngb
BERASKngb
Xt trng hp tch sng heterodyne. Tn hiu

c s dng bi mch quyt nh c cho bi
(*p.88).Pha f nhnchungbiningunhindos
binngphalinquantilasermyphtvbdao
ngni.
nhhngcanhngbinngvphacthgim
nh ng k khi s dng cc laser bn dn c
rngphchbngmtphnnhcatcbit.Vi
githitny,t f=0thtnhiuquytnhccho
bi
1
I d =
2/26/2007
(I + i )
(*)
97
Trong , Ip=Isho(t)2R(PsPLO)1/2 nhn cc gi tr I1

hocI0 tytheobit1hay0angctchsng.
Xt trng hp I0=0 trong khng c cng sut
ctruyntrongkhongthigianccbit0.Ngoi
tr trng hp h s trong (*p.97) cn li tnh
hungginghtnhtrnghptchsngtrctip
tholun.
HskhngnhhngtiBERdoctnhiuv
nhiu u gim i cng h s, dn ti SNR khng
i. Trong thc t, ta c th s dng cng kt qu
nhtrnghptchsngtrctip(*p.28)
(*)
I1 - I0
I
1
1 =
SNR
(**)
s 1 + s 0 2s 1 2
ytasdngI0=0vgn s0s1..Sxpxny
ng cho hu ht b thu coherent c nhiu tri l
nhiulngtsinhradocngsutquangdaong
niv duy tr khng i btchp cng sut tn hiu
thuccmcnhthno.
Q=
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99
BERcabthuASKheterodynevASK
homodynengb
BERtrongbthuASKngb
2/26/2007
1
Q
BER= erfc
2 2
TrongQcchobi(**p.28)hay
98
NubiudinBERtheosphotontrong1bit(Np)thBER
cabthuASKheterodynecvitnhsau
hNp
1
(*)
BER = erfc
2
4
ytasdngktqu(*p.72)
CnBERca b thu ASKhomodyne c SNR c ci
thin3dB(**p.72)soviheterodynecchonhsau
hNp
1
BER = erfc
(**)
2 2
(*)+(**)csdngtnh nhythucBERcho
2/26/2007
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100
nhymythu
Sphotontrn1bitASK
Tngtnhtrnghptchsngtrctip,tac
thnhnghanhythu lcngsuttrungbnh
nhncyucutcBER 109.
T (*, ** p.100), BER=109 khi Q6. hay khi
SNR=144(21.6dB).
VitrnghpASKheterodyne
Prec = 2Q2hvBe /h = 72hvBe /h
(*)
TaddngxcminhcrngtBER=109 th
Np cn phi l 72 v 36 trong cc trng hp
heterodynevhomodynetngng.
iuquantrngcnghinhlNp tngngvis
photon trong bit 1. S lng photon trung bnh
trong mt bit (<Np>) gim i bi h s 2 nu ta gi
thitrngccbit0v1xuthinngutrong
mtchuibitdi.
ysdng<Prec>=<Ps>/2docngsuttnhiu
bng0trongkhongthigianccbit0.
2/26/2007
Backtop.111
101
nhythu
103
II.7.2.BERcabthuPSKngb
Trng hp ASK homodyne, <Prec> s nh hn bi

hs2doscithin3dBtrongtchsnghomodyne.
Vd:VimtmythuASKheterodyne1,55 mmc
h=0,8vBe=1GHz,nhymythuvokhong12
nWv gim xung 6nW nu tch snghomodyne
csdng.
nhythuthngcnhgitheosphotonNp
sdng(*,**p.100),vmtlachnnhvylmcho
n c lp vi bng tn my thu v bc sng hot
ng. Hn na, h cng c gn bng 1 v vy
nhytngngvimtphotodiodeltng.
2/26/2007
2/26/2007
102
Trchtxttrnghptchsngheterodyne.Tn
hiutimchquytnhcchobi
I d =
1
(Ip cosf+ ic)
2
Khc vi ASK, y Ip l hng s, cn pha f = 0

hoc p tythucvo1hay0cphti.Trongc
hai trng hp, Id l binngunhin Gauss nhng
gi tr trung bnh ca n hoc l I1=Ip/2 hoc l I0=
Ip/2(khcviASKcI0=0)tytheobitnhnc.
Thct,tacthsdng(*p.99)tnhBERv
2/26/2007
104
Sosnhnhythutchsngtrctip
vithucoherent
BERHeterodynePSKngb
Qctnhnhsau
Sphotontrungbnh/bit<Np>=Np iviiuch
PSKdocnglngcngsutcphtitrongcc
bit0v1.
MythuPSK homodynelmythuc nhycao
nht,chyucu9photon/bit.
Note:Cncnhnmnhyrngktlunny
datrnxpxGausschonhiumythu.
Sosnhnhycamythucoherentvinhy
camythutchsngtrctipcchotrongbng
(p.112).
I1 - I0 2 I1
=
= SNR
s 1 + s 0 2s 1
ysdng s1=s0.
BERcathuheterodynePSKcvitnhsau
1
BER = erfc hNp
2
ysdngSNR=2hNp.
Q =
2/26/2007
105
BERHomodynePSKngb
nhythutiBER=109 cthtcbngvic
sdngQ=6vbt(*,**p.72)choSNR.
Nhmmcchsosnh,shuchkhibiudin
nhythutheosphotonNp.Ddngxcminhc
rng Np=18 v 9 cho trng hp cch sng PSK
heterodynevhomodynetngng.
2/26/2007
107
Nhnxt
Cng nh trc y, SNR c ci thin 3dB hay

bi h s 2 nn BER trong trng hp tch sng
homodynecxcnhnhsau
1
BER = erfc 2hNp
2
2/26/2007
106
Trong phn I tho lun, mt my thu tch sng

trc tip i hi 10 photon/bit hot ng
BER<109. Con s nych xu hn mt cht so vi
trnghpttnhtcamythuPSKhomodynev
tthnnhiumythuheterodyne.
Tuynhin,trongthctcons10photon/bitkhng
bao gi t c do nhiu nhit, dng ti v nhiu
yu t khc lm gim nhy ti mc m <Np>
>1000luncyucu.
Trong trng hp thu coherent, <Np> < 100 c th
c thc hin n gin do nhiu lng t c th
clmtribngcchtngPLO.
2/26/2007
108
II.7.3BERcabthuFSKngb
FSKHeterodyne
CcbthuFSKngbnhnchungsdngs
lc kp tng t nh s trn Hnh (p.93) ca
trnghpkhngngb.Mib lcchoquacc
bit1hoc0.
S ny tng ng vi 2 b thu ASK
heterodyne hot ng song song. c im ny c
th c dng tnh BER ca cc my thu FSK
ngblckp.Nhvy,cthsdng(*,**p.99)
tnhBERchotrnghpFSK.
2/26/2007
109
CithinSNRcaFSKsoviASK
Nh vy SNR ca b thu FSK heterodyne l

SNR=4hNp.Thvopt(**p.99)tac
BER =
1
erfc hNp /2
2
T nhy thu cho ASK Heterodyne theo (*p.101)

tasuyranhythuchoFSKHeterodynebngvic
thayhs72bng36.
V s photon, nhy ca FSKHeterodyne c
chobiNp=36.<Np>=36v=<Np>caASKHe
McdASKHecn72photon trongbit1nhng
nhylnhnhauchoASKHevFSKHe.
2/26/2007
111
Bngsosnhnhymythu
Tuy nhin, SNR c ci thin vi h s 2 so vi

trnghpASK.
Why?
Ldothctltrungbnhcnmtnathigian
b thu ASK khng nhn c cht cng sut no,
trongkhibthuFSKnhnccngsuttrongton
b thi gian. iu ny tng ng vi cng sut tn
hiu(Ps)ctngcngvihs2,trongkhi
cngsut nhiu s2=const(nuta gi thitbngtn
mythunhnhautronghaitrnghpthuASKv
FSK).
2/26/2007
110
2/26/2007
112
BERofreceiversusingdifferent
modulationmethodsSynchronous
II.7.4BERcabthuASKkhng ng
b
TnhtonBERchotrnghpthukhngngb
phctphndothngknhiukhngcnlGauss
khi tch sng ng bao c s dng. Trong
trnghp b thu ASK Heterodyne ltngkhng
cbinngvphath f=0,tac
FSKHE
ASKHE
PSKHO
PSKHE
IMDD
Log10(BER)
I = (Ip + ic)2 + is2
1/2
y k hiu d di I c b i nhm n gin

trongkhiu.McdCIp+Ic vIs lccbinngu
nhin Gauss nhng hm mt xc sut ca I
khngphilGauss
10
12
0
10
S photon (Np)
2/26/2007
100
113
BERComparision
2/26/2007
Hmmtxcsutnycthcxcinhl:
FSKHE
ASKHE
PSKHO
PSKHE
IMDD
I2 + Ip2 IpI
I
I
p( I,Ip)= 2 exp 2s 2 0 s 2
s
Log10(BER)
(*)
Trong,I0 lhmBesselcitinloi1.CIc vIs

c gi thit c hm mt xc sut Gauss c
trung bnh bng 0 v c lch chun s (l dng
nhiutrungbnhbnhphngRMS).
Hm(*)cgilphnbRice.
10
2/26/2007
115
RiceDistribution
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
S photon (Np)
70
80
90
100
114
2/26/2007
116
BERCalculation
BERASKKhngngb
LurngIbinitrongphmvi0 (do
uracabtchsngngbaochcgi
trdng).
Khi Ip=0th phnbRice rt gnthnhphn
bRayleigh.
Tnh ton BER s dng phn tch trc y
viskhcbitlsdngphnbRicethay
chophnbGauss.
2/26/2007
117
BERASKKhngngb
Trong
P(0/1)= p(I,I1)dI,
P(1/0)=
p(I,I )dI
0
(*)
ID
ID lmcquytnhcn I1 vI0 lccgitrcaIp

ivibit1v0.
Nhiulnhnhauchottcccbit(s0=s1=s)don
clmtribicngsutbdaongni.
2/26/2007
x2 + a 2
Io(ax)dx
Q(a ,b )= xexp 2
b
KtquchoBERl
BER=
1
I I
I0 I
1- Q 1 , D + Q , D
2
s s
s s
Mc quyt nh ID c chn sao cho BER l ti

thiuviccgitrI1,I0 v s cho.
2/26/2007
119
Trong nhng iu kin tng qut, rt kh t c

biu thc gii tch cho ID. Tuy nhin, trong nhng
iu kin hot ng in hnh, I00, I1/ s >>1 v ID
cxpxlI1/2.KhiBERtrthnh
1
[P(0/1)+ P(1/0)]
2
ID
ASKKhngngbBER
BERcchobi
BER =
Cc tchphn trong(*p.118)c th cbiu din

didnghmsQcaMarcumvinhnghal
118
1
1
BER exp(- I12 /8s 2) = exp(- SNR/8)
2
2
Khi nhiu my thu s c lm tri bi nhiu nhit,
SNRcchobi(*p.72).ViSNR=2hNp tac
1 hNp
BER = exp 2
4
2/26/2007
(*)
120
SosnhASKngbviASKkhng
ngb
II.7.5.BERcabthuFSKkhngng
b
Sosnh(*p.120)viBERcabthuASKHeterodyne
ngb(*p.100).Hnhsauthhinriuny.
NchothyBERcatrnghpkhngngbln
hnsovi trnghpngbc cng gi tr hNp.
Tuynhin,schnhlchlnhnmcnhythu
tiBER=109 chgimikhong0.5dB.
Nu gi thit h=1, (*p.120) cho thy rng BER=109
choNp=80(72chotrnghpngb) cc b
thukhngngbchiusuthotngngang
bng cc b thu ng b v thng c s
dngtrongthctdosngintrongthitk!
2/26/2007
121
BERASKHESyn.vs.Asyn.
Mc d b thu heterodyne lc n c th s dng

choFSKnhngn cnhcim l mt nacng
sutthucbloib,dntisthitthi3dB.
V l do ny, my thu FSK lc kp thng c s
dngtrongccbit1v0iquahaiblcring
bit.
u raca haib tchsng c tr chonhau,v
tnhiusaucsdngbimchquytnh.
Dodngtrungbnhnhnccgitr Ip vIp chocc
bit1v0nnngngquytnhctgia
(ID=0).
2/26/2007
123
BERFSKKhngngb
Quaphntch,tnhtonngitatmc
ASK HE Synchronous
ASK HE Asynchronous
2
BER =
Log10(BER)
SdngSNR=2hNp tatcktqucuicng
1
BER = exp(-hNp /2)
2
10
12
2/26/2007
1
1
exp(- I12 /4s2)= exp(- SNR/4)
2
2
10
S photon (Np)
100
122
2/26/2007
124
SosnhFSKHeSyn.vAsyn.
nhycaccbthuKhng.B
CnggingnhtrnghpASK,BERlnhncho
giiiuchkhngngb.Tuynhin,skhcbit
lnhvnhythubgimchkhong0.5dBso
vitrnghpngb.
Nu gi thit rng h=1, Np=40 ti BER=109 (Np=36
trongtrnghpngb).<Np>cngl40docng
lngphotonnhnctrongccbit1v0.
Tng t trng hp ng b, <Np> l nh nhau
choASKvFSKHeterodyne.
HnhsausosnhBERcaFSKSynvAsyn.
2/26/2007
125
Log10(BER)
10
2/26/2007
127
Nh ni, gii iuch khng ngbkhng th

sdngchocctnhiuPSK.
Tuy nhin, mt bin th ca PSK l DPSK c th
c s dng cho cc my thu DPSK khng ng
b.
Dngsaulccchialm2phn,mtphnc
lmtrchnhxcbngmtchukbit.Tchcahai
dngchathngtinvhiuphagiahaibitlncn
v c s dng bi dng quyt nh xc nh
mubit.
FSKHESynchronous
FSKHEAsynchronous
10
S photon (Np)
II.7.6.BERcabthuDPSKkhngng
b
BERFSKSyn.vs.FSKAsyn.
12
0
2/26/2007
100
126
2/26/2007
128
BERbthuDPSK
II.7.Ccyutlmgimnhy
Tnh ton BER phc tp hn trong trng hp

DPSK.Tuynhin,ktqucuicngkhnginv
cchobi
BER =
1
exp(-hNp)
2
Khi h=1vNp=20thBER=109.
HnhsauchothyBERcabthuDPSK
2/26/2007
129
nhythuDPSK
Log10(BER)
10
2/26/2007
131
Nhiu pha lin quan ti laser pht v b dao ng

ni.
Ldocthchiut2biuthcdngtchsng
trong2trnghphomodynevaheterodyne(*p.61)
v (*p.64). Trong c hai trng hp, bin ng pha
dntibinngdngvlmgimSNR.
C pha tn hiu fs v pha b dao ng ni fLO cn
phiduytrtnginnhtrnhgimnhy.
Sovkhongthigianquaphacalaserc
gitnginnhcchobithigiankthp.
DPSK
10
S photon (Np)
2/26/2007
II.7.1.Nhiupha
12
0
Nhngphntchvnhytrongnhngphntrc
ydatrngithitiukinlmvicltngca
cc h thng TTQ coherent c cc linh kin hon
ho.
Trong cc h thng thc t c nhiu c ch vt l
lm gim nhy my thu, l: nhiu pha, nhiu
cng,mtphihpvphnccvtnscsi.
Trong phn ny, chng ta tho lun v cc c ch
lmgimnhyvcckthutcithinhotng
bngthitkmythuthchhp.
100
130
2/26/2007
132
nhhngcanhiuphavbinphp
khcphc
Phasenoise
Do thi gian kt hp t l nghchvi rng vch
ph Dn calasernnngitathngsdngts
rngvchphtrntcbit(Dn/B)ctrng
cho tc ng ca nhiu pha ln hot ng ca h
thngTTQcoherent.
Do fs v fLO binngclpnn Dn thctltng
rng ph DnT v DnLO ca my pht v b dao
ngni.
i lng Dn= DnT+ DnLO thng c gi l
rngphIF.
2/26/2007
133
Quanhgia Dn/Bvthitthicng
sutdonhiuphagyra
nh hng ca bin ng pha ch yu l lm rng

bng tn tn hiu. Tn hiu c th c khi phc
bngcchtngrngbngtncablcBPF.
Vnguyntc,btcrngphnocngcth
cdunghanubngtnBPFctnglnmt
cchthchhp.
Tuynhin,strgilnhiumythutngkhitng
dithngcablcBPF.
Hnhsauchothynhythu(cbiudintheo
s photon trung bnh/bit <Np>) gim theo Dn/B nh
thnoiviiuchASKvFSK.
2/26/2007
135
nhythugimkhi Dn/Btng
Gitrchophpca Dn/Blmchothitthicng
sut duy tr di mc 1dB ph thuc vo phng
thciuchvkthutgiiiuch.
Nhnchung, rngph yucunghim ngtnht
iviccmythuhomodyne.Mcdrngph
cho php mc no ph thuc vo thit k
vngkhaphanhnginhnhth Dn/Bnn<5104
ccthitthicngsut<1dB.
Trili,ccbthuASKvFSK khng ngbcho
php Dn/B c th ln hn 0.1. L do l thc t cc
my thu ny s dng b tch sng ng bao b
quaccthngtinvpha.
2/26/2007
134
2/26/2007
136
Xlnhiupha(tip)
Dn/ByucuiviDPSK
Tnh ton BERkh cng knhvi hi m phng
bng phng php s. Mt s phng php gn
ngcphttrinaraktquphntch
chnhxctronggiihn1dB.
DPSK i hi rng ph hp hn so vi ASK v
FSK khi gii iu ch khng ng b da trn
phngnlmtrcsdng.Ldolthngtin
cchangtronghiuphagiahaibitlncn
v pha cn phi duy tr n nh ti thiu l qua
khongthigian2bit. Dn/Bcnphi<1%thit
thicngsut<1dB.
2/26/2007
137
Xlnhiupha(tip)
K thut ny hot ng tt cho cc dng iu ch

ASK, FSK v DPSK. Hnh sau trnh by mt b thu
phntpphanhiuca.
Mtlinhkinquanggilopticalhybridkthpu
votnhiuvbdaongnivarauraca
nquamtscngcdchphathchhp.ura
t mi cng c x lv kt hp cho ra dng
inclpvi fIF.
Trongtrnghpmythuhomodyne2ca,2nhnh
racdchphatngi l900,vvydngtrong
hainhnhbinitheoIpcos fIfvsin fIF.Khi2nhnh
cbnhphngvcnglithtnhiutrnnc
lpvi fIF.
2/26/2007
139
Mythuphntppha
Chnlaserdiodelmvicvimodedccrng
vchphhp,ngthibcsngphicthiu
chnh c (trong phmvi vi nanomet) nhm m
bo w0=wLO (homodyne) hoc to ra trung tn yu
cu (heterodyne). Laser MQW vi rng ph t
gi tr rt nh, c 0,1 MHz rt thch hp cho TTQ
coherent.
Cch khc l dng cc my thu phn tp pha.
Nhng b thu ny s dng hai hay nhiu b tch
sng m u ra ca chng c kt hp to ra
mttnhiuclpvihiupha fIF=fsfLO.
2/26/2007
138
2/26/2007
140
Giiquytnhiupha(tip)
II.7.2.Nhiucng
Trongtrnghpmythu3ca,banhnhcdch
phatngil0,120o v240o.Cngnhtrc,khi
cc dng in c bnh phng ri cng li th tn
hiutrnnclpvi fIF.
Thitkmythucnhiucacngtngtnhtrn
nhng phctp tngv i hicngsutca b
daongniphicao dophi chiacho nhiunhnh.
Vvy,phnlnccmythuphntpphasdng2
hoc3cng.
Mts th nghimchothy rngrngph cth
tim cn ti tc bit m khng gy ra thit thi
cngsutngk.
2/26/2007
141
Ktlun
Nhiucngcthbquatronghuhtcch
thngIM/DD.
Tuynhin,viccmythucoherentthkhc.
2/26/2007
143
II.7.3.Mtphihpphncc
Ccmphngvmythuphntpphachrarng
nhiukhngcnlGaussna.
Nhn chung, BER b nh hng khng ch bi
rng ph ca laser m cn bi cc yu t khc,
chnghnnhdithngcablcBPF.
2/26/2007
142
2/26/2007
144
II.7.4.Tnscsi
2/26/2007
145

He Thong Thong Tin Quang 1-NXAnh

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I.

Cc H Thng Thng Tin Quang

s dng iu bin cng (IMIntensity

H thng TTQ IMDD ra i u tin, v ang

Cngsut tnhiu b tn haotrong qu trnh truyn

Note: Trong cc b thu quang thc t s dng tch

Trong nhiu b thu quang, dng nhiu nhit hiu

Tronggiihnnhiunhit(ss << sT)thSNRAPD l:

Cntronggiihnnhiulngt(ss >> sT)th

Tronggiihnnhiunhit(ss << sT)khi

nhy thu l tham s quan trng nht nh gi

Trong thng tin quang s, nhy thu lun b rng

Nh vy nhy ca b thu quang l cng sut

Do tn hiu sau tch sng rt yu nn n cn phi

BER = p(0)P(1/0)+ p(1)P(0/1)

Hnh trn ch ra tn hiu dao ng nhn c bi

Hnh trn cho thy P(0/1) v P(1/0) ph thuc vo hm

N c v da trn biu thc gn ng v kh

Gi thit bit 0 khng mang cng sut quang

I1 =RP1 = 2R Prec (vi P0 = 0)

B qua cc thnh phn dng ti, phng sai nhiu

Nhnxt: nhy thu ph thucvoccthams

I1 =RAPDP1 = MRP1 = 2MR Prec (do P0 = 0)

NugiNp lsphotontrungbnhtrongmi bit1,xc

Nhvy,viBER<109 thNp phi>20.Doyucu

Prec = NphnB/ 2= Np hvB

H thng TTQ coherent i hi nhiu gii php k

H thng TT coherent da theo nguyn l truyn

Khc vi IMDD, cc h thng coherent c nhng

L mt mng 4 ca, tng t nh b ghp nh

Es = As cos[w st+ fs(t)]

Ti b thu quang, tn hiu ny trc tin c trn vi

ELO = ALO cos[w LOt+ fLO(t)]

Do photodiode p ng vi cng quang nn

Thng thng thPLO lnhnrtnhiu Ps.Khi

Pcoh (t)= Ps + PLO + 2 PsPLO cos[(w IF(t)+ f (t))]cosq (t)

f(t)= fs(t) fLO(t)lskhcphatngigiatnhiu

wLO cchn trng vi tn s tn hiu ws sao cho

Xt trng hp fs(t)= fLO(t). Khi dng tn hiu

Ishe (t)= 2R PsPLO cos[w IF (t)+f s(t)- fLO(t)]

Heterodyne c th dng iu bin, pha v tn s ca

Cc bin ngtrongc fs v fLO vn cn c iu

S dng cc gi tr trn ca <Ps> v Be trong bt

PLO >>s T2 /(2eRBe)

Cthhn ss2>>sT2 khi

Tch sng coherent cho php t c gii hn

Trong trng hp tch sng homodyne, SNR ln

u im quan trng ca s dng cc k thut tch

Es (t)= As(t)cos[w0t+ fs(t)].

Es(t)= As cos[(w0 Dw )t+ fs]

Nh trn tho lun, tch sng homodyne hoc

Gii iuch c th c thchin ng b hoc

Dng to ra ti photodiode c a qua mt b lc

If (t)= (Ip cosf + ic)cos(w IFt)+ (Ip sinf + is)sin(w IFt)

Giiiuch ng bihikhi phcsngmang

I d = If = (Ip cosf + ic)2 + (Ip sinf + is)2

Khng i hi phi khi phc sng mang viba ti trung

BER ( nhy my thu) ph thuc vo dng thc

Xt trng hp tch sng heterodyne. Tn hiu

Trong , Ip=Isho(t)2R(PsPLO)1/2 nhn cc gi tr I1

Prec = 2Q2hvBe /h = 72hvBe /h

Trng hp ASK homodyne, <Prec> s nh hn bi

Khc vi ASK, y Ip l hng s, cn pha f = 0

Cng nh trc y, SNR c ci thin 3dB hay