}kn'k% ikB%

fdUrks% oqQfVyrk
;g ikB nsof"kZ JhdykukFk 'kkL=kh }kjk lEikfnr ia- Jh HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ fucU/laxzg
^izcU/&ikfjtkr%* ls ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA
ia- HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh osQ firk ia- HkV~V }kjdkukFk t;iqj fuoklh FksA ia- HkV~V
eFkqjkukFk dk tUe t;iqj esa lu~ 1889 bZ- esa gqvk vkSj fu/u Hkh ogha 4 twu] 1964 bZ- dks
gqvkA vkidh iwoZt ijEijk vR;Ur izfrHkk lEi jghA bUgksaus egkjktk laLr dkWyst ls
lkfgR;kpk;Z dh mikf/ izkIr dh vkSj ogha O;k[;krk cu x,A vki t;iqj ls izdkf'kr
^laLo`QrjRukdj* if=kdk osQ lEiknd jgsA HkV~V eFkqjkukFk 'kkL=kh iz.khr laLr dh jpukvksa esa
^t;iqjoSHkoe~*] ^xksfoUnoSHkoe~*] ^laLo`QrxkFkklIr'krh* vkSj ^lkfgR;oSHkoe~* fo'ks"k mYys[kuh;
gSaA buosQ vfrfjDr pkyhl dFkk, vkSj lkS ls Hkh vf/d fucU/ laLr esa fy[ksA budh
^lqjHkkjrh*] ^lqtu&nqtZu&lUnHkZ%* vkSj ^;qeqre~* uked i| jpuk, Hkh mYys[kuh; gSaA
;gk ladfyr ikB esa Jh HkV~V th us fn[kk;k gS fd tc dHkh fdlh dFku ds lkFk
^fdUrq* yx tkrk gS] rc cgq/k og igys dFku osQ vPNs Hkko dks lekIr dj mls nks"kiw.kZ
vkSj lEcksf/r O;fDr osQ fy, nq%[k iSnk djus okyk] mlosQ mRlkg dk uk'kd vkSj 'k=kq:i
cuk nsrk gSA ,sls volj fojy gksrs gSa tgk ^fdUrq* lEcksf/r O;fDr osQ fy, lq[knk;d fl
gksrk gSA
ys[k dh Hkk"kk ljy o lqcks/ gS] vyadkjksa vkSj nh?kZ leklksa vkfn dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k
x;k gSA Hkko lqLi"V vkSj lkekU; thou esa tulk/kj.k }kjk vuqHkwr gSaA

oqQfVysukequk ^fdUrq*&uk fd;Rdkykr~ Dysf'krksfLeA ;=k ;=kkga xPNkfe r=k r=kSokL;

'k=kqrk lEeq[kfLFkrk HkofrA vL; ^fdUrks%* dkj.kkr~ dfLefi dk;sZ liQyrk
nq?kZVkfLrA cgwu~ okjku~ n`"VokufLe ;Rdk; loZFkk lTta lEi|rs] loZid
z kjS%
flfgZLrxrk Hkofr] ;FkSo liQyrk;k ewfrZ% lEeq[kekxPNUrh foyksD;rs rFkSo
wjks;a fdUrqeZ ;s izfo'; lo fouk'k;frA

fdUrks% oqQfVyrk

99

jkT;rks yC/k;k Hkwejs fHk;ksxks cgks% dkykUU;k;ky;s pyfr LeA vfLefHk;ksxs

izkM~fookdegksn;ks fu.kZ;a Jko;u~ vokspr~ ---^o;a i';keks ;nfHk;kskqQ%
i{kknko';dkfu lokZ . ;s o iz e k.kkU;q i fLFkrkfu lfUrA jkT;rks yC/k;k
HkwesnkZui=keI;qqiLFkkfirefLrA U;k;ky;su ifjKkra ;r~ b;a HkwfejfHk;kskqQjfk&
dkjHkqkQkfLr---------A*
vga fuf pUrrk;k ,oaQ 'kkUra fu% okleeqpe~A e;k loZFkk fLFkjhra ;kX;&
y{ehjuqineso es dU/jk;ka fot;ekY;a iznnkrhfrA ija izkM~fookdegksn;% iqujxsz
izkokspr~ --- ^--------- fdUrq jktLo&foHkkxL; iz/ku% fdySdksf/dkjh ,rf}jksks
,oaQ i=ka izfs "krokufLrA ,rnqi;Zfi y{;nkueko';da eU;kegsA* ee loksZ I;qRlkg%
iyk;kpsA ^fdUrq*&oqQUrks eekUr%dj.ka leUrkr~ Urfr LeA futn;eo"VH;
U;k;a iz'kalu~ x`gekxee~A
n`"Va e;k ;ns"k ^fdUrq%* n;k/ekZfn"ofi vuf/dkjps"Vkrks u fojrks HkofrA
izkr% dkyL;So dFkkfLr--- /eZO;oLFkkidegks n ;L; lehis ,dks nhu%
djQ.kUnuiqj%lja U;osn;r~--- ^egkjkt! uookf"kZdh es dU;kA tkrL; rL;k
fookgL; v| r`rh;ks fnol%A uk|kfi prqFkhZdeZ lEia ;su fookg% iw.kZ%
ifjx.;srA rL;k% ifr% lglkfez;rA gk gUr! rL;k vcks/ckfydk;k vxzs d
Hkkfo\ vLrdeZl[a ;ko`kS d eeksPpoqQyefi lgk;oaQ Hkfo";fr\ vkKki;Urq
JheUr% d e;k lkEizra dkZO;e~A*
if.Mregksn;ks xHkhjreeqn;
z kokspr~---^vo';fena n;kLFkkue~A orZekudkys
lektL; Hkh"k.kifjfLFkrs% i;kZykspu bnesoksfpra izrh;rs ;r~ ,oafo/LFkys
iqufoZokgL; O;oLFkk nh;sr--- ^fdUrq* o;a eq[ksu dFkesrr~ dFkf;raq 'kDuqe%A
izkphue;kZnkfi rq jf{krO;k L;kr~A*
oqQ=kfpr~ lks;a ^fdUrq%* furkUreuqrkia tu;frA vusdo"kkZ.kka ifjJeL;
iQyLo:ia effeZresda uohulaLriqLrdeknk; lkfgR;eeZKL; ,dL; ns'kusr%q
lehisxPNe~A ^usr*` & egksn;% iqLrdL; xq.kku~ lE;o~Q ijh{; izl% lokspr~-- ^iqLroaQ okLro ,o vqra fufeZrefLrA cgqdkykuUrja laLo`Qrs ,oafokk uohurk
n`f"VxrkHkor~A --- ^fdUrq* eRlEeR;ka rfnna iqLrda Hkoku~ laLrs u fofy[;
;fn fgUnhHkk"kk;kefyf[k";r~ rfgZ lE;xHkfo";r~A*

100

'kk'orh

x`ga izfr fuorZekuksga ^fdUrq* o`Qrk;k vL;k eeZo/

s df'k{kk;k mifj leLrsfi
x`gekxsZ d.k enZ;xPNe~Avusu ^fdUrq*&uk ea lk f'k{kk nkkfLr ;|ga lRiqjQ"k%
L;ka rfgZ iqujfLeu~ ekxsZ infu{ksiL; ukekfi u x`g.~ kh;ke~A
dnkfpr~ dnkfpo;a wj% ^fdUrq%* eq[kL; doyeI;kfPNufkA LoYi&
fnukukeso okrkZfLrA vk;qonZs ekrZ.ML; Jher% LokfeegkHkkxL; vkS"kf/a fu"ksO;
v/quoS kga uhjksxksHkoe~A vfLeso le;s fe=kxks"B~;k fueU=k.ka izkIuoe~A Hkkstuxks"B~;ka
leosraq eekihPNk'kDrkS izkcY;L; izokg% iw.kZek=kk;ka izoZeku vklhr~A vga
Lokfeegksn;eizk{ke~---^fdega r=k xUrqa 'kDuksfeA* mkjeyH;r--- ^rkn`'kh gkfuLrq
ukfLrA ^fdUrq* xfj"BoLrquks Hkkstus vo/kueR;ko';de~ v/qukfi nkScYZ ;efLrA*
mRlkgL; Tokyk ;k iwo izp.Mrek vklhr~ vZek=kk;ka rq r=kSo fuokZ.kkHkor~A
vLrq ;su osQukfi izdkjs.k Hkkstuxks"B~;kfo'ks"kkf/os'kusfLeu~ lfEefyrLRoHkoesoA
HkkstuihBs vf/dkja oqQoZo
s kgei';a ;r~ lokZi .w kkZ ,dk HkksT;O; ukuka izn'kZuh
lEeq[ks orZr bfrA /hjxEHkhjes.kkga Hkkstudk.ML;kjEHkedjoe~A vga eksndL;Sda
xzklex`e~A rL; Loknlw=ks.k lUnkfurksga ;FkSo f}rh; xzklex`a rFkSo
^Lokfeegksn;L; ^fdUrq* ee d.BufydkejQ/r~A eq[kL; xzklks eq[k ,okHkzkE;r~
vxzs xUrqa uk'kDuksrA~ ^fdUrks%* Hkh"k.k&foHkhf"kdk izR;sdoLrqfu xfj"Brka lEik|
Hkkstua r=kSo lekIredjksrA~ *
vga ns'klsoka drq x`gkn~ cfgjHkoe~A e;k fuf preklhr~ ^,rkofUr fnukfu
Loksnjlsok;S fDy"VksHkoe~A bnkuha fd;Ura dkya ns'klsok;kefi y{;a nnkfeA*
;FkSokga ekxsZxzsljks Hkokfe] rFkSo ee ckY;k;kidegksn;% lEeq[kksHkor~A
ekLVjegksn;su izLFkkugsrkS i`"Vs lfr lEiw.kZlekpkjfuosnua eeko';deHkwrA~
v;kidegksn;% izkokspr~---^rkr] loZfena lE;o~QA fdUrq Lox`gkfHkeq[kefi
fdfpf}yksduh;a HkosrA~ ;s"kka Hkj.kiks"k.ka HkoR;sok;ke~ rku~ fda Hkoku~ fujkkkjeso
fueqPZ ; LoSja xUrqegsrZ A~ *
iqu% fdeklhr~A v=kSo ijksidkjfopkjk.kke~ bfrJhjHkwrA~ ^fdUrq*& egksn;su
ns'klsok;k% lokZfi fopkjijEijk ijikjs ijkoR;ZrA x`gkfHkeq[ka eq[ka oqQoZu~ rLekr~
LFkkuknso ijkofrZf"kA

fdUrks% oqQfVyrk

101

e;kuqHkwrefLr ;n;a oqQfVy% ^fdUrq%* ukukns'ks"kq ukuk:ikf.k lUkk;Z xqIra

fopjfrA ;FkSo yksdkuka dk;Zflsjolj% leqifr"Brs rFkSok;a izdVhHkw; yksdkuka
dk;kZf.k ;FkkofLFkreojQ.kfA vgesrL; ^fdUrq*&oqQBkjL; dBksjr;k furkUreso
rkUrksfLeA vga okNkfe ;nsrL;ke.kkr~ lqjf{krks Hkos;e~A ija uk;a eka
R;kqQfePNfrA cgoks ekfeZdk ekecks/;u~ ;r~ ^Roe~ ,ra lEeq[kek;kUra n`"V~oo
S
dFka fo=kL;fl] oqQr p ,ueilkjf;raq iz;rls\ fdesua loZFkk vfgrdkfj.keso
fuf prokufl\ usna lE;o~QA i'kq?kkrdL; Nqfjdkfi ik'kifrrL; xycU/ua fNok
le;s izk.kj{kka oqQoZrh n`"VkA* vgefi lR;L;SdkUrrksiykia u dfj";kfeA ,rL;
dFkuL; lR;rk;k e;kfi ifjp;% dnkfpr~ dnkfpr~ izkIrksfLrA
^'kCnS% izrh;rs ;n~ x`gs pkSj% izfo"VksfLr* bfr lHk;euqyiUrh x`fg.kh jk=kkS
ekecks/;r~A vga fut'kkS; izdk'k;u~ egrk ohjnis.Z k yxqMek=keknk; vU/dkj
,o pkSjfuxzgk; izpfyrksHkoe~A x`fg.kh d.kZlehi vkxR; 'kuSjonr~--vUkdkjsfLeu~ ;kfl Roeo';e~] ^fdUrq* n`';rke~ l 'kL=ka u izgjsrA~
iqu% fdeklhr~A ee ohjniZL; 'kkS;LZ ; p izTTofyra T;ksfrLr=kSo fuokZ.keHkwrA~
pkSjfuxzg% dhn`'k%] futizk.kifj=kk.keso es vUos"k.kh;eHkor~A yxqMa izf{kI; dks"BosQ
fuyhuksHkoe~A rr ,o p dfEir&d.Bsu phRdkjedjoe~&&^yksdk%! vkxPNr]
pkSj% izfo"VksfLrA*
,osQu vequk ^fdUrq* & uk pkSjL; pisVkH;ksoeqP; lkS[;L; lqjf{krs
izdks"BosQga izofs 'kr%A vusu fdUrquk dfLefi ladVle;s dnkfpr~ fdfpRdk;
dkea o`Qra L;kr~ ija Hkw;lk rq vLekn~ Hk;eso HkofrA vL; fg lkoZfnd% LoHkko
,o ;r~ okrkZ dkeeqkekLrq v/ek ok ije;a e;s izfo"; rL;k% dFkk;k
foPNsneo';a dfj";frA vr,o dfLefi le;s dk;Zlk/dRosfi yksdk vLekn~
fo=kL;UR;soA oSfj.kka Hkkjkorkjk; dnkfpr~ fgrkkjkfi djokykkjk wjkdkjk
iz[kjizdkjk ,o izflk yksoQs "kqA foxq.k% dk"kkZi.k%] oqQfRlr p iq=k% ladVs
dnkfpnqi;qkQks Hkosr~ ijUrq tulekts };ks#i;so
Z uklk& Hkzl
w k p
s ks tkrks tfu";rs
pA bneso dkj.ka ;r~ ;L;ka okrkZ;ka ^fdUrq%* mRi|rs rka okrk yksdk foxq.kka
x.k;fUrA

102

'kk'orh

'kCnkFkkZ% fVIi.;'p
vfHk;ksx%
vfHk;kskqQ%

&
&

nq?kZVk
oqQUr%
eqnzk
izkcY;L;

&
&
&
&

fuokZ.kk
bfrJh%
ekfeZd%
izkM~fookd%
y{;nkue~
prqFkhZdeZ

&
&
&
&
&
&

doye~
vo/kue~
foHkhf"kdk

&
&
&

rkUr%
ifjx.;sr
dUkjk;ke~
lkEizre~
xHkhjree~
i;kZykspus

&
&
&
&
&
&

eqdnek] vfHk $ ;qt~ $ ?kk~] iqfYy] izFke iq#"k ,dopu

eqbZ dk] eqdnek pykus okys dk] vfHk $ ;qt~ $ r`A dkjkUr
iqfYy] ipeh ,dopuA
vlEHko] nq%[ksu ?kVkf;rqa 'kD;k] nqj~ $ ?kV~ $ vk
Hkkyk
eq[kko`Qfr
izcyrk dk] osxiwoZd] iz $ cy $ ";k~] uiqald fy] "k"Bh
,dopu
lekIr gks pqdh] fuj~ $ ok $ Dr] L=khfy] izFkeiq#"k] ,dopu
lekfIr
roK] fo"k;K] eeZ $ Bo~Q] izFkeiq#"k ,dopu
tt] U;k;k/h'k
n`f"Vikr] ;kunsuk] y{;L; nkue~] "k"Bh rRiq#"k
fookgksijkUr pkSFks fnu fd;k tkus okyk deZ] prqFksZ vgfu f;ek.ka
deZ] e;ein] yksih lekl
xzkl
lko/kuh] ijgst] vo $ /k $ Y;qV~ izR;;
Hk;] Mj] fo $ Hkh $ f"kp~ $ .oqy~ $ Vki~] izR;; "kqdkxe vkSj
bRo
ihfM+r] ijs'kku
fxuk tk,] ifj $ x.k~ (la[;kus) $ fof/fy~
xys esa] xnZu ij (esa)
vHkh] orZeku esa] lEizfr ,o lkEizre~
xEHkhjre] xHkhj $ rei~
ns[kus ij] lexz n`f"Vikr djus ij] ifj $ vk $ yksp~ $ Y;qV~]
lIreh foHkfDr] ,dopu (n'kZu] vadu)

103

fdUrks% oqQfVyrk

U;osn;r~

&

infu{ksi
vuqrkie~
foyksD;rs

&
&
&

vo"VH;
ifj=kk.ke~

&
&

vUos"k.kh;e~
yxqMe~
fuyhu%
pisVkH;%
oqQfRlr%

&
&
&
&
&

fuosnu fd;k] fu $ vosn;r~] fon~ (Kkus) /krq y~] ydkj

f.ktUr] izFkeiq#"k] ,dopu
dnej[kuk] in;ks% fu{ksi%] "k"Bh rRiq#"k
i'pkkki] iNrkok] vuq $ rkie~
ns[kk tkrk gS] fo $ ykso~Q (n'kZu] vadu) $ ;o~Q] yV~ ydkj
vkReusin] izFkeiq#"k] ,dopu Hkkos iz;ksx%
jksddj] vo $ LrEHk~ (vojks/) $ Y;i~ izR;;
j{k.k] cpko] ifj $ =kS~ (ikyus) $ Y;qV~] uiaqldfy izFkeiq#"k
,dopu
<w<us ;ksX;] [kkstus ;ksX;] vuq $ b"k~ $ vuh;j~ izR;;
ykBh] n.M
Nqik gqvk] fu $ yh $ Dr izR;;
rkMu ls] FkIiM+ksa ls
fufUnr] xfgZr

vH;kl%
1-

laLrsu mkja nh;rke~&

(d) Hkwfefo"k;osQ vfHk;ksxs ^fdUrq*&uk dk ck/k miLFkkfirk\
([k) okD;e;s izfo'; lo dk; osQu fouk';rs\
(x) ys[kdL; ns'klsok;k% fopkjL; dFke~ bfrJhjHkwr~\
(?k) usr`egksn;% iqLrdiz'kalka oqQoZu~ ^fdUrq* iz;ksxsu oaQ ijke'kZe~ vnnkr~\
() Hkkstu&xks"BhLFkys dhn`'kh izn'kZuh lek;ksftrk vklhr~\
(p) Hkkstuxks"B~;ka ys[kdL; d.Bufydka d% v#/r~\
(N) /eZO;oLFkkid% fo/ok;k% iqufoZokgeqfpra eU;ekuksfi O;oLFkka fdeFk u nnkS\
(t) x`fg.kh iR;q% d.kZlehis vkxR; 'kuS% fde~ vonr~\
(>) yksdk% fdUrq ;qDrka okrk osQu dkj.ksu foxq.kka x.k;fUr\
(k) fdUrks% lkoZfnd% izHkko% d%\

104

2-

'kk'orh

mi;qkQ'kCnku~ fpRok fjDrLFkkukuka iwfrZ% fo/s;k&

(nq?kZVk] vo/kue~] lUnkfur%] Lokfeegksn;e~] laLrs] fookgL;] 'kkUre~] iyk;kaposQz ]
dkykr~] ladVs)
(d) vge~ ------------------- vizk{ka fdega r=k xUrqa 'kDuksfeA
([k) vL; ^fdUrks%* dkj.kkr~ dfLefi dk;sZ liQyrk ------------------- vfLrA
(x) rL; Loknlw=ks.k ------------------- vga ;FkSo f}rh;a xzklex`a rFkSo ^fdUrq%* ee
d.BufydkejQkr~A
(?k) xfj"BoLrquks Hkkstus ------------------- vR;ko';de~A
() foxq.k% dk"kkZi.k% oqQfRlr'p iq=k% ------------------- dnkfpnqi;qDkQks Hkosr~A
(p) jkT;rks yC/k;k HkwesjfHk;ksxks cgks% ------------------- U;k;ky;s pyfr LeA
(N) ee loksZI;qRlkg% ------------------- A
(t) vga fuf'pUrrk;k ,oaQ ------------------- fu%'okleeqpe~A
(>) tkrL; rL;k ------------------- v| r`rh;ks fnol%A
(k) cgqdkykuUrja ------------------- ,oa fo/ka uohurk n`f"VxrkHkor~A

3-

vkksfyf[krS% mfprf;kinS% fjDrLFkkukfu iwj;r&

ifjx.;sr] ijkofrZf"k] vkfPNufk] eU;kegs] nh;sr] vfyf[k";r~
(d) iz/ku% ,oaQ i=ka izsf"krokufLrA ,rnqi;Zfi y{;nkueko';oaQ -------------------A
([k) x`gkfHkeq[ka eq[ka oqQoZu~ rLekr~ LFkkuknso -------------------A
(x) ;fn fgUnhHkk"kk;ke~ ------------------- rfgZ lE;xHkfo";r~A
(?k) bnesoksfpra izrh;rs ;r~ ,oafo/LFkys iqufoZokgL; O;oLFkk -------------------A
() dnkfpr~ dnkfpo;a wj% ^fdUrq%* eq[kL; doyefi -------------------A
(p) uk|kfi prqFkhZdeZ lEia ;su fookg% -------------------A

105

fdUrks% oqQfVyrk

4-

lfU/&foPNsna oqQ#r&
(d) r=kSokL;
([k) lokZ.;so
(x) efUufeZresde~
(?k) fdySdksf/dkjh
() };ks#i;sZo

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5-

izfr&izR;;foHkkx% f;rke~
-----------------(d) fueqZP;
-----------------([k) vknk;
-----------------(x) izfo"V%
-----------------(?k) vkxR;
-----------------() ifjKkre~

6-

vkksfyf[krs"kq ins"kq foHkkQ opua p n'kZ;r&

-----------------(d) dk;sZ
-----------------([k) vfHk;kskqQ%
-----------------(x) ckfydk;k%
-----------------(?k) U;k;ky;su
-----------------() usrq%
-----------------(p) 'kDrkS
-----------------(N) vkS"kf/e~

7-

LojfprokD;s"kq vkksfyf[krinkuka iz;ksxa oqQ#r&

fdUrq] xUrqe~] ee~] foHkhf"kdk] Hkj.kiks"k.ke~] n`"V~okA

106

8-

'kk'orh

foykse'kCnku~ fy[kr&
(d) foxq.k%
([k) 'kkS;Ze~
(x) lqjf{kr%
(?k) 'k=kqrk
() /hj%
(p) Hk;e~

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;ksX;rkfoLrkj%
1-

LodYiu;k okD;iwfr oqQ#r&

(d) vge~ mPpk;;ua dkqZfePNkfe] fdUrq ------------------ A
([k) Nk=kk% d{kk;keqifLFkrk%] fdUrq ------------------ A
(x) l% xUrqfePNfr] fdUrq ------------------ A
(?k) o;a rkqfZ PNke%] fdUrq ------------------A
() rs dk; dkqZfePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(p) vokZphuk% tuk vfi izkphuka Hkk"kka ifBrqfePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(N) fu/Zuk vfi /ufePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(t) losZ tuk vkthfodkfePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A
(>) ewdksfi okqQfePNfr] fdUrq ------------------A
(k) v;kidk v;kiua dkqZfePNfUr] fdUrq ------------------A

2-

vkksfyf[krkuke~ vkHkk.kdkuka lekukFkZdkfu okD;kfu ikBkr~ vUos"VO;kfu&

(d) eqg dk dkSj NhuukA
([k) oqQN fnu igys dh ckr gSA
(x) [kksVk flDdk vkSj [kksVk csVk Hkh le; ij dke vkrs gSaA
(?k) ukd&HkkSag fldksM+ukA