Skull, Brain and Cranial Nerves

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Skull
Part of Axial Skeleton Cranial bones = cranium
Enclose and protect brain Attachment for head + neck muscles

Facial bones =framework of face

Form cavities for sense organs Opening for air + food passage Hold teeth Anchor face muscles

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Cranial and Facial Bones

Cranial - 8

Facial 14

Frontal Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid Parietal (2) Temporal (2)

Mandible Maxilla (2) Zygomatic (2) Nasal (2) Lacrimal (2) Palatine (2) Vomer Inf. Nasal Conchae(2)

Bones of Skull
Flat bones: thin, flattened, some curve Sutures: immovable joints joining bones Calvaria = Skullcap =Vault

Superior, Lateral, Posterior part of skull

Inferior part of skull Spinal cord, blood vessels, nerves Foramina, meatus, canal, fissure, notch

Floor = Base

85 openings in skull

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Cranial Fossae
Created by bony ridges Supports, encircles brain 3 Fossae

Anterior Middle Posterior

All the bones visible from this view are the cranial bones!!
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Other Cavities of Skull

pg 813 pg 904

Orbits Nasal Cavity

Middle Ear Inner Ear

Skull through Life

Ossifies late in 2nd month of development Frontal + Mandible start as 2 halves-then fuse Growth of Skull
adult size by age 9 months adult size by 2 years 100% adult size by 8-9 years Face enlarges between ages 6-13 years

Fetal Skull
Skull bones separated by unossified membranes = Fontanels

Allow compression of skull during delivery Allows rapid growth of brain

Mostly replaced w/bone after 1st year

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The Brain
4 Parts

Cerebrum *Diencephalon Brain Stem

Midbrain Pons Medulla

Cerebellum

Gray matter surrounded by White matter w/outer cortex of gray matter

*some texts consider this part of brain stem

Pg 836

Meninges: 3 membranes around brain and spinal cord

Made of Connective tissue Functions

Cover, Protect CNS Enclose, protect blood vessels supplying CNS Contain CSF Dura Mater (external) Arachnoid Mater (middle) Pia Mater (internal) pg 833

3 Layers

Meninges (continued)
Dura mater

Strongest, 2 Layers, Fibrous Connective Tissue

Periosteal layer (Periosteum): External/superficial layer Meningeal layer: Internal/deep layer

Layers fused except around dural sinuses (venous blood filled internal jugular vein)

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Extensions of Dura Mater

Partitions: limit movement of brain

Falx Cerebri vertical, between cerebral hemispheres Falx Cerebelli -vertical, between cerebellar hemispheres Tentorium Cerebelli horizontal, between cerebrum and cerebellum

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Meninges
Arachnoid Mater
Middle layer Subarachnoid Space-between arachnoid mater and pia mater (contains most of CSF, blood vessels) Arachnoid Villi (Granulations)- projections of arachnoid mater through dura into superior sagittal sinus, act as valves to help CSF pass into dural sinuses

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Meninges (continued)
Pia Mater
Innermost layer Delicate, highly vascular Clings directly to brain tissue, dips into convolutions

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Ventricles
Expansions of brains central cavity Lined with Ependymal Cells Filled with CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) Ventricles continuous w/each other + central canal of spinal cord

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Ventricles (continued)
Lateral Ventricles (#1+2)

Cerebral Hemisphere Separated by Septum Pellucidum Diencephalon Interventricular Foramen: connects to lateral ventricle Hindbrain Cerebral Aqueduct: connects 3rd and 4th ventricles Connects to central canal of spinal cord & medulla 3 openings connect 4th to subarachnoid space

Third Ventricle

Fourth Ventricle

2 lateral apertures 1 median aperture

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Cerebrospinal Fluid
Liquid cushion for brain and spinal cord Nourishes brain Removes waste Conducts chemical signals between parts of CNS (e.g. hormones) Forms as a filtrate of blood in choroid plexuses

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Choroid Plexuses
Choroid Plexuses: groups of capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells
Made of sodium, chloride ions, proteins, glucose, O2

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Flow of CSF
Formed in Choroid plexuses Through Ventricles Into Subarachnoid space & central canal from 4th ventricle Through Arachnoid Villi into Superior Sagittal Sinus Into Internal Jugular Vein

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Organization of the Brain

Composed of gray and white matter Different organization than in the spinal cord

Centrally located gray matter surrounded by white matter Cortex: external sheets of gray matter in cerebrum & cerebellum (some parts of brain) Nuclei: deep masses of gray matter surrounded by white matter (some parts of brain)

Cerebrum
Executive Suite of nervous system

Self-awareness, initiate + control voluntary movements, communicate, remember, understanding, language

Most superior region Covers diencephalon + top of brain stem like mushroom cap Cerebral cortex

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Cerebral Hemispheres
Fissures and Grooves Fissures deepest Transverse cerebral fissure Separates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum Longitudinal fissure
Separates

R and L cerebral hemispheres

Sulci Grooves on surface Gyri Ridges of brain tissue among the sulci

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Cerebral Hemispheres:
Each hemisphere divided into 5 lobes

Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Insula

Created by deep sulci Functional areas: motor, sensory Associative areas: integrate
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Cerebral Hemispheres
The 2 hemispheres control opposite sides of body Corpus callosum

The largest commissure between the hemispheres

Hemispheres specialized for different cognitive functions

Left Cerebral hemisphere

Language, mathematics and logic Visual-spatial, interpreting facial expressions, intuition, emotion, artistic/musical skills

Right Cerebral hemisphere

Diencephalon
Surrounded by cerebral hemispheres Made of 3 Paired Structures

Thalamus

gateway

Communicates sensory info of cerebral cortex Regulates many body activities Emotion, sleep, memory, etc. Pituitary Gland

Hypothalamus

Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Epithalamus

Pineal Gland

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Melatonin

Brainstem

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

Passage of all signals between spinal cord and brain Regulates basic physiological functions Innervation of head and neck

Brainstem
Midbrain
Visual and Auditory reflex centers Attachment for CN III, IV

Pons

Attachment for CN V, VI, VII, VIII

Medulla oblongata
Regulates several basic physiological functions Attachment of CN IX, X, XI, XII

Cerebellum
Smooths + coordinates body movements directed by other parts of brain 2 Cerebellar Hemispheres Cerebellar cortex surrounds Arbor vitae Functions

Information on equilibrium Movement of neck, trunk, limbs Information from cerebral cortex on voluntary movement

Blood Brain Barrier

Protects brain from blood-borne toxins (e.g. urea, food toxins, bacteria) Endothelium of brain capillaries are loaded with tight junction to decrease permeability Not complete protection, some things still have to get through (e.g. fat-soluble molecules can pass through)

Blood Supply to Brain

Arteries

External carotid arteries and branches

Tissues of head & face, skin, muscles Middle meningeal a. = brain

Boxers!

Internal carotid arteries and branches

Opthalmic a. = Eye & Orbits Ant & Middle Cerebral arts = Cerebrum Branches form Cerebral Arterial Circle = Anastomosis Posterior brain Vertebrae & Cervical Spinal Cord Branches form Cerebral Arterial Circle = Anastomosis

Vertebral arteries

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Blood Supply to the Brain

Veins

Dural sinuses

Superior & Inferior Sagittal, transverse, sigmoid, straight, etc

Internal jugular

Receives from dural sinuses

Drains scalp and face (superficial) Drains cervical vertebrae, cervical spinal cord, small neck muscles

External jugular

Vertebral

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Cranial Nerves
12 Pairs: I-XII Numbered Anterior to Posterior Attach to inferior surface of brain Exit brain through foramina in skull I + II attach to Forebrain (cerebrum + diencephalon) III-XII attach to Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla) Only X goes beyond the head-neck
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Foramina serving Cranial Nerves

You must know what foramina each CN leaves the skull through (refer to lab manual)

How to Remember CN I-XII

Oh! Oh! Oh! To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet! Ah Heaven!

I II III IV V VI VII

Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal (1-3) Abducens Facial

(oh) (oh) (oh) (to) (touch) (and) (feel)

VIII
IX X XI XII

Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal

(very)
(good) (velvet) (ah) (heaven)

Motor vs. Sensory Nerves

Sensory = Afferent
Send nervous impulse from sensory receptors to brain to bring in information e.g. pressure, temperature, pain

Motor = Efferent
Send nervous impulses from brain to body to accomplish an action e.g. movement of a muscle, activation of a gland

Sensory Nerves
Sensory = Afferent

Visceral Sensory (sensory innervation of viscera)

stretch, pain, temp., chemical changes, irritation in viscera Special: taste

Somatic Sensory (sensory innervation of outer part body)

touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temp. in skin, body wall, limbs Special: hearing, equilibrium, vision, smell

Motor Nerves
Motor Nerves

Visceral Motor (motor innervation muscle in viscera + glands)

innervation smooth + cardiac muscle, glands innervation of skeletal muscles (except pharyngeal arch m.)

Somatic Motor (motor innervation of skeletal muscle)

Mnemonic for CN Function

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most! (CN I) (CN II) (CN III) (CN IV) (CN V) (CN VI) (CN VII) (CN VIII) (CN IX) (CN X) (CN XI) (CN XII)

S = Sensory function M = Motor function B = BOTH (Sensory and Motor function)

Cranial Nerve Function

I II III IV

Olfactory--------Sensory--smell Optic-------------Sensory--vision Oculomotor----Motor----extrinsic eye muscles Trochlear-------Motor----extrinsic eye muscles

V
V1 V2 V3

Trigeminal
Opthalmic-----Sensory-cornea, nasal mucosa, face skin Maxillary------Sensory-skin of face, oral cavity, teeth Mandibular---Motor-muscles of mastication ---Sensory-face skin, teeth, tongue (general)

Cranial Nerves (continued)

VI Abducens--------------Motor-----eye abduction muscles

VII

Facial-------------------Sensory---part of tongue (taste)

-------------------Motor------muscles of facial expression

VIII IX

Vestibulocochlear---Sensory----hearing, equilibrium Glossopharyngeal----Motor------stylopharyngeus muscle ----Sensory----tongue (gen & taste), pharynx

Vagus------------------Motor-------pharynx, larynx
-------------------Sensory----pharynx, larynx, abd. organs

XI

Accessory-------------Motor------trapezius, sternocleidomastoid

XII

Hypoglossal----------Motor-------tongue muscles

CN I: Olfactory Nerve
Attaches to cerebrum Many nerve endings from olfactory bulbs Pass through olfactory foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone to receptors in roof of nasal cavity Sensory for smell

Fig 8.48

CN II: Optic Nerve

Attaches to Diencephalon Enters orbit through optic canal Sensory for vision

Fig 8.83

CN III: Oculomotor Nerve

Attaches to Midbrain Enters orbit through superior orbital fissure Motor to 3 of 4 extrinsic muscles of eye

Superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles & inferior oblique muscle

Parasympathetic to muscles controlling pupil & lens of eye

Fig 8.83

CN IV: Trochlear Nerve

Attaches to Midbrain Enters orbit through superior orbital fissure Motor to superior oblique muscle of eye

Fig 8.83

CN V1: Ophthalmic Nerve

First branch of Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Attaches to Pons Enters orbit through superior orbital fissure, then exits orbit through supraorbital foramen/notch Sensory-cornea, nasal mucosa, face skin

Fig 8.83

CN V2 : Maxillary Nerve

Second branch of Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Attaches to the pons Passes through the foramen rotundum, inferior orbital fissure and out the infraorbital foramen Sensory-skin of face, oral cavity, teeth

Fig 8.138

CN V3: Mandibular Nerve

Third branch of Trigeminal nerve (CN V) Attaches to Pons Exits cranial cavity through foramen ovale, into the mandibular foramen and out the mental foramen Motor-muscles of mastication Sensory-face skin, teeth, anterior 2/3 tongue (general)

Fig 8.139

Distribution of sensory innervation to skin of face from CN V

CN V = Trigeminal V1 = Opthalmic

V2 = Maxillary
V3 = Mandibular

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CN VI: Abducens Nerve

Attaches to Pons Enters orbit through superior orbital fissure Motor to lateral rectus muscle of eye

Fig 8.83

CN VII: Facial Nerve

Attaches to Pons Exits cranial cavity through internal acoustic meatus, then exits skull through stylomastoid foramen Sensory to anterior 2/3 tongue for taste Motor to muscles of facial expression Parasympathetic to Mandibular & Sublingual glands, Lacrimal gland

Fig 8.60

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Attaches to Pons Enters inner ear through internal acoustic meatus Sensory to organs of hearing and equilibrium

Fig 8.119

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal nerve

Attaches to medulla oblongata Exits cranial cavity through jugular foramen Motor to stylopharyngeus muscle Sensory to posterior 1/3 tongue (general & taste), pharynx Parasympathetic to parotid gland Figs 8.162, 8.247

CN X: Vagus Nerve
Attaches to Medulla oblongata Exits cranial cavity through jugular foramen Nicknamed the wanderer Motor to pharynx, larynx Sensory to pharynx, larynx, abdominal organs Parasympathetic to thoracic and abdominal organs

Figs 8.164

CN XI: Accessory Nerve

Attaches to Medulla oblongata Exits cranial cavity through jugular foramen Joined by a spinal segment passing through foramen magnum Motor to trapezius & sternocleidomastoid muscles

Fig 8.165

CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve

Attaches to Medulla oblongata Exits cranial cavity through hypoglossal canal Motor to tongue muscles

Fig 8.166

Summary of Functional Groups

Purely Sensory = I, II, VIII Primarily Motor = III, IV, VI, XI, XII Mixed = V, VII, IX, X
Parasympathetic Fibers = III, VII, IX, X (Division of Autonomic NS = Visceral Motor)

Parasympathetic Fibers
CN III = Oculomotor
Contracts Iris (controls pupil) Contracts Ciliary Muscle (controls lens)

CN VII = Facial
Innervates Salivary glands (mandibular & sublingual) Innervates Lacrimal gland

CN IX = Glossopharyngeal

Innervates Parotid Salivary gland

Innervates thoracic & abdominal viscera

CN X = Vagus

pg 48