SECTION 9.

Castiglianos Theorem

601

Castiglianos Theorem
The beams described in the problems for Section 9.9 have constant flexural rigidity EI. Problem 9.9-1 A simple beam AB of length L is loaded at the left-hand end by a couple of moment M0 (see figure). Determine the angle of rotation A at support A. (Obtain the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using Castiglianos theorem.) Solution 9.9-1
M0 A B M0 A B

Simple beam with couple M0 STRAIN ENERGY U

M2 M2dx 0 2 EI 2 EI

M2 x 2 0L dx L 6 EI M0 L dU dM0 3 EI (clockwise)

x L

CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM uA

RA

M0 L

(downward) M0 x L

(This result agree with Case 7, Table G-2)

M M0 RAx M0 M0 1 x L

Problem 9.9-2 The simple beam shown in the figure supports a concentrated load P acting at distance a from the left-hand support and distance b from the right-hand support. Determine the deflection D at point D where the load is applied. (Obtain the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using Castiglianos theorem.)

P A D B

a L

Solution 9.9-2

Simple beam with load P

P

STRAIN ENERGY U
b B

a D x L

M2dx 2EI

UAD
x

1 2 EI 1 2EI

0 b

Pbx 2 P2a3b2 dx L 6 EIL2

RA

Pb L

RB

Pa L

UDB

Pax 2 P2a2b3 dx L 6 EIL2 P2a2b2 6 LEI

MAD RA x MDB RB x

Pbx L Pax L

U UAD UDB

CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM D dU Pa2b2 dP 3 LEI (downward)

602

CHAPTER 9

Deflections of Beams

Problem 9.9-3 An overhanging beam ABC supports a concentrated load P at the end of the overhang (see figure). Span AB has length L and the overhang has length a. Determine the deflection C at the end of the overhang. (Obtain the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using Castiglianos theorem.)

P A B C

Solution 9.9-3
A

Overhanging beam
P B C

STRAIN ENERGY U UAB 1 2 EI 1 2 EI

M2dx 2 EI

x a

Pax 2 P2a2L dx L 6 EI
2

UCB RA Pa L (downward)

(Px) dx 6 EI
0

P2a3

Pax MAB RA x L MCB Px

U UAB UCB

P2a2 (L a) 6 EI

CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM C dU Pa2 (L a) dP 3EI (downward)

Problem 9.9-4 The cantilever beam shown in the figure supports a triangularly distributed load of maximum intensity q0. Determine the deflection B at the free end B. (Obtain the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using Castiglianos theorem.)

q0

B A L

Solution 9.9-4
q0

Cantilever beam with triangular load STRAIN ENERGY

P B

M2dx 1 2 EI 2 EI
4

Px

q0 x3 2 dx 6L

A L

5 Pq0 L q2 PL 0L 6 EI 30 EI 42 EI 2 3

P fictitious load corresponding to deflection B M Px q0 x3 6L

CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM q0 L4 0 U PL3 (downward) 0 P 3 EI 30 EI (This result agrees with Cases 1 and 8 of Table G-1.) B SET P 0: B q0 L4 30 EI

SECTION 9.9

Castiglianos Theorem

603

Problem 9.9-5 A simple beam ACB supports a uniform load of intensity q on the left-hand half of the span (see figure). Determine the angle of rotation B at support B. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)

q A C B

L 2

L 2

Solution 9.9-5
q A

Simple beam with partial uniform load

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM (EQ. 9-88)

C B M0

uB

EI

0M dx 0 M0 qx2 3qL M0 x x R B R dx 8 L 2 L qL M0 x x M0 R B 1 R dx 8 L L

x L 2 L 2

1 EI

L2

M0 fictitious load corresponding to angle of rotation B RA 3 qL M0 8 L RB qL M0 8 L

1 EI

L2

SET FICTITIOUS LOAD M0 EQUAL TO ZERO uB 1 EI

BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR SEGMENT AC MAC RA x qx qx 3 qL M0 x 2 8 L 2

2 2

L2

3qLx qx2 x dx 8 2 L

1 EI

L2

qLx x 1 dx 8 L

L 0 x 2 0 MAC x 0 M0 L BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR CB MCB RBx M0 qL M0 x M0 8 L L 0 x 2

qL3 qL3 7qL3 (counterclockwise) 128 EI 96 EI 384 EI (This result agrees with Case 2, Table G-2.)

SEGMENT

0 MCB x 1 0 M0 L

604

CHAPTER 9

Deflections of Beams

Problem 9.9-6 A cantilever beam ACB supports two concentrated loads P1 and P2, as shown in the figure. Determine the deflections C and B at points C and B, respectively. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)

P1 A C

P2 B L 2

L 2

Solution 9.9-6

Cantilever beam with loads P1 and P2

P1 P2 B L 2 x

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION B B 1 EI

A L 2

L2

( MCB )

0 MCB dx 0 P2 0 MAC dx 0 P2

1 EI

BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR SEGMENT CB L MCB P2 x 0 x 2 0 MCB 0 MCB 0 x 0 P1 0 P2 BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR SEGMENT AC MAC P1 x 0 MAC L x 0 P1 2 L P2x 2 0 MAC x 0 P2

( MAC )

L2

1 EI

L2

( P2x ) ( x ) dx

1 EI

B P1 x

L2

L P2x R ( x ) dx 2

P2L3 L3 (5 P1 14 P2 ) 24 EI 48 EI

L x L 2

L3 (5P1 16P2 ) 48 EI (These results can be verified with the aid of Cases 4 and 5, Table G-1.)

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION C C 1 EI

L2

( MCB )

0 MCB dx 0 P1 0 MAC dx 0 P1 L L P2x R x dx 2 2

1 EI

( MAC )

L2

1 EI

B P1 x

L2

L3 (2 P1 5 P2 ) 48 EI

SECTION 9.9

Castiglianos Theorem

605

Problem 9.9-7 The cantilever beam ACB shown in the figure is subjected to a uniform load of intensity q acting between points A and C. Determine the angle of rotation A at the free end A. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)

q A L 2 C L 2 B

Solution 9.9-7

Cantilever beam with partial uniform load

q

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM (EQ. 9-88)

C B L 2

M0

A x L 2

uA

EI

0M dx 0 M0 qx2 ( 1) dx 2 qL L x R ( 1) dx 2 4

1 EI

L2

M0

M0 fictitious load corresponding to the angle of rotation A BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR SEGMENT AC qx MAC M0 2 0 MAC 1 0 M0
2

1 EI

B M0

L2

SET FICTITIOUS LOAD M0 EQUAL TO ZERO uA 1 EI

L 2

L2

qx2 1 dx 2 EI

L2

qL L x dx 2 4

qL3 qL3 48 EI 8 EI

SEGMENT

BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR CB MCB M0 0 MCB 1 0 M0 qL L x 2 4

L x L 2

7qL3 (counterclockwise) 48 EI (This result can be verified with the aid of Case 3, Table G-1.)

Problem 9.9-8 The frame ABC supports a concentrated load P at point C (see figure). Members AB and BC have lengths h and b, respectively. Determine the vertical deflection C and angle of rotation C at end C of the frame. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)
h

b B C P

606

CHAPTER 9

Deflections of Beams

Solution 9.9-8
b B x

Frame with concentrated load

C P M0

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION C C

EI

M
h

0M dx 0P 1 EI

1 EI

( Pb M0 )( b ) dx

(Px M )(x)dx
0 0

x A

Set M0 0: C 1 EI

Pb2dx

1 EI

Px dx
2 0

P concentrated load acting at point C (corresponding to the deflection C) M0 fictitious moment corresponding to the angle of rotation C BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR MEMBER AB MAB Pb M0 0 MAB b 0P (0 x h)

Pb2 (3h b ) 3 EI

(downward)

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM FOR ANGLE OF ROTATION C uC

EI

0M dx 0 M0 1 EI

1 EI

( Pb M0 )(1) dx

(Px M )(1) dx
0 0

0 MAB 1 M0

Set M0 0: uC 1 EI
h

Pb dx

BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR MEMBER BC MBC Px M0 0 MBC x 0P (0 x b)

1 EI

Px dx
0

Pb (2h b ) 2EI

(clockwise)

0 MBC 1 0 M0
q

Problem 9.9-9 A simple beam ABCDE supports a uniform load of intensity q (see figure). The moment of inertia in the central part of the beam (BCD) is twice the moment of inertia in the end parts (AB and DE). Find the deflection C at the midpoint C of the beam. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)

A I L 4

C 2I L 4 L 4

D I L 4

SECTION 9.9

Castiglianos Theorem

607

Solution 9.9-9
q

Nonprismatic beam
P

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM (EQ. 9-88) Integrate from A to C and multiply by 2.

A I

C 2I L

D I

C 2

MAC 0 MAC dx EI 0P

1 EI

L4

qLx qx2 Px x dx 2 2 2 2
L2

P fictitious load corresponding to the deflection C at the midpoint qL P RA 2 2 BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR THE LEFT-HAND HALF OF THE BEAM (A TO C ) MAC qLx qx2 Px L 0 x 2 2 2 2 0 MAC x L 0 x 0P 2 2

1 2 EI

L4

qLx qx2 Px x dx 2 2 2 2 P EQUAL TO ZERO

SET FICTITIOUS C 2 EI C

LOAD

L4

qLx qx2 x dx 2 2 2

1 EI

L2

L4

qLx qx2 x dx 2 2 2

13 qL4 67 qL4 6,144 EI 12,288 EI 31qL4 4096 EI (downward)

Problem 9.9-10 An overhanging beam ABC is subjected to a couple MA at the free end (see figure). The lengths of the overhang and the main span are a and L, respectively. Determine the angle of rotation A and deflection A at end A. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)

MA

Solution 9.9-10
P MA A

Overhanging beam ABC

B

BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR SEGMENT BC Reaction at support C: RC MA Pa (downward) L L MAx Pax (0 x L) MBC RC x L L 0 MBC x 0 MBC ax 0 MA L 0P L

a x

MA couple acting at the free end A (corresponding to the angle of rotation A) P fictitious load corresponding to the deflection A BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR SEGMENT AB MAB MA Px (0 x a) 0 MAB 0 MAB 1 x 0 MA 0P

608

CHAPTER 9

Deflections of Beams

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM FOR ANGLE OF ROTATION A uA

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION A A

M 0M dx EI 0 MA

EI

0M dx 0P
A

1 EI

( MA Px )( 1) dx

1 EI

(M Px)(x)dx
0

1 EI

MAx Pax x dx L L L

1 EI

MAx Pax ax dx L L L

Set P 0: A 1 EI

Set P 0: uA 1 EI

M dx EI
1
A 0

MAx x dx L L

MAxdx

1 EI

MAx ax dx L L

MA ( L 3a ) 3 EI

(counterclockwise)

MAa (2L 3a ) 6EI

(downward)

Problem 9.9-11 An overhanging beam ABC rests on a simple support at A and a spring support at B (see figure). A concentrated load P acts at the end of the overhang. Span AB has length L, the overhang has length a, and the spring has stiffness k. Determine the downward displacement C of the end of the overhang. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.) Solution 9.9-11 Beam with spring support
P A L x RA RB k x B a C

P A k B C

STRAIN ENERGY OF THE SPRING (EQ. 2-38a) US R2 P2 ( L a ) 2 B 2k 2 kL2

STRAIN ENERGY OF THE BEAM (EQ. 9-80a) UB

Pa (downward) L P RB ( L a ) (upward) L RA BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR SEGMENT AB MAB RAx Pax L dMAB ax dP L (0 x L )

2 EI

M2dx

TOTAL STRAIN ENERGY U U UB US

M2dx P2 ( L a ) 2 2 EI 2 kL2

APPLY CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM (EQ. 9-87) C dU d M2dx d P2 ( L a ) 2 B R dP dP 2 EI dP 2 kL2 d M2dx P ( L a ) 2 dP 2 EI kL2

SEGMENT

BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR BC dMBC x dP (0 x a)

MBC Px

SECTION 9.9

Castiglianos Theorem

609

DIFFERENTIATE UNDER THE INTEGRAL SIGN (MODIFIED CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM) C

1 EI
2

(Px)(x)dx
0

P(L a)2 kL2

P(L a) M dM dx EI dP kL2

Pa L Pa3 P ( L a ) 2 3 EI 3 EI kL2 Pa2 ( L a ) P ( L a ) 2 3 EI kL2

q A B L 4 C L 4 D

1 EI

Pax ax dx L L

Problem 9.9-12 A symmetric beam ABCD with overhangs at both ends supports a uniform load of intensity q (see figure). Determine the deflection D at the end of the overhang. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castiglianos theorem.)

Solution 9.9-12 Beam with overhangs

P q A B x x C x D

SEGMENT CD 0 MCD x 0P

MCD

qx2 Px 2

L 4

MODIFIED CASTIGLIANOS THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION D D

q intensity of uniform load P fictitious load corresponding to the deflection D L length of segments AB and CD 4 L length of span BC 3 qL P RB 4 4 3 qL 5P RC 4 4

EI

0M dx 0P qx2 (0) dx 2 3qL P q L 2 x x R 2 4 4 4

1 EI

L4

1 EI

x 1 B R dx 4 EI SET P 0: D 1 EI

L4

qx2 Px ( x ) dx 2

BENDING MOMENTS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES SEGMENT AB qx2 MAB 2 SEGMENT BC MBC B q x L 1 L R B x R RB x 4 2 4
2

0 MAB 0 0P

L 0 x 4

q L 2 3qL x x x R B R dx 2 4 4 4

1 EI

L4

qx2 ( x ) dx 2

5 qL4 qL4 37 qL4 768 EI 2048 EI 6144 EI

q 3 qL P L x x 2 4 4 4 0 MBC x 0P 4

(0 x L )

(Minus means the deflection is opposite in direction to the fictitious load P.) D 37 qL4 6144 EI (upward)

610

CHAPTER 9

Deflections of Beams

Deflections Produced by Impact

The beams described in the problems for Section 9.10 have constant flexural rigidity EI. Disregard the weights of the beams themselves, and consider only the effects of the given loads. Problem 9.10-1 A heavy object of weight W is dropped onto the midpoint of a simple beam AB from a height h (see figure). Obtain a formula for the maximum bending stress max due to the falling weight in terms of h, st, and st, where st is the maximum bending stress and st is the deflection at the midpoint when the weight W acts on the beam as a statically applied load. Plot a graph of the ratio max /st (that is, the ratio of the dynamic stress to the static stress) versus the ratio h /st. (Let h /st vary from 0 to 10.) Solution 9.10-1 Weight W dropping onto a simple beam h st 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 NOTE: st smax sst 2.00 3.45 4.33 5.00 5.58
A

h B

L 2

L 2

MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94)

12 max st ( 2 st 2hst )

MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress is proportional to the deflection . smax max 2h 12 1 1 sst st st smax sst B 1 1 2h 12 R st

WL3 for a simple beam with a load 48 EI at the midpoint.

GRAPH OF RATIO max/st

6 max st 4 2 0 2.5 5.0 h st 7.5 10.0

Problem 9.10-2 An object of weight W is dropped onto the midpoint of a simple beam AB from a height h (see figure). The beam has a rectangular cross section of area A. Assuming that h is very large compared to the deflection of the beam when the weight W is applied statically, obtain a formula for the maximum bending stress max in the beam due to the falling weight.

W h

A L 2 L 2

SECTION 5.5

Method of Superposition

611

Solution 9.10-2

Weight W dropping onto a simple beam sst st M WL S 4S WL3 48 EI s2 st W2L2 16 S2 (2)

Height h is very large. MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-95) max 2hst MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress is proportional to the deflection . smax max 2h sst st B st smax 2 hs2 st B st (1)

s2 3 WEI st 2 st SL

For a RECTANGULAR BEAM (with b, depth d ): bd 3 bd 2 I 3 3 I S 2 12 6 bd A S Substitute (2) and (3) into (1): smax 18 WhE B AL

(3)

Problem 9.10-3 A cantilever beam AB of length L 6 ft is constructed of a W 8 21 wide-flange section (see figure). A weight W 1500 lb falls through a height h 0.25 in. onto the end of the beam. Calculate the maximum deflection max of the end of the beam and the maximum bending stress max due to the falling weight. (Assume E 30 106 psi.) Solution 9.10-3

W = 1500 lb W 8 21 A L = 6 ft B

h = 0.25 in.

Cantilever beam Equation (9-94): 12 max st ( 2 0.302 in. st 2 h st ) MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS Consider a cantilever beam with load P at the free end: Mmax PL PL3 smax max S S 3 EI smax 3 EI Ratio: 2 max SL 3 EI smax 2 max 21,700 psi SL

DATA: L 6 ft 72 in. W 1500 lb h 0.25 in. E 30 106 psi W 8 21 I 75.3 in.4 S 18.2 in.3 MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94) Equation (9-94) may be used for any linearly elastic structure by substituting st W/k, where k is the stiffress of the particular structure being considered. For instance: Simple beam with load at midpoint: 48 EI k 3 L Cantilever beam with load at the free end: k For the cantilever beam in this problem: (1500 lb)(72 in.) 3 WL3 st 3 EI 3(30 106 psi)(75.3 in.4 ) 0.08261 in. 3 EI Etc. L3

Problem 9.10-4 A weight W 20 kN falls through a height h 1.0 mm onto the midpoint of a simple beam of length L 3 m (see figure). The beam is made of wood with square cross section (dimension d on each side) and E 12 GPa. If the allowable bending stress in the wood is allow 10 MPa, what is the minimum required dimension d?

W A

h B d d

L 2

L 2

612

CHAPTER 9

Deflections of Beams

Solution 9.10-4

Simple beam with falling weight W SUBSTITUTE (2) AND (3) INTO EQ. (1) 2smaxd 3 8hEd 4 12 1 1 3 WL WL3 SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES: 2(10 MPa) d3 8(1.0 mm)(12 GPa) d 4 12 1 B1 R 3(20 kN)(3.0 m) (20 kN)(3.0 m) 3 1000 3 1600 4 12 d 1 B1 d R 9 9 (d meters)

DATA: W 20 kN h 1.0 mm L 3.0 m E 12 GPa allow 10 MPa CROSS SECTION OF BEAM (SQUARE) d dimension of each side d4 d3 I S 12 6 MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94) max st ( 2 st 2 h st )
12

MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress is proportional to the deflection . smax max 2h 12 1 1 (1) sst st st STATIC TERMS st AND st M WL 6 3 WL sst 3 S 4 d 2d3 st WL3 WL3 12 WL3 4 48 EI 48 E d 4 Ed 4 (2) (3)

SQUARE BOTH SIDES, REARRANGE, AND SIMPLIFY 1000 2 3 1600 2000 d d 0 9 9 9 2500d 3 36 d 45 0 (d meters)

SOLVE NUMERICALLY d 0.2804 m 280.4 mm For minimum value, round upward. d 281 mm

Problem 9.10-5 A weight W 4000 lb falls through a height h 0.5 in. onto the midpoint of a simple beam of length L 10 ft (see figure). Assuming that the allowable bending stress in the beam is allow 18,000 psi and E 30 106 psi, select the lightest wide-flange beam listed in Table E-1 in Appendix E that will be satisfactory.

W = 4000 lb h = 0.5 in. A B

L = 5 ft 2

L = 5 ft 2

Solution 9.10-5

Simple beam of wide-flange shape STATIC TERMS st AND st sst WL3 48 EI 4 sallow S smax 4S sallow sst WL WL 2h 48 EI 96 hEI 2h st WL3 WL3 M WL S 4S st

DATA: W 4000 lb h 0.5 in. L 10 ft 120 in. allow 18,000 psi E 30 106 psi MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94)
12 max st ( 2 st 2hst )

(2) (3)

or

max 2h 12 1 1 st st

SUBSTITUTE (2) AND (3) INTO EQ. (1): MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress is proportional to the deflection . smax max 2h 12 1 1 (1) sst st st 4sallowS 96hEI 12 1 1 WL WL3 REQUIRED SECTION MODULUS S WL 96 hEI 12 B 1 1 R 4sallow WL3

SECTION 5.5

Method of Superposition

613

SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES 20 3 5 I 12 in. B 1 1 R 3 24 (S in.3; I in.4) S PROCEDURE 1. Select a trial beam from Table E-1. 2. Substitute I into Eq. (4) and calculate required S. 3. Compare with actual S for the beam. 4. Continue until the lightest beam is found. (4)

Trial Actual beam I S W 8 35 127 31.2 W 10 45 248 49.1 W 10 60 341 66.7 W 12 50 394 64.7 W 14 53 541 77.8 W 16 31 375 47.2 Lightest beam is W 14 53

Required S 41.6 (NG) 55.0 (NG) 63.3 (OK) 67.4 (NG) 77.8 (OK) 66.0 (NG)

Problem 9.10-6 An overhanging beam ABC of rectangular cross section has the dimensions shown in the figure. A weight W 750 N drops onto end C of the beam. If the allowable normal stress in bending is 45 MPa, what is the maximum height h from which the weight may be dropped? (Assume E 12 GPa.)

40 mm A B

W h C 40 mm 500 mm

1.2 m

2.4 m

Solution 9.10-6

Overhanging beam Stiffness of the beam: k P 3 EI 2 C a ( L a ) (1)

DATA: W 750 N LAB 1.2 in. LBC 2.4 m E 12 GPa allow 45 MPa I bd 3 1 (500 mm)(40 mm) 3 12 12 2.6667 106 mm4 2.6667 106 m4 bd 2 1 (500 mm)(40 mm) 2 6 6 133.33 103 mm3 133.33 106 m3

MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94) Equation (9-94) may be used for any linearly elastic structure by substituting st W/k, where k is the stiffness of the particular structure being considered. For instance: 48 EI Simple beam with load at midpoint: k 3 L 3 EI Cantilever beam with load at free end: k 3 Etc. L For the overhanging beam in this problem (see Eq. 1): st W Wa2 ( L a ) k 3 EI W ( L2 BC )( LAB LBC ) 3 EI (2)

DEFLECTION C AT THE END OF THE OVERHANG

B A C P

in which a LBC and L LAB:

L a

st

(3)

P load at end C L length of spear AB a length of overhang BC From the answer to Prob. 9.8-5 or Prob. 9.9-3: Pa2 ( L a ) C 3 EI

EQUATION (9-94):
12 max st ( 2 st 2 h st )

or max 2h 12 1 1 st st (4)

614

CHAPTER 9

Deflections of Beams

MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress is proportional to the deflection . smax max 2h 12 (5) 1 1 sst st st M WLBC sst S S MAXIMUM HEIGHT h Solve Eq. (5) for h: smax 2h 12 1 1 sst st

Substitute st from Eq. (3), st from Eq. (6), and allow for max: h W ( L2 sallowS BC )( LAB LBC ) sallowS 2 6 EI WLBC WLBC (8)

SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO E Q. (8): W ( L2 BC ) ( LAB LBC ) 0.08100 m 6 EI sallow S 10 3.3333 WLBC 3 h (0.08100 m) or h 360 mm 10 10 2 0.36 m 3 3

(6)

smax 2 smax 2h 2 11 sst sst st st smax smax 2 sst 2 sst (7)

Problem 9.10-7 A heavy flywheel rotates at an angular speed (radians per second) around an axle (see figure). The axle is rigidly attached to the end of a simply supported beam of flexural rigidity EI .and length L (see figure). The flywheel has mass moment of inertia Im about its axis of rotation. If the flywheel suddenly freezes to the axle, what will be the reaction R at support A of the beam?

A EI Im

Solution 9.10-7

Rotating flywheel CONSERVATION OF ENERGY kE U R 1 R2 L3 Im 2 2 6 EI

NOTE: We will disregard the mass of the beam and all energy losses due to the sudden stopping of the rotating flywheel. Assume that all of the kinetic energy of the flywheel is transformed into strain energy of the beam. KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATING FLYWHEEL 1 kE Im 2 2 M 2dx 2 EI M Rx, where x is measured from support A. L R2L3 1 ( Rx ) 2dx U 2 EI q 6 EI STRAIN ENERGY OF BEAM U

3 EI Im 2 B L3

NOTE: The moment of inertia IM has units of kg m2 or N m s2