Venturi Meter Example

Apply the Bernoulli equation across the meter P1 +

1 2

v12 = P2 +
1 2 2 2 v1A1 A2

P1 - P2 = v2 =

(v - v

1 2

v 2 2 or

2 1

) using continunity

P1 - P2 =

A1 2 - 1 (16 - 25) A2 The pressure difference is calculated from h in the manometer, 16 - 25 is used to get v 1 and the flow rate is calculated using A 1
1 2

v12

()

Example
P o + P 1 + gh P1 = v2 =
mg A 2

Solution
= P
o

1 2

v2

( )
mg A

= 2g

+ h

)
)
+ 0.6m

A tank of cross-sectional area 0.07 m2 is filled with water. A tightly fitting piston with a total mass of 10 kg, rests on top of the water. A circular hole of diameter 1.5 cm is opended at a depth of 60 cm below the water level of the tank. What is the initial rate of flow of water out of the hole?How would you maximize the distance the stream would flow.

v2 = 2

( )(
9.8 m s2

10 kg kg m 3 d 2 2

10 3

)(

0 . 07 m 2

2 = 15 m s2
-3

= vA

= v

()

( ) (7.5x10
m 4 s

= 0.7

L s

Real Fluids
Have viscosities greater than zero which results in shear, velocity gradients, and friction. Osborne Reynolds 1883 experiment Steamlines vs laminar vs turbulence Corrections required to basic equations

Bernoulli Equation for Real Fluids

P1

Real Bernoulli Example

In the equipment shown below a pump draws a solution of Specific gravity = 1.84 from a storage tank through a 3 in. Schedule 40 steel pipe. The efficiency of the pump is 60%. The velocity in the suction line is 3 ft/s. The pump discharges Through a 2 in. schedule 40 pipe to an overhead tank. The end Of the discharge pipe is 50 ft above the level of the solution In the feed tank. Friction losses in the entire piping system are 10 ft-lbf/lb. What pressure must the pump develop? What is The power of the pump?

v2 v2 gh1 P gh 2 + 1 1 + Wp = 2 + + 2 2 + fF gc 2g c gc 2g c

where is the correction for turbulent flow v is the average fluid velocity across the crossection

is the efficiency of the pump

Wp is the work produced by the pump fF is the friction correction
g gc

1.00

Solution
Take the datum as point a,

v tank = 0, = 1.0
P out

Solution

- P in

W p =

2 vb g hb + + fF gc 2g c 2

2 v2 a - vb 2g c

+ W p

P out - P in = 1.84 x 62.37

2

3 2 - 6.61 2 64.34 lb f in 2

+ 60.68

)
= 17.66
lb s

A 3 = 0.0513 ft vb = 0.60W Wp =
3x0.0513 0.0233

& A 2 = 0.0233 ft
ft s 6.61 2 64.34 ft -lb f lb

P out - P in = 6, 902 1 hp = 550

ft - lb f s

lb f ft 2

= 47.9

= 330

kN m2

= 6.61
g gc

= v A = 0.0513 x 3 x 1.84 x 62.37 m

= 50
60.68 0.06

+ 10 = 60.68

Power

W m p 550

17.66x101.1 550

= 3.25 hp

= 2.42 kW

= 101.1

Now apply Bernoulli around the pump

Venturi Meter for Real Fluids

C v2 =
1 -

Reynolds Number
N Re = inertia forces = viscous forces

( )
D2 D1

2 (P1 - P 2 )
4

(SI)

C v2 =
1 -

( )
D2 D1

2 g c ( P1 - P 2 )
4

(US)

Essentially the same equation as derived in the examples from the 3/10 lecture. C v depends on flow conditions and the specific meter normally 0.92 - 0.99 for liquids. 1 and 2 refer to Venturi figure presented on slide two.

[]= []
v2 L

Lv

L2

Where L is a generic distance,for a pipe L = D the pipes diameter.

Why Nre is so Important

It is physically meaningful - relating the forces which control this process It is essential for scale-up and design It is the first of many (~17) dimensionless groups engineers use to relate fundamental forces in various processes It is a very useful correlating vaiable Nre is dimensionless, its magnitude is independent of the units used, provided the units are consistent.

Example Calculation of Nre Determination of Flow Regime

Water at 303K is flowing at 0.2917 m/s in a 0.0525 m pipe. Calculate the Renylods number and determine the flow regime. The specific gravity is 0.996 and

= 0.800 cp at 303K.
kg m3 -4 kg ms kg m3

= 0.996 x 1000 = 0.800 cp(0.001

N Re = Dv

kg m3 kg ms cp

= 996

) = 8.000x10
m s -4

0.0525m(0.2917 = 8.000x10

)(996
kg ms

) = 19, 050

The water is in turbulent flow as N

Re

is > 4, 000

Fluid Flow in a Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger

Rotameter

Used for measuring the flow rate of fluids. Describe the meter and draw a FBD of the float. There are three forces Drag force Df f(vfluid,fluid and Dfloat) Fg = floatVfloatg Fbuoy = Vfloatfluidg