The nervous and endocrine systems control and adjust the activities of other organ systems.

The nervous system has two anatomical subdivisions:

Central Nervous System (CNS) Peri heral Nervous System (PNS)

The ( ) consists of the brain and the s inal cord. The CNS integrates! rocesses and coordinates.

CNS Central Nervous System

) is all of the nervous tissue outside of the CNS.

The

PNS Peri heral Nervous System

The PNS can be further subdivided into: " #ece tors of various $inds rovide sensory in ut to the CNS. " carries motor commands effectors that include muscle cells and gland cells.

%fferent &ivision 'fferent &ivision

The efferent division can be divided into: ( ) " The controls s$eletal muscle contractions. ( ) " The regulates smooth muscle! cardiac muscle and glandular activity.

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) %utonomic Nervous System (%NS)

Cellular (rgani)ation in Neural Tissue

Neural tissue contains two cell ty es: *. " These cells transfer and rocess information. +. " These cells! cells! serve various su ortive roles for neurons. These cells com rise about half the volume of nervous tissue but there are about , times as many neuroglia as neurons.

Neuron Neuroglia -lial

CNS " .our ty es of cells are found in the CNS:

The largest and most numerous glial cells! these cells have numerous rocesses that contact the surfaces of neurons and ca illaries. hysically isolate and su ort the neurons.

%strocytes

The functions of astrocytes include:

a. /aintain the 0 " Chemicals in the blood would disru t neuron function. %strocytes form a around ca illaries that maintain the highly restrictive ermeability characteristics of the endothelial cells of the ca illaries in the CNS.

1lood01rain 1arrier Cyto lasmic 1oundary

b. Create a 0 for the CNS " The rocesses of astrocytes are reinforced by elements and these rocesses form a framewor$ that su orts the neurons.

Three0&imensional .ramewor$ Cytos$eleton

c. Performs in damaged neural tissue " %strocytes stabili)e damaged tissue by roducing tissue.

#e airs scar

d. -uide neuron develo ment " guide the growth and interconnection of neurons in the .

%strocytes 'mbryo

e. Controls the environment " %strocytes o timi)e the interstitial environment by romoting ra id e2change of materials between the blood and interstitial fluid. %strocytes also and neurotransmitters.

3nterstitial absorb and recycle

have fewer cell rocesses than astrocytes. rocesses:

(ligodendrocytes

a. tie clusters of together. b. regulate concentration. c. rovide CNS a2ons.

for

%2ons '2tracellular 3on /yelination

consists of multi le layers of the cell membrane of either oligodendrocytes or cells ( ) wra ed around the a2ons of neurons.

/yelination Schwann Cells Neurolemmocytes

The cell membrane wra called .

ing is

% number of glial cells are necessary to form the along the length of an a2on. The myelination contributed by each glial cell is called an . The small ga s between internodes are or .

/yelin /yelination 3nternode Node a$a node of #anvier

4hite and gray matters refer to two regions of the CNS. #egions dominated by myelinated a2ons a ear glossy white. #egions dominated by neuron cell bodies! dendrites and unmyelinated a2ons a ear dus$y gray.

These are the smallest glial cells and have slender cyto lasmic rocesses with many fine branches. are hagocytic cells that engulf cellular debris! waste roducts and athogens. They ma$e u only glial cells but increase dramatically during injury or infection. of

/icroglia , ercent

The fluid0filled s aces within the CNS are lined by . are epithelial cells that monitor the com osition of ( ). S eciali)ed also artici ate in the secretion of CSF.

' endymal Cells Cerebros inal .luid (CS.)

.our -lial Cells of CNS *. +. 5. 6

*. %strocytes +. (ligodendrocytes 5. /icroglia 6. ' endymal Cells

Two ty es of neuroglial cells are found in the PNS:

These cells surround and su ort neuron cell bodies in ganglia. These cells regulate the e2change of materials between the cell and the e2tracellular environment.

Satellite Cells

These cells surround and su ort the a2ons of the PNS. 4hen the a2on is unmyelinated! a single cell may surround and su ort several a2ons. 4hen myelinated the cell surrounds a small segment (about * mm) of a single a2on and many cells are needed to myelinate an a2on de ending on the length.

Schwann Cells %7% Neurolemmocytes

(lemma " hus$) " This is the cell membrane of the a2on (f schwann cells.

%2olemma

" This refers to the cyto lasmic covering rovided by the Schwann cell.

Neurolemma

Neurons Cellular anatomy:

(soma! eri$aryon) 0 This is the art of the neuron that contains the nucleus.

Cell 1ody

" These are rocesses that receive information rimarily at the dendritic spines.

&endrite

" This is the rocess that carries information away from the cell body.

%2on

The a2on has the following arts:

(little hill) " 'levated surface of the cell body that gives rise to the a2on.

%2on 8illoc$

" The ro2imal art of the a2on that is unmyelinated and is designed to trigger an im ulse.

3nitial Segment

the a2on.

" cyto lasm of

%2o lasm

" side branches of the main a2on.

Collaterals

" fine terminal branches of the a2on.

Telodendria

" end of telodendria where the a2on ma$es contact with another neuron or effector. (ften forms a sim le round syna tic $nob! also $nown as a syna tic end bulb.

Syna tic Terminal

Communication between neurons:

The communication between neurons occurs at the

Communication involves the release of chemical messengers called which are released when an electrical im ulse arrives at the syna se.

Syna se Neurotransmitters

Neuron Classification:

" Found only in CNS! these neurons are small with rocesses whose a2ons cannot be distinguished from dendrites.

%na2onic Neurons

0The branches of a dendrite fuse to form a single dendrite and the cell body lies between this dendrite and the a2on. 9nmyelinated and rare! these cells are associated with the s ecial senses of sight! hearing and smell.

1i olar Neurons

" The dendritic and a2onal rocesses are continuous. 3m ulses are initiated at the base of dendritic branches and the remainder of the fused rocesses acts essentially as an a2on. /ost sensory neurons of the PNS are of this ty e.

Pseudouni olar neurons

" These neurons are the most common type in the CNS. have several dendrites and one axon. %ll motor neurons that control s$eletal muscles are .

/ulti olar Neuron

.unctional classification

deliver information from the peripheral receptors to the CNS along fibers.

Sensory Neurons %fferent

Sensory neurons are subclassified into:

Somatic sensory neurons :isceral sensory neurons %$a interoce ters

Somatic sensory neurons which include:

rovide information about the e2ternal environment including touch! tem erature! ressure! s ecial senses and ain that affects the limbs and body surfaces.

'2teroce tors

monitor the osition of muscles and joints.

Pro rioce tors

These neurons monitor dee ressure and ain in various internal organ systems. Chemical concentrations and ressure in the cardiovascular system. Chemicals in the oral cavity and haryn2 are detected and erceived as taste.

:isceral sensory neurons or interoce tors

stimulate or modify the activity of eri heral tissue! organs or organ systems along fibers.

/otor Neurons 'fferent

/otor neurons are subclassified into:

Somatic /otor Neurons :isceral /otor Neurons

innervate s$eletal muscles by neurons whose cell bodies are in the CNS and whose a2ons e2tend to the muscle fibers they control. /ost are consciously controlled.

Somatic motor neurons

innervate effectors other than s$eletal muscle. There are two ty es of motor neurons that carry commands to effector organs in se;uence (relay):

:isceral motor neurons

These neurons have cell bodies in the CNS and synapse on postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia.

Preganglionic fibers

( 0 %n aggregation of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.)

-anglion

These neurons have there cell bodies in eri heral ganglia and syna se onto the eri heral effectors.

Postganglionic fibers

are also called association neurons.

3nterneurons

These neurons are located entirely in the CNS and analy)e the sensory in ut and coordinate motor out ut. They greatly outnumber sensory and motor neurons. They may either be excitatory or inhibitory de ending on their effects on other neurons.

3nterneurons %$a association neurons