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Armjynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD a jyma&;qd k c G i f h & S d o l . xk w f j yef c suf (trS w f 62007) 14 - 10 - 2007

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1? 'Dwywfrm S (2) ck ajymp&m&Sy d gw,f? wcku Edi ki fw H uma&;/ aemufwcku jynfwi G ;f a&;? tvGeu f s,jf yef@whJ udp}P u;D (2) ckukd ajymwmjzpfayr,fh vdt k yfoavmufom twdc k sKyf+yD; ajymygr,f? rD', D mawGrm S (Auy) ajymcGi& hf wmawG[m ody+f yD;twdc k sKyfve G ;f vd@k wcsK@d &a J bmfawGe@J rdwa f qGawG em;vnfr_ vGE Ji kd f ygw,f? jynfo@l tm%mrSmawmh wwfEi kd o f avmuf&i S ;f atmif a&;ygr,f? 2? Edi ki fw H umha&;&mrSm ajymrSmu urBmp h epfopf (New World Order) vGey fe JG @J wwd,urBmppfukd t"duxm; ajymygr,f? urBmp h epfopf (NWO) vGey fu JG jzpfaewke;f yg? vGey fu JG =umr,fv@kd xifygw,f? bma=umifv h nf;qda k wmh yifbuf d gw,f? oluvnf; tmz*efrm S wdu k a f ew,f? tD&wfrm S ppfr[mrdwf tzG@J }uD; (2) zG@J r&Sa d o;vd@k yg? aewd;k NATO wzG@J wnf;yJ &Sy awmh aewd;k taeeJ@ wdu k w f mr[kwb f ;l ? tar&duef/ t*Fvy dy f J wdu k a f ew,f? wjcm;Edi ki f }H uD;awGu qENazmfxw k w f mavmufyJ vky=f uw,f? xdyw f u kd f rawG@atmif a&Smifae=uw,f? tar&duefu tD&efbufukd rsua f pmif;xd;k vmwmeJ@ ta&S@Oa&myrSm 'H;k cGi;f 'H;k pepf csvmawmhrS k&m S ;u qef@usiv f mw,f? xdyw f u kd a f wG@ovdk jzpfvmw,f? ud, k & f @J (wdu k fu kd t f usK;d pD;yGm;) xdvmawmh k&m S ;u v_yv f mwmyJ? wkwu f taeom}u;D yJ? xdi k0 f rfup dv P [ kd musrS ol&@J (wdu k fu dk t f usK;d pD;yGm;) xdwmjzpfvr dr hf ,f? xdvm&if iH@k ca H erSmr[kwb f ;l ? wdi k ;f jynfwi kd ;f rSm txdrcHEi kd w f hJ (wdu k fu kd t f usK;d pD;yGm;) &S=d uwmcsn;f yJ? vGey fu JG ae urBmppfukd ul;oGm;wwfw,f? tckjzpfaewmu urBmrSm wcgrS rjzpfz;l wJh tajctaeyJ? ppfat;yGr J m S tar&duef Edi kv f u kd w f ,f? qdA k, D uf _;H oGm;w,f? 'gayrJh 1945 u csrw S c fw hJ hJ urBmp h epfa[mif;u ysur f oGm;bl;? tar&duefu ta[mif;udz k su+f y;D topfcsrw S c f siw f ,f? csrw S v f @kd r&bl;? bma=umifv h q J a kd wmh ppfat;wdu k y fr JG m S _;H oGm;wmu k&m S ;uGejf rLepfy? J Edi ko f t l ppftrSeu f k&m S ;"e&Sif jzpfaevd@k y? J NWO awGukd ppfEi kd o f l csrw S p f +rJy? J 1815 rSm (eydv k , D ef) jyifopfukd Edi kv f u kd w f hJ r[mrdwt f zG@J u NWO csrw S w f ,f? yxrurBmppfjzpfawmh tJ'p D epfa[mif;ysuw f ,f? ppfEi kd o f a l wGu (1918) rSm topfcsrw S jf yefw,f? tJ'p D epfu 'kw, d urBmppfrm S ysujf yefw,f? (1945) rSm ppfEi kd o f l r[mrdwa f wGu NWO csrw S jf yefw,f? tJ'p D epfu tcktxd wnf+ra J ew,f? tar&duef zsuc f siv f nf; zsur f &bl;? 'g[m xl;jcm;wJh tajctaejzpfw,f? wwd,urBmppfjzpfrS _;H olEi kd o f jl zpfry S J NWO csrw S E fi kd r fm S jzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh wwd,urBmppf jzpfEi kd w f hJ tvm;tvm &Sw d ,fv@kd ajymygw,f? tcktxdawmh jyif=uqif=uwke;f yg? 'ga=umifh =umr,fv@kd ajymaewmyJ? ppf}uD;jzpf&if ppfyr JG m S Armjynf[m (=um;ae) &ygr,f? =um;aea&;[m Armjynf&@J wdu k fu kd t f usK;d pD;yGm; jzpfygw,f? 3? jynfwi G ;f a&;eJ@ ywfouf+yD; ajymcsiw f mu Armjynfrm S ppftm%m&Sip f epf &Sa d eor# b,fawmhrS (=um;ae) vd@k &rSm r[kwb f ;l ? ppfty kp f k tm%m&aeor#vnf; ppftm%m&Sip f epf &Sa d erSmyJ? 10

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tck (etz) vkyc f sia f ewmu ppfty kp fe k @J ppftm%m&Sip f epfukd xde;f odr;f xm;+y;D ppftpd;k &udk enf;enf;yg;yg; yjyifcsiw f myJ? ppfty kp fO k ;D aqmifwhJ t&yfom;/ ppfom; !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & wrsK;d udk xlaxmifcsiw f myJ? vrf;jyajryHk (RM) tqifh (4) [m etz eJ@ NLD &J@ aemufq;kH wdu k y f JG jzpfvr dr hf ,f? etz uawmh tJ'w D u kd y ft JG wGuf jyifae+yD? NLD u bmrS rjyif&ao;bl;? jyifw,fqw kd mu u? Edi ki fa H &; tawG;tac:t&jyifwm? c? pnf;H;k zG@J pnf;a&;t& jyifwmeJ@? *? tcdi kt f rm vkyi f ef;awGrm S jyifwm? 'D (3) ck vkyz f @kd y? J DASSK vGwr f S jyifr,fq& kd if odya f emufusvr dr hf ,f? vdv k #i}f uHq enf;vrf;&ygw,f? zufqpfawmfve Sa f &;udk jyifwm[m axmifxr Jm S ae&if; jyif=uwmyJ? (jrif;+cHppfwrf;/ tif;pdep f pfwrf;) t&mtm;vH;k &J@ acgic f sKyf[m Edi ki fa H &;tawG;tac:yg? acgi;f aqmifvy ko f u l Edi ki fa H &; tawG;tac:udk pmapmif pmwrf;a&;+yD; azmfxw k E fi kd y f gw,f? pnf;H;k zG@J pnf;a&;eJ@ vkyi f ef;awGua kd wmh atmufajcv$x J m;Edi ky f gw,f? rsua f rSmuf jynfwi G ;f jynfy tajctaeawGt& =unf& h if etz[m tqifh (4) udk (2010) ckEp S f rwdi kr f D vkyr f ,f xifygw,f? jyifqifcse d f odyr f &Edi ky f gb;l ? tqifh (4) rSm tajccHOya' twnfycsu& f oGm;&if rdrw d @kd &@J aoe*FAsL[meJ@enf;y&d,m,fukd tajctaeeJ@ vdu k a f vsm nDpm G yjyifajymif;vJ&awmhrm S yg? tqifh (4) rSm tajccHOya' udk y,fcsEi kd & f ifawmh vuf&a dS oe*FAsL[meJ@ enf;y&d,m,fukd wqifjh ri & hf rSmyg? rdrw d @kdu Edi ki fa H &; vufO;D r_ &oGm;+yjD zpfv@kd Armjynf&@J tem*wfxe G ;f ajymifvmrSm taotcsm jzpfygw,f? NLD &J@ aemufq;kH wdu k y ft JG wGuf jyifqif=u apvdy k gw,f? ?

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11

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1? oHCm/ ausmif;om; tHk uv_y& f m S ;r_ukd ta&mifawmfve S a f &; vd@k Edi ki f jH cm;rSm tajymrsm;w,f? jynfwi G ;f u vdu k a f jym olawGvnf; &Sw d ,f? wu,fu pufwifbm tHkur_[m ta&mifawmfvSefa&; r[kwfygbl;? ta&mifawmfvSefa&; wdkif;&J@&nf&G,fcsufu tpdk;&tajymif; tvJvy ka f &;jzpfw,f? pufwifbmtHk u r_rm S tJ'& D nf&, G c f suf rygygb;l ? pwke;f u ppftm%mydkifawG&J@ t=urf;zufr_udk qef@usiw f myJ? rSm;a=umif; awmif;yefci kd ;f wmyJ? aemufq;kH tHk ur_a&cse d f jrifv h m awmhvnf; (Edi ki fa H &;oabm ygvmawmh vnf;) ppftpd;k &eJ@ NLD aphpyfaqG;aEG; =uzd@k yJ awmif;qdw k m jzpfygw,f? tpd;k & tajymif;tvJvkyfzdk@ rawmif;qdkygbl;? tJ'v D kd awmif;qdw k m[mvnf; rSeu f ef oifjh rwfygw,f? jzpfEi kd w f mudk awmif;qdk wmyg? 'Dawmif;qdkcsuf (wpHkw&m) atmifjrifygw,f? oef;a&$u a':atmifqef; pk=unfe@J pum;ajymygr,f vd@k vdu k f avsmvm&w,f? Adkvfatmif=unfudk quf q H a &;0ef } uD ; tjzpf cef @ &w,f ? 12

r=umcifuawmh DASSK udk {nf& h y do f m ac:+y;D awG@vm&w,f? 'g[m atmifjrifr_ yg? ao;i,fwJh atmifjrifr_uav;yg? r,fr,f&& r[kwfayr,fh atmifjrifr_ pm&if;0ifygw,f? pufwifbmtHk ur_ om rjzpfcJh&if 'Davmuf atmifjrifr_ uav;uda k wmif &rSmr[kwy f gb;l ? 2? ta&mifawmfvSefa&; &J@ &nf&G,fcsuf[m (tcktajctaet&) ajym&if odyjf rifa h eygw,f? qENpy JG gaeyg w,f? wcsDwnf;eJ@ ppftpdk;&ae&mrSm 'Dru kd a&pDtpd;k &eJ@ tpm;xd;k zd@k qw kd m (tck vufawG@t&) rjzpfEi kd a f wmhyg? bmha=umifh 'Dva kd jym&ovJ qdk awmh NLD (A[d) k &J@ tajctaeu tJ'D avmufjrifhwmudk vufcHEdkifwJh tajc taer&Sdvdk@ygyJ? DASSK u tdrfcsKyf usaew,f? NLD A[dr k m S u tJ'D tpD tpOf r&Sdbl;? NLD u tpdk;&wuf rvky0 f& hH if wd@k wufvy kr f ,fv@kd ajymolawG &Sdygw,f? wcsKd@u jynfya&mufawGyg? wcsK@d u jynfwi G ;f u tenf;pkyg? 'g[m rcsir hf &Je@J }uHr}d uH&m ajym=uwmyJ? ppf tpdk;&ae&mrSm tpm;0if&r,fhol[m

(tckumvrSm) NLD uvGJvdk@ wjcm; rjzpfEi kd y f gb;l ? 1990 a&G;aumufy JG Edi kf xm;olawGom tpd;k &zG@J Ei kd c fi G hf &Sy d gw,f? 'grv S nf; w&m;0ifr& _ r dS ,f? urBmx h ;kH wrf; pOfvmeJ@vnf; udu k n f y D gr,f? 'gayrJh NLD A[du k tqifoifh jzpf+yDvm;? rjzpfao;ygb;l ? tawG;tac: t& tqifoifhrjzpfovdk vufawG@u vnf; tqifoifhrjzpfygbl;? rdrdwdk@u wufur_t&Se de f @J pdwv f u kd r f mefyg NLD udk k udk acsmuf tJ'w D m0efay;&if NLD (A[d) (a*smuf) csovdk jzpfygvr dr hf ,f? 3? ta&mifawmfvSefa&; udk 1990 a&G;aumufyE JG i kd p f u NLD vky& f rSmyg? 'ga=umifh (17) ESpf aemufusom G; w,f v d k @ 'D a qmif ; yg;&J @ acgif ; pOf a y; vdu k w f myJ? 1990 wke;f u NLD vkyo f ifh wmu v$wa f wmfac:ay;/ ray;&if ud, k hf bmomac:r,f vd@k vrf;pOfcsrw S z f @kd yg? tJ'gudk Auy t}uHay;cJhzl;ygw,f? 1789 jyifopfawmfve S a f &; vkye f nf; vkyz f @kd t}uHay;wmyg? tJ ' D w k e f ; uom ta&mif

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awmfvSefa&; vkyfcJh&if rkcsatmifjrif rSmyJ? vlx& k @J wufur_t&Se du f p kd ;D +y;D NLD u vdu k z f @kd jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh NLD u v$wa f wmf ac:ay; zdk@yJ tcgcgawmif;qdkaew,f? tck (17) ESp& fa dS wmhvnf; v$wa f wmfac: ay; zd@k yJ awmif;qda k e&w,f? au;a=umfoHu v$wfawmf ac:ay;a&; rSm wlayr,fh 1990 wke;f uvdk 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&zGJ@a&; tESpfom& r[kwfawmhbl;? v$wfawmfac:ay; v$wa f wmfu rif;wd@k uy kd J w&m;0iftpd;k & tjzpfjyef+yD; od'w <d ifay;r,fqw kd hJ tESpf om& jzpfom G ;yg+yD? tJ'v D t kd ajctaerSm ta&mif awmfve S a f &; vkyc f siv f @kd r&awmhygb;l ? vky& f if pdwu f ;l ,OfwmyJ jzpfrm S yJ? 4? 1990 ckESpfwkef;uawmh ta&mif awmfve Sa f &; avoHenf;enf;rS r[cJb h J 2007 ckEp Su f srS bma=umifh avoHypfvm =uovJ qdw k mudk u|ea f wmfw@kd pOf;pm; =unfy h gw,f? 1990 wke;f u urBmt h pDtpOf (World Order) eJ@ tckurBmhtpDtpOf (opf) vGey f JG tajctaecsi;f rwl=uawmh vd@k qw kd m awG@ygw,f? 1990 wkef;u qdkAD,ufry vJao;ygbl;? ,drf;,dkifaeqJ jzpfw,f? tar&duefu aemufqHk;vufoD;csuf oGi;f zd@k v;kH yef;ae&cse d f jzpfw,f? qdA k, D uf 0ef;usiu f Edi ki fi H ,fawGrm S yJ awmfve Sa f &; vkyz f @kd tm;ay;aew,f? +yD ; awmh v nf ; qd k A D , uf u d k tvJxdk;&mrSm wkwf&J@tm;udk ,lcsif aew,f? wkwu f aoe*FAsL[mrdwz f uf jzpfaew,f? tck (2007) rSmawmh qdA k, D uf usq;kH oGm;+y;D "e&Si f& k m S ; jzpfae+y? D wkwf u aoe*FAsL[m yifbufjzpfae+yD? tJ'D

'gajumifh (17) ESpf aemufusoGm;w,fvkdh 'Daqmif;yg;7Jh acgif;pOfay;vdkuw f myJ

awmh wkw& f @J tdre f ;D csi;f vnf;jzpfw/hJ tm; taysmq h ;kH vnf;jzpfwhJ Armjynfukd rsua f ph usaewmyJ? ta&mifawmfve Sa f &; vkyf apcsifaewmyJ? 'gayrJh Arm jynfwGif; tajctaeu (txufrSm a&;cJhovdk) [dw k e k ;f ueJ@ rwlawmhb;l ? h g? NLD tajctaeud=k unfy 1990 wke;f ueJ@ wlao;&J@vm;? ppftpd;k &tajctae=unfy h g? [dw k e k ;f uvdk tpd;k &,m,Dvy k a f e&wm yg? tm%mv$a J y;+yD; ppfwef;vsm;jyefrm S yg?vd@k ajymao;&J@vm;/ vrf;jyajryHk (RM) tqifh (1) udk pdwf uufvy k +f yD;+yD? tqifh (4) vkyz f @kd jyifae+yD? 5? rdrdwdk@ bmvkyf=urvJ? ta&mif awmfve S a f &; pdwu f ;l ,Of+yD; ar#ma f evd@k rjzpfygb;l ? NLD u tpd;k &wufrvky0 f& hH if wd@k vy k r f ,fq+kd yD; vky=f u&ifvnf; jynfy a&muf tpd;k &awG wcku ESpc f k oH;k ckjzpf wmyJ tzwfwifvr dr hf ,f? tJ'v D kd pifyiftpd;k &awG zG@J csif oavmufz@JG yg? ppftpd;k &ra=umufygb;l ? tqifh (4) udk rjzpfjzpfatmifyJ pdwa f t; vufat; vkyo f m G ;ygvr dr hf ,f? rdrw d @kd vy ko f ifw h mu -

ppftpd;k &udk tqifh (4) rSm tvJx;kd zd@k tckupjyifz@kd yg? 2007 pufwifbm tHk ur_&@J t&Se d u f x kd e d ;f xm;+yD; tqifh (4) twGuf tiftm;pkaqmif;&ygr,f? 2007 pufwifbm tHk ur_rm S 21 &mpk rsK;d qufopfawG trsm;tjym; ay:xGuv f mcJy h g+y? D olw@kdukd Edi ki fa H &; tqifh ae&m jria hf y;&ygr,f? tqifh (4) wdu k f zsua f &;&J@ ol&a J umif; ppfonfawmfawG jzpfatmif ajrawmifajrmufay;&ygr,f? wjcm;jyifoifw h mawGuv kd nf; tckuwnf;u aphaphpyfpyf jyifqif&yg r,f? ppftpd;k &[m RM tqifh (4) udk rkcsvy k v f mrSmyg? tJ't D qifh (4) rSm tpd;k & tajymif;tvJjzpfatmif (vlxk tm;eJ@) u;yrf;=uygp@kd Edi ki f jH cm;a&;udy k J tav;xm;+yD; [dkar#mf'Dar#mf [dkawG;'DawG; vkyfae&if/ tqifh (4) twGuf bmrS jyifjyifqifqif vk y f r xm;&if / tcgtcG i f h a umif ; wck xyf+yD;vufvw G f r kH u Armjynf&@J Edi ki fH a&;oGijf yif[mvnf; tajymif;tvJ}uD; ajymif;vJom G ;ygvr dr hf ,f? ? 13

vrf;jyajryHk (RM) &J@ EdkifiHa&;t"dy`m,f

1? RM &J@ &nf&, G c f suu f ppftm%m &Sifpepfudk 21 &mpk tajctaerSm xde;f odr;f zd@k jzpfw,f? ppfat;acwfwe k ;f u vkyfcJhwJh ppftm%m&Sifpepf udk 21 &mpk Edi ki fw H umhEi kd i fa H &; tcif;tusi;f rSm (tenf;tyg; yjyif+yD;) qufvufxdef; odr;f csiw f myJ? ppfat;acwfwe k ;f u Edi ki fw H umh Edi ki fa H &;tcif;tusi;f u plygyg0gEi kd i f }H uD; 2 cke@J ppfr[mrdwt f zG@J }uD; (2) ck&w dS ,f? aemuf+yD;awmh =um;ae*d% k ;f }uD; &Sw d ,f? tJ'Dwkef;u ppftm%m&Sifpepf udk rqv wygwDtm%m&Sif pepfyHkpHeJ@ vkyv f @kd &cJw h ,f? 21 rSmawmh tJ'u D rBmh tcif;tusi;f r&Sa d wmhb;l ? ajymif;oGm;+y? D 'ga=umifh enf;enf;yjyif&wmyJ? 21 &mpkudk tar&duef&mpk jzpfap&r,fvdk@ au;a=umfaewJh plyg yg0gEi kd i f }H u;D wckwnf;yJ&w dS ,f? qdA k, D uf plygyg0gu usq;kH oGm;+y? D =um;ae*d% k ;f u vnf; emrnfcy H J &Sa d wmhw,f? qdA k , D uf wjzpfvJ k&m S ;utckrS vl;vJxae&wm jzpfw,f? uGejf rLepfwkwjf ynfu wkwf vuQ%maqmifwJh qdk&S,fvpfy%mr 14

tqifh qdw k mudk prf;oyfaewmjzpfw,f? 'gu 21 &mpk0ifump Edi ki fw H umh tcif; tusi;f yJ? tckawmh enf;enf;ajymif;ae +yD? t&if;&Sifk&Sm;u jyef+yD;emvefx vmw,f? wkwu f vnf; tiftm;wpHk w&m &Sv d mw,f? olw@kd u 21 &mpkukd tar&duef&mpk tjzpfrcHEi kd =f ubl;? urBmh tpDtpOfpepfopf (NWO) csrSwfa&; twGuf vGeq f a JG e=uqJjzpfw,f? 0if;kd wckwnf;&Sw d hJ urBmp h epfvm;/ 0if;kd trsm;&Sw d hJ urBmp h epfvm; vGeq f a JG e=u wmyJ? tJ'v D e Gy fu JG =umvdrr hf ,f? (2) buf aphpyf=u+yD;/ +yD;jywfajyvnfom G ;rvm;/ ppfy}JG uD;wck qifE+J$ yD; jywfatmifvy k =f u rvm; qdw k muda k wmh apmif=h unf& h rSmyJ? vGefyGJjzpfaewJh tcsdefrSmawmh Armjynfu etztpd;k &[m tar&duef udk &efvy k +f y;D wkw/f k&m S ;udu k yfxm;wm vkyE f i kd r f m S yJ? 'gayrJh vGey f u JG ae ppfy}JG uD; jzpfom G ;&ifawmh rkcsy=J um;nyfvr dr hf ,f? oufomrSm r[kwb f ;l ? 'ga=umify h J Auy u 21 &mpk0ifuwnf;u jynfcsp0 f g' vrf;pOf csrw S +f yD; vkya f ewmjzpfw,f? Armjynfu Edi ki fu H av;yg? Edi ki fw H umh*i Gf

_ynf o l h t m%m
(cGi) f rSmrajymeJ@ ta&S@awmif tm&S *Gir fm S awmif t&m0ifvw S m r[kwf ygbl;? taewwfrS jzpfrSmyg? =um;nyf rcH&atmif a&Smif&ygr,f? etz ppfty kp fk u tar&duefudk qef@usifpum;awG wazmifazmif ajymaewmudk Auy u tajrmftjrifrw hJ hJ vky& f yfv@kd jrifygw,f? Armjynfu tar&duefukd qef@usiw f m rvkyo f ifo h vdk wkwq f ef@usia f &;vnf; rvkyo f ify h gb;l ? Armjynf&@J tusK;d pD;yGm; bufu =unfh&if b,fol@udkrSoGm;+yD; &efpum; ajymaep&m rvdy k gb;l ? etz u ppftm%m&Sip f epf wnf+ra J &;twGuf (ppfty kp ft k usK;d pD;yGm;) yJ uGu=f unf+h y;D tar&duefukd rjzpfnpfus,f ajymaewm[m odyr fm S ;wmyJ? 'Dvy ke f nf;[m ArmjynftwGuf tusK;d rJa h pygvr dr hf ,f? tckawmh aeom ygvr dr hf ,f? a&&Snr fm S taeusyy f gvr dr hf ,f? ppf}u;D jzpf&ifawmh ppfwvif;jzpfwm cH& rSmyJ? 2? 1962 ckEp Sr fm S ppftm%modr;f yGJ vkyw f m[m ppfty k p f u k oD;jcm;ygww D ck (rqv) axmifzdk@ ppftpdk;&zGJ@+yD; ppf tm%m&Sip f epfvy kz f @kd jzpfygw,f? tJ'v D kd vkyfxm;&if ppftm%m&Sifpepf umv &Snw f nf+rJr,fv@kd xifcw hJ myg? jynfo& l @J tcef;udk av#mw h u G c f =hJ uygw,f? 'ga=umifh vnf; usq;kH oGm;wmyg? tckwavmrSm uGefjrLepfysufwcsKd@ua&m ppftkyfpk ty,fcHwOD;uyg rqv usqHk;&wm jynfoy li kd f t&rf;vkyc fv hJ @kd yv J @kd oH;k oyf=u ygw,f? r[kwy f gb;l ? jzpfpOfukd jyef=unfy h g? jynfol ydkif odrf;wm tapm}uD;uwnf;uyg? rqv ygwDawmif yDyDjyifjyif raxmif Edi ka f o;ygb;l ? jynfoy l i kd f odr;f +yD; (10) ES p f a usmf = umawmh rqv wygwD ppf t m%m&S i f p epf tajccH O ya' (1974 tajccH O ya') ud k jynf o l @ qENc, H y l JG eJ@ twnfyEdi kc fw hJ ,f? aemuf 10 ESpf ausm=f umawmhrS 1988 vlxk tH k ur_ ay:wmyJ ? tJ ' D t cgusrS ppf tm%m&Sif pepf&,f/ ppfty k p f & k ,f/ ppf tpd;k &&,f 'D (3) ckukd xde;f odr;f zd@k twk ta,mif tm%modrf;yGJwck uref; uwef; vkyc fw hJ myg? rqv ysua f yr,fh 'D (3) ck (ppfo;kH ppf) rysua f peJ@q+kd y;D vkyv f u kd f =uwmyJ? aemuf w ck pOf ; pm;=unf h oifhwmu jynfolydkif odrf;vdkufvdk@ tH k ur_ } uD ; ay:cJ h o vm; qd k w myg? ray:ygbl;? Adkvfatmif}uD;wdk@ BEDC *dk%f;yJ ab;a&mufoGm;wmyg? olwdk@u aum bmrsm;vkyc f =hJ uovJ? bmrS rvkyf ygb;l ? awmcdr k vdk bmvdv k a kd wmh vkyc f hJ ygw,f ? aemuf a wmh tzsm;S L ;oG m ; wmygy? J zqyv *d% k ;f 2 *d% k ;f uaum bmvkyfcJhovJ? bmrSrvkyfygbl;? OD;Ek awmcd k wmu 1970 jynfv h e G u f sry S g? jynfoy li kd f odr;f vd@k awmcd k wmvnf; r[kwy f gb;l ? 3? oef;a&$ppfty kp fv k y kw f hJ (RM) u ae0if;ppftkyfpkvkyfwJh awmfvSefa&; avmuf &nfrSef;csuf r}uD;ygbl;? bm a=umifhvJqdkawmh olu ppftkyfpk&,f/ ppftpd;k &&,f/ ppftm%m&Sip f epf&,f (ppf 3 ppf) udk ae0if;qDu tarG&vdu k v f @kd yg? RM vk y f r S m u ppf t pd k ; & ae&mrSm ppfom;a&S@aqmifwhJ (ppfom;eJ@ t&yfom;) !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & wck zG@J Ei kd f zdk@ygyJ? 'ga=umifhyJ trwfae&m 25 awmif;aewmyg? wu,fv@kd vmr,fh qEN cH,lyGJ u oef;a&$ppftkyfpk csKd;xm;wJh twdi k ;f jzpfvm&if tajccHOya' wck ay:vmr,f? a&G;aumufyGJ vkyfr,f? tpd;k &w&yfz@JG r,f? tJ't D pd;k &u t*Fvy df udkvdkeDacwfu ay:cJhzl;wJh a'gufwm

rqv ysufayr,fh 'D (3) ck (ppfokH;ppf) rysufapeJ@qkd+yD;

Aarmfw@kd om,m0wD OD;ykw@kd / *VKefapm wd@k &@J !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &rsK;d yJ ay:vmrSmyJ? tm%mydi ku f awmh [dw k e k ;f u bk&ifc/H tck awmh ppfty k p f k eHygw0 f rf; jzpfrm S yJ? tJ ' D t cgus&if etz vd k tzG@J rsK;d awmh&a dS erSm r[kwb f ;l xifygw,f? ppfty kp fu k tajccHOya' t& ay:ayguf vmwJh ppfty kp ft k opfyJ jzpfrm S yJ? 1974 tajccHOya' ay:vm awmh awmfvSefa&;aumifpD qdkwm aysmufom G ;+y;D rqv CEC xJrm S yJ ppf tkyp ft k opf ay:vmovdk ay:vmrSmyJv@kd wGuq f &ygw,f? (RM) &J@ Edi ki fa H &; t"dym ` ,fukd csKyf+yD;ajym&&if (u) ppftkyfpkudk xdef; xm;r,f? (c) ppftm%m&Sip f epfukd xde;f xm;r,f? (*) ppftpd;k &ppfppfuae ppf om;a&S@aqmifwJh ppfom;eJ@ t&yfom; !Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k &wcktjzpf yjyifr,f? tJ'g udk pnf;urf;&Sw d hJ 'Dru kd a&pDpepf vd@k olw@kd ajym=uvdrr hf ,f? qd& k , S v f pf acwf pm;awmh qd& k , S v f pfvy kw f ,f? 'Dru kd a&pD acwfpm;awmh 'Drdkua&pDtvH xlvdkuf wmyJ jzpfygw,f? 15

wyfrawmf _y_yifa&;v+yf&Sm;r+ (RAM) wqifhwdk; vkyfjuzdkh

1? aemufwcsD tHkur_twGuf tcsdef,ljyif&rSmyJ? wygwD wzG@J wnf; jyifv@kd r&ygb;l ? tm;vH;k 0di k ;f +y;D jyif&ygr,f? vufeufrhJ jynfoa l wGuc kd sn;f pnf;H;k wmeJ@ rvHa k vmufygb;l ? vufeuf udi kx f m;wJh olawGuy kd g pnf;H;k &ygr,f? vufeufui kd x f m;wmu tpd;k &ppfwyf (wyfrawmf) &Sw d ,f/ typftcwf&yfpx J m;wJh +ir d ;f tzG@J awG&w dS ,f/ ykvy da f wG&w dS ,f? olw@kd ukd pnf;H;k &rSmyJ? wdi k ;f cspjf ynfcspa f wG/ Edi ki fa H &;tajrmftjrif&o dS a l wG jzpfatmif vky& f rSmyJ? 2? 2007 pufwifbm tHk ur_}uD; +yD;wJa h emufrm S ppfty k p f k uvnf; aemufwcst D wGuf jyifaewmyJ? ppfwyfwi G ;f jyifwm awGawmh twGi;f ydi k ;f owif; awGrm S t+ra J wG@ae&w,f? wjcm; jyifwmvnf; &Sw d ,f? etz tvHLS ;wa,mufu Adv k a f tmif}u;D udk AsL;wmvnf; jyifaewmwcky? J rSwr f =d uygvr dO h f ;D r,f? 1988 wke;f uvnf; Adv k a f tmif}u;D udk axmifuv$w+f y;D wyfrawmfukd pdwe f @J awmif rjypfrm S ;eJ@ vd@k ajymcdi k ;f cJw h ,f r[kwv f m;? tckvnf; tvHL S ;oH;k +yD; etz u Adv k a f tmif}uD;udk AsL; eJ@ yGx J w k a f y;aejyef+yD? rdrw d @kd tm;vH;k (tm;vH;k ) owd&& dS ygr,f? Adv k a f tmif}uD;u wyfrawmfukd pdwe f @J awmif rjypf rSm;eJ@ vd@k csn;f ajymwmr[kwy f gb;l ? wyfuvnf; pdwe f @J awmif 16

rjypfrm S ;eJ@v@kd yg xnfa h jymygw,fv@kd &Si;f csux f w k w f ,f? tJ'D wke;f u Adv k a f tmif}u;D ajymcJw h m kyo f o H i G ;f xm;wmawG &Sw d myJ? Adv k a f tmif}uD;u bmudt k xl;yajymaeovJqw kd m &Si;f aeyg w,f? au;a=umfoa H wmif wdi ka f y;vdu k a f o;&J@? ol@&i S ;f csux f r J m S vnf; ygaeygw,f? 'd@k rm S vufeuf r&Sb d ;l ? vufeuf&o dS u l kd a=umuf=u/ iH@k c=H uvd@k ajymaewmyJ? vlxk vufxr Jm S vufeufu tckvnf;r&Sb d ;l ? [dw k e k ;f uvnf; r&Sb d ;l ? tJ'a D wmh woufv;kH iH@k c=H uvd@k ajymwmygy? J 'Dva kd jymwmvnf; ta=umif;&Sy d gw,f? bma=umifv h J qda k wmh ppfwyf (vufeuf) eJ@ tm%modr;f wJh ordi k ;f udk olyJ pcJw h myJ? olu bmaumifrS r[kwv f @kd (tck AsL; awGrm S awmh ol@udk,fol Adkvfatmifqef;/ Adkvfae0if;wdk@eJ@ wwef;wnf; xm;w,f) Adkvfae0if;udk q&mwifcJh&wmyg? Adkvfae0if;udk Edi ki fa H &;pifjrifa h y: olw@kd yJ 0di k ;f wifay;cJ=h uwm r[kwv f m;? qefpif&m usna f yG@vu kd a f ep&m rvdv k @kd ol@u, kd u f kd a&$ vd@k ajymwm/ 'Dru kd a&pDzcif}uD; vd@k ajrmufajymwm (BEDC *d% k ;f u ajrm ufajymwm) udk b0ifacG@wmawGua kd wmh tav;xm;+yD; ra&;awmhygbl;? tckusrS bma=umifh Adkvf atmif}u;D udk etz u yGx J w k v f movJ qdw k mudy k J a&;ygr,f? 3? Adv k a f tmif}uD;udk bma=umifh yGx J w k v f movJ?

_ynf o l h t m%m
*rfbm&Dvmawmhr,f? DASSK eJ@ pum;ajym awmhr,f? (aphpyfaqG;aEG;w,fv@kd rajymwm owdy NLD udk pum;xJawmif xnfr h ajymawmhwmudv k nf; owdyyg) RM tcsuf (4) qENc, H y l JG vkya f wmhr,f? 'gawGa=umifh yGx J w k w f myJ? tus,& f i S ;f ygr,f? DASSK udk acgi; f rmol vd@k ajymxm;zd@k rm S Adv k a f tmif}uD;yJ ajymrSmjzpfv@kd yJ (DASSK u a=u; olurS a&$ vd@k ajym0Hw h m olr@kd t&Sur f &Sy d avw,f? 1990 a&G;aumufyu JG (za,mif;u) b,foa l &$vJ qdw k m oufaocHc+hJ yD;+yDy? J) NLD xJu Adv k a f tmifa&$/ Adv k v f i Gw f @kd ukd ae0if;tay: tmCmw}uD;olawG jzpfatmif tm%mirf;irf;wuf vdc k sif olawG jzpfatmif uwiftykyc f sxm;wmyJ? oef;a&$u NLD udk pum;xJawmif xnfr h ajymwmudk umuG,a f y;zd@k jzpfw,f? RM tcsuf (4) qENc, H y l JG u vmawmhr,f? qEN cH,y l JG rSm qef@usir f J ray;=ueJ@/ vufeuf&o dS l ajymwJh twdi k ;f waoGrwdr;f vdu k e f m=u/ 'grS oufomr,f vd@k ajymwmyJ? pdwe f @J awmif rjypfrm S ;eJ@ qdw k mxuf jyif;xefwhJ oabmyJ? 4? aemufwcsD tHk ur_ukd jyifjyifqifqif vky=f uapcsiw f ,f? RAM udv k nf; vky=f uapcsiw f ,f? vlxt k kH ur_ jzpfaerS k @J ) vkyo f ify h gw,f? vlxt k kH ur_ukd ESr dz f @kd / t=urf;zufz@kd vmwJh pnf;H;k &&if aemufusom G ;vdrr hf ,f? RAM udk tckuwnf;u (enf;rsK;d pHe wyfue kd m;csz@kd qw kd m odyc f ufygw,f? pdwc f s&olukd v$wv f u kd w f myg? t&ufu;kd armif;wdu k +f y;D v$wv f u kd w f myg? 5? vlxt k kH ur_&@J ypfrw S u f usO;f &ygr,f? usO;f avaumif;av/ csua f umif;udk cse dy f pfav aumif;avyg? jyifqifwmrSm tcse d, f & l ygr,f? aphaphpyfpyf&& dS ygr,f? wdu k y f0 JG if&if tajzaumif; tjrefay:ap&ygr,f? acgi;f aqmifru _ wpkwpnf;wnf;&Sr d S b,ftcse dr fm S wufr,f/ b,ftcse dr fm S tEdi ke f @J yi kd ;f r,fqw kd m qH;k jzwfEi kd y f gw,f? Oya'wGi;f wdu k y ft JG awG@tuH Auy rSm enf;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh a&S@wef;rSm a&S@aqmifEi kd o f r l sm; pOf;pm;&ef wifjywmyg? ?

vlxt k jkH uGr+-zpfaerS pnf;&Hk;77if aemufusoGm;vdrr hf ,f? RAM udk tckuwnf;u (enf;rsKd;pHe k h)J vkyo f ify h gw,f?

17

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1? ordi k ;f ed*;kH csKyf udp[ P m udp}P u;D jzpfw,f? 'gua kd qG;aEG;csiy f gw,f? 'Dup du P ppfat;acwf (1947- 1989) +y;D qH;k pumvup+y;D ay:vmwmyg? uGeq f maA;wpfvufopf (neo-con) wOD;jzpfwhJ zlu, k mr qdo k u l pvdu k w f myJ? tawmfuav; *,ufxoGm; ygw,f? uGejf rLepfqef@usia f &;orm;awG&@J usr;f wqle;D yg; (ol@pmtkyu f ) jzpfom G ;ygw,f? 'gayrJh odyr f =umvdu k y f gb;l ? 21 &mpk xJvnf;0ifvma&m ordi k ;f ued*;kH csKyf zd@k aeaeomom ordi k ;f u t&Se dt f [kee f @J jzpfay:wd;k yGm;vmw,f? tmz*efppf/ tD&wfppf jzpfvmawmh zlu, k mr ud, k w f i kd f aemufwvSr;f qkww f ,f? xm;ygawmh? 2? zlu, k mr&J@tawG;tac:u rmhup f0 f g' ed*;kH csKy+f yv D @kd ajymenf;wrsK;d eJ@ ajymwmyg? rmhup f0 f g'&J@tp[m uGejf rLepfa=unm pmwrf; (1848) uyg? tJ'a D =unmpmwrf;rSm ordi k ;f qdw k m[m vlwef;pm;wdu k y fa JG wG&@J ordi k ;f yJv@kd tpcsx D m;ygw,f? tde* f ,fvu f xyf+yD;jznfp hu G y f gw,f? vlwef;pm;awGtjzpf uGjJ ym;vmcse du f p+yD; ordi k ;f qdw k m vlwef;pm;wdu k y f& JG @J ordi k ;f yJv@kd jznfp hu G y f gw,f? yd+k yD;jynfp ho kH m G ;wmayg? h u|ea f wmfw@kd ygwu D zlu, k mr&J@ ed*;kH csKyft,ltqudk b,fwe k ;f urS vufrcHcy hJ gb;l ? bma=umifv h q J a kd wmh vlwef;pm; uGjJ ym;r_ &Sa d eor# vlwef;pm;wdu k y f JG &Sa d er,f? vlwef;pm;wdu k y f& JG a dS e&if ordi k ;f vnf;&Sa d er,fv@kd ,lqvd@k yg? 3? zlu, k mr tJ't D ,ltqwifpOfu qdA k, D uf,e l, D H yuGc J se dy f g? Edi ki fw H umh uGejf rLepfta&;awmfy}kH u;D wckv;kH aemufwvSr;f qkwa f e&cse dy f g? wcsK@d u tkyp f ;D ysu+f y;D upOfu h vsm;qkww f ,f? wcsK@d u tkyp f ;D rysua f tmif xde;f +y;D qkw=f uygw,f? (u|ea f wmfw@kd ygwu D 'kw, d trsK;d tpm;rSm ygygw,f?) tckaqG;aEG;csiw f mu bma=umifq h w k & f ovJ qdw k myg? yk*v ~ u d tjrifoufoufukd wifjywmyg? bma=umifq h w k & f ovJ? (u) k&m S ;awmfve Sa f &;eJ@ wkwa f wmfve Sa f &;wd@k rm S wlnw D x hJ ;l jcm;csuf &Sw d ,f? olw@kd awmfve Sa f &;awG[m rmhup f /f tde* f ,fvw f @kd awG;ac:cJo h vdk a&S@wef;a&muf wdi k ;f jynfawGu wyifwnf; t&if;&Sit f m%m&Sip f epfukd awmfve Sw f hJ urBma h wmfve Sa f &;rsK;d vkyw f m r[kwb f ;l ? a&S@wef;a&mufwi kd ;f jynfawG qdw k mu (tJ'w D e k ;f u) t&if;&Sip f epf tjrifq h ;kH tqifa h &mufaewJh t*Fvefe@J *smr%D/ jyifopfe@J tar&duefw@kd uy kd J qdv k w kd myg? k&m S ;jynf/ wkwjf ynfw@kd u ya'o&mZfwydi k ;f t&if;&Siw f ydi k ;f acwfaemufuswhJ wdi k ;f jynf awGy? J olw@kd awmfve S a f &;awG Edi kw f mu a&S@wef;a&muf wdi k ;f jynf}uD;awGtcsi;f csi;f e,fcs@J ppfyJG (urBmppf) qifEa J$ e=uwmudk csua f umif;,lEi kd v f @kd y? J yxrurBmppfrm S t*Fvy d /f tar&duef/ jyifopfuwzuf *smr%Duwzuf ppfjzpfaewmudk csua f umif; ,lEi kd v f @kd k&m S ;awmfve Sa f &; atmifjrifwmyJ? wkwa f wmfve Sa f &;uvnf; 'kw, d urBmppfukd csua f umif;,lEi kd v f @kd atmifjrifwmyJ? 'Drm S oifcef;pmxkw, f E li kd w f mu Edi ki fw H umh tajctaeudk csua f umif;,l+yD; rdrjd ynfwi G ;f awmfve S a f &;udk atmifjrifatmif vkyE fi kd w f ,fqw kd hJ oifcef;pmjzpfw,f? 20

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(c) zG@H z;+y;D Edi ki fa H wG (a&S@wef;a&mufEi kd i fa H wG) u t+rw J rf;olw@kd tcsi;f csi;f ppfwu kd a f e=uwm r[kwb f ;l ? txl;ojzifh 1947 avmuf up+yD; olw@kd tcsi;f csi;f aoG;pnf;ae=uw,f? tm;t}uD;qH;k jzpfwhJ tar&duefukd acgi;f aqmifwif Adv k v f y k c fi Ga hf y;+yD; pnf;vH;k ae =uw,f? olw@kd csi;f ydyuQjzpf&ifvnf; ppfjzpfavmufonft h xd rjyif;xefatmif xde;f !d= uw,f? tJ'v D v kd y ka f ewm tcktxdy? J 1914 u 1945 xd (ESpf 30) wke;f uawmh tajctaeuwrsK;d yJ? b,fou l rS b,fo@l ur kd S Adv k r f xm;bl;? ppfxrwdu k f =uao;&ifvnf; &efjzpfae=uwmyJ? 1947 u tcktxd (ESpf 60) usawmh wrsK;d jzpfw,f? ausauseyfeyfyJ tar&duefukd Adv k v f y kc fi kd ;f xm;=uw,f? &efvnf; ,f? wcgwav jyifopfv[ kd mu ab;zJh odyr f jzpf=ubl;? G7 qd+k yD; zG@J xm;w,f? &efjzpfr,fh tajctaejzpf&ifvnf; xde;f !dw xGu& f ifvnf; aphpyfvu kd w f ,f? xde;f !dv u kd w f ,f? t*Fvy du f awmh tar&duefukd vdv k c kd sic f siy f J Adv k v f y kc fi kd ;f xm;wmyJ? *smr%D/ *syefuawmh ppf;H_ xm;wmawG jzpfw,f? pD;yGm;a&;rSm }u;D us,a f eayr,fh Edi ki fa H &;ppfa&;rSm tar&duefukd rSc Da kd e&&Smw,f? wnf&dS aewJh urBmt h pDtpOf (World Order) uvnf; olw@kd ukd ypm;ray;bl;? tar&duefukd rSc Dr kd v S & l m0ifrm S udk *smr%D/ *syefu odaew,f? (*) k&m S ; (qdA k, D uf) eJ@ wkwu f awmh pnf;vH;k r_r&Sw d t hJ cse du f cyfrsm;rsm;yg? qd& k , S v f pf*% kd ;f qdw k m =um=umcHcw hJ m r[kwb f ;l ? trsm;ydi k ;f u tdrc fa JG e=uwmjzpfw,f? 'DtxJrm S atmifjrifre _ @J ,pfr;l ae=uao;w,f? vDeif&@J wdi k ;f jynfwjynfcsi;f qd& k , S v f pfpepf xlaxmifEi kd w f ,f qdw k mudk qENpu JG susw;kd cs@J +y;D wdi k ;f jynfwjynfcsi;f uGejf rLepfavmu csw D ufEi kd w f ,f qdo k nftxd vkyv f mw,f? olO;D ud, k O f ;D yif=uao;w,f? k&m S ; (cl;&Suz f ) f u uGejf rLepfavmuudk csw D ufr,fq+kd yD;vkya f wmh wkwf (armfpw D e k ;f ) u ckev f m $ ;csw D ufa&; ,Ofaus;r_ awmfve S a f &; vky+f yD;yifw,f? vuf0 J qENpt JG rSm;awG tyifvy k =f uw,f? aemufq;kH usawmh k&m S ; (*db k macsmy h ) f u zdz k &J qkw& f w,f? wkwf (wde@f a&Smifzif) u tkyp f ;D rysua f tmifqw k w f ,f? 4? k&m S ;a&m wkwy f g qkw=f uawmh zlu, k mru ordi k ;f ed*;kH csKy+f y D vd@k au;a=umfvu kd w f myJ? 'gayrJh r=umygb;l ? vlwef;pm; wdu k y fu JG yHp kw H rsK;d eJ@ ay:vmw,f? tJ'gu tmz*efppfy/JG tD&wfppfyy JG ? J ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm;eJ@ wdu k & f wJv h w l ef;pm;wdu k y fa JG wmh r[kwb f ;l ? vlwef;pm;wdu k y fa JG wmh vlwef;pm;wdu k y fy JG ? J bmoma&; tajccHwhJ ya'o&mZfvw l ef;pm;vd@k rlqviftpGe;f a&muf awGukd owfrw S & f rvm;awmh rodb;l ? tD&wfusawmhwrsK;d ? bmhoy f gw[ D m rlqviftpGe;f a&mufawmh r[kwb f ;l ? tD&wfue G jf rLepfygwu D b,fvo kd wfrw S f ovJawmh rodb;l ? avhvm&OD;rSmjzpfw,f? bifvm'ifw@kd wmvDbefw@kd quf'rf[p le dw f @kd [m ypPn;f rJv h w l ef;pm; ud, k p f m;vS,f r[kww f mawmh aocsmw,f? tckajymcsiw f mu olw@kd ukd bmvlwef;pm;vd@k owfrw S z f @kd r[kwb f ;l ? vlwef;pm;wdu k y fq JG w kd m t&if;&Sie f @J ypPn;f rJw h u kd w f hJ wdu k y fu JG r kd S vlwef;pm;wdu k y f JG qdv k w kd mr[kwb f ;l ? b,fvw l ef;pm;awGwu kd w f u kd f vlwef;pm;wdu k y fy JG ? J vlwef;pm;wdu k y fa JG wG wdu k a fe =uor# ordi k ;f ed*;kH rcsKyfao;bl; qdw k mudy k J ajymcsiw f myg? ?

vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJqdkwm t&if;&SifeJ@ ypPnf;rJhwdkufwJh wdkufyGJudkrS vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJ qdkvdkwmr[kwfbl;? b,fvlwef;pm;awGwdkufwdkuf vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJyJ?

21

uGefjrLepfygwDa=unmpmwrf; xkwfa0jcif; ESpf 160 ajrmufae@ukd txdrf;trSwfjyKjcif;

(1) vGec fw hJ hJ tESpf (40) ausm/f u|ea f wmf ausmif;om;b0u Armjynfue G jf rLepfygwe D @J ol@&@J vrf;net f awG;tac:jzpfwhJ rmhup f v f e D if0g'eJ@ armfpw D e k ;f tawG;tac:wk@d udk pwifpw d 0 f ifpm;/ avhvmvku d p f m;cJw h ,f? 'Dve dk @J u|ea f wmfw@dk a&S@u aemif awmfrsKd ;quf&a J bmf}uD;rsm;u uGejf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;ukd avhvmzk@d wm0ef,p l w d & f p dS m G eJ@ wku d w f e G ;f vmw,f? 'ge@J uGejf rLepf a=unmpmwrf;ukd vku d & f m S ygw,f? u|ea f wmfw@dk acwfu Akv d a f e0if;wufpacwfr@dk tJ'v D p dk mtkyr f sKd ;awGudk pmtkyt f a[mif; aps;wef;awGrm S tvG,w f ul vku d & f m S vk@d &ygao;w,f? u|ea f wmfvnf; tJ'v D dk vku d & f m S 0,fcw hJ ,f? ESpa f wG=umoGm;+yDr@dk b,f pmtkyw f u dk u f xkww f ,f? wefz;dk b,favmufpwmawGudk rrSwr fa d wmhygb;l ? rSwr fw d muawmh tJ'p D mtky& f @J tzH;k [m teDa&mif qdw k mygy? J D =unm tckawmh tJ'u D e G jf rLepfa=unmpmwrf;vk@d u|ea f wmfw@dk tvG,w f ulac:/ E_wu f sKd ;aewJh uGejf rLepfygwa pmwrf; xkwa f 0wm vmr,fh 2008 azazmf0g&v D qd& k if ESpf 160 wif;wif; jynfy h gawmhr,f? 'Dpmtky[ f m uGejf rLepfrsm;&J@ vufpu JG sr;f wqljzpfw,f? Armjynfrm S Armjynfue G jf rLepfygwu D ESp}f udra f wmif xkwf a0cJ+h yD;yg+yD? Armjynfrm S uGejf rLepfygwa D =unmpmwrf; yxrqH;k t}udrf xkwa f 0cJw h meJ@ywfoufv@dk ygw& D @J vw G a f jrmufa'o uG e f j rLepf y g w D a =unmpmwrf bmomjyefeJ@ pmyHkESdyfwkdufu 'kwd,t}udrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0wJh ; pmtkyf trSmpum; rSm uG,v f e Go f m G ;+yDjzpfwhJ Armjynfue G jf rLepfygwD OuU ocifAode;f wifu ckva dk &;xm;w,f? 1947 ckEp S u f vef'efrm S usi;f ywJh +Adwo d #tifyg,mtwGi;f &Sd uGejf rLepfygwr D sm; uGez f &ifr h m S qH;k jzwfcsuw f ck cschJ D =unmpmwrf; w,f? 'Dq;kH jzwfcsuu f awmh 1948 ckEp S [ f m uGejf rLepfygwa xkwjf yefwm tESpf 100 jynfE h p S jf zpfwt hJ wGuf wwfEi dk w f u hJ e G jf rLepfygwr D sm;u rdrw d @dk wi dk ;f &if;om;bmompum;jzifh bmomjyef yHE ky dS x f w k a f 0=u&efEi S hf rdwL W 5 tkyr f S 10 tkyf avmufudk vef'ef+rdK@&dS rmhup ft f xdr;f trSwf Adrmefrm S xm;&S& d ef qH;k jzwfcw hJ ,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;ukd usaemfw@dk ygwu D vnf; uk, d p f m;vS,t f zG@J wzG@J apv$wc fw hJ ,f? 'Dq;kH jzwfcsut f wki d ;f 1948 ckEp S t f apmyki d ;f rSm Armjynfue G jf rLepfygwD A[ka d umfrwDu 'Dpmtkyu f dk bmomjyef+yD;/ xkwa f 0cJw h ,f? rdwL W 10 apmifuv dk nf; vef'ef+rdK@&dS rmhup ft f xdr;f trSwf Adrmefo@dk yk@d cw hJ ,fwJ? h yxrt}ur d f yHE ky dS x f w k a f 0jcif;ukd Armjynfue G jf rLepfygwD A[ka d umfrwD/ jynfo@l tm%m pmyHE ky dS w f u dk /f &efue ku f xkwa f0 cJw h ,f? 'kw, d t}ur du f a dk wmh txufrm S azmfjyxm;wJt h wki d ;f Armjynfue G jf rLepfygwD vGwa f jrmufa'o/ bmomjyefe@J pmyHE ky dS f mu 1977 ckEp Sr fm S xkwa f 0ygw,f? d , S v f pfpepf urBmay:u aysmufu, G o f m G ;+yD ppfat;acwf tqH;k owfom G ;awmh t&if;&Si* f % dk ;f om;awGu qk& rmhufpf0g' _H;edrfhoGm;+yD rmhufpf0g' acwfrrDawmhbl; pojzifh trsdK;rsdK;0g'jzef@aewJh=um;uyJ uGefjrLepfygwD a=unmpmwrf; [m bmomaygi;f 200 ausmt f xd yHE ky dS x f w k a f 0cJ& h +yD;/ 'Dae@urBmay:rSm tus,jf yef@q;kH yHE ky dS x f w k a f 0cJ& h wJh pmtkyjf zpfw,fqw kd o hJ wif; 1998 ckEp S /f a=unmpmwrf; xkwa f 0+yD; ESpf 150 t=umrSm xGua f y:cJw h ,f? 22

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26

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27

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28

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29

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km S ;Edi ki fu H 'kw, d ajrmuftvufZif'gb& k if (62ESp) f [m 1881 ckEp S f rwfv 13 &ufae@rm S AH;k eJ@typfc& H awmh ajcjywf/ Adu k a f ygu+f yD; vly k r f ay:bJaooGm;cJy h gw,f? f 'Dvkd ol@uv kd y k }f uHowfjzwfz@kd pDpOfoa l wGxr J m S ynmwwf trsKd ;orD;wa,muf ygw,fv@kd q& kd if tH=h oaumif;tH=h o=uvdrr hf ,f? ol@ur kd vdv k m;wJh oufO;D qHyi kd p f epfvv kd m;olawGu ol@ukd A,f&mzpf*e f m (Vera f ;l / ol&w J ap>jzpfw,fvd@k ajym=uygw,f? Nikolaevna Figner)[m trsKd ;orD;r[kwb A,f&meDuv kd ufAe f m zpf*e f m (1852-1942) [m 19 &mpkEp St f ukey fi kd ;f u km S ;"eSia f ygup f ynmwwfrsm;&J@ Zmpepf awmfve Sa f &;rSm acgi;f aqmifyg0ifco hJ l jzpfw,f? olra&;cJw h hJ awmfve Sa f &;orm;wOD;.rSww f rf;rsm; pmtkya f =umihf emrnf&cJw h hJ A,f&mApf*e f m[m txufwef;v$mrsm;wufwhJ ausmif;awGrm S ynmoifc+hJ yD; qGpZ f mvefEi kd i fr Hm S aq;ynmoif=um;cJy h gw,f? olr[m 1876 ckEp S u f p+yD; pde@f yw D mpbmh*f rd@awmfukd a&mufvmygw,f? tJ'r D m S olr[m Zmbk&ifukd awmfve S v f w kd hJ todi k ;f t0di k ;f wcke@J xdawG@r+d yD; ajrmufyi kd ;f awmfve S w f hJ ema&mh'e f pfct f pk (North Revolutionary Narodnik Group) rSm yg0ifcy hJ gw,f? 'DtzG@J &@J emrnfukd aemifrm S ajr,mESiv hf w G v f yfa&;tzG@J (Land and Freedom)vd@k ajymif;cJy h gw,f? 1879ck ESpr f m S 'DtzG@J uGjJ yefawmh olr[m jynfo@l qENtzG@J (Peoples Will)rSm tvkyt f r_aqmiftzG@J 0if jzpfvmyga&m? 'gwifru olr[m ppfa&;acgi;f aqmifwOD;vnf; jzpfvmygw,f? tJ'a D emufrm S ol[m ajratmufomefe@J aexdi kv f y _ fm S ;cJ+h yD; Zmbk&ifukd vky}f uHz@kd twGuf pDpOf&mrSm ygcy hJ gw,f? Zmbk&if towfc+H yD;aemufrm S olw@kd tzG@J 0ifawG ao'%ftay;cHoc l& H / axmiftcs cHoc l& H eJ@ tzG@J tpnf;[m tifrwefcsne hf @J om G ;awmh olr[m'DtzG@J ukd jyefvnfpp k nf;zd@k vH;k yef;ygw,f? 'gayrJh ratmifjrifygb;l ? opPmazmufwOD;&J@ vufaxmufcsra _ =umihf 1883 ckEp S f azazmf0g&v D 10 &ufae@rm S tzrf;cH&ygw,f? 1884 ckEp Sr fm S olrudk ao'%fcsrw S c fa hJ yr,fh aemufawmh axmif'%fwoufwu|e;f tjzpf jyefajymif;csvu kd y f gw,f? 'Daemuf 1884 ckuae 1904 ckEp St f xd olr[m cHwyf}u;D wcktwGi;f rSm tESpf ESpq f ,fv;kH vH;k wOD;wnf;wdu k y fw d x f m;wm cHc& hJ ygw,f? 1906 ckEp S r f m S olr[m jynfyudk xGuo f m G ;+yD; km S ;Edi ki ft H wGi;f u Edi ki fa H &;tusO;f om;rsm;twGuf vH@_ aqmf wdu k y f0 JG ifygw,f? 1907 - 08 ckEp Sr fm S qd k, S v f pfawmfve Sa f &;ygwx D J 0ifc+hJ y;D 1915 ckEp Sr fm S km S ;Edi ki fu H kd jyefvmcJy h gw,f? 1917ckEp S /f azazmf0g&a D wmfve Sa f &;+y;D wJa h emufrm S Edi ki fa H &;tusO;f om;awG/ jynfya&mufawGtm;vH;k udk vGw+f ir d ;f cGia hf y;a&;aumfrwD OuUeJ@ ,Ofaus;r_Ei Sv hf w G v f yfa&;toif;rSm 'kOuUwm0efawG,c ly hJ gw,f? Zmbk&ifpepfudk awmfvSefcsKyf+idrf;apwmr[kwfbJ Zmbk&ifwa,mufudkom csKyf+idrf;apcJhwmjzpfvdk@ olwdk@&J@ v_y f m S ;r_awG[m tqH;k wdi ka f tmifjrifr_ r&cJy h gb;l ? 'gayrJh ud, k u f sKd ;vH;k 0pGe@f vw $ +f yD; oufO;D qHyi kd b f & k if pepfq;kd }uD;udk wdu k c fu kd f cJw h hJ trsKd ;orD;wOD;taeeJ@awmh A,f&mzpf*e f m[m pHxm;tm;usjcif;cH&wJh trsKd ;orD;wOD;jzpfcy hJ gw,f? 36

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t]rif]h rwfq;kH vlawG usqH;k cJjh uw,f? olw> kd udk vlraeawmhwhJ ae7mwckrm S vlrodor l od ]rSKyfxm;cJjh uw,f? olwt hkd wGuf rsuf\nfwpufrS ruscJjh ubl;? rodzl;wJhvufawGu olwdkhudkocFsKdif;udko,fydkhcJhw,f vuf0g;uyfwi kd r f |S?d tumt\Hr|S?d olw> kd \J>}kEa f ]ymifwhJ emrnfawGukd b,focFsKdi;f ausmuf]ym;rSmrS rawG>rd? olw> kd tay:rSm ]rufawGaygufae]yD; csnfe h > J w jhJ rufyifav; wyifuom? cg;av;udkif;]yD; vsSdK>0SufcsufawG xdef;xm;w,f? wOD;wnf;aom oufaouawmh a'gowa]cmif;a]cmif;eJh urf;pyfudk |dkufcwfaejuwJhvdSkif;vHk;awG? 'gayrJh 'DtpGr;f xufvw S hJ vdi kS ;f vH;k awGawmifrS olwdk>tdrfawGqDudk aemufqHk;eSKwfqufpum;awG o,froGm;edi k c f / hJ /

The Noblest Fallen

The noblest have fallen. They were buried obscurely in a deserted place. No tears fell over them. Strange hands carried them to the grave. No cross, no enclosures, and no tomb stone tell their glorious names. Grass grows over them, a feeble blade bending low keeps the secret. The sole witness were the surging waves. which furiously beat against the shore, But even they, the mighty waves could could not carry farewell greetings to the distant home.

37

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ausmf 90 u uHaqmifjyvdu k jf cif; jzpfw,f? aemufxif&m S ;wJt h csuu f oHCmwyfaygi;f pk u tpd;k &usi;f ywJh yxrjyef pmar;yGa J wGukd oydwa f rSmufz@kd aqmf=o vdu k w f meJ@ trsm;wumhtrsm;pk oHCmawmf rsm;u av#mufvm $ rwifbJ aejyvdu k =f uw,f? 80 ausmf 90 xuf renf;Edi ky f gb;l ? etz b,fvp kd m&if;vdrjf yrvJ apmif=h unf=h u&ygr,f? tm;vH k ; awmf v S e f a &;orm;awG jzpf u k e f + yD

vGwv f yfa&;acwf 'Dbufyi kd ;f ygvr D efacwfrm S om;orD;awG Edi ki fa H &;vky& f if rdbawGu wm;wmrsm;ygw,f? 'Dacwf 'Davmufowf/ 'Davmufzrf;/ 'DavmufESdyfpufaewJh=um;u rdb jynfoa l wGu om;orD;awG awmfve S a f &;vkyw f m/ Edi ki fa H &;vkyw f mudk *k%, f v l m =uw,f? tm;ay;=uw,f? 8 av;vH;k umvwke;f u awmcdv k mwJh ausmif;om;vli,fawG&@J rdb tcsi;f csi;f *k%w f * k% k f yifawmif jzpfc=hJ uw,f? igt h r du f b,fEa S ,muf/ rif;tdru f b,fEa S ,muf/ olw@kd tr du f wa,mufrS rxGub f ;l ponf? OD;oef@ta&;tcif;rSm ryg0if=uvd@k Adv k c f ifarmifav;u OD;ausm+f idr;f udk usKyftr d u f aumifawG v$wv f u kd +f yD/ cifAsm; om;awG rxGu=f uao;bl;vm;/ xbD0wfaezd@k aumif;w,fqw kd mrsKd ; ajymw,fqy kd ? J 'gu tqifw h qify h J &Sa d o;wmudk jyw,f? 'Dacwfu om;orD;tzrf;rcH&if rdbaqGrsKd ;udk zrf;wJa h cwf? zdEy dS r fu _ }uD;w,f? 'Dawmh wH@k jyefru _ vnf; }uD;vmw,f? om;orD;awG tzrf;cH&&if rdbawGu *k%, f a l =umif;/ rD', D mrSm wuf [pf w,f? OD;*rB& D &J@r,fawmf ajymoH=um;&wmeJ@ =uufo;D ar$;!i;f xavmufw,f? rdbawGvnf; 0ifygvm=uw,f? aemufq;kH awmh oHCmawmfawGvnf; raeomawmh? pmtHwm&yf oydwu f c kd s+yD; vrf;ray: xGu& f awmhw,f? usew f o hJ l b,fo& la dS o;vJ? [kww f ,f? wyfrawmfom;awGyJ usey f gawmhw,f? 'Dtwdi k ;f omoGm;ae&ifawmh ,Hw k ,f olw@kd vnf; r=umrD wckcv k y kv f mygvr dr hf ,f? etz twG i f ; tajymif ; tvJ r sm; wdi k ;f jynf r+idrr f oufjzpfaepOf 0ef}uD;csKyfp;kd 0if; aow,f? wGi;f 1 ode;f pdef 0ef}uD;csKyf jzpfvmw,f? ol@ae&mudk ppfaxmufcsKyf wifatmifjrifO;D udk cef@w,f? ^m%f}u;D &Siw f csKd @u oef;a&$e@J armifat;=um;rSm tm%mxde;f !w d o hJ abm &Sw d ,fv@kd ppfwrf;xkwc f =hJ uw,f? [kwc f siv f nf; [kwr f ,f? [kwc f sir fv S nf; [kwr fm S yg? rdrw d @kd owdxm;rdwmu wGi;f 1 ae&mrSm vlajymif;aewmyJ awG@&+yD; wGi;f - 2/ wGi;f - 3 ae&mawG aysmufaewmyJ? (2) eJ@ (3) xm;avmufwv hJ l etz xJ r&Sa d wmhv@kd vm;? vkyp f &mtvkyf rsm;rsm;pm;pm; r&Sa d wmhv@kd vm;? *d% k ;f tkyp f k tay;t,l vkyr f &ao;vd@k vm;? pdwf uufawG@avmufatmif vkyr f jyEdi k =f uao;vd@k vm; - pOf;pm;p&mawG rsm;ygw,f? Adv k c f if!e G @f u 8 av;vH;k rSm vlpr G ;f jy+y;D wGi;f - 1 ae&m ,lw,f? Adv k p f ;kd 0if;u 8 av;vH;k rSm oifvuftjzpf vufpvufe jycJhw,f? ar 30 =unf&GmvlowfyGJrSm eHygwf0rf;}uD;pdwfuuf vufpGrf;jyEdkifcJhvdk@ wGif; - 1 ae&m wqifhwufvmw,f? Adv k c f if!e G @f ywfawmh 0ef}u;D csKyf wufjzpfw,f? aoawmhvnf; rwefr&m Edi ki fa H wmfpsmyetjzpf usi;f yay;+y;D owif;pmawGxr Jm S rsuE fm S jynfe h ma&;a=umfjimawG qufwu kd a f zmfjyay;cJw h ,f? wyfxr Jm S vnf; wdi k ;f r;jzpfcsiw f o hJ l awmfawmfrsm;yH& k w,f? e,fpm;y,fpm; tm%mvnf;&Sd vufzsm;aiGo;D aewJa h e&mrd@k rsua f pmif;xd;k ae=uwm rqef;vSb;l ? 'gukd tuGu, f l ukvm;zefx;kd +y;D wdi k ;f r; 3 a,mufukd txufuefwifvu kd w f ,f? rsua f pmif; xd;k ae=uwJh olawGxu J 3 a,mufukd wdi k ;f r;topf cef@vu kd w f ,f? 'Drm S awG@&wmu vpfvyfom G ;wmu &mxl;wae&mygy? J 48

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'gayrJh &mxl;wd;k ay;vdu k E fi kd w f mu qifu h q J ifu h e J @J xdyw f ef;&mxl;awGrm S 10 a,muf ausmo f m G ;w,f? wGu=f unfy h g? 'g[m olw@kdukd pm;aygua f y;+y;D ac|;odyv f u kd w f mtjyif wjcm;t"dym ` ,fvnf; &Sa d o;w,fv@kd ,lqrdw,f? quf&ef&a dS o;wJh vlowfya JG wGtwGuf ol@wyfukd oljyifaewm rjzpfEi kd b f ;l vm;? &mxl;wd;k cgp t&m&Sq d w kd mu ajrmufuajrmufueJ@ cdi k ;f vd@k aumif;wwfw,f? vufr&G@H awG wyfut kd udi kc fi kd ;f rSm aocsmw,f? 'Dru kd a&pDa&;twGuf wdu k y f0 JG ifaeolawGtaeeJ@ tepfemcHpe G @f vw $ p fe G @f pm;He k @J r+yD;? atmify, JG E li kd r f ,fh wjcm;enf;vrf; awGuv kd nf; pOf;pm;jyifqifxm;oif=h uyg+yD? pum;ajymyG J a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J Adv k a f tmif=unf pum;ajymwm 3 }udrf &Sy d g+yD? owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGr Jm S tyoabmwd;k wufr_ &Sy d gw,fv@kd Adv k a f tmif=unfu ajymoGm;wm awG@&w,f? wOD;eJ@wOD; em;vnfr, _ w l m/ tem*wftwGuf rlabmifawG!E d i _d ;f wm/ tpDtpOfrm S yg0ifoifw h hJ ta=umif;tcsua f wG pOf;pm;wmqdw k hJ acgi;f pnf;awGe@J udpw P ckpD vD +yD; awG@cw hJ ,fv@kd qdw k ,f? rwwfomvk@d ya J wG@awG@/ ta=umif;jycsu& f atmifya J wG@awG@ awG@ae=uyg+yD? bmawGajym=urSe;f awmh rod&ao;? ajymcsiw f m wckyJ &Sy d gw,f? wHcg;ydwp f um;ajymwmrSm 2 buf ajymwmawGukd etz uawmh rSww f rf;,lxm;rSmyg? 2 buf ajymwmwGukd toHoi G ;f xm;zd@k aumif;w,f? toHoi G ;f "mwfjym;udk 2 buf ,lxm;oifw h ,f? 2 buf oabmwlrS xkwjf yefz@kd yg? etz u wzufowfxw k jf yefwm/ npfywfwm rvkyE fi kd z f @kd owd&o Sd ify h gw,f? taetxm;udk =unh& f wmujzifh &Si;f&i S ;f vif;vif; ajyajyacsmacsm vkya f ewm rawG@&? wdi k ;f jynfaumif;zd@k qw kd hJ t&if;cH pdw" f mwf etz rSm &Sy dr kH ay:? 'DZifbm 3 &uf owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGu J kd =unf& h ifukd txif;om;awG@ae&w,f? Adv k a f usmq f ef;wd@k / &JcsKyfcif&w D @kd u vSe@f csa D y;w,f? Adv k a f tmif=unfu rufv;kH jyw,f? qef@usib f uf 2 ckukd wyifeuf ,SOx f m;w,f? D NC rwufwo hJ a l wG aemuf Adv k a f usmq f ef;u pm;cGuv f c k& H rSm a=umufwa hJ voHe@J trsKd ;om;nDvmcH (NC) +y;D oGm;+y? bmrS ajymydi kc fi Gr hf &S? d wwd,tqifa h wmif a&mufae+yD? a&S@u[mawG twnfy+yD;om; jzpfw,f? jyifqifp&m/ jznfp h u G p f &m/ y,fzsup f &m bmta=umif;rS r&S d qdw k o hJ abm ajymvku d jf yefw,f? 'gayrJh tajccHOya'twnfya&;rSm qef@usiw f o hJ a l wGvnf; rJay;cGihf yr,f? a&G;aumufyv JG y kw f t hJ cg ,SOf yifci Ga hf wmif ay;ygO;D r,fv@kd ajymygao;w,f? t"dym ` ,fu igw@kd ay;wJh ay;oavmuf 'Drdkua&pDyJ ,lEdkifw,fvdk@ qdkvdkufwmyg? oem;wJh taeeJ@v@kd ajymcsiw f o hJ abmyJ? wdkufyGJ0ifaeolawGtaeeJ@ oydw0 f iftw d 0 f if tm;vH;k vky/f ajcawGvufawG tm;vH;k wkwa f ESmif/ acsmifxy J w d a f vSmifxm;+yD;rS ay;wJh 'Drkd tepf e mcH ua&pD? xrif;wvkyf wkww f csu' fr Du kd a&pD ,lcsi, f /l r,lcsif pGef@v$wfpGef@pm;HkeJ@ r+yD;? aeyJ? vGwf+idrf;cGifh atmufwb kd m aemufq;kH ywftwGi;f rSm rsuv f ;kH us,p f &m owif; 2 yk'f wyifeufvkd ay:xGuv f mw,f? wyk'u f csv D E Di kd i f. H tm%m&Sif uG,v f e G o f l Adv k c f sKy}f u;D yDEa kd &S;&J@ZeD;eJ@ om;orD; 4 OD;udk t,lcw H &m;H;k u

atmifyGJ,lEdkifr,fh wjcm;enf ; vrf ; awG u d k v nf ; pOf ; pm;jyif q if x m;oif h = uyg+yD ?

49

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