You are on page 1of 72

PHENOMENOLOGY AND CONTENT ANALYSIS IN NURSING

.
.
. :

2012
1

.
, .

:
, ()
,
,


........................................................2
...6
.....7

1
1.1 .9
1.2 ..10
1.3 .......12
1.4

..14
1.5 ...15
1.6 ....16
1.7 .18
1.8 ..20

2

2.1
2.2

2.3
2.4
2.5

...21
.24
2.2.1 ......24
2.2.2 ......25
..26
....27
..28

3

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5

.29
.....30
32
32
33
5

3.6
3.7

3.8
3.9

34
..36
3.7.1

......................................................................37
38
39

4


4.1
4.2

4.3

4.4

.40
.....43
4.2.1

............46
....49
4.3.1

....50
..55

...57
.....58
...60
...65



.
,
,
.

.

.

. ,
, ,
.
, ,


.
,

.
,
.

, international council of nurses (ICN) (2010)


,
, , .

, ,
, , .
,
,
.

.

, ,
( 2001).
, Husserl
Heidegger, .
,
( ). Husserl
a priori
.
.
, (
)
, , .

. , ,
( 2001).
, ,
Sacks Schegloff (1974)
.

.
,
, ,
.


.

8

.
,
, . ,

,
,
( 2007).


.
,
, .
,
,
.
,
, .
,
,
.

,
.

1.

1.1

(qualitative research)
, ,
,

, . ,
, ,
( 2001).

,
, , .

.
, ,
( 2003).
,

.
(,
) (,
).

, .

. Miller (2011),
, ,
.

, ,
, ,
(Al-Busaidi 2008).
, .

10

, , (Driessnack, Sousa &


Mendes 2007).
, ,

.
100

, , ( 2005).
, ,
,
.
() .
,

,
. ,

( 2003).

1.2

, ,
,
- . 1920 1930,


. 1960,
.
,
20 ,
,
(Al-Busaidi 2008).

,
,
.

11

15 16
.
:
, ,
20 .
,
.
Thomas Znaniecki ,

.
Park
( 2006).
,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
1970.
.
(1970-1986) (blurred genres).
,
, . ,
, , , , ..
Geertz (2003) H
,
,
.
1980 1990
,
.
, , ..
.

.
,
.
1990.
, .

,
.
,
, , ..
12


.
.

, ,
.
(1995 - 2000),
(,
, , ).

. , ,
.
, .
.

.
, , ..
(, , ..).
Habermas ,
,
Goffman (1961, 1989), Garfinkel (1967, 1986),
Cicourel (1964, 1981).
, (,
, , , )
( & 2010).

1.3


. ,
,
.

,
.


.
, .
,
13

, ,
,
. , . ,
, , ,

.
,
.
,
.


,
. ,

.



.
,
.
,
,
( 2005).
Labuschagne (2003),
(quantitative) (qualitative) .

, , ,
.
.
, ,
,
.
.
, ,
( ).
,
, .

.
, ,
.

14



.
, (Borrego, Duglas
& Amelink 2009).

1.4
(mixed methods)



.
. ,
, , .

.
,

. :


.
-




( 2011).
(mixed method)

,

. ,
,
. ,
,
.
:
15

(Triangulation Designs)
(Embedded Designs)
(Explanatory Designs)
(Exploratory Designs)
(Borrego, Duglas & Amelink 2009).

(. 3)
:
1. .
. ,

.
2. .

.
3.
.
,
,
.
4. .
,
, ,
( 2011).
(. 4)

1.5

(2003)


, (Schutz 1976),
(Cicourel 1964 & Garfinkel 1967) (Glaser
& Strauss 1967). Driessnack, Sousa & Mendes (2007)
: ,
, ..

16


, , , ,
(Nieswiadomy 2008).

(phenomenology):

.
(ethnographic):
, ,
, .
(grounded theory):

.
(historical): , ,
. ,
,
.
(case study):
,
.
(action research):
,
(Nieswiadomy 2008).

(. 2 & 6)

1.6


: () , ()
, () () .
: ,
,
. ,
,
. ,
,

17

, ,
. ,

,
. : ; ;
; ;
,
, ,
.
.
:
1.

.
.
2.
. .
: ,
, ,
.
:
,
, ,
, .
,
.
: ,
, , ,
,
,
, .
, :
; ; ;
(- 2007)

. (2008),
:
;
;
, ;
,
- ;

18

1.7


;

;
;

.
,

( 2008).

,
,
, , , ,
, (
) .
,

( 2003).

,
(focus groups), , ,
. ,
, ,
,

.
:
,


,
.

. ,
, , ,
()
.
19

:
,

.
:
, , , .

,
, ,
.
:

() ().

, , .
(2003), ,

,
.
,

, ,
. ,
,
.
.

.
,
. ,
focus groups,
.
:
, ,
, ..
, , ,
,
.

. ,
.

.
20


.

, ,
. ,
, , , .
:
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
:
, ,
, .

,

.
. ,
. ,

.
:
,

(- 2009 & 2009).
(. 1 & 5)

1.8

, ,

.
,
, .

21

2.

2.1

,
. ,
,
()
.

.
(lifeworld), ,

(lived experience), .

,
- (appearance) - (essence).

, .


,

, ( 2003).
,
Husserl.
.
,
.

( ),
,
.
:
(bracketing), (intuiting), .


. ,
, .
22


.
(, ,
). ,
(- 2007).
Husserl
Heidegger, .
,
( ). Husserl
a priori
.
.
, (
)
, , .

. , ,
.
,
, . ,
Heidegger, .
,
, , . ,
-, ,
( 2001).
(2007)
. (essence)


.
.

.
. Adam, (2005, , 2007)

.
.
.

,
. ,
, ,
.
, , .
23


, .
,

. ,

. ,
.
,
.

,
,
.

, ,
.
Edmund Husserl
19

(transcendental phenomenology). Husserl ,
,
.
Husserl :
(phenomenological reduction)
(epoche)
(bracketing)
Heidegger, Husserl, Husserl.
Heidegger ,
Husserl
, ,
. Heidegger


(hermeneutic or
ontological).
,
,

.

/
(- 2005).
(. 7)
24

2.2



.
.
,
: ,

.

(Lopez & Willis 2004).

2.2.1


.
,
(McManus & Holroyd 2007).
H

,
().

(hermeneutics)
(phenomenology). H
,

.


:
(symbolic interactionism), (hermeneutics)
(phenomenology).

,
.
25


.


(hermeneutics).
.


.
H (phenomenology),
,

( 2003).
Laverty (2003)
, .
,
.

2.2.2

Giorgi,
.
, ,
.

(Groenewald 2004).
Giorgi
Duquesne Circle 1970 . Giorgi
Husserl,
, ,
. Husserlian ,
.


, .
:
; (
)

(Finlay 2008).
26

Husserl
. Husserl

,
. ,

, (bracketing)
,
(Lopez & Willis 2004).

2.3


, .
.
. ,
, . .

.

, .
, , , ,
, ,
,
. ,
, .
/, , ,
, -, ,
(Jurema 2006).

. , .
, , , ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,
, .
. ,
.
27

( ),
(Jurema
et al, 2006).

2.4

,
(- 2007).
,
,
.
,
, ,
.

.


-
.

, , , ,
, .
,

.
,
, (Lester 1999).
Laverty (2003),

,
.
,
. ,
, .

.

.

28

,

. ,
,
.
,
,
.
, , ,
(van Manen 1997).

2.5

,
Husserl,
.
.

29

3.1


.

.

, ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
Hsieh Shannon (2005) ,
,
. ,
.
. ,
.
, ,
.


. , Weber (1990,
Macnamara, 2003) :

.
, -
(.. )
. , ,
, , , , .
, ,
(Macnamara 2003).
30

(2009)
(recorded communications)
, , .
.


(recording
communications).
.
,
( 2011),

,
,
(- 2005).

3.2

, , ,
.
. , .

, :
, . ,

.

,
,
, .
(content analysis),

,
,
,
,
.
( ).
( 2005).

31


: ,
.
:
,

.


.

-
, .

,
,
.
:
()
.
,
.

,
.
:
.
,
,
.
.
.

.
,

. ,
,
.
,
( 2005).

32

3.3

:
;
;
;
;
;
;
( 2011)
,
,
.
:
;
;

;
;
;
;
,
, , , ,
; (- 2007)
(2009)
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
5. ;
6. ;

3.4

,
, ,
33

.

, ,
(- 2005).

3.5



, , , , , ,
, .

. ,

,

(- 2005).



, ,
,
,
.
:

( )


( 2009).

, :
, ,

.
: )
, ) ,
)
34

,
( 2005).
(2003), (content analysis)

: , , , .
(,
, , , )
,
, , , .

3.6

:

.
, .
,
: , , , ,
, , , ...
.
, , ...
: ,

(comics), , ...
,
, ...,
.
.
... ,
.
,
.
.
,

, .
,
. ,
,
. ,

35


( 2005).
(2009)
: . ,
.
,
.
,
, -
.


.
.

. ,
.
.
, ,

.
,
. ,
.
,

.
,
.
. ,
.
.
,

.


. : ()
(semantic content analysis) ()
(inferrend content analysis).


() . ,
,
36


,
.
(- 2007).

3.7


. McKee (2003, Macnamara,
2004)
.
,
.
.

.

,
.

.
.
,
,
.


.
,
,
.


( 2011).

37

3.7.1



.
,
, .
,
:
;
;
;

. ,
.
,

.

.

.

. ,

. ,
,
(- 2005).
,
( ) ( ).


.
.

( , , , ..). Krippendorff 1980,
:
(, , ),
(, ),
(referential unit) ( ).
,
38

3.8


, .
(propositional unit) (
).


(|hypotheses).
( )
( 2007).


,
,
, : )
, ) , ,
,
, ,

, .

,
. ,
,
( 2005)
.
-



.

.

.
,
,
.
39


(longitudinal studies),
( ).

.

.
-

.


.

(causal relationships).

( 2003).

3.9

, ,

, ,
.
: .

40

4.


,
,
.
,
, .
.
,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
.
.
. , ,
, ,

(- 2007).

4.1

Florence Nightingate. ,
Nightingate, ,
.
.
41


, ,
.
, .
,
/, , ,
( 2007).

, ,
.

, , ,
, .
,
,
.

, ( &
2004).

. ,
, , .

.
,
.

(Brookes 2007).

. ,


. ,

, ,
, .

,
,
,
. ,

,
, .
42


( ),
( ).

,
( & 2004).
, ,
. ,

(Jeanfreau & Jack 2010).

.

,
(.. ),
,
( & 2004).
,
. ,
.
,
.

, ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
.

(Orb, Eisenhauer & Wynaden 2001).
Schutz (1994)

.
.
, ,
.
.
,
.

. ,

43

. , ,
.

- , .
,
(Schutz 1994).
,
.
(Knafl
& Howard 1984).

4.2



15
.
, ,


.


. ,
,


,
.
Madeleine Leininger -


,

.

44



.

.


, .
, ,

,
.

( )
( 2004).
,

.
.
: ,

.
, ,
,
(Burhans & Alligood 2010).
Fernandes de Freitas 2007,
,
, . ,
, ,
.
,
. , ,
, ,

,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
. ,
,
45

. ,


(Jasper 1994).

,
.
, ,
,
.

, 2000, Van der Zalm Bergum,
: ,
,
.
,

, .
,
. ,

,
.

(Van der Zalm &
Bergum 2000).
Taylor (1993),
,
, .
.
,


, , .

.
,
,

.
(Taylor 1993).


.
46

.
, ""

(Beck 1994).

. ,

, ,
.
,
,
(Mackey 2005).

4.2.1
.



.
.
,
.

.

Burhans Alligood (2010),


.
van Manen
,
.

,
, , , ,
.
47


,
, , ,
, . ,


.

,
. Gunther Thomas
2006, 46 ,

().
. : ()
, () , () ,
, () ,
,
. ,


.
,
.


.
, (2008)
.


Leininger (1997). Leininger

.
,
.


.

.
.
Mayring.
,
, . ,

48


,

.

2011,
. ,
. O

. 61 ,
12 . 48
(n=13).

Golaizzi.
, ,
,
, ,
.
95% (n=58) . (n=48,
79%)
.

.
, ,

.
2010 George Thomas
. ,

,
, .
,
2005.

. ,
,

.
,
,
. ,
, / ,


49


Bradbury-Jones, Sambrook Irvine (2010)
. ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
.
.

. ,


.

4.3

.

.
,
. ,
, , , ,

. ,
.

(Elo & Kynga 2008).
,

.
.
,
.
(Burla et al, 2008).
. , ,
,
, , .
50

,
(Graneheim & Lundman 2004).
. (2010),
,
, . ,

, .

.

,

.
,
, ,
,
.

.
, ,
.
,
. ,
, (Holloway
& Freshwater 2007).

4.3.1
.

(burnout
syndrome)
.
.

. ,

51

. 2010
,


.

, , .
,

. (8)
( ) ,


.

,

.
,
, 2010,


,
. ,
,
.
,

.
15

: , ,
.
32%, (28%),
(22%) , , (18%).


.

.


, .


52

. 82
.

.

.
,
, ,
. ,
,
,
,
.


.
2011 , :
,
,

. . ,

. 36


.
, ,
, . ,

, , .
, ,
-,
. 36

. 78 .


.

, ,
,
.
,

.
53

.
- 72 . ,
, , ,

, .
,
,

.


. : ()
, ; ()
, ()

()
.
15 ( 30-38 )
. -
.

: -, .

.
.

,
,
,

.
,
.
- .

(Yang et al, 2004).
,
2010, .


,

. ,
,
54

,
.
: ,
.
1987 12
30 24 . ,
2000
. , 2005
1:5 .

.
.
,

. , 2012 , ,

delirium. ,
. ,
, ,
.
108 (N=108)
.
28 ,
.
(Cronbachs =0,860)
. ,
delirium.
.

.
17 28 delirium,
. , 63,8%

delirium. 82,4%
delirium .
44,4% delirium
,
80,5%
. 67,5%
delirium.
(
) (p<0.05)
delirium.
delirium
55

.

delirium
.
, 2008

. (cancer-related fatigue)
,

.

. 106
,
Piper.

.
Piper
, : - , , /.

66%,
(19%), (11%) /
(4%). -

.
-
. ,

.


.

4.4

,
.
, ,
.

56

,
.

57



.

: , .
,
,
.
, ,
: .
,
,

. ,

,
.
,
,
. ,
,

.
,
,
,
.
, , ,
.
.

.
, ,

.
,
.
,
58

,
.

.
, ,

, ,

.


.
, ,
,
,
.

59



,
.
,
, .

, .

, .
.
, ,
.
,
.


. ,

. ,
,
. ,
, , .
.
,

,
.

: , , ,
,
Key words: qualitative research, phenomenology, content analysis, methodology,
Nursing

60

1. , . (2007). .
,
2. Beck, C.T. (1994). Phenomenology: its use in nursing research. International
Journal of Nursing Studies, 31(6), 499-510.
3. Borrego, M., Douglas, E. & Amelink, C. (2009). Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed
Research Methods in Engineering Education. Journal of Engineering Education,
98(1), 53-66.
4. Bradbury-Jones, C., Sambrook, S. & Irvine. F. (2010). Empowerment and being
valued: a phenomenological study of nursing students' experiences of clinical
practice. Nurse education today, 31(4), 368-372.
5. Brookes, D., (2007). Understanding the value of qualitative research in nursing,
Nursing Times. Net, [online] Available at:<http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursingpractice/clinical-zones/educators/understanding-the-value-of-qualitative-research-in
nursing/201730.article> [Accessed 11 October 2012].
6. Burhans, L.M. & Alligood, M.R. (2010). Quality nursing care in the words of nurses.
Journal of advanced nursing, 66(8), 1689-1697.
7. Burla, L., Knierim, B., Barth, J., Duetz, M. & Abel, T. (2008).sFrom Text to Codings
Intercoder Reliability Assessment in Qualitative Content Analysis. Nursing
Research, 57(2), 113-117.
8. , . (2007).

. ,

,
9. , ., (2009). . : ..
.
10. Driessnack, M., Sousa, V.D. & Mendes, I.A.C. (2007). An overview of research
designs relevant to nursing: part 2: qualitative research designs. Rev Latino-am
Enfermagem, 15(4), 684-688.
11. Elo S. & Kynga S H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of
Advanced Nursing 62(1), 107-115.

61

12. Fernandes de Freitas, G. (2007). A contribution about phenomenology and nursing


care. Cultura de los Cuidados, 21(11), 8-10.
13. Finlay, L. (2009). Debating Phenomenological Research Methods. Phenomenology
& Practice, 3(1), 6-25.
14. Flick. U., von Kardoff E. & Steinke. I., (2004). Designing and Process in Qualitative
Research. In:
15. Flink. U., ed. A Companion to Qualitative Research. London, SAGE, 146-152.
16. George, S.R. & Thomas S. (2010). Lived experience of diabetes among older, rural
people. Journal of advanced nursing, 66(5), 10921100.
17. Graneheim, U.H. & Lundman, B. (2004). Qualitative content analysis in nursing
research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse
Education Today, 24, 105-112.
18. Groenewald,

T.

(2004).

phenomenological

research

design

illustrated.

International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 3(1), 1-26.


19. Gunther, M.E., & Thomas, S.P. (2006). Nurses narratives of unforgettable patient
care events. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38, 370-376.
20. Holloway, I. & Freshwater, D., (2007). Narrative Research in Nursing. Oxford:
Blackwell.
21. Hsieh, H.F. & Shannon, S. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content
Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 14(9), 1277-1288.
22. International council of nurses. 2010. Definition of nursing. [online]. (updated on
Monday, 12 April 2010) Available at: http://www.icn.ch/about-icn/icn-definition-ofnursing/ [accessed 12 October 2012].
23. , ., , ., , ., , ., , . & , .
(2011). ,

. , 10(3), 389-405.
24. , ., (2003).
, : .
25. , ., (2008). .
: .
26. Jeanfreau. S.G & Jack L. J., (2010). Appraising qualitative research in health
education: guidelines for public health educators. Health Promot Pract, 11(5), 612617.
62

27. Jusper, M. (1994). Issues in phenomenology for researchers of nursing. Journal of


Advanced Nursing, 19, 309-314.
28. , ., , . & , . (2010).
: .
, 1(1), 40-48.
29. Knafl. K. A. & Howard, M. J. (1984). Interpreting and Reporting Qualitative
Research. Research in Nursing and Health, 7, 17-24.
30. , ., , ., ., ., . &
. (2008). . , 7(1), 57-71.
31. , . & , . (2010).

. , 9(3), 344-358.
32. Krippendorff, K., (1980). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
33. , . & , . (2009).
: .
, 49, 84-94.
34. , ., , ., , ., , . & , . (2008).
. , 47(4), 517-527.
35. , . & , . (2010).
. ,
49(1), 62-72.
36. Labuschagne, A. (2003). Qualitative research - Airy fairy or fundamental?. The
Qualitative Report, 8(1), 100-103.
37. Laverty, S. M. (2003). Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: A
comparison of historical and methodological considerations. International Journal of
Qualitative Methods, 2(3), 1-29.
38. Lester, S (1999). An introduction to phenomenological research. [pdf] Taunton UK:
Stan Lester Developments. Available at: www.sld.demon.co.uk/resmethy.pdf
[accessed 11 October 2012].
39. Lopez, K. & Willis, D. (2004). Descriptive Versus Interpretive Phenomenology: Their
Contributions to Nursing Knowledge. Qualitative health research, 14(5), 726-735.
63

40. , . (2001). . : .
41. Mackey, S. (2005). Phenomenological nursing research: methodological insights
derived fromHeideggers interpretive phenomenology. International Journal of
Nursing Studies, 42, 179-186.
42. Macnamara, J. (2003). Media content analysis: Its uses; benefits and best practice
methodology. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 6(1), 1-34.
43. McCaslin, M.L. & Wilson S.K. (2003). The five Question Method. For Framing A
Qualitative Research Study. The Qyalitative Report, 8(3), 447-461.
44. McManus, H.A. (2007). Interpretive Hermeneutic Phenomenology: Clarifying
Understanding. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 7(2), 1-12.
45. , . & , . (2004).
. , 43(3), 261-270.
46. Nieswiadomy, R.M., (2008). Foundations of Nursing Research. [e-book] Prentice
5th

Hall.

edition.

Available

through:http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Foundations-of-Nursing
Research/9780136129806.page [Accessed 12 October 2012].
47. Orb, D., Eisenhauer, L. & Wynaden, D. (2001). Ethics in Qualitative Research.
Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 93-96.
48. , . & , . (2012).
delirium. , 11(1), 133-148.
49. , . (2004).
. , 43(4), 391-400.
50. , . (2009).
1970 .
,
,
51. , . & , ., (2010). .
: .
52. , . (2011). status .

.
53. -, ., (2005). , :
.
64

54. -, ., (2007). :
. . : A.
55. Schutz. S. . (1994). Exploring the benefits of a subjective approach in qualitative
nursing research. Joumal of Advanced Nursing, 20, 412-417.
56. , ., , ., , . & . (2010).
(burnout syndrome):

. , 9(3), 359-374.
57. , ., (2005). , : &
.
58. , ., (2006). .
. : .
59. Taylor, B. (1993). Phenomenology: one way to understand nursing practice.
International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30(2), 171-179.
60. Van der Zalm, J.E. & Bergum, V. (2000). Hermeneutic-phenomenology: providing
living knowledge for nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(1), 211-218.
61. Yang, C.I., Gau, M.L,. Shian, W.A. & Shih, F.J. (2004). Professional career
development for male nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(6), 642-650.
62. , ., , ., , . & Papadopoulos I. (2011).
K
. M . , 51(1), 104-1 14.

65

1:

1.7

66

2:

1.5

67

3:

1.4

68

4:

1.4

69

5:

1.7

70

6: 1.5

71

7:

2.1

72

You might also like