Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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2012
1
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........................................................2
...6
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1
1.1 .9
1.2 ..10
1.3 .......12
1.4
..14
1.5 ...15
1.6 ....16
1.7 .18
1.8 ..20
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
...21
.24
2.2.1 ......24
2.2.2 ......25
..26
....27
..28
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
.29
.....30
32
32
33
5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
34
..36
3.7.1
......................................................................37
38
39
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
.40
.....43
4.2.1
............46
....49
4.3.1
....50
..55
...57
.....58
...60
...65
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( 2007).
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1.
1.1
(qualitative research)
, ,
,
, . ,
, ,
( 2001).
,
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, ,
( 2003).
,
.
(,
) (,
).
, .
. Miller (2011),
, ,
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, ,
, ,
(Al-Busaidi 2008).
, .
10
1.2
, ,
,
- . 1920 1930,
. 1960,
.
,
20 ,
,
(Al-Busaidi 2008).
,
,
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11
15 16
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:
, ,
20 .
,
.
Thomas Znaniecki ,
.
Park
( 2006).
,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
1970.
.
(1970-1986) (blurred genres).
,
, . ,
, , , , ..
Geertz (2003) H
,
,
.
1980 1990
,
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, , ..
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,
.
1990.
, .
,
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,
, , ..
12
.
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, ,
.
(1995 - 2000),
(,
, , ).
. , ,
.
, .
.
.
, , ..
(, , ..).
Habermas ,
,
Goffman (1961, 1989), Garfinkel (1967, 1986),
Cicourel (1964, 1981).
, (,
, , , )
( & 2010).
1.3
. ,
,
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,
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,
13
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,
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, , ,
.
,
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,
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.
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,
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,
,
( 2005).
Labuschagne (2003),
(quantitative) (qualitative) .
, , ,
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, ,
,
.
.
, ,
( ).
,
, .
.
, ,
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14
.
, (Borrego, Duglas
& Amelink 2009).
1.4
(mixed methods)
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. ,
, , .
.
,
. :
.
-
( 2011).
(mixed method)
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
:
15
(Triangulation Designs)
(Embedded Designs)
(Explanatory Designs)
(Exploratory Designs)
(Borrego, Duglas & Amelink 2009).
(. 3)
:
1. .
. ,
.
2. .
.
3.
.
,
,
.
4. .
,
, ,
( 2011).
(. 4)
1.5
(2003)
, (Schutz 1976),
(Cicourel 1964 & Garfinkel 1967) (Glaser
& Strauss 1967). Driessnack, Sousa & Mendes (2007)
: ,
, ..
16
, , , ,
(Nieswiadomy 2008).
(phenomenology):
.
(ethnographic):
, ,
, .
(grounded theory):
.
(historical): , ,
. ,
,
.
(case study):
,
.
(action research):
,
(Nieswiadomy 2008).
(. 2 & 6)
1.6
: () , ()
, () () .
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,
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,
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,
17
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(- 2007)
. (2008),
:
;
;
, ;
,
- ;
18
1.7
;
;
;
.
,
( 2008).
,
,
, , , ,
, (
) .
,
( 2003).
,
(focus groups), , ,
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()
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19
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() ().
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(2003), ,
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focus groups,
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20
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:
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:
,
(- 2009 & 2009).
(. 1 & 5)
1.8
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,
, .
21
2.
2.1
,
. ,
,
()
.
.
(lifeworld), ,
(lived experience), .
,
- (appearance) - (essence).
, .
,
, ( 2003).
,
Husserl.
.
,
.
( ),
,
.
:
(bracketing), (intuiting), .
. ,
, .
22
.
(, ,
). ,
(- 2007).
Husserl
Heidegger, .
,
( ). Husserl
a priori
.
.
, (
)
, , .
. , ,
.
,
, . ,
Heidegger, .
,
, , . ,
-, ,
( 2001).
(2007)
. (essence)
.
.
.
. Adam, (2005, , 2007)
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,
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, ,
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, , .
23
, .
,
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. ,
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,
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,
,
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, ,
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Edmund Husserl
19
(transcendental phenomenology). Husserl ,
,
.
Husserl :
(phenomenological reduction)
(epoche)
(bracketing)
Heidegger, Husserl, Husserl.
Heidegger ,
Husserl
, ,
. Heidegger
(hermeneutic or
ontological).
,
,
.
/
(- 2005).
(. 7)
24
2.2
.
.
,
: ,
.
(Lopez & Willis 2004).
2.2.1
.
,
(McManus & Holroyd 2007).
H
,
().
(hermeneutics)
(phenomenology). H
,
.
:
(symbolic interactionism), (hermeneutics)
(phenomenology).
,
.
25
.
(hermeneutics).
.
.
H (phenomenology),
,
( 2003).
Laverty (2003)
, .
,
.
2.2.2
Giorgi,
.
, ,
.
(Groenewald 2004).
Giorgi
Duquesne Circle 1970 . Giorgi
Husserl,
, ,
. Husserlian ,
.
, .
:
; (
)
(Finlay 2008).
26
Husserl
. Husserl
,
. ,
, (bracketing)
,
(Lopez & Willis 2004).
2.3
, .
.
. ,
, . .
.
, .
, , , ,
, ,
,
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, .
/, , ,
, -, ,
(Jurema 2006).
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,
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. ,
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27
( ),
(Jurema
et al, 2006).
2.4
,
(- 2007).
,
,
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,
, ,
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.
-
.
, , , ,
, .
,
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,
, (Lester 1999).
Laverty (2003),
,
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,
. ,
, .
.
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28
,
. ,
,
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,
,
.
, , ,
(van Manen 1997).
2.5
,
Husserl,
.
.
29
3.1
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
Hsieh Shannon (2005) ,
,
. ,
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
. , Weber (1990,
Macnamara, 2003) :
.
, -
(.. )
. , ,
, , , , .
, ,
(Macnamara 2003).
30
(2009)
(recorded communications)
, , .
.
(recording
communications).
.
,
( 2011),
,
,
(- 2005).
3.2
, , ,
.
. , .
, :
, . ,
.
,
,
, .
(content analysis),
,
,
,
,
.
( ).
( 2005).
31
: ,
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:
,
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-
, .
,
,
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:
()
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,
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,
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:
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,
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,
. ,
,
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,
( 2005).
32
3.3
:
;
;
;
;
;
;
( 2011)
,
,
.
:
;
;
;
;
;
;
,
, , , ,
; (- 2007)
(2009)
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
5. ;
6. ;
3.4
,
, ,
33
.
, ,
(- 2005).
3.5
, , , , , ,
, .
. ,
,
(- 2005).
, ,
,
,
.
:
( )
( 2009).
, :
, ,
.
: )
, ) ,
)
34
,
( 2005).
(2003), (content analysis)
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(,
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3.6
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,
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(comics), , ...
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, ...,
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35
( 2005).
(2009)
: . ,
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,
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.
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,
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.
.
,
.
. : ()
(semantic content analysis) ()
(inferrend content analysis).
() . ,
,
36
,
.
(- 2007).
3.7
. McKee (2003, Macnamara,
2004)
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
( 2011).
37
3.7.1
.
,
, .
,
:
;
;
;
. ,
.
,
.
.
.
. ,
. ,
,
(- 2005).
,
( ) ( ).
.
.
( , , , ..). Krippendorff 1980,
:
(, , ),
(, ),
(referential unit) ( ).
,
38
3.8
, .
(propositional unit) (
).
(|hypotheses).
( )
( 2007).
,
,
, : )
, ) , ,
,
, ,
, .
,
. ,
,
( 2005)
.
-
.
.
.
,
,
.
39
(longitudinal studies),
( ).
.
.
-
.
.
(causal relationships).
( 2003).
3.9
, ,
, ,
.
: .
40
4.
,
,
.
,
, .
.
,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
.
.
. , ,
, ,
(- 2007).
4.1
Florence Nightingate. ,
Nightingate, ,
.
.
41
, ,
.
, .
,
/, , ,
( 2007).
, ,
.
, , ,
, .
,
,
.
, ( &
2004).
. ,
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.
,
.
(Brookes 2007).
. ,
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,
,
,
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,
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42
( ),
( ).
,
( & 2004).
, ,
. ,
(Jeanfreau & Jack 2010).
.
,
(.. ),
,
( & 2004).
,
. ,
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
.
(Orb, Eisenhauer & Wynaden 2001).
Schutz (1994)
.
.
, ,
.
.
,
.
. ,
43
. , ,
.
- , .
,
(Schutz 1994).
,
.
(Knafl
& Howard 1984).
4.2
15
.
, ,
.
. ,
,
,
.
Madeleine Leininger -
,
.
44
.
.
, .
, ,
,
.
( )
( 2004).
,
.
.
: ,
.
, ,
,
(Burhans & Alligood 2010).
Fernandes de Freitas 2007,
,
, . ,
, ,
.
,
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,
.
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,
.
,
,
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,
45
. ,
(Jasper 1994).
,
.
, ,
,
.
, 2000, Van der Zalm Bergum,
: ,
,
.
,
, .
,
. ,
,
.
(Van der Zalm &
Bergum 2000).
Taylor (1993),
,
, .
.
,
, , .
.
,
,
.
(Taylor 1993).
.
46
.
, ""
(Beck 1994).
. ,
, ,
.
,
,
(Mackey 2005).
4.2.1
.
.
.
,
.
.
Burhans Alligood (2010),
.
van Manen
,
.
,
, , , ,
.
47
,
, , ,
, . ,
.
,
. Gunther Thomas
2006, 46 ,
().
. : ()
, () , () ,
, () ,
,
. ,
.
,
.
.
, (2008)
.
Leininger (1997). Leininger
.
,
.
.
.
.
Mayring.
,
, . ,
48
,
.
2011,
. ,
. O
. 61 ,
12 . 48
(n=13).
Golaizzi.
, ,
,
, ,
.
95% (n=58) . (n=48,
79%)
.
.
, ,
.
2010 George Thomas
. ,
,
, .
,
2005.
. ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
, / ,
49
Bradbury-Jones, Sambrook Irvine (2010)
. ,
.
,
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, ,
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.
.
. ,
.
4.3
.
.
,
. ,
, , , ,
. ,
.
(Elo & Kynga 2008).
,
.
.
,
.
(Burla et al, 2008).
. , ,
,
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50
,
(Graneheim & Lundman 2004).
. (2010),
,
, . ,
, .
.
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
, (Holloway
& Freshwater 2007).
4.3.1
.
(burnout
syndrome)
.
.
. ,
51
. 2010
,
.
, , .
,
. (8)
( ) ,
.
,
.
,
, 2010,
,
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15
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32%, (28%),
(22%) , , (18%).
.
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52
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(Yang et al, 2004).
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2010, .
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54
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1987 12
30 24 . ,
2000
. , 2005
1:5 .
.
.
,
. , 2012 , ,
delirium. ,
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.
108 (N=108)
.
28 ,
.
(Cronbachs =0,860)
. ,
delirium.
.
.
17 28 delirium,
. , 63,8%
delirium. 82,4%
delirium .
44,4% delirium
,
80,5%
. 67,5%
delirium.
(
) (p<0.05)
delirium.
delirium
55
.
delirium
.
, 2008
. (cancer-related fatigue)
,
.
. 106
,
Piper.
.
Piper
, : - , , /.
66%,
(19%), (11%) /
(4%). -
.
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56
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57
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,
Key words: qualitative research, phenomenology, content analysis, methodology,
Nursing
60
1. , . (2007). .
,
2. Beck, C.T. (1994). Phenomenology: its use in nursing research. International
Journal of Nursing Studies, 31(6), 499-510.
3. Borrego, M., Douglas, E. & Amelink, C. (2009). Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed
Research Methods in Engineering Education. Journal of Engineering Education,
98(1), 53-66.
4. Bradbury-Jones, C., Sambrook, S. & Irvine. F. (2010). Empowerment and being
valued: a phenomenological study of nursing students' experiences of clinical
practice. Nurse education today, 31(4), 368-372.
5. Brookes, D., (2007). Understanding the value of qualitative research in nursing,
Nursing Times. Net, [online] Available at:<http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursingpractice/clinical-zones/educators/understanding-the-value-of-qualitative-research-in
nursing/201730.article> [Accessed 11 October 2012].
6. Burhans, L.M. & Alligood, M.R. (2010). Quality nursing care in the words of nurses.
Journal of advanced nursing, 66(8), 1689-1697.
7. Burla, L., Knierim, B., Barth, J., Duetz, M. & Abel, T. (2008).sFrom Text to Codings
Intercoder Reliability Assessment in Qualitative Content Analysis. Nursing
Research, 57(2), 113-117.
8. , . (2007).
. ,
,
9. , ., (2009). . : ..
.
10. Driessnack, M., Sousa, V.D. & Mendes, I.A.C. (2007). An overview of research
designs relevant to nursing: part 2: qualitative research designs. Rev Latino-am
Enfermagem, 15(4), 684-688.
11. Elo S. & Kynga S H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of
Advanced Nursing 62(1), 107-115.
61
T.
(2004).
phenomenological
research
design
illustrated.
40. , . (2001). . : .
41. Mackey, S. (2005). Phenomenological nursing research: methodological insights
derived fromHeideggers interpretive phenomenology. International Journal of
Nursing Studies, 42, 179-186.
42. Macnamara, J. (2003). Media content analysis: Its uses; benefits and best practice
methodology. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, 6(1), 1-34.
43. McCaslin, M.L. & Wilson S.K. (2003). The five Question Method. For Framing A
Qualitative Research Study. The Qyalitative Report, 8(3), 447-461.
44. McManus, H.A. (2007). Interpretive Hermeneutic Phenomenology: Clarifying
Understanding. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 7(2), 1-12.
45. , . & , . (2004).
. , 43(3), 261-270.
46. Nieswiadomy, R.M., (2008). Foundations of Nursing Research. [e-book] Prentice
5th
Hall.
edition.
Available
through:http://www.pearsonhighered.com/educator/product/Foundations-of-Nursing
Research/9780136129806.page [Accessed 12 October 2012].
47. Orb, D., Eisenhauer, L. & Wynaden, D. (2001). Ethics in Qualitative Research.
Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 93-96.
48. , . & , . (2012).
delirium. , 11(1), 133-148.
49. , . (2004).
. , 43(4), 391-400.
50. , . (2009).
1970 .
,
,
51. , . & , ., (2010). .
: .
52. , . (2011). status .
.
53. -, ., (2005). , :
.
64
54. -, ., (2007). :
. . : A.
55. Schutz. S. . (1994). Exploring the benefits of a subjective approach in qualitative
nursing research. Joumal of Advanced Nursing, 20, 412-417.
56. , ., , ., , . & . (2010).
(burnout syndrome):
. , 9(3), 359-374.
57. , ., (2005). , : &
.
58. , ., (2006). .
. : .
59. Taylor, B. (1993). Phenomenology: one way to understand nursing practice.
International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30(2), 171-179.
60. Van der Zalm, J.E. & Bergum, V. (2000). Hermeneutic-phenomenology: providing
living knowledge for nursing practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(1), 211-218.
61. Yang, C.I., Gau, M.L,. Shian, W.A. & Shih, F.J. (2004). Professional career
development for male nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(6), 642-650.
62. , ., , ., , . & Papadopoulos I. (2011).
K
. M . , 51(1), 104-1 14.
65
1:
1.7
66
2:
1.5
67
3:
1.4
68
4:
1.4
69
5:
1.7
70
6: 1.5
71
7:
2.1
72