NAME REG SECTION SUBJECT LAB REPORT SUBMITTED TO

M.IMRAN BAIG EE083050 4 CONTROL SYSTEM 4 SIR SOHAIL

Lab view
The built-in user interface components such as buttons, graphs etc literally require no programming whatever; you just place them on the front panel and the data terminals appear on the block diagram. There is a large library of drivers for data acquisition hardware and test instruments. If your task is basically about getting data to and from these and putting a user interface on it then you can achieve it with almost no programming. Parallel execution of multiple tasks is handled automatically - place two independent loops on the diagram and they will execute simultaneously. This is often a requirement in data acquisition and control applications.

Lab view and control systems

When discussing control systems, we are actually referring to a large range of applications. First of all, control systems are commonly found in industrial environments. For example, consider an oil refinery with process control systems that continually manufacture and produce oil. The control system used for processing may consist of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) executing a PID algorithm, or a Distribute Control System (DCS) for a larger process control. In this case, the control system is used to manufacture a product. A control system can also be part of an end product being manufactured. This has been seen primarily in the automotive and aerospace industries with electronic control units and flight control systems. However, control systems are now finding their way into other end products such as precision motor controllers for computer hard drives and white goods like washing machines.

While control systems used to manufacture a product often stem from established control strategies such as PID control, control systems embedded in end products often use new and innovative control strategies. The tools and techniques used to develop and embed control systems in end-products has evolved to include model-based design tools. However, manufacturing control engineers are also beginning to adopt these tools and techniques to develop more advanced control systems.

Ultrasonic sensors
Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they both send and receive) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object.

Ultrasonic sensor consists of two units, namely the transmitter unit and receiver unit. Transmitter and receiver unit structure is simple, a piezoelectric crystal is connected with mechanical anchors and only connected with the diaphragm vibrator. Alternating voltage with a frequency of 40 kHz 400 kHz are given on the metal plate. The atomic structure of the piezoelectric crystal will contract (binding), expanded or shrunk to the polarity of applied voltage, and is called the piezoelectric effect. Contractions that occur forwarded to the diaphragm resulting in an ultrasonic vibrator emitted into the air (the surroundings), and the reflection of ultrasonic waves will occur when there is a particular object, and the reflection of ultrasonic waves to be received back by the receiver sensor units. Furthermore, the sensor unit will cause the diaphragm vibrator receiver will vibrate and the piezoelectric effect produces an alternating voltage with the same frequency.

Compass sensor
A compass is a navigational instrument which is sensitive to the magnetic field of the earth. A typical compass has a magnetic strip which aligns itself with magnetic north, and from this, orientation can be determined. A digital compass is not free to move the same way that an analogue compass is, as it is typically fixed to a circuit board. Consequently, an output corresponds to the orientation of a specific reference point of the compass.

Touch sensor
Force sensitive switch that uses contact to generate feedback in robotic systems. When force applied two conductive material contacts to each other and gives the electrical signal.

Accelerometers sensor
The basic principle of operation behind the MEMS accelerometer is the displacement of a small proof mass etched into the silicon surface of the integrated circuit and suspended by small beams. Consistent with Newton's second law of motion (F = ma), as an acceleration is applied to the device, a force develops which displaces the mass. The support beams act as a spring, and the fluid (usually air) trapped inside the IC acts as a damper, resulting in a second order lumped physical system. This is the source of the limited operational bandwidth and non-uniform frequency response of accelerometers.

Servomotor
A servomotor (servo) is an electromechanical device in which an electrical input determines the position of the armature of a motor. Servos are used extensively in robotics and radiocontrolled cars, airplanes, and boats.
Servos are commonly electrical or partially electronic in nature, using an electric motor as the primary means of creating mechanical force. Other types of servos use hydraulics, pneumatics, or magnetic principles. Servos operate on the principle of negative feedback, where the control input is compared to the actual position of the mechanical system as measured by some sort of transducer at the output. Any difference between the actual and wanted values (an "error signal") is amplified and used to drive the system in the direction necessary to reduce or eliminate the error. This procedure is one widely used application of control theory.