BUS-BARS FORM A LINK BETWEEN THE INCOMING AND OUTGOING

CIRCUITS AT THE GENERATING STATIONS OR SUB STATIONS. IF A FAULT

DEVELOPS IN THIS PART OF THE POWER SYSTEM, CONSIDERABLE DAMAGE AND DISRUPTION OF SUPPLY WILL OCCUR. TO REDUCE THE

EFFECT OF FAULT, VARIOUS BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENTS ARE EMPLOYED.

STILL PROPER PROTECTION SCHEME HAS TO BE ADOPTED TO

IMPROVE THE RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY. ALTHOUGH, THE VARIOUS SCHEMES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR THE PROTECTION OF BUS-BARS BUT THE MOST COMMON SCHEME IS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

 THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

SCHEME EMPLOYED FOR THE PROTECTION OF SUB- STATION BUS-BARS IS SHOWN IN PREVIOUS SLIDE.
THE SECONDARY'S OF ALL THE CTS CONNECTED IN INCOMING &

OUTGOING FEEDERS ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL AS BEFORE. THE CTS DESIGNED IN SUCH A WAY THAT UNDER NORMAL CONDITION , THE EMFS INDUCED IN SECONDARYS OF THE CTS PLACED ON OUTGOING FEEDER. THEN NO CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE OPERATING COIL OF THE RELAY WHICH IS CONNECTED ACROSS THE CONNECTING WIRES.

OPEARTION
UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONAL OR EXTERNAL FAULT CONDITIONS, THE SUM

OF THE CURRENT ENTERING THE BUS BAR IS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF CURRENT LEAVING IT. THEREFORE, NO CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE OPERATING COIL. HOWEVER, WHEN FAULTS OCCURS WITHIN THE PROTECTED ZONE ( BUS- BAR), THE CURRENT ENTERING THE BUS-BAR WILL NO LONGER BE EQUAL TO THOSE LEAVING IT. THUS, A DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE OPERATING COIL OF THE RELAY WHICH CLOSES THE TRIP CIRCUIT.

HIGH BUS FAULT CURRENTS DUE TO LARGE NUMBER OF CIRCUITS CONNECTED:

CT SATURATION OFTEN BECOMES A PROBLEM AS CTS MAY NOT BE SUFFICIENTLY RATED FOR WORST FAULT CONDITION CASE

LARGE DYNAMIC FORCES ASSOCIATED WITH BUS FAULTS REQUIRE FAST CLEARING TIMES IN ORDER TO REDUCE EQUIPMENT DAMAGE

FALSE TRIP BY BUS PROTECTION MAY CREATE SERIOUS PROBLEMS:

SERVICE INTERRUPTION TO A LARGE NUMBER OF CIRCUITS SYSTEM-WIDE STABILITY PROBLEMS

WITH BOTH DEPENDABILITY AND SECURITY IMPORTANT, PREFERENCE IS ALWAYS GIVEN TO SECURITY.

 INTERLOCKING SCHEMES OVER-CURRENT (UNRESTRAINED OR UNBIASED) DIFFERENTIAL OVER-CURRENT PERCENT (RESTRAINED OR BIASED) DIFFERENTIAL LINEAR COUPLERS HIGH-IMPEDANCE BUS DIFFERENTIAL SCHEMES

LOW-IMPEDANCE BUS DIFFERENTIAL SCHEMES

BLOCKING SCHEME TYPICALLY USED. SHORT

COORDINATION

TIME

REQUIRED .
50

BLOCK

CARE

MUST

BE

TAKEN

WITH

POSSIBLE SATURATION OF FEEDER

CTS.
BLOCKING SIGNAL COULD BE SENT

50

50

50

50

50

OVER COMMUNICATIONS PORTS.

TECHNIQUE IS LIMITED TO SIMPLE

ONE-INCOMER DISTRIBUTION BUSES.

DIFFERENTIAL SIGNAL FORMED BY

SUMMATION FEEDING BUS.

51

OF

ALL

CURRENTS

CT

RATIO

MATCHING

MAY

BE

REQUIRED.
ON EXTERNAL FAULTS, SATURATED

CTS YIELD SPURIOUS DIFFERENTIAL

CURRENT.
TIME DELAY USED TO COPE WITH CT

SATURATION.

ZC = 2 20 - typical coil impedance (5V per 1000Amps => 0.005 @ 60Hz )

External Fault

40 V

10 V

10 V

0V

20 V

0V

59

If = 8000 A 2000 A 2000 A 0 A 4000 A

ESEC= IPRIM*XM - SECONDARY VOLTAGE ON RELAY TERMINALS IR= IPRIM*XM /(ZR+ZC) MINIMUM OPERATING CURRENT WHERE, IPRIM PRIMARY CURRENT IN EACH CIRCUIT XMLINER COUPLER MUTUAL REACTANCE (5V PER 1000AMPS => 0.005 @ 60HZ ), ZR RELAY TAP IMPEDANCE ZC SUM OF ALL LINEAR COUPLER SELF IMPEDANCES

If = 8000 A

Internal Bus Fault

40 V 0V 10 V 10 V 0V 20 V

59

0A

2000 A

2000 A

0A

4000 A

FAST, SECURE AND PROVEN.

REQUIRE DEDICATED AIR GAP CTS, WHICH MAY NOT BE USED FOR ANY

OTHER PROTECTION.
CANNOT BE EASILY APPLIED TO RECONFIGURABLE BUSES. THE SCHEME USES A SIMPLE VOLTAGE DETECTOR IT DOES NOT PROVIDE

BENEFITS OF A MICROPROCESSOR-BASED RELAY .

(E.G.

OSCILLOGRAPHY,

BREAKER

FAILURE

PROTECTION,

OTHER

FUNCTIONS)

OPERATING

SIGNAL CREATED BY CONNECTING ALL CT SECONDARY'S IN PARALLEL. CTS MUST ALL HAVE SAME RATIO. MUST HAVE DEDICATED CTS OVERVOLTAGE ELEMENT OPERATES ON VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS RESISTOR CONNECTED IN SECONDARY CIRCUIT. REQUIRES VARISTORS OR AC SHORTING RELAYS TO LIMIT ENERGY DURING FAULTS. ACCURACY DEPENDENT ON SECONDARY CIRCUIT RESISTANCE. USUALLY REQUIRES LARGER CT CABLES TO REDUCE ERRORS HIGHER COST

59

CANNOT EASILY BE APPLIED TO RECONFIGURABLE BUSES AND OFFERS NO ADVANCED FUNCTIONALITY

PERCENT

CHARACTERISTIC USED

TO COPE WITH CT SATURATION AND

OTHER ERRORS.
87 51

RESTRAINING

SIGNAL

CAN

BE

FORMED IN A NUMBER OF WAYS.

NO DEDICATED CTS NEEDED.

I DIF I1 I 2 ... I n

USED FOR PROTECTION OF RE-

I RES max I1 , I 2 , ..., I n

I RES I1 I 2 ... I n

CONFIGURABLE BUSES POSSIBLE.

 INDIVIDUAL CURRENTS SAMPLED BY PROTECTION AND SUMMATED

DIGITALLY.
CT RATIO MATCHING DONE INTERNALLY (NO AUXILIARY CTS). DEDICATED CTS NOT NECESSARY. ADDITIONAL

ALGORITHMS

IMPROVE

SECURITY

OF

PERCENT

DIFFERENTIAL CHARACTERISTIC DURING CT SATURATION.

DYNAMIC BUS REPLICA ALLOWS APPLICATION TO RECONFIGURABLE

BUSES.

 DONE DIGITALLY WITH LOGIC TO ADD/REMOVE CURRENT INPUTS FROM

DIFFERENTIAL COMPUTATION.
SWITCHING OF CT SECONDARY CIRCUITS NOT REQUIRED. LOW SECONDARY BURDENS. ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONALITY AVAILABLE. DIGITAL

OSCILLOGRAPHY AND MONITORING OF EACH CIRCUIT

CONNECTED TO BUS ZONE.

TIME-STAMPED EVENT RECORDING. BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION.

 IMPROVE THE MAIN DIFFERENTIAL ALGORITHM OPERATION.

A) BETTER FILTERING

B) FASTER RESPONSE

C) BETTER RESTRAINT TECHNIQUES D)SWITCHING TRANSIENT BLOCKING

PROVIDE DYNAMIC BUS REPLICA FOR RECONFIGURABLE BUS BARS. DEPENDABLY DETECT CT SATURATION IN A FAST AND RELIABLE MANNER,

ESPECIALLY FOR EXTERNAL FAULTS.

IMPLEMENT

ADDITIONAL

SECURITY

TO

THE

MAIN

DIFFERENTIAL

ALGORITHM TO PREVENT INCORRECT OPERATION.

EXTERNAL FAULTS WITH CT SATURATION. CT SECONDARY CIRCUIT TROUBLE (E.G. SHORT CIRCUITS).

DATA ACQUISITION UNITS (DAUS)

INSTALLED IN BAYS.
52 DAU 52 DAU 52 DAU

CPU PROCESSES ALL DATA FROM

DAUS.
COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN DAUS

AND
CU copper fiber

CPU

OVER

FIBRE

USING

PROPRIETARY PROTOCOL.
SAMPLING

SYNCHRONISATION

BETWEEN DAUS IS REQUIRED.

PERCEIVED LESS RELIABLE.
DIFFICULT TO APPLY IN RETROFIT APP.

ALL
52 52 52

CURRENTS APPLIED TO A

SINGLE CENTRAL PROCESSOR

NO COMMUNICATIONS, EXTERNAL

SAMPLING NECESSARY

SYNCHRONISATION

PERCEIVED MORE RELIABLE (LESS

CU copper

HARDWARE NEEDED)
WELL SUITED TO BOTH NEW AND

RETROFIT APPLICATIONS.

 THE CHANCES OF FAULTS OCCURING ON THE FEEDER (TRANSMISSION

LINE) IS MUCH MORE DUE TO THEIR GREAT LENGTH AND EXPOSURE TO

THE ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS. THEREFORE, VARIOUS PROTECTION SCHEMES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED WHICH MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS:

A) TIME-GRADED OVER CURRENT PROTECTION B) DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION C) DISTANCE PROTECTION

 IN TIME GRADED OVER CURRENT PROTECTION SCHEME, THE TIME

SETTING OF RELAY IS SO GRADED THAT IN THE EVENT OF FAULT, THE

SMALLEST POSSIBLE SECTION OF THE SYSTEM POSSIBLE SECTION OF THE SYSTEM IS ISOLATED. THIS SCHEME IS APPLIED FOR THE PROTECTION OF

(A) RADIAL FEEDERS (B) PARALLEL FEEDERS

(C) RING MAINS

 THE TIME-GRADED PROTECTION FEEDER IS OBTAINED BY EMPLOYING

INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME LAG RELAYS. THE RELAYS ARE SO SET THAT THE MINIMUM TIME OF OPERATION DECREASE FROM THE POWER STATION TO THE REMOTE SUB-STATION AS SHOWN IN FIG. IN NEXT SLIDE.

THE OPERATING TIME OF INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME LAG RELAYS IS INVERSELY PROPRTIONAL TO THE OPERATING CURRENT, BUT IS NEVER LESS THAN THE MINIMUM DEFINITE FOR WHICH IT IS SET.

IF A FAULT OCCURS BETWEEN STATION E AND F, IT WILL BE CLEARED IN 0.1 SECOND BY THE RELAY AND CIRCUIT BREAKER OF SUBSTATION E BECAUSE ALL OTHER RELAYS HAVE HIGHER OPERATING TIME. IF THE RELAY AT SUB STATION E FAILS TO TRIP, THE RELAY AT D WILL OPERATE AFTER A TIME DELAY OF 0.5 SECONDS I.E. AFTER 0.6 SECONDS FROM THE OCCURRENCE OF FAULT.

WHERE CONTINUITY OF SUPPLY IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY, TWO

FEEDERS ARE RUN IN PARALLEL. IF A FAULT OCCURS ON ONE FEEDER, THE

SUPPLY CAN BE MAINTAINED FROM THE OTHER FEEDER, DISCONNECTING THE FAULTY FEEDER. FOLLOWING FIG. SHOWS THE SYSTEM WHERE TWO

FEEDERS ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL BETWEEN GENERATING STATION &

SUB-STATION.

AT THE GENERATING STATION, NON-DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT

RELAYS ARE CONNECTED WHEREAS DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT INSTANTANEOUS RELAYS ARE CONNECTED AT SUB-STATION END.

IF

AN EARTH FAULT OCCURS ON FEEDERS AT POINT F AS SHOWN IN FIG. THE

FAULT IS FED; (A) DIRECTLY FROM FEEDER 2 VIA RELAY B. (B) FROM FEEDER I VIA A , P AND SUB-STATION Q AS SHOWN IN FIG. BY THE

DOTTED ARROWS.
THIS CLEARLY SHOWS THAT DIRECTIONAL RELAY P CARRIES THE CURRENT IN NORMAL DIRECTION WHERE AS DIRECTIONAL RELAY Q CARRIES THE CURRENT IN REVERSE DIRECTION MOMENTARILY. THIS OPEARATES THE RELAY Q INTANTANEOUSLY. THE RELAY B HAVING INVERSE TIME CHARACTERISTICS ALSO OPERATES BECAUSE OF HEAVY FLOW OF CURRENT .

THE SYSTEM IN WHICH VARIOUS POWER STATIONS OR SUB-STATIONS ARE

INTER-CONNECTED BY THE NUMBER OF FEEDERS FORMING A CLOSED CIRCUIT IS CALLED A RING- MAIN SYSTEM.

IN THIS SYSTEM OF PROTECTION, NON-DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT

RELAYS HAVING INVERSE TIME CHARACTERISTIC ARE EMPLOYED. WHEREAS DIRECTIONAL OR REVERSE POWER ARE EMPLOYED ON BOTH THE SIDES OF EACH SUBSTATION. THE MINIMUM DEFINITE TIME OF ALL THE RELAY ARE SET PROPERLY AS SHOWN IN FIG.

WHENEVER THE FAULT OCCURS ON ANY OF THE SECTION ONLY

CORRESPONDING RELAYS WILL OPERATE WITHOUT DISTURBING THE OTHER RELAYS OF THE NETWORK, THUS, THE FAULTY SECTION IS ISOLATED AND SUPPLY IS MAINTAIN.

THE TRANSLATION SCHEME IS BASICALLY A VOLTAGE BALANCE

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME. BUT IN THIS SCHEME, VOLTAGES

INDUCED IN THE SECONDARY WINDINGS WOUND ON THE RELAY MAGNETS IS COMPARED IN PLACE OF SECONDARY VOLTAGES OF THE

LINE CURRENT TRANSFORMERS.

THE SCHEMATIC

DIAGRAM OF A TRANLEY SCHEME FOR THE

PROTECTION OF 3-PHASE FEEDER IS SHOWN IN FIG . ON NEXT SLIDE.

THE RELAYS USED IN THE SCHEME ARE ESSENTIALLY OVERCURRENT INDUCTION TYPE RELAYS.

THE CENTRAL LIMB OF THE UPPER MAGNET (U.M.) CARRIES A WINDING (A

OR A) WHICH IS ENERGISED BY THE SUM OF SECONDARY CURRENTS OF

CTS PLACED ON FEEDER TO BE PROTECTED.

THE CENTRAL LIMBS OF UPPER MAGNET ALSO CARRIES A SECONDARY

WINDING (B OR B)

WHICH IS CONNECTED IN SERIES WITH THE

OPERATING WINDING (C OR C) PLACED ON THE LOWER MAGNETS

(L.M). IN BETWEEN THE TWO MAGNETS, AN ALUMINIUM DISC D IS

PLACED WHICH IS FREE TO ROTATE. SPINDLE OF DISC CARRIES MOVING CONTACT WHICH CLOSES TRIP CIRCUIT UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS.

 UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS, THE CURRENTS AT TWO ENDS OF THE FEEDER ARE EQUAL SO THAT THE SECONDARY CURRENT IN BOTH SETS OF CTS ARE EQUAL. CONSEQUENTLY, THE E.M.FS INDUCED IN THE

SECONDARY WINDINGS C AND C ARE EQUAL AND OPPOSITE AND NO

CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE CLOSED CIRCUITED SECONDARIES. HOWEVER, WHEN FAULT OCCURS ON FEEDER SYSTEM SAY AT POINT F

THE VOLTAGE INDUCED IN C AND C WILL NO LONGER REMAIN EQUAL.

THEREFORE, CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THIS WINDING AND TORQUE IS DEVEOLPED IN THE DISC.