vs{ gLlt,

gLlt, @)^*
(Rangeland Policy, 2012)
-g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ldltM @)^*
@)^*!@
!@@*_
@*_
!=

k[i7e"dL
k|fs[lts r/g If]q, 3fF;] d}bfg Pj+ emf8L j'6\ofg If]q ;d]l6Psf] vs{ pkof]usf] Oltxf;
dfgj ;[li6 / ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ;+u hf]l8Psf] 5 . vs{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] lhljsf]kfh{g,
/fi6sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ :tDe / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] e08f/ klg xf] . g]kfnsf] s'n e"
efusf] sl/a @@=^ If]qkmn vs{ If]qn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . h'g pRr, dWo / tNnf] kxf8L efudf
5l/P/ /x]sf] 5 . h8Lj'6L, jGohGt'sf]] jf;:yfg, 3/kfn'jf hgfj/x?sf] hLjg wfGg] >f]t,
gbLgfnfsf] kfgLsf] >f]t, dgf]/d e"b[Zox?sf ;fy} j}1flgs, P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s tyf
;f+:s[lts dxTjsf o:tf If]qx? cgflbsfn b]lvg} dfgj hLjgofkgsf] cleGg c+zsf] ?kdf
/x]sf 5g\ . uFfp a:tLaf6 6f9f pRr, dWo / tNnf] kxf8sf] r'/]If]qsf] cf;kf;df /x]sf o:tf
vs{ / logdf cfl>t :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] vl:sbf]] ca:yfnfO{ b[li6ut ub}}{ vs{x?sf] j}1flgs
Joj:yfkg, ;+/If0f / pkof]u u/L lbuf] ljsf; ug'{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf]n] of] vs{ gLlt @)^*
:jLs[t u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .

@=

ljutsf k|of;x?
pRr kxf8L If]qsf vs{df cfl>t ;d'bfonfO{ nlIft u/L ;g\ !(%) df dWodf~rn If]qdf
ofs rLh pBf]u :yfkgf ;fy} ;g\ !(%) tyf !(^) sf] bzsdf ;f]xL If]qdf r/g tyf kz'
ljsf; cfof]hgfx? nfu' ePsf] b]lvG5 . To:t}, ;g\ !(&) tyf !(*) sf] bzsdf r/g tyf
kz' cfxf/f cg';Gwfg kmfd{ /;'jfsf] :yfkgf; DofUbL, d':tf / uf]/vfdf ;+rflnt >f]t ;+/If0f
Pj+ pkof]u cfof]hgf, bf]nvf / l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf ;+rflnt r/g ljsf; sfo{qmd, pRr kxf8L
If]q nlIft pQ/L e]u r/g ljsf; sfo{qmd, ljut !% aif{ b]lv ;+rfngdf /x]sf] kxf8L
sj'lnotL jg tyf kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd, ;f]n'v'Dj'sf] 6fsl;Gb'df :yfkgf ePsf] lrh pBf]u /
:ofjf]r]sf] kz' ljsf; kmfd{jf6 ;d]t vs{ ljsf;df s]xL of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 .
h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw (Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992) cg'?k th'{df
ul/Psf] /fli6o h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt, @)%( (NBS, 2002), g]kfnsf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf]
;+/If0f / pkof]u Pj+ vs{sf] lbuf] ljsf; ;d]l6Psf] b:tfj]h xf] . ;f]xL /0fgLltsf] cfwf/df
tof/ ePsf] /fli6o h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog of]hgf, @)^# n] klg vs{ gLltsf]
th'{df Pj+ sfof{GjognfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . g]kfn kIf /x]sf] pQm dxf;lGw / g]kfn
;/sf/f/f sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] /fli6o s[lif gLlt, @)^!, s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g gLlt, @)^#
/ s[lif h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt, @)^# n] vfB tyf s[lifhGo cfg'jf+lzs >f]t, kbfy{ tyf
:yfgLo 1fg, l;k cflbsf] ;+/If0f, pkof]u / nfesf] Gofof]lrt jfF8kmfF8 u/L jt{dfg / eflj
k':tfsf] vfB ;'/Iff Pj+ ul/jL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . hl8a'6L Pj+ u}/sfi7 jg
k}bfjf/ ljsf; gLlt, @)^! n] klg vs{hGo hl8j'6L / u}/sfi7 jg k}bfj/sf] lbuf]
Joj:yfkgsf] ljljw kIfx? ;d]6sf] 5 .

vs{ eGgfn] k|fs[lts r/g If]q, 3f;] d}bfg Pj+ emf8L a'6\ofg If]q (shrubland) ;d]tnfO{ j'emfp+b5 .
1

r/g vs{x?nfO{ lsk6, d'lvof, tfn'sbf/sf] lgoGq0fjf6 d'Qm u/L :yfgLo lgsfox? dfkm{t
kz'x?sf] rl/r/gsf nflu dfq k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yf r/g vs{ /fli6os/0f P]g @)#) df
ul/Ptf klg b]zsf s]xL efudf lsk6 k|yf oBkL /lx/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; P]gn] :yfgLo ufpF
ljsf; ;ldltx?nfO{ r/g If]qsf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+j4{gsf] lhDd]jf/L ;d]t lbPsf] 5 .
#=

jt{dfg l:ylt
l:ylt
s'n ## nfv x]S6/ vs{ dWo] sl/j *) k|ltzt vs{ pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf g} /x]sf]
5 (NBS, 2002) . To;df klg clwsf+z vs{ dWoklZrdf~rn tyf klZrdf~rn If]qdf
/x]sf] kfO{G5 . b]z leqsf ;+/lIft If]q x?df /x]sf]] s'n vs{sf] s/Lj @& k|ltzt (NBS,
2002) e"efu ;d]t lgs'~h cf;kf;sf ;d'bfo, cJojl:yt r/Lr/g / j9bf] ko{6g
Joj;fosf]] sf/0f hf]lvddf 5 . r/g k|of]hgsf ;fy} vs{x? xhf/f} hLjhGt', jg:ktL,
hl8j'6L cflb h}ljs ljljlwtfsf e08f/ klg x'g\ . of] If]qdf of;f{u'Djf h:tf ax'd'No hl8j'6L
kfOg] x'Fbf ;do ;dodf :jfldTj / Aoj:yfkg ljjfbsf sf/0f dfgjLo Iflt ;d]t x'g] u/]sf]
5 . ljifd ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, sdhf]/ Joj:yfkg, dflg; tyf kz'x?sf] j9\bf] rfksf sf/0f
vs{x?sf] cj:yf lbgfg'lbg v:s+bf] 5 .
vs{x?df pTkfbg x'g] 3fF; dWo]] s]jn #& k|ltzt dfq} kz'x?n] pkof]u ug{ kfPsf 5g\ .
vs{x?sf] cj:yf x]/L 3fF;sf] pTkfbg )=^% b]lv #=^) d]=6g= ;'Vvf kbfy{ k|lt x]S6/ k|lt aif{
/x]sf] 5 . n]sfnL jfx]s c? ;j} vs{x?df kz'x?sf] cTolws rfk /x]sf] cWoogjf6 k'li6
eO{;s]sf] 5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfox?n] cfkm\gf kz'x? vs{x?df ;fd"lxs ?kdf r/Lr/g u/fpg]
u/] klg vs{x?sf] :jfldTj ;/sf/df /x]sf] t/ pkef]Qmf :yfgLo ;d'bfoaf6 x'g] u/]sf]n] vs{
Joj:yfkgsf] cGof}n sfod} 5 . kz'x?sf] r/Lr/g jfkt rsf]{ z'Ns lnOg] u/]sf] klg
kfOPsf] 5 .

$= ;d:of tyf r"gf}tLx?

j9\bf] hg;++Vof, e"Ifo, cJojl:yt r/Lr/g, 89]nf] / vf]/Lof kmF8fgLsf sf/0f vf; u/L
lxdfnL If]qdf cjl:yt h}ljs ljljwtfdf lgs} Iflt k'u]sf] 5 eg] vs{x?sf] If]qkmn tyf
pTkfbg klg qmlds ?kdf 36\b} uPsf] 5 . vs{ Joj:yfkgdf k/Dk/fut ;+:yf, ljlw / tf}/
tl/sfx? dfl;+b} uPsf] tyf j}1flgs ljlw / k|s[of cjnDjg geO{;s]sf] cj:yfdf tLgsf]
lbuf] Joj:yfkg lgs} r"gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;+:yfut ;~hfn Pj+ vs{ ;DjlGw cg';Gwfg
tyf bIftfsf] cefj, vs{ ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkgdf x'g] u/]sf]] ckof{Kt cfly{s nufgL,
ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / ckof{Kt hgzQmL] cflb sf/0fn] ubf{ klg vs{ ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkgn]
ult lng ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fy} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ljZj tfkdfgsf] j[l4jf6 eO{/x]sf]
c;/af6 vs{x?sf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} u|fld0f a;f]af; glhs
;fj{hlgs 3fF;] d}bfg jf r/Lr/g If]q clt r/Lr/0f, rf}tkmL{ cltqmd0f, / ldrfxf
(invasive) jf rfxgf gePsf k|hftL km}nfj6 klg ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . vs{x?sf]
ljifd cjl:ylt, vs{ Joj:yfkgsf nflu >f]t cefj, vs{hGo >f]tx?sf] clgolGqt bf]xg,

;+/lIft If]q eGgfn] /fli6o lgs'~h, aGohGt' cf/If, l;sf/ cf/If, ;+/If0f If]q / dWoatL{ If]qnfO{ hgfFpb5 .
vs{hGo >f]t eGgfn] ;fdfGotof vs{x?df ePsf 3f+;, hl8j'6L, u}/sfi6 jg k}bfjf/, hn>f]t, hLjhGt'x? / kl/l:yltlso
k|0ffnL (Ecosystem) ;d]tnfO{ j'emfp+b5 .
2

vs{x?sf] Aoa:yfkg :jfldTjsf] c:k6tf, vs{ Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw k|ljlw ljsf; tyf k|;f/sf]
l;ldttf, vs{ ljsf; /fli6o k|fyldstfdf gkg'{, vs{ ljsf;df ;Dj4 ;d'bfo Pj+
;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;+:yfut ;~hfnsf] cefj cflb vs{ Joj:yfkgsf r'gf}tLx? x'g\ .
%= gofF gLltsf] cfjZostf
pRr tyf dWo kxf8L If]qsf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cfwf/ kz'kfng / kz'kfngsf] cfwf/ g} vs{
/x]sf]n] vs{sf] plrt Joj:yfkgaf6 To; If]qsf jfl;Gbfsf] hLljsf]kfh{g tyf vfB ;'/Iffdf
;'wf/ Nofpg, a;fO{ ;/fO{sf] qmd Pj+ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Go"gLs/0fdf ;d]t ;xof]u
k''Ug] b]lvG5 . t/ klg gLltsf] cefjsf sf/0f ;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . vs{x?df /x]sf k|fs[lts
hl8j'6L tyf cGo u}/sfi7hGo ;|f]tx?sf] clgolGqt bf]xg Pj+ cJojl:yt kz' r/Lr/gsf
sf/0f vs{x?sf] pTkfbsTj tyf vs{hGo h}ljs ljljwtfdf cfPsf] x|f; sd ug{, jftfj/0f
ljgf; / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg, vs{x?n] sfj{g ;+lrtLs/0f
(Carbon sequestration) df k'ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] d"Nofg ug{, pBdlzntfsf] ljsf; u/L
ko{6g k|j4{g ug{, vs{hGo >f]tdf cfwf/Lt pBdx?sf] ljsf; ug{, k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k,
k|ljlw tyf cfg'jf+lzs ;|f]tsf] plrt ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ :ki6 lbzf lgb]{z ug{ vs{ gLltsf]
cfjZostf dx;'; u/LPsf] xf] .
^=

b[li6sf]0f (Vision)
vs{x?df cfl>t ;d'bfosf] lhljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ NofO{ /fli6o cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'ofpg] .

&=

kl/b[Zo (Mission)
kof{j/0f ;+/If0f / vs{x?df cfl>t ;d'bfosf] lhljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg vs{x?sf] lbuf]
;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug]{ .

*= nIo (Goal)
vs{x?sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf k/Dk/fut 1fg, k|ljlw / ;Lksf]
pkof]u ub}{ jftfj/0f d}qL k|ljlwx? ckgfO{ j}1flgs ljlw / Joj:yfkg k4lt cjnDjg ug]{ .
(= p4]Zox? (Objectives)
(=! vs{x?sf] :t/f]Gglt u/L pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{ .
(=@ vs{df cfwfl/t pBd Joj;fox?sf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
(=# vs{x?sf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Djw{g Pj+ lbuf] / j}1flgs pkof]u u/L] kof{j/0fLo
;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] .

!)= gLlt
!)=!

vs{x?sf] :t/f]Gglt u/L pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{ M

!)=!=! vs{x?sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g tyf pkof]usf] clwsf/ Pj+ lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ k|bfg
ug{ cfjZos sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ .
!)=!=@ vs{sf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpg glbg pTkfbg :t/ Pj+ Ifdtf cg';f/ rl/r/g ug{]{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg] .
!)=!=# ;+/lIft If]qx? nufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?;+u ;dGjo u/L r/g ljsf; tyf vs{
Joj:yfkg sfo{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .
!)=!=$ ;fd'bflos jg If]q leq k/Dk/fut ?kdf r/g If]qsf] ?kdf pkof]u x'+b} cfPsf vs{x?df
kz'kfns s[ifsx?n] k|of]u ub}{ cfO{/x]sf ;'ljwfx?sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .
!)=!=% cGt/fli6o, /fli6o, tyf :yfgLo :t/df ljsl;t k|lalwx?sf] vf]hL u/L ;f]sf] k|of]u ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
!)=!=^ vs{ If]qdf lgoldt cWoog cg';GwfgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ vs{hGo ;|f]tx?;+u ;DjlGwt
k|ljlw ljsf; / k/LIf0fdf hf]8 lbg] .
!)=!=& :yfgLo If]qdf sfo{/t s[lif, kz'kfng, ag / ;DjlGwt cGo pkef]Qmf ;d'xx?sf]
;xeflutfdf vs{x?sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
!)=!=* l5d]sL d'n'sx?;+usf] ljBdfg r/g ;Demf}tfsf] gljs/0f k|s[ofnfO{ ;/nLs[t ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
!)=!=( lxpF+b tyf ;'Vvf ofddf x'g] kz' cfxf/fsf] cefj Go"lgs/0f ug{ aiff{tsf] ;dodf pknAw
xl/of] 3Ff;sf] ;+sng / ;+/If0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
!)=!=!) h8La'6L Pj+ u}/sfi6 jg k}bfjf/sf] pknAwtfsf] cWoog u/L s'g} vf; vs{ If]qnfO{
h8La'6L If]q tf]Sg] / To:tf h8La'6Lsf] ljsf;, Aoj:yfkg / ;+/If0f ;DaGwL
sfo{qmdx? :yfgLo lgsfo, ;d'bfo tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf ;3g ?kdf
;+rfng ug]{ .
!)=!=!! 3fF;sf] aLp, kz'hGo kbfy{x?, h8La'6L / u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/ cflbsf] pTkfbg, ;+sng /
k|zf]wg af/] pTkfbs tyf pkef]Qmf nufot cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ .
!)=!=!@ le/fnf] ;txdf /x]sf vs{x?df x'g] u/]sf] e"Ifo lgoGq0f ug{ pko'Qm k|ljlw cjnDjg
ug]{ .
4

!)=!=!# e"pkof]u gSzfsf] cfwf/df ljBdfg vs{x?sf] If]qkmn tyf pTkfbsTj Plsg ug'{sf ;fy}
vs{ ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg of]hgf jgfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
!)=!=!$ k|fs[lts k|sf]k -89]nf], ;'Vvf, jf9L, klx/f], lxdkft cflb_ af6 vs{ tyf To;df cfl>t
Joj;fodf x'g] hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ug]{ tyf Iflt ePdf /fxtsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
!)=@

vs{df cfwfl
cfwfl/t pBd Joj;fox?sf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ug]{ M

!)=@=! vs{hGo pTkfbgx?sf] :yfgLo :t/df g} pBd k|j4{g / d"No clej[l4 (Value addition)
ug{{ tyf vs{df cfwfl/t pTkfbgx?sf] lgsf;L j[l4 ug{ k"j{fwf/x?sf] ljsf; tyf
;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ . vs{hGo pTkfbgnfO{ d"No >+[vnf (Value Chain) ;+u
cfj4 u/fO{ k|ffl/s j:t'x?sf] pTkfbgnfO{ j9fjf lbg] .
!)=@=@ e/kbf]{ ahf/ ;"rgf k|0ffnL Pj+ vs{ ;Dj4 Joj;foL tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;~hfn
dfkm{t vs{hGo pTkfbgx?sf] ahf/ ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ .
!)=@=# vs{df cfl>t ;d'bfosf]] lhljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL h:tf ;
;fgf k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu ;d'bfosf] cu|;/tfdf vs{ ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng
ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ . o;sf] nflu vs{ ljsf; tyf /fxt sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
!)=@=$ lglZrt vs{x?df gd'gf ko{6g :ynx? ljsf; u/L :yfgLo pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t kof{ko{6g
(Eco-tourism) k|j4{g ug]{ . kof{ko{6gsf] k|j4{g ubf{ :yfgLo hg;d'bfo Pj+ ljkGg
ju{nfO{ kmfO{bf k'Ug] u/L ul/g] .
!)=@=% jf:tljs pkef]QmfnfO{ g} vs{sf] Joj:yfkg -;+/If0f, pTkfbg, ;b'kof]u_ sf]] lhDdf
nufpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
!)=@=^ pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qdf kz'kfng / r/g vs{ Joj:yfkg ;DjlGw sfo{qmdnfO{
/fHosf ;DalGwt lgsfox?af6 ljz]if k|fyldstf lbO{ ;+rfng ug]{ .
!)=@=& vs{hGo pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux?sf] k|j4{g u/L pRr d'No kg]{ df}lns pTkfbgx?
h:t} ofs lrh, h8La'6L, pmg, klZdgf cflbsf] k|j4{g ug]{ .
!)=@=* vs{ ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkg ;DjGwL bIf hgzlQm ljsf; ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
!)=@=( vs{hGo >f]tx?af6 clwstd nfe lng ljb]zL ;+3 ;+:yfx?;+u ;dGjo u/L cGj]if0ffTds
;e]{If0f (Bio-prospecting) ug]{ . o:tf] ;e]{If0faf6 g]kfnsf h}ljs ;|f]tsf] cGt/fli6o
ahf/df Aoj;foLs/0f x'g ;Sg] ePdf /fi6nfO{ clwstd nfe x'g] u/L Aoj:yf ldnfpg] .
!)=@=!) vs{df cfwfl/t Joj;flos pBdnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ Joj;foLx?nfO{ sj'lnotdf vs{
pknAw u/fpg]] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

!)=@=!! j}slNks phf{sf] e/kbf]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{ vs{hGo pTkfbgx?df cfwfl/t pBd
Joj;fox?sf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ug]{ .

vs{x?sf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Djw{

;Djw{g Pj+ lbuf] / j}1flgs pkof]u u/L kof{j/0fLo
;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] M

!)=#

!)=#=! vs{x?df kfO{g] :yfgLo hl8j'6L, 3fF;kft nufotsf jg:kltx?, jGohGt', :yfgLo l;k,
cEof;, k|ljlw / pTkfbgx?sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ ;+j4{g ug]{ .
!)=#=@ vs{x?sf] h}ljs laljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g tyf k|fs[lts >f]t / ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt tyf
lbuf] pkof]usf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] / To:tf j:t'x?nfO{ jf}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ sfg'gsf]
kl/lw leq NofO{ ltgLx?sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ j9fjf lbg] .
!)=#=# vs{df /x]sf h}ljs laljwtf / cfg'jf+lzs leGgtfsf] cWoog u/L ;f]sf] clen]v tof/
kfg]{ tyf lgoldt ?kdf cWofjlws ub}{ nUg] .
!)=#=$ vs{x?df ljBdfg l;d;f/x?sf] ;+/If0f u/L lbuf] pkof]usf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
!)=#=% :j-:yfgLo -In-situ_ / k/-:yfgLo (Ex-situ) b'j} k4ltf/f b'n{e tyf nf]kf]Gd'v vs{hGo
>f]tx?sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .
!)=#=^ ;+/lIft If]q cf;kf;sf ;d'bfox?nfO{ cfo cfh{gsf j}slNks pkfox? cjnDjg ug{
;xof]u k'ofO{ ;f] If]qdf e"ld dfly x'g] rfknfO{ sd ug]{ .
!)=#=& vs{x?n] sfj{g ;+lrtLs/0fdf k'ofPsf] of]ubfgjf/] cg';Gwfg u/L To;sf] k/L0ffdnfO{
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
!)=#=* vs{x?n] b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf kof{j/0fLo If]qdf k'ofPsf] of]ubfgx? jf/]
cg';Gwfg ug{ /fli6o tyf cGt/fli6o k|lti7fg ;+u ;dGjo ul/ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
!)=#=( o; If]qdf cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg stf{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ rl/r/g If]qdf jftfj/0f k|]dL
(Eco-friendly) cf>o:yn Joj:yfkg ug{ lglh If]qnfO{ ;xeflu u/fpg] .
!!=

/0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLlt M

!!=!

7"nf] lxdkft, lxd klx/f], cfunfuL h:tf k|fs[lts ljklQsf] sf/0f vs{, vs{hGo >f]t Pj+
;f] df cfl>t ;d'bfox?df cfO{kg]{ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos sfo{qmd ug{] .
gf]S;fgLsf] kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df lhNnf b}jL k|sf]k ;ldltjf6 Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfpg] . hf]lvddf /x]sf kz'wgsf] ;'/Iffy{ /fxt k'ofpg :yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf ;+3
;+:yfx?sf] cu|;/tfdf 'Fodder Bank*' :yfkgf u/L kl/rfngsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

Fodder Bank eGgfn] e"O{ 3fF;, 8fn] 3fF;, x], k/fn, o"/Lof, df]nf;]; Jns (UMB) sf] ;+lrltnfO{ hgfp+b5 .
6

!!=@

l5d]sL d'n'ssf ;Ldf If]qsf k|zf;sx?;+u lgoldt 5nkmn u/L vs{ ;+u ;DjlGwt
;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

!!=#

;+/lIft If]q nufot cGo If]qx?df ;+rflnt ko{6g, hl8j'6L ;+sng, kbofqf -6]ls_ cflb
Joj;fojf6 p7fO{g] u/]sf] z'Ns / :yfgLo tyf s]Gb| ;/sf/ Pj+ bft[ lgsfox?jf6 k|fKt
;xof]u vs{ ljsf; tyf /fxt sf]ifdf
f hDdf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg]] . sf]if ;+rfng
lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L lgb]{lzsf cg'?k pQm sf]if k/Lrfng ug{] .

!!=$

;d'bfosf] cu|;/tfdf vs{ ljsf; u/L vs{hGo pTkfbgjf6 pRrtd ;fd'lxs nfe xfl;n
ug{ s[ifs ;d'x;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf / ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg / k|j4{g ug]{ . o:tf
;+:yfx?NffO{ ljQLo ;+:yfx? dfkm{t ;'ne ?kdf shf{ k|jfx ug]{ Aoj:yf ldnfpg] .

!!=%

;fd'bflos Pj+ sa'lnotL jgIf]q leq vs{ ljsf;nfO{ a9fjf lbg jg sfo{ of]hgfdf vs{
Aoj:yfkgnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ / ;DalGwt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?nfO{ cfjZos k|fljlws 1fg,
;Lk, tfnLd pknAw u/fpg] .

!!=^

vs{hGo pTkfbg, ;+sng, pkof]u Pj+ Aoj:yfkg sfo{df ljBdfg k/Dk/fut k4lt /
k|ljlwx?df ;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{sf] ;fy} cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df hf]8 lbg] .

!!=&

jGohGt' Pj+ 3/kfn'jf hgfj/x?sf] ;femf / k/Dk/fut rl/r/gsf sf/0f r/gdf x'g]
k|lt:kwf{nfO{ Go"g ug{ vs{x?sf] Ifdtfsf]] cfwf/df kz' 3gTj (Stocking Density)
lgwf{/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

!!=*

:yfgLo lgsfo Pj+ ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf r/g vs{x?df cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/ 3f]/]6f], uf]/]6f], lkpg] kfgL, cf>o :yn cflb_ sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!!=(

g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb, jg cg';Gwfg tyf ;e]{If0f ljefu, ag:klt laefu Pj+
;DjlGwt /fli6o Pj+ cGt/fli6o z}lIfs ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]udf vs{ ;DjlGw cg';Gwfg
hf/L /fVg] .

!!=!) :yfgLo :t/df pknAw kf]lifnf] 3fF;kftx?sf] ljh j[l4 Pj+ g;{/L :yfkgfdf ;xof]u k'ofO{
k'gM/f]k0f tyf Aoj:yfkg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] . ;fy} rl/r/g Pj+ 3fF; pTkfbgdf
;xof]u k'ofpg 3fF;sf] ljp pTkfbg, ;+/If0f, ;+sng, e08f/0f, ljt/0f / k'gM/f]k0f ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
!!=!!

vs{df cfl>t ;d'bfosf] nflu j}slNks phf{sf] e/kbf]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg :yfg ljz]ifsf]
;+efJotfsf] cfwf/df ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu ;dGjo u/L cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

!!=!@

vs{ tyf vs{hGo pTkfbgx?sf] af/]df /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o :t/df lrgf/L u/fpg
ljb]zl:yt s"6gLlts lgof]ux? Jofkfl/s ;+3 ;+u7gx?, /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o u}x|
;/sf/L ;+:yf ;d]tsf] ;xof]udf k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

!!=!#

:yfgLo ;d'bfo tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L vs{hGo pTkfbgx?sf] k|j4{g
Pj+ ahf/Ls/0fdf ;+nUg u/fpg] .

!!=!$ ;"rgf s]Gb|x?sf] ;~hfn v8f u/L vs{;+u ;DjlGwt /fli6o Pj+ cGt/f{li6o ;"rgfx?
pTkfbs, ;+sngstf{, k|zf]wgstf{ tyf lgof{tstf{x?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .
!!=!%

k|rlnt sfg'g jdf]lhd vs{hGo pTkfbgx?sf] k|df0fLs/0fsf] pko'Qm Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

!!=!^

vs{ ljsf; tyf vs{hGo >f]tx?sf] pTkfbg, ;+sng, k|zf]wg / ahf/ Aoj:yfkgsf] nflu
cfjZos kg]{ bIf Pj+ k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] ;xh / e/kbf]{ cfk"lt{sf] Aoj:yf ldnfpg] .

!!=!&

vs{ hUufsf] Plsg ul/ hUuf -gfk hFfr_ P]g, @)!( jdf]lhd lsQf gfkL ul/ vs{x?sf]
clen]v Jojl:yt ug]{ / go+Ff vs{x?df kx'+r a9fO{ pkof]usf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

!!=!* u|fdL0f ko{6g k|j4{g, kfs{ :yfkgf / Aoj:yfkg, xf]6n tyf kbofqfdfu{sf] lasf; /
Aoj:yfkg u/L vs{df cfwfl/t ko{6g lasf;df hf]8 lbg] .
!!=!(

3fF;kft / jg:kltsf] h}ljs ljljwtf Pj+ kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL (Ecosystem)

pTkfbsTj cWoogsf nflu b]zsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qdf :yfoL k|bz{g :ynx? :yfkgf
ug{] .

!!=@) cGt/fli6o ahf/ nlIft un}+rf Pj+ Rof+u|f klZdgfsf] Jofkf/nfO{ j9fjf lbg pko'Qm
If]qx?df ljz]if e]8f tyf Rof+Fuf| kfng sfo{qmd cGtu{t r/g Joj:yfkgnfO{ ug]{ .
!!=@!

kz'kfng, ;fgf pBd ;+rfng Pj+ r/g ljsf; ug{ O{R5's :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] nflu
k|f/lDes r/0fsf]] nflu cg'bfgdf k|hggsf nflu efn], pBd ;+rfngsf nflu ;'ne ?kdf
C0f k|jfx Pj+ lgMz'Ns ?kdf 3fF;sf] ljp / k|fljlws ;]jf 6]jf k'ofpg] .

!!=@@

vs{df cfwfl/t ko{6g k|j4gsf] nflu vs{df cfl>t ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{
vs{hGo pTkfbgsf] k|zf]wg, ;+sng, e08f/0f / jhfl/s/0fdf 6]jf k'ofpg] .

!!=@#

kz' rl/r/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt u/L -3'DtL k|0ffnL, j9'jf k|0fnL / ldl>t kz'kfng k|0ffnL_
vs{sf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfpg glbg] . vs{sf] k|of]u jfkt z'Ns nufpg] . vs{df cfl>t
cg'Tkfbs kz'x?sf] ;+Vof qmdzM sd u/L pTkfbglzn kz'kfngdf hf]8 lbg] .

!!=@$ pkef]Stf Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf vs{x?sf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f ug]{ ;fy}
jfXo k|hfltx? leq\ofp+bf s'g} ;fgf] If]qdf kl/If0f u/L ;kmn If]qdf dfq leqfpg] .
!!=@% vs{sf] lgoldt Joj:yfkg dfkm{t ldrfxf k|hfltsf jg:kltx? lgoGq0f ub}{ nUg] .
!!=@^

jx'd"No vs{hGo pTkfbgx?sf] Germplasm Gene Bank df ;+/If0f Pj+ In-situ / Exsitu Conservation ug]{ . ;fy} To:tf +vs{hGo pTkfbgx?sf] Intellectual Property
Right/ Patent Rights ;'lglZrt ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
8

!!=@& g]kfndf pknAw h8La'6Lx?sf] j}1flgs v]tL], e08f/0f, k|zf]wg, ;Da]i6g -Packaging_ /
;f/tTj lgsfNg] -Extraction_ h:tf sfo{x? u/L d"No clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug{] . o:tf sfo{x?df :yfgLo:t/d} n3' Pj+ dWodvfnsf pBdx?sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg]
/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] o:tf sfo{x?sf] nflu cfjZos k|fljlws Pj+ cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw
u/fpg] .
!!=@* vs{x?df k|r/' dfqfdf ljBdfg cfg'j+lzs ;|f]t -Genetic resources_ / cfg'j+lzs kbfy{
-Genetic materials_ x?dfly sfg"gL ?kd} xs clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ / ltgLx?sf]
pkof]uaf6 k|fKt x'g] nfesf] Gofof]lrt afF8kmfF8sf] k|lqmofnfO{ Aojl:yt t'Nofpg
cfg'j+flzs ;|f]t -kx'Fr, pkof]u, nfesf] afF8kmfF8_ P]g :jLs[tL u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
;fy} vs{hGo >f]tx? / ;f] ;+u ;DalGwt k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk, vf]h, k|ljlw / cEof;
pk/ ;DalGwt JolQm, ;d'bfo jf /fHosf] af}l4s clwsf/ :yflkt x'g] u/L cfjZos sfg"g
th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ . To:tf k/Dk/fut\ 1fg, ;Lk, cEof; cflbsf] k~hLs/0f u/L
g]kfnsf cfg'jf+lzs ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'ofpg] .
!!=@( vs{ ljsf;sf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf Pj+ ;d'bfox?sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug]{ cfjZos sfo{sd
| x? ;+rfng ug]{ .
!!=#) hgr]tgfsf sfo{qmdx? dfkm{t vs{, vs{hGo pTkfbg, ljleGg jg:kltx? ;DjlGw Pj+
h}ljs ljljwtfaf/] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
!!=#!

vs{x?df ljBdfg kfgL d'xfg ;+/If0f tyf ;'wf/ ug]{ / vs{x?df /x]sf l;d;f/x?sf]
plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

!!=#@

xfn ;+rfngdf /x]sf vs{ If]q / eljiodf ;DefJo vs{ If]q ;d]tsf] lsl;d, jgf]6 / jGg]
>f]tsf] n]vfhf]vfsf] cfwf/df vs{ If]q lgwf{/0f ul/ rl/r/gsf nflu cg'dlt lbg] .

!!=##

vs{ If]qnfO{ e"pkof]lutfe":jfldTjsf cfwf/df jlu{s/0f ul/ jlu{s[t ;+/rgfdf

Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ckgfO{g] .

!@=

;+:yfut ;+/rgf
vs{ Joj:yfkg;+u ;DjlGwt lgsfox?;+u ;dGjo sfod u/L gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u k'ofpg] p4]Zon] b]xfo cg';f/sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx?sf] Joj:yf
ul/g]5 . gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf sfo{ljlw, lgb]{lzsf tof/L tyf k/Ldfh{g ug]{ lhDd]jf/L
lgb]{zs ;ldlt / Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] x'g]5 . vs{ ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ug{
:yfgLo:t/ jf ;d'bfo:t/sf vs{ lasf; ;ldlt v8f ug{ ;lsg]5 . To:t} Ps eGbf al9
lhNnfx? ;+nUg x'g] vs{x?sf] xsdf If]qLo :t/df cfjZostf cg';f/ ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g
ug{ ;lsg] 5 . lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltn] :YffgLo:t/df ePsf ;DjlGwt cGo ;/sf/Lu}X
;/sf/L ;+:yfsf k|d'v jf k|ltlglwnfO{ cfdlGqt ;b:osf] ?kdf /fVg ;Sg] 5 .

lgb{]zs ;ldlt
dfggLo ;b:o, s[lif tyf jg, /fli6o of]hgf cfof]u
;lrj, jg tyf e"-;+/If0f dGqfno
;lrj, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno
;lrj, jftfj/0f dGqfno
;lrj, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
;lrj, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno
;lrj, ko{6g tyf gful/s pog dGqfno
;lrj, cy{ dGqfno
cWoIf, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3
cWoIf, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3
s[ifs k|ltlglw, -vs{ ;+u ;DjlGwt !hgf dlxnf ;lxt @ hgf_
dxflgb]{zs, kz' ;]jf ljefu

;+of]hs
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o ;lrj

lgb{]zs ;ldltsf] sfo{ If]q :

vs{ Joj:yfkg;+u ;DjlGwt lgsfox?;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

vs{ ;+/If0f tyf pkof]usf] nflu l5d]sL d'n'sx?;+u ePsf ;lGw ;+emf}tfx?nfO{
sfof{Gjog tyf gljs/0f ug{ cfjZos ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug{] .
vs{ gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ gLlt, P]g, lgoddf ;do ;fk]IfLs k/Ldfh{gsf] nflu
l;kmfl/; ug{] .
Aoj:yfkg ;ldltaf6 k|fKt k|ultsf] ;dLIff u/L cfaZos lgb]{zg lbg] .
vs{ Aoj:yfkg;+u ;DalGw lqmofsnfkx? ;+rfngsf] nflu cfjZos >f]t Aoj:yfkg
ug{ ;dGjo ug]{ .
lgb]{zg ;ldltsf] a}7s slDtdf aif{sf] tLg k6s a:g] .
cGo cfO{ kg]{ sfo{x? ug]{ .

ljefu
ljefuLo Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
dxflgb]{zs, kz' ;]jf ljefu
pkdxflgb]{zs, of]hgf tyf tflnd dxfxfvf, jg ljefu
pkdxflgb]{zs, of]hgf, s[lif ljefu
pkdxflgb]{zs, /fli6o lgs'~h tyf jGo hGt' ;+/If0f ljefu
pkdxflgb]{zs, ag cg';Gwfg tyf ;e]{If0f ljefu
pkdxflgb]{zs, jfl0fHo ljefu
pkdxflgb]{zs, gfkL ljefu
pkdxflgb]{zs, e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ljefu
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, s[lif pBd s]Gb|
k|d'v, r/g tyf 3f;]jfnL cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf, g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg kl/ifb
k|ltlglw, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
s[ifs k|ltlglw, sfo{ If]q
k|d'v, /fli6o r/g tyf kz' cfxf/f s]Gb|
10

;+of]hs
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o ;lrj

ljefuLo Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]

;ldltsf] sfo{ If]q :
vs{ gLlt @)^* df pNn]v ul/Psf /0fgLlt cg';f/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng sfo{ljlw tyf
lgb{]lzsf tof/ ug{] .
vs{ ;'wf/ ;DalGw k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] bIftf clea[l4 u/fpg] .
vs{ ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;DalGwt lgsfox?Aff6 k|:tfj u/fO{ ;f] sf]
sfof{Gjogdf ;dGjog ug{] .
lgb{]zs ;ldltn] lbPsf] lg0f{o / lgb{]zgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] u/fpg] .
vs{ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx? jLr ;dGjo u/L vs{sf] ;+/If0f, pkof]u /
Joj;foLs/0f ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug{] .
cfjlws / jflif{s of]hgf th{'df ug{] u/fpg] .
:yfgLo / lhNnf:t/jf6 ;+rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug{] .
ljefuLo Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] j}7sdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ljifo ljz]if1nfO{ cfdGq0f ug{]
.
;ldltsf] a}7s slDtdf aif{sf] tLg k6s a:g] .
lgb]{zg ;ldltsf] dfu{bz{g cg'?ksf sfo{x? ug]{ .
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt
:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, lh=lj=;=sf] sfof{no
k|d'v, lhNnf jg sfof{no
k|d'v, lhNnf e";+/If0f sfof{no
k|d'v, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no
k|d'v, lhNnf gfkL sfof{no
k|d'v, ;+/lIft If]q sfof{no
k|d'v, dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no
cWoIf, lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3
s[ifs k|ltlglw -dlxnf !, k'?if !_, :yfgLo :t/ vs{ ljsf; ;ldlt
lhNnf cWoIf, ufp+F ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3
cWoIf, dWojtL{;+/lIft If]q Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
cWoIf, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt
k|ltlglw, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf
k|d'v, lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no

;+of]hs
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o ;lrj

lhNnf
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
;ldltsf] sfo{ If]q:
vs{sf] klxrfg, l;dfsg Jff/] lj:t[t j:t'l:ylt tof/ ug]{ .
:yfgLo:t/df pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7gdf ;xof]u tyf ;dGjo ug]{ .
:yfgLo pkef]Qmf ;ldltjf6 dfu eO{ cfPsf sfo{qmdnfO{ cf}lrTotf / k'i6\ofO{ x]/L
:jLs[lt k|bfg ug{] tyf pkef]tmf ;ldltsf] lawfg :jLs[t ug]{ .
11

 lhNnf:t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?jLr ;dGjo u/L sfo{of]hgf tof/ tyf sfof{Gjog ug{

;xof]u ug{] .
lhNnfl:yt ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? jLr ;dGjo u/L Plss[t
vs{ ljsf; of]hgf tof/ ug{] .
vs{ ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos kg{] k|fljlws ;]jf 6]jf pknAw u/fpg ;DaGwLt
lgsfox?;+u ;dGjo ug{] .
lgb]{zs ;ldlt tyf ljefluo Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lg0f{o / lgb{]zg sfof{Gjog ug{] u/fpg]
.
vs{ lasf; tyf Aoj:yfkg ;DalGw cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f u/L k[i7kf]if0f tyf l/kf]l6{
ug{] .
u7g ul/Psf pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ sfo{qmdsf] pB]Zo / lhDd]jf/L jf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
;ldltsf] a}7s slDtdf aif{sf] tLg k6s a:g] .
vs{ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt M
vs{ pkof]u ul//x]sf ufpF lasf; ;ldlt If]qsf s[ifsx? ldn]/ :yflgo vs{ pkef]Qmf
;ldlt u7g ug{] / To; ;ldltdf % b]lv ( hgf ;Ddsf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt /xg]5 . ;ldltn]
;j{;Ddltaf6 cWoIf, ;lrj / sf]iffWoIf 5gf}6 ug]{5 .
vs{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf]
;ldltsf] sfo{ If]qM
vs{ ;+/If0f, pkof]u / ;Da4{g ;DaGwL sfo{x? af/] s[ifs:t/df hgr]tgf clea[l4 tyf
sfo{s|dx? ;+rfng ug{] .
lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltsf] lgb{]zg sfof{Gjog ug{] .
;ldltsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf / ljwfg jgfO{ lhNnf kz' ;]jf =sfof{nodf bQf{ u/fpg] .
:yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;+u ;dGjo u/L of]hgf th{'df, >f]t h'6fpg] tyf sfof{Gjg ug]{ .
:yfgLo:t/df cfaZostf cg';f/ vs{ ;'wf/sf] nflu cfjlws tyf aflif{s of]hgf th'{df
ul/ lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltaf6 cg'df]bg u/fO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
;ldltsf] a}7s slDtdf aif{sf] tLg k6s a:g] .
!#=

cfly{s kIf
s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno,
;/sf/L Pj+ u}X;/sf/L lgsfox?, gLlh If]q, :yfgLo lgsfosf] ljBdfg ;+/rgfjf6 g}
pNn]lvt gLltx?sf] sfof{Gjog x'g] ePsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ 7"nf] cfly{s Jooef/ kg]{
5|}g, t/ klg k|:tfljt sfo{qmdx?, P]g, lgodx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu eg] ;fnj;fnL
?kdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/g] 5 .

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!$=

sfg'gL Joj:yf
vs{x?sf] ljsf; tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu P]g lgod lgb]{lzsf tyf sfo{ljlw th'{df u/L
nfu' ul/g] 5 .

!%=

cg'udg / d"Nofg
lgb]{zs ;ldlt, ljefluo ;ldlt, lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt dfkm{t lgoldt cg'udg, d"Nof+sg
u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfO{g] 5 .

!^=

hf]lvd
vs{ Joj:yfkg dfkm{t jftfj/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] bL3{sfnLg ;+/If0f, nlIft au{sf]
hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ cflb k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g] x'+Fbf o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 hf]lvd x'g]
b]lvb}g .
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13