BASIC MECHANISM OF DISEASE

HISTOLOGY & ITS METHODS OF STUDY

STUDY THE TISSUES OF THE BODY MICRO TECHNIQUES

MICROSCOPE PREPARATION OF HISTOLOGIC SECTION STAINING PREPARATION

PREPARATION
- TISSUE SECTION: - VERY THIN - TRANSLUCENT

PARAFFIN TECHNIQUE
STAGES OF PARAFFIN TECHNIQUE:

1.Obtaining the tissue: -take soon from cadaver or obtained part of the body. -sharp knife/scalpel -cut the tissue 1x1x1 cm -immediately fixation

from some

 2.FIXATION:

-PREVENT POSTMORTUM DEGENERATION -FIXATION SUBSTANCE: -PROTEIN COAGULATION -PROTEIN PRESIPITATION

 3.DEHYDRATION:

- ALCOHOL 50 %,60 %,70 %.....100% 4.CLEARING: -Clearing agent: xilol,xylene,benzene

 5.EMBEDDING:

- LIQUID PARAFFIN( TEMP.56 -60 ) 6.BLOCKING: - TO MAKE COLD 7.CUTTING: -MICROTOME

STAINING PREPARATION
THE DYES STAIN:

- BASIC DYESBASOPHILIC - ACID DYES..ACIDOPHILIC -METACHROMASIA

CYTOLOGY
A PART OF HISTOLOGY STUDY OF THE CELL THE TISSUE IS COMPOSED OF:

CELL INTERCELLULAR SUBSTANCE

CELL COMPONENTS
CELL MEMBRANE CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS

CELL MEMBRANE
= PLASMALEMMA,PLASMA MEMBRANE =CHARACTERISTIC:

-COVER THE CELL -SEMIPERMIABLE -SELECTIVE BARRIER

FUNCTION
BORDER OF THE CELL PROTECTOR CELL JUNCTION RECEPTOR ABSORPTION surface EXCRETION surface

MICROSCOPIC
TRILAMINAR..3 LAYERS:

DARK - BRIGHT -DARK 7,5 nm in thickness Contain: lipid,protein and carbohydrate

TRANSPORT OF CELL MEMBRANE

ENDOCYTOSIS:macromol into the cell EXOCYTOSIS:macromol from the cell PINOCYTOSIS:fluid into the cell

PHAGOCYTOSIS:swallow a foreign particle,bacteri

or a damage cell

MODIFICATION OF CELL MEMBRANE

BRUSH BORDER=STRIATED BORDER

=MICROVILLI -CYTOPLASMIC PROJECTION -TO INCREASE CELL SURFACE

-IN ABSORPTIVE CELL(SMALL INTESTINE)

 2.INTERDIGIT PROCESS=BASOLATERAL

FOLDER -INCREASE THE LATERAL SURFACE

3.CILIA: -KINOCILIA:MOTILE(TRACHEA) -STEREOCILIA:NONMOTILE (EPIDIDYMIS)

Intercellular junctions = junction cell

1.

Associated structure of the cell Contributed to cohesion & communication between cells 3 type Occluding junction *Zonulae occludens : zonula arround the cell - Epithelium cell of intestine *Fascia occludens : like a discontinue band, - Endothel blood vessels

2. Adhering junction * Zonula adherens : visible as a little spot *Desmosome : small circular patches or spot (macula adherens)
3. Gap junction =nexus

CYTOPLASM
COMPOSED OF: MATRIX=CYTOSOL ORGANELLES

CYTOSKLETON
DEPOSITS

 CYTOSOL:
THE FLUID MATRIX OF THE CELL

CONTAINS:

-ENZYMES -FILAMENTOUS PROTEINS -GLYCOGEN,FREE LIPID -RIBOSOMES

ORGANELLES
TRILAMINAR MEMBRAN:

-MITOCHONDRIA -ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM -GOLGI APPARATUS -LYSOSOME -PEROXISOME -ENDOSOME -SECRETORY GRANULE

 CYTOSKLETON
SIMPLE / WITHOUT MEMBRANE

-MICROTUBULE -MICROFILAMENT -INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT -STRUCTUR ARISE FROM MICROTUBULE: -CENTRIOLE -CILIA -FLAGELLA

INCLUSION=CYTOPLASMIC DEPOSITS
TRANSITORY COMPONENTS OF THE

CYTOPLASM

COMPOSED OF:

-ACCUMULATED METABOLITES -LIPID DROPLETS -GLYCOGEN -SECRETORY GRANULES -PIGMENTS

MITOCHONDRIA
CHONDRIOSOME=ALTMANN GRANULE CHARACTERISTIC:

-SPHERICAL OR FILAMENTOUS -0,1-0,5 um wide and 2 4 um length -no visible with HE, -SPECIAL DYES: FEH AND YANUS GREEN.

 LOCALISATION:DEPEND ON THE FUNCTION

OF CELL

-MUSCLE:BETWEEN THE MIOFIBRIL

-SYNTHESE PROTEIN CELL:NEAR RET.END -CILIA CELL:APICAL CELL

 NUMBER: DEPEND ON ACTIVITY CELL

-ACTIV :MANY(500 1000 IN HEPATIC CELL -INACTIV:LESS - DIVIDING IN MITOSIS CELL

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
2 UNIT:

- OUTER MEMBRANE - INNER MEMBRAN:

-

PROJECTS FOLDS=CRISTAE(INCREASE THE SURFACE INNER MEMBRAN)

- BETWEEN THESE MEMBRAN

=INTERCRISTAE SPACE =INTERMEMBRANE SPACE

 FUNCTION OF MITOCHONDRIA:
-

SYNTHESE ATP BIOSYNTHESE STEROID OXIDISE SYNTHESE NUCLEIC ACID

METABOLISME :AEROB

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
= THINNER THAN CELL MEMBRAN. =2 TYPES: 1.ROUGH ER

=GRANULAR ER

2.SMOOTH ER=AGRANULAR ER

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

LAMELAR STRUCTUR RIBOSOME ATTACH TO THE SURFACE FUNCTION:-SYNTHESE PROTEIN

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

STRUCTUR:LAMELAR

VESICULAR TUBULAR -NO RIBOSOME -FUNCTION:-DETOXIFICATION -SYNTHESE LIPID -SYNTHESE STEROID -METABOLISM (SMALL MOL.)

RIBOSOME
SMALL ELECTRON-DENSE PARTICLE 20 30 nm IN SIZE COMPOSED OF RNA AND PROTEIN

THE INDIVIDUAL RIBOSOMES ARE HELD

TOGETHER BY A STRAND OF m RNA

POLYRIBOSOMES=POLYSOMES

GOLGI APPARATUS
=GOLGI COMPLEX FOUNDED BY CAMILLO GOLGI 1898 COMPOSED OF SMOOTH MEMBRANE-

LIMITED=CISTERNAE STRUCTUR:
-

LAMELS,consist of 5-10 LAMELS

 H.E DYES:NO VISBLE,

THE AREA IS CALLED NEGATIVE GOLGI

IMAGE
SPECIAL DYES: IMPREGNANT AG

& OSO4

 FUNCTION:

-MODIFICATE PRODUCT SECRETION -SYNTHESE MEMBRANE -PROCESS OF SECRETORY CELL -PRODUCT OF PROHORMON -SECRETORY DEPOSITS

LYSOSOMES
BY DE DUVE MEMBRANE LIMITED VESICLE CONTAIN HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES, INTRACYTOPLASMIC DIGESTION IN PHAGOCYTIC CELL(macrophag,leucocyt) Spherical,0,05 -0,5 um, GRANULE CHOLESTEROL AND SPINGOMYELIN

 SMALL VESICLE CONTAIN NONACTIV ENZYME IS CALLED

PRIMARY LYSOSOME

LYSOSOME DIGEST MATERIAL TAKEN INTO

THE CELL FROM ITS ENVIRONMENT(ENDOCYTOSIS,PHAGOCYTOSI S).PHAGOSOME MEMBRANE OF PHAGOSOMESECUNDARY LYSOSOME

PRIMARY L THEN FUSE WITH THE

MICROBODIES =PEROXISOMES
SPHERICAL MEMBRANE-LIMITED DIAMETER 0,5 1,2 um CONTAIN PEROXIDASE ENZYMES AND

CATALASE
MANY IN ANIMAL CELL HUMAN ,IN HEPATIC CELL AND RENAL CELL

 ARISE FROM ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, FUNCTION:

OXIDISE

METABOLISM

MICROTUBULES
TUBULAR STRUCTUR OUTER DIAMETER:24 nm CONSISTING OF A DENSE WALL 5 nm thick

and HOLLOW CORE 14 nm wide

Variable in length .200 um 13 PROTOFILAMENT:ALFA TUBULIN

BETA TUBULIN

 FUNCTION:

-CYTOSKLETON -MOTILITY OF CELL -MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME IN MITOSIS(METAPHASE TO ANAFASE) -INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT -BASIC ELEMENT FOR CILIA,FLAGELLA,CENTRIOLE,BASAL BODIES.

CILIA/FLAGELLA
CILIA:

-MOTILE PROCESSES -LARGE NUMBER,EACH 2-3 um in length -MICROTUBULE CORE CONSIST OF 9 PAIRS OF MICROTUBULES SURROUNDING 2 CENTRAL MICROTUBULES(9 + 2 PATTERN .. AXONEME

 FLAGELLA:

-SIMILAR TO CILIA STRUCTUR -ONLY ONE FLAGELLUM,LENGTH CLOSE TO 100 UM BASAL BODIES: -SIMILAR TO A CENTRIOLE -CILIATED CELL -STRUCTUR:9 SET TRIPED MICROTUBULES

 CENTRIOLE:

-CYLINDRICAL STRUCTUR -DIAMETER 0,15 um,0,3-0,5 in length -consist of 9 set triped microtubules like PINWHEEL -NEAR GOLGI APPARATUS -CENTRIOL TOGETHER WITH GOLGI APP IS CALLED CYTOCENTER

INTERMEDIATE FILAMEN
-FILAMENTOUS STRUCTUR -DIAMETER 10 nm

-CONSIST OF 4-5 FILAMEN - CONTAIN PROTEIN

-CYTOSKLETON IN MUSCLE CELL

 TYPES:

-DESMIN FILAMEN(MUSCLE CELL) -VIMENTIN FILAMEN(MESENCHYMAL CELLS) -KERATIN (EPITHRLIUM CELL) -NEUROFILAMEN(NEURON) -GLIA FILAMEN(GLIAL CELL)

MICROFILAMEN
=LONG FILAMEN -DIAMETER 7 nm -CONSIST OF (PROTEIN ACTIN) G-ACTIN F-ACTIN -CELL CORTEX -MICROVILLI -MUSCLE CELL

 FUNCTION:

-MOVEMENT OF THE CELL -CYTOKINESIS -MOVEMENT OF THE MICROVILLI

NUCLEUS
ROUNDED OR ELONGATED STRUCTUR USUALLY IN THE CENTER OF THE CELL COMPONENTS ARE:

-NUCLEAR ENVELOPE -CHROMATIN -NUCLEOLUS -NUCLEOPLASM

 NUCLEAR ENVELOPE: THIN MEMBRANE SURROUND THE NUCLEUS EM :SURROUNDED BY 2 PARALLEL UNIT MEMBRANES SEPARATED BY A NARROW SPACE:PERINUCLEAR CISTERNA NUCLEAR PORES: ESTABLISH CONTINUITY BETWEEN THE CYTOSOL AND THE NUCLEAR LUMEN CONTAINING THE CHROMATIN

 CHROMATIN:
COMPOSED OF COILED STRAND OF DNA 2 TYPES: HETEROCHROMATIN:

NONACTIV NUCLEUS, COARSE GRANULE EUCHROMATIN: ACTIV NUCLEUS FINELY GRANULE

NUCLEOLUS
SPHERICAL STRUCTUR RICH IN r RNA AND PROTEIN BASOPHILIC(HEMATOXYLIN) EM CONSIST OF 3 DISTINCT:

-PARS GRANULOSA -PARS FIBROSA BOTH CONTAIN RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN: -GRANULE/FILAMEN -PARS KROMOSOMAL: DNA FILAMEN

NUCLEOPLASM
NUCLEAR MATRIX THE SPACE BETWEEN THE CHROMATIN AND

THE NUCLEOLI IN THE NUCLEUS. COMPOSED OF : PROTEIN METABOLIT ION

MITOSIS
CELL DIVISION EACH OF DOUGHTER CELLS :CHROMOSOMAL

SET IDENTICAL TO THAT OF THE PARENT CELL

THE PHASE BETWEEN 2 MITOSIS IS CALLED

INTERPHASE.

 THE PROCESS OF MITOSIS.:

PROPHASE:
COILING OF NUCLEAR CHROMATIN CHROMOSOM : SPIREEM

CENTRIOLE SEPARATE
CENTROSOME MIGRATE TO EACH POLE OF

THE CELL

 METAPHASE: NUCLEAR ENVELOPE AND NUCLEOLUS

DISAPPEAR CHROMOSOMES MIGRATE TO THE EQUATORIAL OF THE CELL CHROSOMES DIVIDED TO FORM 2 CHROMATIDS MONOASTER

 ANAPHASE: THE SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE FROM

EACH OTHER MIGRATE TOWARD THE OPPOSITE POLES OF THE CELL. DIASTER

 TELOPHASE:
REAPPEARANCE OF NUCLEI IN THE

DOUGHTER CELLS CHROMOSOM IN THE POLES NUCLEAR ENVELOPE, NUCLEOLI, CHROMATIN REAPPEAR.

CONCLUSION:
Cytology Study of cells

Cells Companent: 1. Cell Membran 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus

I.

Cell Membran= plasmalemma

- Transport of cell membran 1. Endocytosis 2. Exocytosis 3. Pinocytosis 4. Phagocytosis - Modification of Cell membran: 1. Brush Border 2. Cilia

II. Cytoplasma: Consist of:

1. Cytosol matrix

2. Organelles: - mitochondria - Endoplasmic Reticulum - Golgi apparatus - Lysosome - Perioxysome

3. Cytoskleton: - microtubules: - centriole, cilia, flagella - microfilamen - intermediate filamen 4. Inclusion: Transitory component - Accumulated metabolites: *Lipid droplets *Glycogen *Secretory granule - Pigments

III. Nucleus: Consist of:

1. Nuclear envelope 2. Chromatin 3. Nucleolus 4. Nucleoplasm

IV. Mitosis:

1. Interphase 2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase

EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Dr. dr. MIRNA MUIS, SpRad
DEPARTEMENT OF HISTOLOGY HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

Characteristics of Epithelial Cells

1.

3 type :

2. 3. 4. 5.

- Squamous cell - Cuboidal cell - Columnar cell Located on basement membrane Avasculer Intercellular junction cell Polarity cell

The Function of Epithelial Tissue

Covering & lining of surface (eg. Skin) Absorption (eg. The intestines) Secretion (eg. The epithelial cell of glands)

Sensation (eg. Neuroepithelium)

Contractility (eg. Myoepithelial cell)

Basement Membrane
Thin layer between the epithelium with underlying

connective tissue Contains glycoprotein Consists of

Lamina densa = basal laminae delicate collagen fiber, glycoprotein Laminae lusidae : collagen fiber, glycoprotein Laminae fibroreticular : collagen, reticular fiber

Classification of The Epithelial Tissue

Base on the structure & their function : I. Covering Epithelia II. Glandular Epithelia

Covering Epithelial Tissue

I.

According to their shape 1. Squamous cell : flattened cell Nucleus : flat. 2. Cuboidal cell : height & width : similar Nucleus : spheris, central 3. Columnar cell : height 2-5 times greater than their width Nucleus : oval, basal

II.

According to the number of cell layers A. Simple epithelium single layer of cell B. Stratified epithelia compose of several layers of cells C. Pseudo stratified epithelium simple epithelium is seen stratified (Nucleus is not in the same level)

A. Simple Epithelium

1. Simple squamous epithelium - Single layer of cells : flat & plate like *Ectoderm squamous epithelium (eg. Ansa Henle Kidney) *Endoderm endothelium (eg. Wall of blood & lymphatic vessels) *Mesoderm mesothelium (eg. Lining of the serous body cavities peritoneum, pleural)

2.

Simple cuboidal epithelium - Cuboid cell, one layer - Nucleus : spheric, central - Microvilli (apical cell) - Ovarium, plexus chorrideus tubular contotus renalis Ductus secretory glandular - Function : transport of ion, fluid

3.

Simple columnar epithelum = simple cylindris epithelium - Cylinder cell - Nc. Oval, basal - 3 type : * 1. Secretory : - function : - protection - secretion - Cytoplasma : pale, & many vacuole (mucous) - Mucosa gaster, canalis cervic uteri

*Absorptive & secretory 1. Function absorption: - microvilli - intestine 2. Function secretory: - like goblet cell - many secretory gran. (mucous) *Goblet cell 1. Consists of cilia cell & goblet cell 2. Upper respiratory system

B. Stratified Epithelial - Two or more layers of cells 3 type: 1. * Stratified squamous epithelium - Function : protection - Non keratinizing & keratinizing

* Stratified squamous non keratinizing - wet surface - Consist of :

Several layers of squamous cell (apical) Several layers of cuboidal cell (middle) A layer of cylindris cell (basal)

- Cavum oris, esophagus, vagina

* Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium - Transformation of the superficial cells - Keratinizing/ cornification Consists of : *Stratum germinativum -basal:attached to basement membran -several cylindris cells

*Stratum spinosum - several cuboidal cells - spine & desmosome ( Tonofibrill ) *Stratum granulosum - squamous cell - contain keratohyalin granula *Stratum lucidum - very thin - cylindis cells *Stratum corneum - dead cells

2. Stratified cylindris epithelium - rare - ocular conyunctiva Large ducts of salivary gland 3. Stratified cuboidal epithelium - rare - duct of merocrine gland

C. Pseudo stratified epithelium - Consists of : - cylindris cells - Golet cell - Basal cell - All the cells are attached to basement membrane - Not all the cells are attached to the surface (some cell dont reach the surface) - cilia: Kinocilia (motile) : upper resp. tract Stereocilia (not motile) : Duct of Epididym (have no Goblet cell)

Pseudostratified ciliated Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithel columnar epithel

D. Transitional epithelium - urinary bladder, ureter - upper part of the urethra - consists of : * Several cuboidal & polyhedral cells * umbrella cell (surface)

Grandular Ephitelial Tissue

Consist of : - Endocrine glandular - Exocrine glandular Exocrine glandular : - secretory portion - ducts

Classification: A. According to the duct : 1. Simple glands : have only one unbranched duct 2. Compound glands : have duct that branch repeatedly

Simple gland can be:

- tubular - coiled tubular - branced tubular - branched acinar Compound gland can be : - tubular - acinar - tubulo acinar

B. According to the way of secretion - Merocrine : exocytosis (Sudorifera gland) - Holocrine : pinocytosis (sebaceus gland) - apocrine : mammary gland C. According to the secretory portion ( pars terminal) 1. Tubular gland 2. Alveolus gland 3. Tubulo alveolar gland

D. According to their secrete 1. Mucosa gland : viscous secrete, glycoprotein, mucous 2. Serosa gland : liquid secrete, serous, enzym 3. Mixed gland : consists of mucous & serous gland

Characteristic exocrine gland 1. The secretory portion & ducts the parenchyma 2. Connective tissue, blood vessels & nerves stroma 3. Capsula of connective tissue: septa interlobar devides the gland into lobulus 4. Septa : ducts, blood vessels, nerve 5. Interlobar ducts & interlobularis ducts

General Biology of Epithelial Tissues

1. 2.

3.

Cells that transport ions : tubule of renalis Cells that transport by pinocytosis : endothelium,mesothelium Cells that produce chemical messenger
-neurocrine cells -paracrine cells - endocrine cells

4. Cells that syntese protein 5. Cells that secrete polypeptida = APUD cell (Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation) - G cell ( Gaster gastrin ) - S cell ( Secretin intestine) - D cell ( Intestine somato statin) - A cell ( Pancreas glucogon) 6.Cell that syntese glycoprotein : Goblet cell 7. Cells that syntese steroid : testis, ovarium, suprarenal

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