BASIC CONCEPT OF BIOCHEM.

CELL
- BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
- ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS.
PROKARYOTIC CELL
- OLDEST CELL
- DO NOT HAVE A MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES.
- FLAGELLA OR CILIA.
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
- TINY HAIR LIKE PROJRCTION FROM CELL
- MOVEMENT OF THE ORGANISMS.
EUKARYOTIC CELL
- HAVE NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
- PLANT AND ANIMALS ARE EURARYOTIC
*PLANT CELL HAVE CHOLOPLASTS, CELL WALL, CENTRAL VACUOLE.
CELL WALL
- PROVIDE STRUCTURE, PROTECTION AND FILTERING.
CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)
- CONSISTS OF PHODPHOLIPID BILAYER
- PROVIDES MECHANICAL SUPPORT
- ALLOWED ENTER AND EXIT THE CELL THROUGH CHANNELS
CYTOPLASM
- PRESENT INSIDE THE CELL EXCEPT THE NUCLEUS
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- INTERCONNECTION OF TUBULES
- ODIFFUSION, OSMOSIS AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- SYNTHESIS OD LIPIDS LIE CHOLESTEROL ANS STEROIDS.
*ROUGH ER – WITH RIBOSOMES, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
*SMOOTH ER – LIPID DYNTHESISI
GOLGI APPARATUS/GOLGI BODIES
- PACKAGING OF MACROMOLECULES ONTO VESTICLES
LYSOSOME
- INTECELLULAR DIGESTION
*PRIMARY LYSOSOME – CONTAINING HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES
*SECONDARY LYSOSOME – FORMED BY THE FUSION OF PRIMARY
LYSOSOMES.
MITOCHONDRIA
- SUPPLY AND STORAGE OD ENERGY FOR THE CELL.
- ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)
NUCLEUS
- STORAGE AS WELL AS TRANSFER OF GENETIC MATERIAL
RIBOSOMES
- SITE OF BIOLOGICAL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS
VACUOLE
- STORAGE OF NUTRIENTS
- PROTECT CELL FROM TOXICITY
BIOMOLECULES
- VERY LARGE AMOUNT THAT MAKE MOST OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE BODY.
- MADE OF SMALLER PIECE CALLED MONOMERS.
- A LARGE CHAIN OF MONOMERS IS CALLED A POLYMERS
*CARBOHYDRATES
*LIPIDS
*PROTEIN
*NUCLEIC ACID
*ATP
 *ENZYMES
DIFFUSION (PASSIVE TRANSPORT: SIMPLE)
- MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES TO HIGH AND LOW CONCENTRATION ARE
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
- DIFFERENCE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF MOLECULES
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
- ION CHANNELS AND/OR CARRIER PROTEIN
OSMOSIS
- MOVEMENT OF WATER
FILTARTION
- PROCESS USED TO SEPARATE SOLIDS FROM LIQUID OR GASES
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- ENERGY REQUIRING PROCESS
BIOCHEMISTRY
- IT IS BOTH LIFR AND SCIENCE
- UNDERSTANDING OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
BIOCHEMICAL SUBTANCE
- FOUND WITHIN LIVING ORGANISMS
*BIOINORGANIC – WATER, INORGANIC SALTS
*BIOORGANIC SUBTANCE – CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, NUCLEIC
ACIDS.
CARBOHYDRATES
- MOST ABUNDANT CLASS
- 75% BY MASS OF DRY PLANT
CELLULOSE – SERVES AS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS.
*STARCH – PROVIDE ENERY RESERVES FO TGHR PLANT
MONOSACCHARIDE
- CONTAINS SINGLE POLYHYDROXY
DISCCHARIDE
- SUGAR FORMED WHEN TWO MONOSACC ARE JOINED
OLIGOSSCHARIDE
- TEN MONOSACC
POLYSACCHARIDE
- MANY MONOSACC