e

, 2012.

:
.

,
:


:
. , . .
:

:
,
283,

, 21.01.2010. ,
.
, 2012.

CIP -
,
621.397.13 ( 075.8 ) ( 076 )

, . , 1954 :
/ . 5. .
- :
, 2012 (, ). 231 .
.; 30 cm
150. : . 209-229.
- : . 231.
ISBN 978-86-7982-115-7
)
COBISS. SR - ID 189295116



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.

,
.
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petrovic.mile@yahoo.com .

, 2012.

:
1. .......... 9
1. ................................................................................................... 9
2. .............................................. 9
2.1 ........................................................................... 9
2.2 - ....................................................................................... 10
2.3 - .................................................................................... 11
2.4 ......................... ..................................................... 14
2.5 - ................................ ...................................................... 16
2.6 ............................................................. 18
2.7 ....................... 21
2.8 .... 22
3. .................................................................................. 25
4. ........................................................................................... 26
4.1. , ........ 26
4.2. .......................................................... 26
4.3. .................................................................................................. 27

2. ..............................................29
1. .................................................................................................... 29
2. ............................................... 29
2.1 ........................................................................... 29
2.1.1 Tektronix WFM 1735J ........ 30
2.2 ............................................................................................ 33
2.3 ......................................................................................... 34
2.3.1 ...................................................................... 34
2.3.2 ................................................................... 38
2.3.3 ................................................................ 38
2.4. (, ) .............................. 40
2.5 ....................................................... 41
3. .................................................................................. 42
4. ........................................................................................... 43
4.1 , . 43
4.2 .... 43

3. .......... 45
1. .................................................................................................... 45
2. ............................................... 45
2.1. - ................................................................................. 45

2.2. - ................................................................................. 46
2.2.1. F ................................................................................ 46
2.2.2. BNC .......................................................................... 47
2.2.3. C ............................................................................... 47
2.2.4. N .............................................................................. 47
2.2.5. XLR ........................................................................... 47
2.2.6. TRS (Tip-Ring-Sleeve) ........................... 48
2.2.7. TS (Tip-Sleeve) ......................................... 48
2.2.8. RCA (in) ................................................................ 49
2.2.9. S -VIDEO ................................................................. 49
2.2.10. SCART (EURO) ....................................................... 49
2.2.11. DIN .......................................................................... 51
2.3. ....... 41
2.4. TRIAX ..................................................................................... 53
2.5. ... 53
2.6. ..................................................................................... 55
2.7. .................... 56
2.8. - ................................................... 57
2.9. VGA (D-Sub) ...................................................................... 59
2.10. HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)............59
2.11. Fire Wire USB ................................................................... 60
2.11. ................................................................................. 60
2.11.1. ............................................................................ 62
2.11.2. .............................................................................. 63
2.12. ............................................................................ 64
3. ...................................................................................... 65
4. ................................................................................................ 66
4.1. , ........ 66
4.2. .......................................................... 66
4.3. ................................................................................................. 66

4. .. 69
1. ..................................................................................................
2. ............................................
2.1. .......................................................
2.2. ..
2.3. CIE .............
2.4. ...............
3. ......................................................................................
4. ...............................................................................................
4.1. , ........
4.2. ..........................................................
4.3. .................................................................................................

69
69
71
72
74
75
79
81
81
81
82

 5. - ................................................... 87
1. ................................................................................................. 87
2. ............................................ 87
2.1. () ................................................. 89
2.2. ................................................................................... 90
2.3. ........................................................................... 91
2.4. -..................................................................... 92
2.5. S - -.................................................................................... 94
2.6. -................................................................. 95
3. ...................................................................................... 98
4. .............................................................................................. 99
4.1. , ........ 99
4.2. ................................................................................................. 99

6.

1.
2.

3.
4.

.................................................................... 103
................................................................................................ 103
............................................ 103
2.1. -
(H -ime V-time) .... 106
2.2. - .......................... 108
2.3. - ..................................... 109
2.4. - ............. 111
................................................................................... 112
............................................................................................. 113
4.1. , ....... 113
4.2. ........................................................ 113
4.3. ................................................................................................. 113

7.
........................................................... 119
1. ................................................................................................. 119
2. ............................................ 119
2.1. - ................................................................................... 120
2.2. - .................................................... 120
2.3. -................................................................................... 121
2.4. Frame synchronizeri............................................................................ 121
3. .................................................................................... 122
4. ............................................................................................. 123
4.1. , ..... 123
4.2. ........................................................ 123
4.3. ................................................................................................ 123

 8.
......................................................... 127
1. .................................................................................................. 127
2. ............................................. 127
2.1. ..................................................................... 127
2.2. ................................................................... 128
2.3. , ...... 129
2.4. ................................... 132
2.5. CENELEC CCIR za PAL B/G ........................................ 135
3. .................................................................................... 137
4. .............................................................................................. 138
4.1. , ..... 138
4.2. ............................................................................................... 138

9.
..........................................................143
1. .................................................................................................. 143
2. ............................................ 143
2.1. ... 144
2.1.1. ........................................................... 144
2.1.2. ........ 147
2.1.3. ........................................................ 148
2.1.4. ...................................................................... 148
2.2. ........ 149
3. ..................................................................................... 150
4. ............................................................................................. 151
4.1. , ..... 151
4.2. ....................................................... 151
4.3. ............................................................................................... 152

10. ITS ......... 155

1. ................................................................................................. 155
2. ............................................ 155
2.1. ................................................ 158
2.2. ........................................................ 159
2.3.
.................................. 160
2.4. .......... 161
2.5. ............. 161
2.6. 2 ............................ 162
2.7. .............................. 163
3. ..................................................................................... 164
4. ............................................................................................. 165

4.1. , ..... 165

4.2. ....................................................... 165
4.3. ............................................................................................... 165

11. - ......................... 169

1. ................................................................................................. 169
2. ............................................ 169
2.1. -............................................... 172
2.2. -........................................... 174
2.3. .. 176
2.4. 4:2:2............................................................. 176
2.5. 4:1:1............................................................. 179
2.6. 4:2:0............................................................. 180
2.7. 4:4:4............................................................. 180
2.8. 2:1:1............................................................. 181
2.9. ............ 181
3. .......................................................................................... 182
4. ................................................................................................... 182
4.1. , ..... 183
4.2. ....................................................... 183
4.3. ............................................................................................... 183

12. ............................ 185

1. ......................................................................................................
2. .................................................
2.1. ...........................................................
2.2. ................................................................
2.3.
2.4. (-) ................................
2.5. - .......................................
2.5.1. H.261 .....................................................................
2.5.2. H.263 ......................................................................
2.5.3. MPEG 1 ..................................................................
2.5.4. MPEG 2 ..................................................................
2.5.5. MPEG 4 ..................................................................
3. ........................................................................................
4. .................................................................................................
4.1. , ....
4.3. ...............................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
........................................................................................................

185
185
186
188
189
196
197
201
201
202
202
203
204
206
206
206
209
231

1:


1.
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100m2, , 400m2,
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8m.
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10

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Interface, SMPTE 259M).
ITU -R BT.656.

-. ,
-, .
-
SAV (Start of Activ Video)
EAV (End of Activ Video).

11

 1
SDTI (Serial Digital
Transport Interface, SMPTE 305M), SDI
. SDTI
(streaming) -
. -
75.

.
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(preview) (program out). preview
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-, ( key )
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12

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K2

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%
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A B C
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Luminans key - ,

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Chroma key ( ) -,
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13

3. -

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4:2:2 PAL NTSC ,
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R, G, B
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R, G, B .

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recognition).
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4.

15

DELAY
LINE

Camera

Camera

SWITCHER /
ROUTER

PGM
FG
mask
BG

DVP-100

CHROMA
KEYER

VIDEO
MIXER

PVU

Camera

O2

ONYX 2

4.

/ (switcher/router). :
, . . -
/ DVP-100.

ONYX2.
ONYX2 (chroma
keyer) -.
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2.5. -
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5.
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16

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-66dBm -46dBm.
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(surround)
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17

2.6.

, 9 10.
1. Black Burst (BLACK#1) PAL
.

. black burst
. .
REF IN genlock IN. -
, ,
, -
-.
(black burst) REF IN ,
(subcarrier).
sabcarriera -
black burst . -
.
(black burst) :
(looping) ,
.
- . Black burst , 9,
- VDA#4.
2. (TSG#1 i TSG#2) -

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(0,5MHz, 1MHz, 1,5MHz. 5,8MHz).
.
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3. (ADA, VDA) -
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18

6. -
4. - (SW#1, SW#2) ,
. ,
.
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. 9 - . SW#1
SW#2 -
: SW#1 , SW#2
. .
/ loop ().
5. Patch -
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Patch :
( - ) B ( ), 9.
16 BNC . -
- , . .
() Patch
.
6. -
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MON#6 (hi-resolution)
- SW#2, .
.
, , -
LCD .

19

 1
7.
. , ,
.
8. (VTR#1 i VTR#2) -
- .
,
. -
- time code. Time code , ,
(frame)
-. frame time code.
, time code,
.
-,
. -
, 9,
(VTR#1 VTR#2).

(player). - Patch polja
. - ,
- . , 10,
(Mix-out L Mix-out R) -
(Ch1 Ch2) - (ADA#1 ADA#2).
9. (K.G.#1)
, -,
. PC
- -. .
- -
5,8MHz, - .
9 ,
, ( - CD-) -.
- K.G.#1 VDA#3.
10. Frame synchronizer (F.S.#1)
-, (,
...) ( , DV,
...),
.
:
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.
,
, Frame synchronizera .
Frame synchronizer
-
( -, ,
SC H ). - , 9,
20

 1
Patch , -
. 7 Frame synchronizer.

7. Frame synchronizer

2.7.

/ - , 9 10.

(BLACK#1), VDA#4,
VDA#4 REF IN -. -
VDA#1 VDA#2, VDA#3.
VDA#1, VDA#2 VDA#3 ,
-, -
. - - VDA#5,
5, , . -
VDA#6 ,
- ,
, , ,
. - SW#1 -.
, SW#1
- -. SW#2
.
- .
.
-, ,
, (AUX) .
- (VTR#1 VTR#2)
(K.G.#1). , - (ADA#1 ADA#2).
- DA#1 DA#2
.

21

2.8.

-
SDI , 8.

(SDI serial digital interface),
/ .
. (-)
8.
- / ,
- SW#1,
-. -, ,
-.

VDA#5

8.
- - VDA#5
. , DV
RF , ,
/ . /
-, .
.

22

9.

23

10.
24

3.
) ?

) Patch - ?

) .

) Frame synchronizer ?

) - .

) - ?

) ?

) .

) ?

)
?

25

4.
4.1. ,
1. -
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

4.2.
-
. /
- .

.
(/ - ) .

,
.
:
-
(SW#1, IN 4), Frame sinhronizer.
IN B .
: SW#1 (IN 4-video loop, SW#1)
Frame synchronizera IN (Patch , , B14), Frame
synchronizera OUT (Patch , , 13)
IN B.

26

4.3.
I. - -
VTR1.

II. TS1
.

III. - 1 ( )
- .

IV. VDA5.
.

V. (MIX OUT) - .
.

VI. - 1 ( 2Vpp).
.

:
.................................
. : .................................
:
.................................
....................................

27

28

2:

1.
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) ,
) ,
) ,
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) .

2.
,
.
,
U V ,
, , .
.
,
.

2.1.
(waveform monitori)

, .

, burst ,
.
.

52s +12s = 64s, 1Vpp,
0,3Vpp burst
0,3Vpp.

29

 2
2.1.1. -Tektronix WFM 1711J
(waveform monitor) Tektronix WFM 1711
(PAL NTSC).
.
B ().
, , lupoom
- .
.

(
) .
.
. ,
.

1. Tektronix 1711
1
1 12.
.
1.
: FLAT, LPASS CHROMA.
, ,
.
( B) , LINE SELECT .

30

 2
2. REF
*.
.
, CAL ,
.
, SWEEP MAG, X1.
3. CH A CH B
B .
BOTH,
B .
4. VERTICAL GAIN
VAR, X5 BOTH .
.
5. POSITION
.
6. SWEEP
2LINE 2FLD .
1LINE SWEEP . MAG
SWEEP . :
2LINE = 10s/div
1LINE = 5s/div
7. MAG
. SWEEP
:
2LINE + MAG = 1 s/div
2FLD + MAG = 1
1LINE + MAG = 0,2 s/div
2FLD + MAG . , FLD1
, 1
2.
8. POSITION

.
9. FOCUS
,
.
* black burst signal

31

 2
10. SCALE
.
11. INTENSITY
.
12. POWER
standby.

1 6

2.
1. CH A
, 75.
2. CH B
, 75.
3. EXT REF
( 75),
( REF).

2. Tektronix 1711
4. AC FUSE
.

32

 2
5. AC POWER
.
6. REMOTE
15- D , remout .

2.2.

, U , V .
.
, V
(R -Y) , U (B -Y)
.
, U U/2.
( ).

R, G, B MG, YL, CY , 3.
20, 100.

R, G, B, MG, YL, CY, r, g, b,
mg, yl, cy. .
, , .

3.

33

2.3.
2.3.1.

Color bar ( ), 4.
, ,
, .
,
. 6
- ( ).
. R, G, B
: (CY), (MG)
(YL). B G, R G,
R B. (W)
R, G, B .
ER, EG, EB ,
.

4.
:
Ey = 0,30 ER + 0,59 EG + 0,11 EB.
5,,, R,G,B, Y,
. 5
R, G, B . Ey
0,30ER + 0,59EG = 0,89,
Ey 0,89 e
. Ey 0,59EG + 0,11EB = 0,70,
Ey 0,70
e . ,
, y ER Ey
EB Ey. 5. , , EB Ey ER Ey.
1.

34

a)

a)

0
-0.5

0.5

0.70

b)

0
1.0

0.70

0.59

0.5
0.11

0.11

0.5

b)

-0.5

c)
0.89

0.90

0.70

0.76

0.59

0.5

0.41

0.30
0.11

0
0.5

d)

-0.30

0.59

1.79

1.5

1.46 1.42
1.24

-0.59

1.0

1.00

1.06 1.01

0.70

0.5

0.5

0.11

f)

-0.11

-0.5

-0.5
-0.70

c)

0
-0.5

-0.89

0.90
0.76

0.5

)
e)

0.30

-0.5

0.83

0.89

0.59

d)
-0.01
-0.06
-0.24
-0.42
-0.46

-0.59

5.
) G , ) B , ) R
) Ey
) EB - Ey
) ER - Ey

0.5

a)

0
1.0

0
1.0

C
R
N
O

PL
A
V
O

C
R
V
EN
O

M
A
G
EN
T
A

R y
0,00
0,11
0,30
0,41
-0,41
-0,30
-0,11
0,00

ZE
L
E
N
O

BEL
O

a)

0.5

B y
0,00
-0,89
0,30
-0,59
0,59
-0,30
0,89
0,00

ZU
T
O

G y
0,00
0,11
-0,70
-0,59
0,59
0,70
-0,11
0,00

C
IJA
N

y
0,00
0,89
0,70
0,59
0,41
0,30
0,11
0,00

o
M
AGENTA

CRVENO

PLAVO

CRNO

C
IJAN

ZELENO

Z
UTO

1.0

B
ELO

-0.79

6.
) (EB - Ey) snct
) (ER Ey) cosct
) Eu sn ct Ev cosct
) Ey + Eu snct Ev cosct

35

 2
6. , (EB Ey) snct

(ER Ey) cosct, 6. c.

( ),
6., 1,79V.

, 7., . ER Ey
0,877, EB Ey 0,493.

7.
)

8. EBU

8 EBU (European Broadcasting Union)

.
,
.
36

 2
100.75Color bars. , ,
9.

9. 100.75 Color bar

10 FCC
, 100.100 Color bar.

......

10. 100.100 Color bar

, , 11.

37

11. 100.100 Color bar

2.3.2.
12. 6
, 0,5MHz 5MHz.
.
.

12.

2.3.3.

.

( , , ...),
, .

. 13.

38

13.

( , , ... ).

a)

.
)
- .
, ( )
10%
.
)
.
1%, 5%.
)

.
.

a)
-
. .
-
)

39

 2

.
.
)
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(, ) .
)
0,8; 1,8; 2,8; 3,8
4,8MHz.
.
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.
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2.4. (, )
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14.

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40

 2
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14. ,

2.5.

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(),
().
.
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.

41

3.
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?

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) 100.75 100.100 ?

) , ?

) loop.

) ?

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42

4.
4.1.,
1.
2.
3.
4.

( )

4.2.
I. .

II. .

III. .

IV.

V.
. .
VI.

: ____________________
. :

____________________

: ____________________

____________________

43

44

3:


1.
, :
) / - ,
) / -
,
)
- , ,
) - ,
) - ,
) .

2.
/ -
. ,
,

, . / -
:

2.1. -

XLR
RCA ( in)
TS (1/4 6,25mm; 1/8 3,5mm)
TRS (1/4 6,25mm; 1/8 3,5mm)
SCART
DIN

45

2.2. -

BNC
RCA (in)
S-VIDEO
SCART

F
N
C

:
( male) (femal).
: / -
, / ,

XLR ()
RCA ()
TS ()
TRS ()
SCAR ()
DIN ()
BNC ()
S-VIDEO ()
F ()
N ()
C ()

XLR ()
RCA ()
TS ()
TRS ()
SCART ()
DIN ()
BNC ()
S-VIDEO ()
F ()
N ()
C ()

, .
2.2.1.

VHF UHF .
RG6 RG11, 75. F
(shield),
.
0,25GHz 1GHz.

46

2.2.2. BNC
"Bayonet Navy Connector" "Baby Neil Connector". BNC

RF 2GHz. ,
( ).
50 75. RG58
RG59, .

2.2.3. C
50. ,
12GHZ.

2.2.4. N
N 50 - ,
1940. . N navy - .
12GHz 20GHz.
75 - .

2.2.5. XLR
XLR Canonov X ,
,
(latch) . Canon
. Canon XL (X latc).

(ubber) .
XLR. 1982. , :

47

 3
1 (shield)
2 (+V) (hot pin)
3 (-V) (cold pin)
XLR , , .
1992. XLR
110.
XLR 3- -
. -
2 3,
2, 3 1.
XLR 5- - ,
, .
DMX512.

2.2.6. TRS (Tip-Ring-Sleeve)

(Tip), (Ring), (Sleeve).
(Tip)
(+V), (Ring)
(-V), (Sleeve).
TRS :
1/4 6,3mm
1/8 3,5mm
1/10 2,5mm

2.2.7. TS (Tip-Sleeve)
TRS, Ring Sleeve
. , TRS.
48

 3
2.2.8. RCA (in)
a Radio Corporation of America.
, ()
. . ,
- . ,
(RCA/BNC, RCA/XLR, RCA/TS).
.

- in :
- ,
- ,
- .
(R, B, G ili Y, B-Y, R-Y)
in (, ).
.

2.2.9. S-VIDEO (Y/C)

-
. () .
, - , (Y)
(C).
, , DVD
, , .
,
/ S-Video /.

pin 1

pin 2

pin 3

pin 4

2.2.10. SCART (EURO)

Syndicat des
Constructeurs d'Appareils Radiorcepteurs et Tlviseurs. 20-
(, ,

49

 3
, ..).
.
SCART :
S -video RGB ,
- ,
- ,
,
,
SCART 10 15m.
():

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

50

AOR
AIR
AOL
AGND
B GND
AIL
B
SWTCH
G GND
CLKOUT
G
DATA
R GND
DATAGND
R
BLNK
VGND
BLNKGND
VOUT
VIN

Audio Out Right

Audio In Right
Audio Out Left + Mono
Audio Ground
RGB Blue Ground
Audio In Left + Mono
RGB Blue In
Audio/RGB switch / 16:9
RGB Green Ground
Clockpulse Out
RGB Green In
Data 1: Data Out
RGB Red Ground
Data Ground
RGB Red In / Chrominance
Blanking Signal
Composite Video Ground
Blanking Signal Ground
Composite Video Out
Composite Video In / Luminance

0,5V rms
0,5V rms
0,5V rms
0,5V rms
0,7V

< 1k
>10k
< 1k
>10k
75

0,7V

75

0,7V

75

1V
1V

75
75

 3
2.2.11. DIN
DIN 3 15
13,2mm .
. - DIN
RCA - . DIN
,
. (. , key)
.
DIN 9,5mm
3 9 . DIN

, S-Video
PS/2 .
(speaker) DIN
. .

2.3.

, , .
-.

, ,
, ().
- (baseband)
() 95% ,
l . l ()
RF . RF

. 40%
.

.
,
.

51

d

(d), (D),
(r). :

. :
D
log [ ] .
r
r
d

- 75.

U2 U1.

= L / C []

60

U
= 20 log 2 [dB]
U1

ln

D
[]
d

Z =

138

U
= ln 2 [Np].
U1

Po=1mW,
dB m, dBm.
Uo=0,775V, dBu, dBi.
10,
=2,71828.
Np (). dB Np :
1dB = 0,115 [Np], 1Np = 8,686 [dB]
,
.

:
7,5
[GHz ]
fc =
(D + d ) r
RG59,
RG6, RG11, RG213 AK540.

52

2.4. Triax
CCU ( ) .
, ()
.

x
PCM . PCM
, , CCU .
,
.
, x
/ / . x
CCU 500m, 1500m.

2.5.
,
. . 4 RJ
. 1mm.
. ,
,
. , .
,
.

.
.
, , ,
. , .

53

 3
, ,
.
, ,
. :

;
,
, ,

;
,
; ;
,
;
.

, ,
.
,
ITU IEC. ITU
: Rec. G.611, Rec. G.612,
Rec. G.613.
:
(STP, shielded twisted pair) (UTP,
unshielded twisted pair).
, (STP)
. ,
, .
(), (UTP)
.
.
, EITA/TIA
UTP STP ,
:

3
ISDN. .
.
16 Hz.
5 , , 1988. .
3, ,
.
0, 6 0, 85cm, .

54

 3
, ,
5 16 100b/s.
100 Hz.

6, 5.
( 45) .
( 100 Hz 5 250 Hz 6).
6 5.
7, STP 600 Hz.
6, 6.
K .
.
RJ45, RJ12 RJ11. RJ45 , RJ12
RJ11 . RJ11 , RJ45
Ethernet (HUB SWITCH).
- . .
RJ45, RJ12 RJ11 .
568A 568B.

2.6. -

(multicore) . .
()
- (shield) .
.
-
. - . 1 58
. 65
110 .

, , , , .
.
, ,
.

55

 3
.

30cm. 48V
0,3m .

35kV 1m, 20kV
0,5m.
, 450.
450,
300.

24 .
.

,
() 50Hz.
( 90) , . - .
- .

2.7. -
- .

/ .
.
+V (hot pin), ,
-V (cold pin), .
- , +V V
().
, +V -V
.
- .

56

+V V


,
. , ,
.
,
- .

.
. .

2.8. -
-
- RG59, 75, Cu
. RG58. -
.

RG6, RG11, RG213, AK540 .
- BNC RCA ()
. BNC RCA ()
, .
-
, . ()
BNC .
.
75,
50. - (-)
-.
- 1Vpp ,
1Vpp. -
.
- - .
,
. BNC/BNC

57

 3
RCA/RCA (in/in) .
. , , .
- , BNC
RCA , BNC,
RCA .
, . BNC/RCA. ,
. BNC/SCART, RCA/SCART
-. S- (Y/C)
, - BNC/BNC
.
- ,
/ ,
. -
, ,
/.
-
.

XLR TRS

XLR TS

TRS RCA
58

2.9. VGA (D-Sub)

VGA PC
. VGA ,
PC VGA . VGA

. DVI-D HDMI .
DVI (Digital Video Interface). DVI

. DVI
.

DVI-I, DV-I ,
.
DVI-D, DV-I ,
. DVI-D ,
HDMI HDMI
.
DVD-A, DV-I . DVI-A
VGA
.

2.10. HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)

HDTV HDMI .
5 10Gb/s. - . HDMI
,
HDMI
.
,
.

( , , , ...)
.
, HDMI DVI (Digital Video Interface)
, .
HDMI DVI .
DVI , HDMI .
, HDMI 15 , DVI
5 m. , HDMI
DVI. HDMI .

59

2.11. Fire Wire USB

Fire Wire
, IEEE 1394. Sony, Fire Wire
i.Link. FireWire 400 6 ,
DV, 400Mb/s (50MB/s). FireWire 800
9 , 800Mb/s (100MB/s).
USB
. USB2.0 USB1.1,
4 , 480Mb/s (60MB/s).
USB 3.0 , 10
USB 2.0 . USB 3.0
USB 2.0. USB 3.0
2010. , USB
3.0 . IEEE 1394 USB , HD
.

2.11.
.
,
.
.
800nm
.
45Mb/s, 10km.

1300nm, 0,5dB/km.
100Mb/s, 1,7Gb/s.
50km.

60

 3

1550nm, 0,2dB/km.
2,5Gb/s, 100km.

1480 1610nm, .
Tb/s.
.
:
1. - , , .
2. - .
3. -
.

.
.
:
1) Multi-mode (, )
850 1300nm, .

. ,
,
.
.
2) Single-mode (, )
1300 1550nm, .
1983.
. ,
.
.

, .

.

61

125m , 245m .
,
.
, 8 10m ,
50 62,5m.
.

:
( 0,2dB/km),
, Tb/s, ,
,
, ,
.

2.11.1.

. ,
. , .
, [dB/km].

62

 3
,
.
( , .).
1550nm 0,25dB/km.
, ,
100km .

2.11.2.

,
,
. ,
. .
,
, ,
.

.

.

(0).

1310nm.

63

2.12.

.
,
, .
( )
, 125m,
. .

,
.
.
.
, , ,
.
: ,
.

. ""
. .

SC -100Mb/s

ST-10Mb/s

FC -TK

a LC

ST
10Mb/s, SC 100Mb/s, FC/LC
. ST
SC .

64

3.
) -.
- ?

) SCART .
SCART , 7, 11, 15 19 .

) .
.
, ?

) ?

) 3
6 ?

) , .

) ?
.

) ?

) ?

) (dB) (Np) ?

k) DVI HDMI ?

65

4.
4.1. ,
1. -
2. -
3. ,

4.2.

,
.
*, ,
.
2.7.

4.3.
)
:
1) XLR TRS

2) XLR TS

3) TRS RCA

* -

66

) RF .
(DVD) - (SCART RCA )
- ) , )
. .
.

) - .
.

: ____________________
. :

____________________

: ____________________

____________________

67

68

4:


1.
:
) ,
) - ,
) ,
)
-,
) CIE .

2.

.
(300.000 km/sec).
().
,
(1nm=10-9m).
.
.
380nm 780nm,
385 790THz. 400-700nm,
1%
, 1. ,
.

69

0.5

400

500

600

700

1.

.
,
380nm 780nm,
(, , )
() , 2.
,
- , - .

2.

70

2.1.

.
. ,
,
.
.
.

, .
:
a) -
( ) ,
.
1.
(93 - 97%)
.
.
1.

[%]

100
97-93
92-87
90
85
80-60
40-30
30-15
20
10-5
1
0,3 -1

,



,

) -
,
.
, ,
, (). ,
( , ,
) .

71

 4
()
.
.

, ,
.
) () -

. , ( ) ,

.
) -
,
.
.
,
1/4 . .

2.2.
: ,
. .
(luminanca) . : , ,
, , .
(hue) ,
.
(saturation)
,
. .
.
, (luminanca)
. ,
. .

.
.
:
,
.
,
.
. R, G, B
, 3. 3
. 2
.

72

,
. R G
, G B , R B
.

)
3.
2.

[nm]
605 - 780

560 - 590

500 - 560

470 - 500

430 - 470

380 - 430

(, )

73

2.3.
CIE
CIE
.
400 700nm, 4. .
, ,
, . EBU
3.

4. CIE
EBU 3.
3.

0,64

0,33

0,29

0,6

0,15

0,06

D65

0,313

0,329

x y , S1(x,y),
5. C(xo,yo) ( xo,yo)
S1(x,y) .

(xb,yb) S1(x,y).

74

 4
S1(x,y)
x-x o
y - yo
p=
=
x b -x o
y b - yo

xo,yo
C(xo,yo). C(xo,yo)
S1(x,y) xb yb (xb,yb).
S1(x,y) .
S1(x,y) .
(p = 0), S
(p=1).
y
520
0,8

510

G1

540
560

500
(xb , yb )

G2

S1 (x ,y)

580
600

0,4

C(x 0 ,y0 )

R1
650

R2

700 nm

0,2

480 B1
450
0

B2
400

0,4

0,6

0,8

5.
R1,G1,B1 FCC (
).
R2,G2,B2 EBU (
). R2,G2,B2 ( ) R1,G1,B1.
.
.
.

2.4.
.
.
R,G,B

75

, 6. R,G,B .
, ,
() .
- :
a) .
3D 2D ,
, .
.
) . 2D
( )
.

( -). -
.
,
(),
.
(interlaced scanning).
(frame) (field), (odd field) (even
field). ,
.
y

(procesing)

OUT
()

cc
d

ccd

G`

z
R
d
cc

Y
B-Y
R-Y

B`

K
O

R`

Y
Pb
Pr

Y
U
V

Y/C

Cvbs

Y
Cb
Cr

SDI

knee

6.
(625/2 PAL
, 525/2 NTSC ).
. .
.
,
.

76

.
PAL 64s, 52s ,
12s . 12s - burst. 25

( ).
15625Hz, 50Hz.
( )
CCD .
.

.
( TARGET).

.
.
. ,
,
.
.
,
CCD . : , , ,
, , . ,
.
, , .
7 .

+V

7.

77

CCD MOS (Metal Oxide

Semiconductor) . MOS
-
. , , 256
1920 MOS , .
CCD CCD
MOS ,
.
MOS ,

MOS ().
e MOS ,
- . CCD
. 8 CCD .

8. CCD
CCD
. CCD .
;
. ;
, ;
;
;

;
, (
);
4:3 16:9.
CCD ,
.
CCD :

78

Smearing -
.
Blooming - ,
.

Moare - ,
,
.

,
R,G,B
. CCD
(-), ER, EG, EB,
, , .
(procesinga) , 6,
ER, EG, EB, Ey, - Cvbs,
Ec ER-Ey, EB-Ey.
,
- , :
Ey= 0,30ER + 0,59EG + 0,11EB.
ER-Ey EB-Ey Ey
ER EB. 1,5MHz.
.

ER Ey = 0,70ER 0,59EG 0,11EB,

EB Ey = 0,30ER 0,59EG + 0,89EB,
EG Ey = 0,51 (ER Ey) 0,19 (EB Ey).

- ()
-.
, ER Ey EB Ey.
ER Ey
EB Ey 0,877 0,493 , .
: Eu = 0,493(EB Ey),
EV = 0,877(ER Ey).
Ec PAL
Eu EV, ( )
(subcarrier, 4,43MHz)
90, .
Ec ,
Ec ,
. Ec= E 2u + E 2v ,
= arctgEv/Eu.

79

3.
)
- .

) ?

) Ey ?

) - , CCD ?

) CCD ?

) ?

) ?

) , ?

) ?

) ER Ey, EB Ey EG Ey ?

80

4.
4.1. ,
1.
2.
3.
4.

(vejform )

4.2.

( ).
-
Ey. - -
. . 9
.
W

YL

9.

: Ey, 9,
:
Ey= 0,30ER + 0,59EG + 0,11EB.
y, :
: Ey= 0,30x1 + 0,59x1 + 0,11x1=1,00
: Ey= 0,30x0,5 + 0,59x0,5 + 0,11x0,5=0,50
: Ey= 0,30x1 + 0,59x1 + 0,11x0 =0,89
: Ey= 0,30x1 + 0,59x0 + 0,11x0=0,30
ER Ey, EB Ey EG Ey, :
ER Ey = 0,70ER 0,59EG 0,11EB
EB Ey = 0,30ER 0,59EG + 0,89EB
EG Ey = 0,51 (ER Ey ) 0,19 (EB Ey )
:
ER Ey = 0,70ER 0,59EG 0,11EB = 0,70x1 0,59x0 0,11x0 = 0,70
EB Ey = 0,30ER 0,59EG + 0,89EB = 0,30x1 0,59x0 + 0,89x0 = 0,30
EG -Ey = 0,51(ER Ey) 0,19 (EB Ey) = 0,51(0,70) 0,19 (0,30) = 0,30
: Eu = 0,493(EB Ey), EV = 0,877(ER Ey).
Ec=

E 2u + E 2v , : = arctg Ev/Eu.
81

4.3.
I. Ey.
1Vpp. [s].
10[s]. [mV]. 100[mV].

a) - )
Ey[mV]

t[s]

82

 4
) - )
Ey[mV]

t[s]

) - ),
Ey[mV]

t[s]

83

 4
) - ),
Ey[mV]

t[s]

) - ),
Ey[mV]

t[s]

84

 4
II. ER Ey, EB Ey EG Ey, .
ER Ey =
: EB Ey =
EG Ey =

ER Ey =
EB Ey =
EG Ey =

III. Ev Eu, Ec
.
Eu =
Ev=
Ec=
=
IV. CIE
S (0,35; 0,55).
CIE .

: ____________________
. :

____________________

: ____________________

____________________

85

86

5:
-
1.
, :
)
)
)
)
)
)

,
ER Ey, EG Ey EB Ey,
Y, Pb, Pr ,
R, G, B ,
,
S (Y/C) -.

2.
-
NTSC (National Television Systems Committee), PAL (Phase Alternation
Line) SECAM (Sequentiel Couleur avec Memoire).
-
(), (
) ( ) . PAL
625. 64s, 12s
, 52s .
25 , 7,5

+ )
,
, .
. PAL, SECAM NTSC
. , , PAL B/G .
PAL, SECAM NTSC 1.

87

 5
1.



[Hz]

[Hz]

[s [
.
[s]

[MHz]


[MHz]

NTSC

PAL

PAL N/B/G/H/I/D
NTSC M
/K/K1/L/ 625
525
PAL M 525
PAL N/B/G/H/I/D
15750 /K/K1/L/ 15625
PAL M 15750

SECAM
SECAM B/
G/D/K/K1/L 819
20475

60

50

50

63,55

64

64

52,6

52

52

4,43

fDR = 4,41
fDB = 4,25

3,58
4

PAL M 3,58
PAL N/B/G/H/ 5
/K/K1/L/ 6
PAL M/N 4.2
PAL I 5.5

10,6

CCD, ,
( ). (procesinga)
ER, EG, EB, , ,
. , ,
ER, EG, EB Ey 5MHz,
ER-Ey, EB-Ey,
Ey ER EB.
1,5MHz.
.

fc/2

1. - PAL

88

 5
:
() -, -, S (Y/C) -. - PAL
1.
- , , R, G, B
, (YL), (CY) (MG)
2. -
.
.
.
-.

2.

2.1. ()
()
- .
10Hz 5MHz.

.
Ey= 0,30ER + 0,59EG + 0,11EB.
30%
ER, 59% G 11% EB.
3 , ,
.
700

-300

3.

89

2.2.
ER, EG, EB - ,
.

3 x 5 = 15MHz.
.
ER Ey, EB Ey EG Ey.

, ER - Ey EB - Ey. EG - Ey
.

.
,
1,3MHz,
1,5MHz.
.
-
Ey.

Ey = 0,30ER + 0,59EG + 0,11EB.
0,70ER 0,89EB,
, , :
ER Ey = 0,70ER 0,59EG 0,11EB,
EB Ey = 0,30ER 0,59EG + 0,89EB.

, .
EG - Ey
(PAL ) .
EG Ey :
Ey = 0,30ER + 0,59EG + 0,11EB,
Ey = 0,30 Ey + 0,59 Ey + 0,11 Ey,

EG Ey = 0,51 (ER Ey ) 0,19 (EB Ey).
ER Ey, EB Ey EG
Ey, ER, EG EB.
EG - Ey
.
EG Ey
. EG Ey
ER Ey EB Ey 180
.

90

2.3.
ER Ey
EB Ey 0,877 ER Ey 0,493
EB Ey. u (BY) Ev (RY),
Eu 0,493 B Ey, Ev
0,877 ER Ey. Eu = 0,493 (EB Ey) Ev =
0,877 (ER Ey) (subcarrier,
4,43MHz) 90, 4.
AM, , .
900.
4.
EC

4.

Ec
C.
Ec = Eu sin ct Ev cos ct = Ecsin (ct ).

. , ,
.
.
,
.
Ec 5 Ec
. Ec
, .
Ec =

E 2u + E 2v ,

= arctg Ev/Eu

5.

91

 5
Ec ,
, .
Ec .
Ec Eu .
103,5, 240,5, 347. . .

(subcarrier).
NTSC fc =3,58MHz, /2, PAL
4,43MHz /2.
.

2.4. -
- 6.
- ,
. Cvbs (--).

0-5 MHz

0-5 MHz

R-Y
R-Y0-1,3
0-1,5MHz
MHz
B-Y0-1,3
0-1,5MHz
MHz
B-Y

6..

6. -

92

 5
, - 1Vpp.
- 0,7Vpp.
0,3Vpp, burst* 0,3Vpp.
1Vpp, 0,3Vpp.
-
0V.
- ()
(consumer )
,
, S .
( RG59, 75),
- .
- , (
-)

ER Ey EB Ey,
33%. c/b
,
S/
. ,
ER Ey 0,877 , EB Ey
0,493 . 0,877 0,493
.
1/0,877 1/0,493.
PAL Eu Ev U V
(, BetaCam
Pr Pb).
( ' ), Ey '.

7.
fc, (subkerijera). 4,43MHz
.

7.
* burst -

93

 5
(burst )
0,3Vpp,
9 - 11 .
,
.

. burst , ,
.
.

2.5. S - -
S - - - :
Ey Y Ec C.
4- DIN .
Y ,
( ). ,
-. Y 3
700mVpp. 4. 1 2
Y Ec . S-
Y Ec. Y Ec
8, Y/C 8.

700

-300

700

8. S - -

94

8. DIN

2.6. -

.
PAL : R, G, B Y, B -Y,
R - Y Y, Eu, Ev. BetaCam Pb Pr.
R, G, B 5MHz, 5MHz,
1,5MHz.
9.

9.
R, G, B
, , -
.
-. 700mVpp, 300mVpp. R, G, B
10.

95

10. R, G, B
Y, BY, RY,

.
. - 700mVpp, BY, RY
700mVpp, 300mVpp.
11. :
Ey = 0,30 ER + 0,59 EG + 0,11 EB,
BY = 0,493 (EBEy),
RY = 0,877 (EREY),

Pb = 0,564 (EB Ey),

Pr = 0,713 (ER Ey).

B-Y

R-Y

11. Y, BY, RY,

96

, 75
,
/. 12, , Y, BY, RY
R, G, B , .

B-Y

R-Y

12. -

. R, G, B
. ,

- .

97

3.
) -.

) ER Ey EB Ey ?
?

) 1/ 0,877 1/ 0,493 ?

)
. ?

) ,
?

)
.

) ?

) ( ) ?

) ER Ey, EG Ey EB Ey R, G, B ?

) ?

98

4.
4.1. ,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

burst
(vejform )

4.2.
I.
:
) - CVbS (),
) burst ,
) Ey,
) Ec,
) (CVbS - Eu),
) (CVbS - Ev),
) .
[s]. 10[s].
[mV].
100[mV].
) - CVbS
Cvbs[mV]

t [s]

99

 5
) burst
[mV]

t [s]

) Ey
Ey [mV]

t [s]

100

) Ec
Ec [mV]

t [s]

) - (CVbS - Eu)
Cvbs - Eu [mV]

t [s]

101

 5
) - (CVbS - Ev)
Cvbs - Ev [mV]

t [s]

II.
.

: ____________________
. :

____________________

: ____________________

____________________

102

6:

-

1.
, :
) ,
) -,
) -.
) -
,
) -
,
) -
,
)
,
)
.

2.

- ( )
-. -,
, .
, ,
.
A

103

 6
,
(
). 1 ()
( )
. 1m Belden 8281
5ns, 80.
1.
1.

RCA

DV VX900E
Sony
DXC 537P

.
.
Belden 8281
[m]

4.43 MHz u
[ 0]

20

32

50

10

80

100

20

160

[ns]

-
,

.
, , ,
.
-
. , -,
- .
, ,

.


, (timing),
. -
.

.
.
, .

.

104

, .
(SC ), ,
.

PAL () :
12ns -
,
1,50 - .

() - .
black burst , .
1. (SSS) burst .
SSS ,
(ekvilajzing ).
, , .
REF IN Genlok in Black burst . 2
, 3
.

1.2
1.1
+0.7

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4

0
0.2
0.1
0

Composite

PAL

-0.3

1. Black burst

105

1.2
1.1
+0.7

1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7

0.6

2,25 s

0.5
0.4
0
0.2
0.1
0

Composite

PAL

4,7s

12 s

-0.3

2.

1.2
1.1
+0.7

1.0
0.9

25

0.8
0.7
0.6

0.5
0.4

. . .

0.2
0.1
0

Composite

PAL

-0.3

(5+5+5)

3.

2.1. -
(H - time V - time)
- ,
,
, , , , ,
106

 6
, , .,
- - .
-, ,
.
- (
). *
.
-
(delay ), ,
. - ( )
-,
(H -time). -,
,
.
, (H
-time) , , H - sync,
H-synca
.
- (V - time).
H-time ,
-, .
4, - ,
.

1.2
1.1
1.0

+0.7

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6

0.5
0.4

0
0.2
0.1
0

Composite

PAL

-0.3

4. - (H-time)
H-time V-time.
-
-. -
V-time.
* -
A

107

 6

.

2.2. -
-
. .

, . (SC)
.
(SC-). (coarse)
(fine) sabkerijera (SC-).
RC LC . 120,
240 360. 900.
SC - -
.
SC .
.
- - .
,
.
1,50, 18cm.

-.
. .
5 - ( )
, SC - .

5. -
( SC - -)
108

2.3. -

.
SMPTE 259M SDI (Serial Digital
Interface). -
-
.
75 BNC.
, .

.
, , black burst
. ,

, .
- ()
:
,
,
/ .

, .
,

, .
,

.
,
, , -,
. SMPTE
,
() . 6
( 319 625
). 10s,
.

6.
A

109

 6
,
, - /
,
, .
/ -.
, , -
.
. , .
,
- (Start of Active Video SAV)
- (End of Active Video EAV).
7
.
SAV EAV ,
,
(
, , ).

Cr
Y

2
3

SAV

000
000
XYZ
Cb

3FF

1712
1713
1714
1715
0

Cr

Cb
Y

000

:
EAV/SAV

XYZ

3FF
000

EAV

7.
, ,
-, 8.

110

8. H -

2.4. -
,
,
.

- ( , H V
), Gen lock . - ( )
() .

.
. - Genlock .
H SC
. SC 0 360
.
-
Frame sinhronajzer.
-
, (bluck burst
). -
, .
-
-
( ).

111

3.
) -
SC-. H-time SC ?

) ?
.

) .

)
.

)
?

)
.

)
?

)
?

) SAV EAV ?

) ()
.

112

4.
4.1. ,
1.
2. Blck burst
3. RG59
4. -
5.
6.
7.

4.2.
IN B .
IN A
50m, 100m 150m.

.

4.3.
I. , RG 59,
( ):

,
,
Ey,
Ec.

[m]

. [pp]

.
Ey

.
Ec

50
100
150

II. IN B (
).
IN A 150m.
.
A

113

 6
[s]. 10[s].
- [mV].
100[mV].
a) (IN B)
Cvbs [mV]

t [s]

) 150m (IN A)
Cvbs [mV]

t [s]

114

 6
III. 1 - - (
1Vpp), 2
,
150m.
. ,
. ,
-, .

.

IV. -
.
: Frame synchronizera (
VDA) 1Vpp. OUT Frame
synchronizera ( VDA) IN B
IN B waveform . - ,
Frame synchronizer ( VDA) 300 mV
1100mV, 200 mV.
. .
-
[ 700mV ]

300[mV]

500[mV] 700[mV] 900[mV]

1100[mV]

()

115

 6
V. -
.
: Frame synchronizera (
VDA) . OUT Frame
synchronizer ( VDA) IN B
IN B waveform . -,
Frame synchronizeru ( VDA) 300 mV
1100mV, 200 mV.
. .

-
[300-700mV]

300[mV]

500[mV]

700[mV]

900[mV]

1100[mV]

()

VI. -
1Vpp.
: Frame synchronizera (
VDA) 1Vpp. OUT Frame
synchronizera ( VDA) IN B
IN B waveform . -,
Frame synchronizeru ( VDA)
300 mV 1100mV, 200 mV.
. .

-
. 700mV

300[mV]

500[mV]

700[mV]

900[mV]

1100[mV]

()

VII. -
, . ()
BNC 75.
.
75.
-
116

 6
-. - 1Vpp, 1Vpp. -
, (looping),
.
.

.
() :

75,
50,
,
75,
75, 50.

75

50

75

75/50

[mV]

: -.

VIII.
:
: Frame synchronizera
1Vpp. OUT Frame synchronizera IN B IN
B waveform .
) 30% b) 60% c) 80%.
.

: ____________________
. :

____________________

: ____________________
____________________
a
A

117

118

7:

1.
, :
) -,
) - ,
) Frame sinhronizera,
) -,
)
-.

2.

, - 10Hz
5MHz, PAL ,
. -
.

.

- 5MHz.
- .

, 1.

119

0,5

4,4

5 [MHz]

0,5

4,4

5 [MHz]

1.
6 0,5MHz
5MHz. 0,5; 1; 2; 4; 4,4; 5MHz.
.
- ,
.

2.1. -


.
. -
, ,
. -
, , Y/C -.
- (),
(preview, PV), (program OUT).
-
5MHz. .
-,
.
.

2.2. -
- ,
. 2 10
. .
,
120

 7

.
, (equalization),
- .

. .

2.3. -
- ( 8-10)
. -.
- REF IN
bluck burst.
- ,
-
. - , , Y/C
. - 1Vpp. (loop-through).
loop-through ,
. loop-through
, ,
,
loop-through .
- ()
.

2.4. Frame synchronizeri

Frame synchronizeri
-, (, ,
...) (-, DV, , ...),
. Frame
synchronizeri , -
( -,
, SC H - time).
Frame synchronizera .

121

3.
)
.

)
?

) - .

)
- ?

) -? .

)
?

) .

) .

)
?

122

4.
4 1. ,

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Frame synchronizer

RG 59

4.2.
-
.
0,7Vpp ( 1Vpp).
IN B .

. ,
.

4.3.
I. (VDA) .
VDA.
VDA.
.
.
[s]. 10[s].
- [mV].
100[mV].

123

 7
VDA (IN B)
Cvbs [mV]

t [s]

II. .
PV OUT -.
OUT .
) OUT - (IN B)
Cvbs [mV]

t [s]

124

 7
) -
OUT -.

..
a 0,5[MHz]

..
a 1[MHz]

..
a 2[MHz]

..
a 4[MHz]

..
a 4,4[MHz]

..
a 5[MHz]

OUT
III. -, - VDA Frame sinhronizera
.
.

-

..
0,5[MHz]

..
1[MHz]

..
2[MHz]

..
4[MHz]

..
4,4[MHz]

..
5[MHz]

- VDA6 - SSD
Switcher - SSD
Frame Synhronizer JVC KM - F250

IV. (50m, 100m 150m) RG 59,

.

.

.
[m]

0,5 [Hz]

..

1 [MHz]

..

2 [MHz]

..

4 [MHz]

..

4,4 [MHz]

..

5 [MHz]

50
100
150

: ____________________
. :

____________________

: ____________________

____________________

125

126

8:

1.
, :
) , ,
) ,
) CENELEC CCIR PAL B/G,
) ,
) C/N,
) .

2.
2.1.

, ,
,
.
VHF UHF
60 VHF UHF . PAL
B/G VHF 7MHz, UHF 8MHz.

,
. AM

, . RF
1.

127

1. RF

(NTSC, PAL SECAM),
DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting) ,
.
, ,
,
. DVB -T ,
,
,
.

, 4-6
.
6 2005. 27 UHF
(1, 2, )
DVB -T , 17 2005. 35 UHF
.
DVB T, UHF seteep box
(tjuner/dekoder) , seteep box
(Skart, AV RF). Seteep box MPEG-2
RF .
DVB -T . DVB -T
,
.

2.2.

.
.
, .
128

 8

36000km.
.
,
.
.

, 2. 40%
. : Intelsat, Eutelsat,
Astra, Hotbird .

2.

. ,
. .
. ,

.
-
.
(. ) .
,
.


, ,
,
.

2.3. ,

VHF UHF
SENELEC
(European Committee for Electrotechnical standardization)
1 2.

129

 8
1.

[MHz]

[MHz]

47
54
61

54
61
68

48.25
55.25
62.25

L1
L2
L3

68
75
82

75
82
89

FM

88

108

S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10

104
111
118
125
132
139
146
153
160
167

111
118
125
132
139
146
153
160
167
174

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

174
181
188
195
202
209
216
223

181
188
195
202
209
216
223
230

S11
S12
S13
S14
S15
S16
S17
S18
S19
S20

230
237
244
251
258
265
272
279
286
293

237
244
251
258
265
272
279
286
293
300

S21
S22
S23
S24
S25
S26
S27
S28
S29
S30

302
310
318
326
334
342
350
358
366
374

310
318
326
334
342
350
358
366
374
382

[MHz]

[MHz]
[MHz]

B I
53.75
60.75
67.75

52.68
59.68
66.68

69.25
76.25
83.25

74.75
81.75
88.75

73.18
80.25
87.32

105.25
112.25
119.25
126.25
133.25
140.25
147.25
154.25
161.25
168.25

110.75
117.75
124.75
131.75
138.75
145.75
152.75
159.75
166.75
173.75

109.68
116.68
123.68
130.68
137.68
144.68
151.68
158.68
165.68
172.68

175.25
182.25
189.25
196.25
203.25
210.25
217.25
224.25

180.75
187.75
194.75
201.75
208.75
215.75
222.75
229.75

179.68
186.68
193.68
200.68
207.68
214.68
221.68
228.68

231.25
238.25
245.25
252.25
259.25
266.25
273.25
280.25
287.25
294.25

236.75
243.75
250.75
257.75
264.75
271.75
278.75
285.75
292.75
299.75

235.68
242.68
249.68
256.68
263.68
270.68
277.68
284.68
291.68
298.68

308.75
316.75
324.75
332.75
340.75
348.75
356.75
364.75
372.75
380.75

307.68
315.68
323.68
331.68
339.68
347.68
355.68
363.68
371.68
379.68

Sub. Band

B II
S

B III

HIPER BAND

130

303.25
311.25
319.25
327.25
335.25
343.25
351.25
359.25
367.25
375.25

B IV
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37

470
478
486
494
502
510
518
526
534
542
550
558
566
574
582
590
598

478
486
494
502
510
518
526
534
542
550
558
566
574
582
590
598
606

38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69

606
614
622
630
638
646
654
662
670
678
686
694
702
710
718
726
734
742
750
758
766
774
782
790
798
806
814
822
830
838
846
854

614
622
630
638
646
654
662
670
678
686
694
702
710
718
726
734
742
750
758
766
774
782
790
798
806
814
822
830
838
846
854
862

471.25
479.25
487.25
495.25
503.25
511.25
519.25
527.25
535.25
543.25
551.25
559.25
567.25
575.25
583.25
591.25
599.25

476.75
484.75
492.75
500.75
508.75
516.75
524.75
532.75
540.75
548.75
556.75
564.75
572.75
580.75
588.75
596.75
604.75

475.68
483.68
491.68
499.68
507.68
515.68
523.68
531.68
539.68
547.68
555.68
563.68
571.68
579.68
587.68
595.68
603.68

607.25
615.25
623.25
631.25
639.25
647.25
655.25
663.25
671.25
679.25
687.25
695.25
703.25
711.25
719.25
727.25
735.25
743.25
751.25
759.25
767.25
775.25
783.25
791.25
799.25
807.25
815.25
823.25
831.25
839.25
847.25
855.25

612.75
620.75
628.75
636.75
644.75
652.75
660.75
668.75
676.75
684.75
692.75
700.75
708.75
716.75
724.75
732.75
740.75
748.75
756.75
764.75
772.75
780.75
788.75
796.75
804.75
812.75
820.75
828.75
836.75
844.75
852.75
860.75

611.68
619.68
627.68
635.68
643.68
651.68
659.68
667.68
675.68
683.68
691.68
699.68
707.68
715.68
723.68
731.68
739.68
747.68
755.68
763.68
771.68
779.68
787.68
795.68
803.68
811.68
819.68
827.68
835.68
843.68
851.68
859.68

BV

131

 8
2.

VHF
BI

Sub.
Ops

FM

BIII

S1-S10

C5-C12

68

88

108

174

230

S11-S20
302

S21-S41

BV

BIV

S Hperband

C2
C3
C4
47

UHF

C21-C37 C38-C69
470

606

862

.

,
. 11GHz
12GHz. 14GHz,
14/11GHz 14/12GHz.
(up lnk), (down lnk).

,
.
() 27 36MHz, .
27 36MHz ,
27-28MHz. -
( )
.

,
, .
C Ku . C
, ,
3,7GHz 4,2GHz. u , ,
10,7GHz 12,75GHz
(banda): 10,7GHz 11,7GHz 11,7GHz 12,75GHz.

2. 4.

.
,
,
. ,
.
.
Yagi .

132

 8
Yagi
, 3. VF .
. . ,
. Yagi
. Yagi .

3. Yagi a
(VHF+UHF).
VF
.
75, .
Yagi , ,
.
4.

4. a a
.

.
(LNC, LNB, SNF, Low Noise Convertor) ful
. LNB ,
( 50dB, 100000 )
(). LNB
C- Ku- fmf = 950
2150MHz.
, , .

133

 8
LNB .
9,75GHz 10,6GHz, C Ku
.

LNB

. LNB
ful =
f0 = 10GHz,
10,95GHz 11,75GHz fmf = 950 1750MHz.
fmf LNB k :
fmf = ful f0,
Ku ful 10,7GHz 12,75GHz, LNB
f0 9,75 MHz 10,6 MHz,
fmf = 10,7 9,75 = 950MHz 12,75 10,6 = 2150MHz.
LNB .
.

. Ku
(banda) Low band High band. Low band (10,7GHz
11,7GHz) LNB 9,75GHz, pa je
950-1950MHz (10,7GHz-9,75GHz 11,7GHz-9,75GHz). High
band (11,7GHz 12,75GHz), LNB 10,6GHz, pa
je 1100MHz 2150MHz.
22Hz,
()
: 9,75GHz, 22Hz 10,6GHz 22Hz
.

. H
V , 900.
LNB low/high ,
/
:
12V/350mA low band, ,
17V/200mA low band, ,
12V/ 22Hz / 350mA, high band, ,
17V /22Hz / 200mA, high band, .
LNB low/high
H/V ,
.
22Hz,
LNB ,
low/high
.
134

 8
DAJSEK (DiSEqC, Digital Satellite
Equipment Control). DAJSEK

,
.
: () .

.
, 5.

,
.
,
, 6.

5.

6.

2. 5. CENELEC CCIR PAL B/G

, CENELEC
VHF UHF 7. 7..

135

)
7. ,

/ (C/N) CENELEC
3 4.
3. CENELEC

[dBV]

[dBV]

AM-VSB

57

80 20TV CH
77 >20 TV CH

FM ( IF)

47

77

FM

40

70

FM

50

70

4. C/N CENELEC

3.
136

C/N
[dBV]

AM-VSB ()

44

5MHz

FM ( IF)

45

27MHz

FM

38

200kHz

FM

48

200kHz

[MHz]

) VHF UHF ?
.

) RF VHF .

) Yagi ?

) ?

) LNB
?

) LNB ,
lw bandu, .
a) 12V / 350mA
) 17V / 200mA
) 12V /22Hz / 350mA
) 17V/ 22Hz / 200mA

)
?

) DVB-T ?

) , , DVB-T
?

) ?

137

4.
4.1. ,
1. RF
2. LNB
3.
4. FSM100 ( )
5.
6.

4.2.
I.

VHF UHF
PAL B/G . FSM100
.
. . Pv/Pa Pv/Pc
CENELEC ?

..

1.

92

2.

3.

4.

Pv
[dBV]

PA
[dBV]

Pc
[dBV]

Pv/PA
[dBV]

Pv/Pc
[dBV]

Pv -,
Pa -,
Pc ,
Pv/Pa Pv/Pc :
Pv/Pa [dBV] = Pv [dBV] - Pa [dBV]
Pv/Pc [dBV] = Pv [dBV] Pc [dBV]

138

 8
II. 16MHz
.
80

80

60

60

40

40

KANAL

................

SP 16 MHz
250 KHz

KANAL

................

CCIR

CCIR

...........

...........

80

80

60

60

40

40

KANAL

................

SP 16 MHz
250 KHz

SP 16 MHz
250 KHz

KANAL

................

CCIR

SP 16 MHz
250 KHz

CCIR

...........

...........

III. / (C/N).
.
. .

..

1.

92

2.

3.

4.

[dBV]

[dBV]

C/N
[dBV]

139

IV.
) ASTRA 1C-1H82C (19,20 )

. :

..

[MHz]
[MHz]
(./.)
[dBV]

1.
2.

) 16MHz.
( ). Pv, PA,
Pc C/N. . T .

80

80

60

60

40

40

KANAL

................

SP 16 MHz
250 KHz

KANAL

................

CCIR

CCIR

...............

..

SP 16 MHz
250 KHz

...............

Pv

Pa

Pc

C/N

[dBV]

[dBV]

[dBV]

[dBV]

1.
2.

140

V.
a)
low . .
UH = V
) high
. Uv.
22Hz.
Uv = . V,

22Hz .

: ____________________
. :

____________________

: ____________________

____________________

141

142

9:

1.
, :
) ,
) ,
)
,
) (ERP)
,

2.
(, ,
) ( )
.
,
.
.
(),
( 1/10
). , 1Hz,
75 m, 1Hz
100 Hz,
( 1m).
, .

.

143

 9
(),
(, )
( ), .

.
, ,
. ,
. ,
, .

.
,
, . ,
.
.
.
,
. .
.

2.1.
, .
, ,
. ,
,
(Amplitude Modulation, AM), ,
(Frequency Modulation, FM), ,
(Phase Modulation, PM). 1.
.

MODULATOR

1.
2.1.1.

, ,
,
.
144

 9
: : um(t)= Um cos m t,
: uo(t)= U0 cos 0 t,
Um - , U0 - , 0 , m -
.

u(t), 2.
u(t) = um(t) . uo(t) = Um cos m t . U0 cos 0 t
u(t)= U0 cos 0 t + mU0 cos (0 m)t + mU0 cos (0 +m)t,
2
2
u(t) = U0 [1+ m cos(m t)] cos(0 t).
m .

2.

.
0. 0 0+ m ,
, 0 - m 0 ,
, 3.

Um(t)

Um(t)U0cosw0t

U0cosw 0t

W0

W0 + Wm

W0 - Wm

- W0

- W0 + Wm

- W0 - Wm

U0

3.

145

 9
, :
U0cos0t,
, mU0 /2 cos (0 m)t mU0 /2 cos (0 + m)t.

0. ()
, , ,
.
.
( - 2).

, 4.
, , , ,
, .
,
.

4.
5Hz,
10Hz.
, 10Hz,
VHF UHF .
,
,
, .
,
,
. .
,
0,75 Hz, 1,25 Hz .

7 Hz VHF , 5, 8 Hz UHF ,
.

146

5. 7 Hz VHF
,
, ,

.
,
.
, ,
.
, .
.
.
,
, ,
.
.

,
.
, ,


.
,
.
2.1.2.
, ,
.
,

147

 9
. (Frequency Modulation,
FM) (Phase Modulation, PM). ,
.
.
, .
2.1.3.
,
,
.
, 6.

6.

2.1.4.
,
, (Phase Modulation, PM).
, 7.
Um(t)

U0 (t)

t
U(t)

7.
148

2.2.
,
.
0 1, , () ,
, ,

, .
,
:

(Amplitude Shift Keying, ASK),

(Frequency Shift Keyng, FSK)
(Phase Shift Keyng, PSK).

,
(, ) ( ),
. ,
,
. 8.

ASK
FSK
PSK

8.
,
.
(PSK) , ,
(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, QPSK).

(Quadrature Amlitude Modulation, QAM), .
,
, ,
/,
.

149

3.
a) ?

) , ?

) , ?

) 2
?

) ,
?

) VHF UHF ?

) (QAM) ?

) ?

) ?

) ?

150

4.
4.1. ,
1. AM (. 5857)
2. FSM100
3.
4.
5. (.4513)
6.
7.
8. (.1030 1083)
9.
10.

4.2.
, / ,
, (.5857).
VHF UHF (46 862
Hz). 80 90 dBV. pover insertera,

(.4513). ( )
C .
UHF (. 1083),
1 .
(. 1030)
FSM100 2 .
UHF .
,
. UHF .
1.

151

. 1030

. 1083

. 5857

4377

OUT
Test OUT-30dB

OUT-RF

AC 230V

IN

. 4513

OUT

IN-RF
AC

AC 60V

1.

4.3.
I.
.
.
,
UHF ,
. 1.
1.

152

..

[ Hz ]

1.

C-21

470 - 478

2.

C-30

542 550

3.

C-40

622 630

4.

C-50

702 710

5.

C-60

782 790

6.

C-69

854 - 862

[ dBV ]

II.
( ).
, .
. 2,
.
2.

..

[ dBV]

[ dBV ]

1.

+0

80

2.

+ 10

90

3.

+ 20

100

4.

+ 30

110

5.

+ 36

116

[ dBV ]

III.
.

. UHF
( ).
. 3, .
3.

..

[ dBV ]

1.

80

2.

80

3.

80

4.

80

(m)

[ dBV ]

153

IV.
.
(. 5857),
.

. 4, .
4.

..

[ mV ]

[ m ]

1.

50

2.

100

3.

150

[ mV ]

: ____________________
. :

____________________

: ____________________

____________________

154

 10

10:

ITS
1.
, :
) CCIR ,
) ,
) ,
)
,
) .

2.
,
-
.

TV ,
.

.
.
.
, .
.
.

155

 10

TV .
.

.
.

.
(4,43MHz)

.
.
.

.

.
( )
.
.
CCIR
. (ITS, Insertion Test Signals).
- .
.
,
.
PAL 625 CCIR
(Comite consultatif international des radiocommunications,
ITU-R, International Telecommunications Union - Radiocommunications)
17, 18, 330. 331. .
.
, VITS
, 1.

1. ITS CCIR 17,18, 330 331

156

 10

17. () , 2 ,
20 .
18.
, 0,5; 1; 2, 4; 4,8 5.8MHz.
.
330. 17, 20
,
4,43MHz.
331. .
,
.
( ) ,
700mV, 200kHz. 10s,
200ns. (
) (
).
2
. sin2 0,2s,
2.
5MHz. 2,5MHz,
5MHz. 2,5MHz,
.
. 2
, .

, 2

. 2
700mV.
2 , sin2
2s, s 20 . 2 .
sin220 , 3.
.
( ) 4,43MHz (
). .

.

. 20 700mV.

157

 10

2. 2

3. 20

5 140mV.

( 1, 17).

280mVpp, 4.
.
,
.

4.
6
0,5MHz 5,8MHz. .

( 1, 18).

2.1.

4,43MHz ,

. 330
4,43MHz, 5.

158

 10

5.

. (
)
. .
:
100(Y-X)/X 100(Y-Z)/Z u [%].
.

2.2.
( )
.

. 330. .

4,43MHz .
,
.
.

2.3.


.
20 . , 6.

.
.
,
.

159

 10
, (
).
,
. 6
20 .

6.
6 1 , 2 .
13 A1 A2 . ,
.

.
20 ,
7. 20 100%,
, 20 .
.

.

A2 1

A1 2

7.

160

 10

% dB. ,
.


. ns.
, .

, ,
,
.

2.4.

.
CCIR 18. , 1,
200Hz, 0,5 5,8MHz.
LineSweep

.
18
,
200Hz,
. % dB.

2.5.

.
17. .
8 :
(C - A)/(B - E) x 100 [%].

161

 10

8.

.
2%.

2.6. 2

. 17. .
9
D/(B - E) x 100 [%].

9. 2

162

 10

2.7.
sinx/x
.
, . 10
- sinx/x.

10. sinx/x

(d/d). (group
delay distortion) (phase versus
freqvency response) . 11
, 11
.

11.

11.

)
)

163

 10

3.
) ITS ?

) 2 20 ?

) ?

) ?

)
?

)
?

) sinx/x ?

) ?

)
?

) ?
164

 10

4.
4.1. ,
1.
2.
3.
4.

ITS
(VDA)

4.2.
ITS .
.
ITS
.

4.3.
I. ITS , 17,
ITS . VDA 20
:
) VDA
,
) VDA ,
) VDA .
VDA
ITS , 17 .
20
.

ITS , 17

165

 10

) VDA

[mV]

) VDA

[mV]

t[s]

t[s]

) VDA

[mV]

) =
= ....
) =
= ....
) = .
= .....

t [s]

II. ITS VDA ITS , 18 .

VDA
. VDA :

) ,
) ,
) .

166

 10
VDA
ITS , 18 .
.

ITS , 18
) VDA

[mV]

) VDA

[mV]

t[s]

t [s]

) VDA

[mV]

t [s]

167

 10

: ____________________
. :

____________________

: ____________________

____________________

168

 11

11:
-
1.
, :
) -,
) -,
) -: Y, Cr, Cb R, G, B,
) ,
) : 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:1:1, 4:2:0, 2:1:1.

2.
-
: ,
.
1. -
.
, , 1.
. ( )
Nuquistovu, -
,
,
-, fodab 2fmax. PAL
5MHz,
10MHz.

169

 11

1.

Aliasing.
Aliasing -
.
,
.

,
.
2. -,

,
, 2.
(
) .
,
N .

. N=2n, n
. 8 28 =256,
12 212 =4096. .

Counturing. ,

.
, ,
.
170

 11
,

N Q = 10,8 + 6 n + 20 log(k ) + 10 log(

fS
) 6,36 + 6n
2 fV

:
fS - , (sampling),
f V - -,
k - (
,
0,6).

,
.

28 =256 .

2.

3.
,
(N=2n), 3.
, ( ,
10 )
. ,
. 16
4 , 256 8 , 4096
12 . ()
0 (Low) 1(High),
.
,
. : -
-.

171

 11

3.

2.1. -
-
- .
- 4fc, fc (subcarrier).
-

fc. CCIR ( ITU-R-BT 601)
-
fc , (fs=4fc).
- 4
.
PAL fs=4fc=17,734475 MHz, NTSC
fs=4fc=14,318167 MHz.
-
(
),
.
,
.
- .

- :
17.734 475Hz :15 625Hz = 1135 .

172

 11
PAL (64s) 1135 ,
948, 187, 4.
5.
8- 1 255 .
() 1 ,
65 , () 35 95
254 .

4.

5.

(64s, 1135 ,
625 ) 8. :

1135 x 625 x 25 x 8 =141,8Mb/s PAL ,

17,73MHz x 8 =141,8 Mb/s PAL

14,3MHz x 8 = 114,4Mb/s NTSC .

( PAL 576,

173

 11
52s).
.
(52s) 948
948 pix/liniji. (frame) :
948pix/liniji x 576 = 646.048 pix/frame
25 ,
(piksela) :
948pix/liniji x 576 x 25 = 13.651 200pix/s

( )
:
948 x 576 x 25 x 8 =109,21Mb/s
,
.
.

2.2. -

R, G, B Y, R-Y, B-Y . .
, . ITU-R BT. 601.
.
13,5 MHz, , 6,75 MHz .
4:3.
() .
PAL NTSC .
, 16/9,
27 MHz, 13,5
MHz.
, NTSC PAL .
720 4:3 1920
16:9.
360
4:3, 960 16:9.
.
Y, R-Y, B -Y 6.

174

 11

6. Y, R-Y, B -Y

Y, R-Y, B -Y
Y = 0,30 R + 0,59G + 0,11B,
R Y= 0,70R 0,59G 0,11 B,
B Y= - 0,30R - 0,59G + 0,89 B,
* Y, Cr Cb
Y, Cr = 0,713 (R Y), Cb = 0,564 (B Y),

.
, 7.

7.

* Y, Cr Cb -

175

 11

2.3.
CCIR-601 1982.
- Y,
Cb Cr: 4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:1:1, 4:2:0, 2:1:1.

2.4. 4:2:2
(broadcast)
.
13,5 MHz ( 4),
6,75 MHz ( 2). Y 720
, R-Y B-Y 360
, 8. (64s) Y
864, 432.
, 9.

8. 4:2:2

, 9.
576 625 - 480
525 - .

9. 4:2:2

176

 11
(64s) :
13,5MHz :15625Hz = 864 , PAL ,
13,5MHz :15750Hz = 858 , NTSC .
8 10 -
( 64s 625 ) :

13,5 + 2 x 6,75) MHz x 8 = 216 Mb/s, PAL , 4:3

(13,5 + 2 x 6,75) MHz x 10 = 270 Mb/s, PAL , 4:3
(18,0 + 2 x 9,00) MHz x 10 = 360 Mb/s, PAL , 16:9

N64= (864 +432 + 432) x 625 x 25 x 8 = 216Mb/s
PAL , 864 (64s) Y ,
432 Cr Cb .
8 - (Y, Cr Cb) 256
0 255. 16- 235 . 16
. 0 255
. 10
. 11 12
Cr Cb , .

10.

Cr

11. Cr

177

 11

Cb

12. Cb

(52s) 720
360 PAL NTSC . 8-
23x8 16.777 216 , 16,7 -.
() ( N L ) ,

N L = 720 + 360 + 360 = 1440 pix / line = 1440

576 ,

N F = 576 N L = 576 1440 = 829.440pix / frame

PAL

N S = 25 N F = 25 829.440 = 20.736.000pix / s
, 4:2:2 ,

N 4:2:2 = 8 N S = 8 20.736.000 = 165.888.000bit / s = 165,88Mb/s

HDTV ( 16/9, 25,
1920x1080, 8- )
5,5x13,5MHz =74,25MHz, a
37,125 MHz.
Broadcast : D1 (8 ), D -1 SP (10 ),
Betacam SX, Digital -S/D - 9, Digital -S 100, Digital Betacam DVCPRO50
.
4.2:2:4
Alfa .
.

178

 11

2.5. 4:1:1
13,5MHz,
R-Y B -Y 3,375MHz. 720
, R-Y B-Y 180
.
.
, 4 ,

,
.

13. 4:1:1

13.
576 PAL .
4:1:1.
Y
Y = 720 C r = C b = 180
() NL

N L = 720 + 180 + 180 = 1080 pix / line = 1080

576 ,

N F = 576 N L = 576 1080 = 622.080pix / frame

PAL

N S = 25 N F = 25 622.080 = 15.552.000pix / s
4:1:1

N 4:1:1 = 8 N S = 8 15.552.000 = 124.416.000bit / s = 124,416/

: DVCPRO50, DVCPRO25 Profesional.

179

 11

2.6. 4:2:0
13,5MHz,

R-Y B-Y 6,75MHz. ,

. 576
720 , 360
, (
), 14. 576
720 , 360
288 .

14. 4:2:0

4:2:0.
Y , Y = 720 .
,

C r = C b = 360

N S = (720 + 360 + 0) x576 x 25 = 15.552.000 pix / s

4:2:0

N 4:2:0 = 8 N S = 8 15.552000 = 124.416000 = 124.416 Mb / s

124,416Mb/s 4:1:1 4:2:0.
4:2:0 : DVD, DVCAM (PAL ) DVCPRO 50.

2.7. 4:4:4
R, G, B .
13,5 MHz. R, G, B
720, 15.

180

 11

15. 4:4:4

() ,
N L = 720 + 720 + 720 = 2160 pix / line = 2160
576 ,

N F = 576 N L = 576 2160 = 1.244.160pix / frame

PAL

N S = 25 N F = 25 x 1.244.160 = 31.104.000pix / s
4:4:4

N 4:4:4 = 8 N S = 8 31.104.000 = 248.832.000bit / s = 248,832Mb/s

, ,
, - .

2.8. 2:1:1
6,75MHz.
R-Y B-Y 3,375MHz.
.
,
.
, .

2.9.

,
. ITU-R BT.601
44,1kHz 48kHz. 16 20
, 24
.

181

 11

3.
) ?

) - PAL ?

) ?

) Y, R-Y, B Y
4:1:1 2:1:1 ?

) 4:2:0.

) 1V,
8 ?

) Y, Cr Cb,
4:2:2 4:2:0 ?

) -
4:1:1 ?

) Aliasing ? .

) ?

182

 11

4.
4.1.,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

/
/

4.2.
I.
/ /
Cvbs, Y/C -.
II.
/ Cvbs, Y/C
-. , B -.
.

III.
/ SDI / . /
Cvbs, Y/C
-. ,
Hi .

IV.
/ Hi
: , ,
, , / (Y/C) ,
-.

: ____________________
. :

____________________

: ____________________

____________________

183

 11

184

 12

12:

1.
, :
) ,
) ,
) () ,
) (H.261, H.263, MPEG 1,
MPEG 2 MPEG 4),
) ,
) ,
) .

2.
-.
( )
() . :
,
(
),
, ,
RAM
.
,

.
.
. ,
().
n .
:

n = log 2 (N),

185

 12
N , . N=256
n = 8.
,
. (CR-Compression Ratio)

,
,
.
16,
2 ,
CR =

16 8
= = 8 :1
2 1

ITU-R BT.601
- .
, .
,
.
.

, ,

, 1. .
.

1.

.
.

2.1.

.
.
,
.
186

 12
. . ,
, 2.

,
.
,
.
,
. ,
- .

.
, .
-
, .

2.

. ,
. , ,

, .
.
(lossy,
) (lossless, ).
(lossless),
, .
lossless
(-),
, .
. .
. .

.
.
, .
1:2 1:8.

187

 12
(lossy)
.
.
.
.
.
, .
2 100. -,
.
-,
.
,
.


. (,
, -, - )
(JPEG, MPEG 1, MPEG 2, MPEG 4, H.261, H.263, H.264
.).

2.2.
ISO (International Organization for
Standardization) - ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union - sector Telecommunications)
1986.. JPEG (Joint Photographers Experts Group)

. ,
.
,
, .
,
, ,
.
1986. , 1992.

ISO/IEC IS 10918 Digital Compression and Coding of Continuos Tone Still images.
JPEG.

JPEG . ,
,
JPEG . JPEG
: MS-Windows, MS-DOS,
OS/2, X-Windows, Macintosh .
JPEG . JPEG
(DCT = Discrete Cosine Transform).

188

 12

2.3.

,
.
.
.
. ,

,
. 88.
88.
,

F (u, v) = 2

C (u ) C (v) M 1 N 1
(2 x + 1) u
(2 y + 1) v
cos
,
f ( x, y ) cos
2M
2N
M N x =0 y =0

, IDCT, .

f ( x, y ) = 2

(2 x + 1) u
(2 y + 1) v
C (u ) C (v) M 1 N 1
cos
F (u , v) cos
,
2M
2N
M N u =0 v =0

N DCT.
f ( x, y )
xy, 3. 8x8
.

DCT-
F (u , v ) uv. C(u) C(v)
:

za
u , v = 0
,

C (u ) = C (v) = 2
,
za
1,
u , v 0

189

 12

F (u, v)

DCT

(x, y)

DC

, ()

3. DCT

JPEG - 8x8 .
M = N = 8 , DCT
:

F (u, v) =

(2 x + 1) u
(2 y + 1) v
C (u ) C (v) 7 7
cos
,
f ( x, y ) cos
4
16
16

x =0 y =0

DCT :

f ( x, y ) =

C (u ) C (v) 7 7
(2 x + 1) u
(2 y + 1) v
cos
F (u , v) cos

,
4
16
16
u =0 v =0

4 8x8 DCT ,
DCT .

4. DCT

190

 12
DCT DCT
. DCT
8 x 8 = 64 , 64 DCT
4096 . 256 x
256 : 32 x 32 = 1024 () 4096
( ) 4.194 304 ,
.
DCT , F (u , v ) ,
. F (0,0) DC
, 3. DC
DCT .

1 7 7
DC = F (0,0) = f ( x, y ) ,
8 x =0 y =0
DC ( 3)
.
64 DCT . .
63 AC .
AC
. AC
/ AC
. 3 u,v,
AC . AC
DC , AC

. DCT

. DC
AC . AC
.
/ (
) , .
, / .
DCT
( )
, ,
( ), DC ,
. .
DCT
(
), .
DCT
. ,
,
, .
DC AC

191

 12
, . .

, .
:
4:2:2, 576
720 .
: 720x576,
360x576. NxN (8x8), 5,
90x72 . 8x8.
720 (90 )

576 (72 )

5.

8x8
Y(x,y) 8x8 ( 6). DCT
f(x,y)
DCT .

88

DCT . 88

6.
8x8

8x8 7.

:

192

 12

0
0

0
Y ( x, y ) =
0

0
0

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

25 50 75 100 125 150 175
25 50 75 100 125 150 175

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

.
25 50 75 100 125 150 175
25 50 75 100 125 150 175

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

25 50 75 100 125 150 175

7. () 8x8

DCT
:

43.8 40
0
0

0
0

0
0
F(x , y ) = DCT(Y (x , y )) =
0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

Y(x,y)

DCT

0 4.1 0 1.1 0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0

0
0
0
0
0 0
.
0
0
0
0
0 0

0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0

0
0
0
0
0 0

F(x,y)
. .
DCT .
DCT .
. MPG-2
.
. :

193

 12
16
12

14

14
Qsjajnost (x , y ) =
18

24
49

72

11 10 16
12 14 19

24
26

40
58

51
60

13 16 24
17 22 29
22 37 56

40 57 69
31 87 60
68 109 103

35 55 64 81 104 113
64 78 87 103 121 120
92 95 98 112 100 103

61
55
56

52
.
77

92
101

99

:
17
18

24

47
Q boje (x , y ) =
99

99
99

99

18 24 47 99 99 99 99
21 26 66 99 99 99 99
26 36 99 99 99 99 99

99 99 99 99 99 99 99
.
99 99 99 99 99 99 99

99 99 99 99 99 99 99
99 99 99 99 99 99 99

99 99 99 99 99 99 99

F(x,y) :
2.74 3.64
0
0

0
0

0
F ( x, y ) 0
=

0
0
Q ( x, y )

0
0
0
0

0
0

0 0.256 0 0.03 0 0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
.

0
0

0
0

0
0

0 0
0 0

:
3 4
0 0

0 0

0 0
F' (x , y ) =
0 0

0 0
0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
.
0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

F(x,y)
.
8
- (. Zig-zag).
194

 12

DC

AC

AC

8. DCT

:
3, -4, 0, 0, 0, ... , 0.
:
3, -4, 62 x 0.
.
. DCT
12 .
JPEG
9.

DCT
koder
DCT
FDCT

Izvorna
slika
(
88)

Kvantizer

Kvantizaciona

tabela

(blokovi 8x8)

Entropijski

koder

Huffman-ove

tabele

Komprimovani
podaci

(a)
DCT dekoder
DCT

Komprimovani
podaci

Entropijski

dekoder

Dekvantizer

Huffman-ove

tabele

Kvantizaciona

tabela

IDCT

Rekonstruisana

slika
(
(blokovi 88)
8x8)

(b)
()

9. JPEG : () , ()

195

 12
2000. JPEG 2000,
Wavelet . JPEG 2000

. JPEG 2000 JPEG
.
, , -, , , ,
, , .

2.4. (-)
-
. , - CCIR
25 , 720x576 ,
24 ( 3 ).
- 216 Mb/s. HDTV 6 1,5
Gb/s.
-. 4,7 Gb (700 Mb)
20 , 3 HDV .
,
.

.
RGB .
- .
25 (),
. MPEG ,
, .
- .
:
-
,
, .
-
.
- .
- :




:
().
( ), 10,
, .
196

 12

. 720
, ,
,
.
.

10.

11.

:

( ),
.

.
,
.
.
: .
, ,
( ) ,
11. ,
.
: .
,
.
( ), .

2.5.
MPEG
. JPEG ,
,
.
JPEG .
.
.
, :
()
.

197

 12
.
. ,
,
, .
.
,
. .

15b/s. 97%
20b/s, 99% 30b/s.

.
- MPEG
,
() :
I (intra frejmovi, intra-coded pictures)
.
8x8 ,
DCT .
, .
. .
.
-, ,
I . ,
- I .
I , 8%.
P (predictive-coded pictures)
I P -,
.
. ,
. I
P .
,
( ).
() ,
.
, 10. P
I 25%.

(motion vector,
) .
/ *,
. , ,

.
* - , 4 2
4:2:2.
198

 12

12.

12.
I , P
.
I P .
.
.
, .
B (bidirectionally, predictive-coded pictures)
I P ,
, .
I P
, .
B 65%. 13
() I, P B .

B B B P

B B B

13. I, B, P

B P (). B
P
,

199

 12
, . B P
, ,
,
I B P . GOP
( ), .
D , .
DC .

-.
H.261, H.263 H.264 -,
Wb-, MPEG (MPEG 1,
MPEG 2, MPEG 4, MPEG 7, MPEG 21) .
MPEG 3
(HDTV High Definition TV) MPEG 2.
MPEG 7, Multimedia Content Description interface
( )

. MPEG 7
, .
MPEG 21, Multimedia Framework ( ),
, , , ,
, ,
.
1
, .

HDTV 1250
1250 HDTV

1250 HDTV

625 ,

625

625

312

312

1 Gbit/s

1:1

40 Mbit/s

25:1

200 Mbit/s

1:1

10 Mbit/s

20:1

5 Mbit/s

40:1

2,5 Mbit/s

80:1

1,2 Mbit/s

160:1

20 Mbit/s

50:1

1.

200

 12

2.5.1. H.261
H.261 (ISDN). p64 Kb/s
p ISDN 64 Kb/s.
p 1 p 30 . -.
. H.261
.
, CIF (Common Intermediate Format),
360288 (Y) 180144 (Cr i Cb)
. .
25 , 8
, CIF -
36,45 Mb/s, n384 Kb/s, 1 n 6 .
QCIF (Quarter CIF) 180144
, 9072 ,
9,12 Mb/s. .
ISDN
100 . QCIF 64-128 Kb/s.
,
, 10 .

2.5.2. H.263
H.263
64 Kb/s,
. H.261 .
H.261 H.263 .
H.261 64 Kb/s, H.263
64 Kb/s, 22 Kb/s. .
H.263 sub-QCIF
,
64 Kb/s 10 Kb/s. Sub-QCIF
12896 , 6448 .
5 - 30 .
H.263
H.261
.

201

 12
2.5.3. MPEG 1
MPEG . 1992.
. - .
.

,
. MPEG 1
SIF (Source Input Format) 360 x 288 PAL
360 x 240 NTSC .
MPEG1 -
CD ROM- 1,5 Mbit/s,
. VHS,
. MPEG 1
VHS .
. 32 Hz, 44,1Hz 48Hz.

2.5.4. MPEG 2
. .
1999. . MPEG 1.
MPEG 1 , .
-
. VHS
.
PAL, NTSC SECAM. 720x576
PAL 720486 NTSC .
,
.
.
- ( ),
(IBIB...) 30 - 50 Mbit/s,
IBBP... 20 Mbit/s.
.
(18 Mbit/s, IB),
(20 Mbit/s, IBBP),
(30 Mbit/s, IP),
(50 Mbit/s, I ).
( ) ,
4-9
Mbit/s.
I, P B
I 10 15 , B
I . (Group of Pictures - GOP) I
P B .

202

 12

2.5. 5. MPEG 4
-
, . -
, , ,
.
MPEG 4
- ,
. :
.
, , , (
), ( , ),
( ), .
,
: , , , , .
MPEG 4 DivX
MPEG 4 . DivX
CD .

, ,

-.

203

 12

3.
) .

) ?

) ?

) DC C ?

204

 12
) 720576 ?

) ?

) ?

) P ?

) MPEG 2 ?

) .
4:2:2 ?

205

 12

4.
4.1. ,
1. (digital delay line)
2. : VirtualDub, dr DviX, Adobe
Premiere Video Wizard
3. ( )
4.

4.2.
I. - AVI .

- ,
. ,
30%. -, DivX, MPEG 2, MPEG 4
H.264. -.

. .
II.
- coding delay.
.

(digital delay line).
,
.

. (npr. Virtual Dub)

speed/duration (
).

.
:
)
) Virtual Dub

206

 12

III. DivXPlayer I, P, B
DivX, MPEG 2, MPEG 4 H.264.

: ____________________
. :

____________________

: ____________________

____________________

207

 12

208

AC-3 (Dolby Audio Coding - 3) Dolby Digital >

, Dolby .
6 - , . 5.1 .

A/D or ADC (Analog to Digital conversion) >

.

ACTIVE PICTURE > . ,

.

AES/EBU(Audio Engineering Society/European Broadcasting

/ .

ALIASING > .
,
.

ALPHA CHANNEL > Alfa ()

, (chroma keying).

ANTI-ALIASING >

.

ARTIFACTS > . ,
.
, .

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) >

.

ASPECT RATIO OF PICTURES > , .

. PAL NTSC 4:3
. (HDTV)
16:9.

Union)>

209

ASPECT RATIO OF PIXELS > , .

().

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) >

().

ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) >

,
(HDTV).

ATV (Advanced television) >

ATSC-a.

B-FRAMES > B-
.
, .
MPEG-2 .

BACK CHANNEL > .

.

BANDWITH > .

3dB.

BAUD >
).

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) > (0-9)

.

BER (Bit Error Ratio) > ,

. : BER = (
/ ).

BETACAM SX >
MPEG 2 . 4:2:2
- I- P-. 12,7mm.

BIT > (Binary Digit). 0

1. N .
8 1byte ().

BIT BUCKET > .

BIT BUDGET > ()

.

210

BIT PARALLEL > -

N .

BIT SERIAL > -

, ITU-R BT. 656 .

BIT SLIPPAGE > ,

.

BPSK (Binary phase Shift Keying) ili 2-PSK >

.

BROADBAND >
.

BUFFER >
. .

CBR (Constant bit rate) > ()

.

CCD (Charge coupled device) >

( ) .
MOS .
( ), , ...
CCD CCD-
.
/. ,
, ,
.

CCIR (Comite consultatif international des radiocommunications) >

.
, ITU
(International Telecommunications Union)
(ITU-Radiocommunication)
(ITU-Telecommunication).

CHANNEL CODING >

.

CHECKSUM >

.

211

CHROMAKEYING > (, , )
.
.
.

CLOCK FREQUENCY > .

CLOCK JITTER >

.

C/N ili CNR (Carrier to Noise Ratio) > (VF)

,
.

CODEC (CODER/DECODER) >

.
.
.

CODING >
,
.

COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) >

.
-.

COLLISION > ,
(, )
.
, (, ).

COLOR-DEPTH >
. .

COMPRESSION > .

-.

COMPRESSION
ARTIFACTS
>

. ,
.

COMPRESSION RATIO >

.
ITU-R BT.601
- .

212

CONDITIONAL ACCESS > .

. ,
.
.

CONTOURING > .

CONTRIBUTION QUALITY >

,
.

CO-SITING > - .

CRC (Cyclic redundant check) > .

.

D1 >
- ITU-R BT. 601 (
4:2:2 8- ).

D2 > PAL
NTSC -. SMPTE 244M
.

D3 > PAL NTSC

- . SMPTE 244M
.

D5 > -.
12,7mm, 10- .

D6 >
- 1,88Gb/s.
19mm . D6
HDTV , 1250/50
1125/60
.

D7 DVCPRO >
-, Panasonicu.
18m, 6,35mm. 8-
, 4:1:1.
:
o DVCPRO 50 4:2:2 .
o DVCPRO P
4:2:0.
o DVCPRO HD HDTV .

213

D9 i DIGITAL-S > -
, JVC-.
12,7mm, 57,8mm/s. - 50Mb/s.
4:2:2 3,3:1.

DBS (Digital Broadcasting System) >

. MPEG-2 .

DCT (Discrete cosine transform) >

-.

DIGITAL BETACAM > -,

Betacam .

DIGITAL CHROMAKEYING > ()

, .

DITHER >
, - .

DTTV (Digital Terrestrial Television) > .

.

DV (Digital Video) >

- , 1993. .
: Hitachi, JVC, Sony, Matsushita, Mitsubishi, Philips, Sanyo,
Sharp, Thomson, Toshiba. 6,35mm.
525/60 625/50 -
( ), 5:1
DCT-. 8- ,
13,5MHz.

DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) >

- .

DVCAM > Sonyev -

. 15m. DVCAM DV
. 525/60 4:1:1, 625/50 4:2:0.

DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) > .

DVD : DVD , DVD, CD-ROM, DVD , DVD-R (DVDRAM, DVD-RW). , DVD
.
:
o DVD-5 ,
, 4,7GB.
o DVD-9 ,
, 8,54GB.

214


o DVD-10 ,
, 9,4GB.
o DVD-18
, 17GB.

DYNAMIC ROUNDING >

, Quantel-u.

EBU (European Broadcasting Union) >

.

ECC (Error Check and Correct) > .

EDH (Error Detection and Handling) >

.

EMBEDDED AUDIO > -.

ENCRYPTION >
,
.

ERROR CONCEALMENT > .

- ,
.

ERROR CORRECTION > .

- ,
.

ERROR DETECTION >

.

EXTENDED STUDIO PAL > 625 (PAL) -

- PAL
-. -
D2 D3 .

FIBER OPTICS > ,

.

FIELD > . PAL (frame) 625 .

fh 625
50Hz
. fh = 31250Hz. B
10MHz.
.
. (field) 312,5 .
, . fh = 312,5 x 50Hz = 15625Hz,
B = 5MHz. ju 50Hz
.

215

FIXED DATA RATE COMPRESSION >

.
. ,
.

FORMAT CONVERSION >

.

FRAGMENTATION > ,
.

FRAME > .

GENERATION (LOSS) > .

- .
.
, . .
-,
. n-
.
.
DVTR- 20- , .
ITU-R 601
, .

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) >

CompuServe-.

GRAND ALLIANCE > . , 1993.

(HDTV). : AT&T, General Instrument Corporation,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Philips Consumer Electronics, David
Sarnoff Research Center, Thomson Consumer Electronics Zenith Electronics
Corporation. ATSC HDTV.

GROUP of PICTURES GoP > U MPEG s, GoP j

B P I .
MPEG-2
. GoP j 12 ,
.

H.261 > -
.

HD 0 > ATSC Tab.

(DTV).

216

HD 1 > TSC.

.

HD 2 > ATSC.

,
-.

HD D5 > -
Panasonicu. 4:1 HD
D5 .

HDCAM HD Betacam >

- 12,7mm.

HDTV (High Defenition television) >

.

HUFFMAN CODING > Huffmanovo

, 2:1. Huffmanovo
(VLC, Variable
Length Coding).

I FRAMES > I-, .

. MPEG-2
; I, B, P . I- (Intraframe
coding)
(DCT) - .

IEEE 1394 FireWire i.Link > IEEE 1394.

. FireWire Apple-ovo , i.Link Sony-eo
.

ILLEGAL COLORS > ,

.

INTERFRAME CODING > .

, .

INTERLACED > ( ).

INTERPOLATION (Spatial) > .

217


.
.

INTERPOLATION (Temporal) >

, .

INTRAFRAME CODING > ,

.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) >

. ISDN , .
. (B)
64kb/s. (D) ,
, .

ITU (International Telecommunications Union) >

(ITU-T) (ITU-R).
ITU-a, CCITT CCIR.

ITU-R BT.601-2 ( CCIR 601) >

- 525 625
. SMPTE RP 125.

ITU-R BT. 656 (CCIR 656) >

. ,
,
.

ITU-R BT.709-3 > 1999.

1920 x 1080. (
, , )
.
: 60p, 50p, 30p, 25p, 24p, 60i 50i. p
, i .

ITU-R BS.775 >

.
.

JAVA > , Sun

Microsystems. ,
(
Java Virtual Machine softvera).

JITTER > .

218

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) >

. JPEG
DCT ( )
2 100 3 : ,
. 2000. JPEG 2000,
wavelet . JPEG 2000

.

KEYCODE > - ;
,
.

KEYFRAME > , .
- ( , , ...).

KEYING > ( )
.

LATENCY > .
.

LAYERED EMBEDDED CODING > .

,
.

LETTERBOX > (16:9) 4:3

, ( ).

.

LINEAR KEYING > -

,
.

LOSSY COMPRESSION >

.

LSB (Least Significant Bit) > .

. 8-
, .

LTC (Longitudinal Time Code) > , .

.
, .

-.

219

LUMINANCE > .
. Y.
RGB : Y = 0,3R + 0,59G + 0,11B.

MACROBLOCK > -, 4 ,
MPEG .
.

METADATA (SIDE INFORMATION) > ,

.
- .

MEZZANINE COMPRESSION > HDTV .

: 140Mb/s 39Mb/s.

MOTION VECTORS > -

MPEG

.

MOTION COMPENSATION > -

.

MOTION ESTIMATION > -

,
.
MPEG .

MPEG (Moving Pictures Experts Group), ISO/CCITT >

. MPEG
.

MPEG-1 > MPEG s,

1,2Mb/s, - CD-ROM-.
,
.

MPEG-2 > MPEG s,

, VHS , HDTV-a,
.

MPEG-4 > -.

MPEG 4:2:2 > MPEG-2 ( : 422P@ML,

Professional MPEG).

220

MSB (Most Significant Bit) > .

MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) > .

-
.

MULTIMEDIA >
, , .

NETWORK LAYER > . TCP/IP

IP (Internet Protocol)
.

NFS (Network File System) > .

Sun Microsystems;
.

NIBBLE > : 8 = 1 byte,

NICAM (Nearly Instantaneously Companded Audio Multiplex) >

-, ,
CD-
.

NOISE (RANDOM) > ()

.

NONLINEAR EDITING >

( .
),
,
.
.

NTSC (National Television Systems Committee) >

.
.

NTSC- National Television Systems Committee (TV standard) >

,
, (NTSC 525 , 60Hz).
NTSC 4,2MHz, 1,3
0,4MHz, I Q .

221

NYQUIST (FREQUENCY) > Nyquistova

.

.

OPEN (Open Platform Exchange Network) >

Quantel Picturenet Plus
Quantel ,
.

OPERATING SYSTEM >

,
(. DOS, Windows...).

OPTICAL DISKS >

.
(. CD, MiniDisc, DVD).

OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) > ,

ISO ,
.

OVERSAMPLINTG >

.

P frames > P ,
MPEG-2 .
( )
.

PAL > PAL = Phase Alternating Line ( ). PAL

, 625
50Hz. PAL NTSC ,
R-Y 180
.

.

PAL M > PAL M j PAL 525

60 .
(. ).

PALplus > PALplus 16:9

4:3 PAL 16:9 PALplus
.

222

PAN AND SCAN >

4:3 .

PARALLEL PROCESSING >

.
,
, .

PIXEL (PEL) > , picture cell picture

element.
R, G, B,
.

PLD (Programmable Logic Device) >

.
I ILI, .
.
PLD :
o
o
o
o

PROM Programmable Read Only Memory

PLA Programmable Logic Array
PAL Programmable Array Logic
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array.

POSITIONING TIME >

.

QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) >

(.
90).

QPSK >
,
.

.

QUANTIZING >
.

QUANTIZING ERROR >

.

QUANTIZING NOISE >

, .

223

RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) >

. RAID
RAID ,

.

REMOTE DIAGNOSTICS > .

RESOLUTION >
.

RESOLUTION INDEPENDENT >

.
,
, ITU-R 601 ,
. 525/60 625/50.

RGB > R - red (), G - green () B - blue ()

.

RIP (Raster Image Process) > .

(. ) ,
.

RP 125 > SMPTE 125-

- . ITU-R 656.

RS 422 >
( 300 m ).
. 9- D
. RS 422
,
.

RUN LENGTH CODING >

.

SAMPLING >
.

SAMPLING STANDARD >

.
ITU-R BT.601.

224

SCALING >
/ ,
. ITU-R 601
16, 235.
: 0, 255,
.

SCH (SubCarrier to Horizontal sync timing relationship) >

.
PAL NTSC

. .

SCRAMBLING >
.

SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) >

. SCSI j
, . SCSI
:
o Standard SCSI
5 Mtransfera/s
o Fast SCSI
10 Mtransfera/s
o Ultra SCSI
20 Mtransfera/s

SECAM (Sequential couleur avec mmoire) >

, ,
. ,
(R-Y B-Y).
. SECAM
, .

SERIAL CONTROL >

.
, . .

SDI (Serial digital interface) >

270Mb/s; 10-, ,
. ITU-R 601 ,
- - .
SDI
, .
75 BNC
-,
200m ( ).

SSA (Serial Storage Architecture) >

( IBM-a)
.

225

SERVER (FILE) >

.
, ,
.

SERVER (VIDEO) > -

- .

. -
(video-on-demand), -
: , - .

S/N, SNR (Signal to noise ratio) > /

; .

SMPTE (Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) >

,
, ,
. SMPTE
ITU-R ANSI.

SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) >

. RAM-
( DRAM-
).

STANDARD PLATFORM >

.

SUB-PIXEL > .

TARGA (TGA) >

. ruevision Inc. PC
.

TBC (Time Base Corrector) > . TBC

;
.
,
.

TCP/IP (Transfer Contol Protocol / Internet Protocol) >

.
, TCP/IP .

226

TEMPORAL ALIASING > aliasing -

.

TIFF (TIF) (Tagged Image File Format) > -

, .

TRUE RANDOM ACCESS >

.

TRUNCATION > , .
16- 8- .

.

UP CONVERTING > ,
.
VECTORSKOPE >
.
, .

VECTOR FONTS >

, . .

VIDEO ON DEMAND > -

.

VITC (Vertical Interval Time Code) >

.
( ),
.

VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language) >

ISO 3-D
.

WAVEFORM > .

WAVEFORM MONITOR >

- .

WAVELET-BASED COMPRESSION > wavelet

.
.

227

WIDESCREEN >
. ,
4:3, 16:9.
HDTV ,
(. PALplus).

WINCHESTER DISK >

. Winchester
1 000 000 .

WORM (Write Once / Read Many) > ,

, . .

Y, Cr, Cb >
ITU-R BT.601 . Y 13,5/18MHz,
6,75/9MHz. Cr
(R-Y), Cb
(B-Y).
YIQ > , ,
. Y (), I Q
NTSC (I = Inphas Q = Quadrature).

Y, (R-Y), (B-Y) > (Y),

(R-Y) (B-Y) - . Y

( ). Y, (R-Y) (B-Y)
, . ITU-R BT.601 4:2:2
; PAL NTSC
- .

YUV > , ,

-. Y (), U V
PAL .

ZITS > .

ZIG-ZAG >
I-.

4 fsc (Four times the frequency of subcarrier) > /

-.
(subcarijera)
.

228

4:1:1 > -. 4
(EY)
13,5 MHz. (ER-Y, EB-Y) 4
.
.

4:2:0 > -,
.
.

4:2:2 > /
-.
13,5MHz,
6,75MHz.

.

4:2:2:4 > 4:2:2 ,

. alfa
() . Alfa
. 4:4:4:4
4:4:4 -. ,

alfa , 4:4:4,
, alfa .

229

230

1. Digital Television, Herve Benoit, Focal Press 2002.

2. DTV: The Revolution in Electronic Imaging, Jerry C. Whitaker.
3. , . , .
4. I, II, . , , 1993.
5. , . ,
, 2001.
6. . , , , , 2008.
7. Digital Television, A Practical Guide for Engineers, W. Fisher, Springer, 2004.

231