1

1.1
, .
,

, , .

1.1.1

.

. ,

.
. ,
.
, . ,
,
.
, , , .
.

, .

1.1.2
,

.

. , .
,
. ,

.
,
.
, .
,
, .

1.1.3
.
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
, .
, . , . ,

1.1

, ,
, . , . ,
.

1.1.4
.
.
, .

,
,

,
,

, , .

1.1.5

.
, . . , . , , -

.
, , , ,
.
. ,
, , , .

1.1.6
.
, 1.1.
. .

1.1.

,
, , .

, , . . 1.1, k A B.
.
, . , , .
N , (1.1).

1.1

pe = uk ik

(1.1)

k =1

, .
, .
m.
, 1.1, . . .

.
Mem,
Mm. ,
m . .

pm = m M m

(1.2)

.
, pm
. Mm , Mem, , . 1.1,
. pe, (1.1),
, .

, pe .

1.1.7
.
, ,
. ,
, . , ,

.
.
, .
,
,
.
1.2. .
pe pm,
, . , , .
, . , pm
pe .
, (-pe) (-pm) .

1.2. .

1.2
. ,

1.2

, , , .
, , 1.3.
.

(A)
, ,
, ,
, , ,
. .

(B)
.
, . m, Mm.
, .

(C)

Pm = mMm , .

(D)
0,5
MW 1000 MW. .
.
. ,
. , .
, u(t).
.
.
pe = ui.
, Mem. . (-

), .
, Mm, , , Mem . .
,
.
1.

()
. 6
kV 25 kV, 50 Hz 60 Hz.
2.
1

19. , , , . ( ) ,
. .
,
- .
, .
. .
.

.
400 V, . 231 V. , .
,
,
,
.
.
.

.

1.2

750 kV,
1000 kV.

(F)

, ,
.
.
10(20) kV,
10(20)/0,4 kV/kV 400 V 231 V, . , .

(G)

, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
. , , , , , , , ,
CD/DVD , . 8%
, .

(H)
, 70% , , . ,
,
, , , .
, , , .
, .

10

1.3.

1.3

11

1.3


. , . ,

.
()
m. ,
dm/dt = m, . m
.
. , , .
, .
SI , s-1,
. f = /2 (Hz).
,

n=

60
m 9,54 m .
2

(1.3)

Mem
.
. Mem . Mem
.
F,
, , . 1.4
Mem = FD, R = D/2
.
1.4 Mem =
FD, R = D/2 .

12

Mem Mm,
.
, Mem > Mm,
. , . (1.4).

dm
= Ja = M em M m
dt

(1.4)

1.4 . .

a = dm/dt [rad/s2] .
, .
Mem Mm.
J .

, J = JR + JRM JR
JRM. 5 -

1.3

13

. , R m.
J = mR2.
(1.1):
R m. .
(1.1):
JRM = mR2.

1.5.

() (B). (C)
.

1.3.1
,
(up, ip, pp = up ip) (Up, Ip, Pp = Up Ip),
(IEC). F, M . M
m .
, .
, s-1.

. z . ,

14

3. ,
uS iS.
, uS iS
. ,
. uS iS
. US
IS. [A] A. ().
sin, cos, rot, div, mod, d ,
, .

, ,

G G G
, B, H , F . ,
B,
H, F .

. , .
,
.
, (SI)
1954. . .
SI
. , SI
. , W F, l,
4. SI , W[J]
= F[N] l[m], ,

. space vector. .
. " V"

.
4 W = Fl ,
.
3

1.4

15

1 J = 1 N 1 m. ,
, Fl
. . , .
.
Vs = Wb, Nmrad/s = W, Nmrad = J, A=V, AH = Wb = Vs,
.

1.4
. .
, , , , ,
.
, ,
, .
,
. , ,
. .
,
, ( ).

.
.
.
,
. -

16

, ,
, ,
.
,
.

1.4.1
,
, , , . , ,
,
, . , ,
.

1.4.2

. ,
.
, ( ) . ,
, . , , , .

1.4.3
,
,
.
. Mem(m) Mem-m . -

1.4

17

1.4.4

, , , , .

. ,

. .
. .
,
. , ,
. , (). () .
. . .

.
,
, .

,

.

18

1.4.5
. u = Ri + d/dt,
J dm/dt = Mem Mm. J
R , m ( ).

, , , . , .
,
, .
,
. , .
,
, E
. , , .
.
, .
,
. . , .

1.5
. ,
, . -

1.5

19

,
, , , , .
,
. ,
. , , , . , , ,
.

.
.
, .
. , . , . ,
,
, , . ,
.
.

.
.
N
, ,
.
, .

20

,
(), () ().
,
, , ,
, , . . , -
.
,
, , , ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
. ,

5 . ,
.
, . , , .

1.5.1
, , 5

, , ,
. () .
. ,
.

1.5

21

.
.
,
. 2. , . , .
, , ( ), . , . , , .
, . . ,
, . . . , . , .
, , ,
. , , . ,
.

1.5.2

. , ,
, . . -

22

.

. :

, , .
.
,

, , .
.

, 1 kHz. . . .

.
,
.

, .

1 GW. , ,
50 Hz. , -

1.5

23

, .
,
. ,
.
: ,
. . . , () . ,
().
. ,
, , . .
50 Hz,

.
.

, ,
.
:
. , .
. -

24

. , .
, . , ,

.
, , ,
.
. ,

.
, .
,
.

:

, ,
. , P,
, Mem = P/, .
. , ,
. : .
, .
(
) .
. -

1.5

25

, .

. ,
.
,
.

. . . , . ,
.
, .

2.1

. , .
, Q v .

G
G
G G
F = QE + Q v B

(2.1)

, . B
.
, (2.1)
.
2.1 l i B. F

28

i , l, B . 2.1, . x, y, z, ,

.

2.1.

G
G
l = l ix ,
G
G
B = B iz ,
G G
G
F = i l B

(2.2)

,
F = l B i.

l B.
y y, Wm = Fy.
vy, pm
= Fvy. , pm
. ,
, pm ,
.

2.2

29

, ,
e. e i (pe = ei) (pm = Fvy).
,
pe pm.
.

2.2
.
,
.

2.2.

(A)
. (B) . (C) .

30

, 2.1. .
,
. ,
.
, .
1 A , d = 0,1 m, .
(2.3).

B = 0

I
2d

= 4 10 7

1
T = 2 10 6 T
2 0,1

(2.3)

, l = 1 m (2.4).

F = l B I = 2 106 N

(2.4)

,
, 1
,

.

2.3

, . 1 . S
B. S
C,
. S,
S , = BS.
,
S.

2.3

31

2.3 ,
, . l,
v y .
,
Fs. B z.
Eind.
. Q, , (2.1),
.

G
G
G
G G
G G
F = QE + Q v B = Q v B = QEind

) (

(2.5)

, QE .
F Q,
B.

G
G G
Eind = v B

2.3.

(2.6)

e l. ,

32

Eind .
,
(2.7).

G G
GG G
e = l Eind = l v B

(2.7)

, x , z , y .
(2.8), a
a e = lvB. e
, l.

G
G
G
G G
G
l = l ix , B = B iz , v = v iy ,
GG
G
G
Eind = vB ix , e = l Eind = lvB

(2.8)

2.4
, 2.3, ,
e, R. 2.4. , i = e/R. , R . ,
. i- Fm
(2.2). Fs ,
Fm. 2.4, Fsv ei.
e = lvB, , u = Ri, R.
, 2.4, ,
(2.9).

G G
G
G
F = i l B = ilB iy

(2.9)

2.4

33

, Fs
Fm .
.
e,
i = e/R .

2.4.

, R.

, , v , .

G
G
G
G
Fs + Fm = 0; Fs = Fm ;

G
G
Fs = Fm = ilB

(2.10)

Fs Pm = Fsv = ilBv. e
Pe = ei = ilBv = Pm. Pe = e2/R > 0, . ,
, ,
, (Pe = Pm).
(2.1): , 2.4, , ?
(2.1): , , .

34

2.5

e . 2.5 (Fe >> o),
.
,
.

2.5.

, .

. ,
,
() , ,
. () . () . ,
.
, . .

.
(2.2):
?

2.6

35

(2.2):
. ,
.
. , , .
. , .

2.6
2.6, .
.
B , B .

2.6.

2.6
.
, .
, .

36

, ()
. ,
.
,
.

2.7
, E, 2.7. , . , .
.

. F .
x, Fx.
, .

2.7.

2.8

37

2.8

,
, .
2.8, = r0. 0.
r >1
. ,
x = a, . , x = 0,
. 0 < x < a F .

2.8.

U, E E = U/d, d .
, U = Ed , . D = r0U/d, D = 0U/d.
(2.11), S = ab .

38

We =

1 U a x
1
U x
0
Sd + r 0 Sd =
a
2 d
2
d a

(2.11)

1 U Sd
= 0
[(a x ) + x r ]
2 d a
U, , Fx
Wi = We + Wmeh
( 2.19).
(2.12).

F=

d We
dx

1 U Sd
( r 1)
0
2 d a

(2.12)

F .
,
p = we1 - we2, we1 we2
.
w0 = 10(U/d)2,
wd = 1r0(U/d)2, F
(2.13), Sd = bd = Sd/a
.
2

1 U
Sd
0 ( r 1)
F = (wd w0 )S d =
2 d
a

(2.13)

(2.3):
. Q ,
.
(2.3):
. 1/
. U .
, Ed U,
E=U/d .

2.8

39

, Dd D0 ,

D0 = 0

U
U
, Dd = r 0 .
d
d

G G

= n D .
,
, . ,
,
D, .
2.8, Q x Dd D0,

Q = (a x )b D0 + xb Dd = (a x )b 0
= b 0

U
U
+ xb r 0 =
d
d

U
(a x + x r ) ,
d

C=

Q b 0
(a x + x r ) .
=
U
d

, Wmeh = Fx
, ,
Wmeh = - We.
F = -dWe/dx.
We = 1Q2/C, We = 1CU2.
Q , U ,

F =

dWe
dx

Q2 d 1
.
2 dxC

40

1
Q 2d d

F=
2b 0 d x a x + x r

Q 2d

1
=
( r 1)
2b 0
a x + x r

,
. Q =
CU ,

U2
b 0 0 U 2
( r 1) =
( r 1) Sd
F=
2
2
2 d
d
a ,
(2.12) (2.13).
x,

.
(2.4):
2.8
. E D
?
?
(2.4):
,
r
.
wed = 0rE2/2 r wev = 0E2/2 . wevVv + wedVd, wev wed
, Vv Vd , . , Vv Vd . wev < wed,
. ,
, . Q , ,
E . E,
. We(x),

2.9

We =

41

1 Q2 Q2
d
,
=
2 C
2 (a x + x r )b 0

, Q ,

.

2.9
,
, . . ,
,
. , , .
.
(
).
. , .
.
,
. .

. ,
.

42

2.9.

2.10
o
. , . 2.10 . , , , . ,
.


. .

2.10. .

2.11

43

50 Hz, . , .

2.11
. .
,
.
, 2.11.
(S >> d2), E = U/d [V/m],
U . D [As/m2]
E 0.
.
,
. .
2.11.1 ,
, , E =
U/d. D Q/S. D
E ( ) 0.

E=

U
Q
U
; D = = = 0 E ; Q = 0 ES = 0 S
d
S
d

(2.14)

44

2.11.

C Q U. , .

C=

(2.15)

Q
S
= 0
U
d

we .
,
. we = 0E2. V =
Sd, W =
CU2 = Q2/C.
W e = we d V =
V

( D d E )d V = 2
G

Q
1
1
= Sd 0 E 2 = CU 2 =
2
2
2C

E 2 dV =

(2.16)

2.11

45

2.11.2 ,
2.12, .
.
,
F. ,
x, Fx. , We .
F
,
.
x. ,
.
We ,
.

( )
.
2.12 U
.
, C .
, .
, Q = CU ,
Q.
Wi = UQ, Wmeh = Fx.
, . ,
(2.17).
,
, We = Wmeh = Wi.
2.12, ,
.
, D ,
.
, . , Wmeh = -We. , (2.18).

46

U 2 0S
1
1
We (x ) = S (d - x ) 0 E 2 = CU 2 =
2 d - x
2
2

(2.17)

2
2
1
Q Q d - x
=
We (x ) = S (d - x ) 0 E 2 =
2
2C 2 0 S

(2.18)

2.12. .

2.11.3

. ,
, . 2.12 . Wmeh = Fx
Wmeh = -We, Wmeh
= Wi. ,
x, .

2.11

47

, 2.12
. , (2.19).

Wi = U Q = 0
Wi = Wmeh + We

(2.19)

Wmeh = We

F, (2.20). We x , We/x
We(x) x = x x = 0.

F =

We
x

F =

dWe
d Q2 d - x
Q2
=
=
dx
dx 2 0 S 2S 0

(2.20)

, .
, (2.21).

Wi = U Q;
Wi = Wmeh

CU 2 1
1
= U Q = Wi
We =
2
2 2
+ We Wmeh = Wi We = We

(2.21)

F, (2.22). We x , We/x dWe(x)/dx.

dWe d U 2 0 S U 2 0 S
=
F =+
=
=
dx dx 2 d - x 2 (d - x )2
E2
D2
Q2
0S =
S=
=
2
2 0
2S 0

(2.22)

(2.20) (2.22) , , . ,
, C .
,

48

F =

dWe
d Q2 1
Q2 d 1
=
=

.
dx
dx 2 C
2 dx C

, ,
C .
,

dWe
d U 2
U 2 dC
= + C = +
.
F =+
dx
dx 2
2 dx
(2.5):
(2.20) F
, (2.22)
.
, Q.

? .
(2.5):


.
.
. , . D, E=D/0.
.
2.11.4
,
. , Wmeh , Wmeh =
-We. , Wi
, We = Wmeh = Wi.

2.11

49

2.13.
.
,
,
. We we = 10E2 . . Emax 30 kV/cm.
, , . we .
, We(max) . , , .
, , , .
, , , ,
. ,
. . , , .

2.13. (A),
(),
.

50

(2.6):

. ,
, Em = 30 kV/cm.
(2.6):
. S, d
we(max) = 0 Em2. W = Sd we(max).
(2.7):
f , .
(2.7):
f Psr = f W
= f Sd we(max).
2.11.5
.
. , . . .
.
. ,
.
,
.

-

2.11

51

. 0 =
8,8510-12 10-11, 0 = 410-7 10-6.
wm = 0H2/2 we = 0E2/2.
, . ,
Emax 30 kV/cm 3000 kV/m,
H Hmax Bmax/0
1000 kA/m. . ,
(103-104
) .
2.11.6
, E H. . .

. ,
Wm2.
.
. E H,
.
, , . , . , . ,
. , .

. (
)

52

G
G G D
rot H = J +
,
t

(2.23)

D H. H
, H .
H
.

. ,
, .
, .
,
.
.
( ),

G
G
B
rot E = ,
t

(2.24)

B () ,
E .

2.12


. .
.
.

.
.

2.12

53

2.12.1
2.14 . , , U, . AB l1
U. AB,
U . AB ,
R.

2.14.

, i.
l1 2.14
AB. ,
B. Fm (2.25).

G G
G
Fm = i l1 B

(2.25)

l1 , Fm = l1iB. 2.14, . , v . Fs,

. ,
, v , .
.

54

G
G
G
G
Fs + Fm = 0; Fs = Fm ;

G
G
Fs = Fm = il1B

(2.26)

,
Eind,
.
, e = eAB
(2.27)

G G G
G G
e = l1 Eind = l1 v B

( )

( )(

(2.27)

,
a a e = l1vB. e = eAB ,
2.14.
e = eAB > 0 A
B.
, i = (U - e)/R.
, i(t) I =
(U l1vB)/R. Pi = Ui = ei + Ri2 PAB = ei =
l1vBi, P = Ri2. .
PAB . , Fm Fs,
. , Pmeh = Fmv = l1iBv. Pmeh , U, . Pmeh = Fmv = PAB =
ei = l1vBi, Pi
(2.28).

Pi = Ui = ei + Ri 2 = Fm v + Ri 2 = Pmeh + Ri 2

(2.28)

, ,
. e Pe = e(-i) = -ei < 0. , e , ei = l1vBi, Pmeh = Fmv =
ei. , . (2.29) .

2.12

ei = Fm v

55

(2.29)

, P = Ri2 . , , . , , .
P .
,
. . , , . ,
, , .
R. ,

, , .
,
2.14 , .
2.4 .
2.12.2

,
. ()
2.15. ABCD, DL , B. ,
2.15, .
m m = dm/dt.
m = 0, S = DL .
I.
F1 AB CD . L, F1 = LIB. BC DA, D,
, . m=/2,

56

BC DA ,
, .

2.15.
.

Mem = DF1. m = dm /dt,

(t = 0) Pmeh = Mem m = DLIBm.
Pmeh , I, .

. A1 D1
u = vA1 vD1.
ABCD, u = RI + d/dt,
S R
.
S.
ABCD, ,
.
2.15 1.16, n.
, S m .

2.12

57

2.16. .

2.16, m S.
, .
m, S n1.
, (m) =
msin(m) = msin(mt), m = BS
m=/2. ,
u = RI + mmcos(mt).
, m = 0,
(2.30).

Pi = uI = RI
= RI

+ I m m = RI

+ I m BS = RI

(2.30)

+ I m BS =

+ DLIB m = Pmeh + RI

, ,
.
m = 0,
Mem = mI = Pmeh/m. m, K F1,
2.16, K=(D/2) cosm. Mem
m (2.31)

M em = m I cos m

(2.31)

(2.31)
. 2.15

58

. , .
, 2.15 ,
.
,
.
2.12.3 -
2.15, e1 e2
.
, , .

2.17. .

2.17 ,
A1 D1. S .
S, n
2.15 2.16.
I
(ABCD) n.
m,
2.15 S.
S ,
, . . ,
. -

2.12

59

. 2.17,
.
Req = , e1
. , , A1 D1
, e1 .
,
. ,
.
.

. ,
2.15,
.
e1, (2.32).

e1 =

(2.32)

d
dt

e1 <0,
ABCD. ,
.
, , ,
.
.
Req = , . (Req = 0,
),
. (2.33)

u = Ri e1 = Ri +

d
,
dt

(2.33)

u = 0 R = 0, d/dt = 0.
.
, 2.15, 2.17.
e1 2, -

60

2.15 2.17. e1,

(B) 2.17, (2.32). ,
() (2.34). e2 = +d/dt
- .

e2 = e1 =

d
dt

(2.34)

2.13

.
, .
, ,
. , (a). 2.18.
2.18 , .
() .
,
( ). N , .
,
. HFe = B/Fe, H0 = B/0. , . Ni = H0,
H0 i =
H0 /.
B ,
i = B / ( 0). ,
. -

2.13

61

+lFe, lFe . 1+lFe/ .

lFe>>, . . ,
.
.

2.18. .

. . ,
.
2.13.1

.

62

B(H) .

G G
B
d S = 0

(2.35)

, . . , , . ,
.
. . , ,
( ) .
. N = N. ,
.

.
,
.

(2.36). c S 2.19.

G G
G G
H
dl = J d S
c

(2.36)

2.13

63

2.19. S c.

, , . . , J S, ,
. (2.36) (2.37).

H dl

= I

(2.37)

H B
(2.38).

G G G
B=BH

( )

(2.38)

, . ,
(2.39). 0 =
4107 H/m. , B(H)
.
, .
, B(H) B/H 0.

G
G
G
B = H = 0 r H

(2.39)

64

2.13.2
2.19 . S, c,
B. ,
.
S. ,
, = N,
S.
2.13.3

. B(H) 2.20. B/H = o, ,
Fe B(H)
. B-H
H, ,
B
.

. .

.

. H, , . .
H,
B = FeH B = 0H
.
.

2.13

65

2.20. . , .

2 T,
. H ,
. . ,
, B = 0 H.
2.13.4

.
. H Ni,
N i . Ni/ .
. ,
, ,
, (

66

).
.

2.21. , ,
.

.
B(H) .
. ,
, . ,
.
.
(2.37), H
c, 2.21, Ni. F =
Ni , H
. -

2.13

67

F .
F = Ni H, . 2.21,
F nk,
.
S

. ,
H c Ni .
,

, = BS.
= N .
. S = S0 =
SFe, SBFe = SB0, BFe = B0, B0 BFe . H0 = B0/0, HFe = BFe/Fe = B0/Fe.
(2.40), l , l0 .

H Fel + H 0l0 = Ni

(2.40)

H0 = B0/0 HFe = BFe/ Fe = B0/ Fe

(2.40), (2.41), BFe = B0.

B0

Fe

l+

B0

(2.41)

l0 = Ni = F

= BS, F (2.42).

Ni
l

Fe S

l0
0 S

F
l

Fe S

l0
0 S

F
R

(2.42)

,
2.22, E
. R = F/R

68

i = E/R .
. .
F c. , i = U/R,
= F/R, R
. , Ni . ,
. . , F R
i, U R . (2.42)
" " , .
l,
S R = l/(S).
.
,
, , Rk = lk/(Skk),
(2.43).

lk
k =1 k S k
n

R =

2.22.

(2.43)

2.13

69

S ,
(2.44), c
. S(x) (x)
x,
c, . S(x), (x), x
, S(x) S(x +x), (x) (x +x).
R
x/(S).
, (2.44).
(2.44)
S(x) (x).

R =
c

(2.44)

dx
(x )S (x )

N , = N
. (2.45),

.

N N Ni N 2
L= =
=
=
=
i
i
i R R

N2
k
li

i =1 i S i

(2.45)

2.13.5

wm .
, BH/2.
, , V (2.46) .

G G

1
We = wm d V = H d B d V = BH d V
2

V
V
V

(2.46)

70

dV = Sdl,
S dl
, c.
,
.
,
B /S. ,
(2.46)
. dl, .

We =

1
2

(BH )d V

G G
d
S
BH
d
l
=
H
d
l
=
H dl
2 S c
2 c
2 c

(2.47)

,
c
Ni, (2.48).
.

We =

i 1 2
G G
= Li
H dl =
Ni =

2 c
2
2 2

(2.48)

(2.8):
, 2.21, .
.
(2.8):
, R = l0/(So). L = oSN2/ l0.
2.13.6
. 2.23 , N1 N2.
. -

2.13

71

. , 1,
n1 2.22,
c, n, .
, 1 = N1.
n2
c.
S n, 2
= -N2. ,

.

2.23. .

1 = N1 2 = -N2
, ,
. ,
N1 N2,
1/2 . , .
N1 N2.

72

. , .
, |1 /2|
N1/N2.
k 1. , 1.

2.14
,
.
() . B
.
.
.

2.24. .
, .

2.14.1
.

B = f(H) . B T, 2.24,
B = f(H) .

2.14

73

() T .
. .
pH
B = f(H) . V

WH = V H d B = V S H ,

(2.49)

SH B = f(H) .

PH = f V S H .

(2.50)

pH 1 =

PH
= f SH .
V

(2.51)

SH Hm Bm. BmHm, Bm2,

pH 1 = H 1 f Bm2 .

(2.52)

H H1
,

pH = H f Bm2 .

(2.53)

2.14.2
. . .

74

2.25 B Bm .
C, SC lC.
, RC = lC/( SC ).

e =

d
d
= ( SC Bm sin t ) = SC Bm cos t
dt
dt

(2.54)

2.25. . .

, E Bm
2 f Bm.
, , IC E/RC
2 f Bm/RC. , (2.55), RC IC.

2.14

75

(2.55)

B
2 Bm2
PC ~ R I ~ RC m ~
RC
RC
2
C C

.
(2.56)

pV = V f 2 Bm ,
2

V
.
2.14.3

(2.57). pFe
W/kg. m PFe=pFem.

pFe = pH + pV = H f Bm + V f 2 Bm
2

(2.57)

, pFe , PFe .
2.14.4
. , .
.
, ,
.
.

, . -

76

.
, , . RC
(2.55) .
,
()
,
2.26.
, .

2.26.
.

,
.
, .
.
50 Hz 0,2 mm 0,5 mm.
(, ) , .

2.14

77

, , 1 kHz. (0.05 0.1mm), , , .

. , 50 m.

. .
.
()
, .
2.14.5
2.27, ()
. a , B(t) = Bmsin t, Bm . a l. , c
2x. x a/2, x <<l. 2.27, c
,

= 2 x l Bm sin t .
. ,
2x,

G G
d
e = E dl =
= 2 x l Bm cos t .
t
d
C
, e =
+d/dt e = -d/dt. ,
.
x << l, c , E (2.58).

78

G G
e = E dl = 2 l E ( x ) = 2 x l Bm cos t ,

(2.58)

E ( x) = x Bm cos t

2.27. .

E J = E. , ,

J ( x ) = E ( x) = x Bm cos t.

2.14

79

.
,

J 2 ( x)
P
2
2
= E ( x) =
= ( x Bm cos t ) .
pFe ( x ) =
V

P1Fe alH (2.59).

(2.59)

a
2

P1Fe = pFe (x )dV = 2 H l (x Bm cos t ) dx =

0

a
2
2
2
H l Bm 2 (cos t ) = k a 3 Bm 2
12

k H l,
cos2t, 0,5. (2.59) a.
2.26()
a = A.
,
(2.59) Phom
(2.60).

Phom = k Bm 2 A3
2

(2.60)

N
() a = A/N,
2.26(B). a,

, 2.26 ().
P1Fe, (2.59). N, Plam
A = aN (2.61).
3

P
A
2
2
Plam = N k Bm 2 = k Bm 2 A a 2 = hom2
N
N

(2.61)

80

(2.61) N2
N ,
. , . ,
.
,
a,
.
50 Hz
0,2 mm. , ,
, ,
.
,
,
B . ,

. ,
.
,
, .

2.15
()
. ,
. . .
, . ,
. .

2.15

81

2.15.1
. , ,
.
,
(). ,
.
, . , .
2.28 .

2.28. . ()
. (B) . (C) . (D)
Fem.

82

2.15.2

. m. Mem
, m Pem = Memm. Pem .
.
2.29.

2.29. , .

, ,
. m em.
, (Mem > 0), (, )
, Mm. ,
em>0 , m>0 .
.

d m
= M em M m
dt

(2.62)

.
, .
, em ,
. ,
, Mm
2.29.

2.15

83

em ,
. Pem . , Pem
.
2.15.3
, , , ,
. . ,
().
. , . .
.
, , , .
, . (, ) .
i a N F = Ni.
R
. , .
, .
.
, . 2.30 () .
. . .
, .
.
2.30, (C) . . ,

2.30 (E).

84

2.30. . (A) 2
. (B) .
(C) . (D) . (E) .

,
, .
.
,
.

2.30 , . , .
.

, . H ,
. BFe < 1,7 T
HFe = BFe/Fe 0, ,
.

2.15

85

2.31.

.

2.15.4
,
. , 2.33.
, , . , ,
.
( , ) .
,
, .
, , , . ( ),

. 2.32.

,
.

86

2.32. . (A)
. (B) .
(C) .

2.33, (B) 3 .
(
2.33). ,
, . ,
, .
2.33,
,
.

2.33. .
3

[ = slot (eng.), cava (it.) = tooth (eng.) dente (it.)].

2.15

87

( 2.33). , .
,
2.33 (D)4. (D)
.
, ( F 2.33). ( C ) (D).
.
. .
.
.

. .
N N.
(2.9):

? ?
(2.9):

, . ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
2.15.5
, , , ,
. 4

end turns, eng.

88

2.36 .
,
, .
, . ,
, . , , .

. ,
, ,
.
.
,
. , . .
.
.
,
. .
. ,
HFe . , , 2.34. Ni =
2 Ho.
, , , , ,
.
. .
, , , ,
.

, , .
, -

2.15

89

.
2.34.
, .
. , ( 6 ),
.
( ).

2.34. .

2.15.6
, , . .
, ,
. . . -

90

.
,
PeM = uiM. PeM iM (). , ( , PFeM) ( , PCuM).
Memm.
, PmM.
PmM = Memm - PmM = Mmm . , PeM , PmM , PFeM + PCuM + PmM . = PmM/PeM , .
2.35.

2.35. .

,
.
2.36. PmG,
, , .
2.36,
.
( 2.35),
, Pm -

2.15

91

.
PeG ,
iG.
PmG .
.
PmG PmG
.
PCuG PFeG.

. PeG = uiG,
.

2.36. .

. , , .
, . ,

. ,
. , , , .

.
, -

92

. , ,
,
.

.
,
.
, .

.
,
.
2.15.7
,
5.
0,5 mm ,
.
() .
,
.
Fe>>0, H , je Ho .
H (2.63) .

G G
F = Ni = H d l 2 H 0

(2.63)

Ho (2.63)
, 2.38.

[airgap (eng.) traferro (it.) entrefer (fr.) ]

2.15

93

2.37. . (A) . (B) . (C)

.

2.38. .

Ni = 2 Ho, ,

94

. , . ,
,

0.5 1 mm, .
2.15.8 ,

. . , .

.
.
2.37 2.38.
. ,
.
. /
, / . 2.33
.
, ,
, . 2.39, Wi, Wmeh Wm
, , .
2.13.2 .
( 2.39 ), u Nd/dt = 0, . , , dWmeh = -dWm.
. dx -

2.15

95

dWmeh = Fdx, F
. L(x) .
, R ,
, . dx (2.64),
i .

2.39. ,
. () , = const. (B) , I =
const.

2
2
1
1

= 2 d L = i 2 d L
d Wm = d Li 2 = d
2
2L
2

2L

(2.64)

dWmeh = -dWm,

(2.65).

d Wmeh = F d x = d Wm

(2.65)

1 dL
F = i2
2 dx
( 2.39 B), I. dx, dWi = uIdt,

96

u = d/dt .
(2.66).

d Wi = u I d t = I d

(2.66)

,
(2.67).

1
1
1
1
d Wm = d LI 2 = I 2 d L = I d = d Wi
2
2
2
2

(2.67)

6
dWm = dWmeh = dWi/2.
(2.65),
.
.
, Wm
. ,
, .
H B. Wm , Bmax< (1,7 2) T. , (
2.39) ( ).
,
.

dWm = dWmeh = dWi/2 , , . L(x) x , /i

. , (2.66) (2.67) dWm = dWmeh = dWi/2.
, B(H) .
, , L = /i =
f(x,). ,
.

2.15

97

(2.20) (2.22) , , .
, , .
,

.
, .
. 2.39, Wm(max) . , ,
Wmeh(1) = 2 Wm(max) . () , .
Mem
(2Mem).

.
H
.
. ,
.
Mem m ,
. , , .
(2.10):
, .
(2.10):
. V = LD, D , L . B
.
( ) . -

98

Bmax 1,7 T, B .
1Bmax2/o. Wm(max) 1LD Bmax2/o,
2.

2.16

. ( ),
(),
, .
. ,
, ,
. . 2.40 Pe, Pm, PCu, PFe, Pm Wm.

2.40. .

2.16

99

2.16.1
.
, ,

. , , , , .
,
, , ,
.
, , ,
.
Pe , Pm
( ) ,
PCu, PFe, Pm .

2.40.
? ?
,
. . ,

. ,
, (
, , ).

,
. ,
. , , () . ,
, -

100

, ,
.

, ().
, ,
, . , . ,
.
.
, , , R, L, C, (Ri = u, i = Cdu/dt, u = Ldi/dt).
, ,
RLC ,
.
: ,
, ,
() .
,
, , .

, .
. , .
.
. E = U/d.
, , . -

2.16

101

, dV/dt. ,
, . , , E = U/d (
). ,
, () . , , . , .
, ( dV/dt)
, ,
, E = U/d . ,
.
, . ,
, 10,000 ,
, ,
.
, . U/f ,
(PWM)
.
,
.
, . , , ,
. , , . ,

.

102

:
.
,
( ,
), . ,
.
,
, . . ,
. , ,

, , ,
.
2.16.2
,
. :

.
,
, ,

. uL=L di/dt iC=C
du/dt, . -

2.16

103

p = ui, .

, .
(H2 E2),

.

, .
()

pFe =

PFe
2
2
= pH + pV = H f Bm + V f 2 Bm
m

,

.

.
, (). B/H B/H
. 1,2 T, .
,
- - .
N . .

104

2.16.3
2.41 N ()

.
.
(), (). , .
, . ,
u = Ri + d/dt = 0.
, d/dt = 0,
. ,
(u d/dt).

2.41.

N (). 1 i
, 2 N .

(2.68), u i
.

, , .

2.16

Pe = u j i j = i u,
T

105

(2.68)

j =1

i = [i1 , i2 , ... ii , ... i N 1 , i N ],

T

u = [u1 , u 2 , ... ui , ... u N 1 , u N ].

T

2.16.4
2.19 - - .
, N . (2.69), u
, i , = N . R .

u = Ri +

d
= Ri + eKEMS
dt

(2.69)

2.42. .
, + ,
. eEMS = - d/dt.
- d/dt ,
(B) 2.42.
, (e = +
d/dt), (A) 2.42. eKEMS = + d/dt
- .
(B)
,

. , , , e = d/dt. + , , .

106

2.42. - .

(A) . e = + d/dt,
(u e)/R. , ,
. (A) , .

. , , . ,
,
(e = +/- d/dt).
2.16.5
(2.69). N , k

u k = Rk i k +

d k
,
dt

(2.70)

uk, ik, Rk k , , k- , . k k ,
k- -

2.16

107

. ik
k Lkk. ij j k Lk.
N N .

i = [i1 , i2 , ... ik , ... i N 1 , i N ]

T

(2.71)

u = [u1 , u 2 , ... u k , ... u N 1 , u N ],

T

T = [ 1 , 2 , ... k , ... N 1 , N ],

(2.72)

R1
0

R=0

0
0

R2

0
0

R3
0

0
Rk

0
0
0

0
RN

(2.73)

.
(2.74), N
(2.69).
,

u = R i +

d
.
dt

(2.74)

. k-
, Lkj ,
.

k = L1k i1 + L2 k i2 + ... + Lkk ik + ... + LNk i N

108

,
,
(2.75), , (2.76).

L11
L
21
L= .

Lk 1
LN 1

L12

L1k

L22

.
.

L33
.

.
Lkk

= Li

L1N
.
.

.
LNN

(2.75)

(2.76)

,
.
Lij = Lji, , L = LT.
.
()
(). ,
.
. . 2.6, .
2.16.6
,
. , . 2.43
, .
. .

2.16

109

.
,
,
. ,

. , .
. Lm =LSR = LRS,

. ,
. 2.41, 2x2. LS LR. , , /2.
,

k=

Lm
LS LR

.
N R,
, LS = LR,
Lm = kLS = kLR. k < 1, . ,

LS = LS Lm = (1 k )LS
,
, .
, ,
.
.

110

2.43. .

,
2.43,

S = S + m ,
R = R + m .
(S)
(R)

m = mS + mR .
,

S = N S S = N S m + N S S = N S m + S ,
R = N RR = N Rm + N RR = N Rm + R .
S , R . . -

2.16

111

, .
2.43,

LS =

S
iS

, LR =

R
iR

Lm = LSR = LRS

N S mR N RmS
=
=
iR
iS

. ,
.

LS =
=
LR =
=

N S mS + N S S
iS

N S mS + S
iS

NS
N
LRS + LS = S Lm + LS ,
NR
NR
N RmR + N RR
iR

N RmR + R
iR

NR
N
LSR + LR = R Lm + LR .
NS
NS

,
.
.
, () , ,

LS = Lm + LS ,
LR = Lm + LR .

112

2.16.7
. ,
.
,
.

G G
wm = HdB .

, , = B/H =
const, wm = BH = H2.
wm . . , ,
L1i12 + L2i22 + L12 i1 i2.
,
. ( BH) dV. dV = dS dx,
( BH) dS dx = (B dS)
(H dx). (B dS) ,
(H dx) , . ,
i Li2.
N ,

G G
1 N N
Wm = wm dV = HdB dV = Lij ii i j .
2 i=1 j =1
V
V
, Lii . Lij .

i = [i1 , i2 , ... ik , ... i N 1 , i N ],

T

T = [ 1 , 2 , ... k , ... N 1 , N ].

2.16

113

(2.77), L .

1 T
Wm = i Li
2

(2.77)

(2.11):
L1 L2.
(L1L2)0,5 ?
(2.11):
L12= k(L1L2)0,5, k
. 1,
,
.
1, (L1L2)0,5.
(2.12):

2Wm = L jk i j ik
j

? .
(2.12):
. ,
2Wm = L1 i12+L2 i22+2 L12 i1 i2= L1 i12+L2 i22+2 k(L1L2)0,5 i1 i2. a =
(L1)0,5 i1 b = (L2)0,5 i2, 2Wm = a2+ b2+ 2kab.
. ,
, 2Wm 0 k = 1,
k < 1. k = 1, 2Wm
= (a+b)2, .
2.16.8
N
,
.
pk = ukik

114

pe = uk ik = i u = u i .
T

(2.78)

, 2.74,
, .

d
d
T
T
(L i ) =
pe = i R i +
= i R i +
dt
dt

di
T
T dL
T
i+i L
=i R i+i
dt
dt

(2.79)

, .
Rk, ik,
Rkik2. N

pCu = Rk ik2 = i R i
T

(2.80)

R NxN,
, .
.
(2.77), (2.81).

p wm =

d Wm
d 1 T
=
i Li =
dt
dt 2

1 di
=
2 dt

(2.81)

1
d L 1 T di
Li + i T
i + i L

2 dt 2
dt

pwm .
(2.81) , .
.
( , 1x1) s =
sT, (Ljk = Lkj, L = LT),

2.16

d iT

dt

d iT

Li =

d t

115

di
di
Li = iT LT = iT L .

dt
dt

(2.81), (2.82).
(2.82)

1 TdL
T di
pwm = i
i + i L
2 dt
dt

(2.82) . . .
, . i (2.82) .
,
.
,

.
pwm pe , pCu
, pC . ( 2.33),
. ( 2.34), .

pC = pe pCu pwm
(2.79), (2.80) (2.82),

di
T
T dL
T
T
pC = i R i + i
i+i L
i Ri
dt
dt

1 TdL
T d i
i
i + i L .
d t
2 dt

116

pC =

1 T dL
i
i.
2 dt

(2.83)

, .
. , m m = dm/dt,
(2.84),

1 T dL
1 T d L dm m T d L
pC = i
i= i
i
=
i
i.
2 dt
2 dm
dt
2
dm

(2.84)

(2.84) m.
, . ,
pC (),
( ). , ,
. , 2.34, ,
, .
2.16.9

. m
m. N
, .
, L
.

m =

dm
,
dt

2.16

117

L = f1 (t ) = f 2 ( m ) .
. . Mem, -Mem,
. ,
. Mem .
, Mem ,
m, pC = Memm .
, Mem , .
, Mem
, pC = Memm .
. , Mem , .
.
, (2.84)

1 T dL
pC = m i
i = M em m ,
2 dm
Mem , (2.85) .

1 T dL
M em = i
i
2 dm

(2.85)

N . .
(2.67), ,
,

d Wm = d Wmeh = M em d m ,

118

M em =

d Wm
.
d m

(2.77),

M em =

d 1 T
i Li .
dm 2

, .
m.

1 T dL
M em = i
i
2 dm
m. , .
.
N ,
(2.86).

M em =

d L jk
1 N N
ik i j

2 k =1 j =1
dm

(2.86)

(2.13):
O
.
(2.13):
, m
. m =0, .
,
. , m =0. ,
/2 /2-m.

2.16

119

,
cosm, , LSR = Lm cosm.
(2.14):
.
(2.14):

. , ,
,
.
. ,
, . ,
,
m.
2.16.10
, .

( ). ,
, . ,
.
, ,
. ,
Mem.
. Mem.
,
.
Mm, Mem . , pm = Mmm 2.42.

120

2.42
.

2.16.11
, , , .
(2.42). . , , kF m,

pm = k F m2

(2.87)

. , ,
.
, 2.42,
, .
.
m.

2.16

121

pFe = kV m2 .
,

M Fe =

pFe
= kV m .
m

pm = kF m2, 7.
, . ,

pm = k F m3 .

2.16.12
J.
, R m, J = mR2/2. J m WmehA = Jm2. , d(WmehA)/dt = Jm dm/dt. ,
, , , ( ). 7

pFe
, . ,
pFe MFe . MFe
. MFe ,
, . , , pFe
. .
, ,

. .

122

, Mm, ,
Mem , pC, Mem =
pC/m .
, 2.42, .
- ,

pm = M m m .

WmahA =

1 2
Jm ,
2

d WmahA
dt

= Jm

d m
.
dt

(2.88)

pC,
(2.87),
( (2.88)), (
) (2.89).

pc = m M em =

d WmahA
dt

+ pm + pm ,

(2.89)

d m
+ k F m2 + M m m ,
dt
d m
pm = pc Jm
k F m2
dt
pc = Jm

2.16.13
(2.89) ,
(2.90), Mm,
.

2.16

M m = M em J

d m
k F m
dt

123

(2.90)

, Mm
. , Mm
. 2.43.

d m
= M em M m k F m ,
dt

(2.91)

. .
, Mem
Mm . , Mem > Mm, . , . , Mem
.

d m
= 0, M em = M m + k F m .
dt

2.43. .

2.43 Mem Mm .
.
, , . ,
Mem , Mm . , Mm
. ,
Mem Mm

124

. ,
2.43, Mem >0, Mm >0, Mem
<0, Mm <0. , MG = -Mem,
.

,
, ,
. , , , . ,
.
2.16.14
2.44 N , , .
.
, 8 ,

T

pe = i u .
.
T

pCu = i R i =

R i

2
k k

pwm =

d Wm 1 d T
i Li .
=
dt
2 dt

, pFe = H B 2 f + V B 2 f 2 , .

2.16

Pc =

125

1 T dL
i
i
2 dt

p wk =

d Wk 1 d
=
Jm2 .
dt 2 dt

2.44. .

pm = k F m2 .
, 8 , ,

pm = M m m .

,
, .