ON I'HE COMPARATIYE STADY OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR EARLIEST VISIBILITY OF THE CRESCENT MOON AND THEIR MODIFICATION

Cdndidare:

M UI IA MMA D SITA H ID QURESH

lo

SupeNisor (D..) N.sidddh Khan

Prcfesso.. Depadmenr ofMarlEma cs Unive$ity of Karachi

Prcscntcd in

prrtiatfulfitme ofrhe

Ar Insliruk ofSpae &

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ptder&, Aslrophysics

requircments for rle deerce

unlversity of Kamchi, Kamchi

September, 2007

CIiII-TIFICA'TE
welcc.pllhe lhcsh
cortunrjns to the rcq0iEd $afttnrd

as

CERTIFICATE

c.

incd thn th. ..ndidltc hr! @mplcr.d $c rh. T undr ny supervision

a-w"*
,/U*sql

.',.hs la' t r- aanh,d$

,{' \4{t
6{"
iii

Ur/

The

md

tnU'onaneofAltah

3}.'d/tul

ard t to rno8t D3''cficent

Dedicated to my late mother

Anwer Sultana
whose patient struggle in life and passion for mathematics motivated me to study

I am d.cply graleful to Prolcssor Dr. Nasituddin Kndn, my SrDervisol aor his patience.

inkluble sriNlla(on
*hen I

and counlloss sugg6tions dsht from the bcSinning rill rhG poirrt

.n

ablc ro complerc lhis $ork.

I sould ole lile lo

expess Dy CFlilude for tne valuble suSgestions polided by Prcfessor Dr. Roshid Kadal Ansli of IcdeEl Urdu UniveBily. Karachi_ in rhe bcginnnrs
ol tlis prcjed My spccial

$hks

for Prcfcssor Dr. Mtrhamn)ad Ayub Khar you$rlzai

ol

Urne6nj ofKonchi$no Emincd a nofiaror tor mc nbuglour rhis \ork I mus,tso suhnrit nry hunblc tanks lo Prolcser Dr. Muhannad ltoys of rjnilcGny of Kuata
l-!mpur. Maliysia, Dr Abdul Haq Suhan ol Univeriry of Sanaa,yenren
cnconmAcment during

$is sort. lhanls !E ats due

uorh

aor

Mr MulNflrnrad

tor reir kind shotrl Odch

nriNgilg m,

n nleins rhc wcbsllc NN\.icoon)ior! dnd Mr (hitid shorkor

\\\rr!r!]N4lt!!!!.9r1!rr.
prpeu aDd.laln lbr rhn

\orl

"ohsitc lo hrve b..o posibt. l_asr

lhc*

rcnraincd

! eurcc

ot infomllliotr. rcscd'lh

nor rhc leasr; I subnjn

stccral rhdnlis

llr

Dr Shlbbir Ahs.n

oi

Lahorc Universny

of M.meeNnr

Scienccs

$hoe {aluablc nrge$iions helped

nre in cdnins rhn dissedation.

I sish b cxtcnd my sirrccrc thanks to lhc University of Knrachi. i! pirticutar ns vicc chrncll . Prolcs$lpr Pecuda Qasinr Rm. lor rhc consislcnl DoRI suppon tor rho

My sife. cbildo. and in-laws enained under lols of prcsure durine lhis proloneed periodofny\ort lor shich no gralirude nay bc enough.

MSQ

Abstract
The pmbl.m of

delemining ftc day when Uc nev tunar crcs.nl

can be

3en ti6t

ar an, site of observarion

phenon.non
lunar calcnd.i. In

hs

ImniB imFnel

Efrained an opch pobtem since andquirr, The for beeioing ! luw mon$ in a puEly ob*rvariomt
the asrrcnomicat pdamercn relare.i

li.

n6! chapler
a

lolheprobtcnr

are

briefdcsriplion oasme rules oafitrnb arribut.d ro rhc ancicnr and lhe nr!ie!.1 nodets lhc afecrs ot geognphical loc.rion on rhc problcr orc aho dcscribed. A brief Evierv ofc.tendaB lnd.ssociared celestiat cycles h atso pescnled $nh splri.l chphasis on |hc rulcs enurcjarot for Islamic ob*rarionat lu.arcalcnd,r a

!.!ieRtd alohe si$

.{rlr

as lo'r cemu, AD. ln lhe end of the

.strcnoncrs of 2orr'

ch.prf Eviov or rhe conlrib[ion of thc cenrurr is pesentcd $al b.8im rvirh thc etoFical toodct or

Solvins

fte pnblm ol lhe ti6l visibilny

trsc

oa lbe n.$. lumr crcsccnr inlolvcs

ofatt ctcFenrary !slrononjic0t rechniqucs. A tovi.w ot n e tcchniq,es and algorilhms is pEsc .d in rhc *cond chlpr. Sp$i.l emphNis is Ailrn lo r|r dekminarion oa linr of oriunclion of Moon sirh rhe SuD. i c binh of nc*
Moon. rh. risinsand seu'hgol thr Smnnd rhe M@n_ posnionsofrhc sun,nd thc Moor ar 2n! tnrc on rhc rc day aftc. conjL .rion .t.tc ch.prr cnds rith a brict

lenedy colcrlations and thc

dll or

dsscrption of the .ompurer prosranr Hitotot dsvebp.d r'.r compftrioN done ir rhis \ort A n$v posam is deEloped in ordq lo prcdnce the dala Fquied aor rhis \ol[

$ar is Cencrally.or avlitabte troh orher sotlwarc lhat aheadycxrsr

fic lhnd chaprr eiptores rhe ancienr dnd the Drdielal hlrbeoaricat hodets follo\d b, rhe dcscriprion ol. narh.natical trploEion of oedieval Mutim Aslomn6. Condricat considehions asiaGd
crncrion.

ShniDg

$ilh simtl Ulbytonian

wilh the prcblen are.xplorcd in nrore dclaitin oder ro evalu0le the Lunlr Ripencss Las o.0 sMcess, suggc$ed in lhc medieval e6. Son nodincado.s to rh la$ aru ate 'ls suggesled Thc shoncominss of the ripenc$ lav a,c then di*ussd and lieht is shcd oD rhe Easns rhat lead ro lhe dcvelopnent of ARCV-DAZ ,.trrion b4d nodels b, the

cdly 2di cenlury astononeB. Thc

simpk Babylonian

significanr findin8

of the

chaprer

h $al

borh lhc

c ldion

and rhe Lunar RipeNss IEw a! morc successfutin tcrms

of

thcn co.sistnct Nnh rn. posirile sghrings dords in comparison ddllopcd in

th

b fie hodeh

fiBr haliof2(]ucenrury Ascroa46Sobsonationsisuscdforleslinslll

since thc

modcls in thil

{ork. nr.r incldc obseNations collccted

latcrhrlaof l9'i cemtry

ln conparison lo lh. empnical odcls

nrd to

prcdicr lhe visibilil) of lhe nc$

lu.

cr*enl iill rhe lid balfot $e l$ndelh cnlur)- lhe 6od.ls dcleloped on rhe b6is of phFical rheoriN of sl! brighhess and extincrion trc cxPloEd nr thc lol'nh .[dfl*. i he* models incl"de l[o$ d.ralotrd by Bun aM sclDrftr scpamLl]. Btoin

bed

his mddrl on lhe rveige briehhcss of lhc

lull

Mdon and lhe

lriligh

slv.

Schacfeis model calculales th. octual

lin

ins mdgnitud. oaihc skj and $c ntgnnud.

of rhc cftsdrl

vkibilitt cldinr on rh. bnsis ol nugnirrd. coniGt and rs difte{nr ir nrtuLc tio$ allother nodeh An.ra bdel deeriprion of Bruin s modcl ihe
tcsls a

id

scmi-cnrpiricrLnDdel

olYillot

is discu$ed in d{(.i1. Nhich isconsiderud to be

rlt

nDn

Nnrflchcnsi\c !trd aldrcnlic nrodcl. Y{llop dcducdd his busic d.h lrotrr lr ns \isibilnJ curvcs. On nre brsis of Schadfcas tcchliqocs qc hd\c rlconsLruorcd Inui s model rnd pruduccd lcw visibililt crNes Md. ncs scmi-enrpnicll nodel lbr rhe
\isibilnJ oanc$ llnar crcscenl fte delclopNcnl ofllris n.w nrodel is
one

oith( Naior

{chicve.nEoflhis$ort.AllIhemodelsarclestddnthssamcdaldselasisusedinrhe

qorl is found lo be rhe bcst aDonssl !rc\ious chaplcr lhc nc$ nrodcldc\cloPLd in lhis rlB nlodcflr dr) dels in rcnrs olils cdnsnlcnct Nilh lh. nunrb.r olposirilc sishrinSs in lhc d asduscd A compali$n ofsuccess oaqch nodcl h aho disNsed in tlns

$c founn chapler a emtce} is iEmed b *di dle tulhcnticirt of a claim of siehlins or ne\ cte$e on lhe bsis of a rmi_enpnical modcl and th' -fhe sisnific.nce of such a stats) hN bcn highlignred 4s Nasnitudc conlras oodel Al $e
end of

rherc

ae

found d nuob.r of authenric ne\r

cG$c
a

risibihv claims thlt are

nol

coosisienr wnh a

*ni-cmpilical nodel tn lhcse ces

semi'copnical nodel des not

allow visibilil, ofthe

bl. i.to considcnrion lhc elsvation of lhc sne of obseoation abole sed levsl md dr wcarher conditions t-he
ofvisibility.
modcl

cltsm wilnoul oprical This happens s aeminpirical

aid bu rhe magnitude conkasr is in f.vour

dcs

nor

maSn'lud. contBl model consided all lhese facto6.

Dcyond $eorctical considerarions a na$ematical model should possess poucr oa

appliabilily. The prine applidion of

location

rhc mathemaical nodels

cxplo&{. anatysed an,l

develoFd in this $ork is lo dermin rhc adiesr visibihy ota ncN lunn cft*cniar

8J

oflhc {orld

and lo

lerify

chim ofcre$on lhibiliry. Ap.n froh $is prirlc

applietion in the

fiih

chafler rhc sedi+mpi.ical modch arc applicd

devetop a

hchnique for cilculdring the leneti oan$v obsc(d

lun

cascent. The phenom..on

of
of

shonentu! otcrcscent lengrh is lino"n for centuries ond drrinS 20ri cenl!try a nrnrbc!

4!$ns hale b(tn suSgcscd lor $e eme. Ilo\rer. our sugg.srd rNhnique is rhc tld ofilsn rc ihr pdvid. a simplc com brionili@lforcrlculatirglensrholob*ncd
.Nsccnl. Mooover. lhc *-nlichpincdl nlodch are nlso rfplicd

r. lcril}

thc act(dl

p@ti$'l obsen.t,onal lun.r cdendar i,r Paki$an for lhe

and thc

lasr sc\cn

)c

s. rhc nDdcls

tnctis.d calcndar aN found to bc in asEemcnr in 95% oi$e ncs mooff duling thc pciod of srudy. Morivaled by rhis hish rare of consh(cncl rve hrvc pNscntc(t a
''PEdicted Obscn arioml Lunar

C.leod.i forPakisan.

A sumntr' ofrhis Nhole.flon h preseired in lhe lasr ch.prcr.

issues aE hiehliSlt

v.nols ihpoarrr
arcd

d $nh a di$ussion on rh. aurur.

scope

of Esearch nr the

,i tu, L Lfz/& L J \ rE -, p p,f.,/- 6 e.t ) r-l f-.g tetL 4 6)er. ( F,J) i\v1,r' 4. ?rr' 64 i, t ) :i v i v L L./t1,' (t t)I!,y.- gl = 4. 6
LX

(-

r,r"

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a t, r e. u

i. z-tLl- ct g a't;' lo j 161 u ! r' 6,V. -[]c|

"J

t"

d,j' lr )'a t )' a.'.f4)!,J. +WJ*

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.

;" iv t " r,.{(" F\t) it4vJ r.l

!'i'; 14

r't

J'V't

-V- v J-) 3 v { L,U{,L,' t',} i L J t,l/ z'et tt' - wt f-,ft,' -rS1 Aa4- cl )t* V:. vf i A'!-$ .,,'.,r:Lt' 5 A 4J', l-f'a le'' ra'Ya -'{,{,k L ;v'tt,,,L,f e :,,4 L,tt tu, L,f,,t -,),t *L t ts,, 'l
|
t

J,t' r',/ h I
'or

t4")trLiq,/t !)()-lvtQ.? d6'{p t ri. +6/,* !. 1 4. +W e c t L - u.t t) v /' r-- {,' f-,. E,e * ll I L {, * r! i{,! 4 ..- );t,- 7 ",t
a
r

ilf'LLf'
,

c)'i

4t ?'(

JW

,),.t

OS
t

it+Vr{-

( ),1 -t z-r z,lizt ", J,t ] t' - tfu O.L,.l' q' )a L,.a. +f- t@I., t

-t

- iJr,,'v

J!t

t,'1:r;i

rU,f f-

r' j-.-yry

-ftE)6t2!-96-tt
1
d,J,

G"p1c'st a x

( t)Vhftnt tunar Ripeness

ef r, 6

Laffi /:t g a,"'.,1,f'S'.,st--tr-

'9,!,r

!lr-t'

:4ttr h ct ?, L

t ) ),Ji;.r [ 6,",t- r-.t

t

'U't
1
Z.

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J'* ) rV, it'ts" affi {1V l,ilr 1tt',, L r t,t'. et c =V J-,. t.r L I 16 ) &.4 E q
|

"'

Jth

a)-Ii)+

L 6.a,t,<
1,,1

iQ,f-- d,Jr ;- *,.r,,t ,tc,tui ;"tLi..+fu&

=,1,'

f1,!,+,L J+A)1 (y ) 6,, i? i,J + v L r l t,F- /" )

p?,:b

!J

*fu !xJf+:V.{-$

{,u;,t,t L |.s,cnaeter:lf E,!J "'-,-f',t4'tovi L lL/i<-G', t,t JeF it L=V i zV pV'!J iL 4r!,t i'/- t'L J'\ r" L4.r2 (4 "r,t " (L<y ano .l V,tLt)r. l'L L lL e;.,.,ri -p.- u il J
r1,r.
q

;9,f,t,,! i-st-

" "E

11 t!>tt t.,L c|u,e,,t,t 6,t,,,{ L l+t L.a)! i,t,,r { d' t At a : i L /}- }/l9_ tL j"<,V[ 4{ E (r;,tL1\,J, .+Jt ritt:,tJt-Ai. J !-,udJt.,J/ $ ;u-' g4vLu Lg {)*,,J..t } :f/,t }4a-,.fv ,-.r r f - u t4 aL,' + -. {L l1Lt, LV 1 tfi" s r,,L 6 jlt t e ?V ,'t.{1tr l,.t LvL.;p-,';,! -,4v,1,4, 4,tr. : t,g, 4,,,,v
.8-

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t

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4

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f:

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t',!, aa 1 v : ;,&,

N lt J'C,,t djt
I

fut'.r'+yr,,fuov - - j,,,,,':I j4y.q,,,,y. ;t

q)a
vf Ll

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jy;
},,

l$

f_

{U.,J,. c,,/+v, ri)

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V
tt

72' A ety

{ d-- w L,t a,,} t LJ 4r1)l!1- "

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twp ? d,!ftF, r- t;4otqtl & tttt i = 7 d,S' t/a,.,, F{,-F-a o t,p.a z-''+, -at
",!

CONTENTS

Urdu R.ndenng of Abslracl

Introduction

Ll L2 t.l 1.4 L5
2.

P@nd.6

for visibiliry

olNry

Lumr
calion

Cr$chr

sienillcmce o| ceogdphical
Tbe Rut.s oaThunb: The

Ani.m & fi. Medievrl

l0

Crl.ndas

and CelesdalCycles

tl
Aslro.on6
20 24
25

condbution oflh zod cotury

Astronomicsl Algorithms & Techniqucs

2.1

2.2

Dyne

cs

ofMmn ed

|he Eanh

l0 4i

2,t
Coordindtes of rhe M@n

2,5

5l
55

2.6
2.1 2.8 2,9

58

Caenl visibihy Pard.ic'! Thc Softve Hiblol.qpp

Nes Lu@

63

3.

Ancicnt, Mcdicv{l & Etrly 20$ Ccntury Modcls

15
76 82

| 3.2 l.l 1.4 1.5

l.

'ftc ltabylonian Crilcri!

Some Sphncd Trigonomebc Consi.lcations

Thc

Lud

Ripehess I,3w md ils

Modiicdlion
t03
122

Ehpidcal Models of Edly

2d

CenNry

ConposonahdDiscussion

Phyaic.l Modala & their Evolution

125 t27

4.1 4.2 4,1 44

Bruid

s Physical

Model

Y.llopl

sinslc Pamel.r Mo.lel

l3?
ta6

Srch.f.ls Umitiog Magritudc Mo&l A Nry Crirrion For vilibility of Nry

Luc cEsdt

tt9
t67

5.

Applicrtion

t'|2 Cd!c.

5.1 5-2
6.

Ln$h of

Ob6.ri{tional L|lM C.lctrdrn of Pakkur

l7l l9l
t9E

Dircusion
Th. sonwm Th.

Hihlol.cpp

205

PhysiolModcls Lwcd.nd.r2000'20{t Futurccalendar2ooE-2ol0

fte Anci.nl Med'.valrnd E dy 2of 'enluo

Models 2ll
24!
255
264

21t

Chapter No.
INTRODUCTION

Slnce rhe anclent ttmes rh. 6preaEn@ ot nw tunar cr6cent marked lhe

beginningofa new monlh. With the dvotopment ot ctv zarions org.ntrtng lme tor e(ended pe ods lnto weeks, months snd teaE, the tlnar phase cyctes tead to tho

evolutio. ot calendaB. lh6refore the pobtem ot dotermining the day of tiFt sEhtingol nw crescent moon arlbcted hlman betngr tt Invotves con stderatio n or
a nuhber of astronomlcat es wett as other facto6. On the orher hand th6 probtem ol obserylng the new tunar cres.6nt at an eaniesr posstbte momenl ts chalenging for bolh amateuE and professtonat .5tonome6. Th6 .st,onomtcat paEmetets on whlch thesolution olthlsprobtem ts bas6d are b eflydtscussed in the ftsl .iicte ot

The circudstarces and parameteE assciated with th problem of sighting new runar cresce.t Sreatty vrry wirh th v.rytng post o. or obseder on rhe globe. The atfecls ot the geographicat tocation on the probtem ls briefiy discussed in rhe next 6rtlcle. Atempts to determlne crle a tor the delermintngthe flrst ltslbitity ot
new runar c@scenr

ai..y

ptac rpp.ared as any as the Babytonian ers (Faroohier

al, 1999, Bruin, 197?, tty.s, 19946). Signncanr adrances were made by Mustims and AEbs during medlevgt perlod. A brtl nccount ot thes6 ancient aid medieval
effons b discu$ed ln

thtd.dtcte ofthts chapter.

Srnce anliqolty changing phas6 o, the Moon and a comptete cyct or rhese

vrriallorc has been ured a3 meansot kptnEaccount ofcatendaG. |yas hasgiven a delailed accounr of the history of ihe scince of lunar crescent vlstblity and the

lslahic Calenda. (rryas, 1994.), Dogger h6 di$ussed lhe history and rhe deveropn. of calenda6 (ooget,1992), Fetngold &orshowitz hav. presenred a
(omparEllvesludy or morethan rwnry catendaG or vsrtous (ypes both sncien, a;d

otorhor rutnors navo contrtbur.d on rcraid tssle. (atr.3hk, 1993, y.s, 1997, Odeh, 2oo4 etc.). A. ,ghr from rhe beginnlng the c6tenda6 rE 6s$ctated wirh th. cycts ot rh heavens, rhe eme .re Evi*ed atongvilh tno a$ociated catendaB in the nen anbb oi thts chapter
wlth speclal emphasts on the tst.mic Lunar catendai Durlng the modrn

moden (Reingold & Dschowttz,

2OO1). A numbor

rims tt wa3 onty in rhe tasl quaner of the 19rh century

lh.l

weslem askorom66 stangd erpto,ing the pbblem of ea l6sr sigh trg o, new lunar the tast antcte is a bnot luruoy of lrorature that delcribed and 'oscent. ttweropod vaious c,ire.t. o, models for lhe $tulto. ot probtm ot d.t.rmining th day or lh fl6t vlslblltty ot tun.r crescont at any ptac on th6 Elobe du nE 2olh

Ll

PARAMETERS FOR VISIlIILITY OF NEW LUNAR CRf,SCDNT

The Moon. the ody natunt sateuirc oflhe Eanh. is eoiog ound lhe [anh orbit thot is a hiShly iftgrlar ellipe Thc i resutariries in lhe pd$ of rhe M@n

an

a duc lo

llrc

facl Et

its norion is govemed by not onty tbe

gEln

ional

pu

oflhe Eanh. bur is

also aaf.clcd by toan)

of

rhe ncishholiing cetestial objecN (Danby, 1992).

\\,nh

fron lhc Sun, thc e,Iecioa $e Sun,s gnvnodonat pull v,rics srbstmti ly snh rheElarile posnionsofthe Eanh and the Moon. Moreov.!,lhe afcors
orthe confisur.lion oflheshole Sotrsrslem (losirions ofa| lhe major ptMcrs a.d $c major ar.rcid9 on rhc morion oflhe Moon is oor nesligibte, Thus, accoding ro rhc ''Eplremirids Lun,irs Prisiemcs,, popularly tnoh d Chapont,s tuM tho,y ELp,
2000/82 (Chapronl-Touze & Chapronr. t 983, Cluprcnr-Touzc & Chaprcnt, t99l), tor lhe b.sl possible plecision iD te lonSirude, hdnde md lhe disrance (bclsen lhc Mon and the Eonh), dere aE equired as nany as 15i227 priodic rrms. On lbe othf hand, for dcteminhg 6e position ofrhe Sun b r simile d.8E of acc@cy one 2,425 ,Variarions periodic rems in vicw olrhe S.culairs des Orbnes plandaiet, rhe Fiench pr.netary thory lnoM as VSOP87 (B&raSnon & Fl!Bo!, t988, Meus' 1998). The

Hadh s varying dhr&ce

rqdB

accurat dterni.alio. of lhc posiiiom of the

Su dd tl'e

Moon is tbe

fisl

slep towards

explorins |he circunsr.ee of rlE vGibihy of ihc

!a lud .esnt,
M@n

Handling sdh a

laqe hnmber of pdiodi. terms mak6 this fiEt slep very ciucial. The lest of the sludy
dep.nds on th. Elativc
thc aunsel for

pcitio$ of

lhe

Ss

and thc

ed

rhe

hod&i at md aner

a.y place on the &nh.

These theoris detemio. lhe

c.l$i.l

ecliptic coodiiates of the sold sy$en

obj*|' fid dc b6ed

on sphencal polar c@rdinats. The fig

Ll.l
i.

sho\s the spheiical

pol.r coordiMle sys&n, The origin of lh. syslen O is nher lhe ccntrt of lh E nh ot

olsliptic, iound the Su, The x-dis poin6 in the diEtion ol

lhat ofthe Sun. The xy'plane

the plane

the plane

shich the

horbi6

the vcmal Equimr

which is the

poinr of intersection of the Ecliptic (palh of rhe Eanh arcund rhe Sun) and lhd celesrial
equaror (rvhos

plde coimides wnh

tp. 0. 0)

rhe pl.ne oa rhc

lereslrial equalor). P is $e objsl

llhc Moon in gcocemric sysem or thc Earth in llelioccn(ric sy(em) $hosc stheical
porq

@dimrs
ollhe

p=

lo4.

0=

4oP 6d e-zzo?.\i\ee P ist\.

ollhe objccl on ro the xy-phne. In the celestial ecliptic cmdinaB the cetesial loicitudc I = o dd rhe cel.$ial l6(ludeP= 9f - el= zPoP ). whcn fie hcli@enilic eclipric coordinates ofthe E nh aa elaluared usins VSoP ft.y aE $en tdslomed inlo lh gc@nric eliplic coodimles of lhe Sun The corjuncdon or $e Bidh ofNe\ Men occu6 wben }{1 = Is.
prcjccrion position P

Fig.

No I I I

SuDpoe

('-.r",/.)!d (.,,r",t) E

thc

p6isc

dist nc6,

etipri. tonSnld.

..d

Oc

hnud. of lhc Moon .nd

rh. d.y of @njucrion. For

Sltr Bperiv.ty, Ff.Gd ro fi. nsr cquircx ol .ny t@tor on th. Esnh wnh Gcri.l eotdimrcs. I rh.

rt

rcGrdal lonsiud. ot rh. d@ .d t is rh. Lcid.l tlrirud., thc ti6t scD i. de d.rcmimtion of dc visibihy ot ft. nd t!@ cE$.ni is ro d.r.diF rh. aclut dyMicrl tin (TD oi rD T., of rlE @njwtion. N.xt, om Eqdc coBidcrine rh. la.!l tima ofslrdns ofrt. Su {d rlE M@n. IfT, lrd Tm (CoordiDr.d Urivcdt Tin.

rinB of rh. lcat sunsa ud rhc hooEt, ihcn d. visiblc only ilT, < To, This La4 to lh. p.md.r LAG - Tr Tr. TUC) bc lhe
Using th. cclipric c@rdiNl6 ot |he sun

i*

G$cnr h.y b.

6d

thc

Mon drt.ut.l.d for rh.

1..

o,

dy

orho noD.ni of tiD., Oc

bc

cqq|oi.t @rdin c! of rh. |m bodiB (a.,4)!nd

rhc nght

(a..t,) cd

oh.ircd. Vhcdd.

aeBion k $c

djspt@mcnr

of$. objer
js

fbm wdal .qdnox .long lh. cctcsli.t cqu|or (in $. q. qudtut s I ). md d delin.rion or rhe displ.ccftnl of$. obj.cl fbm dc pt.E or ue.qullor t c.l

$c

lour

Aigl. tf is rh.i oblaircd fon Oc dilT.Ene of thc leEt Sid.c.t Tin. (r_SD and rh ishr e.6iotr. This liMuy gies ihc leat horianr.t c@diiat s, dimuft (,r). rhc displ&.md ol rhe objer fbi rhc diEcdon of lh. Nonh rowrds E 5r ,tong $. hodenlal in l@l sty .nd rlE ald|ud. (r), rh. hciehr or rh. objer lbov hori&o. Aftcr .djustus for $. cf@rioi ed $. h.ishr of rh. obencr's to..rion .bovc s.. trycl rhc
ropo..nric c@rdiiaks (,4., rr ).nd (,{, .}. ) of lhe M@n
and

de sun, 6!..rivty aE

lo almosr all rhc nod.ls

fo..&lid

hoo!-nddng, rh. mj.nt

s rcll .s lh.
.id
thrt

mod.m, th. difieE@ ofeinurlrs (D,,tz = l!r.

- /r.l. can.d rlodvc

szimurh)

ot

rltiluda (ARcv

$ rhoM in rhc fig 1t.2, at th. rin. of lc.l su@t T, Th. e of vkion is ale l.m.d s F of d.fft$ion. TIF tig, |.t.2 de show rhc *pa{ion bctwn ln. Sun lnd rh. M@ that is tsM !s 0E .rc of tilnl abbrtviacd s ARCL .rd is .ls tioM $ .tong$ion.
c.llcd of vision)

- ,- -/'.,

Ap&1

lor nnien
other

Elni* &idrh, rlE e ofvision !d tn. e oflighq dE dirc.it visibility of luE d.gnr rauircr ro aat it|ro @mid.6iion a @dba of
rh.

frh

pm$rd. On. e.h p@ntq

ihe As. ofthe Moon (AcE) =

Tt
or

To d.ffned

th tine elaps.d sine th la.t onjuncli@ rill rh. doc

of(rlE sn!.r

tlE any orhd

Cres.r (w) thti depIds on rhc digre of$e Moor. As dE din@ of 6. Moon frm rhe 2trt veies 6on &@.d 0.14 nillion km to a@nd 0.4 nillid tD ln. Fni{i.rr.d of rhe luw
disc

rclevut tioe) obsvltion Arbrhe inponDt lir.ror is dE Widft of

vri6

liom I t

ninutF io | 65

minur6.

Fig I L2

Ihun if rhc M@n ir dGc$ to in anh.r th. rirc of obs{tion rne c|ts@i would b wid.g lnd th6 bndttrd Winh of tlE qtsfl i! di.6tly prcFrlo@t lo rhc Ph.F (P) of th. M@, thll is r tunqio of dE ARCL. r\ @mpla. ltul of all rh.$

T.
2 2.
3

T.

tT-.
T.

BdTimeofvhibilily
5. 6, 1.
E.

Tr

Age oflhe

M@netTr Arc'ofvision Relative AziDurh Pbseofcqc.n Widlhofcrcs@nl

AC
ARCV

DAZ

Arcorlight(Elo!8afion) ARCL
P

10.

A conputarioml stnlegy may be lo stad b, deternining $e tim. of Bidh of lhe

th. Moon *ith the snn. For .ny plee on the slobe deremirc rh. dm ot suner |har follos rhe timc of bidn of ncw M@n. For this monenr conpute thc e@entic .cliplic coorditulcs of both lte Sun aod $. Moon. Tlmfom
New Moon or conjlnctio. or

the* coodinat.s

to lhe

lGal horizonbl c@rdinates. Tbereby coFPute tnc LAC,lhe Age,

ARCL, ARCV. DAZ and the width W. The ddoih of all

$6e

computations shau bc

t.2

SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION

Fo!

$c

pioblem

of rhc .dli.st lisibility or the Ncw

scason
1o

Cre$enr Moon $e

orientatiob ofthe paths of the Sun and the Moon Eladve lo mch othcr dM

tlarile

to lhe

hoizon h significdnl. They chatrgc

depeod on thc latitudc

lo seaon as

\tll

as year lo ,car a.d olso

of lhe place. Due

fte axial rctation of lhc lanh cvcrv object in

lhe sly appsr 10

hvel

along a cidular palh (The Diuftal Patb) ext nding frcm ealcm

horimn ro thc $'eslm borircn. Thn parh lics in a plae

pellcl
(sld

lo th Plane of thc

equalo. Tlc obj*ts in ou sty sbos. delimtion is coNLnl

and other

exd_$lar

sysreh objccq slw.ys remd. in a 6xed smallcircle in our 3ky with Norlh Ccleslial Polc

being ren

Pole i.e. rheit diurnal palhs cE no( only 6xed bul lic in plan.s parallel to each

eund lhe Sun h inclined to lhe pla.e of lhe Equalor .l s .ngl of eosd 21tr 26' 26" lhcefor tne deliMiion ot lhe Sun in ou tkv vdi.s frch 230 26' 26" $nth ro 230 26' 26 nonh oYr a y6. Thc declimtion ofrhc Moon vdi.s frem aoDd 280 S5 south to 280 35' ;onn duting. llMlion penod Thc
olhr. Thc Plan. of the orbn of lhc ednh

! dry rdlt.' dF pdh of dt Su B itt pdh of dp rroor @ bc 6Bid6.d r snrll circl. tl[l h.rc th.i poLs tl rlE Nodt cdcdi.l Pol6 i.. rlE dil4l plrlr3 ofrhc Su .d th. MM do nd lie ii p||G F .lld (o tlE pLG of dE di!.nrt prtht ot d6 Fo. ple3 on E!n[ wirh Lrtu L. 8ral6 (t.1 660 ]a' (Mln q ort) rlE! e d.yr dunls .sy rd, *ha Son tqn iB b.low th. hdid dl dry (d ltoe lh. horian dl da!). Sinilllr forplrc6wirh ld' h.gldrlbo6f 25'drhdorl! dE .I!d.ys dun.8 .tqy luu rEtl etE d! Moon n bdor rL hdizoi dl &y (or.borc tt&
durtng

Ap.n fion th.

plr6 chc

to

dr Gqld bd!

tt Su!d

thc

Mmmy16l

v6y clole to tE ho.izon. Fo. pb.

d$.

lo tlE audor ilE Cclcs'rl Equnor p6ss

doe lo dE anh !d tlElfd! ti. pdnr of ft S{n.!d dE Moon |!mi. hiSh in $c dq. Bu in ph6 wnh higls hd L. ih. Cd.lrid Equdd i! clos lo th. Hdid o th.l th. p.tlB of tlE S!..!d tlE M6 my b. d@ d cq bclow th. horizon. Th. 68|le @. 1.2.1 CFs lh. driw dirrdd of dE cliDlic.td cd.ri.l .quror ia 6np.rid lo tlE hdid for. lLe rin hrgl |tin|d. d dr dm of hol o&r !r !d!d rsd .quimx (6liFic in ttl.) .n rorld aodd .qlircx (6liFi. in pinl) .

\l.rsllldib

1l'

Figur.No.1.2I C.l.eid SdE fo. d

obffi

in hi8lj

blnud.

hid ldiod.! vhcr d'c dccli.dion oflhc Sun k eulh (wirt r in th. mnltfr h.hirph6c bctBa Sumd $lnie rld th Auruhtul Equinox or ba96 &tunn l .quiu !d thc wint6 5lni@) tho p.th of rh. Su and @nt qu.dly rhd of ih. M@n |!Dir vrry okr!. ro th. hori4n. Ir rn F @nditi@3 th. w M@. .8q @nju.rion .nlE tlDitr h.low hqid or Ery cloF ro tlE ho.izon matina it inposibl. to s da .nq lF d ilre d.y! nm djuncrio. Th. iu.rion b.con6 @e ifdldng lhb p.n ofdE yd th..L.li.dioo oftlE M@. is oti of0a &.linrlion of th. Su4 p|nia,brly clos to AduFnd Equircx (@nd S.prcmbd.nd tuob6} B.rsq vqol .quitux !d dF SUDE Solricc (t@d ,uc) th.dlipric is rehtircly high .trd th. p.O3 oflh. S{n .d th. Md e higls 10. Dtina it asid to s rel.dv.ly tqDgq cGsnB Th. enl.rid n aG!.d gedly for th $urn@
Thi! figue clorly 3howr th.! for

Hdnd
FiglE No. |

\r'
D obr.ffi
in low

2.2: Cclcadd Sph@ &|r

lrlind.

Sihihrly

@lqlirl

$. fg@ m. 1.2.2 dbE th. ddiE dndllod ofdc ..liptic !d equ|tioi ii oonpcilor to thc hodzon for i pLc. with low hritude ai {@rd

.rd |@rd auMMl .qui@x (alipiic in ligln pirl). ftir fise d$ 3ho* thd clo* io @tunr.l .quiDx t|| PrlB ofrh. Sun ed rh.

wrul
M@n

e{ui@r (eliplic in ligln blw)

slh of rnll ofthc Sun tn. drdhid & nd !6y lpod fd liSltilg of ! tl.riv.ly y@ng d*.nl.

r.

rchrivcly cloF ro th. hodan.rd if !h. D.clintti@ ofthc M@. is

Tbh is lhe hain rcason bcbind @nsidedng Age of Moon

not a vcry good indicabr for

dt

visibilily of

cF56t.

In sprinS.nd

Mmr vcry t$utrg.ge

for de

cltg cd h. sn

lnd

dudng th. {ullmn and

*inle6 very old clescent

may .scape sighling in th holthern

hemisphed. Thc situalion is rcveB.d

s6odlly

sud@ hmisphec,
noc rh&

whcn lhe M@n is

$ar ofdre Sun)

wsl

of fte sun

(el6rial

loncnudc or rh. M@n is

i.

our sky it is Old Moon carching up wilh rhe Sun. The Old Cre$enr can

suriF. An r $e binh of Ncw Mmn (c.leslial longilude of rhe Moon b*omes jusl eratd lhe rbat of lhe sun) rhe Mooi Eehes e6r oltheSun6dcan no$ b. *njustaftssun*t. How.vn dcpending on ih. d{limrioB olrhe Sun and the Moon and lhe localion of$e observer $e new cBcent My et well bcfoE thc sunst in which cG it is iDFssible lo * th ncr crsceft Th8 the fisl and rhc Do$ nnporLnr clilerion aor lhe visihility of the .ev.$ccm Moon is ftar the Moon *$ anr $c sunscl. Alknately $c cnbrio. for thc visihilily of thc l5l cd$ent is dDt rhc Moon riss before lhe suni*.
b.
in lhe mominss befoE lhc
Whcn thc cresent is very close ro th sun il rcmains invisiblc

en

dE

to the facl tbar sunser'

$c ohospherc close to lhe

Thqefoe fi.rc n6 to
be a

sun remains highlt illnminated evcn

afi( $e
between

frininum lhrcshold epaEtion or Elongarion

fic Sln
keeps

,nd rhe Moon b.loN vhich ihe crecent cannol be sen. Thh minimud o. lhrshold
eloneation varies hotuh to

oond 6 fie

djsrance bctween lhc Earlh and

$e Moon

valyine. Vhcnclossl (at apoee) $e Moon h tround 350000

lhe

fdhat (perig) il k aound 400000 lo. Thus whennscbnsation fod rhc Suh is snallrnd a New Moon at periSce may nol b s.cn ar nuch ld8cr elongaton. Thi. is du. ro the fst that closer is thc Mmn the larsr dd
brigbler ir appead in oui sky ahd wheo il k farrher il appeaB
rhc

kn lrom thc Eanh ind !l a Ne\ Mon ar apogec mat be *cn

saller

and less biShl at

se
fi.

elongalion. Thts .nother

inpona crir.rion
into tlE

is lhar $e New Mmn cm be

and lhe

*en

for a combinorion ofcenain optinlm valu.s

ofelong ion

distanccof$e Moon

fom

E.nh.

thi! conbiMlion Esults

op(nm

valu of thc widlh

orcFvnl

A cFsenr

wi$ small longation $al

appea6 lare.t md briSller al apogee may be seen

and

a.rc$cnr snh ldgc clone.lion $ar apDcar snalle. snd laintr at p(riscc nar nol

RULTS OF THUMB: THE ANCIENT &

'rhe edlist rcferehc. for

TtII Mf,Dtt:vAL:

ey rireno.

for lhc visibitir! ofncw luntr cresccnt is

annburcd ro rhe BabJ,lonians (Foueringhm, r9r0. Aruin. 1977. Schaete!.

I

lgttsa.

yas.

994. Faloohi er a1. I s99 elc.). Most

oflhe cxplom a&ibute ttE tollowinS rutc of $unb

'Thc

,.n
18

lunar .rescent

s.ek

en its

aAQ

nnrc thdn 21

ho^ un1 L

Nons4 loas

hihnles h.hi4d th.

tns.!

h na3 bem pointcd oul ihar th. ,crual Dabytonu (lcnon ephislicarcd ar coopEEd ro lhk siopl. tule (F.r@hi l ar 1999)_ ft is eilhs ou, trck ot knostcdse oa lhen era or the nissing hjsbncd rccords $ar h6 rcsridd our
compchos'on of lheir effons. Autcnric Ecods of sighljne of new cEscent s young 5 hours durirs Babylo.id c qisls (I6loohi el ai 1999. Andcrtic & Fihis.
as

2006) in

lit 6turc. Sinilady. in modcm

harc bccn

time

ftsc.nc

lagsjnS

o.tyjr

*m

nrnucs behind $e

su.*l

wi(h aec tcaslhan 20 n6uB. Thc dala ser

duflnC lhis $ork

(b b. di*lssd

in ddait in chaFcd

C tcss rhan 48 Dinutes w.s cpond to h.vc bNn *en wilhour any oplicalaid. rvhcEas.26 ca*s arc tncE in shich lhe age ofMoon ws lcs than 20 ho!6. Rece rc-evatuation o|r(ords ofthe sigbdngs o|mscsrs in Babyton and Nineleh aho
sholv rhar cFscenh much younger

crcscd $nh

l,

of46j obsetuations considcar dd 4) inctldcs jt cascs whcn rhc

rhd

20 hou*

dd lho*

lassrng bchind sunser muclr

l.ss rhln 40minures were sen (Andolic & Fimch.2006),

these rccenr compurarionat ef|ons for the recorded obseBarions oa lhc Babylonian e6 ctearly indicarc lhar lhe lule of thmb asociared wnh rhn eD is an ovcr simplificadon. lr has bcen eccndy ctaihed rh.t Babytonians had rodularcd I hrt,
nalhehalicdt tun& lheory which rhey uscd for prcdicring vartuus paramercBotth tunrr

l0

notion

iounded in thc

lue

phmdjs ih.y pEpaed (Fat@hi

d al,

1999). Ac@rding

lo lheF $udies it is pointed out lhal the noonset-su$et lag atone.ould nor have been used as lhc visibilily dit.rion by rhe Babylo.ids. BabytoniaN sysren had $c tollowi.S

rlohedrior rL,

- moon*r tasrme

rin deCrees,,S) - conninr

In vdious $ud,cs lhe vrtue

of$e conqant

rs

dedlce ftum | 7 degFes lo anyrhere

&ound

on lhe basis ot rhc confimed 209 positile siehlings fmnl ,car .567to yetu .77 rhc \atue of rhc .o6ranr is deduced ru be 2l degrees (Far@hi
cr at,

2l d.8R<. Hokercr

r999).

Sinilarly hosr of$c modcm aulhou arribule rules ot th ttpe lo fie Muslinrsand A6bsofmedieval tinrcj
''Th.

t.latie attitLt! UnCy)

>

Ao

ahd

koans.t,ulet

td|tin

>.t2

nin

cr_

lr has been indicared lhar Mrslins. reatization thar rhe Eddh-Moon dhlancc laries during one comptet cyctc ot tlhar ph.ses and lhe hininuh moonsr lag lime considercd b, vaiied fiom 42 ninures for Moon ar perigee.nd 48 ninurcs for Moon at aposee ^Ebs

Thonsh lhis -nrle

of thunt. is no4

sophisricated

compNd ro $e

one

art'buled ro |hc Babylonims

Arabs

sli

jr does nor

povidc

ad Mulin' h $c hedirwt ines exltrir ur ofAolemaic sy{en ed

risonodeq devetop.d b, Ambs
lead to the

rhe complere prcrup of rhe cffons

ol
rhe

spherical

L!n& Rrp.es flnclion (bat

depends on

locatbritud. ofrheptace ofobrNadon dd lbe c.testiat to,gilude ofthe srn

and lhe Mooh)

eartr as lO cenrury AD (Bruin t97?)

Babylonie crirerion h indeed lery sinplc for praclcar purPoses and is supposed to have ben cmpirical in no significdt chahgc in rhh rill

tdis litc pa,ch Sidn it ( D 5OO) hints towards thc idponance of$c Vidrh oflhc luM crc$ent (Bruii, 1977) Thus an elabootc stsreo of calcularioc involvcd in delemining the tinc of licsr visibilitt
Flarively rc.nr rimes, ho$vr,lhc atiesr Hildu
appeds to have developed only abund AD 500. Morcexplicirnentiohsofrhcsederaited
calcularions are

loud

ar

vuios plaes

in the

dly

Islmic litenle (Brui.,

197?).

Ohe

ol thc ealiesl Muslin Aircnomcr eho developed lnc lables fo.

se

lidnC

lisibilitywas Yaqub lbn Tdiq (Ke.nedy. 1968).lt has bcen eponcd in $e litcraluE (Atuin, 1977) that lbn Taliq had r.cogniad the imponance oflhc Width
the luna!crescenl s

(w) oflhe

crescenr. Thh not only shows rhat ar rhd

rine

rhe varying dislance ot rhc upon

Moon had been rcaliud bul it aho

mdc ir

possible 10

inpov

dc ncs cr*cnl

vnibilily cinerion. Bruin hd Eponed th Al-Ailuni had $e Falizario. oflhe tong ind dillicult calcularions inlolved in lhe dercnnimlion tor the nev lun,r aesccm vnibitiry lnd in hG Crloro.,os " reconrmcnded rhc work ofMuhanm.d lbn crbn At B,llani

ltnlhook oJAtto"o,'t t?rstard to Lario by Nalino, l9|]3).

'lhe sihplc *nclioh for cadiesr vhibiliry oflunarcrescchr evotved sjnce lhe riftes

of B6btlonids qas passd onb rnc

Muslims drcueh Hindus wirh !e,)-' tinle inprclemenr. Molilated by the euEnic iijuhctions a.d rhe salnlgs of rn prollrr Muhamnad (PBUH) rh. Fobtem ofearliest sighring of hnar cE*enl \s lhomnehl).
Invesriglredby rlrc earlJ Mrslih aslronomcGotsLhto l0'tccnluryAt).
OD the bash

conclndcd

td

ofreatiarion of the idjponance ofwid$ various Arab asllonomcrs lor celics( vjsibilil, ofcrc$.nl thc minimun equabrial $pararion offie

lnd the Moon varics from t00 whcn lhe crescent is widesr up to l2i whcn llr cNcc.l is n@$cst Such der,il.d calculariotr \.rc wor\cd oul.s earty as 9ri cenrur)
Sun

AD by Muslinr asrrononers as$ciated wirh rhc Ab&sid coun of Al,Mahun. Fronl monesr the* {stbnoncf Al-BaIsli kncw lh,r ihc cnleria that.gc of n@, shoutd b
moe tnan 24 hou6 (or arc sepdarion belveeo $e Sun sd lhe Mooh) isa good sldtine poinr but i A only m appnrnarion. H. bt,.vcd LlEr lhc dcienl6hnomc6 d,d
understohd the phnonenon conpteretr, According to Bruih,

nor

AtDatani,s compuradonal

sork

is o very

elabo6re sysrm of mrheharit catculalions (Bruin, | 977).

t2

'Ihis work is nor intcndcd lo explor lhc hisbry oa Aslonon! rulatn lo thc
canie$ sigltingoflhe new lunarcresccnt. Tbe Babylonia. and the nlcdielalcilons shall nol bc

dplocd

frem a hi$orical FBpecrivc, wc shall rcstricl our explodlion onl) on

rlR codprison of $cse clTons sith

$os ofthe

moden ons. llowcvq $c mcdiclal

:1.

narh.nalical ide6 shall b. erploEd in morc dcoil in chaprc.

I.,1

CALf,NDARS AND THE CELESTIAL CYCLES

Dogeel defines calendar

ol orgaizine ,ir4 tbr fi. pupos. of @lonins im ow cxtend.d priodt (Doge( 1992). tl is a schcmc lor keping an .ccounr ol da!i.'wceks . monrh. . 'yc!6 - ceolunes and "nillennia . Thc bsic notion bchind I calendar isor8anizingr,la.olroairiconrinuous now rhal isindcp(ndcnr ol any ehcn. of irs orsaniztion. Ahongst lhe divisions of timc in dayi. w.chs dc
syslcm

6 '!

eme aR dtccrly 4sociared snh $c celestial

c_aclcs.

the

D,"r,at, \h. Ann@l

is Efertsd

/,rur.

A @nplele daily rcvolurion of lhe

s\t. de DildEl norion.

b4

^d

rhc

a day.

lechnicallt an apparcnr
Sun ar any pllcc.

r,/df.t,'

h the inlcpal bcrseen rwo successivc rransiN oflhc

Du. lo thc morion of rhc Eanh mund $e Sun rhe sky appc.m ro

rclolvc round tbe Eanh very slowly (lss rban a dcste pn da!) and one contterc Evolurion of sky i. rhis way is Ffmd lo 6 o ,.ar. I {hnilr! a t opictt y.ar k trc
time inleNal bctweh lwo successivc pseges

oflh. Su

rluough vcdat eqlinox. one oa

r\e porn6 ol inFMcrion ol rhc celB(dtequarorand rhe actiptic

i.to yea6. yeas inb nonths. non$s inlo vNks ed dals Most oflh know calmdm rha( mcn dcviFd bd sevcn da$ in a rvak. tn diflaent Esions md cras 4 to lodot weks halc aho bccn considercd. ltowclcr rhc nuobcr of days in a dond hd EDained variabl. in diltcc.i calcndars md wi$in a paniculd calcndar. Tlr scbeme. il$ce isany. ofdift!nl DUmb$ofdays in a monlh of a calendar is ba$d or rnc typ. ol cal4dar, Most of lhe knom atcndars.E clarsificd
Each calendar is dilided

iflo

dtree major typcs. Solar Calcndm. Sriclly

L@r

C.tcnda6 and Luni-Solar

Calenda6. A blief description is Evi.$d in rhe foltowinel

1l

Solsr

Cal.nd6 m b4d

on the

ulrl

motion of lhe F-!nh @und the Su.. defined abolc. Thon the lcng$

''ycai in

such calendds

h ihc "Trcpial Yee,

ota

'tropical y&" (Dogger, 1992) b givcn by:

365.2421396698-0,0000061s359r-7,29xr0_r0Ir +2,64x10'07r (1,4,1)

7

s $e tinc in Julian cenruics

sincc

fic

epoch J2000.0

gilcn by:

T-(JD-245rt4t0!t6525

(1.4.2)

vherc JD is rhe Julid Dat which is th. dm in .mber ofdavs ctaD*d sine
at

heo n@n

Genwich

on Janua.y

l. 4712

n 165.2421898
number

days or 365

Julid Cal6d{. Cwnlly thc loglh of t@pil ycar days.5 hos.48 ninurcs ed 45.2 sends. As it is nor a whote
in

on yer

of a

eld

calodar @rsists of

cirher_ 365 days

ot t66. tn old
otbq

Jution

crlendr cvery fourih yc& @.lained

165 days In lnc

166 days (i.e_ a teap

yed)

yff

conhincd

cuftntly us.d Cregoiian calendr! the leap ycd rutc is nodificd. A century ycd y 0ike 1700, 1800 elc) whict is a lop yer i. Juli& calmdtr bur is nol complerely divisible by 400 is nor a tep ycar in OEsorian mtcndar. Thus in crer,400 yeas theE ae I 00 l@p y6 in Jnlitu Calrdff wiced in cESori& calqda, rb@ are only 97. The setu od nfuy o1her natMl pbsomcna toltov lnis sotar cyclc. sp.cialty
haBcsing rides, lhe length ofdays,lbc dmes of imir, suser, sunds. etc. I$e JLrtian calendar insrilured on Jdu.ry l. 45 Bc by Juli$ caM. wirh rhc hlp of

Alciandlie strononr Sosigm6 &d

ofdc Roman Republidn and the ancicnr Egyptian calendaB (Michels, 196?). WtEcd lhe crcso.ian catendar was n(csibrcd du. to rhc facl ln.r dqinS oe od . lDlf nil.mia lhe Julim otcndar w6
r nodificadon

displaed from the ssonal vsiatioos by s much s l0 days. Thus pope Crcsory X t corclnukd a conmission in l6rt qrury AD for lh. cslndar Efoms. The dain anrhor da dE nN sysrem w6 slononer Aloysiu Litju of Naplcs (Coync el ,t_ 1981. Dull4
1988, Moyer. 1982 October 4, I t82

ed Micb.k

196?). When

it ws implcn.nted ofljcialy.

rhe ddre

(Thuday) in tne Jllie cal.ndar

fouosEd by rhc dale Ocrcb$ I 5.

1582

(rdday)

ii

the Crcgorian

alendd. Ther.by

aU dare conversioo

algoilbms have to

kecp accoul of thh skipping of days in r]te solar calendar. Difercnl counrries, culluics

Fligiou omhMiiics adaprd to rhis DodilicElior ar diff@.1 !inc. Ir is lheEtorc high hrk for hisrorifls ro tccp racl of r]E apprepriare dalcs.
and

,n every

solr qlendr thft @ iwctle mo.lbs.

For simple dithmcric Ea$ns

theE colld hdve been seven months of 30 dars and fi ve of I I days (in a nomal ye.r and

plw 3ix or 3l days in a lcap re&). How;ver in pncrice sincc rh ime of CEek it w6s knoM lhar d wi.r6 h.lfofa nodat ,u h6 l8l days whee6 rhc
six
days

ofl0

summ.rhalf@ ains I84

days. The

rhc Frihelion. thc Eanh clossr

it&n for ih. sue is lie faler molio. of thc Eznh ro $; Su dar oeun on aound January 4,i. Srdnins

of3t days tiu Juty. rcbru.ry h of28 days (o.29 days for a le.p yctu) sd lhe Br G ofto days.&h. The.ltdar nonrLs ofjl days dd l0 dals omintB $.d frcm AuSul ro DMnber
Strictly Lunar catndd, lhar is ba$d on $e luharion pcriod in one year lhcle arc eilher 354 days or 155 days. Tbe clrcnr ave!.8. of$e lunation period h 29.510589
a

with January cvery ancinale nonlh is

ln

days or 29 days, 12 hou6. 44

HoEEr
chapont

ihis

lh.e

ninui4 dd 2.9 $con.l$(A$nrcmical Atnaiac. 2007). aEase is.hrging, Aaodin8 ro rh. tun5. lltery of Chaprcnl-Tou&, dd
vdiadons

'lbur'ind Chapro

!E eoukd for

by the tolowing cxpEssion (Chdpon!

, 1988):

20.5305888511 + 0.o0oo0o2t62l, a_

I.o4! IO. o ! a. Da)5

r.4

r)

whce T n givcn b, ( L4.2). An, rrEdicutu phe cycl. my v.ry fmn te nes hv uD to seven hom. Tnus rhis priod vtuj.s froh !romd 29.2 days ro mor lnan 29.3 days fom nontn lo nonlh. Tnerefore in aU Iutu calend&s rhe numbe! ofdays in a nomh
29 or 10.

l.

is eithcr

Arithmetic Lunar calcndq rheE

lue Rt.ndd $.8 6 bc s days qch od d mdy s folr conKud@ momh5 of 30 days e.ch {
obiwrional

lllenate hontns of29 and 30 davs. tn mey 4 rhE. rcns{ulirc mon$s o, 2,

oys, I 994). In an

l5

Arnhn.tic calcndar ther. are cilh.r 6 monlhs of 29 dals md 6 nonrhs of tO days. (a notml ycar) or 5 momlB of 29 days ad 7 nonlhs of 30 da's (! lep yd).
Tnerc is no fixed nle for leap

ycs

in

obseNarional tunar calcndar. rhcrccdn

nol

anr. HoEver in lbe Aritineric L@d cattutd our ol lO yea6. cyclc t I yc6 aE hap tcds (3Js dayt (ly.s 1994. R.igold & Dcrshowirz 20Ol_ Tsybutsty, t9Z9). l.hc
be

rule is rhal lhe tear

nunbf /is

a teap

yer

it
(t.4A)

(
Olhwisc

l4 +

ll.))modi0)< lt

the year is nor a teap year. In such an a.ihmelic lunar catcndor alt rhe odd .umbeEd mon$s conlain 30 days and lhe.vd nhb.ed nonibs conhin 29 days cach. re lcip yedr a day is added ro $e Meltih month. in gmeFl. a srrictl, tune oalendar ldvanc$ by I I days againj lhe solar cat.ndd. ThrefoF rhe $asons aod orhcr

pncnomna rhzr dcpcnd on Ihe

eld

cycle {to

ml

follow a slmcfiy lu,ar catddsr Ttc

in

monlb numbq 9 (R nad&) in lhe Isl6mic

qtods my f.ll

wi.l{. slmmd. aurmn

b.sielly lufu bul ro kep r&k of$e *a.ons in prrce of adding sin8le days in a lqp ye& a whol monfi k addcd (inrqcshlion) lo followthe $ld! cyclc, The Hebrew dd the Hindn qlendaG fa into thG ctass(Rcideol.t & De6howir2 2001 . Bushwic[ 1989, ScEIt & Ditshir 1896. at_Bituni r
000. at_Btuni

Thc Luni-Solar @tfldaB

ofHindu calcnds (th.y have bo$ $e $lar tud rhe luni-sotar calcndaB) lunarmonrh is imclcalatcdiwhcneve,irnrsinroEconprresotarmoilh.tncascotrhc

l0l0).In

ce

HcbFw

l!ni,$lr

cole.dar

addniomt honrh of

l0

da)6 rs mrcEararcd betorc rhc

usurl 12" nonlh oflbe yce. The En ofihe dd.its of th6c calodd soc'al ahd reliSious nlrurc aod is nor in tine with tbeprcsnt*o,k.

i,

morc

of$c

Calend.ical cab'narioB for cacn calhdlr ha 6eir oM $phkhadons_ bul bcins phcnoncnoloSicat rtE obsctualionat lunr calend., is mosr chaltensins. A tunnr month bas lo beein wib the actuat sighling of lbe new luns cresce d.d tne conditions

I6

ofits si8hling greatly vary

not only longiludinally on rhc globc

bd de[Md o. $e tarnude

ofplaces. ThB an obedarioMl lunar c.lendar may vsry along the

se

logirude. Apart
on of lhe mosr

iron calenddcal
excitins

aspects

$c pobl.m ofsighting v.ry yolne cGscnt is

fld

challenging obseFations for both

$c

adareur

md rhe pma$ioml
ar a

asionofre6 Besides, thc pcdicion of fic vkibilily of a paniculer .erv cEsenr

panicular placc is a long and inter.sling cohpuhrional exerci$ Thc sane was
as early as rhe

clliad

dedieul times by

the grelr ostonomcs Al-Khwarizni, Al Batani. At

Farghani etc (Bruin 1977) Mocovcr.

noE cohplicated hsues

t|t under srutiny

prediclion foL nakd eye obseivarion ha lwo rh.laresr esearch. Onc oathese is biologicat.

lhc abililt ofhunan eye to conrfa$ $e dimly illunrinatcd ciesceht in rbe bnght rsilighl.
The olher aspcct h ol physicrl n4lue ofalfiosph.ric conditions ftar c.n b.dtr aoecr rhe

risibilit! and rc contdsr h this \o.k

l'hdk h

morc on thc $lrcnoNical asp..rs

of

lhe eadiesl siebdrg olthe new luna!.rr$enl dnd ahosphcric ondnion !.e onb

plnlr

Opinions aro diided

tq thc oriSin

of$c.llton olcomlins
il $anln
d rhc

yer6 in an! tofrr

in rhe ARbian l,cninsula. Accordihg to At ttazsi

Prcphl Adan calehdar

as soon as

$c cni rcnof

nuliplicrl

and spRod

aouid

rw

(Ro$nlhal l9i2. l_mqi t979) A

sE

originated wncn rhe Himyarires adoptcd one sjtn m epo.h lhal marked rhe

b.ginni.B or the eigns ol Tubbn. Cenerally it is blicrcd thal lhc pnctice of 12 lunar nontns lo a year cxisbd in pre,lslahic Ar.b c.lend.rs since rhe rime ofconsrruclion of

Kaba b) lhe prophd Abnham a.d conrinued in Islom (llyos. 1994). The
months and thcii sequenc

namcs

ol$c

Mre thc snc

as

tho*

used in lhc cuiicm tslamic lunar

calcndar Ibllowed by morc rhah

on.lifrh of$e roralFopulation ofrhc world.

Fom historic pcspecrire lhc inpon.nce ofrhe lunarcalcnda in lbe pE-lslamic

AEbia $s the pilsrimage ro Kadba (Haj) rhar talls in $e monrh orzul-hajjah, rhc l2'"

nrnlh oflhe hlmic and prelslamk lunai

religious evenl. ad!dced llxoush

calendar, Althoush this event was a

puelt
goods

il

was also inportlDt ior kadc and busincss wnb

this econonic

b$ ol

exchanging bands.

ll w6

rcrivil, $ar w6s badly anected

and rhe ovailabilir)

as rhe

lunarrear

*&ns. PEcufnent ofcop

l1

or.ac f.,ul anim...

8@rly vdied s6r lo s@n, 'fte ten tha1 $e irbEl.tion s6 inl,ldud in de Arabim Peninsula w$ this .cooonic drivity rarh.r than dy sronomical t.son.

''QalM"
(Hahim,

a nativ

of Mecca is Fpuled to

be the

fiIsl petson assisned lo derrmine thc

daca for thc coming

yem

pilgrinage and wheth.i $e inmalarion

w6 drc or

nol

198?, Ahmed,

l99l).

Sincc lhe early days of

lh.

inception of lund cakndd in the Arabim Pninsula

four nonths including lhe

Zil Hljiah wE o6i&r.d scEd md \@

{!e

pDhibited

dudnglhesc sacrcd non$s. The custon cari.d over to the post lslamic.ra in lhe lsladic

cultu. As with the Ronan ql.ndd thc

change rh. saqed

eEalalion

ws abu*d i. ABbia

io ordq lo
rhe

nonfis inro noh{acred moorbs dd vicc-vc& Al thc eme rihe

lunarcalendt!usd inMadi@rendined in itsoriginal lzmonthsayarford.

Muslihs follo{ed rhe calendar ot Mecca in the bceiNling. Rut afier the l,lophcr Muhonmad migdred to Madin. alo.8 wnh his compdions. Mustims adoFcd lh.
cal.ndar usd in Madina. Aner

$. conqu$tofMeccaby

propbel Muhlmmad, Muslims

conlinued 1o ue rhe calcnde of Madim bul rhe catcndar ofMecca the

@ in pmllcl. Wi$
abolished thbush a

lar pilgrimag ro Meca of

Propher Mubmnad in rhe lo,r ye& aner miSr.rion ro

Modina (AD 612) fequenlly abused pEctice of inicrcalation QuEnic injuiction. Th. pEcrie ofnadin8 a

\m

nonrh s.ith $e finl siebdne of nerv clesccnt MooD was iurhenticated by Qurtuic injuncrion and tne gayine of l,rcpher

lsd

Muhmad, sith paniculd empbdis on

fasting md the monrh of lhe pilgdmase.

bSimine

dd

rhe cnding

of lh nonth of

With adoption of puel! lunar cat.nd& wirh a

luar nonrh
injuncrion

bcginninS $ith $e

fist

siehdns

ofrhe ncw IuMr

crcscehr lhrcush

euMic

dd

lhe eyinSs or

Pophet Muh.mmad |he .rolution of Isl.mic lunar catedar

Oe pople of MadiM ac hli.v.d ro hoK aftcr Prcphet

b.gd

As for my calendar

one rqutr.s a staning point of rine Gpoch) or bceinnins of m en, tor couring yea6,

u*d d.poch
in AD 6t2

s ene dn6 ! mooin or tm

(Iys,
1994). However

Muhdnad mignicd to Madina

widly acepGd lime ofomcial adoptjon of

Ht6 s

lhe bceinning

! hore ofrhc Ist@ic cR n

t8

AD 617 during $c caliph.t of Umd bin Khafiab. Whltcvcr h. thc 1in. of adoplion, lhe

lslMh cal.ndrr. or dc Hiji c.l.nd& s@ wi$ Fnday l6ri ruly 622 AD on Julitu calends which Moding b didft{c luMr or krdrhicslddd is l" diy ofMuha]m (1" nonth ofe klmic y.ar) ofth. tsleic I (R.in8old & ftrshowii2, 2001). The '@ b l'' Muhtu Il AH (and HijB) o,ficial dar. or adoprion oflhi!.h &d cal.rdd

Simpl. 34heh.s or 4rolh odd appoxidlions b$cd on long

b.n dcvi*d to pcparc long

Lm 3vs.gs h.d

r.d

cel.nd& in

vid

ol incrconv.uion ol lslmic drGs

&d

tne

d!t6

in oth.r

lei-$lo ad el& olcndr

, is

d.r.s.

blanic legd syst h cgllcd Shdia

lh. sou@ of lsldic tn+kcping

ststn.

whil. le8.l pc.pls .rc efeglnd.d by seking cvolv.d

$. *i.nlilic kno*l.dge. Till th. rin. of sking of B.ddad by Hrl.su Xhu in AD 1258, Isluic law had
fom

sisbne

.ldr guidclires ao. elcndriol oNidcFlio.s (llya 1994). The olcndric.l sddelircs ftlv.d undcr thc Islmic lN qn bc outlin d a follows:
i)
l-.nsth of
a lunar month is cnhe. 29 days

or l0 days.

it
iit

L.nA$ ol

lumr tlar

is

.ith.r

154

dlts

or 155 dayr.

Tn rc can be

mdimuh of 4 cor*cutiE monrh. of l0 datr @h or

conscutive nomhs of29 &ys each.

E4h new nonth b.sins with fiBt sightns ot ncw lu@ cGccir ovd k$em hori@n .n.r ft. l@l ss.i,

the

v)

Ailcmptr rhould bc nad. on 29u of ea.h honrh for sighring of ncw crcscnr.

lf il is nol scn on the 294 duc lo any len (stmnohic.l condirions or w.thd connEints) thc noi$ should bc complckd a of l0 days.

l9

visul

sighring epo.t must b. suppond lhrcugh a wnness rcpon.

The p.rson involvql in rcponing musl be eliable. adull, lruthful, sme

virh good cyesielt !f it i!

puDo*ly nisled
the

preved

dat the

Fen

pioviding wihess

pe6on ousl b. punished.

!iii)

Thelisual sighling Epon should

nor

coniict vilh basic scientific knowledgc.

'lesling ofcvidcne ot sighting on scienlific srcunds includc 0hcckine oflhu

shapc

of crcscen! ils inclinalion. Poshion in sky. altitudc. imc ofoberyalion

dd

sky condnions.

Sighting should be caried our in sh

o.8ditd

way for dch moflh.

ol io days due lo invisibilrty of ih. adcent of i,te 29'" ofoiscutire nonlht bd ro be avoidcn *hodd thc ns c6c.nl is sighted oo 2Etr ofa nonth. li such ascs con crions ec nadc b bcgituing of thar mo lr
Accunula(ion of emB @orriculally in view ofconsideling
toonth ro bc

As the klamic lav and lhe Qudih injunctions depend hcovily on tbe fiNl sishling of new lunar crscent the eE ly hlanic slale plrced speial enphsis on $e

Bsdch i.

the lield of Asmhony. CoNcque ly nomous onlribution!

$n

mde in

$c

developmcnt

of $ine of fie

@lid

visibility of new

crcsnt dd

pEdicrion

CONTRIBUTION OF
Tne

2OIH

CENTURY ASTRONOMERS

nod.h

dcvclopmenl of lhe sciencc of erliesl noon_siehinS bc8iN vnh

oa

fic

obFMtio.al work

Scbnid vho Bordcd a ldge nmber of.cw and old cescmB fon Arhens io th.lal{ h.lfof lhe l9'i c.ntury. On rne basis of rhis obsdarioml dalt

Fo$qinglm ([olhcinskm, l9l0) and Maunder (Mabd.r, l9ll) dweloped the obscralion.l oirdia of ediest vhibility of ns lmd crescent. A similtr work is
20

in rhe Explanation Io the ln.lloh Attranonical EPle,cfir $al is basd oi Schoch (Sch@b, l9l0). In allrhe* worts for deimiriry lhe day ofrhe fi*r liribilir) ot new cE$o! ARCV (arc ofvirion) b shoM to be a sMnd d.8Fe pohomial runcrion
reponed

of DAz (claive uinuth). The* edly florc !rc only empnical in natuF N rhe critcria

dc!.loped de bsed on lluing rhe dau so rh8t mo$ ofthe obs.oaiions arc conshlcnl

1977)

TlE* nelhods do not hke into cosideElion lhe vidth ofcE$enl Btuii (Bruii, co.sidd rh ihpodahce oacE*cnt widtn fld his Dod.l desqibes ARCV (in
a

rems ofannud. of cr.scent above horizon plus tn solar depRssion belov lhe horizln)
os a

funcion ofthe crescenr widtn. The Nodel ofBruio. ho\rever, kkes $e {idlh !s
RCV ond DAz md a fircd Ddnh-Mmn dislaftc (in lemsolfixcd

funcion ofih

i'

dirnrl'ler

ol fte lu.ar

disc). Hc sas

ale thc fi6t \no

consid.rcd phJsical .stkcs

dsociakd *nh $c problen like blightnds ofskt and thar oflhe M@n. Thus
due

tu

nrodcl

lo Bruin is the lirsl drolelical nodelofr|t nodern timcs Using the nrodels tur thc

lull M@n as a fuhcrion of altilude (Befrporad, 190,r) lnd $c s[t brighhe$ duri.g lNililhi (Kooncn ct al., 1952, Sidenbpl 1940) Bruin delclop lhc visibililt cu^6 rlnrin! the aldudc olcrc*d sirh the slar dcpGsion. AlonS lhc$
briShhess oalhe
ctrrvcs the bdehbss ofcrcscem (modellcd on os

$e basis of lirll Moo.) is al leasl

ds much

tlhl ofrhe twiliShl sky. He aho delclopcd cuNes sholvnu rel{lDn

berwccn ARCV

and

sl.t

depesion rhll

ldd

prorcd to bc crucial for lunhcr nodellihg ol canics'

Yallop has edne lbr funho improvemenr ond consides cece *idth as a funclion ofARCV. DAZ and lhe acllal scmi-dianeter ol lhe Moon (rhar depends on Lhc
Eanh-M@n disrucc) al $e time ofob6endion (Yallop. 1998). \vilh de!lopinS a model

lor lhe besl time of yisibiht YaUop s nod.l

polynomial tunction of

$e actul

cresc.nt

al$ onsideF ARCV 6 a ihi.d d.gtce oidrh ar the ben ime of visibihJ. Such

polynofrial is oblain.d by applying leasr square appbxination on a basic data sel This

blsic data sl *qs d.duced bt Yallop fom lhe limiling

lbibilil, .uvs of

bnrin b!

slctins ARCV for

a Sircn sidtn from

tlr ninin@
2\

oh lhe componding limilin8

visibility curve. So

fd th.

slronohil
10

cri|na

b lhe morl oulhfltic and depndable for cxper.d ali.sl visibilily ol new l$m ccenl. The modct due
modl due to Y.llop

Yallop isa smi-empirical model based on $e lheordcal considedions of Bruin and

.ftiteriononthebasisofabusicd.tadeduccdfonBrui. svisibilitycurvcs.

r.atm6t of rhe physicat dp<l3 eciared wit th. pDblm is due lo SchNld (schacftr, 1988(a). I988(b)) who has considercd tlt Poblem of bidtnss contEl isoroudt. He ale rcali2ca jnpoitance ofthe physiolosicol aspecrs like $e abilirt oahunan.yc ro eoe th. limili4 co.kast. Soh&reas nodel is ! pdrel! lhoerical n\odcl. Recntlt Odeb (2004) hls claimd to harc devloPed a nc* ctnenon for the.arli.sr vnibihr oineq luffi cle$ent bur his cinqion isjust ano$o lom ol
Tnc mosr extctuive

Olh.r authoE have contributed on cloted nsues (Ashbrcot, lt7!a. I97lb. Cald$ell a|]d t-anct.2000. I0loohi c. al.. l99lt. lltas. l98l!. l98lb. l9li'll, l93lb
1985. 1988. 199,1r. 1994b, M.N5l1r_. 1983, Schaefler, 1988r. 1988b, 1996- Sch!{ffcr er'

!l

Queshi& Khan.2005.2007 elc) ln fih \ork. och ancior Md nodciD halhc'hadcrl mod.l aor detmnrnB $e day ofltu fi6l siehing ofne* lunar cEsce h cNploied A comparative study oi lhes nodch is canicd out and each crncrion is rrlsfornrd in(o a one pdamcter visibilily crilcriotr like th.t duc lo Yall.p
1991, Suhan.2005, Th resulrinS cllendaricdl imp licariohs

.rc aho cxplorcd

lr

hos been poinlcd our in lhe bLSinnine

of $e chlpld thar the prublem

a

ol

determinihg $e dat when the nes

luar (escnl $onld

bc \isible has its calcndarical

inplicarion. The earli$t siShtine of new luMr calcnde is ale

cballmging

l.st

lor bolh

maleuB

and Dlolessional

ashhoncB. In \ic$ olrhis rhc chafler hd niehli8hled:

Paranere6 on which visibiliry of new lunar cescent depends

Thc cfons ofrhe

6tro&meB

iD

lhc lncie.l and lhe

diul tlnes.

22

Th. d.pend.nc. ofth dlendsB c.l.ndar of

on th. cyclic moiion

ofth. Moon sld $e

Suh.

. txB .

$. Mulih! .spei.lly a lh.i. b.li.rts lticrty dphais. u tltliarsidtingorrhetwloNcr$.a fois.niosaldcldilglun&ndrha

A! rccou ofrh
eilons ofrhe

rsrorcmd oflhe oodc6 rim.s |o rd.lr.ss

the

prcbhm ofderemining$e fiisl day ofsishdnsofnew Iund c'.eenr

lh. b&ksound of tlE$ cfon! w tFrc qplord all lh. old ald thc modm mrhodi Mthcm.dol dDdel or crirdion dEr r.quiG ro be $tisfi.d for 0E lirsr vGibility ot ihc !w lu{ cEsdr, Duing lhi! qploGtion rn E$ltr of lh.$ nod.ls N comFcd lnd nodifietios baw b..n 3uSgcrt d $,lEE fler posibl.. Funhd ft. mo$ authentic of the hodeh hav ben uscd to .xolod fie obcrvationil lunar cal.hdar fouowEd in Pakhhn. A.sed o. the rcsulF ofthese exDloHions a luturc obervrtioml lus calcndd for Patislm is anDut d,
Itr

23

Chapter No, 2

ASTRONOMICAL ALGORITHMS
TECHNIQUES
For lhe determlnatlon

&

ol th prsiso locallon ol the obJsts in th6

th. lunrr

Solar

SFtem, panbulany the Sun .nd rh6 Moon, ih6 Frnch planetary theory VSOPaT,
(sretagnon & Francou, 1994) and rhory ELP-2000 (Chapront-Tou# .nd

Chapron!1943,

91) rr.

well sulted. A number of sotlwaE hav6

ben developd

tor lho shulatlon of celstlal phenomona based on

the$ tho.16 and similar otner

works.In the cunanl studylhe same lhori.s havs b6.n

u*d

lo lollowthe pGitlons

otthesun and rhe Moon.

conven the theorles Into computatlonal iechnlques, malhematlcal lechnlques, tools and dlgo thms nave been dtloted. Moch ot the computailon.l work is ba*d on the algorithms devoloped by Meus (Meus,199a) but a subslantlal ahount or work on computatlonal aEonthms has been done Indpendsnlly. For a ihorolgh und.Franding ol lhE compul.tlon.l toob the
Moreoler,
problem of llme ls explor6d rnd discused in d6tatl. ln this 6Ebrd the @nblbution of a numbd of authors has beon sludled in as much detail as ls required (Aokl et.

to

al., 19aa. Sorkoskl, 1944, Clomen@ 194a, 1957, de ,ag6, and ,lappel (Eds.),

197l- Dl.k, 2ooo, E$. and Parry, 1995, E3*n et, al., 195a,

Gurnot dnd

S6ldelmann, 1944, Markowiu er. Er. 1954, Mullor 6nd rappel, 1977, t9unk and

lrlacoonald, 1975, Nel$n et, al., 2001, Newcomb, 1495, Sadler (Ed.), 1960,

seldehann rnd Fukqshlmai 1992, Spencer, 1954, Stephenson and Moi$n, 1944,
1995, Sleph6n$n, 1997, Wlls, 1963, otc.).

th.

output ot ihesa ftort!

b a .omplter progr.m for

In

.natysts ot

ftst

vblblllly ol luh.r crscent named Httatol wrttten

C.t.ngs.ge dt$u$ed 6t the end

2.I

INTRODUCTION
For rhc derernination of lhc visibilily mnditions otNew lund Cre$hl (or the

old.st lutur cresccn0 over a tocal hori2on, lhe 6Bt rask h ro deremine rhe Unive6al Tine (uT) and dai. ofrbe scocenhic cobjucrion of thc Moo. &d rhe sb or thc Binh of New Mmn. In ils morion tuDnd rhe Eanh rhe Mmn tralcls doud 12 deg@s frcn
rvsr ro

c6t cvery day sd iakes ovr

rhe Sun in

doud

every 29.5 dars on thc avcm8c.

betore the

When de Moon is vcry

clo* lo ve$ ot (he Sun it aprears

sunrie ed vhen il

N elst oilhe Sui it appcmsjusr anq rhc sunset. The lunar crcscenr is vcly rarel) on rbedayofthe conjLncton. Dqjon Linn(Danjon 1932. t9l6)
has

lkibtc

b.cn i.$rpreted as

a limn on Ihe

lu@ cE*cnr Accordine lo rhis lihir the ruMr ccscnr is nor visibb if lhc elonSadon is te$ lhd ? deSEes (Do88er & Sch.efer 194. Schaefe! 1991, yallop 1998). Thc hdimM elonSadon ot $e Moon
ar

hininuo

clongalion ofrhe visible

of$e Eeocentdc conjuncrion is same as the inctinarion otrhe lunar orbjt fbn rhe plo. of ectipric (50 9). When rhe Moon lakes orr rh Sun ar ir ndimun elongation $c ninimun time il lals b molc foo bein8 / fmm rhe $n (on the .6rem side) ro be ?o again {on &e w6om side) is eoud th,ee quans ofa day. Th6 it is theorcdcally possible lhrl rhe qesent is t6l sen on $e dly of conjunction or is tsr
lhe dtoe
seen on the day

ofconjunction. TheoEricalty n is aho possibte rbar

if$e

crescenr

seno.

n hsl

the day

ofconjuncrionad

rhen rhe new cEscenr

seen on

ln. da, iller, orthc

n *en oflhe conjunction. In th6e cM rhe cre$e r.mDs hv$ible for.oneahalf' day. Howevcr non of the$ lheoletical possibihia are rcatird in practice too freque.dy. Mosrty rhe cEscent Enains inlisible for .two-sd.a-holt, days
on the day

crekenr rs rasr

srn

on rbe day bto,e rhe conjurcrion .nd !h?. rh. new

c@dl

at least,

These condnions dcpehd on

tc

obse(ets t@a on.

25

O@ thc rim. of thc g.cdric biil of th. Ncw MFn is d.lmin d, dE rcxl r.3l( ir b d.cdic dE locd circuhlt .c6 oflhc Su ud dE M@n tt dE tirc ofsu5.l on lhc day of rh. conjwrid or r &, .ncr thc djulction (or d lh. lirc of swi$ on lh. dly ol conjncdon or thc dly b.foE). Fd this i'lk ooc mEt d.r.miE th. l@l tim6 of thc ru$t a.d lhc noon3ct In tr. mmins in otdcr to b. vkiblc th. Su rhould tag b.hind thc Moon in odd rh|lth. @s i3 visiblc .d in thc dcnine! thc M@n sholld bc hgAitrg b.hind rh. Su. Clsiotly thc LAC of $c M@n h!5 Em.in d on ih!{ndr cosidcElion for lhc adi.sr vbibility of$. w lua ct6..nl. SiM thc rim6 of th. Babyloni.ns thtuu8h ni.tdl6 !96 .rd ill tlE 20d e uy it hs b.qr
coNid.Ed

aerd. Blbyloni@ @Nidc!!d nininm LAG rcquiGd for tlF visibihy or new lund ca*nt to b. 48 miNt6 wh.@ thc MBlidAFbs co.sid.td il lo b. 42 to 48 minut s dcp.ndinS on th. E ih-M@n disl'ne. In Dod.m liis tlDogh thc lisibihy condnioB hlvc b.cn eFncd nainly d@ lo .ll kinds ot lnifi.ill pollurios dc ncw luM cGs6t hls bc.n rcpon d lo b. tishr.d vlEn ia LAC B
mwh

I deisiv.

ls

ths

42 hinuts.

suEr ..d $. n@nsr, though statd !o b. s@nd t.st in *qu.na, i! dcp.nd.nt on rhc dct mimtion ol dt PEci* toldenkic @diMl* of th. Su ed thc M@n- h is rh.tfoE imFnliv. lhat b.foE rh. &t frinatioi of rhc LAG orc nusr find th. E.@ ric @rdiMl6 ed lh.n lhe bpo@ntdc c@rdinarcs foi $c l@don on lh. globc fom sh.E ob6cNalion it to bc m&. of th.* bodic!. Th.* e dcrivcd fren th. two $.oti.s, dF VSOPET .rd th.
TIE ddcmin.tion ot $c

l@l riGs

or rh.

$. ch!pr.o. As both rh* thod.s &*db. lh.luM.nd $. iol& c@dinatcs 6 .xplicit tin sid, mlkiig olt thc prilc "lim. usm.nt' is *nlid tor lh. appUcadon of tI6c fodul8. 'It. "ritu" co*idcrcd in thc* 0E@.s ed rh. orh.r thcod6, is . rim ird.Dcnd.nr oflh. dillioB of thc E nl ed ir g.tudlly Lfr.d s "Drnmial Timc . How.r dc limC' speificd bt ou clclc b ba*d on thc !sn8. norion of rhe Esnli .nd t. Sui 6d is lm.d .s thc "Md Sol& Tim." Th. titu cosi&cd in ihc applidion of dE rh.oncs b ihc B.lyc.ftic DyMic.l Tin. (tBD) or dE TcGrrirl Tirc (II) which ir 6sin d wirh th. C6.dl Th@ry of RGl ivily (Ch.po -To@a & Ch!!ro4 l9l, Ncl$n.t..1,2001, Guiml &
ELP-2000

(di*.us.d lakr

in

26

Seid.lm@, 1988). The TT is d.fined in FlatioD witb the "lnt matioDl Alonic Tine"

T"I=TAI+]2F.IE4

c.l.t)

Btce TAI it dgul.td &cording ro atomic rimc, In TAI $c b6ic uoir of rime is thc SI sond {defined by Bueu Inremarional des Poids.l M.su6, BIPM, in t96?, a
dudlion of9,192,611,770 periods of rodiarions cooesponding ro lh. tmsition brween

uo htFrfinc

levcls

ofd.gbund slat oflneCesinm

lll

abm G.t tenerat.,2OOt)).

A day on rhk scale is 86400 SI seonds long {Astonomicat Atndrc, 200?). On rbe other hand rhe clet dm." is thc Univ.Ml Tin (Ul denned wirb rcf.r.nc ro nem sun and Nocialed vi1h thc Crccnwicn Md Sid@t Tim. (GMST). UT is detircd as $e hour angle ofrhe Med
rctations of th Eanh
Sun ar

cEenwicb ptus 12i6. Due ro rhe ineuta ries in the

ihcr

di$repancies

b.reen

the lwo rimes. rhe

TT and rhc UT.

This dillcrcrce is ruferred ro as $c delht (At):

AI=TT-UT
Th.rcaore wh.nevcr

(2.t.2)
th position of

wanl

b dd@irc

$.

SM

and lhe

M@.

lbr a panicular lime on ou! clocks w have to fomutate rhe rine argudenr using rhese cons'dcEiions othcnvi* fie clock dn. of the phcnomena shaU nor be appropriat.
Finally. rhc lime arSunenl in drc rhcorics requi,es lhe delemimtioh otrh Jutim Dare of the UT in question. TIE Julim Dale is th. sys!h ofconrinuols limc sle lhar begins o. Noon or crcen*i.h Jduary t,

y6

-4?t2 (cdlcd lhc cpoch oftne..r!lian dde,) ln rhis

r,m scare tlre moment described by a date (CEeorie or

considercd as rhe

Julie)

ond rine (UT) is

"nmb.r of

dayJ,, d.nor.<t

JD, (consisting of a whole number

indicali.g rhc nuober of days .tapsed sj.ce tbe ep@h of Juli& Dar dd a filclion d.sribine the flacrio.s ofa day after lhe whole number of dayt since the ep@h of

Julie

Daie. Using rhjs JD for

&y Domol lh.

1 is tten .ddcd

icguldnies in the oradon of thc Edrrb. The theories use $al. of".umber ofJulio centudcj ehpsd rinc rh. epoch r2OOO.O.

lo .c@unr fo, th. tinc arghehl I lhat is on lhe

Thus usine tbn

21

ine

argunent md the explicii tin eries fomulas of the ELP

ed

lbe VSOP th.

c@rdicrcs of lhe M@n d.y aAq @njudion-

ad

rhe Sun

m calcrl.t

d for

fte s.me

i6i'nl

of rhe day or th.

X"

In

s. @ spheric.l pol& @ordimtes a th gtucsrdc disr.nce,

9. the dcliplic ladtude,

th. ecliptic longitud. and

refeftd b

as

th. Ediprh Coordimles.

Tn*

c@rdinals

i. lh ft sqt dsirely
ad noosi*)

ro obrain rh. ims of th.

for 1hc day in qu6rion.

Su$.i &d dE

Mooisr

(or rhos of $e sun.ie

&d venls) k fomcd by $e region of $e lbn suface tow,rds fie Sun tnar fa.lls belwn rhe two plancs rhrcu8} the e E of rh. Moon, one perp.nd'.ulr ro rhe tine ol vi.w of fie obFn.. dd thc o$.r
FrrEtrdicule to rhe di@rjotr of di@tty rlaLd
ro

TIE lune

ca*

(or rhc cE*enrs of Mrcury

rhe Sun. Thc

nrio of rh.

ea

of lhis

crcw

md lhc

total dea of th Lund disc is called

lhe.phs.. ofihc Moon, The phse ot

th Moon is

rh. seperion bcrwen rne Sun and rhe M@n or .lorgation.

The Astronohical Alm$ac pubtished amually shtes lhar $e dew luna! crscenr is sencElly nor visibtc who irs phe is te$ lhan t% (Askomniqt Almde, 2007).

ha prcv.d ro b. nisl@dine in vicw ofihe fac| rhar the brightn$ oflhe csenr can sr.auy vary rbr the ehe vatue ofthe phas owins lo the varyin8 dislanc. ofrhe Mmr froh $. Eanh. The Elrri-Mmn disunft Eics foo t5O $o@d kitomcrrs lo 400 lholsdd tilomer$. Tnus when dosl lo ihe Earlh the luntr 6cshl hay be
This

vGibl. wilh ns pnsc much ls lhan r % and in cae of fanhd ir nsy not b vkible evdn wilh ph& g@ler thd l%. D@ ro rhis varying disr.rce rh. siz of rhe tuu dis i. fer
cha.ges. Closer the Moon ih disc dppees larger. Th. Muslims had nodccd rhh vdhdon ii th sizc of rhe luie disc hund I OOO ye6 aeo. tn rbe Modm rimes il was nol before Bruin lhar lhc imporrace of 1he actul visibt. widrh of lh. lutu cllsqr

Uhinately n w6 yaltop who ued the widlh of luo{ cr*cent in his ohe_psmeir nodel of tu4 cre$.nr vjsibitity etadng n b the ahnnd. of rh c@.nr on rh. local

@liz4

orce rh sc@orric c@rdinar6 of thc sd md thc M@n e catcutar.d lh. .fieIs oi Refracrion, Abcration hd fic pddta @ @lculat.d for llc.@odinaies of

2a

both rhe Sun and thc Moon. Thse corct d eclipiic coordi.ates of fie Sun and the M@n

@
ihe

lhen arNtomcd into Equtodal

@dinal6 a, the RiSht A*nsion 4d 6,

cooidinale

lhe

Delination. In order lo g.r th.

tical Hodental
oflh.

coo.dimtsi Ahitude and Azimuth, of

Su ed

the Moon, rhe

ob*frers rcft$rial

dd

the

cal

SidftalTime

(dcfind as lhe L@al Hou AnSle

ro

Equinox) aE rcquiEd. A simple alSorilhn lcrds

fie Greensich

Mean Sidereal Time (GMST).r lhe Oi'Unilesal Tinre for any given

dsle. AddinS lhe local longilude 1o rbis GMST erv.s 1he

r,cal

Md

Sidereal

Tihe for

0i' Uhiv.sal Time for any eiv.n dale is oblained. finally to gct $ Local SidcealTine for my nonent of the day day be obtaind keepids in mind the f6ler pace of $e

Oncc lhe

tical SideEolTihe

ofany moncnl is looM the Hour Anele oflhc any

obj*t is
tine

oblained. The local Euatorial coordiiarcs

s, th. Hou

declinalion,lead to the Altnudc (heiehr obove lh holizon)

ed 6. the dd Azidu$. n@ poiilsol

Anele

imporrant lor lhis slldy. when m objecl is al lhe local meidian (i.e. TEnsi().

when rhc objecl rbes ind when an object srs.

Thc time oa tEnsil may be calcularcd using rhe Hour Angle to be

co.siderinS rhe

eo,

or

rhe

tical

Sidereallime

1o

b.lhe Righr Ascension offte objccr. The *timate

an

olthispointoflimc

can b

inpoled uing

ireraive

pccs

(hal inmlves Eadjustihg

the lime arsumena'lo be lhis approximatc tim and rccalcuhting the coordinates

offie

objd

at

thisdme argumehr.

ConsiderinS Hour Angle

(nearive

io be

9Oo

or 6i" approxidare rihe of rhe rkins

t,

o. the se(ins (posnive 14 ae obraincd. R*rlculatins $e rimc dsunenrs

tor approxidale limes of thcsc eve s $c coodi.Eres ofrhe object de deremined again

ad

the b.lter approximtion

risins

of$e inct oflhs denrs ac ob!.ined. This giv.s the a.d the setins orthe cenres ol$e objers (rhe sun and the Moon) thar can b
$e actual isins (the first
apparance

adjnsred |o st

of the weslem limb of the objec,

of the objsrl.

.nd acrual s.tti.s (homen! of dcappe&ance ofrh.

cded linb

29

Onc. lhe lincs of fting

on

work our att

edor selting ofbodr fie Sun 6d rh Moon are oblained th. p.mete6 of fic import,nce for lhc atrsl (ot la0 visibilitv ot
crc$.nr.

rhe nv (or old)

lutr

2.2

DYNAMICS OF THE MOON AND THE EARTH

T!.

dcvlopnnt of nodem

dy.di4l lhoics

for $e sole sv$em beg& wnn

$e discovry of Laws of Pleel,rf Motion by Jobannes Kepler in the 16('centurv At aboul rhe sm.lin haac NMo. cme !p wilh his tt$ of Motion dd the Univeisal
Law of Cdvi|llion. Whar fouowd is a long histo.y
techniques lead
i

ol developool ol nathemtiql ng 10 the fo m! latioi o f Cd 6tial Dynam ics The e llois w.rc d ir4td to

describcrhdorionofplanctsandlheirsal.lliles,dteroidsand@nebinordcrtopledicl then positions in tuturc with accey of SEater 4d g@lr dsG Conuibntio.s of

Cowll. Encke, Claittul. Hesn. D.launav. Hill and Brown. besides daoy olher nahemalici.ns and astdnoneb. bare ben oi grat
Eulr, Laplace, Poison. Gauss, Olber, si8nificancc. A nunbei ofcldsical md nodcn books de now available thal d.scribe thc
drails

ofd.F

conuibutions (Sna41953. Deby, 1992, Plunmer, 1966. Pollard 1966.

Woolard and Clnene 1966. Bouvct lnd Clmence, 196l elc.). Contibutions ae oho availabl rhat give delails ofthe lund dynamics (chaplont_Touze

dd

Chapront.

l98l'

1991. 1988. Chaproni er.

al. I998,

Srandish I981. 1998

etc)

Einsrein's theolv of

rldrivu

suc(aded in dc$nbrns the molion olthe penhelion

The satllite to planet

( 1.23

nss !.tio in case of lhe Moon_E nll

svstn

largsl

l0-r ) in compdi$n

Triton-N.Drune

ey o1hr saEllite-ple.t pait (lh. nexr ldecar beins lhar of l6s ntio = 2 i lO I ). Thccforc rhe Eanh do.s not prclid. lhe dominmt
ro

efecrive fore aclins oh lhc Mooh.It is not only lhe Sun bul all msjo!pltnels and lar of lh dtdoids lhat @nkibute 10 th. cffcctiv force ,cting on the Moon Thus

cphncredF prcpded *ilhout tdtinS into

eout
Moon

emn@u' Mey of
lomJlauon of

the epheheedes of

$.

lh.e contibudons b boud to be of.dlv dsvs, both b.lor' md aliet $e

all

$e Neqonie ndhtuics. weE bded on

dyndics of lhc Moon
30

obieBed

sd

lompukd

averages of various Lnds r.laled 10 lhe

tnoM with a g@l degK of @!6cy lhoi lhe avetagc avrodic p.riod (intepal ber\,s t$o coMurive ne* M@m) is 29.510589 davs (29 dars, 12 hom 44 ninul6 dd 2.9 sondt. The avBec uomalisd. morth (intcn.l ber@n lwo
Today it is

su(esive pa$ages of
18 oinutes

rh Moon throush

it! perige is 27 5s4550 days (27 davs

13

hous

ed

32.1

$cond, ed

aw'age sidercal honth (inLdal b.twen

re

succesiw p6egs of rhe M@n tnroueh ! fixed st!r) is 2? 321662 days (27 davs ? houf

4l

minures and I1.6 secondt. Thus on thc b6is

ofa sidcEal

no

h thc Moon rravel3

abund 12.176158 degr.et p.r.lay on the av.rage Relaiv. to lhe Su. lhc M@n traveh

dtgc6 per day on lvmee. Howvo, rhe mininu Bt 6 b. 12 08 deges Fr day and $e ndimum t2.41 deeees per day. Tnis oll happeis beau$ the orbil oi rhe Moon around tbe Ennh is a hiehly "i!rcCular' .lliPe whercs lho deviadons tre
12.190?49

cau$d by p.nuibatios du. lo the S!n, lhe Planeb and olhs Thc smi-major arh

$lf

svsten

objsls

ollhc orbn ol M@n n on alcnge 384400 kn bul has a snaU oscilldlion aound thb valn whose period is hala lhe svnodic nonth Thc
.@enrricily of the orbn is 0,t49 bul vdics

sj 0 l lT The inclinalion of the luhr orbir from the ecliplic is 500 9' bul vdi6 up tol9 Elen the nod6 (poihts of
d
much

inFdecrion ollhe lunar orbil and the ecliptic) of lhe orbn !re noi fixed 'nd go round ihc rcliptic in 18.6 yeaB with an o$illalion.bour dE $cular notion lhal moun|s to as nuch as I 6? dcsl6 Thc line ol apsd?! tle eo rcund thc echpiic complelrne on' rouod in 8.85

yem

and dciltations

{iih udnude of
a ell
as

12'413 destccs

Ths all

lhc

''elenentt' oi

the orbn exhibn

bo$ scular

peiodic ldiarions lhis mkes rh'

deimiMdon of lund

ephemEds a daunling task

dd thal of th' planets in $e nodm *lup bsd vith lh doluliodv e4loits oi Johees K'Pler $d lsc
The undeslandi!8 of lhe dynanics ol the Moon

N.s,ror Kcpt.r cnpnically dcdued his Lls of Pld.lary Molion on thc b6is ot o posilio' of extensile study of the obsralional .lcta @llected ovcr ce'nies of lhc pldets. Thcsc cfl be sbtcd 6 follows:

3l

L
2.

d. clliptic with lhe Sun a1 one ol lh foci. R.di6 vdtor of ! pldel (V@lor dnM liom the sun lo rhe PldD
Pl&erary otbiB

sw*ps equal &.a5 in equl lihe jorensls.

Th. sqlle of rhe Friod of rcvolulion of a Plder eund rhe Su

proponionalto lhe cube ofils dea. dblance ftom die Sun.

is

Nfion nol only prcentd his Law ofUnive6al Gralilaion but verified KePleas
of Pleetary Motion usi.8 lh. tnw ol G6vilation. According to NMon s Larv rhe

of atmcion beM.en two bodi6 wilh nas*s

2' ed

,,

pl@d 6t a dista.ce

=c!+i
rrr).

(2.2.r')

The force is aflnclive and G is the PmPonio.ahy constant

Consranr (6.6?2x 10

dllcd Univ.dl Cavilalioml

'r-)*s

is

enhs ditctcd ircn ,L to

-r

or rron

Frem rhe ddc

of publicalion ot

tte'Priripi.l

bv NeMon in 1687 a nudbet

',rou|

o'

astlononeB, physicisrs and na$cnalicians conribulcd sisnilicontlv in $e dcvclophenr

of th.

lndesl..dins of Lud sd Plmhry dy.amra.

Howele. at lh time of NeMon (and pftap3 lill lodav) the dvnanics of lhe Moon pa*nred sear dilficuhy rhar forced Ne\\'lon lo darc thal ",',e Ltmr theo'v nale his

vorld think o! it no norc " lDanbv 1992) ro He had tlitficulry in describing lh. modon of Fnge (the poill in lod orbil cloesr (1749) the &nh) and could explain it ro only withi. m accurev ot 8 percenl Clanaut appli.d ml)lical merhods ad succeded in explainilg d molion of pngee bv 6'ng he.l
ache dtut kept

hih aeake

so

olen thut

he

seohd o.der approximation. He published his lraorP de Ia /,,e md a se! ofnumencal tablcs ih 1752 ior computation of lhe posnion of fie Moon. the Eost sisnificmr
contribudon frcm Euler appered in l 7?2 shcn he tublishd his srcond lL@ lh'ory

32

ficory of luM hotior, Publish.d in 1802. cnploy.d rrmfo@ing th. eqution ofmolions $ tlt.t the lruc longltudc wa an independ.nt ldiable Hh wotk also

kplM\

povid.d

e dpl.n
who

tion of lh. degrce

sdo

a@1.61io. of the

M@! ripl@'s

mdhods

w.E

cdied io a high

Dmoi*e.

of accu!@y by sevetal malhedaicies One of then was publthcd his th@ry dd r.bl6 in 182? that Gmaircd in *id' Ne until

Ha.Fn! sork dppeaed. P. A. Hasen's wolk ext nded for over fonv veds fon 1829 dd his r.bl4 w.re publkM in lE5?. ThGe labl6 rcmain.d in s for w.ll ov'r finv yds. Delaunay publishcd his work ih 1860lhal M basd on disturbiry tunctions $ai inludcd 120 tms. By sn.ltti.al m.4 h. Gmovd 0E teru of disorbins turulion on' thc by one ahd gEdually builds up th. $lution. Autho6 cl.im thar Delaunav s vorl( n
mo$

Frf{t

elulion of th.l@r problm v.t found {D&bv

1992)

Thc posilion of
coordinatcs

$e M@n dodd

th

ElnI is desdbed

bv spndical pold

(r,,190 p) wnn r bci.s th. heli@.ntric

disr:nce or rhe tltncr' ? $e

eliflic

lonsitudc and

lhe ecliFic laliode The most commonlt

Gd

edv lo handl
1

lunai $bles dlrinB the nosr Pan of 20't c.n$ry \rcG dDc lo

BrcM (Bmm 960) This

ll]M $.ory w3 inpo!.d

bv Eckefi

&d ws tnown

ILE, sho^ tot Inprored

Lrnr

6 ELP Epr,rdr,r. Tnc lh.ory coGtruct d bv ChcPont and ChaPon(_Toul is knosn (Chapo er. al,. 1983. 1988) shon tot Ephtina des I air's Pukienhes ln ELP luDa nolion in $e simplifi.d tables have ben cxlEclqi from lhe lheorv lo rcplcsnt lh' $e fom of explicit line sries fomule. Th6e tabl's @ b lsed to direcllv compute ro ILE it luntr coord'nabs. ELP h Dol onlt morc Peci* md complele in conpdien For ale povides noe nodern valEs oi l(M pdmelels md olhr Phvsical coislsts'
6000

y.4

on eacb side of J2ooo o ELP povids

lund c@rdiMts that

l4lv

have

eno$

VSOP (Vdialrons .xc.eding few arc secoo.ls Toeelher with th' dvlopment of t!bl6 due ro Sacnl.ifs des Olbires Pletitt bv Bctagllon ed Fdncou (t9E8) lhe
Chapront er.

al

destib the motion

ofall

major bodies (xcept Pluio) ih tbe solar

sysrem. Both rh

$ori6, ELP &d rhc vsoP

dcv'lopcd

rhe Buean d's

ll

inies ionolasysrcm of di0eGnial eqladoi dat constin&s th. major pad of th. sfudy of elcstial n46mic' Therc & i. gddt t$o.ppoachcs for slving such dyndical systctu, ealytol ud nusical, Anallril nerhods m b6ed on solutio. by Iouder sens ed thc Poiso.\ Slies. Thc ELP-2000-85 (Chdprcnlr,al, 1988) is semidalttic sd has ben obla'ncd
BdicaUy a nhcory of pldelary

ed lund

motion involvd

frod

fil o f ELP-2000-82 (Cn!po!i

cr. al. I 983) to

th. nlncrical inrcer.tion of lhe .lei

in this o@ry

Propulsion Labomrory DE200/LE200 (Slstrdish

l98l). P@$ion

ha

ben

$keh iion Lasrar

Gsklr,
an

1986).

For

te

lylic par!

ELP-2000

Fpets th nain lEblm fbm th.

Ihe

penurbarions.

Th. 6ain problem tak s into accout thc &tio. of thc E nn's ce E of

m6s aid lhe acion ofrhe Sun's orbir aound lhe Eorlh-Moon baycentr. such lhat

Sun\ odit is asuned to be Keplrid cllipse. This rcrulls inlo Fouri.r series w'lh numdical c@fiicie s snd ar$mdb th.t m suns ol mulripls of fou fundade.tal

ned longitudcs of the Sun ed $e M@n). / (mean monaly of rh Moon), l(hem anohaly of $e Sun) lnd a (M@n s argumen( ol
paBmeted D (diffeence of ihe

ude).

Tlis main

ladtude and

6uhs inlo dne *.ies fomnld for Mmn\ longitudc. gocenrric disrscc @daining 2645 rcos in all. Apan flofr lh* *rics
problem

acrons

of all rh other

significant objects

in

solar sysren

dt

consideed N

'Fnurbadons lo ihc mdin pbblen lhol include:

tndiKr pl&c(ary perturbarions rbar re induced by lne diff.tsoc.s blwecn the lrue orbit of the Sun aound lhe Eanh-Moo. bdycenue and tssuned Kepbnm Elliplhal orbil oflhc Sun *uned in the min Pmblem.
Dirct planerary penub.tioN due lo etions of

2.

othr plan$

on ibe M@n

lor

borh the direct

th

ad

rhc indtct planetlry penubalions lhe ELP-2000

co6id6

orbib ofthe

pldct

givn by BGlagnon\ VSOP82 rh@.y.

P.rurbations du. ln figues of $e

Edh md

thc

Mon

(Moons, 1982).

34

4.

R.larivislic p.nub.rions (Lsrnd. & Chlpronl-Tou?J 1982).

5- Penurb.tuG du. to tidd afccis (villim3.t. a!

l97E).

6.

Molion of the efccnce

frde

conside&d wilh

spect

to m inrrigl

fime of

consideradon ol all lhese pelturbarioB esuhs inlo rime series

longitude, IatiMe

.rd disra@ of 0E M@n

at

nds

$e numh.r

fomlla for geocentric of lcm !o 15:37.

coordinai.s explicilly

An alnatc ro this

thericrl appro&h is !o rcpr*nl1hc

6 tinc

ledes fomule. This epEs.rolion of tlie tinc seds is dcrloped by Chap6n!

Touzi ind Chapront (Chapront-Touu & Chaprcnq

l9tl,

pp. l0) und ha bcc.

!*d

in

fiis work.

The

mjor fomula

used in rhh

vork due !o $es authob de lkrcd beloNl

Tbe ge@entric longitude

'/h.xpesed

as:

+0.000001856tr'

'/=218.31665416+48126?.8813424'r-0,00011268'r: 0.0000000r534.r1+,5. +(s; +/ 1si +r' xsi/1oo0o)/l0oo

(2.2.t)

whrc

I = h in iulian

centuies sinceJ2000.0

s, =tv,sr,(dj')

+d|),,+ao *r' xro I +ao)'/r xr0' +d|,.rr

(2.2.21

xro r)

I )':st(o;''
=

-a:"'

'4

(2

2.r\

si = tv;,s,,(d;,o

dnD.r)

(2.2 4)

$.t%'sr'(sfl + dI'.,)
Tb vdB 6f

(r25)

Tout.d

v- r; ct, d!o8 eitb |b ot a'. G Sivto i! Chr.odCt q.od (Clg!d.To@a.nd Ci{.Gi, l9l, rp a!-56}

tb.ootM

Ib

gcoc.nttc

ldhde UL

riE

b,: Q26)

t/-s,, +(s:/

+r'$ +i's;/10000)/100
xron

s,,

.5,"si,'(rj". p:".,.p:!.rr
-'u.,&4fri.t + p{t.

+/i",r

xr0r +r'r 'r'

x ro

')

Q2.?',)

s:,

tl

e2.8)

.$

-tr:$4i:o

+r4D.,)

t229'

q.t!;&,(r;o +r'o.,1
Th!

Q2.tO)

y.lG

Toudsrd

th c@trt ! t - !; .iq dotE eilh lho.c of 0!.t 8lt'.! in Clqlot' Ctar@r (ct Fld-ToEald ftlnfi, 1991, I? 5?{a).
of

rindly tl|c geo.6tic dllt n6 it dven by:

x-315000.57rsr +sl

+r.8i

+y'.s;/10000

Q2.rD

s-

=t'"cdldj"'+djl

xron)
(2.2.t2)

s;=:4cd(d;'+r;,''/l
s; = t,;c,rt6"4'
+

(2.2.t))

r,4,

.4

(2.2.t4)

si= i"-",,(u-'' +d;o).r)

-fhc

e.z.ts)

!!hEs of

the consr.nls rz,

/;

etc, dlong with lhose oa6s ae given in Ch.prcnl-

'fouzi

and Chapronr

{Chapo.r-TouzC and Chatronr. 1991. pp 65-73),

Atlat0)s. /0)s and D{ors, ,',

s,,,sl..U,su,si./.'r.r;.,".
y'r\,
ana

md

r;

@ in desrcB,

arr\, y'r's, d1'\,

si,si,.';

and

,;

ac in d.s@Jcenrury, ar'\, y''?\. irlrs,

si.si.v;
/'rs
in

lnd

r; e

in

desEs/6tury2,

ao's,

d's m

in aegeevcenruD kilomelres,

and a"rs,

aid d'h de in deecs/centud.

kiloderrs/cenru.y. siand

R, s,? and Sh

dc in

5i md 4

.t

sr. in kilometftVcenruly:.

For Tbe detemimtion of plan.lary coodinstes lhe complele n-body problcn is

requied to be slvd.

A. ml,,lic

solution

of

planerary dotion wa3 pre*nted by

8rct.Slon (BElaglon, | 982) of Burau d.s LonSiluds of Fnce lhat described only thc

.llipric @rdinates of the pldels. Th. elution is populdly knosn d VSOP82 (Variations S.culai6 d6 Orbits Pldauirct. Latcr, BEtagnon and F6Nou of th. se Bur6u hodificd VSOP82 inro VSOP87 (Bcl8non & FMcoq 1988) in 3uch a uy lJllt th.i! eluio! povid6 both thc Catcsim (or tst&suld) @rdimtes 6 wll a th. sphcdcal pola coodiiates of $e pldels in a helimenlric syslei. Thcir slllion
V

SOP8t descibes ln

el

enehls of thc

osc ulat

ing or

inst

aneous

orbit in lems of:

t7

- sdimjor uis of th. dbil l, = m@ ld8itlrL ordF ddt

a

l= ?,@$

p=

sincr,i

Dsino

c= si(Xi)coso

r is ln. bngnud. ofp.dhelion, i ir th. incliodon oflh. orbit fmm rh. plD. ofeliptic dd O is the logilud. oflh e.lding nod. oa th. olbit. .cholth. rcctarsul$c@rdioat (X L a or &c aph.ic.l polar coordimts (2. I t) is u.xplicir tunctionofiime ed is inlhe forn of p.dodic eds md Poison $ies. Every lcd ot Ues $.i6 is in fic tod of:
whec.
is thc.@eotriciry ofthe orbn,

I"(ssii9+ I:cosp) or 1"..ios(, +c?)

$,lEE
a

(2.2.t6J

- 0, l,

2,

l, 4, 5. I

is

tn. tire in lhoFnds of.,ulie

)s fod

J2000.0, i..

f= e=ia,1,, i = I

165250

to 8,

! I

reprsent rh. m.m longnud.s of the plancc Mercury lo

= 9, l0

6d I Lc rcpllsfl
is the

th. Dclawy sgmen& of lh. Men D, F md

The hsl of
tlay. In thc

na

longiMe of U. Mon Bivd $nh

6pt

to

lh.

ah@te xpcsion,

B= Za,^,"

c=>d,N,

12.2.11,

-,asinp,

(2.2.r8)

l8

,l

md M dc Sivci in

the lable 2 of

(BdaBnon &

Flmou

l96E)

@ .vailabl on CD's dd laFs For r.cta.gular c@rdiml6 of rhe phf,ls |he dlia llles VSOPS?A. VSOPSTC dd VSOP8TE dc @d sd for the
These data series

spherical polarcoordinaEs VSOPSTBand VSOPSTDa!. used. A shonerleBionofrhese

data series

isSilenby Meeus (M.eus, 1998)and

hbles firsr olumn

l. the* gives.4s, fie eco.d ,s dd the lhird sives Cs. The dats file hs 6
u$d in this@r\

lheff. tr

sedes fo, dh or rhe coodi.ates L (h helioccnlric Lonsnud.) and R (lne helioccntk

dislanc. ofthe Eanh) and 5 for fte c@rdi.ale B (lhe hclioc..lric Lafiudc)

Iiiclr s$ics

lir

L. ll .nd

ll ne

uscd as

follo\s ro obhin thc heliccDkic polar

t't i
0. l . 2.
:1.

LA; co\B; . I jT t.
l,2,3,4lor B Ihc
0 lo dilfeonr

r2.2 rol
suFrrscnpt

4. and 5 lor l- md I( and 0,

tsund for

(L). 2(lJ) and 3{R).

x rus tolsh

incger lor di(feEfl

coordinaGs and

their lssiatcd seri6- Fo. l/{iconsponds

/{i coftsponds ro lonsirudc scri.s. I = l ro lari$de sris and I = 3, /r,coiiesponds to dist .ce serica. ll.ch
0-

I -

coordin eislhcneuluatdas:

r=ltcu il'
/. md

) "=lz'',')
$c

=l:, ',''

(2 2 20)

, d. ir ndian nesuEs
rhe c@.dinares of

and X is in aslrohonical unils. These

as menrioned

crlier

Eanh in heliocsnkic c@rdinare sysrcm wnce6 for {he

problem ofdckmrining posirion oflh Sun inour sky w. ctually requiE rhe Cmcentric

coodinales of lhe Sun instead. In case of rhe Eanh this uNformation is sinple:

l9

,is = I +l8O!

Fs= -e

12.2.2t)

ond the hcli@entric

dislanft ofthe E.nI is smc

as

th. s@edtic distanc' oflh S!n'

2.3

BIRTH OF NEW MOON

arcund 12 A3 menioned earlier the Moon in ilsjounev dound the Eanh llavels vcry 29 5 davs whc' rhe dcgrees cvery doy in our sky and $l.s ovcr tic Su in lround

Ccocntnc Lonsnude of the Sun

e.l

lhe M@n

N se

rhe

nonent is tnoM

tnc

of Nev M@ns Tine ol Bidh of Ncs Moon Tbe dudion berven two succe$ive Binhs petiod is n is called lhc Lun.lion Period Ho$ever dE Llnal'on from 29.2 days lo 29 8 davs This is rh. d.ys ach or lhe con*culive

cMn

bhind

luor monlh of lO davs cacn

'ons For fi tine ofBinh ofNew

olilt
Moon and

irt tu'd

mon$s of 29

lonsilud's Moon one requiEs to find lhe noment when rhe seocentric

rinc eeh of rhc sun coiNide Thus one needs to lracl lhc lo'Siludcs of lhe lonsiodes of the Sun md Coisidcrins $e najor rcms oa lhe line scrics fomulac fo'
ELP-2000'8? $e $c M@tr in th planeurv rhcorv VSOP'2000-8? and lhc l(nw th@rv An alsori$m due b Meeus noment when thc rwo lonsiludes aG sMc can be evaluatd Ns Mmn is as rollos: (Mceus, l99E) for $e dclemiiation or $e rin' or Binh of
passages ol lhe a!c8. lhe tnpic.l Yd (dudiion betw'en t*o conseculive (from (l I l)) Thc avedge svnodrc Sun lhroush equ ox) iscudcnrlv 16524219 davs Moonsr toten o\er a rcn'ur} ii Monrh (trre intedal bclwccn r$o cons{u'r\c t\e*

thcn

On

'Ixus in oft topical vear rh're aG otr a\Esc 12 1682664 29.530589dar(fon (1.3.3)). 2O0O i e J2O0O O the nunbei of Synodic mo h5 Thqeloe since lhe $ad of lhe vcd
synodic monlhs elapsd oregrveh bvl

t
and lhc time in

(f,'

- 2000) x l2 3682664

(2.1

l)

lropical ceoruries el.Psed since J2000 0 is Siven

bti

t236.42664

(2

t.2)

An approximarc valu

ofth.Iulid

Dale ofthe Ncw M@n

ir $cn givn by:

JDE

2451550.09166

+29.5JO58886t.t+0.00015437..r
+ 0.000000000?3'

-0.OOO00Ol5

j.r

r!
(2.3.3)

$herc *!.

t i. d

inteSer Thus @ording ro this fomula rhe for

= O |h

Jutiil

Dar.

lid ces.nr
4l

of$c

ofycar

2OOO

is 2451550.09766 lhar is
a

J&ury 6.2000 ar I8n

r4m, md

I of dynlmical lime. For

horc accmle valu

oa ihe

Julia D.te of thc New Moon

due lo lhe Sun md rhc planer ar added, Thc pertuibafions tenrs due to thc sun d given byl

lhe pdlrbation

tchs

x=

-0 t07 2.SlN(M )+ 0 I72J t

EISIN(M) +O.0l60A.SINOr M )+0

0lAj91stNe,F)
M)

+0.007i9.E"'lN(M -M)-O
0 00| t

0O5

1.t.ErSINtM
+

+a 0a208'E^2istN Q,M)
+

t 'SlN(M -2.F)-0.000t7.StN(M

2*F)+O OOO|6.E.SI^-(2+M,

000J2.slN(3.M )+ A OOO.| 2+E.StN(M+ 2tF)+0,aoB8*E.SIN(M_2.F) -a 00021'E.stN(2. M'-!r' o 0u | 7,stN4.] 0.00007.stN(M'+ 2.io

-0

0a0u.slN(2.M -2. F) +O.00001'S!N(1.M)+0 \oaol.stNi,,t-+ M-2+F) +0 0040j.SIN(2'M + 2.FrO 00O03.S|N(M +M.2.F)

+0.

+0

+0.00002.s1N(1'M) wherc
,r,1 =

0000J.StN (M -M + 2.D

-0.

@OO2.S|N(M.

-M). D -O.O0OO2.StN(r. M, + M)
Q).4)

rb. mce &omaly ofth. Sd al ihc JDE = 2. I SiJ +29 I A5 3567.k-0 ,OOO0 t I -0 oaoooo I I

I
(2.3.5)

= thc mee anomly of de Moon d lhe JDE

= 2A 1.5613+ J85 8 1693528'k+O.Ot 07j82N -0 0A0A0A0,8.
11

+0

OAOA

I :38.

4l

F"

M@'!.4ruqtof hind.
! 6'0.? !

aE+390.670t0264.1-0.00t

0.0@w0

.f

61 r

8.

- 0.0U00227.

Q.3.1)

g - lncinde of lsnding md. of {!. luar orbn

!24.7716-1.5637t588.t+0.0020672'1 +

0.OOOOO2 t

5r

(2.3.8)

E=

Eedtricity of $. oftit of Elni

1-0.002t 16.T-0.0000074.

(2.1.e)

Th. pedurbltion |.tus

de

io

pleas e:

A00032t.StN(A I )+A000165+sNLtr+a000 t6.trSIN(/r+0.0a01 26.stN(A1)

+ 0. + 0.

0 00 t

t.sr N (,4, + a 0,f06 2 +stN (/tq + a 00006. stN(t7) + 0. 00u t 6.3 !N (/ E)

7.s tN (,t 9) + 0. 0000 4 2.s N (/ t q + a 0000 1. s tN(t t t ) +0.0000t7rsIN(AI2)+o0o00J5.StN(Ar i)+o W023.SlN(,| !4) (2 3 to)
00001

A I -299-

2 7 + 0.

t O74o8.k-O,OO9 I 7

t. ?

(2.3.1r)

t2-25t.E8+A0t6J2t.N
,13-25 LE|+266J IEA6.t

12.t.t2)

(2.l.lr)
Q.3.t4)
(2.1.15) (2.3.16) (2.1.17) (2.3.18)

a4-t19,42+J64t2478.*

/5-U.66+ ! 8 206239.k
A6-t4171+53.303771.t
/7=207-14+2.153732.t

19-34_t2+27.26t2391t
A !
/1

(2.3.19)

0- 207. I I +0. | 2 1 824'k

Q3.20)

t I = 29 t. 34+ l.

64a379.t

Q.3.2tt

42

A I 2=

6t. 7 2+24. I 98 I 54.k

(2.3.22) (2.3.23) (2.3.24)

A I 3= 2 39. 5 6 + 2 t. 5 t

t099.t
I

at 1:33

t. t5+ 2.7925

E.*
M@n ie giv.n by

Tlus $c

,ulid

Dlle of lh.

Na

JD=JDE+X+Y
Thc dm deeribcd by this
mad lo get

(2

r.2t
be

dat

is lhe DlaMnical Timc and lhc

coretions for Al mcr

$e Universal Time (discu*d in 0Encxtarticle). For anr l@al coopuralion,

th.

Ld.l

Zonc

lide

and

d!i. n6r b.

calculated ftom |he UniveMl Tim. and dale

ohaincd abovc on rhe bdis oatbe lonsirudc ofany place on rhe Eanh. Thc darc h $en de day of conjuncrion fo! the place and rho rime of conjuncdon (he bnrh orNcw M@n)
can b

dy rinc fom 0-

10

23r"

59'" t9h

on

thd dav.

2.4

THE TIME ARGUMEI{T

ft w6 mentiohed earlicr thal rhedynahicsofatl soltr systcnr objec$ isdescibed

lomula b6cd on 6adcs of Cl6sic.l Mcchdics and lhe Relarivisric Dyneics in t.m3 or rid serics. In order b ersriv.ly ue rhcsc fomulas an apprcpriate ?rrs
by

argMerr cotrcsponding to rhe honeht of obseiving the lunar crescenr at my place on lhe surface of the E rth h6 io be valualcd. Such a lime a.sudent h6 ro b co.inuou
and

.ph. various theorics and problems uF difercnr .pochs depending on rhs co.rext for a geneEl consideFtion in pls.lary ad luE dynmics thft ,re lwo ihporlanl epochs.
called
Th

mui halc a clearly

dcUncd point of i's beeimine (|he

aro rine).

nr$ of

lhese epochs is a
4?

oonefl

in edote pdsl coftsponding to rhe Noon al

G@nwich on Janlary l.

l2 B.C.E. on th. Julid c{l.ndar (or Nolember 24, 4? I I on

Cdgode cal.ndtu) (Ringold & D.Rhowila ?001), Fren $is pojnt of timc rh. rine elapsed tiu my laler point oflime in number of days md a possiblc fierion ofa day h

4l

elled th. Julid Dare abb@ialed B JD.

of

So the

,D @Gponding lo thc 5i" 30.i. on

Ocrober 5, 2004 ar Grcenwich is 245t284.2708t11t.. Thls rhe Jutim

D!i. i3. mesE

d.y5_

tih. clapsd sine thn pocl 6id is cxpEss.d

The orhcr epoch of inpori,lcc lo rh

in nmber of

n@ eld

lftnl

work k fie noncnt of dme ell.d

i..

J2000 0 a.d

il Eprcseds lhe l2ln TDTon J.nuary l,2O0O

(Abononhal Almahac,

2007). Tbe JD conesponding ro rhis hom.nt dl C@nwicb is 2451545 days. This is the

2eo me for borh rhe Luq Th@iy ELP,2000 (Chopo.lTouz{ & Chaponr, l9l) dd th pl&elary th@ry VSOP,87 {Brc|,gnon & Fmcou, 1988). In bo$ rhes 0leodcs lih. m@!red frcn J2000.0 bo foMrd od b6ct*ards. In ELP thir rimc is in is coBidcrcd in rulian CentJies (i.c.16525 me.n sle days) md i! VSOP il is inJulie
.poch or

Millemia (365250 mce solrdays). BoththeseepocbsmbasedonrheinreRaloirimealted..toedn$hrdat, is defincd

meddim)

qhich

a fie int rval berween lw slccessile rhsits (r6sdge rhlough rhe locll ofrhc fic ious body knoM as ft. mee Se. This ficlitious body novcs sirh

uifom sF.d
The

alory lhc cel6ial cquabr .hd is consider.d in place of lh. acrul Sun $ar oovcs vith non-unifom sped (dw ro rhe .llipli orbn of tne Efin) abnS lne Ectipd.

tmsit of $c aclual Sm over a local heridi& vdes

up ro

I I minurs over a penod

of on lrcpical

ye

(Astmnooical AlFanac, 2O()7), Thereby atl civil rim. reckoning

have beh a$ocialed with the hedn

Sln lhot consisrl of 24 mean solar hous,

lccodin8
to the local or

The

beeinningofa civilday, i.e. zro hou* on civil clocks occu^ at nidniehl when the nour

dgle of rh. Mean Sun

is rwIrc hou6

sisddd hcidia..
rinc is not wilhoul its
n spinning
a@und irs

Th. tiDe describd by lh. cl@k showing

d. mm

$lf

di*Ep.n i6.

In

fd

it is lhe Ertn, $e gtob, ilsctf rhal is ou cl@t lnd $c n.m solat

on ths a!ragc rate al which lhe Eadh

tine B suppos.d to b. basd

dn. Howeverlhn considearion is only with rcspecl !o lh Med Sun. Du.lo the orbilal noionoflh. Eanh beins in rhe sme direction as its dis ofmlolion (ton qesl lo EEst)
nee sold day. So the actuat nle of dial rchtion is b.t r ralized by rhe No sw;sivc resirs of a sior. Dis in|cdal is lemed
on

ubl

totaiion coDpldes in l6s thm ihis

a r Si&F.l

Dry

ud rh.

timc

masuld @rdi.s to thb $d. is

rlrc

Sid.Flt

Timc_

ofr[. E lrh ttris D.riod i!.le nor uifom e w h!rc ro @tuid* "M.rn Sidccal Day" rnd !@diiSly M6 Sidaql Tirc. Oc md el& dly cquls |.002?3?90915 !|16 .i&Gd dlys (or 24B 03i" 56.t553?* on m@ sid.Mt tim.). Altcturcly oE md 3idcEd dly cquals 0.9?26956633 ns st.r d.ys (or 2lb
Aglin du.lo lhc clliptird orbit
56'r" 04.09053* on

md

sol$ rimc).

o@ eld {n ir rhc rinc |.t n inro &@6r in bolh lb. civil tu. ekoning a sll a tlE $tromnic.l. Wh.Ed lh. dylmiclt rh6d* denbc |h. norions of th. objers ii solr srsr.m on th. bair of rhc coninuoBly nowins tinc dc$dbcd a Dyimiol Tim.. T|| UniwBl Timc .d rlE DyiMiel Tim. E nor @Biri. .nd rh. dilTelwc bdw6 dF tw is lot ! trom fumrioi of ritu dd @utd bc lound only bt high pcirion ob&dados of th. skics. Th. diffm. of thc lrc AT is rlbull|.d i. Asnonomicrl Aln.t@ for th. t.tqopic G6 (AD 1620 ri lodar.). For rh. cd prior lo lic rcl.spic .n rhc v!l@i ol dT G cdcll.r.d on thc blsis ot rnc qlculatioB of .cliter @ultrrion lnd 0E rin6 of th* d.nt. @rdert jn lh. tmwn history. Th. val@s of AT e giEn fq only |h. nan of.eh cd.nd& y.r ,nd $os for olh.r dn6 ofFd ce b. incrlDlar.<l. VeioG .u0!oc havc giwn veio6 lehniqu.s fot obt inins llF* slq (Di.k y 195, M.!!t, l99E, Motri$n & Scoh.Nr, 2004. Mofti$n & W.d, 1975, Scph.@n & MoEien. 1984 ald 195. Sr.ph.nsn, 1997,
In gcrcr.l rh.

lsl.m .t d. 2001.

b.sd

e.wnl ir to bG p. iomcd s ed( oul.v.rging on l@l civil dh. sd dac. ror iBlhe vhcs llE rim ed darc of rh. binn or
Wh.ncv.r a c.lcul.tion for

nd M@i is compucd

cone our ro b. in dynmictl rim. This dyMical dmc should h. conv.ncd ro thc Univ@l tinc by adding rhc c!frnr wt* or & ud 0En lo th. l@l civil lim. by addine lh. Equbit &n tirc (@BidcEd posiliv. fo..6t
rh.
bnsnudB and rcg.dv. for

lqlr

Br

lon8itud.s) for lh. l@tion of

ob*rci

Simil&ly if oie

wrs ro olculnc to ric Dcition of rh. M@n fo! {y l@rion of ob*rer, rh. ld.l zoi. tin. hts to b. @nvcn d io uiwrsd tiD. by subr&ri.a thc aE tin. &d rh.n rhc
crent
vduc or
41 should

b. $bt .cr.d iom n

ro

gd tnc

Dylmiql Tim.

How.r s noE @nhtlon l !'pNch

ir

ro

@!qt lol <bre.rd ar rim

ro

uiv.Eal dalc ed time which is ihcd cotrrcncd b rh. ,ulid .!ate dd fmUy th. .fi6r of dt is taln inio ecoul. Tlc s. lpprorch b u*d in lhe fonowilg atgodrhn foi
c.lcul.tioo of
the

dn dgme
Local

Srep-l: l8el

Doaroh ercgorin

Cal.nd@

LZ

LMM, LDD

Sr.F2: INrtIBalTin. &7awTih. LHH, LMN, LSEC, ZON S4 LryY=LIY, UMM-LMM UDD.LDD
UHH= LHH + ZO N, UMIN = LMIN, LIsEC = I.S EC

ln eedeEl rhe only Univcsal dme md Univc6d

dif.rc.c. bclwen
Duc

local hne tinc a.d dale

ed

lhe

d.t

is th. diff.cn

. bel@n
b
rhis

hou6 rhat cq@h zon time

(considercd in inresal
dare

ho6 hcr).
......

ditf.rene th. t@al d.rc hd lbe

mar difLr by onc &d tr.!&

.djcthsf.

I[(UHH>=24)

1rcft6. dar
is

UDD-LDD+I tf (UDD>dorqLMM)) //darr LDD=I: I

'UMM-LMM+Ii
rf (uMM> t2)

nMber of days in

donrh

@y

I
t)]

UMM-|:
UW-LYY+ 1:

upHH<o)
{
UDD=LDD.!:

... ...

d..t @ do,

If(uDD-o)

UMM.LMM.I

If(UMM-1)

46

AYY-LW-l;
J

UDD-&tr(UtlM)

olr@

l[. UEircc.l

d.rc dd

tirc

is

lppllFi.Lly dju{.d @ pcad! lo

inirially
13

{d rhc ritu. For rlis calcularion ihc nondr is Jmqry o! fcbnoy, it i! co id.Ed morh .mbq
c.lcula& rhe Julih Dar. for 0E d.lc
Esp@tivly, ofthe

if

or

14.

ptwiou trd ad rh. t@ i! sle d.crcNed by l.

UW-WY-l

Thc

ir Fquicd

ofeftry yd (likc ,E | 100, 1700 .rc) d[ ln. yd lo t@6t for !mh6 of mhd rap y@.
nmbd

UYY

Stcp4: 1=INr(Wt00)
of 6e $tommic.l dlculariotu ! daL d and .na Fliday. Octoba 15, 1582 is coaid.tld io b. I dlc of Grgodd caldd.r {d a darc toni Thsdly, Octob* 4, l5E2 ..d prior to rhb datc i. coGiderd s a dale i! Jutie ln

lml

Ilru ifa dsl. i! fton Crc8ode cal.dde ndh.. EquiEs m accout ofnon-tlap yed tom.mong3i 0F nomal lcap yds due to th modified rule ofliad y.rinthe Grc8onlr qal.nd$(y.$divisible by 100 but rot diviribte by 400 e @r L@! yes).
calndd.

d"@ledq it

casdtb'
a=2-/t+rMf(1/1)

I (

.l*1I "@Ldo

IdlM" B_0 J
i.t

47

c@t 6. nub.r of diys .laps.d si@ the Julid DaL epoch (Jeulry l, 4712) iill Ihc .nd of th. PEviou yc& .rd lhe trmbr of dltr laled flom ln. n61 d.y of rh. PEviou yd till the cnd of lhe c|lml monlh
Now orc n6ds ro

ianing fom ys -4716 dD( thal @ balmed by subt@lion of lh. co6t ni 1524.5.

Meu

@dider this

sMbl

adds addilional davs

JD=\NTQ65.2t(UW+

17 16)+
+

tl]/r(30.600t (uMM+ 1))+ UDD+ B-l 524 5

(u HH + (UMIN + USEq60)/60)/21 (2.4.r)

ln both th. lh.orics VSOP8? tnd ELP2000 lhe Poch is the J2000 0 @ftsponding ro rhe Julie Dsr.2451545 theEfot one tin lly c.t5 the lin

JD 245t545
16525

Ar

(242)

1155760000

Notc rtEt in rhc

l6t

st@

lh.

lid l.B

on 0E lighl

hfld

side is the

nmbd of

lulie entude elap*d sine 12000.0 ad th. s@sd l@ is for At which is @allv siven in mobd of.eonds od h.rc w. nccd to @nved n i o nmb.r of cntuies (lio
ELP in a

&d Millemia for vsoP)

due to which

il hN lo be divided by the nunbq of s6onds

Juli$

cnrury ifor ELP md Julim

Mill.inia fot VSOP).

lf

and when ttie dynmical tim. of

Lhen into Local

cv.nt is

*rom

we need io @hv.n rl

U.ivesal dd

Zon. tim.. Thc dylmical tihe is oblain d

the

nmbet

of Julie cenluries sin@ J2000.0

that rhc Julisn dare of tbe evmt

cm

b calculated

6:

48

1p

15575s.(, -

usrsts =-4-), 3155?@@00J

*ill
b.

ea.t,
io

TIlc int Sr.l

Ft

ofdF Juliu D.!.

onEtud

Cdddr Dd. .nd

t|| hclion l Frt

St

ro

th Unirwl Tim:

F2: d-3:

Z-INT(JD)

St

F-JDZ

Fd &rB Fior ro ocrobcr 15, | 582 (JD = 229161) rhc inl.Sq p.rr of.ID is !.oircd il ii olhdtuc ldjulr.d for th. @diti@ of lhc GGgorid cdqd{

St.pa: ifz<229161 ( Ert t Stcp5: sr.p6: SGp?: Stcps: Stcp9:

B-A+1521
C-INT((B-122. ! y36t.2t)

t-Z )
a-ln((ZlE672l6.2tyt652 t.2t) A-Z+I +GINT(d/0 )

D-INT(J65.25.C)

E-IM((I-DyJ0.6001)
dar-EDLIItT(30.6001.8)+F

StcFf0: UDD-tNTldat) LDD-UDD sr.Frr: ttE<l4 ( ( Els.

UMll-El )
UMt'r-ElJ )
a9

LMU-UMM

stcFr2: alMM>2 { Etr. t

LW-UW

UW-C-1716

UW-C-17tt

} )

steFf3:

hout(=drylM(dqr))r21

Stepr4: UHR-tM(tbu) LHR-UHR-ZON If (LHR<o) ... d'o@. dar ( UIR-UIR+2I: LDD-UDDJ:

...

r!(LDD-0)

LMM-UMM-|; LDD-dasOMg:
It&t4M4')

( .
}D

Ltl:'l'|2;
LW-UW-I;

It(LHl>-2,t ... ... tt@t et) { LHR-LHR-21: LDD-UDD+,,

4t6-DD>day1vut4

'|

LDD-|:
y(LMM>t2)

LMM-UMM+I:
L

{
)))

LW-UMM+I;

tN-l;

ste!'rs: sreFl6: steplT:

htn .=Aov-L| 9.60

UMN-IM(nlnut.) LW-UL{N
tu.ond-(ntr.-LMIN),60

50

SGpf8: Sr.pr9l

USEC=lNr(taond) LSEC-USEC Outpd UW. UMM IJDD, UHR, tjMIN, USEC A"d LW, LMM AD LHR, LMIN, LSEC

In thc is

Nd-M@n Algorilhn

thc our pur is thc dynmi@t

lin. &d

this

dgon$D
.

p.niculaly usfll in @nvcning Uis rinc lo

v.Mt od &y l@.t @G rin

2.5
dlt

COORI}INATES OF THE MOON

For rh. dckmination of lh. c@rdinrcs ot 1h. M@n .r

ey

Sivcn

lc.l

tim. .rd

fomular th. rinc a4um.nt a dieNcd in diclc 2.4. So lh. pcc$ bcsins by s.l*ftg pl.c. of ob6.rq (Ljnsirude &d La ud.), te.l darc ard rim. rhrl
is ro

liB| scp

lcds to lhc rim. &Bum. t eco.dinS

ro

th. atgorjlhn dc$ib.d ,bovc,

s:
(r 5.t)

Julon Do'. -

?{51545 N 16525 1155?60000

th. @Bhcrio! ot rhc dh.

Using Uis rim. arsumcnr

c@'dinar.s is do.c (chapo

*n6 d.*ribing rh. twr -Touza ed Chaponr t99t) s dieled in aniclc 2.2

StF|| Sr.F2r St.Fl:

Fo..dipdc longirudcofth. Moon us.2.2.2 ro2.2.5 ed suhdrut lh.ir csulrsi.2.2,l.

For cclipdc

t.hu&

of

U. M@!

2.2.? 10 2.2. t0

&d sub$nuE

th.i

Bul{.in2.2.6,
For gec.nr.ic

dilllre

of rhc M@n uc 2.2. l2 ro

2.2. | 5

ed

subsritut

lh.nrcsulr.in2.2.1L

5t

DE to lh. nodotr of thc ob6*d. th. diual .nd lhe mual motior of thc Eatth. poiilior of E.y objer in th. sky is afrctcd by 0!. phcmmn of Abcmdon- Th.
followinS @cid.ntion is only for rhe Eaih'Moon includ. the

pls.t.ry Ab.dlion sd

do.s

lol

dimal nolion

of thc

ob6*er (W@lad & Cl.mcnce, I %6).

S1.t-4r

CORREC'TION FOR ABERMTION

v-y4.000 t 9521-0.0&nl059.skQ

25 1177 198

9\)

12 5.2)

U- U-0.40001 754t31h(183 J +48J202't) R- R + 0.0708.C6Q

(2.s.3)

2 5 + 177 I 96. 91r)

(2_5.4)

d.y and dE mcm quinox of lhe dly de difiedt dE ro thc phenom.non ofNuiation the F.is cerdinab on nol be ob|dircd
Fimlly
1he

lrue quinox of

ft.

without th nul'lion in lonS itudc AV and the nubtioh inobliquityAs.

St

pS:

CORRECTION FOR NUTATPN

a'r =l0r

't(y, + y:..)'si,{/,I" +/d' '. +/d' '.r 'lo r)

(2.s.t
12-5.6)

Y=V+

L,t
t.r -0,0141'l0j r tl

. -22.63928-0 0ll\+0.555'lo'
I

(2.5.7)

^'

=lo

'I(., +,' '.). cdko)

/,r' . ' +rdr

..).lo

1)

(2.5.8) (2.5.9)

Tn thc

v.lu. of F

s,

!,'3 md

G's

Bd

in lh.

qp63iont

ahovc

tt!

gt!n in

T$1.

9 in Chlprcnr-Tooze

6d Chlpotrt (Ch.pre

-louz; &d Ch.pon!

l99l,pp.l9):
Oft. rh. @retion dE to .ubrion is dre onc my c@dihal.s, the Rjght Asnsion d dd thc dcclin tion 6:
so ro 6trd

da Eq@tori.l

St.p6:

EQUATOI.ULCOORDIANIES

"=r-'(
6=

c6(tpriio")Si4v)C6(U)

-.t4

Eps i t d) Si dlu

'l
+

(2.5.r0)

sn't l3ih(Epsitm)Si"(v)cos(UJ

cB(Eptiron)sinei

(2.5. I I )

Thc* re rh. nle cqubri.l c@'dinar6 of lh. Men wnh EfcEn.. b th. toe cqulor of $e dare ahd the trua dyunical equioox of the dar_ Th$ m stiu lhe s.oqtic c@diMl* md lhc afr.cr of lhc D6nion of lh ob*rcr on rh. glob. is ycr ro b. lalfl ifto @ounr so tb.t rhc ..iopoccnt.ic" c@rdid., (coordin ts relariw lo thc
posnion
to be

ofth. ob*fr.r) nay

be obl.iied_ In

odd rcd5

rh

!ffftrj oftE

..paraltd" arc

t t.n inlo &count. Th

Pdttd r i! givcn by:

12.s.tz)

wh@ 4 ir
on rhe thc

gcatdc dist4. of dE Mer HowEr rhis q@nry paml* d.Fnds Hoq Ancle (ihe since ibe object cosad thc l@al n.ridim) tor whicn w. ncd
rhe

lad

sidc@l

tin.

LST.

St

FTl

Fqhtlate tiw

dgM't

tlor

UTlq !h. dat. ,tdet cwidqatio,.

5l

I. =6r4t-50'.54841+E tot84,.s12s66I,+0'.093104.r, -0,.0000062.rr

(2.5.1t

gits th. Grcawich

Mcan SidE5l
for &e

Ti6. .t

oir UT of rhe drte. Th.n lh

Ctqwich Si&@l Tio.

T

rirc ug@nt

for ih. rimc of ob6qvation is:

To +

(UHR + (UMLN +USEC/60y60)a0.997269j66JJ (2.5.t4)

'Iijen fic Hou anglc at ihis moncnt ofthe Moon is:

H=T

(2.5

rt

srep.sl

tllec^ofPatala,
Esdh,

If p is th. gocrntic 6dius ofrh. of irE ohsftr ih rh. dsh1 .s6io! co@lion for prhllar & obr.ined $:

p,b

ihe S.ocenkic hrirudc

a' ed

rhc dEtiEtjon

d,

aft.r

@sd - p@sp'sin rcos

l/

(2 5.16)

<2.5

t1)

d'="".I Gind -psin9 sintr)cosaa

ccd-pcGg'sinr@3tt
Fin lly ro otltain rh.
haY

(2.5.tE)

Lad Hdianrrl C@diDtcs A2inuth.nd

rt

AlriMe

lhc followi.g

lissfomalio$:
(2.5.19)

SrcFg:

Azimu$

54

.Aliitu& r=sinpUnrlcdp'cosr'costl
This complcGs ihe der@inarion of dlipric, qurqid

(2.5.20)

.d

Oe hondnIll

@rdid6

of rh.

Mor

2.6
se

COORDINATES OF TI{E SUN

Foi rhe d.t.mimtion of 0E c@rdiDre of rh. Sun on.

p@..&

in runy rhe

say

for lhc

@rdi!!re

of rhc Moon.

slcFl:
lqds

Scldt
to rh.

ple

oroh6dvd (Longiru& ed tilirud.). lcal

ro thc algolirhm

d ..dd

rine rhat

thc egment t &coiding

Julian

dceiib.d lbove,

s:

Dde )451545

1652t0

Ll
12.6.1)

I | 55?600000

&enbins rh. c@rdinates of the Elnh s givd by Br.raSnon & Fdcou (1988) thc h.lie.nrric coodinales of lhc E nb de obtained lhar ft lder trusfoftcd into fte gre.tdc c@rdimles ofth. Sun s follosl

Using lhis

lire

argment lh connrudion of

d. (m. eriB

SreFl:

For

heliohllic dlipric

lonsitud. of lh. Flnll' in lirc wit[ (2.2.19)

&d

2.2.20

w h!rc:

2^, "e"(,, .r^, 2"" "."6" t r,,l

(2.6.2)

(2.6.1)

55

t,-'i^,-"(t"*",
2t

c2.6.4)

L,-ZA,s\8,+c,. I
L.

(2.6.5)

=ZA,@l\tr+crt )
r

(r5.6)

!,.:r,cdt

+cir ,

c2.5.?)

Ttr. l!l!.3 or A'', B'r .d C s for {i! d$n r 6ior c dB b, Mc.!i (Meu!, 1998, A!p.ndir-[], pp. 4lt.a2t). Finlly t!. lt lio..onic loBitd. of |h E lt

i,
t0'
St

-.
(2.5.8)

p2:

Fd Fliptic ldintdc ofrlF E nh;

lut Bo-Z/,.d\8,+c,. l
,r

Q.5.9)

=:/,dF"

+c"4
J

(2.6.10)

,, . X,{" "o.(r" +c,r

(2.6.l|)

Bt-244a.+c"r I
8.
=

(2.6.r2)

t,l,6.F" +c"'

(2.6.|])

Tb v.lu.t of A's, B't .rd C'! 6.

(M6n, l9S, A!0.odtr-Itr,
!P. 4lS-421).

l} {oi.t nds tt giE

t
lbc.otic ldlidt

bv Mo.u!

Fidlv lh.

of th' E

ib it

l0'

(26.r1)

$.Fl:

For

lElioc.dric .lisl&e of th. E|nb

(2.6.15)

&-X,i"6!p"+c,r J zt2 t xr - I,r,6lp" +c"'J

x,
=

(2.6.r6)

19 l o.[8i t,,r"

c,'

]
J

(2.6.17)

13 =

t,r"co't " +c"'

nt

(2.6.rt)

t0, h=>an(fr]\B,+c{
xr

(2.6.19)

t,."co4p" +c"' I

lo/

(2.6rI))

TIE

vds

of

4..

B's

!d C" b. lb eorlr Ei6 & tih

b,

M6!

(Mc.q,

199E,

Aprcndix-lu, pp. 4l E-421). Fi!.lly tlE helio@tric di!l&c. of th. Elnh

ZL,r
"
A!" Bs lnd C!

''id,

Q.62t)

all in

.d

A! i!

.*!doiql

hdiM for looSin|d! , a|(l ldltt|d. t uitr tu Llio.ldtc diaec X.

51

B6

od Ct

in

ttdieE

The coftcctions for Abe@don md Nuradon de done in

dc

sanc way as St

p4

and Slep-5 bfore. Fi@lly

horizonlal coordiDr.s is

te

conveBion to rhc equaronat @ordinates

dd

then

als

done lhc

sme way

6 ws

done ror

fte Moon.

2.?

RISING AND SETTINC

For the

rppo\imaro cdlcutduon fo.hcle appo\,dar. coordnats of thc objecr hNc to bc catcutaled

above

phehomem However! these insranh dre the points ofime that we rcqlic ro find our so rhar a process oasuccessive appoxinadon is needcd lo ahv al lhee dhes. Such an iterarive plocess is necssry b4au$ rhe objccis under con$dsaion (lbe Sun Md the Moon) significantly changc thei position relalive to the ixed celsriat sDhere durihg m i.terval around ha a ddy. The whols process shns sm m esehare ror the ritoc of ofthe objed (ove.lhe locatneridian) wbich lben reads ro,nlial esrinars for de 'ransn holrmghs ar th. appoxihare line ofrhe rising orselling or thc objer The aB in facr the csimares for rhe tocat sidereal rinres ofdc phenonena. rrco these esfnales of rtE sdceal rimcsoflhe eveors lhe unilecat hean slarrimeardlheh lhe toql lihescan be cakuhted. fist approximarions fo! lhe ransii rbe nsihg ed rbe sedne are obtajned usinglhc cetestirtcoordjnars ofthe obj(r evaluard ar Oh. Ur. ar any poinr or rhe glob and ao! any otrhe evenrs under considecdon lhis nomeir ((]i, Ul oay be m cail.r or a tater nomnr. This is the rson lhar the mrfial catcularions are onlv

d.refti@tion ofprecise rihings of rhc setrnE or nsing of& obFcl one requircs pEcis c.lstial coordinales of $eF objech 6i lh insht of1he occunine ofrhe

ths.

.,.",. ,h. ."i..;;:. "t asain and wholc.atculalions

,h.
henLiond

,t..,

!! repealed for bekr

esrimates, The details

(he followinS p@sraphs.

of rhe catculalions arc describ.d in

&e simptes conp@ rornore tor lhe Moon. the , ,(o. nme or hNir ot rhe Sun can be hirra coturdered wnecas for the Moon n dEily

Forrhe

sh.

rhccompnaaon.

Zl

wheE ZT

(ene

ar t2-,tocsl rzonc, rime vdi*. Th6 Unileisat Tihe or loql tuir is simply 12 ne) is posirive for the east lons,udq ed nesarivc for Resr
58

s Ih. loql dae. Th. rime dgu. for $is rine ed date is rhen fomulatcd dd th
lonSitudcs. At
12 -

uivcrssl rime

zT wilt b.

dn of 0E

se

darc in

O@wich

coordiMtes

zo

offie sunar.obaincd. wlm m objdr h in rmsil irs hour dgtc (HA) ed its dsh ecdion (RA) is se s ln. Loc.l Sidqdt Tin. (LSn siNc:
p.? l)

is

As3Ming dar lhe

obj*t hs

r{A

!r da rine of t@t Fa6n e.7,I ) shos thal:

d= LSTt

If JD is

rhe

Julie ddc for $e dly

ar

d'

UT 0En wnn

, = eD _
I,

2451545y36525

mcaur.d in Julian centuri6 lh. cenwich Mqn Sidc,@l Tide

{CMST) b siven by:

=6141-50,.s4841+8640184'.812866.r+0'.093t0,t.r: _0,.000006rr,r
(2.7.t)

Thch for the observer ar rhe pla.e

lonenud.s a<l posirive for rhe con)

vilh eeographic lonerrude , (negative fo. rhe ccnwich sid.rea! lme ot r,asit is:
(2.7.4)

west

csTrr=LsTtr_L
And lhe SideEat fme elaped siNe rhe OL UT of fie dar. is,

T,=CSTtr_To
This rim. is rh.n converrd

(2.7.5)

b lh. UT

by:

UTU =Tlt.0Or?l?909175

(2.7 6)

59

FimUy the coordides ofthc

Ss @ Edcdar.d

for UTE

qd 0r

followins cdculadon

I,sT = a,

(2.1.7)

csnr-LST-L,
n_GSTtr-To
uTr=T,'L0027379093?5
So ihat theE is a

{2.7,8)

(2.7.9J

(2.7.10)

dilferne of

lss

drs

*cond b.tween

one

v.lue

ofuTr ed ib.ext

$c base vatue $ the UTtr ahd inirial apptoxmalDns for the sunnse k UTr - 6h = UTn and lhat ot tnc suMt is UTr + 6r UTst. Dcpendi.8 on rhe tocat longirude L, UTs ed Ursl nay ti.I on pr.viou or rexr day csp.clively so lbar a necese,y dare adjutmeir mul b. dorc. runher ddpe.ding on the local lairude il is funher possible thar these pbenomcna sihply donl occur.

[or lhe

locat sunrise and sunset

The

pbc.s

bcgins

Urs0. The holr angl HA

de c@rdi@res of rh. Sun for UT6 (or

stt'ne or nsing ovcr a l@al horjzon k

(2.7

r)

pld.l ae wll b.low th. hode. std

is rh eeghphic laritude of rh. obsedcr lnd lhe au nd of a$med to b. ero, How.ver owirS to th phdohcnon

stEE

d.

poinr of sky is

t\@g rFe.t of EFadioD is rhar . srat below hori^n. 'Ilis allitudc is kmh s srand.rd drilud. dcnoEo s 4, ed

ofEri&tion a ,r.r, rhe Su dd s rhcy @ aru.lly seo sdrjng or risin8. The E@iN visibte de ir ft hs gone j4 e Dinu!s
is @nsid@.I

6t)

lo bc -50

N sords on aveas. f6r rlc Su, 0Ei itulud.s ihc affet of dE Ef4clion and thc sni dian.ter bo$. For a mor accwtc valuc the &rul s.mi dimet r SD,

didea of1h. Su ed suh.actcd tioh d..veagc afi*l of Glhction, fte chag. in l.hpdl@ in ihe niddle laritDd.s my lary thjs by @ud 20 seconds of tinc ed tbe baromctric pres6res nay caue a veiaion of dother 12 *con& of time. Ho{v.r 6 rhcse varia{otu cd nol LE d.temired a priori the avcEgc afects m co.nd.ed in crlculalions. Unog fte $..drd slrjM. ?01h. hou anqlc oflh.
rhould be calculal.d fmo dE
object is then eloluared as:

(21.t

Thus rh liBr dppro\,maion for lhe

rhe ofrisng of$e obled h:

T, =UTO

- E.

12.1tJ)

And $at ofrhe

s.

in8 isl

T,

=Wtr+

Ho

(2.7.t4\

only !h. n6t app,oxinarion3 for lh tines of swise ahd the sunsel Esp.ctirely. Fomularing ihe lin a8unors for .ch of fien Fpaan.l, rh. c@rdinar.s
Thes.
of lbe
borh

Su
&d

ha\e

be catculared aglin. The Grecrwich

sid.El rinc

orrcspondjns ro

h6

ro be obained as:

r-Ta+J6O.98564TTy'15
,1 or

12.7.\5)

I e

rlEr l@at

lFu ogte 4d ihc &imurh of th. obj..t

is

12.1.t6)

Si"At = Sinpstnq +C6e,Cot6,CotH,

(21.11)

Th.

cordiG

for rhe

tuirg

siring

d:
(2.7 l8)

AT, =

Adding these

ifto rh. appropriarc I, givcs ibpDvcd valu.s tunhq inpovd r:lucs catcutal. $e @.dinaas of rhc Ss fd
A?_,

&d

rcpeat (2.6. r 2)

ed

(2.6.1 8) ro obrain

lh. UT for d

wau.
af.r of panlta h signiticor.

lor
Th

Ue Moon rhc i$uc is

ro

mt!

complided

dcc'le the anirh dist ne !o rhar the objed is visibl. dei if n is th@Edcat gonc dom $. horizon bln rhe aflccr of pa6 d b to inc@sc rhe zcnid d6t fte e lhe obj.cr is wlt .hovc lhc horj@n dd n a!,p.4 ro Mvc et (or rcl n*n
ofrcfddjon h
still), Thus for fie Moon the si&dard attjtude is Civcn by:

!ffrr

ao

=E - 0-2n5.

-10134''

(2.1.te)

qb.G

is

dc pa&Id of rb. Moon eivd byi

(2.7.20)

s $.

g@eniric dist ncc

oflhe obsrvr &d X, rhe g@ce ric dislece otrhe Moon, p

\2.7.21'

62

r
E

is th equrorirl ndiu5 of the Eard,

dd .,
ed

is th. pold mdids of the

nL

The resl of thc calculatiohs for rhe irlnsil, rising

lhe

stling of lhe Moon

arc

th.

se d 1hat for thc Sun.

I{EW LUNAR CRESCENT VISIBILITY PARAMETERS
A nunber ofpdrameleB have been corsidered imponanl for deteminin8 *belber

2.8

the new cr$ent would bc lisible al a

lcaiion oo the Eanh oi ool. Tbese weE briely

Once

di*u$ed
rquned

ad lblcd in thc beimins of chaper l.

tr tiD.
a

of th. Binn or

paniculd Ncw M@i or th conjucrion

to h dt

hs ben delmined

mincd. Th* includ. (i) Tinc of Suroet

@ T". {ii) Tinc of M6Mr T..

ar Tb.

numb.r of p,@eGB

(iii) LAcTn - Ti (i!) Bcs| Time orvisibiliry Tr,(!) Ase ofrh Moon
ARCL. (ix) Ph@

AcE. (vi)

Arc of visior ARCV, (vii) Reladle Azimulh DAZ, (viii) Arc of Lishr (Elonsatioi)

ofcrs.nt

P, md (x)

width ofcrcsent w. In vhw of the di$u$ion

ofth. s&onomic.l alSorirhns ed rehniqud in tbis chaptd the* circmst nc6 de cco$iderEd ro .xploE compurdiom of vdbN psmre6 $al e inponmr ao. $e lnolysis of l@al visibility oflh ncs lunr cr.$nt on $e day ofconjuhdion or d. doy

The fiBl of
rime ofBinh

th.s paludd ii
The

rh.

coiju.tiotr of lhe M@. wnn

g@centic

ofNcv hootr.

alsdirlm for

tn. lh. conpuraion of (his tim. w6 pE*nl.d

ihe Sm or

in anicle 2.3. U3ing $is algoddm thc

obtaind. The algorilho tates yee

riic of

binh of lhc Ns
a

m@n is

input and giles lhe Julian datc oflhe tine of the whole

iiyai is ior binn ofnew boon. Il is imporrmt ro nole $ar the i.pur
is o Eal nMb.r alculatd on the
insran@ the

iMbs, it

bdb of lhe expcled dale of th.

New M@h. For

Nry M@n in $e nodn ofApri!,2007 i. dp.ctd

msd

l7s d.y of thc

,e0

= 2047 +atJ0+t7)/J65

63

An |pDDxiE.r. valu. of

"'*"

vholc nmba $c algoriihn

ro thc

e G@ of f.e d.,s m*! wll. If UE "yd" it r si!4 lhc ,!lie D.rG to! $. Nd Men th.t @6 cl@n
wirh

b.gimine ofthc

!d".
lh. .xpdrcd d.y

otuc

rhc

b..i

found

,ulid D.rc of$c binl ofrlE Nq M@n cl@n b tb. m. b inni.lly conwn.d lo lhc UniEEal

ha

rift dd darc ed

coneqE ly rhc le.l lih. and ddc. For ln.s convffirioE ftom Julis Dat. to rh. le.l rim. ed drlc th. tehniqu6 of rhc .rricl. 2.4 6 u$d, Bcfoc thb im. lh. Ew 'lun.rion" h6 nor b.!un s no qNnid ofrlr visibiliry ofrhc Bw l|!w cEghl on rh. A6ins
bcfoE this
rh. sutuie

rin . B.foE this tin. only th.'bld cG*dl" ce b. lat wn b.foa on rhc dry of onjudion or a dly o! tvo b.foarimc

ot@dudion dc M@n n.y b. &rwhcrc wi$in . strip ot widd loo 18 eud dG elipric, i-.. wirhin 50 9 of rhc Sun. ap.n fom |h. ecume of . slar dlips $G "@.nl'cxisl5 bul dE lo irs.xlrEh. clo*ncs ro lh. slai!8 su ir co nor
Ar

dr

b. s..n ed ha ndcr ben

sn,

Thc
can be

ndr inpondr

conput

p.md4 is $c l@.1 lim. of suel ed th. M@n $t Th.* d for ey day of lhc yd Bins th r.chniq!.! of $c anicl. 2.7. Howvr

th. dctmin ion of th. c@diEtcs of both lh. Sln &d th. $ce rehniqEs 'lquiE M@n for D dFckd rihe of lrsi! dsing dd s.ltinS of dh of thd. Thc c@diDL3 of th. su !rc obl.incd usi.s dE VSOPE? fi6ry of Brdagnon ad fEncou {or a sihplificd v6ion sivcn by MeE) &d bricfly prc*ntcd in aniclc 2.2 Dd 2.6. Sihildly rh. D@iF @rdidtcs of thc M@n c oh.in d aing th. ELP2000 of ChrFo -Tot ed Ch.pont pr*nrcd in dticL 2.2 and 2.5. Th. .oddinal6 ofrh. Sun &d lh. M@n lhis wr e th. SMtric sph.dcd pold c@dinrl.s (dis1@ P. alatial lonsilud. r dd d c.l.nial l! rud. n. And @n cdon for .bdnlion thc sc e lMtfomd lo th. g.on.rric .q@torial @tdidlcs, dght s.cioi o &d &cliDlion 6. Firlly th. roFcc'tric dSlu e.sion ed d.cliMdon !r! oh.incd itld.s irto cosi&tstion thc

d[dl!

of pdallq. Using lhe local siddnat timc tb. @rdinas

then

trdsfomcd inlo

Ioc.i hori@ntd @ordinalcs dr. ahitud. ud &imuth,

Once $e

tine of leal

sunsct

(T)

and

th.t of Moon sr
sen.

(I.) d

obt in.d lhe

o@ctcr LAG = Tn dd ncSrdv.

Tr is elculatd. Unlc$

lh. LAC is posnive for

b

the New Moon

for old Mmn th cFsent

cd ncv..

Suppoe

(..,,r.,r.)ed t,.j,,r.) d ftc p@ie

dislanes,

aliflic lo!8it!d.

sd th.
rhc

lalirudc of rhe M@n and 6c

dD. or sunst at any

Su, Esp.ctivcly. af@d ro the ft4 .qtinox of lMtio. on $c Elnh with tftstiat coordinaies(1.r) on rh.

day, or day aftcr. lhe binh ofNew

Msn (al$ oll.d

the

Csenlric Coijliction oi th.

Moon).Thefi'slsteDinthedelemimtionofih.visibililyoflhnevlunarcresce,on
thc day of conjuncrion or the day affer, is io dcternihe lh actual dy.anical

ihe

(TD o!

ofth. Sun &d tb. Moon. Le! Tt dd Tn (Coordimi.d Univdsal Tine TUC) b th. tihes of lh. l@.1 sunsel dd the nooi.eq vi|h Tj < T..
TT) T", oflhc coojuction. Ncxl one requires considcrins the local rines ofsening
Using rnc .cliptic

@rdimLs

oa

lh. $n ad rh. Men E alculared for th. T6 thc

egutodal @rdimrs of rhe two bodics

(d.,4) dd (d,,t,) e c.lolat

d usins

(Me$,1998):
s t h\^

)c os\r

- Tdnl P)sth(E) cas6)

)

(2.8

st(d) = si,,(l)co(.J

codB)st()st(r)

o.8.3)

wl@d, fi. nd emid is in 0r s. qudtul6 t, ed ', the obliquily orrh. dlipri. is d$ adjugd for lh. d, . ed thc b.9 rine Th. tsal Hou Atgl. H is th.n oblaincd tion rhc difreren@ ofth. l@l Sidftal Tiru (Zsl) 4d th. rishl 6c.nsion
Tnis finally gjves lhe l@d nonzontal c@dinal6

amulh

(,1)

$d

the

allilud. (ir) bv:

65

ranlAt =

c6(Ir)s,,{t) rz,(d)co{l)
+

(2.8.4)

si,(r)

sr,(c)si'(6)

c4(d)ca(t)c,r(fl)

(2.8.t

And adjusi.g for lhc rciacdon 6d $e heigh of $e obFNd's l@aiio. above *. Id'l rbc topoentic @oilinares (,r,,r")ed (,i,,7t,) of the Moon dd fte Sun. esFclivtrv

In alnost all lhc nodels for

cdlicst m@mid ins $c ancidl

d w'll

ts ibe nod'm'

ln.

dir@. of eim hs (DAZ = lA,-A-1. @lled El.tive @'ihuth) ard thn of or aldrudB (ARCV - ," - t.. cdl..l m of lision) d shoM in rhe lisr I, 'r the iimc
loc.l

3uEl

T,

sd/or

al lhe

b$l

Tb Play a

vilil ole: b.iwen $.

Sutr md

As ihe

dgulu

sePar.tions invol!d

lh.

lunar cesenl at

$6.

dnes @ sdaU, wi6ou1 dEh

mt

th.

of lighr (ARCL) h giEn bv:

(2.8.6)

Wh.@ for

larSct

ugl6

or moF

ffi.rc

Gults th.

of lieltr should b.

eldl.Ld

ARCL =

cdr(co(r-)co{rr,)cd(tra - s,'(r.)si(4))

(2

?)

66

Fi&28!
of lighr Uc cdlqir A@d tun lhc Ft.tiv .rlmuh tbc !D of villon and th. c@li<lddio t.qbcr of for dli6r ytuibrliry of t|ld qqc@t rlqoits io irL othd p!@der. One swh pmcr{ is thc A8. of th. M@! (ACE) d!6n.d as thc tiEe

ie

til lt. lim of ob...Idtm Anothq idDoiird fr.io. i. thc Wi&h of CF$.dt (VD fin d.!.nd! on rhc dida@ of fie Moor 'IrE gtel aoom@ Al-gltllti of Brsldd hod rdi4d lt iopott c of @'@l {idth I
Gl4a.d

.iG

th. h4 cor{l|!cdo.

r.s.go (BdiD lt7) At l[. dili.c oftlc MM nom Ot c|tih wi6 nm eud O34 nillid 16 !o Nutd 0.4 mlllid b! th. leni{i!rcEr of th lunlt die {rh. Am 15 I! oinu..lo 16.5 e ninn .. Tbut if{F Moot! is clo.d lo F.flh.l
thou$nd

ih. tim. of ohdarior th! cn .!nl *ould b wid6t &d thu brightn wid0r of lh. s!.c.d i3 din dy FDpo.tidtl lo lt Pte (P) ofih.ltloon thd i! t tmlid of rtc
ARCL:

P- lr-cg?aRcLn
2

(2.E.8)

Ad tholhc c!!!6r

width is givm

bt:

(289)

"='"[
Sinc. ihc acienl birlh oI New Moon b.en

dd

thc nedieval dnes

{E

ACE, thc time elapscd

siie fie
a

lill

thc sunsi of

lh. d.y in

quesdon,

w4 eo@lly coNidecd

signindt p&Metr.

Howev!, in ihe tinc of MuslinvABb $lronomrs jl had already

0E ACE is nor a nD&hc al padndcr, stll thc pardet* is inporlrnl 1o calculat. This is bccaue oflhe fact that depending on rhe aordinats of the
Mooo

c.lied tal
dd

lhc seaens at lime a very "young' cEsanl

rhe

anatu
$e

s vcll a
lo

prcfcssioBl Grronom.u

ce b. ee.. Amongsl bo$ rbe $@ is aluyr a conFlilion for havinS

i1.

ord

the "youneesr"

crcsr

eiihd wilh oFical aid or wilhout

Amongst the early nodls ofnew

cc*.!t

vnibility asltunomeB sed $c !.larion

betren rh. rcldrive altitudc (ARCV = alriMc of rhc Mmn - ahilude of lhl Sun) dd rhe rclrriv. uimurh rDA-/ - e'murh of Lh. Su - uimdh of de M@n' Th. rso
parmeleG arc slill consideFd inporl&l as if DAZ = 0. the crcscenl is venically abole

$e point of 3uEel dd und.r such a cncM$dce the youg.st a @ll as lhc thimesl crc$qt cd bc ecn. Wirh lugd DAZ wles only oldtr md thc thictd ccs @ be

How lhick or lhin is lh cEsenl al any lime s.pmriotr (clonsaiion) btwn rhc sith nhr horizontal coordin.les or

cs

b ddemined once lhe

su ed $c

Mmn hd bccn

dchi'cd

usi.g (2

?)

or LiSht (ARCL) hads to lh. Phde (P fiaction of the illuninatcd lund disc facing fie obsdr) of lb. Mftn using (2.8-E). Ho*ev.a the lhicloN or $e widlh (w) or rhe
rh quatorial

aordintle!

This elongation or Atc

c..rral pon ol the

des not only dcFnd on thc phe of the M@!, also 't depclds on rhc Elnh'Moon disrece, rh. sMc cm be ohaitcd usins (2 8 9) Dte besr inc of lbc crcsdt visibihy sqggned by Yauop is criical fot siShting lhc crcsn1

creot

u'dd mdgjml conditions &d ce

be @mpurd

sine (2 E l) sisndne

i5 crirical when

68

THE SOFTWARf, HILAI-OI.CPP

fisr visibiliry of new lue crc*dt dEr is simil& io mturc 6 rh. M@'calc by M@ur (Msru, 2001) dd Accurare Times by odeh (odcb, 2006) but rhar can b. lscd ro compae aI rhe
rhe

In this worl( a softwde k develop.d for the

odysh of

compur.rional and thc

Hilalo|.cpp is giyco

ecie.l dd Doden visibiliry nodls. T1| lisdng of the poelm i! ApFndix 4. Tn progm fnrca d brifly de*dbed b.to*: ed
one for oulplt. The

Th. prog@ LinAnal ucs ih&e dala filcs, rwo for input
two inpul dala
described

For.ad.rv thal conrains rhe padrcrE 4, ,, and., (s inanicle2,6 lbove ). The pdmetcs oflhis dala file de adtu8d in rabtes2.l
(he files

il6 e

(A) lo 2.1 (F) in appcndix 2.

itpnt tie is tlc .tp2MA& rhat conlaiE the paluercs as de$rib.d in rhc anicle 2.5 above. The pdmeles of rhis dara file d
ol]],er

'Ih.

dds.d

inbbles

Ll

(A)

10 1.3

(D) in appendix L

n*d only vhen fie Esults of fi. cobput2rions in Oc preetm m EquiEd to be sbEd. Tl!. vcGion of lh progr.n Hilalol givn in appendix 4 hs the lile nanc scrrrgaA, rhar sbres lhe
by lhe
is optional is

Thc third

fiI. u*d

prcgrd is *..t lhal

dd

onpulalional Esulrs of a sinelc .x@urior of $e prcgrm.

fte

i.fomations stoBt in

o. No., rhc obsenarion nhber thar n scncally digned by Odch (odeh,

2004).
Date. datc of

obwatioo,

Long., th. longitudc of 0E

ple

ftom whE rh.

clesnr

is ob6eN.d

Latil., th. ladMe oflhc

ple
s!
levcl,

Eld.,

the .lcvarion of rh. place above

T.mp., cnimred rcmFdturc of$e riDe of obswarion,

Hmid.. .stibaied relative humidny oflh. plac. S@.i, lhe l6al tinc of sNet

at rhe

rine of obs.Nadon

69

9. 10. ll. 2
I

JD of Conjunct, rh Julie Dat of the binh

As., lhc a8c ofrhc Moon.r
rh besr

of.q
10

M@n or the

lsr

tim. e@ding

Yallop (Yallop, 1998),

L{C,

the diffrcncc

berNcn th Moo.

*r dd

rh sunsel.

ARCL, dc ot light or elonsetion of lhe M@n

fion th.
the

it minucr, su at the b.st tme,

it
d.crees

in

ll,
1,4.

ARCV, the eladve altitudc of fie

crc*ol .t

b.st 1ioe,

D,AZ the rclaiile @ibulh ai the best time, in degrc.s,

Widtb, the cenlral widlh of lhc

15. 16. 17, E. 19. 20. 21. 22. 21. ?4, 25. 26 27. 28. 29.
I

Fsrnt

al bcs1 rime, in

dc minues.

q-val. rh. visibihy

ptue1q

dcfined by YalloP (Yallop, 1998)

lo h.

discssd
Phi+della,

in drail in chapl.r 4.

fie dglc
s

thal lhc.cliPlic dalcs with lh venical on th. wslem

hoii2on, in d.sE.s.

Mlalit. I,loo.

4liptic latiiude in

d.8e'

Mlongi! Moon's.cliptrc lon8itudc. in d.gtus-

*liptic longitud., in dccres M-SD, dgule s.minid.tcr of th. M@|L in @ oinut

Slongil., Sun\

s.

As-Fac!

of sep@lioh fsctor dfined in l.ler chap1e6, in dcgrc6

R-En, cslimatd Rip.n $ Fucrion vatue dclind h chapler

R-A!er, averas Ripeness funcrion valu dellned in chapl{ 3 R-actual, acbal Rip.ns Fsction vtlue dcnled in chapls 3

DR+s! $e diflecnc of R-rclualand R-Enimaled DRnc! thc difrccne of R-a.tu4l ed RnErage

MoonS M.g, Moon\ mogniiude al the besl

lne

of Yallop,

Lio-Mae(lin), lh. LiDiting Mt8nitud. of the stv ned |ne

udveEal dne dis.ts.d in cha .r 4.

cs6t s

defioed by Schaff.r (Schaefd, 1988b) aloDs wnh ih Yallop's besl dne in

30.

SI'(DME8), tbe univ.ssl tine wh.n the conrrdt ofthe stv bdelhes dd rh. Mmn\ bljehBt just tum in favou of thc Moon dd 0E ditrGnc' of dE

70

m.gnitude of the Moon

dd $c linning

m.gnitutle of rhe sky ai thal monen!

I_

B6(Dmag), fic divdsd rimc *h.o U. @ntrasl of rhe sry bnSh,ES th. Moon\ bdghret is b6r in favou of ha9irude of
rhe M@D rhe Moon

ed

ald thc diflcn@ of $e

ed

thc lim'ring m.gn'nrd.

ofih. sly

al rhar monen

32.

Lsr(Dmae), ihe univdal tme whn rh conrmst orrhe sky bnshhess

tbc Moon\

ed
$e

biehd

is

lal io &vou
ad
rhc

of th. Moon

ad

rbc difcrcn@ of
ar

nagoirude ofthe Moon

liniring magnitude of$e sly

th.r momenr.

A3 thc .xcution oflhe proghh b.gins ir prompts for ob*Nadon nMb.r, dale,

nonlh, y.&, longirude, Iaritude

esrinated ttmperaturc ahd
iniliared

od

cl.vation abole sea lvel of th phcc and $e

is

estimrd r.larilc humidiiy of lhe place. This plompr by rh. lunction tzrdd,r.rtnd callcd by the tufuri,on nt i n n u t i

"..

Ticn rh. prcg@ c,lls for $e tundi@ math .h4tg.. This tunc on n6r ddmins lh. Julia Date of dE dDc of n.esr @njwdon or rhe bini of ncw M@n crlling thc fucrion /t ]@_D@r. Th. tu dion r'r_r@_r@r is bdcd on .tgorithn due
ioMeeus(1998)discqsedinadicl2.3abovc(fomu162.3.1.ro2.3.25).'Iletuncrion

rorr,

cna,a. $en calh the tu.ctior renir&rr lhal dekmines the tihcs of lhc sunsel dd the Moon set tttroud fiD.rioB tun-q.t 6d mon_se.Ih tunciions rzu_r.r sd

tutu_sa

t.

rdttirgt.le

b6ed on lh alsorithn dhcus$d in aaicle 2.7 abov.. Dr functio. calculars rhe b6r rimc for casent visibitiiy aeording io @ndnion du

di*ussd h a larq cha .r Tnis is followd by @hpul!fion of the Julie Dat 6d dB Exlcndd Juli@ dat corcsponding ro rhe best rim. 6ing rh tunctiolirri.ndrl. rhat t bs*d on rl| algorirhn pEdred above in anicl. 2.4. This Iesds ro fomulation orlhe rime {sMn1GIs dipused in adiclc 2.1) fo' rhc Elp2ooi) md VSOPS? lheories for the c.lculation of coordimres of lhe Moon and ihc Su respectively. Th.e coordinates e calcul.r.d according b the algorithDs in anictes 2.5 dd 2.6 iopl.m.n&d in fucdoB a@r_.ou.t ed t\. su"_.erd Bpeilely. B.fore
to Yallop (1998)

7l

rh*.@rdin
10

ls

@ c.bdat.d th. etrc1oftuhio. dd

the

sidd.d tihc coftspondins

zdo hou uiversal tide, for the dat consideed. are calculted using the tuncdois

,ttttid
od

ad srl_tiw,
usins rhc

E#iv.ly,

The infomatioi/d.tA

*'.n

t$aiqs ouinlo,

rtbpt

thu fe Scn nted is displayed scootd (.@fitn^.s of 1he su.) ed

dbrldr_n rord (coodinatcs of tbe Moon).

Finally, fhc tunction nainrcutir. crLtl^r.s md dbplaF on
abov. in lnc

$en

aU rhe

visibiliiy parmetcrs dircused in pFiou.rricle (2.8) &d lisred ss l0 to 16 dd 2l

clm

orher functions

O$d pffi.r.c (l7lo 20 dd 22 1o 12) re @mpui.d in (r? to 20 in tunction r@r_cMtt a\d 22 to 32 tt liM'si\ brl
anicle.

displayd alo.g with these pdmet.rs. All thc

the

outp

dda

Ddmd.s lisbd as I lo 32 d wiren lo file J.r"8ear in nmloulrro4, (pamrs I to 29) ed tim._nnse

Tle tundion

(p@ncle6

30 to 32),

/ltr,r,,?

is ih reproducrion

ot Scba.fer's pog,aD

(Shs.fer, 1998, Bogd, 2004) lor delediiirg th liniting hagnitude of

dy

point

of

The Esl

of the functions

used in lhc

pregrm aE lisLd

dd briety

dcscibed

/.ar.r..l
.orwt_r'ru

chects lhe1hd the rule)

y.e u$d is lcap yed (ac@rdi.8 ro crcsorid or rcr? lfrhe yd is lap lhc tuncdon rerums I orhfli$ O.
eelc
inro dcgres, arc minutes

convens an

do
b,

arc

*cond3.

.,,rzt_rtu

convens lime in hours into

hoE, ninuIs &d s*onds.

th inpur
0 160.

hodlw pamt

Btms rh. @jnd.r .ff4 dividing

h 6ed ohain 6e mst. in
the

6is fucdon

b 360 degE6. calculat s rh. afr*tl ot psrlts in i8hl acEion ad decu.adon to cct th. ropcdFic ddr as1fuion 6d d.ctinarion and is bas.d
deercs
on step 8 of alsori$n in anicte 2.5.

tuB

itr._r.. rhrcud ,rr.-do, ,nd d"c_sc thrcugh

chdging tine (al
(at lev.ls ofdale

d.._r,,:

Ttcs. tundions altows

and dare

ld.b ofhourr ninure ad ssnds)

dd honrh).

72

sihin lhc tuldion di.i@{tt. lhc prcgr&n Hil.lo! ha do-|9kL l@p ^ (pl*in8 dld le,) fion thc Br. rhar remiDrd *tEtr rhe iddrifid za,r rcccivB V' If my oths key is prcsed lh. pregm rmdN in wait ndq PEsing Panicdd k ls a
In fer
is obvioN in the

er.l{ar.
datc,

cohbilsriotr vdio{s&lions

iniii.ld likc inc@ing or

chegilg tmpdal@ or hlmidity o. wiling to th output nb r.rngafir. bitiad.g any ofthFc.ctioro Gp..G th. *ftution ofall lhe conpulalions wilb new timc, dale,lcmp.dture or huDidily. In cd. ofpre$ingP all lh data is winen
deoeasiry tim

dd

Mit s only rhe $lected !alu$ oI tine and conesponding value of thc diffelcnce of doo.\ magnilude and $e liniling sky masnitude. Tlese fatues of thc progm Hihlol (varyin8 dne, dale and !@lhcr conditio6) nEle tbe progrm norc dynoiq .s compdd lo Mooncalc of M&ru iMdd, 2001 ) ad A@uai. TiF. of Odeh (Od.h, 2006).
ro fie out file

s.r'"a4.t

in one lin a.d prc$ins 4

d.rminiig th. dlr of the fi6l sier ing of new llld c@.nt in this cnaFd w cxploEd.ll thc Mjor 6pet of conp arional cForls. Th*
In view of lhc

prcbls

of

IE sm!.ndylicd
motion

dyn.Dic.l lhddcs VSOP87 and ELP2000 d'at dryib. th.

ofplseB loud thc Su sd oflh. M@n reund the Eanh. The* e m. mosl rent dd nost accunt. avlilabl. looh for the delmi.ation ot
ephendb oflhc
Sun

dd th.

Mootr.

Ite

ateonlhm lhat lelds lo lbe dct min.lion oftb. dynmical lime ofde

lud

@njucdor or lh. binh ot ncw Moon.

Tn pmblms ssociarcd wi|b th. dynamical

&d uivEal lim ed

cmrdimres

related

isues. Wiihout having a @mpl.l. kno* bow of lhse isues apprclrjalc

tbe

argmcnt for the d.lminadon of

lud ed dE $l&

co

not be

1)

TL dl irpde dgsitor tu d. ddroni4 m. tr..r,r.l od locd roc dn . o{ th. @ rd 6. md* lllth! s* d6itr of ti.

lb pcr@i !rd&d tflt t Fb&o le or*dt ci rdt!. da-!.d.

dD.r

of

di-

dShdrS o{

rtr

lrib I tdrwh ||I&tbt r of d| 6..c tt{itr d .|6mi.l G.hiS.. erl .ltdl6or | .orio!.. F!!im ir redd b &r .U t ,.w lull
Tto 1b

ct# &ir_.r
tl.
dry

.ll

tt cqdrilrl ,trrit r@id.d

lurt.!..c.d

eith

it.

plobLa ofib. d.olloilirS

of6rr jihli!8 ofew

71

Chapter No. 3

ANCIENT, MEDIryAL & EARLY

2OTH CENTURY

MODEU;

For calendarlcar purposes .s we as an Interes0n8 and chalte.ging aslbnonlc.l p,obleh, jn rhe hbrory ofmanktnd there have ben constsrenr efiorts
ro delermano when and whererhe nek tunarcro@nt

wll

be

lrst

seen,

t]e,esutrs

of these ealons have boen numeroG 6nd have been based on dtlle.ent technlques 6nd tools.lhose results can be temed as 't odets/Crireria tor the oadtest vtltbi|lry or nw runar cfescenr,. Most ot the earty modets are de ved dtioc y trom the obsoations of the new tunar crescent and are enDnjc.tin natlre. Some are based on thorellcalconslderations. MGI tmpon.nt of these eftons hctud6:
The Aabyroni.n rule of thumb .when the age ot the .ew Moon is 24

hooB only then the crescent can be seen,. fte redlscovery of the more mrrhematrc.lly lnvolv6d crfte on ot Etong. on + LAG > 21. lhal w6senunciatedw beforechisrian or. (Fatooht et at, 1999).
)

Tho cdena deveroped In ihe medtevat periods by Mus ms/Adbs ba*d on obsenarion, sph6ri6t vtgonomtry and lhe ephemerid of

lhs Moon and the Sun (8rutn, 1977). This happen.d as earty .s rhe

llr)

The exploration or Foth ngham (1910), Maunda (1911) and orheF

quarter ot the twontl6th @ntury. These effort! were moG ot slallstil in natur based on th obseda ons mos y in Room by ln the

fi6l

75

In rhb ch.pter we stan wtth a b,t.f dtscGston on retativety Ecent G di<ov.ryofthe Babllorlan cdrorla for tho 66t 6t vbtbltty ol new tunar crcscenl. A sel or obsenatlonal d.ta solectld from rhe r*6nt tlteratore ts lsed to examtnerhe ments orlhe Sabylonlan cnbrbn.Thts ts folowed by 3ome sphencat trigo.omeuc
conslderations ihat are llgnlllcant tor th condilloN on whtch the vlsibitiry or the invisiblllty of th6 nw lunar'o6cont haydepend.

On lhe basls of lhe t,igonom.tdc

cofttdhtion the Lunar Ripene$ funclion

altrlhuled ro rheArabs rs.xplored and a tvodlfled Lunar Ripeness raw is suggested and examrned in vlew ot th ,.ordod oEerva{ons h rhe dara sel men oned
above. Thi3 Is dono uslng iho curient k.owtedgs, loots 6nd rechniques and the

.6uts of

rhls erprorarlon ar6 present6d.

a[ codputational wolk

ts done Gtng the

In the end ot the ch6pter the gfrpktc.t modeL due io moden asldnomeG

olrhe early 20s century ar. retsttd and compartson ot ihe same
Babyronlan and the medievat mod6ts.

is done

wilh the

BABYLONIAN CRITERIA No lrisonobery or spheriqt rrigonomelly existed till rhe

developnenb in,\rabia in lhe 9u
descnbed

halheharical

dd

rhc lorh cenlu.y AD; the probteh

w6 o.ly
I in lhe

i.

rems ofcertain obseNable paranercs shown in rhc Fieure No

Ll

dcienr and lbe early Chrhlian e6.lfdny visibitiry $ireion was deduced musl have been basd on the observations and nedsulemenrs ot rhes observable qumtities. The figure
snows lhe sesiern

bolizon a dnc

when the sun S

h6

gon

deerees

bebw norizon

(the sole deprc$ion) and rhe crcsenr at M isjusr visible. AB is rhe equaror lhat nakes

agle q, $e geogBphical latitude oflhc ptace, wirh rhe nomat rhe sepeadon bteen lhe Sun tud $e tvl@n comhonly knoM
an

ro the horizon. SM

s .@ of lishl. and

16

abbelialed

ARCL but shoM

aL

in th. figue. SD is the

su dd rhc Moon lnow .e of vision dd abbrevi.tcd s ARCV). Not that the aidnrde of lh. Esenl abovc hodan is,l $ lnal a, = r + ,l As rh. ooitr( A is al lh. se altnude 6lhc cFsenl dd B at lh. sme depBion d th. su, A8 is .quabnal $pdti@ b.teen the Sun 4d rhc Moon called "arc of *pdrion ' ad is .qnivd6t b rhe Moon*r - SuNr tig shoM in the fisld d as The fig@ cd bc u*d to h.aua fi 4.s ofdesenl ed liehl for a
alrirudes of the

difidce b.isFn the q "dc of dcs@nr" dnoid 6 ao (ako call.d

Sivcn lalitude

once an accurare enough .phemetdes shows the

dc of sepdalion and

wheE to loot for the dimly illminaled cBcent againsl lhe briehl evening twiliSht.

lig No.3.1.1 Angule Pamcters as@ialed wilh

sighling ofnew lunar crescenl

l,

modem tines the earliesi Ffee.cc of

ey

syslemalic study

of the earliesi

sigbring of nev

lud

cEs@nr is thrt du. rolhc.inShm (Fothainghd.

l9l0). He refe6
SahcliJi.otion

ro l2s enlury Jryish phildopher Mcinoni<16. Asordine to lorhcringhm. the work

.ppearcd in the

TEti$

by Mlimonid.s (Moshc bcn

Md@n) o\ \\.

oI

th. Ntu Mo@ 0",islre''.'rotalt: Scfq z.hnim

Hilhot Kiddush H'Hodcsh, I l?8

fial

77

wA diislaled by S. Oddz

6 Crlr of Moituntd.s, Boot Thr4, treatite Eigtu,

volh.
XI, Yatc Univesity pE$,

SmdiJicdtion ol the Nee M@a Yelc Judaic. Seris,

No Hav6

CT, 1956). Maimodidcs mrk w studi.d by von Lifl.ow in SiEunghberichk da Wiehu Altd.nie, Math-Natrre, Cl6e,lxvi, (1872), pp.459-480, ln his *ort Maimonides nak6 rh. snalLsl visible phe ofthc M@n depqdenr on trc variables, as claimed by Forh.in8hd. Th.se veiables bave ben temd ss rr? rr
etonAorion otthe Moon a\d

tle aplbre.t ahgle of tision - F6\.noghe

slarcs rhal

if

by

hgk ofrision

dirlaccs then
lower

m.es the diffeEncc of the Sun md the Moon in rc.irh th. nle of Mainoid6 .nd his om rule for hinimlm visibt. pb4 of
Mai1onides

Moon ae ndly the

enc

Howevcr he f!fther says lhat Maimonides rute sivcs

slidrly

oininun alliludes that could be duc tc, b.(.r ob$fring condirio.s in Jeruslem lh& in Atbos. Unfodu.alely Fohednghah .dmik that hc could not sumcienrly
undedand Maimodis' dithmdiol nelhod
same (Foihciinsham,

dd

has not giecn a dchited

@ounl of rb.

l9l0).
a

Lder, Bruin(Bruin. 1977)gives

moe debiled

eounrof

any medievalatenpr

ol

solving

fie probln of findin8 sronomial

onditiotu for thc

fi6t visibility of
AlBamni

crscnl. De$ribinglhe Isl.mic astonomical procedurcs Btuin says $a1Al-Khurizini

gives mathenadcal rules and rablcs lor pedicling thc new cre$e.t where6

peeds

a conplerc soludon. He aho nenlions lh

lato accounl ofMo$s ber Madoon

lnd clains rhst ibn Mamoon larsely follos Al Balloi. One oflhe nost inponanl dp.cl ofBruin's accounr ofrhc eflods oftbe bedicval

Anbs^rulins orthis ea had olEady rcalizd rhe sienitlcece of cE$cnr widrh. This inpoiant aFcl enaincd
era is rhar

hissins frem all th. najor cooiribudons of lw.ntietn century bcloE Bruin.
dscription

Bed

on this

ed

thc modein loowl.dge in ihis work lhe sme

d

h6

been explocd

dor.

.xlecively od is pEsnt

latu id

the chaPler.

lilcatue that app.ared duing 2od c.nrury lhe gencral rule of Babylods for first visibilily ofnew lunecrescnlis:

78

lual su6.t shottd be g.ater than 2't hows the su6el ohd the no6et thDuld be g.ot* than 12 tim
at the

titu

of

(l.l.l)
l2 rim. deBes is cquivslenr ro

;$

ofo

hour or48

ninu$ (Brura I9??.llv4 le944

lto$ev4, il wd Fat@hi, Stephe$on and At'darghdlli who havc 'xPlorol lh to lhe histotiel cflon5 of lhc Blbylonians dlsiv.lv &d have epond rnal eording h Eords of re* c.Mnl siSlftings ol PG Christie m lhe cderion attibured oi Babylonis is d ovr simplificalioi (Fabohi.t al 1999) Ac@tding lo $en $udv
209 recoids of Posi{ve new crsceol 3ig} ing

extdctd fom Babvloni&s Astronon'car

mathem'lical lunar lheory di&ies. the Babylonitus had succceded in ioduladng a lrulv wrlhoul $hich ihey 6ed to pEdicl !&ious par@ele$ of lumr notion Unfortumtelv aboul be presnline my iheorerical dlaih of Babvlonian eE lh'v appear 10 above Bluin\ slgscsion thar Babvlonia criterion was whar is mentioncd as Follo*s: lnstEd.1hey clain that Babvlonian ctilerion wEs
is een

"ilicdl

(l l l)'

Tnc

ies cEsce.r

it
laE

'' Elongutio, (ARCL)

+ nooe|st6't

tine

(Uc)
(3.12)

Even, rhis cdrerion is

apon d on

d'$rip$on *bich th lt@ rhsrv ol Babvlonids las nehtioned two svstns of sol& moliors on
1955)

&d nol

a rcsult of

ov

(Neue'ba@r' b6sis of the sueestios ol Ncusebaud of a madehalcal lh'orv Ttev have

based, but

wD drived al $ nol hoq lh new rul they hav. attdbded to the Babvlonims h8d on lhe giv6, They have gone on lo plesd .lifleant valucs fo! th' @nslul 'kh lalEs Engc fton 5 DiniDum of2loro a maximM ol23" lnlhe

;ideof(3.1.2) Thse

p!ent work we adofl fte followins slss.sted by Fatoohi el

as a bener

critcrion alfiibutcd lo de Babvlo'ians

as

'

.l:

79

(r. I

r)

80

The

Mon

ar

divi.s coaii

this qitcda

6 d.sc'ib.d by th*.
r th

aurhos is thar (D ihc

of lisht

d6dibes how bnghr

is

th. cFac.nl &d (ii) ihe moon*i*utuel lag de*db. hov lons the
abovc

ctcse

@uld

horian.n

$n sl. MoE

is rhe vql@

ofqch ofdrqc

paluelea moE
conbined

is the

po$ibilily ofsishdng offie ce*cni. Howver, drcr. h6 to b.5

ni.imun ofthe two dd the sigh{ne Eords wcre the only heans to verify lhc crilerion or diving al the (itrion. Using $is condition Fatoohi a al hsv Fponed thc aslhs of lhcir @mpu|,alioB for 39 rw cEsnt 3ighings rhal in lud. bolh lhc
Bab)lonirn cEscenr
qighr ing

Rordc tud thes'ghtine Ecords Eponed in $e 2Odcenrury

liredtule. Th. aulhos have rcponcd ihat oul l99 cdcs the Babyloni.n
succestul in 98.7% of

lerion was

fic posilive siehliog {cE$e.r claioed to h.v. b.en sn) c45 but fsiled i. 45.7'lo c66 of the nesalive siShine GF$.rt no( *o) ces
In rccnt lins a number of
sighting or non{ighline @ords.

orsdialios haYe smnged for coll.cdon of r.*ent Th*e inclu& Isldic Ctffint Oberyalion Prcjdl lh

So h African aslononical Obsaatory and rheii websiFs Sinild rccords are reponcd ro aid colhdd at lhe wbsile @!sS.h!i!s.eol1 Morevet, lhc ldrgest data el
yd availabl. in lhe pubhh.d paFG
of lhes dords ofdening
is lhal by Odh (OdGh

2004) we hav' *lecred 463

studied in

cEsnts el.dcd

for

tE compdison ofrhe nodels

Usins

(l.l.l)

applid

lo

the dar.

9l cletd

for this

wlk

the

ln this lable ollv lhose rccords are prcscnled when thc + crescent wa reponed to hare ben seen wilh or snhoul ev optical aid ad ARCV LAG is les lha 22 degr6 Th. rabL is end on ARCV + LAc It shows lhal thcrc

pEs

ed in the lable no.

Ll.l.

'6!lts

ft

oplillt unaid.d sighinss of new ce$enl tol salisfving $e Babvlonian cileion gi!.n by (l,l,l). The complG dola sel is P!sentd in the Appe'di\-ll Thc
? claims of d on visibilily colum N in d$ending older, so thal all oflically @id.d visibility ces of crc$cnt sighing in ordtr of ARCV + LAG (in dcSt*t app.d al lhe top of the llbl The table in Aptndia'll sho* S No ihc
table

i. App.nditll

is

en

obseffation No. (odeh, 2OO4), dare ofobsryatio!, latitude of

ed

lonsitude of rhe location

ob6dtr, visibihy N' for uaided visibilitv' 'B' for visibilitv thrcugl binmld, T
8l

for visibilny

thftud rel.$ope. IlE vis'bility @lul6 @.mPty if rhe cjt*nt M not Fen and co.tains V' in an apprcpriatc colLlm if the c!.sc.nl is sen. The esl of lhe coluens oflhe nbl @n!in age ofMoon, LAC, ARCL, ARCV md DAZ. Th lasl file
@lmns arc ior the five models coroid.rcd in this chapler, The colllm h.dded A is for

This tabl shows $al out of 196 daims ofopdcally unaided sighlihSs oftbe nes

@ only ? cbes nol saisfyjn! lhc Babylonid critmon. HoEler, oul of 267 cdes vhen 6e cc*cnt wd nor e.n wilho any opftal aid ARCV + LAC is gleate! thdn or 6qul to 22 deg@s i. l07.ses. Thus for pdniw siehli.8s rh. critno.
cresccnl there
is foutrd lob successlul in 96.4% c.ses

dd !frongsl

lhe hegalive sigbdn$ ii su@ssful

in 59.92%

css

cal

success

of model in desciibihg posilile sighlings alonc is tul a ofa nodel. Thc model is not suned seu if n is nol able to dc$tibe the
The sucess

negalilc sishfng

wcll as ir d@s the p$ilive siShtings.

SOME SPHERICAL TRIGONOMfTRIC CONSIDERATIONS

Thh
is inportant

hd be.n m.ntioned e&lio

rhal ior rhe ploblcm ofsiglting of new lund

crescenl $e orienlation ofthe ecliplic plays md inportant lole (article 1.2).

Thecfoc, il
is

b rrisil

lhe ne|hods thai lead lo lhe ddelhimion oflhe mgle lhal the

*lipric nlkes wilh

the horircn al the

tinc of snel on the *$em hotian (il

panicularly significer in view oflhe fact that the new c!e*.nt appeds close lo n). This
angle lalies as agaiNi rhe lixed celesrial equalor lhe orientation

laries lhroueh the year.

lis

ofthe ecliPtic slowly fislE no 3 2,I on lhe nexl pag. shovs lhe wcsrcm pan of

$e cclcnial spheE wilh impodanl points &d angles

m d de$nM

below:

w' t,

the west cardinal point,

rh

vml cquinox, inleclion of.cliptic dd cqulor.

Nonh

P, the

c.l.sti.l

pol.

82

qv - r
8}'r1

rb ouiq'iry of6..dinic,

Z ZSr

- 900 + 9, 9 bdte lb.lditd. od6. d...' - 9 + 4 lb dSb ofrb.cliP(ic xdft 6. v..dc.l,

rs-d-G5tlirst
PZ

d.clhnioofrn

tu,

- 90'- o, St - ?e 6. lonSili. ofd!

$'!

FrsNo

32l
ttrtgL
oe
SPZ

FMn

1! 6su!

3.2.1 in lhc tPhdic.l

PZ

3phicrt

ti8oiodt

tt.rdA non &. !id.

gBs:

'pplvi'g

1.l{ of ctsiE of

tlne=cort.o.PSz

(Jr.r)
5

'ft. g@d |!l

ioo

b..e..o d..lidlor

.d

lonSind'

i3:

.int - doP co.. +.o.P.i!'rin

83

(3.2.2) (3.2.1)

FDm

ridcle sh,

st nir8 !r Pr:

@s(PSz +@+

A)=rer.@r,1.

(3.2.4)

usins (3.2.2)

!d

(3.2.3):

0.2.5)

6d (32.t) tosethd *irh

(1.2.1) leds lo:

(1.2.6)

(3.2.5)

sd

(l.2.6) thd sivc:

Ju"'
This show that e + A or the .ngl. thlr ihc

dcp.rdcnt

elipti. nEt s wirh thc v.nicsl is 5.e! 6 n d.peo& on the lorgitud. ofthc su only for a fix.d place {or latirude 9).
900 -

ln th. Esr of rh di$usion in rtis snicl. rhc anglc

ncxl

q + A is dnord

V. In dE

.!ticl. etr@ cv.r

In

? + A is

L*d

it h

olol&Ld

on ibe

6is of (3.2.7).

the dslinaion of th. Moon is $u1h of th.t of lhc Su in NonhqD H.nisphft (md north of the Su in th. rcuth@ hemisph*) it is possibl. thsr d.n .ncr conjuction th. tr.w

llM cKar $i! b.f@ lhe slNr

in which

ir ir simply

84

impossibtc io 3a thc

cr.!ent, TLse circmshnc.s aF shom

in the 68ure 3.2.2 on the

Cl, lh. cclsli.l .q@lor, 1 i! th.

iD TS is the diuFal path of th.

vdal eqlinor. Sm thar is just *riirg

al s.

iii)

DE b thc diumal palh of the Moon th.l st before thc

sUNl

3t E.

Ds =

6M

6s,
6M

decliMtion
the Moon

letpendi.ula. to the clesial equlo. is lh dif.rence of lhe of ihe M@n &d the deli.ation 6s of rhc sun. Declinalion of

south of lh sun md rhe upper limn of Ds is 50 9'. lhe inclihalion

to lhc

oflund orbit

trliplic.
is the

v) vi) vii) viii)

zcvs =
NS

9Oo

-4

agle

bctween

$e c.l.srial equ.tor lnd $e horihn

whee
dM

teprenls

lhe lotitude oflh

Pl&. TheztSD

=C

DM =

qs, lhe dilreEnce of risht a$cnsio. dM ofMoon and rhc rishr

eension os oflhc Sun. For higher lairudcs DE nav b. htgc allowing laigc
vllues ol ncepliE LAG
sF = pM lhe

aftr co.junction

9s

0M is

p,Fndicultr ro

fi.

E lifljc

is $e difiercnce

bctw*n

c.l6ial taliluds rhelinilof5'9'.

of the Men and lhc

Ss

As for DS

Sf

never xcads

ptrallel lo FE (E' .ol showo in rhc fisure 6 it almost coincides wilh E) h

the

ix) lislhe Vemal Equinox ed Z)6t = v h !h. angle of lhe Ecliptic with $e
lary ftum zeto horizon. Dep.ndniS on laliude C and lh se@n, 'Y naY is alons the botizo') lo 90 deB6 (when cliptic is
(vhctr ecliptic
pc+endicula! to lhe holzon)

l!

cas' when

is small

DE

thal has

be

paEllel lo the 4liplic is nuch ltrsei tha' DE (ftol is paEllcl io lh cqualo!) of$is oSle md and hdc. E sd E aE mrch s.panted Tlle detmi'arion
its

x)

laftude d , $e

sienifidc. shall be di$sed in the n'xt drcL I'lt figurc shos rh SM is jN| about o sel in a pl&e oI sdall b ndiud *l (dd M@n havins ddlinarion eulh of il' sun ha al@dv
set at

wd

poinl E)

th.l lh LAG = TiG of

Mdnct Tim of suNer is

E'

fig. 1.2.2: G@tn r.y ofP@riv. Ag. .rtd N.gaiE L.g

A@rding lo rlE luN
tha

elqdr

b.!.d @ IIE binh of Nd M@ b.bc tlE

ssa

mn$ b.gio .l dr tirc of o.!a 6 $ii vrt Ming- How6, for tll. lu@ c.lsds b.!d d rn viltbilitr of $. n4 s@4 w hN mfli &e.ol b.gii on thb cming B n b 3inply ioF{bl. lo $ tlE w luu c|!g in this cinhtee. Fd plE witt lrSc ldind.. d|r dbw for llre v.l6 of DE |,d h.@ DM ln. tri&gl6 uidd 6!&l6.riB o rbt tr rtrdl .dd.!xl ..otl b. tBt.d s ryhdicrt r.iugl6. tlc! d y @ll lo tr|.diun hdnd6 @ qEidqld e th|r th. tdugl. EDS i! r 3rdl dgh rlgld oilElc o *y wih dt.!gl. tt D t..Ia E .d S tu 9oo !r!d rlE a.sl. d S b.rsa D !d E i! ?. $. ldind. oftlE pL& Th@foE:

nd

lun|r

SD

Af

(328)

86

sioiLdyrt rrtdSL

AEFS b

dlo.ndl

r!d. t codrt.ld|plEdilati|lgbqi6

tilr,.=
Pcpl$iry
SD by 5M

(3.2.e)
PM

E!, SF by

!! lid .llrdrudi8

ES

illn

(3.2.8) ,nd (3.2.9)

tN
Ag.in in ISDE tm

-ts-$N -6d,H
t!rc:

02.r0)

-r=S,
ln

.DE

DA-@,

-6,161

(3.2.U)

b frrr! !23 $,ldd It dlr d. Dlc ntDglc Ft sDE of6. Flvior6 68rta
DM

rEql'itld.ortun.8 dvcLAOi.i.i.EDM<aEhr:
-

(d{-!.)
4.2.t2,

(l.2.ll)-

DM

-(au-asr<Qu -,s)r$a

Pig.3.2.3

87

usirg (3.2.l0) il

tlr4 lat s into:

(aM

-as)<tPu - Ps).inttsinv

(r.2.8)

ThN whcmvd ih. Ncw M@n is bod jsl bcfoG le.l su!54 ln. LAc .hould bc tu8lliv. if condidon (3.2. | 2) o. (3.2.1l) is s.lkfi.d if thc ce.d i3 $ulh of th. Sw.

offic M@n d th. tim of S!Mr. lf ARCV is nc8.tiv. rh. LAG ha ro bc rceaiivc. Still lhc conditioN (3.2.12) d (1.2.13) show lh. d.Fn&nce of thc ph.mmenon on dE (i)
ln rh. hod.m s.tup oE rh. Elarivc ,ltirudc ARCV

csjud olcul.

$d th. Moon, (ii) thc hnudc e of lhc ple, (iii) thc aliptic hlitud.s ot th. Su. srd ih. M@n .nd (iv) lh. egl. v or.cliplic with $. hoden. Thc Tlble 1.2. I sho*s smc of lhc n gltis LAG ces during the ye6 2000 to 2010 AD tor Kech'. Paki$d (lariud. 24.85 d.g6. lonenudc 6?.05 d.e@t.
.q@to'ial

Mdidle.

of lh. Su

Ne8{iv. LAG ces

on thc da, olconjun tiotr

Frlly oeu tom smdl

!o

n di6

llritld.s bul @ sis.ili@l a. cld dividine linc b.l$q conju.dioMl luN qlcn&6 ed th. obacMiioMl lune cd. t!3. for hirl| htitud. pl*ca rcearirc LAG 6cn anc. conjuictioi dly @cu moE fqu.ntly. The coluntu of 0E r.blc in scqucncc fom bn
ro dsht

e d.*dH
tsrl

b.low:

dllc of coijuiction.

tncd Timc of Conjmtion,

Zorc (PST) tihe of locd

su!a, As. of M@tr .t le.l suet in ho6, Elongadon or Moon rroo tlF 56 in dcrFs,
Delimtion of M@n
in dceE$,

Delidlio! of Su itr &88, Righr AsEion of M@n i. dcgG, Rieh AsEid of Su in dcgr6,
EE

Laliild. ofMoon in d8rc6,

Angle of E liptic wilh Horizon in d8rees,

LAG, Moonkt

{u6el

in oinut

s.

rable No

3.2.1 : posirive Ase

Nesaiifr&B-;s-i66l2oliT;R;;iifr;;

3.3

LUNAR RIPENESS LAW & ITS MODIFTCATION

Befor

|h. rin$ of ptolefry lh.rc ws no knoyn sy$enalrc descriprion ofthe

dynamics of thc planeb and rhe Moon, Theretoe pblemy,s explor.tion Che epicycle based description ofthe pltret4y noiion) sens to be rhe tirst sciious. scientific 6d

ststemlic aucmpl to d$nbe

1he

dymics oteld

systed obl*is. Muslim 6ed lhis

tyiem b cxploc lhe condidoE for 1hc fid visibility of ns lutrd crsce . plolemic thory hal d.*rib.d th plderary nodon Eins rhe epicyctcs tcory rhal could Dddict the pl4ehry, lunar .nd sol& ephenns to a g@d soush d.er. of accuacy. Tne Muslins had put ro use lhis iheory weu ond had developed sotr dnd lu.ar tables. The pos ion of$e Sun ws predictable !o a g@d dce@ ofprccisio. and @nsequendy rhe aele !r lhat ih. *lidic hal6 with ihc hoizon ar the line ofsue( ould
b

calculard

Bing rne sphe.ical uigoroheFy that Muslim naomddn hav dv.loDed thn*1v6. As decribd by Bruin ( 1974 sing lhc &8lc of ectiplic ,y wid! the hoiizon al lhe tine of su*! the lalitude of th place of obseFarion, egle of sepsauoo brseen Moon

dd

a9

Sm p.r.[d lo lqldo. (difrcqE of ddr dgii L!..dioB), tlE !sl. of d@!n (dife|i@ of a|lnuda o. ARCU !d ri tid[ ofsc.'n the M4lin aslorcEcrs $@ aU. to develop ! hisltly rdi.ble qilcion for tlE visibilry or invisibihv ofrh6 @

enicl ir r r.otuttu rin offg@ 4t ofBtui. ( le77) shovs tl|st dF sD IEs jur !.r sin of r/t{. Thc liie \nX D85rg tb.o{8! $ts drllal poilt W, is th e{uror irclined d o dsL g (tlE ldihd. of lhe ple) fim tlE @rnd to rhe
Figua (l.1.
I

bclow

k th. dimd pdn ofth. Sun !h!t is p66llel lo thc.qualor is shom as broko 1i... TIt diurnrl BIh ofd. Md MZ is tls sboM wnh 3 3imilt trot.linc

horiar

AS

tL E lipaic lh.t drd e .ngl. A wfi th diurol path of 6e Su d $..qulor ThBtL FiiiFb D!l6.td..8L q + d witl the Mnrl. MS t th. s.r.r.dd b.'ra rlF Mdn !d ttr Su (e of liSln).
Ddralll Io

ih. .qudor. TIE lin. HS ir

\:\.

Fig No

l.l. | : Trigmrdic

ddiFin

of @rdni@ of

luE d6ern

i[. ..lirdc rII8 ar.h l}a TS - 1 - 16. b 6. 'Etl tinsb MIII, rn - fu d ft. erb a H b..r!.r Eclbrb (IIT9 jd &. Ho.te|.l olM) - 9d - (r + AI Tb - rilrb tm{ b lisb.raLd d T yE tq!.d3L i M
MT i3 p.rDodoio to

!cvl.{HddT-9+A.Itrb.ioplyk &b6crdtio: ra-Er +rS-t,6lp+D+L

|hir

4.
HgB b

(3.3.1)

Fldih

.e.

.r .$|d@ O)

of B.uh O9ZD.

Irtia8b

rlcd s . ph.

codr+ a)

(3J:)

{d ti.lgL

ABS

lad! lor
(3.33) (33.4)

(3.3.t

tih in hi! .qurid (a) |b h cbiD. nr b..o obi!.d by ld4 lhe tigoffiy. Ittt smc 6ru. i,
'slr
(3.3,5)

'Il&

i! dimalot

Aom

eb &uii

O9,D t&

t'.d.d ||3toglpt ric.l

!i!@.tty, turiotbADs

8it&.1

f|(!o .phqi6l trt|tEL tlTMr

9l

sin

sn(e+a)
erhlr
I.

rr'r _ rh&
@s(e+a)

(3.1.t)

rs = sili(sin r!.r..(e + 6r+,L

-,rr

0.l_6)

sphoical iridglc ABS:

stnaD

stn

4r @eP

(1.1.7)

and in

spherial lridgle HCS:

sinfls=-l]1gll +
co(@

a)

l].l.8l

:l

glj! ! !. ) ".(
(:

t::! :9:.q
; +a)
(3.3.9)

-t [.

laegles Hs dd ss @ snall cqua$ons (3.3.6) lnd (1.3.9) yhld alnost sme lesutB s thos by (1.3.1) ad (1.1.4). If the valuc of 9 b lege. then Hs dd as ae nol shalland th spherical trisonoderric rsults (3.3.5) and (3.3.9) should be ned for doF Muale

of (3.3-6) is thlt if th. cphcmedes of both rh Su and the Moor m tnoM @uErdy (aj th.y c rcw) ud rhe &gl. 900 (p + A) = v of etipri. {irh ihe honan lculalcd fom (1.2.7) rh. !.lE of HS @ bG aal@ted for rbc tire of
11'e sienificdce

sUM

for

dt

day of lhe

yw !trd psrti.uldly

for rh.

dlt

or rt y

.Rc

UE bnh ot ncq

92

hinimm &stc of sepaDrion !s (.quivd.nt ro LAc) fo, $e visibility of @w l@d ct.st is tnoM for thc day the @rcspondine agle HS sinS (1.1.9) cs als b. .vatua&d. Horev.r, rhc ue of (j,j.6) is ind.p.nd.nt ofany visibility
oncc rhc

Moon.

wlee6,

condition

ed

is fixcd for rhe day ir d.pcnds only on rhe posirions oflhe Sun and lhe

M@n for fie rim. ofobsenato. &d the locaiio. ofrhe obF ei. On the u$ or (3.1.9) dep.nds on trE vjsibifty @ndiiioG, @cly lhe

o$( hahd rhe mininu del. of

s@ml'on tu, thar.& b.

kmh

only on lb. bdis ofa

gc

nunbd of oboMrions tor

At rhe rim of Muslih Gtrononcts rhe .phenerdes of $ Moo. oay nol hale ben so aeudely tnown s ir is today, but rhe Eligiou tecnn.ss oflhe seing $e new

lund crs@t nusr hlve tcad ro moc rcchre valu6 or,s. Bruin (t9?7) hs i.dicared that Muslim arbnoheG rveE welt awe of rbe f&! lhar d8Lnce oalhe Eanh ild rh Moon and hence rhe width ofcrescent for sde uc oflighr varies. Though exploiations
ancienr considcred lhis variarion ro behdve tibearly we now know thal it inlolves lne lflgononefic func on. In lnis worL $is prcbleb is h&dlcd by considering rne actual eni_d.inler of th. Mooh dd lhc fer $at MnslinvABbs ob*tued thal ar shone r .lisrances the
crcscenr

ofdr

wasseenwhehtheLACo!arcofseparationaswaslOdelccsor40minulesoftimcand
al lae! dishcca thc cErcent
-r1li5

48 ninules of timc.

ks seen Nhen rhe m ot seplFrion dJ B t2 d8res or teads b a siople Eladon blwn /s md lhe aduat semi-

^-Using rhis etalioo thc

22
necded for ce$enr

ol
Hilalol.

r0)

@ of *pdlion

*p@tion felor

is .alcutated in ihe sonwar.

9l

As mc ioned abov. dE Mulin sao&Ders have alaldy dduad from obrpatios lhar for very thin but visibl. cE$ent mirimm ss @ 12 lime degds (48
minureO

dd

for d {ider but bmly vbible cresent mininm as w6 only

l0line

nininm as ie acturlly dep.ndcnr on the width of $e crc*ent rhar @ be dedvcd 6ins (2.E.E) dd (2.8.9).nd rhe Elarive atitud. (ARc9 thar cd be obtained using (2.8.5) for th. sun ed the Moon. Th. issue shall b. dieussed in noe
degl6
(40 minulcr. This

d.tail larer. Usins 0.3.10) rh.t shows 6s beins dependent o. the lisull dimers (in arc minulet of lh. M@n in our sky one ce compute lhc Lun Ripi.s Fudio. A(,i9)
as henrioned by

Btuin (Brui., 197?) or tha! is siven by (3.3.6). Aaodihslo Bruin rhe rul. ddrd by M6lims w6 thal if thc lalue of HS calculatd using (3.1.9) equals or

exccds lhar @lcolared by (1.!.6) rhe

work this rule has ben named

c..s

would be visibl. orhcNi* nor. In thn

M6lin

Lunar tupness Law or

sifrply Lumr

Ripenss

According ro Bruin (19?7) $e valu6 ol HS de.ored

(3 3.6)

R()., 9)

obkin.d fron

seE pGsenled in

rhc

$+

lled Lunat Ripenss Tables sDd

fisr visibility ofne!

Lunr cmcent ws walulcd by Mulin BltonomcB HS a3 deived tom (3.3.6) h dnokds,l4 and:

usiog rne sboE rul. In lhis work

^d.,

sin

r[sin/, r.nre+^t+lM ts

(l.r.r l)

ofl,, sin ly is also smatl &d lko n ahosl sme as rv ,j. Bui when the *liplic is wll inclihel io$&ds lhe
Fo, a fixed pl&e (e constal0 it is noted lhat forsDallvalues

hoien (q

+ A is large bu lcas rhan 9oo) 1r'4, nay becode noE rhan

1! ri(iflv

>

snd ecliptic is roweds nonh) or renain le$ rh&

1, - .ls (ir pr, <

0 and etipric is

iowdds nonh). Ho@er,{da is endely independenl of Oe se@. aod depnds only on

rhc rcladve coordinates of rhc sun md rhc Mood. As rhe major componen in (3.1.t

l)

is

lhc diferenc. ol longnudes of rhe

su

and lhc Mooh ,taa

h closely linked

to ihc ACE

of

Mftovd. ir
sign

9M

0.3.1l)

shows

th

x&" * l,{ - k. Bur whcn boil 0M 6d I + A hav. the s4e &4 *ould b. mor. thd l, - & and if pM dd e + have
o,

differcnl signs

&e

would bc

l.$ the ,L -

.ts.

Bul thcF v&iatioos u nor

^ sMnal

The vahes for HS ohained

fom (3,3,9) dc denolcd s X,b and:

(l

12)

^,,=.'""(
For a

fi&d

place (9 consrd.t) R,, dcPcnds on ae

sun

spa6tio. a,

(rhe equabrial

t'Ac
b

ber@n the

ed

the Moon).nd thc

s.en

6I

+ A is

*son

dependeot

fiat shall

shoM larer. Using

(he

looh sod le hniqu.s di*ussd in.hapter 2

ie,

fo! $e dav or

lh.

ii .valuaEd. Ille ninihud valueofas is @lculaled 6ing rne lrchnique d.srib.d al lh. .nd ol Ptviou .nicl $ lhat ,tB is dedu.ed. If lt- is calculat d using h csdml.d value ol a, rh.n w call il X." (m Erimared valk ot Lunar Ripencit funclion), Il ir is .al.ulated uin8 an avedge vrlue 10.5 degres of a, thcn *. c.ll il I- (d .vcaec wluc ol Lud tuFns nrtudo.) Ac@drnely A&" = i- - X,a,6d Alt-, = i^ - 1&) Thc sinplst fom ofrhe Ll|E
day alier conjunction aor s placc of ob*ryarion

i3i

'"'(

:)

$i"

a;t+,ry

-rsj'o
(3.1.r)

Tlus Lunar Ripeness Law that piolidc

a solution of the probleh

oldelemining

rhe first day of visibility of nw lunar cre*enl

based on the Angle lhat the Ecliptic

nat6

bodzonlal or $e angle 0 + a ihal it dak.s wilh the venical. on the dav or the day after conjunciion once lh. coordinatcs of the Sun dd the Moon at the tim of

wilh

the

suns for &y leation.rc

applopnab value

calcuhted. (3,3.1l) allo*s onc lo calculale,e,4

ed sine
be

oi4 d

sivenby(3.3.10), in (3 3 12) the valu.

95

ofx"i ce

tound ltr

viw of $udying ihe behaliour of lhe Rip.nes iunction oler a yea! for any pl&c calculding Ie, for cvcry day of the yd is not useful. This is bc@w of thc &ct lhat
yar ro ye

dd da,

(o day vdiarions in lalitude oflhe Moo.

dd

hence

nd, ats not

as

depndent on the rime of

ye.!. However, *ith posiblc lalues of4, one cd calculate

el.v
degc.s bdis of
lS6. foi

val@ of

l*

for @h day ofa

yd

&d study ns veialioG scenally

sell

d
12

$irh chdging lalilude of pl.cc. As possiblc values

an appopdate value for the day the

of,,

vary from

l0 degcca lo
values

oi day after conjunctioh is obtained only on the

a

ule disraice o. sminimd.r of the Moon. Still tor

ladrudes,

compdie.

of

dill@lt

se

calculaled lor both $e cxrene valucs

,, = loo dd
b

a,

120 and the

curves,t,r aeainsr the longitude oflhe Suo (fiom March 2l) aft ploned in

FiSuGs (3 3 2) lo (3.1.5) These

cws

snow inleFsting featres lbat

cs

sunmdized

i)

from fi8.1.1.2 il is clar rhar forg =

sinusoid.l wirh

O0

i... for

a placc on

$eequabr&i!

is

mdina.t

March 21, Septcmber

2l dd hinima

at Ju.e 21.

D4ember 21. Snalle! v.lues of

rounger cEsent m.y b

iG nems

shaller lalues ]?d4 or !larivly

rn.

L&gr values of x i" dcans largq valus

iia

orrelaliv.ly oldcr crcscenl may b. seen. Thw close to equalor older cEsceht nay be visible near equi.oxes and Elatilely younger crescnl .ea! ehrlcs. If $c Moon is nc{ jls apogc lhen il is noving faner and apFaB rhicker in sky Blatively younger cescents bcone ripe for visibilny. Funher rhe paencc of two maxim and two binima ihdicates four stong innecdon
points. There arc rwo regions ot

lpMd

concaviry (douod solsdcet

dd

rs

of downwdd concaviiy {&ound cquinoxs) As rhc larirude of rhe place in

rc66

(one move ro rhe nonh

ofequabt $e

muinum ol1." at $e venal equjnox loseu nDline ir eard lo k d a youngcr cescenr bul the ndimum of lhc veml equinox ris.s e $al it becones norc difiiculr to ec a yodge! crc$ed (69. 3.3.3). On thc o$er hmd fte ninimM of lhe s|!md ehric mo6 rowuds sdng (v.mal equinox) ad that of rhe wintd rchric. movs rowds autumn (aurunnal
eqlinox) md in ei$er

c&

d.crcae funner making ir esier

ro

*e

a younger

96

cwc ahaFs clos. ro ll alhlnn l m6d thc solsti.6 flltt ns.

F g. No.

Ll.2 X* forg=00

15

13

Kg.

ffi
I

12

10

..
9o

.r.

.,.rl,
180

210

Fi8 No.l
BcyoDd tropic of

ll

rt'L forg= l0o

iiD

.alF

two of the infl@don Poids

re

simPlv gone

&d $e

hsimu

al lhc

aotmnal quinor

ds

tunner malir,g n FoE difficuh lo

91

(f8; 3J.1). Tb nioidsn oftL qttc Ed,. tt !t .quinox mrli!8 it .did io r.c yomg.r @3@l! n tr ro ml .qu$ox . yomg.r

ct!.c.

ttl

iv)

frltd iF!.ic i. dr ldtr& &. D!!io@ bcoc tt}.' rd !i8le lrd dt. ril!i|!@ t cF &cr!.'nry tuvi!8 &n ftr biSba ld'ndd il i5
rG g6.r.lty .si6 ro @ younScr cr!.c.nt3 cl@ clqe b aull|nn l cquilor.
'17

to

vlrnll equimx .ltd

diffrct lr

t6
13

1o

to
Fis. No.

l.l.4r X"i

for g

- 25'

1}. siuDtidr r!\/{r!6 .dirlly i! fivou ofam|'llll cquiM ft. lb

-ttld!

Sn cr ih& 63.5 &8t a!) il k liDplt ml polribL to s rh. s9 loM q.!..oi cloa. ro .utmt .quinox 6 th. vrl'r of&i t @06 gt lddra 9d. Tb vdE G snll.! 50 ofx* cl@ to tqDd .quid indielc riqlt &.t cr!.c.nts y@gq tle 6
For the Arctic Circle .nd to it3 lorth (latitu<tc|

c@!d!d

!o thor. clde

10

lutunn l cquiaox

bc

!.d

9E

a0

50

20

Fi&No. 1.1.5.

i^fore=61

50

plavs e impona role lhai i-., whctht thc cc$eni is !o!ih or north of ihc Sun dcFndst Now lh' stDns nuimum dercmin6 rhe v.luc ofrtdo lhal is lronglv btnude vbibl' lttitud6 indicat's thtt e old'r M@n rov rc1b'
at lhe

Howevr lhe narcr i! lrot

sinplc beca6' tuc olc of latitude of

rhe

cKdt'

b s the AGE offt. Mo@ iNrrsd $ do6 iG elo'sdi@ ad brighlress

is

v.oit

.qrinox for hi8h.r

valucs posibL ftat invisibilitv $g86l.d bv $' Rrpcnas tun.lid vd6 drd sm lqrlEof x'L h rlnt Thh inly l.!d lo ltlollN for sdalld LAG dab avlilablc in lilettrurt e $!d( th. RiD.G$ tulcrion vtl@s for dE ob!'dltioml dx' s't th' c!56 whd thc cscenl .dculacd sd pr6.ntcd in ApFndirlt Out oflhis RipGs ltw rE also s||os nor h lg.mdt *nn dE L|M

ThtebE n m'v b' nisleding

(Odeh' obae liontl dah k $lccLd AoF lh4 tPo :d bv Od'h re cosidercd onlv Ttblc ;0{a) fron *hich c.*s or cvdi!8 '6cnr obs'naiioN (Od'h' 20Oa))' dtt' of obseNttion ldnud 3.1.1 shows o. No. (th. oberysti@ nunb'r LAG' snele v of ecliPlic sitt' ,ftt longin/. of ih. t@dron of obaa$s' M@n\ !8e and ed th' 3d' Rd giv'n bv (13 12) rrorLo, t"lio,a" or Uo.,, toogirudes oI the Moon d'8r*s' Ri' sircn bv *ill !6 siv@ bv (3.310), Re sivn bv (3 3 12) *ith 's = 10 5 O.3.I l) and a&. = Rdq - &"

Eporr.dly

sd

bui .rc

in nblc rc. 3J.1. TtG

'Ihe table in Appn.tix'U shos S. No , the obseNation No (Odh 2004)' date or visibilitv 'N' for lbaided obseNalio., latiiude dd longilude of the locaiion ol obserur, lhouel binGuld''T for visibihv thbush lelescope The

lisibility,'B' fot visibiliiy visibility coluds d empty

iV' in an the.res.ent wd nol s*n sd conlaitu oflhe t8ble contarn .ppropriltc colmn ifth qsftnt is sen The rcsl ollhe coluons file columns de fot the live age ofMoon , LAG. ARCL, ARCV dd DAZ The ld the Babvlonid model' models consideted in this chrpter The colu. headed A is for

if

B and A for the Lunar Ripeness model The colnmn headed

cod'ins

AR"

,Appendixll shows lhat oul of 196 cdcs in shicb $e crese has thee tle onlv 14 cases hat do not ben reponed to hove been een wilhoul oplicdl aid rhcs obscrydlions de tinther obey thc LuMr Ripencss La* stalcd above The debils or The nodificalion is below *ltn a Modi6ed L@r Ripeness Law is sugeestd
The lobl

i!

exploEd

needcd in ordet 10 sepdarc tbc used for clescent

caes of dked eve visibilitv and rhe caes when optical is

visibilitv

wnh the helP of A tot.l number of l2 posiliv obsedations ih tbis dala hav b'en vilhout oplical aid dnd the bin@ules ed klcscopes when $e cr.$enl ws nor visible

Luai
$ ork

Ripe.ess Law is

was deduced

.ot elisfied 'nth is logicallv valid as the Lua' Ripencss Law durine thN onlt for mlcd eve ob*tvatiotr Tlis bas he'n the dolivadon
ss

lo ood i fy th Lunft Rip.ne

Law ro e ocompass the otricallv aided

obse

d'tions

ofihe table contain Ob$flario' Ssial Nunber as led bv Odeh ol the Place Visibililv (2004), Date of ob*tvation titilude oi lhe Place Longitud (wirh iele*ope)' The* colunN N (lor unaided visibilirv), B (wirh bimculd) and T lisible Rst of lhe colums d. mptv io! invisible cresent md co ain v for
The columN

visibilily

colws

fo' the best ime (Y6llop' 1998)' Lae in (ARCL)' the angle v = nin(es, S.padtion btwcn the Su ed tbe M@n At of LiShl hotizon on the wsted holizon for the dav 900 - (9 + d), that thc clipiic mai<es wih ile Is th latitude ol $e Moon' l'M rh longtude of rhe M@n
contalns Ase of ctesce.t in hou6 of c'lculrtioi/obsedation,
OM

100

the lonsirnde orthe

sd, Arc{f-*pdtion

fa.tor,

Sitd

by (3.3.10), Esdnat d Ripencss

Iuclion, ,{.r olcularcd eqution

(3.4.2), Ar6of-epdalion ractor, Aversge Ripen.ss

Fwrion X., calcllared Ning avcds. tu = 10.5 d.gEs dd lh quarion (1.4.2), Aclul RiDene$ Fucrio. ,Rdy calculated sins equtioh (3.4.I ), AP-" the difiencc of AveEge RiFn s Fwrion & th. Acrul one. Th. ribL l.l. I des nor show thc visibility @luons s tbis table @mprises of css wher ihe cesftnt Ms rPodedly seen withont oflical

The lsbl is soned on the values

ofd&y.

On the basis of a

clo* dalrsn of

the

results of conparing ARNi ihe dilleences of Av.lage Ripeness Funclion valus End lhe

Actual Ri!..ess Fuclion v.lucs we ob*de dEt:

The Tablc shows

ft.t lh.E

are

only

14

pGitive sidrrines out ofa rolal nmber

of

196 positive siShlings that are nor according

lo lhe Lunar Ripe.ess

t{

(ARo, = Rn",

The a!. no posilire siSndne wirh A&q < -1.58 wirh or wirhour oprical aid the Ens in wnich

l8 aft.npb

have

ben nention.d in the lne6ud. We

Ripencas

considr

it

as

Coup-A for thc Modificd Muslin Lund

Las lhal we slal. ih ihis

erlq 6:

''tt th. tlill..e,ce ofAv.rase

Np.ts

Fanctior R-, omt the Actuot Rip.h6s

see

Fu"cion Rro F /Re) is l.ss nnh -J.6 it is ihDossibl. to tor att ldtitula uith or Nilhott optical aid'.
The ncxl I27 c6es

nE n.N

luat .rcsc.nl

dc

grcuprd

coup-B. Therc de la (llolo) mked cye

viibility cdes,

25 (19.?%)binoculd visibihy

cesdd

l6 ( 12.6%) rlesopic visibiliry

14 natred cye

cses for values of AFw lying betwen -1.58 dd 0.0. Oul oflhe

lisibiliry

ca*

Th.* e No. 286. 2 dd 2?2 witb AR.!i valu. -3-5, -3.4? md -2.88 All lh* c4s m ner autumnal.equiiox (Sepr.20. Oct.2l &d Ocl. t epecdvety), r$enl hs oldc. age (39.1 l, 39.24 dd 4l .91 hous Elpectiv.ly) md hav consqueitly larger phe.
in thn range, threc lery low AR{yfvalue cdcs have comon chancterisdcs.

l0t

All lhe* conditions falolr

(1.41) that
aor

lisibility and it wds ncntDncd above in view of oldcr a8e cresccnb (/.M ls tae) sh! er arc or scparation may be
rhe

auowed. Thisexplainsrhe very sm.ll LAG (29.s, 33.62 and 32 07 respecrivly) in rhese cas. Modovr, in all $.s cases lhe arc ofvbion is snau (ARcv
6.85, 6.8

dd

7.34

(DAZ = 18.4,2O.j and 18.l dgrees r$perilely) aioh the sun and tosr widlhs (51,65 ed 5r dc seconds respccrilely). Atl lbese lacloB suppolt thc ctaims of lisibitjry md weE anlrcrpatcd above whcn il sas
taree

deg!es rcspectively)

buftelorile uihulhs

rc

All dF clains de latirudejusr moE rhm 30 des*s. The shath, values ot Rj"y in conpdison to R.,, h lnes cscs is due ro larsc lalues ofa + A (noe th& 54 deee$),lhe &gle oalhe eclipric with venical ed large nesaivc vatu$ of tarnude of Mooo LM (tes than _ 4.5degrcs) lhar rcduces Rla to hate n nuch shalter lnu /w _
cases.

suggesred rhat smalter

L,{C valnes oa!,

be

alosed in such

fon

1.. Alt rhe* rhr

obsen.rion de rncgR.nedqrrh rhe Babytonru cr.rerion

Therc is no fudhq c6e

ofcesenr visibitity
O,

tjl.

varue of

dong$ otherposilile

dRq < -1,6. Fbh

cases

wilh -1.6 < AR."r <

two de very young

ccenr'

Thee

t02

obddation no.274 (ARm = -1.19 ) drd 416(A&tr- -l_06) i{i$ age 14.8 sd t5.9 houE rcsredvely. Despile being lery yorS having FLlively l&aer LAGS (39.j md
17.7 ninulcs

sperively)

in both

c&s

rhe Moon

ws
l.8

very close ro the Eanh rcsuhine

(10_?

in ldse

visua.l

dimcler bur lh

cltsnl

widrhs wcrc

sb.ll

&d ll.9 e. s@ndr

only). with

$all

the rclalivc eimurhs (4.6

dese,

the crcsent eas atnost

ve'liMlly abov. the

elative altitudes

su rhat bring it in ihe ided cordnion foi visibiliry bul lh snau (8.5 ed 9.1 deele) nake rhe$ claims highly oplini$ic. Borh th6e
Lh

obse^ario6ec in d$dgreementwirh

BdbyloniM qirenon.

Out of th 14 positive obseru.tioi wnh

i.e.

A&r

< O,

ihte

werc very

f.ini

cEscenrs

obsrarion n@be6 389 (d&. = {.94), 341 (AR^, = -0.87) ed a55 c0 62) The* crscent werc low in ottitude (?.2, ?.8 and 8.j deg,es respdively) ed hrd sna erongarion (10.9. 13.3 dd 9 deg@s Esp.cively), This hakes these ct6i6s lo be higbly
opr'n'strc
cnlenon
os

well. Two otthcsc {389 and 455) are sko in djeereocot

341 is a

{heec

viri

Babylonian

mdSiMl6e

in Babylonian qirerion (with ARCV + LAC =

Howvr, for all

$ee

I I 9 c6es when $e

crescnt wd daoed

ro hdve been

wirh naked eye,lhe conmo. ieatule

S0 degrres on ilher side

sen

w6

relarivty hi8h l&uoes {generalty g@&r

thq

of rhe quator) except fo! obFNatbn no. 416. Th cbim 4l6 n tioh latitud 6.5 degres nonh Apan fmm rhh lonely c6e it appe&s lhat fo, A&r < O n is ihpossible to see lh cE*entatpt&es witlllatiruds less fian 30 desEes (borhNodh

Inlhe l19caksofsroup B,lhe frequency for optica y aiddyisibiliry (botb wnn binocula and retescopcs) ihceses ed one ce cdily gnerau lhal whcn Atqr, ties between -3,58 and O.O theE is s hjgh rDssibility of crescenr visibilhy wilh soe oprical sid for bod lh high latifude as wel s low l.rilude obefres. I hereby jn this wort the s4ondpd of rhe Modilied t\4ujlih Lus RiFne$ LaB $$Rds

t0l

b.nv.r -3,t otd 0.0 th. posibili9 oJ rhibilit! ollittt crcnetl *ith and *itio optical did ln re6s vnh ihcE6iig tolu6 o!.4R-. fot hlEh.r latitqda, gq*o ! gedt.r thon 30 d.erc$ notth a4d souk ard ZR*. b.l"g h th. ronq. -3.5 b A0 h. postibility ol nak.tt erz visinlw ako irceqe llowvq, in t'. tong. oI th.G wluzs oJ r'RnIor tMllo lotitad6 th. .tz vitibilitr h dlMt
tizt

''if h. nns

"oh.d

Nxt is the Oroup-C $at mnrains 76 cases wilh AFrv in rhe dnB.0.0 ro L6, In lhB goup rh.r. 12 naked cye visibihy.as.s (15.8ol.),26 binocuta (14.7%) and 15 &l6copic visibilily cs4 (19.?%) e lhar vGibility with both naled cye and with opdcal

rid b.com$ ooe probablc. UnfonuMtty rhe dala is h.avily inclined lowads the high htnude clesanda clrdenarcation for u.aided visibilit, for snalter laritudc ob*Fe6

cd

nor be made. Srill, the

thid pan oftbe [,todilied Muslim Lund

Ripeness Law is

''fth. wtu6

oJ/R@ tk 6ztwa 0.0 an.t r.6 ttt. pEribitiiu

of,i,n i,

oJJint

cftsceat teith and tuithout oplicdt k ,trong fo, higlrq latitud.d,. The Croup-D containine a ro|at nlmber
unaided

of 221 c6es

has 170 cases ofoprically

vhibilitr oflunar cscs

forr'i!'

> 1.6,Il is

^il r'B@ >t.6 ttt. posnbitu, oJ ,bibititr siorg lot boh towt aMt hiEha totitd.r".

of

li61 c6c.nt fitttott opti.dt b

Finally, the 3umnarized Moditied Muslim r_umr Ripencs

l-awr:

ZR-< -3.5 ihpNibL

2,

to tee

th. n.v luaar c.6c."tlo,

a tdrru!., ,ith o,

/R@ < A0 ihposibt. to ee the neN crcsce"t with ot *,tthout oplicnt oit! Jo, tnt .r latitutl$. For hiehe, t,titnds therc b n high pnsibiti,r ol gibititt otli6t cE .nt dth oyial
-3.5 <

104

0.0 < .1R,. < 1.6 p8tbiti,tr o!

optt ol

,hltw

o!

Ji6t M@nt btrh ond withoul

h staq !o, tigt.r tdlituds. Lo.a!|rA N6t tuith opticd! a ! a".! th.a try nelnE lt Nlth haL.d e!. h6 a eood .ranc. o! opticdlr u"tided

ne,>

1.6 th.

pNtlbnrr

oJ'

tbi!i!, oifust

cnse

wtuhout optcat

st ona

Jor bo& Iow.r and highu tatttud.t,,

Another way oI lootjng inio ih delaih of Lue Ripene$ hodel is lo look inro the plots ofaverage ripehess fmcrion md rhe acod ,ipenes tuncion for borh vhibh &d invisiblc crcsei$ for single talirude, U.forluarcly, rhe dru avaitable dd considercd in lhis work h Esrficlcd in rhc F6e lhat scieltifically re@rded ob*dalions fo, a sinetc

hnud a nor found lery frqucnrly xcept tor Athens (ladrude 38 dc8,as .orrh) ed
Cape

sn,Ir tatitudes. plac6 cto* IoequarorobseruatiouarelolvcryfFquenuyav.ilable.Anunbrofplaccsecsetecred

herc

Tou

(laritude 13.9 degr4s so!rh). !n panicula, for

od

tbeir

d.h pto(cd for Alerage Ripenes Fundion &,,

Fuiclion R6y for borh rhe Eponedty inlisibte plees with laritudes L8N, 33 95,
6.5N

and the Acllal

Ripen*

dd

the vilibtc

oe*mr!

Thesc jnctudc

dd

38N

(FiguB

3.3.6 1o 1.1.9).

Figure 3.j.6 for tadtude

L8N snows tbe bsl slc

of 6 (83.37") in asrcen wnh $" obscdat'ons (6 our of6) e in agrccmnl wilh the ta* toi this
'rown-(hnnde
od, ol

sieh,incs ou,

,_J:'iff:ln:"11,'#:J:
larilud. Nexr is Cap.

ll.9

S) wirh succcss percenhgc 65%

(ll

20, the needrvc obseryauons fo, Cap Toq are In agrehenr sirh la\ tor 9lJ% c66. This 6 ao owed by ,40r.6 (ladrlde 39N) w,rh 2 oul of3 {66.7910) posirivc eghlingsad II o of l8 (61.l%) neSariv sighdnes a8rce snh
deg!.es, I our of2 (50%) posilive sightings od 4 oul of6 (66 ?y.) asE. wirh rhe tan.

posrlire siehings in sgenenr

fic lav. Ior

laritude 6.5

I05

4
15

't0

loo
^

zlo

3b

400

actual RF

br in\isibte . e.lrrr nr Or ri"tOre

Fia No.

3 3.6:

Rjp.@r Fundion for r-ditute 3 L8 dg.c Nonrr

---r;-+:
;b.,RF6.'"".b,.
Fig. No

.acrld

1.7:

RiplB Fudid

for C.p. Tow4

Sqth Anic!, Lgnbde r3.9

itlr*

t06

-111+.-Ig'1.rl'1
Fig. No 20
1a

r.tl'::.gE::.

l.l.8: Ripdess Fudi@ for Lrtibde 6.j d|:gG Non\

l6

10

20n

300
]

/too

J.E""'g:f*,","..,v"ltr" iU,ar nr b. rnti"itrc

Fig. No 3.1.9: Ripdcas

luDrid

for Arhdq

lrriMe t8 d@ Non[

Loogitudc 21 7 d.grca Easr

t01

All thes. figu6 show ! lend for lhe Aveog. RiFns Funcrion lhal is indicaL<l bt rh6&thal consitt ralions tud deEocr.at.d in figGs 3.3,6 b 3.3.9, c..ealy ihc

ce$enr hav. Actu.l Ripne$ Fucrion vdu6 b.low lh. AwnC. Ripoess "Cwe md lh. visibte cBcens have v!l@s rhal @ abov. rhc cle. Devi.tions oa
invisible
both foms ac prc*nt ald

discu$ed ,bove. A rhorcricalty visiblc cG$en$ (aclual

Ripn6s Funclion valu.

.ounts

noE rb& the avcRg) is reponcd invisibt. $ar gendlty 'Positive E@lied lh.oErically i.visibte qscm (acr@l Ripc.ess Function

valuc les 1ha lhc ave@g) Eponed to be se.n, a..Negalive Edof,. The posirive ero^ dponed halc no atiecr on the modet as rh.se cm6 nay occurdue ro mdy uncontroued fado6 ( like seather cond id ons and obseNer,s abi I ity to scn* lhe conr 160, Thc negative cmB nay eirher by hiShty oprimislic bur inconect clains or they nsy rndicsre hcr of authcnticity ofthe nodet both di$lsed abole ih derajlfor $e LunarRipenes Law

pcllNe cs$ fq lh ipenqs law h 92.8% aeaitrsr 96.490 or Babytohid qiroion. Ior the negatve si8]]iings lhc .iFne$ las succ*dr in 57.?ro css ,ainn 59.9%
for the

ovd atl @hprrisoi of the Lud Ripness taw wih thc Babytoni& oitcrion shows lhat lhc Babylonie crjrelion huch noe succcssfut. .ltE succcs percenr,g for
,a,n

3,4

EMPIRICAL MODELS OF EARIY 2o.rr CENTURY

After lookine

Modd

oftheMslinsa

is rcv.ated. The following figee3.4 t whicb an exlhsion of fie 3.t,1, in addrrDn to Moon bing nonh of $c rcfiptic. als shows rhe M@n b be sourh ofectipric. In lhis 6e though sign of latillrde. pM oflhe M@n tats c@ ofwhcrher rhe tmgih HT is to be added or subrracted nom ln - ,6 in equario. (3.1. r t) or (3.3.6) bur tuother qwsron becones rlever rn rhe cae shoh in rhe tisuE for sane as tbe Moon is huch tunner away ror lhe Sun when Moo. is south of $e Sun (in nonhem hemisphec), rhe cese n6 ldes m of tishr

oara rn comparison

&d lne co.srE,nrs of rhe tupcness ctoser look in|o rhe figw3.3.1 ad tne eatysis of th obseryed to itc Lu.& RiFnss Las, d impond dpct
success

o Ine deraits of

tc

108

FlriFM@ dir.E. So n n DosibL thlr $e d6acrr eirh m.lld & md @.r.qudtly strdla .o mr b. vi3ibt . Ilis i! p@j$ly thc ce for rhe obgMtaom m. 286,2.rd 272, lna @.ctn s ct.itried ro b. sl eirh nrld eyc but the Lury RiFnB te i.di.d6 rh. otsuriB P@ imf.sibt. (My lo, A&, vlluet wh@ the Blbylonia. dilsio. atlos fi.n. So lb. quGrion lriss, for pt.as
mwh

rd t

thidd fd

!.d

hdia Dd dE qegn binA o. hori@n !id. oI ilE eliptic ah@ld w giv. do.! .Uolle for !c? Shoutd rhe p.I! ol
with hign6 bdlud.q etipric mch inclin.d rorsds
tlE

Rip.B

Fundion

{q

be

low th.. $c, e

&cotding io

.quimr? TrF luF ii ddd, lcr.rt @nsloinrs ofrhc Lu@ &F|3s tuturion wtEn ir i5 poi.t d od rhr for rcry low AR", v.ru.3 rh. d*qn of bw LAc hn okt agc.td hjc DAz i, E ofl.d ro ben sd. thjs nay b. th. po$ibl l6$n for rt. nrort n sirob@! tik. MDidd !.d Fothdiigh|n qploriig tu .el.ri@ b.tqq ARCV .d DAz for the ft51 vhibitity of tu@ cresn to tlE

rltmr.l

6glB 3.1.2 to 1.3 5 clos. jn lh. dilosio. of thc

o,^.

--.
ig

Fig No 3

4.t: Spncriql Trigonomfiic ih..iFion

of

6ndiiid,

of

nq

lu@

de*nt

t09

In cae ofMoon nonh

ofediflh:

DAZ

ES = EJ

J JS

lassine I es

-elr

@te

{r.4.r)

and

'n

c4c ofM@n soulhof(tipric:

o,lz - o5 -

p1g

115

o,

"in,

*6s - 6n
cos

(1.4.2)

DAZ siven by (l.a.l) js much sfraller

(3.4.1) rhe

$&

difirEicc of dqliiatioD of rh Sun qd rhe M@n (\ _ 6M) rr{ in (3.4.2). wnh k4er aRcL (SM') for M, (3.4.2) as compared
rar8.r bul

rhar eivcn by (1.4.2) for th.

r.son tar in is sna er |han

&[

or Rd. is

sdc.

Ahhongh

A&,i (Ra,

crc$cd al M. is older, rhick.. and brighrei mucb soaler rhan for M. Esutts into dill.Enr ofarcs oftishr (ARCL) or older cE$eit with large! ph6e. Thus in case of in case ofM it hst be difijcult to ke the crescqr s conp&.o ro rne c6eofM..
Whenler as is v.niet (perpodicuttr optihue- aidnioo of I Oo (when

&ryJ

|o M (1.4.r) &ry

j,

sme tdr the two ca$s bur

to rhc horiz!) DAZ

vanishs tud

ol. DaZ cohs inro play lnd Oe oplimum condiroN for as ca b retded. For hucn ls8er valus of DAZ 4d older dd wjder cescnr may b. visibte wirh s@ er vahca of ARCV or aD. So rhe oodels inlolvine ARCV-DAZ rclarions comc into play. these hodel ARCV is a runcrron ofDAZ so as should aho be a fuction ofDAZj

f.nhd frcn rh Ea.rh) ccu_

Moon is ctosesr !o rhe t dnh)

l2v (,hen lhe

M@i

is

As and whei tu

i;

nor vniet lhe

4,. = 4.. cosa

ad ARcy = ftDAz)=aL
(J4.3)

- -[(DAZ)

Il0

This

n@s

rhar for coBtaor LAC

(e a)

ARCV

decE|s

com|anr 9, t.AG

ktnude LAC.

ed ARcv e di@tty lotDnionat ro ech L lrgc DAZ dd taige ARCL m@s mallr ARCV

Duing Elarivety ucnI lioes rhe dploorions of rhe @tist visibiliry

rurc du ro
(Foth*inshm

visibjtity of rhe old cFscnr b.gd wnh lhe obstuations oad in Alhens and iG viciniry by Schnidt md othes. fteoretical
exploradon was iniriared

rutu crsc.nt or

rh

lat

oa

nd

@leldtui@t

E6otu ll)e

ey

paniculd sbononiqt qusdon

1903).

@nriburo^

lhc beginning of th. trcnlietb ceirury n was eatized rhat ncrhods of verifying dates, panicltarly tum, dotes, wcrc nor avrjtable md pspje were @ncehed 6bout the 6r6noorc.t ondniom thar govn dE nsted rc visibilny of $e lun.r .,esccnr (FodE nsllah, t90l). To evatuare anonohicrl condirions for rhc ktiesl risibitny of *.ber ofsrudies ,ppeaEd. .rhe slrk ofr. K. " Forhe,iishd (1910) hinsell4d that ofE. W. Mau.dq (l9ll) is of vjtal importance. aou rhcsc onu'bur'ons *eE bed on fie nald er. obcenarions ot new luna cr*enr nade by Augusl Momeseo, JutiN schhidt sd Friedricb schn

rs

::::::

*'*!'

"-"

ee .,p,.r*, i" "'*

";;

;;;;:;Til:,#:lTJ:,i:;;

lonn n.ghao claim ro havc sueg.sEd (in his d,crc aprHed in rh roumat of Philqophx ^, . 90) lhat in ord.r to catcularc thc rrue date ol phasis on ough ro have a lable of te requisne depre$ion of the Sun
1

aurtude

ol

the M@n at ttE

sun.

He

h6

Motre.-;;;rJ,'* T,,'1:::;:;llTf moo. hade h the laGr

Monhsn
in ,his rcead.
Schmidr and

.l$

or of lhe $tuer for difre o8uld dishnces of the M@r fom rhe adnitted abou his hl'en* .

betow honzon at

fic 6oonkt,

Morn*n himslr n

half of thc nine&flti century by Jutic Schnjd| Iriedrjch

hblcs menlioned

bdh of

such

obFrystios dut were povided in Monm*n, s chromtogie lt8a3),

e;liq euld be @nslrEred

on the W_

lll

69{0. Fo(brilgb.(l (t910) hs &!.rd,!od lt !. oh.{trdo.! giviq cilit drB of ot66htio! od ir! r!$lnc Fsvit d Dy tioi.iaod ll. !E!Xind.,nd thaidltrh of t! M@ Ebiis ro lh. Stl! r drc lim of Ms.r (or !ui!.) crrqld.d by Fo$dDgh.n tin!.lt Tt4 ob6.'vdo$.r. ,!lrrr!8ed i! rh. T$tc No. 3.a.2 { h sb. rddidool .rlc-rr@.. Tb culs &! .ts Fs&d oo o ARCV-DAZ chti in Fi8@ No 3.4.2. Fo{t.iishn (t9t0) .t$ Gidna I ddrrEy r.u. lhar is r.prottuc.d a Tibt.3.4.1 b.lo% rhd sivB rt nisinM lltiidc for lh. !.nibt. @*a|l fot rr|ridl! valu.s ofrcldirc .?hn'h.

T.bL No. 3.t. t:

H.

Fortsiryhrn,.""-r,rffi
rion lo

.!o it"EtoFd . mlrhoni.d Gt

dc'qitc rtc k,E:

0r.0OrZ,

Mioioue Atrtr*

12..0 _

(3.a.a)

d!

*** ni5 cod. d.fn* a r.sioD or sry lroud rh6 poiot of y* ]T1,:.* $Ds a $ow! u n6 tgu 3.a.2 b.!oe.
cu.rc ir ltould tc viliuc orh.eirc

.l 6. d4 of su!.! rL crBc..l i! .boE iot T[. cruE h crinlit to. Fo6qingh.n,s

If,

Fit. No. 3.al Fortdbgh!$!

clrl!

lt2

T.ble No. 1.4.2

Forh.dng[d\

Rutc

d66

A@-on

ii-

'

3' 1,1 lo&!

&
ia

I|l

w. d.firc a pa@et . !r , .,visibihy pamerd,,

accordiDg ro Forheringhao

sl

rt

(aRcv - t2 + 0.00s21)

| tO

(1.4.s)

rn lhc T!bl. No. 3.4.2 rhe

oD.eryaxon Epond by Forherineh@

tsl colhn

@nrajd ihe v!l@

is

of

,.

fo, mh

ed rhq rh.lablc

$n

d in rh. inccasiag ordcr

ccsnl

ofyl . ln !i.w of{1.4.4) iflnc lund attitlde is lcss rba. 12,-0-0..OO8Zr lhe qcscent should nol bc visible_ Alrmatct, in vjw of(1.4.5) if rhe value or ,ts is rcSalive
shoutd nor be visible, Thc

the

vdB

roDsnar'oo no.4t). Hosrver he

nor

ainuths aE rho* calcul.&d by Fothqinghah. Ir is e.s y nobd thal out of 20 obsetuations ao. which lhe varueof,r is negatilc two obseryario$ ar posilivc: One. on Oci 27, 1859 (obseru.don no.2) od tbe 0lh0 on tlE nohmg ot scpr. 14, t87t

of Elarivc altiiude of the Moon

dd

irs

Gtaliv

hin*lfdnilslhat

labte.bla. Thc eo is exhibile{r All ir'c esl ofdE posnjvc ob$dadons aborc FotheringtEn

$ Etiabtca tE sumary

his marheh.dcl elarion (3.4.4) js

i.lhe FiC@No.1.4.j.

3 vnibitiry

cw..

ofEtying on lh. ..bueb,. rylDxihale natbeharical nay consider the su6My tabte dala and ltr a quadratc cune approxrhation. Following rhis we oblliEd lhe tolosins @.a@n ARCV dd DAZ jor rhe shmarJ rabt. r.4.r d,h:
hsread

/RCv

= -0 0ot2g Da

z'

+o.o7442aDAZ

+|.86429
or Seond

(3.4.6)

dlkrure visrbitiry pamercr ya ba*d apProx'&afior d folto$:

I L\ =

ed

dennc

d88 L@r squd

URcl/ +a.00929D,42,

'.O.O14429DAZ _|t.s642g)I

|)

(j.4_7)

lt4

Tabl.No.1.4.3

fhis nbdi6c.tio!
repsrd by Forh.ingh.n

i! rn oL
.rd e$lrs

by Fo$dnBltn
!t ir

it

lpplid to dE obseutio4
TIE dat! of the

e pc5I.d in Tlble m. I 4 I
4ily sa
th3t rh

lnbL n

d$ pr*ftd
have

in FiA No

I4.1

s@nd dgE polynohisl h.5

ob*N.don

id

l@t sq@e ntins ro a inprovcd $ylhin8 6ttF tN nore positive

lilln into th mg ofn g{ive vd!$ of l7 (F.b 20, l87l).

Mdundg

vd Th*

ee Nmbred 6?

(ofo.t

27, 1878) a$d

Dunng th
the

sme.6

(l9ll)

@Nidrcd &olhr b6io data s.i given in

hbl. .o

3 4 4

b nr $e obwnioml drl..

20

30
Forh6rinoham

hvl3bL cro.c.nt3

. villbL cr.8cnb .
s

tute

Fig. No 343 Fothringhan

Rule

l16

25

F-d;:

Fi8 No 144
A last

sque qu.d6dc poltDnnl 6ncd b $jt d.L iGld! [E fi)llowing cl.rion:

at-v

DAz'1 PAzl

lm

20

tt
the

(r.4 s,

Usiig lbls polynoni.t ed $e @nditid

$d

(,B@tt

would be visiblc if:

ARC1'>

!4: V1+r
rdtsirghd
$e @h3

(34e)

a.d lppli.d
3

to dd. usd by
In

4.4

!dfig.no 3 44

lh. tabb

obrlid 4c prc&tn d in t$lc m t t lh. 'visibility p.mrcl dcfin.d asl

, ,fl!0o20)) , =f no",

-l

DAzl

-P4.,\\

(3 4 r0)

II?

35 30 25 20
15 10

5 0

-10

. hisible

Crecents . Visibt Crsconts

fig. No 1.4.5 Th. rrbl. 1.45 3how U[r !E @ft! br.d on Medd,s oaM &. such inprevcd Md rhs. b dly * obqvdid j.. m 4j d le?l t4, tS7l, thd dqin6 eon rhc @rdidoa (3.4 9) IE irbt. j 4.4 and dr fg!rc ooln sr|N rh|r ood.t du ro M.udq is nu.h inpotld s ohprld lo rh. Dodet (!l. b ho Ein*hrn.

rin.lly in
appljed

e p'lsrd i! ffBod m. I 4 6 (Fo.tEngn '!br n,r mdct) &d 1.4 ? (Mr!id6t

arld

vort bolh the @ddq .trl. Forhdi|ghe .tr rh.r due |o M&i<t, ro thc Ft..i.d 463 obs.rio$ nm nr6d),e (Od.b 2OO4)
rhis

&

nE

@lb

mod.t)

oc rpFndix-tr (Colu@ C .d D, r6pdjidy).

Th. fiCW m. 3.4.6 Dd dE r.bte i, r'p.ndir-n (@bm C) lhow Lt l rhq. !E a larae tumbd (90 our of t96 po.nirc 3igtni.g) of ,on! wh.n rh. dcaar reloned vbibte fi.r dwin. AM FortEi.eho,s

obb

by th tul (3 4.4) d@ to

highly relr.icted

rt. linir mvij.rt Fdtdi,Bh.r Thi. a|g.q! tb.r rrh. ll@s of the dte is to ih d!r. m which Fothdingnm wdr.d on and .equind siou
Lc betow

trFdet

rd

ll8

E- 6i

6i

intTii:i

'E

na

s
E

n3

ll9

:i:: alF{s_?{";+E:'-.-l

{-:

'l

Fia. No

l4

tl od ol 196 pGniv! nShd.Ss o,ly lO o6@tirotu d*i.1e |ion Ihur M.unders etton is mrch b.rid lho dd of
6ppe.dix

On lh orher han4 figure 3 4 ? ,nd rh.

tdlte

i.

Forb.gnant

t20

lh. Babylonia cdlcnon ed Lud RiFnc$ Law coBider.d in the prelioN two articls 6 fd s lb. nMbq ofdeviorion fon the law in the ob*tued @seni d @ren.d.
su@esstul Anolher eforr ofgEar significance rnar h found in tir.6tuE is based on rh of Schoch ( I93O) and h known d lndie Melhod give. in the Exp tnlnion ro The trdian

lh. floft

nol

wft

Astronohi.at Ephenetis , t^ ttlh nlhod

3_4.6,

dr

ba5ic dala u!d rs

givs hee

il

lablc no

leasr square quadralic

polynoniat fincd b rhis dala yields lhc fo owing Etaionj

nC

= l0

t74l -

u Ot 3l)DAZI _ O.@aj

DAZI

(1.4 r r)

UsinS lhBpotynomiaI

od

rhc condirion dur rhecre*enr $outd be

\6rble

ii
(t.4.12)

RC

v >1e

it4i

- o.ot lTDAzl_ o.@st DAZ.

@d applied il to dara

*l
G

Ihrs

Pc*nled in fis. no.1.j.8. For 6is figuE ,// Bed

hrl( $e

Esutrr ohained aE

''visibilily peamelef defined

sl

=(ARCV _ lt}.3:,43 _ O.o137DAzl _ o.!n97 D,12..)) (3.4.1:l)

19 our 196 porir.\e sishrinss Dar devidrc

,,,,,.i." "" -O

rbn l,ll.

condi on

TIs rill rhe hrer hatfofrhc 2Od c.otury rh. Indiao n.rh@ ws Horck in viw of rhe analysis of Babylonian
exploFd

consid.red to be rhe besr.

6d

cnlcrion and the Lund Ripen s Law prsenred in this voik. dot w.d rhe Indim mehod rs s sle6sful in |.ms

l2l

of Fsnivo 3igidier dwidirB froo rbd.l. Dring rlE nodsa tis6 rh. Belylonim cniqioo dd Ripenss tuaction h.! no( ben exploEd s rho@8fly 4 is done in rhe

wott

This cxploorion

nE<tls

hs lqd ro a sianili@1flnding rhai rh. eient md rh nnievat for rn orlien visibility of @ tuD ff*rr e s u$tuI s loe of d

{-.

ilr

.;'.':i. .,

lgrlq-;':t! *:;19;!t *j:.t

Fig. 3 4.3

3.5

COMPARJSON AND DISCUSSION

TIE wort

F6qn.d i. rhi, .h!rr6

b.

sDtuis.d e & os:

ondition for visibi|ny of B tuE @$.,n Thij i! p.niotdy impolt nr in es wnen tbe M@. @ s.t b.fore $ma *n .na @juldion Thus

o obe*rioid lur c.L.d!r h is inpondr b rel,& uur rhe @ndnion "binh of @ MM o difri@ b.fd. tqt $dc- i, d .t .|| . rclirbl.
For
a

o.onjudid ofM@ *ith rh. sr b.forc trE b..t $nst dd e obseitio@t tue c.lcid., rh.t ..qui6.dut sighdne of rh. ew cltenr
@lerdd bred
nav lo
De

lunr

slnirtty dif@nr.

t22

th condirioE of edli.st visibility ofn.w tun( cese.i. For norlhd h.misrhcre if. conjunctio. falls nes aururual equinox this ssle is snall for borh hiddle md high.r latitudes md fircfoE cBeol is eidlcr cloe to rhe horian or .vcn blow lhe

Tne

ddc

oa

aliflic

wirh lnc horizon plats

impondt olc for

hori&o .r rhe lin

ofsu*!.

Th.EfoG old.r @scenG may

*ape si8hli.g.

Th acicnt Bobllonie crildion for the

elid

h6

the hienc$

suee$ pcencge

(96.4rr'o)

lhis cbaprr for posiljve sighdigs coGidered in lhjs tr!,k. Ho$!ver, $c su@e$ perccnlage fof neSalive lidri.gs is nol good enouSh (59.9%). Th$ the o!e6[
succ.ss
pe rcen

visibitit, or new tunar ccscenr monesr alt rhc nodets consid.Ed in

rzge ot lhe

Babylonie c rir.rion is 75.4%.

thar sdaced againsr lhis nethod i3 lhc sightings that deviared from rhe nodl i. hisher tatlludes. Thee are older c,*ents a.d brighler crcscentr h,v lowq Rip.ness rh s@ess per.nlas. of Lunar RiFnB rarv for posnive siel incs G 9.8% (bcrb rhan alt hod.ls coNidcEd excepl Babylonitu cril.rion) bul rhal fo regadve sightings n only 57.?% (wose lhan all ofter crneria consideEd in this .hapte.). The o!.hlt succe$ p.,cenbg is 72.l./o.

ohpulltioB rhis hs Esultcd i o a useful ne6od for det mrnrng fi6t sighdlg of @w lumrc&$enr. The probteh
onl/

b lh. Luar Ripeness tuncrion thal deletoped dlrin8 $e nedi.val ca ae lhobughly invcsligared. Wirh ftoucm rahnques
The ideas retated
lhe day ofrhe

of

11"' ly:.

Theadw.rage ofnelhods lhar sre bakd on Etarion beNeen ac ofvision &d !hdve .zinulhs ed thal dc moE lhomu8hly invesric"ted durjng Eod.rn.6 is a6o exptored. Il is fomd lh, rhe Indie Dcrhod b.sed on dr b.sic dala of Scho.h is rhe besl aDones! lhe ARCV_DAZ ba*d Dedods
amon3st the

npidel

Dodels

rollw.d b) rhe Mlmdets

e&ly 20,r cenrur', rh rndid De$od be.l uccss peEenlaec tor posnrve srghrings {eo.l"b) herhod r84?%r and rh. me$od due ro Maundcr

ofte

t23

Howv.r, in t m of th. su.6e pc@nla8e {o. eSatve sighdnes Forhdinghm\ crilfion is rlE bcn (@ons$ slt m.thods consid@d in th.
(54.lYo).

chaptet wnh 94.7% fotlMd by Momdeas (82%) /67.8r/'.

ed

thn rhe

Indid ednod

The oveEll success pcrced.ge of rhe In<tian mcthod is 79.5%, merho! is 81.lqodd rhat ot FohrinShm\ method

oflhc Maundeas

a 7@.

inoe.s wirh insca* in moe

1988a). -IheEfoE

The .uth@ ciry or succ.s of .ach is m.6uEd in rems of nhb.r of cGscnr siShtirgs wirhour oprical aid (posi,jve sigtrings) rhal ae In aEreehent qnh $ecnl.non. Some aurhorc have sre$ed on lesdng cdt.ria on rhc basis oI nunbcr of 6es whcn rh. cnlqon prcdicts sighrins ed dlc qe*ent i, nor s@n (nee.rv. sghrncs) (Far@hi e1 sl, 1999) 6 wctl. Howvq odlcB hav indicated rhar cban

.,"","J;; ;;::,;:T:::"::i1",#;

our eftpbdis is on .xploring @nditions uder ehich cE$enr cm be scn od not on whcrh.r il is &rE y stu or noi e rhat lDNo.s may be 3tlchcd for Judeing ft-eliabiliry ofthe cl.jG of siShtin8e A3 menrioned cadier thee c& be a ro ngadve sightings. rfa c terion pedicb sighilg snd mc @rccnr E not 6crldly *en d@s nol sl dll ncm lhat 1h. $irerion is not rcliabic. TIE condi,roro 8@,ry str6, vis,brny.!cn ,f sry,{ no, ovft$r as sh,rr br *.n 'nc rn rhc nxt chapG. B.tole authcndcn, of a cdledon is ,

:::lq

":t, ::_ :jTt Frwcn the dimtt illmimied Ihin

*; ; ;;;;".;" *:lj:: :"ffj;j:T

cecot ad
lhe bignrnes ot

IM&h

sky,

t24

Chapter No. 4

PHYSICAL MODEIS & THEIR EVOLUTION

AI thblclh rhe twen rh .entury and Inro $e ienry ftrst century a tot o, wotk h.s been done on vanous aspects ot the probtefr of vtstli ty ot new tqnaf ce$.t. thse other t$u65 In.tud6 (t) tonth o, tunar cr6sc6hi {Danjon 1932. yas 1936, 19a3b, 1garta, McNa y, schaeisr, 199ft, McN.xy, 19a3, sotran, 2005, Qu6hl & khan, 2006, .rc,) (ia) the mintmun o, timtthg tonga(on
6tc,), (thr $asohat varaa ons In the anbt vjstblliry oi .ew luna,.r.scenr (llyas, 19A5, Crrdwel & !any, 2OOO erc.). On ot rhe mosr stgntfi.ant or these and olher sffons B rhe hrroduction of rhe -|rrohattomt Lmr D6te Ltne" or |LDL (contras0na rh. |nr.ma onat date ltno (solar)) by lltas (ltyas! 19A6b). Thoogh the td6a h.s nve, D.en !s6d h pbctic of lunar cat.daE but rhe !me has ben erten.ivety usoc |n lonrare (ror insrance luooioat by t{an4r lnd A@urat. llmo by Odeh) as a gu|d for the rcgtons of vlslblllty or i.vtltbllty oi ths n6w l!..f crs6nt, Howver, In thi. wort the main emphasts ls on th6 modets rhat deat wlrh rh probt.m o, eaniest vlsrbi ry of new lun.r cesco.t so that other tssues 6r nor constdered. modet fo, ervtng thls polreh was rhat o, aruin {8tu1n, 1977),Ihis kas ba$d on tho av.rage bdgttness hodetrorru tltoon, rh6 averaSo b.tghtnoss ot the twlighr sty and lhe theory or extlnction ((ooman, 1952, B6mporad, 1904, Stedntopf, 1940). Sruh was ,bo rhe rid jn modern rimes ro exprott lho v.rtaflons of tunrr s.miii.meter The

lunar cfescenr (Danjon,

of n6w vistbr.

1932, ras 19a3b

ri6t asr@phlstc.t

Afioturds, appared lh6 .xtenstve u!6 o,lho phFlca .nd scionce ot vtslblity by Schaetor donng rh6 t6st quarte, o, th twe. eth @ ury Gchaefrer, 19s6, gaaa, 19aab, 1989, 1990, 1991., 1993) ba$d o. vrdous racto6 ike armosohoric

wlth rhe Eaft]vtoon

dlsrance,

e{inctton .nd sky briShtn* ds to vanou. objocrs l6adtn to th ttmtttng mal tude or the sky. H6 al$ lhe.att2od rhe hportance ot (a) tack ot hrorm.lton about seather predrclton st iems a.d (b) necd ot tunher qtlo.6 on ot th6
physlolos/ of huhan vi3lon c.pabthbs. Thus,3tnc6$ rheoFltcat modet teadilo Lunar Rlpnes law by modtqvat Mus ms th6 only rheoreltcat modts a du ro Bruln and Schaeter In rhl. york Schaoter'. t$hntque! .16 .pptied ro th6 ,6cent obs.aalion.l data and a.e toond to b6 In good aet!metrt wtrh the obsetoalonal

The exptotts or yattop (ya[op, 199a) whlch was .gatn mor of enoticat tn .aruE b ba36d on the ob$da{onat dsta and p.n o, Brutn,. mod6t bur wtrh rhe srmprrcrt ot a 5tngl6 par.meref crito.ton tor the n.w oes.enr

b termed as a s.mbmpt car moder. one o, rh m6t srgnlllc.nt connbutons ot y6lop ts hts concept of bst th of vistbfiiy, Tne sonware Hrtatol computes borh th. q_vatues (ya op, 199a) and rhe naCrltod @ntrst (rhe rerm cotned In rhts work) rhal tsthe dnf.ron@ o, rhe r{agnjtud ot tho llroon and th. timtflnS hagnltud6 of rhe sky ctos6 to cr*enr. Ihe conpartson ot lh tso i3 di$ussed ..d som. ot th6 extra ordtnary oDsendtbns are cdflc.flr analy$d. rlle mosl stgniftcant part ol thts ch6pter ts the dvetopnenr ot a new srnge psrsmeter crttodon for th fl6r vistb lty o, new tuhar crsc6nt, we have con3ldred the acruatbnghrne$ ot the cr6c6nt rhat b pnase dep.ndnt(instead of aver.. bdntnBs ot ihe tul Moon ctos. to horizon usod by sruh).nd rho.ctual b ghrne$ ot lh iw ght 3ky close lo rhe potnt whee rn cesce rs prese( For lh bighhe$ of bolh (the 63conr and th
sky) the loots devoloped

Yallop

s modet

c..

usibtr(v, Thls

otheE hav6 been osed, thts has ,6!utted hlo new vlrtb tty and lmtring vbtb iry cunqr lhb te6ds to a nw st of basic dat. whtch In run E.onvened hro a rcw slnge paramoter cdredo. ba*d on . retarion het en aRcv and width o, crescenl. lh6 osr mod.t ts anorhr somfempnbat modot, Our cdterion is lo{.(t to havo bettor succe$ percentago than any orh.r crile on devetopod dq ng rh 2Oh

Schr.fer.nd

t26

4.1

BRUIN'S PHYSICAL MODEL

Atuin bsed his wolk (BNin, 1977) on 1he obseded avedge brigbh.ss of sky agaiBl rhe posirion of th. sun b.los ho,iD, ,ner ssel (0ut natched tnc resuls ol

K@h{

et. al. 0 952)) and &e

bdshrB

of rh. M@n

s a tu&tio. of ddud.,

b6ed or

inclion dw BnpoFd (Benpomd, l9O4). The fi8ures gi!e, by him, Fie. ? $d 3 (Bruin. 1977, pp.339) arc r.poduced here in Fi8 No.4.t,1. On rh. b6h ofthcse sludies Aruin developed the Lund visibilily cuFes (relarin8 atdtude, of qeeenr plottcd asainst s, lhe els depE$ion blow hoizon) 6d fie Lioiring Visibitiry curyes

lhe 1h6ry

ote

{Elatine,

r,gai6r r) ed pEenled

in fis. no. 9 (intude<t in rh. eme Fig

No.4.Ll)

(Bruin., 1977pp.339).

Fis ? shows how $e .!e,a8e brighhss of the sLy ,s diminishes afre! suist s a Iunclion oI the allitude of dE sun, lhe elar dcpG$ion or orp r, s !n. su g06 btow hodrcn. Fig 8 (Btuin, I977) shos ihe @iarion of rhe avragc brightne$ offu M@D ar s a fnncrion of the alritude ofthe M@n n .r above honzon h. Lnnar Visibility odes devloped by Btuin shown in ng 9 @ruin, r97?) are dvetopd using the two functioB

ofsky after rh. sunse! ey lU_ stitb, ead our lbc corespondhg sotar deprh below horizon fbn nC 7, r = 4,a degEes m rhis casc. In o!de! lhat lhe @en is visibh in such a bright sky lhe ctscenr should also be at a bighl (lor s!ilb). Then ftod fig 8 Ead onl rhc

Asum.

a panicular brignness

lsr

be, = 1.9 dgr*s. This pmduccs a poi on !h. visibility curye jn Iig 9 1hal shows a rcta onbrwentheahruderofth.cresc.nted ne &ld dip r below hdjrcn foi a panicultu brighrness of cre*enl and oa sky. Thus a visibilitycure isa coltectionofpoinbG,i =//r), shere oe bnenbes of cr*.nt ad thal.of sky mrh for cooshfl widrh of cE*nl. The qucslion is rhar fig 8 giv6 rhe brishl.ess of&c tull M@n (dound 30 hiiur.s Mdc) and rh cGcenr is eeneo y less rhan t alc minule in width. Bruin Galias this probteh bul t.av$ i! s ir is by shrinS Oat any dikrcpalcies shau b accounrd for by soh. rtnd of .Gcsbh,, taclor As

coftrpo.ding bnghhs

alftud. of ihe M@r wirh Ih.

rhar @Des our to

121

cxnibircd in n8 9 ir is mr.d lhnl aI

$le

dip

r = 0 dgees lh. ninimM dliNds for

dif,cFnt vidrh ces@t3 @

girq
2 3

a2

Tbh hcms Aar rbe

th

bndrh$
the

of lh. sky ar rhe* atrirudes (r) G widrh when lhe

we

.s rhe brishrne$ of
is

cBent of@ftsponding

sty wilh dftEding ahiludc rh. c@e nusl b. wider ud sidc,. Tnes ar thc sanins poinls of rh. vnibilny c!ryes fial aG aU shaqty d(rtsing
bright

rt 16r

su hdjul $r. I. ord{ dul l,rtc ce$.

f!.crions ol the sotar dip, That heons lhar not only the brighh*s oi cc$e bul $e brighr&s of sky (har cqul alons lbcs cwa) borh diminish sh!+t, wirh $e inc@ine st& deFEssion.
Thr.forc, for larger values ot r rh. ee$ent of sne brightne$ @ b. $en at lower od loer alftudc ,. Tlw arc al$ the sianing points or rn cums ttat show lhc b.h.viou of, + s {sh ofglribd. of M@n ed lh. sot{ depb) agaiGr th. $tar dept

decEass $e contFsr beo66 favoudbt. fo! vhibitity of c!$enr. However. funho dqees rhc @nusl again bc@Des dfavombt. Ior v$ibility.

sbns deo4in8. Tnus rhese cuNes fir$ sr.d decrsing with inc,eding !, reach d hininud ed lhcn sl,n i.cre6ing. This in facr shows the raryjng @slrst of the brigl JEs, ol lhe crcsn md lhar of sky. with smatler r and td8.! , lhe contAl is ag.insl dc v6rb,tity, As , incpses dd /l

sm of th. atlitude /, of $e cresced dd the r me $lar dip Eoains alnost consbrt 4 $e ce*enr gos doM dese cw6 coftsponding to fixd crcsnt width ed thcEby ro nxd brighhess. As (he atrirudc of ce$.hl daca*s 0r. sky brighrness n4l d<Eases bul rhen closer lo rhc hodzon the

Ahhou8h the

\isibilill

te
/,

t28

Fig. No. 4.l - !

fic fi8u6 fron BNin s Pap.'

977)

rrr, ?, rc rddb-r rr oi *l

t29

For thimer

c6c.nr

rh ,r + s aSaitur r plots Sive thc b.st time of

vhibility 6 the

poinr whi.h is the midhum of rhe

cwe, h rlso
de excellent

3ueSens a

tug.

of tim. for *hich Oe

crc*dt my Ehajn

visibl-

Th*

id6

rhar @uld help cre$ent-hunre6

bul untdtunably Btuin has nol pesenld a clear cul ompuratond lrchriqu. Brs.d on

sihil& ided Schaefer ha worled

out Enorher schehe of computario. lo b discu$.d

latcr. The schcnc for computrtiohs is dduccd

frch the visibility cuNes olBruin sd is

bsed on ll)e dinimum point of rbe r + It plor againn s. A relarion belken rhe cE$.nl vidth cor.sponding to d r + , cwe sd rhe valu. of , + r ar rhe minimum oi lh.

cufl. nay

be d.duced

fron abularing rheF ratucs. For lhis purpo* rhc data deducrd

fiom 6g 9 b, YaUop (Yallop,1998) is

follows:

Table 4. L2
2 3

, + r picked fbo rh. ninimln of rhe, + r cufl es asaisl r whi.h coqespon.ls to the b.sl -tine ofvisibihy ofcresent. Tlh dar! 6 edto
The valus of ARCV ore the valucs of
a

dird degd polynonial

usinS lean

sq@. apptuximrion lqdr lo

the

follovine r.larion

ARCV =12.4023 9.487arv

Tnis ( an be tEnslomed ro

+3.9512W' O.5632tr'
.

(4rr)

lh. \ Fibitrly

oaEmero

r, lunc,ion

as

to'toq:

v),

=(ARCV -(12.4021 9.481W +3.95t2t/) _0.5632W)Dtrc

(4.1.2)

Tnis crn be le$6d on rhc obscnarional dara with the visibitiry condilio thal a cssce.l should be visible if,, > 0 olheNi* it should E@in invhible. Using condiion (a.1.2) on lhe data *t ed ro evatuar. n rhods in ch.prr 3 dlc plor w obhined is shoM in ligu. no. 4.1 ,2. ln this fig@ lhe cue nmed ..Boin\ Limit,, is the plol of $e equrion 4.
t

.2.

|]0

Th. rd of th. plor CD$ th. rc|t|iE.Xirtde (in d.8r).gaiMr th.

cltsdr

wirhh

(i.

@l obsd8rioi of ttE &tl sel coNid.r.d ii th peioos chl9iq. All !h. pd iE siglding cas .rd ihe @lrs of cdlculalimr b.$d d (4. L2) @ 31Em in Trbta 4 | 3 TtE @not.r. dda sr b shom i,
l@ldd
ar

I snd9

dE bs tinc of visibility for

R.--E-'_;"_
2

r-r*.rl.sc.G,wu.ca*
Fig. No 4 1.2

ApFidix.|u slDB
be

rl| @hs

of .rptyin8 Btuin.s

[bn,

yttrop,s

disssd in rexr rnicte) .nd th w dftdim dvetoped in anicl. 4 4 betoe) undq rh. hQding -Mod.r tne firn @Enn otriaitu lh. vat!* of visibilily pmmetd d.fnd by (4.12). TrE Ddl lh cotunr, e ror the orhq rh

ondid) itdi@ (ro in rhj3 woli (ro be repond

ltl

t32

lll

tJ4

tlq

?$I;;

135

1lz

Our

ofth.

196 positiv sighring in the

!o Btuin. TheEfoE rh. nodet du!

nod.k ad is

good

b $ lh. Lufu RiFn*

d.qarc rron th. Linjr d@ Bruin is thc best mongsl ql ihe orhe, 20o ccntury Law.

@pt.

t4

cs6

Brbylonid (io.rion atso dcviak froE Bruin,s nodet. A ctoer look in b ttE derails of 14 caes $at deviab fron Bruin,s modt sve.ls oEt rhe la cses devi.rilg frcn the Luar Rip.ness Law and lh.e 14 caes have 8 common cascs. rn. fihl I cs.s ofvisible cNolntable t.3.1 (ob*nation no.286,2ed 272) ofoncrec cros to auruDnal .qunox have !alu6 ofve srlt aboE Bruin.s timi! siyen by (4.r,2). A. n @ di*ussed snicle 1.3 the ce!ce.& in 6ese .6es

Ar nx

es

rhai

daiar. f.oo

'n

vi'ibihypo$ibre. rh.
cases

Bruin,slt.i,i,b.,.d..rh"b,ich.::,:;f,J:1':;T::
Btui.\ lioir
despite having sEEll las.

eE

older

ae erisfying

1ne

^Rm dc hsginal for Led Ripen*s Law. Sihitdly si, of the Ijg that deviat fbh rhe Lu@ Ripn $ t.w but rc! f@h Btuin,, ljnir (obwlrioa numb6 286,2,2?2,314,6t3 ed 716) firsl lbG have b*n dscussed befoE. The n.xr

0.061 and 0.07 rcspedivly) so

fror Btuilt linit bnr not fbn LUM Ripenes raw{obs.4o.413,434,I19,ll5,2S5 ed 290) fiEi fiG havc qalt valu6 (o.ol,

Our otlhe six cdes lhat dviat.

t36

ll4 ad 613 have smaU v, v.lu6 $ dc m&gitul ds in BNint one (obs. No.7l6) is asain u old ag., wide ond bdClt crceoi
two

Mod.l.

Tn hsl

Ths sc ob*rve
exaclly supplcm.ndng

that

6c

Bruio's

Linit md the Lund

Ripen.ss

hw ee h

nol

eh

oth.r blr thcy @ rh.rically

cquiql.

Howevd

Brui. s
logicat

linit

is rakin8 brighhe$ into considqation theEloG Bruin's limit

moE

ud noE su6sful.

4,2

YALLOP'S SINCLE PARAMETER MODEL

To devclop his onc

nod.l of firsr visibihy of luMr clt$nl Yallop used Bruin s wort in order to .xi6ct optimum crc*enls *idth for vdious rehtive
ahnud$ o. @s of v'sion ARCV, nedion.d in
developed a lomula

pdndd

ptvio6

anicle. Like Folhcdnghan

cllline ARCV wilh DAZ

on lhe bask

ofht

sunnary ldble da|a,

Yallop coroider.d fie bsic dau for dveloping a Elalion

of

crescent

blren ARCV md lhe Nidth W, Hh data (froft pase 2 ol NAO T*hrical Note No. 69 (1998)) is

Epioducd in the oble no. 4. | .2.

Hoselcr.

slal.d hy Yallop, f6m 1996

Mdh

HM Nautical Aldanac Ofllcc

one

ddided ro abndon i!3 tcsl bared on the Bruin mlhod (4.2.1) for lh.

baed on lhc

''Indi.n" melhod
s'-shrings al high

thc lndie mthod produced mor scnsiblc rcsults fo! old .gc
at

alirnd6 thai occuB

l.rsl once

y.r

fo.lalnudd rtomd

55

d.sd'

Bed

on

fie sorli of schoch (1930) th. b6ic

dara

ued in the Indis. melhod h siven in

DAZ

0'
I00

I0.

15.

20.

30

Tatrl.No42l
As rhe width of rh

qesent

is sivcn by (2.E.9)

dd thst @ abo 6e wifien

as:

tt7

rr' = ls<t

- c.{A RCv).os(D,4z))
be 5

(4.2.D

a$uming ih seFi-dimld of tne M@n to

con$lnt

15

dc ninutes. This basic Daia

cs b. t@sfomed

inlo .Lt! rclating the width of the cesenl

ed @

of lhion ARCV

likc thlt in table 4.1.2 ofYallop

bed

on Btui.. Yallop

tr4Iomed

ihal d4ta fittine it lo

r cubic polynomial6ing

16l sq(@
-aJ7l

appoximdion 6d ohainqlIh. following eladoni

ARCy =

ll

6.3226u/ +0.7119tf1

-0.10)8w'

(4.2.)

While applying Brui!'s melhod (qu.tion 4.1.2) or lhe Indim method (4 2 2) $e actual

vidrh t/ sbould be consid@d (nol

,4,RC,/ for lhe place the

a @nstonl

l5

minulet. The method

deind

says lhat
oa (4

if

of obseruation is norc than $e value of lhe right nmd side

a

2,2)

.Escent sholld be visible. Thus

visibilitt pameler may

be

s:

V|

-\ARCV

(rr.8J7r - 63226W

+073r9w'-0tntw')Jtto
(4.2_3)

if the visibilily pemetei /p n Positivc lh. crcsce.l.may b s*n. Applyins this lisibility condnio. on rhe dala et of chaPtct 3 ii is found rhot 16 positive sighi.Ss out 196 deliate fom this lndian visibililv condilion
Yallop alls lhG ,/p

4-value. In gntal

Thcse d.viating cases

ae shoM

i.

6guft

4 2 1 as

vhible ciescenls below the lndian

"Limit' ed re rabulated in rable 4.2.2 .nd ihe rsults for cosPlele dao set ats prescnled in rppndixlll io the s4ond colmn und.t lhc heading "Models" l. view of lb'sc eluhs w find rhar rhe Bruin's Mo&l is ndgiMlly better ihm Yallop's crnction fo! this

Yallop
and

ds

@nvert d Maundd's condilion

tom DAz-based lo lhe width-bsd

oblaircd lh foUoving cubic reladon b.tw.et ARCV

ed

W:

ARC|/ lJt78) e.Olt2w -

2.O1OaW1

-Ot16OW'

142.4)

B8

*lich l6ds

ro

tlE visibiliiy

pabr..ld:

,ip = (,{XCr. . 01.t733-9.0312W +2011J4W" 013601/

)/10

(42t
Fig No 421

. lnda Umir .

htsibl.c.e

ApplyinS

thal oul

of

196
(4 2

Mendd's nodifid ondition to thc daia sr of Ch.pLr I it is fou.d positiw sightings @ iher.27 clg th,l dwiat fron the 6nd;lion

5) rhe se e shoM in 6g@ 4 2 2 Thus Me 6s nodited @tdition is dill mr bdd th3r th. ltdiu lr|d rn Btuit's @rditios All thc 14 {,g rnat ddilr. iom Bruin s linit tte d6nd. lion rh. Indie linn Ttu rvo tddidonll wr io!! m. 3r4 .rd 33) ttd ddid. fron lndis $nn & Idtd to b. tugjn.l cet
d.fined by

(vr = 0 ol8
clore

and o oo2

repedively) in Y.lloP! Indiln dEd.l Thu3 thc t@ hod.ls ar in

sgr4rcot

Iney

re

both bas.d on

sinilu lpprs.hes a.d onlv slishtlv dillq

itr

i
{

Fig No 4'2
lD addirion 10

@Ndting .ll visibiliiy otditions from DAZ-bas.d lo th. Widlhb!*d Y.llop achievd tqo orhd rdeltbl. t8ks. Oft oftheh is hh d.ducion of BBt ine of Visibihy The otht r.Mbble ontdbllion liom Yallop is io tkaw lincs

140

b.twe.'rgiotrs of v&ids vbibility

used in lhe Indian

condilions on lh.

b.s

of viribihv

pdma.. ,/}

mdlDd th|t

be

cals

6.8tu

Fis.No423 Fdthc bd rinc ofq.sit lisibililv' hc nor6 ih.t h fg 9 of Btuin tlE siniM ges.ent widths, fom a slrsisl]t line of viribilitv c!tues of , t r agaiin s lor different (" r) The 3{m h which whs Drcj.cld nels tn orisin of the @rdiMt svst'm Th' shom h6e in fi8u.. 4 2 3 s a G{t lir. PNing ttroSli niiinun of @L @rc
Itis dnimun @@sponds to lh' ortlt d(v !fl| bd vilibility @dnio|\ thc b.d cerlln bd}6 rlE N6'ee briahtns it a 'poinr in tm' the b.iShtness oa th. c..stl ..dding lo Bruin Yall@ inrdPr'tt l, in a nlio 5 4 Thus rhNt rlivi.!s "the tim lin" beiv@ the Sunst ts ed lhe M@n!t
slop. olrhis

saSl lin.i3(, trta/4d,rs 5/{

rhie

"poi.t

in

tin"

i3

th. b.!i tine

I,

of c..s..ot vitibilitv Sivd bv:

t,=
5\
+

4\rs
9

LlG)

, T. *!1,4c

(427)

l4l

coiDur.rioa have b.6 dotu for this besl tim. sivcn by (4.2.7). EsFcially the calculatiotu fo. rhe iable no. 4.2.2 iD $ltich rbe Indid condition (4.2.4) c used lhc @mputations ac done for this best tim..
In all

crloldjoE

in rhis

rcrk

rhe

Finally, Y.llop d.duccs rhe visibihy @ndilios for dillcrcnt M8es oI

q_vatu4

aic.

dltysk of rhe dlta *r of Nund 256 obsdado6 avaihble in his timc. Our Esulti in lh. sdond l$1 colmn of rlblc in appndix-lll, e lPpliqtion of lhc Yalloo s condnion (bascd on bsic dala of schoch, l9l0 or lhe Indid ndhod) io! $e doia selcted inchapter 3 wbich is taLh mostly iion Odh (Odeh,2004) Theconditions
a

detailed

d.duced by Yallop

d.

Eprodued heE in

labl.4

4 Ihese conditio.s

iddicalo6 for

lisibility eiih

or wilhout oPlica! aid.

Tlble 4.2.4r Thc t-test crileria. ENily visible (,4ICl 2 I2'r {EVl visible und(
May

{A) q>
(B)

0 216

02le,l> {014

p.rfd

condnioN (v
find

PC)

(c)
(D) (E)
(F)

{
-0

160:4 > -0 232

nedoptrtl lid'o w-itt neo oprielaia o

cerdIMNOA)
tRoet

frna crescent

(v)
(D
I

2l>4'-0

29q

froivsrbG

4-299>q

'sitk,

viii[lcmpe,4nC. < 8 5'tlt ueto" Dujon tinir;Rcl < 8'

for lhc aix cnbria

The

linilins ralucs of t weE chosn

a to

F for the following

reens

(Yallop,1998):

-tlor
A lo@ limit is rcquird to
nave

spdl. ob*talio6

$at

uivial 6on rhos

l'ul

.len.nt ofdifiqitv. Accotding 10 Yallop il wc foud that lhe id'al sirr^ion ARCL = l2o nd DAZ = O" prcducd a Fnsible cut-otl poin! for shich q

ed.

= +0 216, Tnere aG

Ill

exmDles

whn q exc.eds this value,

ad i.

Tabl. in appendixlll G'cond lai column) 8.Mal it should be vrv ..sv lo se 1he new

i!

142

c@dt

in ln.e

m,

Providcd

th.c is
cascs

tro obscaing cloud in lhc sky The

I 14.

rponed posilive sightings i. dr6e cscs wilh

(B)

Tns

it is

@mble

to consider

> +0.216 10 b. lhose wbcn the

cccnl

is esily visible.

Fon obseryc^ rcporls it has been fou.d that, in gcneral, t = 0 is close to lhe lowr linit for fi6t visibility ud.r plfecr ahosphenc co.ditio.s 3l s.. lvel withour Equirine op1ic.! aid. YatloP u$d his Tlble 4lo st lhis losd linn for vhibility mot p@helyand he says thal from inspstion of Tabl. 4 ihe
siSnilidcc ofq
Thce @

- 0 @ b. str

bul

-{

014 is

&olhd

Possible cul_of val@'

Tabl.4 sith q in ihis Ens. in the daia u*d bv Ytllot wirh 48 positive siShtings. Th. data sed in this qotk (in app.ndixlll second lst @lu.) thec aE lll ca*s with q > 4Ol4 bul les lhan +0216 Oll of th*
68 Aes in

l1l cse)
(c)

rhe!. ae 6a posirive sighnngs withoul oPtical aL

Yallopusd hisia6L4lo fi.d|hecut ffpoinl *hs opti@laid isal@vs neded lo Iind the crcse.t moon by rutching lhe q_test visibilirv codc wilh scha'Iecs .od.. The rcund.I value of 4 = _O 160 @ cho*n for lhc cut_olT dirclion ln
Tablc 4 (YalloP, 1998), thcc -0.014), only lhree

\,w

26

cNs

thar

Gfv rhis diterion

t0'16 < q <

wre positive unaided siSltings tbe tcst were *cond lat cormn se.n vith hiMul6 or r.lceoFs ln Tlble i. appendixlll' q_valus oul of vhich I 0 sE useii in this *ork therc 62 cses in rhis tuge ol

ces

out oflh.se

unaided si8ltinSs

dd

29 times lh cresced *as seen either vith bin@uktr oi

s'lh

(D)

> -0232) YaUop s Table 4 ha' roo lew enli's fton thc fact lhat which lo estinale a lowt limit for 4 The situalion is nade NGe bv oplical whe thse is an nl!v. in non cas.s' the Moon ss not scen even wi$ a9pae't clo'galon aid. ln f4t it h @ fot lhc cc.dl to be obedcd lElo* 6 lhis dg oul ofabout7c5 (Fatoohi d al, 1998) Ydlop's Tablc 4 h6 14 cs's in exl6 wbicb 6 re positiv sightirgs thdough binoculss o! &le$ope ed one
ln lhis ca* (-0160 >

oiilinary

ce

of uaid.d siShing ln th' r'bl'

i'

app'ndixlll Gecold 16l

141

@l@) of lhb wolk lb@

33

.M

our of which 18

@ potiliv. sidines
of unaid.d

with binoculd or 1el.$op6

dd th@

extra otdinary

ces

sidli.g

(ob$flalion no. 189,455 add 2?4) lh.t is dillcral fren fi. @ @sidercd bv Yallop, Al lhe tine of Yallop {1998) lhis wG thc linil helow shich n ws

NW.d

that

il

is nol Posible 10

thc lhin

.t snl

n@n .v.n vilh

lel4oF

for hoiienlal panllax of lhc Moon, and ienoring th' eff'cl of rcfa.liol\ fo. & aptent .longadon of ?q5, ,'{XC, = 8c5 lf ,'lZ = 0p rhis

Alloeing

I'

coresponds to

. lowr linit

of

I = -{ 2l2

Wilhout good fidding lgles@p* md

posidoml infomation, obsne6 aa unlikelv [o

lhc

crc$"t

helow this limn

(E)

TheE is a lheoEical

cul{fi Point *hen th. appatcnl elonSdlion of lhe Moo' l98lb frem the sm is ?", knom 6 lhe Ddjon linir (Ddjon l9l2 1936, llvas'
al nabohi el al, l99S) This limit is obtained bv extlapolatine obedalions nade i8f,olrng lager elongtions. Allowing t" for hori@nul p@lld ofth' Moon a'd 1o ''{'R'1 = 8' rhe effect ofrefEcion, ah.ppornr elongarion o' 70 is eqnivalent Wirh

,,llcl, = 8'ed
a

D,42 = O! the corespondine lowr

linil

on

is -O 291'

However, in

Yallopt lable 4 thE tte 2l enfiies witl onlv

posilive sightine

with

I < 4 212 ed no sighting claim wilh s_aided cve ln lable ir the mse -0 212 2 4 > in apFndix-lll (se@nd lst colw) th* ae l8 c*s
bin@uld fot

-0 299 oulofwhich there atc

claims

of

obfdrtio.s (r)

snh binocuhr ot tlescopes and onlv 2 455) Both the* un_aided siShdngs (obsdation los 389 and po'nl dcviak from all the crit.ria considered up b lns
7 sishdng

wod( shoss 66 cases wtrr The table in .ppendixlll G4ond last cotumn) or this claim of sishtins -0 299 > q ed therc is one.xtra ordiMry silb o! opti*l aid (obs .o. 189) Ap&t fron $is lheE is no posilive siehting of Esce sisblins $ wilhoul opdcal sid. In lable 4 of Yatlop tnee is no clain

A@oding |o the visibilitv divid.d into

5

dNifiorion shos

abovc, rhc

suf4

of E nb b
crescent

lhe tgions bv four consi&t_q val@s As lne aclual visibihY of

dd oi iis dltilude .bov. hori@n d th. rioc of su.sd accodi.g lo Bruin (Bruin, l9??) dd Yallop (Y.llop, 1998) a @nsht q'valu. describes a cufre on th. globe i.di@lin8 sinile visibiliiy @nditio.s along all poinc of$e curye' Such a clne is a psldcr@bolic cwe wi$ vicx on the 6l-dost loisitude Thc lonpludi.al p6nion of lbis ven x vei* nonih 1o nonlh 6nd th' hnude of |he vqar
depends on ils width

d.Fn&

ed lhe Sun on the ccle$itl sphere Duing sumheG in nonhem henisphlc lhe sun\ declimtion h extren nodh dd if ihe d.climtion of ths Moon is norrh of $c su lhis ledex no!.s to exlEne nonb and lhe
on lhe d.cliMtion of th. Moon

c6@

visibilily is edier

i.

ladud.s if lhe Mmn is

nonnern posilion

eufi
tne

rhc nonn hitudes Duing summer of the nodnem of lhe s6 then ftis v.nex d@s not @ch irs
is better in
1ne

dd still

.e{ cE*mt vhibilitv

th

norlhen laitudcs

'xcm

Thc situaion h revese for lhe

$liheal henisphte Tne

palabolu opens westMd above

rhe collection

(nonhwardt and below Goutbwrdt fion

vcnex The CuR' A is

of

points on rhe 8tob. fot which rhe q_value is 0.216 All rc8io's $ithin lhc lwo b6nches ot $. p&abola wesl of rhc vertcx the EgioB wh.e |h. q_vdhe is s@ler lhm 0-216 md

the cle$ent h ea3ily visible to

ln. Mlcd eve in lhis rcgion' Csc B is the colleclion or all points where the q-value is -0014. In all tbe Eeions be$e! cuftes ed B lhe cicsc.nl is lisible to thc nai.d ete onlv undet pcrfed visibililv condnions
_0-16) de $e tgio's io wbich The Fgions b.(wen cuN. B and C (q_value visible lo obsen.r suld Gquire opdcal did 10 locatc ihe cr*c'nl dd thn it mav be

naked cye. For reSio.s

wi$

q-vdlue I$

t\ai

_0 16 rhe

cresenl wolld not be visible to

the .akcd eye For a comnon. untaincd obsePer

it h highl) unlikelv thal ihe cFscem

*ould

bc seen in

rgions

ed

oflhe aNe A Thc scienificallt ecoded

obsaliom

(oh

bNd) do oot Pohibil obedalion of in facr' lhc .r.sc.nl wiln mkcd ye in region belwn cwet A 6d C In sucn t'gioN' probabilily of obsenation incFdes whh the nlmbef of keen tdined od expenenced
ehich all $c sludy of the rwnlith cdturv i3

145

4J

SCHAEFFER'S LIMITING MAGNITUDE MODEI,

Ilruin (197?) ued only avfrgc brislhcrs ofsk, duinsrviliehl and rh' vanarion of brishtrcs oinE full Moon ro obEin appNximlc cohlrsl lb! (csccnls of$rtuus sidths ro develop hh crcsccnl lisibility cuncs dhcussed a6o!c ftc t'srltins nodel

lms of , rclation berwen cRsenl width md thc Elalilc tltiludc ol {*dr ar "tal rime dcduccd by Yatlop (1998) pro!.d 1o b hiShlv succcssful'
fornalized in
lihough, the basic data cxtacled by Yallop frcm Druin
rcplaced

visibililv cuBcs-

was

bt rhc

basic das due to Scboch (1930) (lhe Indiah nclhod) lo aFivc ar his q_

value coodidons (di$nsed abovc) for rh

nN

ces

vhibilil! n h6

bccn secn rhlr

rcsulls

iom Bruin

d,tt .re mrlgi.ally

bctter dan thc lndian mcthod

lhc ddo scl

'or

Schacllcr (1988a. 1988b) oh lhc o$er hand has uscd

$c

phvsics

of \isihilirv'

cxr.nsivclt

ih

rcsulrcd inro a lool (6at Shacrdconvencd inlo a compubr Dmgmm) to

ddmine $c briebhcss ol sky at anv

poi ol tinc dd

for di{Icrcnl aftosphenc

rcmp*tutes aDd rclarile humidil!. Ih rhis

{ork Scbaeficls progrm h ep$duccd a'd frade pad of the lundr crc$eni visibililt software dcvclopcd. Ililalo! ro clal@re lisibilily cohdnions. Tlis pan of the sftld is rsi b conpurc thc sk! briSbhcss (or linni.B magnirude) al points clos to $e cre$eht md the aPPatunt nagniiudc or lh'
$c laryins conmsr dunng twilighr for vanous tcnpcrat!rcs and olativc fiunidny. If rhe appaFnl brighmes of the crc$e.l h morc ddi tlE bighhcs of (1988a) himsell' lhc xrilishi sty lhc cre$e should b. visible o$cNne nor Schacflcr
lunar crcscenr ro sludy

hasap!li.d
riFc.
-l

he

sinilar rcchnique lo @lyscthc visibililvor invhibilnv data avnilablc in his arc @hnique is ,Pplied to $e d a*lof rh. chap161dd the rcsulB obbiocd
a

pnqntcd

in rabt No 4l l

Bcforc

discussion

6n rhcs' Esuhs Schrcli'is

nldhodology t-or compulins sky briShhess undc! difeEnl ahosphcnc condithns 's

Aner rhc conjunclion thc ne* lumrcrescen{cd bc seen in rh. scslcm skv ck'sto tne non&n md lhe Poi oa $@r Simildly the last crc$enr cm bc secn i. lbc

casrcrn

st!

bc

forc sunsd. l hc

conlEi

bc(wce n lhe briebtness

f crcsccni

Nd thai

r thc

rwilislr sky dcp{nds on

d number

of f.clou. Thcsc incllde:

P6nio! of the c@nl which n.elf is significsntlv {fTctcd bv

Tbc $.nerine orthe

Lhc

tieii

ftom

cEee fld

thc sunliShr dle to (a) thc

roial amount oaair-nass the ligbi tdvels-lhrcugh. (b) thc rotal amounr ol

aeosol pesnt in lhis air. and (c) lhc slratosphctic ozonc thoush shich rhc lighl bas lo ftvel. Th6c *!lt ring souEes cauF th. inlcnsnv of liehr

sourccs of liehr rhal includc

$c S!n. lhc M@h and o$r sourcG (like anilicial light lbat G nol considcfd in this work 8lh'v m noi s affc(i!c during lwilisht.
The amosph{ic

ldp@tuE

and the

relaive hunidilv

lh* alldls |he to|,al brighlncss of lh ikv is conpded at lh point whcE cmcol is pae lf rhe bnsl i$s of $c atv is noE than rhe or equal to tbe briShine$ of the ccs. ihc cGcent En nor be s(n' Eten ii
Taling in|o considmrion all

it is vcrv brishtness of the crcsocnr is marginallv moe $an the bflghtncss ot ihc skv difilculi lo loc.c lhc (erc6t withour tny oplictl lid ln $e followinS thc q@'rilalivc
bols aR di*ussed bricfly for .ll dc$ @nnuaiions:

w.ll lbo horian $e lpFcnt Fsnion ofrhc crc*e isEi*d anamon.tR. thc angl. ofcfmdion (Snan l953.G@n 1985). givcnby:
For alirudc

bv

x=5s.{#]*'
whec P is the ahoq'hcic

(4.i r)

P6$rc. /

is rh.

|cnFatuc

and z

lhe cEscenr. for ahiildcs closr ro rhs horizin rhe following

t47

,+ 1i - l L I+441 r ."rnr I x- t.ot.corlA,+n'+s.tt | i

=

l,.cor

(4

t.2)

(4.ltj
Hilalol wo develoi,cd in $is work

whcre, 90'r : lnd

- 9ou

The sollwde

ror lh delcrminarion of lisual

iadoplcd

linitiie

naehitude thc major nePs ol calcularions

lion schacf4

pogBE)

rc

lised b.low wih bncf de*riPtion Rel4nccs

and dcrailed

d.sc'iptions can bc folnd in Scherd (1993)

Thc prcgEn funcion

/drat

r'l(,)

1at6

inpu/pE-c.lculatcd valnes listcd bclow:

. .

a4r. thcal(iludcofnoon abovehonzon.

par. the alrillde oflhc place abovc
hunidny of the
sea

tdu.

ftc azinnth oithc noon

kvelih ndcB, Pn,z. cslimlted rclalivc place. p/a/. lairud of the plde. PratP. esrinatcd lcnDdlrrc of

. sd/pn4. lhe right Nensioh ofthe $n at the inc of ob.cnstion. . \eshlil (= 0.365.0.44,0.55, 0.?. 0.9) $. {av.lcngths @@spondinS lo U- B. v.
R

md I bands

. b,r.r[t (* Sxl(]iJ. ?x10 i. lx10fr. I'loi3.3xlOI) p!3ncl$ !.lues in lho

nish dhc brigihss sssilled snh .rch wvelenglh $lccrcd

. a!r1t

(= 0, 0.0.01!. 0.008.0) p@eler values in $e cxrinction cctlicicnr

values in $c cxrinclion
elc )

corespondins lo lhe ozrne factor ssdialed wirh ceh wavel.neth sclccled

. rr.!.r/, (- 0.0?4- 0.045. 0.031. 0.02. 0.015) p.Bmcrer

associatcd

ceficicnr coftspondi.e to ihe w@ficr facloa (hmidnx lcmpedurc

wilh each wavelengh sel{tcd

. .

@vh[j]

l.

-lA.%. -10,45. -11.05, -11.9. _12.7) lhc nagnitude of fuu moon

ro

coftsponding

dififtnt slel.d

warclenlh b6nd5

mschtil (= -25.96. -26.09. -26.74, -27.26,- -27.55) coftspondinS to diffrc sel*ted w6v.le41h bmds
148

fic $lar

magnilLrdc

cnschtl

t.36.0.s1. 0.00, -0.?6. -1.17) @Nrion for lund masoirudcs

!!

csponding ro difiere.l sleded wavelcngih b6nds

the

r"a..

ler ofde obseMtion,

fon
lhc sun al lhe line ofob*ryorion

c?,,ap.lhc elonsalion oalhc n@n

'lhc funcrion

shs

Nnh $lcclinS a poinl

wnh sky position

sitnhr lult
Thc

mdh

I O.l.lM tum
dishnce ofrhis

+ 0.r-i-e. a poinl

clo* lo th. cstrc of $e tu.e disc

poid.:ed,sr is scd lo calcul.k lhc 8as. aeiosl ed lhe o7..c

^.ilh

ndss

xr
x4

= {cos(?cdig )+0.0286 =

icxp( to.5'cos(zsrd,ri
1xp(

)r-l

(4.3.4)

bo(ud'i

)+o.or

-2a.s'cos( rd,u/,Jl ))l-r

(4l.t
(4.t.6)

"'=l

. L

l' lr.:oro;rrl ]
lsintf,",./,r I
I

This is followd by rhe calculaio. of th cx nction @flicicnls componcnls

comspondine ro live

diff@r

\Evlnglhs

cleted
4

in the

@v Ydc,ll/:
14i7)

& =o 1066 '*e[- ?s4J'("qrrtl'r)

r,

=o

r,(xru;'".-,(-#).(' -a##-*,) ",",,,

*orr'.^-,0*r!!\
''o'
t
)

J,
Ka =

' +0 4'lpto! ' o.'chlil'O

For cqch wavloslh

co{satpha

- cosl3'

Ptat )))/

(.r.3.9)

*,, =,,,,,,r,,..

*.(,i# ).".(tf ).".(- #il )

n

(4.i.10)

bed rh.* eidnction ccmcicnts a'c ecumulalcd in

krchli)= K, + Kd + Ko + K"
And rheir linearconbinalio. wiih mas componcnls

(4l l l)
tE
gathcrcd inro
v

dnvhJl:

,.tdchltl

K,

lbe.qurioft
O.

(4.3.?) to (4-3.12) aE Pleed in a loop thal rum nv ddes oncc for ach i

K,' x,

+ Ko' x o +

X-'

xs
poin

(4I

12)

1.2,I

and 4.

Aner$eexccution oflhb loop lhc rir

m4ss al

r,

thc tosnion

of

rhe

M@nandfiarof theSunacc.lculal.dusinS:
= [cos{'drd'Jt )+o.o2s

rrr@/

icxp(-II'co(z"dirt.)]

(4.l.ti)

il

(nofu < 0)

nnposl

= 40

ar

nnpoeJ -lcos(go -

nul )+0025 r.xp(-ll

t

. (4.1.14)

il (\ah <0) xn@ld =40

et:.

snpoel = lcosleo

- ett) + 0.025 'cxp( -l

is lhen
|

, , (4.l.tt

Th. masnitude olthe M@n

@lculatd NinSl
+

mtut

-.12.13 + +

0.026.lt 80 -.to,@

a. ltso -.tons )a' r 0 t

(a3.16)

c'.rrt4

FoUo$rd by

nid -am. bnghrncs.

honlidl

biehh.ss. twilishr bnghl.s and $c

(4.3.r7) ,+
)J

nq6tl ctree - n 4 1. Lkhlil'

kn

= rc15t5

ftmp"
is

| 40) +6.2.107 t(leto,stunf

06

(4.r.r8)

tot36 .(r

+cos'(/.io'sui

$hm /elo,At,
noohh

$c clonsrtion ofF

fon $. ccnft oflhc luE di$

.

=rc

o!'lo,htus D6c'il4+.r:7)
(tuh . ahree + aaoo@ nschlil ttz 5 -s.t'
r

'(l -

ro-0

4'ri.,l'l'"*/ )'

lt - c!tuae )i)

1t3.rot

^filb

= t0-0at(,*.r,14

-!'dt'
)

t(t@ I llchlnl

'

i_
ctort
/g-,

roo

l,

(r _

-0r.,,.,r,r"*./ o

(4.120)

rc4 a'

t'chlt l'

|rydql
a0)

(4.1.21)

+6.2'to1 tlfetoresn)z + ro$6 .(.oe *.o.'?(tt,,r* )) 03rrs/'I4\fuir' )' .tqh - |o ort'l' ;i,l't'n6chlil'ar'').t -I0 , *aaoooo'(t V"'

ro(6

r5:/./d,N* i

(4.1.22)

(4.12l)

"fat

"hn))

150

lf thc hviligh briebhes

rv/, doninats

ovc. tne day lieh briehhcs dat, rhc. thc sud

.i
in

r,grrb

and

.'

,1, are slored in

,r.r/t

L.r/t

Morcover. ifrhe Moon

otncffi$ rhe sun of ,'s&r, md etb rR noE'd is.bov. horizln thm de,, C lho addcd to bs.r/t/.

l-iially, fic brighbes

,.\rrlt

is @neened inlo

.m-tanb.6. fon cquaon (4l.16)

till rhis point all conpulalion is done id a looP that recutes Ilve timcs again, once for sch wavelrylh bdd *l4td fnc aicula$on ol 6e limitins naghitudc /, is donc .s
(4.1.24)

la (tel <

l5o0)
+

ic,,e=loat..eo
{ co,a

lo-re)

Els
kh = tum'\t

Io

rr

. .n

"

'

(4.3.25) (4.1.26)

Jctu" tb.t

r
d.".htzl

t.. =

t6

i1 -2

t,IVD) \ In(I0) l

(4.) 21)
as rhe log

Schaelcr (Scha.fer. 1988) in his drtshold

co.tdsl nodel calculates /i

of $c ratio of rhe acrual tohl brigltoBs of th. M@n

ad $e

tolal biSlttnss oi $c Moon

neded for visibiht fo. rhc givcn obsping condiions ln this

rc|k

we considr rhc

mlg.itude oflhe Moon and $e lisual limiliog naennude slculatcd frcm thc alsoinhm givcn abovc- The diftcmc. of Moo.s naenitude z"d!A and lhc visutl limitins nalnitude

le-

is consideted .s nugnitude .onxas de"or.d

4 zDzq
and

A plol (Iig

4l

bclow) sbows dirercncc ofscbacfcls thEshold cohtrasl

$c nasnnudo contasl
shows ,'lu zg ror

/r43

Scries I sho*s ,1aas lor crcsmls

wca not $cn and erics 2

crusoent ihrl \vcre sccn Sdies

and series 4 sbow ,4 cot.spondins lo dcsccnc

$al

wce not

sen

d lhal

scte sen Esp.clively.lheda1a lor this fig is talcn lrom Sch.cfc!

vales ol cont6$ fo. crcscns $al wrc nol *o ad lhc nesrtilc vrlues lor conlrdt lhal *erc sccn snoN lhc inconsistcncics ol thc modcLs qirh lhc ob*ndion. Th6e inconsisteoci.s may E$ll fDn .stiDatcd lalues of tnpcaorc a.d
(1988). P$nive

Elative hlmidill adoptd for lhe calcllalions.

l5r

Thdhold conExl vr|

f.e.ltld. conbtt

i-

4l l Ta!t.4.1.1 is d.v.lopcd sina the sc prcssn Hildol i4 o!&r !o sDlv* $' crts@t ob*frarion @rds t Ln tod ti|c E (S.h&Lr' 1988t Ydlot' l99E Odeh
Fig No

l'bl. obsfrrion Dmbq (s sign d bv Odch (Od'lL 2004). dde of ob*darion. ldrlud, longrld. &d.lcvstion tlove s l.v.l of lh' ple ftos wh.d th. c'l6l is ob*dc4 followEd bv $. diMr.d ldp.tat@ 3nd 6ri6aldl Elarivc h@idny. Th .ext thF @luld @nr.in $c uit.6,l lim' &d th' ldf,rdlig Ms,in4le .dr6t wh.n th. ru&ttn d" co,rr/dt b4om$ j6t f!vo@bl' .3l!n) *id n is bsl for sidlinS for siShrinS of c'lsdt (@lum vith hddinS (@lwn wi$ lsdins 'bd-) ad whd i is favo@ble io' sidtina ror th' lar rin' (6ltm wilh hddirg 'ta'r). This 8iv6 lh. tine Engc lor $e posibl' Et'd cve
2004). In @h mw of thc

c'ls6! TIE rus,,'& .otdr i3 @Nid.ied onlv fot @id'd visibilit, oa crcsdt. Th. lan $E 6ll,!m @Duin th. i.fonMdo. E$ditg *tEths lhc clt* M claincd b b. vi3ible widout dv opdcal ai{ wi$ a bi'@ulu ot eith a
visibihy ot $.

t57

Tt. ob*Mtio6
rhar

@sidered in th. llblc 4.3.1

by

ody rno*

*lq il wr claim

rh.

cc@ 6 sn
El.ver. Moeov.r,
10

dy n@s .s

ll|e rcordi enen rhe

de not

by vrryiog thc Grinared

n valual.d
ntaEnituda

oblain oplimm @ndilios for

tnpdt@ dd Glatirc huidily il nr}d eye visibihy ol $. asc.nl, If th

lim. ra.8. of

co"na

is obtairea ro b

i.

favour of visibihy onlt dcn lhe

lisibility Ee delemined md included in thc rzble.lt thc nagnitude co"rf"rr is nol found b be in favou. of u.aid.d visibility the l6t posiliv. value of lhe
naked cye crescenr

nagritutu conn$t is c5lculaled md th.

that under lhe

se

vatue is included

coGpoodins columns. 'rhe s,m positivc vahe in all

rh*

in aU the thR @tM.s it rhc indicalion

to lhc naked

walh.r ondnioN consid.Ed

the crsccm

ws Evr visible

]-his table shows tbal $erc d aid when nagnilude contmt was

ll

cases

ofposidve sighting claihs {ilhout opiical

nclq in iavour otunaided visibility.

l0 of
thcse

All

tsc positile

css

aho nor in aetemenl wilh tbr conditions due io Folhqi.ghm dnd nalndeu

Lunar Ripeoes las d@s nol allow

b n. Only one $csc 13 ces ue not allowed by B.bylo.id cdknon. To or thesc ces m not allowcd by lndim nlhod ed rhe !6t of th. thrce m n&giMl c66 i. Indid method. Boih Bruin's limit 6d Yallop s critcrio. do not allow.ine ol rh.s cases ln cae or
cses a.cordins
orher

oily ntr8'hal 6e mlcdly diffD fiom Lllm RiF@ss law. Onl, I of

dd

the two of lhen

tou

dlaims
a

Ellfoutcs*

are marginally

lllowd by Bruih's critelion bul Yallop

dlsion difieB

lot in one oflhem.

Thc liBt pase of the lahh 4.1.1 shows t$o etaa odinarv claims of nakcd cte vi.ibihy of crc$enl, ob6 No. 189 &d 455 wilh q_values -029 dd _0 216 Thc Yallop s

c.it.don d@s nor allow naked y. visibitilt for lhc$ q Qlrcs

8d

tlE naanittde

.o"r'4r, b ale nor favoMble ev.n wirh hiSlly exassenled wealh.r condnions The Modifid Ripene$ Fuciion (chapb 3) !alu6 corespoldine to lhs oberations e aho noi favoudbte G0.95 md -0.62 in tablc 1.5.1) for cEscni vkibililv Therefole th.* obsedations, as lhey fdil to etisry evoy model, de highly melilble ahd ar. outlie*

l5l

noc clain ofnajcd eye vilibility of ffiant wilh t-Elue lcs rnd -0.16, obeMtion no. 2?4, with q-BlE -0.22 | (AR- = - l .l9)- I1tis obs.dalion it not allowed by both the Yallop s crilerion dd th. Lunar Ripenes Law but wnh highd .tevariotr (1524 n 16 ahove s lcvel) dd loe hmidity (6linat d to bc lo'ld lhe tuEnitude cohftast is favourabl for uaided visibilily lnd $e ob*nolion is not uNlidble. In rll the esl of lhe cB@nl oben rions *ith I-valB ls lnd -0 16 lhe
TheE is only onc

claih ofvisibilily of cressnt is with binocular or

nor

wit

lelescope. Thee

claiN de

also

ucliable 6 out of25

s@h

claim

8 harc favounble

uas,itt.L cotun lor n*.d

ete visibility with oplimm 4tinales of lehpcdtwcs

ed rclative hunidiry'

The hagnilude conrAr for sme other r.porledly Positivc cE$nl sidrinss {ithoul oplical aid n nol favoudble. Th6e obeFalion nunbe6 14l, 3 19, 416, I16,

315. 2a6. 611, 314,272, 2. The q-values (and

0.8?), -0.1r (0.07),.0.101 c1.06). -0.047

A\"J

fo! $ese descents

&

_0 153 C

(-1.t.

-0.02?(0.167), 0.00? (-3-5),0.01 c0.7?),

rhe

0.012 (-1.01).0.018 (-2-88),0.109 G1.47). For

341.416.Il6

thrc. crireda (Yallop\.

Lumr Rrpcoess Law md ihe nagnihde oi!r60

e.

co6islenl- For 286,633,114,212

udr "perf*l lkibility condnionJ but bolh lhc Lumr Ripness Ls* and lh naerrilude conltdt are nnfavoulable for nk.d eye visibilily. Thu ir apFd thll Lus RiFmss L3w is nole coNistcnl with the

dd 2 Y.llop's citerion allows.alcd

cye vGibilily

m.Snilude conlrdt rcsulis.

Io rhis work limiling tlesopic hagnitudes &e not coGidcrcd as lhe rponed ccsem ob$fr.tions wnh bineuls {d lclcsP.s do.ol pevid. approPriale d.iails.
ThcrefoE lhe appopiale limiling lelescop.s cm not be conpnled MoEover, out
is horc conccmed wilh

wo*

visibility of n w

casd

witboul

dy otircal

aid

154

t!.2131)

-'.gr""il,,;* I

,.;;;

"

,.!('!,"]

;;;

t"

r-?tp!!

,,;p,{
155

t56

l5?

t58

4,4

A NEW CRITERION TOR NEW CRtrSCENT

IISIBILITY

while dvcloping rhe "vbibilitv cudcs" (it againsl

5)

$d the

limi$n8 visibilitv

c!ruJ (, + r against r) for.onstad brightn.ss Bruin @nsidcrcd the avedgc brightnes of w$m horian duiog rwiligh od fi. ldistion of lh. bdgltN of lh' full M@n with tlE alitude above hotian c me ion d @lier' Instcad of @cid'dtrg av'ase
brightness oi sky we hav coNideEd

dual

blighrnds of skv and fte cr'scent calculakd

sing the techniques developcd by Shefet sd olh'6 (Schmier' 1988b, l99l) i' lhe $nw@ Hilalol. W. $lslcd c@ent vi.ibilitv circUmtarcls of ldious rcw Mm6 css whn lhe crcscenl Ms rponed b hav. beo sn For cFs415 ofa pan'culd tho width we found lhe altiludes I oi skv points with btighhess equivalent lo that ol of skv particlle crc$. at dilltnt $l& depEsio.s r' Th. ovcdgd of the 'ltiludes in T'blc no 4 4 l Doinrs for difl'rnl $ln dctr.$ions for plirhuld sidlh d Lbllatd grvs The left most column of lhe lablc contains ihc solar deptssions r and ihe toP rov enties of rh {idrhs r oflhe crcsenrs sclaled ed thc n xl one giv.s its na8lnude Thc
$e

6r

of

rhe

blc ue lhc aldtu&s

shcE lhe stv hs rh' sm brighhAt

lhc

briehtness of tnc

cresknl ofthc width al th. top of lh @luon.

It should b. nold thal duins ihe twilighl 1ne widrh of the

crc*dt

vd'es up b a

d.sc.nls. Se6on to eason ed for dif|ere'r lalitldes the skv qch bddrlnes fot th. sdde altitu.l cl6e lo th. poid ldee ihe sun sts also vdi's lor column of th. lable 4.4.1 a numbq of c!*s of alnosl eme cE$enl widtb wE

dc

seconds for very wide

@nsidered md each ahitudc is aveEg of lh.se

cdes Thc dtla of lhe tabl' 4 4 1 is $e' plottd on a sraph shown i. fsw 4 4 1.lb lhis figure n as a fuhclion ofr (i' =/6,) @d r + ,' = s 6 a fuclion ofr (rl = sat) aG bofi ploned /ft represnl the "visibilitv cwea &d the s(, rc9dnc the liniting visibilitv cudcs" sinild lo wh'l Btuin
(Bruin. 1977) developed.

159

T$LNa43.l

tf

a.l
1l

a,
t3

li

rl!.
4.5

-r.8

tt.a
95

5
5_a

2a
32
2,5
3.05 2.1
1

1.f

1,1

0,8

0a
r,e

ot5
0.55

2f
255

r.t

0.t o5
o2

0l
o,7

o3 o25
0,2

r.t
2
1

oi5

o.t

Fia. r!b.4.,1.1

Altdav.r 6ot Oap,Ebo

! I
5

3 2

12

t@

Alttudo v.6 Sohr Oottesalon

19 13

!9

l:

Th. @rdin rs oarn ninid ofafi, Ghom i. figurc 4.a.t) @del pe nrv dseloDed Sou tu dE i.ble 4 4 2l

lhd

b.sic dals for lhe

Using

tubi. l.e sque appronn rion

oh.ird lh. following El.ro. ben*cn

rchtiE .ltilud.

ot@rf
435t

ARCV

!d

tu widd

ARCv =

37tvt +2222O75O57W2 5.42264J1tt! + t0.4341159

(4.4 D

I6l

On lhe

bais ofthh dlatioo wc tlcnre th. visibil,ty

p.m.tr

v,

follows:

t/ + 10.4341759) e = QRCV - ('-O.35lg$7W3 + 2.22207 5057W2 - 5.422643U

(4 4.2)

l0

Our model for .adi.sl visibility of n w

ls& *s6!

ir that if

rp > 0

(w

@ll the

visibility paEmctcr v, in (4.4.2)

opdcal aid

th. r-vtl@) lhc

ceml
set

moy be lisiblc withonl

olheei* noi

Applting this o.dition on thc dat

ued in chaflet I &d in of463

lhb chaptcr qe present thc rsulls obtained for whole data

colunn of table in appe.dixlll. only

set

cd*

in

d.ltn
sill

Fid

fd .ss

when rhe visibilily is claiocd wjlhoul

optical aid in odcr of inccGing r-ralrcs @

I

sho$
rhese I

in 1abl. 4.4-1. Oui

ol0tcs cses
the

66

d4iatc ton ou nodel. our of

c6es 8 de coosisteni

nagnitud conlrast 9 arc consisle.t wirh Yallop s crirerion and 8 ats consislcnt Mth the

Lund Rip.o6s Law, Tbe oberyaiion Nnbes 3E9,455,274, 341

from lhe negrdve

dd

316lhal d.viale

Lmr Ripen.$

I-aw, ihc

Yallopt crilerion ed

1be Dagnnude

conlrdt

also

i.

our modcl. Howvcr the obseorion nwber 4161hat is negalile in orher

ille Een is th.t in this ce ARCV b redonably hish (9.41 .lg@9. Txe widdi h small (eund la @ sondt bur |hc M@. is rcry close ro perige s closr ro $e Efih.
models is allowcd by ou!nodel.

In fisuE 4.4.2 the minima of each visibilily cw. is joincd resulrins inro o nFi8ht linc stich $nen .xlodcd inr.e.l tn oigin of rhe (r. t) c@rdjnde stseo. The
srope of rhis linc is found ro b

(lh + sys

-)

9-3t5 ot t'/s

4.)15. This

lqds

ro a

Dodi6.d

''b*ttine"

of cesenlvisibility

a:

,3
rB

-=-i:
s1:s+4.3(Ts+LAC)
9.3

(4.4

besl

tih. of crcscenr visibiliry

is give.

l(2.163)rhpanofLAG in conp&ison ro l(2.25)rh panoflAc in

t62

l6l

In

gendl l@kingd

Lhe

@npt.rcdsl!

rn

ubtr jn atFndrxtlt

rl

(m

b nor.d

clain of visibiliy by ey n{s who slalue < -O.t9l. In f{r as obrdolion nunbf 389 is not coDsin n( wjth .ny nod.l w dject n ed
no
ihercrore we claim $at th@ js no aulhotic obstuation (wi1h or wi$our optical

'Ihr

.id) ofneq lunar cEsenr for s-vatu. < 4,162. Thus cFsccn! can not be sen wnn vcr r-value < -0. l6 evs wirh a rel*cop.
For -0.16 < r-value < -0,061h.rc

26 (45olt clains

ofcrcs
^s

vrs,bihy wirh

opncd aid our of58 rcporled .laims 45J, 274 and

sd

coNidercd obse(arions. wirh

l4l d lol coNnlenl

cs

unaided visibilny

ey

nodet

fo. lhis tu8e ofr-utues the qscenr

sw

@nclude lbal

be secn wirh opdcal

ad only.

Ih 49 c6es

wi$

-0.06 <

r{!lu.

< 0.05 theG

sighting with opricll aid (41%) we conctudc rhar thqe ac stonS chdces of &cmne crescenr vi0r a or.eutd or a Glespe oii very slih chmc6 for u..ided sishring, Unaided sightine b nol impossibt
For 0 05 < r-vatue < o. I 5, rhce $'thour oprical ad t2ra,. I
hus

e ll

ueided

(25_5./0)

ed 2l

dc j5 sishtincs wirh dtuar

rh.

nr h! r4se
condnion

tuflr

ot

(sarh{
O. t

s-htr &d !m be seer wirhour opticaj dn

coldiriotrs and heichr above

(1[r/r) and 14 hay b easit) *.n qrh opucdt aid

ai d

*.

under ver) Com

lerct).

For

r-ulue >

5, oul of nexl

oplrcal aid I 65 timcs (77.5yo). Th@foE wc conclude th.t for cEeent can bc esity seen.

t3 obeR.rions th. c@kenr was s.en wirhour

r-valu >

0. 15

rh.

Thus

ou oodcl $ar we @ll .euhi &

(lh

critcnon..cd be sleheizd

164

l
2.

Calculate

r-vdu. (or vp @odins

ro

44.2) fo. th.

c|lsdl
ihq

a1

ilc

besr

tine

Th. vbibilily condnior

a girn

by our 6odcl @

givn in Tabte

vhiutc uaer pertco

onairiii'lili[
o

May rcquirc opricar aia

iiiiFitii?MFoli
.0.16 <r.value < -O.oa

Requi( ophol ad (ROA)

Nor vis,ure wrrr opriciisia-li

The success of our hodet in t m3 of nuber or posniv ob&fradons in .gene.r wfth orc suggqrd c,itcrion is achived dE ro lhe f&r rhat we halr u*d Schrc&as brigblre$ hodet, i.e. actul brjghrness of sky rnsread of the avela8e bnghD.$ ed acru.l brighbcs of ces@r ins&ld of 1h. b.ighh.s of ftU M@n. Th nudber ofposnivc ob*pations in agreeme Mrb a cnterion rs mostty int.rp,ted 6 th

-T--tn*h

:,;--

,l-(rr%r

165

Wlen a ctirerion allows oprielty uaid.d visibitiry of rhc ncw crcsnr dd ihe cFsnt is nol sn thcn it is a ncgativc.@t. Th.re c& be a.mbd of ree.s tor
negativ

em6. D.Airc

rhe

f&r

rhal

obsdi may

.xFrioed ed r.ined

dlononer &d lmws

Physioloey

offie cEsent rhe armosphdic ondilions od the of dc obw.at cy6 @t stil lead lo non-vbibilny of ihe crent Thes
the loerion

facloB ae sdlt nol

wll

exploEd rhus the high frequency

ofrhc..gaive crc6 shos

Oil

the probLm is srill nol

eh.d

allow visibihy oa cesc. sd posirive ercB dd b.ttq is a visibility c.irerion.

The hbl 4.4.5 or

conpl.Iety. A posniv. emr @cG when a nodel do* thc visibitiry is nor claimed Snaltq rhc n!frbr of

slmdises

the posnile

ha rhe besr succcs percenh8e ti)ttowd by our r-vatu. crilrioo, Th. l.btc funher shows Btuin,s cnrenon (4,1_2) and th. L@r Ripens law e.qudly suae$tuI, Thse @ followed by $. q-valu. critcnon of yalop dd rnc ARCV,DAZ_bdcd Indid ncrhod (1,6.t3) Tlle crn*ion duc ro Ma@dd (3.6.10) od lo$erinsnd,s crjterion aE dD lc6t sucessful ofde mdhods shom in rhc |2bte, Ir sbould nor.d lhar tess succdstut a modd is in d$nbine pGilive sighdnS gncEr it is. Moreoler, strcrer a hodel jt should be nore coosislenr wirh .cgaljve obsryatioDs (wl|en fte cGsc.hl ,s nor sn).

sr w h.ve choen for $is M,k, Tte labl is aEanScd wirh dercsing succe$ pcrce age in tems of vjsibiliry claihs aruirenl wirh lhe $ircrion. Surprisingly lhe Babylonim cnrenon

d'esrem.

ed

negative obseNarioB in

6greoe.t

with diafcEnr oilcrion fmn ft dara

lh

i,

The number of iegarive obsrnadons in ag@mc urh lhc diterioo is at$ , omrdkd 6 a resl of a cnr.non by sodc alrhos (Fatooni et ot, 1999). Howe!e!! ii should be notcd $ar rhe exploration of Schafcr shows fior $e bneh|ness or nagnnude contra$ is highty dcpendenr on rhe w.alher .ondir io.s. All rhe single pameter cn&ria consdsed in the rable 4.4.5 do nor conlider wea$er ondiriotu of indilidu.l obsw.'r'on.If ay qitcdon alom viribility in soh cae il ,. sl,U possibte lhal lne setbq @ddirioN &c rcr f.vour.bk for vkibiliry &q oe crc*en is not acrualty

ofd*

166

Tl|rcforc, if Fothcdnghd's criGdon is nosl s@4stul

negalive obedadon rhG

i. b.i4 cotui$dr fot

dl htu thrl it ii h.tcr or noa d.p.dabl. thd Ydlop'3 mod.l. Bolh Mah&E $d FolhdinSldt hod.k @ oa resative oh6d6tioB (whd ctlsdr is mt *n) but e lc.st sussful for pciliv. ob*d.lion. Ihh is tre sinply b..!4 the criteri! a. sficlcr s @nFGd lo o$d crireria. On th. oih6 h.nd Babylonib @ndition, i-v.lue criedon ed lhe Luar
dcs not
at

Riperess law

highlt cotuistent with rhe positive obervalions but

l4t

coNislent wilh

the ncgativ. ob*Nations. The*

dd

other crit.ria (Bruin's limn dnd Yallop\ 4.valuc

onedon) arc noF conc.hed with condnions udr rh. visibihy o{ n w lutu oesenl i3
tossible .nd not

*nh fte .onditions

un<ld which ir is

idp6siblc.
bc best, HoBevcr,

ln kms of ovmU coosislcncy M.!Mc6 mcthod atpcd lo

Bruin'r

lini!

Y.llop

4-valu. cnrcrion, Lufu RiDn.s law and o$ r-vdG ciieion

ba*d on ene Iheoelic.l co.sid.radons &d ihc orhcr hctlDds m only empiri@I. Thc methodr bai.d on @y thcore cal @nsiderion ndy bc inproved with be d
unde6ta.dilg ol etual physical ed physiologicat dpccts of
the

probhn.

4.s

DISG.USq!9N
In this chapter rh.

tobten ofde 6El vkibilny ofnew t6d cEscenr is cxpto..d on de basis of pbysical modeh d6cribiiS rhe bnSlttncs of c@$ot and that of rhc lMligh sty. Tn * nod.ls ha @u6cy of 2oyo vhjch is erhjbned in de succs Ftqiag. of Edin's lihir. Yallop,s 9-v.t@ crit,ion .nd ou r-value cntedon eith
ovall @Nisr.my of?9.q/.. ?9.5% &d ?5.4% (espelivelr) wilh Ihe obseryatiotu. AU th* hodeb have tngh s@ss perolag. (90% ed plu) for posilive obFNarioB (eheo Ih. crcse.r wa Epo.ledly sn). Wilh horc accudtc nodets of biehrles or

c6c.nr &d r*ilighl sty

$s.

merhods

cd

be

ihproved funher.

Th. physical nodek co.lidrcd in tht chaprer cd bc divid.d iflo rm clses On th,r b ba.d diectly on ln. brighrn* nodets and includ6 onty fi algoljlhn du ro

sch4fd Thc orh.. ct$ or nod.ts dcdec !tuibihty

@ndirjoN

o;

lhe basn of

t6l

visibihy

cws inii.lly

corceived by BNin, Thb

clss

includes Bruin's

lidit, Yallop\

a-EIu cntrion md th. s-value cilerion th.l is d.velopd in dis work

w. hdc ucd Schafls

not cone

algo.nhn ro cxploE rhe Epoaed ob$natoN out do

uder ftc "Edily visible ' @ndition duc io YolloP md when $. cEse m rponedly sen, AnohSsl ths ob$palio$ ces lhal have ufavouiablc ha8litude cont6l are critically exoined md some sft Gjccted (esp4iallv obs.nation nlnbcts 389 od 455) s $ey de lol consislent wnh.ny of lhe visibililv ctit rion consideEd in
rbis work. Bo$ lhce rcponed cses exrgeerated .hosphdic

nol .oDsi.lercd Fliable as .ven undq niehlv

t nFEtw md Glativ. humidny rhc magiudc contrdt is foud ro b. unfavoubL for cE$ent visibilily ve foud al lcdl onc ob*oation whn ile crc*enr sd Gpondly *n wi$olt.ny oflhal oid (obs. no. 274) ed thal is nol co.sistent wilh any cilcrion bul havc 6 lalourable nagnifude co 6t fo! tlalivc
humidiry less than 50% and atnospheric lefrpcrature aound l0 deglee centiSBde

sd 455 1nee e ll olh.r caes shen the cEse w4 r.poncdly s@ without oPlical .id but ihe ma8lilud. .ont6l ws not
Apan fron obervarion nDmb.6 389

ofFsitiv. ob$nado$ re consined wilh ar lcsl on oder crilerion consitleed in 6is sork A3 the brighhess model tE still nol pedecl rneEfore thcs. I I obsenalio.s ce nol bc dl.d out .s umliable.
favowbt.. Howvcr,olee
The models $at

@ dedued Iioh

rh Bruin's

isibilitv cud6 ud liniling

visibility cud6, th. Bruin's consisr.d

linil md YalloP s single p&meter

(it

.ion

drc found to be

qith.{h

other. Bolh hav. stmosl.quivaldt succGs Frcntagc

br

Bruin s

We ha!. developed new visibihy curves and limiting visibililv curlcs using the

o$es O. the basis ofthese n'* cuBes a new dara *t ad a ncw sinsle pmetei cril.rion b d.duced The .s liniting visibililv cufl* havc lcad lo a slishdy nodifi.d "h.st lime of cE$nt visibilnv Our nw
brid nss mod.h
due 10 schaeler md

visibiliry cril..ion, thc r-value

;ilaion, is

found lo be norc succ6sful fot posnive

168

obsMriom bul lcs sue.senn

for n.g.tiv. obsdaliors.

in @mpdien 10 thc Bruin's I'mir

dd

Yallop'3 ctil.tion

In vieq ofthe facl rh.t all th vkibilily oiroia de ai6ed al explorin8 conditiohs

undd which rhe new

luM rcsert

may b. seen the suc@$ oI a modcl lor positive

obsrv{ion is hor inporlrnl d i$uc as cohparcd to ils succe$ fo! ncradle obs.F iions. None of lh sodel h limcd ai deducin8 condnioa und.r which lhc vieibihy of ftw lbr cJsMt is Dposibl.. ThcEfo&, a nodcls see$ for bcing consblcnl wift $c positirc obsmlion b lh sses ofthe nodel.
In

vi.s of

the nagnitude @nl@r model

bed

on brienb6s of

c@.nt dd of

rwiligbr sky il h6 ben

*en

lllar rhc

lbibiliiy of .ew lun& cr$enl

is Sreatly aff.cted by

(i) $e eleelion above sca lv.l oflhe obs.Nation sne, (ii) rhe almospheric lenpcdurc
and (iii) lhe relalive humidily. Higher is the.levation morc islhe maghiiudc contrasl rn

favou ofvhibilitt. Lowd is lhc lenpcEiuF or hunidily the nagnilude contdt is mote

if *niampidal diteri likc Yallop's g-vtlu. cril.rion or ou s-value critdiotr <to.r rct allows cE$enl visibilny wirhoul &y oflical aid thc mgnitlde conBl my b ir favour of nlcd cye visibilirt of the no ccsccnt lt
favouBblc for sighdne. Evcn

cEse

hay b.

due

hid*

elevation

ofrlE siL o. v.ry low lcdFarue

or humidily.

Thus in makins decisions about rhe duthenticiy of

ey clain

of vnibihy of

.eq

lun6! crcscant any smi-empi cal or a simpl..mpirical cribnon alon may nol pbve to

be sumcie.r, Such a

qiidon nNi b. suppledcnted b, m molysis of maglitld

is dorc.

contdt befoe
All

any

althdiicalion

th empirical

ad

the

si4mpirical

mod.ts

dduced ftom

$ne baic

ei

ofdara lhd is d.dued vithout tating th. ahosph.ric @nditions and cldarion .bov.

l.vel. This b6ic

et of

dala

mv bc b@d on d

Fa ARCV-DAZ rclarion (lik.

Folh.rin8bm's, MaudB or Schdh nodcb) or ARCV-WIDTII relaion (likc Ylllop\

nodd or our model devloped in rhh wo*) only. AlthouS}. atmospbdic conditions cu nor be Dr.dicred ;ccnrately, rhe sesonal svelases for temprature md Elalivc bwidirv

169

nay be considced for an adv&k pGdicliotr.

I.

cdc of vdifyins

visibilig claim

$.

dual ahosbh.ric

conditions

mv b. 6oded.
vedliatio. day
be to usc eslituted alevalio.,

Thercforc, a possiblc slralgy for

t,

esriMtcd tcmp.rarurc, 7,

dd $dnakd Glaive huidity, l/0 md get thc rsults for

dd fte claim

g-value or r.value. lf n allows crcsccnr visibilny for lh. eve.ing in question

h nade, tbe clai6 is acpted lf1h. s.mi-.mpiricsl cribnon d@s nor.llows ccsc.nr visibility dd cresccnl sishtins is claim.d, .voluare mleniludc contBsl M,. Iftlo > 01he

i. elvalion, rempctur dd Elrtive hunidny e onc con adjust for thse quanfii* and qiry whether a favoulable ma8nirude contmsr (M
progran Hilalol alloqs for vElidtio.

< 0) is obtaincd or nor If rhe new mgnilude contmsr is favoldblc dcepl lhe claim

On bsis of the d!r. generaled by pDgEn Hilalol GhoM io

ahd

ngu6

on the n xt

page) Elations berween magnitude coht6$ and rhe quantiries on wbich ir dep.nds

I,

ar obtained

{t I

aollows:

M=

8177

-1.autE

+ O.0Ao000ze

M= I

t626e40n22)

M = -A 4 368 + 0 Ai26T

_A

0008f

+A OAOA6t'

ThG for meter inc.edc in elevalion M dece66 by O.OO0OO0I4' _ O,0O4l, for ach pcFnlagc ircre4 in relaive hmidity rl' vdies by incrss by O.O3l 56e(0 o,o:d) ed for

- O.OO08T + 0.000006T?. This n6y ledd to the alproprjat elcvalio,! rehriv hhidiry dd athospheric lenperarure tequjEd for faloldbl nagnituo conrsr An applopnate erclation my b tbe elvation of . hill top o. buildirg Mf fbm wher m obseFalion nay bc @de or oay hale be. @dq The apprcpiare lchlsar@ ed rclalive hMidity
incrcdes by 0.0126

ach degce cenrigrade inc@sc

in tnpqarue

t70

may 6ose that nay

b. lhe ayrlse for lhc eson or lhc valB $at wE

acNally

re@rded ar rh $ne of obsc(ation,

ELEVATION VRS NAGXIIUOE CONTRAST

y=

?E.ri.odtr+

af?

3.

E3

HUMIDIIY VRS IIAONTUOE CONTRAS1

$, 3.

33

t
8
B

TEIIIPERATURE VRS MAGNITUOE CONTRAST

t7l

Chapter No.5

APPLICATIONS

Durin8 rhls work lt ls obsoed thar since th6 Babytontan eE

flt

recenty a

nomber

ol

pr.diction crltsrta, mathehatic.t

.s we as obsewational. were

developed ro detemln whon the new tunardescnl woutd be flrsr seen tor a gtven
rocataon. as tho

fist

new month in
sagnirrca.t

appea.ance ot new tunar crescent marks tho beginning ot a obseryarionat tunar catendaE thele crireria and modets are
purposes_ whther

fo, calendaicat

an actuat obsrya ohat

tuna,

carendar, like the tstamlc Lunar catendar, carendar of not rhe36 c.trerta provtd6s

lh.se crireria tor arangtng its a uidance for both teslhg an evtdenco ot
izes

ui

crescenl si8lting by common peopte and tracing down ihe dares ot a catendar jr hErory where app.opriate dates are not we recoded. Ttus the main uti ty oi the prediction c terta tor the eartiest visibiny of new crescent ts to regutate tho obsefr atlon.l lunar catendaf .

Although ftrst order approximations, rike Anrhmetc LunarCatenda, thar are oased on lh6concept of LeapyeaFand rh6 averag6 mooon or rhe Moon fave been in use, Nluslims hEve been to owing dctuat sihtng o, crescenls ar teast tor the monrhs of fas n8 (Ramazan) and pitgnmage (z hajjah), the acruat moion oi the Moon varies grea y due to vartous tactoB whtch causo rne obseryarionat catendar lo be ditfered froh the arithmelc c6t6trdar.rh6 Catendars if based on a prediction c lerlon llko thar otya op or ihe one devoloped In this work are rhe cto56t to rhe ob*patlonat catendai In this chapter, wecohp6rethese carendaBwith th a.tual obseryatronat catend6r in pracrice In paktstan tor th6 years 2ooo ro 2OOz, ft ts found rhst on avorage 93.7% obseryadons ,16 ac@rdtng yalop,s

to rho

o_v6tue

t72

criterion or our s-value (or Q&K) cnterion. The disagr.ededt ls lhe resull ot eilher

the bad weather

du.lo

whlch the.ew lonarcr6cent could not be slghted 6nd

th.

lunar nonlh b68an one day lare, or too opilmjsrlc clalms ol obse atloh and tho
Lunarmonthbeganonedayearllerthanpredlcted.
Funher, In ihls work another aoollcarlon ol these models is consldered. Tnls
is lhe use ot lhese modelsto dwelop a compui.tional roolro

detemlnethe lenglh

of cesce.t from cusp to cus!. flie nw lun.. c.scent as well as crescent on next

few evenan$ b obsened io bs shorter tha. its rheoreli.ar length Le. 180 degree

IromonecusDlotheother.Anumberoialrho6havedscribedthereasonsforthe
shortenln of the obsenBd crescent (Danlon, 1932, Schaefer, 1991, McNally,

1943). However, Jew have atlempted devislng a mathemallcal technlque lo delenino the exrenr of rhis shorrening ol rength ot crescent. On the basis ol one
pafamelef dlleia ee have used cresent ot minimum visible widlh as limil on lhe

le.$h or .re$enr and

a simple rechnlque to calculate lr. beginswilh a desc ption ofthesme.

devrs6d

The chapter

5.1

LINCTH OF LUNAR CRESCENT

Ihe hct,lld rltc nc\v luhlrclesor appcds stroncr llEn 180. terA r.islnorn ldt cenlrics. Il wns Denj.h wlD fi^r savc rn exptturarnr for the pbenoneion (Dor.ru_

lt32&1936)andalributcdi(o$etunarteniincloseto$ecuspsMcN! yanribuluda
dillerenl reNon snh

tis

pbenomion disadine Danjon\ hlpo$esis (McNa y, 198:t).

McNall) proved

rhar lh tcngrh

ofrhc shadoss ctose to $

spherc

hrnar
rtre

cNp ond fic d.panolc

oflunar suiface IoD beins pertecr

coutdnl,jimiiish

brignllrss oflhe regions

ofcresent close ro cusps lo bc rhe caNc ol rhe phenomenon. IIe arribured ttrc tength shorlcdng ofcNscent to lbe,.seing afeca,due lo $e turbrlcDe of lne ,rhosplrere.
McNally has also developed a limula for calcutalnlg te knBh of rhc desceDl, Larcly Sull (Sulta., 2005) has anribured 0E shortening of lengtn of crcscenr duc to the Blackwell Conr.st Threshold (Btackwclt, 1946) and has dleloped forhula lo

c.lcurale ciesenfs lcngrh. W. have aho devctopcd a sinpte &chniqne tor catcul.ring

173

l.nglh of new

lum ccscenl (Qucshi

and Khrh, 2007). In the fouowins we reprcduce

this cflorr wilh slighr nodiilcation md a codection,

Schrrer cjecred McNall! s expldaion on $e bais or his Yiw thar rhc shonening oflhe cr{ent length is situply b.ca6c oflh sharP d*line offie brigntnss of rhe crscenr clo* ro rhe cusps SchaelTer, 199 ! ). Usins rh. dcudte dodel of Hatl@
(

(llapk , 1984) for calcularing rhc surface brighhcs ollhe cesnt Scbaetrer claims that Daljon\ collected obse aions anJ his own n* dara fic tbe nodel Howewr, nenhet
Danjon nor Schaefer have sneecsred a ddhod lor calculaling

cacehl

ldg$

Hapkt
as

rDdcl nat be accurat for $eoreical setling rclatcd lo thc clongalion ofrhe M@n bul

frr

as the obscryed crescnls are conconcd dEre oughl

lo be

a depanur

frod snooth

relarion berween elongation and lhe crescenl lcngth. Thc tason we co.sider n baFd on

obsenarions ofsone norning and {enihs cesccDh.

ltosl of

the

edly desfiption of the phononen, concenuated on rclatine it to

the

plEs (or dongation) of the Moon ihal is gcnet lly

th !e6on b.hind the Phenonenon

As rhc clongalion increass rne lengrh of rhe cesccnl fronr cusp to cusP keps iocNing Nhich a connon obseryalion. The nathemalicd dc*riprion ol lhe phenomenon

ufdeficicncy arc. br Daijon Nd

esrimrrcd

limil oo VcNJlly le ro ren .mdll "dlu* lbr DJnjotr Liilil lhe d*np'ion due lo McNallv i: logicall, souDd so is $at of Suh dd bolh rcsulkd in$ tcchniques for calculatng
hDglh of

!ho\t to bc incoftd bv McNallv Hosevr. e orr rh ninimu \idlh of visibl. cEse (2 to 6 arc seconds) bv

'n

lems

se$oa. HoNerer bolh llcNally

dnd Sullan hrve nol reponed lhe aptlicalion

1998.

of rlEn desription o. lh Ecorded hisloricll dria found in liiiatuE (Yallop Schaeffer l99l elc ). Accordinglo Danjon, d desctibed by F.l@hiet al

si,(a)
Wh.c $e @
elongltion
PQ =

st(.)

cot(@)
at
in

(5'l l)
(Fatoobi e|'

Al" 198) a is rhe dd o i5 half the cccenl lnElh tr apP6 rhal Dojon tr*d lhe Sine
o is fie deli.icncy

fiS l

t14

fomulE. by Nunins sphdicEl

6gL

at Q to b.

idr egle McNallv rejeded Dmjoo s

(5.1)

dSmcnt ed 6ing fou-Pafl fomuh adiv6 .l:

Nlserically, for small ddgtes

. muejn't dillemce b'lsFn lhe lso the cre$ent l'nrth (2o) is Esults. Generally thc .lonsation (4) cd be cahulaled and ro obede.!. e the rw fomuls 6 b. LPd lo find fi' dclici'ncv arc' Hosder'
d

sd

a thee is onlv

calcul.rc the
angula!

c6..1

lenelh nonc of these

a cusp in

be

ued- McNally daetoPs a fomula fot

rpdlion

9 ftoD

tems ofclescent width R

d:

I
SinE

-T *t' t Rl

(5.r

r)

lron dE nininum lisibl. *id$ n.sured ih ddid dncdon 'wtv is l8O0 _ 29 disc. Thercforc the logh of th ce*ent h oblaits
(sultan 2oo5) adres at tlE Usiry (he Blackqell $rcshold con(6t Sutan rh' smalld eqlivalnl Blackselr ninimun vhibG *id$ (in |ems of didetcr of l@rion of ob$Parion' (Bhckstll, 1946) di*) of c@enl ar Frigee dd apoge al his
crc$61 lenglh rsi Tbe fomula rhal hc deleloped for calculali'8 thc

,=f!1.'to"
l2t )

o.l4)

whde r h th

sdldidetd

of tbe

Moo[ md

o5

l2t +w \

{5.1.5)

wirh w is the dimter

of

e 5)

snallsr visible .quivalent Bl&kqcll dnc and l/ h cental

widtholrhecre$e.t. (5.1

is$ecorsted fomof (1.5)inQureshi a Knan(Qutshi & Kian, 2007). Sultd.onside6 minimum diameter of Blacliwell dGc lo bc 0.14 alc minucs Nho the Moon b near perise md 0.16 m ninuls whn the Mmn is n.or

The presenl $ork is based on rhe obseNalion or the last (old) rcsceit

oD

February 26,2006. Duling this obsenation rhat sGned from lhc bcginhing ofnorning

oviliglr rill \ell past sutrie, il was noriced rhar for rhis 48 holrs Mon. noE tlrn

2?

dcFcs aMy ton lhe

sun

ftc ce$ent ln8fi srancd ro derede \rith lhe rising suD

simihr obsnalion on Mdch 28'' shen lhe aee of Moon wds dound

3l tous !.d

arolnd 18.5 degrees asay lron rhe sun. rhe cdscenr leneth d*leased nrorc npidly qi(h

d(E6ing co.ra$, The l.n rine thb ciescent wJs $en lvilhou optical aid well at$ sunriF s?s less lhd 90 dege* in lngh. Tso dtys later nw cc$enl with agc 27 6 hols ar 15 degees a\ey fom lhe sun Nas olsned till setling Close lo lhe lDtiab
though rhick humid a(mosphde the crcsnt lenglh Ms aganr obscrved to bed4rcsnrg

Thee obsFations cleaily demonslrare thai lheF isnuch notc

phcnohenon
shows

1o b

expload abolr lhe

ol

shonening of

cc$ent lcngth apan fom tlapke s .curate model thrl

detendoce ofcB*cnt lcnsth on clongalion tlone.

TherefoE, inrhis
rhe

qorl,lo

besin

si$ qecoisidera

simPl. seodeuical model ior

ce$e.r.

fu

model dFsibes the phenoncnon of shortnine of lcn8lh that depends

on th. aclual

seniSiaocLr of lh. Moon

*ll a the rclaliv. alliiude (ARCV) of th

pmnct.t
(q-vatue or

csc.nl o\fr tftal

sky. This is denved fro,n thc sinste

!!al!c)

crilerion of edlie$ visibiliry or cre$ent (chapler 4)

whe.cve! rhe widlh (o' btigb$e$) of

fld

is bascd on th facl thai

cF*c

clos to

cusp is below lhe mininuto

vhiblc cnrnl widrh (or

b ghtn6,

or rh. dcscent the vhol l.hsth or ccscent wirh

t76

s.lld

width eould nor b. visibl.. Applying ou mod.l on lhe rc@ded vbibihv rnd
dala lvaitablc

fic ldgth ofcEsenl in 4ch ce is calculaiql Thc calcnlaled lenSrhs of c$en1 @ al$ omParcd wih thc obseded leheths dd wi$ thc lengds catculsred uing fodlls (t.1.3) de b McNally md (s.1.4 & 5 1 5) due b Slltan. ln
iNisibiliiy

cs

ofusing McNally's fomuh AA is @nsidded liom lhe cilerioD used in lhis work &d for Sul|!n's fomula the ninimM width or Bl&kwll disc (,) it 66ideEd b be in the d.ge 0.14 alc minul io 0.16 arc Finut and depnds on the dislane b.tqeen Eanh

&d th. Mmn obtained using simpl. lined inieQolalion

IrviwofQueshi & Khan (QuEshi & Khan,2007) displacement v frcn a cusp is gvei bY

tlre bLishrns

ofcfsenr

ar

8..

tF...Cdv tr -cos

t)+

(5.r.6)

sh*

G th radius

of Moon, F. is fie mdimun nux of sunlight

olVoon.l islhc 'ePar-rion berqecn lhe Sunand 'te Moon in our the Eanh' the lutu suface dd X B th disldc. of the M@n ftom
lhe cescenl at angular sepaElion V fom lhe cusP is eivcn bv

lV,r,

=rcosWll

CosE) = tl ccatv

(5.!.7)

whc t/. is lh.

oo ro 9Oo

width of fie

cdnr

i!

lne diddle ln bolh the* quttioc

!' vari6 lmh

alo.g fie lenerh of rhe cFscent frcn centE ro a cusp respeclverv

For rhc develop'nen( ofanv nodel thai dcsibes $e

ni'inun

Po$ibl' sidlh rhtt

cd

$e aclual bc visiblc lttrough naked eve one requi.es 10 s'ek guidance fron srv voug obedalioN. ln $e history of *idtjficatlv rcponcd obeNation of thc 1990 (eporled bv cr.sent Moon, lh ecord is that due lo Pi.rce od February 25' jusl 14 E he claift |o have sn wirh narcd ev' B s.h!.fd ad
houB and

cl*nt ils widrh wa3 O 18 dc minut

Yatlop) Thc

Amonesl

'll

rfie

'*oded

ob*flalios lh'

t11

wb nvd rcpon.d- In lhe norlel $ar is developed in this sork thc losct limil ofihe *idth ofvisibl. ctsent is considered ro be o.l8 aE minut. However this ninimum is not th abelule ninimm for all c6@nls for all posible el ile altitudes (ARcv). I. fiis work *e consider rhh ninimun of 0. 8 md . arc-ninutcs of crcscenl width shen fic Elaliw dinulh. DAZ of $c M@n is ao
rhin cesc.nr
1

siglling of such a youg

ed

rlr r.larir.

alliiudc

ARcv

gives lhe

q-lalueof_0.22. Y.llop

ditedon (4

2 3)

for

$n q-

,1R(y =9 6311-6J226W +0 7319

Thc values of ARCV according lo lhis Nould

t'i2 ol0ls,t/3

6'18)

*iteion

giving $e q_rdlue equal to '0 22

ield ! difcre lotrrlihiion

lhc visiblc width olthe crescenr' Tbis is causcd bv

dilTriem relarivc dzinulhs DAZ FoT

lh. lasl posibl' ARCV (4o) th *id(h ol

lbe

ln iNisibk ae$erl Nould bearcund 108 alc{cconds $at occur dl a large valucofDAZ tr\i.\r ol diis $ilcrion ihi nininud {idth of lisible cr$eol for @v ARcv is Gm'd and s te *esent isjusi invisible for$is{idth:

(tIa)
Whqrc l'l. is tlE tlmrclical

enlEl sidlh of he ces'enr and 4costl

de$ent

is $e rduced

rvidth al aogte V Irom lhe center of $e ahnude ARCV li

ordcr thal soEe pan ol

'/dsenl

dre

sidth rduced bv the chnve

is visibl

4(!'rvl > l'l'

ar sonc
0" ro

\alue V =

Vn

'llrus thc eftstive visibte widlh of$e ce$cnl tor v nnsing

fon

(5.1.r0)

900 - t th' aclul visible Th. brishlness of crescenl falls sha4lv s 0 approaches valu of vidh eiven bv of cE$.nt at any val!. of V m6r tE less tbd d e'onetic (5 1 10) is justiced (5.1.8) Therefore rhc etr6tiv' v6ible width siven bv

reidrh

equatioh

178

IE

dly lh koglh of.ilsc.d 6d nodo! htr lh. vilibL with of {tt*.al b! lo diminjrl rlso. Wh@\tr lhc cr.rcdt it ilviliblc 'n vi.w of (5.19) 4r'bs to
it ir ma

c*v-fr=r
I!.ll
oOE qscr.

(5.1.Il)

ia vi.r6e lb .tleI it vit'bL ia sftlth tl to'E 'rgh dilh!6l!.cc..ttti3ncv.r!d.conDldc 180!irlcrgh Tbu!'tV=V.

!'n Dlrt

(5.r.r2)

Tladc i. (51.12) ||,! i! ! ddr..

lcogth

of

Idf l!! l6tt

of

ih' cr'!c'dt $ itll

lt' iol'l

oflh. ctelcai k

Sivcn bY:

t;rr*"CY'*)

(t.l.lr)

mt

'I}lus $e
xcecds the

ae$c
$.

len$h

cd

be dalualed whelever $e fieoelical

sidlh lr'
s_

mi.ioM

width

,/,

visible acording

b YalloPt

q'lalue ctn'rion oi our

5.

value criterion, for

palticular lalues of ARCV In

$c Fis

ll

the

*8nent [D or

ARCV inlisibl according to Yallop's cliterion The scgnenl AB is rhe thorcdcal widlh ltl" at fie cenrE of fie cresccr! Al sngular 'lheefore the ponnt on spaBrion vr from tbc centre olcsent ED equh4(nrl/" AC is the ninimm width lil- at

dv

rhe ouler

linb oi rlc

cresceni tbal

las dguhr separaion fon cerrc geal$

ihan @d

s.

noi be visibl TIE lisiblc = ZDOA should

cls

then

crtnds fom D o D'

has letrBlh 2!rn. One should nole lhal Nheneve! ttl"

Yallop

nitrion)

is Srearer

(nininum vhible wid$ accordnr8 b tan ttlq ($coetical widtb) {5 1 13) can nor bc sed ind the

cresceDi

isnotlisible, ie iihas m lengdr'

crcsccnl hrs been The tr1odel developed nl this Nork lo cotrlpute tlB lenglhoflhe

applied

1998) Tbe resuls

1984 Ylllop' lo a nuobc. ol ob*rvalions lepon'd in IneralE (Schaeffd irc of foi ihe crescenl length against lhe elongatio' also kno*n as
in lable 51 1and in

lighl orARCL,ae ptscnled

{t.1.8)

Fig

t'l2

Tlre loBlhs mcalculaFd

foi tlrc valLE by scleciing lhc nnrinum vhiblc Nidrh Vn of dcscenl in rh elerv ca* and ihen usnrg (5 1 13) b
The colunns or rhe hble 5
l'

ofARcv

'c'ordrg

ob*ivirion thc @dinares of Fspeclilclv) tbe rclatilc umull) rhe lcatioD of obseryer (Ldlilude and longitud

sllow rhc darc ot

clon8alion (ARCL) of $e Moon at lhc be'( PAZ). rlre dladve .hnude (ARCV) 'r:d lhe and lhc cental widh ol cr'scnl in arc rinc ofobstvalion. lbllowcd bv setr1i_didetr sidlh viiihle at lbe rclatile alritude ninules. rlt 4_valu., lhe niDimum cF$enl lensth cdlculared usiie (5 1 11) Thetablc c.lculated lom (5.1 8) and finallt the cE$e'r
is aFmged in chmnotogi@t or<lr of
data sl lhat

ob$mtio's dd

co't'ains onlv Pai of th conPlele

hs

ben used for

conpaine mod'ls for

carli esl crescenl siehting in

pe!'ous

180

200

180

fi

3ro
i;@ JM

reo

Era

io80

roo

=ao 0

30 20 E mno

tig-

5. | ,2:

Crlgn

Lcogll!

tr' vdi.Ii@ dE

ARCV

Tlr! Fi8 5 1 2 slD{! lhai lh. nbdioel

ctdid

bdwen

ct!*4t

lcntlh

mdcl Th' ctdgltion h not snolh s Eporr.d bv sd|Itrcr on {E b$i! of H@k''t tui! r.rlds fd tl 5 N (i) dE cr.rc.nt hngth ha to bc tff"t'd bv dE ElihMoon ro lqizd trN|l tfrecr li' dist ncc .! cl'in d abos (ii) 0F dttdgbdic n!td4' cloe ftal v'rv wi'lc cle cr$ent losrh., cl.imcd bv McN.[v ald Silrd MoEov{ 'ot! d4 vicitritv qftb $t hori4o mull mt v|tilh $ddolv for s

'd

lhc

$d nult not h'r'' as lcngh (i3 msl' !t eidt dt b. i isiblc) !.dding to cLi$ of scn*&t Ttt invisibilitv of t '!l*al sftn dft$L diiod' (ARCV) de to ii! clo..n6 io lFdzon (sd[ ARCV) Ho*E' b tbai for r sw' of $e rnc G..nt 3lEI bc d!ibl.. Ot <ftosnlid lnd cltir dt ldgft of $idlh tlt stving tud' (ARCV) mud clN lo dtc4"
invisiblc crcsc.nr the elongaiion

invilibte

dn

lo

$.it

mv

ba ttiSc

rrn (sfrcidt) .le.nl fron nt mdinwn

lcnr$ vh'n itt {-valu' is 69 5 12 odlv dto* h.low limils of !tuio!) sooulv dd iot sdltolt' b nE $din'd b'@ i"n or [E obsflllloB .rc coNidctld tri.n lh' d!c'!t M cltimcd b h!rc
(al DAZ = 0) 10 iB minimun (terc

cr.!c.d Loglt i!

c!a!.bla

lEr

182

T.bl.

5.1.1 {Continued

r8l

Tabl 5.'1.1 (Conllnued)

Durins rhis

{ork $e

?O

obw.tions of Dfljon (ne ionc{

the pictotjal data of

bv Scha'lTs

and Fabohi 1. al.) @uld nol he

acc6sd, howvc.

cdccnt ltngth ir
obseNed

beins eeneraied at fte Asaolonical

Obsdllory

al

Univdilv of Kdachi. Th!

1

cBcell lengh fon

phologEphic Ecoids i5 given in Tabl 5

2. This inclldes sone

obsryadons made by olhe^ durirg past

fe{ ycas

and tbeir pictutes ate availoble liom

M.icproi.on

maiDtaind by oteh,

184

Tne nodel dcvcloped in lhis

for borh Ih brigh$6s

ad th.

lenglt of

.led by rhc single pmercr crilcrjon for $e earlien visibility of ncq lunar cFscn1, Thc model prcvid6 a simpte method of

cmce.i is nainly
cdculaling lenglh
whenerer

geomerric, suppln

of

lunar ce$eot and taks inlo accounl lhe atnospheric afects

r$ent l6grh is nor cakulaled

indiicclly through singlc pdaneler crit ria for th. vnibility of new llnar cressenr only.

t/. < n/- fi

dd

rh

according lo eordcd obsedation (lable 5.1,1),

TL

nodel hd been Gn.d in nw $ays

I:i6r. ior so6e of $e rcccnt obeflarions whose phologlaphic Ecoids arc available $e cilculated dd obscrvcd cescenr le.erhs tre compared and shown in jablc 5.1 2 and nr

lig

5.1 7. The cFscent l.nerhs calculared ushg ou! lornula (5.1.13) arc SEaler thm lhc

obseoed values

dd

rhose due ro Sultan srechnique arc genedllt closer to the using th. fomnla of McNrlly A-t

obefled

!alu6. In calcul{ions

= ,r- dd X = seni'diafreter ol

The colu$ns nr rable 5.12 show rhe dalc ofobseruation lhc coor\iiMlcs ol rhc locatior ofthe obseNer (lalirode md longitudes
rhe Moon

ii

degre

resp*li!ely),lhe elongation

o1'

fod

rhe sun

in d8rees, the seni-diamcrer oflhe Moon. thc c.nlral rvidt[

ol

lh

cEsce.l. ninioum visible width of cre*.nl (all in dc minul6). lollosed bv lhe crescenl length crlculated by our nodel ,id $e obsded crc*chl lnglh. lhc .a'nc ordrc
obseNer Th

l.(

No colunns contain cGsce|n lcngtlrs

as calculaled usirr8

rlE nrodek

rlu" ro sutron onj Uctlutty

.,p.ctvely.

Thc du(a in rhh ubl has bccnlnlnucd iD ordcr

oiincre.sine elongalion ot ARCL.

To dGmine rh. lngh
is opened in any sraphic

ol!

crcsenl fom picroial record the dieital phoroemph

$nw

l@l- SeleclinS coordinales of

lhe

oa the

poin6

(*o
the dre

ofr&n do*roeachoftu

cusp md on closc ro supposed

vhible oute! liob ot lhe oe$eol an equation

coordinales of lhe centre of the

cenftof$ccrc*enoon of circlo h developed $at leads to

luft

disc, toining lhe cenlre of the lund disc with lh

two yisible cusps of thc crsce.l tbe dsle made al fie centre bv thc tso cnspc is mc6ud. Tn picue of one of tlE cre$ent m.$u.d in this Mv is shoM in Fi8 5 l ?

185

Fig. No. 5. L7: Mesuemcnr of Length for Cterent of Mav 28. 2006 as pholoeraphed rr

Xffiltr

UtoveElty obsefrd@ry.

'the dlta aor the obsiedcEscehl lenglhshoM in |able 5 12 and the cbart
5.

i. fig

L? shows inlqesrine paficn. Clain d by Schacfer (Sch@fer, l99l ) fie crc$ent lcngh is a sn@$ fiDction of elonSatio.. but lhis drE er sho*s a tMd that cl*lv exhibns

delialion tion

oy

such

sn@$ rel.tion. I]lc dala sdple is snall bnl lheE de lwo

tnd

subsets eech having neally sE@th relations, separatelv. btwcc. lhc crescent length the longation. Hovever,

rhen consideed

elongarion

ll93

de8lees (by

s a conbiNd dala sel lh obsflatios uith AnFa} l44l de8@s (bv Oner) 1667 degEes (bt

Ralini) md 20.12

degrees (by

rclarion exhibiled by the

Qwshi) deviarc Mkdlv lbm $e apPaEnl snoofi rcsl oflhe dala set Cecchl lnsths in rhcse four cNs are huch

snallcr thm lhe uend shown by the rcsl ofob$wationsas wellss thcresultsofe&h rhc mod.ls co.sidred abovc fot calculaline lhs le.gtb of $e ciesccnl

186

AII the* fout deviati.S cdes ae photogdphically Ecoded dd have the ledi posibiliry o| obseNational ercs. Out of |he ts1 of th. ight ca*s anothcr six @

"ob$nation.l lcngrh of .ew lunr cE$ent is @nMed ils Eladon wift elo.Salion mul nol bc sneln 6 shoq in flsuE 5. L2 as wu 6 table 5. l2 (or nsurc 5. L7).
plDlosnphic. Thc rccords due lo Sch&fq de lhc only

cag

0tar

It is
h6
rhe

tunher nored $ar rhe rool mear square

erot

calculated

foi lhe lhree

s melhod
16

conputational frdhods (Ouls, Sultmt and McNally

it n found $at Suhan

led( cror (4.76 degret follosd by McNally's thal ha m

.mr

of 6

decrs

dd

degR' The najo. difernce hlwen our model dd rhN Sulbn's dd McNaUy s is that olr nodel 8iv* coosislmtlv hisher valucs ol the lenefi oi crc$ent, wliets $e orner lNo nodcls havc bolh posidve lnd n.8flive emn
our model hd an eror of ? 22

Thfunctionalrel.tionbet*eenelongationardlhecrcscenllnglhissinlilorinolrtuodcl aDd $ar due to Srll.n s. bul lhe oneerhibi(ed by McNally's model is m.rkedly difitrcnl
McNally s mod.l is Sivins betre esuhs for larser elo.gaion but a3 $. clo.Sation becond snaller the emr given by McNally s nodl beconcs leser and ltrger

Tdhl. No

t.1-2tth:.^r"la r'!h,lak.t

L?ngths

o[CrctehB

t87

180 160
'110

1m
100

80 60
zlo

15

ELOIGAN()|{

+OBSERVED FOURESHTS
Fia.

SULTAMS o MCMI.LYS

No 51.7

200

i60
160

E.ro
:100

380 360
20 0

15 20 25
ELq{GAIOI{

3)

Fig 5 |

8r

C'lsat tdgo5 $rinc Eloqiion

withdn

wi.rioa dc

ro

aRCv

188

Tlre modcl for rhe calculation of visibiliry ctuerion 6uch in the smc say
nphasis

cc*ot

lenglh may be u$d

rh.

.dli6t

*6

nor

dcvlop

6 Yallop\ cilcdon cm b. usd, Hos.ver, our d allcm e cdr.ion for $c s. This *ork ws i .nded

for a brter und.htdding ofthe grcme$y of the lunar cEscent md lo delelop a ne$od
for cllcuhting iis lnsrh.

The scond md indi@t tesi of the 6odel is its conparison qitb the rcsuhs of

Ddjon ncnliored in Fal@hi

el- al.

Ifthe niiimlm visiblc eidlh

,/,

for vdious ARCV

according lo Yallop's critcrioh is r.placed by rhe

nininum ever visible cenralwid$ of 0.18 aa ninuks tlEt is equivalor b igoring $e atmospheric allst for lower ARCV
|hen the Eladon

b.tsen cEscdr
l99l).
The

lcngrh and
is

.lon9rioo bccons snoolh

as

pE*nrcd by

Schaefer (Schaeftr.

smc

shoM

ii

Fis. 5.1.8. The chart in figwc 5.1.8 aho

sho\s lhat limiling value ofelo.gation lor po$ible lisibilily oflh cEscsr is areund 8
d.grees. As our compurlrions do considerthe an'cctofparallaxrhis limil is equivatenr lo

te

? degrce

linil

very popultrly

rlown $ DanjoD\ linit.

On thc b6is of $e calcuhred lenghs of {escenr and ns elonearior using ou

hodel the Ddjon deficicncy arcs aE calculrted igno.ing the af&ch ol ARCV by
aomula givn by Danjon and thal given by McNally (shown in Fig. 5.1.9 and s.t.lo

Bpedi!ly)
^rrcduoion

These resuhs

ae in clos agreencnr wilh fte Fig I in Flroohi el al (lbar is a

of Danjon\ lis 2)-

189

*.

Fi8. 5.l.9i

D.fici@y Arc rg.ind Elongtiod f.dding to D6jon

;r 3.

Pig.5.1.l0: D.tr

idct A!!.gd!d Eld$tLa...qdiosb LlcNdly

190

6.2

LUNAR CALENDAR FOR PAKISTAN

Mosl of the hlami. counri* follow

ob*wadonal lu.d calnde,

ar leasl

fot

ftn

rcligious purposes, Although subslantial work is done to cvolle a pediction

ciiie on ro dcvclop a univerel calenda! by llys (1984b, 1988, 1991, 1994a, 199,1b, 1997) ed otheB, r truly lnilersd calendd could nor be dvelop.d. As according Io
coDmon Islmic bliefactual sighline

of$c n6! L6d crceenl

is n*essaty to bgin a

Lund monlh, such a univesl calend& $cns lo be inpo$ible. This b |fue speci.lly bcau* just aner conjuncion $e new luna! crcscenr is nol visibl on rhe sme day
lhroughoullh worl,l, eveD

ift*o

places

ofobseNatio.areoD sm loDgirude. According

1o recent delelopnenb (Scabefer. 1991. Yallop, I998, Qurcshi &Khao.2007) ob*ryational l@r calendaB for each Isl.mic counlry m be d.veloped bur dc ooi s.ncally
acceptcd b)'' rarious

Isl.nic conmunities.

ln Pakisian an Offrcial Commiirle (Ruer-e-Hilal Comnft(ec) decidcs about when

1o

beg$ a Lunar nFdrh on tbc bdis ofpublic cvidence and obseNatioos. This

connilre

sa$e6

infodaioi

3bour thc

claim ofsishriig

rhe

csce

Thc clrims arejudged

oi

rhc basis oflhe

diFdncsof$e Islmic

Laws. Som FpEsenlalivesofvdousscienrific

organiatiom de
way,lhe beginning

cle

consnhed. Oncc

$c clain/s is jNritled
on

relisiously andor

soientilicauy, $e Ennoucemenl is nDde rboul begiming ofthe nexr Lun,r m.nrh In x

ofE\v lunemond

is bascd

public obscBations ' verined

ii licw

ofde pnncipals

laid dosn br lslamic shariaat laws (lisled inanicle 1.3).

'lle

advmrae. is rhal a larse numb$

of ob*Ne6" trle

pan in $e exeai$ and

oa thcsc

wilh it the pmbability of sighlins .ew cBscenl is incesed. Morcover, hon

observeis de iionr rural arcas sherc thde is leasl

ihduriallraffic

6nd liSht pollution,

aid n k higlJy prob.blc thal lhe obseNing condilions d nar perfect. TheEfore in this
sluljy
lhis

lhe* public obs.rvations e considcrcd |o bave a hki degE. of autnendciry. ln \ork all lhcsc public ob$dation-b.*d d.res ofsiart ofach Lunu nonth frcn ye.r
b
2007 ae reproduced and

2000

srudi.d in conparison wirh thc Yallop\ q value and

l9l

ours-value crirerion-baed crireria. A similar wolk for the period2000-2005 has akeady

bcr reFned (Qushi snd Kh0,

TIE resuhs

2005)

(Shawl,

of E 95 lnDation during the Jmualy 2000 lo Scprenbd 2OO7 1420 AH lo RaM, 1427 AH) .tong *nh obsRalional data 4 presenred

in yeady lables in appcndixlv All rhe conpuklio.s fo! the* tables de basd for the city of KaEchi (Larirud. 24o 56, Longitude 6?0 l.). The fisl cotom indicales 16r conjDct'on wjrh nonrh, day, hour, ninde and seco.d for rhe l@al rim of conjuictioi
in the sub-columhs. Thc calcularions are done for rhe day oftast

codlncioi,

fo! $e nexr

day and vherc

Equird two days

tater, indicaled undc. colunn hcaded

.Ldt Coij

followed by rhe Dale in Oregorian catendar. Nexl

$o

cotlmns givc lhe rlarive ahnude

(ARCV) and reladve azimuth (DAZ) in degrecs foltowed by nooDset-sunscr tag ir m,nules. ftc age ofM@n (in houc), rhe arc or tignt or tonsalion {ARCL in degrt

fie cBscenhvidrl (irr arc minlret apper $e iexr rhre. cotunns, iolhsed by colhns indicaling the r-value, visibilily condition otr q-value. lhc .elahc and the
and

visibihy conditio.s on s,value. Thc visibitiry condirions are lho* de$nbed in hblc 4.2.4 (for Yallop\ oiterion) dd labt 4.4.4 (tor euEshi & Khan qirerioD). Under rhe
hcrding of

'Momh $c colmn givs

rhe nrhc of

sighring reponed on $ previous evening

Isl.nic mondr $at begi$ anq a foltowed by $c CreBorion d.te ot slan ofrbh
dare

lDnlh.In lhis 16l coluDn und$ Cregori&

in dE nonrh,

ofsiafling lunnnDnrh, numbsofdar-s

iE

also

8nd

Ttu la{ colunnr conr.ins a comnenl.

If

rc dccision oa

sl.nrng new lunar noDlh is in agrccment

vi$

the prediotion

critsioD Gratur q.ilqioi)

arc

thc column conrains I,ROPER.

consideed lo b.

tle

..ob*ryalional

decision .nd tbc Nodet

i..gEeme.t only $ne. thc s-value clirerion show Ev, i.e. crcscenr is clsily visiblc. Tbe conrhenr in ttE tasl cotuDn cobrains ,LATE, if thc dcchion of
startng new lund nonrh is one day lare

indicaled by rhe dat of

csy visibitiry on r_

lalue and EARLY

the lunar nonlh has been naned ooe day edlier rhan lhar indisted by the prediclion crn on. A5 staled eelier all de* calculariohs @ doDe for
KaEchi and for rhe b.sr local lime for E$.nr lisibitily.

iI

Hower, ir

should

b.

nored

lhal observarion claios are couected from alloverlhe counry.

192

Out of rhe 95 public obsesalioDs reponed jn rhis \o*, rher wre o.ly six occ6ions (Jbe,2000, Juq200l, Juty 2004, ApnL 2006, Jury,2006 and Juty,2o0?) vh.n th sighling war Epond one day latc ii compdison b rhc pcdictio, crnria
according ro which the New CEscent was lisible on rhe pevious day bd reponed. Tbere was oDty one oeasion {hor rhe earty sighrnrg is rcponcd
2004), hus,1herc weE only 6.3% enors in rhe decisio.s oflh moon

*s

not

Nov. D, sightingcomine

sven yas. llese resul$ e ba$d on verifi.d chims Tbe data B8arding nnmberofcE*cnl siendnB d.ins $ar sre notrc ficd is nol available. The
of Pakistd duing

ld

only case

of

LARLY'sighring acepred by $c audonties was for rhe nonrb of

rtr five indicated occdsions is th overBr sky all o\r lhe country in.lllbese caes.In case of$e onl)-' earty sigh ns for rh.Ian scven yea6 altnpts for cRscenr siehring \ere n,ad rhe Obscdatory ofu.ireBity oa

The main

'e6oi

tor lare sishlinss or

Karuchi using

CodC reliacror rclescopc.'the prediction crnerion based on r-value

dllowcd cescent visibility with oprical aid and rhat based on 4-vatue did hot .llowed visibilily eleo silh lelcsope. We failed in sighinS of the crsccnt bul rhe omcials
acccpted clains of mlied eye sighli.ss

fron aR. ctoe to Kamhi. Akhough,(he d\o

$n$il

cosidercd did nol allow naked ete visibitny on rhisoccasion lhc misconc+tion lhat if rhe ph4se ol rhc cresenr is noE rh.n l% n shoutd be lisible (Asrmnonicul AhnrnJ..:l]O7r n ayha\c leJd he,te.i. or D.Jtcr rorcer rt,e.tdtrn;.
The low percenbgc

ofee6
m@n

in rhis obscryalion.l elfo,1 is much noE pbnisi.g

compaGd

lhe

6ul$ of

wlch,
$

progEms cohdEted in Unncd Slales in thc tar.

1960s and rcpond by Dogger

& Schsller ( 1994) Accordi.erorhh rcporl l5%positite

cresceno and 2yo negadve

rcs (qons clains of

observing

eriou (cescenr
cxperienced

was

visible bur rhe obsrveF

nissd then) {qc

iound monssr

$c

ftooi

s"lche6. Thqe exF i.nccd h@n watcheu \v.rc geneElly consideFd b know wne,e lo lind $c crcsce.r dd whar dc oiolatioo of rhe ..homs" wa.

l9l

Freque.dy. claims of lery

dy

sighiiog

made

in sonc rcgioG of paknb!

4s

(pardculely for ianins rhe dontbs of

Rd.a

ad Shawat

ienrioned beforc) $at

ad nor accefled by rhe au|hodds. Oie offic Dajor @!s of rh4 dly clains of sighting ofncw se$cnt in Pakisran is lh. kenness otlh clainr dd lh nisco.epdon .mongst trasses ftar when lhe 'tighting" hos been eponed in the Kingdom of Saodi Arabia lhe cr$nt nrusl be sighred the ncxt day in palistan, However. tbe oilcill
d<ision about slani.g n.w
acrual signdng

luiu

Donth in lh. Kingdom ofsaudi Ambia is nor baed on

of lhe n w

c6ent

Thee dcisions

based on cnrcria rhar have

chased tuee tnes ovt $c pan two decad6 (odeh 2o0o).

Up ro 1999 the

citria

vas

fouows

lf$e

Moon.s age at

or horc alter
nron6.

fi New M@q ihe pevious

day

drsunslis t2 hou6 is the fi6t d.y of lhe Islanic

on

fiis

actually

matu lhd lhc luDr donrh begiG

ro lhe naked

tu

day ofconjuncrion

oa Moon

vhich occurs on or two dats e.rlis than $e rime shen tbe n.N
vhible .ye,

crescent becom.s

Fmm 1999te crilerjon

{6

chareed ro the tottowing: The tunar monrh besins on

lhe eEning *hctr the sun*1is bforc

tlt

moon

9l

according to Mrcca. This

\as

no di$rtuus .s ir is Fssible
rhe

lhar rhc sunsel befoe moonsd

sil

occur even

belbre rhe conjunction. ThEfore. rhe hmar montn may begin three days betorc

ccscent bcomes vhible to nlked cye.

in)

Ftum 2001oD\ardr rhe

cirdion

is:

a) b)

Tl'e socemic

onjudion scurs

bfoP

Sb*t.

The Moon sck aner rhe Sun.

This is nore realistic bul it is scarccly possible thal the crcscenl becones visiblc
on dE day

ofconjunction.

The

Min p@mders signinc.nl in lh. .arti6r visibilily

crnerion for lhe luoa

cEscenl aE LAC, AOE, ARCV, DAZ, ARCL, Phas

ad

lh widrh of cE$e.t. As

n.ntioned abov none ofrhs pomelets alonc decide the visibiliiy or.on vhibilitv of

t94

lhe

lmd ft*e.t.

Cncrally thc crnical valuc of thc Phsc

rhc priod flom

considEd lo

b. t%
$ar

(Astrononicrl AlMac, 200?). Duing

were consid.ed in lhis 3tudy rhe'e cEscenl with

Jduary,2000

Sepr., 200?

qs

nor a sinsl. incidencc when rhe

sidd.s ot

phN l.$

lhan l%

ws

eponed and am/.d. There weE two @c6io.s

when lhe ph6e

grcarer rhan l% bur

ihrr. ws

no claim of sightings

a.d sighting

ws

not possible accoding ro bo$

lh. oitclia considqed (Oct. 23,2006

and Dec.

2l,2006).

In lhc cae ofNov, 13,2004 th. phase

ws I

l9% lhal may have been lhc Eason rhat rtre

siehting.lain qas accepred

(as

ne.don.d earlie4.

TheyounBslcrescentof agc t9.l hou6(!r bstdheoivisibilny)eendurinClhe period of study was that of May l'7, 2OO?. Apan from b.in8 $e youngesl cre$eht seen

duing th Fnod of study lhc ob$rvltion has anottrcr inleresing teatur. Thi5 Ms $e or y case when thc cr.eent was sccn on ft. enc cEgodm date a it N6 born ac@rding ro Patiskn sblded line. Apari ton $is record obstualion th@ are fou.
orhd clains ofyoung Moons sighling,Nov. 11.2004(22.1hours),tan.t0.2006(21.45

ho6),

June 26, 2006 (22.76 houre)

dd

Fcb. 17. 2007 (2 t .6 hous). ln

aI $eE vee 22

(21% of Ihe studied) ascs of sishdnS

daiN

when

$c .se of M@n

les rhfl l0

The obsemtion of Feb. | 7, 2007

nadc ar

fic slronomical ob*Fabry

ar rh

Instrule of Spsce cre$ent nsing

other claim

& PlanetJry Astophts'cs. Unrvcrsily ol Kr',(hr *. ,pou.a U. lhe 6' Codd Refractor TlescoF. Both rhe prcdidion crileria alto$ed
tetescope. No

crc*enr sighri.g wirboul oplical aid but wc could se rh. crscenl wi$oul

of qesenr siShring wa ac.iv.d by $ aulho ies on rhis day, Tte aulho lies acceptcd ou laim. This was $c young*r ccseft sen ar ou obseoalory d$ng lhe period ofsludy, It is a Ko.d for ou! obs.ryarory and rhc vorld recod for rhn part'culaf clescenfs eeli.st obervarion (sw,ftoonsiahlina,con dd
sv.icoprciecr.op). Our
phoroSraphic r.cord h also posred on retevanr websnes.

!95

Tlrc' seE 6

c66

when thc ag. of M@n

bciwen 24 hou's dnd 30 hous

ed

rhe crescenl

w4 not

seen. Thus,

ihis srudy also suppons th. idea that age is not a

depcndablc

l&to.

for any pEdiction crildion.

Anodier inrporbnt pdMeler concened is rhe noonFt-sun*l LAG. There are 22

occasions *hen the crescenr of lag 60 minures or less was Fen. Oul of rhese only two

*ft

wnh lag less rhan 50 hinules, Nov. l], 2004 with lag ]5 mi.urs a.d Aprit t0, 2005 Nith lsg .l,l minuts. In ihe *co.d of thcse c6es rhe prediclion (ia a o$d naked ele lisibility. There wer 15 cases when the tag sas blveen 40 and 50 minules

and bolh dic pEdic on crileria did nor altov crcscent

visibility *ilhoui optic.l aid, Tbls lh. from

n@Mr-sN4lag

alone is also not a dependabte

parametef for any prediclioh criterion. Out of 95 new Moons rhe predic on crileria

difer

$e

Babylonian clnerion (Faroonhi et al, 1999) only g

tines when

Dabylonian

crnerion (ARCL + l"Ac(in deg.ect <

lhe s-laluc cnteria do

tur

22) alto$ nalcd eye visibility but Howld, on rhese nine ccas

,{luc dd

I'r view of tn6c fads we conclude rhat bod q-vatue ed r-value cilcda arc NI suilcd predicrior cireria with r !.tue clireion delcloped in $is work has mdginalty
be cr success percenrage ibr posnive ob$ralions (chapter 4). porricutarly in viewofrh

facl dar

$cs fire.ia

do not march acrual cr.senr visibitiry onty in one

ou

95

cas
0s thc

(1.057q).nd thal @casion

cases Nhcn the cEscent

Ns

conkoversial in liew ofrhe above discussioD. Thc nve

$as seen hler tan prcdicrd aE not conside!d as an ero! skies.

probln occun

d d!. lo ore(sr

obenarional IuMrqlendar $ese Fediction

TtrGfoF, tor lhe tomulaion oa turue dreia de nidly dependable_ of of

TIE has ben only o.e occasion whd lherc mrc three co.*curivc nonrhs 29 dars elcb (during June, July and Aususl 2ooo). This is rhe ndinum fo. Fpelnion
29 days lund nondrs anticipoied

e&ly

loricentury AD by Muslims

yas, 1994a).

The li6t (Rabi ul

Awal, I42l) of$is lriphr ofnonthsbeema

day talerrhan p!.dicled

196

oftr\i'i$ lbir tNinun rcldirio! @!H ml lLv. tc.n th.Ia llxr! vt&r D frt! (diD|d) coorc.rlir.! tdt! of 30 d!y! 6d h 6b Fiod of
'lldy.

ac&noo

of

Morlly o.cN!nn8 Ep.ririon of fou 30 d.F' @d! io f'v! o! sil Afthow\ rh. kludc shd. Lsw (cb{i.! t) dlos for con .don a! lnd et o oh..wrrion idic:!. m m., bur ftr.dvmcc ptslirg nd dcv.toFEr 6tcdf m ohsE|ioo l|E .j-n/- h.!G.t d Fcdidioo diEir b{' grarty bclp. Tt AFadix-V rhosa suh r ltnr c.ldr. in qdich .oryurrioB s! bed i! Knstti d lhe +v.lu. qilai@

b.

sighio8' ca

c.r

tvl

Chapaer No. 6

Dtsct ssroN

$is inrsd.d to qplorc fld.ompae fic mathcmaical nodels for the crneds under which rhe new lund cresenl could be lnible at silen locdion on th Eanh, Mormk!, it was intendcd that acomparhoD offiese nlodcl is conducled and the

'ftis

rvork

compdien od nodiEcadon of the nodel hs ben succcsstuuy achielcd dd a neN model the r.vahe criterion has heen dcveloped. A sumdary ofthis wo is presnted below sith r dkcusion on the najor
models are nodified if posible, The lask of

achicvedenG ofllrc Nhole

eihll.

Fi6t ofalla bener undcFt.nding

ol$c

issues.

obrerarional, associated wilh rhe prcblem;f

l|t

firet

dd sishri,lg of$e new lLmtr ssenr

conpubrional, aslrononrical

is devcloptd. Wc have xplodd the comPulalional tchniqucs and tlrc asrcnomical alSornhm dd rhcir applicadon (o $e extcnt that is .ecsary aor rhe calculations
irrvolved

in

solving

lie

problem desribed

in nr pEviors paraeraph lrritially

lhc

Drcd work slcels bui duc lo leDglh, calculalions and lhe use oflong fomuld Ne \cre for.ed to dcrclop a cortputfr prcgnD tlilalol. T]le prognm has been used lo do allcrlculations lbt detemining c@ldinalcs of $c sun sd $c Moon.s well as the padmelcs inlolved in oor pobhm lhe rc$'lts ol'
rcchtriques wcre nnptmenled on Miciosoft

nr. applicalion of

$ne of tne modcls @ obunEd $ithin ln. pro8nn and lltosc for other modcls arc done on fic basn of $e dala generaled by pngEm thal is salcd as ao ouqul fllc. This file is $e. kanslom.d into an MS-Dxcel rork shet md lhe resuhs of orhcr

re thar apF{
modeh

oblained therc. Tbc hbls comp sing thse

in |hc

ts!l$ tifiin

dre m.in txl and

apFndiG rc all

dvelopd

fon

rhes *otk shets

The modcl due to Babylonies as

d*dibed by Fatoohi

et

$at wa modilied by the MuslintAFbs is bricfly desribcd

198

ir

] (anicle Ll) and chaptq .t This tule is based on lhe sun of$c elonca(ion ahd the dc oflision -the Lunar Ripcness rule dednced by Muslins of rh. mdieval eh in exploEd more
1..2)

dd

is ns applicarion is srudicd jn companson with other nodh in cbapls

errensirely. h is loun'i rhal though, $e Lutur Rip.!6s function is

fo

Dorc sophisl,caled

compaEd ro the Brbylonian rulc, the luo mclhods prcducc almost equivalent Esuhs

when applied to rhe

re{nl obseRational ccords.

'lhe $ct|rds h3sed oD relalions bclwe$ arc ofvision (ARCV) and $e tclJrivc
azimurhs (DAZ) rhar \ere extcnsivcly develop.d durinerharlypanoflhe 20- ccDrutv

ae loud noE sucesful dlrins lhis study in compdison lo U ancienr and Dcdielal Derhods The suoce$ in masuEd in ho* nany obseNalions are in agrcened wnh lhe models. I lorv mdny rines lh. cFsccnt is seen wlEn fi. modls suggcsls ils visibihy.nd
hoN nan! tiDcs lbe c:.sceol is nol seen shen lhe nodcl aho suCgesls inrisibilny.

lhc rcnen

rhl fie

oodels

blrd

I'n ARCV-DAZ tlalions are norc $cccsslul is

irar wilh ihcrcasins rrlative azinu$ thc skybrilhhess impro\.s

and the

biCllNs corrdsl oflhc

crcsccnt aalnrn rho

crcscentsofloseirclariveallitude ure visible. Sm.lleris

rlc DAZ lhis b e]trr$ com6l dclerionlcs lnd lhc crcscn( is only \isible al hiel'cr ,^RCv. h comprnotr to lhcse models lhc Lunlt Ripcncss tutrclior is slronglv buscd on rc of scpdlion. lh. toblcm $nh arc ol sparaiion is th $nh l ge DAz n tan tinruch snaller rhdn su-lgesrcd by lnc Lunft Rip$es law (10 to t2 d$recs) loi a lisibld
cr.sceit. ln

rl$e

cas.s \vilh large DAZ tlrc Ripene$ luncliorr ,4,r can bc llrgc so lhrl

rhe larger valLEs

scparalion is

of

R,,, arc

eq

Ed. Conseqlendy. aor lrse. lrtirudcs ldgc .rc of

EqutcJ But lescr DAZ for larger laliodes auoNs snaller ARCV rtrd con*qucnrlt smrll( rc of scpration. fhercfore, cspeci.lly for localioDs Nit largcr hdudes Lunar Ripcn.ss law beomcs more inconsnrc s comparcd b the obscNtrions
and thc

ARCV-DAZ nodels.

ll

is

sftn du

ng

$c di*usion

ar rhe

.nd of lh. 4ri cbaplr lhal

lhd

ARCV_DAZ

ba*d nodeb, the ForherihShmr's modcl. th Maundeas mojel

and lhe lndian nrodel

aE

successivly belrr. These imprct.menls ae due to deducrion of b.ner and b.trer basic

199

dau ofnininum aE ofvision for

difcrc el.tiv.

uinurhs- tlowrcr. all

th.*

modcls

cas4.d ftar vdie SMrly with thc Eanh-M@n diskrcc for rhc saec elongllion. Thk c.!s!s vdiatioB in thc elully bdshh.s or th .Eeent of emc donsdion. Cons.qEntly, ft. s. pln of ARCV ad DAZ $c
isDrc the ridrh of

fi.

n.w

lba

t'i8hh.s of casnt v&i6 for dif.rcnt Eanh-M@n disranc.s. Th lsk of this considdrion is rh. Fain caus. of l.ss.r succ.ss pec a8. of $.* n.thods N
conDlEd to the later ftod.ls foi posnilc ob*nations.

Th. Glliaion of vdyiiS bid nas of crc$crl si$ fic widrh or cE*.nt ro! se lonSa on (and $m. pih ofARCV-DAZ luct thc phriical d.$nPlion otth. poblcm by Bruin lead Yallop ro dcduce bdic dala lating widtu ol cErent to $c arc ol visioi. Yallop d.dwed this dll! fod $c minima of lhe linning visibihy .ur$ of Inuin. Cons.qu.ndy. Ydlop @s su.cc$ful in dcducins hh3inel. p.6nttc' r.sr. rhc 4_ ulue ciledon. This crir.ion Produed bdler Gsuhs i. compari$n to atl th. ptcvious
mdhod!. Th. dcdudion ofvadous visibiliry condirionson lh. bsis otdircBnt dngcs o!

$d rh2t ol rhc besr rimc of visibility' of .een frem rh. limitins risibilirv cunes of ENin !'e thc motr markable of Yallop\ contibution l-hc \isibili'! condirions pro\ idc ruidclinca lbour uds *h.t condnioos rlt co*cnr \ould hL casilv
.r.valu.s

risibl. $hcn n $ill b. visiblc undo P.rfcd st.rhct condnions whc. Ue opricrl \o(ld when fte cB$ent $ould bc sinPlv nor visible $ith ot Nnhout atrv b< Eqlircd

.d

opti.al aid.

rfu*

condilio* har. poKd ro b. noN and morc Eli.blc

$i$

incBtsnB

is rhc comp.ri$tr ol .ll fi. htljcls a @rclically, frathcm.ricElly, phytictlly.nd in vi.w of$eir success p.rcentagcs 'or s.r of ob*wations colled.d tom d. l.t. l9ri c.ntorv till dcntlv. Anorhcr 3isnillcst
Thc najor

co

bution

ol

or e

contribudon ol lhh wott is lo convcn aU th. mo<lls ino

arc listcd

si.8l. Padm.tcr crnria

h.*

bclo{ in th. inccsing order ofsuccss pcE.nlagc:

vp = (ARcv

- ( 12.'o-0'.00s(D,{z)'z rYlo

200

",

=(^*
-

-e4,:!.,'l) " # f lo.ooot

v, =ltncv .lo.no - o.orn1o.tz1tt =(^RCV

uaz2\lto

lrt.8311.- 6.3226tv + O]llgr2 -O.tOl8V3rttO

\t,
v

-t5 + py rxtr+,pfl
Dt

| | = tARcv - \t2.4023 - 9.4818W + 3.9512W - 05612Wt

vr=ARCL r !rc olscpaBlion 21"

rc

ln rhis {ork schactels modcl of dldritc bdshrn$ is ale erPlond in t.ms of -n'h nasnitud contrrst tnd thc dsllE aF in lsRD.nr $i$ his wo* (Schelet 1988.) ehieved by iniplcmenrine lh. rshliqus d.r.loPed bv Schel.r and o$ets |o brishtocss ol lhe ev.luarc sky brighhes (in tems of linninB mgnitud.) and cE$nL Biglrness ofsky and that otcE$cnt dcp.nd heavilv on various ihosphenc
has ben

arsrs

Amongsr

ths

lenpeBluE and clolivc humidnv arc lcpl \2riabl. in

the

posram Hilalol in ord.r to exPlor posiblc condilions undd which claims of nlted ctc v'sibihy m.y b. Br.d for dillEnt condilions fhis lc.ds lo wh.t Ne h!v. rmcd 4

Magdlude Conl6r (Amag

skr's linritnl8 a!!iNdr) lf mognnrd .onl6{ is n.galit n is lalour of cN*tnr visibililv o'tunvie Dol [or cxftnEly crilical n.kcd cyc obserylrion ckn$ of Nw lunlr ce*cN lhe magnitude co 6l lE ber dallaled nrinut lv h i5 tolnd $d $he of ftcs cdcs appear doublful 6 fie oasniude conrEst @ n.v.r in Lvout or cc*ent tisibililv cv'tr with hidlv ex.8g.ra&d wathr coDdnioB (v.ry tow clttivc humidnv and lcmPtdur) lor the vhole dudtion of th. ooonsd-suet hg |inc. Using th. pogim Hilatol the tin$ have

maenilud.

of Moon

ben evaluat

of(i) \$en $c nasnitud contGi is ndinn (ii) whcn rh' nasnilude conlldr jnrl bccodc ialouEble for crcsa risibililv and (iii) {hen rhc masnirudc conm was last in falolr or ccsenr vkibilirv Th.s. esulN .r. sinild $ whar is
d

de*ribed by. veniccl line

ovr.

liditing lisibili(y

cur. ofBruin

201

'fte najor

achjevemnt of this

m*

is th. romulation of

neq sincle pstuerer

using lhe cireion on lhe b6is of rhe Fchniqus deleloped bv Bruin and Yallop cuFes and thc bngnrrc$ modcls develoFd bv Sch&fer dd othe6 rhc visibilirv

liniting visibilily cwes aE

|he

developed for crceenls

ol diffeEnl

widrhs

ll'!l

wcrc

actually obened tnd hav. bcen rcpodcd in

lile6tue

Bruin dcvelopcd lhe$ cllvcs on

dalt,s *nh rhe bdis or{i) lhe ale6se bdshlnss ofthc tult M@n md thc wv i ot the skv dudrg decrsing alftude abole hoi@h and (ii) tbe avedge brighiness On lhc olher way n depends on lhc dolld d'prc$ion b'lov horizo'

t*ilid
hand

&d fic

lor

bridft$ d

compuratios m $ar ol lh dcsenr for difrercht solar depcsions such sahe wjd$ al dilIelenl localions and Epai.d for a nunber ofobseryed cE$e 5 of the our Thc wnole re ten dmes. The aliudes or thc skv poitrts lhu obt'ined 'vc6Bcd widlhs prccess h rhe. rcpeaFd for cnsce.t ofdilTereni
These conpulations tesulled inlo our curyes. The linitihB

tc bave usd rhe adual brightncss for Ihe obscb-ed cEscnB ola fixed rtrc sms tn sne ofobselvation we hare calculared th' al ude of skv poins bavins

wid

llEn

lisibililv

curycs

ed $c linnins visibihv

$ose ae slishtlt diferenl 'iod linc joining thc ninina oi dEs ntlighl The displ&cd slightlv with nini@ of Bruii for Bruin s cutves Tnis lcads lo slighd, cudes has a slope of9 3/5 as compaftd to 9/5 noo'elsuosl lag aller thc b.sl dme of visibililv" which is 4 l/9 1 rine th

lisibilitv cses we

have obEined

differe

lae afiet cohPdcd lo Yallop s be$ tine which 4/g rincs $e noonst-sunscl l-rttd the ninim olor liniringlisibilnv cu8e rhe suset). Th bdic dala ob$inod fion visibihv pdamslcr: b a fiird desee Polvnodial tsuls inlo the fouowine

suet (6

=(.4RCV

(4351

31

/3 + 2222075057t4! - 5 422641ritf +

l04l4l?tt)/l0

Our vhibihy

pcrcenrage is iound lo b' thc besl our model on the obseNatioml dal! the succcss \orr' erist and lhar dc ncd dd conpaed in lhis dongn all the dot nodels brighhre$ and lhe btislrhss oi is tbat our model is baed on $e acrual skv

io lbar of Yallop' we have als dedeed visibilitt condi$ons in a tumt simild Yallop Howevet' ltplj_'n8 condilions tre sliCh v difiere lron those of

tll

Thc

e6on

201

(escenr $idr varying wea$cr condilions whercas Bruin s nodel brishlncssofsky dd rhe FullMooo.
As claind by Sctaefd th brightn

based on aleragd

modcls

still our Drodcl yielded be

.t

resul$

comPsed

a mucb a 2elo 1o tho* due to Bdin ad YalloP as lar

@v
b in

mt

by

conemed lt is lroped rhat wilh beller models of skv brighhcss slill beiterclitrion ior fiGt !isibility ofnew lund descent can be delclopcd
as rhe posirive observatiohs arc

sonE of$e lpplicarions of {he cnbda of.atliesr visibililv of ne\f llod 'rc$ctrt ro havc becn considered in $is $ork The fid ond $c mosl impoddnt applicalion lre on d(eaniDc Nhcn tbe new lunar cresceht would b visible ar soDe ldalion on lhe elobc

rhe elennrg aicr rh oonjundion Anolher ar.a ol appl'calion is lo deduce d ''obscNnrioMl lunar c.lcndii- tor a Yct anofier aBa ol apdic'tion \e hn\c 'eeion lhe lcnslh ofne\ ldDrr crcs(nr e\ploreJ

'.roJdrnrine

t( !1ay be recalled (hal lhe liret

bsinning

appcardnce

of new llnn crcscctrt nrarlis

ola new monrh in obsenalional lunor calendarq rhere 'ril'ria and models drc calendai likc siBnillcor br calendatical Purposs whefier 'n aduul o6n:ri'nol lunar Dol lhcsc rlc hliNic Lunar calendar' ulilizrs tb6e cril.da for a!6nging its cltndar ot
cLirdia ptuvidcs
a

guidancc Ibr bolb tesing an tvidcnce oi oescenl sightirrg bv connnon

dates arc rol peotlcdnd tacingdowndtdtrlesofac.lndar inhhrorv{herc approprirle \ll Ncordcd. rhus $c frtin ' ililt of the pcdicrio! crileria $e carliesr visibiln)' ol 'or dd tcsrifv lh clainrs ol calendtr lunar tnc obsefl.lional is lo egntalc crc$.m nrv

risibility of ne\' lunar crcsccm

tlrat di' Although fiIsl ordc! iPporirutions like Arnh'neLic Lunar Calendtr o' rnc Moon havt be'n nr lse based on lle concpr of Le.p Yea$ md rne a!.rage oorion lor lhe monlhs ol Muslims h.vc been follosin8 acoal sighing of crescDLs 'r l@l i6rii8 (R.maan) $d pilsinage (zil hajjah) Thc calendars if bled o' a PEdicrion

oir*ion like
obervarional

lo rnc tbat of Yallop or dre ohe dcveloped in this work arc $e cLosest calendd Conpan$n of rhese criteiia wiih lhc actual obFNsdonll

201

old!

blc Da dc (q!!thi sd Klte, 2005). h lbir q'!rt 6. mrdy it cid.!d.d lo tb y{ 20(I|. It i! biDd lb. d lvdsc 9J% obtlnltiol! lrc m.oding to th! Y.llop'! r-uh. dt rion d our GEluc
b

!|dc!

in

ruirD

frr lh.

Ft!

2000 io 2005

dilrio D. diltgt@t is lb. !!3rlt of lithd th. t d wtt|t r dM !o *hi'h qr &e rw |E|r c{&. codd nol t tigln d dd tb Lud E olh b.t!! oE &v l.|c bo AdrDirtic cLiu6 of otsElion tld {t L|e dot:t t g.! oE &t dlicr U|n
(d Q&K)

tt|ldttbL !|gs for th. vi.ibnft, (ritsi. for ol@t'.ridl pltrPo" hB oorivcd |' to d.dE e "bt 6v.liodl lE[ c.lct b." for P'lii..r 0|al ts tctr
Tbit

204

APPEDNIX-I COMPUTER PROGRAM

HILALOl

205

{ { {

cl6c{):

maime.u0;

cltsqo;

Daiuourineo;

fclose(fptr4)t

gotory(]0,4hout<<"welcone io the New Moon cslculator"; goro\y(25,20):.oul<< Prs Eni.r !o $an :

void eaituoud.4void)

f!l.{=fop.n(schmse.hf',"a');

{ I

inputdalerime0i

cl6cd);

nonlh_chee.0i

ll6t_cahulatioo0; jd=juliadare(lred,lmo trtdab,tsac);

jde=jd+denat[inl(lyeaFl620.o)]/(3600.0+24.0)i

stjd=juliedakoted,lmonrh,ldare,o.0); $=Grjd-:15 r 545.0n6525 0j

i=(jde-2451545.0y36s2s0.0;

elonep=sin(ndeltap.Pvl 80.0f sin(sdethp+Pvl 80.0)l elonep=eloDgp+co(mdetaprPyl80.0)rcos{sdelbp*PI/180.0)

'co((slphap-rolphap).1
elongp=ncos(longp)r180.o/PIr

5.01P1.7180.0);

eotor)(s2,?)j pdnl('T. Elon =');eoloxy(65,7):pinr(,,%?.llr

phasep-(1,o-co(lonSplPVl 80.0))/2.0i solox)(5:.8);pdnt( T. Ph6e =,,);Boroxr(65,8)iprinl(,,%7.If %'.Pbasco' 100,0); elone=sn(nrlarrPI/l 80.0)isinGhr'Pvl 8o.o)i c ons-elong F(on m14.Pl./ t 80 ol.@dslat ,Pt I 80.o).coq GtonSmlong.Pt/180 0li elong=acos(londi 180.o/Pl:

phaF=(1,oa{doie'PUl80,0)!2.0;
mseni{jia=(nBdhdsor I 80.0/Pr;

Sotor)r52.0)pn

fi"Widrh -'.gotoxrr65,o'.pnntt( !i?.lltm.$rd):

Sobr)15-2.10':prinrli

DAZ -

):Sotory(65.r0ripnnrt(5.7

ltl

goro\tr52.ll):prinrf(

ARCV'igolorJr65.llr.prinrn

o.7.1tr

qvall(oah-sall)-( I 1.837 | {,1226*wid+o,73 t 9.wid.wid0. l0l8'pow(qid,3)))/lo O; ov.l=(h.lr-slrx7.r65l-6.32261wid+o.71 19.*id.wid_ 0.l0l8.pov{wid,3));

,06

./o7.llf h .0de gotox(52,12):p.i {"Ase = '),sororr(6t,I 2ripnr'4 mjd).24.0): Sobry(5z,11);pdn("Qvalue = ):goloxy(65,13)prinl("%?.llf',qval); soioxy(52,1a)ipn (visib. =)rsoloxy(65,14);@ut<<'';

soroxy(68,l4);

i(qv.>o.2l6)

i(qv#-0.014)
@ul<<"VUPC
r

i(qvaF-0.212)
COUK<"MNOATFC'';

i(qvaF-o.293) cout<<'VWOAO"i
etse

eoroxy(s2,15);pnnt( Lae = ); i(l|mrhs<o.0)cour<<'!"rconven

cout<<,,ct ;

eotoxr(52,16);pinq Rd.y

bn(r'abs(ltdstrst)i

sotoxy(52.17);pinr( Rdayl = );soroxy(65,t7):pdnr(aZ.5tf',rdayl): go'oxlr52,l8):Arnlfl l:gorory(65,t8ripnnln oo.5||.btyJ: i 8o'ott(52.1c):pdnrfi S-val@ - l:gorory(65.t9,:pnnr{l o/o.5tf .6ky-

= ");soroxy(65,16);p.inr(,'%.51!"_rdar;

tuly -

'');goloxy(65,20);pri.r(.%. jlf ,phitend.); eoroxy(52 j21)rpiid(lhnele ho. = ")rgoroxy{65,21)ipi (,,%.51f,.ansl_hot; soroxr(52,21)ipdnr( Lim MaB = "):gotoxy(65,21)iprinr("%.21f ',tindagnn0); sotoxy(52,22);prinq Mooro Mas = ''):Eoro\t(65.22).prinr ("% 2t f .mnm.g), sorox)(52,24).prinrt( Rel Hun = ):Boroxy(65,24);p nrr(,%..2tf .phm)i

soloxy(52-20);print(thilen

eobxr(s2.25);pinr("Tmp@rG=
'il.sotoxy(65,25);pnnrft %.2tf ,plempl: Sotory(5,28r.pnnr( s{s/r, nmrm/n}lou l/t, h@id{o/b, !.mptdd j
day(e/D prinr(p) rdse(q)

li

201

']
)
rvhile(nex|sl=V'); Eolory(50,29):@ur<<"NwCalcnlaion? ; gorox(77,29}nexts=g.rch(I clsto; while(oexrsl=1r); gorox l0,l0)r@ut<<"Allal Hanz'; gcrch0;
) void inpurdaretiee(void)

goroxi20,2);coul<< "Enrcr L@dTinc & Dare,,j

eoroxy(r0,4)icoul<<'ObscpadonNo. :

Soloxy(10.6)icoul<<'Day goroxy( 10,8)icoul << "Mon$

Soloxy(10,10);cour<<"Yeo ,Lo.g.(+

;ciD>ocnr; :,,lcin>>datei !!;cjn >>monlhi :

gotoxy(10,12);cour<< lor East) : icin>>plongr goloxy(10,14);cout <<'jlkt. (+ for Nonn) :,icin >>ptari eotoxy(I0.|6);coul<< "Alritude abovc Sa ;cjn >>p.lli gotoxy( 10, I 8)icout<< 'Esiim Tenperarurc : "icin >>plenp; ,,;cin >>ph!m; gotoxy( 10,20);cour<< "Estih : prcs=1010.0;

:iiicin>>ycdj

*0.0;

Huidirt

) {

i(l.apch*k(inr(year)))
nohthdayslll-29.01 clse mo hdayslll=28.0; ld.te=dak Jmo.lh=donth JydFyear; zonlin=plong/15.0;

i((b .

iDlong(anrinD0.5)
2ondmioubl(tons(zondn+L0))i

lhorf houF (min+*d60.0y60.o)-a

i(lhour>=24.0)

entihdouble(lons(zontin)); lho!Flhour24.0; ldri--ldale+1.0;

im:

204

i(ldltohonthdayslin(lnonlhl.0)l) ldaiFl.0: {
lmonth=ldonth+ L0i

i(lmonrDl2.0)

lnonlh=I.o;

lyeFlyea$l

,0;

]])
ir0hour<0.0)

lhourFz4.0; ld.re=ld.r.-l -0; i(ldar.< | .0)

{

lhonth=lmo.th- L0i i(lmo h<I.0) tnonth=I2.o;

lyerlyed-l

.0;

ndalFlda!.xtnonrh=lmonth:tlyclycari tdouFlhour+d.ltltlin(lyed-1620.0)1/]500.0; i(ttbour>=]1.0) { iihoui=fihou,24.0; lldaie=ndalqfl .0; i(ndapmonthdlyslin(rttDoiIh)l) { ll<ratFt.o; tltlon!!=rnonlh+ 1.0;

tl

) ld.tFnotrthd.rslint(lm@thr.0D;

i(n

nonrh>12.0)

.
J

tlnofih=I,o;
ttyeaFilJear+ L0;

)])

dt_new_n@n(dar..nontnrE); soroxy(5,I rsout<<ill.w Moon ";pdnt(!D

pdnr('

or

mdare=doublc(lo.s(mdate));

- %lfrnjd); "od%dfld',in(mdare),ii(Mnonfi ),in(@y$r));

morth<oublc(long(nmonth); myerdoubl.(lone(Myed)); pr d(" ll.'!drl6d:vdd (TD)',int(MlFu),inl(t:min),int(m*)); pint(' or eidrl6d:94d (uD",irr(ulrow),in(ain)jn(M));

6*aunou.r(uinfi 8e.r'60.0/60.0y24.Ot&lL{in(mrrdIiBrcdculadonoi s.rinln0;

620.0)l/8400.0i

209

i(ho!P-24.0)
iqhoul<0.0)

ni.{hou'double(loneGou)))160.0;
s.c=(min-donble(lone(min)))r60.0; min=double(lons(min));

*c=double(lonc(s*)); houFdolble(lonc(hou)); ,

sun_$o; non *(1;

brim=rGs+4.0.(lr,ns-hssy9.0: Soroxy(2,5);cout<<"(LT) olSun s.t : ";conve'l hms{ltss); goroxr(52,5)i@ut<<", Bel Tine : ;convcn hn<bl'n): gorox(30.5);@ul<<', Moon St :'iconven-hm(lrnti goloxy(2,6)icour<< (LT) orsun Rkc : "ponven_hns(hsti sotoxy(10,6);cout<<. M@nRi* :';.on!en hms(lrfrti

) {

goloxy{2,3)rcour<<

Lar-';

soroxy(8,3);coNert dms(fabs(pla0)r i(plat<o.o) pinr('s'); dse gobiy(20,3)cout<< ns. ":eoloxy(2?,1)i@nved-dns{fabs(!long)); pnnt( E ); dF ifulonc>00) goloxy(40,1):cout<< TZon ":

sobr'(48,);

i(enrim<o.o) cout<<"i;

le

sotoxy(49,1);prinq %2.01f,fab(2ontim))i Eotoxy(2,4);p.int('LMT vo2d:%2d:%2d,int(hou).int{nin).inr(sc); 8otoxy(]5,4)jprin( (%2d l2dl%4d) UT",in(date).in(month),in(yed))i soroxy(31,4)roNed_hns(lhout; soroxr{42,4);print( (%2dl%2d7o4d), JD = ",in(ldal),ii(looftn),int(lyeat); sotoxr(60,4)iprint( %.61f jd)i sotoxy(6s,3)rcour<< TDr iconve _hm((lhour); Sotoxy(22,8)rout<< s u n":soroxy(40,8 ) rcour<< Moon j Soloxy(2,Io);cour<< Geoc. rong, ; goroxt{2,l l )imur<< Ged- Iilir.'i aotoxy(2,12);@ur<<"Cee. Disi."; go!oxy(2,14);@uK<'Gc@. RA:"; sotoxy(2,15);couK< ce. DELT ; soroxy(2,I6):@ur<< Hou Anelc:"i Soroxy(2,IE)Fout<< Top. RA:": goloxy(2,19)i6ur<< Top. DEL|"i
gotoxy(2,2o);coul<<"Top- HAf ;

8otory(2.22)tcout<<"AIfi udel';

2t0

gobxy(2,21);cout<<"Azimut ; gotory(2,24);cout<< Semi-Dia: ;

)

i{(.Y.400)l=0)

{
)

le i((n%4F0) k=1;

if(n%100)==0)

k=0;

) double julimdate(doubl yrdouble mndouble dcdouble

{

ft)

i(mn<X

yr=yFlrm.=ni+12:

a=(doubl. (long (yrl100.0))); b=2-a+(double (ron8 (./4.0))); jd=(doublc (lon8 ( 165.25'('r+47 I 6.0))))+(double {10.6001'(mn+1.0))))+d.tb-1524.5+fi i
) {

(lo.s

l=(jde-245 I 545.0)/36525.0; epsilon=21.0+(26.0+2 l-a48/60.0/60.0-(46.815/1600.0)'t'

(0.00059/3600.0rf 1'+(0.00t813R600-0)1.r1; elons=29?.85016+445267.1 I 1481-0.0019142*l'l+t*t'l/I89474.0' smon=35?.52?72+15999.05014.r-0.0001601'lir-t.r.r/300000.0 mmob=134,96298+477198.867398't+0.00869721'l+t't'VJ6250 0i mng=91.27 I 9l +483202.01t538rr,0.0016825{1.t+l*1*r/32?2?0.0 lnod=125.04452-l9l4.t l626l1l+0.0020708.11r+rrr*t450000 0

fo(i{;i<61;i++)
{

derbsi=delhsi+(nur obrlil[5]+nur_oblti]t6l1r).sin((nur_obltill0l.loig+

nur,obltiltlheom+nur_obllill2l.ndom+nu obltiltll'nale+
nut_obllil[4]'lnode)1Pvl 80.0): delrapsi+=((nur_obltill?l+nul_obrlilt8lh0{co(nui obltiltoiielone+

nul_obltiltll*smom+nulobllill2li@oE+nut_obltjl13l'nar8+ nur obllill4rhode)'PYl80-0));

) delrasi'=(1.0(t0000.0.t600.0));
<leftaepsi'1 1.041 0000.0'3600.0)); elsilon=epsilor+dellaepsii

2l!

) {
gmr4c6-0r{41.0+50.5484V60.0y60,0+(6640184-812866'si+0.093104'st'st0.0000062rst'srlsr)6600.0r east4@=eEst Erc{lltsi'cos(epsilon'PUl 80.0yt 5.0i

smstzrc-lGmrzro/24.0ldoubl{long(8tui4b24-0)))'24.0r gdure1Gastu o/24.0!doubL(loos(ssrz'o24.0)))'24 0;

if(smEm<o-o) i(gnsldo>24.0) i(s6rzerc<0.0) i(easrzerc>0.0)

8rnst4'o+=24.0; gaslzco+=24.0i gastzdo-=24.0;

gott4to-=24.0i

smstcun_Cnstrcro+frac124,01 I 002? 3 ?909I5 i gasrcuFsdzero+firc'24.0* 1.00273?90935;

i(snslcuP24.0) i(emslcun<0.0) i(sastcud>24.0) i(gastcuft<0.0) i(lastcuPla.0) i(lostcud24.0) i(ldlcm 0O' ii(lmsbu<0.0)

snslcun-=24 0i Smslcud+=24.0i eastcuft-=24.0i sostcud+=240;

lostcllFgnncd+plong/15.0i l4rcuFedlcur+Plong/15.0i
lastcun-=24.0; lnsrcud.=z4 0;

ls(c!r-240i
lhsr.!nt=24.0;

void convcn dmndouble c@d)

cdesdouble(lone(coord)): cmin=(coo'd{ds)i60.0;

c*clcmin'dolble(1o.8(cmio)))'60.0:

pnd(

%3dooz2dn"/o2ds,in(cde8),in(cnin).in(cscc));

) void conven bn(double cood) {

cdes=double(loneGoord));

cmin=Good{dee)i60.0;
csc=Lcmid.double(lons(cmin)))t60 0i o!2dhoo)dn' o2dr".,ntrcdegl,inlr(min).rnl, cscc\): prinr

) void sun cood(double) {

fplFfopen( v$pean.txt',

// LO,\]GITUDE OF EARTH fodi=o;i<6:i+) { tehp=o.oi

fo{=0j<lnellilj++)
2t2

)i

{
)
)

fs@f(fpt'%lf

y.lf,&sx,&bx,&c); rmr=lmF4.cd(bx+c.1);
yolf

slong+{tmp.po*{!i):
slonrslong/l 00000000.0; slong=jon8. | 80.0/PIi
slong=Glon g/360.Odouble(longGlons/360.0)));

//

slongl=360.0 slone+-180.0 i(slone<0.0) dong+=360.0; i(slons>350.0) slong=slong-360.0: L.firurL OF EARTH

fo(i=0:i<2;i+)

ro(=oj<adlilj+)

I
)

[sco(fpr,"%lf yolf %lr,&ax,&bx,&c); temp-aeosrdrco(bx+c0t

slai+=Cemprpov{t,t);
) slat=*IaU100000000.0j

slatl-(t80.0/PI);

fo(i=0ri<sli+)

to{=0i<dsrflil;j+)

{
)

fs.n{&rr,"o/,lf %lf.4lf'.&a,&bx3c); r.mpaettp+u'cos{bx+cn);

sdst=sdsl+renp*pow(,i);

)
sdsi=sdst/100000000.0r dst=sdsr. 149597E70.0: slo.g=slong+dclt!si{20.4898/sdrry3600.0i

elph!=sin(slons.Pvl80.0).6s{.Filon+Pyl 80.0); slph!-slph!-tdGlal'Pvl 80.0).ein(.plilon.Pvl 80.0);

salpha=slphd(@s(slong.Prl 80-0));
lalpha=aran(salPha). I 80.0/PI:

i(Glong>90.0)&&Glorg<2?0.0)) sglphaFl8o.oi

if(slong>2?0.0) elpha-salphe/15.0; i(s.lph*24.0)

sha=lastcur-salph!;

salpha+=150.0i

salpha=elph.'24.0:

2t3

iisha<o.0) sdelb-sinGlarrPvl80-0f cos(epsilon'PI/180 0)l sdelta=ldclls+cos(sla1+ PV l 80.O)'sin(ps ilon'Pv l 80 0)'si.Glons'PI/ 1 80 dlta=6inGdlla)' I 80.o/Pl salphap=elpha+.lcladpha

0)

elr- sin$laf P!

sinrsdelrap'PI/ I 80.0 80.0): I 80.0)rcos(sba*15.0'Pvl " salt=asinGalt)' I 80.0/PI;

I

80.o

rosulat'PL

80

0r.on sdehtp'PV

i(sw=l)
{

;Ffra l .oz(r&(eh+l

o.v(sali+5.1 l ))'Pvl80

0)fe8l

0(271 0+teoF))!(prs

/l0l0.o);
s.cb-nn{olarrPul80 0Is'n(!d.l!lp'PU180 0,'sinleli'Pv!80 0): tela=$etd(cos(cdelbp'PVl 80 0/'(olleht PLI 80 0r,:
seela=acos(seela);l 80 0/Pl; sdcltrsde liap+srcfi'cos{seela * P l/ 1 80 0); slDr=sh!-(sefi*sin(seetai Pl/ I 80.o)ho(sdelta/u/180 0)/ I 5'0i

l I

sdehFsdelk: shFsha, l

idh=sinLplat'PUl80O)'iirsdelt,r.Pt/lSOOFcos(pldfPLlS00rrcoil3dcltat'PI/ 180.0)'cos(shd'15.0'Pvl80 0): satFdin(s.lr)' 180 o/PIi *lr+=r,c6ermar4erur+tnle/1000 0D' 180 o/PL/l 5 0

sa6=s,n(rd.ld. pU I 80 O Fsid ptalr PI/ I 80.0)! sintsallr sm=szn/Gos(platrPvl80 o)'co(elt'Pl/180 0))l

sad=acos(saar)1 180 o/PI; s@=180 0i it(shdF=o

Pl/ | 80

0):

0) itlshaF=12o) ehe el* i(shd<I20)

s*nidi.=Gn(ydsf

l 80.0/PIi

) void moon c@d(do!ble)

fDk2=foDcnf elP2000 ur'."r): sumv=o.o,suntp=0 0lsumvtp=0 0isunvppp-0 0:

fo(i=0ii<2l8ii+) I r(mfl rDu2.'%[

q.lf %lf &alpl &'ly'l " 0lf ,& \,&!lpo'&!lp l.&alp2 rr+alp2r1.r/10000.0 sMFsuov+v.sin((atpof atpl
0/"1r 0/0lf

+alp3iPo*(i,3Y1000000 0

2t4

+alp3'pow(!4)/100000000.0)rPI/180.0);

fo{i=oji?44;i+f)

fed(fpa2,"o4lf%lf%lf',&v,&rip0,&alpl); smlT=s@vpf v'sitr((alpot.lp l'l)'Pvl 80.0);

) fo(i=oii<154;i+r) I fsc f(tptt2, r6lf %lfo/o1t',&v,&alp0,&alPi ); sumlpp=sumvpfi v's n((alpo+llPlil)iPI/l 80 0)i

)

fo(i=0ii<25;i++) lsconi(fpu2, 9'lf ?'lf eolf'.&v.&slP0.&alpI)i I s!mwpp-smvppF ! | sin(alpo-alp I i t)t PVI )

+
1

80

0li

mton{=218.11665+481267.88134't-13.2581'l/10000.0

.856'po*(!3u 000000.0-1 .514'pos{tjy1000000{0 0 +sum!4Gur?+swvppl+sMvppp't'i/l 0000.0)/1000 0i

nrois=(nloD936o.o-(long (mlo.s,/360.0)))1360 0;

sumu=o,0tsumup=o.0rsunupp{,0isunuPpp=o 01 sunr=o.0;sumrFo.0isumrtp=o.0;suntppp-o.0i

lb(i=0ri<l88ri++)

fok2.'/'lf ' %lf t'll"/.lf %lf %lf ,&v.&.1p0,&alp l ,&alp2 &alpl.&'lp4 ): !mu+mu+vt sin(alPo-aipl 'r falp2'r't/l0000 0'alpJ'pov'1t.J
iscanfi

y'

t000000 0

+alpl.pov(!4y100000000-0)'Ptl

80

0)i

) fodi=0;i<64ii++) e"lf .& v,&tlpo.&olP I ) { f$anf( lol12,i%lf'l"lf rsml( tlpo+alp l'r )r Pl/ l 80 0) suNup=sumufi!
)

r
)

fscanll tDk2. '/"la %lf "/.1f ,&v,Aalpo.&alp | ):

sumuip=smupp+vtin(alPo+alpI'0'PI/l
c,6lf ,&t,&dpo.&dp
|

80

0li

l*anfi fDr2."%lf %ll

)
80

sunu;pp'sumuppF

vrnn(.lpo'llpl'0'Pl/l

0):
0;

I ;hFsumu+GuouCsunupplt+smupPp1irVl0000.0yl000

fo(i-0;i<l54ii++)

snrsmrr'cosriltpO alpt'l+;lp2'rt/lO0o0o' Jpt'po*rt l/10000000

+alp3xpowt,4yl00000000.0)'Pv180.0)r

Gcsnf(fplr2, %lf "/.lf %lr9"lf 90lt 9"lf .&v.&alD0.&alDt,&.102,&alp3,&dlp4)i

2t5

fo(i=o;i<l

{
)

l4ii+)
rl)'?tl
80

fs.d(fpL2,'%li %lf %lf'3v.&rlp0,&alpl );

suotFsuDr/*rcos((alpolalPl
0).

fo(i=oii<68;i+) I fscdf(fp$2,'/"lf o/.lf %lf'.&v.&alp0,&alpI): rt vmDp=suffpPrvtosl alp0+tlp l l'PI/ l 80 0),

l fo(i=oii<9:i+) r fsdfi fDk2."!/olf./olf %lf'.& v.&tlPo.&.lp

)

l)i )unrppp runrtpp{'coe(dlpo'alpl't'Pl

180

oli

md{-li5O0O.5 7+sunr sudrsr suffpp'l_sumrPpptl't | 0000 0: nla{=(ml5r/l60.o{lonc (hla/160 0)))'160 0i o'lf PUI80 0)): OOOrolla-O.O0OOt019'sin(225 O'47?lo8 '"i.""',-O mhr+-={.d o0o0l754'sin(l83 1+481202 0r0'Pl/! 80 0))i ndst+=(o o708rcos((225.0+a?7198 e'rl'PVl 80 0))

maipha=sin(mton8'PUlSOofcskFilon'Pvl800)i - nrn;ha- malDhard(mlal'Pt/l 80 0t'sin(cPsrlon'PUl80 0)' mal;ha=ialpha(@(mlong'u/180.0));

maloha=.iu(maLlha)+
I 80

o/PI
uo o I

-ri,,ir.no'go oraai.r.ng<

iftmbn;27o

or

mdlphanalPha+-1600:

_1800:

if(mh*24.0) inmhi<o.or
-i"iu=na.r.

frba_-24 0; dha+=24 0i I Pv l80 ofcoslpsrlorr m;?lk=$n(mltr nrdelh=asin(mdella)'l 80 o/Pl:

PV

lao 0):

-'Lmr"t'pvrtOO)tsin('psilontPVlSO

--^ ^ O)rsininlonsrPl/1800):

rulphlp=malpha+dell4lPhai
mha=hh.nelraatPha; 'iil""iJ" r80 0)'co(mderbP' er'i do ol'"'t.aerl!pr Pr/ r 80 o, "os(l)rar'Pv Pl/l8o.o)'cos(mnar lt 0rPyl80 0l, malr=6in(malt)1 180 o/Pli

-lii

i(sr=l)
;rcfr(

042730 remfl))'(tr 1.oz(bn(nal(+ l0 la mah s lt)fPl/l80oDft283 drcfFmefr/60 0;

216

mcela=sin(!lar*PI/180.0)'sin(mdcliaprPvl80.0)1si.(mall'PV180.0); nft la=merdcos(ndellarPvl80.0)'@s(mlt'PUl80 0));

i(fah6(nela)<=

1.0)

goroxy(45,20)i@ut<<"
meeta=acos(mela)' 180.(VPIi

mdehFnddiap+@t'1cos{mera*Pvl

80

0);

(@t'sii(6ela'rvl80.oycos(mdehe'Pl/180 0)yls 0i
malFsin(plarrPvl80.0)'sin(ndehd'Pl/180.0)+cos(plal'PVl80 0)*co(hdcllai ?v180 0)rcos{mhdll 5.0'PYl80 0)i nralt=ain(mah)'l 80 o/PI; nalt+=(aco(eMj(enej+hik/1000 0))x 180.0/PI);

] cour<<'.eb geater lhan

)

hdeluFndellapi

lSOo)_s,n{plat'Pl l80ofs'n(moh'Pl l800r: nDzm=mdnv(cos(olaf PVI 80 0lrcos(mah'PVI 80 0)li nd=lcodmaa)r 180 o/PI;

; a,m-si1(m,lelrar'Pl

i(nha-12.0)
nazm=160.0:

i(mla<12-0)

mm=1600_n@;
nrmidia=(n6<Vmdsr)'
180

o/PI;
0_

..r,r,="."u.otrtio"o'pr rtOOttsrn(eps'lon'Pl l80 0)rpos(l

po$,lsi;(epcilonrPl,I80 0)'rn(slong'Pl/l80 0' 2 0) 0

t)))
5)li

ii;i'iriio",tr.o.po",rsinrcp'it.n'Pvl80 0)rs'n{slon8'PVl

80 0) 2 0) 0

iii=.co(iii)'l

80.0/PI;

mele hor=90 o.Dhil.mdai

rda;

aii*rir.:-.*.iai*z zf oqplatrPl/l 80 0ycos{l)hil'ddt'Pvl80

l=l0 t'.os(plal'PVl80 0,/.osohilcmda'PVl80 0)i

0):

217

i((dnon8<90.0)&&(slon8>100.0)) ddone-nlon8+360.0_slon8;

Bky
l

dclong=mlong'5lon8; lal'tan(phitehda'PVl 80 o)+delonsi

doubl modtunc(double xY)

xFxy/l6o:
\y=(xy{double 0on8(xY rr)f 160: iltxy<0)

loid paBlx(double hhdoublc dd)

ol,llliililt;lli*"""pr/r80.0!emai)rr80.0/pri

ll,l"'lili-""t.r',t,

0)-r'Ih'sinr'r 0'|prar'Pr/I80 0rvl600 o: "o',r'PVr80 inor' hre'{nrplar'Pl 180 0) on': ;-eniin'vntuu'pt rro or yy ro\tuu'Pl/l80 o)'hit'.os(plar'Pl/180 o)/con:

rho=po*(xx's+ty'y) 0 5)'.mtji

80 0f sidhh'PI/l 80 0)v i.rJom=aurt'pr'co"rphrPVl "' *' - --i""ltaa'priitooFpG'cos{PlatprPtl80olrcosthh'Pl/1800)))

delrMlPhal=(l 80 0/Pl):
hp=hh_deltaalphal

i;i;i|$,ili;t4r", " "' _*

or-Pie'sinuratp'Pvr 80 o))'/ 0)l\' aoirOa'er'lad Of @s'hb'Pl lso otspie'cos'pldp'Pvl80 dehapr=(180o/PI)i hp/-15.0:

to'r'{sin(dd+ur

80

loid dr-new-roo.(doublcdoubledoublc)
yy=ya.+(monLh_l O+dak/lo Oir'l2 0i traY-tYY_20000f 12 3685,

ir(kar'0ni)aoou61.

e|s raF(dotblc L--l,ay/1216 85i ;;=1"' ;';93;ggiijliil['31ffi 3"'ff.i::.i:.i:::*,

-.""-."ar.""ii lSu-zq toSl5o7'kav 0 0o000l4't4'r*'
6ei528' kav'o o *""":l'j'#:,!';i"*::'r;;:.8 '_ ' .@.Le.r;co 0ooo00058r r.re'leerrec)i
r

06ng ltar)))- t.o; oons (ksY)));

07582' ree'

reF.

ooo0 I 2r8

218

forg nodf6c(160.?lo8+390.67050284rtoy'0.00161I81rcc're'
0.00000227'powtle .3)-0.00000001 l'por(1e. 4)): omes=modtun(124.??46_
0

I 56175588'kav'000206?2'l.e'tc.

000002I5'po$(tee3)l:

eFl.0-0.002516're-o.00000?414nei msur<PV180.0);moon.-(Ptl80-olr!re'1Pvl8o.0);ones'1PU180 0); oe--0.,r0?2.sin(mmoo.)+0. t724l.selsi!(ns!i)+o.016061sin(2.0'ndoo.)r

perF(o.ol039rsin(2.0rfaq)+o oo739tceersin(nnoon-nsui)' o.005l4,eee,sin(msu+moon)); pr+=(0.0020S'po{ce,2 0)'sin(2-o'Et!.}o 0o l I t'si'(mmn'2 0'taq) 0.00057.sin(mnoon+2.01raq))i @r+=(0.000561ee'sin(2.0xmmoon+nsun}

0.00042{sin(3.0*hm@n)+o 00042'ee\in(nsu!+2 0*fdd)r pe*=(0.00038'e*;sin(hsun-2.orfds)_0 00024teee'sin{2 0hmoon_nsui)0.0001?'sin{omes)); o'mhonFr+1'0.00007'sin(mmoon+2 o'msd)+{ 00004'sin{2

2.0.fa)+0.00004.si.(3.0'osun))i De.F(o.00003'si.(omoon+nsun_ 20.Lre)+0.00001+!n(2.0'mmoon+20'fare)) eeft I-O.O0OO3!n nmoon-nsu 2 0'fargh0 00001"in(mmoon_

'

msun+2

o.fes))i

Fr+=Co.00002'sin(nmoon_msun

'

0rlarg)_
*=(PI/1 80

000002'\i l.o'mmoonrsun,'O00002'sn 40'mdoon)):

0ll

ol=(299.77+O lO?408{kay_O 009l?3rteettee);al a2=(25 1.88+0,016321'kay)ra2'=(PI/180.0)l a11251.83+26.6t1336rkay)i.lr=lPul80 0): a41140.42+16.4

I

2478'kayl.a4'1PUl 80 0) a5{84.66+1E.206239ik.y)ra5'1Pvl 80 0)i rkav):a6r=lPl/180 0)l 16=1 141.74+5l.lOl7?l a7=i207 l4+2 4tlTl2tkayl:r7+1Pl/180 0): a8-l I54.84+?.106860'kov),i8'=(PUl80 0): r9=i14.52+27 26l2torkayr.Jq.=tPVl 80.0), slo=l207 l9+0.121824'lavl:alo'=(PUl80 0), rl l=(291,14+l 84a379'tot) tl l'=tPl/180 0)l al2=i16r.72+24 laSl54rkry),a12'=(PVl80 0l ,ll={219.56+25 tllo99ikav) allr=(PVl800): ar4il3l.55+l 592518'kav);al4'=(Pl/I80 0):

sin(t2)i addc*=O.O00r64tsrn(.1), addfr=o.000126'sin(aali iddcr+=o.oool ro'sinl15J; addc+=0.000062tsin(46) d&cr-0000060'sin(a7)i iddcne0000056'sin(aEI addcir=0.0OOO47rsin(ag): .ddcr=0.000042rsin(al0): addc*=0.000017'5in(al2)i addr-0.000040'sn(.1 addcP -O oOOOJt'siral3\: addcrjo 000021'sin(514)i mjdanjd+pe*addcr z-rdoubldlongrMjd+osDr:

addcrj Oo0l25.s,n(al

,,

addq+{

| 0001 65

l)i

2t9

I(24299161.0) e=z; el$

{
I

alph<doublc(lon8((2-186nt6.25y3652425))):, @-z+ L0+6lph-(doubl (lons (ddv4.oD);

(lons ((bbj22.1y365.25)Di

cldouble
dd=(double

(lo4 (355.25'@)));

e<double (lon8 (GMdY30.60{ l))); md.rFbbnd-(doublc (lo!s (30.600 l'c))Fr:

!)modn+l.o: clsc mmodh+13.0; i(montF2.o) myf<4?16.0: els mlta-rc47l50i

i(a<14.0)
nnrhor-{mdar-double(!o4(md!tc)))r24.0i uho@houtsd.liatlin(myedl620.0)l/3600.0; min=(mhour-doubqlone(mhout))'60.01 ms6=(ubin.doublc(lons(minD)160 0i unin=(unoudoubl(lons(uhou)))160 0: Na=(uin-doubqlons(unin)))'60 0;

)
{

i(s@>600)
i(min=60.0)

mi"{

0:

hou.H;
i(houP=24 0) { houFo 0i dare+;

i(daenonthdaYslint(nonthl'0)l)

datFloi
mo.ll|++;

i(nonth>120)

nonth=1o;

lt )))
)

v6rr:

nin=00;
if(ho!P=24.0) houFo-o]

220

dtt'+t;

iqdnl'd.ddryltin(0.dl.Ol) ( dGl.0; noiliFli

r{rr{r,r12.0)

lro tsl.o;
yaftsl-;

t
,
void

ning-no;

l)))

iE_tordvoio
i(no|t',-24.0)

i{d'r.>tuothdrylti!ft nornlFl,Ol) { dnFr.oi

mb+)i

t{montlFl2 0)

ftGl.oi
rttfi

rcIilLno
{

))l

rld*.ri

. {

i{d"p@|tdry{i'(dl.0I)
dGr.q
n|odrh++;

i(mdb-12.0)

moortsl.o;

.ll
)

l(3l!-'d)

@no
nofl.0;

I
qEodD-12-0)

Doll_ctee{i

2l

i(|enrd)

l {

s.t6i8_n0i

{(3c<1.0)

eF59.0;

i(bll<!.0)

diF59.0i

hdc-; i{hom!.0)

hou-23.0; dr!+_;

i{d@<I.0)

nto'fi_;

i(r!.dtKt.0)

!to#12.0i

l
t

lcnioLn0i

)))'

l. uu**Il!(.*.orlt

nin-i
i&Din<!,0) DiF59.0i

i{ho8<t.0)

bou!23.0;

i{dab<r.0)

!erl-: i{no!.h<lo) I dlo!tFI2.o;

dr!&io

,.. drrc!.d!dry.(in('dLl.0)1i

22

t
iqbou<I,0)

!dF23r; &l}-i

i{de<I.0)

mo!&-;

*!i|{:
) {

-. ,,

tqr-; d.|ddrF[i!{DoodFl.0l;

iftud<t.0) t e.dhl2.q

i{d.G<t.0)

{
i{Dolut<l.0)

.
l

tlt.F.i , dd'nonrhdlyltidnondlt.0)l

mrtsl2.q

f.c.0.0;

lo(|qFt ttqtt<Jcnn+) i j<Fjdr.,r4.()rr

jdFjd+ddrar[a{Ee. r62{.0)y(36{oo.z.o}

Eo.rr

4 6*r

Drrrdo;

t 0d+245t5a5.0)865250'q E_cod(r)

tF(dlt24s 15,.5.0yJ652J.0 8id_.te!(!tI

{Ciutiednq.t.r,Dodd...O.0}:

223

nmFsin({50_c/60.0).Pv180.0)sin(plar.PVl80.0.)rsinGdeltap.Pvls0.0):

denn<os(!lat.Ptl80.0)ico(sd.ltap'PI/180.0)i

i(rab(nmr/dcm)+ | .0) { h6s?c6(Ntu/d.m)'160-0/Pl;

hlwo-mnor+hstt 5.0i i(onoKo.o) @or+24.0; if(tuoF24.o) mor:24.0; i(none<o.o) noner=24.oj

moFsalpha!-plong/l 5.o-Cmstzb; mode=tuor-h8svl5.0;

i(nonc>2a.0) none-=24.0; i(ntwo<o.0) m$o+=24.0; i{mtwc>24,0 dwo:24.0 sbs=smstzoo+nlqor 1.002?3790935: brwo-nlwo+delratlin(tyer-1620.0)l/1600,0;

jd=juliandar(year,monrbdare,mr$o/24.0); r=(jd-2451545.0y365250.0:

caph=ns+ptone/l 5.0-etphp. axrs=asinhin(ptarr pt/ | 80.0f s,n(sdelrap.pt/t 80 0) +co{ptal.Pvl80.0).cos(sdetr.p'pt/r 80,0), cos(ph' l5.0.Pllt 80.0)i 180.0/ptj dexm=t(attss+50.0,60.0t1(osutar'ttl 80.0) .codsd!lrap.Pt t80.0frn{caph. t5 Orpt l80OrJ !cs=hlwo+detrah;

t.0.

)
urss=utss-delar[in(lrtr- 1620.0)]/3600.0; !tss+=(acos(emdj/{cmj+hrrc/l ooo.0rr I 80.o/pl)/l 5.or: rmcnBt24 0,

fo{lcnr=l
I

Jcnr<4

Jcnr+) )ilo.o.
24 o ).,

jd=jutimdde{yea,,oonthdare,ner: jde-jd+det'a(in(yeaFl 620 o, tt

stjd=juliddarciy.tu honoldale,o.0r, nlsUd-2451 545.0)46525.0i

F(jd+2451545.0y365250.0;

214

nmFsinc(so 0/60 of?V l 80 0)sin(;lar'Pvl80 o)rsin(sdl$prPVl

80 0);

dem=o(iL'Pvl80
iflfab(nud/d.M)<=

0)t@s(sdel6P'Pvl80 0)i

1.0)
5

hN=@s(.w/d@)rl800/Pl;
mot=sdphaFplonS/l o-gnstzdoi

nontmot'h4Yl5 i(dot<o 0)

0;

ntwetuot+hlsJl5,0;
nnot+=24 0i i(l@1>24-0) nnor*24 0; i(mon?<o 0) mooe+=24 01 i(oon>z4 0) mone'=24 0; i(nt*o<0.o) mtwo+=24.0i i(olwo>24.0)nt{o-=24 0; slsrgmsldo+mon tl 00273?90935: none=mone+dltarlin(lyed-1620.0)l/3600

0i

jd=juliedate(y.e,6odhdat,mo.e1240);
F(jd-2451545-0Y365250,0a

su._coodc):
@ph=srsr+plotrg/l 5.oelphap;

altsFbincid(Pl51Pvl80.0)isinGdellap'Pt/l 80 0) +cos(! lat'Pl/ 80.0)'cos(sdellap'Pv l 80 0) '@s(qph' 15.01PUI80 0))' I 80 o/Pli ddlan{(all.$50.0/60.o/(cos(plat'PI/180.0)' .os(sdehap'PI/l 80.0Xsin(phx l5-04PU180.0))yl 5.0; ulsFhone+delrmi
1

) ulsFursFdellallin(ly.aFl 620.0)V3600.0i uts!+=(aco(e@y(eoaj+hite/1000 0))' I 80.0/PD/15.0)i

rac=drsd24.0;

llsR$r+4nlrm;
)

i(hsr<o.o) hs.F24-0i
i(lts!>24.0) Itsr:24.0;

fo(lcnt=l Jcnt<4jcil+)
{

jd-j'iiedardyeu,nonrhdate,f.e);
jdFjd+dllarlini(yed-1620.0)l(3600.0'24-0);
nutarion0;

stjd=juliedlle(]dJnonthdat,0.0)i
st=Grjd-245
t 545.0y3652t.0; sid-1imc(sr)i t=(jde,245t545.0y36525.0;

225

mooi coord(i),

llii'i--.Ji. i:s'pv

''srd dem<os{plaf Pl/l 80 Of ds{mdelcp'Pv l 80 0): ifffabslnw/deM)'= I o)

ro.or-'i"olat'Pvr

80 o

mder@P'Pr't

80 0):

{ '

hass=a@s(num/domrrl80o/PI: Dnor{alph.Fplong/15.0_gnseeroi mone{nol-has/15 0;

mtwr.fuol+h6J15.0;
i(rndol<o i(mone<o

0)

nnol+=24 0;
mnot-=24 0i

i(mtoP24 0)

nonar=24.0; i(mone24 0) nonc'=24 0i i(mrivo<o 0) ntqcF24.oi

0)

i{mt{o>24 0)mt*o-24 0: sts!=sstzeGrmlm' 1.00273?90935i mlwoattu+deltarlin(lve{-1620 0)l/3600 0;

jd=jdiandat (ye&,mo hdlt,mtwoz4 0);
r=(jd-24s1545.0)/36s25.0;

eph=qrs+plone/l 5.0-malPhoP, dlr t -6rn(simelar'Pv180.0)'5in(ndelup'Pvl80 0) _ c;.{pisr Pvl80 0fLo)(nddlap'Pul80 ( cvPl 'cos(eph'15 o'Pvl80 0))'l80 0) d.linn=(ali5e0.l25y(cos(plat'P/180 o'Ptl800))y15 0: 'cos(ndelap'Pvl80 0)'sin(@ph'15

!ts=mtwo+dellaml

uhs+(acos(cruj(eMl+h,td
)

l000.0J

IE0

0/Pl/l5 0)i

ltns=utns+aniin;

i(xms<0.o) ltmsts24.o;
i(1lme24.0) llme=24.0;
for(lcnFl Jcnr<4Jcnt++) { jd-juliedate(y@,monthdat,fiac)i jd.=jd+d.lhrlin(y.d-I620.0)l(3600 0'24 0);

stdjuliddaG8q,monthd.lc,0.0);
st=Gtjd.2451545.0Y16525.0i t=(ide-2451545.0Y3652s.0;

nllrsin(o.125'PV180.o)-sin(llatrPVl80.0)'sin(ndctaprPVl80

0);

226

d.m=@s(ptar'PvlE00)'6(md't!prPvl80 0); ,nfabsrnutr/d.M)<=I0) I has=aco(nln/dem)| t80 o/PI: nnotralPhaFplong/l 5 Gghstudi

none=mnot'hddl5 0i

d{erurot+hds/15.0; i(mot<0 0) motl_24 0; i(moP24 0) 6nol'=24 0i

iflmoc<o

0) noneF24 0; i(none24 0) mone'=24 0i

i(mtwo<o 0) ntsoF24.oi i(mlso>24 0)ntsF24 0: $mFcmsrzso+mone'1 002?3?90935i mo;mon.rd.lollint(lved_I620 0)l/36000: jd=juli6datdv@,hon$3ate,6rwc'/24 0)i
t=(jd-245r 545.0)/35525.0;

n@n @od(t);
caph=shr+plors/I 5.0-halPhapi alimr-asin(<in(plaFPl/l80 0lrsinlndehap'PVl 80 0l +.odplat'PVl8o-o). codmdeltaprPvl80 0) tcos(eph'15.0*Pv180.0))rl80 otrli deliaml(al$4 12t(codpkePvl80 0) 1@(4d.ltap'ryl8O.0)'sin(caph' I 5-0'PUl80 0))y15 0;

urrcmonrdcltm;
)

ulett((a@s{enaj/(cmaj+hldl000 0))r liEcatmr,z4.0i

180

o/Pl)/l

0);

rtrutmfrzonlmi i(xnr<o.o) ltmr+=24.0;

i(ltmr>24.0) llmr=24,01
void dGplay_sord(void)
{

il(slar<o) sd=

S'i ele ele

le

sd=N i

Sotoxy{16,1olconv.rt dn{ilons); eotoxy(16,I I);conven_dos(fabs(sla0)r soroxy(16,12)iprini(' %.21{Xm dn);

gotox(l

i("dclb<o.o)
6,1

sdrs,

sd'N

4);@nv..t_bn{salpha); sotoxy(16, I 5)iconve't_dms(fab(sdelra))i

ifid.lllp<o.ol d
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2OM ANCIENT, MEDIEVAI, AND EARLY CENTTTRYMODELS

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PHYSICAL MODELS

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200G2007

AND ITS COMPARISON WTIE

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APPENDIX-V F'UTURECALENDAR

DATA FOR TFE OESERVATIONAL LUNAR CAIEIIDAR FOR PAXTSTIN

BASED FOR COORDINATES OT KARA'CEI, PAKISTAN

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RETtrRENCtrS

L 2.

Alned, M., 1991. Oigin of the Hijd Calende, ,4l-,Vardar,

l99l.pp.51-54.

Decenbr

al-Bcruni, Abu Raihan Mubmoad, 1000. "Al-Atnd afBaqiya! m alQu.an

Tmlaled.nd dnotated by Sachau, C E. d 'fte Chronology of Ancient Nations', willian H. Alle! & Co. London, 1879; Eprinted by
al Khaliyal"

Ilijd
L

Inrenqrioml Publishcrs, Lahoe, Paki$ao. I 981.

alBenni, Ab! RaihaMlhannad. t010.'l.dia: An acclrale Desciiflion of all Cabgoncs of l{indu Thoughl. s Well dD* Which arc Adnhsible s

' l ranslatcd lnd annolaGd by Sachau, C. E. !s 'Albcruni s lndia: An Accoud ol rlE Religion. I'hiloetlry, Lndtucrosc Which Musl be Reje.ted

Ceogbpht. Chronolo8y, AnronoDy, Cuslonrs. La$s

hd Anrolosy
S. Chnd

of

Ind

i!

Williah H. Allen & Co., London,

Govemmnl of

Itl0: rcpFi edunde!lheAuthorityofthc

&
Co.. N.1v

w.st Pokish. Lahorc, 1962, and by

AndLrlia.

U..dd Firneis. Nl. C.. 2006. Fisl l.unar Ccsccols tbr

BabJlon

t2000

-599) .

hup:/^\1\ \v.univi..Jc J'/F l,l I Ceschichtr l iFr_l urur_Cl*cnrs4r40ir.hrm.

5.

Aoki, S., Cuinol, B, Kaplan G. H., Kinoshila, H.. Mccarlhy, D. D.. &
Seideld,nn. P. K.. 1982, Th Ne* Dcfionion of Universal Tine , ,.lrr'o,r AT rophts., rns, i59-36 1

Ashbrook, J,

l9?2. Sohc

vry Thin Lnnar Cr.senu". Sb,

d L/cs.,p.,

tl2,

n.

271

Asbbrcok,

J,

1972,

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