BERNOULLIS THEOREM

Objective of the Experiment

1. To demonstrate the variation of the pressure along a converging-diverging pipe
section.
2. The objective is to validate Bernoullis assumptions and theorem by
experimentally proving that the sum of the terms in the Bernoulli equation along a
streamline alays remains a constant.
Apparat! Re"ire#$ !pparatus for the veri"cation of Bernoullis theorem and
measuring tan# ith stop atch setup for measuring the actual $o rate.
Theory:
The Bernoulli theorem is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation, and
is valid in regions of steady, incompressible ow where net frictional forces are negligible. The
equation is obtained when the Eulers equation is integrated along the streamline for a constant
density incompressible! fluid. The constant of integration called the Bernoullis constant! varies
from one streamline to another but remains constant along a streamline in steady, frictionless,
incompressible flow. "espite its simplicity, it has been proven to be a very powerful tool for uid
mechanics.
Bernoullis equation states that the #sum of the $inetic energy velocity head!, the pressure
energy static head! and %otential energy elevation head! per unit weight of the fluid at any
point remains constant& provided the flow is steady, irrotational, and frictionless and the fluid
used is incompressible. This is however, on the assumption that energy is neither added to nor
ta$en away by some external agency. The $ey approximation in the derivation of Bernoullis
equation is that viscous effects are negligibly small compared to inertial, gravitational, and
pressure effects. 'e can write the theorem as
%ressure head !( )elocity head !( Elevation *! + a constant
'here, % + the pressure.,-m
.
!
r + density of the uid, $g-m
/
) + velocity of ow, m-s!
g + acceleration due to gravity, m-s
.
* + elevation from datum line, m!
0igure 1.12 %ressure head increases with decrease in velocity head.
P
1
/w+V
1
2
/2g+Z
1
= P
2
/w+V
2
2
/2g+Z
2
= constant
'here P/w is the pressure head
V/2g is the velocity head
Z is the potential head.
The Bernoullis equation forms the basis for solving a wide variety of fluid flow problems such
as 3ets issuing from an orifice, 3et tra3ectory, flow under a gate and over a weir, flow metering by
obstruction meters, flow around submerged ob3ects, flows associated with pumps and turbines
etc.
The equipment is designed as a self4sufficient unit it has a sump tan$, measuring tan$ and a
pump for water circulation as shown in figure1. The apparatus consists of a supply tan$, which is
connected to flow channel. The channel gradually contracts for a length and then gradually
enlarges for the remaining length.
5n this equipment the Z is constant and is not ta$en for calculation.
Procedure:
1. 6eep the bypass valve open and start the pump and slowly start closing valve.
2. The water shall start flowing through the flow channel. The level in the %ie7ometer tubes
shall start rising.
%. 8pen the valve on the delivery tan$ side and ad3ust the head in the %ie7ometer tubes to
steady position.
&. 9easure the heads at all the points and also discharge with help of diversion pan in the
measuring tan$.
'. )arying the discharge and repeat the procedure.
Observations:
"istance between each pie7ometer + :.; cm
"ensity of water + <.<<1 $g-cm
/
1! ,ote down the =l. ,os of %itot tubes and their cross sectional areas.
.! )olume of water collected q + >>>>>. cm
/
/! Time ta$en for collection of water t + >>>>>.sec
Observation & Resut Tabe:
Tube
!o
"rea o# the #ow
$"% in &c'
2
(
)ischarge
$*% in
&c'
+
/sec(
Veocity $V%
in &c'/sec(
Veocity
head in
&c'(
Pressure
head in
&c'(
Total head
$,% &c'(
1
.
/
?
;
@
:
A
B
1<
11
-a'.e /acuations:
1. "ischarge C + q - t +>>>>.. cm
/
-sec
.. )elocity )+ C- D+ ................... + >>>. cm-sec
'here D is the cross sectional area of the fluid flow
/. )elocity head V
2
/2g = >>>>.. c'
?. %ressure head actual measurement or pie7ometer tube reading!
P/w= >>>>>> c'
;. Total Eead
, = %ressure head ( )elocity Eead = >>>...........>>.. c'
Result & Discussion:
Plot the graph between P/w and x.
Plot the graph between V
2
/2g and x.
*01Z:
1( Bernoullis equation holds good for non ideal fluids
1.a( True
1.b( 0alse
2( The pressure head is given by
2.a( %-F
2.b( )
.
-.g
%( Bernoullis theorem deals with law conservation of momentum
%.a( True
%.b( false
&( 'hat is pie7ometer tubeG
R232R2!/2-:
1( 0luid mechanics 4 "r.H.6.Bansal
2( Experiments in fluid mechanics 4 =arab3it =ingh
%( 'i$ipedia