ISSN 1598-4613 Vol. 58, No.

2009

58 2


2009. 2

Vol. 58
No.2

COVER STORY
ISSN 1598-4613 Vol. 58, No.2

09 , 2013
4 3000

A
B
C
D

12

( )

16

,
,
23

31 UHF PD

36 GIS
, , ,

44 KSC3700
IEC

49

2
2/2()

- 1

2/3()

- 2

2/4()

- 1

2/5()

- 1

2/6()

- 1 D

2/13()

- 2
- 1

52

54 2008 ICEE

57 2009

59 2

60 /,

67



,
,
.
!

.
.

HANBIT Electronic Diagnostic System

800[V]

500[A]

400 ~ 800[V]

AC / THD()

380 [V] / 5[%]

60[Hz] / PLL

0.5[sec]

0.96 / 93[%]

200[kW] / PWM

(WxDxH)

2800x100x2100[mm]

RS232/485 Interface

RS232/485 Interface

Ethernet

Ethernet

DC, AC /

DC, AC /

DC, AC

DC, AC

/ DC

/ DC

EDS||

830
Tel: 042.862.5882 Fax: 042.932.9624

NEWS

, 2013 4
3000
1 62kW

( ) 19

2013
4 3000 , 55000
.

19
.

3,

1,

3000 2013 4 3000

10% , 10%

-(Ten-Ten) .

2013 55000,
3500 .
2008 3434 181%
2008 297
3500
.

17

, 13

56 12

17 .

, 62kW ,

13 3

15% , .

(Repowering)

, , CO2 3

, ,

3 17 .

, , LED,

, 6,

, IT, ,

, ,
2009 58 2 9

NEWS

6,
, , ,
, MICE 5 .
,

10
World Best .

R&D
.

,

21 .

6
.
9000
R&D 2012

CDMA

2 , 4 6
3000 .

CDMA

R&D

ISO JTC1/SC6

2012 7000

4 20

. 2007

1500 .

CDMA

, , ,

2018 700

CCTV,

, 9000

10

( )

NEWS

(Bluetooth), (Zigbee)

CDMA

, LIG

.
2010 125

( )

6
19
6

.
25
.

(DPP)


/ 6
.
2001
(, , )
.

, ,
, 5
2010
30 .


,



.
6

, .

56
150 .
2009 58 2 11

NEW PROJECT NEW TECHNOLOGY

VRC(variable resistance
cable; )
.
(off-the-shelf)
,
.

.
VRC (customizable)
.
Ice Engineering Gabriel
Martinez .
,
, VRC
Charles Sullivan .
Ice Engineering VRC (prototype) 2009 1
Orenburg .
VRC .
Martinez , VRC
10% .
3% ,
.
30-50 .

.
VRC ,
. ,
.

[1] , [

LSI

LSI

12

NEC LSI

(MFF)] .

. MFF LSI
[2] (DFF) MTJ(magnetic
tunnel junction) .

NEW PROJECT NEW TECHNOLOGY

LSI
.
, LSI
,

.

. LSI
MFF .

. LSI

CMOS


0 .
LSI
DFF
. DFF
MFF SRAM

MFF .

(MRAM)
0 LSI
. (FeRAM) DFF
FeRAM
. LSI
1.2V FeRAM

LSI .

1.2V MFF MRAM
. NEC MFF LSI
.

2009 58 2 13

PROJECT
SERIES
09 2

UHF PD
GIS
KSC3700 IEC

, , /

1.
1999

(Gasinsulated switchgear, GIS)

.
GIS
,

1 GIS .

, ,

GIS

GIS

GIS

GIS

, GIS

[1~4]. GIS

[5].

1 ~ ps

1 ns GHz

GIS
, .

2.

2.1 GIS

16

2 GIS.

3 GTEM .

4 GIS .

5 (a)GIS GTEM cell

. : , : transfer function(effective height). (b)
. : , : .

3
GTEM ,
4 GIS

6 345 kV GIS .

[6, 7].
GTEM GIS

GIS

154 kV GIS

5 GIS

GTEM cell

500~1,500 MHz .

(Ultra High Frequency, UHF) .

GTEM

2 , ,

GIS .

6 GIS .

, .

GIS

2009 58 2 17

.

GIS .
7
GIS
U ,
GIS A,
S U UA

7 . U:
, A: GIS , S: , Pmin:
.
1 362 kV GIS .
CB: 23 dB

Bus(3,T 3 ): 11 dB

(+ , ): 5 dB

GIL: 0.8 dB/m

L(ES, DS ): 7 dB

Crank (ES, DS 1, L 2 ): 9 dB

S .
Pmin U


[8].
GIS
. 1
GIS
. GIS

[1].


.



.

GIS
. GIS ,

, GIS

8 . : n-1 : n .
: .
2
.

(, %)

28
3
7
9
53

92
4
0
1
3

87
4
3
5
1


2
1
23
71
3

n-1 n

(n-1, n)

[9].

8 .

GIS

18

. 2

GIS

. TOA

. GIS , GIB

GIS

[10].

10

Time of

Arrival( TOA)

. C

TOA . TOA

TEM TE11 .

. 11 GIB
67 m

.
t
65.4 m
. 2 %

9 TOA .

10 345 kV GIS . : ,
: .

11 .
: , : .

2009 58 2 19

12 GIS .

13 .

GIL .


.
GIS

14 GIS .

. 12 GIS

345 kV GIS

. 154 kV GIS 2007

( 12 ) .

48

H 13

. 14

H = (1/8)gt2 [11].

2000 24 GIS

20 GIS

GIS

200

[12]. CIGRE GIS

. GIS

GIS [13].

GIS
[4].

2.2.
10 GIS

. 154
kV GIS
345 kV GIS

. 2008 38 GIS
20

GIS
345 kV GIS
15 phase resolved partial discharge
( PRPD) . GIS

PRPD .
PRPD

17 .
UHF


.
SF6
.
15 () PRPD , : GIS , : ;
(): X .

SF6

17

X 15 5

mm .

[14].

2.3


GIS

. GIS


.

.
16
4
PRPD

16 .

,
.

3 1
GIS
.

TOA
.

time
domain reflectometry(TDR)

17 PRPD
( 20 ).

2009 58 2 21

[15]. 18




. TDR

.

3.


.



.

.


. GIS

.

1. , , ,GIS
,, 2002. 10
2. , , ,GIS UHF
, ,
2005.3.
3.GIS UHF
, , 2006. 6.
4. ,GIS ,
, 2008. 8.
5. ,
,, 2007.5.
6. Sun-geun Goo et al.,Novel Calibration Method of
UHF Partial Discharge Sensor for GIS, Proc. of
22

18 TDR .

ICEE2002, Jeju, 2002.

7. , (UHF)
, ,
: 10-0729068, 2007.
8. Sun-geun Goo et al,,Sensitivity Determination
Method of On-line UHF Partial Discharge Monitoring
System for Gas Insulated Switchgear, Proc. of
CMD2006. ChangWong, 2006.
9. ,
, ,
: 10-0729107, 2007.
10. ,
,
, : 10-2007-0066068, 2007.
11. Park, Kijun et al.,Dynamics of a metallic particle
bouncing between alternating high voltage
electrodes,Applied Physics Letters, Volume 83,
Issue 1, id. 195, 2003.
12. ,
,
, : 10-0441951, 2004.
13. CIGRE JWG 33/23.12,Insulation Co-ordination of
GIS: Return of Experience, On Site Teats and
Diagnostic Techniques,Electra No, 176, p 75, 1998.
14. Sun-geun Goo, et al.,Ultra-high frequency
spectral characteristics of partial discharge in
insulation oil, Proc. Intl Conf. Condition
Monitoring and Diagnosis, 2008. CMD 2008,
pp.64-67, Apr. 2008.
15. ,TDR
,
Vol. 56, No. 12, pp.2184~2187, 2008.

/ LS

1.

VHF/UHF PD
.

IEC

1999 HFPD

(PD: Partial Discharge) kHz

2003 9.75 km 345 kV

kHz ,

XLPE (- )

PD

PD

, PD

PD

PD , PD

. , S/N(signal-noise)

. PD

PD

PD

(attenuation) (dispersion) .

PD

PD

(PQ

) HFPD(High Frequency Partial

Discharge) .

. PD

MHz

MHz HFPD

1993 275 kV XLPE ( 26.9 km)

. PD

PD

. PD

PD .

, , ,

2009 58 2 23

2.

,
Cc . ic(t)

2.1

PD ~ ns
.

.
,
(5 ns)
. avalanche

(drift
velocity) .
100 ns
. PD
.

Dirac , ns
.
,
, .
AC negative slope
, ,
.
2 Cb Cb
, Ca=Ca+Ca
. , .
2-1(b)
.
Va , A, B
, ic(t)
qc=CcVc Cc ,
Va .

2.2
PD
,
.
2-1(a) A B
(Cavity)
.
,

PD . AC

(a)
2-1 PD . (a) (cavity) , (b)

24

(2-1) .
qc CbVc
, Cb
.

2.3

PD

(b)

PD

2~10 ns , 50 MHz

. 300 m

30 ns ,

20 MHz .

PD PD

, PD

PD
10~20 MHz .

.
PD

3.

.
.

3.1
3.1.1

1) (CCS:Coaxial Cable Sensor)

, ,

PD

Ccable

PD

Cstray . 3-1

, 3-2

, pulse

PD
.

2.4

1982 .
(tan),
, .
PD PD
Gaussian
.
PD (risetime)
PD 250 MHz
. 100 m
,

3-1

3-2

2009 58 2 25

PD
low pass filter
,
Ccable Cstray
High pass filter
.
PD ~MHz
.
,

3-3

,
,
Loop

Loop .
2) (Capacitive sensor)

3-4

Hitachi Endo
(Insulation Joint Box, IJB) PVC
.
, ,
.

.

3-5

3-4 PVC
.
3-5 ,
(C3 C4)
. C3, C4
Zd
, C3 C4 ,
. IJB
PD Cg , IJB
C1 Ck

3-6

, Zd
PD .

3-6
.

3.1.2 (Inductive sensor)

3-7

26

.

RFCT Rogowski coil .
RFCT Rogowski coil

.
3-7

.


.
Link-Box CT
.
Link-Box HFCT .
3.1.3 (Directional sensor)



.

3-8 Link-Box CT, CT

CT

,
. ,

.
3-10
PD
. () PD
B,C
A,D
. B C PD
B
. PD

3-9

0.17 m/ns A B, C D

PD .

2009 58 2 27

3.2 Frequency tuning

.



.
PD
PD .
HFCT
1~100
MHz .
PD
.

, S/N (Signal to Noise
ratio) .
3-11
PD
.
25 MHz PD

.
Tuning 3-11
.

3-10 PD

3-11

3.3
PD

Tuning .
Gating 3-12 Noise gating
. 3-12 PD
Open 1~50 .
Noise gating gating PD , Thyristor
. Noise Gating 20~100 Open . 3-13
PD
Open . Gate Noise gating .

28

.
, B
.
.
A , B
.
4-4 PD
3-13 PD Gating

4.

. 154 kV, 220 kV, 345 kV
PD 1.6~1.9108 m/s
.

travelling wave .
.

( , Ztransformer>>Zcable),
. PD High

4-1 PD PD

pass , 4-2
.
A, PD
,
B 2(l-x)
A .

,
.
,

4-2

v
v
. L ,

v=

2l
tk

. x.

4-3 PD

2009 58 2 29

5.



. ,
km IEC

.

4-4

Implications Thereof for PD Location,IEEE

Electrical Insulation Magazine, Vol. 12, No.1,

P9~16.

4. T. Strehl,On- and Off-Line Measurement,

Diagnostics and Monitoring of Partial Discharges

HF(High frequency) VHF(Very high

on High-Voltage Equipment,HV Testing,

frequency)

Monitoring and Diagnostics Workshop, 13 & 14th

UHF(Ultra high frequency)

September 2000, paper No. 4.

5. Q. Su, Kevin sack,New Techniques for On-line

Partial Discharge Measurements,IEEE INMIC
2001, p49~53.

1. K. Rethmeier, M. Krvger,
A. Kraetge, R. Plath, W.

6. 3,HFPD

Koltunowicz, Obralic3, Prof. W. Kalkner,

345kV XLPE ,

Experiences in On-site Partial Discharge

Measurements and Prospects for PD Monitoring,
CMD2008.
2. R. Plath, R. Heinrich, K.Rethmeier, W. Kalkner,
W. Weienberg,Sensitive PD detection on high
voltage XLPE cable lines using field coupling
sensors,JICABLE, 2003.

, 2003.
7. 2,
, ,
2004.
8. ,
, , 2007.
9. , , XLPE

3. Steven Boggs, Ash Pathak, Philip Walker,Partial

PDD(Pre-breakdown Partial

Discharge XXII: High Frequency Attenuation in

Discharge Detection) ,LS ,

Shielded Solid Dielectric Power Cable and

2008.

30

UHF PD

1.
23 kV

,
.
,
,

.

1 UHF PD

.
SF6

(GIS : Gas Insulated Switchgear) ,

SF6


2 UHF PD

3 UHF PD

2009 58 2 31

. GIS

4 PD

(Spectrum analyzer) Cross Cable

Lan . UHF

(PD : Partial

PD Anritsu

Discharge)

Spectrum analyzer MS2721A .

UHF(Ultra High Frequency) PD

.

2. UHF PD
UHF PD

1 UHF PD

1
PD

300 MHz~1.5 GHz

< 5 pC

Spiral type
N-type connector
Cooper, Epoxy

/ UHF PD ,
(DAU : Data
Acquisition Unit), PD ,
DAU (HMI : Human
Machine Interface) .
2.1 UHF PD
UHF PD

4 PD

Archimedean
(Spiral)

,

UHF PD

Log-periodic




.
2.2 PD
(DAU & HMI)
PD

32

5 PD Software

300 MHz~1.5 GHz

< 5 pC
()
Log Periodic type
N-type connector
Cooper, MC Nylon, Aluminum

 UHF PD

DAU Local

2 .

On-site Portable PD

PD PRPDA(Phase Resolved Partial

Discharge Analysis)
phi-n, phi-q,
n-q 2
, 1

phi-q-n 3
.
, 2

PD 1
.
5 PD

,
6

6 PD

3. PD

UHF PD

UHF
Signal/Noise
.
(a) ()

5 1002,000
MHz

.



20 dB
.

(b)
7

2009 58 2 33

.


,
PD
500600 MHz, 9001,200 MHz
1,4001,600 MHz 3
.

4.

(a) ( )

(b) (, )

22.9 kV
8
2( 1, 1)

UHF PD .

,
.

.
9 ()

PD ,
1,100 MHz, 1,300 MHz,

5. PD

5001600 MHz , 500

1400 MHz .

UHF PD

2006 9 2008 2

PD

UHF PD

dBm

. PD

pC . PD

IEC 60270 PD UHF

PD ,

300 MHz 600 MHz

(linear regression)

-50 dBm(1 pC)

, 2008 2

pC (dBm)

-15 dBm (26 pC) .

11 1

(regression line) .

, 100 pC PD
.

34

PD
5 pC (), 6100 pC

 UHF PD

(), 100 pC
() .

PD
(trend)



.
UHF PD

10 PD

2008 8
2010 10
.

1.
,
, 2007.
2.
,
, 2008.
3.GIS UHF

11 UHF PD

,, 2005.
4.
,
290
5. CIGRE WG 15-03 TFPartial
Discharge Detection System
for GIS : Sensitivity Verification
for the UHF Method and the
Acoustic Method, Electra,
1999.

12 pC dBm

2009 58 2 35

GIS

GIS

/
/
/
/

()

()

. ,
IT

PD 1990
DMS (GIS)

UHF

GIS .

GIS .

1998

GIS

2002

GIS GIS

GIS

(UHF)

[1, 2]. GIS

2006 345 kV

765 kV GIS

. GIS UHF PD

GIS

PD-Guard/UHF (LDIC)[3], PDMG-P/S/R

GIS on-

(DMS systems)[4], ICMsystem (Power Diagnostix)[5],

line

PD-Monitoring Expert (Siemens)[6]

. Japan AE

(NEP) IR52

Power, Mitsubishi Electric, Toshiba, ABB

[7, 8]. UHF

GIS

36

 GIS

UHF -

- (KEPRI)

- NEP

2) 4

GIS

- GIS

-
(Gating Method)

I. GIS AMoS
-

- 3 band pass filter(BPF)

- Neural Network Engine

1.
AMoS(Advanced Monitoring System) GIS

3) GIS UHF

UHF

- : : > -15 dBm (2 pC),

: >-24 dBm (5 pC)

, System 2003

4) DAU(Data Acquisition Unit)

2005

- 8

real time
- (PRPD/PRPS/2D/3D)

2.
()
AMoS PAMoS
.
1)
-
- GIS

( 10)
- Neural Network Engine

5)
- (,
H/W. S/W Fault )
- Trend(, , )

1-1 On-line .

2009 58 2 37

H/W S/W
- TCP/IP

6)

(Client S/W, Sensor Monitor Consol)

2-1.

1) Sensor

3) Software



GIS GIS SPACER GIS SPACER

(Open Barrier Type) (Metal-Closed Barrier)

2 pC
5 pC
5 pC
0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz 0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz 0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz 0.3~3.0 GHz
> -15dBm
> -22 dBm
> -24 dBm
-

Measuring Method Trend, Event, Real-Time Mode

Expression Method Time/trend Chart
2D 3D PRPD PRPS
(, , )
Analysis Method
Neural network PD
Real-Time Trend

2) On-line : DAU(Data Acquisition Unit) Main Unit 4) Portable : PAMos(Portable Advanced

Filter
Gating

AC 90 ~ 240V
<-60 dBm (<0.001 W) 0.5~2 GHz
8Ch/Unit (, )
TCP/IP(IEEE802.X)/Optical Fiber
Dual 600 MHz DSP
(3)
Multi Channel,

(a) Main 3D

(c)
1-2

38

Monitoring System)

Filter/Gail
Gating

(b)

(d)

AC 90 ~ 240V, 50/60Hz
<-65dBm ( = 0.0003W)
Surge Protector
4 Ch./Unit (, )
(3), 5
Multi Channel,

 GIS

3. /
2004 S/Y
POSCO , (),
345 kV
AMoS 2007

- /
- DAS, (CCU) HMI
(Human Machine Interface)
- GIS Web
Service

PAMoS .

2(2006~2008)

2007

362kV GIS

Matrix Power PAMoS 2008

(CLP Power) Tsz Wan Shan 400 kV

GIS AMoS

II. UHF HiPDS-G

-

2.
HiPDS-G GIS
/ (CBM:
Condition Based Monitoring)

1. HiPDS-G(Hyundai intelligent Preventive Diagnostic

System for GIS)
1(1999~2005)

, (Real
Time)
.

GIS

1)

- SF6 , GIS

.
-
-

-

2) Time Machine

-

-

3) 3 GIS

-

- (, )

4)
- BRF(Band Rejection
Filter)

2-1 GIS H/W HMI

2009 58 2 39

5)

Element ,

7) (CB Watcher)

- SF6 /

- CB Open/Close , SF6 ,

6)

- Alarm

- , , 3

, Metal Oxide
2.1 UHF

GIS

< 2pC
()
0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz
> -20 dBm

GIS SPACER
(Open Barrier Type)
< 5pC
()
0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz
> -21 dBm

GIS SPACER
(Metal-Closed Barrier Type)
< 5pC
()
0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz
> -26 dBm

GIS
( )
0.3 ~ 3.0 GHz
-

2.2

Resolution

0.5 ~ 1.5 GHz

260 (64 sample, 60 Hz)
PD 3, Noise 1
(PD 4 )
18 kg, 450 x 270 x 350mm(W x H x D)
- 2D/3D
- PD
-

(a) Main

(b)

(C)

2-2 HMI

3.
2006 NCC (170kV GIS)

(362kV GIS), 3

2007 1 (170kV GIS), 2008

40

(170kV GIS), (170kV GIS)

 GIS

. LAXIWA

UHF, Local

(800kV GIS), Liverpool Transmission Substation

unit Main Unit .

(145kV GIS) .

(245/145/66kV GIS)

. GIS iPDM

. GIS

170kV

, /

800kV ,

.
2.
iPDM On-line

III. iPDM
-()

1.
iPDM GIS

.
2.1 On-line iPDM

0.5~1.5 GHz UHF

.
0.3pC
,
,
2pC

. Local Unit



.


. Main Unit Local Unit

3-1 On-line iPDM

PD ,

3-1 On-line iPDM : UHF

Antenna Type
Connector Type

500~1500 MHz
0.3 pC
Dipole Antenna
N-Type

500~1500 MHz
2 pC
Dipole Antenna
N-Type

, HMI .
iPDM Web
,
Web
. PD

,
.

2009 58 2 41

2.2 iPDM

Portable iPDM System





, ,

3-2 On-line iPDM System

.
Spectrum Analyzer

,



.

(a) Main

(b) /

GIS

. GIS




(Noise, Noise, Free
Particle, Spacer Crack
Void, Floating, Protrusion

(c) On-Line iPDM

(d) On-Line iPDM

3-3 On-Line iPDM HMI

)
5

Noise mask
Pre Amp.
PD

.
Portable iPDM
.
3-4 () iPDM

42

500 ~ 1500 MHz

3 or 9 (MUX Type)
Max. 256
20 dB
PD: 7, Noise: 2
20 kg
460 x 330 x 250 mm

 GIS

(a) /

(b) Portable iPDM

3-5 iPDM HMI

3.
2005
1 , 2006 2
154 kV
, 2007

1. GIS ,
, 2002. 10.
2. GIS UHF
, , 2006. 6.

SK

3. http://www.dmsystems.co.uk/gismonitoring.html

4. http://www.ldic.de/en/Products/PD_Monitoring/

(Nuni)

PD-GUARD_UHF.html

. iPDM

5. http://www.powerdiagnostix.de/

2008 SK

6. https://www.energy-portal.siemens.com/static/

/ .

hq/en/products_solutions/ 1665_kn03010101020

iPDM /

103.html

7. NEP-MOCIE-2006-052,

GIS iPDM

(PRPS

GIS ), (),

(RMDC:Remote Monitoring Diagnosis Center)

2006.08.

8. IR52, GIS (HiPDS-G) (

), , http://www.ir52.com,
2008, 12.

2009 58 2 43

KSC3700 IEC

1.

1998 8
,

1981

(Robinson ERA

type 700)

On-line

IEC270( IEC60270),

(2005. 6 ~ 2007. 5)

(KSC3700)

(KSC3701) .

IEC TC 42 WG

IEC60270

IEC60270

IEC62478 .

KSC3700

IEC IEC60270

IEC62478 .

1980 ,
UHF GIS

2.
KSC3700

DMS Co.
.

44

2007 KSC3700

 KSC3700 IEC

. ,

. .

.
50

.
() , , ,

, , ,

Er

, ,

IEEE 1309-1996, IEEE std c95.3-2002

, ,

, ,

, ,

, , ,

- , ,

( ,

TEM/GTEM Cell,
..

) .
4.4

..

-
, .
-
.

.
4.24.3

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2009 58 2 49

TECHNICAL TREND

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pulse-echo ,

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50

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nal analysis)

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[1] Zagzebski, J. A. (1996). Essentials of Ultrasound

Physics. Mosky.

[2] Woo, J. (1998). A short History of the

development of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and

Gynecology. Available at http://www.ob-

ultrasound.net/history1.html

[3] Lizzi, F. L., Astor, M., Feleppa, E. J., Shao, M.,

and Kalisz, A. (1997). Statistical Framework for

ultrasonic spectral parameter imaging.

. ,

Ultrasound Medicine and Biology, vol. 23(9),

pp. 1371-1382.

[4] Oelze, M. L. and OBrien, W> D. (2002).

Method of improved scatterer size estimation

and application to parametric imaging using

ultrasound. Journal of Acoustic Society of

America, vol. 112(6), pp. 3053-3063.

2009 58 2 51

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