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2006).
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12 Robins, S. 2006. : , 108(2):312-323. http://onlinelibrary.
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13 /: , / : /
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14 , / : / DS,
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RES/65/277 ( 10, 2011). www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/document/2011/06/20110610_UN_A-RES-65-277_en.pdf.
17 /: , / :. A/RES/65/277 ( 10, 2011).
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24 UNAIDS, OHCHR, (2007). http://
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42 Ki-Moon B, , The Washington Times, (6.08, 2008). www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/aug/06/the-stigma-factor/.
43 UNAIDS, , :
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49 , (No. 200) (2010), www.ilo.org/aids/WCMS_142706/lang--en/index.htm.
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57 AVERT, . www.avert.org/hiv-aids-stigma.htm#contentTable1.
58 / ,
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64 Fried S et al, :
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72 . www.whatworksforwomen.org. www.whatworksforwomen.org/chapters/21-Strengthening-the-EnablingEnvironment/sections/63-Promoting-Womens-Employment-Income-and-Livelihood-Opportunities.
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78 UNAIDS, : (2010). http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Children_and_AIDS-Fifth_Stocktaking_Report_2010_EN.pdf.
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81 ., AVERT, (PMTCT). www.avert.org/pmtct-hiv.htm.
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89 UNESCO / , :
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92 UNAIDS,
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93 AVERT, , . www.avert.org/sex-workers.htm.
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95 , , . (, 2012).http://hivlawcommission.
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107 Jurgens et al, , , Lancet 376 (2010): 475-485. www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/
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114 Amon J, / : Sudarshan N, ed., /,
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115 Amon J, / : . Sudarshan N, ed., .,
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140
):
UDHR
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5, All
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Africa:
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.22
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: www.afao.org.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/4520/BP0606_Discrimination.pdf
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CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010).
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:
CRC/C/SDN/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010); CRC/C/BLR/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011); CRC/C/MNE/CO/1
(CRC, 2010); CRC/C/AGO/CO/2-4 (CRC, 2010); - CRC/C/LKA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010); CRC/C/
BDI/CO/2 (CRC, 2010); CRC/C/GRD/CO/2 (CRC, 2010); CRC/C/NGA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010);
CRC/C/JPN/CO/3 (CRC, 2010); CRC/C/CMR/CO/2 (CRC, 2010); - CRC/C/SLV/CO/3-4 (CRC,
2010); etc.
154
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186 Yamin AE, Will we take suffering seriously? Reflections on what applying a human rights framework to health means and why we should care, Health and Human
Rights 10, no. 1 (2008).
187 For a brief explanation of these principles, see UN Development Group (UNDG), The Human Rights Based Approach to Development Cooperation Towards
a Common Understanding Among UN Agencies (May 2003), available at: www.undg.org/archive_docs/6959-The_Human_Rights_Based_Approach_to_
Development_Cooperation_Towards_a_Common_Understanding_among_UN.pdf.
188 Ibid.
189 Ibid.
156
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PANELS.

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157
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190 Gauri V & Gloppen S, Human Rights Based Approaches to Development: Concepts, Evidence, and Policy, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5938 (Jan. 2012).
158
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(TAC) , 16,000
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Meier BM and Yamin AEY, /
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(2006), (2007), (2007), - (2007), (2005), (2003), (2001).
: , , . : (2004),
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17 GHE, TB Tests.
18 WHO, Global Tuberculosis Report (2012). http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75938/1/9789241564502_eng.pdf
19 UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights: the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, A/
HRC/20/26 (May 14, 2012). www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session20/A-HRC-20-26_en.pdf.
20 WHO, Global Tuberculosis Report (2012).
21 WHO, Tuberculosis, Fact sheet no. 104 (2013); WHO, 10 Facts about Tuberculosis. www.who.int/features/factfiles/tb_facts/en/index.html.
198
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22 WHO, Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) 2013 Update (2013). www.who.int/tb/challenges/mdr/MDR_TB_FactSheet.pdf
23 WHO, Towards universal access to diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis by 2015, Progress Report (2011).
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241501330_eng.pdf
24 WHO, Tuberculosis, Fact sheet no. 104 (2013).
25 WHO, Global Tuberculosis Control 2011 (2011).
26 WHO, Towards universal access to diagnosis and treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis by 2015, Progress Report (2011).
27 WHO TB diagnostics and laboratory strengthening. www.who.int/tb/laboratory/
28 WHO Expert Group Meeting, Policy guidance on TB drug susceptibility testing (DST) and second-line drugs (SLD) (Geneva, July 23, 2007).
29 Dalton T et al., Prevalence of and risk factors for resistance to second-line drugs in people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in eight countries: a prospective
cohort study, Lancet380 (2012). http://press.thelancet.com/TB.pdf
30 HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which is an advanced stage of HIV defined by the demonstration
of certain symptoms, infections and cancers. WHO, HIV/AIDS: Fact Sheet No.360, Fact Sheet (Nov. 2012). www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/index.html.
31 TB Alert, TB & AIDS. www.tbalert.org/worldwide/tbAIDS.php.
32 WHO, Global Tuberculosis Control 2011 (2011): 1, 83; WHO, TB-HIV Facts 2011-2012.www.who.int/tb/publications/TBHIV_Facts_for_2011.pdf.
199
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33 Pawlowski A et al., Tuberculosis and HIV Co-Infection, PLoS Pathogens 8, no. 2 (2012). www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.
ppat.1002464#s1
34 www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002464#s1
35 Lonnroth et al., Tuberculosis: the role of risk factors and social determinants, in Blas and Kurup, eds., Equity, social determinants and public health programmes
(2011): 219-241. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563970_eng.pdf.
36 Andrews JR, Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Implications for the HIV Epidemic and Antiretroviral Therapy Rollout in South Africa,
The Journal of Infectious Diseases 196, suppl. 3 (2007). http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/196/Supplement_3/S482.long
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid.
39 Pawlowski A et al., Tuberculosis and HIV Co-Infection, PLoS Pathogens 8, no. 2 (2012).
40 TB Alert, TB & AIDS.
200

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41 WHO, HIV/AIDS: Fact Sheet No.360, Fact Sheet (Nov. 2012). www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs360/en/index.html.
42 WHO, Fight AIDS, fight TB, fight now: TB/HIV information pack (2004). www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/resources/publications/acsm/InfoPackEnglish.pdf
43 Andrews JR et al., Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Implications for the HIV Epidemic and Antiretroviral Therapy Rollout in South
Africa, Journal of Infectious Diseases 196, Suppl. 3 (2007).
44
WHO, WHO policy on collaborative TB/HIV activities: Guidelines for national programmes and other stakeholders (2012). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/
publications/2012/9789241503006_eng.pdf
45 Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, US Global Health Policy Fact Sheet: The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, Fact Sheet (Dec. 2012). www.kff.org/hivaids/upload/3030-17.pdf.
46 WHO, Tuberculosis Global Facts 2011-2012. www.who.int/tb/publications/2011/factsheet_tb_2011.pdf.
47 Amon J, The HIV and TB Prison Crisis in Southern Africa, Huffington Post, July 23, 2010. www.hrw.org/news/2010/07/23/hiv-and-tb-prison-crisis-southern-africa;
Todrys K, HIV and TB Spread Unchecked in Ugandas Prisons, Think Africa Press, July25, 2011,www.hrw.org/news/2011/07/25/hiv-and-tb-spread-uncheckedugandas-prisons; Human Rights Watch, Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons (April 27, 2010). www.hrw.org/reports/2010/04/27/unjustand-unhealthy-0; Amon J, Zambias TB-ridden prisons, The Guardian, April 27, 2010. www.hrw.org/news/2010/04/27/zambias-tb-ridden-prisons; and Todrys K
et al., Imprisoned and imperiled: access to HIV and TB prevention and treatment, and denial of human rights, in Zambian prisons, Journal of the International AIDS
Society 14, no. 8 (2011). www.biomedcentral.com/1758-2652/content/14/1/8/
48 Dalton T et al., Prevalence of and risk factors for resistance to second-line drugs in people with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in eight countries: a prospective
cohort study, Lancet 380 (2012); International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Azerbaijan: combating multi-drug resistant TB in detention, film, www.icrc.org/
eng/resources/documents/film/2013/av003a-azerbaijan-combating-mdr-tb-detention.htm; and WHO, Literature Review on Tuberculosis in Prisons (Nov. 18, 2008).
www.who.int/tb/challenges/prisons/tb_in_prisons_lit_review_10feb08.pdf
49 IRIN Global, In Brief: TB, HIV warning for Cambodias prison (Oct 1, 2010). www.irinnews.org/Report/90644/In-Brief-TB-HIV-warning-for-Cambodia-s-prisons;
IRIN Asia, Indonesia: Overcrowding fuels TB in prisons, Jan 25, 2010. www.irinnews.org/Report/87852/INDONESIA-Overcrowding-fuels-TB-in-prisons; WHO,
Literature Review on Tuberculosis in Prisons (Nov. 18, 2008). Dalton T et al., Prevalence of and risk factors for resistance to second-line drugs in people with
multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in eight countries: a prospective cohort study, Lancet 380 (2012); McNeil DG, Tuberculosis: Stubborn and Expensive to Treat,
Drug-Resistant Strains Show Growth, The New York Times,September 3, 2012. www.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/science/drug-resistant-tuberculosis-strains-showgrowth-worldwide.html
201
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51 ICRC, Promoting the human rights-based approach to address Tuberculosis, (Dec. 2, 2011). www.ifrc.org/en/news-and-media/news-stories/international/promotingthe-human-rights-based-approach-to-address-tuberculosis/.
53 Ibid.
54 WHO, Tuberculosis, Fact sheet no. 104 (2013); WHO, 10 Facts about Tuberculosis.
55 Global Fund to Fights AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria [Global Fund], Global Fund Information Note: TB and Human Rights (2011). http://goo.gl/vyb6Z.
56 Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), UNAIDS, UN Development Programme (UNDP), Taking Action Against HIV: A Handbook for Parliamentarians (2007). www.unaids.
org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/dataimport/pub/manual/2007/20071128_ipu_handbook_en.pdf. Although the cited passage was written about HIV, the
analysis of human rights violations apply equally to TB.
202
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57 Global Fund, Global Fund Information Note: TB and Human Rights (2011).
58 IPU, UNAIDS, UNDP, Taking Action Against HIV: A Handbook for Parliamentarians (2007).
61 Jurgens R et al., People who use drugs, HIV, and human rights, Lancet 376 (2010): 475-485.
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62 WHO, Guidelines for social mobilization (2001).

(2011): 219-241.
64 Stop TB Partnership, Human Rights Task Force Tuberculosis and Human Rights, Working Document on TB and Human Rights (2011). www.stoptb.org/assets/
documents/global/hrtf/Briefing%20note%20on%20TB%20and%20Human%20Rights.pdf
65 Hargreaves et al., The Social Determinants of Tuberculosis: From Evidence to Action, American Journal of Public Health 101, no. 4 (2011): 654662. www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3052350/. (emphasis added)
(2011): 219-241.
204

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67 Todrys K and Amon J, Criminal Justice Reform as HIV and TB Prevention in African Prisons, PLoS Medicine 9, no. 5 (2012). www.plosmedicine.org/article/
info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001215.
68 Gegia M et al., Developing a Human Rights-Based Program for Tuberculosis Control in Georgian Prisons, Healthand Human Rights 13, no. 2 (2011). www.
69 Amon J, The HIV and TB Prison Crisis in Southern Africa, Huffington Post, July 23, 2010.
70 WHO, Tuberculosis in Prisons. www.who.int/tb/challenges/prisons/en/index.html; Gegia M et al., Developing a Human Rights-Based Program for Tuberculosis
Control in Georgian Prisons, Healthand Human Rights 13, no. 2 (2011).
71 WHO, Tuberculosis in Prisons.
72 Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Tuberculosis Care and Control in Refugee and Displaced Populations: An interagency field manual
(2007). www.unhcr.org/4b4c986d9.html.
205
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(26.2%), (22.7%), (17.6%), (13.1%) (6.6%).74
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74 Ibid.
75 Basu S, Stuckler D, and McKee M, Addressing Institutional Amplifiers in the Dynamics and Control of Tuberculosis Epidemics, American Journal of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene 84, no. 1 (2011): 30-37. www.ajtmh.org/content/84/1/30.full.pdf+html.
76 Jurgens R et al., People who use drugs, HIV, and human rights, Lancet 376 (2010): 475-485.
77 Walmsley R, World Prison Population List, 8th ed, International Centre for Prison Studies. www.prisonstudies.org/info/downloads/wppl-8th_41.pdf.
78 Sarang A, Russian prisons as a source of tuberculosis, BMJ Group Blogs, April 28, 2011. http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2011/04/28/anya-sarang-russian-prisons-asa-source-of-tuberculosis. See also Sarang A and Rhodes T, The last way clinic: why tuberculosis remains an incurable disease in Russia, BMJ Group Blogs, April
12, 2011. http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2012/04/12/anya-sarang-and-tim-rhodes-the-last-way-clinic-why-tuberculosis-remains-an-incurable-disease-in-russia
206
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79 WHO, Ethical Issues in Tuberculosis prevention, care and control (2011). www.who.int/tb/publications/ethics_in_tb_factsheet_28jan11rev.pdf
80 WHO, Guidance on ethics of tuberculosis prevention, care and control (2010). whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241500531_eng.pdf.
81 AIDS and Rights Alliance for Southern Africa, The Mining Sector, Tuberculosis and Migrant Labour in Southern Africa: Policy and Programmatic Interventions for the
Cross Border Control of Tuberculosis between Lesotho and South Africa, Focusing on Miners, Ex-Miners and Their Families (July 2008). www.tac.org.za/community/
files/Mines,_TB_and_Southern_Africa.pdf.
82 Human Rights Watch, No Healing Here: Violence, Discrimination and Barriers to Health for Migrants in South Africa (Dec. 7, 2009). www.hrw.org/node/86959.
83 See Chapter 2.
(2011): 219-241.
85 Howe E, Timely Treatment for Drug-Resistant TB in Kenya, Open Society Foundations, Voices, Mar. 2, 2012. http://archive.blog.soros.org/2012/03/timelytreatment-for-drug-resistant-tb-in-kenya/.
87 Stop TB Partnership, TB and Human Rights Task Force. www.stoptb.org/global/hrtf/.
207

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(2011): 219-241.
90 Hargreaves et al., The Social Determinants of Tuberculosis.
91 WHO Regional Office for Europe, Tackling tuberculosis means looking beyond the disease: experts meet to address its broader causes(Jun. 29, 2012). http://goo.gl/B00Dy.
(2011): 219-241. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563970_eng.pdf.
93 Gegia M et al., Developing a Human Rights-Based Program for Tuberculosis Control in Georgian Prisons, Healthand Human Rights 13, no. 2 (2011). www.
94 Andrey Rylkov Foundation, Delivery of Effective Tuberculosis Treatment to Drug Dependent HIV-positive Patients (2010). http://en.rylkov-fond.org/blog/tbr/effectivetb-treatment/.
208
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97 Naing T et al., Migrant workers occupation and healthcare-seeking preferences for TB-suspicious symptoms and other health problems: a survey among immigrant
workers in Songkhla province, southern Thailand, BMC International Health and Human Rights 12 (2012): 22. www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/12/22.
99 Andrey Rylkov Foundation, Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network, and Eurasian Harm Reduction Network, Atmospheric Pressure: Russian Drug Policy as a Driver
for Violations of the UN Convention against Torture, Shadow Report to the UN Committee against Torture in relation to the review of the Fifth Periodic Report of the
Russian Federation (2011). http://en.rylkov-fond.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/ARF-CAT-Russia-ENG-2-Nov.pdf.
100 Sarang A et al., Delivery of Effective Tuberculosis Treatment to Drug Dependent HIV-positive Patients, Andrey Rylkov Foundation (2011). http://en.rylkov-fond.org/
wp-content/uploads/2011/07/delivery-of-tb-treatment.pdf.
209

.101
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, ,
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101 Keshavjee S and Beauvais SG, No One Should Die Of Tuberculosis In The 21st Century, Huffington Post, Mar. 24, 2012. www.huffingtonpost.com/salmaankeshavjee/world-tuberculosis-day_b_1375891.html.
102 K
eshavjee S and Farmer P, Tuberculosis, Drug Resistance, and the History of Modern Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine 367, no. 10 (2012): 931-936.
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1205429
103 WHO, Summary of the New Global Framework to support MDR-TB management scale-up.www.who.int/tb/challenges/mdr/greenlightcommittee/new_global_
framework_summary.pdf
104 Stop TB Partnership, Global Drug Facility. www.stoptb.org/gdf/
105 UN General Assembly, Note by the Secretary-General onThe Right to Health, A/63/263 (Aug 11, 2008). www.who.int/medicines/areas/human_rights/A63_263.pdf.
106 Ibid.
210
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70 000- . ,
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109 WHO, Addressing Poverty in TB Control: Options for National TB Control Programmes (2005). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/WHO_HTM_TB_2005.352.pdf.
110 TB Alert, TB and Women:TB is the single biggest killer of young women. www.tbalert.org/worldwide/TBandwomen.php.
111 Courtwright A and Turner AN, Tuberculosis and Stigmatization: Pathways and Interventions, Public Health Reports 125, Suppl 4 (2010):34-42; Somma D et al.,
Gender and socio-cultural determinants of TB-related stigma in Bangladesh, India, Malawi and Colombia, International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
17, no. 7 (2008): 856-866. www.who.int/tdr/publications/documents/tb-related-stigma.pdf.
113 Ibid.
114 WHO, Childhood Tuberculosis. www.who.int/tb/challenges/children/en/index.html.
115 WHO,Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children (2006). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_
TB_2006.371_eng.pdf.
211
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117 Swaminathan S and Rekha B, Pediatric Tuberculosis: Global Overview and Challenges,Clinical Infectious Diseases 50, no. S3 (2010):184S194. http://cid.
oxfordjournals.org/content/50/Supplement_3/S184.full.pdf+html.
119 WHO, Childhood Tuberculosis.
121 Stop TB Partnership, TB and Human Rights Task Force. www.stoptb.org/global/hrtf/.
212

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,
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.125
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(ICCPR)127 ,
(ICESCR)128 ,
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.131
124 Stop TB Partnership, TB and Human Rights Task Force.
125 UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights: the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, A/
HRC/20/26 (2012).
126 Howe E, Is TB a Human Rights Issue?, Open Society Foundations, Voices, Oct. 4, 2010. www.soros.org/voices/tb-human-rights-issue.
127 ICCPR, arts. 4, 12.
128 ICESCR, art. 5.
129 Todrys KE, Howe E, Amon JJ, Failing Siracusa: governments obligations to find the least restrictive options for tuberculosis control, Public Health Action 3, no. 1
(2013): 7-10 [Failing Siracusa]. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.12.0094
130 UN Economic and Social Council, Siracusa principles on the limitation and derogation provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, E/
CN.4/1985/4 (1985). www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/siracusaprinciples.html. See also WHO, WHO Guidance on human rights and involuntary detention for xdrtb control (2007). www.who.int/tb/features_archive/involuntary_treatment/en/index.html.
131 Howe E, Is TB a Human Rights Issue?
213
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132 Todrys KE et al., Failing Siracusa.

133 Amon J, Girard F, and Keshavjee S, Limitations on human rights in the context of drug-resistant tuberculosis: A reply to Boggio et al., Health and Human Rights
(Oct. 7, 2009) [A reply to Boggio et al.]. www.hhrjournal.org/blog/perspectives/limitations-tb/.
135 See Todrys KE et al., Failing Siracusa.
136 Ibid.
137 Ambulatory care is care delivered in clinical settings on an outpatient basis. Community-based care is care delivered primarily at patients homes by trained
community health workers. For more information, please see the Glossary at the end of this chapter.
138 Amon J et al., A reply to Boggio et al.
139 Ibid.
140 Ibid.
214
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141 See Todrys KE et al., Failing Siracusa.

143 Francis LP and Francis JG, Criminalizing Health-Related Behaviors Dangerous to Others? Disease Transmission, Transmission-Facilitation, and the Importance of
Trust, Criminal Law and Philosophy 6 (2012): 4763.
144 Open Society Foundations, Ford Foundation and UNDP, Factsheet on Human Rights, HIV, TB and Malaria (2011). www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/
librarypage/hiv-aids/factsheet_human_rightshivtbandmalaria.html
145 KELIN Kenya, Press Release: Should we treat TB Patients like Criminals? (Aug. 17, 2011). http://kelinkenya.org/tag/imprisonment-of-tb-patients/
146 Ibid.
147 Ibid.
215

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148 UN Economic and Social Council, Siracusa Principles.

149 WHO, Guidance on ethics of tuberculosis prevention, care and control (2010).
150 Ibid.
151 Involuntary measures are those undertaken against the individuals will. Compulsory measures are also undertaken against the individuals will and may also be
required by law.
152 WHO, Guidance on ethics of tuberculosis prevention, care and control (2010).
153 Boggio A et al., Limitations on human rights: Are they justifiable to reduce the burden of TB in the era of MDR- and XDR-TB? Health and Human Rights 10, no. 2
(2008). www.hhrjournal.org/index.php/hhr/article/view/85/169.
216
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155 Heller T et al., Community-based treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung
Disease 14, no. 4 (2010): 420-26. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20202299.
156 CDC, Tuberculosis: DTBE in South Africa. www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/globaltb/Southafrica.htm.
157 Taylor D, Children Bear Brunt of South Africas Tuberculosis Epidemic, VOA News (Jul. 19, 2012). www.voanews.com/content/children-bear-brunt-of-tuberculosisepidemic/1213097.html.
158 AIDS Law Project, Protecting Public Health and Human Rights in the Response to TB in South Africa: State and Individual Responsibilities (2009).
159 AIDS Law Project, Protecting Public Health and Human Rights in the Response to TB in South Africa (2009).
160 AIDS Law Project, Protecting Public Health and Human Rights in the Response to TB in South Africa (2009).
161 Open Society Foundations, Ford Foundation and UNDP, Factsheet on Human Rights, HIV, TB and Malaria (2011).
217
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.167
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163 Ibid.
164 Sacco S, Maleche A, and Ombati O, Forcible Isolation of Tuberculosis Patients in Kenyan Jails, INTERIGHTS Bulletin 16, no. 4 (2011): 195-200. www.interights.
org/document/198/index.html
165 UNAIDS, UNAIDS guidance for partnerships with civil society, including people living with HIV and key population, UNAIDS Guidance Note (2011): 8. www.
unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2012/JC2236_guidance_partnership_civilsociety_en.pdf; UNAIDS, South Africa
launches its new National Strategic Plan on HIV, STIs and TB, 20122016 (Dec 20, 2011). www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2011/
december/20111220sansp/.
166 S
outh African Department of Health, National Strategic Plan on HIV, STIs, and TB 2012-2016 (SANAC, 2011): 14. www.doh.gov.za/docs/stratdocs/2012/NSPfull.pdf
167 Ibid.
218
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.

.168

.169
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.170
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169 TARGETS TB, Launch of the TB Anti-Stigma Toolkit. http://targets.lshtm.ac.uk/tb_news.php.
171 Courtwright A and Turner AN, Tuberculosis and Stigmatization.
172 Stop TB Partnership, TB and Human Rights Task Force.
173 Courtwright A and Turner AN, Tuberculosis and Stigmatization.
174 Ibid.
219
,
.175 ,
,

.176 ,
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.178

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.179 Xpert MTB/RIF
,
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.180
175 Ibid.
176 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 20: Non-Discrimination in Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (art. 2, para. 2), E/C.12/
GC/20 (July 2, 2009). www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/comments.htm.
178 Open Society Foundations, Ford Foundation and UNDP, Factsheet on Human Rights, HIV, TB and Malaria (2011). See also Chapter 2.
180 WHO, Tuberculosis: Diagnostics: Xpert MTB/RIF Test, Fact Sheet (May 2011). www.who.int/tb/features_archive/factsheet_xpert_may2011update.pdf
220

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.181
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.187
181 Ibid.
182 WHO, TB diagnostics and laboratory strengthening. www.who.int/tb/laboratory
183 WHO, Global Tuberculosis Report 2012 (2012): 44. www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report
184 Partners In Health, Pavlodar: Adopting the Accompaniment Model of TB Care (Dec. 17, 2010). www.pih.org/news/entry/pavlodar-adopting-the-accompanimentmodel-of-tb-care/; Partners In Health, Accompaniment Model Informs Global Response to Shortage of Health Workers (April 1, 2007). www.pih.org/blog/pihmodel-for-accompaniment-informs-global-response-to-shortage-of-hea/.
185 WHO, Global Tuberculosis Control 2012 (2012): 44.
186 WHO, WHO policy on collaborative TB/HIV activities (2012).
221
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188 Open Society Foundations, Harm Reduction. www.soros.org/topics/harm-reduction.

189 UN General Assembly, Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, A/HRC/22/53 (Feb. 1, 2013).
www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session22/A.HRC.22.53_English.pdf.
190 WHO, WHO policy on collaborative TB/HIV activities (2012).
191 WHO, Policy Guidelines for Collaborative TB and HIV Services for Injecting and Other Drug Users: An Integrated Approach (2008). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/
publications/2008/9789241596930_eng.pdf
192 WHO, Global Tuberculosis Control 2012 (2012): 44.
193 Hospice Palliative Care Association of South Africa, Guidelines for Providing Palliative Care to Patients with Tuberculosis (2011). www.hospicepalliativecaresa.co.za/
pdf/patientcare/TB_Guidelines_2011.PDF.
222

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194 Keshavjee S, Lets Learn From HIV Activists How to Achieve Zero Tuberculosis Deaths, Huffington Post, Jul. 25, 2012, www.huffingtonpost.com/salmaankeshavjee/tb-hiv-patients-awareness_b_1700450.html.
195 Sacco S et al., Forcible Isolation of Tuberculosis Patients in Kenyan Jails.
197 Sacco S et al., Forcible Isolation of Tuberculosis Patients in Kenyan Jails.
198 Partners In Health, Pavlodar: Adopting the Accompaniment Model of TB Care (2010); Partners In Health, Accompaniment Model Informs Global Response to
Shortage of Health Workers (2007).
223
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201 Ibid.
202 Hargreaves et al., The Social Determinants of Tuberculosis.
203 Ibid.
224

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204 See Lee v. Minister for Correctional Services, Constitutional Court of South Africa, Case CCT 20/12 [2012] ZACC 30. www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2012/30.html.
See also the nongovernmental organization, Section 27, www.section27.org.za.
205 Todrys K and Amon J, Criminal Justice Reform.
206 International Center for Science in Drug Policy, The Vienna Declaration, www.viennadeclaration.com.
207 International Center for Science in Drug Policy et al., The Vienna Declaration: Leading the way to illicit drug policies based on evidence, not ideology (2010). www.
viennadeclaration.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/The-Vienna-Declaration-Progress-thus-far.pdf.
225

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209 Keshavjee S et al., Building Capacity for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment: Health Systems Strengthening in Lesotho, Innovations 2, no. 4 (2007): 87106. www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/itgg.2007.2.4.87?journalCode=itgg.
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211 For a brief explanation of these principles, see UN Development Group (UNDG), The Human Rights Based Approach to Development Cooperation Towards
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Tel: +91-11-46805555
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.
, 85
9 , - 1 , 2008, www.who.int/features/qa/15/en/index.html
10 Ibid,
11 , : (2002), http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/9241545577.pdf.
12
,
publications/9241544821.pdf
: (1996)
5. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/
13
, www.who.int/cancer/palliative/painladder/en/, . ,
: (1996) http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/9241544821.pdf
14
, : (1996)
publications/9241544821.pdf
3. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/
15 (UNAIDS) , , 18 , 2012. www.

unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/201207_FactSheet_Global_en.pdf
376
16. , /
,
.

.
, , .17
,
18.
. /
, ,
, . ,
,
.19

, .

, ,
,
, ,
20.
. , ,
. , 60 605 .
2050 2 ,
, .21
,
, , .
.
, ,
,
. 22
16
,
. A/65/255 (6 , 2010). http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N10/477/91/PDF/N1047791.
pdf?OpenElement
17 , : (, 2000) http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub05/JC453-PalliCare-TU_en.pdf.
18 Ibid.
19
,
. A/65/255 (6 , 2010). http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N10/477/91/PDF/N1047791.
pdf?OpenElement.
20 , - 14 (2000), E/C.12/2000/4 , 25 (11 , 2000)
21 , : (28 , 2010)
22 ,
. A/HRC/18/37 (4 , 2011). http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/18session/AHRC-18-37_en.pdf.
377
,
. , ,

.23
24
,
. ,
, .
,
20- 25. ,
: , , . ,
2008 , 175.300
96.400 26. 2011 , 3.4 /
- 330,000 . 27
.
,
, .28
.

,
. ,
,
.
, 2009
90 , , , -
.29 , 80 ,
23 Ibid.
24 ,
/
(2012) http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241548120_Guidelines.pdf; , :
/ / (2012) http://whqlibdoc.who.
int/publications/2012/9789241548120_%20Policy%20Brochure.pdf; , :
(2012) http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241548120_Physicians&Nurses.pdf; , :
(2012) http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241548120_Pharmacists_Brochure.pdf
25
, . www.icpcn.org.uk/page.
asp?section=0001000100080002
26 , (2008) www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/
document/acspc-027766.pdf.
27 (UNAIDS), - (2008) www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/
documents/epidemiology/2012/201207_FactSheet_Global_en.pdf
28
8: ,
(2012), www.hpca.co.za/Legal_Resources.html.
29 ,
: ((2010). http://www.unodc.
org/documents/southerncone/noticias/2011/03-marco/Jife/Report_of_the_Board_on_the_availability_of_controlled_substances.pdf.
378
. ,
30.
, ,

:
, ,
. ,
,
, , ,
.31
()
,
. :
(Model List of Essential Medicines)
32 (Model List of Essential Medicines for Children).
33. ,
#14 ,
, .
,
34.
2007 , ,
,
35. 34 , (
2011 ) . ,
. ,
. , ,
,
. .
,
, ,
36.
30 Ibid
31 , , ,

( 2008). www.hrw.org/news/2008/12/10/un-human-rights-experts-call-upon-cnd-support-harm-reduction
32 , : www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/.
33 , : , www.who.int/medicines/services/essmedicines_def/en/index.html.
34 , - 14 (2000), E/C.12/2000/4 , 25 (11 , 2000).
E/C.12/2000/4 (11 , 2000).
35 (IAHPC), (2007).
http://hospicecare.com/resources/palliative-care-essentials/iahpc-essential-medicines-for-palliative-care/
36 Pallium India, (2012). http://palliumindia.org/manifesto/
379

, : , 1961, 1972
; (1971)

(1988). ,
, , , .
(The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)
.
. :
,

. , ,
,
, . 37
,
.

?
,
,
. : ,
. ,
, , , ,
, 38.

,
. ,
. , ,
39
. ,
,
37 ,
: ((2010). http://www.unodc.
org/documents/southerncone/noticias/2011/03-marco/Jife/Report_of_the_Board_on_the_availability_of_controlled_substances.pdf.
38 Ibid
39 ,
pdf?OpenElement
380
. 40 ,
. ,

; , 41.
,
.
.

,
.42
:
, , .
, , ,
, , 43.
I (Level 1)
, ,
44. , ,
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45.

. , ,
, .
:
, ,
, ,
.

. : Cipla, 10
, 0,017 ,
40 Ibid,
41 ,
: ((2010). http://
www.unodc.org/documents/southerncone/noticias/2011/03-marco/Jife/Report_of_the_Board_on_the_availability_of_controlled_substances.pdf;
,
, A/65/255 ( 6 , 2010). http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N10/477/91/PDF/N1047791.
pdf?OpenElement.
42 ,
:
.
(2010).
http://www.unodc.org/documents/southerncone/noticias/2011/03-marco/Jife/Report_of_the_Board_on_the_availability_of_
controlled_substances.pdf.
43 ,
pdf?OpenElement.
44 Ibid,
45 , :
. (2012). http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241548120_%20
Policy%20Brochure.pdf.
381
112 ,
53 46.

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, . ( )
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,
. , .
ICCPR- -6(1)
. .
.

HRC: , ` ` , `
... . [Paras. 1, 5, 1982].
3:
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[CESCR GC 14, para. 25, 2000].
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(Para. 34, (2000).
CRC- 24- ,

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(. [CRC/C/BLR/CO/3-4
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387
3: ()

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:
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4:

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388
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, 3: `
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CESCR 6: ,
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. Paras. 12 & 13 (1995).

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, ,
,
.
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,

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.
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,

.
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. ,
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-
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ECHR 14:

, ,
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,

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, .
,
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, ,
,
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,
47.
(HRBA) ,
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47 Alicia Ely Yamin, ?

, 10, #1 (2008).
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49 Id
391
. , ,
50
HRBA ,
,
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, , , ,
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50 Id.
392
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.
;

, ;
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,

:
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2.
;
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Hospice Care Sperantei
A Str. Sitei nr. 17A Brasov, 500074
. (+40) 268 474 405; 268 470 495; 372 730 114
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Cohsasa (Council for Health Services Accreditation of South African)
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Kenya Hospices & Palliative Care Association (KEHPCA)
Chaka Court off Argwings Kodhek Rd, Next to Chaka Place Hurlingham,
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: (+254) 20 2729302
. : info@kehpca.org
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12 Ibid.
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(CESCR)
,
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,28 ,
.
17 CRC- , 12: , CRC/C/GC/12 (2009). http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/comments.htm.
18 (UNICEF), 2012 : (2012): 83. www.unicef.org/sowc2012/
fullreport.php.
19 (UNICEF), , . www.unicef.org/mdg/childmortality.html
20
Walker SP ., :
, 378 (2011): 132538.
21
Sawyer S ., : . 379 (2012): 163040; Gore FM .,
10-24 : , 377 (2011): 2093102.
22 ,
(2010). www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202010%20En%20r15%20-low%20res%2020100615%20-.pdf#page=28
23 CRC- , 7: . CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1 (2006).
24 , , 2011 (2011). www.who.
int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/childmortality_booklet_2011.pdf.
25 Nolan A, , . J Harrington M Stuttaford,
: (, 2010): 135-162. www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415479387.
26 Viner RM ., , 379 (2012): 164152.
27 CRC- , (COs) - CRC/C/CRI/CO/4, 29 (2011); CRC/C/PAN/CO/3-4,
54 (2011)
28 CRC- , , CRC/C/ARG/CO/3-4 , 57 (2010); , CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4,
62 (2011); - , CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4, 54 (2010).
436

, ,

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. , CRC/C/SR.1318, 24 (2008);
CRC/C/SRB/CO/1, 25( 2008); CRC/C/ITA/CO/3-4, 24 (2012).
30 - ,
. CRC- , , CRC/C/
PAN/CO/3-4, 81 (2011)
31 CRC- , 7: , CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1 (2006).
, : Singh K
Kapur D, , , 5, 2 (2001). www.hhrjournal.org/archivespdf/4065363.pdf.bannered.pdf.
32 CRC- , 5: , . 4, 42 44; 6, CRC/
GC/2003/5 (2003)
437

.33 ,
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.
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;
,

, .

,
. ,
,38
33 (OHCHR), (1997): 427. www.ohchr.org/

Documents/Publications/manualhrren.pdf.
34 CRC- , 7: , CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1 (2006). http://www2.ohchr.org/
english/bodies/crc/comments.htm
35 , . 5. . Viner RM , , 379 (2012): 164152.
38 (CRC), 24, 13, 17.
438
,
.
,
.39 , 15 3.4

- .40
,
,
.
,
,
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, / [,
] /
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.

, 67 .
10 .42
, , 2000
- (
, 2015 ).
.
,
,
.43 , ,
(UDHR), ,
(ICESCR) . ,
(ICERD),
(CEDAW)
.
39 UNICEF, , (2012) www.childinfo.org/files/PFC2012_A_report_card_on_adolescents.pdf.

40 (WHO), . www.who.int/hiv/topics/paediatric/en/index.html
41 / (UNAIDS) /
, 2006 (2006). http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub07/jc1252-internguidelines_en.pdf.
42 , (UNICEF) : . www.unicef.org/education/bege_59826.html.
43 , (UNICEF) : www.unicef.org/education/index_1.php.
439
, . (, ,
,
) , .
, .
, ,
.
: , ,
.44
1. , . 2.
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3. . 4.

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, ,

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47
. ,
, .48
, .49
, ,
: , , ,
.

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,
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, .50 2006

44
, . www.right-to-education.org/node/860; 4A-
,
45 De Beco G, 4A- : , ( , 2009). www.right-toeducation.org/sites/r2e.gn.apc.org/files/Concept%20Paper.pdf.
46 (CRC), .28, , ,
, 13 14.
47 CRC- , , CRC/C/PAN/CO/3-4, 62 (a) (2011)
48 (CERD) , CERD/C/NOR/CO/19-20 (2011);
CERD/C/DNK/CO/18-19 (2010); CERD/C/VNM/CO/10-14 (2012).
49 CRC- , , CRC/C/CRI/CO/4 , 67, 69 (2011).
50 ,
A/61/299 (2006).
440
: , , , .
,
, / ,

, .51
, , , 2006 ,
53 000 .52
.

.53 2002 , 150
.54
.

. -19
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.
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CRC- ,
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, 55
. -8 CRC-
,

.56

,
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, , , ,
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51 Ibid, 5.
52 Ki-Moon B, : (UNICEF, 2006): 53. www.unicef.org/publications/
files/Children_and_the_MDGs.pdf.
53 (WHO) ,
: (2006). http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ispcan.org/resource/
resmgr/docs/preventing_child_maltreatmen.pdf
54 Ki-Moon B, 59.
55 CRC- , , CCRC/C/DZA/CO/3-4, 45 (2012) - , CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4,
50 (2010)
56 CRC- , 8: , CRC/C/
GC/8, 19; 28, 2; 37 (2006).
57 Kydd JW, : ,
6, 2 (2003).
441
- , :
, , .58

, , ,
.
250 . 1.2
.59 ,
, ,
. (CRC)
: 32- ; 34-
; 35- ; 36-
. , ,
,
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.60
.
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, ,
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.61
.62 ,
,
;63
,
,
.
1999 , ,
,
.
, , , ,
58 (WHO) ,
: (2006). http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.ispcan.org/
resource/resmgr/docs/preventing_child_maltreatmen.pdf.
59 (ILO), , : (2002).
60 CRC- , - CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4, 68 (2010); CRC/C/SGP/
CO/2-3, 62 (2010), 62; CESCR, E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4 (2010)
61 , ,
E/CN.4/2006/67/Add.3 (2006) , A/HRC/16/57/Add.2 (, 2010).
62 (ILO), 138 , . 7(1) (1973, 19
1967).
63 , . Parker DL
Bachman S, : ,
5, 2 (2001).
442
,
.64
,
(OPSC), 2002 . OPSC- ,
.
,
.65
, .
.
.66 ,
, ,
, .67
,
. , -
, ,
.

,
, .
(WHO) , 100- 140
(FGM) .68 ,
(FGM) ,
.
.69 ,
, .
, ,

.
,
.
, .
64 (ILO), 182 , (1999, 19 ,

2000.). www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312327.
65 , , 54/263,
II, 54- , ( 49) 6, A/54/49, Vol. III (2000,
18 , 2002.).http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc-sale.htm.
66 , 6: . www.unicef.org/
violencestudy/6.%20World%20Report%20on%20Violence%20against%20Children.pdf.
67 , 1: . www.unicef.org/violencestudy/1.%20
World%20Report%20on%20Violence%20against%20Children.pdf.
68 , 3: , .. 60. www.unicef.org/
violencestudy/3.%20World%20Report%20on%20Violence%20against%20Children.pdf.
69 CRC- 13,
, CRC/C/GC/13, .29 (2011).
443
, ,
. ,
,
,
.70
,
,
.
, ,
(CRC), (CEDAW)
(ICCPR), ,
,
. ,
.71

,

. CRC- -3 ,
.
, .
,
, ,
.72
,
/ :73
70 (WHO), : ,
(1996).
71 (CRC), . 24; ,
(CEDAW), 5, 16; , , .7
72 , , . 4.
73 (UNICEF), (2002). www.unicef.org/specialsession/wffc/resource.html
444
,
74
, (
) , : , ,
, , , ,
.

, .
: ,

, .75 ,
- ,
.
.76

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, ,
.

78
,

.
, ,
74 (CRC), 7, (2005) CRC/C/GC/7/Rev. 1(20
, 2006)
75 Annan K, , : (UNICEF, 2001): 26. www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/
sgreport-pdf/sgreport_adapted_eng.pdf.
76 Ibid.
77 UNICEF, : . . (2005). www.childinfo.org/files/PFC05n2en.pdf
78
UNICEF, , . www.unicef.org/
adolescence/cypguide/index_health.html.

445
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
.79

(CRC) ,
, , . -3
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WFFC- (NPAs) ,

. , , CRC , :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
;
, ;
;
;

.80
79 , - Child-to-Child Trust, New directions for child-to-child:

, , 2002 (2003): 29. www.child-to-child.org/publications/
c2creport2002.pdf.
80 (UNICEF), :
, 8-10 , 2002. www.unicef.org/specialsession/followup_npa/index.html.;
, : (2003).
www.nationalchildrensalliance.com/nca/pubs/2003/National_Plan_of_Action.pdf.
446

, .

,
. ,
, :
; ;
; ,
.81
, .
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,
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81 Annan K, , : . (UNICEF, 2001): 76. www.unicef.org/specialsession/about/sgreportpdf/sgreport_adapted_eng.pdf.
447
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448
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449
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,

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450
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451
1: ,
, ;
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;
18 ;
(: )
CRC- - 6(1) :
,
. (2)

.
CRC, 5(12):
,
, , , ,
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. CRC/GC/2003/5 ( 27, 2003).
CRC- 24- (2) :

, ,
: (a)

.
CRC, 9(31): ,

.
,
...

, ,
,
,
, . CRC/C/GC/9
(27 , 2007).
CRC- :
CRC/C/DJI/CO/2 (CRC, 2008),
29;
CRC/C/GEO/CO/3 (CRC, 2008) . 44; ,

CRC/C/DZA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 57; CRC/C/
MDG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012) . 49; - CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010)
. 54; CRC/C/ARG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010) . 57.
CRC- : ,
, , ;

. . CRC/C/MDG/
CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 28.
CRC- :
,
; ,
,
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CRC- : -
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CRC- : ,

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452
1: ()
ICESCR- -12(1) :

.
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,
: ... (a)

.
CESCR, 14(14):

(.12.2 (a)) ,
, ,
,
,
,
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(11 , 2000).
CESCR, 14(52):

.
...
. E/C.12/2000/4 (11, 2000).
CESCR: ,

E/C.12/AGO/CO/3 (CESCR, 2009), . 36;
E/C.12/COD/CO/4 (CESCR, 2009) . 34; E/C.12/KEN/CO/1 (CESCR, 2008)
. 32; E/C.12/1/ADD.55 (CESCR, 2000), . 29.
CESCR: ,
,

,
, ,
. E/C.12/BEN/CO/2 (CESCR, 2008), . 40.
ICCPR- - 6(1) :

. .
.
HRC: ,

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2006), .14, CCPR/CO/77/MLI (HRC, 2003), .14.
ICCPR 6(5):
,
.
HRC: , 18

. CCPR/C/SDN/CO/3 (HRC, 2007), . 20.
CEDAW 12(2):

,
.
, ,
,

.
CEDAW- : ,

,
,

. CEDAW/C/LAO/CO/7 (CEDAW, 2009).
ACHR 4(1):

.
.
IACHR: ,
-19 , 4(1), -5(1) 22-(1) ,
,
-
,

. , , C
134 (15, 2005).
ACHR 19:
,
,
.
CEDAW- : , -
. CEDAW/C/TLS/CO/1 (CEDAW, 2009).
453
2:

,
, ;
,
;
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.
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,
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, , ,

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CRC, 5(12): ,

, ...

, ,
, . CRC/
GC/2003/5 ( 27, 2003).
CRC- : , ,
, ,
. CRC/C/SR.1318 (CRC, 2008), .
24, CRC/C/SRB/CO/1 (CRC, 2008) . 25, CRC/C/ITA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012) . 24.
CRC- : ,

,
. CRC/C/FIN/CO/4 (CRC, 2011), . 25.
CRC- : , ,
-
; ,
;
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81.
CRC- :
, ,
, , .
CRC/C/BDI/CO/2 (CRC, 2010), . 78.
CRC- : -
,
.
. CRC/C/CRI/
CO/4 (CRC, 2011), . 29
CRC- :
,
;

, . CRC/C/SYR/CO/3-4
(CRC, 2012) . 32.
CRC- : ,

,
...CRC/C/NOR/CO/4 (CRC, 2010).
CRC- : ,
,
,
. CRC/C/PHL/CO/3-4 (CRC,
2009).
454
2: ()
ICERD 2:

,

,

.
ICERD 5:
,

,

,
, ,

, : (e)(iv) ,
,

.
CERD: - ,
. (. 5 (iv)). A/62/18 (CERD, 2007).
CERD:
,
. ,
. CERD/C/ISR/CO/13 (CERD, 2007).
CERD:
,
, .
,
. CERD/C/ROU/CO/16-19 (CERD, 2010).
CERD:
,
,
. CERD/C/SUR/CO/12 (CERD, 2009).
CEDAW 2:

,
,

.
CEDAW- : ,
,
, ,
. CEDAW/C/ROM/CO/6 (CEDAW, 2006),
. 26.
ICESCR 2(2):

,

, , ,
, ,
,

,
,

.
CESCR:
,
.
E/C.12/BEN/CO/2 (CESCR, 2008)
CESCR: , ,
,

. E/C.12/URY/CO/3-4 (CESCR, 2010)
455
3:

CRC 12(1):

,

,

.
CRC, 5(12):
, .
, ,
.
, ,

. CRC/GC/2003/5 (27.11.2003).
CRC 12(2):

,

,

.
CRC- : , () ,

,
; ()
,

, ,
, , ; CRC/C/
SR.1369 (CRC, 2008) . 30.
CRC- : ,
-12
. CRC/C/GBR/CO/4 (CRC, 2008)
CRC- : ,
/

, , ,
. CRC/C/KOR/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012) . 34, CRC/C/SGP/CO/2-3 (CRC,
2010) . 33

(24) 1
. .
456
4:

, ;
CRC 13:

;

,

, ,

,

.
CRC 12(100): , ,
.
,
,
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CRC 12(81):
,
. ,

. CRC/C/GC/12 ( 20,
2009).
CRC- :

CRC/C/GBR/CO/4 (CRC, 2008), . 61; CRC/C/SR.1369 (CRC, 2008), .
55; CRC/C/BGR/CO/2 (CRC, 2008), . 47;
CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 52; - CRC/C/CRI/CO/4
(CRC, 2011), . 63.
CRC- : ,

.
,
. CRC/C/DZA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 59
CRC- :
.
, ,
, /, ,
. CRC/C/SYR/
CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 65.
CRC- : , ,
, ,

. CRC/C/BGR/CO/2 (CRC, 2008), . 50.
CRC- : ,
/ ;
;

/
. CRC/C/PAN/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011), . 59.
CRC- : ,
.
CRC/C/VEN/CO/2 (CRC, 2007), . 41.
CRC- : -
. ,
, . CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 36.
457
4: ()

ESC 11:

-
,

, ,
, :
(2) -

-

.

.
458

ECSR: , -11(2) ,

.
,
,
, ,
, .
(INTERIGHTS) v. 45/2007, 30 , 2009.
5:

;
,
; / ;

;
, .
CRC 19(1):
,
,

,
,

,
, ,

,

,
.

CRC- :
.
,
,
. CRC/C/SR.1369 (CRC, 2008), .
38, CRC/C/DJI/CO/2 (CRC, 2008) . 36, CRC/C/GEO/
CO/3 (CRC, 2008) . 32, CRC/C/SRB/CO/1 (CRC, 2008) . 47, CRC/C/PAN/
CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011) . 46, CRC/C/SYR/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 53, CRC/C/
ITA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 34, CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011), . 57,
CRC/C/SGP/CO/2-3 (CRC, 2010), . 39.
CRC- : , -
, , . CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010),
. 40.
CRC- : ,
. CRC/C/KOR/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 44.
CRC- :
. CRC/C/DZA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 45;
CRC/C/ARG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 53; - CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010),
. 50; CRC/C/BDI/CO/2 (CRC, 2010), . 41; - CRC/C/CRI/CO/4
(CRC, 2011), . 53.
CRC- :
- - CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 50;
CRC/C/ITA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 43; CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (CRC,
2012), . 45.
CRC- : , -
.
CRC/C/DZA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 45, CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 50.
CRC- : ,
,
. CRC/C/SGP/CO/2-3 (CRC, 2010) . 50.
459
5: ()
CRC 37 (a):
,

.
,
,

,
18 ;
CRC- :
,
. CRC/C/SYR/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012),
. 50.
CRC- : ,
,
. CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011), . 122.
CRC- :

-. . CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 38.
CRC- :
. CRC/C/ARG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 41;
, CRC/C/15/ADD.191 (CRC, 2002), . 36.
ICESCR (10): ,

,

,

,

,
.
CESCR: ,
, , ;

, ;
;

. E/C.12/BRA/CO/2 (CESCR, 2009).
CESCR: ,
E/C.12/ETH/CO/1-3 (CESCR, 2012),
E/C.12/BEL/CO/3 (CESCR, 2008), E/C.12/TUR/CO/1 (CESCR, 2011),
E/C.12/GBR/CO/5 (CESCR, 2009).
CESCR:
E/C.12/IND/CO/5 (CESCR, 2008), E/C.12/KAZ/
CO/1 (CESCR, 2010), E/C.12/LVA/CO/1 (CESCR, 2008).
CESCR: ,
, . E/C.12/PER/CO/2-4 (CESCR, 2012),
E/C.12/POL/CO/5 (CESCR, 2009).
ICCPR (7):
,

.
HRC:
,
,
. CCPR/C/NZL/CO/5
HRC, 2009, . 18.
CEDAW 2:

CEDAW 19: ,

. (-11 , 1992).
CEDAW- :

, /
,
. CEDAW/C/DZA/CO/3-4 (CEDAW, 2012)
CEDAW- : ,
,

- ,
.
CEDAW/C/KEN/CO/7 (CEDAW, 2011).
CEDAW- : -
,
. E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4 (CESCR, 2010).
460
5: ()
CAT 2:

, ,

.
CAT 16(1):

,

, I

,
,
,
,
.
ECHR 3:
,

.
CAT :
.
CAT/C/DZA/CO/3 (CAT, 2008), CAT/C/BEN/CO/2 (CAT, 2008), CAT/C/TCD/
CO/1 (CAT, 2009), CAT/C/DJI/CO/1 (CAT, 2011), CAT/C/ETH/CO/1 (CAT, 2011),
CAT/C/ZMB/CO/2 (CAT, 2008), CAT/C/PRY/CO/4-6 (CAT, 2011),
CAT/C/SVN/CO/3 (CAT, 2011), CAT/C/IRL/CO/1 (CAT, 2011).
CAT- : ,
CAT/C/IDN/CO/2
(CAT, 2008) - CAT/C/LKA/CO/3-4 (CAT, 2011).
CAT- :
. A/56/44(SUPP) (CAT, 2001).
CAT- :
,
.
,

. CAT/C/KHM/CO/2 (CAT, 2011).
CAT- : ,
, ,
,
. CAT/C/BDI/CO/1 (CAT,
2007).

ECtHR: , ,

9 ,
, ,
-3 A. v. , 25599/94 (23 , 1998). [**

.]
ECtHR: , ,
/
, ,
. , -3 -13
( ). Z v.
, 29392/95 (10 , 2001).
ECtHR: , 12 ,
(
, ), -3 ;

. Okkali v. , 52067/99 (17 , 2006).
ECtHR: -3 ,
12 ,
.
. ,

, -3
. Cierhun ner v. (no. 2), 2858/07 (23 , 2010).
461
5: ()

IACtHR- :
, ,
, . OC-17/2002 (28
2002), 87 91.
CRC 8
. CRC/C/GC/8 (2006).
:
. A/HRC/7/3/Add.7 ( , 2008).
: ,
, () . A/HRC/7/3/Add.4
(2007).
: , ,
,

. A/HRC/13/39/Add.4 (2010).
:
A/HRC/7/6/Add.2 (2008) A/
HRC/11/6/Add.4 (2009).
:
,
. A/HRC/13/39/ADD.2
( , 2009).
, A/61/299 (2006).
462
6:

,
, ;
, .
CRC 23(1):
,

,
,

.
CESCR 14(22):

.
(2):

,
,

,

,
.
(3):

, 2
, ,
,

,
,
, ,
,

,

,
.
CRC- :
,

,
;
. CRC/C/SR.1369 (CRC, 2008), . 51.
CRC- :

CRC/C/GBR/CO/4 (CRC, 2008), . 52; CRC/C/
GEO/CO/3 (CRC, 2008), . 42; - CRC/C/CRI/CO/4 (CRC, 2011), .
55.
CRC- :

CRC/C/DZA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 55; CRC/C/ARG/CO/3-4 (CRC,
2010), . 50; CRC/C/BGR/CO/2 (CRC, 2008), . 43; -
CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 52; CRC/C/BDI/CO/2 (CRC,
2010) . 50; CRC/C/KOR/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 51;
CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 47; CRC/C/SRB/CO/1 (CRC, 2008),
. 48.
CRC- :

CRC/C/BGR/CO/2 (CRC, 2008), . 43;
CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 47.
CRC- :
CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4
(CRC, 2011), . 60; CRC/C/ARG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 50.
CRC- :

,
. ,
. CRC/C/SRB/CO/1 (CRC, 2008), .35.

.
CRC 9: . CRC/C/GC/9 (2006
463
7:
,
;
, ;
, .
CRC 24(1):

.

,

,

.
CRC 12(101):
,
,
, .
,
,
,
.

.
(2): -

, :
)

;
) -

- .
-

;
)
,

,
,

-

,

.
ICESCR 12(1):

.
464
CRC- : ,
CRC/C/DZA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012),
. 57; CRC/C/ARG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 57; CRC/C/MDG/
CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 49; - CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 54;

CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011); CRC/C/ITA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 47.
CRC- : ,
16
; ,
, 16
,
. CRC/C/SR.1342 (CRC, 2008), 47, CRC/C/BGR/CO/2 (CRC,
2008) . 47.
CRC- :
CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), .49; CRC/C/DZA/
CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 57; CRC/C/BDI/CO/2 (CRC, 2010), . 52; -
CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 54; CRC/C/SR.1369 (CRC,
2008), . 52; CRC/C/PAN/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011), . 54.
CRC- : , ,
,

CRC/C/GEO/CO/3 (CRC, 2008), . 44; CRC/C/BGR/CO/2 (CRC, 2008), . 45;
CRC/C/SRB/CO/1 (CRC, 2008), . 50; CRC/C/SYR/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012),
. 63; CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011), . 62; CRC/C/PAN/CO/3-4
(CRC, 2011), . 54; - CRC/C/CRI/CO/4 (CRC, 2011), . 57; CRC/C/
KOR/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 53 CRC/C/BDI/CO/2 (CRC, 2010), . 52.
CRC- : ,
CRC/C/SR.1318 (CRC, 2008), . 45
- CRC/C/CRI/CO/4 (CRC, 2011), . 57.
CESCR:
E/C.12/MDG/CO/2 (CESCR, 2009); E/C.12/NPL/
CO/2 (CESCR, 2008) E/C.12/
MDA/CO/2 (CESCR, 2011).
7: ()

14(1):
,

.
(2)

:
( )
ACHPR- : ,
,
-
, .

.
()

;
()

.
465
8:
,
, ,
;
, ,
.
CRC 24(1):

.

,

,

.
(2):

,
: (f)

CRC 3:
,
(,
), (,
,
) /
. , ,
,
. ,

. CRC/GC/2003/3.
CRC- :
, ,
. CRC/C/GBR/CO/4 (CRC, 2008),
60, 61; CRC/C/SRB/CO/1 (CRC, 2008), 54, 55; CRC/C/KOR/
CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 58; CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), 51, 52.
CRC- :
. CRC/C/SR.1369 (CRC, 2008), . 55;
CRC/C/BGR/CO/2 (CRC, 2008), . 58; - CRC/C/CRI/CO/4 (CRC, 2011), .
6; CRC/C/SYR/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 65.
CRC- : , 15-17
. CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4
(CRC, 2011), . 64.
CRC- : , ,
/ . CRC/C/SR.1369 (CRC,
2008), . 59; CRC/C/PAN/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011), . 59; CRC/C/SYR/CO/3-4 (CRC,
2012), . 65.
CRC- : , -
10% ,
.
CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), para. 60.
466
8: ()
CEDAW 10:

,

,

,
,

: (h)

,

ICESCR 12(1):

.
ESC 11:

,

,
,
: (2)

CEDAW 24(18): /

.
.(-20 , 1999).
CEDAW- :

CEDAW/C/EGY/CO/7 (CEDAW, 2010); CEDAW/C/UZB/CO/4
(CEDAW, 2010); CEDAW/C/LAO/CO/7 (CEDAW, 2007);
CEDAW/C/TZA/CO/6 (CEDAW, 2009).
CEDAW- :
, . CEDAW/C/
PRY/CO/6 (CEDAW, 2011) CEDAW/C/UGA/CO/7 (CEDAW, 2010).
CEDAW- : , /
, ,
. CEDAW/C/ZMB/CO/5-6 (CEDAW, 2011).
CEDAW- : , /
, ;
/

. CEDAW/C/ETH/CO/6-7 (CEDAW, 2011).
CESCR: , ,
, ,
,

. E/C.12/KAZ/CO/1 (2010).
CESCR: ,
,
. E/C.12/BOL/CO/2 (CESCR, 2008)
( )
ECSR: ,
, /
. -11(2) , ,

,
, ,
,
, .

,
, .

,
.
(INTERIGHTS) v. , 45/2007, 30 , 2009.

: ,

. A/HRC/17/25/Add.3 (2011).
/ 8 (g)
... [] (h)
, ,
, .

467
9:

, ,
.
, ,
; ;
;
- ,
.
CRC 28 (1):

,
:
CRC 1(9):
,
.
... ,
, []
. CRC/GC/2001/1 (17, 2001).
(a)
;
CRC- :
CRC/C/SR.1369 (CRC, 2008), . 61; - CRC/C/CRI/CO/4 (CRC,
2011), 67, 69; CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011), . 74.
(b) ,
, ,
,

,

,
;
(c)

;
(d)

;
(e)
,

,
.
468
CRC- : , ,

. CRC/C/SR.1369 (CRC, 2008), . 61; CRC/C/BGR/CO/2 (CRC, 2008),
58 (b)(h); CRC/C/PAN/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011), . 62 (a).
CRC- :
CRC/C/BGR/CO/2 (CRC, 2008), 58 (b)(h);
CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011), . 74; CRC/C/ITA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), .
59; CRC/C/SRB/CO/1 (CRC, 2008), . 60(d); CRC/C/SYR/CO/34 (CRC, 2012), . 71(a); CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 57.
CRC- :
-
CRC/C/CRI/CO/4 (CRC, 2011), 67, 69; CRC/C/ITA/CO/3-4 (CRC,
2012), . 59; CRC/C/SRB/CO/1 (CRC, 2008), . 60(d).
CRC- :
,
. CRC/C/SGP/CO/2-3
(CRC, 2010), . 58.
9: ()
ICESCR 13:
.

.
ICESCR 14:
,

, ,
,
.
ICERD 5:

, ,
,
,
:
(e)(v)
;
CESCR:
E/C.12/PER/CO/2-4 (CESCR, 2012); E/C.12/DEU/CO/5
(CESCR, 2011).
CESCR:

. CERD/C/ITA/CO/16-18 (CERD, 2012); E/C.12/
SVK/CO/2 (CESCR, 2012).
CESCR: ,

, ,

,
. E/C.12/ISR/CO/3 (CESCR, 2011).
CERD: ,
. CERD/C/ESP/CO/18-20 (CERD, 2011).
CERD: ,

,
. CERD/C/NOR/CO/19-20 (CERD, 2011).
CERD: ,
, ,

. CERD/C/DNK/CO/18-19 (CERD, 2010).
CERD: , ,
, ,

. ,
:

;
;
;
. CERD/C/VNM/CO/10-14 (CERD, 2012).
CEDAW 12:

,

.
CEDAW- :

. CEDAW/C/TUR/CO/6 (CEDAW, 2010)
CEDAW/C/MUS/CO/6-7 (CEDAW, 2011).
CEDAW- : , ,

. CEDAW/C/MNE/CO/1 (CEDAW, 2011).

: ,
.
;
. A/HRC/14/25/ADD.4 (
, 2010).
: , ,
/ , ,
;
,
( ,
). A/HRC/14/25/ADD.2 (
, 2010).
469
10:
, ;
- ,
;
CRC 32(1):
,

,

,
, , ,
.
CRC- :

. CRC/C/BGR/CO/2 (CRC, 2008), . 60.
(2):

,
,
. ,

,
, :
CRC- :
. CRC/C/SR.1369 (CRC, 2008), . 66;
CRC/C/SYR/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 76; CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (CRC,
2012), . 59; - CRC/C/CRI/CO/4 (CRC, 2011), . 73;
CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011), . 78; - CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4
(CRC, 2010), . 68.
CRC- : ,
. CRC/C/SGP/
CO/2-3 (CRC, 2010), . 62.
(a)
; (b)

; (c)

.
CRC 34:

.
, ,
,
,
:
(a)
;
(b)

;
(c)

.
470
CRC- :
. CRC/C/OPSC/AUT/1, CRC
2009, . 16; - CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 72;

. CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2011), . 82.nd that rm
hazardous work; (e) enough.. children.nd on Sexual Health so a statistic and is not that
informative.but have a se
CRC- :
,
. CRC/C/BGR/CO/2 (CRC, 2008), . 64 CRC/C/SR.1369
(CRC, 2008).
CRC- :

. CRC/C/SRB/CO/1 (CRC, 2008),
. 72.
CRC- : CRC-
: ,
,
- . CRC/C/
SGP/CO/2-3 (CRC, 2010), . 64.
10: ()
ICESCR 10(3):

.

.

.
,

.
CESCR: ,
. E/C.12/ETH/CO/1-3 (CESCR, 2012);
E/C.12/IND/CO/5 (CESCR, 2008); E/C.12/NPL/CO/2 (CESCR, 2008);
E/C.12/PRY/CO/3 (CESCR, 2008); E/C.12/PER/CO/2-4 (CESCR, 2012);
E/C.12/PHL/CO/4 (CESCR, 2008); E/C.12/
MDA/CO/2 (CESCR, 2011); - E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4 (CESCR, 2010);
E/C.12/UKR/CO/5 (CESCR, 2008).
CESCR:
E/C.12/IND/CO/5 (CESCR, 2008), E/C.12/NPL/CO/2 (CESCR, 2008),
E/C.12/KHM/CO/1 (CESCR, 2009).
CESCR: ,
E/C.12/CMR/CO/2-3 (CESCR, 2012); E/C.12/PER/CO/2-4
(CESCR, 2012); E/C.12/TUR/CO/1 (CESCR, 2011)
CESCR:
,
.
E/C.12/KHM/CO/1 (CESCR, 2009); E/C.12/DOM/CO/3
(CESCR, 2010); E/C.12/BEN/CO/2 (CESCR, 2008).
CESCR: , ,
-
E/C.12/CRI/CO/4 (CESCR, 2008); E/C.12/HUN/CO/3 (CESCR, 2008);
E/C.12/MKD/CO/1 (CESCR, 2008).
CESCR: ,
;
;
,
;
. E/C.12/IND/CO/5 (CESCR, 2008).
CESCR: , -
, - ;

,
,
. E/C.12/
LKA/CO/2-4 (CESCR, 2010).
CEDAW 11:

,

, :
(f)
,
.
CEDAW- :
CEDAW/C/GUA/CO/7 (CEDAW, 2009).
CEDAW- : ,

,
. CEDAW/C/SLV/CO/7 (CEDAW, 2008).
471
10: ()
CEDAW 6:
,
,
,
.
CEDAW- : ,

CEDAW/C/BTN/CO/7 (CEDAW, 2009), CEDAW/C/TUN/CO/6 (CEDAW,
2010), CEDAW/C/NER/CO/2 (CEDAW, 2007),
CEDAW/C/VNM/CO/6 (CEDAW, 2007), CEDAW/C/TJK/CO/3 (CEDAW, 2007);
CEDAW/C/BLR/CO/7 (CEDAW, 2011); CEDAW/C/
CPV/CO/6 (CEDAW, 2006).
CEDAW- :
- ,
. CEDAW/C/MUS/
CO/6-7 (CEDAW, 2011).
CEDAW- : ,
,
;

, ;
. CEDAW/C/MNE/CO/1 (CEDAW,
2011).
CEDAW- : ,
,
,
,
-6
,
.
CEDAW/C/TCD/CO/1-4 (CEDAW, 2011).
( )
ECHR 4(1):
.
ECtHR: , , 15

, -4
. 15 . D-
. , . D-
, .
D-
. , - - D-
. . . B-,
.
15 7 . ,
.
,
-4 ,
.
. , , , 73316/01
(27, 2005).
(2):
..
472
10: ()

, (OPSC). OPSC-
, ,
. ,
.
, (
): ,
,
,
. E/CN.4/2006/67/Add.3 ( , 2006).
: ,
, ,
,
. E/CN.4/2006/67/Add.3 (
).
: ,
,
. A/HRC/16/57/Add.2 (
, 2010).
, :
, a) ,
.
; (b)
,
, ,
. A/HRC/18/30/Add.1 ( , 2011).
. 138

2(3).
.
3(1). , ,
, , ,
.
7(1).
, : a) ; b)
,
.
. 182 (1999)

473
11:

,
;
, , .
CRC 24(3):

,
,

.
CRC- : , -

. CRC/C/EGY/CO/3-4 (CRC,
2011), . 68; CRC/C/BFA/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2010), . 58.
CRC- : ,
,
, , ,
. CRC/C/SR.1318 (CRC, 2008), . 46.
CRC- : ,
(Personal Status Code) ,
15 ,
13 . CRC/C/SYR/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 68.
CRC- : ,
,
(moletry). CRC/C/MDG/CO/3-4 (CRC, 2012), . 53.
CEDAW 16(2):

,

.
CEDAW- , .19:
,
.
,
. (-11, 1992), . 19, 20.
CEDAW- : ,

, ,
. A/60/38(SUPP) (CEDAW, 2005),
A/59/38(SUPP) (CEDAW, 2004), A/57/38(SUPP) (CEDAW, 2002),
CEDAW/C/DZA/CO/3-4 (CEDAW, 2012).
CEDAW- :

, ;
, ,
. CEDAW/C/YEM/CO/6
(CEDAW, 2009).
474
11: ()
ICESCR 10:
,
: (1) . . .

.
(3)

.

.
ICESCR 12(1):

.
CESCR 14(22): ,
,
, , , ,
.
CESCR:
, ,
( ), (
), (
, ),
E/C.12/NPL/CO/2 (CESCR, 2008).
CESCR: ,
. E/C.12/TKM/CO/1 (CESCR, 2011).
CESCR: , ,
;
;

. E/C.12/KEN/CO/1 (CESCR,
2008).

: ,
, E/CN.4/2006/61/Add.5
( , 2006).
: ,
,
; , 18 ,
. A/HRC/11/6/Add.3 (
, 2009).
: ,
, 18
, . A/HRC/14/22/Add.2 (
, 2010).
475
3.
,

, ,
,
.82
(HRBA) ,
,
.
, : , , , ,
- . ,
, ,
:

.
,
;
: ; ;
; ;
; .83
, ,
, , ;
,
.
.
, HRBA-
( , )
(, ,
, : ) .84 ,
, ,
82 Alicia Ely Yamin, ?
, 10, 1 (2008)
83 . (UNDG),
(, 2003), -: www.undg.org/archive_docs/6959The_Human_Rights_Based_
Approach_to_Development_Cooperation_Towards_a_Common_Understanding_among_UN.pdf.
84 Ibid.
476
. ,
, .85
HRBA ,
,
. HRBA
, , ,
,
.

. , ,
,
.
PANELS.

: ,
, ,
? ?
?
: (claim holder)
(duty holder) ?
?
?
?
: , /
?
, : , , ?
:
, .
, ?
: ,
?
, , , ?
85 Ibid.
477
: ?
? ?
, ? ?

?

,
.
, .86
, .
, :

: ;
: ;
: ,
;
: ;
:
;
: ;
86
Varun Gauri & Siri Gloppen, : ,
, 5938 (, 2012), : http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/
workingpaper/10.1596/1813-9450-5938.
478

/
,
. , :

, ;
,
.
;

, ;
479
4.

:
1. ,
;
2.
;
3. (LSWAY);
4. ;
5.
;
6. (DSD) .
480
1: ,

Blast v. , , 5684 -210
(13 , 2011).

(BLAST) Ain o Salish Kendro (ASK)

.

,
, ,
, ,
.
. : ,
, . ,
91%- .
,
. , , :
, .
, ,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
,
,
.

.

, ,
102- (
).
, , ,
; ,
, , ,
,
, . ,
CRC - .
481

.
35- (5) , , ,
,
. 35- , ,
, ,
, ,
.

, .
, ,
(1894), (1909),
(1966), (1933), (1890)
(1976). ,
.
, .
, .
, 89-
. , : 12 ,
, ,
,
. , , 89-
,
... ,
... , , 89-
.

,
. ,

.
. ,
.

.
,
, .
, . Md. Imman Ali, J.,

,
,
482
. (CRC). 28-
, , ...
. ,
,
.

, .
,
,
.
(CRC)
: www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm
19: ;
28: ;
37: ;
8:
.
,
. : www2.ohchr.org/english/law/
ccpr.htm
, .
: www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cat.htm
. www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=191720

. ,
,
(1974) .
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
(1976)
.
.
483
2:
,
. , , , , . 73316/01 (ECHR 2005).

http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-69891

- , ,
H. Clment- .

. 1978 . 1994 . 15
. . D. . ,
. . D-
. , - - D-
. 1994 - - D- . . B- ,
.
. . B- , .
, .
( , . B- 500 ).
1998 28 . B- . B- , :
1995 1998
,
; [2]
,
.
1999 10 , , . . B.

. , , . . B-
225- (13) .
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.
,
. , :
, ,
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.
484

. 2000 19 ,
. . B. .
2011 11 ,
, , 225-
-13 225 -14 .
2003 15 ,
15,245 . 2003 3 ,
33 049 .
2001 17 , . (ECtHR) ,
, . 2005
1 , .

4.
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2
1.
, , .

. 225-13:

, 500 000
.

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. 225- -13 225- 14 ,
. -4 -
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, -4 .
, . . B-
. ,
.
486
3:
Franois-Xavier Bagnoud- (FXB)

,
, ,
. 1993 ,
,
.
FXB- (RPCGA)
,
.
,
. 2002
(RCPGA)
- .
10- 17 , 500-
, - .

. ,
.

- (,
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, , ,
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