or APXAIOI EAAHNEl: l:THN YIIEPIIONTIA E~AIIAQl:H TOYl:

XUlOAOY1KOC; xapaKl;ilPac; l;(J)V eVl;oniwv ,nou ouvav"tl1oav 01

"EAAI1Vee; -"tWV Iamiywv, OlVW"tPc.0V, K.a.- elVUl AlYO"tepo Oa­
epc.0C; Ku80plOllEVOe;.116 KUl eOc.0 eniOl1C; OlelOOUOav YPJ1yopa eA­
AI1VlKa ayu8a KaI EAAIlVIKec; 108ec;. KOV"tc1 O"tOUe; AOKPOUC;, oneue;
KaI o"tIl :ElKCAiu, UIIrU>XUV "EAlu}vee; nou 01aKoollouOuv uYYda
YIU l;OUe; eVl;oniou<; o"tu XPOVIU yupw 0"t0 700 rr.X. Movo OLl1v
AnouAia (mo «l;UKOUVl» enavw uno l;OV Tapuvl;u) I1 evtOll1a
rrapaooOI'l o"{;u OXtlpal;u tWV uYyelCUV, ouvouaopevll. pe CAAI1Vl­
Ka yccupnplKc1 po'd6u, erre~Iloe Yla nOAuv KUlPO (J)<; ave~ap-cI1'
-coe; KQl UlqlU~(1)V pu8poe;. 01 OPOPOI tha pEOOU -COU «cmivcu
pepouc; "{;ou IIOOlOU» l;I1C; VO-CIa<; I "tuAlae; CiVill 10lahepu rrAOU­
0101 Of.: CAA11VlKa eUPJ1pa"{;u -10Iai-ccpa ta x<ihlva ayyeia orrap­
l;Ial;lKOU l;Urrou "tou eKl;OU illwva- nou rrpooeiAKUOUV tl}v rrpo­
ooxit "(;(1)V eVl;orricuv XCUPlKc.0V rrplv prropeooUY VU <p-caoouv 01;1<;
-I'... e.U11YIKee; urrOlKie<; OU) OU-CIKJ1 aKl;J1 KQl ano eKei iO(1)<; Ol;I1V
,il' E-cpoupia. :El;0 Toppe Thalli, KOV"tU mo Irmc.0VlO, <palVCl;Ql va
',~.

Kal;OlKouoav 'EAA11vee; 0"t0 XCUplO "t(J)V eV-COnlCUV, KQl umo m­

eavov va ouve6Ulve nOAu ouxvol;epu ano 0,"'[;1 pae; Ka.VOUV va
oKcqnopamc 01 apXaIOAOYIKee; pap-cupicC;. :E"tl)V rroA.11 KoV"ta ow
1CPO "tou ArroAACUVO<; MUlou, OtO aKpCU"tJlpIO "tl)e; KpiplOUC; uva­
.~
.. ' peoa m11 :E-u-BuP11 Kal o"tov KPOl;CUVU, rrperrel va urrJ1Pxe pIa
illl1 avaplK-c11 KOlVOl;I1-Ca. To lepo XPIlolporrolOUv"tav ano "EAAi1­
vee; Ol;OV e600po Qlc.0va,' KQl evue; OCUPlKOC; vuoe; eixe X"tlotei eKei,
,.,'
iocue; nplV uno "to "teAOe; tOU eKtOu Qlc.0Va. 1l7
Bopelo"tepa, Ot11V KUpJl Kal O"t11V IIooelo(J)viu, 01 cV"tonlOl
nou ouvav"tIloav 01 "EAM}Vee; UvJ1KUV IJOAHIO}llKCr o"toue; nAr}­
8uO}lo-u-e; "t(1)V ArrEvvIVCUV tIlC; KEV-CpIKI1e; huAiue;.lls KUl COc.0 ta
CAAll.VIKc1 uyuea KaI Il eAAIlVIKJ1 erriopuOl1 e1080uoav ypJ1yopa.
H NeanoAq (TIapeevoII11) ciXe JioIl lopueei anD PooiouC; rrplV
uno -co 650, uv Kpivoupe ano "LU eupr}p.u"Lu nou avuepepoV"taI. 1l9
IIPIV uno -co "trAoc; -cou eKtOU Qlc.0VU urrJ1PXuv KQl allOl OIX1­
opoi Ol;OUC; IIO"tlOAOUe; (nou 10pu8IlKUV uno ~ciplOUC; npooepu­
yee; "to 531) KUl mr)v IIoplI11iu, onou urrJ1PXe evac; PIKPOC; Oc.u­
PIKOC; vaoc;, Kill e<p8avav eAAqvIKa ayyeia ano "to 550. 120 :Etr}
PWllIl um1Pxe euBolKtl KQl KOpIVelQKr} Kepap.lK-r} neVI}v"Cu xpo­
VIa p.e"ta uno "tll.v napaOIOOlleVI1 xpovoAoyia "tIle; iopuoric; "C11<;
anD "tOY PCUP.UAO "to 754-753. :E' aU"ttl op.cuC; "tIlV neplOXtl, KQl
60pelo"tepa mIlv E"tpoupiu, l'l Erriopaol'l Kill l'l ciepl~11 -cu>v EAM­
vu>v ene6aAuv 6Uelec; QAAuyec;, "tIe; onoiee; ea e~c"taooup.e KaAU­
u~pa Xu>plO"tci, rno Ka"tCU 0' auto to KeepUAQlO.

HT€XVI] TtJ)V EAAtjVUlV anofKU>v TI]S L1UG'1S

01 KupIec; elOaywyec; OtIC; OU'UKec; anoIKiec; uva'cpep811Kav ma
OXOAIa YIa "tIC; erripepouc; rrOAelC;, Kill lleVCl pOVO va "tl<; OUVO­

242

 H ITAAIA, H l:IKEi\IA KAI H tlYEH

1p'iooU}le eBw. Arro "'CI}V opxil I} KOPIV81Ql{r) KepOplKI} I}"'COV oe 227 Kpa"tTlPUC; unoypalllle­
peYaAI} ~rl."'C11011, rrOpOAO rrou KUplUPXOUV 01 eu801Koi pU8J.lOi, vo<; ano "tOv APlcn6vo90,
nou elKOvil:el vaupaxia
onCUe; eiVUl q>UOlKO, O"'Cle; rrpw"'Cee; JUlepee; "tCUV eu80lKcDv anOlKlcDv.
UVQlleoa oe eva nOAelllK'
Ano "to peOO -.;OU £Kl;OU UlWVQ "to oOl1VUIKO oyydo eixuv QV"tl­ nAoio KQl evav 0 AIOJ.lCVO
KO"'CUO"trl.Oel "to KOplV81UK<l. Au"tl1 O}.lWC; l1"'Cuv plO VlxI} "tcuv KaA­ epnopo, uno co Knipe' lleou
Al1;exvwV p<illov Kill OX! "tcuv ePIIOpcuv, KUl l} KOp1V81aKIl anooou 70u a1. (PWllIl, Mus.
Conservatori' -trw. 36 eK.).
~UpOKouoee; OVUo"t<l8l}Ke yla eva Bl<lO"tT}}.la o"tl1v ollaY:I1 "twv
npOU}.ll1oewv. "EcpOavuv KQl ava"tOAlKoellrlvIKu ayyeia, oe }.ll­
Kpee; opcue; nooo"tll"tec;, eK"tOe; ano "tT}V anolKio "tcuv PoBicuv rcAu,
onou 11 oUVeXI~O}.leVI} OI1PO'tIKO'tl}"tQ aKopo anAoumepcuv pu8­
pcbv Beixvel "'Cl} oUVeXlSO}.leVT} urroonl.fn~l1 arro "tl1V IIo"'Cpioa. H
KpI1TIl avurrpoowrreue"tUl O'tl} re!a, "tl}C; orroiae; urrri.P~e OUVI­

243
 or APXAlor EAAHNE~ ~TH~ YTIEPTIONTIA ESATIAQL;H TOY~

"
I,
II I
~ .

.'
It

228 «XaAKIOIKOe;» lleAavopop­ Opmplo. ~nOpl;}OnKa ayyeio e<ptovov oe lleyOJ.ee; ooootr}tec; mov
cpoe; Kpalz1pae; ana "to Vulci' Tapav"to, KaI unapxouv Aiyo aK0llO KaI oe <illee; 8eOele;. AV"tI­
YUpCil OlO 540 IT.X.
(Wi.1rzburg 159· Kellu:vo anD eAe<pav"tooto l;WV liUIIWV nou 8peeJ)KOV o"to neAo­
uqI. 36.8 eK.). nOVVI)OIOKa lepa ell<Povisovtm mlC; KOplv810Kec; I:upoKouoee;121
KQl O"tO Meyopo Y8Aaio, KaI <poive"till Otl ano Kopiv81OUe; pe­
l;0<Pep811KOV l;0 010 ooiwovtu orropnatlKU ayyeio nou 6piOKoupe
O-C11 l:lKeAia. EtpOUOKJ..KJ) KepOlluu1. KOI ui\Aa aVtlKeI-lleVa 6pi­
OKOU}le oe Aiyee; llOVO ano lilC; ei\i\I}VIKec; rroAelC;, IOlohepa oe
eKelVe<; liI}<; Kov-c1vrlC; liOUe; Kop.novioc; Kill mov ~eA1voUvta, alla
oX! neplOoo-cepo on'O;tl ea neplpevope ano -COOl} yenviuOl} KaI
oe -':;000 nOAuoUxvomo uoa-.:;0.122 ~e <ii\i\o UA1KU, unupXOtN wpmOl
Ai81VOl AUXVOl -.:;ou uo"tepou e8oopou KQl "tou npcb1110u eK"tOU
aIc.0VO ono liO ei\i\l'lVlK<l VI}OlU o-.:;ov ~ei\lvoUvl;o KQl -':;1e; ~upa­
Kouoee;,123 KQl p.epIKcl KOPllutla opxol:Kcbv llUPlla.PIVCUV ayai\pa.­
l;WV. 124 Ano "tIe; opxee; -.:;ou e8oo11ou alcbva 01 OlKeAlKee; onOI­
Kiec; oexovtov POOlaKCt plKpoavlilKeilleva KQl ll~po$oxeio ano
<poyev"t"10vi}. Mel;oyeveo"tepo aTIlKeipevo anD q>ayeytloVJ111no­

244

 H ITAi\IA, H ~IKEi\IA KAI H L1Y~H

pei vo npoepxov"taI ano "tI) Paoo, "tI)V Aiyumo (NmJKpoul) rl

tIl <POlV1KI). Doov ocpopu aA1}81vu OVO"tOA1KU elOoypeva OV"t1­
Keipeva, unapxouv ocppayioee; "tIle; Eyyue; Avo"tOAJ)e;125 nou pe­
tccpepav one; rro.A1o"tepee; ano1Kiee; "toue; 0"tI) LiuOIl 01 EuBoeie;,
Ka peplKa olaKoopI)pCVO pe"tQAAIKU ayyeia.
01 npw"tee; eAAIlVlK£e; arr01Kiee; mIl LluOI} errpene VQ e1va1
au"ta.pKe1e;. Dnou pnopouoav, Ka"tQOKeUa~av "ta OlKU "toue; ay­
yeia oe pu8poue; nou "tom:; Tl"tuv OlKe1Ol O-CIlV nQ"tpioa, KQl Il
oPXHeK"tovIKii "toue; Ka1 "ta uAAo epya "teXVTle; av"teypucpuv pop­
cpee; nou OIU"t!}pououv <J"tI} pviiPTl "toue; I1 nou pe"tecpepuv pa~i
tOUe; ° KaAAnexvee; "toue;. Llev unI1Pxe OUOlUO"tlKa. ~I1"tJUla npo­
aOPPoYI1e; umoov "twv eiU.TlVlKOOV popcpwv 0"t1e; ev-conlee; nupa­
oooe1e;, napoAo nou peplKee; napaXWPrlae1e; enpene vo yivouv
ooov acpopu "tu ola.cpopa olu8eOlpa UAlKo.. IIapoAa ama. 01 QK­
}laiee; ailolKiee; Ka"tOpeCUoav va avan"tu~ouv 10lUi"tepoue; puepoue;
KUl npo"tlpi}oele; uve~a.p"tll"tU I) pia ana tI)V o.AAll KQl ana "tIl
}lIl"tPOilOAHI.KJ} E1Aa.oa.. Avo.peoa O"toue; veoue; anoiKou<; ano "tllV
Elluoo urrriPxov KQl KUAAHexvee;, KQl II elOp0rl elOoypevcuv aV"tl­
Ke1pevcuv "toue; Kpu"touoe oe enacpri pe "tIe; El..AI}vlKee; to.oe1<;. 'E"tOl
11 OnOlK1QKl} teXVJl eiVQl pIa a.nMl enCK"taOI} "tI)e; EAl..I)VlKrlC;
'teXVlle;, KQl ea Pilopouoe va UKOAOu8l}oel "tOY opopo nou aKO­
AOUeI)Oe oe OrrOlOOI1no"te o.lAo pepoc; "tau oPXaiou KOOPOU, orrou
oev ea u:rn}Pxe eV"tOIIlQ "teXVI) Ka.nOlo<; nOlO"tI}"ta<; ooO"te vu ano­
teAei npOKAIlOI} Y1a pillI}OI}. Eocb eu uvucpepcu povo eKeivu "tu
npoloV"tQ "tIle; eAATlVlKrl<; LluoTlC; nou npooioouv KunOla npcu"to­
tlJIIia Kal Ka.nolU ave~ap"tlloia ano "tIe; OUVIl810pevec; popcpec;
"tJ}C; Pl1"tponOAHIKI1<; EAAuoac;.
To lleyaAu"tepo pepoc; "tI)e; KaArl<; 0IQKoopTlpevI}<; KEpaplKr}<;
nou XPIlo111onOlouoav 01 'E1AJ}vee; liTl<; LluOJ1<; rltav elOaypeVTl,

229 AvawAIKIl £OCiH£PIKIl KlOVOOc01Xia wu vaou Ll1~

Ael1va.~
Ocl1V IIoo£lowvia (Paestum)' uOc£po<; 60c; Q1.

230 ITIlAlVo<; OlCl.KOOjlO<; cOU vaou C "LOU I;£J\.lVOUVLOC;·

550-525 n.X.

245
01 APXAIOI EAAHNE~ ~THN YIIEPIIONTIA E2AIIAQ~H TOY~

aaaa unaPXOUV KUl lleplKe<; llap-cupie<; YIa, tOIl1Ka epya0Uwla.

MePIKa "ta<plKa ayyeia (KpU""[;I}pe<; 0Il(J)<; <nllV elK. 203) Otl<;
Th811Kouooe<; I}tav tOIIlKa npoYovta Eu60ecuv Kaaal1;exvwv, 126
KUl ol;llV KUpll <nllv apXI} tOU e6BoilOU Ulwva PCPIKOi eV"to­
IllOl ayyelOIIaaOte<; KataOKeuaoav e~Ulpe"tlKa Kaaa av"tiypa<pa
KOPIV8wKWV ayyeiwv, pipoupevOl "tOY cuxpo lIJlao XPllOlPOIIOlcb­
V"ta<; eva aen"to CUXPOKaOtaVo enixplopa. :Etll :EIKeAia urrI}pxe
aiYll Bouaela yia tom; eV"tomou<;, alia yUp(J) <na peoa "tou c60o­
pou Ulwva, llaaaov nplV napa peta ta peoa, unl)p~av IIelpalla­
nopoi oe evav «avato.Ai~oV"ta» PueIlO. :Etl<; :EupUKouoe<; I} ePlIVeu­
OJ} <paive"tUl apyewKJ1, aUa umi.pxouv ouva<pei<; pu8110i 0"t11 Thaa
KUl O"tOU<; AeoV"tivou<;, Ka8w<; KUl eva<; xapaK"tIl1>lO"tlKO<; IIoau­
xpcupo<; pu8poe; o-ca Meyapa Y6aala. 0 nepi<pIlPOe; Kpa"trWae;
pe tl1V ulIoypa<pI} "tou AplO"tov08ou, nou e<p"taoe we; "LO Kaipe
"tI'l<; Etpoupiae;, pnopei va eivUl "tI}<; iOlO<; olKOyeveIa<; (elK. 227).
ArrelKovi~eI pIa vaupaxia, KUl "tOY Oouooca pe l;OUe; OUVtpo­
<pom; tOU nou "tu<pawvouv "tOY KUKAculIa IIoau<pflllo.127 :Etov
uo"tepo c60opo Ulwva peplKa wpaia ayyeia 'tou ava"toalKoeaaJ}­
VIKOU pu8pou "LWV «A1yaypcuv» lIOU 6pe8IlKav <nI} vo-cia haAia
oOI}Ylloav o"tIlV un08eOJ} O"tl Ka"taoKeua~oV"tav elli tOIIOU, arro
pe"tavaotee; ayyelOrrA.a<ne<; KUl ayyelOypa<poue;.128 0 pu8po<; ei­
VUl «aplYil<;». Tov eKeO Ulwva pepovwpcvee; lllpiioeI<; peaavo­
pop<pwv oev a~i~ouv IIapa auAi} pveia, aaao unilPxe eva OJUla­
V"tlKO epyao"tr}plO IIOU ilKpaoe <nI} oHlpKela "tou oeu"tepou I}}li­
oeo<; LOU Ulwva. IIapiiyaye La «xaAKIOIKO» ayyda (oncu<; Ol;l1V
ElK. 228), nou oVopQ.O"tTlKav e"tOl yia "tOY xapUK"tilpa "tcuv ypap­
pO"tcuv O"tl<; emypa<pee; "tOU<;.129 H ~wypa<plKii -cou<; paptupei enl­
opaOJ} "tTle; Kopiv8ou, "twv A8IlVWV KUl Aiyo "tI}e; ava"toalKiie;
EaaQBae;. 01 KaAAneXVe<; opw<; Bev I}"tav auAoi aV"tlypa<pei<;, Kill
napiiyayav evav pu8po nou "ta Kaamepo "tou Koppana aV"ta­
ycuvi~oV"tal "ta KaAu"tepa a8IlvalKa ayyeia oe nOlOtIl"ta KUl ouY­
8eOJ}, Ji iowe; KUl "ta ~enepvoUv <no yevlKo BiaKoopIll;lKO arro­
"Leaeopa. Ta eUPJipa"ta eiVUl OXeoov OPOlopop<pa Ka"tavepIlp.cva
avQ.peoa Ol;l1V E-tpoupia KUl to PJiylO ("tIl XaAKlBl.Kii anoooa),
pc Aiya ayyeia KUl oe <lUee; OUtlKee; eaAIlVlKee; nOAEle;, KUl ano
"tI}V neplOXrl "tou ellllVIKOU Atyaiou povo o"tIl I:P.UPVIl pexpl
O"tlyprl<;.,-H IIOlO"LIl"La eivUl Iloau KaAu"tepl1 ano O"tl0JiII0"tE Ka­
"taOKEuQ.<nIlKe IIo"te aIlo "LOU<; 'EAAr1Ve<; Ol;I}V E"tpoupia, KUl Sa
pnopouoapE va uIIo8eooupe on 01 IIpW"LOI ~CUypO<pOl "tIle; oxo­
M<; amJie; clla8av "tIlV "teXVl1 "tou<; <nl1V Ellaoa, io@<; <nIl Xua­
KiBa, napoao IIOU unopxouv lIoau Aiya eUPJipm;a eKei ii oe
onolOBiino"tE <ilio pcPOC; "tIle; Eu60lae;, wO"te va uno"teSei on
pnopei va eiVaI "to AlKVO "tooo Kaawv KaAAr[;exvw~. To m8avo­
"tepo eiVUl on epya~ov"tav <no PIiYlO. Me"t<l arro amou<; Bev

246
 H ITAAIA, H I;IKEAIA KAI H c.Y!;H

umipxe1 "tllO"tU U~lOAOYO pexpl "tI}V eyKu"to.m;UOI} 0"tT} VO"tlU I "tuliu

epyuouwiwv A8I}vaicuv pe"tuvum;ci>v nou cqnluxvuv epu8popopcpu
.. . .. .
ayyelQ OtU peoa tOU nepn"tou UlCUVU.
LtllV upxneKtOVlKI} tOu<; 01 'EAAI}Vee; "tIle; LlUOI}e; - 0 1 ne­
p10oo"tepoi "tom; I}"tUV rrEAonoVYI}OlUKI}<; KU"tUyCUYI}<;- rrpo"t1poU­
oav tOV OCUPlKO pu8po. L:tl<; AentOpCpeu~e; 01 vaoi "tou<; ouxvo.
epq:>uvi~ouv 0llPUVtlKI} Ku8uo"tcpl'}0I} cue; rrpoe; "tU rrpotuna "tI}e;
Kupicue; EAAaoae;, aUo. um1.PXuv qnAooo~Ol KUl rrpCUto"tuIIOl up­
xneKtOvee:; KUl o"tI} LlUOll. Mep1Ko. ano "ta nlO aOUvI}81Ota xa­
PaK"tlllHOtlKo. 1;OU OUtlKOlJ OCUplKOlJ pu8110U npenel CU01;OOO va
anooo8ouv o"tllV eniopuoJ} lCUVlK6lV OlUKOOPI}tIK6lV pOpq:>wv ­
I} ene~epyaoia "tou tpUxJ1AOU peplKwv KlovoKpavcuv, Ku8ci>e:; KUl
axpcu"tJ}Piwv, 8cupaKlcuv oe 6CUllOUe; Kill OAOKAllPCUV KIOVCUV m;l'}v
TIooe10wvia (elK. 229). "I 0cue; tU apxneKtOVlKo. oxe01a pe tIe:;
«omAee:; Olpele;» tCUV peyo.1cuv vuwv 0"t1e:; ~upaKOlioee:; Kill tOY
~eA1VOUv1:.U vu oq:>eiAouv Ko."tl m;ou<; naMo"tepoue:; ICUVlKOUe:; vaoue:;
tl'}<; L:o.llou KUl "tile:; E<peoou, KUl 0 T}llneAI}e:; lCUVlKOe:; vaDe:; 0"t1<;
~UpaKOlJOee; I}tav aocpuAw<; epnveuopevoe; ano UutOue;.130 Ta
nepl000"tepu ano tU naAI0"tepa KUl noilo. ano "ta pe"tayevco""te­
pa OUtlKo. OlKOOOPJ1.PU"tu xapQK""tJ}Pi~OV""till IOlahepa ano "tIe:; ypa­
ntee; m}lIvee:; enevouoele:; tOue:; (elK. 230) nou neplc6allav Ii
npoota"teuav ta ~uA1va tpJip.ata tile:; OKerrI}<; Kill tU>v ae1;cupa­
tCUV. 131 Ta npOtUIIa Yl'UU"tee:; tIe:; enevBumae; eiVQl KOp1v81uKa,
alia <nIl L:lKeAia 0 "tunoe; oouAeUtT}Ke pe evav tpono nou Bev
tOY ouvav"tape otI}V Elio.oa KQl 0 onoioe; pnopei va 8ecupI}8ei
£vte1w<; OlKeAIKOe; otI}V uv<intU~ri tOU, av OX! KUl otI}V elIl­
, .
VOllOll "tou.
01 'EAAY1Vec:; "tI}e; 6.UOI}e:; oev eiXav KUAO po.ppapo YlQ "tIl yAu­
lI"tlKi} "toue:;, KUl enpene va xpI}OlllonOloUv tou<; tpa:x:U"tepouc;
tOIDKOlJe:; Ai80ue:;, i} va <ptlo.XVOUV oUJ(vo"tepu pey<iAu epyu anD
III}AO. Ta 1iya· apxa1Ko. p.appap1va ayo.ApUtU nou 6pc8I}KaV oe
8eoele:; tI}e; ~1Ke1iae:; KQl "tI}e; VO"tlUC:; ha1iae; i}tav OAU elOaype­
vu ana "tllV IIe10novvlloo, ""tl'}V A8i}vu KUl tI}V avm:;oA1Ki} EA­
laoa. 132 ~"tT} 2:lKella u:m1.Pxe evu np6l1}l0 epYUOtJ1plO yupcu o"to
600 n.x. nou Ka"taOKeua~e yAUnto. oe eAAI}VlKO apxuIKo «om­
OaAIKO» 0"tu1 KQl xpI}OlpOnOl0uoe llUAUKO IICUpOAI80. Tu onou­
BQlotepa em"teiJyp.u"tu CUOtOOO J}"tuv otU upxneK"toVlKCt yAunt<i
KQl 0"t1<; uv<iyAucpec:; p.e"tonee; ano "to Hpuio KOVta. o"tov L:i!ap1
(llooelocuvia, onme; otI}V elK. 219), KUl 0 L:elIvoue:; Kulmepu
ano 6Aee; "tIC; n6Ae1<; pIIopei VU acpI}YIl8ei tI}V Im;opiu "tI}e:; ouu­
Krie:; ylUIItIKi}e:; uno "tIc:; apxec; ""tou CK"tOU Qlcilvu KUl p£"to.. To
O"tuA "tOUC:; CXel IIoAAa KOIVa p£ neAOIIoVVI}OlUKQ epyu, aA1a. 01
KaAAn:exvee:; i}tav yevlKo unp68upOl va nUPQKOAou8Iioouv 1il)
ypi}yoPI} £~elI~I} IIOU XupuK"tllPi~el tOY CKl;OV Ql6lVU 0tI}V iOlQ

~47
 01 APXAI01 EAAHNE~ ~THN
I.
231 EuAlVO E18c0AlO uno to
MovtEKHipo' IIPc01110<; 60e; 01.
(Mouo. 2:upaKouowv 47134'
U'¥. 16.7 CK.).
232 IIiiAIVO<; BWllioKoC;
(arula) 01KEAIKOU nmou.
~"[;rJv llIIPOcn1vr1 ()'qrr] avuyAu­
qJl1 IIapcicnaol1 llE tOV HpaKAr}
KQl tOV Tpi"[;wva' <rtIJV IIAUYW V"ta UII:r}pxe eva 0llpaVtlKO epyamrlplO KoponAamnole;, nou "to
6Wl1 ~WYPOqJIKr} QIIEIKOVIOIJ
U1C; KipKIlC; KQl EVOC; llcmllOP­ pae; pe"tacpepouv mo npw"to rlJl10U "tou eKtOU Qlwva (elK. 233).136
qJWll8vOU ounpoqJou tOU
08uooca' yupw oto 530 II.X.
(IIapiol, AouBpo CA 5956'
U'¥. 34.8 CK.).
248
YIIEPIIONT1A E~AIIAQl:H TOYl:
"tI}V EAAaoa, KOl lowe; va apxcil~av OUV810l'Ua. Ynapxel pepll~e<;
<popee; pIa «xaAapotI}"ta» tOU mUA KQl pIa aioOll0I} peaAlOpOu
IIOU o<ppayi~el "ta epya tOUe; cue; enapXIQKa, rrapoAo IIOU oev unap­
XEl "tilIota KQKO 0'auto. 133 Ymipxouv nOAAa lllKpa "tOlIlKO ep­
yamrl.Pla nou epya~ov"tOl pe eva IIlO IIPWtOYovo mUA, oncu<;
EKeiVO nou naprl.yaYE TI}V eVtuIIW01QKrl. Sea IIOU Sl1Aa~el oiou­
pa ailo "ta Meyapa YBAuia (elK. 216). 'lowe; AlYO Ila/uOtepe<;
o"tov eK"to Qlwva eiVQl tpele:; pop<pee; ana eva PIKPO lepO-KPrl.Vl)
Aiyo avatOAIKo"tEpa tOU Axpoyav"tu (mo Mov"tEKlapo) - ana
-ea eAaXlO-ea rrupaoeiypa"ta YAUIl"tlKJ1e; OE ~UAO IIOU ~haoWOl)Kav
aIlo -el)v apxalKrl IlEpiooo (elK. 231).134
Ooov acpopa "ta plKpO"tepa epya OE IIJ}AO -elowAla KQ1 alia
avaOilpa"ta- eivUl KQl naAl KOpIV8lQKa "ta npOtuna IlOU BAe­
noupE O"tl av"tlypacpov"tQl, yprlYoPQ opw<; prropouv va ~excupi­
oouv euoHiKpna "tOIllKa epyuo"t:r}pla KQl tUIlOI. MlKpoi nrlAlV01
6w}loi pe avoyAUCpEe; Kal }lEplKee; <popee:; ~wypacplKee; napama­
OEle:; O"];le; IIAeupee; tOUe; (elK. 232), anlIlpoocuneuouv evav "tUno
nou uVUII"tUxOllKE E~OAOK.A.:r}pOU mJ} L\UOI} KQl eiVQl OXeBov ayvw­
OLOe; o"tJ}v iOla T;J}V Ell.aBa. ~"t11 reAa unrlPxe lllu }looa YIa
II:r}AIVa KlBeDtla pe avaYAucpo lCUVlKO apxneK"tovlKO BUlKOopO.135
~"tle; "teAeu"taiee; BeKae"tiee; "tou eK"tou Qlwva au~aVEtQl 11 aVQ"to­
AlKoeAAJ}vlKi} eniopaoJ}, Kal Ullapxouv peplKo xapaK"tllPlOtlKu
epya IBlahepa ano nOAele; "tIle; vonac; ItaAiac;, EVeD OtOV Tapa­
naAlo-eepa epya "tou, ta oiloia exouv eva EnEAWe; IBlahepo mUA,
YIT:r}pXe pIa neplOplOpeVI} napaycuYrl XaAKIVCUV aV"tlKEl}levwv
0-e11 L\uOll. 137 :ET;OV uo"tepo eKT;O Qlwva uni}pxav epyamzlpla Ott)
voua I talia, alia peplKee; npoocpa-eee; ano'¥EIC; yIa tTl 0JUla­

 H ITAAIA, H ~IKEAIA KAI H L1Y~H

V"tlKCrtJ)"tQ "'C(J)V XQAlU01KcDV IIOAeCUV cpuivov"tal Kan(J)e; unepBob­

Kie;. 01 AOKpoi Kal 0 Tapue; l~huhepQ cpuive"tal 0"'C1 KU"tUOKeUQ­
~QV nOAU"'teArl Xo.AKIVU uyyeiu Kal KCnOIHpa pe npooappoop.e­
vee; aVo.yAucpee; p.opcpee;, KQ1 ixouv Bpe8ei eva ouo (J)paia napa­
oeiY11a"tu O-C11 ~lKeAiQ. Ano "to I'Kpoupcv"'Coup., KOV-Co. mo Me-cQ­
IIOVUO, rrpOePXe-CQ1 cvue; xaAK1VOe; InncUe; (elK. 234) -o"tO
Bpe-cuvlKo Mouoeio- nou eixe Ka-cuOKeuuOl;ei Kurrou OU} 6.uoJ)
nplV ano 1;0 550 II.X 138 To OAO op(J)e; rrp6BA11PU "'C11e; "tuU"'to"tJ}­
"'Cue; "t(J)V "toIDKcDv epyumllpicuv XUlK1VCUV cpy(J)v neplIIAcKe"tQ1
~ .. " . . .
ano 'tllV rrapouOlU elOuypeV(J)V aV"tIKeIpevcuv, "ta onma eIVQ1 (J)e; 233 IIzii\1vo elowAlo ano
1:OV Tapana' yupw <no 560
eni "to IIAeiO'tOV neAonovvl101uKa, Kal anD "'CllV Cllel'¥11 rrArwO­ n.x. (O~q>6p8!1 1886.744'
CPOPlcDV Yla "til ~uBuPI1, 11 oIIoia II18avov va umlP~e eva 0Tlpa­ uqJ. 15 eK.).
V'tlKO KnAAneXVlKo KEV'tpO O"tIe; Tlpcpee; "t11e;.
!i£v avucpepov"tQ1 ovopa"ta KQAAnexvcDv 01;11 ~IKeAiu Kal "'[;11 234 XaAKlvoc; mncae; ano
1:0 I'KpoulleV1:OU}l' lleoa 60u
VO"tIU I "tuAiu. 'Evae; uno eKeivoue; nou epyaO"tI1KQV o"tl} 6.uo11 a1. (Aov8ivo 1904.7-3.1'
elVal 0 YAurnIle; IIu8ayopae;, 0 onoioe; rJ.p8e uno "tll ~apo Aiyo uqJ. 25.2 8K. - "to rr6~h
pe'ta "to 500 n.X 139 Tu QKplBa ava8rlpu"tu IIOU U<pH~pcuvav mQ eivQl OUllnAllPWllevo).

249
 01 APXAI01 Ei\i\HNE2; 2;THN YllEPIIONT1A E2AIIi\Q2;H TOYL;
235 AOl'}lleVla BpaXlltl tl'}<;
ZayKATJ.<;, orrou am:1Kovi~etUl
1;06perravoe16e<; A1110V1 l;l'}<;
Ka1 eva 6e!cpiVl" yupw ow
510 II.X. (1\ov6ivo).
l
\I
236 AOl'}11eVlO<; m:Qlt}pQ<; wu vtav OtJ}v E"tpoupia KQl, OIICU<; <palvetm, Kal ano "tou<; ~IKe­
Mcwrrovl;iou nou elKovi£:C1
evav O"tuxu avuy.\ucpo
(11nPOO"t1vtl 61J111) KGl eyv.\ucpo Ipepa «<Tij1epa», QuyJi) cva<; IIe"teIvo<;' Yia tJ} N a~o (pe a}lIIeAo­
(orrio81Q OqTl})' 550-530 n.X.
(BcpoAlvo).
250
elll1V1Ka 1epa 01 "tupaVVOl KUl 01 6amAHioe<; "tll<; .6.u011<; eiVQl
epya Ellrivcuv "texvHwv, nou oouaeuav o-tJ1v na"tpioa "tou<:;. To
lepo "tou .6.10<; o"tI'}V Oaupilia eivm 0 "tono<; pe "ta neplOoo"tepu
ava9r1pa"ta ano "tl'} .6.uOll. ~"to OVOI'}PO "tcuv 811oa\Jpwv14o -"tu)V
PlKPWV vao<JXl1pCUV OlKOOOllI1ll0"tcuv nou aqnepcuvav 01 eaAl'}v1­
KC<; nOAe1<;- "ta 11100 ano "ta OlKOOOllI1pata "ta eiXav npoO<pe­
pel UOAe1<; "tl}<; .6.uOll<;, I'} reAa, "to Me"tanOVtlO, 11 :Eu6ap1<;, °
~eA1Vou<;, 01 ~UpaKOlJOe<;. Ta neplOOOtepa eixav xuO"tei mov
eK"tO alWva Ka1 "to naA10tepO ano au"tQ, 0 8Iloaupo<; 'tll<; reAo.<;,
eiVUl 01aKOOPll1levo<; pe nephexve<; r:alA1ve<; 01aK0opI1oeI<; oe
mKe1uKo O"tuA. A~i~e1 tOY Kono va e~e"taO"tei Ptlncu<; 0 «81}0QU­
po<; "tcuv Meyapcuv» I1"to.V apXlKQ acpIcpCUlla "tCUV olKEmwv Me­
yopcuv, nou Ul08E"tI1811Ke ano "tl} lll1"tporroAr], p£"to tl'}v Ka"taO"tpo<pi}
"tl}<; arrolKia<;. H anolKia r1"tav ao<paAw<; rroAu rrAoUmOtEPll ano
ta }.l1}tpOnOAlt1KO Meyapa "t11V £noXJ1 nou Xl;io"tI}Ke 0 8110o.U­
po<;, Kill lhaKoopr1811Ke pE yaun"to Km enevouoel<; O"tI<; onoie<;
01 enlO"tr1POve<; ola6Aenouv OlKebKo xapaKtllPIo"tlKQ.
Nopfoporo
MeplKe<; ano "'(;1<; anolKie<; apXlOav va Ko60uv "ta aOllpevIa wue;
vopiopatQ yupcu o"ta peoa tOU eKtOu alwva, KQI QAAe<; aUvto­
pa tH'; QKoAOu811oav. To aotlPl pnopouoav va to npopJ}eemouv
ano "t11V IOIIQvia -llpaypa"tl ouo ano tI<; npw"te<; rroAeI<; nou
eK01paV vO}llopa (11 IpepQ KQl 0 ~eAIvou<;) exouv IIPOVOPlOUxO
8eOll yia to omlKo eprrOp1D- tl ano "tl}v EAAaoa. EAAl'}VlKO
vOlliopa"tQ elIavao<ppayi~ov"tav ouxva oe voplOpa"toKoneia "twv
alIolKlwv. H emAoyr) "tou VOPlOPQ"tlKOU Kavova KaeOp1~OtaV
ano "tllV tpexouoa XPr}Oll Kill Qno "tl}v ellnOp1Kr1 Ka"taAAJ}AOtl'l­
"ta, aUa. 11 IIpoe.aeuOll pepIKwv ano "tou<; Kavove<; IIOU XP1101­
POIIOlOUvto.V oev eivill aKopa Ka8oAou oacpr}<;, Kill yia "tI<; xpo­
vOAoyie<; 1;CUV VOP1OPCLtCUV oev plIopoUpe yeVlKQ va O"tI'}PIxtmJ­
pe oe "tinotQ <ilio eK"to<; allo to muA 1;OU<;.141
01 eu601Ke<; anoooe<; XPJ}OlpolIOlouoav eva e.aacppo Kavova,142
nou 1l1I0pouoe eUKoAa va ouoxetlO"tei pe tou<; OAAOU<; eAAJ}vI­
KOUe; voplOpatlKOUe; Kavove<; Km pe eKeivou<; nou xpJ}mpoIIOlOU­
AoU<;. Ta ep6A11pata ouvr}ecu<; eixav Ka.nOla Ollp.aoia. Ila tl'lv
KaAAlepYElQ) "to Ke<poh 1;OU .6.IovUoou Kal O"tacpUAla' YIa t11
ZciYKA11 eva oeAcpivl nou UlIalvioOE"tal "to openavoOXll}lo AI}lOVI
"tJ}<; (elK. 235). 01 ~u'paKouoe<; opYlloav va KOlp"OUY voplOpa
(ylipcu OLO 510), OIICU<; a.PY11oav KQl va avoi~ouv "tl}v ayopo tOUe;
OE aAAQ PI} KOpIVelaKO ayyeia. EneAe~av "tOY a"t~lKo vop.lo}la­
"tiKO Kuv6va, rrou p.nopouoe eUKo.aa va IIpooappoo"tei o'uutOV

 H ITAAIA, H I:IKEAIA KAI H t.Y~H

nou XPllOlpOTIOlOUvtaV ano "tOU~ eVl;omou~ :ElKEAmi~, omue:; CKave

KUl ° I;eA1vou~ Yla "ta vopiopa"ta "tou nou eq>Epav eva unalVl­
K"tlKO C1l6AIlP.a, eva qniA.Ao OCAIVOU.
01 axaYKe~ noael~ tll~ voua~ I taaia~ apX10av va K060uv
vopiapa"ta lIE tOY Kop1v81aKo Kavova pEta "tU peoa "tou eK"tou
Ol~va. EIIeAe~av, I1 emvolloav, evav aouvti81mo "tUno vopiapa­
"tO~, o"tov onoio "to ep8!llpa nou epq>avi~e"tQ1 avuyauq>o O"tllV
llnpom1Vrl oqrT} enavaAa6aVEtQl mT}v oni081a aveo'tpappevo,
eyyAUcpO, KQ1 ouxvci anAonOlT}}l£vo. Amov "tov tUno Bev tOY
ouvav'tupe O-Cl1V i01a l;IlV EAAuBa, aAAU on<; OUtlKe~ nOAele:;,
PIly1O, ZayKAT} KQl Tapavl;a, Enavaaap8aVEl;Q1 OE llepIKee:; KO­
m~~. Qpaia napaOelYllal;a elVQ1 eKeiva l;OU Mel;anoVl;iou, lIE evav
m;axu (J)<; ep8A1}p.a (elK. 236). Ynapxe1 KQl evue:; evBlaq>ep(J)v
UnQlV1YPo~ O~V unol;ayi} "tl'}~ ~U8apl'}e:; Ol;OV Kpotcuvu pe"ta l;0
510 oe vopiaputa nou q>epouv "ta ep8AI1pa"tu KQl "tcuv Buo no­
aecuv ("tou Kpo"tcuva evav "tpinooa, tll~ :Eu8apT}~ evav taupo).
o iB1O<; "tuno<; vopiopa"to<; KOllJ}Ke O'tllV IIooElo(J)via, OUlV apxrl
oe Evav tOITlKO Kavova. 143

fAA'1V€S' KDI ErpOUOKOI

To np08All}la "tIle:; Kal;aycuYI1e:; tCUV EtpOuOKCUV exe1 anaoxoAJi­
oel elIl yevee<; oaoKAIlPe<; "tou~ ernol;I111ovee:; Ka1 evoexopev(J)e:;
va ouvexioel va l;OUe:; anaOXOAel yla nolla XPOV1U aKo}Ul. Eu­
"tUX~~ oev anauehQ1 AernOpepI1~ npaypo:teuorl tou eo~. 01
EAAI1ve~ nimeuav OU 01 EtpOUOKOl rip8uv mllv halia ano tTl
BmlKJi MlKpa Aoiu, KQ1 yIa "tOU~ yeitovee:; "toue:;, l;OU~ P(J)llaiou~,
eixav tIl pu8uui lo"topia ~e:; iopuoJ}~ -eJ}~ P~PIle:; pe-ea Ul qmYrl
"tou AIveia KQ1 "tIl~ OlKoycve1QC; "tou ano tJ}V Tpoia KQ1 "tIe:; ne­
p1nlavJiae1~ "toue:; 0"tI1 .!lUOJ1 (Il Imopia "tou BIPYIAiou). Ano ap­
XQloaoyuol molYl} 0 noaHlapoe:; "tcuv E"tpOUOKCOV q>ulVel;Ql va
e91yehal KUpicue:; pe "tllv "tOIIlKJi e~EA1~J}, 0Xl xcupie:; emopuOJ1
uno tOY Boppn ~e:; -,;ov oyBoo Q1wva KQl -el<; te1eu-,;aiee:; q>aaele:;
-,;ou Blllavo81Ou IIolulapOU, O'tl~ onoiee:; uvJiKouv 01 KupH).,;e­
pee:; e"tpouOKlKE<; noae1<;. IIp08Mpa"ta nou npenel va Au80Uv
aq>opouv tJ} yAwOaQ -eom; -oX1 -';ll ypaII"trl popq>Il "tJ}<; Ji -';I'}v
aIIoKpumoypaq>I}orl "tIl<; aAln tIe:; pi~ee:; "tI}e:;, nou Bev q>aivetQl
va eiVQl UaAlKe<;- KQl l;J}V Ql-eia·"tlle:; -euXeia<; KQl 8epeA1~00u<;
nOAUlap1KJ)<; ullUyI1e:;.144
IIPIV ano to -eeAoc:; "tou oyBoou QlWVU 0 e"tpouOKlKO<; no!ul­
apoc:; pnapop<p~811Ke EV"tEAW<; pe -eIlV E1080AJi «UVU-e011~0V'tCUV»
UV'tIKE1llCVCUV KQ1 "teXV1K~v. MepIKoi 8ecupoUv O-el uu"tri rll;UV II
mlyp.r} nou eyxu-eua-ea811KUV mllv El;poupiu pe-eavno"te<; ano n'}V
AvutOAJl, alAn "tu KQlVOUPIU «ava"toi\i~oV'tu» O-eOlXEiu Bev npocp­
xov"tU! ano KQn010 OUYKEKplpevo avu-eohKo Kev-epo, alla exouv

251