1 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.

Chapter 7
Multiple Division Techniques
2 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Outline
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
Walsh Codes
Near-far Problem
Types of Interferences
Analog and Digital Signals
Basic Modulation Techniques
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
3 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
User 1
User 2
User n

Time
Frequency
Single channel per carrier
All first generation systems use FDMA
4 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
U
s
e
r

1
U
s
e
r

2
U
s
e
r

n

Time
Frequency
Multiple channels per carrier
Most of second generation systems use TDMA
5 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
U
s
e
r

1
Time
Frequency
Users share bandwidth by using code sequences that are orthogonal to each other
Some second generation systems use CDMA
Most of third generation systems use CDMA
U
s
e
r

2
U
s
e
r

n
Code
.
.
.
6 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Types of Channels
Control channel
Forward (Downlink) control channel
Reverse (Uplink) control channel
Traffic channel
Forward traffic (information) channel
Reverse traffic (information) channel
7 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Types of Channels (Contd)
MS BS
f
1

f
2

f
n

f
f

Reverse channel (Uplink)

Forward channels
(Downlink)
f
1
f
2
f
n

Control channels
Traffic channels
8 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
FDMA
MS #1
MS #2
MS #n
BS
f
1

f
2

f
n

f
1
f
2
f
n

Reverse channels
(Uplink)
Forward channels
(Downlink)
9 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
FDMA: Channel Structure
1 2 3

N
Frequency
Total Bandwidth W=NW
c
Guard Band W
g
4
Sub Band W
c
Frequency
Protecting bandwidth

f
1
f
2
f
n

f
1
f
2
f
n
Reverse channels Forward channels
10 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
MS #1
MS #2
MS #n
BS

Reverse channels
(Uplink)
Forward channels
(Downlink)
t
Frequency f
#
1

#
1

Frame
Slot

#
1

#
1
Frame

t
Frequency f
Frame Frame

t
#
2

#
2

t
#
n

#
n

#
2

#
2

#
n

#
n

t
TDMA
11 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
TDMA: Channel Structure

t
f
#
1
#
2
#
n
#
1
#
2
#
n

(a). Forward channel

#
1
#
2
#
n
Frame Frame Frame

t
f
#
1
#
2
#
n
#
1
#
2
#
n

(b). Reverse channel

#
1
#
2
#
n
Frame Frame Frame
12 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
TDMA: Frame Structure (Contd)

Time
Frequency
f = f
#
1
#
2
#
n
#
1
#
2
#
n

Forward
channel
Reverse
channel

#
1
#
2
#
n
Forward
channel
Frame Frame
#
1
#
2
#
n

Reverse
channel
13 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
TDMA: Frame Structure (Contd)

Time
Frequency
#
1
#
2
#
n
#
1
#
2
#
n

#
1
#
2
#
n
Frame Frame Frame
Head Data
Guard
time
14 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
MS #1
MS #2
MS #n
BS
C
1

C
2

C
n

C
1
C
2
C
n

Reverse channels
(Uplink)
Forward channels
(Downlink)
Frequency f
Note: C
i
x C
j
= 0, i.e., C
i
and C
j
are orthogonal codes,
C
i
x C
j
= 0, i.e., C
i
and C
j
are orthogonal codes
Frequency f
15 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Comparisons of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA
(Example)
2 2 2 Control channels/cell
16.8 4 1 Capacity vs FDMA
320 228/3=76 57/3=19 Voice calls/sector
3 3 3 Sectors/cell
8x40=320 57x4=228 57x1=57 Voice channels/cell
40
**
4
*
1 Calls per RF channel
8 57 57 Usable channels/cell
12.5/1.25=10 416/7=59 416/7=59 Channels/cell
12.5/1.25=10 12.5/0.03=416 12.5/0.03=416 No. of RF channels
1.25 MHz 0.03 MHz 0.03 MHz Required channel BW
1 7 7 Frequency reuse
12.5 MHz 12.5 MHz 12.5 MHz Allocated Bandwidth
CDMA TDMA FDMA Operation
* Depends on the number of slots
** Depends on the number of codes
16 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Digital signal
s(t)
Code
c(t)
Spreading signal
m(t)
Code
c(t)
Digital signal
s(t)
Spreading De spread
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Power Power Power
Transmitter Receiver
Concept of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
17 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Digital signal
Hopping Pattern
Spreading signal
Digital signal
Spreading Despread
Frequency
Frequency
Frequency
Power
Power
Power
Hopping Pattern
Transmitter Receiver
Concept of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
18 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Time
Frequency
An Example of Frequency Hopping Pattern
19 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Walsh Codes (Orthogonal Codes)
Wal (0, t)
t
Wal (1, t)
t
Wal (2, t)
t
Wal (3, t)
t
Wal (4, t)
t
Wal (5, t)
t
Wal (6, t)
t
Wal (7, t)
t
20 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
MS
1
MS
2
BS
Distance
Distance
0
d
2
d
1
Received signal strength
MS
1
MS
2
BS
Near-far Problem
21 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Frequency
Baseband signal
Frequency
Interference baseband signals
Spreading signal
Frequency
Despread signal
Interference
signals
Interference in spread spectrum system
Types of Interference
22 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Adjacent Channel Interference
f
1
f
2
MS
1
MS
2
Frequency
Power
23 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Power Control
P
r
P
t
=
1

4df
c


Controlling transmitted power affects the CIR
P
t
= Transmitted power
P
r
= Received power in free space
d = Distance between receiver and transmitter
f = Frequency of transmission
c = Speed of light
= Attenuation constant
24 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Modulation
Why need modulation?
Small antenna size
Antenna size is inversely proportional to frequency
e.g., 3 kHz 50 km antenna
3 GHz 5 cm antenna
Limit noise and interference,
e.g., FM (Frequency Modulation)
Multiplexing techniques,
e.g., FDM, TDM, CDMA
25 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Analog and Digital Signals
Analog Signal (Continuous signal)
Digital Signal (Discrete signal)
Time
Amplitude
Time
Amplitude
1 1 1 1 0
0
Bit
+
_
0
0
S(t)
26 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Hearing, Speech, and Voice-band Channels
Voice-grade
Telephone channel
Human hearing
Human speech
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
Pass band
Frequency cutoff point
Guard band
Guard band
100
0 200 3,500 4,000
10,000
..
27 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Message signal
x(t)
Carrier signal
AM signal
s(t)
Amplitude of carrier signal is varied as the message signal to be transmitted.
Frequency of carrier signal is kept constant.
Time
Time
Time
28 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Frequency Modulation (FM)
FM integrates message signal with carrier signal by varying the instantaneous
frequency. Amplitude of carrier signal is kept constant.
Carrier signal
Message signal
x(t)
FM signal
s(t)
Time
Time
Time
29 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
1/0 represented by two different frequencies slightly offset from carrier frequency
Message signal
x(t)
Carrier signal 2
for binary 0
Carrier signal 1
for binary 1
FSK signal
s(t)
1 0 1 1 0 1
Time
Time
Time
Time
30 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits
Carrier signal
Carrier signal
) 2 sin( + t f
c
Message signal
x(t)
) 2 sin( t f
c

1 0 1 1 0 1
PSK signal
s(t)
Time
Time
Time
Time
31 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
QPSK Signal Constellation
Q
I
0,0 1,1
0,1
1,0
Q
I
0 1
(a) BPSK
(b) QPSK
32 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
All Possible State Transitions in /4 QPSK
33 Copyright 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Combination of AM and PSK
Two carriers out of phase by 90 deg are amplitude modulated
Rectangular constellation of 16QAM
I
Q
0000
0100 1100
1000
0001
0101
1101 1001
0011
0111
1111 1011
0010 0110 1110
1010