www.wsws.

org

f,dal iudcjd fj wvh

y;r jk cd;Hka;rfha cd;Hka;r lgqf m%ldYkh

hqfo frdaOh yd reishdkq ma,jh - m,uq jk fldgi

Anti-Semitism and the Russian Revolution- Part one
la,drd jhsia isks
2014 wfma,
% a 29
fuu ,smh
s id md,k ;ka;f
% ha isg is,a hqoO
a h
wjika jQ 1922 olajd reishdj ;=, hqfo frdaOfha
b;s y dih ms , s n |j W,a yfnla lrk ,o
ft;sydisl wOHhkhla ms,sn| fldgia ;=klska
hq;a uYkhl m,uq jekakhs'

l=uka;k
% hla h hk 1789 ma,jhg msgm
q iska mej;s
kHdh idjd md,l ljhka yd reis h dkq
idm%odhsl m,a,sh oej je,| .;af;ah'
hqfojkag tfrys rdcH fjkial lsu wd:sl
idOl ;=, o uq,a weo ;sks' oywg jk Y;jIfha
je ld,hla mqrd hqfojka reishdjg we;= u
;yk lr ;snqks' tfy;a uyd le;ka ^/k&
1791 hqfojkag reishdf mx ug wjir
fok wd{djla ksl=;a l, o Tjqkag fudiafldaf
mx u ;yk h' tu ms,sfj; m%Odk fldgu
ie,iq lrk ,oafoa fudialys fjf,kaokag
;ckhla f,i ie,l=kq hqfo fjf,kaokaf.ka
t,a, jk ;r.h je,elaug h' ta wkqj hqfojkag
iqfYaIS jifhka k lrk ,o iSud lrk ,o
^ia;%slal& ckmo ;=, j;a ug n, flreks'
1794 mgka rf wfkla mqrjeishka fuka fo.=khl
n Tjqkaf.ka whlr .kakd ,'

jir mylg fmr n,ska fufg%dfmda,a j,e.a

m%ldYk wdh;kh" W,a yfnla iska r; Das
Feindbild vom jdischen Bolschewiken " : Zur
Geschichte des russischen Antisemitismus vor und
whrend der Russischen Revolution, hq f o
fnd,afYlhkaf.a wudreldrhd( reishdkq ma,j
iuh yd Bg fmr reishdkq hqfo frdaOfha
b;sydih .ek ^1& k ft;sydisl wOHhkhla m,
lf,a h' tu lD;sh id rc hq.fha mgka is,a
hqoaOh wjika jQ 1922 olajd iuh ;=, reishdkq
hqfo frdaOfha b;sydihg wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
fuu wOHhkh hqfo-frdaOh yd isjk
Y;jIfha iudcjd llre jHdmdrhg tfrys
m%;s.d;ajh w;r im ft;sydisl in|;dj
fy,sorjq lrhs' ffoksl yd fYaI{ udOHh ;=,
fndfyda fihska fkd i,ld yer we;s yfnlaf.a
wOHhkh 1918 isg 1922 olajd is,a hqoaOfha
fidah wdkavqjg reoaOj wrdcHjd n,j;=ka
mdol lr.;a *eisia n,f.hkays b;sydih
f,aLk.; lrhs' fuu n,j;a;= fojk f,dal
hqoaOfha kdiSka iu. iyfhda.S jQy' tlai;a
ckmoh yd cuks h wo hq l a f kh ;= , is h
wrdcHjd ixydrh mok lrka f ka tu
n,f.hkays foaYmd,ksl Wreulaldrhska u; h'

Tjq k a f .a iudc-wd:s l ;;a ; a j fha Yd,

mj;khl fldgila f,i" m%Odk jifhka 1870
.kka j , hq f ofjda reis h df ma , jjd
jHdmdrh iu. inkaO jQy' hqfojka ck;djf.a
y;=rka f,i ie,lSug fya;=jQ idOl msgqmi mej;s
iudc fldkafoaisj,g yfnla fhduq lrkafka
wvq wjOdkhls' tfy;a hqfo-frdaOh yd tys
foaYmd,k N+ldj wjfndaO lr.ekSug ta foa
w;suQ,sl h'
yfnla wjdikdjka; f,i Wmqgd oelaug
wiu;a jk" hqfo m%Yakh ms,sn| fg%dialsjd
tan%y ,sfhdkaf.a plaIk wOHhkfha Tyq
idjd wrdcHh ;=, hqfo ckhdf.a iudc
;;a;j
a h flfrys 1863 bv m%;i
s xialrkj,ska miq
Okjdofha we;sjQ jOkh flfia n,mEf o hkak
wjOdrkh lrhs ' jevji iufha hq f o
ckhdf.ka nyq;rh fjf,kaoka yd w;al Ys,m
a k
S a
f,i lghq;= l,y' ck.ykfha jvd;a u mS;
ck fldgila njg blaukska u m;ajQ hqfo Ys,m
a k
S a
fYaIfhka u laIksl ksOkSlrkhlg Ndckh
lsug Okjdoh fya;= h'

1917g fmr reishdkq hqfo-frdaOh

oykj jk Y;jIfha wdrNfha mgka idjd
rdcH ;ka;%h ;=, hqfo-frdaOh" nqoa m%fndaOhg
yd m%kai ma,jhg tfrys foaYmd,k m%;s.d;ajh
iu. ne ;snqks' m%kai ma,jh m%:u jrg m%kaih
;=, yd kefmda,shka iska miqj hg;a lr.;a N+
m%foaY ;=, hqfojkag mQk m%cd;dka;%sl whs;Ska
m%odkh lsug u. fy,s lf,a h' hqfo-uefidakl
s a
1

tfy;a ma , jjd ufkda . ;S k a yd

uq l a ; s h ,nd.ekS f wNs , dIh iys ;
hqfojkaf.a wjYH;d w;r fuu im
inkaOh iuyr fjk;a wdkavj
q ,ska fuka
reishdkq wdkavqf wjOdkfhka .s,syS fkd
;sks' tneka ma,jjd m%jk;djka ;rug
u hqfojkag o ffjr lrk yd mSvd lrk
wdkavqj idudkH ckhd w;r hqfojka
flfrys ffjrh weiaiSug yd we,ug
;ukaf.a n,h hgf;a yels iEu fohla u
lf,ah' md,lhska fuu ffjrh me;srjQfha
yd /l.;af;a yqfola ck;djf.a ;h
kj w:hlska mqrjd,k lsis wdldrhl
m% f nda O hla wys ls u i|yd mukla
fkdf( hqfojka yd hqfo fkd jk
ckhd w;r fudku inkaO;djlg fyda
ndOd l, tu wdkavj
q " Tjqka w;r iY%kh
j,la j ka hq f ojka udkj m% c dfjka
msgia;r nj;a Tjqkg
a whs;j
s disl ys ke;s
nj;a kEu flfkl=g k;= lr.; yels
nj;a ckhdg ta;a;= .ekah'

oyia .kka hqfojkag Tjqkaf.a l=vd k.r yd

.udk w;yer Yd, k.rj,g ixl%ukh ug
n, flreks' Tjqkaf.a iudc mydksh u.ska ngysr
hqfrdamhg yd tlai;a ckmohg uyd mudkfhka
ixl%ukh ug n, flreks' 1870 .kkaj,
idudkHfhka .f isg k.r lrd ;eka u iu.
ish . yer .sfha 8"000 isg 10"000la olajd jQ
hqfojka msila jqj o 1881 yd 1914 w;r kef.kysr
hqfrdamfha isg msgrgj,g ixl%ukh jQ hqfojka
.kk jirlg 50"000-60"000 isg 150"000-160"000
m%udkhla olajd ke.=ks ^2&'
1881 mgka hqfo-frda ixydr h,s h,s;a
l%shd;aul h' tajd wjjk ,oafoa ;=kajk id
wef,laiekav >d;khg j.lsj hq;af;a hqfo
ma,jjdka h hk lgl;dj u.sks' 1887 mgka
hqfojkaf.a Wiia wOHdmk wjia:d iSud h'
lSfh" fudial yd Tfr,a jeks m%Odk k.rj,ska
Tjqka f;d. mska fkrmd yeu o ta yd iu.
werUqk's
reis h df yd ngys r hq f rda m fha iudcjd
jHdmdrh ta iufha hqfo-frdaOh oe f,i
m%;l
s f
a Iam lrk wdia:dkhla .;af;a h' llrejka
o fYa I fhka u f.dka o we;= idjd
wrdcHfha iEu ;rd;srulu iudc ia:rhka w;r
hqfo frdaOh me;s ;snqfka hhs yfnla h,s
h,s;a wjOdrkh lrkq ,enqj o Tyq tu m%mxph
ia ; r fkd lrhs ' 1880 .kka j , ;ju;a
;drekHfha miqjQ reishdkq llre mka;sh mej;
wdf f.dka w;ka h' my, uOHu mka;Ska yd
f.dka w;r jevji hq.fha mej;s hqfo-frda
w.;Ska ;ju;a n,meje;ajQ w;r fjf,kaoka"
fmd,Sldrhska yd mqyqkq Ys,amSka f,i hqfojkaf.a
iudc ;;a;ajh ksid Tjqkag ks;ru mdfya i,lk
,oa f oa fmd,S l rejka yd ms , s f l l, hq ; =
;r.lrejka f,i h'

uyckhd fokdjg yd w;Dma;shg weo

oukq ,en tu mSvdjka m%pkav f,i msms
hk ;;a;ajhg .uka lrk l, idf.a
wkaf;ajdislfhda tu msms hqfo wd.u
fj;g fhduq l,y' ta l dm;s ; a j fha
ysiaj,g by,ska tla/ia jk l=kdgqj,
wl=kq hIah f,i hqfojka Nd;d l,y'
reishdkq wrdcHh ;=, wjir fok ,o
tlu uyck jHdmdrh jkafka hqfojkag
ysxid mSvd lsu" Tjqka fld,a, lEu yd
urd oeu hs'
iudc fmr,s l d;a j fha fuu wjh ;= ,
mkduh jqkq ffjrfha chla f,i hqfo
ma , jjdoh" iudcjd jHdmdrhg tfrys j
idjdoh iska fhdod.;a jeo.;a wdhqOhla u
wynhla fkd f' 1905 ma,jfha wjh jkg
hqfojka ovuqka f,i fhdod .ekSu ck;dj w;r
;ka uq,anei ;snqks' yfnla fuu isoaka fol
w;r inkaOh wjOdkhg ,la fkd l,;a th
w;sYh jeo.;a ldrkhls'

f.fhka jOkh jk" wdka;slj mmS;

llre mka;sh yd lDDr f,i iQrdlEug ,lajk
f.dka f .a flda m h fjk;lg yrjd th
hqfojkag tfrysj fhduq lsug idjdoh" Y;jI
.kka merks fuu w.;Ska .id lEf h' 1903
lsIsfk ixydrh ms,sn|j lsIsfk ixydrh iy
hqfo m%Yakh k ,smshla ,shQ ld,a fl!ials
hqfojkaf.a uqla;sh ma,h llre jHdmdrfha
id:l;ajh u; / mj;sk nj wjOdrkh lf,a
h'

1905 m%:u j;djg llre mka;sh ma,jhl

kdhl N+ldj yslr .;af;a h' 1871 meia
fldhqkh uokfhka bla;af;a yg.;a tu
jif isoaka" ikaia:dkhla i,l=kq lf,ah'
cuksh" fn,ahu yd m%kaih we;=j hqfrdamh
mqrd yUd.sh uy jevjck yd ma,jjd wr.,
2

.kka ke;s hqfo-frda ixydrj, ksr; jqk

,ela ykav% jHdmdrfha olaIskdxYsl mlaI
idjd ;ka;%h iska u;a lf,a h' Bg wu;rj"
wdkavqf m%jD;s n,Odka iska wkqu; lrk ,o"
wNHka;r lghq;= wud;HdxYh iska mdYh
jifhka wruqo,a iemhQ hqfo-frda ,sh,sj,
msgm;a ,shk 14'3lg je m%udkhla 1905 yd 1916
w;r fnodyk , ^6&'

/,a,la tu is iu.ska wdrN h'

fmfrd.%Evfha m%:u fidah iNdjg f;dard
m;alr .;a kdhlhd jQ ,sfhdka fg%dials" 1917
Tla f ;da n ma , jfha fnd,a f Ylhka f .a
boYkh ;Ska l, fkd kj;sk ma,j kHdh
bm;a lf,a o tu jif ^1905& h'
llrejka f .a yd f.dka f .a ma , jjd
jHdmdrhg id ;ka ; % h m% ; s p dr oela j Q f ha "
fldamdIag hqfo-frda m%pdrhlska yd wka;
olaIskdxYsl ixOdk yuqodjg n|jd .ekSfuks'
l=m%lg isfhdka jeyshkaf.a is;a ;a hk
lD;sh idjd wdkavqj mq,a yd l%udkql+, f,i
m;=rejd yefhah' Y;jIfha uqjg i khs,i
a a
iska ,shk ,o is;a ;a lD;sh" l%sia;shdks
oyug reoa O hq f o l= u ka ; % k hla ms , s n |
kHdhhla yd wdikak uyd jHikhl ;ckhla
biau;= lf,a h' tu lD;sh miqj kdiSka iska o
ish m%pdrk lghq;= i|yd Nd;d lf,ah' yqfola
jvd;a u m%;s.d mqoa.,fhla f,i mukla fkdj
jvd;a u uq.O
a md,lfhla f,i o b;sydifha m;=,g
hdug ksh;j is fojk id ksfldf,dia is;a
;a lshf miqj my; oelafjk wdka;sl
igyk ,Sh'

wka; olaIskdxYh imj in|;d meje;ajQ

reishdkq idm%odhsl m,a,sh ^Orthodox Church&
t,smsgu hqfo-frda m%pdrkfha fhks' 1908
ihsfkd ksldh" mQclhka tiawdtkays
idudl;ajh ,nd.ekSu m%isoafhau wkqu; lf,a
h' tiawdtkays lghq;= j,g wdYSjdo lsu i|yd
ihsfkdavh m%dfoaYSh ro.=rejrekag wdrdOkd lrk
, ^7&'
1911 isg 1913 olajd" tk" m,uq f,dal hqoaOfha
uqjg " l=m%lg fnhs,sia kvqj Nd. lrk ,'
m,a,sfha yd ,ela ykav% jHdmdrfha n,mEu
hgf;a uekafy fukav,a fnhs,sia k hqfo
llrefjl=g reoaOj ksYa; idlaIs ke;s ;;=
hgf;a mjd 12 ye reishdkq ms ,ufhl=
>d;kh lf,a hhs fpdaokd f.dkq flreks' kvqj
wjidkfha fnhs,sia ksoyia lrkq ,enqj o Widh"
jHdc-ffk;sl ;l fhdod.kska hqfojkag
tfrys w.;Skaf.a yd fjkial lsf krl u
;;ajhlg bv ie,iQ" pd;%dkql,
+ >d;khg Tyqf.a
inkaOh ms,sn| ielh ;yjqre lf,ah'

ka;kfha fld;r k .eUqrla o

fld;r roelaula o jevms,f
s j, l%h
s djg
oef fld;r ksrjoH njla o wmf.a
1905 is fufyhjQfha fuu jeyshka
iska hhs fmfkkakg we;;a th wjika
we;' i;H jYfhkau Tjqka meje;akd
nj .ek lsis ielhla ;sh fkd yel'
iEu ;ek u hqfo wd.f bfmf,a
kdYld yia;h mj;S ^3&'

reishdkq fid,aodjka ,shk 2la >d;khg

,laj ;j;a ,shk 5la ;=jd, ,o m,uq f,dal hqo
iuh ;=, rdcH wkq.%yh iys; hqfo-frdaOh kj
uqklg ,d h' reishdkq yuqod kdhl;ajh" hqoO
a h
flfrys fid,aodjka yd idudkH ckhd w;r
jefvk reoaO;ajh" olaIskdxYsl udj;a Tiafia
wmirkh lsu i|yd oekqj;a ms,f
s j;la wkq.ukh
lf,a h'

1905 Tlaf;danrfha fmfrd.%E fidah iNdj

iska kdhl;ajh fok ,o uyd jevjckhg id
m% ; s p dr oela j Q f ha " 1905 ma , jh ms , s n | is h
f,aLkhkays tla mfohl ,sfhdka fg%dials
miqj ia;r l, m" id ;u wdkavqjg hqfofrda ixydrhkag fm,U lr u;a lsu i|yd
Wmfoia fuks' wdikak jifhka k.r 50 muk
ler,s yg.ekqkq w;r hqfojka oyia .kkla
>d;kh flreks ^4&' 1905 Tlaf;danrh yd 1906
wfma,
% a udih w;r mukla 48"000lf.a ; ,s.;a
m%;sma,jfha wdrNh fuu ixydrhka u.ska
iksgqyka lf,ah ^5&'

yfnla fufia igyka lrhs( hqfojkag tfrys

pr mqreI fpdaokd yd ta hgf;a kvq weiS" hqfo
ckhd m%dk wemhg .ekS" hka; meh 24l mQj
oekq ulska miqj hqo fmruqkg im m%foaYj,ska
hqfojka m,jdye iy wjidkfha Tjqka ixydrh
lsu" yuqod kdhl;ajfha hqfo-frda ms,f
s j;aj,
m%ldYkh yd mdlh h ^8&' 1916 jkg ,shk
3'3l ckldhla T;a;= ne,Sf fpdaokd hgf;a
n,y;aldrfhka m,jdyer ;snk
q q w;r Bg hqfojka
600"000la we;=,;a h ^9&'

miqj t,eUqkq jir lsysmfha" reishdkq ck;d

ix.uh (SRNSoyuz Russkovo Naroda& jeks
3

igyka

ta w;r je jifhka fldiela j reka f .ka

ie,;a ,sg tall iska .skh
s fkd yels m%pkav
l%shd is lrk ,( ixydrhka fld,a,lEj,g
iSud fkd h' jer hhs i,lk ,o yeisu i|yd
pQ;hkag ks;r zo~qjZ lrk ,' Tjqkag mNj
fldg" jOnkaOkhg ,lafldg" ldka;djka Ikh
lrk ,' fndfyda wjia:dj, Bg f.drejQjka
>d;kh lrk ,o kuq;a tu ixLHdj miq ld,Sk
is,a hqoaOfha urd oeuqkjqka .kkg jvd wvq h
hs yfnla ,shhs' fuu m,jdye yd ixydr
fYaIfhka n,mEf .e,SIshdf" ,s;=fkshdf"
fn,reishdf" hqlafkfha yd Y;jI ld,lg
muk miq fydf,dafldaig
a fha m%pkav;ajhg o uqyk
q
mEug isjQ fmda,ka;fha hqfojkag h'

1) Das Feindbild vom jdischen Bolschewiken " : Zur

Geschichte des russischen Antisemitismus vor und
whrend der Russischen Revolution ^hqfo
fnd,afYlhkaf.a wudreldrhd( reishdkq ma,j iuh yd
bka miqj reishdkq hqfo-frdaOfha b;sydih .ek&"
n,ska" 2009
2& wdn%y ,sfhdka( Die jdische Frage: eine marxistische
Darstellung, hqfo m%Yakh( udlaiajd w:oelaula" ^tika"
1995"& msgqj -137
3& yfnla" 2009" 157 msgqj
4& tu'" 60 msgqj
5& uekaf*% ys,v
a fh( Die Russische Revolution 19051921, ^reishdkq ma,jh 1905-1921&" *%ekala* we fka"
1988" 90 msgqj'
6& yfnla" 2009" 62 msgqj
7& tu'" 64 msgqj
8& tu'" 91-92 msgq
9& tu'" 93 msgqj
10& tu'" 96 msgqj

fuu rdcH wkq.%yh iys; hqfo-frdaOh

wjidkhlg f.fkk ,oa f oa 1917 fmnrjd
ma,jh iska id n,fhka my l, miqj muks'
iuld,S k f,da l hq f o ck.ykfhka Yd,
wkqmd;hla jQ reishdkq hqfojka ,shk 6lg m%:u
jrg mQk is,a whs;sjdisl ys h'

u;= inkaOhs'
www.wsws.org