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Design and Calculation of 66kV Neutral Grounding Resistor For Main Transformers in Bandar Imam Petrochemical Complex (BIPC) Power Station Located in South West of IRAN PDF
Design and Calculation of 66kV Neutral Grounding Resistor For Main Transformers in Bandar Imam Petrochemical Complex (BIPC) Power Station Located in South West of IRAN PDF
=
d
D
C
(1)
C
0
=capacitance to ground in F/Feet
D= diameter over insulation for cable
d = diameter over conductor
=specific inductive capacitance of insulation
Size and length of 66KV cables in BIPC is according to
table 2.
There for 66KV cable charging current is:
3I
C0
= 65.38+23.54+15.4=104.32A
6.6KV & 3.3KV CABLES
Charging currents of BIPC MV cables are very small and
neglected
6.6KV & 3.3KV Electric Machines
Charging current for electric machines is equal with[4]
n
P
I
C
* 05 . 0 3
0
= A (2)
P=out put horse power
n= rpm
This current is about 0.4A and neglected.
Total charging current
BIPC charging current is some of above sequences:
3IC0=42.42+104.32=146.74A
MAX. AND MIN. 66KV FEEDERS CHARGING CURRENTS
If neutral is grounded through a resistor, its current under
fault condition must be more than maximum charging
currents of feeders. Although all transformers can be
grounded with communal resistor, it isn't suitable. Because
when a fault accrues on each transformer out put, all
transformers will be tripped. For this reason it is better than
each transformer grounded with particular resistor.
The examination shows that, in worth case, BIPC electric
energy supplied by 3 transformers. There for the current
through each resistance must be bigger than 50A, at least.
Grounding
system
Highest Voltage
(kV rms)
Nominal Voltage
(kV rms)
effectively 420 400
effectively 245 230
effectively 145 132
effectively
ineffectively
72.5 66 & 63
effectively
ineffectively
24 20
Charging
Current
(A)
Y=(c)
) / ( km mho
Length
(m)
Cable
65.38 0.000041 13950 3(195)/Cu/XLPE
23.54 0.000058 3550 3(1240)/Cu/XLPE
15.4 0.000094 1400 3(1800)/Cu/XLPE
Table 2.Charcteristics of 66KV Cables
2350
For producing a good protection, earth fault relay
sensitivity and it setting must be so that, it is bigger than
charging current in unfaulted feeders. Also it set on 10% of
maximum short circuit current. Fig 3 in appendix shows
one of different cases for charging currents flow with a LG
fault in BIPC.
V. NEUTRAL GROUNDING RESISTANCE (NGR) DETERMINATION
NGR determination affected by following notes:
- Maximum trip time of network circuit breakers.
- Current transformers ranges.
- Network short circuit levels.
- Allowable maximum fault current for network.
When a LG fault is accrued, real sequence of LG current
must be bigger than the sum of charging current in 3
phases
c
c
X
U
I = ,
c
X
c
1
= (3)
= C U I
c
3 (4)
c R
I I C U
R
U
3
C
R
3
1
(5)
Minimum current for each NGR must be 50A.Out put GIS
feeders CT ratio is 200/1A. If each NGR is limited to 200A,
with setting of over current relay instantaneous element on
0.1, perfect protection will produce for LG fault current
more than 20A.
For currents of lower than 150A, with attention to existing
ratio CTs, identification of ground faults in far distance
from GIS with high impedance isn't capable. Also currents
of bigger than 200A, is caused unbalance voltage more than
1% in MV networks and this reduces efficiency of MV
electric motors. There for selection of 200A grounding
resistance for neutral points of transformers is useful.
VI. ICALCULATION OF RESISTANCE
Resistance must be installed in secondary side of
transformers, where line voltage is 66KV.Resistance
calculated as follows:
- Voltage rating of ground resistor =
KV V
N L
1 . 38
3
66
= =
(6)
For 82.1MVA,13.8/66KV and 60MVA, 132/66KV, delta-
star connected transformers, the current must be limited to
200A.Hence:
A R 190
200
38100
= (7)
Using a 200/1A current transformer:
) ( 1
1
200
200
A =
200/1*0.1(Min.tap) =20(A). Minimum pickup current
Using relay 0.1-1(A) ranges will provide satisfactory
pickup range 20-200A and more.
VII. NEW EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION
Grounding system modification needs to new equipment
for installation in BIPC network. This equipment is:
-NGR for each main transformer in BIPC and KWPA
-equipping of all GIS output feeders with earth fault relay
(50N) if there isn't enough protection under new
conditions.
-equipping of input feeders in KWPA switchgear and GIS
with Restricted Earth Fault (REF) relay.
- equipping of all input feeders in GIS with standby earth
fault relay such as 51N relay if there isn't.
Also some of relay settings must be modify. Because of
LG fault current reduced about 20 times with respect to
solidly grounding system.
VIII. LIMITTER SUBJECTS IN RELAYS SETTING
NGR causes that unfaulted phases voltages increase when
a fault is accrued. In fault position this voltages may
reach to line voltages (i.e. 1.732 times).Hence one major
limiters are existing voltage relays on HV and MV levels.
We must aware these setting relays and new protection
must be set so that before voltage relay operation, fault
cleared.
VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
Insertion of NGR in grounding system has effects
on equipment and network electrical parameters.
Although using of NGR causes increase voltages when a
LG fault accrued, balancing of voltage in MV and LV
networks will improve. Figs. 1 and 2 compare unbalance
voltages in 2 different case of grounding system on
several positions of BIPC network with a LG fault in
66KV level.
This figures show unbalance voltage in 66KV networks a
few increases. But in MV networks unbalance voltage
very reduces and reaches to zero, nearly. Hence transient
stability in this level of network fortifies. Main electrical
motors work in this voltage level.
2351
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
66 kV Short Circuit Buses
U
n
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
%
Solid Grounding
Resistance Grounding (200 A)
Fig1. BIPC 66KV buses unbalance voltage
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
66 kV Short Circuit Buses
U
n
b
a
l
a
n
c
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
%
Solid Grounding Resistance Grounding (200 A)
Fig2. BIPC 3.3KV buses unbalance voltage
X. CONCLUSION
With NGR, LG fault current and released energy reduces.
There for safety for personal and equipment is improved.
Damping of over voltage and unbalance voltage in MV
reduces. Adding of new equipment may be impossible
because switchgear is GIS type.
Also radio interferences may increase with respect to
solidly grounding systems. Charging currents, voltage relay
settings, sensitivity of current relay for high impedance and
far away fault identification, CTs ratio,are major
parameter for resistor calculation.
With NGR network needs to new protections. In NGR
cubicle CT is located between NGR and earth. In this case
the nominal voltage of CT is low (400V).If it located
between neutral point of transformer and NGR its nominal
voltage would be 38.1KV.
In 1st case, although CT is cheaper but if NGR and earth
connection omitted CT will destroy. Because of in LG fault
moment, neutral point voltage increases to 38.1KVand CT
will see this voltage.
Voltage and current fault analysis is done in many papers.
Readers can refer to [5] and [6].Our goal in this paper was
introduction the basic and important operational notes and
avoided from mention of done searches and studies.
REFERENCES
[1] Ghods Niroo consultant Engineers." standard for
132/20(33) KV substation,"
[2] IEEE Std141-1993.
[3] Dr.Luke, L.Henriks,"Selection of System Neutral
Grounding Resistor and Ground Fault Protection
for Industrial Power Systems," IEEE. Paper No.
PCIC-91-51.
[4] www.ipc-resistor.com"Ground Fault Protection on
Ungrounded and High Resistance Grounded
Systems Application Guide"
[5] "Resistance Grounded Systems," Copyright 2002
Kilowatte classroom,LLC.
[6] J.Roberts, Dr.Hector,J.Altuve,Dr.Daqing
Hou"Review"Reviw of Ground Fault Protection
Methods for Ground,Unground and Compensated
Distribution Systems"scheitzer engineering
labratoies,Inc
2352
APPENDIX
Fig.1.charging current flow in BIPC network
2353