%syRVNRP xmspNRPV xqsyV

%syRVNRP R%s L][ DRRWs[ BLis aRPVLi [xqsVNRPVs sW%sVT ANRPV ][LRiLi NRPVN][y. yNTPsV @Li
NRPLjiLiRVN][y. NRPVVLi xqsVLiy RLiVNRPVs rysLi [RW. [sos gRij soLi[ @LiRV[ [y xmsLjiaRPV\sVs
xms[aRPLi[ INRP {ms s[zqs, ys\|ms sVsLi RVNRPVs %syRVNRPVT %sgRis soLiy. s rysWgjis NRPWy
@LiRVV[ soLiy.
%syRVNRPVTNTP DLiy y BxtsQLi. %sVgjis OSQQVy [NRPVy %dss RxmssxqsLjigS RRWLRiV [xqsVN][y.
%syRVNRPVT %sgRixLi FsRV {ms N]LiLi RWs Fzqs ys\|ms LSgji [y sLiT [y sV FyRsV soLiy.
ysNTP xmsxqsVxmso LSzqs V |ms. ys[ N]s @ORPQRV, xmspV s[zqs ys\|ms sW%sVT ANRPVV soLi A \|ms
N]LjiNSRV][ NRPaRPLi GLSV [xqsVN][y.
A RLS*R xmsxqsVxmso sVVR][ xmsxqsVxmso gRixmss RRWLRiV [xqsVN][y. xmspNRPV sVVLiRV INRP gSxqsV[ Liy [y
DRLji soLiRVNRPVs xmsNRPs sVL][ s }msV |msVN][y. xmsp [xqsVsxmsVRV [NTP xmsxqsVxmso, NRPVLiNRPVsVV @soyLiVV.
NS s sryQs soLiRVNRPVLi[ gRiVLiVLij.
xmspNRPV NSszqss rysVgji
xmsxqsVxmso, NRPVLiNRPVsV, gRiLiRLi, @gRiLRiVsRVV, NRPLRiWLRiLi, RsVFyNRPVV, sNRPV, xmspV, xmsp RLiRV, @LRi xmsLiRV,
N]Lji NSRVV, Li [y xmsLiRyLRi, xmsLiysVXyV, ][LRisVV, kFyLSRs NRPVLiRVV, sLiVV [NRP sWs,
kFyLSRs sRVV, %syRVNRPVT xmssV, 21 LRiNS ANRPVV, DLiy, FyRVxqsLi, OSQQV.
%syRVNRP sRNRPM
ARsV: JLi ZNP[aRPyRV ry*c JLi yLSRVRV ry* c JLi sWRyRV ry*c JLi g][%sLiyRV ssVM c %sxtsQs[
ssVM c sVR VxqsWRyRV ssVM c %sNRPsWRV ssVM c ysVyRV ssVM c $R LSRV ssVM c xX{tsQZNP[aSRV ssVM c
xmsRyRV ssVM c ysWRLSRV ssVM c xqsLiNRPL<iR RV ssVM c yxqsV[yRV ssVM c xmsRVsWRV ssVM c
@sLRiVyRV ssVM c xmsoLRiVuRsWRV ssVM c @][ORPQRV ssVM c yLRizqsLiRV ssVM c @RVyRV ssVM c
yLRiyRV ssVM cD}msLiyRV ssVM c xLRi[V ssVM c $NRPXuyRV ssVM.
%syRVNRP FyLiR s
a][. aRPVNSLiLRiRLRiLi %sxtsvLi aRPbPsLRiLi RRVLRiVLi e
xmsxqsssRsLi y[V R=LRi%s|mnsWxmsaSLiR[V ee
xqsVsVV\ZaPQQNRPRLiRaRP NRPzms[ gRiNRPLRiNRPM,
Li[RLRiaRP %sNRP[ %sxmnsVLS[ gRijxmsM.
RWsVZNP[RV LRiRQORPQM, FnyRLi][ gRissM,
sNRPRVLiR aRPW+LRiNRPL][ }LRisVM xqss xmspLRiM.
uR\ZaPys ysWs RVM xmslhi[ RQXVRW Rzms,
%syLRis[V %sy} R xmss[ZaP[ sLiR s[V Ry,
xqss[V xqsLRi* NSlLi[xtsv %sxmsn VQxqsxqs sRV[.
@dzms=yLRizqsRLRiLi xmsp][ RVxqsV=Q\lLiLRizms, xqsLRi*%sxmnsV[ R\|qs#gRij xmsR[V ssV: ee
xqsLiNRPLi
JLi. sVsWFyR RVLjiRORPQRVy*LS $ xmsLRis[VaRP*LRi {msRLRiLi, aRPV[a][# s[ sVVxlLi[ @Rx j*dRV xmsLSlLi[
ZaP[*RsLSxNRP[ \ssxqs*RsVs*LiRlLi[, NRPRVVlgi[ xmsRsVFy[, LiVk*}ms, LRiRslL<i[, LRiR Li[ s[VL][LRiOTPQ
jgSlgi[ (ARW FyLiyNRPV sWLRiVN][y) @zqss sLRi s Ws ysLjiNRP yLiRsWs[s xms yj xtsQzts Q xqsLisR=LSLi
sV[ $......(xqsLixmsR=LRiLi }msLRiV Fy) ysV xqsLisR=lLi[ ROTPQRVs[, sL<RiVVf, RxmsRsW}qs, aRPVNRPxmsZOP[Q
RRVLSQLi _... yxqsLRiRVVNSRWLi, aRPVsORPQ R, aRPVWgRi, aRPVNRPLRi GssVgRiV %sZaP[xtsQ %sbPuyRWLi, aRPV_,
$sWs......... (}msLRiV) g][R:........(g][RsVV }msLRiV). ysV[RVx: $sVR: .... (}msLRiV) g][Rxqs....(g][RsVV }msLRiV)
ysV[RVxqs, RLRixmsd xqss[VRxqs @ryNRPLi xqsxNRPVVLiyLi ZOP[QsV, |q^sLRi, %sRV ARVVLSL][gRi

HaRP*LSsXRLRiLi, RLSLRi NSsVsWORPQ RRVLji*R xmns xmsoLRiVuyLRi zqsRLRiLi, BxtsQAsWLRi zqsRLRiLi, sV[yLiyxmns
zqsRLRiLi, xqssVxqsRVLji][xmsaSLiRLRiLi, xqssVxqs sVLigRiyxmsQLRiLi slL<i[ slL<i[ xmsRVVNRP sLRizqsj %syRVNRP RRVLki sVVjaRP, $
sLRizqsj %syRVNRP [s y {msRLiR Li NRP[Q NPR xmsNSlLi[ RWsRQ NPT yy yxyj uRrxmsyLRi xmspLi
NRPLji}tsQ(ds yNRPssV)
@_ sLji*}mnsVs xmsLjixqssWxmsQLiR Li gRij xms xmspLiNRPLji}tsQ! RRLigRi NRPaRPxmspLi NRPLji}tsQ
NRPaRPLi gRiLiR xmsouyQORPQ \LRiLRiQ RrxmsLji xxqsLi syRVc
NRPaRPxmsp
NRPaRPLi gRiLiRxmsouyQORPQ \ LRiLRiQ (NRPaRPsVVsNRPV gRiLiRxmso V |ms @ORPQRj [xms NRP xmsoxtsQsVV sVLi RRVxmsLji A
FyRsV NRPVT [][ sVWzqs C NTPLij sVLiRsVVsV RRVsssV.)
NRPaRPxqs sVV[ %sxtsvM NRPLilhi[ LRiVR xqs=sWbPRM e
sVW[ RR zqs][ sV[ sWRXgRiM xqsQXyM ee
NRPVO_QR V rygRiLSM xqslLi[ xqsxmsk Fy sxqsVLiR LS e
VVlgi[][ % R RVlLi[RM rysVs[][ xRLRiM e
@Li\lgiaRP xqszyM xqslLi[ NRPaSLiV xqssWbPyM ee
ARWsV [s xmspLRiLi RVLjiRORPQRVNSLRiNSM e
gRiLilgi[ R RVsVVs[ \s g][ysLji xqsLRixqs e
sLRi[ zqsLiRVNSs[Lji [% zqss xqssjLi NRPVLRiV ee
NRPa][RZNP[s xmspRy [ssVLiRxms sWysLi R xqsLiFORPQ . (NRPaRPsVLiR sVVsV [[ FxqsVN]s,
xmspN]\ZNPs sxqsVso%dsVRsV [sos sVLiRxmssVVsLiRVsV Rs s%dsVRsV RVN]sszqssj. ) RRLigRi[s
sLRizqsj %syRVNRP FyxmsuyxmssLi NRPLji}tsQ. BxmsVRV xmsxqsVxmso][ %syRVNRPVT RRWLRiV[xqsVN][y.
sV (xmsxqsVxmso) gRij xms xmsp:c
gRiLiy*Li gRixmsg`iiLi xysV} NRP%sLiNRP%dsy sVVxmssVaRPsxqss VLi,
[xtsQLSLi x, xxqsR: AsaRPX*sW{qs=R ryRsLi
$ sVgRijxmsR[V ssV: yyyxyj uRa][xmsyLRi xmspLi NRPLji}tsQ (xmspV, @ORPQRV NRPFy) RVygRiLi
gRiVRLiss[RRW%sV
$ sVgRijxms xqsV=xmsxqs[, xqsV{ms][, sLRi][sRV
$ gRijxms xmsryRLi bPLRirygRiX%sV (lLiLiRV @ORPQRV R\|ms s[xqsVN][y)
@R $ sLRizqsj %syRVNRP Fy xmsuyxmssLi NRPLji}tsQ
Fy xmsuy
sVLi ee @xqsVds[ xmsosLRiryxqsV RORPVM
xmsosM Fy %sVx[ [z [gRisV,
[NRPZaP[sV xqsWLRi sVVRLRiLiR
sVsVsV[ sVXRRWs xqszqs.
@sVXRLi \ s Fy @sVXR sWxmsM Fys[s RVyrys sVVxmsxRV[.
ry*%sVs xqsLRi*gRiyR RWsRWsrysNRPsV e
ysR*QLi {mss[s Li[zqss xqssjLi NRPVLRiV ee
Ayz][ s, ryzms][ s, xqsVxmsxqs[ s, sLRi][ s, @sNRPVLihji][ s, zqs LSxqssLi NRPVLRiV, xms{qsR, xms{qsR, xms{qsR.
mx sp %syssV
a].[ sxqsLiRFyFxmsn V%sR *Lixqss%sRORPQLi e
%sxmnsWLiRNSLRixqsLiRLi %sxmnsVLS sVxLi # [ ee
GNRPRsLi aRPWLRiNRPLRiLi gRisNRPQLi RRVLRiVLi e

FyaSLiNRPVaRPRLRiLi [sLi y[V =j%syRVNRPsV ee

DRsVLi gRiyRxqs sRLi xqsLixmsRLRiLi aRPVLi e
NSdxtsQxmsRLi Rry y[V RLi %sxmnsVyRVNRPsV ee
y[V RssLi [sLi RxmsNSLiRsxqssLi e
RRVLRiVLi sVNSRVLi xqsLS*LRiWztsQRsV ee
$ sLRizqsj%syRVNRPLi yRW%sV.
a][. @y % gRiR gRiRLiRQ xqsVLRiLSLji[aRP*LRi e
@yRyR xqsLRi g_LkigRiLRixqssVVRs ee
$ sLRizqsj%syRVNRPLi AyxRW%sV.
a][. sNTPQ\ZNPM xmsoxtsQLS\lgiaRP yyLRi\Q Lji*LSRLi e
LRiRzqsLixqssLi yLRiV {msRLRiLi xmsgRiXxysV ee
$ sLRizqsj %syRVNSRV AxqssLi xqssVLRiRW%sV.
a].[ g_LkixmsoR! ssV}qsxqsV aRPLiNRPLRi zmsRVsLiRs !
gRiXLRiQLi sVRW RRLi gRiLiRxmsouyQORPQ \LRiVRLi e
$sLRizqsj%syRVNSRV @LRiQLi xqssVLRiRW%sV.
a].[ gRisNRPQ ssV}qsxqsV xqsLS*d xts QxmsyRVNRP e
NSQ FyRLi sVRWRRLi gRiX jLRiyss e $ sLRizqsj%syRVNSRV FyRLi xqssVLRiRW%sV
a][. @yRyR xqsLRi gkiLS*sLRixmspR e
gRiXRsVsLi [s! RVLi RRLi sVRW xms[ $ sLRizqsj%syRVNSRV ARsVdsRVLi xqssVLRiRW%sV.
a][. RjOUPQLRixqssWRVVNRPLi sVy}>Qs xqssVs*RLi
sVRVxmsLRiLi gRiX[RLi gRisNRPQ ssWxqsV[
$ sLRizqsj%syRVNSRV sVRVxmsLRiLi xqssVLRiRW%sV.
a][. rysLi xmsLiysVX\ lLi[s gRiX gRiyRVNRP
@yRyR ! xqsLRi* gkiLS*gRixmspR
$ sLRizqsj %syRVNSRV xmsLiysVXRrysLi xqssVLRiRW%sV.
a][. gRiLigSj xqsLRi*dlLi[ AxX\ LRisV\LRiQ\M
rysLi NRPVLRiVxtsQ gRis sVsWxmsoRQ ssWxqsV[
$ sLRizqsj%syRVNRPLi aRPV][RNRP rysLi NSLRiRW%sV.
a][. LRiNRPsxqsQR*RVLi yLRiV [sWgRiLi R sVLigRiLi
aRPVxmsRLi gRiXR*Li Li[RLRi xLSR
$ sLRizqsj%syRVNSRV sxqsQRVVgRiLi xqssVLRiRW%sV.
a][. LSRLi xxqsWRLi R NSLiRsLi ][RLkiRVNRPLi
gRiX [s xqsLRi* NSy %sVxtsQyRVNRP
sLRizqsj %syRVNSRV RVx[ms%dsRLi xqssVLRiRW%sV.
a][. RLiRygRiVLRiVNRPLRiWLRiNRPxqsWLkiNRPVLiNRPVsWs*RLi
%s[xmssLi xqsVLRiZaP[xts Q! {msRLiR Li xmsgRiXxysV
$ sLRizqsj%syRVNRPLi gRiLiys yLRiRW%sV.
3

a].[ @ORPQys R ss jys aSdRWLi xqsLiRVs aRPVs

gRiX xmsLRisWsLiR aRPLiVxmsoR ssWxqsV[
$ sLRizqsj %syRVNSRV @LiNRPLRiLiR Li @ORPQys xqssVLRiRW%sV.
a][. xqsVgRiys R xmsouy NRPVLiRsVVsR
GNRP%sLiaRPxmsy xqsLigRiX ssWxqsV[
$ sLRizqsj %syRVNRPLi xmso\|tsQ#M xmspRW%sV.
@yLigRi xmsp
(xms ysVsVVsNRPV NRPRxms ""xmspRW%sV'' @s [LRissV)
gRi[aSRV ssVM Fy_xmspRW%sV ee
GNRPRLiyRV ssVM gRiV xmspRW%sV ee
aRPWLRiNRPLSRV ssVM sVds xmspRW%sV ee
%sxmnsVLSRV ssVM Li}mnsV xmspRW%sV ee
@VyxyRV ssVM ELRiW xmspRW%sV ee
}LRiLiRV ssVM NRPLi xmspRW%sV ee
Li[RLSRV ssVM DRLRiLi xmspRW%sV ee
gRiyyRV ssVM xXRRVLi xmspRW%sV ee
xqsWNRPLihSRV ssVM NRPLihRiLi xmspRW%sV ee
xqsLiygRiRV ssVM xqsLi_ xmspRW%sV ee
FyaRPxryRV ssVM xr xmspRW%sV ee
gRisNSQRV ssVM sNRPQ Li xmspRW%sV ee
%sxmnsVxLi[ ssVM s[[ xmspRW%sV ee
aRPWLRiNRPLSRV ssVM NRPL_ xmspRW%sV ee
FnyRLiyRV ssVM Li xmspRW%sV ee
xqslLi[*aRP*LSRV ssVM bPLRiM xmspRW%sV ee
%sxmsn VLSRV ssVM xqsLS*LigSs xmspRW%sV. ees

GNRP %sLiaRP xmsRxmsp

(xms ysVsVVsNRPV NRPRxms "xmspRW%sV' @s @sssV)
xqsVsVVRV ssVM sWdxmsRLi xmspRW%sV ee
gRijFyRV ssVM Xxdxms[ xmspRW%sV ee
DsWjFyRV ssVM *xms[ xmspRW%sV ee
gRisyRV ssVM RWLS*RVVlgi[s xmspRW%sV ee
xLRixqsWss[ ssVM RRWLiR xms[ xmspRW%sV ee
Li[RLSRV ssVM RLkixms[ xmspRW%sV ee
gRiVgRiRV ssVM @FysWLRixms[ xmspRW%sV ee
gRiNRPLRiNSRV ssVM RV{qsxms[ xmspRW%sV ee
GNRPRLiyRV ssVM RWRxms[ xmspRW%sV ee
%sNRPRV ssVM NRPLRi%dsLRi xms[ xmspRW%sV ee
s RLiyRV ssVM %sxtsvQNSLiRxms[ xmspRW%sV ee
ss[ ssVM yT%dsV xms[ xmspRW%sV ee
xqslLi[*aRP*LSRV ssVM [syLRiVxms[ xmspRW%sV ee
FnyRLiyRV ssVM sVLRiVsNRPxms[ xmspRW%sV ee
}LRiLiRV ssVM zqsLiRVyLRixms[ xmspRW%sV ee
aRPWLRiNRPLSRV ssVM xms[ xmspRW%sV ee
xqsVLSgRiRV ssVM gRiNUPxms[ xmspRW%sV ee
B sNSQRV ssVM aRP%dsVxms[ xmspRW%sV ee
%syRVNSRV ssVM @aRP*R xms[ xmspRW%sV ee
xqsVLRi }qs%syRV ssVM @LiR Vsxms[ xmspRW%sV ee
zmsRVssVM @LRixms[ xmspRW%sV ee
$ gRi[aRP*LSRV ssVM GNRP%sLiaRP xms\QM xmspRW%sV ee
@uRL iR aRPRysWsM
(xms ysWsNTP sVVR "JLi' @s, sLRi "ssVM' @s [LRisRVVsV)
gRiLi %syRVNSRV %sxmnsVLSRV
gRi[aRP*LSRV xqsLiygRiRV
@sRWRV ROSQRV
xmspyRV @RQOSQRV
j*zmsRWRV c 10
BLiR$xmsyRV
@sRWRV
aRPLRi*RsRWRV
xqsLS*RNSRV
[yRV
bPyRV
VjzmsRWRV
xyLji[
\Q*sW[RWRV
NRP% sxmsn V%syaRPyRV
RRVLSxs[

@gjigRiLRi[
yxmsyRV
xqsLRi*zqsj xmsyRV
aRPLRi*LkizmsRWRV
xqsXzts QNPR lLi[
@s[NSLjiyRV
aRPVyRV
aSLiyRV
gRisyRV
gRixqsVyRV
GNRPRLiyRV
RRVLSRV

aRPNTPxqsLiRVVyRV
aRPWLRiNRPLSRV
x%sRVRsWRV
NS%sVs[
FyaSLiNRPVaRPRLSRV
gRiVdyRV
@NRPuyRV
zqsyLjiRxmsyLiVRV
sLRiyRV
NRPXs[
%dsR RWRV
RNTP[
$xmsR[V
NRPVj[[Q
NRPNRPxtsQyaRPyRV
NSLiyRV
xqssWzyRV
$NRPLSRV
NRP yLiRyRVNSRV
\ZNPsxqsVyRV
ss[
yLiyRV
xmssVRQ\RRVyRV
$NRPLihSRV
%sR[V
xqsWNRPLihSRV
rysV|mnsWxtsQzmsRWRV
xqsWRVLiyRV
kLSRV
zqsjyRVNSRV
@sQQNPR s VWLRi[V
\ZaP[LiRRsWR=LigRi
RV=NRPsWsryRV
xqs*sxqsVyryLRiR
xqssVxqsgRiyyLSRV
sWLiVVs[
xXuyRV
xmsxqsyRs[

Li[RLSRV
xLRi[V
NSRV
rsVxqsWLSgji[RyRV
RLiyRV
sLRiLiyRV
xqs*RVLizqsyRV
dxmspLRixmnsxqsNSRV
aSaRP*yRV
%sR*QRWRV
gRijs[
BORPVyxmsX[
xqsVxL<jiyRV
RV
RLiRRWysV[V
FyxmsLji[
AbPyRV
rsWRV
aSLiyRV
xqsysLiR%sgRiRV
RRWRVVyRV
x[*xtsQ%ssLjiyRV
%sV[aRP*LSRV
LRisWLjiyRV
ygRiLSRV[xms%dsRxms[
RLiVWNRPlLi[Q
xmsLRi|\ qs#
@gRi[
ygkiaSRV
RWLS**zmsRWRV
@RVRsVWLjisV[
[[
sVsR%sgRiRV
sVWxtsQNPR yxyRV
RVuyRV
xqsLRi*zqsj xmsyRVNSRV

$ %s}mnsVaRP*LSRV ssVM

$sLRizqsj %syRVNSRV ssVM

@uRL iR aRPRysVxmspLi xqssVLRiRW%sV

a][. RaSLigRiLi gRiVgRiVW}msRLi xqsVgRiLij xqsVsV[xLRiLi e
DsWxqsVR ssVxqsVLi gRiX sLRi][ s ee
$sLRizqsj %syRVNSRV ssVM R WxmssWxmsn WxmsRW%sV.

%syRVNRP sR NRPR

xqsWR sVsVVs afsNR PVRV sVVR\s sVVsVNRPV %s}mnsVaRP*LRiVRV xmsos %sysLi, AL][ RLiRVTs FsLiRVNRPV
RWRNRPWRRV @s[ %sxtsQRWsV B %ssLjixqsVyRV.
INRPxmsVRV gRi (GsVgRiV) LRiWxmsLi[ sos gRixqsVLRiVRV @s[ LSORPQxqs LS xmsLRisV bPsoTs gRiVLjiLi ds RxmsxqsV= [RVLi
FyLRiLiLiyRV. @Rs RxmsxqsV=NRPV sV xmsLRisVbPsoRV xmsRQORPQ \sV GRy sLRiLi N][LRiVN][sVyRV.
@xmsVRV gRixqsVLRiVRV ""ry*%dsV, %dsVLRiV FsxmsVRW y DRLRiLi [xms[ soLiy'' @s N][LRiVNRPVyRV. sV}aRP*LRiVRV
@Rs N][lLi dlLi[LiRVN][xqsLi gRixqsVLRiVT F~ [xmsNTP xmss[bPLi @NRP[ soLiRLi sVVRV|msRV.
Bj soLi[, \ZNPxqsLi (bPsoT BV)[ sos FyLRi*d[%s LRi gRiVLjiLi RVNRP @s ][ sRVNRPVRW
N]LiRNSsNTP bPsoRV gRixqsVLRiVT F~[ soyRs VxqsVNRPVLij. NSds, bPsoTs G %sRLigS RVNRPV LRizmsLiy[
RVNRP FsLi][ RxmsT, sLjiNTP %sxtsvsVWLjis FyLjiLi, Rs LRi %sxtsQRVLi zmsLij.
""J sVsVy, xmspLRi*Li ryxqsVLRiVs LjisVLi y LRis NSFyT yNRPV Byso. BxmsVRV NRPWy GRy
DFyRVLi A[LiRV'' @s NRPds NSLjiLij. %sxtsvsVWLji FyLRi*d [%ss JyLji xmsLi}msaSRV.
@xmsVRV $xLji x sVVR\s [sRsV zms gRixqsVLRiVs RLi}msLiRVNRPV gRiLigjilLiRVsV ATLi[yTgS
ss[V xqs\lLisj @s sLRiLiVVLiyRV.
bPsoT yxsLi sLijs INRP gRiLigjilLiRVgS [zqs, x sVVR\s [sR[R R N]NRP yLiVVRLi ByRV. ysV
LRiV gRiLiV, xqsyLiVV dxqsVNRPVs gRixqsVLRiVRV soLi[ gRixqsVLRixmsoLRiLi RgRiLRiNRPV sRV. @NRPR gRixqsVLRiVT FsRVLRiVgS
RNRPgS sLijs ATLiyRV. A gRiLigjilLiRV A RW gRixqsVLRiVRV AsLiRLi F~Lij, ""%dsVNRPV GLi NSy[ N][LRiVN][LiT.
s[s V Brys V'' @s FyRV.
@xmsVRV $xLji ""Bj bPsoT yxsLi sLij. bPsoTs sjZNP[LiRVZNP[ sLij NS bPsoTs Bso*'' @s N][LSRV.
A sWNRPV sLSLiRxmsTs gRixqsVLRiVRV gRiLigjilLiRVsV ATLi[LiRVNRPV ss yRV $xLji @s VxqsVNRPVs, RsNRPV
yso RxmsRs @LRiLi [xqsVNRPVyRV. @xmsoRV Rs F~[xms sos bPsoTs ""y bPLRixqsV= @LiRLjiNUP xmspdsRVLigS
soLiy. y RLRiLi sVso* RLjiLiy'' @s N][LRiVNRPVyRV. RLS*R RssV RLi}msLiRVNRPV $xLjiNTP @sVsV ByRV.
sLij Rs N]sVV][ gRixqsVLRiVTs F~ dgS, [xmssVLi bPsoRV \NRPV syRV.
xLji bPsoT][ ""RyLjiNTP BLi sLSV Bs*NRPWRRV. B}qs FysVVNRPV FyV Fzqss[ @soRVLij'' @s FyRV.
RLS*R x, BRLRi [sRNRPV %ds][V xmsNTP ysV NRPWy \sNRPVLihSsNTP sFRWRV. bPsoRV \ZNPrysNTP
sFRWRV.
%syRVNRPVT xmsoVNRP
\ZNPxqsLi[ sos FyLRi*d[%s bPsoRV sxqsVyRs yLRi %ss R rysLi [RWs sLRiLiVVLiRVNRPVs sVgRiV zmsLiT][
INRP zmsyTs RRWLRiV [zqsLij. @RsNTP FyLi Fzqs gRiVsVLi sVVLiRV soLiLij. rysLi [zqss RLS*R sgRi][
@LiNRPLjiLiRVNRPVs bPsoT N][xqsLi FsRVLRiV RWRLi sVVRV|msLij.
Bj B soLiRgS, bPsoTNTP [xmsNTP sxqsVLiRgS gRiVsVLi[ sos zmsyRV @RV FyRV. N][xmsLi RVNRPVs bPsoRV
aRPWLi][ A VT NRPLihRiLi sLjiNSRV.
[xmsNTP ss bPsoTNTP FyLRi*d[%s FsRVLRiVs xmspLi, NRPWL][ sWRVRVLiRgS gRiVsVLi[ sos zmsyT
xmsxqsNTP sLij. @xmsVRV bPsoRV ysV [zqss xmssNTP RxmsT, ysV dxqsVNRPV ss gRixqsVLRiVT bPLRixqsV=sV A VTNTP
@NTPLi FyLi FaSRV. @RsNTP "gRissVRV' @s[ }msLRiV |ms, |msLiRVN][sLi FyLRiLiLiyLRiV.
gRissVRV NRPWy NTP][ R RLiRVNRPV }qssV [RVrygSRV. @sLiRVRV @s[ FsVNRPsV yxsLigS [xqsVNRPVs
LRigRiLi sVVRV|msRV. N]LiRNSsNTP FyLRi*d xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVNRPV NRPVsWLRiry*%sV xmsoRV. @RRV sV %dsLRiVRV.

ssV @Rs yxssVV.

%s}mnsVaSjxmsRsVV
INRPL][ [sRV, sVVsVV, sWssoV xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVs }qs%sLi, ""%sxmnsVsVVNRPV INRP @jxmss Bs*LiT'' @s N][LSLRiV.
ysV |msRyRV NS A yRVNRPR* xmsR%s RsZNP[ soLiys gRissVRV N][LSRV. gRissVRV F~gS soLiRV,
Rgjis @L>RiRV [so NS @jxmsRLi RsZNP[ By*s NRPVsWLRiry*%sV RLiTs N][LSRV.
bPsoRV yLji][ ""%dsV[ FssLRiV sVWRV [NS[s xmso sRV[ rysLi [zqs sVVLiRVgS y RgRiLjiNTP sryL][ yLjiNTP A
AjxmsRLi BrysV'' @s FyRV.
NRPVsWLRiry*%sV Rs ssV yxsLi %dsVR FsNTP s[gRiLigS sVV[NSW LRigRisNTP sFRWRV. gRissVRV
RxmsRVRW RLiT RgRiLjiNTP s ssVxqsLjiLi ""@RW, y gRiVLjiLi zqs NRPWy C %sRLigS xmsLi %dsVNRPV
xqs\lLisy? %dsV FyR }qssNRPVTs. yRVLiRV RRV RWzms Rgjis DFyRVLi xmsLiT'' @s N][LRiVNRPVyRV.
bPsoRV ""yLSRV sVLiRLi zmsxqsW sVWRV ryLRiV sW RVW xmsROTPQLi [RW. Bj @s dLS[ Ljigjis rys
xmnsys BxqsVLij'' @s FyRV. %syRVNRPVRV @[ %sRLigS [aSRV. A sVLiR xmssLi s gRiLigSsj[
ryssW[LiRVNRPV ss NRPVsWLRiry*%sVNTP RsNRPLi[ sVVLiRVgSs[ gRissVRV A sj[ ryssWT RsNRPV FsRVLRiVgS
sxqsVsV @szmsLiLij. @RsNTP sVWRV N][ G\ ORPQ sRV[ NRPWy RsNRPLi[ sVVLiRVgSs[ gRissVRV rysLi
[xqsVsV NRPszmsLiyRV.
Bj RWzqs AaRPLRiFLiVV, \ZNPrysNTP s RLiT RgRiLRi sos @ssV RWzqs, ssVxqsLjiLi, Rs s VNRPVs
""RLiU, @sgSLji sVzsV RVNRP A %sRLigS @ysV. ORPQ%sVLi A AjxmsRLi @sgSLjiZNP[ Bs*LiT'' @s
FyLjiLiyRV.
RxmsR aRPVR RRVLji L][s xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRV gRissVTNTP %sxmnsWjxmsRLi ByRV. A L][ @s [aRPsVVy
%s}mnsVaRP*LRiVTNTP RsV ryLiVVs NRPVRVsVVV, %sVgjis zmsLiT sLiV, N]LjiNSRVV, FyV, [s, @LRi xms,
FysNRPsVV, sRxmsxmsV sVVR\s%s xqssVLjiLi xmspLiyLRiV. %s}mnsVaRP*LRiVRV xqsLi][xtsQxmsT NRPVRVsVVV N]s s, N]s
Rs yxsLi @sLiRVTNTP B, N]s [[ xmsVNRPVs, sysLigS xqsWLSxqssVRVLi @soRVLiRgS \ZNPrysNTP
sRV.
R RLiRVNRPV ssVryLRiLi [RV[gS F~ W%sVNTP RgjiLij NSds, [RVV sWRLi W%sV%dsVR As[RV. @
NRPxtsQLi %dsVR [RVV Asy ssVryLRiLi sWRLi [RV[NRPFRWRV. C %sRLigS gRixms NRPuyV xmsRVRVLiRgS bPsoT
R %dsVR sos RLiRVRV xmsgRiT, FsgRiygS sy*RV. "LSRXztsQ rNTP[, LS NRPWy sVgRisoyLiVV' @s
rysVR @sVxqsLjiLi %syRVNRPVT F~ xmsgji [xms sos NRPVRVsVVV sVVR\s%s RVVxmsNRP ]LSLiVV. sLis[
%syRVNRPVRV sVLRiLiyRV.
FyLRi* GRVxqsW RLiRVs RWzqs ""FyFyRVy! ds RXztsQ Rgji y NRPVsWLRiVRV sVLRiLiyRV. NS ssV RWzqss
y FyFyRVQ\ dsxmssLiRV F~LiRVyLRiV'' @s aRPzmsLiLij.
VVztsQxmsRVNRPV dsxmssLiRV
@[ xqssVRVLi[ xqsxms sVxL<RiVV RVLi [xqsW RsV LRi][ @gji xmsROTPQLi [xqsVyLRiV. @gji[soRV
VVztsQ xmsRVsV RWzqs sWzLi, sVxL<RiVV RssV aRPzmsrylLi[sW @s[ RVLi][ L][ L][NRPW {sLigS
sWLjiFsyLRiLiLiyRV. @j @gji LRi ry*[%s gRizLi @LRiVLiRd LRiWxmsLi Rxms, %sVgjis VVztsQ xmsRV
LRiWxmsLi RLjiLi LRiNRPV xqsLi][xtsQLi NRPgjiLiLij. VVxtsvV RsV LRi LRiWxmsLi[ sos ry* [%ss RWzqs RsV
LRi[ @sVNRPVs sVxmsT yLji\|ms N][xmsLi RVNRPVyLRiV.
FyLRi* Bs aSxmsLi xmnsRLigSs[ VVztsQ xmsRVNRPV C dsxmssLiR NRPgjiLij. [sRVV, sVVsVV, VVztsQ xmsRVV
C dsxmssLiRsV gRiWLji xmsLRis[VztsQNTP FyLRiV. @RRV xqsLRi*RV NSsLi][ @gji [soT lLi[ VVztsQ xmsRV
LRiWxmsLi yLiRs VxqsVNRPVs xqsxms VVxtsvsV xqssWysxmsLji yLji][ NRPWy ysV Z\ NPrysNTP s
DsWsV}aRP*LRiVsV }qs%sLi RsFLiVVs %s}mnsVaRP*LRiVs NTPLiyRV. yLi][ FyLRi*d xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVV FsLi][

xqsLi][ztsQLiyLRiV.
@xmsVRV [sRV, %sVgjisy ""FyLRi*d, sVso* Bs aSxmsLi s @s [NS[ sos yLjiNTP NUPRV
LRiVgRiV][Lij. NS yss DxmsxqsLixLjiLiRV'' @s FyLjiLiyLRiV.
yLji FyLRisNRPV xqsLi][ztsQLis FyLRi* xqsLi][xtsQLi][ NRPVsWLRiVs RgRiLRiNRPV dxqsVNRPVs sVVyT ""G L][s %syRVNRPVs
RWzqs RLiRVRV sy*][, A INRP L][ sWRsVV RLiRVs RWRNRPWRRV'' @s zmsLij.
@xmsVRV x, sVVR\s [sRV xqsLi][ztsQxqsW RsV syryNRPV sFRWLRiV. RxmsR aRPVR RRVLji[ sWRLi
RLiRVs RWRNRPVLiy gRiR dxqsVNRPVs xqsVLigS soyLRiV.
C %sRLigS N]LiRNSLi gRiTLij
aRPsVLiRN][FyssVV
y*xmsLRiRVVgRiLi[ y*LRiNSyzqs @LiVVs $NRPXxtsvs yLRiRVRV RLji+Li, FyLjiLi sWRVRWLiRgS ""ry*%dsV, ryRVLi
NSLi @LiVVLij. C L][ %syRVNRP RRVLji NS FyLRi*d[%s aSxmsLi s RLiRVTs RWRNRPWRRV. s[sV y BLiNTP
ssV, @sVsVLiRLiT'' @s gRiRLi[ LjigjisRLiy zms xqs*LSsNTP sFRWRV.
@xmsVRV $ NRPXxtsvRV A L][ LS RLiRVTs RWRNRPWRRs xmsLi[ yLixmso s[LiVVLiyRV. $ NRPXxtsvRV OUPQLRi
zmsRVVRV NSsLi][ A L][ LS ANSaRPLi s[xmso RWRNRPVLiy xmsaRPVsoaSNRPV s FyV zmsRVNRPVRW Fy[
RLiRVTs xmsLiLi RWzqs ""A! yNRPV FsLi AxmsR LSsVLi]['' @s @sVsWsLiRLi FyLRiLiLiyRV.
N]yNRPV xqsyRV xqsWLRisLRiLi][ aRPsVLiRNRPsVs xqsLiFyjLi $ NRPXxtsvs RWRsNTP y*LRiNRPNRPV syRV. $
NRPXxtsvRV @RsNTP sVLSR [zqs A sVs RsNRPV Bs*sVs @TgSRV. @xmsVRV xqsyRV ""Bj L][NRPV Fss%sVj
LRiVso LigSLRiLi BxqsVLij. kss G Axmsos\ZNPy G %sRNRPVsyRV Bs*RV'' @yRV. $ NRPXxtsvRV
ELRiVNRPVyRV.
INRPL][ xqsyRVs RsVVRV xms}qssVRV aRPsVLiRNRPsVs NRPLihSsNTP RLjiLi s[[LiRVNRPV @R%sNTP sgS @NRPR INRP
zqsLixLi A sVs sWLixqsLi @sVNRPVs xms}qssVTs RLizmsLij. A zqsLixLi A sVs dxqsVNRPVFsoRVLiRgS, INRP WNRPLi
A zqsLis RLizms, A sVs dxqsVNRPVs ysV soLi[ N]LiR sNTP s, Rs NRPVsWlLi LisNTP AsxqsVsogS
BLij.
sVLRiVyRV xqsyRV RsVVT sVX yLRi %ss ""s[sV A sVs Bs*[Rs $ NRPXxtsvRV y RsVVTs RLizms LRiRLi
@xmsxLjiLiyRV'' Rs xmsLi[ yLixmso s[LiVVLiyRV.
$ NRPXxtsvRV @j %ss A L][ Fy[ RLiRVTs RWzqssLiRVs[ C sLiR sLij @s %sLi, yss
]gjiLiRVN]s[LiRVNRPV LiRV %sVRV][ NRPzqs @LRiLi[ sRNRPgS INRP ][ xms}qssVT NRP[LRiLi, zqsLixxmso NS
RV, WNRPLi NSR NRPszmsLiyLiVV. ys @sVxqsLjiLi FRW INRP xmsLRi*R gRiVxy*LRiLi[ xmsLjiyLSs sj
yNRP[ [xmsNTP s, @NRPR DRWNTP NRPT sos sVs dxqsVNRPVs Ljigji sRVRVLiRgS, @j RWzqs
%sLiRsVsztsQ syRV @LiW Lis ZNP[NRPV s[zqsLij.
@LiR[ LisLiRVRV L][xtsQLigS @NRPTNTP s, @LRiVxqsW, g][][ gRiVRVRW $NRPXxtsvT\|ms RVVRLi FyLRiLiyRV.
$ NRPXxtsvRV @Rss NTPLiR xmsR][zqs dNRPLRi RVVRLi FyLRiLiLiyRV. A %sRLigS sVVRLi 28 L][V FyLRiV.
sLRiNRPV LisLiRVRV aRPNTP{sV\ Rs][ FNRPV jgjisyRV LSsxqsLiLji @LiVVs $LSsV RLiRV[ @s @LRiLi
[xqsVNRPVs, ssVxqsLjiLi ""[yj[y! ALRi s LRiORPQNS! ssV [yRVVgRiLi[ LSsj RVxtsQ LSORPQxqsVsV RLi}msLiRVNRPV
ss $LSsV RLiRVRs @LRiLi [xqsVNRPVysV. @xmsVRV ssV %dsVLRiV INRP sLRiLi N][LRiVN][sVyLRiV. s[sV
%sRNRPVsgS %dsV][ R*LiR* RVVRLi [RWs N][LRiVNRPVysV. R*LRi[ @j LRiVgRiVRVLiRs %dsVLRiV FyLRiV. @j
sVVRV %dsV ysVxqsLRi [xqsW @s[NRP RVVgSV gRiRVxmsoRW sysV. %dsVLRiV BxmsVRV y syrysNTP s y N][LjiNRP
sLRis[LSLRiV. y aRPLkiLRiLi @Liy bPjLi @LiVVLij. FyV R*LRi[ FsVyLiVV. %s[R sbPLiLij. y
@xmsyLRisVVV ORPQ%sVLi ssV NSFyRV. dsNRPLi[ yNRPV s[lLi[ jNRPV [RV'' @LiW FyLjiLiyRV.

10

@xmsVRV $ NRPXxtsvRV RRV][ LisLiRVT Rs [][ s%sVLji ""LisLiy! aRPsVLiRNRP sVs ]LigjiLiyss
y\|ms ss @xmssLiR ]gjiLiRVN][s Li N][xqss[V sysV NS sVs yNRPV Bso*. s[s V sFysV'' @s
FyRV.
@xmsVRV LisLiRVRV $ NRPXxtsvsNTP sV][ FyV, Rs NRPVsWlLisV NRPWy ByRV. Rs AxqsLi s ALi][s
LiRVRVs LiRVso][, \|qssLi][, sV][, Lis][ NRPzqs Rs sgRiLSsNTP sRV. xqsyRVsV zmszmsLi,
@LiRLjis zms LjigjisRLiy %ssLjiLi, sVs ByRV. @xmsVRV xqsyRV ""@W, [sFs sLiR sWzms
][uysNTP FyysV'' @s %syLjiLiyRV. sV][ FyVgS Rs NRPVsWlLi xqsRsVsV NRPWy B, Rs RxmsV
ORPQ%sVLiRsVs s[RVNRPVyRV.
$ NRPXxtsvRV INRP aRPV sVVxLRiLi[ Lisd, xqsR sVsV %syxsWyRV. @xmsVRV [sRV, sVVsVV $
NRPXxtsvTs xqsVLi ""%dsVLRiV xqssVLRiVV NS dsxmssLiR Fg]VNRPVyLRiV. sW yLRiV G%sV [RVgRiLRiV?'' @s
FyLjiLiyLRiV.
@xmsVRV $ NRPXxtsvRV ""RxmsR aRPVR RRVLji[ xmssWRsaSRW RLiRVs RLRi+s\sV[, AL][ gRixmss xmspLi
aRPsVLiRNRPsV NRPRsV %ss xmspORPQRV R\|ms s[xqsVNRPVsQLiVV[ dsxmssLiRV F~LiRNRPVLiy soLiLRiV'' @s
FyRV. yLi][ [sRV, sVVsVV xqsLi][ztsQLi RsV BNRPV sFRWLRiV.
xms xqsLisR=LRiLi RxmsR aRPVR RRVLji[ [sRV, sVxL<RiVV, sWssoV sVVRgRiVyLRiV gRixmss xmspLi, RsV
N][LjiNRPV sLRis[LRiVNRPVs AsLiRLigS soyLRis c aSxmssWORPQ %sysLi afsNSj sVVsVNRPV %ssLjiLis RLS*R, xqsWR
sVsVVs Rs AaRPsWsNTP sFRWRV.
xqslLi[* y xqsV=[sLiRV

11

Dy*xqsssV
RV[s RV sVRVLiR [yM
ys R LS xmsRsW yxqss,
[ x yNRPLi sVzsWs xqs=RLi[
RVR xmsplLi[* ryyxqs=Li [yM.
(@s zms [sos CaSs jaRPgS NRPRxmsssV.)
xmsp%sysLi xqsLixmspLiR sV.
%s}mnsVaRP*LRiVs sVLigRi LRiRVV
$ aRPLiVRsRVVsNRPV zqsjgRiyRVsNRPV yzqsgRi [sy sLiRVsNRPVsV c A xqsLRixqs%sRNRPV AjgRiVLRiV\ss
WxqsVL][RsV[NRPxmspsNRPVsV c RV sVLigRiLi ee
s[lLi[RV sWlLi[RV ssLiNRP sW%sVT RWLS*LRi LigRi* DRlLi[V es[Vs[VgRi s[R][WLiRV xmsLRi*sVVs
[sgRixmsNTPsxmsoRV RV sVLigRiLi ee
xqsVzqsLRisVV RxmsR aRPVRR%sRVLiRV F~xqsgRi xqssV[ xmsp g]sVRVaRPbP RLSRs [N]Li NRP sRsVV
xmsLRi*sVVs [sgRixmsNTP sxmsoRV RV sVLigRiLiee
J gRixmsRV ds LiV s[sRV DLiy %dsVjNTP RLiRV xmsLixmso eNRPsVs s[LiVVRVVsV NRPRV sVVRxmsxmsVsV
%sLRiVgRigRi jsVRV FLRiVN]sVRV c RV sVLigRiLiee
xmsoso*sV ssV g]V xmsouy ssV g]V gRiLiy ssV g]V NRPxqsWLjis eFsxmsVRV ssV g]V GNRPRsVVs xqsLRi*sVVs
[sgRixms sxmsoRV RV sVLigRiLiee
GNRPRLiRLiVsV FsgRisRsLiV \lgis ]LiRLiV sxmso NRPRVxmso e[NRPLiVVs
sVWztsQNRPsVV xmsLRigRiVNSRVRVsV soRgRiV [sgRixmsNTP sxmsoRV RV sVLigRiLiee
sVLigRisVV sVLigRisVV sWLSLiR[sNRPV sVLigRisVV xqsLRi*sLijRVsNRPV esVLigRisVV sVV[NRP sVzRxqsLiyLRiVsNRPV
sVLigRisVV [sgRixmsNTP sxmsoRV RV sVLigRiLi sR aRPV sVLigRiLiee
%syRVNRPVs RLiRNRPsVV
$ FyLRi*dxmsoR [NRPRLiVWrR xqsRV yLjiR # [sNSQ sVNSRV NSyRVdsyRxqsLiR ry*%dsV bPy
zqsj%syRVNS ds FyRxmsRLiVs dsRVNRPLihRiLiV ds dssWsVV ds s [LiRVLiRLiV dsyV xxqsLiVV
dsNRPLSLiV ds |msRsNRPQLiV RLiRLiV ds ysVxxqsLiV Li[RLRiLiVs xqsysVWztsQNSaRP*V ds sVLiRxqsLiV ds
s ]LiRLiV ds gRiV LRiWxmsLiV ds aRPWLRiNRPLRiLiV ds ygRiRV[xms%dsRLiV ds sLRiWxmsLiV RLji+Li xL<jiLi
xqsLi{ms sVVNRPLigRi $gRiLiRsVVsgRiVLiNRPVsVLi ORPQR Vs RLixmsNRPLiV RgRis sVVs sVVV sLi
[sVLiRVVs gRis[LRiVVs sVLiZNPs F~sVs xmsoso*VsLi RWLRi*LiVLi aSrQQ NRPLki s=sVLjiLi
xmspzLi ryuyLigRisVVs [zqs %syRVNS dsNRPV LiNSRV F~sLi xmsLiRVs NRPVRVsVV sRxmsxmsV FysNRPLiVs
s[VLigRiVLRiLi sVLiRVLi \ss[RsVVs LiRdsLSsLiVs ssVryLRisVV [zqs %syRVNRP ssV WLixmsZNP[
RVsQ\sLiVLi LRis [=RVV NSLiRsLi ZNP[ LiVVsV y g][LRiVRLiRLiV gS[! sV[sW xqsVLiRLRiNSLRi
W gRi gRiLidLRi W [sRWysV [NRPLRiOSQsV LiRVLiysV ry*%sV ssLiR s[sLiR ds
yxqsyrysVyxqsVLiR $ LiR LSs*RVVLiR LSsWysVLiR ssxmsVRV dsso [xms xqsVZaP[RVVsLi [zqs
$sVLiRVgRis xXRR zqsLixqsyLRiWRRs s NSFyRVLi[ NSRV ss g] FyLjiLiRV NSNTPs N]LigRiV
LigSLRi\sV NRPLiNTPs lLixmsQ\s VjRVVs FyTRVVs VRFysXjs RgRis gRigS [zqs FztsQLiRV sVLis RxmsNRPs
gSsosVLis sVyLiVVs[ sLiRsLiV $gRi[aS ssV}qs ssV}qs ssV}qs
12