Solar Simulation Chambers and Systems

Control Volume and Reynolds
Transport Theorem
10. 11. 2013

Hyunse Yoon, Ph.D.
Assistant Research Scientist
IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering
University of Iowa
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013 1
Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
An analytical tool to shift from describing the
laws governing fluid motion using the system
concept to using the control volume concept
System vs. Control Volume
System: A collection of matter of fixed identity
Always the same atoms or fluid particles
A specific, identifiable quantity of matter

Control Volume (CV): A volume in space
through which fluid may flow
A geometric entity
Independent of mass
Examples of CV
Fixed CV Moving CV Deforming CV
CV fixed at a nozzle CV moving with ship CV deforming within cylinder
Laws of Mechanics
= 0
= =

1. Conservation of mass:
2. Conservation of linear momentum:
3. Conservation of angular momentum:

4. Conservation of Energy:
The laws apply to either solid or fluid systems
Ideal for solid mechanics, where we follow the same system
For fluids, the laws need to be rewritten to apply to a specific region in
the neighborhood of our product (i.e., CV)
Extensive vs. Intensive Property
Governing Differential Equations (GDEs):
, ,
= 0, ,

= The amount of , , or contained in the
total mass of a system or a CV; Extensive property
Dependent on mass

(or ) = The amount of per unit mass; Intensive
property Independent on mass

or = / (=

for nonuniform )

= =
for nonuniform

Fixed CV
At time : SYS = CV
At time + : SYS = (CV I) + II
()
+
=
+
+
+
Time Rate of Change of
()
+ +
1) Change of
within CV over
+

( + )
2) Amount of
flowing out
through CS
over
3) Amountt of
flowing in
through CS
over

Now, take limit of 0 to Eq. (1) term by term
Eq. (1)
LHS of Eq. (1)
lim
0
= lim
0
()
Time rate of
change of
within the
system

or, =

; material derivative
First term of RHS of Eq.(1)
lim
0
()
Time rate of change of

withich CV

2
nd
term of RHS of Eq.(1)
=
and
=
=
=
cos = ( cos )

Thus, the amount of flowing out of CV through over a short time :

= cos
= cos
2
nd
term of RHS of Eq.(1) Contd.
lim
0
( +)
= lim
0
1
cos
out
=

+ =
= cos

Thus,
By integrating
over the entire outflow portion of CS,

= cos
=

Note that cos = ,
i.e., Out flux of through CS
3
rd
term of RHS of Eq.(1)
=
and
=
=
=
cos
< 0
= ( cos )

Thus, the amount of flowing out of CV through over a short time :

= cos
3
rd
term of RHS of Eq.(1) Contd.
lim
0
( + )
= lim
0
1
cos
in
=

+ =
= cos

Thus,
By integrating
over the entire outflow portion of CS,

= cos
=

Note that cos = ,
i.e., influx of through CS
RTT for Fixed CV

Now the relationship between the time rate of change of for the system
and that for the CV is given by,

Time rate of
change of
within a system
Time rate of
change of
within CV
Net flux of
through CS
=

= +
With the fact that =
,
Example 1
Example 1 - Contd.
(4.16)
With = 1 and = cos ,
= cos
= cos

= cos

where
= (2 )
=
0.5
cos
2 =
1
cos

2

Example 1 - Contd.
Thus, with = 1,000 kg/m
3
for water and = 3 m/s,
= 1,000
kg
m
3
3
m
s
cos
1
cos
m
2
= 3,000 kg/s
With = 1/,
= cos
= cos
=1/ cos
= cos

= 3
m
s
cos
1
cos
m
2
= 3 m
3
s (. . , volume flow rate)
Note: These results are the same for all values
Special Case:
= constant over discrete CSs

constant
constant

Example 2
Given:
Water flow ( = constant)

1
= 10 cm;
2
= 15 cm

1
= 10 cm/s
Steady flow
Find:
2
= ?
Mass conservation:

/ = 0
= 1

1
=
2
=
0 =

+
2
2

1
1

Steady flow
or,
1
1
=
2
2

2
=

1
1
=

2
2
1
= 1
10 cm
15 cm
2
10
cm
s
= 4.4 cm/s
Example 3
Given:

1
= 5 cm;
2
= 7 cm

1
= 3 m/s

3
=
3
3
= 0.01 m
3
/s
= constant (i.e., steady flow)

1
=
2
=
3
=
water

Find:
2
= ?
0 =

+
2
2

1
1
(
3
3
)
= 0; steady flow
or,
2
2
=
1
1
+
3
=
3

2
=

1
1
+
3
2
=
3 0.05
2
/4 + (0.01)
0.07
2
/4
= 4.13 m/s
Moving CV
RTT for Moving CV

(i.e., relative velocity
)
RTT for Moving and Deforming CV
*Ref) Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White, McGraw Hill
= (, )
(, )

(, ): Velocity of CS
(, ): Fluid velocity in the coordinate
system in which the
is observed

: Relative velocity of fluid seen by an

observer riding on the CV
Both CV and CS change their shape and location
with time
RTT Summary (1)

General RTT (for moving and deforming CV):

1) Non-deforming (but moving) CV

2) Fixed CV
= 0
3) Steady flow:
Special Cases:

=

4) Flux terms for uniform flow across discrete CSs (steady or unsteady)
RTT Summary (2)
Parameter () = / RTT Remark
Mass () 1
0 =

Continuity eq.
(Ch. 5.1)
Momentum
()
=

Linear momentum eq.
(Ch. 5.2)
Energy ()

Energy eq.
(Ch. 5.3)
For fixed CVs:
Continuity Equation (Ch. 5.1)
RTT with = mass and = 1,
0 =

mass conservatoin
=

or

Net rate of outflow

of mass across CS
=

Rate of decrease of
mass within CV

Note: Incompressible fluid ( = constant)

(Conservation of volume)
Simplifications
1. Steady flow

= 0
2. If = constant over discrete CSs (i.e., one-dimensional flow)

3. Steady one-dimensional flow in a conduit

= 0
or
2

1
1
= 0
For = constant
1
=
2
2
(or
1
=
2
)
Some useful definitions
Mass flux
=

Volume flux
=

Average velocity
=
1

Average density
=
1

Note: unless = constant
(Note: = )
Example 4
Estimate the time required to fill with
water a cone-shaped container 5 ft hight
and 5 ft across at the top if the filling rate
is 20 gal/min.
0 =

Apply the conservation of mass ( = 1)
For incompressible fluid (i.e., = constant) and one inlet,
0 =

=

=

Example 4 Contd.
Volume of the cone at time t,
=

2
12

Flow rate at the inlet,
= 20
gal
min
231
in
3
gal
1,728
in
3
ft
3
= 2.674 ft
3
/min
The continuity eq. becomes
2
12

=
or
=
12
2

Example 4 Contd.
=
12
0
=
12
2

Solve for (),
Thus, the time for = 5 ft is
=

2
12
=
5 ft
2
(5 ft)
(12)(2.674 ft
3
/min)
= 12.2 min

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Control Volume and Reynolds

Time rate of change of

over the entire outflow portion of CS,

over the entire outflow portion of CS,

: Relative velocity of fluid seen by an

Net rate of outflow

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