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რომის სამართლის საფუძველი - გარიშვილი, ხოფერია 2010 წელი
რომის სამართლის საფუძველი - გარიშვილი, ხოფერია 2010 წელი
romis
mariam xoferia
samarTlis safuZvlebi
Tbilisi
2010
Septimontium-s
(SvidborcvianTa) Soris, yvelaze mniSvnelovani romauli borvcisaken. palatinis
borcvis ukan, Tvalwin iSleba mudmivi qalaqis guli romauli forumi, aq
Tavmoyrilia romaul RvTaebaTa taZrebis umravlesoba, maT Soris dioskuriebis,
konkordiis, saturninusis (romelSic ganTavsebuli iyo saxelmwifo xazina da
arqivi, agreTve tabulariumi romis saxelmwifos oficialuri dokumentaciis
gasanTluli xis dafebis, papirusis gragnilebisa da pergamentis sacavi) salocavebi
da romaelTaTvis yvelaze sayvareli da saTayvanebeli qalRmerTis vestas taZari.
forumi iyo sabazro da savaWro rigebis moedanic, sadac asrulebda sakuTar
mogzaurobas
mTeli
samyarodan
_
britaneTidan-indoeTamde
da
evropis
CrdiloeTidan-CrdiloeT afrikamde _ wamosuli saqoneli. amavdroulad, forumi iyo
temperamentiT aRsavse, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis centri: swored am moedanze
xdeboda is movlenebi, romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes msoflio istoriis
Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. aqve aRimarTa rostrebi oratorTa tribuna, romelsac
amSvenebda, nadavlis saxiT xelSi Cagdebuli, mtris xomaldebis cxvirebi (rostra).
forumis am nawilidan mimarTavdnen xalxs saxelganTqmuli oratorebi apius
klavdiusi usinaTlo, katoni ufrosi, gaius iulius keisari, hortenzius hortalusi;
aqedan ismenda romaeli xalxi didi ciceronis mgznebare gamosvlebs da aqve
gamofines misma jalaTebma, markus antoniusis brZanebiT, sikvdiliT dasjili
mWermetyvelis mokveTili Tavi da xelebi.
forumis suliskveTebiT ganimsWvala civilizaciis Semdgomi istoria. man Tanabrad
SeiTvisa, samyarosaTvis Cveuli, sikeTe da boroteba, movlenaTa logika da
mistiuroba, adamianTa sidiade da fuWi gancdebi. am moedanze iyo ganTavsebuli
kuria sabWos Senoba, romelSic sxdomebs marTavda romauli senati. aqve iyo
komiciebic saxalxo krebebis Catarebis adgili, sadac irCevdnen umaRles
Tanamdebobis pirebsa da xalxi xmas aZlevda umniSvnelovanes kanonebs. forumi iqca
tribunis adgiladac.
swored aqedan mimarTavdnen plebs tribuni plebis (xalxis
tribuni), momavalSi ki kurulis savarZelSi msxdomi, konsulebi, pretorebi da
kurulis edilebi. forumma saxeli imiTac gaiTqva, rom maszed iqna gamofenili
uZvelesi leges duodecem tabularum (xis firfitebze amotvifruli kanonTa teqsti,
romlis originali ganadgurda, galebis mier romis darbevisas.).
romis saxelwmifoebriobis istoriis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, Zveli samyaros
udidesi monapovari romis samarTali, romlis gareSec sruliad warmoaudgenelia
Tanamedrove civilizaciebis kerZo samarTlis arseboba. swored romis samarTlis
gavrcelebiT moxda, romaelTa mxridan, samyaros meoregzis dapyroba. amitomac,
damkvidrda mosazreba, rom romma samgzis daipyro msoflio pirvelad legionebis
meSveobiT, meored sakuTari samarTalganviTarebiT, mesamed ki msoflio
religiis qristianobis SemoReba-gavrcelebiT.
2
romis kerZo samarTlis (ius privatum) ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda romauli Temis
civitas Romani samarTali ius civile da romis imperiaSi Semavali mravalricxovani
xalxis samarTali ius gentium. maTi definiciebis umravlesoba ki swored romis
forumze iqna dadgenili, xolo comitia-ze arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi praetor
(pretori), censor (cenzori), aediles (edili), quaestor (qvestori) uzrunvelyofdnen
romis samarTlis moTxovnaTa upirobo aRsrulebasa da samarTaldamrRvevTa mkacr
dasjas.
romis samarTlis safuZvlebis saswavlo kursis mizani da daniSnulbaa Seaswavlos,
iuridiuli fakultetis studentebs, romis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
etapebi da, TiToeuli etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, saxelmwifo meqanizmis
Taviseburebani, agreTve romis sajaro (ius publicum) da kerZo samarTlis (ius privata)
ZiriTadi institutebis Camoyalibebisa da evoluciis procesi; ganumartos maT, Tu
ratom moxda romis samarTlis recefcia dasavleT evropis qveynebSi misi ZiriTadi
debulebebis
damkvidreba
da,
adgilobrivi
pirobebis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis
mowesrigeba.
ganaTlebuli
iuristisaTvis
savaldebuloa specialuri terminologiis Rrma da safuZvliani coda: iuridiul
terminTa umravlesoba ki laTinuri warmoSobisaa: iustitia, iurisprudentia, servitutes,
ususfructus, occupatio, obligatio, contractus, testamentum, consensu, conventio, advocatus, respublica,
consul, censor, delicta da sxva.
samarTali
msoflmxedvelobis
wiaRSi
sagnobrivi
interesebi
dgindeboda
da
samyaros
individualurad aRmqmeli calkeuli adamianis Rirebuleba fexs ikidebda. amave
epoqis dasawyisSi Tu romaelebi jer kidev did patriarqalur ojaxebad (familia)
cxovrobdnen da winaparTa kults (adgnatus proximus) aRmerTebdnen, qr. Sobamde IV
saukuneSi sazogadoeba mcire ojaxebad daiyo. gvari calkeul individs aRar
STanTqavda, piriqiT, xels uwyobda misi STamomavlobis gamravlebas mcire ojaxuri
koleqtivis saxiT. Zveli romauli erTobis ganviTareba im stadias asaxavda, rodesac
adamians sakuTari Tavi ver warmoedgina im saojaxo organizaciis gareSe, romelsac,
drois mixedviT, didi winapari, mamamTavari gansazRvravda, xolo sivrciT _ ojaxis
samkvidro teritoria. am ukanasknelis zRvrebSi iyo moqceuli wminda adgilebic anu
maTi saTayvanebeli winaprebis saflavebi. ojaxis samflobelos sazRvrebs miRma
mTeli garesamyaro romaelebs uwmindur Zalad warmoedginaT. sasaqonlo gacvlagamocvla ara ekonomokuri, aramed mxolod sakomunikacio mniSvnelobisa iyo, ama Tu
im ojaxis wevrebTan piradi kontaqtebs damyarebis mizniT, ucxo gvaris wevrebs
mtrebad (hostes) aRar miiCnevdnen da Sinaurebad Rebulobdnen. amrigad, ucxosTan
kontaqtiT, piri, samarTlebriv aspeqtSi, sakuTar Tavs iZenda. aseTi kavSirebis
erTgulebis (fides) garanti magiuri da religiuri saSualebebi (fici, totemis
gacvla, misnoba) iyo. yovelive amiT dasabami mieca garkveul ritualebs, romlebmac,
sxvadasxva ekonomikuri urTierToba ganapiroba. sagnobrivi interesebis ganviTarebas
ritualebis
specializaciac
moyva.
marTalia,
saritualo
ceremoeniebSi
monawileobis ufleba hqondaT mxolod romaelebs da nawilobriv im laTinuri
Temebs, romelTac romaelebTan garkveuli saxis garigebebis dadebis ufleba miecaT.
Zveli romauli sazogadoebidan ucxoelebis anu mtrebis (hostes) gandevnam
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra uZvelesi romauli samarTlebrivi sistemis karCaketiloba.
saritualo ceremoniebis siwmindesa da tradiciiT dadgenili wesebs qurumebis
sagangebo kolegia pontifices (pontifikosebi) icavda. Zveli romis religiur (ius sacrum)
da saero cxovrebis wesebsac axali viTarebis Sesabamisad, isini gankargavdnen, anu
ama Tu im normisa Tu institutis saxes es kolegia erToblivad adgenda.
amrigad, yofiTi pirobebis Secvlam samarTlis normatiul stabilurobasa da
monacvleobaze gavlena ver moaxdina. qurumTa kolegia 15 pontifikosis _ flaminebi
(uzenaesi RmerTebis umaRlesi qurumebi), qalRmerT vestas qalwuli qurumebis,
vestalebisa da rex sacrorum-isagan Sedgeboda. yovelwliurad pontifikosebi TavianTi
kolegiis erT-erT wevrs kerZo samarTlis Seswavlas avalebdnen. aRniSnul epoqaSi,
religiuri normebis Sesamabisad, kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi savaldebulo
da misaRebi iyo (aequum, ius). Tumca, es garemoeba samarTlisa da religiis zust
analogiaas rodi niSnavda. jer kidev romulusis dros romis samarTlis
istoriulad
adreul
etapzeve
Camoyalibda
gansakuTrebul
sasamarTlo
xelisuflebad (iuridictio), romliTac aRiWurven rex-ebi. kerZo davaTa da konfliqtTa
ganxilvisas
reqsi
xelmZRvanelobda
samarTliT
ius
(ius
dicere)
da
samarTaldamrRvevisaTvis sanqcias awesebda. qcevis zogadi wesebis dadgenisas rex-i
(SesaZloa pontifikosebTan erTad) sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasac axorcielebda.
Semdeg is axal normebs waradgenda kuriis saxalxo krebaze (comitia curiata), romelic
9
am wesebs (lex curiata) mxolod iwonebda. Rex-is kanonebis (leges regiae) Sesaxeb cnobebs
gviandeli periodis avtorebi gvawvdidnen. qr. Sobamde 509 wels reqsebis gandevnis
Semdeg axali periodi iwyeba; sasamarTlo xelisufleba da sakanonmdeblo
iniciativis ufleba or umaRles magistrats _ konsulsa da senats (aristokratiul
sabWos) _ mieniWa. kanonebis miReba mxolod senatis mier maTi mowonebisa da
komiciebis mier votirebis proceduris gavlis Semdeg (auctoritas patrum) xdeboda.
respublikis (res publica) damyareba xalxis suverenitetis gamarjvebasa (`populus
aqedan `publicum) da romis samoqalaqo Temad civitas (moqalaqeTa erTobliobad)
gadaqcevas mowmobda. tradiciulad, am procesis dasabamad miCneulia epoqa
etruskuli reqsebisa, romlebic romSi qr. Sobamde VI saukuneSi zeobdnen. servius
tuliusis mier gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad, mosaxleoba qonebrivi cenzis
mixedviT axal samxedro-administraciul _ centuriebad _ dayofas daeqvemdebara da
axali saxis saxalxo krebebi _ comitia centuriata dawesda. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, etruski
reqsebi qveyanas tiranulad marTavdnen, maT sagvareulo aristokratia daimorCiles,
riTac didwilad amaRlda komiciebis politikuri mniSvneloba. reformis Semdeg,
reqsebis gandevna kanonzomieri movlena, da sagvareulo aristokratiis erTgvari
revanSi iyo. saxelmwifoSi umaRles Tanamdebobebze mxolod senatorebi (patres) da
maTi STamomavlebi (patricii) irCevdnen, arapatriciebs aseTi ufleba ra gaaCndaT.
Aamrigad, qr. Sobamde VI saukuneSi romis sazogadoeba or fenad _ patriciebad
(patricii) da plebeebad (plebs) gaiyo. ori saukunis manZilze maT Soris Seurigebeli
politikuri dapirispireba plebeebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda: maT miaRwies sakuTari
magistratis, plebsis tribunis (tribuni plebs), arCevas. Tumca, konsulebis Tanabari
umaRlesi Zalaufleba (imperium), ar gaaCndaT. magram sxva nebismieri magistratis
gankargulebasa da maT Soris sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze, veto-s ufleba moipoves,
aseve saerTo saxalxo krebebze sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba mieniWaT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom plebsis tribunis Zalaulfleba mxolod q. romiT ifargleboda.
axla cal-calke ganvixiloT samarTlis TiToeuli wyaro.
$1. CveulebiTi samarTali
Mos romanum (romauli Cveuleba); mores maiorum (winaparTa daanderZevi); consuetudo
(CveulebiTi samarTali); mos regionis (adgilobrivi Cveuleba, samarTlis normis
analogiiT gamoyeneba).
samoqalaqo brunvaSi mudmivad gamoyenebul samarTlis normas, romelic xalxsi
rwmenas efuZneba CveulebiTi samarTali ewodeba. CveulebiTi samarTali samarTlis
is saxea, romelsac adamianebis gonivruli qcevis wesad miiCneven. cnebidan
gamomdinare,
CveulebiTi
samarTlis
wyaro
saxelmwifo
wyobilebisagan
damoukidebeli saxalxo gonia. amitom CveulebiTi samarTali SeiZleba ganviTardes
winareistoriel xanaSi. imisaTvis rom, CveulebiT samarTals samarTlis wyaros
funqcia mieniWos da moqmedebdes rogorc samarTlebrivi sistema, igi sam pirobas
unda akmayofilebdes: 1. garkveuli wesis xangrZlivad, uwyvetad moqmedeba da misi
dacva; 2. xalxis samarTlebrivi mrwamsi;
3. imperator konstantines
konstituciis mixedviT, arsebul (moqmed) kanons unda avsebdes, ar unda
10
mniSvnelovnad
ganixileboda.
Seicvala
da
amis
Semdeg
isini
ius civile-s
Semadgenel
nawilad
erTaderTi
specifikuri
niSani
misi
dawerili
upiratesobis
miniWeba,
sabolood,
15. rufusi rutilius publius (qr. Sobamde 158 w. ?) _ gamoCenili romaeli iuristi,
publius muciusis mowafe, konsuli (105 w.). 92 wels qveynidan gaZeveba mas
usamarTlod miusajes. rufusi saxelganTqmuli respodenti gaxldaT. mis kalams
ekuTvnis: actio formula Rutiliana da (SesaZloa) constitutio Rutiliana. garda amisa, rufusis
Sesaxeb cnobilia, rom igi gatacebuli iyo oratoruli xelovnebiTa da istoriis
kvleviT.
16. sabinus mazirius (qr. Sobis I s.) _ romis samarTlis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
avtoritetuli moRvawe, romlis saxelsac, postklasikuri tradiciiT, sabinianelTa
skolis samarTlis mecnierebis axali mimdinareobis _ daarseba ukavSirdeba.
ateius kapitonis mowafe. sabinusis erTguli Tanamoazre iyo misi mowafe kasius
longinusi. sabinusi warmoSobiT ubralo ojaxidan iyo, Tavs irCenda im
honorarebiT, romlebsac mowafeebi uxdidnen. 50 wlis asakSi mxedris cenzis miRebas
igi
imperator
tiberiuss
umadloda,
romelmac
mxedrebis
wodebis
warmomadgenelTagan pirvelad sabinuss darTo neba gaeca kvalificiuri pasuxebi anu
profesiul doneze gadaewyvita is samarTlebrivi problemebi, romlebic arsebul
sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi Sesabamisad asaxuli ar iyo. sabinusis Sexedulebebze
garkveuli gavlena moaxdina mucius scevola pontifikosis ideebma, rasac mowmobs
Tavad mazurius sabinusis mTavari naSromis Ius civile-s saxelwodebac, romelic
scevolas Txzulebis saxelwodebis identuria.
17. scevola publius mucius (qr. Sobamde 133 w.) _ didi qurumi da konsuli; misi
gonierebis, samarTlis Rrma codnisa da sasamarTlo davebis ganxilvis dros
miukerZoeblobis gamo, scevola-mama ciceronma did da WeSmarit iuristad aRiara.
pomponiusma publius mucius scevolas (markus iunius brutussa da markus
maniliusTan erTad) civiluri samarTlis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli uwoda. scevolamamam samoqalaqo samarTlis sferos 10 wigni miuZRvna; didi qurumi qurumebis
kolegiis
privilegirebuli
mdgomareobis
SenarCunebaze
metad
iuridiul
kompetenturobaze zrunavda, riTac samarTlis sekularizacias Seuwyo xeli.
18. scevola kvintus mucius konsuli (qr. Sobamde 95 w.) da didi qurumi (qr. Sobamde
84 w.). umwikvlo reputaciiT scevola-Svilis saxelma da avtoritetma mamis dideba
daCrdila. man brwyinvale filosofiuri ganaTleba miiRo. kvintus mucius scevolam
samarTlis sferoSi Rrma codniTa da oratoruli xelovnebiT didi popularoba
moipova. sasamarTloSi mis gamosvlebs axalgazrda ciceroni usmenda. scevolaSvilma monawileoba miiRo lucinius-muciusis kanonebis SedgenaSi. samarTlis
istoriis TvasazrisiT, misi udidesi damsaxureba gaxlavT is, rom man pirvelma
samarTlebrivi aqtebi ara qronologiurad, aramed sistemurad Camoayaliba, razec
misi Txzulebis De iure civili-is 18 wignSi mocemuli samoqalaqo samarTlis ZiriTadi
cnebebi metyvelebs.
19. trifoninusi klavdius (qr. Sobis II-III ss.) romaeli iuristi. papinianusisa da
paulusis Tanamedrove, maTTan erTad swavlobda kvintus cervidius scevolas
samarTlis skolaSi. trifoninusi septimius severusis saimperatoro sabWos wevri
iyo. sabWos sxdomebze ganxilul sakiTxebze saboloo daskvnebi quaestor sacri patatii,
24
sasamarTloSi).
Senatusconsultum (SC) xalxis (populus) monawileobis gareSe miiReboda; aqedan
gamomdinare,
qmediTobis
TvalsazrisiT,
leges-Tan
misi
gaTanabreba,
udavod
gamoiwvevda im konceptualur sirTules, romelic asaxulia gaiusis teqstSi
Senatusconsultum est, quod senatus iubet atque constituit: idque legis vicem optinet quamvis fuerit quaesitum _
senatis dadgenileba aris is, rac senatma brZana da daadgina; mas aqvs kanonis Zala,
Tumca, amis Sesaxeb bevrs daobdnen (Gai., 1,4). qr. Sobis II saukunemde SC-s kanonis
Zala ar gaaCnda da amitom ius civile-s SeqmnaSi uSualo monawileobas ver iRebda.
senats hqonda ori SesaZlebloba: normatiul viTarebaze SualobiTi gavlenis
mosaxdenad sasurveli kanonis miReba daevalebina magistratisTvis, an pretorisagan
ediqtSi cvlilebebis Setana zogjer senati magistratisagan sisxlis samarTlis
gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlos _ quaestiones extra ordinariae _ Seqmnas iTxovda. amgvari
dawesebuleba ver iqneboda mudmivmoqmedi, misi Seqmna kanonis (lex) miRebas
saWiroebda, xolo senatuskonsults kanonis Zala ar gaaCnda. amdenad, moqalaqes
yovelTvis hqonda ufleba apelaciiT miemarTa xalxisaTvis. qr. Sobamde II saukuneSi
Zvel romSi seriozuli politikuri da samarTlebrivi krizisi warmoiSva, rac imiT
iyo ganpirobebuli, rom senatma msgavsi sagangebo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis
SezRudvis Tavidan acileba moisurva.
principatis periodSi komicebis rolis dacemis Sedegad, senatis normaSemoqmedebiTi
saqmianoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, xolo imperatoris xelSi senatuskonsulti
pretoris ediqtze zemoqmedebis mZlavri iaraRi Seiqna. marTalia, qr. Sobis I
saukuneSi senatuskonsults ius civile-Tan mimarTebiT kanonis Zala jer kidev ar
gaaCnda da mxolod pretorul samarTlis (ius honorarium) Camoyalibebaze axdenda
gavlenas, qr. Sobis II saukunidan misi roli imdenad gaizrda, rom civiluri
27
uTanabrdeba,
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba brinjaos dafis 9 natexs, romlebic, erTis mxriv, qr.
Sobamde 121 wels miRebul lex Cecilia repetundarum-s, xolo meore mxriv, qr. Sobamde 111
wels miRebul lex agraria Seicaven.
Lex Cecilia repetundarum meqrTameobisTvis adgens sasamarTlo devnis axal wess,
romlis ZaliTac, provinciis mkvidrs piradad an sakuTari patronis, romis
moqalaqis, SuamdgomlobiT romaeli magistratis meqrTameobaSi dadanaSauleba
SeeZlo, xolo lex agraria sazogadoebriv mindvrebze (ager publicus) miwaTsargeblobis
axal wesebs adgenda. am kanonis Tanaxmad, yvela saxis kerZo mflobeloba
(possessiones) kerZo sakuTrebad (ager privatus) iqca, xolo sxvadasxva kategriis miwaze
renta (vectigal) dawesda.
funqcionaluri
SeuzRudaobiT
(infinitum)
gamoirCeoda.
pozitiuri
saxis
am
xelisuflebas man plebeebis tribunis mudmivi xelisufleba (tribunicia potestas)
SeuTavsa da oficialurad es movaleobac moixsna.
amis Semdeg, marTalia, avgustusi tribunad aRar iTvleboda, magram mas nebismieri
magistratis gadawyvetilebaze veto-s dadeba SeeZlo. am periodidan moyolebuli
axali politikuri reJimi sabolood Camoyalibda.
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aseTma struqturam senatTan yvelaze efeqtur politikur
TanamSromlobas xeli Seuwyo da imperiis mmarTvelobis axali sistemis organizeba
uzrunvelyo.
qr. Sobamde 16 welw Seiqmna axali administraciuli struqtura _ praefectura urbi
(saqalaqo prefeqtura), mis saTaveSi mdgom pirs praefectus urbi (qalaqis prefeqts)
Tavad imperatori niSnavda. qalaqis pretori (praetor urbi) q. romSi arsebul wesrigze
agebda pasuxs. missave sapolicio funqciebs samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeebze sasamarTlo funqciebi daemata. qr. Sobamde 2 w. avgustusma Seqmna praefectus
praetoriae _ pretorianelTa prefeqtis Tanamdeboba, romelic sagangebo jaris,
pretorianelTa kohortis (cohors praetoriae) meTauri iyo. es jari ganlegabuli iyo q.
romSi. pretorianelTa prefeqti sardlobda italiis mTel teritoriaze ganlagebul
jarebs, igi imperatoris marjvena xeli iyo q. romSi, riTac man ganusazRvreli
Zalaufleba igdo xelT, kerZod, romis farglebs gareT marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcieleba.
pretorianelTa
prefeqti
yvela
provinciisaTvis
uzenaesi
sasamarTlo instancia iyo samoqalaqo saqmeebze, xolo imperatoris qveyanaSi
aryofnis SemTxvevaSi (vice sacra), misi iurisdiqcia sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebzec
vrceldeboda. septimius severusis dros misi Zalaufleba garda q. romisa, mTels
italiaze gavrcelda. 235 w. aleqsander severusis konstitucia pretorianelTa
prefeqtis brZanebulebaTa normatiul mniSvnelobas (formae), im pirobiT aRiarebda,
Tu kanons ar ewinaaRmdegeboda. mogvianebiT, biurokratiuli sawyisebi ufro
ganmtkicda. severusebis mmarTvelobis dros, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze
eqstraordinaluri sasamarTlo proceduris damyarebiT, senatma dakarga sasamarTlo
funqciebi. principatis epoqaSi romma axali, mniSvnelovani teritoriebi daipyro.
qr. Sobamde 29 w. avgustusma SemoierTa egvipte, riTac safuZveli Caeyara axali
kategoriis saimperatoro provinciebs _ provinciae Caesaris, romlebic gansxvavdeboda
senatis _ romaeli xalxis (provinciae populi Romani) _ provinciebisgan.
imperiaSi
mSvidobis
simyare
centraluri
xelisuflebisa
da
adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis efeqturma Serwymam, ekonomikisa da kulturis ganviTarebam
ganapiroba. imperiis Sida komunikaciebis intensiurma ganviTarebam saxelmwifo sul
ufro homogenuri gaxda. am procesis apogead iTvleba imperator karakalas mier qr.
Sobamde 212 wels gamocemuli ediqti (Constitutio Antoniniana), romlis Tanaxmadac,
imperiis mravalmilioniani mosaxleoba romis moqalaqeTa uflebebs iZenda. am
droidan moyolebuli sxvaoba ius civile-sa da ius gentium-s Soris mxolod akademiuri
mniSvnelobasa iyo.
36
qr. Sobamde 17 w. avgustusis kanonma `kerZo pirTa Soris davebis sasamarTlo wesiT
ganxilvis Sesaxeb~ (lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum), gaauqma per legis actionem procesi.
amieridan, materialuri TvalsazrisiT, samoqalaqo procesis _ per formulas _ formis
erToblioba, samarTlis institutebis Sesabamis unifikacias iTxovda. qr. Sobis I
saukuneSi dadebuli garigebebis umravlesoba, marTalia, iuris gentium-s efuZneboda,
magram mainc ius civile doneze iqna aRiarebuli. mkacr civilur (ius strictum) samarTalSi
imperatoris moTxovnebs arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebi Sehqonda; gansakuTrebiT es
exeba piris uflebebis, saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis saxelSekrulebo
pasuxismgeblobis sferos. imperatorebi xels uwyobdnen iuristiebs politikur
karieras; sabolood, am TanamSromlobas Sedegad mohyva iuristebis monawileoba
consilium principis-s saqmianobaSi, aseve maT moipoves pretorianelTa prefeqtis
Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba.
sasamarTlos
sistemis
progresi
uSualod
ukavSirdeboda
damoukidebel
samarTalmcodneTa (prudentes) moRvaweobas. avgustusis droidan moyolebuli, maTi
avtoritetis
(auctoritas
principis)amaRlebaze
TviT
imperatorebi
zrunavdnen.
respublikis bolos ori iuristi dawinaurda: ateius kapitoni da markus anTistius
labeoni. kapitoni tradiciul Sexedulebebs emxroboda; misi Txzulebebi sajaro
samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda. labeoni kerZo samarTlis problemebisadmi
SemoqmedebiTi midgomiT gamoirCeoda: mas q. romis pretoris mier Sedgenili ediqtis
komentarebi ekuTvnis. am ori cnobili pirovnebis politikuri antagonizmi
SesaZleblobas iZleva avxsnaT, Tu mainc da mainc maT saxelTan ratomaa
dakavSirebuli klasikuri periodis ori samarTlis skolis Seqmnis tradicia:
igulisxmeba prokulianelTa da sabinianelTa skolebi. arc erT skolas ar
miekuTvneboda II saukuneSi mcxovrebi cnobili iuristi florentinusi (Florentinus). man
Seqmna `Institutiones~ Tormet wignad. termini `institutio~ (`ganaTleba~) miuTiTebs
dawyebiTi codnis safuZvlebis (elementa) Camoyalibebasa da amisaTvis elementaruli
xasiaTis samuSaoebis Sesrulebaze. imavdroulad, moRvaweoba daiwyo romaelma
iuristma gaiusma. misi naSromi Institutiones (oTx wignad) Cvenamde srulyofilad
moRweuli erTaderTi klasikuri Txzulebaa. gaiusis naSromi daiwera antoninus
piusis mmarTvelobis dros da misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoica. `institucebis~
zogadi struqtura aseTia: pirebi, nivTebi, sarCelebi; gaiusiseuli modeli misaRebi
gaxda iustinianes institutebisa da napoleonis kodeqsisTvis (1804 w.), aseve maT
safuZvelze Seqmnil Tanamedrove samoqalaqo kodeqsebisTvis.
klasikuri periodis iuristebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen winamorbedTa
naSromebis komentarebs, maT Soris, ius civile-s zogadi Sromebisa Tu calkeuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb fundamenturi monografiebis avtorTa Txzulebebs.
komentarebisgan unda ganvasxvaoT SeniSvnebi (notae). am Janris Tavisebureba isaa, rom
Canaweri uSualod sxva iuristis naSromis teqstSi keTdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
SeniSvnebs akeTebdnen ara mxolod piradi qmnilebebis mindvrebze, aramed yvelaze
mniSvnelovani naSromebis saarqivo aslebzec.
37
saxeoba
iyo,
romelic
axlobeli
konstantinopoli ewoda.
395 wlidan, imperator Teodosius didis gardacvalebis Semdeg, sul ufro mkveTr
xasiaTs iZenda, imperiis or nawils (partes imperii) Soris dava ori diocezis _
dakiisa da makedoniis gamo, riTac Teodosiusis mier mowveulema alarihis
vesTguTebma isargebles; 410 wels maT romi aiRes da gaZarcves. 425 w. taxtze avida
imperatori valentine III, romlis drosac droebiTma politikurma stabilurobam
daisadgura. Tumca, verc aman ixsna pars Occidentis genzerihis vandalebisa da atilas
hunebis (451-452 ww.) Semosevisgan, romlebmac daarbies da daipyres afrika, galia da
CrdiloeT italia. 455 w. vandalebma daikaves kunZuli sardinia da romze veraguli
Tavdasxma iqidan ganaxorcieles. barbarosebTan kavSiris damyarebis praqtikam da
maTma mowvevam romaelTa samsaxurSi romis dasavleTi nawilis politikuri simtkice
mkveTrad Seasusta, rac 476 wlis politikur gadatrialebiT dasrulda. barbarosTa
beladma
odoakrma
taxtidan
norCi
uzurpatori
romulusi
Camoagdo
da
konstantinopolSi imperator zenonTan gagzavna. sanacvlod, odoakrma italiis
mmarTveloba iTxova. 480 w. gardaicvala imperator zenonis mier kanonier
mmarTvelad aRiarebuli _ iulius nepoti. male imperiis dasavleTi nawilisgan
darCenili nawili _ italia Teodorixis osTguTebis xeliT gaaTavisufles. odoakri
Caiketa ravenaSi, sadac igi 493 w. mokles. am xnis ganmavlobaSi konsulTa arCevnebi
kvlav grZeldeboda romSi, administraciul Zalauflebas ki praefectus urbi
axorcielebda; Teodorihma miiRo uzenaesi mxedarTmTavris Tanamdeboba da rex-is
wodeba SeinarCuna. V saukunis bolos galiis samxreT-dasavleT nawili da espaneTi
vesTguTebis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, samxreT-aRmosavleTi galia _
burgundebis samefoSi, xolo galia md. luaras CrdiloeTiT _ xlodvigis frankTa
samefos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca.
postklasikuri
epoqis
samarTalganviTareba
biurokratizmis
ganmtkicebas,
saxelmwifos feodalizaciasa da pirovnebis damoukideblobis dacemas asaxavda.
konstantines droidan moyolebuli, roca pozitiuri samarTlis ZiriTadi forma _
imperatoris konstitucia (constitutio _ dadgena, daweseba) ediqtad (zogadi moqmedebis
normebi _ generalis) iqca, mkveTrad gauaresda kancelariis muSaobis xarisxi;
kanonebis iuridiuli da enobrivi forma mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda klasikuri
periodis nimuSebisgan. samarTlis samecniero ganviTarebisa da praqtikos-moxeleTa
momzadebis donis dacemis gamo postklasikuri epoqa vulgarizmis saxeliTaa
cnobili. am epoqis iuristebi inteleqtualuri damoukideblobiT ver daikvexnidnen:
Zalze didi iyo maT winamorbedTa samecniero memkvidreobis avtoriteti. am epoqis
samarTalmcodneebi,
maTi
Tanamedrove
periodis
pozitiuri
samarTlis
stabilizaciisa da unifikaciis mizniT, zogad debulebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen.
zogjer klasikuri periodis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebs moculobiT amcirebdnen,
zogjer kompilaciebs gadaamuSavebdnen.
IV saukunis dasasrulidan iuridiul skolebSi samarTlis sferoSi e.w. klasikuri
tendencia ganviTarda. xsenebul skolaTa warmomadgenlebi klasikuri periodis
avtoritetul mecnierTa naSromebs iyenebdnen. am tendenciisaTvis klasikuri
40
interpolaciebi.
imperator iustinianes mmarTvelobis dros iuridiuli kulturisa da iuridiuli
ganaTlebis aRorZineba, saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis doneze, imperiis aRmosavleT
nawilSi SeiniSneboda. gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagnad iustinianes droindeli
klasicizmi iqca. imperatori da misi kancelaria normatiuli stabilurobis
damkvidrebas cdilobdnen da maT am mizniT, iuridiuli samecniero tradiciis
gaTvaliswinebiT, aRadgines mravali klasikuri instituti, romelTa sakuZvelzec
Zveli kontraverzebi da winaaRmdegobebi iqna daZleuli. mTel rig garigebebSi
(mancipatio, emancipatio, cretio) Zveli ritualebis gauqmeba imaze miuTiTebs, rom es
garigebebi moqmed institutebad aRiqmeboda da klasikur memkvidreobas kanonmdebeli
erT mTlian sistemad ganixilavda.
iustinianes samarTlebrivi politikisa da misi iniciativiT ganxorcielebuli
samarTlis kodifikaciis meSveobiT, evropulma kulturam klasikuri periodis
romaeli iuristebis
teqstebi da imperatorebis
konstituciebi
SeinarCuna.
41
rogorc Zvel romSi, ise Sua saukuneebSi iuristi rigiTi moqalaqe, kerZo piri, iyo.
Tumca am ori periodis iuristebi erTmaneTisgan socialuri warmomavlobiTa da maT
mier gamoyenebuli meTodebiT gansxvavdebodnen. mcodne romaeli iuristi rCevebs
aZlevda romael moqalaqeebs, konsultacias uwevda pretorebsa da sxva magistratebs
da ase qmnida samarTals; amis Semdeg, mas iwvevdnen princefsis samsaxurSi, riTac
igi
oficialuri
piri
xdeboda.
glosatori
iyo
maswavlebeli,
romelic
ganviTarebuli iuridiuli sistemis ararsebobisa da adgilobrivi statusebis
usistemo gamoyenebis gamo, universaluri samarTlis Semdgom ganviTarebas
digestebSi mocemuli iurisprudenciis principebis safuZvelze eweoda. glosatorTa
azriT, iuridiuli codnis sawyisad, uSecdomo wignad da yovelive WeSmaritis
wyarod irneriusisa da glosatorebis teqsti miaCndaT, romelic srulyofilebiT
gamoirCeoda da winaaRmdegobriv mosazrebebs ar Seicavda. am viTarebam ganapiroba
iurispridenciaSi filologiuri da logikur-dialeqtikuri meTodebis gamoyeneba,
riTac manamde mxolod literaturaTmcodneebi da Teologebi sargeblobdnen.
aqedan gamomdinare, Sua saukuneebis iuristebi mxolod teqstis ganmmarteblebi rodi
iyvnen; isini akeTebdnen romaeli iuristebis pasuxTa komentars, Tematurad mwyobri
Txzulebis saxiT, sistemuri xasiaTis naSromebs qmnidnen. rogorcaa magaliTad, e.w.
summae, romelSic Tavmoyril problemaTa (quaestiones) dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
pasuxebi _ `Tanaxma var~ da `winaaRmdegi var~ _ ganixileboda.
amrigad, klasikosebis drois `ars~ (xelovneba) samarTali iqca `scientia~-ad
(mecniereba), romlis ganviTareba-srulyofa universitetebSi xdeboda da amdenad,
axali Sexedulebebisa da midgomebisTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo.
$2. kanonistebi
romauli
kanonis
(lex
Romana)
winaSe
`RvTis
kanonis~
(lex
Dei)
upiratesobaTanasworobisa (honestas) da qristianuli samarTlianobis (aequitas cristiana)
principebi, swored kanonistebis meSveobiT, gadamwyvet gavlenas axdendnen axal
samarTalze. meore mxriv, antikuri samyaros kulturuli tradiciebis damcveli da
gamavrcelebeli eklesia gaxldaT. Tavisufali xelovnebisa da samarTlis orive
dargis
(samoqalaqo
da
kanonikuri)
Seswavlisa
da
swavlebis
centrebi
eklesiamonastrebsa da samefo saydrebSi ganTavsda. kanonistebis mier Seqmnili
kanonebi saero iurisdiqciasac exeboda; maT mier SemuSavebuli axali doqtrinebi da
gadawyvetilebebi, marTali romauli samarTlisagan gansxvavdeboda, magram mainc
uzomo
gavlenas
axdenda
axal
samarTalze.
kerZod,
stipulaciebis,
xelSekrulebebisa da araformaluri SeTanxmebebis (paqtebi), Cuqebis, dapirebis,
mflobelobisa da memkvidreobis, sasamarTlo ganxilvisa da gamoZiebis mimarT.
$3. `VII muxli~
Sua saukuneebSi, romis samarTlis recefciis TvalsazriT, didi mniSvneloba
eniWeboda alfons X brZenis dros Sedgenil kodeqss, romlis SemuSaveba mamamisis
ferdinand III-is dros daiwyo da 1263 an 1265 wels dasrulda. kodeqsis redaqciaze
didi zegavlena glosatorebma akursiusma, agaim, da gansakuTrebiT iakobma (romlis
44
$2. humanistebi
XVI saukuneSi saero azrovneba Tavisi axali formiT, aRorZinebis xanis dedaSinaarsiT _ humanizmiT gamovlinda. humanizmis msoflgagebis centrSi dgas adamiani
_ rogorc pirovneba da rogorc Tavisufali. evropis qveynebSi TiToeuli
saxelmwifosaTvis niSandoblivi _ ekonomikuri Tu socialur-politikuri _
pirobebis miuxedavad, aRorZineba da humanisturi moZraoba ZiriTadad, erTi xaziT
mimdinareobda. es iyo brZola Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedvelobisa da kaTolikuri
eklesiis, rogorc uZlieresi feodalis, ideologiis winaaRmdeg.
aRorZinebis epoqa xasiaTdeba antikuri kulturis, samarTlis, filosofiisa da
literaturisadmi didi interesiT. komentatorebisaTvis (mos italicus) niSandoblivi
praqtikuli tendenciebisagan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTSi humanistebis kulturuli
mimdinareoba (mos gallicus), istorias saero meTodebiT Seiswavlida da ZiriTadi
istoriuli movlenebis religiur-utilitaruli Sexedulebebisagan gaTavisuflebas
cdilobda. humanistebi didad afasebdnen klasikur iurisprudencias da cdilobdnen
samarTlis wyaroebis gaTavisuflebas yvela im modifikaciisgan, iustinianeseuli
kanonmdeblobis kompilatorebsa (interpolaciebi) da Suasaukuneebis periodis
glosatorebs (glosa da komentarebi) uxvad rom hqondaT gamoyenebuli. am mizniT,
TavianT gamokvlevebSi maT gamoiyenes ara marto iustinianes kodeqsis winamorbedi
samarTlis wyaroebi, aramed saliteraturo tradiciac. marTalia, humanistebma ver
Seqmnes `samarTlis istoria~, magram maT mier gamokvleulma antikuri periodis
samarTlis wyaroebma, romis samarTlis Seswavlas mecnieruli xasiaTi SesZina. maT
SeimuSaves e.w. profesorTa samarTali, romelic, iuristTa didi masidan calke
mdgomi mcirericxovani mecnier-iuristTa jgufis prerogativad iqca.
$3. bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria
ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, moqmedi bunebiTi samarTlis
skola, adamianis bunebisa da gonebis Sesabamisi da yvela xalxisaTvis saerTo,
universaluri samarTlis suliskveTebaze dafuZnebul, socialur eTikas aRiarebda.
adamianis saqmianobaTa sferoSi bekonis, dekartis, niutonis sabunebismetyvelo
aRmoCenebis praqtikulma gamoyenebma, bunebiTi kanonebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebazec
ganavrco. Teologiisa da Sua saukuneebis istoriuli mrwamsis postulatebis
uaryofis Semdeg, maT axali, zogadi cnebebisa da principebis, samarTlis axali
sistemis SemuSaveba daiwyes. reformaciisa da kontrreformaciis ideebiT, aseve
safrangeTis revoluciis SedegebiT STagonebuli bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis
ideologebi,
uzenaes
Rirebulebad
adamianTa
Soris
Tanasworobasa
da
samarTlianobas miiCnevdnen. iuristTa am skolis yvelaze did warmomadgenlenad
hugo grociuss (saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da gonis samarTlis meTodologiis
fuZemdebels), samuel pufendorfs, qristian Tomaziuss da qristian volfs
ariarebdnen.
enciklopedistebi
akritikebdnen
iuristebis
mier
aRiarebuli
kazuistikis meTods, romelic analogiiT msjelobisas da precedentis safuZvelze
gamoiyeneboda, rac, maTi azriT, samarTlebrivi gaugebrobebisa da gaurkvevlobis
wyaro iyo, moqalaqeTa Soris ki uimedobas aRvivebda.
46
sarCeli iyo, ramdenic brZanebaTa formula). amis gamo, inglisuri saerTo samarTali
imTaviTve pozitiuri iyo, yovelTvis dauwerel CveulebiT samarTlad miiCneoda,
xolo romis samarTali, romelic universitetebSi iswavleboda, wignier da idealur
samarTlad ganixileboda.
samarTlianobis samarTlis (Equity) cnebaSi igulisxmeboda sasamarTlo sistema,
romelic upirispirdeba saerTo samarTals (Common law) da lord-kancleris
sasamarTloSi (Court of Chansery) moqmedebda. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis
TxivniT qveSevrdomebi peticiiT mimarTavdnen uSualod mefes. mefe gzavnida
moTxovnas samefo sabWosa (Kings Council) da kanclerTan, romelic samefo sindisis
mcvelad (keeper of the Kings conscience) iTvleboda. samarTlianobis cnebaze
dafuZnebuli, sasuliero piris - kancleris iurisdiqciis mizani iyo mopasuxis
sindisis ganwmenda.
samarTlianobis samarTlis mizani marTlmsajulebis arsebiTi, da ara formaluri
ganxorcieleba iyo; amitom samoqmedod or xerxs iyenebdnen: realur aRsrulebas
(specific performance), romelic xorcieldeboda aRsrulebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis
gamocemis gansakuTrebuli formiT da raime qmedebis (injunction) sasamarTlo
akrZalviT, rac zianis mimyenebelisaTvis garkveuli qmedebis ganmeorebiT Cadenas
krZalvda.
samefo iurisdiqciam pirveli gamarjveba, samarTlianobis samarTlis upiratesobis
Sesaxeb, brZanebulebis gamocemiT da saerTo samarTalsa da samarTlianobis
samarTals Soris winaaRmdegobis daZleviT moipova. Tumca, maT Soris dapirispireba
kvlav grZeldeboda common law-s farglebSi moqmedi mosamarTleebi, vestminsteris
sasamarTloebis mimarT, kancleris sasamarTlos saapelacio instanciad gadaqcevis
faqts ar iwonebdnen.
rac Seexeba inglisuri samarTlis evoluciis procesSi romis samarTlis recefciis
mniSvnelobas, yuradReba unda gamaxvildes sam momentze: 1. eklesiis, upirveles
yovlisa, benediqtelTa ordenisa da glosatorTa doqtrinis gavlenaze. romanistikis
zemoqmedebis kvali SeiniSneba terminologiaSi, inglisuri samarTlis analizisa da
misi samarTlis sistemad gadaqcevis procesSi romis samarTlis cnebebia
gamoyenebuli; 2. XVI saukuneSi romis samarTlis recefciam gadamwyveti gamarjveba
moipova, germaniaSi qorwinebis sakiTxSi saepiskoposo sasamarTloebma romaulkanonikuri doqtrina aRiares, xolo inglisuri saerTo samarTlis gamarjvebas
iuristTa wodebisa da maTi warmomadgenlis _ kokis _ pirovnuli avtoriteti
uzrunvelyofda, riTac inglisuri CveulebiTi samarTali romis samarTlis
debulebebis gamoyenebas ugulebelyofda; 3. mesame momenti exeboda samarTlis
Teorias da ara praqtikas, raSic didi wvlili miuZRvis ingliseli moazrovnis jon
ostinis Txzulebebsa da samarTlis istorikosis meitlendis Sromebs.
kazusebidan gamomdinare principebisa da normebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, romaul da
inglisur iurisprudencias bevri ram aqvT saerTo gansxvavebuli kritikisa da
ganviTarebis
ganvlili
gzis
miuxedavad;
kerZod,
saerTo
sasamarTlos
50
ZiriTadi etapebi
romSi moqmed iuridiul debulebebaTa erTobliobas romis samarTali ewodeba. samarTlis es tipi viTardeboda xangrZlivi istoriuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, romelic 13 saukunis manZilze _ qr. Sobamde 753 wlidan qr. Sobis 565 wlamde _ imperator iustinianes gardacvalebamde gagrZelda.
romis samarTlis gamoyenebis istoria mxolod aRniSnuli qronologiuri periodiT
rodi ifargleba. Semdeg sxvadasxva qveynisa da sazogadoebis interesebis Sesabamisad, Sua da axal saukuneebSi moqmedebda, romis samarTlebrivma sistemam Cvens
dromdec moaRwia. amitom amboben: romis samarTali xelmeored daibadao.
Tumca romanistTa, anu romis samarTlis mkvlevarTa interesis ZiriTadi obieqti romis moqalaqeTa urTierTobebis maregulirebeli kerZo samarTalia, dResdReisobiT
mravali samecniero naSromi kvlavac eZRvneba romis sajaro samarTlis, romauli
saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis istorias. aseTi saxis
gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia istoriuli monacemebis gaTvaliswinebac, vinaidan romis
kerZosamarTlebrivi institutebis evoluciis procesi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda romSi moqmed politikur sistemasa da samarTalSemoqmedebiT tradicas. romis politikurma reJimma, mmarTvelobis transformaciis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime etapi ganvlo.
kerZod: 1. reqsebis epoqa _ qr. Sobamde 753-510 ww; 2. respublikis periodi _ qr.
Sobamde 510-27 ww; 3. principatisa _ qr. Sobamde 27 w. _ qr. Sobis 284 w. da 4. dominatis epoqa _ 284-565 ww.
aRniSnuli bolo ori etapi imperiuli mmarTvelobis ori gansxvavebuli formaa.
sakuTvis
romis
iuridiuli
sistemis
ganxilvisas,
TiToeuli
etapisaTvis
niSandoblivi
arsebiTi
Taviseburebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
ramdeniem
etaps
ganasxvaveben; esenia: 1. arqauli _ qr. Sobamde 753-367 ww.; 2. winaklasikuri _ qr.
Sobamde 367-130 ww.; 3. klasikuri _ qr. Sobamde 130 w. - qr. Sobis 235 w. esaa yvelaze
xangrZlivi periodi, roemlic, Tavis mxriv, sam etapad iyofa: a) adreuli klasika _
qr. Sobamde 130-30 ww.; b) ganviTarebuli klasika _ qr. Sobamde 30 w. _ qr. Sobis 130 w.;
g) gviandeli klasika _ 130-235 ww.; 4. postklasikuri _ 235-527 ww.;
5. iustinianes periodis samarTali _ 527-568 ww.
romis samarTlis istoriis pirveli, arqauli anu kvirituli samarTlis periodi
droSi emTxveva reqsebisa da respublikuri saxelmwifo wyobilebis adreul da
klasikur periodebs. klasikuri samarTlis pirveli etapi gviandeli respublikis
epoqas Seesabameba, xolo klasicizimis meore da mesame etapebi _ principatis xanas
51
longas (Alba Longa) kolonia iyo. aqve dabadebula qalRmerT vestas qurumi qali reasilvia, tyupi Zmis _ romulusisa da remusis deda.
amrigad, romi saerTo mmarTvelobas daqvemdebarebuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva
jgufis konglomerats, ciceronis Tanaxmad, coetus hominum iure sociali-s, warmoadgenda.
primitiuli civitas-is mmarTvelobis organoebi iyo:
a) reqsi (rex)
rex sacrorum (saRvTo ritualebi); interrex (Sualeduri funqciebiT aRWurvili reqsi);
regifugium (reqsis gaqceva); quando rex comitia vit fas (formula, riTac reqsi RvTis nebas
aqveynebda).
reqsi (rex) iyo uzenaesi samxedro da politikuri beladi, romelic, xalxis
survilis
SemTxvevaSi,
moqalaqeTa
sakraluri
warmomadgenlis
funqciasac
asrulebda. aqedan gamomdinare, reqsi anu beladi (ductor) iyo, religiur-magiuri
ritualebis Catarebis uflebamosilebiT, aRWurvili piri, romlis magiur da
zebunebriv unars misi piradi qarizma kidev ufro aZlierebda. reqsis zebunebrivi
Zalisadmi rwmena xalxs mis morCilebas da misi xelisuflebis uzenaesobas
STaagonebda. romaelebs reqsi miaCndaT RvTis nebis aRmsruleblad, romlis nebasac
xalxs amcnobdnen qurumebi; isini momavals zeciur movlenebze dakvirvebiT,
msxverplad Sewiruli cxovelebis Signeulobisa da frinvelTa frenis (auspicium,
augurium) mixedviT winaswarmetyvelebdnen.
gadmocemis mixedviT, roms marTavda Svidi reqsi: romulusi, numa pompiliusi, tulus
hostiliusi, ankus marciusi, tarkvinius priskusi, servius tuliusi da tarkvinius
superbusi (amayi). pirveli oTxi reqsi laTinTa da sabinTa warmomadgeneli iyo, xolo bolo sami reqsi ki _ etruskTa tomisa.
respublikis periodSi romma SeinarCuna reqsebis xelisuflebisaTvis niSandoblivi
rudimentebi. laTini reqsebi roms senatTan TanxmobiT marTavdnen, samagierod,
xalxis mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen. etruskma reqsebma TavianTi despotizmiT xalxi
daipirispires. bolo reqss _ tarkviniuss amays _ romaelebi ganudgnen aujanydnen da
gandevnes.
etruskTa dinastiis reqsebma SemoiRes uzenaesi xelisuflebis (imperium) Semdegi simboloebi: spilos Zvlisgan damzadebuli samefo taxti, porfiris samosi _ toga (toga)
da wkeplebiT SeiaraRebuli piradi mcvelebi (lictores); magram romaeli rex-i araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar miiCneva mefed; ase rom, maTi zeobis epoqa arasworad miiCnies monarqiuli mmarTvelobis periodad.
b) senati
Senex (mxrcovani); senatus (senati); patres (senatorebi); tribus (triba); gens (gvari); sacra
gentilicia (wminda ritualis aRsruleba ); interregnum ( reqsis gardacvalebis Semdeg
53
(decemviri legibus scribundis), romelTac XII dafis kanonebis redaqtireba daevalaT. sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba, patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris urTierTobebis ukiduresi
gamwvavebisa da politikuri dapirispirebis fonze, ori weli gagrZelda. XII dafis
kanonebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, xalxma konsulebis arCeva aRar isurva da
mmarTveloba gadasca konsulis ZalauflebiT aRWurvil samxedro tribunebs (tribuni
militum consulari potestate), romelTac jarebis sardlobis ufleba moipoves. qr. Sobamde
367 wels liciniusisa da seqstiusis kanoniT (leges Liciniae et Sextiae) konsulati _
respublikuri romis saxelmwifo wyobilebis umaRlesi organo _ sabolood
damkvidrda.
antikuri periodis cnobebis interpretaciisas, istorikosTa azri orad iyofa: erTi
nawilis Tanaxmad, romSi tarkviniusebis gandevnis Semdeg, politikuri sistemis reformireba mkveTrad, revoluciuri meTodebiT ganxorcielda; istorikosTa meore
jgufis
(umravlesobis)
azriT,
reforma
mdovred,
Tumca,
Tanamimdevrulad
mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, SesaZloa yovelwliurad, airCeoda mxolod erTi
umaRlesi pretori (praetor maximus, prae+ire _ jari winamZRoli, mxedraTmTavari
SapkaSi), romelsac, damxmared (savaraudod, jarebis sardlebad) umcros pretorebs
(praetores minores) uniSnavdnen.
romis respublikuri saxelmwifo wyoblebis sawyisi etapi patriciebsa da plebeebs
Soris
gamudmebuli
da
mkveTri
urTierTdapirispirebiT
xasiaTdeboda.
privilegirebuli
politikuri
uflebebis
mudmivad
borotad
gamoyenebiT,
patriciebis gabatonebuli fena pleebis gaRizianebas iwvevda; protestis niSnad,
plebeebi roms tovebdnen da secesiebs (secessio), anu romidan maT saTayvanebel wminda
mTaze organizebul gaqcevas, mimarTavdnen. patriciebi samxedro samsxurs mxolod
plebeebs avaldebulebdnen, valauval plebeebs savalo kabalaSi amyofebdnen.
aRniSnuli, pirveli socialuri konfliqtis mizezi gaxda. qr. Sobamde 494 w. plebeebma miaRwies, rom patriciebma maT mier arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi _ tribuni plebis _
aRiares.
plebsis tribunebs magistratebis gadawyvetilebebze veto-s dadebis ufleba miecaT.
RvTaebrivi kanonis (lex sacrata) ZaliT, plebsis tribuni xelSeuvalobiT (sacrosanctae)
sargeblobda; mis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul qmedebaSi mxilebuli piri kanongareSed (homo sacer) cxaddeboda. male plebeebma politikuri moTxovnebic wamoayenes. maT
patriciebs plebsis tribunis uflebamosilebaTa (potestas tribunicia) aRiarebas, tribunisaTvis veto-s uflebis, plebsis saxalxo krebaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebisTvis
(plebiscita) iuridiulad savaldebulo Zalis miniWeba mosTxoves. valeriusisa da
horaciusis kanonis (leges Valeriae-Horatiae) miRebiT, tribuni, xelSeuvalobis mqone
civitas-is uflebamosi, magistratad iqca; qr. Sobamde 445 w. kanuleusis kanoniT (lex
Canuleia) patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris qorwinebis akrZalva gauqmda; qr. Sobamde
367 w. plebeebis konstituciuri moTxovnebi sabolood dakmayofilda. liciniusisa
da seqstiusis kanonis (leges Liciniae Sextiae) Tanaxmad, ori konsulidan erT-erTi aucileblad plebsis warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo. publilius filonis kanoniTa (lex
Publilia Philonis) da hortensius kanoniT (lex Plebiscita Hortensia), plebsis saxalxo krebeb56
a) magistratura
respublikuri magistraturis ZiriTadi niSnebia: 1. arCeviToba; 2. kolegialoba; 3. Tanamdebobaze yofnis erTwliani vada; 4. usasyidloba; 5. angariSvaldebuleba.
wesis Tanaxmad, magistratebi komiciebSi erTwliani vadiT da kolegialobis
principiT airCeodnen; maT hqondaT Tanabari uflebamosilebani, aseve kolegis
57
velad (coniuratio Italiae et provinciarum) gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebani mianiWes. moqalaqeTa sayovelTao TanxmobiT (consensus universorum), qr. Sobamde 31 wels mopovebuli gamarjvebis niSnad, oqtavianes respublikis amaRorZinebeli uwodes. amieridan,
mas yovelwliurad irCevdnen konsulis Tanamdebobaze, xolo privilegiis niSnad
senatSi princeps-oba (pirveli) uboZes. qr. Sobamde 27 wlis 13 ianvars, senatis sazeimo
sxdomaze, oqtavianem ganacxada, rom amieridan igi daasrulebda mSvidobismyofel
misias, uars ityoda saxelmwifo saqmeebze da mTel Zalauflebas romael xalxsa da
mis senats gadascemda. senatis daJinebuli moTxovniT, oqtavianem `gulmowyaleba
gamoiCina~
da,
konsulobis
SenarCunebasa
da
gandgomili
provinciebis
dasamorCileblad miniWebul sagangebo imperium-ze, Tanxmoba ganacxada. senatma mas
Augustus wodeba mianiWa, ris Sedegad oqtavianes Imperator Caesar Augustus-s uwodebdnen.
Imperator samxedro meTaurs niSnavda (am wodebiT legionebi mxedarTmTavars
mimarTavdnen). Caesar _ misi Sviladamyvanis, iulius keisris saxeli iyo. Augustus _
romis axaldamaarsebeli, anu axali romulusi (qalaqis daarsebasTan dakavSirebuli
religiuri rituali augustum, augurium) iyo. senatis mier miRebul politikuri
gadawyvetilebebze Tavad avgustusi werda: `amieridan, sakuTari auctoritas wyalobiT,
me yvelaze maRla videqi, Tumca Cemi potestas, magistraturaSi moRvawe, kolegebis
Zalauflebas ar aRemateboda~. swored auctoritas wyalobiT, anu yvelas mier
aRiarebuli piradi prestiJis da ara potestas anu magistratis xelisuflebis
safuZvelze, miRweul iqna kompromisi mmarTvelobis axal, avtoritatul wessa da saxalxo-aristokratiul-respublikur reJims Soris. T. momzenis mtkicebiT, principati,
rogorc orxelisuflebianoba, iyo iseTi reJimi, romlis drosac Zalaufleba gamijnuli iyo princefssa da senats Soris. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, avgustuss saukeTeso wesrigis fuZemdebeli (optimi status auctor) uwodes.
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis axali mowyobis pirobebSi princefss imperium proconsulare
maius et infinitum da tribunicia potestas mieniWa. pirveli wodebiT jaris uzenaesi
mxedarTmTavroba da saimperio provinciebis mmarTvelobis ufleba igulisxmeboda.
Tribunicia potestas-iT ki, princefss magistratebis mier gamocemul nebismier aqtze, veto
(intercessio) dadebis SesaZleblobas da plebsis saxalxo krebebis mowvevis uflebas
(ius agendi cum plebe) aniWebda. mogvianebiT, qr. Sobamde 44 w. keisris mibaZviT, oqtavianem plebsis tribunis Tanamdebobaze, dadgenili proceduris gareSe, sakuTari kandidatura
wamoayena.
Tumca
markus
antoninusis
protestis
gamo,
tribunis
Tanamdebobaze oqtavianes uari eTqva. qr. Sobamde 36 w. oqtavianes plebsis tribunis
RvTaebrivi xelSeuvalo (sacrosanctitas) mieniWa, xolo 30 wels _ tribunis samisdReSio
Zalaufleba (tribunicia potestas vitalicia). man tribunis uflebamosilebas SeuTavsa
prokonsulis Tanamdeboba (imperium proconsulare), riTac dairRva uZvelesi da myarad
moqmedi principi: erTi piris xelSi samoqalaqo (imperium domi) da samxedro (imperium
militiae) xelisuflebis SeTavsebis dauSvebloba. romSi Sesvlis dros, prokonsulebisagan gansxvavebiT, princefss jaris sardlobis uflebamosilebis moxsna ar moeTxoveboda. tiberiusis droidan moyolebuli, princefsis tribunis xelisufleba imperiis mTel teritoriaze gavrcelda. qr. Sobis II saukunidan tribunebs aRar irCevdnen. Tumca, cnobebi am Tanamdebobis Sesaxeb IV da V saukuneebSi gamocemul impera63
ve qal _ Teodoraze, romelsac iustinem, disSvilTan erTad, Augusta-s tituli uboZa. iustinianes sanukvari ocneba romis imperiis Zveli didebisa da teritoriuli
mTlianobis aRdgena iyo. iustinianes mmarTvelobis mkvidri sayrdeni qristianuli
ideologia da samarTlebrivi `klasicizmi~ iyo.
da
samarTlebrivi
sistemis
aRiarebiT; meore mxare _ mopasuxe (reus), movale iyo Seesrulebina sasamarTlos mier
dakisrebuli is valdebulebebi, romelsac misgan mosarCele iTxovda, raTa arsebuli
urTirTobis eqvivalenturoba aRdgeniliyo. radgan sasamarTlo Carevis gareSe actor
ma ver miaRwia, mopasuxis mxridan, garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas,
valdebulebis aRsruleba mopasuxes iZulebis wesiT ekisreboda. formasa da
Sinaarss Soris arsebuli Seusabamoba samarTlebrivi sanqciiT kompensirdeboda;
Tumca
formiT
gauTvaliswinebeli
interesi
aucileblad
unda
yofiliyo
dasabuTebuli,
raTa
misi
samarTlebrivi
uzrunvelyofa
moxerxebuliyo.
warmoiqmneboda axali samarTlebrivi viTareba, romelSic urTierTobis aqtiuri
mxaris axali interesi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, sarCeliT
(actio iudicati) dakmayofildeboda da piruku, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisadmi
subieqturi interesis Sesabamisoba srulfasovnad iTvleboda, Tu samarTlebrivi
moTxovniT uflebaTa aRiareba da aRdgena igulisxmeboda.
amrigad, garkveul farglebSi, iudicatum _ uflebaTa abstraqtul aRdgenasa da nebis
Tavisuflebis gamoxatvas warmoadgenda. piris uflebaTa dacvisa da realizaciis
romauli
procesi,
individebis
TasnasworobiTa
da
damoukideblobiT
xelmZRvanelobda.
materialur aspeqtSi ZiriTadi uflebebis (abstraqtuli an SefardebiTi) sarCelebi
Sesabamisad or jgufad: sanivTo (actiones in rem) da pirad (actiones in personam)
sarCelebad iyofa.
gaiusis azriT, In personam actio est, qua animus cum aliquo, qui nobis vel ex contractu vel ex delicto
obligatus est, id est cum intendimus dare, faure, praestare, oportere piradi sarCelis safuZvelze,
Cven vawarmoebT process imaT winaaRmdeg, visac xelSekrulebiT an deliqtiT Cvens
sasargeblod raime evaleba, anu roca pretenziiT vacxadebT, Cveni pretenziis
Tanaxmad, an raime unda gadmogveces sakuTrebaSi, an raime Segvisrulon, an raimeTi
uzrunvelgvyon. `In rem actio est, cum aut corporalem rem intendimus nostram esse, aut ius aliquid nobis
competere veluti utendi aut utendi fruendi, eundi agendi aquamve ducendi vel altius tollendi prospiciendive;
<aut cum> actio ex diverso adversario est negativa sanivToa sarCeli, roca vacxadebT
pretenzias sxeulebrivi nivTis kuTvnilebaze, an uflebaze, magaliTad, raimeTi
sargeblobis ufleba, sargeblobisa da nayofis miRebis ufleba, vinmes teritoriaze
gavlis, saqonlis gadarekvis, wylis gayvanis ufleba, an ufleba garkveul simaRleze
maRali Senobis agebis akrZalva mezoblisaTvis, an piruku, roca sarCeli
mowinaaRmdegis uflebas uaryofs~.
sanivTo sarCelis wardgenisas, mosarCele sanivTo uflebebze pretenzias acxadebda.
am SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli sarCeliT, mopasuxe SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri piri.
garkveuloba mxolod procesis dadgenis (litis contestatio) dros miiRweoda. piradi
sarCelis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi, (sarCeli valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb) pasuxs agebda
mxolod kreditoris movale konkretuli piri, romelic valdebuli iyo kreditoris
winaSe.
In personam-is procesSi mogebis SemTxvevaSi, mosarCeles moTxovna wydeboda da
71
sarCeli).
Lege agere (sarCelis kanonieri formiT wardgena) niSnavda certis verbis agere
sasamarTloSi sarCelis wardgenas garkveuli sityvebiT, roca sarCeli Sedgenili
iyo im kanonis sityvebis Sesabamisad, romelsac efuZneboda. kanoni, romelsac
mosarCele warmoTqvamda iyo kerZo kanoni, romelic subieqtis nebis avtonomiurobasa
da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogadsavaldebulo wesebisadmi mis Sesabamisobas
gamoxatavda.
kanonier sarCelTa Soris uZvelesi legis actio sacramento in rem-i iyo. ficze
dafuZnebuli sanivTo sarCeli cnobilia gaiusis dawvrilebiTi aRweriT. sasamarTlo
xorcieldeboda pretoris winaSe winaswar gansazRvrul adgilze; mowinaaRmdege
mxareebi xelSi iRebdnen saritualo kverTxsa (festuca) da sadao nivTs (an didi
nivTis SemTxvevaSi, mis mcire nawils) da morigeobiT warmoTqvamdnen Semdeg sityvebs:
vacxadeb, rom kvirituli samarTlis ZaliTa da misi debulebebis safuZvelze, es
nivTi mainc Cemia. rogorc vTqvi, isea, esec Sen, me ukve movaxdine vindicireba.
nivTze uflebis damtkicebis dros (vindicatio), Cveulebis Tanaxmad, monas kveTxs
adebdnen. TiToeuli mowinaaRmdegis mtkicebiT, kvirituli samarTlis (wminda
romaeli Temis gansakuTrebuli ufleba) safuZvelze, mona mas ekuTvnoda da
kuTvnilebis safuZvels (causa) asaxelebda. pretendentebi, scenaze myofi msaxiobebis
msgavsad,
sakuTar
pretenziebs
simboloebis
enaze
ayalibebdnen,
riTac
ganzogadebisaTvis savaldebulo abstraqcia miiRweoda.
procesis am stadiaze saqmeSi ereoda damswre magistrati, romelic mxareebs monis
gaTavisuflebisaken mouwodebda. magistris Careva mowmobda, rom dava absurdamde
iyo misuli. erTsa da imave nivTze erTdroulad sxvadasxva piris gansakuTrebuli
da eqskluziuri ufleba dauSvebeli iyo. am formiT mxareTa dapirispireba
72
dadgenili
msgavsi
kanoni)
b) interdiqtuli warmoeba
garda kerZo saqmis warmoebis (ordo iudiciorum privatum) Cveulebrivi sasarCelo wesisa,
arsebobda
gansakuTrebuli
interdiqtuli
warmoebac,
romelic
Cveulebrivi
sasarCelo warmoebisagan imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom sasamarTlo magistrati, rogorc
uzenaesi xelisufali, moqalaqeTa mimarT brZanebebs gamoscemda. interdiqtebs
pretorebi saqmis gamoZiebis dros gamoscemdnen, ris gamoc, interdiqtebi iyo
upirobo da kategoriuli brZanebebi, romlebic jarimisa da giraos Setanis sanqcias
gascemdnen. interdiqtuli warmoeba pretoris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saxe
iyo. gaiusis azriT, klasikur epoqaSi pretoris interdiqti gaxda pirobiTi brZaneba,
romliTac interdiqtuli warmoeba iwyeboda. is sadao saqmis ganxilvis momdevno _
sasamarTlo warmoebis _ etapis safuZveli xdeboda da mmarTvelobis sferodan
marTlmsajulebis sferoSi unda gadasuliyo.
a) ganasxvavebdnen interdiqtis Semdeg saxeebs: 1. martivi da rTuli interdiqtebi _
simplicia, duplicia; (imis mixedviT, erT mxares exeboda, Tu orives); 2. aRmkveTi _
prohibitoria;
3. aRdgeniTi _ restitutoria; 4. warmdgeniTi ex hibitoria.
interdiqtis upiratesoba is iyo, rom movale mxare faqts usityvod emorCilebida _
interdiqtSi miTiTebul faqts ar asaCivrebda da arc aRmkveTi interdiqtis
darRvevas amtkicebda.
Tu piri, vis winaaRmdegac pretori gamoscemda interdiqts, am ukanasknels, pretoris
oTaxidan gausvlelad gaasaCivrebda da mosamarTlis (arbiter) daniSvnas moiTxovda,
78
g) saaRsrulebo warmoeba
Ductio iussu praetoris (kreditoris saxlSi mevalis miyvana); addictus (piri, romlis mimarT
mevalis
universaluri
uflebamonacvle
xdeboda
bonorum emptor-i,
romlis
winaaRmdegac kreditorTa sarCelebi iyo mimarTuli. am sarCelebs igi pasuxobda, mis
mier SeZenili nivTis Rirebulebis, Sesabamisi wilis moculobiT.
qonebis eqspropriacias (CamorTmeva) Tan sdevda pativis, Rirsebis ayra (infamia). unda
aRiniSnos, rom aseTi sasjelis mizezi ara valauvaloba iyo. Tu kreditorTa
moTxovnebis dakmayofileba mevales ar SeeZlo, igi lex iulia kanonis safuZvelze,
dasjisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT, mosarCeles sakuTar qonebas nebayoflobiT
gadascemda (cessio bonorum). Tu sasamarTlo procesis CaSla an sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis
Seusrulebloba
qmeduunaro
piris
(infans, furiosus, prodigus)
warmomadgenlis aryofnas ukavSirdaboda, iZulebiTi anazRaureba mxolod calkeuli
nivTebis mimarT (bonorum distractio) gamoiyeneboda da mas pativis ayra (infamia) ar
moyveboda.
da pirvelad, pretori, mxareebis mosmenis Semdeg, gascemda sarCelis formulas,
romelSic, modave mxareebis TxovniT, SesaZlebeli iyo cvlilebebisa da damatebebis
Setana. formula iyo pretoris mier mosamarTlisadmi gacemuli brZaneba, romliTac
pretori
mas
mouwodebda
gamoetana
iseTi
gadawyvetileba,
romelSic
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda miTiTebuli principebi; Tanac, mosamarTles, romelic
gaxldaT kerZo piri da sasamarTlo xelisuflebiT (iuris dictio) aRWurvili ar iyo,
aRniSnul saqmeze saWiro uflebamosileba eniWeboda. formulis Sedgenas Tan axlda
davis sagnis dadgena (litis contestatio). saqme gadaecemoda mosamarTles, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, pretoris moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, faqtebs amowmebda da sasamarTlo
gadawyvetileba (iudicatum) gamohqonda.
formulis Sinaarsi winaswar iyo dadgenili (fiqsirebuli Sinaarsi _ concepta verba).
ediqtis principuli ganaxleba drois moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas
iZleoda,
raTa
axali
urTierTobebisaTvis,
pretoruli
dacvis
Sesabamisi
saSualebebi, miecaT. pretoris mier gacemuli procesualuri dacvis axali formebi
ganviTarebuli marTlSegnebis moTxovnebs asaxavda. formulis SedgenaSi orive mxare
monawileobda. pretoruli formebis safuZvelze, mxareebs ufleba hqondaT,
mowinaaRmdegis mier moyvanil faqtebze, formulaSi sakuTari SeniSvnebi SeetanaT.
Tumca, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisadmi mkacri Sesabamisoba mTavar pirobad
rCeboda, rac, Tavis mxriv, konfliqtis specifikis moqnilobas xels sulac ar
uSlida.
I. formulis nawilebi
81
mosamarTles
mopasuxis
dasjis
an
gamarTlebis
(formula in factum concepta), anu Tu intentio-Si ius civile-s mier aRiarebuli faqti iyo
moyvanili, formula samarTlis safuZvelze (formula in ius concepta) iqmneboda.
Inactum conceptae formulebi asaxavda pretoruli dacvis ganviTarebaSi uZvelesi
stadiis Taviseburebas, roca pretori, sakuTari imperium-iT, mosamarTlisagan
iTxovda mxedvelobaSi mieRo is faqtic, romelsac ius civile ar aRiarebda. amaTan
mimarTebiT, araferia naTqvami im ius-is Sesaxeb, romelzec actor-i sakuTar moTxovnas
afuZnebda da arc civiluri movaleobaa (reus oportere) miTiTebuli.
sarCels mxolod maSin hqonda in ius consepta formulis saxe, roca mosarCeles
moTxovna ius civile-s efuZneba. keTilsindisieri sarCelebi (iudicia bonae fidei) saocari
moqnilobiTa da mosamarTlis Zalze farTo uflebamosilebiT gamoirCeoda. aseTi
sarCelis meSveobiT mosarCele garigebidan iTxovda ara marto dadebiTi interesis
dakmayofilebas, aramed im Sedegis dadgomasac, romelic damatebiT SeTanxmebebs
efuZneboda. am ukanasknelTa dadeba SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc xelSekrulebis
dadebisas, ise mogvianebiTac. amave dros, mosarCeles, xelSekrulebis dadebisas,
nebelobiTi xarvezebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, amis Sesaxeb miTiTeba SeeZlo, Tanac
specialuri sasarCelo uaryofis (exceptio pacti, doli, metus) gamouyenebladac. aRniSnuli
sarCelebi konsesualuri da realuri kontraqtebidan warmoSobil uflebebs,
sameurveo piris (actio tutelae) da, qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, colis samziTvo
uflebebs (iucactio rei uxoriae) icavdnen.
Iudicia arbitraria-s SemTxvevaSi mosamarTle farTo uflebamosilebiT sargeblobda.
Iudicia arbitraria sarCelis is saxeobaa, romlis formula mocemuli iyo sagangebo
fraziT, romelsac, intentio-s Semdeg, condemnatio-s win urTavdnen xolme. formulis
teqstSi aseTi fraza yvela sanivTo sarCelSi (D.4.2.10.1; 6.1.68; 7.6.5,4a) da zogierT
pirad sarCelSic (actio aqua pluviae arcendae, actio Fabiana, actio Calviciana)
gvxvdeba.
aRniSnuli sagangebo frazis safuZvelze, Tavdapirvelad, mosamarTle arkvevda
hqonda Tu ara mosarCele mxares miTiTebuli ufleba pronuntiatio de iure. uflebis
Sesaxeb dadebiTi mtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, brZanebis Semcveli fraziT, dadgenil
vadamde mopasuxes mosarCelisaTvis nivTis gadacema iussum de restituendo _
evaleboda. mopasuxis Tanxmoba aTavisuflebda mas pasuxismgeblobisagan. formulis
Sesabamisad, mosamarTle valdebuli iyo gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetileba gamoetana.
xolo, Tu mopasuxe uars acxadebda (an braldebad ar miiCnevda sadavo faqts), misi
qmedeba sasamarTlosadmi daumorCleblobad (contumacia) ganixileboda da imiT
isjeboda, rom davis Sefaseba (litis aestimatio) xdeboda sadao nivTis RirebulebiT.
nivTis Rirebulebas, TavisTavad, mosarCele acxadebda daficebiT.
II. Condemnatio saSualebebi
Condemnatio certa
(gansazRvruli
kondemnacia);
condemnatio incerta
(ganusazRvreli
kondemnacia);
83
formulaSi
zRudavs).
intenciis
win
iwereba
da
davis
sagans
mosarCelis
sasargeblod
Praescriptio pro reo iyo uaryofiTi piroba, romelic formulis dasawyisSi, intenciis
win iwereboda da davis sagans mopasuxis sasargeblod zRudavda. Tu es piroba
namdvili aRmoCndeba, uqmdeboda davis safuZveli (litis contestatio), romelic,
procesualuri TvalsazrisiT, iyo sarCelze uaris Tqma (denegatio), im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
magistrati sarCels usafuZvlod miiCnevda. procesi Cerdeboda, Tumca mis qmedebas
86
dacvis aRniSnuli saSualeba, praescriptio pro reo-sagan gansxvavebiT, ufro qmediTi iyo,
vinaidan, aRniSnuli faqtis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlis gamamarTlebeli
ganaCeni saboloo iyo: litis contestatio imgvarad auqmebda mosarCelis sarCels, rom
sasamarTlo procesis ganmeorebiTi wamowyebis mcdeloba gamoricxuli iyo.
gaiusisa da ulpianes Tanaxmad, Sedaveba SeiZleba yofiliyo droebiTic da mudmivi:
exceptiones dilatoriae (temporales) et exceptiones peremptoriae (perpetuae) (D.44.1.3; 44.2.4).
Peremptoriae sunt quae perpetuo valent, nec evitari possunt, velut quod metus causa, aut dolo malo, aut quod
contra legem senatusve consultum factum est, aut quod res iudicata est vel in iudicium delicta est, item pacti
conventi quod factum est, ne omnino pecunia peteretur mudmivia Sedaveba, romelsac yovelTvis
gaaCnia mniSvneloba da misgan Tavis daRweva SeuZlebelia; magaliTad, (Sedaveba) imis
Taobaze, rom garigeba daido daSinebiT, motyuebiT an kanonisa da senatis
dadgenilebis gverdis avliT, an imis Taobaze, rac ukve iyo ganaCenis an sasamarTlo
87
SeTanxmeba
imis
Taobaze,
rom
gadaxda
88
Datio iudicii (sasamarTlo dacvis miniWeba); litis contestatio (sadao sagnis fiqsacia); iussum
iudicandi (brZaneba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Sesaxeb); iudicium legitimum,
iudicium imperium continens, ipso iure (TviT samarTlis ZaliT); ope exepticiones (eqscefciis
ZaliT); exceptio rei iudicatae vel in iudicium deductae (eqscefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom saqmeze
gansazRvruli
erovnuli
samarTlebrivi
sistemis
(ius
gentium)
98
megobrebis wreSi).
Tavisufali mdgomareobis (libertas) sapirispiro iyo monoba. monisa da Tavisufali
adamianis mdgomareoba maT socialur urTierTdapirispirebas gamoxatavda. romaelTaTvis Tavisufleba aramonuri mdgomareoba, anu negatiuri mdgomareobis sawinaaRmdego pozitivi iyo. iustinianes institituciebSi monobis statusi Tavisufali
adamianis mdgomareobasTanaa Sepirispirebuli. kerZod, iustinianes instituciebSi
mocemuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad: `ZiriTadi dayofis safuZvelze, romliTac pirTa uflebebi ganisazRvreba, yoveli adamiani an Tavisufalia, an monaa~. (Inst. Iustin.,1).
1. sityvidan `Tavisufleba~ (libertas) warmodgeba saxelwodeba `Tavisufalni~ (liberti)
anu piris bunebrivi SesaZlebloba akeTebdes imas, rac surs, cxadia, Tu aseTi ram an
ZaliT, an samarTliT ar ikrZaleba.
2. xalxis samarTlis dawesebuleba monoba aris iseTi
sapirispirod, erTi piri meore piris batonobas morCilebs.
ram,
rodesac
bunebis
sajaro bunebis iyo monis gaazatebis sxva wesebic: 1. batonis brZanebiT monis Seyvana
sacenzo siebSi (manumissio censu), romelsac xuT weliwadSi erTxel adgendnen; 2. monis gaazateba anderZis safuZvelze (manumissio testamento), romelic Tavdapirvelad
komiciebSi mtkicdeboda an brZolisaTvis mzadmyofi jaris winaSe warmoiTqmeboda
(Gai., 1,77).
amgvarad, samoqalaqo erToba, mxolod piris statusis Secvlis, dasaSvebi formebis
dadgeniT ar ifargleboda. imavdroulad, is sajaro organoebis meSveobiT
akontrolebda moqalaqeTa rangSi im pirTa Seyvanas, romlebic manamde nivTebad
iTvlebodnen. mebatonis nebis gamovlineba, monis mesakuTreobaze uaris TqmiT ar
izRudeboda da, uSualod daqvemdebarebuli, piris statusis Secvlas isaxavda
miznad. es Tavisebureba Zalze naTlad gamoixata winaklasikur periodSi SemoRebul
gaazatebis wesSi _ gaTavisufleba megobrebis wreSi (manumissio inter amicos).
gaazatebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, zepiri an werilobiTi formiT, acxadebdnen,
raTa
aRniSnuli
aqti
yru-munjebisaTvisac
gasgebi
yofiliyo.
Semdeg,
am
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb atyobinebdnen patronis megobrebs.
aRniSnuli aqtis struqturiT naTlad ikveTeba ori etapi: 1. batonis nebis gamovlena
da
2. amis Sesaxeb, megobrebisaTvis Setyobineba. Tumca mebatonesTan,
keTilSobilebis (fides) safuZvelze, dakavSirebuli megobrebis roli, mxolod faqtis
martivi dadastureba-damowmebiT rodi ifargleboda; mebatonis nebis Sesrulebis
garantiasa da gaazatebulis piradi statusis gansazRvris uzrunvelyofas isini
sakuTar Tavze iRebdnen. aRniSnuli aqtis kerZo xasiaTi monis statusis Secvlas ar
iwvevda, Tumca, ndobis faqtoriT, keTilSobilebisa (fides) da micemuli sityvisadmi
erTgulebis principebi, faqtobrivad, monis mdgomareobas Tavisufali piris
statusTan aTanabrebda (in libertate morari), ris gamoc es procesi Seuqcevadi iyo.
keTilsindisierebis (fides) darRvevis saSualebas pretori Tavidan icilebda, radgan
igi ar uSvebda yofili mebatonisagan gaazatebulis vindicatio in servitutem-s, romelic,
ius civle-Ti, amis SesaZleblobas iZleoda.
qr. Sobis 18 an 19 w. miRebuli lex Iunia Norbana-Ti, msgavsi wesiT gaazatebuli pirebi,
laTinur moqalaqeobas iRebdnen, ris gamoc kerZo xasiaTis manumisia, ius civile-s
Tanaxmad, namdvili da, maSasadame, savaldebulo Zalis mqone xdeboda. qr. Sobamde 2
w., avgustusis dros miRebuli lex Fufia Caninia-Ti, anderZis safuZvelze monaTa gaTavisuflebis kvota dadginda; kerZod, aTi monidan mxolod xuTis gaTavisufleba iyo
SesaZlebeli, xolo maqsimumi iyo _ 500-dan 100 mona (Gai.,1,42). qr. Sobis 4 w. lex Aelia
Sentia-Ti kreditorebis sazianod ganxorcielebuli (in fraudem creditoris) manumisia
baTilad cxaddeboda (Gai.,1,13;18,23). imave kanoniT, 20 wlamde piris gaazateba, mxolod
vindicta-Ti daiSveboda; Tanac batons, monis gaazatebis safuZvlianoba (iusta causa
manumissionis) xuTi senatorisa da xuTi mxedris (romSi) an oci romaeli moqalaqisagan (provinciebSi) Semdgari krebis (consilium) winaSe unda daemtkicebina. aseTi
gaazatebis safuZvlad sisxlis naTesaoba, an batonis mier monis sakuTar pedagogad
aRiareba, an monis mebatonis meurneobis mmarTvelad daniSvna, an mona qalTan kanonieri qorwinebis dadeba miiCneoda (Gai.,1,19). es SezRudvebi vrceldeboda
30
103
wlamde asakis gaazatebulebzec, romelTa manumisia, causa probatio-s gareSe, maT latini
coloniarii-ebad xdida xolme. elius senciusis kanonis Tanaxmad, danaSaulis Camdeni
damRadadebuli monebis gaazateba, iaraRiT dapyrobili ucxoelebis (peregrini dediticii)
statusis miniWebiT xdeboda. gaiusi aseT statuss `pessima libertas~ _ yvelaze cud
Tavisuflebas _ uwodebda, vinaidan misi mflobeli romis moqalaqeobas verasodes iRebda.
klasikur
periodSi
gaazatebis
erT-erT
saSualebad
fideikomisi
(libertas
fideicommissaria) iqca _ saanderZo danakisris saSualebiT moanderZis mier
memkvidrisaTvis, monis gaazatebis moTxovna. gaazatebulis axali patroni moanderZis
memkvidre xdeboda. Tu memkvidre moanderZis nebas ar Seasrulebda, monas sakuTari
uflebis dacva, sagangebo pretorTan (praetor fideicommissarius) saCivris SetaniT
SeeZlo. qr. Sobis 103 w. gamocemuli SC Rubrianum-iT dadginda: Tu memkvidre sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas ar daemorCileboda, mona, magistratis pronuntiatio ZaliT,
Tavisuflebas iRebda, rac ius honorarium-iT gansazRvruli iyo (D.40.5.26.7).
dapyrobili Temebi).
Ius civile samoqalaqo eqskluziuroba (rogorc mxolod romis moqalaqeebis ufleba)
aramoqalaqeTa (hostes, peregrini) gansakuTrebul samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv status ganapirobebda. maTTan dadebuli garigebebis namdviloba _ commercium _ specialuri
kanoniT iyo gansazRvruli. XII dafis kanonebiT ukve iyo gaTvaliswinebuli ramdenime saxeobis iuridiuli aqti, romelTa gaformeba dasaSvebi iyo ucxoelTa im kategoriasTan, romelic romael xalxTan megobrobis xelSekrulebas debda. maTve eniWebodaT sasamarTlo ganxilvebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba. TandaTanobiT, maTi
statusis Sesabamisad, SemuSavebuli iqna ucxoelebis zogadi klasifikacia.
1. romis moqalaqeebTan yvelaze meti siaxloviT uZvelesi laTinebi (latini prisci) _
laciumis teritoriaze mdebare qalaqebis moqalaqeebi gamoirCeodnen. isini romis
egidiT Seqmnil laTinuri ligis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, xolo qr. Sobamde 338 w.
misi daSlis Semdeg, maT yvela is ufleba SeinarCunes, romlebsac qr. Sobamde 493 w.
flobdnen: a) laTinebs (ligis nebismieri qalaqis mcxovrebs) romaelebTan ius civile-Ti
garigebebis dadeba (ius commercii), b) romis teritoriaze dasaxleba, g) romis moqalaqed gaxdoma (ius migrandi) da
d) romaelebTan kanonier qorwinebaSi Sesvla (ius
conubii) SeeZloT.
qr. Sobamde II saukunidan, romis respublikis periodSi, dapyrobil miwebze
romaelebma koloniebi Seqmnes, xolo kolonistebs laTini moqalaqeebis statusi
(colonii civium Latinorum) mianiWes. 338 wlis Semdeg, aRniSnuli koloniebis moqalaqeebma
gansakuTrebuli statusi _ latini coloniarii _ miiRes. am kategoriis pirebs miniWebuli
hqondaT ius migrandi da ius commercii, magram ius conubii-s ufleba maT ar gaaCndaT. amave
periodSi is laTinebi, romlebmac sakuTar TemebSi umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis dakaveba
SeZles, romis moqalaqeobas iRebdnen da romSi politikuri karieris gakeTebis, anu
e.w. ius honorum-is uflebis mopovebis SesaZlebloba eZleodaT. aRniSnuli viTarebis
Sedegad, laTinuri qalaqebisa da koloniebis politikurma elitam ormoqalaqeoba
miiRo; Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom realurad es faqti aseTad ar miiCneoda,
radgan, Cveulebriv, latini coloniarii romauli warmomavlobisani iyvnen. Tu amasve davumatebT romis saxalxo krebebze (daswrebis SemTxvevaSi) xmis micemis uflebas (ius
suffragii), romelic laTinuri qalaqebisa da koloniebis mosaxleobas hqonda miniWebu106
li, cxadi gaxdeba, rom romaul da laTinur moqalaqeobas Soris sxvaoba araarsebiTi iyo da Tavisuflad SeiZleboda erTi moqalaqeobis meoreTi Secvla.
gansxvavebis ZiriTadi kriteriumi iyo: 1. faqtobrivi sacxovrebeli adgili da aqedan
gamomdinare 2. garkveuli samoqalaqo Temisadmi (civitas) kuTvnileba. laTinur koloniaSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg, romaeli laTini moqalaqe xdeboda, Tumca romSi dabruneba Tavisuflad SeeZlo.
ori statusis siaxloveze naTlad metyvelebs is wesic, romelic gaazatebulis samoqalaqo statuss gansazRvravda: 1. kanonieri qorwinebis Semdeg, laTinuri statusis
mqone gaazatebuli (Latini Aeliani), romis moqalaqeobas Tavisuflad iZenda (elius
senciusis kanoniT _ 30 wlamde axalgazrdebi, xolo vespasianes droidan _ uklebliv yvela); 2. Tu laTini romis moqalaqeze iqorwinebda, adrianes dros miRebuli
senatuskonlustiT, am qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvi romis moqalaqe xdeboda; 3.
klavdiusidan moyolebuli traianemde, laTinebis mier romis moqalaqeobis miReba
princefsebis konstituciebiT wesrigdeboda.
axal laTinur TemebSi sabazo samarTls sistemad ius civile iTvleboda (lex irnitana, 93),
maSin, roca politikuri sistemisa da sasamarTlo organizaciis specifika erTnairi
municipaluri kanoniT gansazRvreboda. romis moqalaqeebsa da laTinebs Soris
warmoqmnili qonebrivi da piradi urTierTobebi romauli samarTlebrivi institutebis Tanaxmad regulirdeboda.
Lex Iunia Norbana safuZvelze gaazatebuli pirebis (Latini Iuniani) samarTlebrivi
statusi mniSvnelovani TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda. am kategorias ganekuTvnebodnen
is pirebi, romlebic arc erT laTinur Tems ar miekuTvnebodnen da amrigad,
samoqalaqo kavSirebis sistemaSi, maTi laTinuri statusi erTgvar defeqtur
mdgomareobaze metyvelebda. romis moqalaqeTa mimarT, latini Iiniani arc ius conubii-iT da
arc aqtiuri an pasiuri anderZis datovebis an anderZiT qonebis miRebis (testamenti
factio), uflebas flobdnen. danarCen SemTxvevaSi, sruli uflebaunarianoba gaaCndaT
(universaluri fideikomisebis mixedviT, romis moqalaqeebidan samkvidros miRebis
uflebac ki hqondaT); laTinebis mimarT, romis samarTliT daculi maTi statusi
araviTar SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareboda. romis an laTinuri moqalaqeobis uflebebs
provinciebis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba (samokavSireo omamde italiac) ar flobda.
provinciebis samoqalaqo Temebs romTan xelSekrulebebi hqondaT dadebuli,
romlebiTac maTi avtonomiis xarisxi ganisazRvreboda.
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen: 1. formalurad damoukidebel Temebs _ civitates
peregrinae liberae et foeredatae; 2. damokidebul Temebs _ civitates nostro iure obstictae,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofodnen: a) avtonomiis uflebebis mqoned; b) dapyrobil
Temebad _ peregrini dediticii, romlebic uSualod romis provinciuli administraciis
gamgeblobaSi Sediodnen. avtonomiuri Temebis moqalaqeebze maTive, adgilobrivi
samarTali vrceldeboda.
dapyrobili Temebis mosaxleoba, anu samoqalaqo Temis miRma myofi, ucxoelebi
107
(liberi) _ vaJiSvilebi (filii familias) da qaliSvilebi (filiae familias), daRmavali xaziT sxva
naTesavebi, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebaSi imyofebodnen; bavSvebze
xelisufleba (patria potestas) ius civile-s instituti iyo (ius proprium civium Romanorum
(Gai.,1.55).
kanonieri meuRle, romelmac conventio in manu ganaxorciela, qmris xelisuflebaSi (in
manu) imyofeboda. Tu misi qmari sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (in
potestate) iyo, maSin coli, erTdroulad, sakuTari qmrisa (in manu mariti) da misi
ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (in potestate) Sedioda; amiT mas ojaxSi qmris
qaliSvilisa da ojaxis ufrosis SviliSvilis adgili hqonda mikuTvnebuli (filiae
loco).
qmris xelisuflebaSi gadasvliT qali sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebidan
Tavisufldeboda
da
sxva
piris
xelisuflebaSi
gadadioda.
Tu
qali
TviTxelisufali piri iyo, qorwinebis Semdeg sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri
xdeboda.
In mancipio imyofeba sxva ojaxis ufrosisadmi mancipirebuli xelqveiTi piri
(Cveulebriv, miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis mizniT _ Gai.,1,140). aseTi piris
Svilebi sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis _ papis _ xelisuflebaSi imyofebian, anu
xelisuflebaSi myofi (in mancipio) piri, imavdroulad, potenciurad sakuTari ojaxis
ufrosis in potestate-Si imyofeba. mancipacia (mancipium) da mamis xelisufleba (patria
potestats) erTmaneTs brunvadi (samoqalaqo brunvisadmi mikuTvnebuli) da statikuri
uflebamosilebis saxiT Seefardeboda. sxvis xelisuflebaSi yofna piris sajaro
uflebebze gavlenas ver axdenda (D.1.6.9), Tumca, kerZo samarTlis sferoSi mis uflebauunarobis ganmsazRvreli iyo.
sxvis daqvemdebarebaSi myof pirebs sakuTreba ar gaaCniaT, maT mier SeZenili raime
nivTi,
ojaxis
ufrosis
sasargeblod
SeZenilad
iTvleboda.
aseT
pirebs
damoukideblad ar SeeZloT iseTi iuridiuli garigebis dadeba, romelic maT
mdgomareobas daamZimebda (magaliTad, gasxviseba, sakuTar Tavze valdebulebebis aReba). aseTi aqtebis namdvilobisaTvis savaldebulo iyo ojaxis ufrosis nebis gamovlena (auctoritas). xelisuflebaSi myofi piri qorwinebaSi mxolod ojaxis ufrosis
(paterfamilias) Tanxmobis Semdeg Sedioda. ojaxis ufrosi avtomaturad xdeboda mis
xelisuflebaSi myofi piris (Tavisuflis an monis) mier, xandazmulobiT SeZenili
qonebis (usucapio) mflobeli.
romis samarTalSi uflebaunarianobis aRniSnuli SezRudva mxolod kerZo sawyiss
efuZneboda
da
winasaxelmwifoebrivi
epoqis
socialuri
organizaciis
_
patriarqaluri ojaxis (familia) _ xaziT Camoyalibebis principebisaTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. adamians, geneologiurad, sakuTari Tavi garkveuli jgufis nawilad miaCnda da sakuTari moqmedebebisa da gadawyvetilebebis siswores winaparTa
nebas usadagebda. winaparTa sulebsa da cocxlad myofTa Soris mediatorad, ojaxis
yvelaze uxucesi da, Sesabamisad, winaprebTan yvelaze axlos myofi _ ojaxis
ufrosi (paterfamilias) iyo. winaparTa kultisa da saojaxo siwmindeTa (sacra familiares)
109
mcveli,
Sesabamisad,
winapris
saqmeebisa
da
ojaxis
wevrTa
saqmianobaze
pasuxismgebeli piri iyo. Sidasaojaxo socialur sivrceSi am patara lideris
avtoriteti ojaxze (familia) mis pirad Zalauflebad _ patria potestas _ aRiqmeboda;
ojaxis wevrebs, ojaxis ufrosis mimarT, morCileba da pativiscema hmarTebdaT.
igives iTxovda dadgenili marTlwesrigic.
klasikuri gagebiT, ojaxis (familia) wevrebi _ sxvis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebad
(personae in aliena potestate), an iuridiulad sxvis xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebul
pirebad (personae alieno iuri subiectae), an xelqveiT pirebad (personae alieni iuris)
moixsenebian.
Sidasaojaxo socialur sivrceSi ojaxis ufrosi TviTxelisufal pirad _ persona sui
iuris-ad warmogvidgeboda. ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) sakuTar xelisuflebasa da
uflebas morCilebda, imavdroulad, sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni da damoukidebeli
pirovneba iyo. xelisuflebaSi myofTa statusi, maTi TviTRirebuleba SefardebiTi
iyo da mxolod ojaxis ufrosis samarTalsubieqtobis anarekls warmoadgenda.
ulpianes azriT, potestatis verbum communiter accipiendum est tam in filio quam in servo _ sityva
`potestas~ (xelisufleba) ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT unda gavigoT rogorc xelisuflebaSi myofi vaJiSvilis, ise monasTan mimarTebiT (D.15.1.1.5).
Svilebis mimarT gamoyenebuli sityva _ liberi _ asaxavda im pirvandel viTarebas,
roca isini, xelisuflebis (potestas) saerTo safuZvelze, monebis msgavsad
ganixilebodnen; maT Soris sxvaoba mxolod sajaro samarTliT dasturdeboda,
romlis Tanaxmadac, liberi anu Svilebi, sityvasityviT Tavisufals niSnavda.
saojaxo erTeulis _ potestas _ cneba saojaxo struqturis yvela doneze vrceldeboda, anu es iyo zogadi cneba, romelic xelisuflebaSi myof pirTa yvela saxis
mdgomareobasa da garemoebas moicavda. In potestas-ad yofna ara mxolod morCilebas,
aramed, garkveuli damoukideblobis mqone, socialuri erTeulisadmi kuTvnilebasac
niSnavda. In potestate an cum potestate pirebs romaelebi upirispirebdnen imaT, vinc
potestate-dan gamoricxuli an, saerTod, mis miRma iyo. es viTareba iuridiul
konstruqciaSic aisaxa da Semdegs gulisxmeboda: ojaxidan gasvlas Tan sdevda
TviTxelisuflebis SeZena da uflebaunarianobis Semcireba (capitis deminutio minima).
Sui iuris pirad qcevis Semdeg (Tumca, sakuTari familia-s miRma) piri ara imdenad sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis (patesfamilias) mimarT damoukideblobas iZenda, ramdenadac
mfarvelobasa da socialur stabilurobas kargavda, romelic pirdapir da
uSualod,
garkveuli
avtonomiuri
erTeulisadmi,
kuTvnilebis
princips
ukavSirdeboda.
piri, romelic gamovidoda jgufidan, statuss icvlida, radgan masze jgufuri privilegiebi veRar gavrceldeboda. sazogadoebrivi kavSirebidan gamodevna ki, pirs jgufSi dadgenili normebis moqmedebis miRma tovebda da mis daucvelobas
ganapirobebda. uflebauunarobis ori xarisxis arseboba or socialur kavSirze _
Temsa (civitas) da ojaxze (familia) miuTiTebda. maTdami kuTvnileba piris samarTlebrivi statusis sisrules uzrunvelyofda, statusTa ierarqia ki samoqalaqo Temisadmi
ojaxis morCilebaze metyvelebda.
imavdroulad, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg, statusis Secvla
capitis deminutio minima-s gareSec SeiZleboda; ojaxis ufrosis daRmavali xazis naTesavebi (Svilebi, cum manu qorwinebaSi myofi meuRle), TviTxelisufalni (persona sui
iuris) xdebodnen da aRniSnul ojaxSi yvela uflebas inarCunebdnen. Tu ojaxis erTi
wevri meore ojaxSi qmris xelisuflebaSi (conventio in manum mariti) gadasvliT, an
Svilad ayvanis (adoptio) gziT, piri kvlav xelisuflebaSi myofad (alieni iuris) rCeboda,
rac misi statusis ucvlelobaze metyvelebda. Tumca, ojaxis Secvla Zvel ojaxTan
uSualod dakavSirebuli uflebebis _ memkvidreobiTi, sameurveo da sxva uflebebi _
dakargvas niSnavda. sxva ojaxSi analogiuri uflebebis mopoveba mxedvelobaSi ar
miiReboda.
ojaxisadmi
kuTvnileba
ara
marto
dadebiT
uflebamosilebebs
uzrunvelyofda, aramed piris statussac adgenda praqikulad, es Semdegs niSnavda:
saojaxo solidarobas, erTi ojaxis yvela wevrTa urTierTpasuxismgeblobasa da
samarTalsubieqtobis erTobliobas.
Colonus (koloni); servi terra (miwis monebi); coloni adscripticii (sagadasaxado reestrSi Setanili kolonebi); dominus fundi (miwis nakveTis batoni).
III saukuneSi, ekonomikuri krizisis gaRrmavebis pirobebSi, damokidebuli mosaxleobis gansakuTrebuli kategoria _ miwaze mimagrebuli glexoba (coloni) warmoiSva.
Tavdapirvelad, miwaze mimagrebis procesi mxolod imperatoris miwaze monebis,
gaazatebulebisa da moijareTa (coloni) Sromis gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebda; amiT maT
sakuTari nebiT sadme wasvla ekrZalebodaT. kolonatis institutis iuridiuli
fgaformeba IV saukunis bolos dasrulda. aRniSnuli institutis farglebSi moxda,
profesiul
kavSirebsa
(collegia, corpora) da
adgilobriv
sabWoebSi
(curia),
memkvidreobiTi wevrobis zogadi principis damkvidreba da aseT gaerTianebaTa
kuTvnili qonebis aRwera funqciis mixedviT. amave dros imperatorebis Teodosius Iis, arkadiusisa da honoriusis konstituciam coloni-s statusi miwis monad (servi terrae)
gansazRvra: `Licet conditione videantur ingenui, servi tamen terrae ipsius cui nati sunt aestimentur _
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini TavisufladSobilni arian, isini im miwis monebad
ganixilebian sadac daibadnen. kolonis qonebas ewodeboda peculium-i, romelis
gasxviseba, memamulis Tanxmobis gareSe, dauSvebeli iyo. imperiis aRmosvleT nawilSi
kolonebs, sagadasaxado reestrSi (coloni adscripticii), miwasTan erTad aRnusxavdnen.
V saukunis II naxevarSi gamwvavebuli ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi, kolonebis am
kategoriis mdgomareoba, praqtikulad monobisagan ar gansxvavdeboda. kolons ekrZaleboda mamulis mesakuTris (dominus fundi) Tanxmobis gareSe miwis nakveTis mitoveba,
mesakuTres ki am miwebidan kolonebis gandevna; mesakuTres mxolod kolonebis erTi
mamulidan meoreSi gadayvanis ufleba hqonda. statusis SezRudva administraciuli
mizniT iyo ganpirobebuli: samoqalaqo samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, kolonsa da mamulis mesakuTres Soris urTierTobebi qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT (locatio conductio
operarum) an saijaro xelSekrulebiT (locatio conductio rei) wesrigdeboda. Tu maT Soris
dadebuli xelSekrulebis pirobebi sagadasaxado reestrSi iyo gatarebuli, am
urTierTobebis TviTneburi, an Tundac, urTierTSeTanxmebiTi moSla, mxareebs ar
SeeZloT. mesakuTris mxridan xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRveva sasamarTlo wesiT
isjeboda, vinaidan sasamarTlo procesze koloni damoukidebel mxared gamodioda.
kolonis mdgomareoba memkvidreobiTi iyo.
a) kolonatis warmoSobis safuZvlebi iyo: 1. Tu erT-erTi mSobeli koloni iyo, bavSvi dedis mdgomareobas iRebda; 2. Tu piri 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi koloni iyo,
xandazmulobis vadis ZaliT, igi miwaze mimargebas eqvemdebareboda.
b) kolonatis Sewyvetis pirobebi iyo: 1. memamules kolonisadmi sakuTar uflebaze
uaris Tqma, mxolod miwaze uariT (peculium-is gadacemasTan erTad monis gaazatebis
msgavsad) SeeZlo. es iyo kolonatis urTierTobis Sewyvetis mTavari piroba; 2. Tu
koloni, 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tavisufali piris statusiT cxovrobda, misi
ganTavisufleba xandazmulobiT xdeboda; 3. Tu koloni 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi
xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organos wevri _ dekurioni _ iyo, kolonati wydeboda;
118
$9. warmomadgenloba
Dominus negotii (marwmunebeli); procurator (rwmunebuli); actiones adiecticial qualitatis (damatebiTi Tvisebis sarCelebi); actio de peculio (pretoruli sarCeli pekuliumis Sesaxeb); actio
de in rem verso (ojaxis ufrosis mimarT Setanili sarCeli, Tu xelisuflebaSi myofi
piris mier SeZenili qoneba paterfamilias qonebad CaiTvala); excercitor (xomaldis
mepatrone); institor (mmarTveli); actio excercitoria (mepatronis winaaRmdeg Setanili
sarCeli, romelic xomaldis meTaurad myofi misi monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba); actio institoria (mepatronis winaaRmdeg Setanili sarCeli, romelic, meurneobis mouravad myofi, misi monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba); actio quod iussu
(kreditoris mier mebatonis winaaRmdeg Setanili sarCeli, romelic sakuTari
batonis saxeliT, monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba); par condicium creditorum
(kreditorebis Tanabari mdgomareoba); ratihabitio (rwmunebulis qmedebis mowoneba).
garigebis dadeba samarTlis subieqts uSualod yovelTvis ar SeeZlo. zogjer mas
sxva piris sakuTar warmomadgenlad gamoyeneba esaWiroeboda. aseTi viTareba Semdeg
SemTxvevebSi warmoiSoboda: 1. roca samarTlis subieqti daTqmul adgilze ar
imyofeboda (Tumca, saqme saswrafod unda gadawyvetiliyo) an 2. roca viTareba
statusis xarvezs _ qmeduunarobas _ ukavSireboda da uflebamosil subieqts
nebelobiTi qmedebiT misi ganxorcieleba ar SeeZlo. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi
exeboda nebayoflobiT warmomadgenlobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ aucilebel an
kanoner warmomadgenlobas. kerZod, Wkuasusti (furiosus) mzrunvelobas iZulebiTi
wesiT, xolo mcirewlovani bavSvi da qali _ meurveobas (tutela) eqvemdebarebodnen.
warmomadgenlobis cnebiT igulisxmeboda: marwmuneblis saxeliTa da mis sasargeblod (dominus negotii), rwmunebulis mier dadebuli garigebis Sedegi uSualod marwmunebels exeboda. am garigebidan warmoSobili uflebebi da movaleobebi marwmunebls,
da ara rwmunebuls, ekuTvnoda. aRniSnuli instituti romis samarTlisaTvis ucxo
iyo. pirdapiri warmomadgenlobisagan gansxvavebiT, brunvis (obieqturad arsebuli)
moTxovnis dakmayofileba moadgileobis meSveobiT SeiZleboda. moadgile saqmes sakuTari saxeliT awarmoebda, garigebis dadebiT uflebebs da movaleobebs iZenda,
Tumca, imavdroulad, maTi sxva pirisaTvis gadacema evaleboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saqme irib warmomadgenlobas (an moadgileobas) exeboda, romelic warmomadgenloba
arc iyo, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT. romis samarTalSi moadgilisa da
marwmuneblis urTierTobas davalebis xelSekruleba (mandatum) an davalebis gareSe
sxvisi saqmeebis warmoeba (negotiorum gestio) SeiZleba ewodos. romis samarTliT aseTi
urTierTobebi, roca erTi piris mier dadebuli garigeba Sedegs meore piris
sasargeblod iZleoda, warmomadgenlobis instituts saeTod ar ukavSirdeboda.
warmomadgenlobad aseve ver iqneba miCneuli ojaxis ufrosisa (paterfamilias) da
121
aris
naTesauri
kavSiriT
an
qorwinebiT
dakavSirebul
pirTa
licentia filiae conceditur, si indignum moribus vel turpem sponsum ei pater eligat _ ...mamis
SewinaaRmdegeba qaliSvils mxolod maSin eZleva, rodesac mama mas uRirsi znis an
saxelgatexil saqmros aurCevs~ (D.23.1.12$1)
niSnobis dros saqmros mxare sapatarZlos mxares niSnobis beWeds (patriciebi _
oqros, sxva socialuri fenis wevrebi SedarebiT dabali xarisxis liTonis, xolo
monebs rkinis beWeds) da sxvadasxva saxis moZrav nivTs gadascemda.
romaelebi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen qorwinebis TariRs, radgan
zogi dRe Tu Tve (magaliTad, maisi, ivnisis pirveli naxevari) ubedurebis momtanad
miaCndaT. qorwinebis dRes tardeboda auspicia (auspicia _ frinvelebsa da bunebaze
dakvireveba, rogorc RmerTisagan gamogzavnil miniSnebze). qorwilis dRes patarZali
qaliSvilobis droindel togas ixdida da mas bednierebis qalRmerTs swiravda;
Semdeg patarZals grZel TeTr tunikas acmevdnen, welze sartyels akravdnen da
Tavze mkveTri wiTeli feris Tavsaburavs afarebdnen. saqmros mosvlis Semdeg,
stumrebis TandaswrebiT, saqorwino rituali tardeboda: saojaxo keriaze msxverpls
swiravdnen, ris Semdegac lxini iwyeboda. imave dRes patarZali qmris saxlSi
Sedioda.
romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, qorwinebis ori tipi _ 1. qmris xeliT (cum manu mariti) da
2. qmris xelis gareSe (sine manu mariti) _ arsebobda.
Tavdapirvelad, iyo cum manu mariti tipis qorwineba, romlis Tanaxmadac, qali,
gaTxovebis Semdeg, mSoblebis ojaxTan iuridiul kavSirs kargavda da qmris
xelisuflebaSi gadadoda. Tuki qmari aravis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri (persona sui
iuris) iyo, maSin coli, Svilebis msgavsad, qmris daqvemdebarebaSi eqceoda. am tipis
qorwinebisas qmris xelisufleba colze, faqtiurad, ganusazRvreli iyo. qmars
colis monad gayidva, misi mokvlac SeeZlo. qonebrivi urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT,
monebisa da Svilebis msgavsad, cols araviTari uflebaunarianoba ar gaaCnda.
yvelaferi, rac qorwinebamde cols (Tu igi persona sui iuris iyo) ekuTvnoda, qmris
sakuTreba xdeboda. qorwinebis periodSi colis saCuqari (magaliTad, mamisagan
miRebuli saCuqari) qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. Tu qmari sxvas daqvemdebarebuli
piri (persona aliena iuris) iyo, maSin coli, qmarTan erTad, qmris ojaxis ufross
(paterfamilias) eqvemdebareboda.
iuridiulad colis aseT uuflebo mdgomareobas is awonasworebda, rom coli qmris
memkvidre _ heres sua iyo, Tuki mas kanonieri STamomavlebi ar hyavda; Svilebis yolis
SemTxvevaSi, isic, maT msgavsad, memkvidre iyo.
Cum manu mariti tipis qorwinebis dros qmris upiratesoba imdenad didi iyo, rom
mziTevi qmris qonebas erwymoda da mis sakuTrebad iTvleboda. cols sakuTrebis
ufleba ar gaaCnda da mziTevze aranairi samarTlebrivi ufleba ar hqonda.
digestebis Tanaxmad: `Constante matrimonio dotem in bonis mariti esse _ qorwinebis
ganmavlobaSi mziTevi qmris qonebaSi aris~.
colis qoneba qmris an ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) sakuTreba iyo. amitom qmars
127
(samziTvo SeTanxmeba); dotis promissio (mziTevis dapireba); dotis dictio (mziTevis daTqma);
dotis datio (mziTevis micema); donatio (Cuqeba); donatio ante nuptias (qorwinebamdeli saCuqari);
donatio propter nuptias (saqorwino saCuqari, qorwinebis Semdgomi saCuqari); traditio
(gadacema); stipulatio (dapireba); parapherna (mziTevs garda).
Zvel romaelTa yofaSi mziTevs imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, rom igi
saxelmwifo interesis sagans Seadgenda da mziTevTan mimarTebiT saojaxo
urTierTobebis garkveul reglamentacias adgenda. iustinianes digestebis Tanaxmad:
`Rei publicae interest mulieres dotes salvas habere, propter quas nubere possunt _ saxelmwifosaTvis
mniSvnelovania, rom qalebi uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen mziTviT, romlis meSveobiT maT
gaTxoveba SeuZliaT~. (D.23.3.2)
qr.Sobamde III saukunidan mziTevis gacema moralur valdebulebaSi gadaizarda da
savaldebulo xasiaTi SeiZina. erTi mxriv, ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze am
periodSi conventio in manum-is gareSe qorwinebebma imata, meore mxriv, mkveTrad
gaizarda ganqorwinebaTa ricxvic. aseT viTarebaSi mziTevis gacemis aucileblobas
sazogadoeba sul ufro da ufro uWerda mxars, radgan mziTevi ojaxis materialuri
safuZvlis garanti iyo. kanonmdebelmac ar daayovna da mziTevi, rogorc sakuTrebis
erT-erTi saxeoba, kanoniT gansazRvra.
mziTevi _ qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi qmrisaTvis gadacemuli rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi
qoneba _ Cuqeba ar iyo da amitom masze Cuqebis (donatio) wesebi ar vrceldeboda.
iuridiul literaturaSi mziTevis cneba TiTqmis yvela mecnieris mier identuradaa
definicirebuli.
ase magaliTad, n. bogolepovis Tanaxmad, mziTevi, rogorc sayofacxovrebo
instituti, odiTganve arsebobda romSi; Cveulebriv, mama Rirsebis saqmed miiCnevda
qaliSvili mziTevis gareSe ar gaeTxovebina. magram Cven ar mogvepoveba cnoba imis
Sesaxeb, samarTliT iyo Tu ara gansazRvruli mziTevis, rogorc qonebis raoba.
i. baronis ganmartebiT, mziTevi aris yovelive is, rac qmars (an mis mamas Tu igi
kvlav mamis xelisuflebaSia) colisagan an mis nacvlad sxva pirisagan, saojaxo
cxovrebis xarjebis Sesamsubuqeblad gadaecema.
d. grimis azriT, mziTevi ewodeba qonebas, romelic qmars colisagan an mesame
pirisagan saerTo meurneobis xarjebis nawilis dasafaravad gadaecema
istoriulad, mziTevis instituti alimentaciur valdebulebaTa ganviTarebis
safuZvelze dawesda. mSoblebi an maTi uflebis monacvleebi, ojaxidan gareT
gaTxovil qals, romelic, Tavis mxriv, axal ojaxs qmnida, mziTevis saxiT garkveul
qonebas aZlevdnen.
i. novickis Tanaxmad, am terminiT aRiniSneba nivTebi an sxva raime qonebis nawili,
romelic gadaeca qmars colisagan, misi ojaxis ufrosis an mesame pirisagan saojaxo
cxovrebis materialuri sirTuleebis Sesamsubuqeblad.
131
imdenad didi iyo, rom mziTevis dabruneba qmars araviTar, Tundac ganqorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi (rac im dros Zalze iSviaTi iyo) ar evaleboda. Tu qorwineba wydeboda
qmris gardacvalebiT; in manu coli Svilebis msgavsad iRebda memkvidreobas, riTac
mas mziTevi unazRaurdeboda.
romSi samziTvo sagani SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri ram, rasac qonebirvi
Rirebuleba gaaCnda, anu es iyo rogorc materialuri, ise aramaterialuri qonebrivi
sikeTe; kerZod, mancipirebuli Tu amancipirebuli, sxeulebrivi Tu usxeulo, moZravi
Tu uZravi nivTi. magaliTad, miwa, fuli, pirutyvi, mona da sxva.
d. grimis Tanaxmad, mziTevis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo Rirebulebis mqone
nebismieri sikeTe. mziTevis gamcem pirs mziTvad SeeZlo daedgina sakuTrebis
ufleba, dotis causa-s mimarT savaldebulo moTxovnebi ganesazRvra, vali epatiebina da
sxva.
i. baronis TqmiT, mziTevis dadgena SeiZleboda
gadacemiT, dapirebiT an saanderZo danakisriT.
sxvadasxva
saxis
garigebiT:
(igive
stipulatio dotis),
stipulaciuri
formiT
qmrisaTvis
mziTevis
da
kuriis
komiciebSi
tardeboda
da
mTeli
Semadgenlobis
mier
nebiT);
vitae
et
xelisufleba).
romis samarTali erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda pirTa or kategorias: araxelqveiT
(sui iuris) da xelqveiT (aliena iuris) pirebs. Zvel romSi mTeli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
wyoba pirTa aRniSnul dayofas efuZneboda.
romauli ojaxis saTaveSi idga ojaxis ufrosi, mamasaxlisi, romelsac romaelebi
paterfamilias-s uwodebdnen. mis daqvemdebarebaSi Sedioda yvela alieni iuris piri: coli
(romelsac qaliSvilis mdgomareoba hqonda _ loco filiae), vaJiSvilebi da maTi colebi,
romlebic qmris xelisuflebaSi iyvnen (isini SviliSvilis statusiT sargeblodbnen
loco nuptis), qaliSvilebi da monebi. Tavdapirvelad, ojaxis ufrosis uflebamosileba
SeuzRudavi iyo da colze, Svilebze, monebze Tu nivTebze erTnair xelisuflebas
(manus) axorcielebda; droTa ganmavlobaSi mamasaxlisis xelisufleba (potestas)
daixvewa da ramdenime ZiriTadi saxe gamoikveTa. 1. xelisufleba colze (manus); 2.
xelisufleba Svilebze (patria potestas); 3. xelisufleba monebze (dominica potestas).
Sesabamisad, TandaTanobiT, aRniSnulma xelisuflebam, diferenciaciis Sedegad,
gansxvavebuli saxeldebebi miiRo: manus mariti (xelisufleba colze), patria potestas
(xelisufleba Svilze), dominica potestas (xelisufleba monebze) da a.S. mogvianebiT,
imperator iustinianes samarTliT mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) xelisufleba SeizRuda.
roca misi, rogorc ojaxis ufrosis uflebamosileba mxolod monebsa da mis
xelqveiT myof Svilebze vrceldeboda.
romaul ojaxSi qveynis umaRles xelisufals ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) cvlida.
misi Zalaufleba sakmaod farTo iyo: igi gankargavda ojaxis mTel qonebas,
ganagebda ojaxis wevrTa beds da a.S.
1. gayidvis ufleba (ius vendendi). ojaxis vaJiSvilis sxva qveynis teritoriaze monad
gayidva. aRniSnuls XII dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, mesame gayidvis Semdeg Svili mamis
xelisuflebidan Tavisufldeboda; 2. zaralis asanazRaureblad gadacema (ius noxae
dandi).
mamas
ufleba
hqonda
xelqveiTi
vaJiSvili
miyenebuli
zaralis
asanazRaureblad gadaeca dazaralebulisaTvis da Tavad zaralis anazraurebis
pasuxismgeblobisagan
gaTavisuflebuliyo.
aRniSnuli
ufleba
iustinianes
kanonmdeblobiT aikrZala; 3. Cvilis gadagdebis ufleba. klavdiusis epoqaSi
daiSveboda, rom mamas axalSobilze uari eTqva da gadaegdo. es qristianTa mxridan
kritikis safuZveli gaxda da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daiSveboda, Tu Cvili maxinji
daibadeboda.
aRniSnuli Zalaufleba imdenad didi iyo, rom mas ojaxis wevris sikvdiliT dasjis
uflebas ki hqonda (sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba (ius vitae et necis). yvelaferi,
rasac Svilebi iZendnen, mamas ekuTvnoda. h. dernburgis Tanaxmad, iuridiuli
TvalsazrisiT, ojaxis mama erTaderTi da SeuzRudavi mesakuTre iyo im qonebisa,
romelsac is da misi xelqveiTni SromiT, memkvidreobiT an raime sxva xelsayreli
SemTxvevis wyalobiT iZendnen.
141
myof
meuRleTa
romSi
mamis
xelisuflebis
Sewyvetas
Semdegi
safuZvlebi
romauli
samarTliT,
saojaxo
samarTlis
sferos
ganekuTvneboda
145
is, vinc muclad aris, TiTqmis mTeli samoqalaqo samarTliT [ukve] dabadebulad
ganixileba~) (D.1.5.26) an kidev, `fraza: `bavSvi, romelic unda daibados uaxloes
droSi, iTvleba ukve am qveynad arsebulad~ _ sworia, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac sakiTxi exeba am bavSvis uflebebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi maSin CaiTvleba
dabadebulad, roca realurad moevlineba am qveyanas~ (D.50.16.231). Tumca, zogjer,
magaliTad, kanonismiT memkvdireobisas, nayofi socialur subieqtad miiCneoda.
fexmZime qalis moTxovniT, samemkvidreo uflebebis dacvis mizniT, pretori muclad
myof bavSvs uniSnavda mzurnvels (curator ventris), romlis funqcia iyo im qonebis
marTva (administractio), romelsac, dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvi miiRebda. muclad
myofis
saxeliT,
misive
interesebidan
gamomdinare,
samemkvidreo
qonebis
mflobelobaSi SeiZleboda dedis Seeyvanac, Tuki axaldabadebulis memkvidreobaze
anderZis sawinaaRmdegod (bonorum possessio contra tabulas) deda pretenzias acxadebda,
rogorc mxedvelobidan gamorCenili pirveli rigis memkvidre.
h. dernburgis Tanaxmad, markus avreliusis droidan arasrulwlovnebs aiZulebdnen,
rom qonebis ganmkargvelad mzrunveli (curator) moeTxovaT. mTel qonebas mzrunveli
zedamxedvelobda da mas faqtobrivad zaralisagan icavda.
Tavdapirvelad, mzrunvelis daniSvna arasrulwlovanebs qonebis gasxvisebisa da
xelSekrulebiT movaleobebis miRebis SesaZleblobas ar arTmevda; magram Tu isini
zarals ganicdidnen, maSin uwindeburad maT restitucia eZleodaT.
dabolos, mzrunvelobas daqvemdebarebuli arasrulwlovnebi diokletianem sakuTari
qonebis gasxvisebis uflebauunarod gamoacxada. aqedan gamomdinare, qonebaze
xelSekrulebis dadeba maT mxolos im pirobiT SeeZloT, Tu amiT maTi qonebrivi
mdgomareoba ar uaresdeboda.
mcirewlovani persona sui iuris srulwlovanebamde qmeduunaro iyo. amis gamo,
garigebebSi monawileobisaTvis mas meurved zrdasruli mamakaci (tutela impuberum)
eniSneboda, xolo sui iuris qals (asakis miuxedavad) tutela mulierum eniSneboda.
respublikis periodis iuristebis Tanaxmad,
qarafSutobam (levitas animi) ganapiroba.
aseTi
dadgenileba
Tavad
qalebis
periodSi,
Tu
qalis
meurve
ara
agnati
naTesavi
iyo,
maSin,
mas
147
monacvleoba).
samarTlis subieqtis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi qoneba memkvidreobiTi samarTliT
regulirdeboda. samarTlis am dargis ZiriTadi cnebiT igulisxmeboda piris
sikvdilis Semdeg (mortis causa), misi samarTlebrivi viTarebis sxva piriT (de cuius)
monacvleoba (successio). ganasxvaveben 1. universalur memkvidreobas (successio per
universitatem, in universum ius), roca winamorbedi piris samarTlebrivi viTareba
mTlianad sxva pirze gadadioda da
2. singularul memkvidreobas (successio
singularis, in singulas res), roca memkvidreobis subieqti iZenda mxolod im uflebebis
nawils, romelic manamde mis winamorbeds ekuTvnoda.
ayvanilis mimarT.
piris gardacvalebis Semdeg (mortis causa), universaluri memkvidreoba ius honorarium-is
safuZvelze, ius civile-sa da bonorum possessio-is mixedviT xorcieldeboda, rasac
memkvidreoba (hereditas) ewodeboda. Mortis causa-s singularuli memkvidreobis
hipoteziT igulisxmeboda anderZze uari (legatum) da fideikomisebis (fideicommissum)
memkvidrisaTvis mamkvidreblis sando danakisri. periodi, roca fideikomisi
universaluri memkvidreobis saSualebad gamoiyeneboda, (roca mamkvidrebeli
memkvidres akisrebda samkvidros gadacemas mesame pirisaTvis (restitutio hereditatis)
xanmokle droiT grZeldeboda. Mortis causa-s universaluri memkvidreobis obieqti iyo
mamkvidreblis
(de cuius)
samarTlebrivi
mdgomareoba
sruli
moculobiT;
memkvidreobiT, mxolod mamkvidreblis valdebulebidan warmoSobili wminda, piradi
xasiaTis moTxovnebi da sajarimo sarCelebiT daculi samarTaldarRvevebi (actiones
poenales) ar gadaicemoda.
kerZo samarTliT regulirebul erTobliv obieqts samkvidro masa (universitas,
universum ius) ewodeboda. Tumca romis samarTalSi memkvidreobis cneba ufro vrceli
iyo, vidre gardacvlilis uflebebisa da movaleobebis memkvidreobiT gadasvla; am
cnebiT, aseve, igulisxmeboda iseTi urTierTobebic, romelic samoqalaqo brunvis
obieqti (res in commercii) ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo; (magaliTad, saojaxo wminda
adgilebi da sakulto nagebobebi (sacra familiares).
universaluri urTierToba (civiluri da pretoruli samarTlis safuZvelze)
xorcieldeboda: 1. anderZiT (ex testamento), 2. anderZis gareSe (ab intestato), 3. aseve
(pretoruli samarTliT) anderZis gareSe (bonorum possessio contra tabulas).
anderZis gareSe memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba memkvidreebisaTvis iyo samarTlebrivi
molodini, romelsac mamkvidreblis (de cuius) sicocxleSive mniSvneloba hqonda
mesame pirebisaTvis, upirvelesyovlisa, TviT mamkvidreblisaTvis, romlis nebasac
(gardacvalebis (mortis causa) Semdeg) sakuTari qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT,
aseTi memkvidreebis uflebebi zRudavda. kerZod, anderZSi mas ar SeeZlo, misdami
uSualod daqvemdebarebuli, memkvidreebis (sui heredes) ugulebelyofa. samkvidros
gaxsnisa
da
samemkvidreos
misaRebad
memkvidreebis
mowvevis
momentidan,
memkvidreobaze
ufleba
SeZenil
samarTlebriv
moTxovnad
(ius successionis)
ganixileboda.
samkvidros gaxsna (deletio hereditatis) iyo iuridiuli faqti, romliTac memkvidres
samkvidros miReba SeeZlo. iqmneba Taviseburi iuridiuli viTareba, rodesac
mamkvidreblis (de cuius) uflebebs realuri subieqti ar hyavda, Tumca, arsebobda
potenciuri memkvidre (heres), romlis sasargeblod samkvidro ixsneboda.
amrigad, memkvidred mowveva samkvidros gaxsnis erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba iyo. Tu
anderZiT memkvidreebi, samkvidros misaRebad, garkveuli pirobiT moiwveodnen, aseT
SemaTxvevaSi, samkvidro, aRniSnuli pirobebis realizaciis momentidan, gaxsnilad
iTvleboda.
152
(gentiles) sasargeblod.
agnatebs Soris upiratesobiT sargeblobda ojaxis winaparTa sulebTan yvelaze
axlos mdgomi piri (adgnatus proximus). Tavdapirvelad, aseTad moiazreboda imave
Taobis piri rogorc mamkvidrebeli (de cuius) iyo (anu misi Zma), magram mamis statusis
ganmtkicebis kvalobaze, naTesauri kavSiris sawyisad realuri mamasaxlisi
(paterfamilias) (da ara saerTo winapari) miiCneoda, aseTebad ki mamkvidreblis
uaxloesi agnati misive vaJiSvili iyo. Tu ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) mis
daqvemdebarebaSi aravin hyavda da ise gardaicvleboda, rom anderZs ar datovebda,
memkvidreebad sxva agnatebs (familia communi iure) iwvevdnen.
Cuus-isa da adgnatus proximus-is cnebaTa Tanxvedris gamo, pontifikosebma XII dafis
kanonebi, masSi cvlilebis gareSe, ganavrces; Tu mamkvidrebeli anderZSi memkvidred
Tavis daqvemdebarebuls ar ixseniebda, gardacvalebis Semdeg, ojaxis ufrosi misi
vaJiSvili xdeboda.
XII dafis kanonebiT, daRmavali xazis uSualo naTesavebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
memkvidris adgils ikavebda mamkvidreblis (de cuius) gverdiTi xazis naTesavi.
naTesaobis siaxlove konkretuli mamkvidreblisgan (de cuius) aiTvleboda. Tu mas
RviZli Zma (meore rigis naTesaoba) hyavda, maSin imave Taobis biZaSvili, rogorc
ufro Soreuli naTesavi (mesame rigis naTesavi) memkvidred ar moiwveoda.
meore rigis naTesavebi (mamkvidreblis gverdiTi agnati naTesavebi), kanonis Tanaxmad,
aucilebeli memkvidreeebi ar iyvnen; amitom memkvidreobis miReba sagangebo aqts
saWiroebda. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom maTTvis memkvidreobis transmisia mainc
ar daiSveboda. Tu mamkvidreblis uaxloesi gverdiTi xazis naTesavi samkvidroze
uars amobobda an ise gardaicvleboda, rom mis sasargeblod gaxsnil samkvidros
miRebas ver moaswrebda, maSin momdevno rigis agnatebi samkvidros misaRebad ar
daiuSvebodnen. armyof memkvidreTa wili danarCenebis wils emateboda, xolo aseT
pirTa ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro sxva mogvareebs (gentiles) gadaecemoda.
Tumca, civiluri samarTliT gaTvaliswineuli mesame rigis memkvidreebis (gentiles)
monacvleobis wesi adreve gauqmda da naklebad cnobilia.
amrigad, ius civile mixedviT, anderZis gareSe memkvidreoba agnatur kavSirs efuZneboda
da is pirebi, romelTa mimarTac minimaluri statusuri damcroba (capitis deminutio
minima) ganxorcielda, memkvidreebad ar daiSvebodnen. civiluri samarTlis (ius
strictum) aseTma simkacrem, romelic sisxliTi naTesaobis (cognatio) Sesaxeb
sazogadoebriv azrs ar Seesabameboda, mravali problema warmoSva. amitom, agnaturi
kavSirebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, pretorma uaxloesi naTesavebis memkvidreebad
mowveva dauSva da anderZis gareSe memkvidreTa Svidi rigi daadgina.
memkvidreebis pirvel rigs gardacvlilis rogorc sui Svilebi (liberi), aseve
emancipirebuli RviZli Svilebi ganekuTvnebodnen, aseve isini, vinc, dabadebis Semdeg,
romis moqalaqeoba imperatoris gadawyvetilebiT moipova. gamonakliss warmoadgenda
sxva ojaxSi (familia) Sesuli pirebi (Svilad ayvanili da qalebi in manu). pirveli
154
dasadebad
saWiro
iyo
xuTi
mowme
da
mesaswore.
aRniSnuli
ritualis
gansaxorcieleblad moanderZis is xelqveiTebi (potestas) an misi megobrebi, romlebic
ojaxs (familia) iRebdnen, mowmeebad ar daiSvebodnen, radgan es aqti uSualod
monawile pirTa interesebs exeboda. anderZi iuridiul Zalas iZenda, magram, teqstis
gacxadeba ar daiSveboda. anderZis teqstiani firfitebi erTad ikvreboda da maT
mowmeTa beWdebs artyamdnen. sul iyo Svidi beWedi: xuTi mowmeebis, erTi ojaxis
mimRebis da erTic magistratis. beWedTa am raodenobas iTxovda pretori, raTa
pretoruli samarTliT dacul sabuTs, anderZis forma mieRo. mogvianebiT, sabuTze
xelis mowerac savaldebulo gaxda. msgavsi formiT anderZi klasikur epoqaSi
dgeboda.
anderZis
mTavar
arsobriv
elements
warmoadgenda
memkvidreblis
dasaxeleba (heredis institutio), romelsac gaiusi, mTeli anderZis, dasawyisad da
dasasrulad miiCnevda. Tu memkvidris daniSvnas ar hqonda iuridiuli Zala, anderZi
mTlianad baTilad iTvleboda.
memkvidreis dasaxelebas (heredis institutio) globaluri mniSvneloba hqonda da im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu mamkvidrebeli samkvidros Tundac mcire nawils anderZiT memkvidres
utovebda,
ab intestato memkvidreebis moiwveva aRar daiSveboda; garda amisa,
romis samarTalSi damkvidrda cneba `erTxel memkvidre, samudamod memkvidre _ semel
heres, semper heres~, ras Semdeg niSnavda: memkvidre arc rezoluciuri pirobiT da arc
raime vadiT ar iniSneneboda.
romis samarTalma daadgina, rom mamis gardacvalebidan mTvaris aTi
ganmavlobaSi dabadebuli bavSvi (postumus), mamis memkvidre (de ciuis) xdeboda.
Tvis
I. qoneba
romaelebi
TandaTanobiT
mividnen
im
azramde,
rom
arsebobda
sameurneo
daniSnulebis erTiani qonebrivi kompleqsebi. moqalaqeTa qonebis yvelaze Zveli
gansazRvreba (monebisa da saqonlis erToblioba _ familia pecuniaque) XII dafis
kanonebSia mocemuli; mogvinebiT, familia-d, mTeli qoneba aRiniSneboda. civiluri
samarTliT damkvidrda qonebis cneba, romelic mopovebuli iyo ojaxis ufrosis
(paterfamilias) SromiT da mas ewodeboda patrimonium _ mamuli, romelic, Sesabamisi
sakulto movaleobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, memkvidreebs gadaecemoda.
pretorul samarTalSi zogjer gvxvdeba termini `mamis~ da `papis~ qoneba. Tumca,
qonebiT igulisxmeboda yovelive is, rac aRniSnuli piris kuTvnileba iyo,
miuxedavad imisa, qoneba misi SeZenili iyo Tu memkvidreobiT miRebuli. mesakuTris
sicocxleSi misi sikeTe (bona) kreditorisaTvis valis gadaxdis garanti iyo.
II. nivTebi
160
iseTi
nivTic,
romelic
aseve
Gai., 2,2. Summa itaque rerum diviso in duos articulos diducitur: nam aliae sint divini iuris, aliae humani _
amrigad, nivTebi ZiriTadad or kategoriad iyofoda: RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebad
(res divini iuris) da adamianTa samarTlis nivTebad (res humani iuris). RvTaebiT, bunebrivi
ZalebiT, mTeli sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli Sexedulebebi moiazreboda; amdenad,
TiToeuli individis neba mis nebas eqvemdebareboda. ama Tu im nivTis RvTis
kuTvnilebad aRiarebiT, aRniSnuli nivTi Tavisufali nebis qmedebis sferos aRar
ganekuTvneboda da samoqalaqo brunvidan amoiReboda. brunvaSi arsebuli nivTebis
saxiT, aRniSnuli nivTebi aravis ekuTvnoda:
Quod autem divini iuris est, id nullius in bonis est _ is, rac RvTaebriv samarTals miekuTvneba,
ar SeiZleba vinmes qonebaSi imyofebodes Gai., 2,9: (Gai, 2,3; D.1,8.1.pr). romaelebi
ganasxvavebdnen wminda nivTebs (res sacrae) da saTayvanebel nivTebs (res religiosae).
sajaro gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, nivTebis pirveli kategoria RvTaebis
kuTvnilad miiCneoda (D.1,8,6,3; 1,8,9,pr.1), xolo meore kategorias ganekuTvneboda iseTi
nivTebi, romlebic, adamianis saqmianobiT, saTayvanebel adgilebad (religiosus locus)
miiCneoda, anu es iyo winaparTa saflavebi. (Gai. 2,6; D.1,8,6,4). nivTis wminda (sacra)
nivTad aRiarebisaTvis mxolod kerZo iniciativa ar kmaroda, xolo nivTis
saTayvaneblad (religiosae) aRiareba ki mxolod kviritul mesakuTres (dominus) SeeZlo
(Gai., 2,7; D.1,8,6,4). RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebis (res divini iuris) mxolod sakraluri
samarTliT (ius sacrum) regulirebas eqvemdebareboda, samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi
masze ar vrceldeboda. amitom, provinciebSi, sadac miwa dominium ex iure Quiritium-is
obieqti ar iyo, sasaflaoebi saTayvanebel adgilebad (religiosus loco) ar miiCneoda,
Tumca, fiqtiurad, mainc aseTebad iTvleboda (Gai, 2,7).
Hae autem quae humani iuris sunt, aut publicae sunt aut privatae _ xolo is nivTebi, romlebic
adamianTa samarTals ganekuTvneba, sajaro an kerZo nivTebad iyofa Gai, 2,10.
nivTebis am kategoriaTa paralelurad arsebobda res privata,
romelTac sazogadoebis wevrebi kerZo pirTa saxiT flobdnen.
anu
is
nivTebi,
Privatae sunt quae singulorum hominum sunt _ kerZoa is nivTebi, romlebic calkeul
adamianebs ekuTvnis. (Gai., 2,11.)
termini `singulus~ (termini `privatus~ uZvelesi ekvivalenti) am cnebis arss yvelaze
zustad asaxavda: es iyo indivi, danarCen subieqtTagan gancalkevebuli piri.
aRniSnuli cnebiT, yuradReba calkeuli subieqtis damoukidebel rolsa da mis
avtonomiurobazea gamaxvilebuli, rac samarTalze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis,
sociumis, mTavar subieqtad Tavisufal individs amkivdrebda.
aRniSnuli mosazreba samoqalaqo brunvis, rogorc kavSirebis sistemis, axsnaganmartebaSi aisaxa. brunvaSi arsebuli qoneba (bona) is ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani
obieqti iyo, romlis individualurad gankargva xelisuflebis prerogativad iqca.
161
Quae publicae sunt, nullius videnturin bonis esse, ipsius enim universitatis esse creduntur _ is nivTebi,
romlebic sajaroa, ver iqneba vinmes brunvadi qoneba, maT rogorc TviT Temis
sakuTrebas ganixilaven Gai.,2,11. cnebas `nullius in bonis~ (Gai.,2,9; D.1,8,1,pr.) gaiusi iyenebs
ara mxolod saRvTo samarTlis nivTebisa (res divini iuris) da sajaro nivTebis (res
publicae), aramed im kerZo nivTebis (res privata) aRsaniSnavad, romelTac aqtualuri
mesakuTre ar hqyavdaT (res nullius _ aravis nivTebi), anu samkvidro mis miRebamde.
Gai.,2,1 werda: modo videamus de rebus: quae vel in nostro patrimonio sunt vel extra nobstrum
patrimonium habentur _ ...axla ganvixiloT nivTebi: isini an Cveni mflobelobis sferoSi
arian, an Cveni mflobelobis sferos miRma.
Tumca, cneba Cvens qonebaSi (in nostro patrimonium) gulisxmobda, res humanis iuris
kategoriis
im
nivTebsac,
romlebic
gansakuTrebuli
wesiT
gankargvas
eqvemdebareboda, anu brunvidan amoRebuli qoneba (in bonis esse).
nivTTa gamijvna Cvens qonebaSi (in nostro patrimonium) da Cveni qonebis miRma (extra
nostrum patrimonium) mxolod gaiusTan gvxvdeba, sxva samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes)
ganasxvavebdnen brunvaSi arsebul (res in commercio) da brunvidan amoRebul (res extra
commercium) nivTebs. romaeli iuristi celsusi (yidva-gayidvis konteqstSi) brunvidan
amoRebul nivTebs (res extra commercium) saTayvanebeli nivTebis (res religiosae)
sapirispirod miiCnevda. (D.18,1,6 pr): ut sacra et religiosae loca aut quorum commercium no sit, ut
publicae, quae non in pecunia populi, sed in publico usu habeantur, ut est campus Martius _ rogorc
wminda da saTavyvanebeli miwebi an iseTi, romlebic brunvidan arian amoRebuli;
rogorc sajaro nivTebi, romlebic xalxis qonebas ar ganekuTvneba, marsis moednis
msgavsad, sajaro sargeblobas eqvemdebarebian.
sajaro sargeblobis nivTebi (res in usu publico) brunvidan amoRebul nivTebad (res extra
commercium) iTvleboda (maT rigs ganekuTvneboda, saxelmwifosa da kerZo pirebs
Soris garigebebis dadebisas gamoyenebuli, brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi _ res extra
commercium-s). Res publicae kategoriis nivTTa Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba, gaiusis
azris sapirispiroa, radgan yvela sajaro nivTs, RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebis
msgavsad (res divini iuris), aravis nivTebad (nullius in bonis) kategoriad miiCnevdnen.
sinamdvileSi, maT Soris sxvaoba ar arsebobda.
gaiusis mgavsad, romaeli iuristis marcianes Tanaxmad, RvTaebrivi samarTlis
nivTebi (res divini iuris) aravis brunvadi qoneba ar SeiZleba iyos (in nullius bonis sunt) da
kuTvnilebis subieqtebis mixedviT, (ierarqiuli sistemiT) nivTebs Semdeg jgufebad
yofda: Quaedem naturali iure communia sunt omnium, quaedem universitatis, quaedam nullius, pleraque
singulorum, quae variis ex causis cuique adquiruntur _ bunebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, zogierTi
nivTi aris yvelasTvis saerTo, zogierTi, rogorc mTliani, ganekuTvneba erTs,
zogierTi _ aravis, xolo nivTebis didi nawili ekuTvnis kerZo pirebs da am
nivTebis SeZena sxvadasxva safuZvlis mixedviT xdeba. (Marc., 3 Inst., D.1,8,2,pr). bunebiTi
samarTlis mixedviT, nivTebis pirvel kategorias ganekuTvneba haeri, zRva, zRvis
napiri, gamdinare wyali, xolo TviT mdinares marciane sajaro nivTad (res publicae)
miiCnevda (D.1,8,2,1). am kategoriis nivTebis sayovelTao kuTvnilebas, is calkeul
162
(mancipacia).
romis samarTliT, nivTebis dayofas
arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, rac
individualuri nebis gamovlinebas
gamovlena, realurad, jgufis interess
164
$11. sakuTvnebeli
Accessio (sakuTvnebeli).
sakuTvnebeli iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic ZiriTad nivTs ara materialurad, aramed
ekonomikurad ukavSirdeboda; ZiriTadi nivTi srulad ar miiCneoda, Tu misgan
sakuTvnebeli gancalkevebuli iyo. sakuTvnebeli damoukidebladac arsebobda, oRond
sameurneo (ekonomikuri) Sedegi orives erTad gamoyenebiT miiReboda (klite da
gasaRebi); vinaidan sakuTvnebeli damoukidebladac arseboboda, damoukidebuli
uflebis saganic SeiZleba gamxdariyo. Tumca, Tu dainteresebul pirTa Soris ar
arsebobda specialuri daTqma, ZiriTad nivTze gavrcelebuli samarTlebrivi
urTierTobebi sakuTvnebelzec moqmedebda, rasac Semdegi aforizmis gavrceleba
mohyva _ sakuTvnebli ZiriTadi nivTis beds iziarebs.
III. sakuTreba
$1. sakuTrebis ufleba
uZveles romaul samarTalSi sakuTrebis aRmniSvneli specialuri termini ar
arsebobda. vinmes xelisuflebaSi arsebuli raime nivTis aRsaniSnavad, yvela
SemTxvevaSi,
batonobis
aRmniSvneli
Zalze
Zveli
termini
dominium
(zmna
moTvinierebidan) gamoiyeneboda. civiluri, kvirituli sakuTrebis uZveles saxes
dominium ex iure Quiritium ewodeboda.
sakuTrebis uflebis matarebels SeuzRudavi ufleba hqonda da nivTis (gasxviseba,
datvirTva) gamoyenebisa da gankargvis SesaZleblobas aZlevda. nivTze kerZo
mesakuTris ufleba ucxo pirebis Carevas gamoricxavda. klasikurma iurisprudenciam
nivTze sakuTreba miiCnia piris SeuzRudav da gansakuTrebul uflebad, romelic,
arsobrivad, SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareboda da absolutur uflebad moiazreboda.
iustinianes samarTliT, nivTze sakuTrebas srul Zalauflebad (plena in re potestas)
miiCnevdnen. klasikosebis mier aRiarebuli da kanoniT ganmtkicebuli, nivTze
mesakuTris batonobis sruli ufleba, klasikosi iuristebis azriT, sakuTrebis
uflebis arss, mis Semadgenel nawilebad, Slida. kerZod, pavlusis Tanaxmad,
sakuTrebis uflebis arsebiTi nawili (pars dominii) sargeblobisa (usus) da nayofis
miRebis ufleba (ususfructus) iyo.
miwis kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba uZvelesi droidan izRudeboda. imperiis epoqaSi
iuristebma sakuTrebis cneba daazustes, radgan am uflebis gageba yovelTvis
gansakuTrebul safuZvels iTxovda da mniSvnelovan Sedegebs iwvevda. sakuTrebis
uflebis mtkiceba mesakuTres ar evaleboda da piruku, savaldebulo iyo sakuTrebis
170
sakuTrebis uflebis
formula, romelic
amrigad, sargebloba
saSualebas.
Uti _ iyo nivTidan raime sargeblis miRebis ufleba, misi gacvlis an nivTis moxebis
ganzraxvis gareSe, rac mxolod im qonebis mimarTaa SesaZlebeli, romelic mouxmar
qonebas warmoadgenda.
Frui _ sargeblobis im aqtebs ganekuTvneboda, romlebic iseTi deda nivTis mier
periodulad Seqmnili nayofis moxmarebas gulisxmobda ZiriTadi nivTis arsis
Seucvlelad. Habere (zmna `viqonio~-dan warmoiSoba) da gagebuli unda iqnas, rogorc
realuri Sedegis mqone floba (Ulp., D.50,16. 164.2). `iTvleboda, rom flobs (habere)
raimes is, visac aRniSnulis mimarT sarCelis wardgena SeuZlia; vinaidan habetur
(floben) mxolod imas, risi gamoTxovac rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli~
(Ulp., D.50.16. 143). Possidere miekuTvneba passessio-s, anu nivTis faqtobrivi flobis
viTarebas, romelsac protori icavda, sakuTari interdiqtebis (brZaneba) meSveobiT
kargavda mas Semdeg, rac aRniSnul nivTs sxva, axali mepatrone SeiZenda, anu
sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis nawarmoebi saSualebebiT nivTze erTi mesakuTris
uflebebi
meore
mesakuTres
gadaecemoda,
gamsxviseblisa
da
SemZenis
urTierTsanacvlo, nebelobiTi xasiaTis moqmedebis Sedegad (transferre dominio)
rodesac sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis saSualebebze vsaubrobT, mizanSewonilia
gaviTvaliswinoT romaul Instituciones debulebebi da jer sakuTrebis uflebis
SeZenis is saSualebebi SeviswavloT, romlebsac ius gentium icnobda, Semdeg ki ius
civile-Ti dadgenili SeZenis saSualebebi.
a) okupacia (occupatio)
Occupatio iyo nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis yvelaze Zveli da universaluri
saSualeba, romelsac romaeli iuristebi ius gentium-is institutad miiCnevdnen.
Occupatio Seicavda nadirobisa da TevzWeris Sedegad, SeZenil nivTebs da isini
Cveulebriv flobad (possessio naturales) iTvleboda (Nerva, D.41.2.1.1.).
garda am isa, occupatio mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iyo SesaZlebeli, Tu nivTi aravisi
kuTvnileba ar iyo (res nullius).
Occupatio Semdegi saSualebebiT xorcieldeboda: a) gareul mxecebze (venatio),
frinvelebze (aucupium), nadiroba da Tevzaoba (piscatio). pirutyvi SeiZleba
mitacebuli, Tumca veluri da, maSasadame, bunebrivad Tavisufali yofiliyo.
miTvisebis saSualebebidan gamomdinare, pirutyvi sam kategoriad iyofoda:
1)
gareuli mxecebi (feral bestiae), romlebic bunebrivad Tavisufalni iyvnen da romelTa
dapatroneba nebismier pirs SeeZlo; 2) moSinaurebuli, an moTvinierebuli cxovelebi
(mansuefactae), romlebsac bunebrivad Tavisufleba ki hqondaT, Tumca adamianis
kontrolis qveS imyofebodnen da, Tanac, adamianTan dabrunebis Cvevac gauCndaT
(animus revertendi); 3) Sinauri pirutyvi, romelzec mudmivad xorcieldeba adamianis
Zalaufleba. cxovelebze nadirobis ufleba adamianis Tavdapirvel da bunebiT
uflebad (ius hominis) iTvleba, vinaidan, vidre adamiani miwaTmoqmedi an mesaqonle
gaxdeboda, is nadirobiT irCenda Tavs.
b) mowinaamdegisaTvis warTmeuli samxedro nadavli; g) zRvasi amoziduli kunZuli
da zRvis mier napirze gamoriyuli nivTebi; d) uwindeli mesakuTris mier
gadagdebuli nivTebi (res derefuctae) _ beiTalman qoneba.
b) ganZi
Paul., (D. 41.1.31.1) azriT, `ganZi _ dafluli nivTebis garkveuli raodenobaa, romelTa
mimarT SeuZlebelia mesakuTris dadgena; ganZi imis sakuTreba xdeba, vinc mas
aRmoaCens, vinaidan is sxvas aravis ekuTvnis; da piruku, Tu vinme angarebiT an SiSiT
Sepyrobili, an nivTis uke Senaxvis mizniT, daflavs nivTs miwaSi, aRniSnuli nivTi
ganZad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos da, amrigad, SeiZleba qurdobis saganic ki gaxdes~.
173
176
nivTis mimarT.
amitom xSirad savindikacio process win uswrebda imis ganxilva, Tu ramdenad
marTlzomierad gaica pretoruli mflobelobiTi interdiqti.
Tu savindikacio procesis gamarjvebuli mosarCele xdeboda, sasamarTlo
ubrunebda sadao nivTs; aRniSnuli aqti mosamarTlis SuamavlobiT tardeboda.
mas
IV. mflobeloba
Possessio (mflobeloba); detentio (pyroba).
nivTze
faqtobrivi
batonoba
mflobelobad
(possessio)
iwodeboda.
es
iyo
winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis instituti, vinaidan samarTlebriv da faqtobriv aspeqtebs
erTad moiazrebda.
mflobelobis obieqtad miiCneoda mxolod sxeulebrivi nivTebi (res corporales), xolo
sxva
faqtobrivi
SemTxvevebi,
romlebic
gansakuTrebuli
interdiqtebiT
_
servitutebisa da sxva sanivTo uflebebis (res incerporales-Ti) iyo daculi. romaeli
iuristebis ganmartebiT, es iyo TiTqos mflobeloba (quasi possessio).
uflebis msgavsad, mflobelobac pozitiuri samarTliT iyo aRiarebuli da daculi.
viwro gagebiT ganasxvavebdnen iuridiuli mflobelobasac, romlis safuZvelzec
mflobelobasa (possessio) da pyrobas (detentio) erTmaneTisagan mijnavdnen; sxeulebrivi
nivTis kuTvnilebis faqtobrivi viTareba individisaTvis oficialuri aRiarebisa da
dacvisagan damoukideblad miiReboda.
182
V. servituti (servitute)
mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis zemoCamoTvlili uflebebis garda, romis samarTliT,
nivTebis arsis garkveuli SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTeli rigi uflebebi
Camoyalibda da dadginda. aRniSnul uflebaTa obieqti, cxadia, iyo, sxvisi nivTebi,
ris gamoc maT iure in re aliena ewodeboda. am uflebebs Zalze adre mieca dasabami. maTi
TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis safuZvelze sxvadasxva Sinaarsis uflebamosilebaTa
garkveuli jgufi Seiqmna. klasikuri epoqis dasasruls, am jgufs daemata
servitutis, superficiumisa da emfiTevzisis institutebi da giravnoba.
ar
Tavdapirvelad,
miwis
nakveTebi
mxolod
sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebiT
gamoiyeneboda da samarTlebrivad regulirdeboda. am mizniT, SemoiRes sasoflo
nakveTebis servituti servitudes praediorum rusticorum. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneboda
miwis nakveTebi nagebobis gareSe an mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis
sawarmoeblad damxmare nagebobebiT. mogvianebiT, roca q. romi uzarmazari imperiis
centrad iqca, ganaSenianebul miwis nakveTebTan dakavSirebiT, warmoiSva saqalaqo
servituti _ servitudes praediorum urbanorum. amis Semdeg, qalaqSic servitutis yvela
saxe sakmaod gavrcelda. gansxvavebul mosazrebas efuZneba piradi servitutebis
(servitutes personales irregulares) dadgena. Tu vinme, sxva pirisaTvis, Tavisi nivTis
samisdReSio gadacemas moisurvebda, es mas piradi servitutiT SeeZlo; am
SemTxvevaSi, nivTi aramesakuTris interesebs emsaxureboda. Tumca, piradi servituti
aucileblad gulisxmobda erTs _ nivTis mesakuTre yovelTvis rCeboda piradi
servitutis damdgeni piri an misi memkvidre.
iura praediorum
186
$1. superficiumi
superficiumi da emfiTevzisi, anu sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis samemkvidreo da
189
$2. emfiTevzisi
iustinianes kompilaciebSi termini ager emphiteuticarius sxva cnebis ager vectigalis-is
sinonimad gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, klasikuri periodis iuristebma am cnebebs
sxvadasxva mniSvneloba mianiWes.
emfiTevzisi aris sxvisi miwis nakveTiT (gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi nagebobiT)
sargeblobis da am nakveTidan nayofis miRebis sruli sanivTo, samemkvidreo da
gasxvisebadi ufleba. emfiTevzisi, garkveuli saijaro gadasaxadis gadaxdis garda,
raime saxis SezRudvas ar awesebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moijare miwis nakveTis
pirvandel mdgomareobas ar gaauaresebda.
a) Ager vectigalis. xSir SemTxvevaSi, italiis qalaqebs saxelmwifo da qurumTa
kolegiebi sakuTar nakveTebs ijariT gadascemdnen; maT kargad esmodaT, rom
sasoflo-sameurneo, vaWrobis an samrewvelo saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad
iuridiul pirebs naklebi SesaZleblobebi hqondaT. aseTi ijara sakmaod xangrZlivi
vadiT gaicemoda, zogjer, samudamodac, radgan moijares sakuTari valdebulebebis
gadacema memkvidreobiTac SeeZlo. ijaris mTavari piroba saijaro gadasaxadis
(vectigal) droulad da upirobod gadaxda iyo. mesame pirebisagan sakuTari uflebebis
dasacavad moijares, Suamavlobis gasawevad, nakveTis mepatronisaTvis unda miemarTa,
vinaidan moijare sanivTo uflebebs ar flobda. iuridiuli piris mdgomareoba
gacilebiT mZime da araqmediTi iyo fizikur pirTan SedarebiT. aqedan gamodinare,
sanivTo uflebebis dacvad, ufro mizanSewonilad miiCnies, Tu dacvis uflebebs
moijare damoukideblad moipovebda da mepatronis Suamavlobaze damokidebuli ar
iqneboda. am mizniT, (savaraudod, responsa prudentum-iT da ara pretoruli ediqtis
safuZvelze), moijares mieniWa actio in rem (vectigalis actio), riTac misi saijaro uflebebi
sanivTo uflebad (ius in re aliena) iqca; garda amisa, mas warmoSobili mflobelobis
ganxorcielebac moeTxoveboda.
aRniSnulis safuZvelze, moijare saijaro nakveTidan miRebul nayofsac iZenda,
Tanac nayofis separatio-s momentidan. misi es ufleba gasxvisebadi da samemkvidreo
gaxda. ramdenime uflebamosil pirs nakveTis realur nawilebad dayofa aRar
SeeZlo. mousavlian wlebSi moijares saijaro gadasaxadis Semcirebis moTxovnac
SeeZlo.
b) Ager emphyteuticarius. romis saxelmwifo moxeleTa mier dadgenili emfiTevzisis
instituti miznad isaxavda saSualo donis saglexo miwaTmflobelobis Seqmnas. am
mizniT,
qr. Sobis II saukunidan moyolebuli, provinciaSi mdebare
auTvisebeli miwis is uzarmazari farTobi, romelsac mTlianad monarqia, an
imperatori _ kerZo sakuTrebiT, flobda, samemkvidreo-saijaro uflebiT moijareebs
gadaeca dasamuSaveblad. mogvianebiT, ijaris es forma saeklesio nakveTebis,
191
192
mier
miwis
nakveTze
SeuzRudavi
sakuTrebis
uflebis
SeZena
193
kidev erTi forma, romlis dros dadgindeba giravnobis realuri xelSekruleba anu
kreditoris mflobelobaSi, ZiriTadi valdebulebis ZaliT, gadadis movalis nivTi);
actio pigneraticia (in personam _ giravnobis urTierTobebze dafuZnebuli sarCeli); pignus
conventum (conventio pignoris); hypotheca (giravnobis dadgenis forma kreditoris xelSi
mflobelobis gadasvlis gareSe; Tavdapirvelad pignus et hypotheca Soris gansxvaveba
mxolod terminologiuri xasiaTis iyo da hupotheca rogorc realuri garantiis
konvencionaluri forma damkvidrda mxolod klasikur periodSi); interdictum Salvianum
(miwis nakveTis im moijaris nivTebis kreditoris mflobelobaSi gadacemis
interdiqti, romelmac gadaacila saijaro rentis gadaxda); solutio (aRsruleba);
solutio per aes et libram (movalis mier lreditoris mxridan piradi Tavisuflebis
mopoveba); contrarius consensus (mxareTa SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis moSlis Sesaxeb);
beneficium competentiae (movale pasuxs agebs mxolod sakuTari qonebrivi aqtivebis
farglebSi anu sakuTari gadaxdisunarianobiT); locus solutionis (aRsruleba mosarCelis
arCeviT dadgenil adgilas unda moxdes); datio in solutum (aRsrulebis Secvla); pactum
de non petendo (SeTanxmeba moTxovnaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb); transactio (momrigebluri
garigeba); nudum pactum (SiSveli paqti), romelic ar sargeblobs sasarCelo dacviT);
exceptio pacti conventi (eqscepcia Semdgari SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb); pactum transactionis
(momrigebluri SeTanxmeba Sewyvetda valdebulebas ope exceptionis TavdacviTi
mosazrebis meSveobiT); conpensatio (CaTvla); officio iudicis (mosamarTlis Tanamdebobrivi
movaleobani); argentarius (bankiri); cum compensatione (CaTvliT); cum deductione
(gamoklebiT); ex edem causa (mosarCelisa da mopasuxis urTierTmoTxovna erTgvarovani
garigebis mimarT); concursus causarum (safuZvelTa konkurencia); confusio (Serwyma);
novatio (novacia); idem debitum (valdebulebis sagnis identuroba); aliquid novi (Zvel
valdebulebaSi erT-erTi elementis Secvla); delegatio (delegacia); delegens (erTi
piri _ deleganti); delegatus (meore piri _ delegati); delegatarius (mesame mxare _
delegatariusi); debitum (vali); nomen (moTxovna); delegatio promittendi (valdebulebaTa
delegacia); delegatio dandi (SesrulebaTa delegacia); delegatio nominis (moTxovnaTa
delegacia); delegatio debiti (valis delegacia); causa solvendi (fuladi Tanxis gadaxda);
cessio (cesia sxva pirze identuri moTxovnis gadatana); cessionarius (cedenti _
kreditori); cedens (cesionariusi mesame piri, romelic cedentis davalebiT
procesSi mosarCeled gamodis); procurator (cognitor) in rem suam (sakuTar saqmeSi
rwmunebulad gamomsvleli is saqmes awarmoebda sakuTari saxeliT da sakuTari
interesis gamo); denuntiatio (movalisaTvis Semdgari cesiis Sesaxeb gamocxadeba);
exceptio transacti negotii (efuZneba mxareebs Soris im momrigeblur garigebas, romelic
gamoricxavs sarCels).
bolo
ori
201
garda
amisa,
Tu
mxedvelobaSi
miviRebT
sponsio-sa
da
stipulatio-s
sazeimo struqturebs, isini ganixileba rogorc conceptio verborum (sityvebis
erToblioba) da abstraqtuli aqti; orive saxis garigeba obligatio verbis (zepiri
valdebulebis) kategorias ganekuTvneba. savaraudod, stipulacia jer pretorma
aRiara, xolo Semdeg civiluri samarTlis sferoSi gamoiyeneboda. rac Seexeba
stipulaciis mier warmoSobil sarCelebs, legis actiones (legisaqciuri sarCelis)
epoqaSi spitulatio certi (gansazRvruli fuladi Tanxa, an gansazRvruli nivTebis
simravle)
legis actio per condictionem
(abstraqtuli
civiluri
moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebis gaadvileba, romlis dros mosarCele ubralod sTavazobs mopasuxes,
romelic mis moTxovnas uaryofs, 30 dRis vadaSi (die condicto aqedan warmoiSva
sarCelis saxelwodeba) kvlav pretorTan gamoczaddes, raTa man mosamarTle
daniSnos) da sarCeliT iqneboda daculi. maSin, roca stipulatio in certi
ganusazRvreli valdebuleba) gulisxmobda legis actio per iudicis postulationem (SemoRebul
iqna mxolod zogierTi saxis piradi sarCelis mimarT, kerZod, XII dafis kanonebis
Tanaxmad, verbaluri kontraqtebis sarCelebisaTvis. Tu, mopasuxe uaryofs
mosarCelis moTxovnas yovelgvari formalobebis gareSe, is pretors mosamarTlis
daniSvnas mosTxovs wardgenas. aRniSnuli sarCeli legis actio sacramento in personam
SedarebiT ufro progresuli iyo da mosarCeles SesaZleblobas aZlevda
sakramentaluri giraos Setanaze eTqva uari, Tu misi ufleba kreditze sponsio-dan
gamomdinareobda.
g) stipulatio et obligatio verbis-is klasikuri struqtura
Stipulatio rogorc obligatio verbis efuZneba garkveuli frazebis (verba) warmoTqmas,
kerZod SekiTxva (interrogatio) da pasuxi (sponsio): Spondes mihi dare centum? Spondeo
(mpirdebi, rom momcem 100 monetas? gpirdebi). klasikur samarTalSi damkvidrda
frazebis anu sityvebis (verba) mavalebiTi mniSvnelobis principi. pomponiusi
stipulacias gansazRvravs rogorc sityvier formulas (conceptio), romlis Tanaxmad,
erTi piri, romelic meoris SekiTxvas pasuxobs, valdebulia misces an Seasrulos
is, rasac mas sTxoven (D.45,1,5,1). gaiusic amtkicebda, rom verbaluri kontraqti
daideboda SekiTxvisa da pasuxis meSveobiT. zepiri valdebuleba ar moiTxovs
rekvizitebis did simravles, Tumca, maTi mkacri Sesruleba savaldebulo xasiaTs
iZens.
1. stipulaciis mTavari niSania misi zepiri xasiaTi. ori mxares erTmaneTis gageba
unda SeeZlos anu mxareebi yru-munjebi ar unda iyvnen. Jestebi da werilobiTi
dokumentebi mxareTa zepir gancxadebebs ver Secvlian, amitom yru da munjebi
erTmaneTTan valdebulebas stipulaciis meSveobiT ver dadeben. amave dros,
Tavisufalia stipulaciis dadebis ena: verba SeiZleba warmoiTqvas laTinur an
berZnul enebze. romaeli iuristi sabinusi Tarjimnis monawileobasac dasaSvebad
miiCnevda (D.45,1,1,6).
2. zepiri valdebulebis dasadebad savaldebuloa ori mxaris piradi monawileoba da
proceduris Catarebis uwyvetoba. gaiusi amtkicebda, rom verbaluri kontraqtis
203
Tumca, sponsio-sa da
parametris mixedviT.
stipulatio-s
Soris
mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba
iyo
ramdenime
2. novacia
`novacia aris Zveli valis axal civilur an naturalur valdebulebaSi
transformireba (gardaqmna), roca warmoiSveba axali valdebuleba, romelic Zvels
wyvets. saxelwodeba novacia warmoiSva sityvidan axali da axali valdebulebis
(warmoqmnisagan) Ulp. (D. 46. 2. 1). stipulacia, romelic identuri sagnis mimarT
warmoSobs axal valdebulebasa da, amave dros, Zvel valdebulebas Sewyvets,
sakuTar TavSi raime siaxles unda Seicavdes. valdebulebis ganaxleba moxdeba
rogorc pirebis, ise valdebulebis sagnis (obieqtis) mimarT: 1. pirebis mimarT
novacias hqonda adgili, roca icvleba kreditoris an movalis pirovneba. am
SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad, saubaria aqtiuri an pasiuri delegaciis Sesaxeb. aqtiuri
delegacia
yovelTvis
mesame
pirisaTvis
raime
davalebis
(iussum)
micemas
gulisxmobda. movalis Secvla axali movalis mxridan kreditoris mimarT dapirebis
micemas gulisxmobda, rom is uwindeli movalis davalianebas (expromissio) dafaravda;
2. valdebulebas obieqtis (sagnis) mimarT maSin hqonda adgili, roca stipulacia
daideba imave pirebis mier, Tumca axali obieqtis mimarT. am dros adgili hqonda: a)
safuZvlis Secvlas: Tu axali dapireba ar miekuTvneba stipulaciidan warmoSobil
valdebulebas, vinaidan es stipulacia dadebulia axali garemoebis mimarT
(nasyidoba, ijara, davaleba);
b) valdebulebis maxasiaTeblebis Secvlas: icvleba
pirobebi da vadebi, agreTve Sesrulebis adgili.
valdebulebis
Sesrulebis
5. Intercessio (intercesia)
zogadad,
intercesia
piradi
garantiis
micemas
gulisxmobda.
es
termini
iurisprudenciam qr. S-mde 46 wels SeimuSava, roca gamoica Sesabamisi SC Velleiani.
intercesiis (intercessio) ufleba mxolod mamakacebs mieniWaT, kerZod, bankirebs,
sakuTari profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT. romaeli iuristi
kalistratusi werda: `savaldebuloa ganisazRvros, rom qalebi ver dakavdebian
bankiris profesiiT, radgan es mamakacis saqmea.
senatoruli akrZalvis Sesabamisad, romaelma iuristebma gansazRvres sxvisi valis
mimarT, piradi rwmunebulebis, anu intercessio Semdegi saxeebi: 1. sxvisi valis
sanivTo garantiiT uzrunvelyofa; 2. solidaruli movalis poziciaze Sedgoma; 3.
TviT movalis adgilis dakaveba (adgilmonacvleobiT), im pirobiT, rom Sewydeba
movalis valdebuleba (expromissio);
4. sakuTar Tavze raime valdebulebis aReba, im mizniT, rom is sakuTar Tavze mesame
pirs ar aeRo (intercesia gaCumebis Sesaxeb).
6. piradi rwmunebuloba iustinianes samarTalSi.
iustinianes samarTalSi fideiussio-m mTlianad Secvala sponsio et fideipromissio, xolo
rwmunebuloba, mTlianobaSi, ganixileboda rogorc subsidaruli da damatebiTi,
ZiriTadi valdebulebis mimarT. Litis contestatio Semwyveti efeqtis arsebobis gamo,
213
215
I. Re (realuri kontraqtebi)
Mutuum, mutui datio, pecunia credita (sesxis xelSekruleba); foenus nauticuni, pecunia traiecticia
(sazRvao sesxi); commodatum (sesxi); depositum (Senaxvis xelSekruleba); sequestratio
(sekvestracia); fiducia (fiducialuri xelSekruleba); pignus datum (giravnobis
xelSekruleba); iudicia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba); actio
bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri sarCelebi).
Re kontraqtebis kategoria ganisazRvreboda maTi dadebis formis mixedviT: mxareTa
SeTanxmebis garda, valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis, movalisaTvis nivTis gadacema
iyo savaldebulo. es moTxovna Zvel magiur warmodgenebTan iyo dakavSirebuli,
romelTa mixedviT, sxvis nivTTan TviT Sexebac ki, nivTis aRiarebuli mepatronis
mimarT, pirad damorClebas iwvevda.
nivTis mpyrobelis pasuxismgebloba nivTis miRebis ZaliT re teneri iyo
gansazRvruli da mas, deliqturi xasiaTis viTarebaSic hqonda adgili (magaliTad,
furtum rei _ qurdobis dros); aseTive pasuxismgebloba pirs ekisreboda saerTo
sakuTrebis (TanasakuTrebis) (res communis) dros, roca, mis monawileebs Soris,
avtomaturad, valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi warmoiqmneboda xolme. valdebulebis
klasikuri cnebis damkvidrebis Semdeg, realuri kontraqtebis specifikuri forma
movalisaTvis, Tavisebur, garantiad iqca, vinaidan garigeba mxolod maSin iTvleboda
dadebulad da valdebuleba warmoSobilad, roca SeTanxmebis obieqti movalis
xelSi gadavidoda.
$1. Mutuum mutui datio (sesxi) ius civile-s instituti iyo. sesxis xelSekrulebiT
warmoiSveboda calmxrivi valdebuleba: movale (sesxis mimRebi, msesxebeli)
sakuTrebaSi iZenda, kreditoris (gamsesxeblis) kuTvnil, gvarobiT nivTs (genus) da
valdebuli iyo daebrunebina (dare oportere), Sesabamisi nivTebis, aseTive odenoba.
kreditorisagan
miRebuli
nivTis
mesakuTre
movaled
xdeba
da
sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr, SeuZlia misi gankargva. sesxis xelSekrulebis obieqti iyo ara
konkretuli nivTi, aramed misi msgavsi gvarobiTi (genus) nivTebi, amitom nasesxebi
nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupva warmoSobili valdebulebis Sewyvetas ar gamoiwvevda.
kreditoris mxareze maSinve warmoiSveba actio certi (Zvelad legis actio per condictionem)iT daculi moTxovnis ufleba: actio certae creditae pecuniae (gansazRvruli fuladi
Tanxis Sesaxeb sarCeli, romelic, sxvadasxva qmediTi RonisZiebebis meSveobiT,
uzrunvelyofda sasarCelo warmoebis daCqarebasa da am gziT fuladi meurneobis,
kerZod
sesxis, ganviTarebas
uwyobda
xels. es sarCeli mxolod
sesxis
xelSekrulebidan warmoiSveboda) an condictio certae rei (garkveuli nivTis an sxva
cvladi nivTebis (da ara fulis) garkveuli simravlis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb).
Ulp., D.12,1,9,9: Deposvi apud te decem <milia> postea permisi tibi ut: Nerva Proculus efiam antequam
moveantur, condicere quasi mutua tibi hace posse aiunt, et ese verum, ut et Marcello videtur:animo enim coepit
possidere. Ergo transit periculum ad eum, qui pecuniam mutuam rogavit et poterit ei condici me mogeci
Sen Sesanaxad 10 000 da Semdeg neba dagrTe gamogeyenebina es Tanxa: nerva da
prokulusi ambobdnen, rom manamdec ki, vidre es Tanxa daxarjuli iqneboda, me
216
$ 3. Commodatum (sesxi)
Commodatum (sesxis xelSekruleba, romelic individualurad gansazRvruli nivTis,
droebiT usasyidlo sargeblobaSi, gadacemas gulisxmobda); actio contraria (Sesagebeli
sarCeli); furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba); actio
commodati (sesxis xelSekrulebidan wardgenili sarCeli).
sesxis
xelSekrulebis
mixedviT,
sameurneo
sargeblobisaTvis
mouxmari,
individualurad gansazRvruli nivTi (species), droebiT usasyidlo sargeblobaSi,
sxva pirs gadaecemoda (sesxis mimRebs, commodatarius _ komodatariuss). Tu sesxad
gaicemoda moxmarebadi nivTi, maSin dauSvebeli iyo misi daniSnulebisamebr
gamoyebeba, magaliTad, roca egzotikuri xili sesxad gaicemoda ara sakvebad, aramed
mxolod sazeimo magidis mosarTavad, gansakuTrebuli pompezurobisa an saCveneblad
ikrZaleboda misi sakvebad gamoyeneba. garda amisa, labeoni miiCnevda, rom sesxad
gaicemoda mxolod moZravi nivTebi, vinaidan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sargeblobas
(usus) da ara sesxs (commodatum) eqneboda adgili. aRniSnuli SezRudva kasiusma
daZlia (D.13,6,1,1).
sesxis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba, potenciurad, ormxrivi iyo:
Cveulebriv, am
xelSekrulebaSi
kreditori iyo
sesxisgamcemi; Tumca,
Tu
sesxismimRebma, nivTis Sesanaxad da gasaumjobeseblad, garkveuli xarjebi mainc,
gaswia, mas, kreditoris mimarT, Sesagebeli sarCelis (actio commodati contraria)
meSveobiT, zianis anazRaurebis ufleba eniWeboda. meore mxriv, sesxis gamcems,
dadgenil vadamde, gasesxebuli nivTis dabrunebis moTxovna ar SeeZlo. mas amis
ufleba maSinac ar hqonda, roca msesxebeli, dasaxuli sameurneo miznis miRwevis,
SesaZleblobas dakargavda (magaliTad, roca gasesxebuli iyo morebi, romlebic
saxlis gasamagreblad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli). aseT SemTxvevaSi, komodatariuss actio
contraria ufleba (Sesagebeli sarCeli mesame pirTa winaaRmdeg) eniWeboda (D.13,6,17,3).
Commodatum xelSekrulebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo sargeblobis
usasyidloba, vinaidan is megobrul urTierTobebs (amicitia) efuZneboda. Tu
komodatariusi nivTis mepatrones nasesxebs unaklo mdgomareobaSi daubrunebda,
218
$ 8. brali xelSekrulebaSi
keTilsindisierebaze damyarebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesruleba kontrhagentebisagan
gansakuTrebul zrunvas moiTxovda.
222
mesakuTres awva. Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, riski im pirsac awva, vinc movale
iyo daebrunebina nivTi, an im pirs, vinc nivTis beds mesame piris moqmedebaze
damokidebulad xdida.
obieqti
SeiZleba
momavali
nivTic
gamxdariyo:
miwis
nakveTidan
225
SesaZloa,
urTierTobis
aRniSnuli
xasiaTi
iqidan
gamomdinareobda,
rom
istoriulad, yidva-gayidva warmoiSva ori damoukidebeli stipulatio dakavSirebis
Sedegad.
a) yidva gayidvis Semadgeneli elementebi iyo: 1) mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmeba,
2) xelSekrulebis sagani (nivTi) da 3) fasi.
1) mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmeba
Paul., (D. 18. 1, 1, 2): Est autem emptio iuris gentiam et ideo consensu peragitur et inter absentes contrari
potest et per nuntium et per litteras (yidva miekuTvneba xalxis samarTals da amitom
SeTanxmebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, da yidvis xelSekruleba SesaZlebelia
ganxorcieldes armyof pirTa Soris, an macnes an werilis meSveobiT).
Tanxmobis gamoxatva nebismieri formiT iyo SesaZlebeli, xolo, Tu gamoiyeneboda
werilobiTi forma, mas mxolod mtkicebulebis mniSvneloba hqonda. romaeli
iuristebi gadameyvet mniSvnelobas swored ganzraxvas, anu nebas aniWebdnen.
Secdomis (SecdomaSi Seyvanis) sakiTxis gadawyvetas, isini sakuTar mravalricxovan
kazusebSi cdilobdnen.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SecdomaSi Seyvana xelSekrulebis sagans (error in corpore)
exeboda, anu, Tu gamyidvelis neba erTi sagnis gayidvisaken iyo mimarTuli, xolo
myidvelis neba sxva sagnis SeZenisaken, an Tu mxareTa neba gansxvavdeboda gasayidi
sagnis fasis mimarT, iuristebi miiCnevdnen, rom mxareebma SeTanxmebas ver miaRWies
da xelSekrulebac dadebulad ar CaiTvleboda. xolo, roca saqme, nivTis xarisxis
(error in substantia) Sesaxeb, myidvelis SecdomaSi Seyvanas exeboda, maSin SeTanxmebis
misaRwevad arsebuli winaaRmdegoba daZleulad miiCneoda da xelSekrulebis
namdviloba
eWvgareSe
iyo.
Tumca,
gamyidveli
movale
iyo
mydvelisaTvis
aenazRaurebina is ziani, romelic am ukanasknels miadga naklovani nivTis SeZenis
gamo, miTumetes, rom misTvis ar iyo cnobili nivTis xarvezis Sesaxeb. samagierod,
iulianusi Tvlida, rom, Tu orive mxare SecdomaSi iyo Seyvanili nivTis arsebiTi
xarisxis Sesaxeb, xelSekruleba baTilad unda CaTvliliyo.
iulianusis aRniSnuli mosazreba postklasikuri periodis romaelma iuristebma
Secvales da Camoayalibes axali zogadi wesi: xelSekruleba ararad miiCneoda, Tu
erT-erTi mxare SecdomaSi iyo Seyvanili gasayidi nivTis arsis (substantio) gamo.
1.nivTi (res)
savaWro xelSekrulebis jerovan sagnad saqoneli (res) gamodioda. Saqoneli,
garkveuli saxis, cvalebadi nivTebiT iyo warmodgenili. dasaSvebi iyo momavali
nivTebis yidva-gaydva, romelTa mimarT xdeboda maTi Semdegi nairsaxeobebis gamijvna:
1. momavali nivTis yidva (emptio rei speratae): am SemTxvevaSi mxareebi xelSekrulebas
nivTis arsebobis faqts uqvemdebarebdnen: Tu sayideli nivTi jer ar arsebobs, arc
misi fasis gadaxdaa savaldebulo; mag., jer ar aRebuli mosavali.
227
2. imedis yidva (emptio spei): imis imedi, rom arsebuli nivTi iyo xelSekrulebis
sagani, xolo imis riski, nivTi namdvilad arsebobda Tu ara, swored myidvels awva,
romelsac, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nivTis SesaZeni fasis gadaxda evaleboda.
aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis sagnis wreSi Sevida res mancipi, Tumca mancipatio
gamoyenebis gareSe, da agreTve res incorporales nivTebis kategoria da uflebebi nivTze.
namdvilad miiCneoda sxva nivTis gayidvac. Tumca, baTili iyo, myidvelis sakuTrebaSi
arsebuli, nivTis gayidva (Pomp., D. 18, 1, 16 18), agreTve is nivTebi, romlebic
gardacvlils ekuTvnoda, Tu piri, xelSekrulebis dadebamde, an misi dadebis
momentSi, gardaicvleboda.
2. fasi
principatis periodis dasaqwyisSi Zvel romSi sabinianelTa da prokulianelTa
skolebs Soris warmoiSva doqtrinuli xasiaTis dava: sabinianelebi Tvlidnen, rom
nebismieri nivTi, yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebaSi, fasis daniSnulebas asrulebda;
prokerianelTa azriT, mxolod fulis meSveobiT unda ganxorcieldes nivTis yidvagayidva. swored am mosazrebam moipova aRiareba da momavalSi iustinianes
kanonmdeblobiTac ganmtkicda.
klasikuri periodis samarTalSi fasis gansazRvra savaldebulo moTxovnad iqca.
Tanac, fasis gansazRvra mesame piris nebaze ar unda yofiliyo damokidebuli.
iustinianes azriT, gayidva maSinac SeiZleba namdvili iyos, rica mesame pirs
daevala gasayidi nivTis fasis dadgena (Inst.Iust. 3. 23. 1). nivTis fasi namdvilad unda
arsebobdes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi yidva-gayidvas ki ara, Cuqebas eqneboda adgili,
vinaidan mxolod Cuqebis drosaa SesaZlebeli gamsxvisebelsa da SemZens Soris
SeTanxmebis miRweva, rom, es ukanaskneli, meore mxares nivTis safasurs ar
gadauxdida. klasikuri periodis iuristebi mkacrad ar
iTxovdnen fasis
samarTlianobasa da mis adekvaturobas, nivTis Rirebulebis mimarT. aRniSnuli
moTxovna mxolod iustinianes samarTalSi Cndeba. masSi saubari iyo im axali wesis
Sesaxeb, romelic mniSvnelovnad azianebda uZravi qonebis gamsxviseblis interesebs,
roca mas qonebis gasxvisebas, Rirebulebis naxevarze ufro dabal fasSi, avalebdnen.
am SemTxvevaSi gamsxvisebeli, sasamarTlos gziT, uflebamosili iyo piri eSala
meore mxarisaTvis, Tu es ukanaskneli damatebiT fass ar gadaixdida.
yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis dacva ori keTilsindisieri sarCelis meSveobiT
xdeboda: actio empti et actio venditi. yidvidan-gayidvidan warmoSobili sarCelis ZaliT,
SemZeni, gayiduli nivTis, misTvis gadacemas iTxovda. garda amisa, mas SeeZlo
gamyidvelisagan moeTxova nivTis upirobo flobis uzrunvelyofa (habere licere) da
sarCelis ZaliT, sakuTari Tavisa da nivTis dacvis uzrunvelyofa, Tu nivTis
gamyidveli misi mesakuTre ar iyo. Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, nivTi nayofs
an namats iZleoda, gamyidveli movale iyo gadaeca isini myidvelisaTvis. amrigad,
aRniSnuli sarCelis meSveobiT, xdeboda nivTis gasayidi da SesaZeni fasisa da,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saprocento ganakveTis moTxovnis uzrunvelyofa.
228
233
gankargavda
da
romlis
mimarT
mas
mxolod
kontraqtidan
warmoSobili,
valdebuleba gaaCnda. Tu meijare nivTs gayidda, myidvels SeeZlo nivTis flobis
gamoTxova, saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvamde `gayidva wyvets ijaris
xelSekrulebas wesis Tanaxmad (emptio tollit locatum). aRniSnul viTarebaSi, meijare
moijaris winaSe pasuxs agebda miyenebuli zianis gamo.
2. ijariT gacemuli nivTi saTanado mdgomareobaSi Senaxva saijaro xelSekrulebis
moqmedebis vadis ganmavlobaSi, raTa moijares mieces, aRniSnuli nivTiT, normaluri
sargeblobis saSualeba. nivTis saTanadod SenaxvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi
meijarem
unda
gaiRos,
Tu,
damatebiTi
SeTanxmebiT,
sxva
ram
ar
iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli. meijares awva periculum (nivTis daRupvis riski) gamo
pasuxismgebloba, dauZleveli Zalis garemoebaTa dadgomis SemTxvevaSi.
3. meijare pasuxs agebda moijaresaTvis miyenebuli nebismieri zianis gamo.
moijare (conductor) movale iyo:
1.
ganuxrelad
Seetana
saijaro
gadasaxadi.
gadasaxadis
gadaxda
myarad
gansazRvruli, fuladi TanxiT xdeboda. Tumca, gadasaxadis gadaxda miRebuli
nayofis nawilis, anu naturaluri formiTac xdeboda.
2. nivTiT esargebla, misi bunebrivi Tvisebebisa da bunebrivi daniSnulebis
Sesabamisad. moijare calpa-s gamo pasuxs agebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man arajerovnad
isargebla nivTiT, an is aramiznobrivi daniSnulebiT gamoiyena. amis garda, moijare
pasuxs agebda nivTis SenaxvisaTvis (custodia) gamo, nivTis qurdobis (furtum) gamo.
3.
meijerasaTvis
daebrunebina
nivTi
xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg.
saTanado
mdgomareobaSi
saijaro
$6.Pacta (paqtebi)
Pactum paqti; exceptio pacti conventi (sasarCelo uaryofis formiT daculi, kerZo
SeTanxmeba); expatre rei (mxolod mopasuxis mxareze gamomJRavnebuli dacvis uaryofiTi
Sedegi); ex patre actoris (mosarCeles mxareze sasarCelo dacvis SesaZleblobis
zemoqmedeba); pacta adiecta in continenti (ZiriTadi kontraqtis dadebis momentSi,
damatebuli SeTanxmeba); pacta adiecta ex intervallo (SeTanxmeba, dadebuli garkveuli
drois gasvlis Semdeg); pacta nuda (SiSveli, an sasarCelo dacvis gareSe darCenili
paqtebi, romlebic mxolod exceptio-Tvis safuZvels qmnida); pacta vestita (Semosili
paqtebi sarCeliani dacviT uzrunvelyofili SeTanxmebebi); pacta praetoria (pretoris
mier Seqmnili da sarCeliT daculi axali samarTlebrivi figurebi da
valdebulebebi);
pacta legitima
(postklasikurma
samarTalma
sxva
sasarCelo
valdebulebebic Seqmna, romlebic dacvis uflebas imperatoris kanonmdeblobiT
iZendnen); constitutum debiti (Tavisufal formaSi dapirebis micema, garkveul vadaSi
valis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb); actio de pecunia constituta (sarCeli valis aRiarebidan, in
factum kreditors im movalis winaaRmdeg miecema, romelmac ar Seasrula constitutum
dapireba); receptum arbitri (mxareTa winadadebiT, sakuTar Tavze momrigebeli
mosamarTlis rolis aReba, roca mxareebma erTmaneTTan arasasarCelo SeTanxmeba
dades imis Sesaxeb, rom maTi dava arbitrs ganexila _ compromissum); receptum
argentrarii (constitutum debiti alieni - mesame piris valis, rogorc valdebulebis
garantiis, gansakuTrebuli formis dadasturebis SesaZleblobis gansakuTrebuli
SemTxveva, roca bankiri argentarius, Tavisufal formaSi, sakuTar Tavze iRebda misi
klientis movaleobas mesame pirs gadauxados aRniSnuli klientis vali); reseptum
nautarum, cauponum, stabulariorum (gansazRvravs xomaldis (nauta), sasatumros an duqnis
(caupo), qarvaslis an sajinibos (stabularius) mepatroneTa pasuxismgeblobas, mgzavrebis,
an mdgmurebis nivTebis xelSeuxeblobis gamo).
romis samarTalSi garigebebis mimarT dadgenili fiormaluri moTxovnebi da
kontraqtebis mkacri tipizacia imas ganapirobebda, rom mxareTa Soris dadebuli
martivi SeTanxmeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iwvevda valdebulebiT efeqts, Tu causa
obligationis
(valdebulebis
safuZveli)
erT-erT
konsensualur
kontraqts
Seesabameboda. mxolod pretorma mianiWa, Tavisufal formaSi dadebul, pactum
(SeTanxmebas) iuridiuli aRiareba, rac specialur ediqtSi De pactis et conventionibus
aisaxa (D. 2,14, 7, 7): Pacta conventa, quae neque dolo malo, neque adversis leges, plebiscita, sentus
consulta, edicta, decreta principum neque quo fraus cuicorum fiat facta erunt, servabo (me mivcem dacvas
im paqtebs, romlebic ar aris dadebuli boroti ganzraxviT da kanonebis,
plebiscitebis, senatis dadgenilebebis, ediqtebis da princepsis dekretebis
sawinaaRmdegod da aRniSnuli (normatiuli aqtebidan) romelimes gverdis avliT).
Tavisufal formaSi dadebuli kerZo SeTanxmebebis dacva, sasarCelo uaryofis
formaSi exceptio pacti conventi xorcieldeboda, anu negatiuri iyo da mxolod
241
(D.4,9,3,1).
amrigad,
daskvnis
saxiT
unda
ganimartos,
rom
imperatorma
iustinianem,
samarTalganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, cotaodeni cvlilebebi Seitana konsesualuri
kontraqtebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis saqmeSi: 1. man zogierT pacta mianiWa sasarCelo
dacvis ufleba: nawilobriv iuristebis samarTlis, nawilobriv ki pretoruli da
saimperatoro kanonSemoqmedebis safuZvelze. kerZod, iuristebis samarTali icavda
pacta adiecta in conventi, romlebic daideboda uSualod bonae fidei garigebebis dros, anu
maTi gaformebos momentSi. pretotuli samarTali icavda e. w. pacta praetoria-s
(constitutum, pactum iurisiurandi _ SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, rom mxareTa Soris davas
gadawyvetda ficis dadeba iusiuranmum). xolo imperatoris kanonebi icavda e. w. pacta
legitima (pactum dotis mxareebs (meuRleebs) SeeZloT mziTvis Sesaxeb, wvrilmani
sakiTxebis daTqma specialuri SeTanxmebiT gaeformebinaT, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom
isini dotaciuri reglamentaciis ZiriTad principebs daicavdnen (kerZod, ar
gauaresdeboda colis mdgomareoba da qmaric Semosavlis wyaros ar dakargavda,
pactum donationis da 500 solidi SeTanxmeba im nivTebis samomavlo Cuqebis Sesaxeb,
romelTa saerTo Rirebuleba 500 solidze naklebs Seadgenda (oqros monetebi) da
iustinianes kanonmdebloba, nivTis gadacemis Sesaxeb moTxovnis uSualo safuZvels
warmoadgenda; 2. Tu pactum mimarTuli iyo urTierTmoqmedebisaken da erT-erTma
mxarem Seasrula dapirebuli moqmedeba, warmoiSveboda usaxelo realuri kontraqti:
doutdes, do ut facias, facio ut des, facio ut facias; 3. imperatorma zenonma daadgina
konsensualuri kontraqtis contractus emphyteuticarius axali nairsaxeoba.
b) Delictum (deliqti)
Delictum (deliqti); crimen (danaSauli); vindicta (SurisZieba); talio (taloni); infamia
(Seuracxyofis miyeneba uRirsad miCneva); noxae deditio (samarTaldamrRvevis
dazaralebulisaTvis gadacema); actio de pauperie (sxvisi cxovelis mier miyenebuli
ziuanidan warmoSobili sarCeli); furtum (qurdoba); furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis
moparva); furtum possessionis (mflobelobis uflebis moparva); furtum proprietatis
(sakuTrebis uflebis moparva); furtum manifestum (naqurdaliT xelSi qurdis dakaveba);
furtum nec manifestum (dafaruli qurdoba); actio furti (sajarimo pasixismgebloba
qurdobisaTvis, romelic per formulas procesis CarCoebSi xorcieldeboda) furtum
oblatum (naqurdalis damalva); furtum conceptum (aSkara qurdobas utoldeboda is
garemoeba, roca naqurdali nivTi aRmoCndeboda saritualo Cxrekvis Catarebis
dros); crimina extraordinaria (imperatoris kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili qurdobis
danaSauli, romelic Zalzed mkacr sasjels iwvevda sikvdilis dasjis CaTvliT);
crimen expilatae hereditatis (samkvidros moparva); rapina (Zarcva); actio vi bonorum raptorum
(Zarcva idevneboda pretor lukulusis mier qr. S-mde 76 w. SemoRebuli sarCeliT,
romelic gulisxmobda, Zalis gamoyenebiT, naZarcvi qonebis amoRebas); damnum iniuria
datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba); actiones legis Aquiliae (per formulas procesis
farglebSi warmoSobili sarCeli, romelic lex Aquilia-s Tavebze iyo dafuZnebuli);
actio servi corrupti (monis garyvnis Taobaze Setanili sarCeli); dolo malo vi hominibus
244
armatis coachsve damnum datum (qr. S-mde I saukuneSi pretorma SemoiRo specialuri
sarCeli SeiaraRebul pirTa jgufis devnis Sesaxeb, romelmac zianis ganzraxviT
miyeneba Caidina); iniuria (pirovnebis Seuracxyofa); membrum ruphem (asoTmiReba); os
fraectum (sxeulis mZime dazianeba (Zvlis motexa); iniuria (pirovnebis nebismieri
Seuracxyofa); lex Cornelia de iniuriis (qr. S-mde 81 w. SemoRebuli kanoniT, pirovnebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, gansakuTrebiT mZime samarTaldarRvevebi, ganixileboda
rogorc crimina - danaSauli); quaestio de iniuriis (principatis periodSi cognito extra
ordinem farglebSi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze, kerZo sarCelis alternativad,
Camoyalibebuli sajaro samarTalwarmoeba); convicium adversus bonos mores (patiosani
qcevebis sawinaaRmdego gamoxtomebi, romlebSic muqara an sxva uxamsi sityvebi
igulisxmeboda); adtemptata puditicia (Seuracxyofili umankoeba, romelic, maRali wris
qalebis mimarT, TavdasxmaSi, an, orive sqesis mcirewlovanTa mimarT, uxeS moqcevaSi
igulisxmeboda); edictum de effusis et deiectis (pretori ediqtiT awesebda pasuxismgeblobas
fanjridan raimes gadagdebis an gadaqcevis gamo); actiones populares (sarCeli, romelic
nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo waredgina imis gamo, rom mravalbiniabni saxlis
mobinadrem, an nebismierma mesame pirma fanjridan raime isrola an gadaaqcia, riTac
sxeulebrivi dazianeba miayena gamvlels, an fanjrebs qveS mdgar pirs); edictum de
positum (gulisxmobda gamvlelTaTvis mxolod safrTxis Seqmnas); culpa in eligendo
(daudevroba TanamSromeli piris SerCevis dros).
I.Delictum cneba da pirobebi
deliqti iseTi akrZaluli qmedeba iyo, romelic valdebulebis warmoSobas iwvevda.
yovelgvari deliqti gulisxmobda: a) marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis ganxorcielebas
(da ara martiv windauxedaobas); marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba unda Seicavdes, zogadi
wesiT, dolus (faruli, boroti ganzraxva), xolo erT SemTxvevaSi (damnum iniuria datum)
culpa-s (gaufrTxilebloba, gaufrTxilebeli brali, gaufrTxilebeli gadacdoma);
deliqtunariani SeiZleba iyos mxolod Sesacxadi piri; b) Delictum raime adamianuri
sikeTis xelyofas an dazianebas gulisxmobda (sxeuli, Tavisufleba, qoneba, pativi
da Rirseba).
Delictum, rogorc kerZo xasiaTis samarTaldarRveva, dazaralebulis mxareze
orgvari xasiaTis interess warmoSobda: zianis mimyeneblis dasjis survilsa da
miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis aucileblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, ex delicto-dan
kreditori flobda or moTxovnas, romlebic, kumulaciurad, ori tipis sarCelebiT
iyo daculi: sajarimo sarCeliT (actio poenalis) da arasajarimo sarCeliT (actio rei
persecutoria), romlis meSveobiT xdeboda qonrbrivi interesis dakmayofileba.
amrigad, jarimis gadaxdis valdebuleba imas gulisxmobda, rom, ius civile-s mixedviT,
zogierTi qmedeba (e. w. delicta privata kerZo samarTaldarRveva) isjeboda ara
sisxlis samarTlis wesiT, aramed, dazaralebuli mxaris sasargeblod, jarimis
gadaxdevinebiT, romelsac es ukanaskneli samoqalaqo sarCelis wardgenis meSveobiT
moiTxovda; imperiis xanaSi, pirvelad, delicta privata sferoSi dazaralebuli mxare
arCevanis winaSe iyo dayenebuli: an moeTxova kerZo jarimis gadaxda samoqalaqo
245
msgavsi wesi XII dafis kanonebis mier gaTvaliswinebuli iyo im SemTxvevaSic, roca,
zianis (pauperies) mimyenebeli iyo, res mancipi-s kategoriaSi Sesuli, moSinaurebuli
cxoveli: actio de pauperie-Ti, mepatrone valdebuli iyo dazaralebulisaTvis zarali
aenazRaurebina, an misTvis zianis mimyenebeli cxoveli gadaeca. Actio de pauperie-is
mixedviT, pasuxismgeblobis rekvizitad iTvleboda cxovelis uecari siSmage, Tumca
ki, misi buneba sulac ar iyo aseTad cnobili da misTvis mSvidi moqmedeba iyo
damaxasiaTebeli.
pasuxismgebloba dgeba cxovelis saqcielis gamo da obligatio propter rem-s
warmoadgenda; Tumca, es principi emyareba imis aRiarebas, rom aseT cxovelebs
gaaCniaT garkveuli neba, isini maTi patronis moTxovnebs emorCilebian, rac arsebiT
pirobad miiCneoda res mancipi nivTebis mimarT.
$ 1. Furtum (qurdoba)
qurdobis, rogorc sxvisi moZravi qonebis marTalsawinaaRmdego miTvisebis, cneba,
romis iuridiul azrovnebaSi sakmaod adre, jer kidev respublikur xanaSi,
Camoyalibda, da masSi Tavmoyrili iyo samarTaldarzRvevaTa fasrTo wre, romlebic
dakavSirebuli
iyo
qonebrivi
zianis
miyenebasa,
an,
sxva
piris
xarjze,
marTlsawinaaRmdego
gamdidrebasTan.
TandaTanobiT,
damnum
iniuria
datum
(marTlsawinaaRmdego zaralis miyeneba) cnebis CamoyalibebiT (SemoRebul iqna qr. Smde 286 w. Lex Aquilia da aRniSnuli kanonis gamoyenebis sferos gafarToebasTan
erTad, miTumetes, rom ius civile da ius praetorium ayalibebda delictum axal saxeobebs,
furtum mniSvneloba mkveTrad SeizRuda, Tumca, Tanamedrove gagebiT, qurdobis
cnebasTan SedarebiT, kvlav Zalzed farTo mniSvnelobas inarCunebda. masSi sxvisi
qonebis Zalismieri miTvisebis garda Zarcva (rapina), iseTi saxis qmedebanic Sevida,
rogoric iyo: 1. Furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba),
roca sesxis an Sesanaxad gadacemuli nivTis mimRebi, gadaametebda sakuTari
uflebamosilebis farglebs, sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis an misi pyrobis mimarT; 2.
Furtum possessionis (mflobelobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa), roca
giraos mimcemi piri, TviTneburad daeufleboda giraoSi micemul nivTs (gaiusi, am
viTarebaSi, normalur qurdobas xedavda furtum rei da ambobda, rom aq nivTis
mesakuTre sakuTari nivTis qurdobas sCadioda furtum suae rei Gai., 3, 204); 3. Furtum
proprietatis
(sakuTrebis
uflebis
masrTlsawinaaRmdego
xelyofa),
roca
uzufruqtuariusi nivTis sameurneo daniSnulebis Secvlas axdenda.
Paul., D. 47, 2, 1, 3 Camoayaliba qurdobis cneba: Furtum est contrectatio rei fraudulosa lucri faciendi
grafia vel ipsius rei vel eiam usus eius possessionisve (qurdoba aris nivTis amoReba, Cadenili
motyuebiT da gamdidrebis mizniT, iqneba es TviT nivTis (amoReba, misiT sargebloba,
Tu misi daufleba).
qurdobis SemadgenlobisaTvios arsebiTi pirobebi iyo: 1) TviT nivTis sasargeblo
Tvisebebis miTviseba, nivTis mesakuTris nebis sawinaaRmdegod; 2) misgan sargebelis
248
miReba;
3) mizanmimarTulad: animus furandiu _ am deliqtis aucilebel
subieqtur
rekvizitad
miiCneoda
(D.47,2,33).
Tumca,
amavdroulad,
mxolod
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis safuZveli, qurdobis klasifikaciisaTvis ar iyo
sakmarisi; savaldebuloa, agreTve, materialuri moqmedebis, sxvisi nivTis datacebis
ganxorcieleba (contrectatio). ukve XII dafis kanonebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen
aSkara qurdobas, roca qurdi naqurdaliT xelSi iqneboda dakavebuli furtum
manifestum da farul qurdobas _ furtum nec manifestum. pirvel SemTxvevaSi qurdi
gairozgeboda da dazaralebulis xelisuflebaSi gadaecemoda (Tavdapirvelad
uSualod, mogvianebiT sasamarTlo magistratis adictio safuZvelze). qurdi
dazaralebulis monad cxaddeboda (veteres). Furtum nec manifestum SemTxvevaSi,
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo jarima naqurdalis ormagi Rirebulebis odenobiT. XII dafis
kanonebi aSkara qurdobasTan aTanabrebdnen im mdgomareobas, roca naqurdali nivTi
saritualo Cxrekis dros aRmoCndeboda _ furtum conceptum, rac naqurdalis
gadamalvis Sedegic SeiZleba yofiliyo _ furtum oblatum. am SemTxvevaSi, XII dafis
kanonebi jarimis sammag odenobas iTvaliswinebdnen.
qurdobis oTxi dasaxelebuli nairsaxeobidan (es sistematizacia jer kidev
mazurius sabinusma da servius sulpiciusma SeimuSaves). labeoni mxolod pirvel or
nairsaxeobas cnobda da furtum conceptum et furtum oblatim-is damoukidebeli
Semadgenlobis mniSvnelobas uaryofda (Gai.,3,183).
Per formulas procesis farglebSi, qurdobisaTvis sajarimo pasuxismgebloba
dadgenili iyo actio furti (manifesti an nec manifesti) meSveobiT. aRniSnul sarCels
aniWebdnen gaqurdul pirs, Tanac ar hqonda mniSvneloba imas, iqneboda Tu ara es
piri nivTis mesakuTre an mflobeli. amis miuxedavad, moqmedebda principi, rom
sarCeli unda miscemoda nivTis xelSeuxeblad SenarCunebaSi dainteresebul
nebismier pirs (D.,47,2,77,1).
$ 2. Rapina (Zarcva)
Prudentes, Zalis gamoyenebiT, sxvisi qonebis marTlsawinaaRmdego amoRebas rapina
(Zarcvas) uwodebdnen da mas kvalificiur qurdobad miiCnevdnen: papiniane rapina
furtum manifestum Semadgenlobas miakuTvnebda (D.47,2,81,4). Zarcva qr. S. 76 w.
prokonsul lukulusis mier SemoRebuli sarCeliT actio vi bionarum raptorum
(sarCeli Zalis gamoyenebiT amoRebuli qonebis Sesaxeb) idevneboda. sarCelis Setana
danaSaulis Cadenidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo SesaZlebeli. jarima, amoRebuli
qonebis, oTxmag odenobas gulisxmobda. (D.47,8,2 pr). erTwliani vadis gasvlis Semdeg
dasaSvebi iyo mxolod miyenebuli zianis martivi anazRaureba (in sinplum).
sarCelis pretoruli xasiaTis miuxedavad, Zarcvas klasikosebi, xolo mogvianebiT
iustinianes kanonmdebloba, mainc deliqtad, kerZo (civiluri) samarTaldarRvevis
249
erT-erT saxed miiCnevdnen. (Gai., 3,209; D. 47,8,1; 2,10; 4,2,14,2; I. 4,2 pr). Zarcvas
qurdobisagan qmedebis farulobis ararseboba ganasxvavebda. (D. 47,9,5). klasikosTa
nawili, Zarcvis gamo, Setanil sarCels Sereulad miiCnevda (Gai.,4,8). es Sexeduleba
SemdgomSi iustianemac gaiziara (Inst.Iust.4,6,19).
anu ius civile sasarCelo sistemis farglebSi, miyenebuli ziani. akvilusis kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo
mxolod
pirdapiri
dazianebis
Sedegad
damdgari
pasuxismgebloba. aseTi dazianebis miyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo braleulis fizikuri
moqmedebis Sedegad: damnum corpore corpori datum (ziani, romelic sxeuls sxeuliT
miadga). sxva SemTxvevaSi pretori, sakuTari decretum safuZvelze dazaralebul
mxares mianiWebda in factum an actiones utiles (actiones ad exemplum) sinonimi. maT
pretori iZleoda, TiToeul axal SemTxvevaSi, analogiuriT da ukve gamoyenebuli
formulis gavrcelebis meSveobiT), romlebic analogiis gamoyenebas efuZnebodnen
ad exemplum legis Aquiliae. gadawyvetilebis miReba aRniSnul qmedebaze lamis
SemTxveviTobas warmoadgenda. amitom iuristebis mosazrebebma, aRniSnul sakiTxze,
pretorul ediqtSi asaxva ver hpoves.
qr. S-mde I s-Si pretorma SemoiRo specialuri sarCeli, romlis safuZvelze
idevneboda pirTa jgufis mier miyenebuli ganzraxi dazianeba dolo malo vi hominbus
armatis coactisve damnum datum.
sarCeli miyenebuli zianis oTxmag anazRaurebas gulisxmobda, Tu sarCeli
braleuli mxaris winaaRmdeg dazianebidan erTi wlis vadaSi iqneboda wardgenili,
da martiv anazRaurebas (in simplum), Tu am vadis gadacileba moxdeboda.
ormagi da
254
drois mixedviT: furtum diarnum (dRisiT) da furtum nocturnum (RamiT) Cadenili qurdoba.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi xelmyofi piris mimarT gamoiyeneboda sxeulebrivi sasjeli da
dazaralebulis mamulSi monad gamweseba (addictio), meoreSi ki gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo, damnaSavis mimarT, dauyovneblivi TviTgasworebis gamoyeneba; 2.subieqti niSnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT gansxvavebuli wesiT isjeboda qurdobis Camdeni cives (Tavisufali
romaeli), servi (mona) (sikvdiliT sjidnen) da arasrulwlovani piri (garozgviT
isjeboda); 3.ganasxvavebdnen furtum manifestum (aSkara qurdoba) da furtum nec manifestum
(faruli qurdoba), Tanac bolo varianti sakmaod msubuqad isjeboda. damnaSave,
jarimis saxiT, naqurdalis mxolod ormag Rirebulebas ixdida.
imperiis (postklasikuri) periodi tradiciulad ius gentium ayvavebis xanasTan aris
gaigivebuli. amas ramdenime garemoeba uwyobda xels, romelTa Soris, yvelaze
mniSvnelovnad, iTvleboda: romis imperiis geografiuli moculoba da amiTve
ganpirobebuli misi adgili antikuri samyaros kulturul cxovrebaSi, msoflio
vaWrobis ganviTareba, politikuri centris aRmosavleTisaken gadatana, xolo
gansakuTrebul movlenad, mainc, pretorTa samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba
SeiZleba miviCnioT.
romis sisxlis samarTlis ganviTarebis mesame etapis novaciad Semdegi saxis
miRwevebi unda miviCnioT: a) danaSaulis subieqturi mxaris Sesaxeb moZRvrebis
gavrcobam bralis, kidev erTi formis gaufrTxileblobis, Camoyalibebas Seuwyo
xeli. Culpa (gaufrTxilebloba) dolus (ganzraxva) da casus (pasuxsmgeblobis miRma
darCenili SemTxveva) Soris Sualedur adgilas ikavebda; b) mosaubre da mrCeveli
iurisprudencis wiaRSi, yalbdeba danaSaulis mcdelobis (conatus) cneba, romlis
mimarT, Semsubuqebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamoyeneba, iyo
mizanSewonili; g) danaSaulis Cveuli da gavrcelebuli saxeebis gverdiT (crimina
legitima), TandaTanobiT gvxvdeba danaSaulis axali saxeebi (crimina extraordinaria),
kerZod: qristianobis gmoba, ficis gatexva, mucladmyofi nayofis moSoreba; d)
sisxlis samarTlis meore institutis sasjelis farglebSi siaxles
warmoadgenda zemoqmedebis Zalzed rTuli da mrisxane, xSirad barbarosuli,
sasjelis sistema, kerZod: gadasaxleba uflebebis CamorTmeviT (aquae et ignis interdicto),
gadasaxleba, aRniSnuli, damamZimebeli garemoebis gareSe (deportatio in insulam);
maRaroebSi katorRuli samuSaoebis warmoeba (condemnatio ad metallum). sasjelis
mizani damnaSavis daSineba da misTvis samagieros mizRva ar iyo; e) mudmivi armiis
SemoRebasTan erTad, samarTalSefardebiT brunvaSi, samxedro danaSaulic Semodis,
kerZod: brZolis velze iaraRis dakargva, mxedarTmTavris, an ufro dabali rangis
samxedro meTauris, Seuracxyofa, mowinaaRmdegis sasargeblod Ralatis Cadena); v)
imperatoris absoluturi xelisuflebis pirobebSi, sasjelis yvelaze gavrcelebul
saxes warmoadgenda sajarimo sanqcia, kerZod qonebis konfiskacia. aRniSnuli
sasjelis mizani iyo mudmivad mzardi samoxeleo aparatis Senaxad, damatebiTi
Semosavlis wyaros mobilizeba, ramac romis imperiaSi metad Taviseburi Sedegi
gamoiRo: daSinebuli senatorebi da mxedrebis wodebis warmomadgenlebi, TviTonve
cdilobdnen, sakuTar memkvidreebad imperatorebi daesaxelebinaT, raTa Tavidan
aecilebinaT qonebis konfiskaciis mware xvedri, vinaidan qveyana erTeulebis
257
samarTlis
mixedviT,
yvela
adamiani
Tanasworia).
Tumca,
samarTali
(da
gansakuTrebiT sisxlis samarTali) politikur doqtrinebs eqvemdebareba, cvlis
memkvidreobis sakiTxebis reglamentacias, da cdilobs, qonebriv sanqciebsa da
Tavisuflebis CamorTmevas Soris, moZebnos alternativa.
zogadad, qonebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis sferom, kastobrivi kuTvnilebis
arseboba, yvelaze metad ganicada. pirvelebma aRniSnuli viTareba swored romaelma
iuristebma SeniSnes. maTi azriT, erTi mxriv, kanoni yvelasaTvis erTi piriT
saubrobda (lex uno ore omnes alloquitur) da Tanasworoba samarTlianobis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa (prima pars aequitatis aequalitas), magram, meore mxriv, pirvelive
kritikuli viTarebis arsebobam, romaeli iuristebi daaeWva da maT gamoTqves aseTi
mosazreba: quinon habet in crimena luat in corpore, ne quis peccetur impune (is, visac safuleSi
groSi ar udevs, unda daeqvemdebaros sxeulebriv sasjels, radgan kanonis damrRvevi
dausjeli ar darCes).
amrigad, ufro zusti iqneba, aRniSnuli principi, Camoyalibdes Semdegi cnebiT:
yvela piri kanonisa da sasamarTlos winaSe aris Tanaswori, yovelgvari faqtobrivi
garemoebebis arsebobis miuxedavad, asakisa da Seracxadobis, anu im Semadgenlobis
niSnebis garda, romlebic danaSaulis subieqtisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi regulirebis sferoSi, swored danaSaulis Semadgenloba,
adamianTa iuridiuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze saimedo da gamocdili
instrumenti
iyo.
amrigad,
danaSaulebriv
qmedebebSi
braldebuli
pirebi
gaTanabrebuli da standartizebuli arian.
3. braleulobis principi Zvel romaul definiciaSi daaxloebiT ase JRerda: ubi culpa
est, ibi poena subesse debet (sadac bralia, iqve sasjelic unda iyos). bralis principis
arseboba ganpirobebuli iyo sami faqtoriT: a) brali humanuri iaraRi iyo, zianis
momtani qmedebis Camdeni, nebismieri avtoris, dasjis winaaRmdeg, maT Soris iseTi
pirebis dasjis winaaRmdeg, vinc sazogadoebrivi zneobiT ar iyo gamarTlebuli; b)
brali samarTlebrivi miznebis miRwevis aucilebeli pirobaa, rac mxolod
xelisuflebasa da damnaSaves Soris gaazrebuli dialogis arsebobis SemTxvevaSia
SesaZlebeli (ganzraxuli Canafiqrisa da nebelobiTi ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, am
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, samarTliani dasjis Sesaxeb, gamosworebisa da valis
gadaxdis Sesaxeb da sxva); g) brali _ pasuxismgeblobis individualizaciis
damatebiTi kriteriumia. braleulobis moTxovna, xelisuflebis mier, mimarTuli
mxolod bralis kondiciuri matareblebisadmi, romelTa qveS igulisxmeba garkveuli
asakis miRweva (romelic usafrTxo sazogadoebriv moqmedebas uzrunvelyofs) da
biologiuri maCveneblebi (fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobiT, adekvasturad
aRiqvas sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, unaris mqone nebismieri fizikuri piri).
amrigad, asaki da Seracxadoba bralisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis
mTavari winapirobaa. brali danaSaulis Semadgenlobis suvbieqturi mxaris niSania,
romelic, nebismieri sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze, mtkicebis sagans warmoadgenda da
axlac warmoadgens. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi braleulobis principi
dakavSirebuli iyo faqtebis swor asaxvasTan, qmedebis sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis
262
principi,
uZveles
zogadsakacobrio
idealsa
da
imeds
$3. brali
danaSauli warmoadgens garkveul fsiqofiziologiur erTobliobas, anu brali aris
azrebsa da qmedebas, sulsa da sxeuls, ganzraxvasa da Sedegs Soris arsebuli
uwyveti kavSiri. piris Sinagani sulieri samyaros is mciredi nawili, romelic
danaSaulebriv aqts uSualod asaxavda da xsnida da bunebrivad iwvevda
kanonmdeblisa da iuristis interesebs, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis subieqtur mxared
iwodeboda. aRniSnuli cneba cnobili iyo romaeli iuristebisaTvis, romlebic mas
mens rea (sulieri saqme) uwodebdnen. Tanamedrove mecniereba mens rea-Si gamohyofs
mizansa (avtorisaTvis sasurveli Secodebis Sedegi) da motivs (Segnebuli an
gauazrebeli Sinagani aRtkineba), Tumca, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis subieqturi
mxaris mTavar komponents mainc brali warmoadgens. bralis gareSe miyenebuli
zarali sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT ar idevneba da isjeba. Zvelma laTinebma
imTaviTve moaxdines danaSaulis klasificireba SemTxveviT, ganzrax da emociebze
265
damyarebul qmedebad: Modestinus (D.48,19,11,2) azriT, delinquitur aut proposito aut impetu aut casu
(adamianebi samarTals ganzrax, grZnobebis mowoliT an SemTxveviT arRveven).
nebismieri
samarTaldamrRvevi
fsiqiurad
individualuria,
xolo
nebismieri
danaSauli, agreTve, samyaros individualuri fsiqologiuri asaxvis sferos
warmoadgens da amavdroulad, danaSaulSi TviT samarTaldamrRvevis pirovnebaa
gamoxatuli.
danaSaulis subieqturi mxarisa da bralis Sesaxeb codnas Zveli romaelebi
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis diferencirebisaTvis iyenebdnen. maT mier
moZiebul iqna danaSaulebrivi fsiqologiis axal-axali gamyofi xazebi, ris Sedegad
damkvidrda mtkiceba, rom danaSaulis sxvadasxva saxe erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba
ganzraxviT da miznebiT (violuntas et propositum distinguunt maleficia). agreTve moxda
Tanamedrove iuridiuli suliskveTebisaTvis nacnobi cnebebis Tanabari brali (par
delictum), winaswar Secnobili ganzraxva (malitia praecogitata) kultivireba. swored
aqedan gamomdinareobs miTiTeba uxeS gauazreblobisa da zianis ganzraxi miyenebis
(lata culpa dolo aequiparatur - uxeSi daudevroba ganzraxvas uTanabrdeba an magna culpa
dolus est uxeSi gaufrTxelebeli ganzraxvis Tanabaria.
amrigad, imdroindel sisxlissamarTlebriv konstruqciebSi ukve iyo ganzraxvis,
gaufrTxileblobisa da daudevrobis adgili. damnaSavis inteleqtualur-nebelobiTi
Zalisxmeva da SesaZleblobani, sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi, mxedvelobaSi ori
mimarTulebiT miiReboda: Cadenili qmedebisadmi (moqmedeba an umoqmedoba) fsikuri
damokidebulebiT da am Cadenili qmedebis SedegebiT. Tumca, Zvel romaul
sakanonmdeblo teqstebsa da traqtatebSi ar iyo pirdapiri miTiTeba bralis ori
formis ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis Sesaxeb, magram ukve arsebobda
miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom alkoholi did gavlenas axdenda danaSaulis Cadenaze,
kerZod: qui peccaf ebrius, luat sobrius (vinc Caidenda danaSauls simTvraleSi, daisjeboda
maSin, roca fxizeli iyo). Zvelromaulma samarTalmcodneobam swrafad gaiazra, rom
erTmaneTisagan unda gaemijnaT SemTxveva da Secdoma. Ulp. azriT: a) cassus a nullo praestatur
(SemTxvevis (dauZleveli Zalis) gamo pasuxs aravis agebs) (D. 50, 17, 23); b) fortuitos
casus nullum humanum consilium providere potest (araviTar adamianur windaxedulobas
SeuZlia SemTxvevisagan dacva (D. 4, 4, 11, 5).
Secdomas ki error uwodebdnen. Secdoma sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba yofiliyo, kerZod:
romaelebi iuridiul da faqtobriv Secdomebs ganasxvavebdnen. gansxvavebis arsi ki
metad sworxazovani iyo: ignorantia facfi excusaf, ignorantia iuris (haund) non excusaf (nrminem
excusaf) (faqtis arcodna sapatioa, xolo samarTlis arcodna (araviTar SemTxvevaSi)
(aravis) epatieba). aRniSnulis Taobaze mniSvnelovania Paul. mosazreba: regula esf iuris
quidem ignorantia cuique nocere, facti vero ignorantium non nocere (samarTlis arcodna yvelesaTvis
sazianoa, faqtis arcodna ar aris saziano) (D.22,6,9pr).
a)Seracxaoba
brali samarTaldamrRvevis jansaRi fsiqikis moqmedebas gulisxmobs: Tu piri
fsiqiurad daavadebulia (WkuasustobiT an gonebaClungobiT) gamoiricxeba sisxlis
266
(sapasuxo)
est autem
rom ne cui
ganzraxva,
bunebrivi
270
$4. sasjeli
1.sasjelis cneba da misi miznebi
romaeli iuristebis aqsiologiuri (samarTlebrivi faseulobebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba)
Ziebani penalogiis (sasjelis Sesaxeb moZRvreba) sferoSi, maTi warmodgenebi
saxelmwifos
sadamsjelo
saqmianobis
Sesaxeb,
sakmaod
misaRebi
aRmoCnda
Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlisaTvis maT gansazRvres sasjelis gamoyenebis
prevenciuli da aRmzrdelobiTi miznebi. swored amgvarad moqmedebdnen imdroindeli
mosamarTleebi. maT urCevdnen mudam scodnodaT, rom causa in praeterium, poena in furtum
confertur (danaSaulis mizezi warsuls ekuTvnis, xolo sasjeli samomavlod iniSneba.
Ulp.35,1,12). swored amitom miaCndaT maT usargeblod represiuli RonisZiebebis mibma,
ukve Cadenili danaSaulis garemoebebsa da Sedegebisadmi; momavlisken xedva
pasuxismgeblobis Sefardebas niSnavda sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
271
Poena extenditur quandoque ratione rei publicae (zogjer sasjelis gamkacreba saxelmwifos
interesebis
Sesabamisad
xdeba).
romaeli
iuristebi
sasjelis
prevenciuli
daniSnulebas calsaxad aRiarebdnen. im dros gavrcelebuli iyo sentencia: nemo
prudens punit ut praeterita revocentur, sed ut furtura praeveniantur (brZeni adamiani sjis ara
imisaTvis, rom gaabaTilos Cadenili moqmedeba, aramed Tavidan aicilos samomavlod).
mkacri
sasjeli
naklebad
efeqturi
aRmoCnda
danaSaulebrivi
saqmianobis
Sesakaveblad, vidre darwmuneba imaSi, rom nebismieri borotmoqmedenba, gardauvalad,
dasjadi iqneba.
amis gamo, maT SeimuSaves recepti: cum non remitti poenam facebe publice intersit, ne ad maleficia
temere quisquam prositiat (dausjeli ar darCes danaSauli sazogadoebis interesebSia,
raTa aravin ganizraxos danaSaulis Cadena. C. 9,47,14).
Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi sasjeli damnaSavis mier Cadenili arasasurveli
moqmedebis Sedegebis gamo, damdgari iZulebiTi RonisZiebaa.
sasjelis ganusxvisebel Tvisebas damnaSavisaTvis tanjvis miyeneba, garkveuli
uflebis CamorTmeva an SezRudva warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli Tvisebebis gareSe,
sasjeli sakuTar daniSnulebas dakargavda da mxolod samagieros mizRvad, an
profilaqtikur RonisZiebad aRiqmeboda. sisxlis samarTlis sasjeli, rogorc
iZulebiTi RonisZieba, damnaSave pirs fizikur da zneobriv-fsiqologiur tanjvas
obieqturad uwesebda. Tumca, ciceronis azriT, prevenciuli da pedagogiuri
Zalisxmevis Sejerebisas, swored aRmzrdelobiT RonisZiebebs unda mieniWos
upiratesoba. manve gamoTqva cnobili aforizmi: SiSi movaleobis aramyari
maswavlebelia.
2. sasjelis daniSvna. danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis problema
romauli kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra, rom danaSaulis CadenisaTvis saboloo
Sedegi sasamarTlo darbazSi sabraldebo ganaCenis formiT, dgindeba. sasjelis
saxeobisa da zomis SerCeva braldebis mxaris, TviT sasamarTlos da damcvelTa
saqmianobis Sedegia.
Zveli romis kanonmdebloba jer ver axdenda sisxlis samarTlis masalis
diferencirebas zogad da kerZo nawilebad da praqtikosi iuristebi aequitas moZiebas,
kerZo deliqtebis doneze axorcielebdnen. mosamarTlis Tvalwin yovelTvis
samarTlianoba unda mdgariyo (iudex aequitatem prae oculis semper habere debet).
samarTlianoba xSir SemTxvevaSi sasjelis individualizaciasTan iyo gaigivebuli:
bonus iudex varie ex personis causisque constituet (kargi mosamarTle gadawyvetilebas
sxvadasxvagvarad
iRebs,
saqmis
garemoebaTa
da
masSi
monawile
pirTa
gaTvaliswinebiT Celsus. D. 6, 1, 38).
XII dafis kanonebi, sxva sakanonmdeblo ZeglebTan erTad, lex talionis
batonobasTan myarad asocirdeba. `Tvali Tvalis wil~ (membrum pro membro) _
primitiuli debuleba _ sayovelTaod moqmedebda, Tumca mxolod kvirituli
samarTlis (ius Quaritum) periodSi.
272
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gv.
da Taviseburebani gv.
$1. Civitas Casxva: Rex-is xana gv.
a) Rex gv.
b) senati. gv.
g) xalxi da saxalxo krebebi gv.
$2. patriciul-plebeuri civitas da respublika gv.
a) magistratura gv.
b) senati gv.
g)saxalxo krebebi gv.
$3. msoflio imperia qr.S-is I-V ss.
a) principati gv.
b) dominati gv.
Tavi IV. sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi Zvel romSi gv.
$1. sasamarTlo Zvel romSi gv.
$2. procesis cneba da saxeebi gv.
$3. Legisactiones gv.
$4. Per formulas a) in iure; b) apud iuidicem gv.
$5. procesualuri wamomadgenloba gv.
$6. Indefensio dacvaze uaris Tqma gv.
$7. Litis contestatio _ dacvis sagnis dadgena gv.
$8. sarCelebis konkurencia gv.
$9. Iudicatum sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gv.
$10. interdiqtuli warmoeba gv.
a) interdiqtis saxeebi gv.
b) restituciis safuZvlebi gv.
$11. saaRsrulebo warmeba gv.
$12. Extra ordinem cognitio eqstraordinaluri procesi gv.
279
gv.
gv.
a) verbis gv.
1) Stipulatio et sponsio gv.
2) novacia gv.
3) rwmuneba anu piradi uzrunvelyofa
4) Fideiussio
gv.
gv.
5) intercessio gv.
282
b) Litteris
gv.
g) Re
gv.
d) Consensu
gv.
e) kvazi kontraqtebi
gv.
v) deliqtebi
gv.
T) kvazi deliqtebi
gv.
gv.
gv.
gv.
283