Basic Laws of Electric Circuits: Nodal Analysis

Basic Laws of Electric Circuits
Nodal Analysis
Lesson 6
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: The Concept.
Every circuit has n nodes with one of the nodes being
designated as a reference node.
We designate the remaining n 1 nodes as voltage nodes

and give each node a unique name, vi.
At each node we write Kirchhoffs current law in terms
of the node voltages.
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: The Concept.
We form n-1 linear equations at the n-1 nodes
in terms of the node voltages.
We solve the n-1 equations for the n-1 node voltages.
From the node voltages we can calculate any branch
current or any voltage across any element.
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Concept Illustration:
v1
v2
v3
R4
R2
R1
R3
reference node
Figure 6.1: Partial circuit used to illustrate nodal analysis.
V1 V2
R2
3
V1
R1
V1
R3
V1 V3
R4
Eq 6.1
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Concept Illustration:
Clearing the previous equation gives,

1
1
1
1
1
1

V1 V2 V3 I
R2
R4
R1 R2 R3 R4
Eq 6.2
We would need two additional equations, from the

remaining circuit, in order to solve for V1, V2, and V3
4
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.1
Given the following circuit. Set-up the equations
to solve for V1 and V2. Also solve for the voltage V6.
R2
v1
R3
v2
R5
R1
I1
R4
v6
_
Figure 6.2: Circuit for Example 6.1.

5
R6
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.1, the nodal equations.
v1
R2
R3
v2
R5
R1
I1
V1
R1 R2
V2 V1
6
R3
R4
V1 V2
V2
R3
R4
I1
V2
R5 R6
v6
_
R6
Eq 6.3
Eq 6.4
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.1: Set up for solution.
V1
R1 R2
V2 V1
V2
R3
V2
Eq 6.3
Eq 6.4
1
1
1
V1 V2 I 1
R1 R2 R3
R3
Eq 6.5
1
1
1
1
V2 0
V1
R3
R3 R4 R5 R6
Eq 6.6
R4
I1
R3
V1 V2
R5 R6
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.2, using circuit values.
2A
v1
v2
Figure 6.3: Circuit for

Example 6.2.
5
10
20
At v1:
V1
10
At v2:
8
V1 V2
V2 V1
5
V2
20
4A
Find V1 and V2.
Eq 6.7
Eq 6.8
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.2: Clearing Equations;
From Eq 6.7:
V1 + 2V1 2V2 = 20
or
Eq 6.9
3V1 2V2 = 20
From Eq 6.8:
4V2 4V1 + V2 = -120
or
-4V1 + 5V2 = -120
Solution: V1 = -20 V,
9
Eq 6.10
V2 = -40 V
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.3: With voltage source.
I
R1
v1
v2
R3
R2
R4

Example 6.3.
At V1:
V1 E V1 V1 V2
I
R1
R2
R3
At V2:
V2 V
1 I
R
R
4
3
V2
10
Eq 6.11
Eq 6.12
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.3: Continued.
Collecting terms in Equations (6.11) and (6.12) gives
1
1
1
1
E
V1
V2 I
R1
R1 R2 R3
R3
1
1
1
V2 I
V1

R2
R3 R4
11
Eq 6.13
Eq 6.14
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.4: Numerical example with voltage
source.
4
v2
10 V
v1
10
What do we do first?
12
5A
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.4: Continued
4
v2
10 V
v1
10
5A
At v1:
V1 V1 10 V2
5
10
4
Eq 6.15
V2 V2 10 V1
0
6
4
Eq 6.16
At v2:
13
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.4: Continued
Clearing Eq 6.15
4V1 + 10V1 + 100 10V2 = -200

or
14V1 10V2 = -300
Eq 6.17
Clearing Eq 6.16
4V2 + 6V2 60 6V1 = 0

or
-6V1 + 10V2 = 60
14
V1 = -30 V, V2 = -12 V, I1 = -2 A
Eq 6.18
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.5: Voltage super node.
Given the following circuit. Solve for the indicated nodal voltages.
super node
v1
5
6A
v2
v3
10 V
x
4
10
15
When a voltage source appears between two nodes, an easy way to

handle this is to form a super node. The super node encircles the
voltage source and the tips of the branches connected to the nodes.
Basic Circuits
2
v2
v1
5
6A
At V1
At super
node
16
v3
Constraint Equation
10 V
10
V1 V2 V1 V3
6
5
2
V2 V1 V2 V3 V3 V1
0
5
4
10
2
V2 V3 = -10
Eq 6.20
Eq 6.21
Eq 6.19
Basic Circuits
Clearing Eq 6.19, 6.20, and 6.21:
7V1 2V2 5V3 = 60
Eq 6.22
-14V1 + 9V2 + 12V3 = 0
Eq 6.23
V2 V3 = -10
Eq 6.24
Solving gives:
V1 = 30 V, V2 = 14.29 V, V3 = 24.29 V
17
Basic Circuits
Nodal Analysis: Example 6.6: With Dependent Sources.
Consider the circuit below. We desire to solve for the node voltages
2
V1 and V2.
_
v1
10
10 V
+
_
Vx +
2A
v2
4

Example 6.6.
5
5Vx
In this case we have a dependent source, 5Vx, that must be reckoned

with. Actually, there is a constraint equation of
V2 V x V1 0
18
Eq 6.25
Basic Circuits
2
_
v1
10
10 V
Vx +
+
_
2A
5
5Vx
At node V1 V1 10 V1 V1 V2 2
10
5
2
At node V2
The constraint equation:
V x V1 V2
19
v2
V2 V1 V2 5Vx
2
2
4
Basic Circuits
Clearing the previous equations and substituting
the constraint VX = V1 - V2 gives,
8V1 5V2 30
Eq 6.26
7V1 8V2 8
Eq 6.27
which yields,
V1 6.9V ,
20
V2 5.03 V
circuits
End of Lesson 6
Nodal Analysis

Basic Laws of Electric Circuits: Nodal Analysis

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Basic Laws of Electric Circuits

We designate the remaining n 1 nodes as voltage nodes

Figure 6.1: Partial circuit used to illustrate nodal analysis.

Clearing the previous equation gives,

We would need two additional equations, from the

Figure 6.2: Circuit for Example 6.1.

Figure 6.3: Circuit for

Find V1 and V2.

Figure 6.4: Circuit for

Figure 6.5: Circuit for Example 6.4.

4V1 + 10V1 + 100 10V2 = -200

4V2 + 6V2 60 6V1 = 0

Figure 6.6: Circuit for Example 6.5.

When a voltage source appears between two nodes, an easy way to

7V1 2V2 5V3 = 60

-14V1 + 9V2 + 12V3 = 0

Figure 6.7: Circuit for

In this case we have a dependent source, 5Vx, that must be reckoned

The constraint equation:

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