You are on page 1of 15

B B<:GH<

:EDHOHEB B N?GHEB

Ob^jhdkbegbijhba\h^gbgZ\t]e_\h^hjh^bl_

:EDHOHEBBN?GHEB

DeZkbnbdZpbybghf_gdeZlmjZ
H[sZlZnhjfmeZgZZedhohebl__ 5dt^_lhR_ZebnZl_gbebZebpbde_g\t]e_
\h^hjh^_ghklZltdKihj_^\b^ZgZ\t]e_jh^gbyZlhfk dhclh _ k\tjaZgZ ob^jhd
kbegZlZ]jmiZZedhohebl_[b\Zlitj\bqgb\lhjbqgbblj_lbqgb
&+&+&+C+-OH

[mlbeh\Zedhohe itj\bq_g
[mlZghe

+& &+ &+ 2+

bah[mlbeh\Zedhohe itj\bq_g
f_lbeijhiZghe

&+
&+&+&+&+
2+

\lhj[mlbeh\Zedhohe
2-[mlZghe

&+
&+

& 2+

lj_l[mlbeh\Zedhohe
f_lbeijhiZghe

&+

Kihj_^[jhygZob^jhdkbegbl_]jmibZedhohebl_bn_ghebl_fh]Zl^Z[t^Zl_^gh
\Ze_glgb^\m\Ze_glgbljb\Ze_glgbfgh]h\Ze_glgb
&+&+2+

_lZghe

_^gh\Ze_gl_g

+2&+&+2+

_lZg^bhe
_lbe_g]ebdhe

^\m\Ze_gl_g

+2&+&+&+2+ ijhiZgljbhe
]ebp_jbg]ebp_jhe
2+

ljb\Ze_gl_g

G_gZkbl_gbl_ Zedhoheb kZ ijhba\h^gb gZ Zed_gbl_ beb Zedbgbl_ Hl lyo gZc
\Z`gbkZ
>&+ &+2+@ - \bgbeh\Zedhohe g_ kts_kl\m\Zbahf_jbabjZk_\Zp_lZe^_ob^
&+ &+&+2+ - Zebeh\Zedhohe ijhi_ghe
HCKC-CH2-OH ijhiZj]beh\Zedhohe ijhibghe
:jhfZlgbZedhohebkZl_ab\dhblhob^jhdkbegZlZ]jmiZ_ijb\t]e_jh^_gZlhfhl
kljZgbqgZlZ\_jb]ZgZZjhfZlgbkt_^bg_gby

B B<:GH< :EDHOHEB B N?GHEB

2+

[_gabeh\Zedhohe n_gbef_lZghe

2+

n_g_lbeh\Zedhohe n_gbe_lZghe

< fhe_dmebl_ gZ n_ghebl_ Ar-OH  ob^jhdkbegZlZ ]jmiZ _ ^bj_dlgh k\tjaZgZ k


\t]e_jh^_gZlhfhlZjhfZlghlhy^jh?lhgydhbhlih\Z`gbl__^gh\Ze_glgbbih
eb\Ze_glgbn_gheb
2+

2+
dj_aheb

n_ghe

&+

2+

hbahf_jibjhdZl_ohe

2+

mbahf_jj_ahjpbghe
2+

+2

2+
ibjh]Zehe

jbahf_job^jhobghg

2+

hmbebj

gZnlhe
gZnlhe
gZnlhe
gZnlhe

GZbf_gh\ZgbylZ gZ Zedhohebl_ fh]Zl ^Z k_ h[jZam\Zl beb ih aZf_klbl_egZlZ beb
ihjZ^bdZehnmgdpbhgZegZlZghf_gdeZlmjZgZ,83$&
NhjfmeZ

:edZghe

:edbeh\Zedhohe

CH3OH

f_lZghe

f_lbeh\Zedhohe

CH3CH2OH

_lZghe

_lbeh\Zedhohe

CH3CH2CH2OH

ijhiZghe

ijhibeh\Zedhohe

ijhiZghe

bahijhibeh\Zedhohe

f_lbeijhiZghe

bah[mlbeh\Zedhohe

f_lbeijhiZghe

lj_l[mlbeh\Zedhohe

&+&+&+
2+
+&
+&

&+&+2+
&+

&+

& &+
2+

B B<:GH<


:EDHOHEB B N?GHEB

H[tjg_l_ \gbfZgb_ q_ gZa\Zgby dZlh bahijhiZghe beb lj_l[mlZghe kZ ih
]j_rgbltcdZlhkZh[jZam\ZgbhlbahijhiZgbeblj_l[mlZgZlZdb\ZZedZgb
g_kts_kl\m\Zl
I_glbeh\bl_Zedhoheb h[sZnhjfmeZKGHG k_gZjbqZlihgydh]Zhs_kljb\b
ZeghlhgZbf_gh\Zgb_Zfbeh\bZedhoheb
Ih,83$&n_ghetl[bljy[\Zeh^Zk_gZjbqZ[_ga_gheZ^\m\Ze_glgbl_n_gheb
kthl\_lgh   beb [_ga_g^bheb gh k_ baiheam\Zl gZcq_klh ljb\bZegbl_
bfbf_gZkthl\ibjhdZl_ohej_ahjpbghebob^jhobghgFhghob^jhdkbegbl_ijh
ba\h^gbgZgZnlZe_gZk_gZjbqZlbgZnlhe bgZnlhe 
>jm]bijbf_jbaZkbkl_fZlbqgbbljb\bZegbgZbf_gh\ZgbykZ^Z^_gbih]hj_ijb
deZkbnbdZpbylZgZob^jhdkbijhba\h^gbl_
IhemqZ\Zg_
Gydhbhlba[jh_gbl_ih^hemf_lh^baZihemqZ\Zg_gZZedhoheb hagZq_gbktka\_a
^bqdZ kZbamqZ\Zgb\_q_ijbZed_gbbZedbeoZeh]_gb^b
:IHEMQ:<:G?G::EDHOHEB
>bj_dlghbebbg^bj_dlghijbkt_^bgy\Zg_gZ\h^ZdtfZed_gb ihijZ\behlh
gZFZjdh\gbdh\ 
&+ &+&++2

 +

&+&+&+
2+

+2
&+&+&+
+62
2+
262+

&+ &+&++262+

&+&+&+

bahijhibekmenZl
<ihkhq_gbl_ijbf_jbk_ihemqZ\Zbahijhibeh\Zedhohe
Ob^jh[hjbjZg_gZZed_gbItj\hgZqZeghh[jZam\Zgbylqj_aijbkt_^bgy\Zg_
ljbZedbe[hjZgk_hdbkey\Zk\h^hjh^_gij_dbk
 5&+ &+  %+

5&+&+ %

+2 

 5&+&+2+  +%2 

Ob^jhebaZgZZedbeoZeh]_gb^bgmde_hnbeghaZf_kl\Zg_(SN)
5+DO+2


5+DO1D 
 2+


52+++DO

ijhlbqZ[Z\gh


52+1D  +DO

kljZgbq_gijh^mdlZed_g

Ih^^_ckl\b_lhgZhkgh\ZijhlbqZbdhgdmj_glgbylijhp_ kgZ_ebfbgbjZg_gZoZ
eh]_gh\h^hjh^^hZed_gAZlh\Zh[bdgh\_ghk_^_ckl\Zk\h^gZgZljb_\Zhkgh\ZaZ
aZf_kl\Zg_gZoZeh]_gZ SN) bkZedhohegZdZeb_\Zhkgh\ZijbgZ]jy\Zg_aZij_h[
eZ^Z\Zsh_ebfbgbjZg_ (E)

B B<:GH<


:EDHOHEB B N?GHEB

HldZj[hgbegbkt_^bg_gby
Z Qj_adZlZeblbqghob^jh]_gbjZg_ dZlZebaZlhjbNi PtPdRhb^jm]b 
dZl

5&+ 2+
5
5

& 2+

5&+2+
5

dZl

&+2+

Ijblh\ZZe^_ob^bl_^Z\Zl\bgZ]bitj\bqgbZd_lhgbl_\lhjbqgbZedhoheb
[  Qj_a j_^mdpby gZ dZj[hgbegb kt_^bg_gby Ze^_ob^b Zpbeoehjb^b dZj[hd
kbegbdbk_ebgb_kl_jb keblb_\l_ljZob^jhZemfbgZl LiAlH4 
5 &

5 &

5 &

5 &

2
+
2
&O

/L$O+

2
2+

 +2

5&+2 0 
0

/L beb $O

5&+2+

2
25

Ihlhabf_lh^d_lhgbl_k_ij_\jtsZlktsh\Zedhohebgh\lhjbqgb bajZa_l_kZfb
j_ZdpbylZkpbdeho_dkZghg 
J_^mdlhjlmd_ob^jb^gbylZgbhg H: dhclhdZlhgmde_hnbeitj\hgZqZegh
k_ ijbkt_^bgy\Z dtf dZj[hgbegby \t]e_jh^_g Zlhf b k_ h[jZam\Z Zedhdkb^_g chg
f_oZgbafZgZijhp_kZbajZa_l_kZfb 
\ HlZe^_ob^bd_lhgbb_kl_jbqj_aijbkt_^bgy\Zg_gZhj]ZghfZ]g_ab_\b j_
Zdlb\b
+&
+


5 0J;
2



5&+2  0J;

+2
0J 2+ ;

nhjf
Ze^_ob^

5 &+ 25 0J;


Ze^_ob^

5
5



&+2  0J;

+2

0J 2+ ;

5&+2+
itj\bq_g
Zedhohe

5
5

&+2+
\lhjbq_g

B B<:GH<


5
5

:EDHOHEB B N?GHEB

5

5

5 &20J;

& 2 5 0J;

+2

5 &2+

0J 2+ ;

5

5
lj_lbq_g

d_lhg


5

+& 2  5 0J;

&+ 2  0J;
25

25
Zedbe
nhjfbZl
5 &+ 2
Ze^_ob^

 50J;

 +2

 520J;

5
5

\lhjbq_g
Zedhohe

&+2+

5
5 &2+

5& 2  5 0J;
25

5

^jm]
_kl_j

lj_lbq_g
Zedhohe

H[tjg_l_ \gbfZgb_ q_ kihj_^ ]hjgZlZ ko_fZ \lhjbqgbl_ b lj_lbqgbl_ Zedhoheb


dhblh k_ ihemqZ\Zl kthl\_lgh hl _kl_jb gZ fjZ\q_gZlZ beb gZ ^jm]Z dbk_ebgZ
\dexq\Zl^\ZitlbZedbeh\byhklZltdgZhj]ZghfZ]g_ab_\hlhkt_^bg_gb_ Ke_^h\Z
l_egh Zdh _ g_h[oh^bfh ^Z k_ ihemqb lj_lbq_g Zedhohe k ljb jZaebqgb hklZltpb
R1 R2 b R aZ baoh^gh \_s_kl\h ljy[\Z ^Z ba[_j_f ih^oh^ys d_lhg R1KHR2 b
]jbgyjh\j_Zdlb\R3MgX
] Qj_aob^jhebaZgZ_kl_jb
<dbk_eZkj_^Zob^jhebaZlZdZdlhb_kl_jbnbdZpbylZ_jZ\gh\_k_g ijhp_kKgZl
jb_\Zhkgh\Zj_ZdpbylZijhlbqZ^hdjZcbk_gZjbqZhkZimg\Zg_
2

5&25


+2+

1D  2+

5&2+ 5 2+
2



5&2  1D2+
5

^  Qj_a hdbke_gb_ gZ ]jbgyjh\b j_Zdlb\b b ke_^ lh\Z ob^jhebaZ gZ ihemq_gby


fZ]g_ab_\Zedhdkb^
50J;2



52  0J;

+

0J 2+ ;

52+

B B<:GH<


:EDHOHEB B N?GHEB

;IHEMQ:<:G?G:N?GHEB
Z Qj_aZedZeghklZiyg_gZgZljb_\bZj_gkmenhgZlb
62+



62  1D

1D2+&
+2

1D2+&
1D62+2

gZljb_\
[_ga_gkmenhgZl


2  1D

2+

+  +&O

gZljb_\
n_gheZl
Ihktsbyf_lh^hlbgZnlZe_gkmenhgh\bdbk_ebgbk_ihemqZ\Z kthl\_lgh
bebgZnlhe bajZa_l_j_Zdpbbl_ 
[ HlZjbeoZeh]_gb^kgZ\h^gZgZljb_\Zhkgh\Z
&O

2+


2  1D

 1D2+
&  DWP

+&O

Lhabijhp_kgZgmde_hnbeghaZf_kl\Zg_\ZjhfZlghlhy^jh SN
]h ljm^ghijb\bkhdZl_fi_jZlmjZbgZey]Zg_

Zjhf ijhlbqZfgh

\ >bZahgb_\bl_kheb\t\\h^_gjZal\hjijbl_fi_jZlmjZgZ^Kk_ ob^jheb
abjZl^hn_ghebijbdh_lhk_hl^_ey]Zahh[jZa_gZahl
1+

1 1
1D12 +&O
&

2+
&O

+ 2
&

1+&O

] Dmf_gh\ dmfheh\ f_lh^_^bgfgh]hjZpbhgZe_gijhfbre_gf_lh^aZ ^h[b


\Zg_ gZ n_ghe b Zp_lhg _^gh\j_f_ggh Dmf_gtl bahijhibe[_ga_g  k_ ihemqZ\Z
e_kghqj_aZedbebjZg_gZ[_ga_gkijhibe_g\ijbktkl\b_gZfbg_jZegZdbk_ebgZ
j_ZdpbySE 
F_oZgbaftlgZij_\jtsZg_gZdmfhe\Zp_lhgbn_ghe\dexq\Zhdbke_gb_^hob^
jhi_jdkb^ b fhe_dmegZ ij_]jmibjh\dZ ijb dhylh n_gbeh\byl hklZltd aZ_^gh k
_e_dljhggZlZ kb ^\hcdZ ij_kdZqZ hl \t]e_jh^gby dtf dbkehjh^gby Zlhf IhemqZ
\Zsbylk_dZj[_gb_\chgijbkt_^bgy\Z\h^Zbke_^hlp_i\Zg_gZihjlhg^Z\Zg_l
jZ_gihemZp_lZe ihemd_lZe gZZp_lhgZdhclhk_jZaiZ^Z^hdjZcgbl_ijh^mdlb

B B<:GH<
:EDHOHEB
B
N?GHEB



&+

&+

+& & +

+& & 2
 2 +2
&


2


&+


+& & 2 2+

+ +62
 +2

&

dmf_g
&+
+& &
2

&+

&+
+& & 2+
2

+2

 +

&+

& 2Zp_lhg


2+
ihemZp_lZe

n_ghe

Lhabf_lh^_^h[tjijbf_jaZ[_ahliZ^tqgZijhfbre_gZl_ogheh]by
?e_dljhg_gbijhkljZgkl\_gkljh_`
Dbkehjh^gbyl Zlhf \ Zedhohebl_ _ \ Vj-ob[jb^baZpby dZlh \Ze_glgbyl t]te
KHG_hdhehih^h[ghgZ\h^gZlZfhe_dmeZDbkehjh^gbylZlhf_\p_gltjZ
gZg_ijZ\be_gl_ljZ_^tj^\_hlob[jb^babjZgbl_Vjhj[blZebkZaZ_lbkih_^gZ
k\h[h^gZ_e_dljhggZ^\hcdZZ^jm]bl_^\_ob[jb^babjZgbhj[blZebmqZkl\Zl\h[
jZam\Zg_lhgZ\jtadbl_k\t]e_jh^Zbk\h^hjh^Z
<t\n_gheZfh`_^Zk_^himkg_q_dbkehjh^gbylZlhf_\Vj-ob[jb^baZpbybk_^
gZhlg_k\tja\Zsbl_kbjhj[blZebaZ_lZhlk\h[h^gZ_e_dljhggZ^\hcdZmqZkl\Z\
jkij_`_gb_k_e_dljhggbyk_dkl_lgZZjhfZlghlhy^jhLZab^_ehdZebaZpbygZ
k\h[h^gZlZ _e_dljhggZ ^\hcdZ gZ dbkehjh^Z \h^b ^h kljmi\Zg_ gZ _e_dljhggZlZ
ietlghkl  ]eZ\ghgZhbjfyklh\[_gaheghlhy^jh F_n_dl bihlhabgZqbg
]hZdlb\bjZaZj_Zdpbbl_gZ_e_dljhnbeghaZf_kl\Zg_ SE Hl^jm]ZkljZgZktshlh
kij_`_gb_ _ ijbqbgZ aZ ihkeZ[ZlZ [Zabqghkl b gmde_hnbeghkl gZ dbkehjh^Z \t\
n_ghebl_ihjZ^bZg]Z`bjZghklgZk\h[h^gZlZfm_e_dljhggZ^\hcdZ\kij_`_gb_lh
bhllZfgZfZe_gZ_e_dljhggZietlghkl
Nbabqgbbki_dljZegbk\hckl\Z
DZdlhagZ_l_\t]e_\h^hjh^bl_kZg_iheyjgbkt_^bg_gbybbfZlijhbalbqZsbl_hl
lh\Znbabqgbk\hckl\Zhlghkbl_eghgbkdblhqdbgZlhi_g_bdbi_g_ ihjZ^bkeZ[b
f_`^mfhe_dmegb \aZbfh^_ckl\by  ^h[jZ jZal\hjbfhkl \ g_iheyjgb [_ga_g l_l
jZoehjf_lZg bfZedZ\iheyjgbjZal\hjbl_eb \h^Zf_lZghe 
H[jZlghZedhohebl_kt^tj`ZliheyjgZlZob^jhdkbegZ]jmiZ HG Dbkehjh^tl\
g_y_kbegh_e_dljhhljbpZl_e_gbh[jZam\Z\h^hjh^gb\jtadbktkktk_^gbl_fhe_
dmebKe_^h\Zl_eghZedhohebl_ljy[\Z^ZbfZlagZqbl_eghih\bkhdblhqdbgZdb
i_g_ b ih]heyfZ ietlghkl kijyfh \t]e_\h^hjh^bl_ ktk ktsZlZ fhe_dmegZ fZkZ
>hjbiheyjghkllZgZfhe_dmebl_dZlhpyehfyjdZaZdhylh_^bihegbylfhf_gl,

B B<:GH<
:EDHOHEB
B
N?GHEB



k_hljZay\ZihkeZ[h\tjoml_fi_jZlmjZlZgZdbi_g_hldhedhlh\h^hjh^gbl_\jta
dbLZdZgZijbf_jnijhibeoehjb^tlbfZih]heyfZfhe_dmegZfZkZ FF  b
ih]heyf^bihe_gfhf_gl  D ghagZqbl_eghihgbkdZl dbi K hl
dhedhlhn[mlZghetlMM  Dbl dbiK
+

g_iheyj_g
\t]e_\h^hjh^_g

hklZltd

++
+

5

:edhohebl_kgbkdZfhe_dmegZfZkZkZjZal\hjbfb\t\\h^ZltcdZlh]jmiZlZHG
h[jZam\Z\h^h^jh^gb\jtadbk\h^gbl_fhe_dmeb,Zob^jhnh[ghkllZgZfZedbl_Ze
dbeh\b]jmib\eby_hlghkbl_eghkeZ[hKgZjZkl\Zg_gZ[jhygZ\t]e_jh^gbl_Zlh
fb ihkl_i_ggh gZ^^_ey\Z \ebygb_lh gZ g_iheyjgby Zedbeh\ hklZltd b hllmd jZa
l\hjbfhkllZ\t\\h^Zk_ihgb`Z\Z:edhohebl_k_^bg^hljb\t]e_jh^gbZlhfZk_
kf_k\Zlk\h^Z\t\\kydhhlghr_gb_
:edhohe
Q[mlbeh\
Qi_glbeh\
Qo_dkbeh\

JZal\hjbfhkl
(g/100 ml H2O)

2
1

Ih\bkrbl_ZedhohebbfZlfgh]hfZedZjZal\hjbfhkl\t\\h^ZghkZ^h[j_ jZal\h
jbfb\_l_joehjhnhjfZp_lhgblg

Nb]BgnjZq_j\_gbki_dljbgZ_lbei_glZghebgZ^bf_lbei_glZghe
ki_dljbl_ gZ ^\_l_ \_s_kl\Z kZ aZkg_lb [_a jZal\hjbl_e klj_edZlZ ihkhq\Z b\bpZlZ aZ k\h[h^gZ
ob^jhdkbegZ ]jmiZ rbjhdZlZ bgl_gab\gZ b\bpZ k_ ^te`b gZ f_`^mfhe_dmegb \h^hjh^gb \jtadb

BgnjZq_j\_gb ki_dljb <Ze_gl_gbl_ lj_il_gby gZ \jtadZlZ OG ij_^ba\bd\Zl


hkljZb\bpZgZih]etsZg_\h[eZkllZcm Nb] :dhh[Zq_ki_dltjtl
gZ ^Z^_g Zedhohe beb n_ghe k_ aZkg_f_ \ dhgp_gljbjZg jZal\hj gZijbf_j  \

B B<:GH<


:EDHOHEB B N?GHEB

l_ljZoehjf_lZg lhgZj_^kihkhq_ghlhih]etsZg_aZk\h[h^gZob^jhdkbegZ]jmiZ
k_ gZ[ex^Z\Z b rbjhdZ b\bpZ hl  ^h  cm h[mkeh\_gZ hl ZkhpbbjZgbl_
ob^jhdkbegb]jmibl_l_abdhblhmqZkl\Zl\f_`^mfhe_dmegb\h^hjh^gb\jtadb
Ijb jZaj_`^Zg_lh gZ jZal\hjZ bgl_gabl_ltl gZ lZab rbjhdZ b\bpZ gZfZey\Z b \
jZaj_^_gjZal\hj ijbf_jgh10mhll)hklZ\ZijZdlbq_kdbkZfhb\bpZlZijb
cm:dhijbjZaj_`^Zg_bgl_gabl_ltlgZrbjhdZlZb\bpZih^cm-g_k_
ih\eby\Z lh\Z _ ^hdZaZl_ekl\h aZ \tlj_rghfhe_dmegZ \h^hjh^gZ \jtadZ. B\bpZlZ
aZ\Ze_glghlhlj_il_g_gZ\jtadZlZKH_f_`^mbFPl_\h[eZkllZ
gZhli_qZltdZgZiZe_pZbljm^ghk_b^_glbnbpbjZ


+YFJKi_dljbOb^jhdkbegbylijhlhggZZedhohebl_h[bdgh\_gh^Z\Zkbg]e_l
f_`^mbfqihkdZeZlZMqZklb_lh\t\\h^hjh^gb\jtadbijbqbgy\Zbaf_kl
\Zg_ gZ kb]gZeZ dtf ihkeZ[hlh ihe_  fq  Kibgkibgh\h \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ k
ijhlhgbl_ijbktk_^gby\t]e_jh^_gZlhfh[bdgh\_ghg_k_gZ[ex^Z\ZihjZ^b[tj
abyh[f_ggZijhlhgbl_hl]jmiZlZHGdhclhk_dZlZebabjZhldbk_ebgbGZijb
f_j\gZcmihlj_[y\Zgbl_jZal\hjbl_ebKDKl3bKKl4\bgZ]bbfZke_^bhlGKl

Nb]GYFJKi_dltjgZ[_gabeh\Zedhohe
GZ Nb]  _ ^Z^_g YFJki_dltjtl gZ [_gabeh\by Zedhohe Ijb ^h[Z\yg_ gZ D2H
dtfijh[ZlZ\h^hjh^tlk_h[f_gyk^_ml_jbcbkb]gZetlaZHGbaq_a\ZIhlZdt\
gZqbge_kghk_b^_glbnbpbjZlkb]gZebl_gZob^jhdkbegbl_ijhlhgb
Ijbn_ghebl_ Nb] ijhlhgh\bylkb]gZegZ]jmiZlZHGk_gZ[ex^Z\ZdZlhkbg
]e_l\h[eZkllZfq\aZ\bkbfhklhlijbjh^ZlZgZjZal\hjbl_eyl_fi_jZlm
jZlZdhgp_gljZpbylZbebhlgZebqb_lhgZ\h^hjh^gb\jtadb

B B<:GH<


:EDHOHEB B N?GHEB



Nb]GYFJKi_dltjgZn_ghe
Obfbqgbk\hckl\Z
Dbk_ebgghhkgh\gb \aZbfh^_ckl\by Iheh`bl_egbyl bg^mdpbhg_g _n_dl gZ Ze
dbeh\bl_]jmibRhlqZklbgZfZey\ZiheyjbaZpbylZgZob^jhdkbegZlZ]jmiZbaZlh
\ZZedhohebl_kZihkeZ[bdbk_ebgbhl\h^ZlZ?lhaZshl_^Z\ZlZedhdkb^bkZedZ
e_gf_lZeghg_bkZedZe_gob^jhdkb^


52+1D52 1D  +

2
+
+

2
+
+

\h^ZjDZ 

+
+

ZedZghejDZ 

DZdlh ke_^\Z hl _e_dljhggby kljh_` ijb n_ghebl_ dbkehjh^gbyl Zlhf ^hitegb
l_egh h[_^gy\Z gZ _e_dljhggZ ietlghkl ihjZ^b jkij_`_gb_ k ZjhfZlghlh y^jh
Lh\Z^hitegbl_eghmkbe\ZiheyjbaZpbylZgZ\jtadZlZOGbke_^h\Zl_egh ih
\brZ\Zdbk_ebgghkllZ?lhaZsh_eh]bqgh^Zk_hqZd\Zq_gZebqb_lhgZ_e_dljh
ghZdp_ilhjgbaZf_klbl_ebgZ h b jfyklh ^hitegbl_egh s_ aZkbe\Z dbk_ebggbl_
k\hckl\ZZ_e_dljhgh^hghjgbl_aZf_klbl_ebgZl_abf_klZs_bfZllhqghh[jZlgby
_n_dl AZf_klbl_ebl_ gZ mfyklh kijyfh ob^jhdkbegZlZ ]jmiZ keZ[h k_ hljZay\Zl
gZ dbk_ebgghkllZ aZsh"  Kheb gZ n_ghebl_ n_gheZlb n_ghdkb^b  fh]Zl ^Z k_
h[jZam\ZlgZijbf_jkZedZegbbebZedZeha_fgbob^jhdkb^b
ArOH + Na+-OH ArO-Na+

+ H2O

B B<:GH<
:EDHOHEB
B
N?GHEB





Ar-OH

pKa

n_ghe
jgbljhn_ghe
2^bgbljhn_ghe
2ljbgbljhn_ghe
ibdjbgh\Z dbk_ebgZ






KjZ\g_l_ k dbk_ebgghkllZ gZ hp_lgZlZ dbk_ebgZ jDZ



K_]Zfh`_f^Zih^j_^bfZedhohebl_n_ghebl_b\h^ZlZ\ke_^gbyj_^gZm\_ebqZ
\ZsZk_dbk_ebgghkl \Z`gh 
5&2+  5&+2+  5&+2+  &+2+ 

+2

 &+2+ 

ibdjbgh\Z dbk_ebgZ

Ih^h[gh gZ \h^ZlZ Zedhohebl_ ijhy\y\Zl b keZ[b hkgh\gb k\hckl\Z h[jZam\Zcdb


ktkkbegbdbk_ebgblgZjhdkhgb_\bkhebIjhlhgtl embkh\Zdbk_ebgZ k_k\tja
\Zqj_a_^gZlZhlk\h[h^gbl__e_dljhggb^\hcdbgZdbkehjh^gbyZlhf embkh\Zhk
gh\Z 
52++;

+;

5 2

+&O +%U +62 +12 +&O2

b ^j

Lh\ZijhlhgbjZg_gZob^jhdkbegZlZ]jmiZyij_\jtsZ\^h[jZgZimkdZsZ]jmiZb_
g_h[oh^bfitj\b_lZigZj_Zdpbbl_SNijbZedhohebl_N_ghebl_kZbadexqbl_egh
keZ[b hkgh\b fgh]h ihkeZ[b hl Zedhohebl_ h[ykg_l_ aZsh dZlh bfZl_ ij_^\b^
jZaij_^_e_gb_lhgZ_e_dljhggZlZietlghkl 
:J_ZdpbbgZZedhoheb
?kl_jbnbdZpbygZZedhoheb
Z _kl_jbkg_hj]Zgbqgbdbk_ebgb
52++212
52++212

+2

+2

52+32&O

5212 ZedbegbljZl
521

Zedbegbljbl

25
2 3 25
25

+&O

ljbZedbenhknZl

52++62
dhgp

+2

52622+

52+
+2

Zedbeob^jh]_gkmenZl
ZedbekyjgZ dgZ

526225
^bZedbekmenZl

562

B B<:GH<


:EDHOHEB B N?GHEB



>bZedbekmenZlbl_ kZ fgh]h ^h[jb ZedbebjZsb j_Zdlb\b gh ljy[\Z \bgZ]b ^Z k_
bfZij_^\b^q_kZkbeghlhdkbqgb
=ebp_jheljbgbljZltl _ ba\_klghlh kt^hjZarbjy\Zsh e_dZjkl\_gh \_s_kl\h
gbljh]ebp_jbgdhclhktsh_bfhs_g_dkiehab\
&+

2 12

&+ 2 12
&+

2 12

[ _kl_jbkhj]Zgbqgbdbk_ebgb
Lh\Z__^gZh[jZlbfZj_Zdpby dZlZebabjZgZ hl kbegb ijhlhgh\b dbk_ebgb dhblh
ijhlhgbjZldZj[hdkbegZlZ]jmiZbihlhabgZqbgyZdlb\bjZlaZgmde_hnbegZZlZ
dZIhf_oZgbatf_kl_jbnbdZpbylZij_^klZ\ey\Zgmde_hnbeghijbkt_^bgy\Zg_ih
ke_^\Zgh hl _ebfbgbjZg_ gZ \h^Z Ijb lh\Z k_ jZadtk\Z \jtadZlZ OZpbe hl ba
oh^gZlZdbk_ebgZZg_OZedbehlZedhoheZ

5 &

2
2+

+

 2+

5 &
 +25


2+

+2

 25

5 &
2 +

5 &


2 +
2+


+ 2 5

5 & 2+
2+
25

5 & 
2 +

 2+
5 &
2+

2 5
+

5 & 2
+
2+

5 &

25

+

DZlh dZlZebaZlhj k_ baiheam\Zl gZcq_klh dhgp_gljbjZgb fbg_jZegb dbk_ebgb


kyjgZkhegZbebnhknhjgZ
GZc^h[jb ^h[b\b gZ _kl_j k_ ihemqZ\Zl Zdh k_ kta^Z^Zl mkeh\by aZ bal_]eyg_ gZ
jZ\gh\_kb_lhgZ^ykghgZijbf_jqj_ahl^_klbebjZg_gZ_kl_jZbebgZ\h^ZlZhl
j_ZdpbhggZlZkf_kIhgydh]Zk_ijb[y]\Z^hlgZjZp_hljhigZ^_klbeZpbygZ\h
^ZlZl_^h[Z\yk_jZal\hjbl_edhclhk\h^ZlZh[jZam\ZZp_hljhigZkf_kdbiysZ
ijbhlghkbl_eghgbkdZl_fi_jZlmjZ ihgbkdZhlK <h^ZlZfh`_^Zk_hlg_fZ
\oh^ZgZj_ZdpbylZbkihfhslZgZl\tj^bg_jl_gkmrbl_egZijfhe_dmeghkblh
:
Ij_^klZ\_gbyl ih]hj_ f_oZgbatf gZ _kl_jbnbdZpbylZ _ bexkljZpby aZ l gZj
ijbgpbigZfbdjhkdhibqgZlZh[jZlbfhklaZ^Z[t^__^gZj_ZdpbydZlhpyehh[
jZlbfZ lh b \k_db g_bg f_`^bg_g klZ^bc ljy[\Z aZ^te`bl_egh ^Z [t^_ h[jZlbf
Hllmdke_^\ZgZijbf_jq_h[jZlgZlZj_Zdpbydbk_ebgghdZlZebabjZgZlZob^jh
ebaZgZ_kl_jbs_ijhlbqZihktsbyf_oZgbatfgh\h[jZlgZihke_^h\Zl_eghkl
gZklZ^bbl_

B B<:GH<


:EDHOHEB B N?GHEB



?l_jbnbdZpbygZZedhohebihemqZ\Zg_gZ_l_jbqj_ah[_a\h^gy\Zg_gZ^\_
fhe_dmebZedhoheijbgZ]jy\Zg_ktkkyjgZdbk_ebgZJ_ZdpbylZ_gmde_hnbeghaZ
f_kl\Zg_b_h[jZlbfZ
52+

+62
+2

52+
52622+ 
 2622+
Zedbe
kmenZl


525
+

+

525
_l_j

Ihemq_gbyl itj\hgZqZegh Zedbeob^jh]_gkmenZl h[Zq_ fh`_ ^Z _ebfbgbjZ kyjgZ


dbk_ebgZ ^h Zed_g Zdh l_fi_jZlmjZlZ _ gZ^  K LZdZ gZijbf_j hl _lZghe
ijbKk_ihemqZ\Z_lbeh\_l_jZijbK_lbe_gIhlhabf_lh^h[Zq_g_
fh]Zl^Zk_kbgl_abjZln_ghegb_l_jb aZsh" 
3. J_ZdpbbgZgmde_hnbeghaZf_kl\Zg_ SN IjhlhgbjZgZlZob^jhdkbegZ]jmiZ
dZdlh[_kihf_gZlhih]hj__^h[jZgZimkdZsZ]jmiZ\j_Zdpbbl_gZgmde_hnbegh
aZf_kl\Zg_?lhaZshZedhohebl_e_kghij_fbgZ\Zl\oZeh]_ghijhba\h^gbih^^_c
kl\b_lh gZ GKl G<r b G, Ch^h\h^hjh^tl h[Zq_ ^_ckl\Z hs_ b dZlh j_^mdlhj gZ
h[jZam\Zgbl_ itj\hgZqZegh ch^gb ijhba\h^gb b djZcgbyl _n_dl _ ij_fZo\Zg_ gZ
ob^jhdkbegZlZ]jmiZ hl^_eyk_ch^ 
Lbhgbeoehjb^tl SOCl2 blbhgbe[jhfb^tl SOBr2 ktshij_\jtsZlZedhohebl_\
oZeh]_gh\t]e_\h^hjh^bihf_oZgbafZgZlgZj\tlj_rghfhe_dmeghgmde_hnbegh
aZf_kl\Zg_ (SNL  Ih ih^h[_g gZqbg \ta^_ckl\Zl b gydhb nhknhjgb oZeh]_gb^b
3&O 3&O, PBr3PI .?lhgydhedhijbf_jb
52++%U

%U

52++,

+2

 5 2+
5,

%U5+2

5+,

5%U62+%U

52+62%U
52+3&O

+,

61

5&O32&O+&O

Ijbn_ghebl_ih^h[gbaZf_klbl_egbj_ZdpbbgZob^jhdkbegZlZ]jmiZg_ijhlbqZl
4. Hdbke_gb_ gZ Zedhoheb Ijb hdbke_gb_ k dZeb_\ i_jfZg]ZgZl (.0Q2) beb
ojhf_g ljbhdkb^ (CrO3) itj\bqgbl_ Zedhoheb ^Z\Zl Ze^_ob^b dhblh h[Zq_ fgh]h
e_kghk_hdbkey\ZlihgZlZltd^hdZj[hdkbegbdbk_ebgb<lhjbqgbl_Zedhohebk_
ij_\jtsZl\d_lhgb<f_klhhdbke_gb_fh`_^Zk_baihea\ZdZlZeblbqgh^_ob^jh
]_gbjZg_gZijbf_jhlp_i\Zg_gZ\h^hjh^gZ^gZ`_`_gZf_^ijbhdhehK
5&+

2+

>2@

>2@

5&+2

&X
+
5
5

&+ 2+

>2@

5
5

& 2

5&22+

B B<:GH<


:EDHOHEB B N?GHEB



;J_ZdpbbgZn_gheb
1. H:edbebjZg_HlgZqZehkgZljb_\Zhkgh\Zn_ghetlk_ij_\jtsZ\khe gZljb_\
n_gheZl qbclhZgbhg_ihkbe_ggmde_hnbehln_gheZbke_^lh\Zk_h[jZ[hl\Zk
^bZedbekmenZlbebZedbeoZeh]_gb^\t\\h^gZkj_^Z


2&+

2 1D

&+ 62

 1D26H2&+ beb1D,

beb&+,

f_lhdkb[_gahe
Zgbahe
f_lben_gbe_l_j

gZljb_\
f_lbekmenZl

<ktsghkllh\Z_jZagh\b^ghklgZj_ZdpbylZgZMbeyfktgaZkbgl_agZ_l_jbGydhb
hlihemq_gbl_n_ghegb_l_jbbfZlijbyl_gZjhfZlbk_baiheam\Zl\iZjnxf_jby
lZ gZijZgbahetl 
2. H:pbebjZg_Ijh\_`^Zk_kZpbeoZeh]_gb^bbebkdbk_ebggbZgob^jb^bdZlh
k_ ihemqZ\Zl Zjbeh\b _kl_jb ;_gahbebjZg_lh klZ\Z gZcm^h[gh \ ijbktkl\b_ gZ
gZljb_\Zhkgh\Z

2+

&+&2 2

2&2&+

&+&22+

&+&2&O

n_gbeZp_lZl

2&2


1D &O +2

1D2+
n_gbe[_gahZl

N_ghegbl__kl_jbg_fh]Zl^Zk_h[jZam\Zlqj_aijydZ_kl_jbnbdZpbykdZj[hdkbe
gZdbk_ebgZltcdZlhn_ghebl_kZl\tj^_keZ[bgmde_hnbeb
3. ?e_dljhnbegh aZf_kl\Zg_ SE  Ob^jhdkbegZlZ ]jmiZ \t\ n_ghebl_ _ Zdlb\b
jZsojhjb_glZgl?lhaZshj_Zdpbbl_gZkmenhgbjZg_gbljbjZg_ oZeh]_gbjZg_
bl g\ZjhfZlghlhy^jhijhlbqZlke_dhlZGZijbf_jkdhgpZahlgZdbk_ebgZ g_
_gm`gZgbljbjgZkf_k k_aZf_kl\Zl\h^hjh^gbl_ZlhfbbgZljbl_\tafh`gbf_k
lZhs_ijbh[bdgh\_gZl_fi_jZlmjZijh^mdltl_ibdjbgh\Zdbk_ebgZ

B B<:GH<


:EDHOHEB B N?GHEB

2+



2+
+212
+2

21

12

12
ljbgbljhn_ghe
ibdjbgh\Z dbk_ebgZ



Fhghgbljhijhba\h^gbl_k_ihemqZ\ZlkjZaj_^_gZZahlgZdbk_ebgZ<lhabkemqZc
itj\hgZqZeghn_ghetlk_gbljhabjZhlke_^bZahlbklZdbk_ebgZZke_^lh\Zgbljh
ahijhba\h^gbl_k_hdbkey\Zl^hgbljhkt_^bg_gbyhlZahlgZlZdbk_ebgZ

2+

2+
+21 2
 +2

2+
12

12

>2@
+212
 +12

2+

2+
12

12

Ijblh\Z hlgh\h k_ h[jZam\Z ZahlbklZ dbk_ebgZ b gbljhabjZg_lh ijh^te`Z\Z Ih


emq_gZlZkf_khlRbjgbljhn_ghebk_jZa^_eye_kghqj_a^_klbeZpbyk\h^gZiZ
jZe_leb\k\h^gZiZjZ_kZfhhbahf_jtl aZsh" Zjbahf_jtlhklZ\Z\^_klbeZ
pbhggbykt^
BajZa_l_kZfbkmenhgbjZg_lhb[jhfbjZg_lhgZn_gheZ^hfhghijhba\h^gb
Hdbke_gb_N_ghetlk_hdbkey\Ze_kgh^hjbhldbkehjh^ZgZ\ta^moZdZlhihk
l_i_gghijhf_gyp\_lZkbhl[_ap\_l_gij_ajhah\q_j\_gbltfghdZny\^h
q_j_gH[jZam\Zk_kf_khlkeh`ghihkljh_gbp\_lgbijh^mdlbIj_qbkl\Zk_hllyo
qj_a\Zdmmf^_klbeZpbybebqj_a^_klbeZpbyk\h^gZiZjZ




You might also like