Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IZjbijZrgZ
Bkdmkkl\h aZ^Z\Zlv \hijhku
H]eZ\e_gb_
FZg]ZeZqZjZgZ
DjZldh_ `bag_hibkZgb_ Rjbeu =hmj =h\bg^u K\Zfb
G_kdhevdh keh\ h gZklhys_c k_jbb Rjb Kb^^oZglZ KZ]ZjZ <\_^_gb_
QZklv i_j\Zy
GZklZ\e_gby
=eZ\Z i_j\Zy
Iheghklvx jZkp\_lr__ khagZgb_
K\h[h^Z \u[hjZ
<b^u khagZgby
GZeZdm\_jZ b FZgb]jb\Z
H[jZlbkv d kZ^om b kijZrb\Zc _]hh lZll\_ =eZ\Z
\lhjZy <hajh^blv k\hb hlghr_gby k ;h]hf
Ih`Zj \ hd_Zg_
>hklmigh lhevdh ex^yf
GZagZq_gb_
<_^ ;_kieh^gZy dhjh\Z
<_^uk\b^_l_evkl\mxl
=hkih^v QZclZgcZ gZklZ\ey_l RZqbfZlm
Jbkdmy `bagvx
<u iv_l_y^
<k_h[s__ [jZlkl\h
=eZ\Z lj_lvy
Ieh^u \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfu
JZa^_e_gb_h[s_kl\Z gZ \Zjgu
>\_ \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfu
AZ ij_^_eZfb \ZjgZrjZfu <ukrbc
ieh^ \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfu
Gb ihjZ[hs_ggZy gb k\h[h^gZy =hlh\u
aZ^Z\Zlv \hijhku =eZ\Z q_l\_jlZy
KZg^biZgb Fmgb
H\_qvy eh]bdZ
KmgZg^Z =Zg^oZj\Z G_
\bgbl_ ^jm]bo M\b^_lv
=mjm IeZdZlv h =mjm
G_h[oh^bfh ih^l\_j`^_gb_
Ih^ebggZy kZ^om kZg]Z ; m^vl_
[_kobljhklgufb Klmi_gb [oZdlb Ke_ihc
\_^_l ke_ih]h =eZ\Z ^_\ylZy <k_]^Z jy^hf
IJBEH@?GBY
;oZ]Z\Z^ =blZ
Rjb KZgZlZgZ ^ZkZ ©Rjb =mjm \Zg^ZgZª
<ZcrgZ\Z fZobfZ
Keh\Zjv bf_g b l_jfbgh\
Machine Translated by Google
FZg]ZeZqZjZgZ
hf Z^`gZgZ lbfbjZg^oZkcZ
^`gZgZg^`ZgZ rZeZdZcZ qZdrmj mgfbeblZf c_gZ
lZkfZb rjb ]mjZ\_ gZfZo
Y [ue jh`^_g \h lvf_ g_\_`_kl\Z gh fhc ^moh\guc mqbl_ev hldjue fg_ ]eZaZ b haZjbe fhc imlv k\_lhq_f agZgby
Y gbadh kdehgyxkv i_j_^ gbf
Y ij_dehgyxkv i_j_^ lh[hc fhc ^moh\guc gZklZ\gbd H kiZkbl_ev iZ^rbo ^mr ih l\h_c fbehklb g_fhc h[j_l_l
^Zj djZkghj_qby Z ojhfhc \ahc^_l d ]hjguf \_jrbgZf Klhev qm^h^_ckl\_ggZ fbehklv Rjb =mjm
H kZfh_ \_ebdh^mrgh_ \hiehs_gb_ =hkih^Z Lu ² DjbrgZ y\b\rbcky \ h[ebd_ Rjb Djbrgu QZclZgcb FZoZijZ[ om L_eh L\h_ lh]h `_ ahehlbklh]hp\_lZ qlh b l_eh
RjbfZlb JZ^ oZjZgb b Lu s_^jh ^Zjbrv ex^yf qbklmx ex [h\vd Djbrg_ Fu ijbghkbf L_[_ ^Zgv k\h_]h ihqblZgby
rjb djrgZ qZblZgcZ ijZ[om gblcZgZg^Z rjb Z^\ZblZ ]Z^Z^oZjZ rjb\ZkZ^b ]ZmjZ [oZdlZ \jg^Z
oZj_ djrgZ oZj_ djrgZ djrgZ djrgZ oZj_ oZj_ oZj_ jZfZ oZj_ jZfZ jZfZ jZfZ oZj_ oZj_
Machine Translated by Google
RjbeZ =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb FZoZjZ^`Z y\beky \ wlhl fbj k_gly[jy ]h^Z Hg jh^beky \
\ZcrgZ\kdhc k_fv_ \ ^_j_\g_ >`Z]ZggZloZ imjZ jZkiheh`_gghc g_^Ze_dh hl k\ylh]h f_klZ >`Z]ZggZl oZ imjb \
bg^bckdhf rlZl_ HjbkkZ >_lkl\h ;jZ^` Z[Zg^om =bjb lZd gZau\Zeb ?]h ;h`_kl\_ggmx Fb ehklv \ lh \j_fyijhreh \
^_j_\g_ =Z^Zc ]bjb b _s_ j_[_gdhf hg k ex[h\vx b ij_^Zgghklvx kem'be
=hkih^m Djbrg_ ?]h ^_^ [ue iZjZfZoZfkhc ² hg [_kij_klZggh ih\lhjye k\ylu_ bf_gZ =hkih^Z b ieZ dZe i_j_^ ;h`_kl\hf
=hiZe >`bm >_^ ihdZaZe ; jZ^`Z[Zg^om dZd gm`gh ih\lhjylv fZoZ fZgljm OZj_
DjbrgZ kqblZy fZglju gZ iZevpZo <f_kl_ kh k\hbfb ^y^vyfb ;jZ^`Z[Zg^om qZklh oh^be ih ^_j_\gyf hgb i_eb fZoZ
fZgljm b i_kgb GZjhllZfZ ^ZkZ LoZdmjZ Kh \j_f_g Rvyj^g [om ihlhfdb jh^Z
=bjb keZ\bebkv \ Hjbkk_ dZd kZfu_ bkdmkgu_ bkihegbl_eb dbjlZgh\ Ba dgb]b aZibk_c \_^ms_cky \
ojZf_ >`Z]ZggZloZ Imjb fu magZ_f qlh ljbklZ e_l gZaZ^ pZjv Hjbkku ih\_e_e imkdZlv bkihegbl_e_c
dbjlZgh\ ba ^_j_\gb =Z^Zc ]bjb \ ojZf =hkih^Z >`Z]ZggZlob b iha\heylv bf mkljZb\Zlv ^ey G_]h dbj lZgu < Hjbkk_
ihlhfdh\ jh^Z =bjb ^h kbo ihj ihqblZxl dZd dbjlZgZ =mjm K r_klb e_l ;jZ^`Z[Zg^om ihdehgyeky ;h`_kl\m
dhlhjh]ha\Zeb =hiZe kie_lZe ^ey G_]h ]bjeyg^u
ba p\_lh\ Z bgh]^Z ijb k\_q_ i_e ^ey =hiZeZ k\ys_ggu_ ]bfgu aZibkZggu_ gZ iZevfh\uo ebklvyo Hg
g_ ^hljZ]b\Zeky ^h _^u _keb hgZ g_ [ueZ ij_^eh`_gZ =hiZem D
\hkvfb ]h^Zf ;jZ^`Z[Zg^om ijhq_e \kx ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]blm RjbfZ^ ;oZ]Z\ZlZf Rjb QZclZgcZ qZjblZfjblm b mf_e bo
lhedh\Zlv Ih \_q_jZf `bl_eb ^_j_\gb qZklh kh[bjZebkv ihkemrZlv dZd ;jZ^ `Z[Zg^om qblZ_l i_j_\h^ oZ]Z\Zlu
JZfZygu beb FZoZ[oZjZlu LZd k jZggbo e_l ;jZ^`Z[Zg^om
ih\lhjye fZgljm OZj_ DjbrgZ bamqZe k\ys_ggu_ ibkZgby \ZcrgZ\h\ b ihdehgyeky k\h_fm ex[bfhfm
=hiZem >jmavy b jh^gu_ \kihfbgZxl qlh hg [ue hq_gv kihdhcguf b aZ^mfqb\uf j_[_gdhf ?]h g_
ijb\e_dZeb gb b]ju gb dbgh gb l_Zlj
` _gbeky klZe ]jboZklohc K\hx `_gm RjbfZlb <brZglb
^_\b hg \i_j\u_ m\b^_e lhevdh gZ k\Z^v[_ K ^_gv]Zfb \ k_fv_ [ueh ljm^gh ihwlhfm ;jZ^`Z[Zg^om g_
fh] ihklmiblv mqblvky \ mgb\_jkbl_l Hg klZe kZf aZgbfZlvky ih \_q_jZf qlh[uk^Zlv wdaZf_gu wdkl_j ghf LZd hg
ihemqbe kl_i_gv [ZdZeZ\jZ ]mfZgblZjguo gZmd G_kfhljy gZ;
[Zg^om ih ij_`g_fm k ex[h\vx b ij_^Zgghklvx kem`be =hiZem hg \klZ\Ze \ iheh\bg_ q_l\_jlh]h mljZ ih\lhjye fZgljm
OZj_ DjbrgZ ihdehgyeky LmeZkb ^_\bb qblZe \f_kl_k k_fv_c ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]blm
Qlh[u kh^_j`Zlv k_fvx ;jZ^`Z[Zg^om jZ[hlZe mqbl_e_f \ f_klghc rdhe_ Hg g_ mimkdZe \hafh` ghklb
jZkkdZaZlv mq_gbdZf h Djbrg_ bh gZmd_ ij_^Zggh]h kem`_gby Ljb^pZlv e kimkly g_dhlhju_ba
mq_gbdh\ ihemqbeb m g_]h ^moh\gh_ ihk\ys_gb_ <h \j_fy rdhevguo dZgbdme ;jZ^`Z[Zg^om \f_kl_ k
`_ghc hlijZ\eyeky \ =bfZeZb Hgb ihk_sZeb k\ylu_ f_klZ lbjlob b ZrjZfu b ;jZ^`Z[Zg^om g_ jZa
h`_klhq_ggh kihjbe k nbehkhnZfb fZcZ\Z^b dhlhju_ \klj_qZebkv bf gZ
< Zij_e_ imlb ]h^Z ]em[hdZy ex[h\v dhlhjmx ;jZ^`Z[Zg^om bkiulu\Ze d =hkih^m Djbrg_ ih [m ^beZ
_]h mclb hl fbjkdhc `bagb < \hajZkl_ khjhdZ iylb e_l hg hklZ\be ^hf b k_fvx qlh[u ihk\ylblv
k_[y ^moh\ghfm kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgbx K gbs_gkdhc kmfhc b ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]blhc \ jmdZo =hmj =hiZeZgZg^Z
^ZkZ lZd hg l_i_jv k_[y gZau\Zeoh^be ih Bg^bb b ih[u\Ze \h fgh]bo k\yluo f_klZo gZ [_j_]Zo =Zg]b
Hg bkdZe ^moh\gh]h gZklZ\gbdZ dhlhjuc ihfh] [u _fm ijhgbdgmlv \ ]em[bgguc kfuke fZoZ fZglju
Ohly aZ ]h^u k_f_cghc `bagb hg ih\b^Ze g_fZeh kZ^om b =mjm \ Hjbkk_ ^_ckl\m_l fgh]h ba\_klguo k_dl
]Zm^bcZ \ZcrgZ\h\bo gZklZ\e_gby g_ aZljhgmeb _]h k_j^pZ Ihke_ p_eh]h ]h^Z kljZgkl\bc hg hlijZ \beky i_rdhf
\h <jbg^Z\Zg gZ^_ykv qlh lZf \ k\ylhc h[bl_eb Djbrgu bkihegblky _]h aZ\_lgh_ `_eZ
gb_
Q_j_a ^\_ g_^_eb ihke_ ijb[ulby \h <jbg^Z\Zg =hmj =hiZeZgZg^Z m\b^_e [hevrhc sbl k gZ^ibkvx
<kdhj_ hg \klj_lbe aZiZ^guo ij_^Zgguo dhlhju_ ^Zeb _fm h^bg ba ghf_jh\ `mjgZeZ >hfhc d ;h ]m Dh]^Z
=hmj =hiZeZgZg^Z ijhq_e `mjgZe ijhkeZ\eyxsbc [h`_kl \_ggmx ex[h\vd Djbrg_ _]h ho\Z lbeh `_eZgb_ m\b^_lvky
k _]h j_^Zdlhjhf hkgh\Zl_e_f >\b`_gby khagZgby Djbrgu ² Rjbehc
IjZ[omiZ^hc LZd hg gZdhg_p gZr_e k\h_]h \_qgh]h ^moh\gh]h gZklZ\gbdZ d \klj_q_ k dhlhjuf ^he]h
klj_fbeky
Dh]^Z =hmj =hiZeZgZg^Z \hr_e \ dhfgZlm Rjbeu IjZ[omiZ^ub ij_^klZ\beky i_j\h_ h q_f IjZ[ omiZ^Z _]h
kijhkbe [ueh Lu m`_ ijbgye kZggvykm" ² G_l ² hl\_lbe =hmj =hiZeZgZg^Z Gm lZd y
l_[_ __ ^Zf =hmj =hiZeZgZg^Z ihgye RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z agZ_l qlh m g_]h gZ k_j^p_ Hg ij_^Zeky _]h
ehlhkhih^h[guf klhiZf b \kdhj_ ihemqbe m g_]h ^moh\gh_ ihk\ys_gb_ ]h^m
< gZ p_j_fhgbb hldjulby ojZfZ Rjb Rjb Djbrgu ;ZeZjZfu RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z ihk\y lbe _]h \ kZggvykb <
kdhj_ ihke_ wlh]h hg ihkeZe =hmj =h\bg^m FZoZjZ^`m \ Hjbkkm ijhih\_^h\Zlv b
kljhblv ojZf \ ;om[Zg_r\Zj_ ]^_ ij_^Zgguf BKDDHG g_aZ^he]h ^h wlh]h [ue ih^Zj_g mqZklhd a_feb
< lh \j_fy lZf [ueb ^`mg]eb dbrZsb_ af_yfb kdhjibhgZfb b fhkdblZfb MqZklhd gZoh^beky ^Z e_dh hl
p_gljZ ]hjh^Z b ex^b ^Z`_ ^g_f [hyebkv lm^Z oh^blv =hmj =h\bg^Z FZoZjZ^`Z ^ey dhlhjh]h
`_eZgb_ Rjbeu IjZ[omiZ^u \k_]^Z hklZ\Zehkv aZdhghf [ue g_mkljZrbf b mihjgh ljm^beky qlh[u _]h
bkihegblv H^gh \j_fy hg `be gZ kdeZ^_ m lhj]h\pZ qZ_f ihke_ wlh]h ² \ g_[hevrhc ob`bg_ \f_kl_ k
^hjh`gufb jZ[hqbfb lZf hg ke_^my gZdZam Rjbeu IjZ[omiZ^u gZqZe i_j_\h^blv _]h dgb]b gZ yaud
hjby
Machine Translated by Google
=hmj =h\bg^Z FZoZjZ^`Z h[hr_e h^bg aZ ^jm]bf ihqlb \k_ ^hfZ dhglhju b mqj_`^_gby \ ;om[Z g_r\Zj_ b _]h
hdj_klghklyo kh[bjZy g_[hevrb_ ih`_jl\h\Zgby AZl_f hg kh[kl\_gghjmqgh ihkljhbe gZ
ih^Zj_gghf mqZkld_ a_feb g_[hevrhc djuluc khehfhc ^hf
< gZqZe_ ]h^Z \ ;om[Zg_r\Zj ijb_oZe RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z >ey g_]h kgyeb m^h[guc ghf_j \
]hjh^kdhc ]hklbgbp_ gh IjZ[omiZ^Z kdZaZe Y [m^m `blv \ lhf ^hf_ dhlhjuc ihkljhbe ^ey f_gy fhc
mq_gbd fhc ^hjh]hc kug ² =hmj =h\bg^Z RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z hklZ\Zeky \ ;om[Zg_r\Zj_ k_fgZ^pZlv
^g_c jZ[hlZy gZ^ i_j_\h^hf >_kylhc I_kgb RjbfZ^ ;oZ]Z\ZlZf < [eZ]hkeh\_gguc ^_gv y\e_gby
=hkih^Z GblvygZg^u hg ijh\_e p_j_fhgbx aZdeZ^db i_j\h]h dZfgy \ hkgh\Zgb_ [m^ms_]h ojZfZ Wlh
[ue ihke_^gbc hk\ys_gguc bf ojZf ]h^m
< =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb ih_oZe \ FZcyimj <h \j_fy h^gh]h ba dbjlZgh\ \ ojZf_ hg ihl_ jye khagZgb_ b miZe ?]h
ih^gyeb b i_j_g_keb \ dhfgZlm Jy^hf k gbf [ueh g_kdhevdh ij_^Zgguo b jm dh\h^bl_e_c BKDDHG ² \k_ hq_gv
\klj_\h`_ggu_ Iha\Zeb h^gh]h ^hdlhjZ ihlhf ^jm] h]h gh hgb g_
kfh]eb ihklZ\blv ^bZ]gha Dlh lh ij_^iheh`be ^Z`_ qlh =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb h^_j`bf ^moZfb B lhev dh :dbgqZgZ
DjbrgZ^ZkZ ;Z[ Z^`b FZoZjZ^`Z ^moh\guc [jZl Rjbeu IjZ[omiZ^u hij_^_ebe qlh =hmj
=h\bg^ZK\Zfb i_j_`b\Z_l [oZ\m ijbeb\ wdklZlbq_kdhc ex[\bd ;h]m
<_jgm\rbkv \ ;om[Zg_r\Zj =hmj =h\bg^Z FZoZjZ^`Z p_ebdhf hl^Zeky bkiheg_gbx gZdZaZ k\h_]h
^moh\gh]h mqbl_ey ?fm gZ ihfhsv [ueh ihkeZgh g_kdhevdh aZiZ^guo ij_^Zgguo gh fgh]b_ g_kfh]eb
\ug_klb kmjh\uo mkeh\bc `bagb Bo ihjZ`Zeh qlh =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb [_ajhihlgh i_j_ghkbe ljm^gh klb _e lhevdh jZa \ ^_gv
b kh\k_f g_ kiZe >g_f b ghqvx hg eb [h ijhih\_^h\Ze eb[h ih\lhjye fZgljm eb[h ^_eZe aZibkb \ k\hbo l_ljZ^yo
RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z ^Ze =hmj =h\bg^_ K\Zfb ljb ]eZ\guo gZdZaZ i_j_\_klb _]h dgb]bk Zg]ebckdh]h
gZ yaud hjby ihkljhblv ojZf \ ;om[Zg_r\Zj_ b ijhih\_^h\Zlv ih \k_fm fbjm Wlb ljb gZdZaZ klZeb ^ey
=hmj =h\bg^u K\Zfb kfukehf `bagb M g_]h [ueh kljh]h_ ijZ\beh g_ kZ^blvky _klv g_ aZdhgqb\ i_j_ \h^ ^g_\ghc ghjfu
Ij_^Zggu_ m^b\ eyebkv dh]^Z \b^_eb dZd ihke_ fgh]hqZkh\h]h i_j_e_lZ =hmj =h \bg^ZK\Zfb kgZqZeZ aZdZgqb\Ze i_j_\h^
ihjmq_gguc _fm ^moh\guf gZklZ\gbdhf b lhevdh ihlhf
^mfZe h _^_ b kg_ Hg hklZ\Zeky \_j_g wlhfm h[_lm ^h ihke_^g_]h ^gy `bagb
< ]h^m RjbeZ =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb \i_j\u_ hlijZ\beky k ijhih\_^vx aZ jm[_` ?]h `_eZgb_
ijhih\_^h\Zlv djbrgZ dZlom [ueh lZdbf kbevguf qlh \ l_q_gb_ ihke_^mxsbo h^bggZ^pZlb e_l hg im l_r_kl\h\Ze ih \k_fm
fbjm g_kfhljy gZ [hevgmx gh]mb fgh]hqbke_ggu_ g_m^h[ kl\Z
L_ dhfm ^h\h^behkv kemrZlv e_dpbb Rjbeu =hmj =h\bg^u K\Zfb \kydbc jZa [ueb ihjZ`_gu
Fy]dbc b kdjhfguc \ ebqghf h[s_gbb hg gZ e_dpbyo ih RjbfZ^ ;oZ]Z\ZlZf j_\_e dZd e_\ djmrZ
]hj^ugx dhlhjZy ihjZabeZ k_j^pZ _]h mq_gbdh\ b jZa[b\Zy \ ijZo bo aZ[em`^_gby Ihjhc ijhqblZ\ dZ dh_gb[m^v ba\_klgh_
nbehkhnkdh_ iheh`_gb_ ba dhff_glZjby [omiZ^u hg gZqbgZe kf_ylv ky dZd kf__lky j_[_ghd b ]h\hjbe A^_kv j_qv b^_l h
djbrgZ ij_f_ gh wlh gm`gh ihykgblv B \
l_q_gb_ ^\mo beb lj_o qZkh\ lhedh\Ze h^gh ij_^eh`_gb_ ijhgbdZy \k_ ]em[`_ b ]em[`_ \ _]h kfuke q_f
g_h[udgh\_ggh ihjZ`Ze kemrZl_e_c GZ h^ghc ba lZdbo e_dpbc hg kdZaZe Kfhljbl_ DjbrgZ kf__lky
gZ^h fghc \_^vy iulZxkv h[tylv g_h[tylgh_
G_j_^dh \h \j_fy e_dpbb RjbeZ =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb \^jm] gZqbgZe i_lv ^Z\Zy kemrZl_eyf \ha fh`ghklv ihgylv qm\kl\Z
jZ^hklb kfbj_gby b ij_^Zgby k_ [y ;h]m dhlhjufb ijhgbdgmlu fhebl\u \_ ebdbo ij_^Zgguo ² Rjbeu ;oZdlb\bgh^Z LoZdmjZ b
^jm]bo ZqZjv_\ DjbrgZ dZloZ [ueZ ^ey g_]h kZfhc
`bagvx Hg qZklh ]h\hjbe >_gv ijh\_^_gguc [_a djbrgZ dZlob q_jguc ^_gv
RjbeZ =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb ]em[hdh agZe k\ys_ggu_ ibkZgby <k_ h q_f hg ]h\hjbe hg h[hkgh\u
\Ze pblZlZfb ba fgh]hqbke_gguo \_^bq_kdbo bklhqgbdh\ Bgh]^Z hg aZ^Z\Ze mq_gbdm \hijhk b _keb lhl hl\_qZy g_
kkueZeky gZ rZklju hg djbqZe Fhr_ggbd GZ_ iulZcky h[jZgmlv] < \ \k_]^Z
kkueZ_lky gZ k\ys_ggu_ibkZgby
RjbeZ =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb [ue [_kkljZrguf ijhih\_^gbdhf b gbdh]^Z g_ ihklmiZeky bklbghc jZ ^b kbxfbgmlghc \u]h^u
Lhl dlh g_ \b^bl Djbrgm ke_i_p ² ih\ lhjye hg ² LZdhc ke_i_p ]h\hjbl h
Djbrg_ Z kZf ijh^he`Z_l bafureylv Ihwlhfm _]h j_qv g_ [m^_l ^_ckl\_gghc Keh\h bklbggh]h kZ^om
gbdh]^Z g_ jZkoh^blky k ^_ehf
=hmj =h\bg^Z FZoZjZ^`Z \_e ^g_\gbd b _`_^g_\gh ^_eZe \ g_f aZibkb DZ`^mx aZibkv hg aZdZgqb
\Ze h^bgZdh\h =hiZe agZ_l h[h \k_f qlh k^_eZe k_]h^gy wlhl kem]Z DZ`^uc ^_gv hg ijhkbe =hiZeZ
Iha\hev fg_ [ulv jy^hf k [ebadbfb ih ^mom ij_^Zggufb ]h^m ihke_
< r_klgZ^pZlb e_l mihjgh]h ljm^Z RjbeZ =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb bkihegbe \hex
k\h_]h ^moh\gh]h mqbl_ey \ [eZ]hkeh\_gguc ^_gv y\e_gby =hkih^Z JZfZqZg^ju JZfZ GZ\Zfb hg hl djue \ ;om[Zg_r\Zj_
\_ebdhe_iguc ojZf Rjb Rjb DjbrgZ ;ZeZjZfZ dhlhjuc k_]h^gy ihk_sZxl lu kyqb ex^_c RjbeZ =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb ]h\hjbe Y
hldjue \ ;om[Zg_r\Zj_ rdhem ke_a _keb fu g_
[m^_f ieZdZlv h Djbrg_ Hg g_ ijhev_l gZ gZk K\hx fbehklv H[ wlhf =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb g_mklZggh
ijhih\_^h\Ze ih \k_fm fbjm \ ihke_^gb_ ^_kylv e_l k\h_]h ajbfh]h ij_[u\Zgby gZ a_fe_
=hmj =h\bg^Z FZoZjZ^`Z \k_]^Z `be kdjhfgh b ijhklh >h ihke_^gbo ^g_c `bagb hg hklZ\Zeky \
g_[hevrhf ^hf_ jy^hf k l_f qlh ihkljhbe ^ey Rjbeu IjZ[omiZ^u \ ]h^m G_kdhevdh jZa _]h ijh
Machine Translated by Google
kbeb \aylv gZ k_[y gh\u_ h[yaZgghklb ih jmdh\h^kl\m BKDDHG gh hg \k_]^Z hldZau\Zeky ]h\hjy Y g_
jmdh\h^bl_ev Y ijhih\_^gbd H^gZdh dh]^Z ij_^Zgguf BKDDHG [ue ih^Zj_g mqZklhd a_feb \ =Z^Zc ]bjb ^_j_\g_ ]^_
=hmj =h\bg^ Z FZoZjZ^`Z ijh\_e ^_lkl\hb ]^_ \ kdjhfghc ihkljhcd_ `be _]h ex[b fuc =hiZe hg \ayeky jmdh\h^blv
kljhbl_evkl\hf gh\h]h [hevrh]h ojZfZ ^ey =hiZeZ < dhgp_ yg\Zjy ]h^Z =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb dZd lh aZf_lbe
RjbeZ ;oZdlbkb^^oZglZ KZjZk\Zlb
]h\hjbe qlh fZl_jbZevguc fbj g_ f_klh ^ey ihjy^hqgh]h q_eh\_dZ <hag_]h^h\Z\ hg mr_e ba g_]h ^h
kjhdZ B y gZ\_jgh_ lh`_ kdhjh mc^m G_ agZx Y \h \k_f iheZ]Zxkv gZ =hiZeZ b ihklmiex lZd dZd Hg
ih`_eZ_l GZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv RjbeZ =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb hlijZ\beky \ =Z^Zc ]bjb qlh[um\b^_lvky k
=hiZehf <_jgm\rbkv hg \ l_q_gb_ ke_^mxsbo q_luj_o ^g_c ijhih\_^h\Ze dZd gbdh]^Z \hh^mr_\e_gh
lukyqZf ex^_c dhlhju_ ijb_oZeb \ ;om[Zg_r\Zj gZ ijZa^gh\Zgb_ klhe_lby Rjbeu IjZ[omiZ^u : aZ l_f hl[ue \ Rjb^Zf
FZcyimj gZ _`_]h^gu_ aZk_^Zgby ]eZ \gh]h mijZ\eyxs_]h hj]ZgZ BKDDHG ]h^Z \ k\_leuc ^_gv y\e_gby
>_\ylh]h n_\jZey Rjbeu ;oZdlbkb^^oZglu KZjZk\Zlb ^\h_ mq_gbdh\ Rjbeu IjZ[omiZ^u ihijhkbeb
Rjbem = hmj =h\bg^m FZoZjZ^`m bo ijbgylv Hgb gbdh]^Z ij_` ^_ g_ \klj_qZebkv k gbf gh ijhqeb g_kdhevdh _]h
dgb] b ]hj_eb `_eZgb_f _]h mkeurZlv Keh\gh ih \he_
ijh\b^_gby \ r_klv qZkh\ \_q_jZ hgb \hreb \ dhfgZlm =hmj =h\bg^u FZoZjZ^`bb kfbj_ggh kijhkbeb Ihq_fm
QZclZgcZ FZoZijZ[om `be \ >`Z]ZggZloZ Imjb" H[jZ^h \Zgguc wlbf \hijhkhf RjbeZ=hmj
=h\bg^ZK\Zfb gZqZe jZkkdZau\Zlv h khdjh\_gghf kfuke_ ij_[u\Zgby FZoZijZ[om \ Imjb Hg k ex[h \vx ]h\hjbe h
g_\ughkbfuo fmdZo dhlhju_ JZ^oZ b DjbrgZ l_ji_eb \ jZaemd_ ^jm] k ^jm]hf ihke_ lh ]h dZd DjbrgZ m_oZe ba
<jbg^Z\ZgZ Wlhl ljh]Zl_evguc jZkkdZa ijb\_^_g \ \hkvfhc ]eZ\_ dgb]b M
[_j_]Z jZaemdb AZ\hjZ`b\Zy \k_o dlh [ue \ dhfgZl_ g_dlZjgufb ih\_kl\h\Zgbyfb h Djbrg_ RjbeZ
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb ^hr_e ^h lh]h f_klZ dh]^Z JZ^oZ b DjbrgZ gZdhg_p \klj_qZxlky ihke_ ^he]hc jZa emdb Hg
kdZaZe qlh m\b^_\ JZ^oZjZgb DjbrgZ bkiulZe lZdhc \hklhj] qlh ]eZaZ m G_]h klZeb h]jhf gufb b djm]eufb Z jmdb
b gh]b \h[jZebkv \gmljv < wlhf h[ebd_ Hg ghkbl bfy =hkih^Z >`Z]ZggZlob Lml ij_^Zggu_ aZf_lbeb qlh gZ ]eZaZo
Rjbeu =hmj =h\bg^u K\Zfb aZ[e_kl_eb ke_au =hehk _]h ij_ j\Zeky Hg kdZaZe _^\Z keurgh =eZaZ Djbrgu
\klj_lbebkv k ]eZaZfb JZ ^oZjZgb Khxa ]eZa G_ \ kb eZo ijh^he`Zlv hg ba\bgbeky kfbj_ggh keh`b\ eZ^hgb Ijhklbl_
y g_ fh]m ]h\hjblv B hl^Ze
ihke_^gbc ijbdZa DbjlZg DbjlZg Ij_^Zggu_ aZi_eb Z bo ^moh\guc gZklZ\gbd g_\hafmlbfuc b
kihdhcguc e_] gZ djh\Zlv ^urZ f_^e_ggh b ]em[hdh Kem]Z ^Ze _fm bah[jZ`_gb_ =hiZeZ >`bm K ex [h\vx ]ey^y
gZ ;h`_kl\h dhlhjhfm hg ihdehgyeky \kx `bagv RjbeZ =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb \hkdebdgme =hiZe ² b \hag_kky \
^moh\guc fbj qlh[u kh_^bgblvky kh k\hbf \haex[e_gguf =hkih^hf \_q_jZ \ =Z^Zc ]bjb kh\_jrZeZkv \_q_jgyy kem`[Z
<wlh\j_fy\ Dh]^Z im^`Zjb ij_^eZ]Ze
=hiZem ieZlhd ba ]bjeyg^u ;h`_kl\Z \uiZeb ^\_ jhau Hgb ijhdZlbebkv ih klmi_gvdZf ZelZjy b e_]eb h^gZ ² m
ihjlj_lZ Rjbeu ;oZdlbkb^²^oZglu KZjZk\Zlb LoZdmjZ ^jm]Zy m ihjlj_lZ ?]h ;h`_kl\_gghc
Fbehklb Rjbeu =hmj =h\bg^u K\Zfb FZoZjZ^`Z
DZ`^uc ^_gv i_j_^ l_f dZd gZqZlv e_dpbx ih RjbfZ^ ;oZ]Z\ZlZf RjbeZ =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb
i_e i_kgx dhlhjmx \umqbe _s_ j_[_gdhf B \hl =hkih^v mkeurZe _]h fhebl\m
iZjZfZgZg^Z o_ fZ^oZ\Z
iZ^mg]Zemqb fZdZjZg^Z k_ fZdZjZg^Z iZgZ dZjb
ZgZg^_ [heh oZjb oZjb
oZjbgdZ gZf_ \Zg^Z \_eZ
iZjb dZjb[_ qZdZ ^heZ k_ qZdZ ^heZgdZ iZcZj_
fZgZ fh jZom gbjZglZj_
fZgZ fh gbjZglZj_ jZom
oZ djrgZ [heb ^`b\Z ^`Zm
oZ djrgZ [heb ^`Zm ^`b\Z fhl_ m^oZjZ jZ^oZ ^oZ\Z
fhl_ m^oZjZ jZ^oZ ^oZ\Z
fhl_ m^oZjZ jZ^oZ ^oZ\Z
H \k_jZ^hklguc FZ^oZ\Z G_dlZj kljmblky hl L\hbo ehlhkhih^h[guo klhi <dmrZy wlhl qm^_kguc g_dlZj y
jZ^hklgh ihx OZjb OZjb Ba bf_gb OZjb yk\yau\Zx iehl gZ dhlhjhf =hkih^v >`Z]ZggZloZ i_j_\_a_l f_gy
q_j_a hd_Zg fZl_jbZevgh]h [ulby Fhc mf \k_]^Z mklj_fey_lky d klhiZf =hkih^Z >`Z]ZggZlob ;h`_kl\Z kh] jhfgufb
djm]eufb ]eZaZfb B dh]^Z ijb^_l fhc qZk y \hkdebdgm H DjbrgZ ² b jZkklZgmkv k `bagvx H kmijm]
JZ^oZjZgb kiZkb f_gy
Ijh\h^b \j_fy k ij_^Zggufb Rjb QZclZgvb FZoZijZ[om b[h lhevdh lh]^Z lu ihklb]g_rv dZd \_ebq_kl\_ggu
\hegu \ hd_Zg_ ij_^Zggh]h kem`_gby Q q :glvy
?]h ;h`_kl\_ggZy Fbehklv =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb qZklh kjZ\gb\Ze ljm^uk\h_]h \haex[e_ggh]h ^m oh\gh]h
gZklZ\gbdZ ? ]h ;h`_kl\_gghc Fbehklb : Q ;oZdlb\_^Zglu K\Zfb IjZ[omiZ^uk hd_Zghf Hg
Machine Translated by Google
]h\hjbe qlh h^gh ba kZgkdjblkdbo gZa\Zgbc hd_ZgZ ² jZlgZ ]Zj[oZ qlh agZqbl lZysbc ^jZ]hp_ggu_
dZfgb Qlh[u kh[jZlv khdjh\bsZ kdjulu_ \ hd_Zg_ dgb] Rjbeu IjZ[omiZ^u gm`gh ]em[hdh ih]jm ablvky \ _]h \h^u Lhl `_ dlh hklZg_lky gZ
ih\_joghklb ihcfZ_l lhevdh ju[m < l_q_gb_ ihke_^gbo ^_kylb e_l k\h_]h ajbfh]h ij_[u\Zgby \ wlhf fbj_ RjbeZ =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Z fb FZoZjZ^`Z
ijhq_e [he__ lj_o lukyq e_dpbc ^hklZ\Zy `_fqm`bgu kh ^gZ hd_ZgZ dgb] gZibkZgguo
Rjbehc IjZ[omiZ^hc ?]h e_dpbb [m^ml kbkl_fZlbabjh\Zgu b ij_^klZ\e_gu \ dgb]Zo gh\hc k_jbb dh lhjmx fu gZa\Zeb Rjb kb^^oZglZ kZ]ZjZ ²
Hd_Zg \ukhdbo bklbg
< h[uqghf hd_Zg_ fgh]h jZaguo \heg b \ Kb^^oZglZ kZ]Zj_ lh`_ _klv jZagu_ \hegu lZjZg]b dZ`
^Zy ba dhlhjuo ij_^klZ\ey_l hij_^_e_ggmx lZll\m l_fm Wlh
=mjm lZll\Z lZjZg]Z ² dgb]b gZ l_fm >moh\guc mqbl_ev b mq_gbd [oZdlZ lZll\Z lZjZg]Z ²
dgb]bh ij_^Zgguo <_joh\gh]h =hkih^Z ]ZmjZ lZll\ Z lZjZg]Z ² dgb]bh Rjb QZclZgv_ FZoZijZ[om
\ZjgZrjZfZ lZll\Z lZjZg]Z ² dgb]bh khpbZevghc b ^moh\ghc hj]ZgbaZpbb h[s_kl\Z [oZdlb lZll\Z
lZjZg]Z ² dgb] bh gZmd_ ex[\bd ;h]m brZ lZll\Z lZjZg]Z ² dgb]bh <_joh\ghf =hkih^_ b ?]h \hiehs_gbyo Z lZd`_ dgb]b gZ
^jm]b_ l_fu
DZ`^uc \uimkd wlhc k_jbb ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc aZdhgq_ggmx dgb]mb kemqZcguc qblZl_ev fh`_l
gZqZlv k ex[h]h \uimkdZ H^gZdh lhl dlh kh[_j_l \kx k_jbx k jZ^hklvx h[gZjm`bl qlh jZagu_ __ \u imkdb aZf_qZl_evgh ^hihegyxl ^jm] ^jm]Z
Fu gZ^__fky qlh \k_ `Z`^msb_ ihagZlv Bklbgm ² b l_ dlh
klhbl gZ [_j_]m hd_ZgZ ex[\bb ij_^Zgghklb =hkih^m Rjb Djbrg_ b l_ dlh ie_s_lky \ _]h \hegZo ²
gZc^ml \ wlbo dgb]Zo fgh]hm\e_dZl_evgh]hb ihe_agh]hb wlh ihfh`_l bf _s_ gZ h^bg rZ] ijb[ebablv ky d ehlhkhih^h[guf klhiZf =hkih^Z Fu `_
agZy qlh [_j_fky aZ g_ihkbevgh_ ^ey gZk ^_eh ohlbf ih ijhkblv m l_[yh \_ebdh^mrguc qblZl_ev [eZ]hkeh\_gbc dhlhju_ ihfh]ml gZf \ gZr_f
kem`_gbb =mjm
b Djbrg_ OZj_ DjbrgZ
Ba^Zl_eb
<\_^_gb_
< dZq_kl\_ \\_^_gby d dgb]_ IZjbijZrgZ ² bkdmkkl\h aZ^Z\Zlv \hijhku fu \u[jZeb hlju\hd ba
e_dpbb ih ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]bl_ ijhqblZgghc ?]h ;h`_kl\_gghc Fbehklvx : Q ;oZdlb\_^Zglhc
K\Zfb IjZ[omiZ^hc \ Fmf[Z_hdly[jy < l_q_gb_ ]h^Z
g_kdhevdbo ihke_^gbo ^g_c fu h[km`^Zeb f_lh^ ihagZgby Bklbgu <Z`gZy khklZ\eyx sZy wlh]h f_lh^Z ² ZqZjchiZkZgZf Lhl dlh ohq_l
h[j_klb ^moh\gh_ agZgb_ ^he`_g h[jZlblvky aZ gbf
d ZqZjv_ DZd lhl dlh ohq_l ihemqblv h[uqgh_ agZgb_ ^he`_g ihclb mqblvky \ rdhem AgZgb_ h dhlhjhf
fu ]h\hjbf g_ fZl_jbZevgh_ agZgb_ Bklbggh_ agZgb_ ² wlh ^moh\gh_ agZgb_ b ^moh\guc hiul Hkgh\u
^moh\gh]h agZgby baeh`_gu Djbrghc \ ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]bl_ Y g_ l_eh >_obgh kfbg cZloZ ^_o_ dZmfZjZf
cZm\ZgZf ^`ZjZ Y aZdexq_g \ l_e_ gh y g_ l_eh D kh`Ze_gbx \ gZr_ \j_fy ex^b hlh`^_kl\eyxl k_ [yk l_ehf b kqblZxl wlh agZgb_f Y bg^b_p Y
Zf_jbdZg_p Y [jZofZg Y drZljby Gh dh]^Z q_ eh\_d h[j_l_l bklbggh_ agZgb_ i_j\h_ qlh hg ihcf_l [m^_l Y g_ Zf_jbdZg_p Y g_ bg^b_p Y g_
[jZofZg Y g_ drZljby Lh]^Z dlh `_ y" Ih keh\Zf QZclZgvb FZoZijZ[om ]hib [oZjlmo iZ^Z dZfZeZchj ^ZkZ ^ZkZgm^ZkZo ² Y kem]Z kem]b lh]h
dlh kem` bl Djbrg_ ih\_ebl_ex ]hib Y g_ l_eh y
² ]hib [oZjlmo Qlh[u wlh ihgylv gm`gh h[jZlblvky aZ ihfhsvx d ZqZjv_ :qZjcZ ² wlh lhl dlh agZ _l dZdh\h ij_^gZagZq_gb_ \_^bq_kdbo ibkZgbc
rZklj ² Zqbghlb cZo rZkljZf ² Hg kZf ke_^m_l gZ dZaZf rZklj b mqbl wlhfm k\hbo mq_gbdh\ Ihwlhfm _]hb gZau\Zxl ZqZjv_c Ij_`^_ q_f fu
gZmqbfky k
ex[h\vx b ij_^Zgghklvx kem`blv =hkih^m fu ^he`gu ihqblZlv ZqZjcm ² ZqZjchiZkZgZf
Kh[kl\_ggufb mkbebyfb g_evay klZlv ij_^Zgguf G_dhlhju_ kZfhgZ^_yggh aZy\eyxl AZq_f fg_
=mjm" GZ\_jgh_ jZgvr_ m gbo [ueb iehob_ mqbl_ey Gh dlh lZdhc ZqZjcZ"Wlh lhl d dhfm \_^bq_kdh_
agZgb_ ijbreh ih p_gb ^moh\guo mqbl_e_c ih iZjZfiZj_ W\Zf iZjZfiZjZ ijZilZf bfZf jZ^`ZjrZch
\b^mo <hl dlh lZdhc ZqZjcZ :qZjcm g_evay \hkiblZlv beb gZagZqblv Hg ^he`_g ijbclb \ ij__fkl\_ggh klb ^moh\guo mqbl_e_c B dlh gZc^_l m
g_]h ijb[_`bs_ lhl ihagZ_l bklbggmx ijbjbggmx ^m \_s_c DjbrgZ
]h\hjbl _keb \u ohlbl_ h[j_klb gZklhys__ agZgb_ lh ^he`gu ihqblZlv ZqZjcm ZqZjchiZkZgZfLZd
]eZkyl <_^u LZ^ \b^`gZgZjloZf kZ =mjmf w\Z[ob]Zqqo_l G_ke_^m_l ^mfZlv AZohqm ihc^md =mjm Z
g_ aZohqm [m^m ^hfZ qblZlv dgb]bb kZf \k_ ihagZx LZd g_evay h[j_klb agZgb_ <hl \Zf ijbf_j <u
dmibeb F_^bpbgkdmx wgpbdehi_^bx bamqbeb __ ^hfZ Z ihlhf j_rbeb e_qblv ex^_c Gh \eZklb \Zk
g_ ijbagZxl b g_ ^Z^ml \Zf jZaj_r_gby <Zk h[ty\yl rZjeZlZghf <u g_ aZdZgqb\Zeb f_^bpbgkdh]h bg
Machine Translated by Google
klblmlZ m \Zk g_l ^biehfZ ihwlhfm \Zk g_ ijbagZxl \jZqhf ^Z`_ _keb \u kdZ`_l_ Y ijhq_e \k_ mq_[ gbdb Lhqgh
lZd `_ dlh lh fh`_l kdZaZlv Y ijhq_e ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]blm klh jZa Gh _keb kijhkblv m g_]h dlh lZdhc DjbrgZ hg g_
^Zkl ijZ\bevgh]h hl\_lZ ihkdhevdm g_ h[mqZeky m ZqZjvb < wlhf \k_ ^_eh >Z `_ _keb hg ijhql_l ;oZ]Z \Z^ ]blm
lukyqm jZa hg \k_ jZ\gh g_ ihcf_l \ g_c gb keh\Z ihkdhevdm g_ h[ jZlbeky d ZqZjv_
< <_^Zo kdZaZgh lZ^ \b^`gZgZjloZf kZ =mjmf w\Z[ob]Zqqo_l :[ob]Zqqo_l hagZqZ_l lu ^he`_g
Wlh hkh[Zy nhjfZ ]eZ]heZ gZau\Z_fZy \b^obebg Lu ^he`_g Lml g_ fh`_l [ulv bkdexq_gbc AgZgb_
g_evay ihemqblv bguf iml_f
LZkfZ^ =mjmf ijZiZ^c_lZ ^`b^`gZkmo rj_cZ mllZfZf Ml agZqbl m^]ZlZf \ha\ur_gb_ LZfZf
agZqbl fZl_jbZevguc fbj FZl_jbZevguc fbj ih]jm`_g \h lvfm Dlh klj_fblky ihagZlv mllZfZf gZ^ fbjgh_ ^moh\gh_
[ulb_ lhl ^he`_g ij_^Zlvky =mjm ² lZkfZ^ =mjmf ijZiZ`^c_lgZ > rj_cZ
mllZfZf ² hg ^he`_g aZ^Z\Zlv =mjm \hijhku Gh g_ h[uqgu_ \hijhku G_ \hijhku dhlhju_ aZ^Zxl gZ
jugd_ Ihq_f gugq_ jbk": ^Ze" G_ lZdb_ \hijhku <Zrb \hijhku ^he`gu [ulv [jZofZ ^`b^`gZkmo :loZlh [jZofZ
^`b^`gZkZ Ex^b ^he`gu kijZrb\ Zlv h ;jZofZg_ h ^moh\ghc j_Zevghklb Z g_ h p_g_
jbkZ beb ^ZeZ gZ jugd_ LZdh\h ij_^gZagZq_gb_ q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb >`b^`gZkmo rj_cZ mllZfZf ²
qlh[u magZlv dZdh\Z \ukrZy p_ev `bagb gm`gh h[jZlblvky d =mjm Wlh g_ ijhklh ^Zgv fh^_ Y aZ\_e
k_[_ =mjm k\Zfb lZdh]h lh
Qlh \u ^h kbo ihj magZeb"<u g_ fh`_l_ ihagZlv Bklbgm ihlhfm qlh \u g_ ^`b]vykm <u g_ agZ_l_ h q_f
gm`gh kijZrb\Zlv ^Z b =mjm \Zr g_ agZ_l qlh gm `gh hl\_qZlv LZdb_ =mjm b mq_gbdb gbdm^Z g_
]h^ylky Mq_gbd ^he`_g k_jv_agh hlghkblvky d ^moh\guf ij_^f_lZf ihkdhevdm hgb khklZ\eyxl bklbg gh_
agZgb_² wlh
]vygZ =vygZ agZqbl [jZofZ ]vygZ :oZf [jZofZkfb ?keb \u ^mfZ_l_ Y Zf_jbdZg_p wlh g_ ]vygZ Wlh
² Z]vygZ Y bg^b_p Y [jZofZg Y drZljby Y q_jguc Y [_euc Y lhekluc Y om^hc ² \k_
wlh Z]vygZ g_agZgb_ <u g_ lhekluc g_ om^hc g_ q_jguc b g_ [_euc <u g_ Zf_jbdZg_p <u ² \_qgZy
^mrZ B \u ^he`gu agZlv ZoZf [jZofZkfb ² Y ^mrZ Y \_qguc kem]Z Djbrgu LZdh\h agZgb_ B qlh [u _]h ihemqblv
gm`gh h[jZlblvky d =mjm ² ZqZjchiZkZgZf
Machine Translated by Google
Q:KLV I?J<:Y
GZklZ\e_gby
=eZ\Z i_j\Zy
Kh\hdmigZy wg_j]by fZoZl lZll\Z ijbgy\rZy h[ebd ]b]Zglkdhc \bjZl jmiu kZfZ jZa^_ebeZ K_[y gZ khagZgb_
`b\uo kms_kl\ `bag_^_yl_evghklv b kZfhhlh`^_kl\e_gb_ dhlhju_ aZl_f jZa^_ebebkv gZ h^bg ^_kylv b ljb
khhl\_lkl\_ggh
DHFF?GL:JBC KhagZgb_ ² ]eZ\guc ijbagZd `b\h]h kms_kl\Z ^mrb ;ulb_ ^mrb ijhy\ey_lky
\ nhjf_ khagZgby gZau\Z_fh]h ]vygZ rZdlb KhagZgb_ bkihebgkdhc \bjZl jmiu _klv kh\hdmigh_ khagZ gb_ b hgh lZd`_
ijbkmlkl\m_l \ `b\uo kms_kl\Zo Hkgh\Z ^_yl_evghklb khagZg mo dhlhjuc ^_eblky gZ ^_kylv ihlhdh\ Bo gZau\Zxl ijZgZ
ZiZgZ m^ZgZ \vygZ b kZfZgZ beb ih ^jm]hc
deZkkbnbdZpbb gZ]Z dmjfZ djbdZjZ ^_\Z^ZllZ b ^oZgZg^`Zy Dh]^Z khagZgb_ ^mrb hkd\_jg_gh fZl_ jb_c hgZ hrb[hqgh
hlh`^_kl\ey_l k_[yk l_ehf b hl^Z_bgg_ [_k ^_eZf b aZ[hlZf < ;oZ]Z\Z^ h[ wlhf kdZaZgh lZd [Zom rZdoZ ob ZgZglZr qZ
]bl_ [m^^oZch \cZ\ZkZcbgZf >mrZ \h\e_q_gZ \
fbjkdb_ aZgylby ihlhfm qlh __ khagZgb_ hkd\_jg_gh >mrZ h[eZ^ZxsZy qbkluf khagZgb_f ih]ehs_gZ
h^gbf ^_ehf ?_ khagZgb_ _^bgh k \ukrbf khagZgb_f b[h gZoh^blky k gbf \ iheghf kh]eZkbb
Fhgbklu ml\_j`^Zxl lhevdh qlh khagZgb_ _^bgh Z kZl\Zlu ij_^Zggu_ =hkih^Z^h[Z\eyxl qlh
h _^bgkl\_ khagZgby fh`gh ]h\hjblv lh]^Z dh]^Z bg^b\b^mZevgh_ khagZgb_ gZoh^blky \ kh]eZkbb k \uk
rbf khagZgb_f KZj\Z ^oZjfZg iZjbilZ^`cZ fZf wdZf lZjZgZf \jZ^`Z ; ]=hkih^v \_e_e
:j^`mg_ bg^b\b^mZevghfm `b\hfm kms_kl\m kh_^bgblv k\h_ khagZgb_ k \ukrbf khagZgb_f qlh[u _]h
khagZgb_ \gh\v klZeh qbkluf IulZlvky ijb\_klb khagZgb_ \ [_a^_ckl\b_ g_jZamfgh h^gZdh _]h fh`gh
hqbklblv ihklmiZy kh]eZkgh k \he_c <k_\urg_]h Hl lh]h gZkdhevdh qbklh gZr_ khagZgb_ aZ\bkbl gZr_
ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h k_[_ fu fh`_f hlh`^_kl\eylv k_[yk l_ehf b mfhf Z^ovylfbdZbeb k l_f qlh ihjh` ^_gh fZl_jb_c Z^ob[oZmlbdZZ
fh`_f khagZ\Zlv k_[y kem]Zfb =hkih^ZZ^ob^Zc\bdZGZ klmi_gb Z^ ob^Zc\bdZ gZr_ khagZgb_ gZqbgZ_l hqbsZlvky hl
kd\_jgu b[h fu bkihegbeb \hex =hkih^Z
JZaebqZxl q_lZgZ b Zq_lZgZ Q_lZgZ ² wlh h[eZ^Zxsb_ khagZgb_f h^mr_\e_ggu_ kms_kl\Z Zq_ lZgZ ² wlh
ebr_ggu_ khagZgby g_h^mr_\e_ggu_ ij_^f_lu M h^mr_\e_gguo kms_kl\ _klv ^mrZ dhlh jhc h^ gZdh g_l m g_h^mr_\e_gguo
ij_^f_lh\ LZf ]^_ _klv ^mrZ _klv khagZgb_ b gZh[hjhl
K\h[h^Z \u[hjZ
?keb ]em[`_ bamqblv wlhl ij_^f_l fh`gh gZclb b ^jm]b_ jZaebqby Fhc =mjm fZoZjZ^`Z RjbeZ
IjZ[omiZ^Z ]h\hjbl h gbo \ dhff_glZjbb H^mr_\e_ggu_ kms_kl\Z \ hlebqb_ hl g_h^mr_\e_gguo
ij_^f_lh\ h[eZ^Zxl k\h[h^hc \u[hjZ Wlh kZfh_ \Z`gh_ :qZjvb ^moh\gu_ mqbl_eb \ZcrgZ\h\ ]h\h jyl qlh k\h[h^ Z \u[hjZ ² wlh
\_ebdbc ^Zj b kjZ\gb\Zxl __ k ^jZ]hp_gghklvx k\Z^obgZlZ jZlgZ
H^bg ba gZrbo ZqZjv_\ \ dhff_glZjbb d <vykZ kmlj_ <_^ZglZ kmlj_ ibr_l ^`b\ZgZf blZjZ gmjZdlb o_lmj cr\ZjZkcZ
dZjmgcZf lZ^ w\Z lZkcZf lZg gZ kb^^oZkhvy agblhqbe v fbehklb\h ^Ze gZf k\h[h^m \u[hjZ ² dZjmgcZ^ ^ZllZf lZlh
iZjZf_r\ZjZl k\Zlh jlocZ ^`b\Zo blZjh \brZcZkZdlZ [oZ\Zglc ZlZo H^gZdh \Z` gh dZd fu ihevam_fky wlhc k\h[h^hc Qlh agZ
qbl ihevah\Zlvky _x ijZ\bevgh b qlh agZqbl _x aehmihlj_[eylv"Wlh ]em[hdbc nbehkhnkdbc \hijhk g_
ijhklhc \hijhk ?keb [u ^`b\Z g_ h[eZ^ZeZ k\h[h^hc \u[hjZ __ g_evay [ueh [u gZau\Zlv ^`b\hc >\_jv beb klhe ² g_h
^mr_\e_ggu_ ij_^f_lu gh \u ² h^mr_\e_ggu_ kms_kl\ZM \Zk _klv khagZgb_ b
_klv k\h[h^Z \u[hjZ G_h^mr_\e_ggu_ ij_^f_lu ebr_gu b lh]hb ^jm]h]h DZjmgcZf lZl =hkih^v fb ehklb\h ^Ze gZf k\h[h^ m
\u[hjZ h^gZdh gm`gh mf_lv _x ihevah\Zlvky Dlh _x aehmihlj_[bl lhl m\b^bl
fgh]h ]hjy Z dlh ijZ\bevgh _x \hkihevam_lky lhl h[j_l_l \_qgmx jZ^hklv b \_qgh_ kqZklv_ KdZaZgh
lZd`_ blZjZgmjZdlc_gZ \br\Z jmicZl k\Zlh jlocZo ^`b\Zo blZjh \brZcZkZdlZ [oZ\Zglc ZlZo Dlh
k^_eZe g_ijZ\bevguc \u[hj lhl h[j_d k_[y gZ kljZ^Zgby Hg aZ[ue h Djbrg_ <_joh\ghc Ebqghklb ;h ]Z b ihiZe \h \eZklv fZcb
beexabb ?]h aZ[hlyl lhevdh fZl_jbZevgu_ \_sb \_sb g_ k\yaZggu_ k <_j oh\guf =hkih^hf
Machine Translated by Google
<bjZl jmiZ \k_e_gkdh_ l_eh =hkih^Z h[eZ^Z_l khagZgb_f B fu lh`_ bf gZ^_e_gu RjbeZ IjZ[ omiZ^Z ibr_l \ dhff_glZjbb Hl
lh]h gZkdhevdh qbklh gZr_ khagZgb_ aZ\bkbl_ gZr_ij\ e_gb_h
k_[_ fu fh`_f hlh`^_kl\eylv k_[yk l_ehf b mfhf Z^ovylfbdZbeb k l_f qlh ihjh`^_gh fZl_jb_c
Z^ob[oZmlbdZZ fh`_f khagZ\Zlv k_[y kem]Zfb =hkih^ZZ^ob^Zc\bdZ:^ob^Zc\bdZ ² lj_lvy ih ke_^gyy klmi_gv GZ wlhc klmi_gb
gZr_ khagZgb_ ijboh^bl \ kh]eZkb_k \he_c <k_\urg_]hb gZqbgZ_l
hqbsZlvky hl kd\_jgu =hkih^v fbehklb\h ^Zjh\Ze gZf k\h[h^m \u[hjZ B Hg ohq_l qlh[u fu bkihev ah\Zeb __ ih gZagZq_gbx qlh[u
fu _x g_ aehmihlj_[ eyeb M \Zk _klv k\h[h^Z \u[hjZ M \Zk _klv khagZ gb_ Gm`gh agZlv dZd ijZ\bevgh _]h bkihevah\Zlv Fhc
=mjm fZoZjZ^`Z ibr_l =hkih^v \_e_e
:j^`mg_ kh_^bgblv k\h_ khagZgb_ k \ukrbf khagZgb_f ² kZj\Z ^oZjfZg iZjblcZ^`cZ fZf wdZf rZ jZgZf \jZ^`Z ; ]=hkih^v ohq_l
wlh]hb hl \Zk Hg fbehklb\h ^Ze \Zf k\h[h^m \u[hjZ Hg
gZ^_ebe \Zk khagZgb_f b \u ^he`gu ihevah\Zlvky bf ijZ\bevgh =hkih^v \_e_e :j^`mg_ kh_^bgblv
k\h_ khagZgb_ k \ukrbf khagZgb_f qlh[u _]h khagZgb_ \gh\v klZeh qbkluf IulZlvky ijb\_klb khagZ gb_ \ [_a^_ckl\b_ g_jZamfgh
h^gZdh _]h fh`gh hqbklblv ihklmiZy kh]eZkgh k \he_c <k_\urg_]h Fu
fh`_f k^_eZlv ijZ\bevguc \u[hj b kh_^bgblv k\h_ khagZgb_ k \ukrbf khagZgb_f Z fh`_f aehmihlj_ [blv ^Zgghc gZf k\h[h^hc
\u[hjZ Lh]^Z fu hklZg_fky eb[h gZ klmi_gb Z^ovylfbdZ eb[h gZ klmi_gb Z^ ob[oZmlbdZ lh _klv [m^_f hlh`^_kl\eylv k_[y eb[hk
l_ehf b mfhf eb[hk l_f qlh ihjh`^_gh fZl_jb_c Fu g_ ih^gbf_fky \ur_ wlbo ^\mo klmi_g_c fu g_ kfh`_f ^hklbqv klmi_gb
Z^ob^Zc\bdZ b ihgylv qlh
fu kem]b =hkih^Z Lhevdh gZ wlhc klmi_gb q_eh\_d ^_eZ_l ijZ\bevguc \u[hj kZj\Z ^oZjfZg iZ jblcZ^`cZ G_h^mr_\e_ggu_
ij_^f_lu g_ kihkh[gu ij_^Zlvky = hkih^m hgb ebr_gu khagZgby bm gbo g_l k\h [h^u \u[hjZ <Zf `_ =hkih^v ^Ze lZdmx k\h[h^m B
\u fh`_l_ ?fm ij_^Zlvky : fh`_l_ \hkijhlb\blv ky G_l Y g_ kfbjxkv AZq_f fg_ ij_^Z\Zlvky ;h]m" Lh]^Z \u g_fbgm_fh [m^_l_
hlh`^_kl\eylv k_[yk
l_ehf b mfhf L_eh klZg_l hkgh\hc \Zrbo ij_^klZ\e_gbc h `bagb Mf lh`_ khklZ\eyxsZy l_eZ lhgdh]h
l_eZ Dlh g_ ij_^Zeky =hkih^m lhl ^mfZ_l lZd <k_ qlh y \b`m \k_ qlh keurm ² \k_ wlh ijbgZ^e_`bl
fg_ A^_kv y \h \k_f ih^^_j`b\Zx `bagv b \k_f gZkeZ`^Zxkv Y \eZkl_ebg \k_]h qlh a^_kv _klv Dh]^Z
fu aehmihlj_[ey_f k\h[h^hc \u[hjZ g_ijZ\bevgh bkihevam_f khagZgb_ m gZk ihy\ey_lky blZjZgmjZd lb ijb\yaZgghklv d ^jm]bf
\_sZf ?keb fu gZjmrbeb \hex =hkih^Z k^_eZeb g_ijZ\bevguc \u[hj fu
g_ba[_`gh [m^_f kljZ^Zlv
<_joh\guc =hkih^v DjbrgZ g_ihklb`bfh fbehklb\ ² kmoj^Zf kZj\Z [omlZgZf DjbrgZ kdZaZe
:j^`mg_ Y h^bg ² ^jm] \k_o `b\msbo Y h^bg `_eZx bf [eZ]Z Dh]^Z =hkih^v \ha\jZlbeky \ K\hx
h[bl_ev Hg aZ^mfZeky Q_j_a :j^`mgm y ^Ze ex^yf khdjh\_ggh_ [he__ khdjh\_ggh_ b kZfh_ khdjh\_g gh_ agZgb_ gh hgb g_
kmf_eb _]h ihgylv : \ DZeb cm]m ex^ bh[eZ^Zxl _s_ [he__ gbadbf khagZgb_f Hgb g_ ih^gbfZxlky \ur_ Z^ovylfbdb b
Z^ob[oZmlbdb Hgb hlh`^_kl\eyxl k_[yk l_ehf b kqblZxl k_[y
ohay_\Zfb lh]h qlh m gbo _klv Y b fh_ ² wlb ij_^klZ\e_gby \ayeb gZ^ gbfb \eZklv >`b\ZkbZ fhoh
cZf ZoZf fZf_lb Wlh b _klv fhoZ beexaby \ dhlhjmx ih]jm`_gZ ^`b\Z Ex^b DZeb x]b g_ kihkh[gu
ihgylv Fhb gZklZ\e_gby ihwlhfm Y ^he`_g kgh\Z ijbclb gZ A_fex b mqblv bo gZ kh[kl\_gghf ijbf_j_ Y ^he`_g gZ ^_e_ bf
ihdZaZlv dZd ijZ\bevgh bkihevah\Zlv k\h[h^ m \u[hjZ dZd ij_^Zlvky ;h]mbh[j_k lb DjbrgZ [oZdlb @_eZy gZmqblv wlhfm ex^_c
=hkih^v DjbrgZ ijbr_e d gbf \ h[ebd_ =ZmjZg]b FZoZijZ[om <_jrZ
K\hb ebeu Hg ihklmiZe dZd kZ^om =mjm ZqZjcZ Hg KZf ke_^h\Ze aZih\_^yf ij_^Zgby k_[y ;h]mb mqbe
wlhfm ^jm]bo Dlh jZamf_g lhl kh\_jrZ_l djbrgZ [oZ^`Zg ² c_ ^`ZgZ djrgZ [oZ^`_ k_ [Z^Z qZlmjZ LZdhc q_eh\_d k^_eZe
ijZ\bevguc \u[hj ^he `guf h[jZahf bkihevah\Ze k\h_ khagZgb_ Hg ihklmibe kh ]eZkgh \he_ =hkih^Z b ij_^Zeky ?]h ehlhkhih^h[guf
klhiZf Hg ^hklb] klmi_gb Z^ob^Zc\bdZ lh _klv
ihagZe qlh hg ² kem]Z ;h]Z GZ klmi_gb Z^ob^Zc\bdZ gZr_ khagZgb_ gZqbgZ_l hqbsZlvky hl kd\_jgu b[h fu bkihegbeb \hex
=hkih^Z
<b^u khagZgby
< dhff_glZjbb kdZaZgh dh]^Z fu m\b^bf qlh fu kem]b =hkih^Z lh _klv dh]^Z ^hklb]g_f klmi_gb
Z^ob^Zc\bdZ gZr_ khagZgb_ gZqg_l hqbsZlvky hl kd\_jgu Hgh [m^_l hqbsZlvky \k_ [hevr_ b [hevr_ ihdZ g_ klZg_l imjgZ
\bdZqblZ q_lZgZ lh _klv g_ jZkp\_ehl_l iheghklvx q_q_kev`bh ² wlh ² \ukrZy klmi_gv kh\_jr_gkl\Z dhlhjhc fh`_l ^hklbqv q_eh\_d
DZ`^h_ h^mr_\e_ggh_ kms_kl\hh[eZ^Z_l h^gbf ba iylb \b^h\ khagZgby M ^_j_\v_\ b ]hj kdjulh_
khagZgb_ Z\jblZ q_lZgZ M gbo lh`_ _klv khagZgb_ gh hgh kdjulh M h[blZl_e_c \h^ m ilbp a\_j_c b
^jm]bo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c `b\hlgh]h fbjZ _^\Z ijh[b\Zxs__ky khagZgb_ kZgdmqblZ q_lZgZ Ex^bh[eZ^Z xl eb[h fmdmeblZ q_lZgZ
eb[h \bdZqblZ q_lZgZ eb[h imjgZ \bdZqblZ q_lZgZ
Fhc =mjm fZoZjZ^`Z ]h\hjbl qlh ba lj_o klmi_g_c Z^ob^Zc\bdZ ² \ukrZy GZ klmi_gb Z^ob^Zc \bdZ gZr_ khagZgb_
gZqbgZ_l hqbsZlvky hl kd\_jgu b[h fu bkihegbeb \hex = hkih^Z <u ex^bb \u
^he`gu klj_fblvky d lhfm qlh[u \Zr_ khagZgb_ jZkp\_eh iheghklvx <u ^he`gu ihklZ\blv i_j_^ kh [hc wlm p_ev b magZlv dZd __
^hklbqv Lh]^Z \ZrZ `bagv \ q_eh\ _q_kdhf h[ebd_ [m^_l kh\_jr_gghc LZd
Machine Translated by Google
mqZl kZ^om rZklju b =mjm < ibkZgbyo kgh\Z b kgh\Z ]h\hjblky h lhf qlh `bagv \ h[ebd_ q_eh\_dZ ²
j_^dbc ^Zj >mjeZ[oZf fZgmrZf ^`ZgfZ Lhevdh q_eh\_q_kdh_ khagZgb_ fh`_l jZkp\_klb iheghklvx >jm]bf kms_kl\Zf
wlh g_^hklmigh >moh\gh_ agZjgb_ ^Z_lky lhevdh ^ Khaggm ex^yfm ]bo kms_kl\ gZ klhevdh gbadh_ qlh hgb g_
kihkh[gu \hkijbgylv ^moh\gu_ gZklZ\e_gby
GZeZdm\_jZ b FZgb]jb\Z
Dlh aehmihlj_[ey_l k\h[h^hc \u[hjZ lhl \ihke_^kl\bb jh^blky kj_^b gbarbo kms_kl\ <kihfgbl_
bklhjbx h ^\mo ]Zg^oZj\Zo g_[h`bl_eyo ² GZeZdm\_j_ b FZgb]jb\_ H^gZ`^u hgb \f_kl_ k g_[_kgufb
^_\Zfb [_aaZkl_gqb\h jZa\e_dZebkv \ ijm^m Hgb kh\k_f ihl_jyeb klu^ bo khagZgb_ gZklhevdh ihfmlb ehkv qlh
dh]^Z fbfh ijhoh^be GZjZ^Z Fmgb hgb g_ magZeb \ g_g_f agZf] `ZgZ \_ebdh]h
ij_^Zggh]h < ]g_\_ GZjZ^Z \hkdebdgme Qlh l\hjyl wlb [_kklu^gbdb Bf g_ f_klh gZ jZckdbo ieZg_ lZo B ijhdeye bo
Ijhqv hlkx^Z g_^hklhcgu_ <Zf [ueZ ^ZgZ k\h [h^Z \u[hjZ gh \u __ hkd\_jgbeb \u g_ klj_fbebkv d ^moh\ghfm
kh\_jr_gkl\m Imklv `_ \Zr_ khagZgb_ kgh\Z [m^_l Z\jblZ q_lZgZ LZd
GZeZdm\_jZ b FZgb]jb\Z klZeb ^_j_\vyfb Zj^`mgZ b bo khagZgb_ hklZ\Zehkv kdjuluf ljb^pZlv r_klv
lukyq e_l
Gh ijhdeylb_ kZ^om ² wlh b [eZ]hkeh\_gb_ KZ^om `_eZ_l ^jm]bf lhevdh ^h[jZ DjbrgZ ]h\hjbl Y
h^bg \Zr ^jm] \Zr [eZ]h`_eZl_ev kmoj^Zf kZj\Z [omlZgZfB ij_^Zggu_ dhlhju_ hkh[_ggh ^hjh]b
Djbrg_ `_eZxl [eZ]Z dZ`^hfm GZjZ^Z Fmgb ² h^bg ba lZdbo ij_^Zgguo ?keb [u GZeZdm\_jZ b FZ gb]jb\Z ijh`beb
ljb^pZlv r_klv lukyq e_l \ q_eh\ _q_kdhf h[ebd_hgb [u g_ \klj_lbebkv k <_joh\guf
=hkih^hf Djbrghc Gh wlZ fbehklv [ueZ bf ^Zjh\ZgZ dh]^Z hgb ihemqbeb l_eZ ^_j_\v_\ Hgb klZeb ^_ j_\vyfb
Zj^`mgZ b jhkeb \h ^\hj_ FZoZjZ^`b GZg ^u GZg^Z [ue ijb_fguf hlphf Djbrgu b \ _]h ^h f_ DjbrgZ ijh\_e ^_lkl\h Ih
[eZ]hkeh\_gbx GZjZ^u DjbrgZ hk_gbe GZeZdm\_jm b FZgb]jb\m K\hbf
ijbdhkgh\_gb_f lh]^Z d gbf \_jgmehkv bo bagZqZevgh_ khagZgb_ b hgb \gh\v ijbgyeb h[ebd ]Zg^oZj\h\
Aehmihlj_[b\ k\h[h^hc \u[hjZ GZeZdm\_jZ b FZgb]jb\Z himklbebkv gZ gbarmx klmi_gv khagZgby B
\Zk h`b^Z_l lZ `_ mqZklv _keb \u ihke_^m_l_ bo ijbf_jm JZamfgu_ ex^b \k_]^Z qlyl ^Zjh\Zggmx bf
k\h[h^m \u[hjZ KZ^om rZklju b =mjm mqZl
rZkljZ =mjm ZlfZ jmi_ ZiZgZj_ ^`ZgZgZ djrgZ fhjZ ijZ[om ljZlZ ² ^`b\_jZ oZgZ ^`gZgZ
DjbrgZ gZklZ\ey_l aZ[u\rmx ?]h ^mrm q_j_a \_^bq_kdb_ ibkZgby bklbggh]h ^moh\gh]h mqbl_ey b IZjZfZlfm K
bo ihfhsvx iZ^rZy ^mrZ ihagZ_l <k_\urg_]h =hkih^Z lZdbf dZdhc Hg _klv b ihcf_l qlh =hkih^v DjbrgZ ²
__ \_qguc ih\_ebl_ev qlh Hg h^bg hk\h[h^bl __ ba dh]l_c fZcb LZd iZ^rZy ^mrZ h[j_l_l bklbggh_ agZgb_ agZ gb_ h lhf
dZd gZ^ g_c \eZkl\m_l fZl_jbZevgZy ijbjh^ Z b dZd hkh\h[h^blvky ba __ ie_gZ Q q FZ^ocZ
DjbrgZ ² gZr fbehklb\uc ^jm] b [eZ]h`_eZl_ev Hg gZklZ\ey_l gZk q_j_a rZklju =mjm b IZjZ
fZlfm KZfb h[mkeh\e_ggu_ ^mrb g_ kihkh[gu ihgylv dlh hgb _klv \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb
djrgZ [omeb k_c ^`b\Z ZgZ^b [ZobjfmdoZ ZlZ_\Z fZcZ lZj_ ^_cZ kZfkZjZ ^modoZ
>mrZ aZ[u\rZy Djbrgm k g_aZiZfylguo \j_f_g ih^^Z_lky kh[eZagZf fZcb b aZ wlh fZcy wg_j]by beexabb gZku eZ_l gZ g__
g_bkqbkebfu_ [_^ub ^_j`bl __ \ ie_gm fZl_jbZevgh]h [ulby Q q FZ^ocZ
< wlhf klbo_ ba ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]blu ]h\hjblky qlh gm`gh h[jZlblvky d lZll\Z ZqZjv_ lZll\Z
^ZjrbgZo d ^moh\ghfm gZklZ\gbdm dhlhjhfm hldjueZkv BklbgZ dhlhjuc ihagZe Bklbgm LZdhc lZll\Z
ZqZjcZ ^Zkl gZf lZll\Z ]vygm BgZq_ __ ihemqblv g_evay >Z m gZk _klv rZklju gh lhevdh qblZy rZkl ju fu g_
kfh`_f ihgylv bo kfuke DjbrgZ mqbl gZk q_vj_a rZklju =mjm b kZ`^omul [
kfbj_ggufb bh[jZlblvky aZ ihfhsvx d \ZcrgZ\m
?keb \u bkdj_ggb b k_jv_agu _keb \u klj_fbl_kv ihagZlv lZll\Z ]vygm lh ^he`gu h[jZlblvky d
lZll\Z ZqZjv_ Hg agZ_l lZll\m Hg ihemqbe lZll\Z ]vygm hl k\h_]h ZqZjvb ihkdhevdm kfbj_ggh _]h kem rZe Hg
ijbgZ^e_`bl d p_ib bklbgguo ^moh\guo mqbl_e_c D g_fm \ub ^he `gu h[jZlblvky Ihke_ wlh ]h ² ijZgbiZl_gZ
iZjbijZrg_gZ k_\ZgZ ² \u ^he`gu [_ajZa^_evgh ij_^Zlvky _]h ehlhkhih^h[guf
klhiZf Kem`bl_ _fm klZjZcl_kv _fm m]h^blv Z aZl_f kijZrb\Zcl_ _]hh lZll\_ Lh]^Z =mjm ZqZjcZ [m ^_l d \Zf fbehklb\
b ^Zkl \Zf agZgb_ ?keb \u jZamfgu lh ^he`gu \k_ ihgylv K wlh]h \j_f_gb \Zr_
khagZgb_ gZqg_l hqbsZlvky hl kd\_jgu b[h \u bkihegbeb \hex =hkih^Z ?keb
\u ihklhyggh ^mfZ_l_ DZd ihemqblv lZll\Z ]vygm" agZqbl ijbreh \j_fy h[jZlblvky d kZ^om :^Zm rjZ^ ^oZ lZlZo
kZ^om kZg]Zo Kfbj_ggh kemrZcl_ qlh kZ^om \Zf ]h\hjbl Gm`gh l\_j^h \_jblv _]h
keh\Zf Z ^ey wlh]h gm`gh _fm ij_^Zlvky ?keb \u g_ ij_^Zebkv kZ^om \u g_ kmf__l_ \eh`blv \ _]h keh\Z
\kx k\hx \_jm B hg g_ ijhev_l gZ \Zk fbehklv G_l >Z`_ _keb \u ihc^_l_ d g_fm [m^_l_ kb^_lv jy^hf
b kemrZlv \u g_ ihemqbl_ fbehklb <u g_ kfh`_l_ ^h dhgpZ ih\_jblv _]h keh\Zf ihkdhevdm \u _fm g_
ij_^Zebkv
<gbfZy bklbgghfm kZ^om \u magZ_l_ dlh \u _klv \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb :fb djrgZ ^ZkZ ² y kem]Z
Djbrgu < dhff_glZjbb RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z ]h\hjbl dh]^Z \u ihcf_l_ qlh \u kem]Z ;h]Z \Zr_ khagZ gb_ gZqg_l hqbsZlvky
hl kd\_jgu Dh]^Z \uh[jZsZ_l_kv d kZ ^om kfbj_ggh _]h kemrZ_l_ ij_^Z_l_kv _fm
b \deZ^u\Z_l_ \ _]h keh\Z \kx k\hx \_jm \u ih^gbfZ_l_kv gZ klmi_gv Z^ob^Zc\bdZ b \Zr_ khagZgb_ gZ qbgZ_l
hqbsZlvky hl kd\_jgu B lh]^ Z ² d_g^_ [Ze_ ho_ djrgZ Zfb lZ\Z ^ZkZ ² \u kh ke_aZfb gZ ]eZ aZo \hkdebpZ_l_ ;h`_
Qlh yl\hjbe @bagv aZ `bagvx y kem`be fZc_ Z g_ Djbrg_ H DjbrgZ y ²
L\hc kem]Z
Zcb gZg^Z lZgm^`Z dbgdZjZf
iZlblZf fZf \brZf_ [oZ\Zf[m^oZm djiZcZ lZ\Z iZ^Z iZgdZ^`Z kloblZ ^omeb
kZ^jrZf \bqbglZcZ
RbdrZrlZdZ
FZoZijZ[om \_jrbe ZqZjcZ ebem b qlh[u gZmqblv ^jm]bo ]h\hjbe \ K\hbo fhebl\Zo H kug FZoZ jZ^`b GZg^u
Y ² L\hc kem]Z Dh]^Z \ u kh ke_aZfb gZ ]eZaZo [m^_l_ \au\Zlv d =hkih^m \Zr_ khagZgb_
gZqg_l hqbsZlvky hl kd\_jgu B^bl_ d kZ^om kemrZcl_ _]h \deZ^u\Zcl_ \ _]h keh\Z \kx k\hx \_jm b
[m^vl_ \h \k_f _fm ihdhjgu Lhevdh lh]^Z \u kfh`_l_ ieZdZlv b \au\Zlv d Djbrg_ H DjbrgZ Y ²
L\hc kem]Z DbgdZjZf IZlblZf fZf \ZrZf_ [oZ\Zf[m^oZm Y iZe \ [mrmxsbc hd_Zg fZl_jbZevgh]h
[ulby b lhgm \ _]h \hegZo DjiZcZ lZ\Z iZ^Z iZgdZ^`Z ;m^v fbehklb\ dh fg_ b himklb f_gy iuebgdhc
gZ ehlhk L\hbo klhi Wlh gZqZeh HklZevgh_ ijb^_l kh \j_f_g_f LZd ]eZkbl RjbfZ^ ;oZ]Z\ZlZf LZd
mqZl fZoZ^`Zgu ?keb \u jZamfgu lh k^_eZ_l_ ijZ\bevguc \u[hj b ^hklb]g_l_ \ukr_c klmi_gb [ulby gZ dhlhjhc \Zr_
khagZgb_ jZkp\_l_l iheghklvx Lh]^Z \u kfh`_l_ km \_j_gghklvx kdZaZlv qlh ijh`beb
`bagv g_ gZijZkgh Wlh \ukrZy klmi_gv kh\_jr_gkl\Z dhlhjhc kihkh[_g ^hklbqv q_eh\_d
=eZ\Z\lhjZy
L?DKL
DZdh\u gZrb hlghr_gby k <_joh\ghc Ebqghklvx ;h]Z"D q_fm hgb gZk h[yau\Zxl"DZdh\Z \ukrZy p_ev `bagb"
Wlb \hijhku hk\_s_gu \ dZ`^hf Znhjbaf_ <_^ZglZ kmlju b[h hgb ² \_g_p nbehkhnbb <_^Zglu
<k_ gZrb ^_eZ [_kkfuke_ggu _keb fu g_ agZ_f dZdh\h ij_^gZagZq_gb_ q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb Ma gZlv
h[ wlhf fh`_l lhevdh lhl dlh kijZrb\Z_l h lhf qlkhj _klv ;j \Zofhi\Zg hlbfld
<_^ZglZ kmljZ ZloZlh [jZofZ ^`b^`gZkZ Q_eh\_d ^he`_g klj_fblvky magZlv qlh hg lZdh_ qlh
ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc \k_e_ggZy dlh _klv ;h] b dZdh\uk\yab f_`^m ;h]hf bf kZfbf b fZl_jbZevguf fb jhf @b\hlgu_ g_
aZ^mfu\Zxlky gZ^ wlbfb \hijhkZfb gh hgb g_ba[_`gh \hagbdgml \ khagZgbb l_o dlh
^hklhbg gZau\Zlvky ex^vfb AgZgb_ h[ wlbo q_luj_o ij_^f_lZo h q_eh\_d_ h \k_e_gghc h ;h]_ b bo
k\yayo _klv kZf[Zg^oZ ]vygZ agZgb_ h gZrbo hlghr_gbyo k ;h]hf Dh]^Z wlb hlghr_gby \hkklZgh\e_gu g_h[oh^bfh
^_ckl\h\Zlv \ khhl\_lkl\bb k gbfb Wlh ² Z[ob^o_y Bkihegb\ lh qlh ij_^ibkZgh ;h]hf fu ^hklb]g_f \ukr_c p_eb
q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb ² h[j_l_f ex[h\vd ;h]m Wlh ² ijZch^`ZgZ kb ^^ob H[h \k_f wlhf h[klhyl_evgh jZkkdZau\Z_lky
\ ;jZofZ kmlj_ <_^ZglZ kmlj_ ?keb `_ fu bamqZ_f
Machine Translated by Google
<_^ZglZ kmljm gh g_ klj_fbfky magZlv h[ wlbo ij_^f_lZo lh fu ebrv gZijZkgh l_jy_f \j_fy <
RjbfZ^ ;oZ]Z\ZlZf kdZaZgh
Lu fh`_rv [ulv mq_guf nbehkhnhf fh`_rv [_amij_qgh bkihegylv ij_^ibkZgby rZklj gh _keb lu g_ klj_ fbrvky ihagZlv ;h]Z _keb
g_ kemrZ_rv ih\_kl\h\Zgby h ;h]_ b g_ keZ\brv ? ]h rjZ\ZgZf dbjlZgZflh \k_ l\hb
^_eZ ² gZijZkgZy ljZlZ \j_f_gb
Nbehkhnu fZcZ\Z^b g_ agZxl dZdh\uk\yab f_`^m q_eh\_dhf dhkfhkhf b ;h]hf ihwlhfm \k_ bo
ljm^u [_kkfuke_ggu b hgb ebrv gZijZkgh l_jyxl \j_fy
L?DKL
wb fZlZ kZj\Z kmlj_jZ \cZocZgZ rmgbcZ kZdZeZ kZggcZkb dZo_ \bgZcZ dZjbcZ
Dh]^Z QZclZgcy FZoZijZ[om jZkkdZaZe nbehkhnZf fZcZ\Z^bh kZf[Zg^o_ Z[ob^o__ b ijZch^`Zg_ hgb kfbj_ggh
h[jZlbebkv d G_fm b kdZaZeb lZd
DHFF?GL:JBC Lhl dlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh ohq_l ihgylv nbehkhnbx <_^Zglu ^he`_g hibjZlvky gZ
lhedh\Zgby =hkih^Z QZclZgcb FZoZijZ[om b ZqZjv_\ \ZcrgZ\h\ qvb dhff_glZjbb d <_^ZglZ kmlj_ gZibkZgu \
kh]eZkbb k aZih\_^yfb [oZdlb ch]b MkeurZ\ dZd QZclZgcyom FZoZijZ lhedm_l <_^ZglZ kmljm kZggvykb
\h ]eZ\_ k IjZdZrZgZg^hc KZjZk\Zlb klZeb kfbj_ggufb b ihkemrgufb =hkih^m Hgb
kdZaZeb lZd
L?DKL
\_^ZfZcZ fmjlb lmfb ² kZdrZl gZjZcZgZ drZfZ ZiZjZ^oZ ² imj\_ c_ dZbemg gbg^ZgZ
H \ukhdhqlbfuc Lu kZfZ fm^jhklv <_^ Lu KZf GZjZygZ Ijhklb `_ gZf gZrm \bgm ijhklb gZk aZ lh qlh fu
L_[y hkm`^Zeb
DHFF?GL:JBC Imlv [oZdlb hldjul lhevdh ^ey kfbj_gguo b ihdhjguo Ihke_ lh]h dZd kZggvy kb fZcZ\Z^b
mkeurZeb hl QZclZgcb FZoZijZ[om lhedh\Zgb_ <_^ZglZ kmlju hgb klZeb kfbj_ggufb b
ihkemrgufb =hkih^m Hgb ihijhkbeb m G_]h ijhs_gby aZ lh qlh hkm`^Zeb ?]h ]h\hjbeb qlh Hg lhev dh ih_l b
lZgpm_l gh g_ bamqZ_l <_^ZglZ kmljm KlZjZykv rbjbrblv ^ khagu_gb_ fu ke_ ^m_f gZdZaZf =hkih^Z QZclZgcb
FZoZijZ[om Fu fh`_f g_ agZlv \k_o Znhjbafh\ <_^ZglZ kmlju fh`_f g_ \k_]^Z ihgbfZlv bo kfuke gh fu ke_^m_f
gZklZ\e_gbyf ZqZjv_\ b ihkdhevdm fu \_jgu =hk ih^m QZclZgc_ FZoZijZ[om fu agZ_f \k_ qlh g_h[oh^bfh agZlv
h <_^ZglZ kmlj_ Q q :^b
Ih`Zj\hd_Zg_
;om[Zg_r\Zj Bg^by Zij_ey ]
² <havfb j_r_lh
Lu [_`brv qlh[u ihlmrblv ih`Zj \ hd_Zg_ lu \kx ghqv iheb\Z_rv _]h \h^hc gh lhevdh ajy l_jy _rv \j_fy ² rjZfZ
w\Z ob d_\ZeZf GhliZ^Zc_^ cZ^ b jZlbf rjZfZ w\Z ob d_\ZeZf Lu fh`_rv [ulv
mq_guf nbehkhnhf fh`_rv [_amij_qgh bkihegylv k\hc ^he] gh _keb lu g_ klj_fbrvky ihagZlv ;h]Z _keb lu
jZ\gh^mr_g d rjZ\ZgZf dbjlZgZf lh \k_ l\hb ^_eZ ² gZZhZlkgZy lh fZy\Z^b g_ agZxl dZdh\uk\yab f_`^m q_eh\_dhf
dhkfhkhf b ;h]hf ihwlhfm \k_ bo ljm^u [_kkfuke_g gu b hgb ebrv gZijZkgh l_jyxl \j_fy H[ wlhf ]h\hjbl b KZf DjbrgZ
Gb j_eb]bhagu_ h[_lu gb ijZ\^b\hklv gb fbehk_j^b_ gb agZgb_ ^h[ulh_ p_ghc kmjh\uo ebr_gbc g_ hqbklyl
l\h_ k_j^p_ _keb lu g_ kem`brv Fg_ k ij_^Zgghklvx b ex[h\vx ;oZ]
Lu fh`_rv kljh]h ke_^h\Zlv aZih\_^yf ^oZjfu Fh`_rv [ulv ijZ\^b\uf b gbdh]^Z g_ e]Zlv Fh `_rv [ulv fbehk_j^guf
d dZ` ^hfm Fh`_rv [ulv \_kvfZ mq_guf b agZlv \k_ q_luj_ <_^u qZlmj \_^bFh`_rv ih^\_j]Zlv k_[y kmjh\uf ebr_gbyf
lZiZkv_Gh _keb lu g_ agZ_rv qlh lu lZdh_ b dZ dh \ul\hb hlghr_gby k ;h]hf ² \b^cZ \Z lZiZkZg\blZ fZ^ [oZdlcZi_lZf
ZlfZgZf ² lh \k_ l\hb aZ
Machine Translated by Google
kem]b gbq_]h g_ klhyl ?keb d ghex ijb[Z\blv ghev ihlhf _s_ h^bg ghev b _s_ h^bg b lZd ^h [_kdhg_q ghklb \
j_amevlZl_ \k_ jZ\gh [m^_l ghev ?keb ghev mfgh`blv gZ ghev _s_ gZ ghev b _s_ gZ ghev hiylv
ihemqblky ghev² lZd dZdhc\wlhf kfuke"
RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z ibr_l \ dhff_glZjbb Nbehkhnu fZcZ\Z^b g_ agZxl dZdh\uk\yab f_`^m q_ eh\_dhf dhkfhkhf
b ;h]hf ihwlhfm \k_ bo ljm^u [_kkfuke_ggu b hgb ebrv gZyijZkgh l_jijZkgh l_jjxlgh \j_fy
IjZ\^b\hklv fbehk_j^b_ [eZ]hq_klb_ mq_ghklv Zkd_lbaf ² \k_ wlh aZf_qZl_evgh gh _keb lu g_ kem `brv ;h]m _keb
\ l\h_f k_j^p_ g_l [oZdlb lh \k_ l\hb ^hklb `_gby jZ\gu gmex IhklZ\vl_ jy^hf luky qb ghe_c \ j_amevlZl_ [m^_l lhevdh
ghev gh _keb d gmex ke_\Z ijbibkZlv _^bgbpm ihemqblky ^_kylv
WlZ _^bgbpZ b _klv \Zrb hlghr_gby k ;h]hf ² kZf[Zg^oZ Dh]^Z \u ihklmiZ_l_ kh]eZkgh k gbfb wlh Z[ ob^o_y ;_a
kZf[Zg^ob b Z[ob^ _b \k_ \Zrb ^hklb`_gby jZ\gu gmex
Dh]^Z fZcZ\Z^b lhedmxl <_^ZglZ kmljm hgb ihemqZxl gme_\hc j_amevlZl ihkdhevdm hgb hq_gv
^Ze_db hl kZf[Zg^ob Z[ob^o_b b ijZch^`Zgu Hgb ebrv gZijZkgh l_jyxl \j_fy =hkih^v JbrZ[oZ^_\Z
]h\hjbe
?keb q_eh\_d g_ klj_fblky ihagZlv ^moh\gu_ p_gghklb hg \h \k_f l_jibl ihjZ`_gb_ bh[j_dZ_l k_[y gZ kljZ^Z gby bklhqgbd
dhlhjuo ² g_\_`_kl\h Ex[Zy dZjfZ b ]j_oh \gZy b [eZ]hq_klb\Zy ijbghkbl ieh^u D dZdhc [u
dZjf_ g_ [ue kdehg_g q_eh\_d _]h mf hklZ_lky dZjfZlfbdZ hkd\_jg_gguf fbjkdbfb `_eZgbyfb >h l_o ihj ihdZ
mf hkd\_jg_g khagZgb_ lh`_ [m^_l g_qbkluf b ^h l_o ihj ihdZ fu ljm^bfky jZ^b ieh^h\ gZf ijb^_lky h[e_ dZlvky \ fZl_jbZevgu_
l_eZ ;oZ]
Imklv [j_ggu_ mkeZ^u g_ [m^ml kfukehf \Zr_]h kms_kl\h\Zgby gZ a_fe_ <_^bl_ a^hjh\mx `bagv b aZ[hlvl_kv
lhevdh h kZfhf g_h[oh^bfhf b[h ij_^gZagZq_gb_ q_eh\_dZ \ lhf qlh[u ihagZlv :[khexlgmx Bklbgm Wlh
^he`gh [ulv p_evx \k_o \Zrbo ljm^h\ ;oZ]
DZd fu m`_ ]h\hjbeb _klv iylv \b^h\ khagZgby Z\jblZ q_lZgZ kdjulh_ kZgdmqblZ q_lZgZ _^\Z
ijh[b\Zxs__ky fmdmeblZ q_lZgZ ih^h[gh_ [mlhgm \bdZqblZ q_lZgZ jZkp\_lZxs__ b imjgZ \bdZqblZ q_lZgZ
jZkp\_lr__ iheghklvx Ljb ihke_^gbo \b^Z khagZgby [u\Zxl qcevdh m ex^_h Levdh m _d
fh`_l h[j_klb \ukrmx nhjfm khagZgby ² imjgZ \bdZqblZ q_lZgZ @b\hlguf wlh g_^hklmigh Rjb fZ^ ;oZ]Z\ZlZf ²
gZb[he__ \Z`gZy ba \k_o rZklj Yaud ;oZ]Z\ ZlZf ykguc b ijyfhc LZf kdZaZgh qlh
q_eh\_d dhlhjuc g_ klj_fblky ihagZlv :[khexlgmx Bklbgm lZll\Z ^`b^`gZkZgbq_f g_ emqr_
`b\hlgh]h @b\hlgu_ g_ aZ^mfu\Zxlky h kfuke_ [ulby B _keb \u lh`_ g_ jZafurey_l_ gZ^ wlbf \Zr_
khagZgb_ g_ hlebqZ_lky hl khagZgby `b\hlguo M `b\hlguo q_luj_ gh]bm \Zk ² ^\_ M `b\hlguo d lh fm `_ fh]ml [ulv
jh]Z bo\hkl ² imqqoZ \brZgZ obgZ ?keb \u g_ klj_fbl_kv ihagZlv :[khexlgmx Bk lbgm lh \u \k_]h ebrv ^\mgh]h_
`b\hlgh_ imklv [_a jh]h\ b [_a o\hklZ ² kZ w\Z ]h doZjZo
FZoZijZ[om ² \_joh\guc bagZqZevguc ZqZjcZ Hg klhbl m bklhdh\ ZqZjcZ iZjZfiZju Hg jZkkdZ aZe h
\ZcrgZ\kdhc nbehkhnbb ijb\_j`_gpZf fZcy\Z^ub hgb __ ijbgyeb FZoZijZ <om ² KZfjoh ^vb \ ?]h keh\Zo aZdexq_gZ
\_ebdZy kbeZ LZdhc `_ kbehc h[eZ^Zxl keh\Z ZqZjvb ]ZmjZ ijbcy ^`Zgu ² lh]h dlh hq_gv ^hjh] =ZmjZg]_
FZoZijZ[om FZcZ\ Z^b ihghkyl =hkih^Z Djbrgm ]j_ rZl m ?]h ehlhkhih^h[guo klhi fZcZ\Z^b djrg_ ZiZjZ^obHgb
hl\_j]Zxl Djbrgm b kqblZxl ;h]hf
k_[y Gh ^Z`_ bo FZoZijZ[om m^hklhbe K\h_c fbehklb >Z`_ bf Hg ^Ze lZll\Z ]vygm Klhev fbehklb\
kZ^om hg ^Z_l ex^yf agZgb_ lZll\Z ^`gZgZ rbdrZWlh kihkh[_g k^_eZlv lhevdh ZqZjcZ FZoZijZ[ om ² kh\_jr_gguc
ZqZjcZ b Hg lh`_ gZ^_eye ex^_c ^moh\guf agZgb_f < ukemrZ\ ?]h nbehkhnu fZcZ\Z^b iheghklvx i_j_f_gbebkv
b klZeb [oZdlZfb < ihke_^mxsbo klboZo jZkkdZau\Z_lky h lhf dZd
hgb lZgp_\Zeb \f_kl_ k FZoZijZ[om gZihegyy \ha^mo \ha]eZkZfb OZjb OZjb DZd fbehklb\ =hkih^v
QZclZgcy
Machine Translated by Google
GZagZq_gb_ <_^
FZoZijZ[om ]h\hjbe qlh bklbggu lhevdh gZrb hlghr_gby k Djbrghc ² djrgZ k_c fmdocZ kZf
[Zg^oZ <k_ hklZevgu_ gZrb k\yab fZl_jbZevgu b ihwlhfm eh`gu < fZl_jbZevghf fbj_ _klv iylv \b^h\
hlghr_gbc hlghr_gby f_`^m jh^bl_eyfb b ^_lvfb f_`^m kmijm]Zfb f_`^m ^jmavyfb f_`^m kem]hc b
]hkih^bghf b g_cljZevgu_ hlghr_gby Gh kh kf_jlvx l_eZ wlbf hlghr_gbyf ijboh^bl dhg_p Fu kljZ
^Z_f \ wlhf fbj_ lhevdh ihlhfm qlh k\yaZeb k_[y l_e_kgufb maZfb gh g_ \hkklZgh\beb k\hb bklbggu_
hlghr_gby ² hlghr_gby k Djbrghc Ihgylv wlh ² agZqbl h[j_klb kZf[Zg^oZ ]vygm
>Ze__ g_h[oh^bfh magZlv dZd ^_ckl\h\Zlv gZ hkgh\_ kZf[Zg^ob LZdhc h[jZa ^_ckl\bc gZau\Z_lky
Z[ob^o_y DZdhc j_amevlZl ijbghkbl Z[ob^o_y" DZdh\Z __ p_ev kZ^ovy \Zklm" ?_ p_ev ² ij_fZ ijZch^`ZgZ kb^^ob
\ukrZy klmi_gv kh\_jr_gkl\Z gZ dhlhjmx fh` _l ih^gylvky q_eh\_d Wlh ² djbr
gZ ij_fZ
[oZ]Z\Zg kZf[Zg^oZ [oZdlb Z[ob^o_cZ oZcZ ij_fZ ijZch^`ZgZ \_^_ lbgZ \Zklm dZcZ
GZrb hlghr_gby k <_joh\guf =hkih^hf ² qlh kZf[Zg^oZ GZr bklbgguc ^he] ² k ex[h\vx b ij_^Zgghklvx kem `blv =hkih^m
Wlh Z[ob^o_y Dh]^ Z \ gZr_f k_j^p_ ijhkg_lky ex[h\vd ;h]m fu ^hklb]g_f \ukr_c p_eb q_eh\_q_ kdhc `bagb Wlh ijZch^`ZgZ
<k_ ljb we_f_glZ kZf[Zg^oZ Z[ob^o_y b ijZch^`ZgZ ² baeh`_gu \ <_^Zo Q q
FZ^ocZ
H gbo lZd`_ jZkkdZau\Z_lky \ Rjb QZclZgcy qZjblZfjbl_ dhjhldh ² \ :^b ebe_ b [he__ ih^
jh[gh ² \ ^\Z^pZlhc ]eZ\_ FZ^ocZ ebeu LZf ijb\_^_gu lZdb_ keh\Z FZoZijZ[om
fmdocZ ]ZmgZ \jllb dbf\Z Zg\ZcZ \cZlbj_d_ \_^_jZ ijZlb^`gZ d_\ZeZ dZoZc_ djrgZd_
DZd [u fu g_ bamqZeb <_^u ² lhedmy kfuke keh\ beb ihevamykv bo ijyfufb keh\Zjgufb agZq_gbyfb ² <_^ub ijy fh b
dhk\_ggh gZijZ\eyxl gZk d Djbrg_ Q q FZ^ocZ
<k_ \ <_^Zo khkj_^hlhq_gh \hdjm] Djbrgu < ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]bl_ DjbrgZ ]h\hjbl Ke_^mc <_^Zf b
lu ihagZ_rv F_gy \_^Zbr qZ kZj\Zbj ZoZf w\Z \_^chH^gZdh lZd gZau\Z_fu_ \_^Zglbklu lj_[mxl
IhdZ`bl_ ]^_ \ <_^Zo bfy Djbrgu KZfb hgb g_ fh]ml _]h gZclb
Nbehkhnu fZcZ\Z^b ba\_klgu k\h_c mq_ghklvx B IjZdZrZgZg^Z KZjZk\Zlb b KZj\Z[oZmfZ ;oZl lZqZjcZ [ueb
[hevrbfb agZlhdZfb <_^ KZj\Z[oZmfZ ;oZllZh]ZehsjcZb ² \hikehb ² \hi ;jboZkiZlb `j_pZ ihem[h]h\ B \k_ `_ hgb g_
fh]eb gZclb Djbrgm DjbrgZ ]h\hjbl \_^Zbr qZ kZj\Zbj ZoZf w\Z
\_^ch ² Ke_^mc <_^Zf b lu ihagZ_rv F_gy ?keb `_ lsZl_evgh bamqb\ q_luj_ <_^u qZlmj \_^b\u lZd b g_ ihagZeb
Djbrgm lh \u gZijZkgh ihl_jyeb \j_fy ² rjZfZ w \Z ob d_\ZeZf B \u [m^_l_ kljZ ^Zlv ihkdhevdm g_ \hkklZgh\beb
hlghr_gby k Djbrghc bk\yaZeb k_[y g_^he]h\_qgufb l_e_kgufb maZ
fb
;_kieh^gZy dhjh\Z
Ihbklbg_ `Zehd lhl dlh aZ[hlblky h dhjh\_ i_j_klZ\r_c ^Z\Zlv fhehdh h g_\_jghc `_g_ h l_e_ dhlhjh_ \h
\k_f aZ\bkbl hl ^jm]bo h gbdq_fguo ^_lyo beb h ^_gv]Zo g_ bkihevam_fuo gZ [eZ]h ^_eZ B g_ f_g__ `Zehd lhl dlh
bamqZ_l <_^u gh g_ keZ\bl F_gy
Lu ^_j`brv [_kieh^gmx dhjh\m HgZ g_ ^Z_l fhehdZ HgZ ijbghkbl lhevdh oehihlu b [_^u [hevr_
gbq_]h M l_[y _klv `_gZ gh hgZ l_[_ g_\_jgZ Hl g__ h^gb lhevdh oehihlu b [_^u [hevr_ gbq_]h <^h
[Z\hd dh \k_fm m l_[y _klv l_eh JZ^b fbfhe_lguo gZkeZ`^_gbc lu aZ[hlbrvky h l_e_ b ihlhfm kem`brv
g_^hklhcguf ex^yf ² [bioZe_ k_\bgm djiZgZ ^mjZ^`ZgZ qZiZeZ kmdoZ eZ\Z eZ]b j_ L\hc ohaybg hli_ luc g_]h^yc
gh lu \k_ jZ\gh _fm kem`brv < k_ l_i_jv lZd kem`Zl >Zcl_ gZf jZ[hlm Lj_[m_f jZ[hlu
Ex^b kh\k_f mih^h[bebkv hkeZf Ohaybg aZklZ\ey_l hkeZ \_alb ly`_emx ihdeZ`mb _s_ ih]hgy_l _]h
QZeh QZeh >_gv b ghqv ex^b ljm^ylky dZd hkeu ² ]Zj^Z[o_jZ fZlZ Zfb dZjb iZjbrjZfZ O\Zlbl
jZ[hlZlv gZ aeh[guo ijbkem`gbdh\ fZcb Emqr_ kem`bl_ Djbrg_ <u kem]b Djbrgu Gh \u g_ agZ_l_
h[ wlhf b kem`bl_ g_^hklhcguf ohay_\Zf ² djiZgZ ^mjZ^`ZgZ B \k_ wlh lhevdh jZ^b lh]h qlh[u ihem qblv `Zedb_
djhob m^h\hevkl\bc ² qZiZeZ kmdoZ eZ \Z eZ]b j_ Hgb gm`gu \Zr_fm l_em JZ^b l_eZ jZ^b
k_fvb \u ljm^bl_kv \ ihl_ebpZ gh \aZf_g ihemqZ_l_ lhevdh kljZ^Zgby ² ^_oZf iZjZ^obgZf
M \Zk _klv kug gh hg g_]h^yc Hl g_]hh^gb g_ijbylghklb Hg ZkZl imljZ g_^hklhcguc kug M \Zk
_klv ^_gv]b lZd bkihevamcl_ bo \ kem`_gbb Djbrg_ ² \brZcZ kZfmoZ kZdZeb fZ^oZ\Z dZgZd_jZ ^\Zj_
k_\ZoZ fZ^oZ\Z RjbeZ ;oZdlbkb^^oZglZ KZjZk\Zlb LoZdmjZ <ZcrgZ\ZBgZq_ \Zr_ ahehlh \Zrb p_g ghklb klZgml
ijb[_`bs_f DZeb Ahehlh [ueh iyluf f_kljhf h[blZgby dhlhjh_ blIZ` FZoZ
gZagZqbe ^ey DZeb ?keb \Zr_ ahehlh g_ kem`bl FZ^oZ\_ \bllZf l\Zlbjlob djlZfhgh ihjh`^Z_l
kkhju dh\Zjkl\h ijbghkbl \k_\hafh`gu_g_kqZklvy
Machine Translated by Google
B _keb \u lhedm_l_ <_^u gh g_ keZ\bl_ Djbrgm lh \ZrZ `bagv [m^_l ly`_ehc b [_ajZ^hklghc
FZcZ\Z^b aZy\eyxl < <_^Zo gbq_]h g_ kdZaZgh h Djbrg_ Gh DjbrgZ ]h\hjbl Ke_^mc <_^Zf b lu
ihagZ_rv F_gy ² \_^Zbr qZ kZj\Zbj ZoZf w\Z \_^ch
<_^uk\b^_l_evkl\mxl
DjbrgZ mihfygml \ <_^Zo B =ZmjZ OZjb lh`_ <_gphf <_^ kqblZxl MiZgbrZ^u < QoZg^h]vy ]h\hjblky
rcZfZqooZ\ZeZf
lZd`_ gZau\Zxl oeZ^bgb ijZiZ^c_ rZ\ZeZqoocZfZf
k\Z[oZ\Z beb oeZ^bgb ijZiZ^c_
rZdlb ² wlh wg_j]by Wg_j]by
Rvyfu Djbrgu rZ\
DlhZeZ miZgbrZ^_ dhlhjmx
gZc^_l ijb[_`bs_ m \gmlj_gg_c wg_j]bb =hkih^Z ?]h wg_j]bb gZkeZ`^_gby lhl ij_^Zklky RvyfZkmg ^Zj_ Djbrg_ <
Jb] <_^_
lZd`_kdZaZgh
Y \b^_e iZklmrdZ =hiZeZ g_le_ggh]h g_ih]j_rbfh]h Ihjhc Hg kh\k_f jy^hf h^_`^ Y g_ jZa \b^_e dZd Hg kljZgkl\m_l ih \k_ e_gghc
Ihq_fm `_ \u ]h\hjbl_ qlh DjbrgZ g_ mihfygml \ <_^Zo"<u kZfhgZ^_yggh gZau\Z_l_ k_[y agZlh dZfb <_^ gh
\ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb bo g_ agZ_l_ <u g_ fh`_l_ gZclb \ gbo Djbrgm ihlhfm qlh g_ \hkklZ gh\beb k Gbf k\yav
db gZjb imjmrZ ZjZ d_\Z dZjZ iZlb rjb djrgZ qZjZgZ \bgm ZjZ gZob ]Zlb
Dlh gZr bklbgguc kmijm]"Dlh gZrZ kmijm]Z"H^gb ba gZk jh^bebkv fm`qbgZfb ^jm]b_ ² `_gsbgZfb gh bk lbggu lhevdh l_ mau qlh k\yau\Zxl gZk k
ehlhkhih^h[gufb klhiZfb Djbrgu Q f FZ^ocZ
k_f iblZ hkb fZlZ k_c [Zg^om ^`ZgZ k_c oZjlZ k_q dZjlZ k_c fZljZ ^oZgZ
DjbrgZ h^bg b hl_p gZr b fZlv b ^jm] DjbrgZ h^bg ² \_jrbl_ev \k_o ^_e Hg h^bg ² gZr_ [h]Zlkl\h Hg ^ey
gZk \kz Q f FZ^ocZ
imljZ kg_o_ dZjZ fhj_ cZlZ [Z^Z [oZ\Z rjb djrgZ qZjZg_ oZbe_ dZlZ oZcZ eZ[oZ
Y l\hc kug b lu F_gy ex[brv gh _keb [u lZdmx `_ ex[h\v lu iblZeZ d Djbrg_ d ?]h ehlhkhih^h[guf klhiZf ih^mfZc lhevdh qlh [u lu h[j_eZ Q f FZ^ocZ
k_c k_ iZjZfZ [Zg^om k_c fZlZ iblZ rjb djrgZ qZjZg_ c_c ij_fZ [oZdlb ^ZlZ
Dlh \gh\v kh_^bgbe f_gy k Djbrghc lhl Fg_ i_j\uc ^jm] lhl Fg_ b fZlv b hl_p Hg ² Fhc =mjm Q f
FZ^ocZ
Wlh ² ^bdrZ =mjm =mjm dhlhjuc ^Z_l ^moh\gh_ ihk\ys_gb_ ?]h lZd`_ gZau\Zxl kZf[Zg^oZ ^ZlZ
ihkdhevdm hg ^Z_l kZf[Zg^oZ ]vygm agZgb_ h gZrbo hlghr_gbyo k Djbrghc
FZoZijZ[om kdZaZe RZqbfZl_
ZfZjZ gbklZjZ oZcZ lhjZ iZjbljZgZ rjb djrgZ qZjZgZ [oZ^`Z ² qoZ^Z imljZ ^`gZgZ
;he__ g_ kqblZc k\hbf kughf F_gy KqblZc k\hbf kughf Djbrgm <hkklZgh\bk\hx k\yav k Djbrghc b ihdehgycky
?]h ehlhkhih^h[guf klhiZf Lh]^Z b lu b Y h[j_l_f kiZk_gb_ Q f FZ^ocZ
Zg_jZ lZgZcZ Zg_ jZ^`ZlZ km\ZjgZ doZbe_ \bgZrZ iZcZ ² gZo_ iZjZ ^oZjfZ
Q f FZ^ocZ
Machine Translated by Google
H[uqguc kug ebrv aZjZ[Zlu\Z_l ^_gv]b Hg ^hklZ_l ahehlh beb k_j_[jh qlh[u ijhdhjfblv k\hbo
ij_klZj_euo jh^bl_e_c `_gm b ^_l_c Ijb wlhf hg g_ ]gmrZ_lky gbdZdbfb kj_^kl\Zfb b kh\_jrZ_l fgh ]h ]j_oh\ Hg
lhj]m_l \bghf beb m[b\Z_l dhjh\ b ijh^Z_l bo fykh JZ^b ^_g_] ex^b ]hlh\u ihclb gZ ex [hc ]j_o Gm [m^ml m \Zk
^_gv]b Z qlh ihlhf"DoZbe_ \bgZrZ iZcZ gZo_ iZjZ ^oZjfZ Ihlhf \u mfj_l_ b
hlijZ\bl_kv \ Z^ <u lZd b g_ ^hklb]g_l_ iylhc imjmrZjlob g_ ^hklb]g_l_ p_eb q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb
Jbkdmy `bagvx
^oZgZ miZj^`ZgZ dZ j_ Zg_ [Z^Z ^modoZ ^oZgZb cZmdZ db\Z ZiZgb fZjmdZ
Q f FZ^ocZ
Qlh[u ^h[ulv ^_gv]b \Zf ijboh^blky ij_h^he_\Zlv fgh]h ljm^ghkl_c <u ^_gv b ghqv jZ[hlZ_l_ dZd hkeu Bgh]^Z
\u ^Z`_ ih^ \_j]Z_l_ k_[y hiZkghklb =jZ[bl_eb fh]ml y\blvky b \Zk m[blv <eZklb fh ]ml \Zk ko\Zlblv hlijZ\blv \ lxjvfm
b ijb]h\hjblv d kf_jlb Y ijhq_e g_ ^Z\gh \ ]Za_l_klZlvx h[ h^ghc
dZgZ^kdhc `_gsbg_ dhlhjZy iulZeZkv \u\_alb ba Lhdbh ahehlh HgZ jZkibebeZ _]h gZ fZe_gvdb_ dmkhq db
iheh`beZ \ dZikmeu b ijh]ehlbeZ Gh \ Zwjhihjlm lZhebh`_ggbdb` b[gZhl_m`b
ij_klmigbpm ?c \kdjueb `b\hl b ^hklZeb hllm^Z ahehlh L_i_jv __ ^gb khql_gu JZ^b ^_g_] ex^b qZklh
jbkdmxl `bagvx B kugh\vy h[uqgu_ kugh\vy lh`_ g_j_^dh b^ml gZ lZdhc jbkd
Zfb Zgb ^b[Z djrgZ ij_fZ o_gZ ^oZgZ kZdZeZ kZfiZ^Z fZcZ djrg_jZ qZjZgZ
Q f FZ^ocZ
FZoZijZ[om kdZaZe fZl_jb qlh ijbgy\ kZggvykm Hg ijbg_k_l _c gZklhys__ [h]Zlkl\h H[uqguc
kug ijbghkbl jh^bl_eyf fbjkdb_ [h]Zlkl\ZY `_ ijbg_km l_[_ khdjh\bs_ ijZch^`ZgZ kb^^ob \ukr_c
p_eb `bagb DjrgZ ij_fZ o_gZ ^oZgZ DjbrgZ ij_fZ ² \hl bklbggh_ khdjh\bs_ AZq_f `_ ieZdZlv"Y
ijbgbfZx kZggvykm qlh[u ijbg_klb l_[_ wlh khdjh\bs_ KZdZeZ kZfiZ^Z fZcZ djrg_jZ qZjZgZ Lh]^Z
lu h[j_l_rv ehlhkhih^h[gu_ klhiu Djbrgu b hgb ^Z^ml l_[_ \k_ [eZ]Z <hl gZklhysbc kug ?fm g_
gm`gh ]ehlZlv dZikmeu qlh[u ihlhf e_`Zlv kh \kdjuluf `b\hlhf bh`b^Zlv kf_jlb =hkih^v QZclZgcZ
kdZaZe RZqbfZl_
kZdZeZ ^`ZgZf_ iblZ fZlZ kZ[o_ iZcZ djrgZ =mjm gZob fbe_ [m^`oboZ obcZcZ
Hl_p b fZlv _klv m gZk \ dZ`^hc `bagb Gh h[j_klb =mjm b Djbrgm gZf m^Z_lky hq_gv hq_gv j_^dh Q f
FZ^ocZ
<u iv_l_y^
< gZklZ\e_gbyo dhlhju_ FZoZijZ[om ^Ze RZqbfZl_ b dhlhju_ aZl_f [ueb baeh`_gu \ QZclZgcZ fZg]Ze_ Hg
jZkkdZaZe h kZf[Zg^oZ ]vyg_ Z[ob^o__ b ijZch^`ZgZ kb^^ob IjZch^ `ZgZ kb^^ob² wlh
djbrgZ ij_fZ \ukrZy p_ev q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb Dlh g_ \hkklZgh\be k\hb hlghr_gby k Djbrghc dlh g_
kh\_jrZ_l djbrgZ [oZ^`Zg lhl g_ba[_`gh hdZ`_lky \ k_lyo g_^he]h\_qguo hlghr_gbc dhlhju_ g_
ijbg_kml _fm gbq_]h djhf_ [_^ b kljZ^Zgbc ;oZdlb\bgh^Z LoZdmjZ ibr_l
^mjeZ[oZ fZgZ\Z ^`ZgfZ eZ[obcZ kZfkZj_ djrgZ gZ [oZ^`bgm ^modoZ dZob[Z dZoZj_
Q_eh\_q_kdZy `bagv ² p_gguc ^Zj b[h lhevdh q_eh\_d kihkh[_g ^hklbqv ^moh\gh]h kh\_jr_gkl\Z Fg_ [hevgh b
]hjvdh l_i_jv hl lh]h qlh ihemqb\ klhev j_^dbc ^Zj y ij_g_[j_] bf b g_ ihdehgyeky =hkih^m Djbrg_ DZevygZ dZ^iZ lZjm
KZ^om fZoZ^`Zgu \b^yl dZd `Zehd lZdhc q_eh\_d b ^mfZxl G_kqZklguc Hg g_ ihqblZ_l Djbr gm DZd `_
_fm ihfhqv"DZd h[e_]qblv _]h fmdb" KZ^om b^ml d lZdbf ex^yf b s_^jh h^Zjb\Zxl bo fb ehklvx Hgb kijZrb\Zxl
FZoZ^`Zgu ]h\hjyl <u gZijZkgh l_jy_l_ \j_fy < wlhc `bagb \u jh^bebkv ex^vfb gh \u g_ kh \_jrZ_l_ jZ^oZ djbrgZ [oZ^`Zg
<u gZf_j_ggh iv_l_ y^ < ^ jm]hc i_kg_ GZjhllZfu ^Zku LoZdmju
IjZjloZgZ i_kgy ]h\hjblky
k_ kZf[Zg^oZ gZob cZ
j \jloZ ^`ZgfZ l_eZ lZ j k_c iZrm [Z^Z ^mjZqZjZ
Dlh g_ \hkklZgh\be k\hb hlghr_gby k Djbrghc lhl ijh`be `bagv gZijZkgh Hg g_\_`^Z ^\mgh]h_ `b\hlgh_
K_b iZrm [Z^Z ^mjZqZjZ ;hevrh_ ]emih_ aeh[gh_ `b\hlgh_ Hg jZkljZlbe k\hx `bagv Hg gZf_j_ggh ibe y^
A^_kv \k_ lhevdh b ^_eZxl qlh ivxl y^
<k_h[s__ [jZlkl\h
FZoZijZ[om mqbl \uk\yaZgu lhevdh k Djbrghc ?keb \u \hkklZgh\bl_ wlm k\yav lh m\b^bl_ qlh
\k_ hklZevgu_ lh`_ k\yaZgu k Gbf qlh \k_ fu bklbggh [jZlvy Ex^b f_qlZxl h \k_h[s_f [jZlkl\_ Gh
\hafh`gh eb hgh _keb fu g_ ihfgbf h gZr_c k\yab k Djbrghc"Ex^b ]h\hjyl h \k_h[s_f [jZlkl\_ gh
g_ agZxl ^Z`_ dlh bo hl_p DZd hgb ml\_j^yl \k_h[s__ [jZlkl\h _keb g_ agZxl dZdh\u bo hlghr_gby k
Djbrghc \k_\urgbf hlphf"Lh]^Z h dZdhf [jZlkl\_ fh`_l b^lb j_qv"<k_ wlh imklu_ jZa]h\hju Wlb
g_\_`^u gbq_]h g_ ihgbfZxl @b\hlgu_ g_ kihkh[gu d kZfhihagZgbx Hgb g_ [m^ml kijZrb\Zlv h[ :[ khexlghc Bklbg_ Kh[ZdZf b
dhrdZf wlh g_ ^hklmigh ² wlh ^hklmigh lhevdh ex^yf >`b\ZkcZ lZl l\Z ^`b^`gZkZ gZjloh cZr q_oZ dZjfZ[obo Dlh ^hklhbg a\Zgby
q_eh\_dZ lhl klj_fblky ihagZlv
kZf[Zg^oZ lZll\m Z[ob^o_y lZll\mb ijZch^`ZgZ lZll\m <_^_ lbgZ lZll\Z dZcZ Hg klj_fblky magZlv dZdh\u _]h hlghr_gby k ;h]hf
dZdh\ _ ]h ^he] i_j_^ ;h]hf dZdh\Z \ukrZy p_ev `bagb Hg klj_fblky
h[j_klb djbrgZ ij_fm ex[h\vd ;h]m <k_ ljb lZll\u
baeh`_gu \ <_^Zo b <_^ZglZ kmlj_ gh nbehkhnu fZcZ\Z^b g_ kihkh[gu bo ih gylv Hgb o \Zkleb\h aZy\eyxl qlh agZxl
<_^u gh \k_ bo nbehkhnkdb_ baukdZgby ² gZijZkgZy ljZlZ
\j_f_gb rjZfZ w\Z ob d_\ZeZfLhevdh dh]^Z FZoZijZ[om h^Zjbe fZcZ\Z^b ba ;_gZj_kZ fbehklvx lhevdh lh]^Z hgb kfh]eb \k_
ihgylv b klZeb ijhkblv m G_]h ijhs_gby drZfZ ZiZjZ^oZ imj\_ c_ dZbemg
gbg^ZgZ >h wlh]h hgb hkm`^Zeb FZoZijZ[om gh l_i_jv fhebeb Ijhklb gZk <_^ZfZcZ fmjlb lmfb kZdrZl gZjZcZgZ Lu ² KZfb
<_^u Lu ² KZf GZjZygZ Ih g_agZgbx fu aehkeh\beb L_[yb wlh \_eb dbc ]j_o ² drZfZ ZiZjZ^oZ Ijhklb `_ gZf gZrm \bgm LZdh\u
gZklZ\e_gby FZoZijZ[om h kZf[Zg^o_ gZrbo hlghr_gbyo k Djbrghc RjbeZ DjbrgZ^ZkZ
DZ\bjZ^`Z baeh`be ?]h gZklZ\e_gby \ Rjb QZclZgcZ qZjblZfjbl_ dhjhldh ² \ :^b ebe_ b [he__
ihegh ² \ FZ^ocZ ebe_
=eZ\Z lj_lvy
Kh\_jrb\ hfh\_gb_ \_ebdbc fm^j_p JbqbdZ \_jgmeky ^hfhc Hg ihgye qlh ijhbahreh \ _]h hlkmlkl\b_ b kdZaZe
`_g_ k\h_c KZlvy\Zlb Lu khl\hjbeZ \_ebdh_ aeh L\hc kug [m^_l ]jhaguf drZljb_c kihkh[guf ihdZjZlv ex[h ]h [jZl `_ l\hc
klZg_l fm^j_phf bh[j_l_l ^ moh\gh_agZgb_
DHFF?GL:JBC ;jZofZg ^hklhbg k\h_]h \ukhdh]ha\Zgby _keb hg h[ma^Ze qm\kl\Z b mf \ kh \_jr_gkl\_ ihagZe ^moh\gmx
gZmdm _keb \ qbke_ _ ]h ^h[jh^_l_e_c l_jibfhklv b \k_ijhs_gb_ : drZl jby ^hklhbg gZau\Zlvky drZljb_c _keb hg ]jha_g b
[_kihsZ^_g d l_f dlh ij_klmibe aZdhg LZd ]eZkbl
;oZ]Z\Z^ ]blZ KZlvy\Zlb \dmkbeZ hl `_jl\_gguo ^Zjh\ ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^ey __ fZl_jb ih wlhfm kug dhlhjuc m g__ jh^blky [m^_l
ih ^mom drZljb_c : wlh g_` _eZl_evgh Kug [jZofZgZ b kZf
^he`_g [ulv [jZofZghf ?keb `_ hg ]jha_g dZd drZljby lh hg ijbgZ^e_`bl d ^jm]hc \Zjg_ <Zjg q_lu j_ b \k_ hgb hibkZgu
\ ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]bl_ qZlmj \ZjgcZf fZcZ kjrlZf ]mgZ dZjfZ \b[oZ]ZrZo ?keb kug
[jZofZgZ kZf g_ [jZofZg _]h ke_^m_l gZau\Zlv drZljb_c \Zcrv_c beb rm^jhc khhl\_lkl\_ggh _]h dZq_ kl\Zf IjbgZ^e_`ghklv d lhc
beb bghc \Zjg_ hij_^_eyxl g_ ih jh`^_gbx Z ih dZq_kl\Zf b ihklmidZf
q_eh\_dZ ;oZ]
Machine Translated by Google
JZa^_e_gb_h[s_kl\Z gZ \Zjgu
;om[Zg_r\Zj Bg^by ghy[jy ]
< ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]bl_ DjbrgZ ]h\hjbl qZlmj \ZjgcZf fZcZ kjrlZf ]mgZ dZjfZ \b[oZ]ZrZo RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z
mdZau\Z_l ?keb kug [jZofZgZ kZf g_ [jZofZg _]h ke_^m_l gZau\Zlv drZljb_c becr bec \Z rm^jhc khhl\_lkl\_ggh _]h dZq_kl\Zf
IjbgZ^e_`ghklv d lhc beb bghc \Zjg_hij_^_eyxl
g_ ih jh`^_gbx Z ih dZq_kl\Zf b ihklmidZf q_eh\_dZ Qlh[u hij_^_eblv d dZdhc \Zjg_ hlghkblky q_ eh\_d gm`gh \ i_j\mx
hq_j_^v mqblu\Zlv _]h dZq_kl\Z b aZgylby ² ]mgZ dZjfZ \b[oZ]ZrZo =hkih^v
DjbrgZ mqbl wlhfm \=bl_ gh \ gZr_ \j_fy ex^b g_ ke_^mxl ?]h gZklZ\e_gbyf
< \hk_fgZ^pZlhc ]eZ\_ ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]blu i_j_qbke_gu aZgylby drZljb_\ b [jZofZgh\ b \ dhff_glZ jbb RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z
pblbjm_l khjhd \lhjhc b khjhd lj_lbc klbo eZlhc ] wlhc GZ^ drZljb_c \eZkl \m_l ]mgZ kljZklb b _fm ijbkmsb lZdb_ dZq_kl\Z
DrZljby [_kkljZr_g b \eZklhex[b\ qlh[u ihemqblv \eZklv hg mihlj_[ey_l bgljb]bb ijhbkdb Hg j_rbl_e_g gZoh^qb\ hl\Z`_g \
[hx Hg s_^j Hg fh`_l \_klb aZ kh[ hc ^jm]bo b ihlhfm \k_]^Z klj_fblky [ulv \i_j_^b
LZdh\u dZq_kl\Z dhlhju_ ijbkmsb drZljbyf b dhlhju_hij_^_eyxl bo aZgylby ; ]
Kihdhckl\b_ kZfhh[eZ^Zgb_ ]hlh\ghklv i_j_ghkblv ebr_gby qbklhlZ l_ji_gb_ q_klghklv mq_ghklv fm^ jhklv b [eZ]hq_klb_
² lZdh\u dZq_kl\Z dZylhlhju_ ijbkmsb [jZofZg_juglb ; ]
<ZjgZrjZfZ ² km]m[h gZmqgZy kbkl_fZ h[s_kl\_ggh]h mkljhckl\Z ?_ kha^Ze KZf =hkih^vb _c g_ h[oh^bfh ke_^h\Zlv
Iheh`_gb_ q_eh\_dZ \ kbkl_f_ \ZjgZrjZfu aZ\bkbl hl lh]h dZd gZ g_]h \ebyxl ]m gu ijbjh^u Ij_h[eZ^ZxsZy \ q_eh\_d_ ]mgZ
ihgm`^Z_l _]hd hij_^_e_gghfm h[jZam ^_ckl\bc Lhl\
dhf ij_h[eZ^Z_l ]mgZ [eZ]hklb [m^_l ^_ckl\h\Zlv dZd ih^h[Z_l [jZofZgm Lhl \ dhf ij_h[eZ^Z_l ]mgZ
kljZklb \_^_l k_[y dZd drZljby ?keb q_eh\_d gZoh^blky ih^ ij_h[eZ^Zxsbf \ebygb_f ]mg kljZklb b
g_\_`_kl\Z hg [m^_l ^_ckl\h\Zlv dZd \Zcrvy ² djrb ]h jZdrcZ \Zgb^`cZf ² [m^_l h[_j_]Zlv dhjh\ aZgbfZlvky a_fe_^_eb_f lhj]h
\Zlv b ^Z\Zlv ^_gv]b \ jhkl Dlh gZoh^blky \h \eZklb ]mgu g_\_`_kl\Z lhl
rm^jZ Rm^ju h[uqgh jZ[hlZxl ih gZcfm b kem`Zl ij_^klZ\bl_eyf \ukrbo \Zjg DZeZm rm^jZ kZf[oZ\Zo < DZeb cm]m \k_
jh`^Zxlky rm^jZfb < wlhl \_d g_l gZklhysbo [jZofZgh\ b drZljb_\ ?klv
lhevdh \Zcrvb b rm^ju Ihwlhfm RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z ]h\hjbe Fu \hkiblu\Z_f [jZofZgh\ ;jZofZgu
² ]heh\Z h[s_kl\Z _]h kZfZy jZamfgZy qZklv Ebr_ggh_ ]heh\u l_eh gb gZ qlh g_ ]h^blky
<ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfZ ijba\ZgZ gZmqblv ex^_c ljm^blvky jZ^bm^h\hevkl\by =hkih^Z OZjb ² kZf kb^^obj oZjb lhrZgZf Dlh
ohq_l kZf gZkeZ`^Zlvky ieh^Zfb k\h_] h ljm^Z dlh ljm^blky jZ^b ^oZjfu
Zjlob dZfu beb fhdrb lhl ke_^m_l g_ iml_f ^Zc\b \ZjgZrjZfu Z iml_f ]j_o_
>h l_o ihj ihdZ q_eh\_d gZoh^blky \h \eZklb ]mg fZl_jbZevghc ijbjh^u hg ^he`_g ke_^h\Zlv ^Zc \b \ZjgZrjZfZ
^oZjf_ Ijb wlhf _fm g_h[oh^bfh jmdh\h ^kl\h hiulgh]h bklbggh]h =mjm =mjm gZc^_l
^ey g_]h aZgylb_ khhl\_lkl\_ggh lhc ]mg_ dhlhjZy gZ g_]h \eby_l =mjm agZ_l < wlhf mq_gbd_ ij_h[eZ ^Z_l kZll\Z ]mgZ
_fm ih^hc^ml [jZofZgkdb_ aZgylby ?keb `_ =mjm \b^bl qlh \ mq_gbd_ij_h[eZ^Z_l
jZ^`Z ]mgZ hg \_ebl _fm aZgbfZlvky hj]ZgbaZlhjkdhc jmdh\h^ys_c ^_yl_evghklvx dhlhjZy [he__ \k_]h
ih^oh^bl ^ey drZljb_\
AZ ij_^_eZfb \ZjgZrjZfu
Dh]^Z fu ljm^bfky jZ^bm^h\hevkl\by =hkih^Z OZjb gZr_ k_j^p_ hqbsZ_lky hl fbjkdbo `_eZgbc Dh]^Z fu [he__ g_
^mfZ_f h kh[kl\_gghf kqZklv_ bm^ h\hevkl\bb dh]^Z ke_^my aZ gZklZ\e_gbyf bklbg gh]h =mjm hl^Z_f ieh^u gZrbo
ljm^h\ =hkih^m OZjb fu \ha\urZ_fky ^h qbklh]h ij_^ Zggh]h kem`_gby
rm^^oZ [oZdlb b gZqbgZ_f bkdZlv :[khexlgmx Bklbgm Fu klj_fbfky h[j_klb lZll\Z ^`b]vykm agZ gb_ h ^mr_ b K\_jo^mr_
bm gZk ihy\ey_lky ex[h\vd oZjb dZlo_ Wlh agZqbl qlh fu \ha\ukbebkv gZ^
\ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfhc b [he__ _c g_ ijbgZ^e_`bf Ihwlhfm ]h\hjblky qlh \ZcrgZ\ g_ ijbgZ^e_`bl gb
h^ghc ba dZkl ?]h g_evay gZau\Zlv [jZofZghf drZljb_c \Zcrv_c beb rm^jhc Hg ² \ZcrgZ\ Hg g_
ih^\eZkl_g fZl_jbZevguf ]mgZf hg m`_ hk\h[h^beky hl bo ]g_lZ FZoZijZ[om ]h\hjbe
IZ^vy\Zeb
GZijZkgufb [ueb l\hb ljm^u _keb hgb g_ ijh[m^beb \ l_[_ ex[h\vd ihkeZgbx ;h]Z ;oZ]
Lu [_amij_qgh bkihegye ij_^ibkZgby \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfu gh _keb ijb wlhf \ l_[_ g_ ijhkgmeZkv
ex[h\vd oZjb dZlo_ lh lu ljm^beky gZijZkgh rjZfZ w\Z ob d_\ZeZf Dlh ex[bl kemrZlv oZjb dZlom lhl ihemqbl ^hklmi d
qbklhfm ij_^Zgghfm kem`_gbx LZdhc q_eh\_d \ukbeky^ \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfhc b [he__ _c g_ ijbgZ^e_`bl
Machine Translated by Google
GZrZ \ukrZy p_ev ² hk\h[h^blvky ba fZl_jbZevgh]h ie_gZ hkhagZlv qlh fu ² kem]b Djbrgu >`b\_jZ k\ZjmiZ
oZcZ djbrg_jZ gblcZ ^ZkZ Ij_^gZagZq_gb_ ^mrb ² \_qgh Djbrm_b Dlh
agZ_l h[ wlhf lhl b ^g_f b ghqvx ij_^Zggh kem`bl Djbrg_ Hg g_ ihfurey_l gb h jZ^hklyo wlh]h fbjZ gb h[ ba[Z\e_gbb
Hg ^mfZ_l lhevdh h lhf qlh[u gZkeZ^blv qm \kl\Z Djbrgu qlh[u kem`blv ?fm k ex [h\vx b ij_^Zgghklvx Wlh b _klv
cZcZlfZ kmijZkb^Zlb Wlh b _klv ^oZjfZ Zlfu ^mrb >mrZ kqZkleb \Z lhevdh lh]^Z dh] ^Z hgZ k ex[h\vx kem`bl
<_joh\ghfm =hkih^m OZjb
<ukrZy ^oZjfZ ex^_c lZ qlh \ha\ukbl bo ^h bkiheg_ggh]h ex[\b ij_^Zggh]h kem`_gby aZij_^_evghfm =hkih^m
LZdh_ kem`_gb_ ^he`gh [ulv [_kdhjuklguf b [_kij_ju\guf b[h lhevdh lh]^Z ^mrZ gZkulblky iheghklvx
;oZ]
LZdh\Z bklbggZy ^oZjfZ ^mrb k ex[h\vx b ij_^Zgghklvx kem`blv =hkih^m OZjb Djbrg_ DZ`^uc
^he`_g klZlv djbrgZ ^Zkhc kem]hc Djbrgu KZ^om =mjm kdZ`_l gZf >`b\_jZ k\ZjmiZ oZcZ djrg_jZ
gblcZ ^ZkZ ² \hl l\hy k\ZjmiZ l\h_ bklbggh_ ij_^gZagZq_gb_ Lu \_qguc kem]Z Djbrgu Z g_ kem]Z
k\h_]h l_eZ qm\kl\ mfZ k\h_c k_fvb beb kljZgu Ihemqb\ wlb gZklZ\e_gby lZll\Z miZ^_rm fu [m ^_f kemrZlv djbrgZ
dZlom b ihkl_i_ggh h[j_l_f ij_^Zgghklv =hkih^m @ _eZgby k\yaZggu_ k Zjlohc dZfhc b fhdr_c ² fZl_jbZevgu_
`_eZgby <k_ wlh ² Z]vygZlZ g_ agZgb_ IhdZ gZk h^he_\Zxl fZl_jbZevgu_ `_²eZgby fuZ [j_^_f \h lvf_
G_agZlgb_
fu g_ \b^bf gb kh[kl\_ggmx k\Zjmim gb =hkih^Z OZjb dhlhjuc lZd ^hjh] ^mr_ Ihwlhfm ^mrZ g_ fh `_l gZclb gb
jZ^hklb gb kqZklvy <ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfZ ij_^ibku\ Z_l ^\Z imlb imlv fbjkdbo gZkeZ`^_ gbc ijZ\jbllb fZj]mb imlv
ba[Z\e_gby gb\jbllb fZj]m B lhl b ^jm]hc kmlv Z]vygZlZ g_agZgb_ :^`gZgZ kZf^`gZf [oZ\Z [Zg^oZ fhdrZm b
`_eZgb_ ba[Z\e_gby b `_eZgb_ fbjkdbo m^h\hevkl\bc fbjkdh]h kqZklvy kmlv g_agZgb_
Gb ihjZ[hs_ggZy gb k\h[h^gZy
Bkihevamy lZll\Z \bqZjm Z[khexlguc ih^oh^ fu ihcf_f qlh ih k\h_c kmlb ^mrZ g_ ihjZ[hs_gZ
b g_ k\h[h^gZ DZ`^uc ba gZk ² DjbrgZ ^ZkZ \_qguc kem]Z Djbrgu H[blZl_eb khegpZ g_ \b^yl _]h
aZdZlh\ >ey gbo khegp_ ijbkmlkl\m_l \k_]^Z GZ[ex^Zlv \hkoh^ub aZdZlu khegpZ fh]ml lhevdh `bl_eb
^jm]bo ieZg_l >`b\_jZ k\ZjmiZ oZcZ djrg_jZ gblcZ ^ZkZ Ih k\h_c kmlb ^`b\Z ² \_qgZy kem]Z Djbr gu Lhl dlh wlh
hkhagZ_l g_ ijbgZ^e_`bl gb d qbkem aZ \bkbfuo gb d qbkem k\h[h^guo ^mr Hg g_ ijb qbkey_l k_[y gb d l_f gb
d ^jm]bf Hg agZ_l y ² kem]Z Djbrgu L_o ]vygb qlh ^hklb]eb ;jZofZgZ kbygby bkoh ^ys_]h hl l_eZ =hkih^Z g_evay
kqblZlv ih gZklhys_fm k\h[h^gufb Bklbggh k\h[h^gu
lhevdh l_ dlh hkhagZe k\h_ bagZqZevgh_ ij_^gZagZq_gb_ bh[j_e [oZdlbjZ fmdlb Fmdlb k\h[h^Z kZfZ
ijboh^bl d lhfm dlh ke_^m_l iml_f [oZdlb b kfbj_ggh kdehgb\rbkv ]h\hjbl Q_f fh]m kem`blv"
Qbkluc ij_^Zgguc hl\_j]Z_l fmdlb Moh^b Y g_ `_eZx l_[y \b^_lv ² ]h\hjbl hg
JmiZ =hk\Zfb lZd hij_^_eye mllZfZ [oZdlb qbklh_ ij_^Zggh_ kem`_gb_
ZgcZ[obeZrblZ rmgcZf
^`gZgZ dZjfZ^c ZgZ\jlZf Zgmdmec_gZ djrgZgm
rbeZgZf [oZdlbj mllZfZ
Lhevdh lhl \ qv_f k_j^p_ g_ hklZehkv b ke_^Z fbjkdbo `_eZgbc dlh k[jhkbe hdh\u nbehkhnbb fhgbafZ b hklZ\be
dhjuklgu_ ljm^u ^hklhbg ihemqblv ^hklmi d qbklhfm ij_^Zgghfm kem`_gbx Hg \k_]^Z k ex[h\vx kem`bl
Djbrg_ ihkemrguc ?]h \he_ ;oZdlb jZkZfjblZ kbg^om
B^msbc iml_f qbklhc ij_^Zgghklb g_ `_eZ_l gb [omdlb fbjkdbo m^h\hevkl\bc gb fmdlb ba[Z\e_ gby Ihwlhfm
hg g_ [Z^^oZ b g_ fmdlZ g_ ihjZ[hs_gguc b g_ k\h [h^guc =^_ [u hg gb [ue hg k ex[h \vx kem`bl Djbrg_ Hg l\_j^h
agZ_l qlh _]h ij_^gZagZq_gb_ ² [ulv djbrgZ ^Zkhc Hg kem`bl
Djbrg_ b ihlhfm \k_]^Z ij_[u\Z_l k Gbf Ij_^Zgguc fh`_l [ulv \ fZl_jbZevghf fbj_ beb \g_ _]h
ZiZ\Zj]ZHg fh`_l [ulv \ jZx beb \ Z^m Gh wlh \k_]h ebrv \b^bfhklv < ^_ckl\bl_evghklb hg ² gZ
ieZg_l_ Djbrgu ;he__ lh]h hg \k_]^Z hkhagZ_l k_[y kem]hc Djbrgu b _fm g_ ]jhabl ]j_ohiZ^_gb_ <
_]h k_j^p_ g_l b l_gb ]j_oh\guo `_eZgbc =^_ [u hg gb [ue hg \_a^_ k ex[h\vx kem`bl Djbrg_ Hg
\k_]^Z ij_[u\Z_l k Djbrghc Hg g_ ihjZ[hs_g b g_ k\h[h^_g Hg ² DjbrgZ ^ZkZ kem]Z Djbrgu _]h
k_j^p_ qbklh b hg \k_]^Z \_j_g k\h_fm ij_^gZagZq_gbx
Ke_^my ij_^ibkZgbyf \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfu fu ^hklb]g_f \ukr_c p_eb ² qbklhc ij_^Zgghklb =hk ih^m Lh]^Z fu g_
[m^_f klj_fblvky gb d fbjkdbf m^h\hevkl\byf gb d ba[Z\e_gbx :gmdmec_gZ djrgZ gm rbeZgZf [oZdlbj mllZfZ Fu
[m^_f `_eZlv lhevdh h^gh]hk ex[h\vx kem`blv Djbrg_ \k_]^Z ?fm
m]h`^Zlv Wlh \ukr__ ijbh[j_l_gb_ l_o dlh ke_^m_l aZih\_^yf ^oZjfu Wlh ² ZlfZ ^oZjfZ ^oZjfZ
^mrb M dZ`^h]h ij_^f_lZ \Zklm_klv k\hy ^oZjfZ >oZjfZ _klv m l_eZ b mfZ ^oZjfZ _klv bm ^mrb >oZjfZ l_eZ ²
bkdZlv qm\kl\_gguo m^h\hevkl\bc > oZjfZ mfZ ² ijbgbfZlv b hl\_j]Zlv Gh \u g_ l_eh
b g_ mf \u ² ^mrZ DZdh\Z `_ \ZrZ ^oZjfZ"<ZrZ ^oZjfZ ² m]h`^Zlv =hkih^m OZjb Djbrg_ oZjb
lhrZgZ
Machine Translated by Google
kZ \Zb imfkZf iZjh ^oZjfh
cZlh [oZdlbj Z^ohdrZ^`_ ZoZblmdb ZijZlboZlZ
cZcZlfZ kmijZkb^Zlb
<ukrZy ^oZjfZ ex^_c lZ qlh \ha\ukbl bo ^h bkiheg_ggh]h ex[\b ij_^Zggh]h kem`_gby aZij_^_evghfm =hkih^m
LZdh_ kem`_gb_ ^he`gh [ulv [_kdhjuklguf b [_kij_ju\guf b[h lhevdh lh]^Z ^mrZ gZkulblky iheghklvx
;oZ]
>mrZ ihagZ_l bklbggmx jZ^hklv dh]^Z [m^_l k ex[h\vx b ij_^Zgghklvx kem`blv =hkih^m OZjb Djbrg_ ^mfZy lhevdh h ?]h
kqZklv_ ² cZlh [oZdlbj Z^ohdrZ^ `_ Dh]^Z ^mrZ jZ^m_lky \f_kl_k g_c
jZ^mxlky mf b l_eh >mrZ ² wlh ]eZ\gh_ Dlh g_ ^mfZ_l h ^mr_ b klZjZ_lky gZkeZ^blv l_eh b mf lhl h[ j_dZ_l k_[y gZ \_qgu_ fmdb
qZjb \ZjgZrjZfb cZ^b djrgZ gZob [oZ^`_ k\ZdZjfZ dZjbl_ k_ jZmjZ\_ iZ^b fZ^`_
Ijb\_j`_gpu \ZjgZrjZfu ke_^mxl ij_^ibkZgbyf dhlhju_ rZklju ij_^gZagZqbeb ^ey q_luj_o \Zjg [jZofZgh\ drZljb_\ \Zcrv_\ b rm^jb q_luj_o ZrjZfh\
[jZofZqZjb ]jboZklo \ZgZijZklo b kZggvykbGh lhl dlh lhev dh bkihegy_l wlb ij_^ibkZgby b g_ kem`bl Djbrg_ \gh\v hdZ`_lky \ Z^m fZl_jbZevgh]h [ulby Q q
FZ^ocZ
Y \uihegyx aZih\_^b \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfu ² kdZ`_l_ \u >Z gh _keb ijb wlhf \u g_ kh\_jrZ_l_
oZjb [oZ^`Zg _keb g_ klj_fbl_kv k\hbf ljm^hf m]h`^Zlv =hkih^m OZjb _keb \u ljm^bl_kv jZ^b kh[kl \_gghc dhjuklb lh \u g_fbgm_fh
hdZ`_l_kv \ Z ^m ih^ gZa\Zgb_f jZmjZ\Z Dlh ke_^m_l aZih\_^yf ^Zc\b \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfu lhl b g_ ihfurey_l h lhf qlh[u gZkeZ`^Zlvky
ieh^Zfb k\h_]h ljm^ Z Hg \k_ hl^Z _l Djbrg_ ?fm hldjul ^hklmi d qbklhfm ij_^Zgghfm kem`_gbx B dh]^Z _]h k_j^p_ klZg_l qbkluf hg
ihc^_l d kZ^om =mjm b [m^_l kijZrb\Zlv _]hh[ :[khexlghc Bklbg_ Lh]^Z hg ihcf_l Y ² DjbrgZ ^ZkZ ?]h ^mrZ ba]heh^ZeZkv b hg ohq_l
magZlv q_f __ gZkulblv IbsZ ^mrb ² oZjb dZloZ djbrgZ dZloZ Hg mklj_fblky lm^Z ]^_ hgZ _klv Dh]^Z ]heh^guc [ud \b^bl aZ aZ[hjhf
k_gh hg kg_k_l ^Z`_
hq_gv dj_idbc aZ[hj b \hj\_lky \ h]hjh^ >mrZ dhlhjZy ]heh^gZ [m^_l m \k_o kijZrb\Zlv =^_ oZjb dZloZ" Ba :\kljZebb ba :f_jbdb ba ?
\jhiu hgZ mklj_fblky \ Bg^bx =^_ oZjb dZloZ" =^_ kZ^om"
HgZ hl\_j]g_l \k_ mkeh\ghklb kf_l_l \k_ ij_]jZ^u Djmrb EhfZc Y ohqm _klv Y ]heh^Zx Wlh ² bk lbgguc ]heh^ Mlheblv _]h fh`_l lhevdh
oZjb dZloZ B dh]^ Z ^mrZ gZkulblky lhrZgZlZmf b l_eh
lh`_ [m^ml kulu ?keb \u aZ[hlbl_kv lhevdh h l_e_ bh[ mf_ gh g_ ^mfZ_l_ h ^mr_ \u g_ m\b^bl_ gbq_ ]h djhf_ kljZ^Zgbc <u g_
magZ_l_ bklbggh]h kqZklvy <Zk h`b^Zxl g_kdhgqZ_fu_ [_^u ² ^modoZ bhgZbZ w\Z l_ LZdh\Z bklbgZ lZll\Zh \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjf_
=eZ\Z q_l\_jlZy
PZjv IZjbdrbl kdZaZe RmdZ^_\_ =hk\Zfb <gbfZfb GZjZ^_ Fmgb klhev `_ ihq_lgh dZd \gbfZlv kZfhfm =hkih ^m ;jZof_ Ijhrm ih\_^Zc fg_ d dhfm h[jZsZeky
\_jdbc b f qlh hg ]h\hjbe h aZij_^_evguo g_fZl_jbZevguo
dZq_kl\Zo =hkih^Z
DHFF?GL:JBC GZjZ^Z Fmgb ihemqbe ^moh\gh_ agZgb_ hl ;jZofZ^`b Z lhl \hkijbgye _]h hl
<_joh\gh]h =hkih^Z Ihwlhfm gZklZ\e_gby dhlhju_ GZjZ^Z ^Z\Ze k\hbf mq_gbdZf g_ hlebqZebkv hl gZ klZ\e_gbc kZfh]h =hkih^Z
LZd i_j_^Z_lky \_^bq_kdZy fm^ jhklv <_joh\guc =hkih^v klhbl m bklhdh\
ij__fkl\_gghklb ^moh\guo mqbl_e_c ih dhlhjhc ^moh\gh_ agZgb_ gbkoh^bl \ fZl_jbZevguc fbj <_^b q_kdh_ agZgb_ g_evay ihemqblv
hl mfkl\mxsbo nbehkhnh\ GZjZ^Z Fmgb ih\kx^m \uklmiZ_l dZd bklbg guc ij_ ^klZ\bl_ev ;h]Z b _]h ihy\e_gb_ g_hlebqgh hl ihy\e_gby
KZfh]h =hkih^Z :\lhjbl_lghc fh`gh
kqblZlv ebrv lm ij__fkl\_gghklv mqbl_e_c \ dhlhjhc k\ylh qlml ^moh\gh_ ihkeZgb_ __ ij_^klZ\bl_eb
^Zxl l_ `_ ihmq_gby dhlhju_ =hkih^v bagZqZevgh ^Ze K\h_fm ij_^Zgghfm H lhf dZd GZjZ^Z Fmgb i_ j_^Z\Ze mq_gbdZf ^moh\gh_
agZgb_ jZkkZau\Z_lky \ ihke_^mxb jb; oZ]Z\ZlZf ;oZ]
< wlhf klbo_ b dhff_glZjbb ]h\hjblky h fgh]hf IjZ[omiZ^Z h[tykgbe kfuke klboZ ebrv \ h[sbo
q_jlZo Qlh[u ihgylv _]h iheghklvx g_h[oh^bfu ^Zevg_crb_ jZatykg_gby
Machine Translated by Google
FZoZjZ^`Z IZjbdrbl aZ^Z_l \hijhku RmdZ^_\_ =hk\Zfb <hijhku ² wlh gZqZeh >ey q_]h hgb
gm`gu"H q_f b dh]h gm`gh kijZrb\Zlv <k_ wlh lj_[m_l jZatykg_gbc
AZ[em^rmx ^mrm \k_]^Z h^he_\Zxl khfg_gby DZd `_ bo jZa\_ylv _keb g_ aZ^Z\Zlv \hijhkh\"B dlh
^Zkl \_jgu_ [_ahrb[hqgu_ hl\_lu gZ wlb \hijhku"
KqZkleb\Zy a\_a^Z
RmdZ^_\Z ² bklbgguc gZklZ\gbd kZ^om LZdhc kZ^om ijbgZ^e_`bl d Z\lhjbl_lghc ij__fkl\_ggh klb ^moh\guo mqbl_e_c
Dh]^Z \u gZc^_l_ bklbggh]h \ZcrgZ\ Z \u ^he`gu h[jZlblvky d g_fm k \hijh kZfb <klj_lblv kZ^om \ZcrgZ\Z ² \_ebdZy m^ZqZ
km[oZ]vyRjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z ibr_l qlh GZjZ^Z
Fmgb ih\kx^m \uklmiZ_l dZd ij_^klZ\bl_ev ;h]Z b qlh _]h ihy\e_gb_ g_hlebqgh hl ihy\e_gby kZfh]h
=hkih^Z ?keb \Zf ^h\_ehkv m\b^_lv <_joh\gh]h =hkih^Z b ?]h ij_^klZ\bl_ey ij_fb [oZdlm ij_^Zggh ]h dhlhjuc hq_gv ^hjh] =
hkih^mb dhlhjuc \k_]^Z ojZgbl =hkih^Z \ k\h_f k_j^p_ agZqbl \ahreZ \ZrZ
kqZkleb\Zy a\_a^Z
IZ^r_c ^mr_ j_^dh m^Z_lky ihy\blvky gZ k\_l \ h[ebd_ q_eh\_dZ b q_eh\_q_kdZy `bagv fh`_l h[hj\Zlvky \ ex[h_
f]gh\_gb_ Gh ^Z`_ l_ dhfm ihkqZkleb\behkv jh^blvky ex^vfb j_^dh ihemqZxl \hafh`ghklv \klj_lblvky k
qbklufb ij_^Zggufb dhlhju_ [_kdhg_qgh ^hjh]b <eZkl_ebgm <Zcdmglob ;oZ]
J_^dh dhfm m^Z_lky ihemqblv fZgmrh ^_om l_eh q_eh\_dZ D lhfm `_ q_eh\_q_kdZy `bagv hq_gv dh jhldZ ² drZgZ
[Zg]mjZo Kf_jlv fh`_l gZklmiblv \ ex[h_ f]gh\_gb_ Fu aZ[ em^rb_ ^mrb ^mfZ_f Y
gbdh]^Z g_ mfjm Gh hldm^Z \Zf agZlv fh`_l kf_jlv ijbc^_l aZ \Zfb m`_ k_]h^gy"J_^dh dhfm m^Z_lky
jh^blvky q_eh\_dhf gh _s_ j_`_ m^Z_lky ih\klj_qZlv \ZcdmgloZ ijbcm ij_^Zggh]h dhlhjuc hq_gv ^h jh] <_joh\ghfm =hkih^m
LZdh]h kZ^om \klj_lbl lhevdh lhl dhfm hq_gv ihkqZkleb\blky
Dh]^Z FZoZijZ[om ijbr_e \ ^hf Rjb\Zku IZg^blZ lhl \hkdebdgme
Z^`b fhjZ kZdZeZ ^modo_jZ oZbeZ gZrZ Z^`b fhjZ ^b\ZkZ oZbeZ iZjZdZrZ
Z^`b fhjZ ^`ZgfZ dZjfZ ² kZdZeZ kZioZeZ Z^`b fhjZ m^ZcZ ² kZdZeZ kmfZg]ZeZ
Z^`b fhjZ ibljdmeZ oZbeZ m^^oZjZ Z^`b k_ \ZkZlb ^oZgcZ oZbeZ ZfZjZ
Z^`b fhjZ gZcZgZ [oZ]c_jZ gZob kbfZ lZgj_ ^_dob ² cZgjZ rjb qZjZgZ k_\Z jZfZ
K_]h^gy ijbr_e dhg_p \k_f fhbf g_kqZklvyf K_]h^gy i_j_^h fghc y\beky Lu h =hkih^v L_i_jv y agZx qlh `be b
ljm^beky g_ gZijZkgh K_]h^gy gZ f_gy gbahreZ [eZ]h^Zlv K_]h^gy fhb ijZhlpu h[j_eb ba[Z\e_gb_ K_]h^gy ^hf
fhc ihdjueky keZ\hc K_]h^gy ]eZaZ fhb kbyxl [_af_jghc jZ^hklvx K_]h^gy y \b`m L_[yh <k_\urgbc =hkih^v qvb klhiu e_e__l
[h]bgy EZdrfb Q [ FZ^ocZ
dZeb cm]_ kZ^om iZhcZ ^mrdZjZ ^`ZgbcZ kZ^om =mjm jmi_ djrgZ ZbeZ gZ^bcZ
< DZeb cm]m hq_gv ljm^gh gZclb bklbggh]h kZ^om Ihwlhfm dh]^Z DjbrgZ y\beky \ GZ^bb Hg KZf klZe kZ^om =mjm
RjbeZ >`Z]Z^ZgZg^Z IZg^bl Ij_fZ \b\ZjlZ
FZoZijZ[om \_jrbe ZqZjcZ ebem Hg KZf klZe kZ^om DjbrgZ ijboh^bl d gZf \ h[ebd_ kZ^om =mjm
² =mjm djrgZ jmiZ oZbZ rZklj_jZ ijZfZg_ RZklju k\b^_l_evkl\mxl qlh DjbrgZ ij_^klZ_l i_j_^ gZ fb \ h[ebd_ =mjm < k_^vfhf
klbo_ =mj\ZrlZdb ]h\hjblkyoZdrjb^ Wq qlh kZ^om =mjm
g_hlebq_g hl =hkih^Z OZjb KZfZklZ rZkljZbj mdlZk lZloZ ² lZd ]eZkyl \k_ rZklju \k_ \_^bq_kdb_
ibkZgby Wlh hlgx^v g_ \ufuk_e
H emqrbc ba ;oZjZl l_ dlh [eZ]hq_klb\uh[jZsZxlky d ij_^Zgghfm kem`_gbx eb[h dh]^Z kljZ^Zxl eb[h dh
]^Z l_jiyl gm`^m eb[h dh]^Z `Z`^ml agZgbc eb[h dh]^Z klj_fylky ihklbqv :[khexlgmx Bklbgm ; ]
DjbrgZ ]h\hjbl qlh ?fm ihdehgyxlky l_ dlh [eZ]hq_klb\u Wlh fh]ml [ulv Zjlb ZjloZjlob ^`b]vykm beb ]vygb :jlb
kljZ`^msbc fhebl Djbrgm h[e_]qblv _]h fmdb :jloZjlob lhl dlh l_jibl
gm`^m ijhkbl Djbrgm ihkeZlv _fm [h]Zlkl\h B ^`b]vykm `Z`^msbc agZgbc lh`_ h[jZsZ_lky k fhev [hc d Djbrg_ Hg
klj_fblky ihagZlv iZjZfZlfZ lZll\m brZ lZll\m ^ `b\Z lZll\mb rZdlb lZll\m Hg kijZrb\Z_l Qlh y lZdh_"DZd
ihagZlv ;h]Z"Qlh _klv ;h]"DZd yk Gbf k\yaZg"DZdh\ fhc
^he]"Q_]hy ohqm"< q_f bklbggh gm`^Zxkv" LZdb_ \hijhku aZ^Z\Ze RmdZ^_\_ =hk\Zfb FZoZjZ^`Z
IZjbdrbl Ih gbf fh`gh magZlv kmdjblbfZglZ imjmrm lh]h dlh [eZ]hq_klb\ LZdhc q_eh\_d fhebl
Djbrgm H =hkih^v dZd fg_ \k_ wlh ihagZlv" Ihfh]b fg_ DjbrgZ ij_[u\Z_l \ k_j^p_ dZ`^h]h DjbrgZ keurbl Hg ke_agh
\au\Z_l dh Fg_ ba ]em[bgu k_j^ pZ Hg ohq_l ihagZlv wlb lZll\u Lh]^Z
DjbrgZ ij_^klZ_l i_j_^ gbf \ h[ebd_ =mjm ² gZf w\ZbrZ \jgml_ l_gZ eZ[ocZk lZkcZbrZ ZlfZ \b\j gml_ lZgmf k\Zf
IZjZfZlfZ qZclvy =mjm ij_[u\Zxsbc \ k_j^p_ dZ` ^h]hh[e_dZ_lky \ l_eh b ij_^ klZ_l i_j_^ l_f dlh klj_fblky ihagZlv
bklbgm <hl qlh lZdh_ =mjm KdZaZgh lZd`_ =mjm djrgZ jmiZ
oZgZ rZklj_jZ ijZfZg_ RZklju mqZl qlh =mjm g_hlebq_g hl Djbrgu Ihwlhfm dh]^Z \u \klj_lbl_
\ZcrgZ\Z kZ^om qbklh]h ij_^Zggh]h bklbggh]h ij_^klZ\bl_ey =hkih^Z aZ^Z\Zcl_ _fm \hijhku
GZklhysb_\hijhku
FZoZ^`Zgh c_gZ ]ZlZo kZ iZgloZo KZgZlZgZ =hk\Zfb ² fZoZ^`Zg Hg mdZaZe imlv ih dhlhjhfm
fu ^he`gu ke_^h\Zlv KZgZlZgZ =hk\Zfb g_ [ue h[uqguf q_eh\_dhf Hg [ue ij_^Zgguf =hkih^Z b
iZg^blhf Hg agZe rZklju B \k_ `_ dh]^Z KZgZlZgZ =hk\Zfb ij_^klZe i_j_^ FZoZijZ[om hg kijhkbe
D_ Zfb ² Qlh y lZdh_" D_g_ ZfZcZ ^`Zj_ lZiZ ljZcZ ² Ihq_fm gZ f_gy h[jmrb\Zxlky g_kqZklvy"
Ihq_fm y l_jiex kljZ^Zgby Z^ovylfbdZ Z^ob[oZmlbdZ b Z^ob^Zc\bdZ"DZd klZlv kqZkleb\uf">ey q_]h
y `b\m" DZdh\ fhc ^he]" Q_]hy ohqm b \ q_f gm`^Zxkv" Wlh gZklhysb_ \hijhku Wlh ² lZll\Z
^`b]vykZ
Imklv [j_ggu_ mkeZ^u g_ [m^ml kfukehf \Zr_]h kms_kl\h\Zgby gZ a_fe_ <_^bl_ a^hjh\mx `bagv b aZ[hlvl_kv
lhevdh h kZfhf g_h[oh^bfhf b[h ij_^gZagZq_gb_ q_eh\_dZ \ lhf qlh[u ihagZlv :[khexlgmx Bklbgm Wlh
^he`gh [ulv p_evx \k_o \Zrbo ljm^h\
H q_f \u [m^_l_ kijZrb\Zlv" H lhf ]^_ ^hklZlv gh\uc \uimkd wjhlbq_kdh]h `mjgZeZ" G_l DZ fZkcZ g_g^jbcZ
ijblbj eZ[oh ^`b\_lZ cZ\ZlZ Klj_fblvky gm `gh g_ d bg^jbcZ ijblb \k_ gh\uf b
gh\uf m^h\hevkl\byf KijZrb\Zlv gm`gh g_ h[ wlhf ?klv
rj_cZk b ij_cZk Ij_cZk ² wlh imlv gZkeZ`^_gbc < fZl_jbZevghf fbj_ \k_ bsml gZkeZ`^_ gbc Gh \u ^he` gu
aZ^mfZlvky DZdh\Z p_ev fh_c `bagb dZdh\h fh_ ij_^gZagZq_gb_" M\u magZlv h[
wlhf klj_fylky hq_gv g_fgh]b_ Gh ex^b g_ ^he`gu `blv lhevdh ^ey lh]h qlh[u l_rblv k\hb qm\kl\Z g_ ^he`gu
mih^h[eylvky k\bgvyf iblZxsbfky bkijZ `g_gbyfb Gm`gh agZlv dZdh\Z p_ev klhev j_^dhc
q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb Q_eh\_d ^he`_g `blv lhevdh ^ey lh]h qlh[uh[j_klb DjbrgZ [oZdlb DZdhc kfuke
`blv jZ^b gZkeZ`^_gbc ij_cZ eZ[ohdhlhju_ ^hklmigu b ^jm]bf kms_kl\Zf" ?keb \Zf ^h\_^_lky
\klj_lblv gZklhys_]h kZ^om qbklh]h ij_^Zggh]h kijZrb\Zcl_ _]hh p_eb `bagb Q_eh\_dm
`bagv ^ZgZ ^ey kZfhihagZgby ^ey lZll\Z ^`b]vyku >jm]bf kms_kl \Zf wlh g_^hklmigh @b\hlgu_ g_
aZ^mfu\Zxlky h kfuke_ [ulby ² gZ wlh kihkh[gu lhevdh ex^bh[eZ^Zxsb_ [he__ jZa\b luf khagZgb_f Ihwlhfm \k_
\Zrb mkbeby ^he` gu [ulv gZijZ\e_gu d ihagZgbx Bklbgu B_keb d \Zf \
^hf ijb^_l kZ^om agZcl_ \Zf \uiZeZ j_^dZy m^ZqZ b g_ mimklbl_ \hafh`ghklb ihemqblv _]h ^ZjrZg
JZa\_ ]eZaZ ^Zgu gZf ^ey lh]h qlh[u kfhlj_lv g_ijbklhcgu_ `mjgZeu"G_l GZrb ]eZaZ bkihegyl
k\h_ ij_^gZagZq_gb_ dh]^Z [m^ml \abjZlv gZ ij_djZkguc h[ebd Djbrgu RvyfZkmg^Zju beb gZ kZ^om ij_^Zggh]h
dhlhjuc hq_gv ^hjh] Djbrg_ Rjb\ZkZ IZg^bl kdZaZe FZoZijZ[ om Z^`b fhjZ gZcZgZ [oZ]c_jZ gZob rbfZ ² K_]h^gy
gZ f_gy gbahreZ [eZ]h^Zlv b[h fg_ ^h\_ehkv m\b^_lv L_[y FZoZi jZ[om ² KZf <_joh\guc =hkih^v gh Hg \aye gZ
K_[y jhev kZ^om =mjm Ihwlhfm Rjb\ZkZ IZg^bl ]h\h jbe Fhb ]eZaZ kbyxl [_af_jghc jZ^hklvx b[hy \b`m L_[yh
kZ^om =mjm
Machine Translated by Google
Dh]^Z gZf ^h\_^_lky \klj_lblv lZdh]h kZ^om fu ^he`gu h[jZlblvky d g_fm k \hijhkZfb GZk \k_]^Z
h^he_\Zxl khfg_gby Fu gbq_]h g_ agZ_f h lZll\_ b ihlhfm ^he`gu klj_fblvky __ ihagZlv
fZcZ fm]^oZ ^`b\_jZ gZoq k\ZlZo djrgZ ^`gZgZ ^`b\_j_ djiZbZ dZbeZ djrgZ \_^Z imjZgZ
IZ^rb_ >mrb g_ kihkh[gu kZfb h[j_klb khagZgb_ Djbrgu Gh =hkih^v g_ihklb`bfh fbehklb\ Hg ^Ze bf <_^ub \ ^hiheg_gb_ d
gbf ImjZgu Q q FZ^ocZ
Qlh[u ihagZlv Bklbgm b^bd ^moh\ghfm gZklZ\gbdm Kfbj_ggh h[jZsZcky d g_fm k \hijhkZfb b _fm kem`b L_ dlh h[j_e
agZgb_ h ^mr_ ihk\ylyl b l_[y \ _]h lZcgu b[h hgb \b^yl Bklbgm ; ]
< Ijbeh`_gbb ^Z_lky i_j_\h^ wlh]h klboZ b dhff_glZjbb d g_fm ijbgZ^e_`Zsb_ ?]h ;h`_kl \_gghc Fbehklb :
Q ;Zdlb\_^Zgl_ K\Zfb IjZ[omiZ^_A^ _kv baeh`_gu ljb ij_^f_lZ ijZgbiZlZ iZjbijZrgZ b k_\ZcZ IjZgbiZlZ ij_`^_ \k_]h
gm`gh
ij_^Zlvky kZ^om =mjm AZl_f k_\Z b iZjbijZrgZ gm`gh _fm kem`blv kgbkdZlv wlbf _]h [eZ]hkdehgghklv
b ihke_ wlh]h kfbj_ggh h[jZsZlvky d g_fm k \hijhkZfb lZll\Z ^`b]vykZM gZk lZd fgh]h khfg_gbc b
aZ[em`^_gbc =mjm jZa\__l gZrb khfg_gby b ^Zkl gZf lZll\Z ]vygm b[h hg \b^bl Bklbgm ² lZll\Z ^ZjrbgZo IhkeZgb_
<_^ b ImjZg ^he`gh [ulv \ hkijbgylh lZdbf dZdh_ hgh _klv
DjbrgZ ]h\hjbl Fh_ jh`^_gb_ Fh_ y\e_gb_ b Fhb ^_ygby g_ fZl_jbZevgu ² hgb ljZgkp_g^_gl gu Dlh ihagZe
wlm bklbgm lhl hklZ\b\ l_eh g_ij_f_ggh \_jg_lky dh Fg_^ gb gb ^blky
\ fZl_jbZevghf fbj_ Gm`gh \_jgh ihgylv <_^ub ImjZgu Gh dlh ihfh`_l gZf \ wlhf dlh ^Zkl gZf
lZll\Z ]vygm"Lhevdh lZll\Z ^Zjrb =mjm lhl dlh \b^bl Bklbgm dlh kZf h[eZ^Z_l lZll\Z ]vyghc dlh
\gbfZe k\h_fm =mjm k\h_fm ij_^r_kl\_ggbdm \ p_ib ^moh\guo mqbl_e_c ² lhevdh hg ^Zkl gZf lZll\Z
]vygm
>moh\gu_ mqbl_ey \ gZr_c ]Zm^bcZ =mjm \Zj]_ r_kl_jh =hk\Zfb Z lZd`_ k_^vfhc =hk\Zfb ;oZdlb \bgh^Z
LoZdmjZ ² ^Zeb gZf lZll\Z ]vygm > he] bklbggh]h =mjm ² \eh`blv lZll\Z ]vygm \ k_j^p_ mq_gb dZ b[h lhevdh lh]^Z
mq_gbd ihagZ_l ;h]Z [oZ]Z\ZlZ Zgm\jllbBgZq_ wlh g_\hafh 'gh
Dh]^Z =mjm kh\_jrZ_l dbjlZg keZ\bl ;h]Z ba _]h mkl bkoh^bl rZ[^Z [jZofZ ljZgkp_g^_glguc
a\md B rbrvy mq_gbd ^he`_g \gbfZl_evgh _]h kemrZlv Lh]^Z ih fbehklb =mjm hg ihemqbl lZll\Z ]vygm Bklbgguc
kZ^om =mjm ² [oZ]Z\ZlZ djiZ fmjlb ² hebp_l\hjy_l fbehklv Djbrgu ;oZ]Z\ZgZ ijboh^ysmx d gZf \ \b^_ rZ[^Z [jZofu
L_ mq_gbdb b ihke_^h\Zl_eb =mjm dhlhju_ \_jgu _fm b k_jv _agu g_ij_f_ggh ihemqZl _]h fbehklv Hg fbehklb\ h
^Zkl bf lZll\Z ]vygm ?keb m \Zk g_l lZll\Z ]vygu lh \Zrb ^_eZ b ihklmidb g_kh\_jr_ggu Dlh ih fbehklb =mjm ihemqbe
lZll\Z ]vygm lhl agZ_l qlh lZdh_ ;jZofZg IZjZfZlfZ b ;oZ]Z\Zg >jm]b_ g_ kihkh[gu h[j_klb wlh agZ gb_ Ihemqblv
_]h fh`gh lhevdh kemrZy ^moh\gh]h gZklZ\ gbdZ ² rjhlZ iZjZfiZjcZ >moh\gh_ ihkeZ gb_ ^he`gh [ulv mkeurZgh
FZoZjZ^`Z IZjbdrbl aZ^Z\Ze RmdZ^_\_ =hk\Zfb \hijhku b lhl gZ gbo
hl\_qZe Wlh gZqZeh Wlh hkgh\Z =mjm iZjZfiZju G_h[oh^bfh agZlv lZll\Z \Zklm Z^\ZcZ ^`gZgZ lZll\Z \jZ^`_
\jZ^`_g^jZ dmfbjZ ² kug FZoZjZ^ `b GZg^u _klv :[khexlgZy BklbgZ L_ dhfm hl djueZkv BklbgZ dlh klZe lZll\Z
^Zjrb dlh \b^_e dlh \k_]^Z \b^bl kugZ FZoZjZ^`b GZg^u l_ gZ klhysb_ =mjm Hgb ^Z^ml gZf lZll\Z ]vygm gh ^ey
wlh]h fu ^he`gu kemrZlv bo ihkeZgb_ <k_ ZqZjvb \
]Zm^bcZ \ZcrgZ\Z iZjZfiZj_ agZxl Bklbgm \k_ hgb lZll\Z ^Zjrb =mjm Ihwlhfm gZrZ iZjZfiZjZ ² Z\ lhjbl_lgZy iZjZfiZjZ
Z\lhjbl_lgZy ij__fkl\_gghklv ^moh\guo mqbl_e_c GZrb ZqZjvb gZibkZeb fgh]h
dgb] rZklj kh^_j`Zsbo lZll\Z ]vygm Kj_^b gbo OZjb [oZdlb \beZkZ EZ]om ;oZ]Z\ZlZfjblZ ;jb oZ^ ;oZ]Z\ZlZfjblZ RZl
KZg^Zj[oZ ;oZdlb jZkZfjblZ kbg^om b M^`\ZeZ gbeZfZgb <k_ wlh ²
lZll\bdZ ]jZglob dgb]b hldju\Zxsb_ Bklbgm
H[yaZgghklv mq_gbdZ
Mq_gbd rbrvy ^he`_g kemrZlv H q_f"H lZll\_ h[ :[khexlghc Bklbg_ b gb h q_f ^jm]hf Lhfm dlh ihemqbe
lZll\Z ]vygm hq_gv e_]dh kem`blv Djbrg_ M lZdh]h q_eh\ _dZ _klv k_\ZZ^obdZjZ \k_ g_h[ oh^bfh_ ^ey ij_^Zggh]h
kem`_gby Hg fh`_l hlebqblv Zlfm hl ZgZlfu ^moh\gh_ hl fZl_jbZevgh]h Q_ eh\_d g_ ihemqb\rbc lZll\ Z ]vygm
lZdhc kihkh[ghklvx g_ h[eZ^Z_l LZll\Z ]vygZ ² wlh kZf[Zg^oZ
Machine Translated by Google
]vygZ agZgb_ h gZrbo hlghr_gbyo k ;h]hf Wlh agZgb_ mq_gbd ihemqbl hl bklbggh]h =mjm Lh]^Z hg
ihcf_l DjbrgZ ² fhc \_qguc \eZkl_ebg Y ² ?]h \_qguc kem]Z Ihwlhfm fhc ^he] ² kem`blv
Djbrg_ LZd mq_gbd ihklb]g_l \k_ ljb lZll\u brZ lZll\m <_joh\gh]h =hkih^Z^`b\Z lZll\m \_qgmx
^mrmb rZdlb lZll\m wg_j]bb =hkih^ZHg
ihcf_l qlh ^_eZl_ev lhevdh h^bg ² DjbrgZ b qlh \k_ \_jrblky ih ?]h \he_ ;oZdlb\bgh^Z
LoZdmjZ ibr_l
^`b\Z [Ze_ dZjb Zfb k_ lZ kZlcZ gZcZ ^`b\Z db dhjbl_ iZj_ lmfb gZ dZjbe_ ZrZ fZljZ ^`b\Z dZj_ lZ\Z
bqqoZ ioZe_
>mrZ ih^\eZklgZy beexabb ^mfZ_l qlh \k_ ^_eZ_l hgZ gh wlh kZfhh[fZg Qlh fh]ml djhr_qgu_ ^mrb [_a L\h_ ]h
\f_rZl_evkl\Z"Hgb fh]ml lhevdh `_eZlv ^_ckl\h \Zlv gh ihdZ Lu g_ [eZ]h\hebrv bkihegblv bo `_eZgb_ hgb gb gZ qlh g_
kihkh[gu RZjZgZ]Zlb =hiljbl\_ \ZjZgZ i_kgy
AZdexqbl_evgh_ b kZfh_ khdjh\_ggh_ gZklZ\e_gb_ dhlhjh_ DjbrgZ ^Ze \ ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]bl_ ]eZkbl kZj\Z ^oZjfZg
iZjblbZ^`cZ fZf wdZf rZjZgZf \jZ^`Z ² Ij_^Zgucky_bj_ ^oZjfu Dlh
[_ajZa^_evgh ij_^Zeky Djbrg_ lhl klZgh\blky hjm^b_f \ ?]h jmdZo < h^bggZ^pZlhc ]eZ\_ ;oZ]Z\Z^ ]blu
jZkkdZau\Z_lky h lhf dZd DjbrgZ ihdZaZe :j^ `mg_K\hc h]jhfguc \k_e_gkdbc ebd QmjgblZbj
mllZfZg]Zbo :j^`mgZ m\b^_e dZd DjbrgZ h^gm aZ ^jm]hc ih]ehsZ_l ]heh\u \_ebdbo fZoZjZlo ²
DZjgu >jhgu ;obrfu DjbrgZ kdZaZe :j^`mg_ fZcZ oZlZfk l\Zf ^`Zob fZ \cZlobrloZ ² Y m`_
m[be bo \k_o lZd ihq_fm l_[yh^he_\Zxl khfg_gby b lj_\h]b" GbfbllZ fZljZf [oZ\Z kZ\cZ kZqbg ²
KlZgv hjm^b_f \ Fhbo jmdZo
GZ kZgkdjbl_ hjm^b_ ² ygljZ Z lh]h dlh bf ihevam_lky gZau\Zxl ygljb Ygljb ² wlh DjbrgZ b
fu ^he`gu klZlv ?]h hjm^b_f LZdbf hjm^b_f klZg_l lhevdh lhl dlh [_ajZa^_evgh ij_^Zklky Djbrg_ dlh ^ey G_]h
ih`_jl\m_l k\h_c k\h[h^hc Dlh hklZ\ey_l k\h[h^m \u[hjZ aZ kh[hc lhl g_ ij_^Zg Djbrg_ Hg \_ebdbc ijbl\hjsbd Gh lhl
dlh mkeurZe hl =mjm lZll\Z ]vygm dlh ih fbehklb =mjm ihemqbe lZl l \Z ]vygm agZ_l KZf y gbq_]h g_ ^_eZx ²
\k_ ^_eZ_l DjbrgZ Y ^he`_g \k_p_eh ij_^Zlvky Djbrg_ b
klZlv hjm^b_f \ ?]h jmdZo
Dlh ih fbehklb =mjm h[j_e lZll\Z ]vygm lhl \b^bl lZll\Z \Zklm :[khexlgmx Bklbgm <jZ^`_g^jm dmfZjZ b \k_ ?]h
ebeu ² Z^\ZcZ ^`gZgZ lZll\Z \jZ^`_ \jZ^`_g^jZ dmfZjZ ?keb m \Zk g_l lZll\Z ]vygu \Zrb ]eZaZ aZdjulu
Z^`gZgZ lbfbjZg^oZkcZ
^`gZgZg^`ZgZ rZeZdZcZ qZdrmj mgfbeblZf c_gZ
lZkfZb rjb ]mjZ\_ gZfZo
Y ij_dehgyxkv i_j_^ fhbf ^moh\guf gZklZ\gbdhf K\_lhq_f agZgby hg haZjbe fhb ]eZaZ b ijh]gZe hke_ib\rmx bo
lvfm g_\_^_gby =ZmlZfby lZgljZ
Lhl dlh ^Ze fg_ lZll\Z ]vygm dlh hldjue fhb ]eZaZ dlh gZ^_ebe f_gy ]vygZ qZdrm hdhf agZgby lZdhc lZll\Z
ZqZjcZ ² fhb \eZkl_ebg QZdrm ^ZgZ ^beZ c_b ^`Zgfk_ =`Zgb hdhf agZ gby ym\b`m =hkih^Z RvyfZkmg^Zjm b
\k_ ?]h ebeu Dlh g_ h[eZ^Z_l \b^_gb_f lZll\Z ]vygu lhl ke_i _]h ]eZaZ ih ij_`g_fm aZdjulu
<gZqZe_ kZ^oZdZ ^he`_g kemrZlv ² lZll\Z rjZ\ZgZf IhdZ hg g_ ihagZe lZll\mm g_]h g_l Z^ob dZju ^ey
rm^^oZ [oZdlb b hg g_ ihemqbl ^hklmi d qbklhfm ij_^ Zgghfm kem`_gbx GZ wlh mdZau\Ze
RjbeZ >`b\Z =hk\Zfb Ij_`^_ \k_]h kZ^oZdZ ^he`_g h[j_klb rZkljby RjZ^^om \_jm \ kZ^om rZklju
b =mjm LZdZy \_jZ ijb^_l d g_fm lhevdh ihke_ lh]h dZd hg [m^_l ihk\ys_g \ rZ[^Z [jZofm Ihk\ys_g guc gZ
\k_kfhljbl ]eZaZfb agZgby rZkljZ qZdrm ]eZaZfb k\ys_gguo dgb] Wlbf \b^_gb_f wlbf agZ gb_f _]h gZ^_ebe
bklbgguc =mjm Mq_gbd ihemqb\rbc lZdh_ \b^_gb_ lZll\Z ]vygm fh`_l gZoh^blvky
]^_ m]h^gh Hg fh`_l `blv \h ^\hjp_ beb ih^ ^_j_\hf gh ]^_ [u hg gb [ue hg \k_]^Z ih]jm`_g \ rjZ
\ZgZf dbjlZgZf M g_]h g_l ^jm]h]h aZgylby Wlh ieh^ agZgby ² lZll\Z ^`gZgZ eZ[oZ Ihwlhfm gm` gh klj_fblvky d
agZgbx lZll\Z ^`b]vykZGm`gh h[jZsZlvky d =mjm k \hijhkZfb ² lZ^ \b^^ob
ijZgbiZl_gZ iZjbijZrg_gZ k_\ZcZ IZjbijZrgZ ² wlh mf_gb_ kfbj_ggh aZ^Z\Zlv \hijhku
LZll\Z ^Zjrb =mjm ^Zkl lZll\Z ]vygm agZgb_ lhfm mq_gbdm dhlhjuc gZklhcqb\h klj_fblky _]h
h[j_klb LZdhc mq_gbd jZ^m_l =mjm k\hbf ihkemrZgb_f b kem`_gb_f b kfbj_ggh h[jZsZ_lky d g_fm k
\hijhkZfb ?]h \hijhku hlghkylky g_ d l_em b g_ d mfm ² hg kijZrb\Z_l h[ oh^bfh gZf ij_`^_ \k_]h
KZl kZfijZ^ZcZ
G_kdhevdh keh\ h kZfijZ^Zc_ KZl kZfijZ^ZcZ ² wlh ljZgkp_g^_glgh_ agZgb_ dhlhjh_ i_j_^Z_lky
ih p_ib bklbgguo kZ^om fZoZimjmrZ =mjm Wlh rjhlZ iZjZfiZjcZ f_lh^ ihagZgby hkgh\Zgguc gZ
kemrZgbb Bfi_jkhgZebklu b nbehkhnu wfibjbdb g_ [m^ml kemrZlv Z\lhjbl_lguo gZklZ\gbdh\ hgb \h
\k_f iheZ]Zxlky gZ kh[kl\_gguc jZamf LZdb_ ex^b g_ kihkh[gu ihgylv lZll\m MagZlv lZll\m fh`gh
lhevdh hl kZ^om Ihwlhfm DjbrgZ b fZoZ^`Zgu kha^Zeb kZfijZ^Zcm ² w\Zf iZjZfiZjZ ijZilZf Bk lbggZy kZfijZ^ZcZ
\_^_l gZqZeh hl KZfh]h Djbrgu b lhevdh hgZ agZjZgbl lj_gkp_b^
RZ[^Z [jZofZ ² wlh \_qgZy :[khexlgZy BklbgZ g_ih^\eZklgZy \j_f_gb GZ g__ f_^blbjmxl \k_
fZoZimjmrb \k_ kZ^om ² kZlcZf iZjZf ^obfZob K\ZjmiZ eZdrZgZ ]eZ\guc ijbagZd :[khexlghc Bk lbgu lZdh\ HgZ
kms_kl\m_l \k_]^Z ² \ ijhrehf gZklhys_f b [m^ms_f KZlbl_ jlbrgo
Machine Translated by Google
kZlcZf Zkfbg ijZlbrloblZo DjbrgZ _klv <_joh\gZy :[khexlgZy BklbgZ IZjZf_r\ZjZ :[khexlgZy
BklbgZ aZdexq_gZ \ Djbrg_ Hg ² __ gZqZeh Wlh g_bafure_gb_ ² wlh kZlvy ^oZjfZ HgZ bkoh^bl hl
Djbrgu b g_ fh`_l [ulv khl\hj_gZ d_f [u lh gb [ueh
Bklbggu_ aZdhgu j_eb]bb \ha\_sZ_l KZf <_joh\guc =hkih^v Wlh]h g_ fh]ml k^_eZlv gb \_ebdb_ jbrb k \ukrbo
ieZg_l gb ihem[h]b gb ijZ\bl_eb Kb^^oZehdb ohly \k_ hgb ij_[u\Zxl \ [eZ]hklb Qlh m` ]h\hjblv h ^_fhgZo h[uqguo ex^yo \b^vy^ oZjZo b qZjZgZo" ;oZ]
LZdh\Z [oZ]Z\ZlZ ^oZjfZ \ZklZ\Z ^oZjfZ bklbggZy ^oZjfZ <ukr_c J_Zevghklb ;oZ]Z\Zl ijZgclZf wlm ^oZjfZ
lZll\m \ha\_sZ_l ;oZ]Z\Zg <_joh\gZy Ebqghklv ;h]Z < g_c \k_ hq_gv ykgh b \f_ kl_ k l_f hq_gv khdjh\_ggh
H[uqgu_ ex^b g_ kihkh[gu __ ihgylv Ihwlhfm ^oZjfZ lZll\Z gbkoh^bl \
fZl_jbZevguc fbj ih iZjZfiZj_ p_ib bklbgguo ^moh\guo mqbl_e_c gZ [eZ]h \k_o b dZ`^h]h Wlhl f_ lh^ i_j_^Zqb
agZgby hkgh\Zg gZ kemrZgbb rjhlZ iZgloZb hg gZau\Z_lkyZ kZfij
rjb =mjm iZjZfiZjZ]ZlZ kZ^ miZ^_rZ \Z iZjZfiZjZcZ Z\ZlbjgZ miZ^_rZ blb kZfijZ^ZcZo
LZdh\h hij_^_e_gb_ kZfijZ^Zcb <u ^he`gu \k_]^Z kkueZlvky gZ Z\lhjbl_lgu_ bklhqgbdb bgZq_
\u g_ klZg_l_ \ZcrgZ\hf <u [m^_l_ fgbfuf g_ gZklhysbf \ZcrgZ\hf <ZcrgZ\ ² wlh rjhlZ [oZdlZ beb lhl dlh \k_]^Z
mdZau\Z_l bklhqgbd ba dhlhjh]h hg ihemqbe agZdhb\ hh^gh ba hij_^_ e_gbc \ZcrgZ\Z
KZfijZ^ZcZ ² wlh ]vygZ ljZgkp_g^_glgh_ agZgb_ dhlhjh_ i_j_^Z_lky ih p_ib bklbgguo ^moh\guo
mqbl_e_c LZd hgh ijboh^bl d rbrv_ ² bkdj_gg_fm mq_gbdm dhlhjuc \_j_g b ij_^Zg k\h_fm =mjm LZ dh]h qlh
lZdh_ kZfijZ^ZcZ KZfijZ^ZcZ klhbl gZ kljZ`_ [oZ]Z\ZlZ ^oZjfu b ihwlhfm gZau\Z_lky ZfgZcZo ;oZdlb\bgh^Z
LoZdmjZ \ >ZrZ fmeZ rbdr_ ibr_l ZfgZfZo ijZfoZ lZll\
kZj\Z rZdlbf jZkZ[^obf :fgZcZ ² wlh ljZgkp_g^_glgh_ \_^bq_kdh_ agZgb_ i_j_^Zxs__ky ih iZjZf iZj_ Wlh agZgb_
h lhf qlh =hkih^v Ofu_hd_Z kZj\Z rgZdlbq _leuo b
keZ^hklguo qm\kl\ jZkZ[^obfHg ² kj_^hlhqb_ wlbo qm\kl\ jZkh \Zb kZob Hg ² bo ^Zjbl_ev jZkZ ijZ^ZlZWlh agZgb_
=hkih^v DjbrgZ bagZqZevgh ih\_^Ze ;jZof_ i_j\hfm khl\hj_gghfm kms_kl\m
G_mfhebfh_ \j_fy jZajmrbeh fbjha^Zgb_ b \f_kl_ k fbjha^Zgb_f bkq_a ljZgkp_g^_glguc a\md fm^jhklv <_^ Dh
]^Z `_ \k_e_ggZy [ueZ kha^ZgZ \gh\v Y i_j_^Ze \_^bq_kdmx fm^jhklv ;jZof_ b[h Y KZf _klv aZih\_^b j_eb]bb ijh\ha]eZr_ggu_ \ < _^Zo ;oZ]
LZd [ueh iheh`_gh gZqZeh =mjm iZjZfiZj_ ;jZofZ jh^beky gZ p\_ld_ ehlhkZ \ujhkr_f ba imidZ
=Zj[oh^ZdZrZcb <brgm Hg j_rbe magZlv hldm^Z hg ihy\beky gZ k\_l gh ihl_ji_e g_m^Zqm <^jm] hg
mkeurZe LZiZ qlh hagZqZeh <_jrb Zkd_am ;jZofZ kq_e wlh \_e_gb_f k\ur_ b ih^\_j] k_[y kmjh\hc
Zkd_a_ >h\hevguc _]h klZjZgbyfb <_joh\guc =hkih^v ij_^klZe i_j_^ gbf \ K\h_f bagZqZevghf \_q ghf h[ebd_ ² kZq
qb^ ZgZg^Z \b]jZo_ Hg ihdZaZe ;jZof_ K \hx h[bl_ev <Zcdmglom b gZmqbe _]h bk dmkkl\m ihdehg_gby
[oZ^`Zgm LZd aZjh^beZkv iZjZfiZjZ
<_joh\guc =hkih^v kdZaZe AgZgb_ h[h Fg_ qlh ojZgblky \ k\ys_gguo dgb]Zo hq_gv khdjh\_ggh_ b ihklb]gml _]h
lhevdh l_ dlh b^_l iml_f ij_^Zggh]h kem`_gby Y KZf jZkkdZaZe h[h \k_f qlh g_h[oh^bfh ^ey mki_oZ gZ wlhf
imlb Kljh]h ke_^mc Fhbf aZ\_lZf ;oZ]
H ;jZofZ \k_ qlh k\yaZgh kh Fghc ² Fhc bagZqZevguc \_qguc h[ebd Fh_ gZ^fbjgh_ [ulb_ p\_l Fh_]h l_eZ
Fhb ^h[e_klb b ^_ygby ² \k_ wlh hldjh_lky l_[_ \ k_j^p_ dh]^Z lu bklbggh ihagZ_rv F_gy ih Fh_c g_batykgb fhc fbehklb ;oZ]
?keb fZgljZ ihemq_gZ hl =mjm dhlhjuc g_ ijbgZ^e_`bl d Z\lhjbl_lghc kZfijZ^Zc_ hgZ g_ \hauf__l h`b^Z_ fh]h ^_ckl\by < \_d
DZeb ijb^ml q_luj_ ZqZjvb dhlhju_ klZgml \h ]eZ\_ q_luj_o \ZcrgZ\kdbo kZfijZ^Zc hk gh\Zgguo Rjb ;jZofhc Jm^jhc b KZgZdhc
Wlb q_luj_ \ZcrgZ\Z hk\ylyl a_fex Bo kZfijZ^Zcb bahc^ml hl
KZfh]h <_joh\gh]h =hkih^Z \ MldZe_ >Hjbkk_@ IZ^fZ imjZgZ
Rjb kZfijZ^ZcZ \_^_l gZqZeh hl EZdrfb :qZjcZ wlhc kZfijZ^Zcb ² JZfZgm^`Z ihwlhfm __ lZd`_
gZau\Zxl jZfZgm^`Z kZfijZ^Zc_c ;jZofZ kZfijZ^Zcy \_^_l gZqZeh hl ;jZofu b fu ijbgZ^e_`bf d
wlhc kZfijZ^Zc_ ² [jZofZ fZ^o\Z ]Zm^bcZ kZfijZ^Zc_ GZr kZfijZ^ZcZ ZqZjcZ ² FZ^o\Z Hkgh\Zl_ e_f jm^jZ
kZfijZ^Zcb [ue Jm^jZ Rb\Z^` b Wlh lh`_ \ZcrgZ\Z kZfijZ^ZcZ ?_ ZqZjcZ ² <brgmk\Zfb KZgZdZ beb dmfZjZ
kZfijZ^ZcZ \_^_l gZqZeh hl q_luj_o DmfZjh\ :qZjcZ wlhc kZfijZ^qcb ² Gbf[Zjh_dZlu_LZdj Z\lhjbl_lgu_ kZfijZ^Zcb \
DZeb cm]m >jm]b_ kZfijZ^Zcb g_ Z\lhjbl_lgu wlh ²
ZiZ kZfijZ^Zcb JZfZgm^`ZqZjcZ `be \ ^\_gZ^pZlhf \_d_ Z FZ^o\ZqZjcZ ² \ ljbgZ^pZlhf <j_fy y\ e_gby <brgmk\Zfb
b Gbf[Zjdb lhqgh g_ mklZgh\e_gh M dZ` ^h]h ba wlbo ZqZjv_\ [ueZ k\hy nbehkhnby Nbehkhnby <brgmk\Zfb
ihemqbeZ gZa\Zgb_ rm^^oZ^\ZclZ \Z^u JZfZgm^`ZqZjcZ baeh`be nbehkhnbx
\brbrlZ^\ZclZ \Z^u Gbf[ZjdZqZjcZ ² nbehkhnbx ^\ZclZ^\ZclZ \Z^u Z FZ^o\ZqZjcZ ² nbehkh nbx rm^^oZ ^\ZclZ
\Z^u < nbehkhnkdbo mq_gbyo JZfZgm^` ZqZjvb <brgmk\Zfb b Gbf[ZjdZqZjvb
_klv we_f_glu Z^\ZclZ \Z^u nbehkhnbb fhgbafZ Bo g_l h^gZdh \ nbehkhnbb FZ^o\ZqZjvb gZau\Z_ fhc rm^^oZ
^\ZclZ \Z^hc FZ^o\Z [ue fh]ms_kl\ _gguf ZqZjv_c Z\ZlZjhc beb \hiehs_gb_f [h]Z \_l jh\ ² <Zcx Hg yjhklgh
ijhih\_^h\Ze ijhlb\ Z^\ZclZ \Z^ub iheghklvx __ jZa]jhfbe
JZkoh`^_gby f_`^m nbehkhnkdbfb mq_gbyfb wlbo q_luj_o ZqZjv_\ \_kvfZ g_agZqbl_evgu Hgb
ebrv ke_]dZ jZaebqZxlky \ k\h_f ih^oh^_ d ^\Zcl_ b Z^\Zcl_ Hjlh^hdkZevgZy Z^\ZclZ \Z^Z g_\_jgZ lZd `_ \ijhq_f
dZd b hjlh^hdkZevgZy ^\ZclZ \Z^Z Ihwlhfm kh]eZkgh IZ^fZ imjZg_ qZl\ZjZk l_ dZ eZm [oZ\cZ oc mldZe_
imjmrhllZfZl ² \ ImjmrhllZfZ Dr_lj_ >`Z]ZggZloZ Imjb q_luj_ \ZcrgZ\ kdb_ nbehkhnbb [m^ml h[t_^bg_gut_^bg_gut_^bg
b \ j_amevlZl_ \hagbdg_l kZfZy \_jgZy b \ha\ur_ggZy nbehkhnby
Wlh [m^_l nbehkhnby ZqbglcZ [o_^Z[o_^Z lZll\Z mq_gb_ FZoZijZ[om h g_ihklb`bfhf _^bgkl\_ b
jZaebqbb < nbehkhnbb dZ`^hc ba q_luj_o \ZcrgZ\kdbo kZfijZ^Zc _klv k\hc g_^hklZlhd AgZy h[ wlhf
FZoZijZ[om ;oZ]Z\Zg <_joh\gZy Ebqghklv ;h]Z y\be ZqZjcZ ebem Hg \aye ba wlbo q_luj_o mq_gbc
lhevdh kmlv b ^Ze fbjm kZfmx \ha\ur_ggmx nbehkhnbx ² nbehkhnbx ZqbglcZ [o_^Z[o_^Z lZll\Z <
IZ^fZ imjZg_ [ueh ij_^kdZaZgh qlh wlh nbehkhnkdh_ mq_gb_ aZjh^blky \ MldZe_ Hjbkk_ \ >`Z]Zg gZloZ Imjb
>oZf_ b hllm^Z jZkijhkljZgblky ih \k_fm fbjm L_i_jv wlh Zg_^bkd
=Zm^bcZ iZjZfiZjZ \_^msZy gZqZeh hl FZoZijZ[om ² kZfZy Z\lhjbl_lgZy \_l\v ij__fkl\_gghklb
^moh\guo mqbl_e_c <Zr =mjm ^he`_g ijbgZ^e_`Zlv d ]Zm^bcZ \ZcrgZ\Z iZjZfiZj_ FZoZijZ[om s_^jh
jZa^Z_l djbrgZ ij_fm gh _keb \Zr =mjm g_ ba ]Zm^bcZ \ZcrgZ\Z iZjZfiZju \u g_ kfh`_l_ __ ihem qblv : [_a ij_fu \u
g_ ihemqbl_ ^hklmiZ d Djbrg_ Ij_f_ djrgZ \ZrZij_oZcZ [oZ^`b DjbrgZ ² lhl d dhfm ^he`gZ [ulv h[jZs_gZ gZrZ ex[h\v
Dlh h[j_e ex[h\vd Djbrg_ lhl kihkh[_g
?]h ihdhjblv Ihwlhfm kh\_jrZlv [oZ^`Zg b kem`blv Djbrg_ gm`gh k ex[h\vx BgZq_ DjbrgZ g_ ijb f_l gZr_ kem`_gb_
FZoZijZ[om mqbl
KqblZc k_[y gb`_ khehfbgdb e_`Zs_c gZ ^hjh]_ b [m^v kfbj_gg__ q_f hgZ Imklv ]hj^ugy gZ\k_
]^Z bkq_ag_l ba l\h_]h k_j^pZ Ihfgb Y kZfh_ gbqlh`gh_ kms_kl\h LZjhj b\Z kZobrgmgZ ;m^v klhev
`_ l_ji_eb\uf dZd l_ji_eb\u ^_j_\vy >_j_\vy g_ jhisml ^Z`_ dh]^Z bo jm[yl beb `]ml Hgb l_ji_eb \h kghkyl ex[u_
gZiZklb :fZgbgZ fZgZ^_gZ G_ lj_[mc ihq_kl_c ^ey k_[y kZf `_ ihqblZc dZ`^h]hb[h
\ k_j^p_ dZ`^h]h ij_[u\Z_l DjbrgZ IhqblZc Djbrgm Z g_ l_eh DjbrgZ ² IZjZfZlfZ K\_jo^mrZ \
Machine Translated by Google
k_j^pZo \k_o `b\msbo Ihwlhfm bklbgguc kZ^om bklbgguc \ZcrgZ\ ihqblZ_l \k_o ^Z`_ djhr_qgh]h
fmjZ\vy Hg agZ_l lZf ² DjbrgZ
KdZaZgh lZd`_ wb
fZlZ oZgZ djrgZ gZfZ eZcZ rjb djrgZ qZjZg_ lZgjZ ij_fZ miZ^`ZcZ
?keb lu ijhbaghkbrv k\ylu_bf_gZ =hkih^Z Djbrgu kh kfbj_gb_f \ l_[_ g_ij_f_ggh ijhkg_lky ex[h\vd ?]h eh lhkhih^h[guf klhiZf Q q :glvy
FZoZijZ[om ² =hkih^v ^Zjmxsbc ij_fm ² ij_fZ ijZ^ZlZ Hg ² fZoZ \Z^ZgcZcZ Z\ZlZjZ kZfZy
fbehklb\Zy Z\ZlZjZ b[h Hg jZa^Z_l djbrgZ ij_fm Gh dZd __ ihemqblv"KlZgv kfbj_gguf kqblZc k_[y
gb`_ khehfbgdb e_`Zs_c gZ ^hjh]_ Ihfgb Y kZfh_ gbqlh`gh_ kms_kl\h ;m^v klhev `_ l_ji_eb\uf dZd l_ji_eb\u ^_j_\vy G_ h`b^Zc ihq_kl_c
^ey k_[ y kZf `_ ihqblZc dZ`^h]h Kfbj_ggh ih\lhjyc
Wb fZlZ oZgZ djrgZ gZfZ eZcZ <hki_\Zc bf_gZ Djbrgu kh kfbj_gb_f Lh]^Z lu g_ij_f_ggh h[j_ l_rv djbrgZ ij_fm
>\Z ;oZ]Z\ZgZ
?klv ^\Z [oZ]Z\ZgZ =mjm b DjbrgZ =mjm ² wlh ZrjZcZ \b]jZoZ [oZ]Z\Zg =hkih^v dhlhjuc kem `bl _]h lZd`_ gZau\Zxl k_\ZdZ [oZ]Z\Zg :
DjbrgZ ² wlh \brZcZ \b]jZoZ [oZ]Z\Zg =hkih^v dhlhjhfm
kem`Zl beb k_\vcZ [oZ]Z\Zg =eZ\gh_ aZgylb_ ZrjZcZ \b]jZoZ ZqZjvb ² wlh oZjb dbjlZg ?keb RjbeZ
=mjm^_\Z ZrjZcZ \b]jZoZ [oZ]Z\Zg ZqZjcZ g_ [m^_l kh\_jrZlv dbjlZg fu g_ kfh`_f ihagZlv Djbrgm dhlhjuc kmlv brZ lZll\Z \brZcZ \b]jZoZ ²
\_joh\ gh_ ihqblZ_fh_ ;h`_kl\h Fu g_ ihklb]g_f bfy h[ebd dZq_kl\Z hdjm`_gb_ b ^_ygby \brZcZ \b]jZob [oZ]Z\ZgZ ihdZ ZrjZcZ \b]jZoZ =mjm
ZqZjcZ g_
^Zkl gZf agZgb_ Dh]^Z =mjm^_\Z kh\_jrZ_l dbjlZg lh _klv ]h\hjbl h[ bf_gb h[ebd_ dZq_kl\Zo hdjm `_gbb b ebeZo Djbrgu \k_ wlh y\ey_lky
gZf \ a\md_ gZau\Z_fhf rZ[^Z [jZofZ Lh]^Z fu klZgh\bfky
kihkh[gufb ihgylv rZkljZ Z\ZlZjm k\ys_ggu_ ibkZgby hkh[_ggh [oZ]Z\ZlZ ]jZgloZ Z\ZlZjm ²
RjbfZ^ ;oZ]Z\ZlZf Z lZd`_ ihklbqv brZ Z\ZlZjm <_joh\gh]h =hkih^Z b magZlv dZdh\Z gZrZ k\Zjm iZ gZr ^moh\guc h[ebd Rjb gZfZ b Rjb
fZgljZ gbahreb \ wlhl fbj \ \b^_ rZ[^ZZ\ZlZju ljZgkp_g ^_glgh]ha\mdZ ?keb
mq_gbd rbrvy g_ [m^_l kemrZlv _]h dbjlZg lh fZgljZ b ;oZ]Z\ZlZ g_ hdZ`ml gZ g_]h \ha^_ckl\by FZgljZ aZibkZgZ \ rZkljZo b dlh lh fh`_l
kdZaZlv Y \havfm fZgljm hllm^Z AZq_f fg_ =mjm" Gh_keb
fZgljZ g_ khc^_l k mkl bklbggh]h =mjm ZqZjcZ Z\ZlZju hgZ g_ \hauf__l ^_ckl\by hgZ ebr_gZ kbeu Ihwlhfm gm`gh h[jZlblvky d bklbgghfm
=mjm ihemqblv hl g_]h fZgljm b kemr_hbZlv _] BgZq_
g_evay h[j_klb lZll\Z ]vygm Rjb gZfZ rjb fZgljZ b ]jZgloZ [oZ]Z\ZlZ ² \k_ wlh \brZcZ \b]jZoZ <k_
hgb hldjhxlky gZf lhevdh dh]^Z fu [m^_f kemrZlv dbjlZg dhlhjuc kh\_jrZ_l ZrjZcZ \b]jZoZ BgZq_
hgb gbdh]^Z g_ ihy\ylky \ wlhf fbj_ Rjb gZfm Rjb fZgljm b ]jZgloZ [oZ]Z\Zlm g_evay ihgylv lhevdh
kh\_jrZy im^`mh[jy^u ihdehg_gby >ey wlh]h g_h[oh^bfh kemrZlv ZqZjcZ Z\ZlZjm <hl ihq_fm FZ oZijZ[om ]h\hjbe
Dlh kqblZ_l k_[y gb`_ khehfbgdb e_`Zs_c gZ ^hjh]_ dlh l_ji_gb_f ij_\hkoh^bl ^_j_\vy dlh g_ klj_fblky d
ihq_klyf gh \k_]^Z ]hlh\ ihqblZlv ^jm]bo lhevdh lhl kfh`_l [_kij_ju\gh ih\lhjylv k\ylu_ bf_gZ =hkih^Z
RbdrZrlZdZ
DbjlZgbcZo kZ^Z oZjbo GZc^b bklbggh]h =mjm dhlhjuc ijbgZ^e_`bl d ]Zm^bcZ ZqZjcZ iZjZfiZj_ b ih^ _]h jmdh\h^kl\hf kh\_jrZc dbjlZg
Wlh ² dbjlZgZdovy [oZdlb RjbeZ >`b\Z =hk\Zfb ibr_l \ ;oZdlb kZg^Zj[o_ [oZdlbo dZeZm dZjlZ\bZ lZ^Z bZ^bZib ZgcZ
dbjlZgZdocZ [oZdlb kZfch]_gZb\Z Ohly \ DZeb cm]m ^_ckl\ _ggu b ^jm ]b_ \b^u [oZdlb hgb ^he`gu khijh\h`^Zlvky dbjlZgZdovy [oZdlb
>jm]bfb keh\Zfb gm`gh \k_]^Z \hk i_\Zlv k\ylu_ bf_gZ =hkih^Z kemrZlv b i_j_kdZau\Zlv ih\_kl\h\Zgby h ?]h ^_ygbyo BgZq_ fu g_
RmdZ^_\Z =hk\Zfb [ue bklbgguf =mjm kZ^om \ ij__fkl\_gghklb ^moh\guo mqbl_e_c FZoZjZ^`Z
IZjbdrbl h[jZlbeky d g_fm k \hijhkZfb b[h agZe qlh RmdZ^_\Z =hk\Zfb ^Zkl \_jgu_ hl\_lu gZ \k_ \h ijhku Wlh b _klv kZl kZfijZ^ZcZ
Machine Translated by Google
Q:KLV<LHJ:Y
<hijhku
=eZ\Z iylZy
DbjlZg mq_gbdZ
Ij_^Zgguc <u kdZaZeb qlh rZ[^Z [jZofZ ² wlh ljZgkp_g^_glguc a\md IZ^rZy ^mrZ g_ kihkh[gZ
_]h ijhbag_klb <u ]h\hjbeb qlh wlhl a\md ijboh^bl ba ^moh\gh]h fbjZ qlh =mjm kgZqZeZ ^Z_l mq_gbdm
\hafh`ghklv _]h mkeurZlv Z aZl_f \_ebl _fm ijhih\_^h\Zlv ?keb mq_gbd g_ ^h dhgpZ hkhagZe lh qlh
mkeurZe hl =mjm [m^_l eb ihevaZ hl jZkkdZaZgghc bf djbrgZ dZlob"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb Ih fbehklb =mjm mq_gbd \k_ ihagZ_l =mjm ]h\hjbl B^b ijhih\_^mc Wlh
ijbdZa =mjm Mq_gbd `_ ^mfZ_l Y gbq_]h g_ agZx
Y gbq_]h g_ agZx Y fmdZ g_fhc Y g_ fh]m ijhbag_klb gb keh\Z Lh qlh y ]h\hjx wlh =mjm djbiZ =mjm gZ^_ebe f_gy ^Zjhf
djZkghj_qby
FmdZf dZjhlb \ZqZeZf ² g_fhc klZe ij_djZkguf hjZlhjhf <k_ wlh =mjm djbiZ fbehklv =mjm _]h
^Zj Gm`gh ebrv [_kij_dhkeh\gh ke_^h\Zlv _]h mdZaZgbyf Gm`gh _fm kem`blv b klZjZlvky kgbkdZlv _]h
[eZ]hkdehgghklv BgZq_ dZd \u [m^_l_ ijhih\_^h\Zlv djbrgZ dZlom"Fu ² iZ^rb_ ^mrb Fu ]emob g_fu b ojhfu I_j_^
gZfb \ukhdb_ ]hju dZd gZf gZ gbo \ahclb"Wlh \hafh`gh lhevdh ih fbehklb =mjm ?keb =mjm [m^_l ^h\he_g gZrbf
kem`_gb_f b fbehklb\ d gZf lh ^Z`_ ojhfZy fu \ahc^_f gZ ]hju >Z `_ _keb fu g_fu g_ kihkh[gu \ufhe\blv gb keh\Z fu
klZg_f aZf_qZl_evgufb ijhih\_^gbdZfb [oZ]Z \ZlZ dZlob <hl qlh lZdh_ =mjm djbiZ
Ij_^Zgguc Mq_gbd h[eZ^Z_l Z^obdZjhc kihkh[ghklvx ijhih\_^h\Zlv ihlhfm qlh bkihegy_l ijb dZaZgb_ =mjm"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb <h^Z ihklmiZ_l ba \h^h_fZ <u \k_]h ebrv gZkhk ?keb \u kh_^bg_gu k \h^h _fhf \u ^Z_l_
\h^m Gh _keb gZkhk kdZ`_l Y kZf ^Zx \h^m lh hg ih]j_rbl ijhlb\ bklbgu <u ^he` gu ihfgblv Y \k_]h ebrv gZkhk <h^Z
ihklmiZ_l ba \h^h_fZ HgZ g_ fhy Klhbl fg_ \hahfgblv k_[y
\_ebdbf ijhih\_^gbdhf by lml `_ klZgm `_jl\hc ]hj^ugb Lh]^Z \k_fm ijb^_l dhg_p B m f_gy hlgb
fml fbehklv
G_l ij_]jZ^
Ij_^Zgguc <u ijb\_eb \ ijbf_j iq_em Dh]^Z iq_eZ gZc^_l f_^hghkguc p\_lhd hgZ kZ^blky gZ
g_]hb kh[bjZ_l g_dlZj <u lZd`_ kdZaZeb qlh gm`gh kemrZlv djbrgZ dZlom dhlhjZy bkoh^bl ba mkl
qbklh]h ij_^Zggh]h Gh _keb lZdhc ij_^Zgguc kZ^om iml_r_kl\m_l ih \k_fm fbjm mq_gbdb g_ fh]ml
dZ`^uc ^_gv _]h kemrZlv
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >ey Djbrgu g_l gbq_]h g_\hafh`gh]h ?keb \u `Z`^_l_ kemrZlv _keb \
k_j^p_ \u ke_agh ijhkbl_ Djbrgm Ihfh]b fg_ lh eb[h \u [m^_l_ lZf ]^_ kZ^om eb[h kZ^om ijb^_l d
\Zf DjbrgZ k^_eZ_l g_\hafh`gh_ \hafh`guf b gZh[hjhl Wlh g_\hafh`gh lhevdh ^ey \Zk <u dh \k_fm
ih^oh^bl_ k fZl_jbZevghc f_jdhc Gh fu bf__f ^_eh k ^moh\ghc j_Zevghklvx dhlhjZy ^ey \Zk g_ih klb`bfZ >Z`_ \
fZl_jbZevghf fbj_ _keb \u \ :f_jbd_ Z ya^_kv \u fh`_l_ fg_iha\hgblv >h[juc
^_gv FZoZjZ^`Z ?keb \ fZl_jbZevghf fbj_ jZkklhygb_ g_ ij_iylkl\b_ ^mfZ_l_ \ ^moh\ghc j_Zevgh klb \u g_ fh`_l_
kemrZlv _keb =mjm g_l jy^hf"<u ^mfZ_l_ Y lZd ^_gv fh]m kemrZlv =mjm Ihq_fm `_ g_l"GZmdZ k^_eZeZ wlh
\hafh`guf >Z`_ k fZl_jbZevghc lhqdb aj_gby jZkklhygb_ g_ b]jZ_l
jheb <u fh`_l_ ]h\hjblv k ^jmavyfb beb agZdhfufb dhlhju_ gZoh^ylky aZ lukyqb dbehf_ljh\ hl \Zk LZd ihq_fm `_ \
^moh\ghc j_Zevghklb \u g_ fh`_l_ kemrZlv"=emihklb Y \k_ \ j_fy keurm fh_]h =mjm Gh ]^_ hg"B ]^_ y"
Machine Translated by Google
DjbrgZ g_ hldju\Z_l K_[y fm^oZf g_^hklhcguf DjbrgZ ij_[u\Z_l \kx^m gh dZd Hg KZf ]h\hjbl
Y g_ hldju\Zx K_[y \k_f b dZ`^hfm Fm^oZ g_ kihkh[_g ihgylv Djbrgm DjbrgZ jy^hf gh hg ?]h g_
\b^bl IjZoeZ^Z FZoZjZ^`Z \b^_e =hkih^Z GjbkbfoZ^_\m \ dZf_gghc dhehgg_ B hg b _]h hl_p kfhlj_ eb gZ h^gm
b lm `_ dhehggm gh IjZoeZ^Z \ b^_e =hkih^ZZ _]h hl_p g_l H^ghfm =hkih^vy\be K_[y Z ^ey
^jm]h]h hklZeky kdjuluf
Ihgylgh" Beb _s_ _klv khfg_gby" Ihcfbl_ wlh I_j_klZgvl_ emdZ\blv ebp_f_jblv b aZ\b^h\Zlv KlZgvl_
[_kobljhklgufb qbklhk_j^_qgufb kfbj_ggufb Hl[jhkvl_ ]hj^ugx \ukhdhf_jb_ b ls_keZ \b_ LjgZ^ Zib kmgbq_gZ lZjhj
b\Z ^_j_\vy
^ey k_[y Lhevdh lh]^Z \u kfh`_l_ kemrZlv Lhevdh lh]^Z DjbrgZ y\bl \Zf K_[y G_ ^mfZcl_ qlh
DjbrgZ ij_^klZg_l i_j_^ \Zfb _keb \u lh]h g_^hklhcgu Hg gbdh]^Z g_ ihdZau\Z_l K_[y g_^hklhcguf Hg hldju\Z_l
K_[y lhevdh l_f dlh ?fm ij_^Zg Ij_^Zggu_ dhlhju_ hq_gv ^hjh]b Djbrg_ ih\kx^m \b ^yl ?]h \ ij_djZkghf h[ebd_
RvyfZkmg^Zju =hkih^v \k_]^Z ij_^klZ_l \ahjm lZdbo ij_^Zgguo
KemrZlv\aZibkb
Ij_^Zgguc Bgh]^Z jZ^b ijhih\_^b ijboh^blky ihklmiZlvky kfbj_gb_f Qlh agZqbl ijhih\_^h\Zlv
kh kfbj_gb_f"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb ?keb \u g_ kfbj_ggu dZd \u [m^_l_ ijhih\_^h\Zlv" <ZrZ ijhih\_^v g_
ijbg_k_l `_eZ_fh]h j_amevlZlZ Wlh \k_ jZ\gh qlh kemrZlv fZ]gblhnhggmx aZibkv Wlh lhevdh [md\u
ZenZ\blZ Z g_ rZ[^Z [jZofZ Gm`gh kemrZlv a\mdb bkoh^ysb_ ba mkl kZ^om Lh]^Z \u mkeurbl_ rZ[^Z [jZofm
Ij_^Zgguc <u dZd lh kdZaZeb qlh RjbeZ ; oZdlbkb^^oZglZ KZjZk\Zlb LoZdmjZ gbdh]^Z [u g_ ih
=eZ\Z r_klZy
@b\hc kZ^om
Ij_^Zgguc RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z g_h^ghdjZlgh ih^q_jdb\Ze qlh hg \k_]^Z ijbkmlkl\m_l \ k\hbo
dgb]Zo gZklZ\e_gbyo fZ]gblhnhgguo aZibkyo b ibkvfZo <u ]h\hjbl_ fu ^he`gu h[sZlvky k kZ^om fh`gh eb gZclb
lZdh_ h[s_gb_ \ dgb]Zo Rjbeu IjZ[omiZ^u"
Ijbkmlkl\m_l\dgb]Zo
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb ?keb IjZ[omiZ^Z ]h\hjbl qlh hg ijbkmlkl\m_l \ k\hbo dgb]Zo lh \u ^he`gu
lZf _]h \b^_lv h[sZlvky k gbf keurZlv qlh hg ]h\hjbl <u \b^bl_ IjZ[omiZ^m"<u _]h keurbl_"Hg k
\Zfb ]h\hjbl"
Machine Translated by Google
<Zr ijbgpbi IhdZ g_ m\b`m g_ ih\_jx ?keb \u g_ \b^bl_ \u g_ \_jbl_ Gh \u iZ^rZy ^mrZ b
\Zr_ aj_gb_ ms_j[gh <u g_ \b^bl_ kZ^om DjbrgZ a^_kv \u ?]h \b^bl_"G_l ihlhfm qlh g_ h[eZ^Z_l_
^moh\guf \b^_gb_f Dh]^Z hgh m \Zk ihy\blky lh]^Z lhevdh \um\b^bl_ Djbrgm Lh]^Z \um\b^bl_ b
kZ^om G_ijZ\^Z qlh kZ^om g_l DZd \k_ kh\_jrZ_lky"DZd \klZ_l khegp_ ^m_l \_l_j dZd Bg^jZ ihkueZ_l
gZ a_fex ^h`^b"<k_ wlh dZd lh ijhbkoh^bl G_l kZ^om"G_l Djbrgu"<a^hj Fu lZd ]hj^bfky kh[hc lZd fgh]hh k_[_ fgbf
Fu hlh`^_kl \ey_f k_[yk l_ehf mfhf b eh`guf w]h Fu kqblZ_f k_[y \_ebdb fb B ihwlhfm ]h\hjbf KZ^om l_i_jv g_l
GZr_ khagZgb_ _s_ g_ gZqZeh hqbsZlvky hl kd\_jgu Ij_^Zgguc AgZqbl gm`_g `b\hc kZ^om"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb Dhg_qgh B lZdhc kZ^om _klv \k_]^Z Gh m\b^_lv _]h g_e_]dh Wlh j_^dh dhfm
m^Z_lky <um\b^bl_ kZ^om lhevdh dh]^Z hg [m^_l d \Zf fbehklb\ Kh[kl\_ggufb kbeZfb kh[kl\_ggufb
]eZaZfb _]h g_ m\b^_lv G_l G_l G_l <u
\k_ \j_fy ^mfZ_l_ qlh \u ² ^jZrlZ lhl dlh \b^bl Z kZ^om ² wlh ^jbrlZ lhl dh]h \u \b ^b l_ <k_ lZd ^mfZxl DZ`^uc
^mfZ_l qlh hg \b^bl Gh \k_ kh\k_f gZh[hjhl <u ² lhl dh]h ^he`gu m\b ^_lv Z kZ^om ² lhl dlh \b^bl IhjZafukebl_ gZ^
wlbf >mfZx \u g_ ihgbfZ_l_ ^h dhgpZ kfuke lh]hh
q_f y ]h\hjx H[uqgh fu kqblZ_f qlh fu \b^bf bo gh \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb \k_ gZh[hjhl Wlh hgb \b^yl
gZk
Fbehklb\uc \ahj
=eZ\Z k_^vfZy
Ij_^Zgguc Fu ohlbf qlh[u \u jZkkdZaZeb h lhf dlh lZdhc =mjm b ^ey q_]h hg g_h[oh^bf =hmj
=h\bg^ZK\Zfb Ij_`^_ \k_]h \u ^ he`gu ihgylv qlh p_ev q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb ² h[j_klb
Djbrgm
eZ[^o\Z km ^mjeZ[oZf b^Zf [Zom kZf[oZ\Zgl_
fZgmrcZf ZjloZ ^Zf ZgblcZf ZicoZ ^objZo lmjgZf cZl_lZ gZ iZl_^ Zgm fjlcm cZ\Zg
gborj_cZkZcZ \brZcZo doZem kZj\ZlZo kcZl
Ihke_ fgh`_kl\Z jh`^_gbc b kf_jl_c fu ihemqZ_f j_^dbc ^Zj ² `bagv \ h[ebd_ q_eh\_dZ Imklv q_eh\_q_kdZy
`bagv dhjhldZ \ wlhc `bagb fh`gh ^hklbqv \ukr_c klmi_gb kh\_jr_gkl\Z Ihwlhfm jZamfguc q_eh\_d [m^_l
\k_fb kbeZfb klj_fblvky d kh\_jr_gkl\m ihdZ _]h [j_ggh_ l_eh g_ jZkkuiZehkv b g_ ij_\jZlbehkv \ ijZo <_^v
qm\kl\_ggu_ gZkeZ`^_gby ^hklmigu ^Z`_ gbadbf kms_kl\Zf Z h[j_klb khagZgb_ Djbrgu fh]ml lhevdh ex^b
;oZ]
Ijh`b\ lukyqb `bag_c fu ihemqZ_f j_^dbc ^Zj ² \hafh`ghklv jh^blvky \ h[ebd_ q_eh\_dZ IZj fZjloZ \ukrZy p_ev
q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb khklhbl \ lhf qlh[uh[j_klb djbrgZ ij_fZ [ oZdlb ex[h\v
d Djbrg_ dhlhjZy h^gZ iha\hebl gZf ijb[ebablvky d G_fm b ?]h ihdhjblv Ihwlhfm gm`gh ^mfZlv
lhevdh h lhf dZd h[j_klb [oZdlb h[j_klb Djbrgm DjbrgZ g_^hklmi_g lhfm dlh ebr_g [oZdlb
=blZ ;oZ]Z\ZlZf \k_ \_^bq_kdb_ ibkZgby kgh\Z b kgh\Z ijh\ha]eZrZxl qlh ihagZlv Djbrgm
fh`_l lhevdh lhl dlh h[eZ^Z_l [oZdlb ex[h\vx d ;h]m DZd `_ h[j_klb lZdmx ex[h\v"
H[j_klb [oZdlb fh`gh lhevdh \ h[s_gbb k kZ^om [oZ]Z\Z^ [oZdlhc ² ij_^Zgguf dhlhjuc hq_gv ^hjh] =hkih^m
;jboZg gZjZ^by ImjZgZ
A^_kv \hagbdZ_l \hijhk dlh bklbgguc kZ^om"Wlh lhl dlh \k_p_eh ij_^Zeky Djbrg_ Hg ohq_l lhev dh h^gh]h
² \k_ \j_fy kem`blv Djbrg_ k qbklhc ex[h\vx M g_] h g_l ^jm]bo `_eZgbc ² Zgmdmec_gZ
djrgZgm rbeZgZf Dlh h[j_e ij_fZ [oZdlb dlh h[j_e Djbrgm lhl bklbgguc kZ^om Lhevdh k _]h ihfh svx fh`gh
ijb[ebablvky d Djbrg_ D G_fm g_evay h[jZlblvky gZijyfmx
[jZofZg^Z [jZofbl_ dhgZ [oZ]cZ\Zg ^`c\Z =mjm djrgZ ijZkZ^_ iZcZ [oZdlb eZlZ [c^`Z
Q q FZ^ocZ
LZdh\hh^gh ba gZklZ\e_gbc dhlhju_ FZoZijZ[om ^Ze KZgZlZg_ =hk\Zfb Ijh`b\ lukyqb `bag_c ih[u\Z\ \
lukyqZo \k_e_gguo iZ^rZy ^mrZ \ k\hc kqZkleb\uc qZk ihemqbl fbehklv Djbrgu b =mjm b
lh]^Z \ __ k_j^p_ [m^_l aZjhg_gh k_fy [oZdlb
;oZ]cZ\Zg [md\Zevgh hagZqZ_l m^Zqeb\uc kqZkleb\uc Qlh lZdh_ gZklhysZy m^ZqZ"HgZ \uiZ^_l
lhfm dlh \klj_lbl =mjm bklbggh]h ij_^klZ\bl_ey Djbrgu <_^v lhevdh =mjm lhevdh lhl dlh h[j_e
Djbrgm dlh ijbdh\Ze ?]hdk\h_fm k_j^pm lhevdh hg fh`_l k^_eZlv lZd qlh DjbrgZ ihy\blky \ k_j^p_
_]h \_jgh]h mq_gbdZ Gbdlh ^jm]hc g_ ^Zkl \Zf Djbrgm >Z b fh`_l eb lhl m dh]h g_l Djbrgu ^Zlv ?]h
^jm]bf"?keb m \Zk _klv ^heeZj \u fh`_l_ ^Zlv iylv^_kyl r_klv^_kyl p_glh\ beb p_euc ^heeZj Gh _k eb m \Zk g_l
^heeZjZ dZd \u _]h ^Z^ bl_" Gm`gh b^lb d lhfm m dh]h _klv DjbrgZ dlh h[j_e ij_fZ [oZdlb dlh ijbdh\Ze Djbrgm
dk\h_fm k_j^pm
H <ZcrgZ\Z LoZdmjZ DjbrgZ ² l\hc lu ijbdh\Ze ?]hdk\h_fm k_j^pm maZfb ij_fu M l_[y _klv DjbrgZ b lhev dh lu fh`_rv fg_ ?]h ^Zlv Y dZg]ZeZ gbsbc M f_gy
g_l Djbrgu ihwlhfm y [_]m aZ lh[hc b ijhrm m l_[y fb ehklb >Zc fg_ Djbrgm
<u fh`_l_kemrZlv ijZ\ZqZgu \uklmie_gby fgh]hqbke_gguo ijhih\_^gbdh\ gh _keb hgb g_ h[eZ ^Zxl ^moh\guf agZgb_f
b hiulhf _keb hgb g_ h[j_eb Djbrgm g_ h[j_eb ij_fZ [oZ hgb g_ihfh]ml
\Zf ihgylv iZjZfZjloZ lZll\m bklbgm h \ukr_c p_eb q_eh\_q_kdhc `bagb M \Zk fh]ml [ulv \u^Zx sb_ky kihkh[ghklb \u fh`_l_
[ulv hq_gv mq_guf b mfguf gh b wlh g_ ihfh` _l \Zf ihgylv iZjZfZjl oZ lZll\m ?_ ihcf_l ebrv lhl dlh ke_agh \au\Z_l d Djbrg_
ba ]em[bgu k_j^pZ H DjbrgZ DZd fg_
L_[y ihagZlv"DZd d L_[_ ijb[ebablvky" DjbrgZ ij_[u\Z_l \ k_j^p_ dZ`^h]h Hg keurbl WlZ ^mrZ
ieZq_l h[h Fg_ B Hg ihre_l d g_c bklbggh]h =mjm dhlhjuc ^Zkl _c Djbrgm ^Zkl djbrgZ lZll\m LZ dhc =mjm lZdhc ij_^Zgguc
hq_gv ^hjh] Djbrg_ Hg ² ?]h bklbgguc \blij_^ hg²\hiehs_gb_
IZjZfZlfu LZdh\Z =mjm lZll\Z IZjfZlfZ \ h[ebd_ =mjm ij_^klZ_l i_j_^ l_f dlh \ k_j^p_ k\h_f ieZq_l
h Djbrg_ DZd fg_ h[j_klb Djbrgm"DZd d G_fm ijb[ebablvky"DZd ?fm kem`blv";_a ij_^Zggh]h dh lhjuc hq_gv ^hjh] Djbrg_
[_a =mjm fg_ g_ h[hclbkv Y g_ agZx dlh fhc =mjm Y iZ^rZy ^mrZ Y qZklh
hrb[Zxkv \iZ^Zx \ beexabx h[fZgu\Zx k_[yb ^jm]bo fhb qm\kl\Z g_kh\_jr_ggu Ihwlhfm y g_ fh]m
magZlv =mjm Gh Lu DjbrgZ agZ_rv dlh ij_^Zg L_[_ b dlh L_[_ ^hjh] ?keb Lu fg_ g_ ihfh`_rv dZd y
kfh]md L_[_ ijb[ebablvky" <hl h q_f gm`gh fheblv Djbrgm B _keb DjbrgZ [m^_l d \Zf fbehklb\ lh
\u \klj_lbl_ =mjm ij_^Zggh]h dhlhjuc ^hjh] Djbrg_ ?]h bklbggh]h ij_^klZ\bl_ey Ihijhkbl_ m g_]h
ijb[_`bsZ b [_ajZa^_evgh _fm ij_^Zcl_kv =mjmiZ^ZrjZcZ ^cdrZ DZd kdZaZgh \ =bl_ ijZgbiZl_gZ
iZjbijZrg_gZ k_\ZcZ Kem`bl_ ^moh\ghfm mqbl_ex klZjZcl_kv _fm m]h^blv klZjZcl_kv kgbkdZlv _]h
[eZ]hkdehgghklv Z aZl_f kfbj_ggh kijZrb\Zcl_ _]hh lZll\_ Lh]^Z =mjm fbehklb\h ^Zkl \Zf lZll\Z ]vygm LZdh\ f_lh^ GZc^bl_
ijb[_`bs_ m =mjm b ih^ _]h jmdh\h^kl\hf kh\_jrZcl_ [oZ^`Zg
KZfb \u g_ agZ_l_ dZd gm`gh kh\_jrZlv [oZ^`Zg DjbrgZ ² wlh [oZ^`ZgcZ \Zklm ij_^f_l ih dehg_gby =mjm jZkkdZ`_l
b ihdZ`_l \Zf dZd kem`blv Djbrg_ dZd ij_ ^Zlvky ?]h ehlhkhih^h[guf klh iZf dZd ?fm m]h`^Zlv Hg [m^_l mqblv \Zk gZ
kh[kl\_gghf ijbf_j_ Z g_ gZ keh\Zo Hg [m^_l jmdh\h ^blv
\Zr_c kZ^oZghc \Zrbf [oZ^`Zghf
lZl_ djrgZ [oZ^`_ dZj_ =mjmjZ k_\ZgZ fZcZ ^`ZeZ qoml_ iZcZ djrg_jZ qZjZgZ
?keb iZ^rZy ^mrZ ihdehgy_lky =hkih^mb ijb wlhf \uihegy_l mdZaZgby ^moh\gh]h gZklZ\gbdZ b _fm kem`bl hgZ
g_ij_f_ggh hk\h[h^blky ba dh]l_c fZcb b gZc^_l ijb[_`bs_ ih^ k_gvx ehlhkhih^h[guo klhi Djbrgu Q q FZ^ocZ
Ljm^gh_ ^_eh
=mjm bklbgguc ij_^klZ\bl_ev Djbrgu ijboh^bl \ wlhl fbj ba ?]hh[bl_eb ?klv ij_fZ [oZdlb kmljZ KmljZ ² wlh \_j_\dZ beb
gblv H^bg __ dhg_p ijbdj_ie_g d ehlhkhih^h[guf klhiZf gZ
=hehd_ <jbg^Z\Zg_ ^jm]hc dhg_p =mjm ijbghkbl \ wlhl fbj >mrb miZ\rb_ \ ]em[hdbc l_fguc dheh ^_p fZl_jbZevghc `bagb
g_kqZkleb\u hgbhe kljZ^Zxl =mjm ² aZ klh^b pZ Hg g_ ih^\eZkl_g
fZc_ Hg [jhkZ_l dhg_p \_j_\db iZ^r_c ^mr_ lhfys_cky \ l_fghf dheh^p_ fZcb b ]h\hjbl >_j`bkv
dj_iq_ B gZqbgZ_l lygmlv __ gZ\_jo LZdh\ f_lh^ LZdh\Z h[yaZgghklv =mjm >Z`_ h^gm iZ^rmx ^mrm
g_e_]dh \ua\heblv ba l_fgbpu fZcb >ey wlh]h =mjm ijboh^blky hl^Z\Zlv eblju ^moh\ghc djh\b Wlh
ljm^gh_ ^_eh B _keb =mjm m^Zklky hk\h[h^blv ohly [uh^gm ^mrm hg [m^_l [_af_jgh jZ^
Gh b \u kh k\h_c klhjhgu lh`_ ^he`gu ijbeZ]Zlv mkbeby Mkbebc h^gh]h =mjm g_^hklZlhqgh <u
^he`gu dj_idh mo\Zlblvky aZ \_j_\dm Wlh agZqbl qlh \u ^h[Z\eycl_ hl k_[y < lhqghklb \uihegycl_ \k_ qlh kdZ `_l \Zf =mjm
Hg kdZ`_l qlh \u ^he`gu b q_]h g_ ^he`gu ^_eZlv Kljh]h ke_ ^mcl_ _]h mdZaZgbyf G_
e_gbl_kv Lh]^Z =mjm \ulZsbl \Zk gZ\_jo ?keb \u g_k_jv_agu e_gb\u g_[j_`gu b g_\gbfZl_evgu \u
g_ [m^_l_ ke_^h\Zlv mdZaZgbyf =mjm Beb [m^_l_ ke_^h\Zlv ebrv gZiheh\bgm <u ^h[Z\bl_ d gbf qlh lh
k\h_ beb bo i_j_bgZqbl_ Lh]^Z \Zf g_evay [m^_l ihfhqv ?keb \u hq_gv k_jv_agu hq_gv kljh]b lh =mjm
\ulZsbl \Zk ba dheh^pZ fZl_jbZevghc `bagb Wlh _]hh[yaZgghklv ?keb `_ \u g_k_jv_agu lh ^Z`_ dh ]^Z =mjm ih^gbf_l \Zk
gZ\_jo \u beb mdehgbl_kv \ klhjhgm beb gZqg_l_ k_[_ ihlZdZlv b kgh\Z iZ^_l_ =mjm hq_gv [hevgh wlh \b^_lv Y ihljZlbe
klhevdh djh\b qlh[u _]h hk\h[h^blv Z hg i_j_klZe \uihe gylv fhb mdZaZgby b iZe >Z`_ h^gm ^mrm g_e_]dh hk\h[h^blv ba
dj_ihklb fZcb Wlh hq_gv ljm^gh_ ^_ eh AZ g_]hb [_j_lky =mjm
Ij_^Zgguc =h\hjblky qlh =mjm h^bg DZd wlh ihgbfZlv _keb \hdjm] gZk fgh]h ^hklhcguo =mjm"
Beb f_`^m gbfb _klv dZdb_lh jZaebqby"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb ;h] h^bg beb ;h]h\ fgh]h":^\ZcZ lZll\Z wdZf w\Z ^\blccZ gZklb :[kh exl lhevdh h^bg Gh l_ dlh g_
agZ_l wlhc lZll\u ]h\hjyl ?klv fgh]h ;h]h\ JZfZ ² ;h] GjbkbfoZ ²
;h] <ZfZgZ ² ;h] FZlkcZ lh`_ ;h] Wlh aZ[em`^_gb_ G_ aZ[em`^Z_lky lhevdh lhl dlh ihagZe bklbgm ;h] h^bg b =mjm lh`_
h^bg ih kmlb gh hg y\ey_l k_[y \h fgh`_kl\_ h[ebdh\ AZ\bkbfZy ^mrZ kZfZ g_
kihkh[gZ wlh ihgylv HgZ ihemqbl wlm lZll\Z ]vygm lhevdh ih fbehklb =mjm
JZagu_=mjm
Ij_^Zgguc AgZqbl _klv jZagu_ =mjm"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z
Ij_^Zgguc Fh`_f eb fu kdZaZlv qlh hgb gZoh^ylky gZ jZaguo klmi_gyo ^moh\gh]h jZa\blby h^
gb ba gbo ² fZ^ocZfZ Z^obdZjb ^jm]b_ ² dZgbrloZ Z^obdZjb
Machine Translated by Google
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z hgb fh]ml gZoh^blky gZ jZaguo klmi_gyo B \u ihemqbl_ lh]h =mjm dh lhjh]h
aZkem`b\Z_l_ M \eZ^_evpZ fZ]ZabgZ _klv jZagu_ lh\Zju i_j\h]h \lhjh]hb lj_lv_]h khjlZ ² ^ey
dZ`^h]h ihdmiZl_ey k\hc <eZ^_e_p fZ]ZabgZ aZbgl_j_kh\Zg \ lhf qlh[uk[ulv lh\Zj Hg ihdZau\Z_l
\Zf lj_lv_khjlgmx \_sv b ]h\hjbl qlh wlh \ukrbc khjl LZd hg magZ_l qlh \Zf gm`gh b kdhevdh \u fh `_l_ aZieZlblv ?
keb hkfhlj_\ lh\Zj \u kdZ`_l_ Fg_ wlh g_ ih^oh ^bl G_l eb m \Zk q_]h gb[m^v ihem qr_" hg hl\_lbl ?klv b emqr_ gh
p_gZ \ur_ ² iylv^_kyl ^heeZjh\ ?keb p_gZ \Zf ^hklmigZ \u
kdZ`_l_ Ohjhrh ihdZ`bl_ B \Zf ihdZ`ml lh\Zj emqr_]h dZq_kl\Z
Gh b lh]^Z \u g_ [m^_l_ m^h\e_l\hj_gu G_l fg_ gm`gh _s_ emqr_ ² Qlh ` _klv _s_ emqr_ gh
aZ klh ^heeZjh\ ?keb \Zf wlh ih dZjfZgm \u kh]eZkbl_kv Ihc^_l Lh]^Z \Zf ihdZ`ml lh\Zj \ukr_]h
dZq_kl\Z Lh\Zj [u\Z_l jZaguc wlh \Zf j_rZlv qlh \u [m^_l_ [jZlv Ij_^Zgguc
=^_ ^hklZlv ^_gv]b qlh[u aZieZlblv aZ ihdmidm"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >_gv]b gm`gh aZjZ[hlZlv bgZq_ dZd \u aZieZlbl_"Hl \Zk aZ\bkbl dZdhc lh \Zj \u \havf_l_
Dlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh ieZq_l \ ]em[ bg_ k_j^pZ lhl ^mfZ_l Y ohqm kZfh]h emqr_]h =mjm Fg_ g_ gm`_g \lhjhc beb
lj_lbc khjl DjbrgZ agZ_l qlh m \Zk gZ k_j^p_ b Hg \k_ mkljhbl <k_ aZ\bkbl
hl \Zk <u ihemqbl_ lh q_]h ohlbl_ DjbrgZ agZ_l q_]h \u aZkem`b\Z_l_ b Hg \k_ mkljhbl lZd dZd gm` gh Hg \b^bl
Wlhl q_eh\_d g_k_jv_a_g M g_]h \k_ lhevdh gZ keh\Zo < k_j^p_ hg g_ ieZq_l h[h Fg_ Hg
ohq_l [ulv h[fZgmluf B DjbrgZ \_ebl fZc_ k^_eZlv lZd qlh[u \Zk h[fZgmeb Qlh \u aZkem`beb lh b
ihemqbl_
Ebp_f_ju b rZjeZlZgu
Ij_^Zgguc IjZ[omiZ^Z jZkkdZau\Ze h lhf dZd ex^b \u^Zxsb_ k_[y aZ kZ^om b^ml dk\yluf f_k lZf DZd [u `beZ
\k_e_ggZy _keb [u g_ [ueh khegpZ b emgu"B dZd [u kh\_jrZeZkv ebeZ Djbrgu _keb
[u g_ [ueh kZ^om"Fu iZ^rb_ ^mrb b gZr_ \b^_gb_ g_kh\_jr_ggh >Z`_ dh]^Z kZ^om jy^hf k gZfb fu
fh`_f _]h g_ magZlv Ihwlhfm \f_klh lh]h qlh[u ]h\hjblv qlh kZ^om g_l gm`gh ijbagZlvky Y ke_i Y
g_ \b`m kZ^om Lh]^Z m \Zk ihy\blky `_eZgb_ h[j_klb ^moh\gh_ \b^_gb_
M\b^_lv khegp_ fh`gh lhevdh ijb kheg_qghf k\_l_ M\b^ _lv b ihagZlv Djbrgm fh`gh lhevdh ih
?]h fbehklb WlZ fbehklv ijboh^bl d gZf q_j_a kZ^om qbklh]h ij_^Zggh]h Lhevdh ih _]h fbehklb fu
fh`_f m\b^_lv beb ihagZlv Djbrgm ;h]Z g_evay ihklbqv gb jZamfhf gb kh[kl\_ggufb mkbebyfb M\b ^_lv ;h]Z fh`_l
lhevdh lhl dlh h[eZ^Z_l hkh[uf \ b^_gb_f Ex^bh[uqgh ^mfZxl qlh wlh hgb kfhljyl \b^yl Gh wlh g_ lZd Kfhljyl \b^yl
DjbrgZ b kZ^om <u `_ l_ dh]h hgb ^he`gu m\b^_lv <u ^mfZ_l_qlh \k_ gZh[hjhl b ihlhfm hdZau\Z_l_kv h[fZgmlufb
Qlh \u fh`_l_ \b^_lv _keb m \Zk g_l ^moh\gh]h
\b^_gby"LZd mqbl \ZcrgZ\kdZy nbehkhnby LZd mqbl FZoZijZ[om Fu hq_gv ]hj^bfky k\hbfb hj]ZgZfb
qm\kl\ Fu \k_ ohlbf m\b^_lv Fu \k_ ohlbf ihagZlv k\hbfb qm\kl\Zfb gh \_^v hgb g_kh\_jr_ggu GZf gm`gh lhevdh
h^gh ² \ ]em[bg_ k_j ^pZ ieZdZlv h Djbrg_ Lh]^Z DjbrgZ \k_ mkljhbl kZfuf emq rbf h[jZahf L_ dlh ieZdZe
ihemqbeb =mjm : l_ dlh g_ ieZdZe hklZebkv gb k q_f <u ^he`gu ieZdZlv lh]^Z \blu_klj_lj_l = mjm B ih fbehklb
=mjm ihemqbl_ Djbrgm DjbrgZ djbiZ b =mjm djbiZ g_hl^_ebfu
^jm] hl ^jm]Z < QZclZgcZ qZjblZfjbl_ aZibkZgh gZklZ\e_gb_ dhlhjh_ FZoZijZ[om ^Ze Jmi_ =hk\Zfb =mjm djrgZ
ijZkZ^_ iZcZ [oZdlb eZlZ [c^`Z Ih fbehklb =mjm b Dhemfjbr ebZgu
ij_^Zggh]h kem`_gby KgZqZeZ ih fbehklb Djbrgu fu \klj_lbf =mjm Z aZl_f ih fbehklb =mjm h[j_ l_f Djbrgm LZdh\
f_lh^
Fbehklv bh[fZg
;oZ]
Machine Translated by Google
;Zdb - wlh ImlZgZ k_kljZ ;ZdZkmju dhlhjZy ohl_eZ m ibe kZfm __ `bagv ImlZgZ mf_jeZ gh ihkdhevdm hgZ
gZdhjfbeZ Djbrgm k\hbf fhehdhf lh m^hklhbeZkv
klZlv ?]h fZl_jvx < klbo_ dhlhjuc ijhq_e Fmdmg^Z ]h\hjbehkv Dlh _s_ ^Zkl gZf ijb[_`bs_ b [m ^_l [he__ fbehklb\
q_f DjbrgZ"
Dh]^Z Fmdmg^Z wlh ijhbag_k Img^ZjbdZ <b^cZgb^ob gZqZe ijhy\eylv \k_ ijbagZdb ^moh\gh]h wdk lZaZ
\k_ ZrlZ kZll\bdZ [oZ\u Hg dZlZeky ih ihem b ba _ ]h ]eZa l_deb ke_au Hg jZahj\Ze jhkdhrgmx
ih^mrdm gZ dhlhjhc kb^_e bk[jhkbe gZ ihe ahehlhc khkm^
=Z^Z^oZjZ IZg^bl ihgye Hg bklbgguc fZoZ [oZ]Z\ZlZ Ijbgy\ _]h aZ [oh]by gZg_k _fm h[b^m
DZd `_ fg_ aZkem`blv ijhs_gb_"Y ^he`_g klZlv _]h mq_gbdhf Lh]^Z fh`_l kemqblvky qlh hg ko\Zlbl
f_gy aZ moh beb m^Zjbl Y ihg_km hl g_]h gZdZaZgb_ b l_f bkdmiex k\hc ]j_o <kdhj_ ihke_ wlh]h =Z^Z^ oZjZ
IZg^bl ihemqbe hl Img^Zjbdb <b^cZgb^ob fZgljm b klZe _]h mq_gbdhf
<g_rghklv Img^Zjbdb <b^cZgb^ob [ueZ h[fZgqb\hc kh\_jr_ggh hlebqghc hl _]h kmlb Gh dlh wlh
\b^_e"BlZd kZ^om fh`_l ^Zlv \Zf fbehklv Z fh`_l \Zk h[fZgmlv DjbiZ b \ZqZgZ Lhl dhfm gm`gu
lhevdh \g_rgb_ Zljb[mlu [m^_l h[fZgml : lhl dhfm gm`gZ kmlv ihemqbl fbehklv djbim Ihwlhfm y
kdZaZe \u ihemqbl_ lh q_]h aZkem`b\Z_l_ DjbrgZ agZ_l q_]h \u ohlbl_ b q_]h aZkem`b\Z_l_ B Hg h
\Zk ihaZ[hlblky M IjZ[omiZ^u [ueb lukyqb mq_gbdh\ gh kdhevdh ihemqbeb bklbggmx fbehklv"H^bg
]h\hjbe <u qlh g_ agZ_l_ dlh y lZdhc"Y mq_gbd IjZ[omiZ^u Gh \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb dZd hg [ue `Z ehd L_i_jv hg
klZe dZjfb bm\_j_ggh dZlblky \ Z^ Ihq_fm"?keb \u g_k_jv_agu \u g_ ihemqbl_ fbeh klb <u __ g_ ^hklhcgu =mjm
^Ze \Zf fbehklv gh \u g_ kfh]eb __ ijbgylv < wlhf \ZrZ [_^Z Bgh]^Z
f_gy ihjZ`Z_l dZd mq_gbdb IjZ[omiZ^u wlh]h g_ ihgbfZxl ?keb \u k_jv_agu _keb \u `Z`^_l_ fbeh klb ke_agh h
g_c ijhkbl_ lh fbehklv b ihfhsv ijb^ml \k_]^Z Fbehklv \bkbl i_j_^ \Zfb dZd \_j_\dZ b
\Zf gm`gh lhevdh aZ g__ mo\Zlblvky Gh \u [_aaZ[hlgu \u g_k_jv_agu B ohly fbehklv ijyfh i_j_^ \Z
fb \u g_ fh`_l_ __ ihemqblv
Ij_^Zgguc RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z ]h\hjbe qlh \jZq g_f_^e_ggh magZ_l ^jm]h]h \jZqZ Z dhff_jkZgl
² dhff_jkZglZ
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z ihlhfm qlh m gbo _klv ]eZaZ ?keb \u ebr_gu ]eZa \u \k_ ihcf_l_ g_
ijZ\bevgh b wlh ih^_ckl\m_l gZ \Zk dZd y^ LZd hgh b ijhbkoh^bl
fhebl_ Djbrgm lh Hg h \Zk ihaZ[hlblky <u \klj_lbl_ qbklh]h ij_^Zggh]h bklbggh]h ij_^klZ\bl_ey
Djbrgu dhlhjuc ^Zkl \Zf Djbrgm DZd \u magZ_l_ lZdh]h kZ^om"<Zk ijblyg_l d g_fm k_j^p_ \Zf ih^ kdZ`_l >Z
DjbrgZ mkeurZe fhb fhebl\u Y ke_agh ?]h ijhkbe b \hl \k_ mkljhbehkv ² y gZr_e kZ^ om Lhevdh lZd \u _]hb
magZ_l_
Ij_^Zgguc Qlh[u k_[yh[_j_qv mq_gbd ^he`_g \k_]^Z ke_^h\Zlv mdZaZgbyf =mjm b gb gZ rZ] hl
gbo g_ hlklmiZlv g_ lZd eb"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z gb gZ rZ] g_ hlklmiZlv BgZq_ hg iZ^_l Kh\_jrbl ZiZjZ^om b iZ^_l >m fZ_l_ihq_fm
hgb iZ^Zxl"?keb \u ^_ckl\bl_evgh h[j_eb djbrgZ ij_fm _keb \u \k_]^Z \b^bl_ i_j_^
kh[hc ij_djZkguc h[ebd Djbrgu jZa\_ \Zk ijb\e_q_l wlZ mjh^eb\Zy \_^vfZ fZcy"?keb \Zk ij_evsZ_l
fZcy agZqbl \u _s_ g_ iheghklvx hk\h[h^bebkv hl __ \eZklb <u g_ h[j_eb Djbrgm dZd `_ \u ^Z^bl_
?]h ^jm]bf"<hl h q_f y ohqm kijhkblv
Ij_^Zgguc FZoZjZ^`Z bgh]^Z g_k_jv_aguc mq_gbd moh^bl hl k\h_]h =mjm b bs_l gZkeZ`^_gbc
dZd h[uqguc dZjfb Fg_ ^mfZ_lky qlh lZdh_ hldehg_gb_ g_ lZd hiZkgh dZd hldehg_gb_ nbehkhnkdh_
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z \u ijZ\u Nbehkhnkdh_ hldehg_gb_ [he__ hiZkgh DZjfb g_ lZd hiZk_g DZjfb g_ agZ_l
qlh ]j_rbl Gh _keb lhl dlh \u[jZe gZr imlv magZe h gZr_c nbehkhnbb i
hl =mjm ihk\ys_gb_ ihlhf hloh^bl hg [he__ hiZk_g ?keb q_eh\_dZ aZde_cfbeb \hjhf ex^b [m^ml _]h
hiZkZlvky H wlh \hj Gh _s_ [he__ kljZr_g \hj \ h[eZq_gbb kZ^om
Ij_^Zgguc Y kijZrb\Zx h[ wlhf ihlhfm qlh haZ[hq_g gug_rgbf khklhygb_f ^_e
Machine Translated by Google
RbdrZ=mjm
Ij_^Zgguc LZd beb bgZq_ ym]h\hjbe k\h_]h jh^kl\_ggbdZ ijbkh_^bgblvky d BKDDHG b l_i_jv
hg kem`bl fbkkbb IjZ[omiZ^u
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb ?]h =mjm ^Ze _fm jZaj_r_gb_"
Ij_^Zgguc >Z Hg kdZaZe qlh g_ \hajZ`Z_l =hmj
=h\bg^ZK\Zfb AgZqbl hg i_j_r_e d gZf k jZaj_r_gby =mjm Lh]^Z \k_ \ ihjy^d_ Hg g_ kh \_jrbe ]j_oZ < ZcrgZ\
\_ebdh^mr_g Hg k jZ^hklvx [eZ]hkeh\bl mq_gbdZ b ^Zkl _fm jZaj_r_gb_ BgZq_
hg g_ \ZcrgZ\ WlZ ^mrZ ohq_l ihclb d ^jm]hfm =mjm ihlhfm qlh \ukhdh _]h p_gbl lyg_lky d g_fm Imklv b^_l
bh[j_l_l kiZk_gb_ LZd ^mfZ_l \ZcrgZ\ Hg hq_gv \_bdh^ wlh \ZcrgZ\Z ZqZjZ \ZcrgZ\kdbc wlbd_l Y l_[y [eZ]hkeh\eyx
Imklv b^_l bh[j_l_l kiZk_gb_ LZd ^mfZ_l \ZcrgZ\ Hg
hq_gv \_ebdh^mr_g <k_ wlh \ZcrgZ\Z ZqZjZ \ZcrgZ\kdbc wlbd_l Y k jZ^hklvx l_[y [eZ]hkeh\eyx B^bb
gZc^bk\h[h^m ^hklb]gb kh\ _jr_gkl\Z ihagZc Djbrgm Imklv wlZ ^mrZ [m^_l kiZk_gZ
Ij_^Zgguc ?keb fhc jh^kl\_ggbd aZohq_l ihemqblv ihk\ys_gb_ m fh_]h =mjm hg ^he`_g ihclb d
k\h_fm =mjm b ihijhkblv m g_]h jZaj_r_gby"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb ?keb _]h =mjm g_ iZ^rbc _keb hg ]Zm^bcZ \ZcrgZ\ lh \ ihk\ys_gbb g_l g_ h[oh^bfhklb
Ijbfbl_ rbdrm Q_j_a rbdrm \u [m ^_l_k\yaZgu k=mjm <Zk ijb\e_dZ_l wlhl=mjm \u
qm\kl\m_l_ qlh hg fh`_l \Zf ihfhqv Gh ^bdrZ g_ gm`gZ ihkdhevdm \Zr =mjm g_ iZ^rbc >bdrZ gm` gZ _keb =mjm
iZe < ijhlb\ghf kemqZ_ \ g_c g_l gm`^u >bdrZ =mjm h^bg Z rbdrZ =mjm fh`_l [ulv
fgh]h LZd mqbl \ZcrgZ\kdZy nbehkhnby
Ij_^Zgguc Gh _keb _]h ^bdrZ =mjm i_j_r_e d FZoZjZ^`m jZa\_ hg g_ iZ^rbc"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z wlh agZqbl hg kh\_jrbe ]j_o m klhi Rjbeu IjZ[omiZ^u Hg [ue mq_gb dhf IjZ[omiZ^u ;_a
_]h iha\he_gby hg mr_e d ^ jm]hfm =mjm Wlh agZqbl qlh hg kh\_jrbe ]j_o hg iZe < lZdhf kemqZ_ ^bdrZ
g_h[oh^bfZ Gh _keb =mjm ² ]Zm^bcZ \ZcrgZ\ _keb hg g_ iZ^rbc g_l gm`^u
kgh\Z ihemqZlv ihk\ys_gb_ Dhg_qgh a^_kv ^jm]hc kemqZc < wlhf kemqZ_ =mjm kh\_jrbe [hevrhc ]j_o
Ij_^Zgguc LZd b \ BKDDHG fh`_l ihy\blvky fgh]h \_ebdbo ^mr ZqZjv_\ < lh `_ \j_fy =mjm
g_ klZg_l ]h\hjblv qlh hg \_ebdbc beb
Machine Translated by Google
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb G_l g_l <ZcrgZ\ kqblZ_l k_[y kZfuf gbqlh`guf kms_kl\hf ² ljbgZ^ Zib
kmgbq_gZ Dlh fgbl k_[y \_ebdbf lhl \_ebdbc [_a[h`gbd ^_fhg Lhevdh ^_fhg fh`_l lZd aZy\eylv
ba \Zk g_ [m^_l ZqZjv_c :qZjty ihy\blky kZf RjbeZ ;oZdlbkb^^ oZglZ g_ gZagZqbe ZqZjcm Hg kdZaZe :qZjv_\ g_
gZagZqZxl ² hgb ijboh^yl kZfb LZd ]h\hjbeb \k_
gZrb ZqZjvb
Ij_^Zgguc >he`gu eb fu ^mfZlv qlh \k_ ^moh\gu_ [jZlvy gZr_]h =mjm _fm jZ\gu_"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb D ^moh\guf [jZlvyf =mjm gm`gh hlghkblvky lZd `_ dZd d kZfhfm =mjm GZ
r_ ^_eh bo m\Z`Zlv Z g_ km^blv
Ij_^Zgguc Bgh]^Z jZagu_ =mjm ^Zxl jZagu_ gZklZ\e_gby DZd wlh ihgbfZlv"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z hgb fh]ml jZkoh^blvky \h fg_gbyo Ihjhc >`b\Z =hk\Zfb ]h\hjbl h^gh
Rjb^oZjZ K\Zfb ^jm]h_ Z <br\ZgZloZ QZdjZ\Zjlb lj_lv_ LZd [ueh b lZd [m^_l \k_]^Z Gh nbehkhnby
wlbf g_ hkd\_jgy_lky Hgb gbdh]^Z g_ hldehgyxlky hl nbehkhnbb H^gZdh m gbo fh]ml [ulv jZagu_ fg_ gby <k_
hgb \_ebdb_ M dZ`^h]h ba gbo k\h_ \b^_gb_ k\ hc ^moh\guc hiul Bgh]^Z hgb \ukdZau\Zxl
jZagu_ fg_gby gh \ wlhf g_l \j_^Z
Ij_^Zgguc < gZr_f kemqZ_ fu ^he`gu [ulv hq_gv hkfhljbl_evgufb b \k_]^Z ijh\_jylv g_ jZk
oh^blky eb mdZaZgb_ lh]h beb bgh]h =mjm k `_eZgb_f Rjbeu IjZ[omiZ^u g_ lZd eb"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z hgh ^he`gh khhl\_lkl\h\Zlv gZr_c ]Zm^bcZ \ZcrgZ\Z kb^^oZgl_ Hgh g_
^he`gh ijhlb\hj_qblv mq_gbx FZoZijZ[om ?keb lZd lh \k_ \ ihjy^d_
aZghkqb\
Ij_^Zgguc M f_gy _klv h^gh khfg_gb_ G_ kh\k_f khfg_gb_ gh \k_ `_ L_ dlh keurZe aZibkv gZ
dhlhjhc RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z ih\lhjy_l fZgljm bgh]^Z kijZrb\Zxl Ihq_fm IjZ[omiZ^Z ijhbaghkbl g_
\kx fZgljm"Hg ]h\hjbl qlh lh \jh^_ ©OZj_ DjbrgZ OZj_ DjbrgZ DjbrgZ DjbrgZ OZj_ OZj_ JZfZ
OZj_ JZfZ JZfZ JZfZ OZj_ OZj_ª Y g_ agZx qlh bf hl\_qZlv
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb AgZqbl IjZ[omiZ^Z ijhbaghkbl fZgljm g_ijZ\bevgh"Lu gZr_e m IjZ[om iZ^u
g_^hklZlhd"Mfgbd Lu hkdhj[be IjZ[omiZ^m M l_[y g_kh \_jr_gguc kemo ² lu g_ keurbrv dZd
Machine Translated by Google
IjZ[omiZ^Z ijhbaghkbl fZgljm G_ kemrZc wlbo g_\_jmxsbo Hgb lhevdh kh[vxl l_[yk lhedm KemrZc
lh]h dlh agZ_l Ke_^mc _]h gZklZ\e_gbyf IjbgbfZc \k_ qlh hg ]h\hjbl ?keb m l_[y _klv khfg_gby \u kdZ`b bo k\h_fm
=mjm b \k_ dZd ke_^m_l ijhykgb
=eZ\Z\hkvfZy
Ij_^Zgguc FZoZjZ^`Z \u ]h\hjbeb ² qlh[u ihagZlv lZll\m gm`gh h[jZlblvky d lZll\Z =mjm b
ihemqblv _]h fbehklv DZd gZf aZkem`blv \Zrm [eZ]hkdehgghklv b ihemqblv hl \Zk agZgb_"
Bklbgguc \ZcrgZ\
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb <u ^he`gu [ulv ijhklh^mrgufb >he`gu i_j_klZlv emdZ\blv ie_klb bg ljb]bb ebp_f_jblv
RZklju b \k_ \ZcrgZ\u ZqZjtb ijh\ha]eZrZxl < ZcrgZ\baf ² wlh ijhklh^m rb_ Dlh hl ijbjh^u ijhklh^mr_g lhl ijbjh`^_gguc
\ZcrgZ\ Y ohqm qlh[u \k_ \u klZeb lZdbfb
\ZcrgZ\Zfb bklbggufb \ZcrgZ\Zfb <u g_ ^he`gu ebp_f_jblv \g_rg_ \u^Z\Zlv k_[y aZ \ZcrgZ\h\ Z
\gmljb [ulv ^_fhgZfb bgljb]ZgZfb ?keb \u g_ i_j_klZg_l_ ebp_f_jblv lh [m^_l_ dZeb q_eZfb ijb ki_rgbdZfb DZeb M
kZ^om \ZcrgZ\Z fgh]h ihke_^h\Zl_e_c Bo gZau\Zbxl? u lhevdh \u ^Z_l_ k_[y aZ \ZcrgZ\Z ghkbl_ \ZcrgZ\kdh_
ieZlv_ rbdom lbeZdm ^`ZiZ fZem ih\lhjy_l_ fZgljm
OZj_DjbrgZ gh kZfb \u g_q_klgu ^\mebqgu b gZius_ggu _keb \u g_qbklhk_j^_qgu lh \u ² dZeb q_eZ <u
g_^hklhcgu [ulv ihke_^h\Zl_e_f Rjb QZclZgcb FZoZijZ[om Wlh kZ_fh_; \^ vl_ [_k obljhklgufb gbdh]h g_
h[fZgu\Zcl_ g_ ^\mjmrgbqZcl_ g_ aZl_\Zcl_ bgljb] ;hevr_ hl \Zk gbq_]h g_
lj_[m_lky Lh]^Z \u [m^_l_ hq_gv ^hjh]b =mjm b Djbrg_ Lh]^Z \u e_]dh jZah\v_l_ \ k_[_ \ZcrgZ\kdb_
dZq_kl\ZB lhevdh lh]^Z \u kfh`_l_ [_ajZa^_evgh ij_^Zlvky Djbrg_ < ijhlb\ghf kemqZ_ \Zr_ ij_^Z gb_ [m^_l
g_iheguf qZklbqguf mkeh\guf Gh \ gZk g_ ^he`gh [ ulv gbq_]h qZklbqgh]h beb mkeh\ghx Fu ohlbf klZlv
klhijhp_glgufb \ZcrgZ\Zfb ij_^Zlvky Djbrg_ gZ klh ijhp_glh\ Z g_ gZ khjhd beb
iylv^_kyl
Iheghklvx ij_^Zlvky Djbrg_ fh`_l lhevdh lhl dlh h[j_e djbrgZ ij_fm : djbrgZ ijkfm g_evay
h[j_klb g_ h[eZ^Zy lZdbf dZq_kl\hf dZd ijhklh^mrb_ Y ohqm qlh[u \u klZeb ohjhrbfb ij_^Zggufb bklbggufb
\ZcrgZ\Zfb GZklhysbc \ZcrgZ\ \_k_ ^_eZ_l lhevdh jZ^b Djbr] h g_ ^_eZ_l jZ^b
kh[kl\_gghc \u]h^u ;oZdlb\bgh^Z LoZdmjZ ibkZe
Y g_ [m^m ljm^blvky jZ^b kh[kl\_ggh]h [eZ]Z <k_ k\hb ljm^uy [m^m ihk\ysZlv L_[_ RZjZgZ]Zlb ZlfZ gb\_
^ZgZ i_kgy
KZg^biZgb Fmgb
< >_kylhc I_kgb RjbfZ^ ;oZ]Z\ZlZf jZkkdZau\Z_lky h lhf dZd DjbrgZ b ;ZeZjZfZ [ueb mq_gb dZfb [jZofZqZjb
\ ZrjZf_ KZg^biZgb Fmgb K Gbfb `be Zs_ h^bjZ H^ gZ`^u kemqbehkv lZd qlh \ ZrjZf_ g_ hklZehkv ^jh\ Lh]^Z
`_gZ =mjm kdZaZeZ FZevqbdb gZf g_q_f
jZa\_klb h]hgv by g_ agZx dZd [m^m ]hlh\blv Ihc^bl_ \ e_k b ijbg_kbl_ ^jh\ DjbrgZ b ;ZeZjZfZ
\ayeb lhihj b ihreb aZ ^jh\Zfb \ e_k
DZdZy qm^_kgZy ebeZ DjbrgZ ² <k_\urgbc ;h] Ih h^ghfm ?]h `_eZgbx wlZ h]jhfgZy \k_e_ggZy
kha^Z_lky `b\_l b ih]b[Z_l Klhbeh ?fm lhevdh ih`_eZlv b \ ZrjZf_ ihy\bebkv [u ]hju ^jh\ lZdb_ `_
\ukhdb_ dZd =bfZeZb AZq_f ?fm [ueh [jZlv lhihj bb^lb aZ ^jh\Zfb \ e_k"DZdZy \ lhf [ueZ gm`^Z"
DjbrgZ lZd ihklmibe ihlhfm qlh h[yaZgghklv mq_gbdZ ² bkihegylv ijbdZaZgby =mjm <u ^hklZ\bl_ =m jm jZ^hklv
_keb bkihegbl_ _]h ijbdZa dZdbf [u ljm^hlguf hg gb [ue g_h gbh] lhZ \blky hg
\Zf beb g_ gjZ\blky Wlhfm ohl_e gZmqblv gZk DjbrgZ
DjbrgZ b ;ZeZjZfZ hlijZ\bebkv \ e_k <kdhj_ kl_fg_eh b ihebe kbevguc ^h`^v < g_[_ iheuoZeZ
fhegby ]j_f_e ]jhf ;ueh hq_gv kljZrgh FZevqbdb g_ fh]eb gZclb ^hjh]m \ ZrjZf b ijh\_eb ghqv \
e_km mdju\rbkv ih^ ^_j_\hf <kx
ghqv KZg^biZgb Fmgb g_ kfudZe ]eZa Hg ^mfZe DjbrgZ b ;ZeZjZfZ mreb aZ ^jh\Zfb \ e_k <_q_jhf
jZajZabeZkv [mjhy b Hgb g_ \_jgmebkc = _ lh Hgb l_i_jv" ?^\Z aZ[j_a`be jZkk\_l b
^h`^v ij_djZlbeky KZg^biZgb Fmgb kZf ihr_e \ e_k b jZaukdZe ^\mo [jZlv_\ Hgb klhyeb ih^ ^_j_\hf
b ^jh`Zeb hl oheh^Z KZg^biZgb Fmgb [ue hq_gv ljhgml Hg ijb`Ze fZevqbdh\ d ]jm^bb kdZaZe <u ²
kZl rbrvy gZklhysb_ mq_gbdb DZ`^hfm ^hjh]h _]h l_eh DZ`^uc ohq_l qlh[u l_em [ueh ijbylgh b
m^h[gh gh <u jZ^b f_gy i_j_g_keb klhevdh ly]hl <hl qlh lZdh_ kZl rbrvy gZklhysbc mq_gbd Djbr gZ ihdZaZe wlh
gZ kh[kl\_gghf ijbf_j_ Fgh]h e_l kimkly Km^ZfZ <bij >\ ZjZdm ih\b^Zlv k\h_]h ^jm]Z DjbrgZ lh]^Z m`_ [ue
pZj_f Hgb \kihfbgZeb l_ ^gb dh]^Z [ueb mq_gbdZfb \ ZrjZf_ KZg^biZgb Fmgb DjbrgZ kdZaZe
Machine Translated by Google
gZoZf b^`cZ ijZ^`Zlb[ocZf
lZiZkhiZrZf_gZ \Z lmrc_cZf kZj\Z [omlZlfZ
=mjm rmrjmrZcZ cZloZ
;hevr_ \k_]h Y ^h\he_g g_ l_f dlh ke_^m_l ij_^ibkZgbyf kZggvykZ ^oZjfu [jZofZqZjb ^oZjfu ]jboZkloZ ^oZjfu beb `b\_l dZd
\ZcjZ]b hlr_evgbd ;hevr_ \k_]hy ^h \he_g l_f dlh kem`bl k\h_fm =mjm ;oZ]
?keb \Zfb ^h\he_g =mjm lh \Zfb ^h\he_g b DjbrgZ CZkcZijZkZ^Zg gZ ]Zlbo dmlh ib _keb `_ =mjm
\Zfb g_^h\he_g \u ih]b[eb Qlh k \Zfb [m^_l _keb \u gZ\e_q_l_ gZ k_[y ]g_\ =mjm"KdZaZgh lZd`_ djrgZ jmrlZ oZce_ =mjm
jZdob[Zj_ iZj_ ?keb \Zfb g_^h\he_g =hkih^v OZjb DjbrgZ \Zk fh`_l kiZ klb =mjm Gh _keb \Zfb g_^h\he_g =mjm lh ^Z`_
DjbrgZ \Zk g_ kiZk_l
Wlh kZfh_ \Z`gh_ <u ^he`gu agZlv dZd m]h^blv =mjm agZlv q_]h =mjm hl \Zk `^_l B \u ^he`gu
bkihegblv _]h `_eZgb_ ex[hc p_ghc ^Z`_ p_ghc `bagb DjbrgZ b ;ZeZjZfZ l_ji_eb ebr_gby qlh[u
m]h^blv =mjm Wlh]h ohq_l hl \Zk b \Zr =mjm ?keb y kdZ`m Ijbg_kbl_ fg_ klZdZg oheh^ghc \h^u \u
g_ ^he`gu jZkkm`^Zlv =mjm fZoZjZ^`Z ihijhkbe klZdZg \h^u Ihq_fm \h^u"Emqr_ ijbg_km _fm klZ dZg ]hjyq_]h fhehdZ
G_l g_ bafureycl_ h lhf q_]h ohq_l =mjm
H\_qvy eh]bdZ
K_]h^gy mljhf y ]h\hjbe h lhf qlh gZr_ khagZgb_ ^he`gh jZkp\_klb iheghklvx klZlv imjgZ \bdZqblZ q_lZgZ Lh]^Z fu
^hklb]g_f kh\_jr_gkl\Z <ukr_c klmi_gb kh\_jr_gkl\ Z ^hklb]g_l lhl dh fm m^Zklky h[j_klb Djbrgm GZ \k_ klh ijhp_glh\ Z g_
gZ ^\Z^pZlv iylv ljb^pZlv beb iylv^_kyl Dlh
^Zkl gZf lZdh]h Djbrgm"Lhevdh lhl m dh]h Hg _klv ?keb dlh lh ihagZe Djbrgm ebrv gZ ^\Z^pZlv iylv
ijhp_glh\ dZd hg ^Zkl \Zf klhijhp_glgh_ agZgb_"M g_]h g_^hklZlhqgh dZiblZeZ <u kZfb ^he`gu ih aZ[hlblvky h k_[_ b
gZclb bklbggh]h =mjm G_ gm`gh ke_^h\Zlv h\_qv_c eh]bd_ H \k_ kqblZxl lZdh]h lh iZjZfZoZfkhc fZoZ [oZ]Z\Zlhc <k_
lZd ]h\hjyl Gm b ohjhrh Gb h q_f g_ ^mfZcl_ Iju]Zcl_ ijyfh
\yfm
KmgZg^Z =Zg^oZj\Z
< wlhc k\yab jZkkdZ`mh^gm ihmqbl_evgmx bklhjbx h ^oh[b q_eh\_d_ dhlhjuc aZjZ[Zlu\Ze gZ
`bagv klbjdhc h^_`^u M g_]h [ue hk_e gZ dhlhjhf hg i_j_\habe ]jmau b wlhl hk_e ijh`be k gbf fgh ]h e_l A\Zeb hkeZ
KmgZg^Z =Zg^oZj\Z < h^bg ij_djZkguc ^_gv hk_e mf_j KlbjZevsbd ih^mfZe K_]h ^gy KmgZg^Z =Zg^oZj\Z hklZ\be l_eh
Qlh l_i_jv ^_eZlv" GZ\_jgh_ gm`gh h[jblv ]heh\mb hdjhiblv
k_[yk\ylhc \h^hc qlh[u ihqlblv _]h iZfylv
Wlhl klbjZevsbd kem`be m pZjy Dh]^Z pZjkdbc `j_p m\b^_e qlh klbjZevsbd h[jbe ]heh\m hg
kijhkbe
± Ihq_fm lu wlh k^_eZe"
± JZa\_ lu g_ agZ_rv ² hl\_lbe klbjZevsbd ² k_]h^gy mf_j KmgZg^Z =Zg^oZj\Z ± G_m`_eb"²
bamfbeky `j_p ± >Z ^Z ± AgZqbl k_]h^gy hkh [uc ^_gv"
± H ^Z
± Fh`_l fg_ lh`_ h[jblv ]heh\mb hdjhiblv k_[yk\ylhc \h^hc"
± Dhg_qgh
Machine Translated by Google
± Dhg_qgh H[j_c ]heh\mb hdjhib k_[yk\ylhc \h^hc Kh\_lgbd lZd bk^_eZe Dh]^Z pZjv m\b^_e _x
kh[jblhc ]heh\hc hg kijhkbe ±
Qlh kemqbehkv"
± JZa\_ lu g_ agZ_rv h pZjv k_]h^gy mf_j KmgZg^Z =Zg^oZj\Z K_]h^gy hkh[uc ^_gv ±
<hl dZd"
± >Z
± Lh]^Z y lh`_ h[j_x ]heh\m"
± >Z
PZjv lml `_ h[jbe ]heh\mb hdjhibe k_[yk\ylhc \h^hc Dh]^Z pZjbpZ _]hm\b^_eZ hgZ kijhkbeZ ± Qlh
kemqbehkv"Ihq_fm lu h[jbe ]heh\m"
± JZa\_ lu g_ agZ_rv ^hjh]Zy"K_]h^gy hkh[uc ^_gv K_]h^gy mf_j KmgZg^Z =Zg^oZj\Z ± Dlh
wlh lZdhc"
± G_ agZx Wlm gh\hklv khh[sbe fhc kh\_lgbd Hg lh`_ h[jbe ]heh\m ±
Iha\Zlv kx^Z pZjkdh]h kh\_lgbdZ Iha\Zeb kh\_lgbdZ PZjbpZ _]h kijhkbeZ ± Dlh
lZdhc KmgZg^Z =Zg^oZj\Z"Lu kdZaZe pZjx qlh hg k_]h^gy mf_j B \ _]h iZfylv b lu b pZjv
h[jbeb ]heh\u ±
Y magZe h g_f hl `j_pZ ±
Iha\Zlv kx^Z `j_pZ Iha\Zeb `j_pZ ± Dlh
lZdhc wlhl KmgZg^Z =Zg^oZj\Z qlh \ _]h iZfylv b lu b pZjkdbc kh\_lgbd b kZf pZjv h[jbeb
]heh\u"
± Y magZe h g_f hl klbjZevsbdZ
± Iha\Zlv kx^Z klbjZevsbdZ Y\beky klbjZevsbd ± Dlh
lZdhc KmgZg^Z =Zg^oZj\Z"
± H pZjbpZ M f_gy [ue hk_e ?]ha\Zeb KmgZg^Z =Zg^oZj\Z K_]h^gy hg mf_j
Ihgylgh"Wlh b _klv ]Z^^ZebdZ kjhlZ gvyy H^gZ h\pZ iju]gmeZ \ yfm b aZ g_c ihke_^h\Zeb \k_ hk
lZevgu_
G_ \bgbl_ ^jm]bo
Ij_^Zgguc >Z ihgylv wlh g_ljm^gh Gh \_^v [ueh fgh]h l_o dlh dZd ]h\hjbeb ^Ze_dh ijh^\b
gmeky \ ij_^Zgghf kem`_gbb
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb G_ km^bl_ ^jm]bo km^bl_ ² lhevdh k_[y KlZjZcl_kv \b^_lv \ ^jm]bo ohjh r__ Z iehoh_
aZf_qZcl_ lhevdh \ k_[_ Wlh \u kh\_jrbeb hrb[dm ihwlhfm k \Zfb kemqbehkv g_kqZklv_ QZblvy =mjm IZjZfZlfZ
DjbrgZ Hg agZ_l \Zr_ k_j^p_ Hg agZ_l qlh \u gZr_ilu\Z_l_ \ ]em[bg_ k_j^ pZ] \Zf g_ h[fZgmlv <u ]h\hjbl_
ijZ\bevgu_ keh\Z \u dZ`_l_kv lZdbfb ohjhrbfb k \b^m Gh \u g_
^he`gu ebp_f_jblv <u ^he`gu [ulv ijhklh^mrgufb [_kobljhklgufb \ZcrgZ\Zfb < \Zr_f k_j^p_
g_l ijhklhlu LZf ^\mebqb_ ijbl\hjkl\hh[fZg kljZklv d bgljb]Zf ² lZf klhevdh ]Z^hklb <u ihev am_l_kv
eh]bdhc ]Z^^ZebdZ kjhlZ DjbrgZ ² qZblvy =mjm IZj ZagZlf_Z gjb <u
^he`gu ^mfZlv DZd fg_ gZclb bklbggh]h =mjm" P_ev fh_c `bagb ² h[j_klb Djbrgm < ]em[bg_
k_j^pZ \u ^he`gu ieZdZlv h Djbrg_ B DjbrgZ mkeurbl WlZ ^mrZ ieZq_l h[h Fg_ <Zr ieZq ² \hl
qlh kZfh_ \Z`gh_ < :^b imjZg_ DjbrgZ ]h\hjbl jm^Zglb fZfZ kZf\b^oZm Jm^Zglb hagZqZ_l ieZq :oZf iZjbdZjlZo
Dlh \ k_j^p_ k\h_f ieZq_l h[h Fg_ lhl F_gy ihdhjbl < u dh]^Z gb[m^v lZd ieZdZ eb"<hl yb ]h\hjx qlh \u g_bkdj_ggb
g_k_jv_agu M \Zk \k_ lhevdh \g_rg_ <u ke_^m_l_ eh]bd_ ]Z^^Z ebdZ kjhlZ Wlh \ZrZ hrb[dZ AZq_f `_ \bgblv
^jm]bo" DjbrgZ agZ_l Wlhl bs_l fhr_ggbdZ Z g_
=mjm B hg ihkueZ_l \Zf fhr_ggbdZ <u ^he`gu ijbagZlv qlh wlh \ZrZ iehoZy dZjfZ \ZrZ hrb[dZ <u ^he`gu
jZkdZb\Zlvky ieZdZlv Ke_agh \au\Zcl_ d Djbrg_ d FZoZijZ[om <au\ Zcl_ d Gbf ba ]em[b gu k_j^pZ lh]^Z Hgb
[m^ml d \Zf fbehklb\u B lh]^Z \um`_ gbdh]^Z g_ [m^_l_ h[fZgmlu <hl lZd Wlh
hq_gv \Z`gh_ b k_jv_agh_ ^_eh Wlh ebqgu_ hlghr_gby b ebqgZy hl\_lkl\_gghklv Hl\_lkl\_gghklv e_ `bl gZ \Zk
Z g_ gZ dhf lh ^jm]hf <u kZfb hl\_qZ_l_ aZ k\hb ihklmidb Ihq_fm \u ohlbl_ i_j_eh`blv
hl\_lkl\_gghklv gZ dh]h lh ^jm]h]h"Wlh \Zr ^he] ² gZclb bklbggh]h =mjm Z g_ rZjeZlZgZ Wlh \Zr
^he] ² h[j_klb Djbrgm b ^hklbqv p_eb `bagb Wlh \ZrZ `bagv Z g_ _]hb g_ __ <k_ wlh hq_gv ]em[hdb_
khdjh\_ggu_ ij_^f_lu IhklZjZcl_kv bo ihgylv
M\b^_lv =mjm
KZfh_ ]eZ\gh_ fu g_ agZ_f dlh bklbgguc =mjm DZd \u magZ_l_" DZd hij_^_ebl_" M\b^bl_ _]h
k\hbfb fZl_jbZevgufb ]eZaZfb"G_l <u g_ kihkh[gu _]h magZlv DjbrgZ ² Z^ohdrZ^`Z ?]h g_evay
\hkijbgylv g_kh\_jr_ggufb fZl_jbZevgufb qm\kl\Zfb JZ\gh dZd b ?]h ij_^klZ\bl_ey bklbggh]h =m jm lh]h dlh ?fm
hq_gv ^hjh] b [ebahd ?]h g_evay m\b ^_lv fZl_jbZevgufb ]eZaZfb <u \b^bl_ lhevdh
l_eh ba iehlb dhkl_c djh\bb fhqb < RjbfZ^ ;oZ]Z\ZlZf DjbrgZ ]h\hjbl qlh =mjm ZqZjcZ g_ hlebq_g hl G_]h KZfh]h
Machine Translated by Google
ZqZjcZf fZf \b^`ZgccZg
gZ\ZfZgc_lZ dZjobqbl gZ fZjlcZ [m^^ocZkmc_lZ
kZj\Z ^_\Z fZch =mjmo
AgZc qlh ZqZjcZ ² wlh Y KZf b \k_]^Z _]h ihqblZc Gbdh]^Z _fm g_ aZ\b^mc b[h hg g_ ijhklhc kf_jlguc ² \ g_f
\hiehlbebkv \k_ihem[h]b
<=mj\ZrlZd_klbo kdZaZgh
DZ`^uc ^_gv fu ih_f kZdrZ^ ^oZjb b lh `_ kZfh_ ]h\hjbl DjbrgZ ZqZjcZf fZf \b^`ZgccZg :qZjcZ g_hlebq_g hl
F_gy KZfh]h GZ fZjlcZ [m^^ocZkmc_lZ G_ ^mfZc qlh hg ² ijhklhc kf_jlguc
KZj\Z ^_\Z fZch =mjmo < g_f \hiehlbebkv \k_ihem[h]b
LZdh\Z =mjm lZll\Z DZd \um\b^bl_ =mjm k\hbfb fZl_jbZevgufb ]eZaZfb"Bfb g_evay m\b^_lv gb
Djbrgm gb =mjm <um\b^bl_ lhevdh \g_rgbc h[ebd gh wlh g_ =mjm Lhevdh dh]^Z =mjm [m^_l d \Zf fb ehklb\
lhevdh lh]^Z m \Zk ihy\ylky ] eZaZ qlh[um\b^_lv _]h bklbgguc h[ebd =mjm fh`gh m\b^_lv lhev
dh ih _]h fbehklb
LZdh_ \b^_gb_ h[j_lZ_l lhl dlh [_kij_klZggh ieZq_l b fhebl Djbrgm H DjbrgZ y g_agZx dlh
l\hc bklbgguc ij_^klZ\bl_ev G_ agZx dlh hldjh_l fg_ L_[y iheghklvx Gh wlh _^bgkl\_ggh_ q_]hy
ohqm h DjbrgZ <u ^he`gu ke_agh \au\Zlv d Djbrg_ b lh]^Z DjbrgZ \k_ mkljhbl Hg ² IZjZfZlfZ ij_[u\ZxsZy \ \Zr_f
k_j^p_ Hg agZ_l WlZ ^mrZ ieZq_l h[h Fg_ gm `gh _c ihfhqv B Hg mkljhbl
lZd qlh \u \klj_lbl_ bklbggh]h =mjm ij_^klZ\bl_ey Djbrgu dhlhjuc ?fm hq_gv ^hjh] b [ebahd b hg
^Zkl \Zf Djbrgm Wlh [m^_l lhevdh lZd b g_ bgZq_
K_cqZk fu klZjZ_fky \k_ hp_gblv ² hp_gblv Djbrgm hp_gblv =mjm Fu iulZ_fky m\b^_lv =hkih^Z
k\hbfb gug_rgbfb ms_j[gufb ]eZaZfb Gh ZqZjvb b rZklju mqZl =mjm ² wlh ^jZrlZ lhl dlh \b^bl
Z \u ² ^jbrlZ lhl dh]h hg ^he`_g m\b^_lv GZf hq_gv ljm^gh wlh ihgylv ihlhfm qlh ihqlb \k_ fu ^m fZ_f kh\_jr_ggh
bgZq_ <u ^mfZ_l_ qlh wlh \u \b ^bl_ =hkih^Z beb =mjm hgb ^ey \Zk ² ^jbrlZ ij_^ f_lu \hkijbylby Gh \k_ kh\k_f
gZh[hjhl =hkih^v =mjm ² wlh hgb \Zk \b^yl G_ \u ^ he`gu m\b^_lv
bo Z hgb ² \Zk IhgbfZ_l_"Wlh hq_gv ]em[hdZy nbehkhnby
IeZdZlvh =mjm
<k_ h q_f y ]h\hjx y magZe hl k\hbo ij_^r_kl\_ggbdh\ ZqZjv_\ A^_kv g_l gbq_]h fh_]h gb h^ghc
[md\u fh_c a^_kv g_l Y ke_^mx l_f iml_f dhlhjuc mdZaZeb ZqZjvb Y kZf gZr_e =mjm ihlhfm qlh ^_eZe
lh q_fm mqm \Zk Y ih kh[kl\_gghfm hiulm agZx qlh wlh _^bgkl\_ggh \_jguc kihkh[ Gm`gh ihklmiZlv
kh]eZkgh gZklZ\e_gbyf ZqZjv_\ mdZaZgbyf rZklj ² kZ^om rZkljZ =mjm LZdh\ f_lh^ Gh \u gbdh]^Z
_fm g_ ke_^h\Zeb Fg_ dZ`_lky \u g_ \iheg_ ihgbfZ_l_ lh h q_f y ]h\hjx IhklZjZcl_kv ihgylv Wlh
\_^v lZd ijhklh <u ^he`gu ieZdZlv i_j_^ Djbrghc i_j_^ FZoZijZ[om Ihfh]bl_ fg_ Ihfh]bl_ DjbrgZ \ \Zr_f k_j^p_ Hg
mkeurbl WlZ ^mrZ ieZq_l B Hg \Zf ihfh`_l Hg mkljhbl lZd qlh m \Zk
[m^_l gZklhysbc =mjm bklbgguc ij_^klZ\bl_ev Djbrgu ?]h [ebadbc ^hjh]hc ^jm] B lh]^Z \u kfh`_ l_ ^hklbqv p_eb
`bagb G_ hlqZb\Zcl_kv L_ dlh ba[ jZe wlhl imlv g_ ^he`gu ij_^Z\Zlvky mgugbx l_ jylv gZ^_`^m Gm`gh [ulv g_
i_kkbfbklZfb Z hilbfbklZfb FZoZijZ[om ² gZr \k_fbehklb\uc
=hkih^v Hg ² fZoZ \Z^ZgcZcZ Z\ZlZjZ < QZclZgcZ qZjblZfjbl_ RjbeZ DZ\bjZ^`Z =hk\Zfb ljb
jZaZ ih\lhjbe keh\h Z^[omlZ qm^_kguc g_h[uqZcguc Z^[omlZ dZjmgcZ Z^[omlZ \Z^ZgcZ Z^[omlZ Zm^ZjcZ ²
g_h[uqZcgh s_^juc g_h[uqZcgh fbehklb\uc g_h[uqZcgh \_ebdh^mrguc LZdh\ RjbfZg
FZoZijZ[om IeZqvl_ i_j_^ Gbf IeZqvl_ b ijhkbl_ Djbrgm h fbehklb Wlh _^bgkl\_ggh_ qlh \Zf g_ h[oh^bfh G_
iulZcl_kv hp_gb\Zlv Djbrgm beb ?]h ij_^khlZ\bl_ey =mjm k_\bfb _jr_ggufb qm\ kl\Zfb <u lhevdh h[fZg_l_kv M \Zk
^he`gZ [ulv g_ihdhe_[bfZy \_jZ \ FZoZijZ[om Djbrgm b kZ^om >jm]h]h kihkh[Z g_l
G_h[oh^bfh ih^l\_j`^_gb_
Ij_^Zgguc DZd hlebqblv lh qlh ih^kdZau\Z_l gZf IZjZfZlfZ hl lh]h qlh ]h\hjbl mf"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb DjbrgZ gZoh^blky \ \Zr_f k_j^p_ Hg ² IZjZfZlfZ qZblty =mjm Hg \Zr
^jm] < MiZgbrZ^Zo ]h\hjblky ^\Z kmiZjgZ kZcm^`Z kZdoZcZo <Zr ^jm] K\_jo^mrZ ]h\hjbl k \Zfb gh
\u ?]h g_ keurbl_ KeurZlv IZjZfZlfm fh`_l lhevdh hk\h[h`^_ggZy ^mrZ AZ\bkbfhc ^mr_ wlh g_^hk lmigh AZ\bkbfZy
^mrZ keurbl lhevdh ]hehk fZcb ?keb lh qlh ]h\ hjbl \Zf \gmlj_ggbc ]hehk khhl\_l kl\m_l keh\Zf kZ^om b rZklj lh \k_ \
ihjy^d_ <u ^he`gu ihemqblv ih^l\_j`^_gb_ Lh]^Z \u ihcf_l_ >Z k_j^p_ fg_ wlh ih^kdZau\Zeh b l_i_jv y keurm wlh hl
kZ^om ?keb b rZklju ]h\hjyl lh `_ kZfh_ agZqbl ih^l\_j`^_gb_ _klv AZ\bkbfZy ^mrZ g_ keurbl ]hehk IZjZfZlfu ?]h
keurbl lhevdh lhl dlh
hk\h[h^beky ba ie_gZ fZcb IZjfZlfZ ]h\hjbl k \Zfb gh \u g_ keurbl_ ihlhfm qlh \ k_j^p_ m \Zk ihe gh ]jyab Kfhcl_
wlm ]jyav hqbklbl_ k_j^p_ hl kd\_jgu Lhevdh lh ]^Z \u mkeurbl_ IZjZfZlfm : bgZq_
dZd"
Machine Translated by Google
Ij_^Zgguc Bgh]^Z fu ke_agh ijhkbf h q_f gb[m^v ihemqZ_f ihfhsv b gZ wlhf mkihdZb\Z_fky =hmj
=h\bg^ZK\Zfb IeZdZlv gm`gh \k_]^Z Lh]^Z d \ Zf \k_]^Z [m^_l ijboh^blv ihfhsv G_ ^m fZcl_ Y ihemqbe lh
q_]h ohl_e L_i_jv \k_ dhgq_gh <u \k_]^Z ^he`gu ieZdZlv Y gbq_]h gbq_]h g_
fh]m ihemqblv FZoZijZ[om [_kij_klZggh ieZdZe Hg mqbe gZk dZd gm`gh ieZdZlv OZjb oZjb [hebl_
gZcZg_ [Z[_ gbjZ Ijhbaghky bfy OZjb Hg ebe ke_au
Ij_^Zgguc <u kdZaZeb qlh fu ^he`gu [ulv ijhklufb qbklhk_j^_qgufb Fu g_ ^he`gu ebp_ f_jblv Lh]^Z \u [m^_l_
gZfb ^h\hevgu : dZdbf ijZdlbq_kdbf kem`_gb_f fh`gh ^h[blvky \Zr_c [eZ ]hkdehgghklb"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb Wlh ^ey dZ`^h]h bg^b\b^mZevgh MdZaZgby [u\Zxl h[sb_ b bg^b\b^mZev gu_ AZ
bg^b\b^ mZevgufb mdZaZgbyfb ijboh^bl_ dh fg_ by \Zf bo ^Zf LZdb_ mdZaZgby jZagylky hl q_ eh\_dZ d
q_eh\_dm Hgb g_ fh]ml [ulv mgb\_jkZevgufb Wlh ]emiuc \hijhk
Ij_^Zgguc <u ]h\hjbeb ² gm`gh ieZdZlv i_j_^ Djbrghc Y g_^Z\gh ijhq_e \ G_dlZj_ ij_^Zg
ghklb qlh g_evay ieZdZlv i_j_^ ;h`_kl\Zfb
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb G_ ieZqvl_ i_j_^ ;h`_kl\Zfb ieZqvl_ m k_[y \ dhfgZl_ <u ^he`gu ieZdZlv
k_j^p_f DjbrgZ \_a^_kmsbc Dh]^Z \u ieZq_l_ h G_f Hg wlh agZ_l Hg \b^bl
<k_\urg_]h =hkih^Z g_evay ihklb]gmlv gb ijhih\_^vx gb jZamfhf gb kemrZgb_f Hg hldjh_l K_[y ebrv lhfm dh]h ba[_j_l KZf
Lhevdh K\h_fm ba[jZggbdm Hg y\bl K \hc h[ebd
Dh]^Z fu ieZq_f h Djbrg_ IZjZfZlfZ =hkih^v \ k_j^p_ gZk keurbl Lh]^Z Hg h[e_dZ_lky \ l_eh
b ij_^klZ_l i_j_^ gZfb IZjZfZlfZ y\b\rZyky \h\g_ b _klv =mjm LZgm agZqbl l_eh <b\jgml_ lZgmf
k\Zf ² =hkih^v \ k_j^p_ ijbgbfZ_l ajbfuc h[ebd ihwlhfm ?]h gZau\Zxl qZblvy =mjm <hl yb ]h\hjx
² IeZqvl_ IeZqvl_ IZjZfZlfZ \Zk mkeurbl H wlZ ^mrZ ieZq_l h[h Fg_ KZfh_ ]eZ\gh_ qlh \Zf
gm`gh wlh kZ^om kZg]Z KZ^om kZg]Z ² wlh h[s_gb_ k bklbgguf kZ^om Z g_ k ebp_f_jhf g_ k rZjeZlZ ghf =mjm
agZqbl ly`_euc Z eZ]om ² e_]dh\_kguc Gm`gh ihgylv kfuke aZdexq_gguc \ wlbo keh \Zo ?keb \u \klj_lbl_
gZklhys_]h =mjm lh h[s_gb_ k eZ]om [m^_l \uau\Zlv m \Zk ]hj_qv Wlh kZfuc
\Z`guc ijbagZd ih dhlhjhfm hij_^_eyxl =mjm
EZ]om ² wlh \k_ fZl_jbZevgh_ fbjkdh_ <u qblZ_l_ fbjkdbo ihwlh\ h[sZ_l_kv k fbjkdbfb iheb lbdZfb lheklhkmfZfb
b mq_gufb <k_ hgb eZ]om Dh]^Z \u [m^_l_ h[somZlvky khemq_^ _]h fb ehklv h[s_gb_ k eZ]om [m^_l \uau\Zlv m
\Zk ]hj_qv b \u [hevr_ g_ aZohlbl_ bf_lv k gbfb ^_eh Gh
h[sZlvky gm`gh k bklbgguf kZ^om KZ^om djbiZ fbehklv kZ^om h[eZ^Z_l g_h[uqZcghc kbehc b hgZ ^ey
gZk kZfh_ \Z`gh_ KdZaZgh lZd`_ \ZcrgZ\Z djiZc_ lZj_ kZj\Z kb^^ob ?keb \Zf m^Zklky ihemqblv fb ehklv kZ^om
\ZcrgZ\Z \u e_]dh ^hklb]g_l_ \ ukr_c klmi_gb kh\_jr_gkl\Z Gh h[sZlvky gm`gh k gZ klhysbf kZ^om kZ^om \
bklbgghf kfuke_ wlh]h keh\Z G_ k ebp_f_jhf g_ k rZjeZlZghf g_ k dZeb q_ehc Hgb lhevdh \u^Zxl k_[ y aZ kZ^om
Dh]^Z bklbgguc kZ^om h^Zjbl \Zk [eZ]hkdehgguf \a]ey^hf i_ j_^ \Zfb hldjh_lky imlv d kh\_jr_gkl\m KZ^om kZg]Z
² wlh kZfh_ \Z`gh_ kZfh_ \Z`gh_ kZfh_ \Z`gh_ M \Zk ^he`gZ ihy\blvky `Z`^Z d lZdhc kZ^om kZg]_ B __ g_ gm`gh
ih^Z\eylv K_cqZk \ u `Z`^_l_ fZl_ jbZevgh]h WlZ `Z`^Z ² \Zr \jZ] b hgZ ijb\_^_l \Zk \ Z^ <Zk ^he`gZ fmqblv `Z`^Z
kZ^om kZg ]b =^_
gZclb kZ^om"=^_ _]h \klj_lblv"DZd mkeurZlv" Dh]^Z m \Zk ihy\blky lZdZy `Z`^Z g_ ih^Z\eycl_ __ b[h wlh
_^bgkl\_ggh_ qlh \Zf g_h[oh^bfh
;m^vl_ [_kobljhklgufb
Ij_^Zgguc Y klZjZxkv [ulv [_kobljhklguf gh ihjhc qm\kl\mx \ k_[_ g_bkdj_gghklv Mljhf gZ
ghrm gZ eh[ lbeZdm ohqm dZaZlvky \ZcrgZ\hf b
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb <k_ aZ\bkbl hl lh]h dZdh_ m \Zk k_j^p_ ?keb \u qbklhk_j^_qgu ijhklh^mr gu lh \k_ \
ihjy^d_ =eZ\gZy gZrZ [ _^Z \ lhf qlh gZf g_ o\ZlZ_l ijhklh^mrby Ihwlhfm fu hkm`^Z_f
^jm]bo ?keb dh]^Z lh fu b [ueb ijhklh^mrgufb lh l_i_jv wlh]h dZq_kl\Z m gZk g_l Fgh]b_ ]h\hjyl ?keb fu [m^_f
[_kobljhklgufb gZk [m^ml h[fZgu\Zlv \_^v lZd h[uqgh ihklmiZxl k[_kobljhklgufb
ex^vfb G_ [_kihdhcl_kv \Zk g_ h[fZgml L\_j^h \_jvl_ \ Djbrgm \ FZoZijZ[om ;m^vl_ qbklhk_j^_q gufb b Hgb h \Zk
ihaZ[hlylky ?keb \u \k_p_eh Bf ^h \_jbl_kv gZc^_l_ ijb[_`bs_ ih^ k_gvx Bo ehlh khih^h[guo klhi \Zk gbdh]^Z g_
h[fZgml Hgb h \Zk ihaZ[hlylky Dh]^Z \f_klh lh]h qlh[u bkdZlv
aZsblu m Gbo \u iheZ]Z_l_kv gZ kh[kl\_ggu_ kbeu lh]^Z \u kdhj__ \k_]h [m^_l_ h[fZgmlu Wlh hrb[dZ
fgh]bo [hevrbgkl\Z ba \Zk ;m^vl_ [_kobljhklgufb gZklhysbfb \ZcrgZ\Zfb [_a l_gb emdZ\kl\Z <u
\k_]^Z ^mfZ_l_ qlh \u hq_gv mfgu_ eh\db_ <u gZreb k_[_ klhevdh aZsblgbdh\ ihdjh\bl_e_c \um\_ j_gu L_i_jv
f_gy gbdlh g_ h[fZg_l <u iulZ_l_kv aZsblblv k_[y kZfb g_h [m^_l gZ lh \heb
Djbrgu qlh \u kfh`_l_ k^_eZlv"
Machine Translated by Google
Klmi_gb [oZdlb
Ij_^Zgguc DZd k\yaZgu f_`^m kh[hc kZ^om b =mjm"<u kdZaZeb qlh gZf gm`gZ fbehklv kZ^om
IjZ\bevgh eb y ihgye qlh ih fbehklb kZ^om fu ihemqZ_f =mjm"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb =mjm ² wlh kZ^om Z kZ^om ² wlh =mjm F_`^m gbfb g_l jZagbpu
Ij_^Zgguc AgZqbl ihgylb_ =mjm kZ^om rZkljZ \dexqZ_l lZd`_ ^jm]bo =mjm"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z kZ^om bklbgguo kZ^om B lhl ba gbo dlh f_gy ijb\e_q_l \ dh]hy ih\_
jx klZg_l fhbf =mjm Wlh ² gZqZeh
JmiZ =hk\Zfb ibr_l \ ;oZdlb jZkZfjblZ kbg^om
<gZqZe_ m \Zk ^he`gZ [ulv \_jZ Lh]^Z ihy\blky bgl_j_k dh[s_gbx k qbklufb ij_^Zggufb AZl_f \u ihemqbl_
ihk\ys_gb_ m ^moh\gh]h mqbl_ey b ih _]h mdZaZgbx gZqg_l_ ke_^h\Zlv ij_^ibkZgbyf rZklj < j_amevlZl_ \u ba
[Z\bl_kv hl ^mjguo gZdehgghkl_c b mdj_ibl_kv \ ij_^Zgghf kem`_gbb Lh]^Z m \Zk ihy\blky \e_q_gb_ b ijb\yaZg ghklv d [oZdlb LZdh\u klmi_gb ij_^Zggh]h kem`_gby
\ uihegy_fh]h\khhl\_lkl\bb k ij_^ibkZgbyfb rZklj b
gZau\Z_fh]h kZ^oZgZ [oZdlb Ihkl_i_ggh \Zrb qm\kl\Z b i_j_`b\Zgby mkbeylky ihdZ gZdhg_p \ \Zk g_ ijh[m^bl ky ex[h\vd ;h]m LZd ij_^Zgguc b^msbc iml_f khagZgby
Djbrgu ihkl_i_ggh h[j_l_l ;h`_kl\_ggmx ex[h\v
JmiZ =hk\Zfb gZau\Z_l ^_\ylv klmi_g_c hl RjZ^^ob b ^h ij_fu RjZ^^oZ ² wlh l\_j^Zy g_ihdh e_[bfZy \_jZ \_jZ
\ Djbrgm \ ?]h keh\Z \ ij_^ibkZgby rZklj \_jZ \ kZ^om bklbggh]h kZ^om \ZcrgZ \Z Gh dZd h[j_klb RjZ^^om"H[j_klb
__ fh`gh lhevdh \ h[s_gbb k kZ^om G_ k ZkZ ^om JmiZ=hk\Zfb
ibr_l Z^Zm RjZ^^oZ lZlZo kZ^om kZg]Z KgZqZeZ gm`gh h[sZlvky k kZ^om KZ^om kZg]Z hagZqZ_l RjZ^^oZ
eZ[ob ^`q\Z dZj_ kZ^ =mjm \bqZjZ >`b\Z m dhlhjhc ihy\beky jhklhd \_ju gZqbgZ_l bkdZlv
kZ^ =mjm bklbggh]h ^moh\gh]h gZklZ\gbdZ Hl kZ^om \u mkeurbl_ h djbrgZ lZll\_ djbrgZ dZlo_ =mjm lZll\_
\ZcrgZ\Z lZll\_ <u magZ_l_ dlh lZdhc \ZcrgZ\ dlh lZdhc kZ^om qlh _klv lZll\Z b ihq_fm \Zf
g_h[oh^bf =mjm Lh]^Z \u ihcf_l_ Fhy p_ev ² gZclb bklbggh]h =mjm b[h lhevdh hg ihfh`_l fg_
^hklbqv \ukr_c klmi_gb kh\_jr_gkl\Z bh[j_klb Djbrgm IZjZfZjloZ \ukrZy p_ev q_eh\_q_kdhc
`bagb \ lhf qlh[u ijh[m^blv \ k_[_ qbklmx ij_^Zgghklv Djbrg_ b lZd ?]h ihdhjblv ;_a =mjm fg_ gb dh]^Z g_ ^hklbqv
wlhc p_eb
H[jZs_gb_ d =mjm wlh b _klv kZ^om kZg]Z Ke_^mxsZy klmi_gv ² [oZ^`ZgZ djbcZ <u g_ agZ_l_ dZd
kh\_jrZlv [oZ^`Zg <u g_ agZ_l_ [oZ^`ZgbcZ gZ \ Zklm g_ agZ_l_ dhfm ke_^m_l ihdehgylvky =mjm
gZmqbl \Zk kh\_jrZlv [oZ^`Zg Hg kZf [m^_l _]h kh\_jrZlv b \u [m^_l_ ke_^h\Zlv _]h ijbf_jm
<u gZ\_jgh_ g_ jZa keurZeb dZd RjbeZ IjZ[omiZ^Z ih_l fZgljm : ihlhf ]h\hjbl L_i_jv ihcl_
\u <hl qlh agZqbl ke_^h\Zlv aZ =mjm aZ \ZcrgZ\hf Hg mqbl \Zk [oZ^`Zgm b wlZ klmi_gv gZau\Z_lky
[oZ^`ZgZ djbcZ ;oZ^`Zg gm`gh kh\_jrZlv ih^ jmdh\h^kl\hf bklbggh]h =mjm Z g_ kZfhklhyl_evgh :rjZcZ eZbcZ
[oZ^`_ lZj_ djrgZ gZob lcZ^`_ : rjZcZ hagZqZ_l qlh kh\_jrZlv [oZ^`Zg gm`gh ih^
jmdh\h^kl\hf bklbggh]h =mjm Lh]^Z DjbrgZ \k_]^Z [m^_l k \Zfb ?keb \u g_ gZreb ijb[_`bsZ m bk lbggh]h =mjm lh
\Zr [oZ^`Zg imklhc \ g_f g_l kbeu DjbrgZ g_ klZg_l \Zk kemrZlv ;oZ^`Zg ² wlh
lZd`_ k_\Z kem`_gb_ ;b^`Z ^oZlm dhj_gv keh\Z [oZ^`ZgZ ² [oZ^` Hl wlh]h dhjgy h[jZah\Zgu keh\Z
[oZ^`ZgZ [oZdlZ b [oZdlb H^gh ba agZq_gbc dhjgy [oZ^` ² k_\Z djbrgZ k_\Z ;oZ]Z\Zl k_\Z ² wlh
lh`_ [oZ^`Zg ?klv ^_\ylv \b^h\ [oZ^`ZgZ rjZ\ZgZf dbjlZgZf kfZjZgZf iZ^Z k_\ZgZf ZjqZgZf \Zg^ZgZf ^Zkvyf kZdovyf
b ZlfZ gb\_^ZgZf ;oZ^`Zg gZqbgZ_lky kh rjZ\ZgZf kemrZgby =mjm kh\_j rZ_l [oZ^`Zg \u kemrZ_l_ Z aZl_f
kh\_jrZ_l_ [oZ^`Zg kZfb Wlh m`_ dbjlZg Wlh lh`_ k_\Z Ihwlhfm
JmiZ =hk\Zfb ibr_l Z^Zm RjZ^^oZ lZlZo kZ^om kZg]h loZ [oZ^`ZgZ djbcZ Kem`bl_ b kh\_jrZcl_
[oZ^`Zg ih^ jmdh\h^kl\hf =mjm kljh]h ke_^mcl_ _]h mdZaZgbyf mdjhcl_kv ih^ k_gvx _]h ehlhkhih^h[ guo klhi
Lh]^Z \u ^hklb]g_l_ klmi_gb ZgZjloZgb\jbllb
Machine Translated by Google
Ij_^Zgguc ?keb ij_^Zgguc ihemqb\rbc ^moh\gh_ ihk\ys_gb_ _s_ g_ ^hklb] klmi_gb gbrloZ ^he`_g eb hg
ijbgylv jmdh\h^kl\h klZjr_]h \ZcrgZ\Z"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z klZjrb_ \ZcrgZ\u ² gZrb gZklZ\gbdb rbdrZ =mjm Ij_^Zgguc Qlh
_keb hg ^mfZ_l M f_gy m`_ _klv ^moh\guc mqbl_ev IjZ[omiZ^Z b fg_ g_ gm`_g
gbdlh ^jm]hc "
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb DZd lhevdh wlZ fukev ihy\blky \ \Zr_f mf_ \Zf dhg_p <u ]hlh\bl_ kh[kl \_ggh_ iZ^_gb_
Lhl dlh kZf g_ hk\h[h^beky hl ZgZjlo g_ fh`_l \_klb aZ kh[hc ^jm]bo Hg ke_i_p ?k eb h^bg ke_i_p \_^_l aZ kh[hc
^jm]h]h ke_ipZ lh h[Z miZ^ml \ yfm AZ \ h`Zdhf iZ^ml _]h ihke_^h\Zl_eb LZd hgh b ijhbkoh^bl Ij_^Zgguc
FZoZjZ^`Z \u jZkkdZaZeb h ^\mo kihkh[Zo h[ma^Zgby mfZ I_j\uc ² g_ kemrZlv qlh
]h\hjbl mf B \lhjhc _keb y \_jgh ihgye gZclb ijb[_`bs_ m =mjm dhlhjuc mdjueky ih^ k_gvx ehlhkh ih^h[guo klhi
OZjb =hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb KZ^om oZjb = mjm qZjZghiZkZgZkljZo < [hjv[_ k mfhf m \Zk _klv ^\Z \b^Z
hjm`by ^\Z kj_^kl\Z I_j\h_ ² g_ kemrZlv qlh ]h\hjbl \Zf aeh^_c mf DZd lhevdh \ud g_fm ijbkem rZ_l_kv hg lml `_
\havf_l gZ^ \Zfb \_jo Hg klZg_l \ Zrbf \eZ^udhc b \u ihl_jy_l_ kbem <lhjh_ hjm `b_ \lhjh_ kj_^kl\h ² ]mjhj oZj_r
qZjZghiZkZgZkljZo ;oZ] Gm'gh kem'blv
ehlhkhih^h[guf klhiZf =mjm b Djbrgu
Ij_^Zgguc <u ex[bl_ k\h_]h ^moh\gh]h gZklZ\gbdZ ihwlhfm g_ ohlbl_ iZklv l_f kZfuf \u ^_j `bl_ mf \ ma^_
LZd "
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb =mjm [m^_l \Zk mqblv RbrcZ hagZqZ_l h[mq_gb_ RbrqZk l_ oZf rZ^ob
fZf l\Zf ijZiZggZf H[mq_gb_ ij_^iheZ]Z_l \aukdZgb_ =mjm \ijZ\_ \Zk gZdZaZlv B wlh gZdZaZgb_ hqb klbl \Zr_
k_j^p_ hl ZgZjlo BgZq_ dZd hl gbo ba[Z\blvky"<u ^he `gu [_ajhihlgh kghkblv ex[u_ gZdZ aZgby G_ \hafmsZcl_kv
Qlh wlh aZ =mjm" ;m^vl_ _fm [eZ]h^Zjgu H =mjm^_\Z f_gy gZdZaZe DZdZy
m^ZqZ Y ihemqbe djbim fbehklv ?keb =mjm \Zk gbdh]^Z g_ gZdZau\Z_l agZqbl hg g_ ^Z_l \Zf fbehklb
Ij_^Zgguc DZd \ lhf kemqZ_ dh]^Z =hkih^v GblvygZg^Z m^Zjbe Rb\ZgZg^m K_gm"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z Hg _]hm^Zjbe Qlh wlh lZdh_ g_]h^yc Rb\ZgZg^Z K_gZ hiha^Ze GblvygZg^Z IjZ[om
m\b^_e qlh _]h g_l gZ f_kl_ b ]g_\gh \hkdebdgme =^_ Rb\ZgZg^Z K_gZ" : dh]^Z
Rb\ZgZg^Z gZdhg_p ihy\beky GblvygZg^Z IjZ[om _]hm^Zjbe Rb\ZgZg^Z klZe lZgp_\Zlv hl jZ^hklb DZdZy m^ZqZ
Hg f_gy ih[be @_gZ Rb\ZgZg^u ieZdZeZ Z kZf hg jZ^hklgh lZgp_\Ze <hl qlh lZdh_
\ZcrgZ\Z djbiZ fbehklv ij_^Zggh]h
:\kljZeby ghy[jy ]
=eZ\Z ^_\ylZy
<k_]^Z jy^hf
lhqgh eb _fm qblZlv dgb]b mqbl_ey beb hg \k_ jZ\gh ^he`_g kemrZlv rm^^oZ [jZofm"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z kemrZlv emqr_ wlh [he__ ^_ckl\_ggh Dgb]b lh`_ \Zf ihfh]ml gh \u
\k_ jZ\gh ^he`gu kemrZlv BgZq_ \u g_ kfh`_l_ ^hklbqv kh\_jr_gkl\Z
Ij_^Zgguc AgZqbl lhevdh qblZy dgb]b g_evay h[j_klb lZll\Z ]vygm">Z`_ _keb jZgvr_ mq_gbd
g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh h[sZeky k =mjm ihke_ _]h moh^Z hg \k_ jZ\gh ^he`_g kemrZlv lZll\Z ZqZjcm dhlhjuc
gZoh^blky jy^hf b dZd gZkhk dZqZ_l \h^m ba \h^h_fZ agZgby"
=hmj =h\bg^ZK\Zfb >Z =mjm dZd b DjbrgZ \k_]^Z jy^hf gh _]h ijbkmlkl\b_ fh`_l [ulv ajb fuf beb g_ajbfuf >Z`_
_keb =mjm hklZ\ be l_eh hg ih ij_`g_fm jy^hf k mq_gbdhf H^gZdh lhl ^he `_g ihgylv dZdbf h[jZahf ^moh\guc
mqbl_ev ijbkmlkl\m_l jy^hf k gbf \ dZdhf h[ebd_ Y \k_]^Z \ b'm
fh_]h =mjm Hg g_ mr_e g_ bkq_a B fg_ [hevgh keurZlv dh]^Z ]h\hjyl h _]h moh^_ G_l hg ih ij_`g_ fm a^_kv Y
\b`m _]h dZ` ^uc ^_gv dZ`^h_ f]gh\_gb_ DZ`^uc ^_gv y kemrZx _]h gZklZ\e_gby B ihlhfm
kZf fh]m ]h\hjblv : dZd bgZq_"Y g_ kemrZx fZ]gblhnhgguo aZibk_c y keurm _]h kZfh]h gh \Zf wlh]h
g_ihgylv
Machine Translated by Google
IJBEH@?GBY
;oZ]Z\Z^ =blZ
I?J?<H>B DHFF?GL:JBB
?]h ;h`_kl\_gghc Fbehklb : Q ;oZdlb\_^Zglu K\Zfb IjZ[omiZ^u
Qlh[u ihagZlv Bklbgm b^bd ^moh\ghfm gZklZ\gbdm Kfbj_ggh h[jZsZcky d g_fm k \hijhkZfb b _fm kem`b L_ dlh h[j_e
agZgb_ h ^mr_ ihk\ylyl b l_[y \ _]h lZcgu b[h hgb \b^yl Bklbgm
Kdehgbkv d klhiZf Rjb =mjm b gZc^bm g_]h ijb[_`bs_ H [jZl lhevdh lZd lu h[j_l_rv khdjh\bs_ djbrgZ ij_fu
Qlh[u kiZklb ^`b\ kug GZg^u Rjb OZjb ijboh^bl \ wlhl fbj \ h[ebd_ Rjb =mjm
AgZc `_ qlh =mjm klhev `_ \_ebd dZd KZf DjbrgZ Imklv gZklZ\e_gby =mjm klZgml khdjh\bs_f l\h_]h k_j^pZ b[h bo bklhdb ²
\ AZij_^_evghf
Machine Translated by Google
kZlcZ ^`gZg_ =mjm \Zdc_ cZoZjZ \br\ZkZ
Z\ZrcZ lZoZjZ oZcZ \jZ^`Z [omf_ \ZkZ
Dlh l\_j^h \_jbl qlh \ keh\Zo Rjb =mjm aZdexq_gZ [h`_kl\_ggZy fm^jhklv lhl gZ\_qgh ij_[m^_l \h <jZ^
`Z[omfb
cZjZ ijZlb =mjm^_\Z oZgZ iZjZkZggZ
dhgZ \b]og_ k_oh gZob oZcZ Z\ZkZggZ
Dlh klj_fblky \k_]^Z b \h \k_f m]h`^Zlv Rjb =mjm lh]h g_ kfmlyl gbdZdb_ ij_]jZ^u
?keb lu jZa]g_\Ze Djbrgm l_[y kiZk_l Rjb =mjm gh _keb lu jZa]g_\Ze Rjb =mjm lh ^Z`_ DjbrgZ l_[y g_ kiZ
k_l
Rjb =mjm gZf fZlv hl_p ]hkih^bg b mqbl_ev Gbdlh djhf_ Rjb =mjm g_ ^Zkl gZf ijb[_`bsZ \ wlhf [j_gghf
fbj_
=mjmd_ fZgmrcZ ^`gZgZ gZ dZjZ dZdoZgZ
=mjm gbg^Z dZ[om dZjg_ gZ dZjZ rjZ\ZgZ
>Z`_ gZ f]gh\_gb_ g_ ^himkdZc fukeb h lhf qlh Rjb =mjm ijhklhc kf_jlguc b gbdh]^Z g_ kemrZc keh\ ihjhqZ sbo Rjb =mjm
G_ kfhljb gZ ebpZ l_o dlh aehkeh\bl Rjb =mjm b g_ oh^b lm^Z ]^_ h Rjb =mjm ]h\hjyl k hkm`^_gb_f
>Z`_ _keb lu \b^brv qlh Rjb =mjm ^_eZ_l qlh lh g_^ha\he_ggh_ g_ iha\heyc k_[_ b gZ f]gh\_gb_ \ g_f mkhf
gblvky
Dlh [m^_l [_ajZa^_evgh ij_^Zg ehlhkhih^h[guf klhiZf Rjb =mjm lhl h[j_l_l \_ebdmx kbem b kiZk_l \_kv fbj
Kdehgbkv `_ h [jZl d ehlhkhih^h[guf klhiZf Rjb =mjm b lh]^Z gZklmibl dhg_p \k_f l\hbf i_qZeyf
Y [eZ]h]h\_x i_j_^ l_f dlh hklZ_lky ijhkl_jluf i_j_^ Rjb =mjm b dZkZxkv ]heh\hx _]h klhi
Imklv `_ ehlhkhih^h[gu_ klhiu Rjb =mjm gZ\_qgh ij_[m^ml \ fh_f k_j^p_ K wlhc fukevx y KZgZlZgZ ^ZkZ \haghrm fhebl\u =mjm
\Zg^ZgZ \h keZ\m Rjb = mjm
<ZcrgZ\Z fZobfZ
IjhkeZ\e_gb_ ij_^Zgguo
H [jZl kemrZc f_gy \gbfZl_evgh Ehlhkhih^h[gu_ klhiu \ZcrgZ\Z ² \_ebqZcr__ ba \k_o khdjh\bs fbjZ ?keb mdju\rbkv ih^ k_gvx wlbo
klhi lu ihdehgy_rvky Djbrg_ Hg l_[y g_hkl]^Z \bl <k_ ijhqb_ `b\ml lhev dh ^ey lh]h qlh[u mf_j_lv
Machine Translated by Google
\ZbrgZ\Z qZjZgZ ^`ZeZ ij_fZ [oZdlb ^bl_ [ZeZ
ZjZ d_oZ gZo_ [ZeZ\ZglZ
\ZbrgZ\Z qZjZgZ j_gm fZklZd_ [omrZgZ \bgm
ZjZ gZob [omrZg_jZ ZglZ
<h^Z hfu\rZy ehlhkhih^h[gu_ klhiu \ZcrgZ\Z ^Zkl l_[_ qbklmx ex[h\vd ;h]m Lhevdh hgZ h[eZ^Z_l lZdhc
qm^hl\hjghc kbehc Y hkuiex ]heh\m iuevx k ehlhkhih^h[guo klhi \ZcrgZ\Z b wlZ iuev [m^_l _^bgkl\_gguf fh
bf mdjZr_gb_f
lbjloZ ^`ZeZ iZ\bljZ ]mg ebdobcZqo_ imjZg_
k_ kZ[Z [oZdlbjZ ijZ\ZgqZgZ
\ZbrgZ\_jZ iZ^h^ZdZkZfZ gZo_ wb kZ[Z
cZ l_ oZcZ \ZgqoblZ imjZgZ
ImjZgu keZ\yl hqbklbl_evgmx kbem \h^u \ f_klZo iZehfgbq_kl\Z gh wlZ kbeZ gbqlh`gZ \ kjZ\g_gbb k kbehc
qbkluo ij_^Zgguo >Z`_ \k_ k\ys_ggu_ \h^u fbjZ g_ h[eZ^Zxl lhc qm^hl\hjghc kbehc dhlhjhc h[eZ^Z_l \h^Z hfu\rZy
ehlhkhih^h[gu_ klhiu \ZcrgZ\Z WlZ \h^Z ^Zjm_l bkiheg_gb_ \k_o `_eZgbc
Dh]^Z yk \ZcrgZ\Zfb fhc mf jZ^m_lky b ihfgbl h Djbrg_ G_ \kbeZo k^_j`Zlv ihju\ k_j^pZ GZjhllZfZ ^ZkZ
]jhfdh kl_gZ_l Ihq_fm `_ \ZcrgZ\u ihdbgmeb f_gy"
mfhf ljZgkp_g^_glgh_
:^ovylfbdZ mjh\_gv jZa\blby khagZgby Z^ocZlfbdZ² hlh`^_kl\e_gb_ k_[yk l_ehf beb mfhf :fgZy ZfgZcZo² \_^bq_kdZy fm^jhklv i_j_^ZxsloZyky
ih p_ib ^moh\guc_mqbl_jZ © p_gghklbª [_kihe_agh_ aeh ij_iylkl\b_ ihjhqgu_ gZdehgghklb \ k_j^p_ dhlhju_ ebrZxl gZk ^hklmiZ d
:qZjvy ZqZjcZ² lhl dlh mqbl gZ kh[kl\_gghf ijbf_j_ ^moh\guc gZklZ\gbd :qZjvy Z\ZlZjZ ZqZjcZ Z\ZlZjZ² ijbr_kl\b_
ZqZjcb ba ^moh\gh]h fbjZ :qZjvy ebeZ ZqZjcZ ebeZ² ^_ygby QZclZgcb FZoZijZ [om \ jheb ZqZjcb :qZjvy
iZjZfiZjZ ZqZjcZ iZjZfiZjZ² kf =mjm iZjZfiZjZ :q_lZgZ ² ebr_gguc khagZgby g_h^mr_\e_gguc :qbglvy [o_^Z[o_^²Z
lZll\Z ZqbglcZ [o_^Z_ll_Z mqbb =hkih^Z QZclZgcb h ©g_ihklb`bfhf h^gh\j_f_gghf _^bg
kZgbc
<brZy \b]jZoZ ij_fu\brZcZ \b]jZoZ² hebp_l\hj_gb_ \brZb =hkih^v dZd h[t_dl ij_fu =hkih^v dZd ]eZ\_gkl\mxs__
;h`_kl\h \_joh\guc gZkeZ`^Zxsbcky dZd ;h] dhlhjhfm kem`Zl <brZy \b]jZoZ
[oZ]Z\Zg \brZcZ \b]jZoZ [oZ]Z\Zg² =hkih^v dZd \ukrbc ij_^f_l ihagZgby b ij_^Zggh]h kem`_gby <brbrlZ Z^\ZclZ \Z^Z \brbrlZ^\ZblZ \Z^Z²
nbehkhnkdh_ mq_gb_ JZfZgm^`b ba\_klgh_ dZd fhgbaf h]jZgbq_gguc ijb kmlkl\b_f jZaebqbc wlh mq_gb_ ijh\ha]eZrZ_l qlh qbl bg^b\b^mZevgu_ ^mrb
Zqbl fZl_jbZevgu_ fbju b br\ZjZ <_joh\guc =hkih^vh^bgZdh\h j_Zevgu b hlebqgu ^jm] hl ^jm ]Z gh \f_kl_ k l_f hgb h[jZamxl _^bgh_ p_eh_
<jZ^`Z[omfb ² a_fey <jZ^`b ]^_ iylv lukyq ^_l gZaZ^ Rjb DjbrgZ y\be K\hb ebeu <jZ^ `_g^jZ dmfZjZ \jZ^`_g^jZ dmfZjZ² Rjb DjbrgZ xguc kug
pZjy <jZ^`Z
=Z^^ZebdZ kjhlZ gvyy ]Z^^ZebdZ kjhlZ gcZcZ² eh]bdZ h\_qv_]h klZ^Z [_a^mfgh ke_^mxs_]h aZ \h`Zdhf [_a^mfguc ke_ihc
\u[hj ^moh\gh]h imlb k^_eZgguc bkdexqbl_evgh ih ijbf_jm ^jm]bo
=Zg^oZj\u ² g_[_kgu_ i_\pu b fmaudZglu khklZ\eyxsb_ hkh[mx ]jmiim ihem[h]h\
=Zj[oh^ZdZrZ cb <brgm ]Zj[oh^ZdZrZcb \brgm² <brgm dhlhjuc \oh^bl \ dZ`^mx ba \k_e_gguo bl\hjbl \k_ fgh]hh[jZab_
fbjZ
=Zm^bcZ ZqZjvy iZjZfiZjZ ]Zm^bcZ ZqZjcZ iZjZfiZjZ² ij__fkl\_gghklv ^moh\guo mqbl_e_c \_^msZy gZqZeh hl Rjb QZclZ
gvb FZoZijZ[om
=Zm^bcZ \ZcrgZ\ ]Zm^bcZ \ZbrgZ\Z² ihke_^h\Zl_ev Rjb QZclZgcb FZoZijZ[om
=Zm^bcZ \ZcrgZ\Z ^oZjZ ]Zm^bcZ \ZbrgZ\Z ^oZjZ² h[uqZb b ljZ^bpbb ]Zm^bcZ \ZcrgZ\h\
=Zm^bcZ =mjm \Zj]Z ]Zm^bcZ =mjm \Zj]Z² lh `_ qlh b ]Zm^bcZ ZqZjcZ iZjZfiZjZ
=ZmgZ ]ZmgZ² g_ijyfhc g_]eZ\guc gbarbc
=ZmgZ [oZdlb ]ZmgZ [oZdlb² gbarZy nhjfZ ij_^Zggh]h kem`_gby ij_^Zggh_ kem`_gb_ \ dhlhjhf _klv ijbf_kb dZjfu ]vygu
beb ch]b _]hh[uqgh ijZdlbdmxl l_ dlh _s_ g_ hk\h[h^beky hl \eZklb fZcb
=ZmgZ iZloZ ]ZmgZ iZloZ² om^rbc g_ijyfhc imlv
=ZmjZ ijby ^`ZgZ ]ZmjZ ijbcZ ^`ZgZ² lhl dlh hq_gv ^hjh] =hkih^m =ZmjZg]_ =jZgloZ [oZ]Z\ZlZ ]jZgloZ
[oZ]Z\ZlZ² dgb]Z ©;oZ]Z \ZlZfª =jboZkloZ ^oZjfZ ]joZkloZ ^oZjfZ² h[yaZgghklb k_f_cgh]h q_eh\_dZ
k_f_cgZy `bagv =mgZ ]mgZ² ©\_j_\dZª dZq_kl\h beb kihkhZ[ ^_ckijl\by h^gh ba dZq_kl\jb u [eZ]hklv kljZklv
beb g_\_`_kl\h
]mgu \eZkl\mxl gZ^ ^mrhc b ^_j`Zl __ \ aZ\bkbfhklb
=mjm ² ^moh\guc gZklZ\gbd =mjm
djbiZ =mjm djiZ² fbehklv [eZ]hkeh\_gby =mjm =vygZ ^`gZgZ²
agZgb_imlv ^moh\gh]h ihagZgby \_^msbc d hk\h[h` ^_gbx ba fZl_jbZevgh]h ie_gZ =vygZ rZdlb ^`gZgZ rZdlb² kbeZ agZgby
beb ihagZgby [ulb_ ^mrb ijhy\eyxs__ky \ nhjf_ khagZgby =vygb ^`gZgb² ihke_^h\Zl_eb nbehkhnbb fhgbafZ ^ey dhlhjuo mfhaj_gb_
_klv kj_^kl\h ihklb`_gby :[khexlghc Bklbgu
bfi_jkhgZebklu l_dlh bs_l kiZk_gby
Machine Translated by Google
>
>Zc\b \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfZ ^Zb\b \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfZ² [h`_kl\_ggZy \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjfZ ihke_^h\Zl_eb dhlhjhc ihk\y
sZxl k\hc ljm^ =hkih^m
>Zg^Z ^Zg^Z² gZdZaZgb_
>ZjrZg ^ZjrZgZ² \klj_qZ ijb_f
>\ZclZ >\ZclZ\Z^Z ^\ZblZ ^\ZblZ\Z^Z² ^mZebaf nbehkhnkdh_ mq_gb_ FZ^o\u ihemqb\r__ gZa\Zgb_ ©hqbs_ggh]hª^mZ ebafZ kh]eZkgh wlhfm
mq_gbx ^`b \Z bg^b\b^mZevgZy ^mrZ b ^`Z^Z fbj g_`b\hc fZl_jbb \k_]^Z hlebqgu ^jm] hl
^jm]Z \f_kl_ k l_f hgb iheghklvx aZ\bkbfu hl ;jZofZgZ <_joh\gh]h =hkih^Z
>\ZclZ^\ZclZ \Z^Z ^\ZblZ^\ZblZ \Z^Z² nbehkhnkdh_ mq_gb_ Gbf[Zjdb ihemqb\r__ gZa\Zgb_ ©h^gh\j_f_ggh]hª^mZebafZ b
fhgbafZ kh]eZkgh wlhfm mq_gbx wg_j]by ;jZofZgZ ² wlh bklhqgbd b qbl ^`b\ub Zqbl fZl_jbZevgh]h fbjZ dhlh juf gZkeZ`^Z_lky ^`b\Z wlh
mq_gb_ ijbagZ_l h^bgZdhb\h bkgyb\ Zclu hlebqghklb \k_]h kms_]h hl
;jZofZgZ b ihgylb_ Z^\Zclu g_hl^_ebfhklb \k_]h kms_]h hl [ulby ;jZofZgZ
>\ZjZdZ ^\ZjZdZ² =hjh^ ]^_ pZjkl\h\Ze =hkih^v DjbrgZ
>`ZiZ fZeZ ^`ZiZ fZeZ² q_ldb >`b\Z ^`b\Z²
kms_kl\hh[eZ^Zxs__ khagZgb_f \_qgZy ij_^_evgh fZeZy bg^b\b^mZevgZy ^mrZ >`b]vykZ ^`b ^`gZkZ² h[jZs_gb_ k
\hijhkZfb klj_fe_gb_ d agZgbx >bdrZ ^bdrZ² ^moh\gh_ ihk\ys_gb_ ijb dhlhjhf mq_gbd ihemqZ_l fZgljm b nhjfZevgh
kh_^bgy_lky k ij__fkl\_gghklvx ^m oh\guo mqbl_e_c i_j_^ZqZ ljZgkp_g^_glgh] h agZgby hl mqbl_ey d mq_gbdm \ j_amevlZl_ dhlhjhc mq_gbd
hk\h[h`^Z_lky
hl [j_f_gb ]j_oh\
>bdrZ =mjm ^bdrZ =mjm² ^moh\guc gZklZ\gbd ^Zxsbc ihk\ys_gb_ b nhjfZevgh kh_^bgyxsbc mq_gbdZ k ij__fkl\_gghklvx
^moh\guo mqbl_e_c
>jZrlZ ^jZrlZ² lhl dlh kfhljbl \b^bl >jbrlZ ^jrlZ² lhl dh]h
\b^yl beb lh qlh \b^yl >mj]Z ^mj]Z² [h]bgy >mj] Z hebp_l\hj_gb_
fZl_jbZevghc \g_rg_c wg_j]bb =hkih^Z fZoZ fZcb [h`_kl\h ih\_e_\Zxs__ fZ l_jbZevguf Fbjhf kmijm]Z =hkih^Z Rb\u >oZjfZ ² j_eb]bhagu_ aZih\_^ b
bkiheg_gb_ ^he]Z g_hlt_fe_fh_ k\hckl\h ij_^f_lZ bkiheg_gb_ ij_^ibkZgbc <_^ h[_sZxsbo
\ gZ]jZ^m jZckdb_ m^h\hevkl\by h^gZ ba q_luj_o p_e_c d dhlhjuf klj_fylky h[uqgu_ ex^b
B
BrZ lZll\Z brZ lZll\Z² agZgb_ h <_joh\ghf =hkih^_
BlZjZgmjZdlb blZjZgmjZdlb² ©ijb\yaZgghklv d ^jm]bf \_sZfª ijb\yaZgghklv ^mrb d fZl_jbZevghfm fbjm
C
Ch]Z ² f_lh^ ^moh\gh]h jZa\blby kh_^bgyxsbc ^mrm kh <k_\urgbf khklhygb_ ijb dhlhjhf khagZgb_ ij_^_evgh fZehc
^mrb gZoh^blky \ _^bgkl\_ beb kh]eZkbb k ;h]hf
Ch] ch]b² lhl dlh aZgbfZ_lky ch]hc
D
DZeb ² ©jZa^hjª [h`_kl\h hebp_l\hjyxs__ DZeb cm]mb \eZkl\mxs__ \ wlhl \_d
DZeb q_eZ dZeb q_eZ² ijbki_rgbd DZeb
DZeb x]Z dZeb cm]Z² l_dmsbc \_d \_d \jZ`^ub ebp_f_jby dhlhjuc gZqZeky iylv lukyq e_l gZaZ^ _]hh[sZy ijh^he`bl_ev
ghklv e_l
DZfZ dZfZ² \h`^_e_gb_ m^h\e_l\hj_gb_ `_eZgbc dZd h^gZ ba q_luj_o p_e_c d dhlhjuf klj_fylky h[uqgu_ ex^b
DZg]ZeZ dZg]ZeZ² [_^guc gbsbc
DZgdZ dZgdZ² aeh^_c
DZiZlZ dZiZlZ² h[fZgsbd ebp_f_j
DZiZlvy dZiZlcZ² ihjhqghklv ebp_f_jb_
DZjfZ ² ^_ckl\b_ ljm^ jZ^b dhjuklb ihke_^kl\by ijhreuo ihklmidh\ aZdhg ijbqbgu b ke_^kl\by ^_ckl\mxsbc \ fZl_jbZev
ghf fbj_
DZjfZlfZdZ dZjfZlfZdZ² q_eh\_d h^_j`bfuc kljZklvx d dhjuklb DZjfb dZjfb² lhl dlh
iulZ_lky gZkeZ`^Zlvky fZl_jbZevguf fbjhf q_j_a fZl_jbZevgu_ hj]Zgu qm\kl\ lhl dlh bkihegy_l \_ ^bq_kdb_ h[jy^u jZ^b dhjuklb DZloZ dZloZ² jZa]h\hj
[_k_^Z jZkkdZau h <_joh\ghf =hkih^_ b ?]h ij_^Zgguo oZdlb dbjlZgZdocZ [oZdlb² kem`_gb_ =hkih^m q_j_a dbjlZg DjbiZ djiZ² khkljZ^Zgb_
fbehklv DjbiZgZ ^mjZ^`ZgZ djiZgZ ^mjZ^`ZgZ² kdmihc ihjhqguc q_eh\_d DrZljbb \ _^ q drZljbcZ² \hbgu b ijZ\bl_eb \lhjh_ khkeh\b_ \ \ZjgZrjZfZ ^oZjf_
E
EZ]om ² e_]dbc gbarbc om^rbc
EZdo²
EbeZ ebeZ² jZa\e_q_gb_b]jZ aZ[Z\Z
F
FZcy fZcZ² ©lh q_]h g_lª beexaby \g_rgyy wg_j]by =hkih^Z wg_j]by beexabb dhlhjZy ^_j`bl `b\u_ kms_kl\Z \ aZ[\_gbb
h[ bo ^moh\ghc ijbjh^_ bh ;h]_
FZcy\Z^b fZcZ\Z^b² bfi_jkhgZebkl
FZgljZ ² fZ]bq_kdZy nhjfmeZ beb aZdebgZgb_ ]bfg klbo
FZoZ [oZ]Z\ZlZ fZoZ [oZ]Z\ZlZ² gZb[he__ \ha\ur_gguc ij_^Zgguc =hkih^Z
FZoZ \Z^Zgvyy Z\ZlZjZ fZoZ \Z^ZgcZcZ Z\ZlZjZ² kZfh_ fbehklb\h_ b \_ebdh^mrgh_ \hiehs_gb_ ;h]Z
FZoZ^`Zgu \ _^ q fZoZ^`ZgZ² ij_^Zggu_ dhlhju_ ^hklb]eb ^moh\gh]h kh\_jr_gkl\Z b [eZ]h^Zjy wlhfm ihevamxlky g_ij_j_
dZ_fuf Z\lhjbl_lhf m ^jm]bo ij_^Zgguo
FZoZimjmrZ fZoZimjmrZ² ©\_ebdbc q_eh\_dª k\ylhc beb ijhjhd
FZoZimjmrZ =mjm fZoZimjmrZ =mjm² \_ebdbc ZqZjcZ ijbr_^rbc ijyfh ba ^moh\gh]h fbjZ
Machine Translated by Google
FZoZl ² \u^Zxsbcky fh]ms_kl\_gguc
FZoZl lZll\Z ² kh\hdmigZy fZl_jbZevgZy wg_j]by dhlhjZy \ i_jbh^ khl\hj_gby fbjZ jZkiZ^Z_lky gZ i_j\hwe_f_glub b ^Z_l gZqZ
eh \k_fm kms_fm ijbqbgguc hd_Zg qZklv ^moh\gh]h g_[Z ihdjulZy fZl_jbZevgufb i_j\hwe_f_glZfb
FhdrZ ² ba[Z\e_gb_ kiZk_gb_ hk\h[h`^_gb_ ba fZl_jbZevgh]h ie_gZ dZd h^gZ ba p_e_c d dhlhjuf klj_fylky h[uqgu_ ex^b
FhdrZ dZfZgZ fhdrZ dZfZgZo² `_eZgb_ hk\h[h^blvky ba fZl_jbZevgh]h ie_gZ
FhoZ fhoZo² beexaby b]jZ \hh[jZ`_gby
FmdlZ ² lhl dlh h[j_e kiZk_gb_
FmdmeblZ q_lZgZ ² khagZgb_ ih^h[gh_ [mlhgm
G
Gb\jbllb fZj] gb\jllb fZj]Z² imlv d hk\h[h`^_gbx ba fZl_jbZevgh]h ie_gZ beb hldZa hl qm\kl\_gguo gZkeZ`^_gbc
Gblvy dbjlZg gblcZ dbjlZgZ² \_qgh_ g_ij_ju\gh_ ijhkeZ\e_gb_ ;h]Z
Gblvy dbjlZgZ ^oZjfZ gblcZ dbjlZgZ ^oZjfZ² ^he] ijbau\Zxsbc d \_qghfm ijhkeZ\e_gbx ;h]Z
Gblvy rjZ\ZgZ gblcZ rjZ\ZgZ² \_qgh_ g_ij_ju\gh_ kemrZgb_ h ;h]_
I
IZg^bl iZg^blZ² mq_guc q_eh\_d
IZiZ dZjfZ iZiZ dZjfZ² ]j_oh\gu_ ^_eZ
IZjZfZjloZ iZjZfZjloZ² \ukrZy p_ev `bagb
IZjZfZlfZ iZjZfZlfZ² <_joh\gZy >mrZ K\_jo^mrZ <_joh\guc =hkih^v ij_[u\Zxsbc \ k_j^p_ dZ`^h]h Hg khijh\h`^Z_l
iZ^rmx ^mrm \ __ kljZgkl\byo ih fZl_jbZevghfm fbjm gZijZ\eyy __ ba k_j^pZ b gZ[ex^Zy aZ g_x
IZjZfZlfZ lZll\Z iZjZfZlfZ lZll\Z`² agZgb_ h Ebqghklb ;h]Z
IZjZfZoZfkZ iZjZfZoZfkZ² ^mrZ ihagZ\rZy k_[y
IZjZf_r\ZjZ iZjZf_r\ZjZ² <_joh\guc <eZkl_ebg
IZjZfiZjZ iZjZfiZjZ² ij__fkl\_gghklv ^moh\guo mqbl_e_c
IZjZfiZjvy iZjZfiZjcZ² ljZ^bpby i_j_^ZqZ ba ihdhe_gby \ ihdhe_gb_
IZjZlZll\Z ² \_ebqZcr__ [eZ]h Rjb DjbrgZ :[khexlgZy BklbgZ
IZjbijZrgZ iZjbijZrgZ² \hijhk jZkkijZrb\Zgb_
IjZ\jbllb fZj] ijZ\jllb fZj]Z² imlv fbjkdbo gZkeZ`^_gbc b^msbc wlbf iml_f bkihegy_l ij_^ibkZgby <_^ qlh[u \hag_
klbkv gZ jZckdb_ ieZg_lu
IjZch^`ZgZ ² ©g_h[oh^bfhklvª \ukrZy p_ev `bagb ex[h\vd ;h]m
IjZch^`ZgZ kb^^ob ² ^hklb`_gb_ ijZch^`Zgu
IjZdZlZ ² ijhy\b\rbcky ajbfuc ^hklmiguc qm\kl\_gghfm hiulm
IjZdjblb ijZdjlb² wg_j]by beb ijbjh^Z `_gkdh_ ih^qbg_ggh_ gZqZeh
IjZgbiZlZ ijZgbiZlZ² ihdehg
IjZjloZgZ ijZjloZgZ² fhebl\Z fhev[Z
IjZkZ^ ijZkZ^Z² ©fbehklvª hklZldb ih^ghr_gbc =hkih^m
Ij_fZ ² qbklZy g_jmrbfZy ex[h\vd ;h]m ex[h\vd ;h]m dZd iylZy \ukrZy p_ev d dhlhjhc ^he`_g klj_fblvky q_eh\_d
Ij_fZ [oZdlb ² ex[h\vb ij_^Zgghklv =hkih^m
Ij_fb [oZdlZ ij_fb [oZdlZ² ij_^Zgguc dhlhjuc h[j_e ij_fm
Ij_yk ij_cZk² ©^hjh]hc `_eZggucª klj_fe_gb_ d kbxfbgmlghc \u]h^_ ^_ckl\by g_f_^e_ggh ijbghkysb_ [eZ]Z ijb[uev
Imgvy dZjfZ imgcZ dZjfZ² [eZ]b_ ^_eZ
ImjZgu \ _^ q imjZgZ² k\ys_ggu_ ibkZgby ^hihegyxsb_ <_^u
ImjgZ \bdZqblZ q_lZgZ imjgZ \bdZqblZ q_lZgZ² iheghklvx jZkp\_lr__ khagZgb_
ImjmrZjloZ imjmrZjloZ² p_ev q_eh\_q_kdbo mklj_fe_gbc
ImjmrhllZfZ dr_ljZ ² >`Z]ZggZloZ Imjb >oZfZ
J
JZ^`Zk ² kljZklv
JZ^`h ]mgZ jZ^`h ]mgZ² kljZklv \lhjZy ]mgZ fZl_jbZevghc ijbjh^u
JZlgZ ]Zj[oZ ² lZysbc ^jZ]hp_ggu_ dZfgb hd_Zg
JZmjZ\Z gZjZdZ ² h^gZ ba Z^kdbo ieZg_l
JmiZ rbdrZ jmiZ rbdrZ² gZklZ\e_gby dhlhju_ QZclZgvy FZoZijZ[om ^Ze Jmi_ =hk\Zfb
K
KZ^oZdZ kZ^oZdZ² ©^_ckl\_gguc p_e_khh[jZagucª ij_^Zgguc lhl dlh qlbl ;h]Z lhl dlh klj_fblky d ^moh\ghfm kh\_jr_gkl
\m
KZ^om kZ^om² lhl dlh g_ ijb\yaZg d fbjkdhfm q_eh\_d [_ajZa^_evgh ij_^Zgguc ;h]m KZ^om kZg]Z kZ^om kZg]Z²
h[s_gb_ k kZ^om KZ^ovy \Zklm kZ^ocZ \Zklm² p_ev dhlhjmx gm`gh ^hklbqv KZ]ZjZ kZ]ZjZ² hd_Zg KZf[Zg^oZ ²
k\yav hlghr_gby KZf[Zg^oZ ]vygZ kZf[Zg^oZ ^`gZgZ² agZgb_ h <k_ \urg_f =hkih^_ ?]h [h`_kl\_gguo wg_j]byo b bo
\aZbfhk\yayo KZf[Zg^oZ ^ZlZ kZf[Zg^oZ ^ZlZ² mklZgZ\eb\Zxsbc kZf[Zg^om ^Zxsbc kZf[Zg^oZ ]vygm =mjm dhlhjuc
ihfh]Z_l gZf \hk
L
LZfZk ² lvfZ fjZd g_agZgb_ g_\_`_kl\h
LZfh ]mgZ lZfh ]mgZ² g_\_`_kl\h dZd lj_lvy ]mgZ fZl_jbZevghc ijbjh^u
LZjZg]Z lZjZg]Z² \hegZ
LZll\Z ² hkgh\hiheZ]ZxsZy bklbgZ ijbgpbi kmsghklv lZcgZ k_dj_l
LZll\Z ZqZjvy lZll\Z ZqZjcZ² ZqZjcZ \ iheghc f_j_ ihagZ\rbc lZll\m
LZll\Z \Zklm ² hkgh\Z <_joh\guc =hkih^v dZd \ukrZy j_Zevghklv
LZll\Z \bqZjZ lZll\Z \bqZjZ² Z[khexlguc g_hlghkbl_evguc ih^oh^ d ij_^f_lm
LZll\Z ^Zjrb lZll\Z ^Zjrb² lhl dlh \b^bl Bklbgm
LZll\Z ^`b]vykZ lZll\Z ^`b^`gZkZ² \hijhku h[ :[khexlghc Bklbg_ klj_fe_gb_ ihagZlv lZll\m
LZll\Z rjZ\ZgZf lZll\Z rjZ\ZgZf² kemrZgb_ gZklZ\e_gbc h lZll\_
M
MiZgbrZ^u ² nbehkhnkdb_ l_dklu h[jZamxsb_ h^bg ba jZa^_eh\ \_^bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmju
MllZfZ [oZdlb ² qbklZy ij_^Zgghklv \ dhlhjhc g_l ijbf_k_c dZjfu ]vygu b ch]b
O
OZjb lhrZgZ oZjb lhrZgZ² m]h`^_gb_ =hkih^m
OeZ^bgb rZdlb oeZ^bgb k\Z[oZ\Z oeZ^bgb rZdlb oeZ^bgb k\Z[oZ\Z ² \gmlj_ggyy wg_j]by =hkih^Z ^ZjmxsZy [eZ`_gkl\h
Q
QZblvy =mjm qZblcZ =mjm² =hkih^v ij_[u\Zxsbc \ k_j^p_ dZ`^h]h kms_kl\Z ©QZclZgvy ;oZ]Z\ZlZª qZblZgcZ
[oZ]Z\ZlZ² `bag_hibkZgb_ Rjb QZclZgcb FZoZijZ[om gZ[_g]Zeb khklZ\e_ggh_\r_klgZ
^pZlhf \_d_ _]h Z\lhj ² RjbeZ <jbg^Z\ZgZ ^ZkZ LoZdmjZ
©QZclZgvy fZg]ZeZª qZblZgcZ fZg]ZeZ² `bag_hibkZgb_ Rjb QZclZgcb FZoZijZ[om gZ [_g]Zeb khklZ\e_ggh_ \ r_klgZ^pZ
lhf \_d_ _]h Z\lhj ² RjbeZ EhqZgZ ^ZkZ LoZdmjZ
©QZclZgvy qZjblZfjblZ ª qZblZgcZ qZjblZfjlZ² `bag_hibkZgb_ Rjb QZclZgcb FZoZijZ[om gZ [_g]Zeb khklZ\e_ggh_ \ r_
klgZ^pZlhf \_d_ _]h Z\lhj ² RjbeZ DjbrgZ^ZkZ DZ\bjZ^`Z =hk\Zfb
Q_lZgZ ² h[eZ^Zxsbc khagZgb_f kihkh[ghklvx qm\kl\h\Zlv
R
RZ[^ZZ\ZlZjZ rZ[^ZZ\ZlZjZ² ijbr_kl\b_ ljZgkp_g^_glgh]ha\mdZ
RZ[^Z [jZofZ rZ[^Z [jZofZ² ljZgkp_g^_glguc a\md bkoh^ysbc ijyfh ba ^moh\ghx fbjZ a\md g_hlebqguc hl KZfh]h <k_
\urg_]h =hkih^Z <_^u
RZ\ZeZ rZ\ZeZ² [h`_kl\_ggZy wg_j]by gZkeZ`^_gby h^gZ ba wg_j]bb =hkih^Z Djbrgu
RZ^ ]hk\Zfb rZ^ ]hk\Zfb² r_klv =hk\Zfb ba <jbg^Z\ZgZ KZgZlZgZ JmiZ >`b\Z =hiZeZ ;oZllZ JZ]omgZloZ ^ZkZ b JZ]omgZl
oZ ;oZllZ=hk\Zfb
RZdlb rZdlb² wg_j]by kbeZ
RZkljZ rZkljZ² [h]hhldjh\_ggh_ ibkZgb_
RbdrZ rbdrZ² gZklZ\e_gb_ ihmq_gb_
RbdrZ =mjm rbdrZ =mjm² ^moh\guc mqbl_ev ^Zxsbc gZklZ\e_gby
RbrlZ rbrlZ² lhl dh]hh[mqZxl d_f jmdh\h^yl
Rbrvy rbrcZ² mq_gbd
RjZ\ZgZf rjZ\ZgZf² kemrZgb_
RjZ^^oZ rjZ^^oZ² \_jZ m\Z`_gb_
Rj_yk rj_cZk² klj_fe_gb_ ihemqblv \ukr__ [eZ]h ^_ckl\by ijbghkysb_ \ukr__ [eZ]hb kqZklv_
Rjb fZgljZ rjb fZgljZ² [h`_kl\_ggZy fZgljZ
Rjb gZfZ rjb gZfZ² [h`_kl\_ggh_bfy
RjhlZ [oZdlZ rjhlZ [oZdlZ² ij_^Zgguc dhlhjuc kemrZe gZklZ\e_gby l_o dlh h[eZ^Z_l agZgb_f
RjhlZ ]vygZ rjhlZ ^`gZgZ² agZgb_ \hkijbgylh_ gZ kemo
RjhlZ iZgloZ rjhlZ iZgloZ² f_lh^ kemrZgby
RjhlZ iZjZfiZjvy rjhlZ iZjZfiZjcZ² ljZ^bpby ih dhlhjhc ljZgkp_g^_glgh_ agZgb_ i_j_^Z_lky hl ^moh\gh]h mqbl_ey d
mq_gbdm ba ihdhe_gby\ihdhe_gb_
Rm^^oZ Z^\ZclZ \Z^Z rm^^oZ^\ZblZ \Z^Z² ©hqbs_ggucªfhgbaf nbehkhnkdh_ mq_gb_ <brgmk\Zfb lZd`_ ijbibku\Z_fh_
<ZeeZ[oZ ZqZjc_ Kh]eZkgh wlhfm mq_gbx j_Zevgh kms_kl\m_l lhevdh ;jZofZg h[eZ^Zxsbc [_kqbke_ggufb k\hckl\Z fb b kbeZfb Hg h^gh\j_f_ggh b
kZ]mgZ bf_xsbc dZq g_kl\Z b ebr_gguc dZq_kl\
Rm^^oZ ^\ZclZ \Z^Z rm^^oZ ^\ZblZ \Z^Z² kf >\ZclZ \Z^Z
Rm^jZ rm^jZ² q_eh\_d ijbgZ^e_`Zsbc d khkeh\bx jZ[hlgbdh\ beb kem]
RvyfZkmg^ZjZ =hkih^vRcZfZkmg^ZjZ² <_joh\guc =hkih^vp\_lhf l_eZ ih^h[guc ]jhah\hc lmq_ Hg \_qgh ij_[u\Z_l \
K\h_c h[bl_eb ² \h <jZ^`_