GDZ Eng Klementeva 10-11

2
KH>?J@:GB?
Review ......................................... 3
Chapter 1. Lopo no+anosais s Ascipanwx ...... 5
Chapter 2. Txonsnan +wsns ................... 19
Chapter 3. Pasnoopaswe xynsiyp ............. 42
Chapter 4. Onwmnwncxwe wrp- ................. 56
Chapter 5. Lwxan npwpoza Ascipanww .......... 74
Chapter 6. Mys-xa w wcxycciso ............... 86
Chapter 7. On-i paoi- ..................... 104
Paovax mempas ............................ 121
Chapter 1 .................................. 121
Paovax mempas ............................ 155
Chapter 2 .................................. 155
Chapter 3 .................................. 178
Chapter 4 .................................. 197
!aovax mempas ............................ 206
Chapter 5 .................................. 206
Chapter 6 .................................. 221
Chapter 7 .................................. 238
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3
REVIEW
<klmibl_evgh_ keh\h
Y jZ^ ij_^klZ\blv \Zf Happy English-3. Wlhl mq_[gbd ihagZdh-
fbl \Zk kh fgh]bfb Zki_dlZfb `bagb \ :\kljZebb: bklhjb_c, ]_h-
]jZnb_c, dmevlmjhc, yaudhf, nehjhc b nZmghc.
:\kljZebckdh_ Ihkhevkl\h l_kgh jZ[hlZeh k Z\lhjZfb gZ^ ih^-
]hlh\dhc wlh]h mq_[gbdZ b y fh]m \Zk aZ\_jblv, qlh \u g_ lhevdh
memqrbl_ k\h_ agZgb_ Zg]ebckdh]h yaudZ, gh b lZd`_ kfh`_l_ m\b-
^_lv :\kljZebx bagmljb.
Y gZ^_xkv, qlh \Zf ihgjZ\blky aZgbfZlvky ih wlhfm mq_[gbdm b
magZ\Zlv h[ :\kljZebb. @_eZx \Zf mki_oh\ \ mq_[_.
>`.J. ;_gleb
:\kljZebckdbc ihkhe
IhagZdhfvl_kv k i_jkhgZ`Zfb
Wlh ]eZ\gu_ ]_jhb, k dhlhjufb \u \klj_lbl_kv \ Happy
English-3.
Hev]Z Djueh\Z, q_lujgZ^pZlv e_l. Oh^bl \ kj_^gxx rdhem \
Fhkd\_, Jhkkby. Wlh ih_a^dZ \ :\kljZebx __ i_j\Zy ih_a^dZ aZ
]jZgbpm. Hev]_ gjZ\blky bamqZlv yaudb.
KZrZ Djueh\, r_klgZ^pZlv e_l, oh^bl \ kj_^gxx rdhem \ Fh-
kd\_, Jhkkby. <u \_jhylgh ihfgbl_, dZd \klj_qZebkv k KZr_c \
Happy English-1 b Happy English-2, dh]^Z hg ihk_sZe <_ebdh[jblZ-
gbx b Kh_^bg_ggu_ RlZlu :f_jbdb. KZrZ ex[bl iml_r_kl\h\Zlv.
Hev]Z _]h k_kljZ.
Lhf Jhm, r_klgZ^pZlv e_l, oh^bl \ kj_^gxx rdhem \ Kb^g__,
:\kljZeby. Lhf gbdh]^Z g_ [ue aZ ]jZgbp_c. Gh m g_]h fgh]h ^jma_c
ba jZaguo kljZg. Hg gZ^__lky, qlh kdhjh ih_^_l aZ ]jZgbpm. Hev]Z b
KZrZ [m^ml `blv k Lhfhf b _]h k_fv_c, ihdZ hgb [m^ml \ Kb^g__.
AZq_f mqblv Zg]ebckdbc yaud?
:g]ebckdbc, \_jhylgh, kZfuc rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_gguc yaud
gZ A_fe_. Ex^b ih \k_fm fbjm ]h\hjyl gZ Zg]ebckdhf. Hgb g_ \k_
bkihevamxl _]h dZd bo hkgh\ghc yaud. < g_dhlhjuo kljZgZo, lZdbo
dZd Gb]_jby b Bg^by, kms_kl\m_l fgh]h jZaebqguo yaudh\, b ih-
wlhfm \ wlbo kljZgZo Zg]ebckdbc yaud bkihevam_lky dZd hnbpbZev-
guc beb \lhjhc yaud êy ijZ\bl_evkl\Z, [bag_kZ b h[jZah\Zgby.
Hij_^_e_ggu_ f_`^mgZjh^gu_ ijhn_kkbb, lZdb_ dZd ibehl
Z\bZebgbc b Z\bZ^bki_lq_j, lj_[mxl agZgby Zg]ebckdh]h yaudZ.
:g]ebckdbc lZd`_ jZ[hqbc yaud dhfivxl_jh\. ?keb <u agZ_l_ Zg]-
ebckdbc yaud, <u fh`_l_ h[sZlvky k ex^vfb kh \k_]h fbjZ ihkj_^-
kl\hf dhfivxl_jZ.
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4
AgZeb eb <u wlh h[ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_?
:g]ebckdbc yaud aZjh^beky hdheh 1500 e_l gZaZ^ \ :g]ebb.
< ^j_\g_Zg]ebckdhf [ueh \k_]h hdheh g_kdhevdbo lukyq keh\.
< g_f [ueh gZfgh]h [hevr_ hdhgqZgbc, q_f \ kh\j_f_gghf Zg]-
ebckdhf yaud_.
K_cqZk \ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_ [he__ fbeebhgZ keh\.
< Hdknhj^kdhf Keh\Zj_ [he__ 650 000 jZaebqguo keh\.
Kj_^gbc ihevah\Zl_ev agZ_l hl 30 000 ^h 60 000 keh\.
Hkgh\gZy fZkkZ Zg]ebckdbo keh\ i_j\hgZqZevgh [ueb ba eZlbg-
kdh]h yaudZ.
<u fh]eb [u gZibkZlv khlgb kljZgbp gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_, bk-
ihevamy hdheh 90% keh\, bf_xsbo eZlbgkdh_ ijhbkoh`^_gb_.
< kZfhf [eb`Zcr_f [m^ms_f dZ`ûc q_l\_jluc kfh`_l ]h\h-
jblv ih-Zg]ebckdb. Lu h^bg ba gbo.
<hijhku êy h[km`^_gby
2. Hl\_lv gZ \hijhku.
1) Kdhevdh q_eh\_d \ fbj_ ]h\hjyl gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_?
About 1300 000 000 (one fourth of the worlds population) speak
English. (Hdheh q_l\_jlb gZk_e_gby A_feb ]h\hjyl gZ Zg]ebckdhf
yaud_.)
2) GZah\b g_dhlhju_ ba kljZg, \ dhlhjuo ex^b bkihevamxl Zg]-
ebckdbc yaud dZd h^bg ba hnbpbZevguo yaudh\ êy ijZ\bl_evkl\Z,
[bag_kZ b h[jZah\Zgby.
Nigeria, India, Mauritius, Pakistan, Seychelles, Saint Lucia, Puerto
Rico, Gibraltar, Malta,
3) Kdhevdh \j_f_gb lu m`_ bamqZ_rv Zg]ebckdbc yaud?
I have been learning English for 5(6,7,8,9, 10) years.
4) L_[_ gjZ\blky mqblv Zg]ebckdbc yaud? Ihq_fm? Ihq_fm g_l?
Yes, I do. I like to learn English because I can communicate with
people from other countries. (>Z. fg_ gjZ\blky mqblv Zg]ebckdbc yaud
ihlhfm qlh y fh]m h[sZlvky k ex^vfb ba ^jm]bo kljZg).
5) DZd lu bkihevam_rv k\h_ agZgb_ Zg]ebckdh]h yaudZ?
I communicate with my pen friends in English. I try to read books by
American and English writers in the original. (Y h[sZxkv kh k\hbfb
^jmavyfb ih i_j_ibkd_ gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_. Y iulZxkv qblZlv
dgb]b Zf_jbdZgkdbo b Zg]ebckdbo ibkZl_e_c \ hjb]bgZe_.)
6) AgZ_rv eb lu dZdb_-gb[m^v _s_ bghkljZggu_ yaudb?
No, I dont.
H l_[_.
3. Ihq_fm lu bamqZ_rv Zg]ebckdbc yaud? IhklZ\v dj_klbd gZ-
ihjlb\ ij_êh`_gbc, dhlhju_ emqr_ \k_]h h[tykgyxl l\hb fhlb\u.
Y ohqm qblZlv dgb]b, `mjgZeu b ]Za_lu gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_.
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5
Wlh ij_^f_l \ fh_f mq_[ghf ieZg_.
Wlh ihfh`_l fg_ gZclb ohjhrmx jZ[hlm.
Y ohqm iml_r_kl\h\Zlv aZ ]jZgbpm.
Y ohqm mqblvky aZ ]jZgbp_c.
Fg_ qZklh ijboh^blky jZa]h\Zjb\Zlv k bghkljZgpZfb.
Y [u ohl_e kfhlj_lv nbevfu b l_e_i_j_^Zqb gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_.
4. Fh`_rv eb lu gZa\Zlv _s_ g_kdhevdh ijbqbg, ih dhlh-
juf klhbl bamqZlv Zg]ebckdbc yaud? Ih`ZemcklZ, h[km^b k\hb
b^_b b ijbqbgu k h^ghdeZkkgbdZfb.
I want to live abroad.
Id like to associate with people from other countries to learn more of
their ways and culture.
5. DZdhc ba wlbo gZ\udh\ y\ey_dlky êy l_[y kZfuf \Z`-
guf? Ihq_fm? IhklZ\v hlf_ldb hl 1 (kZfuc \Z`guc) ^h 4
(gZbf_g__ \Z`guc) gZijhlb\ yq__d.
JZa]h\Zjb\Zlv gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_
IbkZlv gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_
QblZlv gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_
IhgbfZlv Zg]ebckdbc \ jZa]h\hj_.
CHAPTER 1.
>H;JH IH@:EH<:LV < :<KLJ:EBX
JZa]h\hjgZy ijZdlbdZ
KZrZ b Hev]Z [m^ml `blv \ Kb^g__ \ Z\kljZebckdhc k_fv_. Hgb
lZd`_ ih_^ml \ DZg[_jjm, klhebpm :\kljZebb, b \ F_ev[mjg. Wlh
i_j\Zy ih_a^dZ Hev]b aZ ]jZgbpm.
Ih`ZemcklZ, ijhqlbl_ ke_^mxsb_ ^bZeh]b \kemo. AZl_f jZ-
au]jZcl_ bo k h^ghdeZkkgbdZfb. H[jZsZcl_ hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ gZ
nhjfu ]eZ]heh\. Ihke_ lh]h, dZd aZdhgqbl_ qblZlv, ih`Zemc-
klZ, \uihegbl_ aZ^Zgby, ke_^mxsb_ aZ ^bZeh]Zfb.
Ijb[ulb_ \ :\kljZebx
Lhf: Ijb\_l! h[jh ih`Zeh\Zlv \ :\-
kljZebx. DZd ijhreZ ih_a^dZ?
KZrZ: HgZ [ueZ hq_gv êbgghc.
Hev]Z: Fu ijhe_l_eb 12 qZkh\, dh]^Z magZeb, qlh fu ijhe_l_eb
lhevdh iheh\bgm jZkklhygby ^h :\kljZebb.
KZrZ: Fu jZû [ulv a^_kv.
Lhf: <u h[Z lZd ohjhrh ]h\hjbl_ ih-Zg]ebckdb. <u m`_ [u\Zeb
\ Zg]eh-]h\hjys_c kljZg_?
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6
KZrZ: < ijhrehf ]h^m y _a^be \ Kh_^bg_ggu_ RlZlu :f_jbdb. :
^\Z ]h^Z ^h wlh]h y [ue \ <_ebdh[jblZgbb.
Hev]Z: Wlh fhy i_j\Zy ih_a^dZ aZ ]jZgbpm.
Lhf: Kdhevdh \j_f_gb \u bamqZ_l_ Zg]ebckdbc yaud?
Hev]Z: < dhgp_ ]h^Z [m^_l m`_ ljb ]h^Z dZd y bamqZx Zg]ebckdbc.
KZrZ : Fu gZ^__fky, qlh a^_kv fu memqrbf k\h_ agZgb_ Zg]ebc-
kdh]h.
Lhf: M \Zk lZd`_ [m^_l \hafh`ghklv bamqblv Z\kljZebckdbc ^bZ-
e_dl.
KZrZ: Dh]^Z y mqbeky \ :f_jbd_, y magZe qlh kms_kl\mxl g_dhlh-
ju_ jZaebqby f_`^m [jblZgkdbf b Zf_jbdZgkdbf Zg]ebckdbf. :\kljZ-
ebckdbc Zg]ebckdbc kbevgh hlebqZ_lky hl [jblZgkdh]h b Zf_jbdZgkdh-
]h?
Lhf: g_l, g_ hq_gv kbevgh. G_dhlhju_ keh\Z ijbreb hl Z[hjb]_gh\,
lZdb_ dZd [mf_jZg] b d_g]mjm.
Hev]Z: Dlh lZdb_ Z[hjb]_gu?
Lhf: :[hjb]_gu dhj_ggu_ `bl_eb :\kljZebb, dhlhju_ `beb
a^_kv gZ ijhly`_gbb lukyq e_l ^h lh]h dZd \ :\kljZebx ijbieueb _\-
jhi_cpu. Z. fu kh[bjZ_fZy lZd`_ ih_oZlv \ DZg[_jjm b F_ev[mjg.
Lhf: Y ^mfZx, qlh m \Zk [m^_l hq_gv bgl_j_kgZy ih_a^dZ. Y b fhy
k_fvy kqZkleb\u, qlh \u [m^_l_ `blv k gZfb \h \j_fy ij_[u\Zgby \
Kb^g__.
KZrZb Hev]Z: KiZkb[h, qlh ijb]eZkbeb.
I_j\u_ \i_qZle_gby
Lhf: DZdb_ m \Zk i_j\u_ \i_qZle_gby h[ :\kljZebb?
Hev]Z: i_j\h_, qlh gZ f_gy ijhba\_eh \i_qZle_gb_ lh dZdb_
a^_kv \k_ \_èb\u_ b \gbfZl_evgu_.
Lhf: >Z. Z\kljZebcpu hq_gv ^jm`_ex[gu.
KZrZ: a^_kv ^Z`_ \h^bl_eb ex[_agu. Hgb hklZgZ\eb\Zxl fZrb-
gu, qlh[u ijhimklblv i_r_oh^h\.
Lhf: M i_r_oh^h\ \k_]^Z _klv ij_bfms_kl\h gZ ^hjh]_. : êy
Z\lh[mkh\ b lZdkb \u^_e_gZ ki_pbZevgZy ihehkZ, qlh[u ex^b, ihev-
amxsb_ky h[s_kl\_gguf ljZgkihjlhf j_`_ ijboh^behkv `^Zlv \
mebqghf ^\b`_gbb.
KZrZ: Wlh a^hjh\h!
Lhf: : lu, Hev]Z. Qlh lu aZf_lbeZ?
Hev]Z: GZ f_gy ijhba\_eh \i_qZle_gb_ dhebq_kl\h jZkl_gbc b
ilbp, `b\msbo ijyfh \ ]hjh^_.
Lhf: Kb^g_c hdjm`_g gZpbhgZevgufb iZjdZfb. >Z`_ \ p_glj_
]hjh^Z ilbpu ]g_a^ylky gZ ^_j_\vyo jy^hf k hnbkgufb a^Zgbyfb b
h`b\e_ggufb mebpZfb.
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7
Hev]Z: <b^bfh, Z\kljZebcpu ^_ckl\bl_evgh ex[yl ijbjh^m.
Lhf: >Z. fu klZjZ_fky aZsblblv gZrm ijbjh^m b `b\hlguo. Fu
hkhagZeb ijh[e_fu hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û lhevdh dh]^Z ihgyeb, dZd
fgh]h ^_j_\v_\ fu kjm[beb b kdhevdh \b^h\ `b\hlguo bkq_aeh.
K_cqZk fu bkihevam_f jZagu_ dhgl_cg_ju êy k[hjZ \lhjkujvy êy
[Zghd, [mluehd b ijhklh fmkhjZ \ jZaebqguo f_klZo ih \k_fm ]hjh-
^m. K_cqZk ^_j_\vy kZ`Zxl ih \k_c :\kljZebb.
Hev]Z: Y m^b\beZkv hfm, qlh a^_kv hk_gv. >hfZ k_cqZk \_kgZ.
KZrZ: Fu lZd`_ aZf_lbeb, qlh a^_kv `b\ml ex^b ba jZaguo
kljZg.
Lhf: Hdheh q_l\_jlb ]jZ`^Zg :\kljZebb jh^bebkv aZ ]jZgbp_c b
fb]jbjh\Zeb \ :\kljZebx. <u [u g_ ohl_eb ihclb kh fghc \ rdh-
em? Y [u ihagZdhfbe \Zk kh k\hbfb ^jmavyfb. Fgh]b_ ba gbo ba
^jm]bo kljZg.
KZrZ: K m^h\hevkl\b_f. Lu oh^brv \ rdhem i_rdhf beb _a-
^brv gZ rdhevghf Z\lh[mk_?
Lhf: DZ`ûc ^_gv y _a`m \ rdhem gZ eh^d_.
Hev]Z: Lu ^h[bjZ_rvky ^h rdheu gZ eh^d_!
Lhf: >Z, fhy rdheZ gZoh^blky q_j_a aZeb\.
KZrZ: Eh^db hq_gv ihimeyjgu a^_kv, g_ lZd eb? Y aZf_lbe fgh-
`_kl\h iZjhfh\ êy i_j_\hadb ex^_c \ [mol_ Kb^g_y.
Lhf: LZd dZd Kb^g_c [ue ihkljh_g hdheh fhjy, qZklh i_j_ijZ\-
eylvky gZ iZjhf_ [uklj__.
H ^bZeh]Zo.
1. Hl\_lv gZ \hijhku.
Ijb[ulb_ \ :\kljZebx.
1) DZdhc ]hjh^ ihk_sZxl KZrZ b Hev]Z?
They are visiting Sydney.
2) DZdhc [ueZ bo ih_a^dZ?
Their yrip was very long.
3) Kdhevdh hgb m`_ ijhe_l_eb, dh]^Z magZeb, qlh hgb ijhe_l_eb
lhevdh iheimlb ^h :\kljZebb?
They had been flying for 12 hours when they learned that theywere
only half way to Australia.
4) ;u\Ze eb KZrZ \ <_ebdh[jblZgbb? Dh]^Z hg lZf [ue?
Yes, he has. He was there three years ago.
5) ;u\ZeZ eb Hev]Z aZ ]jZgbp_c?
No, she hasnt.
6) Kdhevdh \j_f_gb Hev]Z bamqZ_l Zg]ebckdbc yaud?
She has been studying English two and half years.
7) Kdhevdh \j_f_gb lu [m^_rv bamqZlv Zg]ebckdbc yaud d dhgpm
wlh]h ]h^Z?
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8
I will have been studying English for 45 years by the end of this year.
8) :\kljZebckdbc Zg]ebckdbc kbevgh hlebqZ_lky hl Zf_jbdZg-
kdh]h b [jblZgkdh]h \ZjbZglh\?
No, it is not very different from American and British English.
9) Dlh lZdb_ Z[hjb]_gu?
Aborigines are the Australian natives. They had been living in
Australia for thousands of years before the first Europeans came.
10) DZdb_ Z\kljZebckdb_ ]hjh^Z ihk_lyl KZrZ b Hev]Z?
They will be visiting Canberra and Melbourne.
11) K d_f [m^ml `blv KZrZ b Hev]Z \h \j_fy ij_[u\Zgby \ Kb^g__?
They will be staying with Tom and his family.
I_j\u_ \i_qZle_gby.
1) Qlh ijhba\_eh \i_qZle_gb_ gZ KZrm b Hev]m \ Kb^g__?
Olga was impressed by the politeness and helpfulness of people. She
was also impressed by the number of different plant and birds that live
right in the city. Sasha was impressed by the fact that drivers stop to let
pedestrians cross.
2) >ey dh]h hklZgZ\eb\Zxlky \h^bl_eb?
The drivers stop for pedestrians to cross.
3) >ey Z\lh[mkh\ b lZdkb \u^_e_gZ ki_pbZevgZy ebgby? AZq_f?
Yes, they are. Buses and taxis are given a special line, so that people
who use public transport rarely wait in traffic.
4) Ihq_fm \h \k_f Kb^g__ kZ`Zxl ^_j_\vy?
Trees are being planted because Australians are trying to protect their
nature.
5) Q_f hdjm`_g Kb^g_c?
Sydney is surrounded by national parks.
6) =^_ jh^bebkv ^\Z^pZlv iylv ijhp_glh\ Z\kljZebcp_\?
Twenty-five per cent of Australians were born overseas.
7) =^_ gZoh^blky rdheZ LhfZ?
Toms school is located across the bay.
2. had been flying e_l_eb (m`_ kdhevdh-lh \j_f_gb)
learnt magZeb (\ ijhrehf)
speak ]h\hjbl_ (\hh[s_)
have you been [u\Zeb eb (dh]^Z-gb[m^v)
went _a^be (\ ijhrehf)
had been (ih[u\Ze (^h hij_^_e_ggh]h fhf_glZ \ ijhrehf)
have been studying bamqZ_rv (m`_ kdhevdh-lh \j_f_gb)
will have been studying [m^m bamqZlv (dZdh_-lh \j_fy ^h hij_-
^_e_ggh]h fhf_glZ \ [m^ms_f)
was studying mqbeky (dZdhc-lh i_jbh^ \j_f_gb)
come from ijbreb (\ ijhrehf)
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had been living `beb (^h hij_^_e_ggh]h fhf_glZ \ ijhrehf)
are going ih_^_l_ (aZieZgbjh\Zeb)
will travel ih_^_f (\ [m^ms_f)
will be staying [m^_l_ `blv (dZdh_-lh \j_fy)
was impressed [ueZ ihjZ`_gZ (\ ijhrehf)
are given êy gbo \u^_e_gZ (\hh[s_)
am impressed f_gy ihjZ`Z_l (k_cqZk)
is surrounded hdjm`_g (\hh[s_)
became klZeb (\ ijhrehf)
had been cut [ueb kjm[e_gu (^h hij_^_e_ggh]h fhf_glu \
ijhrehf)
had been lost [ueb ihl_jygu, bkq_aeb (^h hij_^_e_ggh]h fh-
f_glu \ ijhrehf)
are being planted bo kZ`Zxl (k_cqZk, \ wlhl i_jbh^ \j_f_gb)
was surprised [ueZ m^b\e_gZ (\ ijhrehf)
were born jh^bebkv (\ ijhrehf)
will introduce ihagZdhfex (\ [m^ms_f)
is located gZoh^blky (\hh[s_)
was built [ue ihkljh_g (\ ijhrehf)
3. Lu dh]^Z-gb[m^v [ue \ ^jm]hc kljZg_? ?keb ^Z, jZkkdZ`b
k\hbf h^ghdeZkkgbdZf h k\hbo \i_qZle_gbyo h kljZg_. GZijb-
f_j, qlh lu aZf_lbe kjZam, dZd ijb[ue \ wlm kljZgm? DZd kbev-
gh wlZ kljZgZ hlebqZ_lky hl l\h_c kljZgu?
I have been to Great Britain. I visited it last year. The first thing noticed
was that the English were very reserved and polite. They never pushed each
other. They all patiently wanted in a line and no one thought of jumping the
queue. The next thing was the fact that they drive on the left side of the road.
Of course I knew about that but it still surprised me when I saw it with my
own eyes. It was very inconvenient to cross the road as I had to look on the
right and then on the left. It was strange to see that no one laughed or spoke
in the Tube. They all read newspapers or just looked before themselves.
4. JZau]jZcl_ ^bZeh] \ iZjZo. H^bg mq_gbd [m^_l Lhfhf, Z
^jm]hc [m^_l you.
Lhf: Ijb\_l. DZd ^_eZ?
You: Hi. I`m fine thanks. And how are you?(KiZkb[h, ohjhrh. : m
l_[y?)
Lhf: Ohjhrh. Ijbylgh ihagZdhfblvky.
You: It`s nice to meet you too. (<aZbfgh).
Lhf: Lu `b\_rv \ Jhkkbb, g_ lZd eb?
You: Yes, I do. And you?qAre you British? (>Z. : lu? Lu [jblZ-
g_p?)
Lhf: G_l, g_ [jblZg_p. Y ba :\kljZebb. Lu `b\_rv \ ^hf_ beb \
d\Zjlbj_?
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10
You: I live in a flat. (Y `b\m \ d\Zjlbj_).
Lhf: DZd ^he]h lu bamqZ_rv Zg]ebckdbc yaud?
You: I have been studying English for 6 years. (Y bamqZx Zg]ebc-
kdbc 6 e_l).
Lhf: IjZ\^Z? Lu ohjhrh ]h\hjbrv ih-Zg]ebckdb. Lu dh]^Z-
gb[m^v [u\Ze \ Zg]eh-]h\hjys_c kljZg_?
You: No, I haven`t. Have you been to Russia? (G_l. : lu [u\Ze \
Jhkkbb?)
Lhf: G_l, y g_ [ue \ Jhkkbb. Dh]^Z lu ijb_oZe \ :\kljZebx?
You: I arrived in Australia two days ago. (Y ijb_oZe \ :\kljZebx
^\Z ^gy gZaZ^.)
Lhf: M l_[y _klv [jZlvy beb k_klju?
You: No, I don`t. And you? (G_l. : m l_[y?)
Lhf: M f_gy ^\Z [jZlZ b k_kljZ.
=jZffZlbdZ
3. I drink tea every day. (Present Simple)
I am drinking tea now. (Present Progressive)
I have never drunk tea. (Present Perfect)
I have been drinking tea for 2 hours. (Present Perfect Progressive)
I drank tea yesterday at a party. (Past Simple)
I was drinking tea when my friend came in. (Past Progressive)
I had already drank coffee when he suggested to go to a
cafeteria.(Past Perfect)
I had been drinking coffee for a couple of hours when I saw him.
(Past Perfect Progressive
I shall drink cocoa tomorrow. (Future Simple)
I shall be drinking tea tomorrow at 10 oclock. (Future Progressive)
I shall have drunk my tea by this time tomorrow. (Future Perfect)
I shall have been reading a book for 3 hours by the time you come.
(Future Perfect Progressive)
IjhqblZcl_ b magZcl_
Kb^g_c. GZdhg_p-lh fu a^_kv!
<hl fu b \ Kb^g__, kZfhf [hevrhf b klZjhf ]hjh^_ \ :\kljZ-
ebb. Kb^g_c y\ey_lky ^hfhf ihqlb êy q_luj_o fbeebhgh\ ex^_c
gZk_e_gb_ Kb^g_y \ hkgh\ghf Zg]ebqZg_ ih ijhbkoh`^_gbx, gh [h-
e__ q_l\_jlb `bl_e_c jh^bebkv aZ ]jZgbp_c! < hkgh\ghf \ Kh_^b-
g_gghf Dhjhe_\kl\_ b BjeZg^bb, Gh\hc A_eZg^bb, ?\jhi_, kljZgZo
<hklhqghc ?\jhiu, Eb\Zg_ b X]h-<hklhqghc :abb. G_kfhljy gZ lh
qlh Zg]ebckdbc y\ey_lky hkgh\guf yaudhf, dZ`ûc iyluo Z\kljZ-
eb_p ]h\hjbl _s_ b gZ ^jm]hf yaud_. H[uqgh gZ blZevygkdhf, ]j_-
q_kdhf, ZjZ[kdhf / eb\Zgkdhf, dblZckdhf b bkiZgkdhf. Lmjbklh\ kh
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11
\k_]h k\_lZ ijb\e_dZ_l djZkhlZ Kb^g_y, Kj_^ba_fghfhjkdbc deb-
fZl, _]h \i_qZleyxsb_ ]Ze_j_b, fma_b, Zjobl_dlmjZ b iZjdb.
Wlh jZchg \ dhlhjhf `b\ml KZrZ b Hev]Z. < \uoh^gu_ ex^_c
fh`gh m\b^_lv \h ^\hj_.
Wlh rdheZ LhfZ. HgZ [ueZ ihkljh_gZ 60 e_l gZaZ^.
Hi_jguc L_Zlj Kb^g_y h^bg ba kZfuo aZf_qZl_evguo ijbf_-
jh\ Zjobl_dlmju 20 \_dZ. Hg [ue aZ^mfZg ^Zlkdbf Zjobl_dlhjhf
>`h_jghf Mlahghf. Wlh kbf\he dmevlmjghc `bagb Kb^g_y.
DebfZl.
L_ieuc b mf_j_gguc, khegp_ k\_lbl [hevrmx qZklv ]h^Z. L_f-
i_jZlmjZ \hû: e_lhf 22.5 ih P_evkbx, Abfhc 18.
Ijb l_iehf, kheg_qghf debfZl_ g_m^b\bl_evgh, qlh Kb^g_c
]hjh^ ex[bl_e_c kihjlZ. G_ m^b\bl_evgh, qlh wlhl ]hjh^Z [ue \u-
[jZg êy ijh\_^_gbx Hebfibckdbo B]j 2000 ]h^Z.
< ahhiZjd_ \ LZjhg]_ fh`gh m\b^_lv i_jvy, f_o, ieZ\gbdb b
deudb. Ijbjh^gmx kj_^m h[blZgby lsZl_evgh jZajZ[Zlu\Zeb ki_-
pbZebklu. < ahhiZjd_ h^bg ba kZfuo djZkb\uo i_caZ`_c \ Kb^g__.
Kb^g_c hdjm`_g hd_Zghf b gZpbhgZevgufb iZjdZfb.
1. >Zcl_ djZldh_ baeh`_gb_ lh]h, qlh \u magZeb h Kb^g__.
Sydney is the largest and oldest city in Australia. Nearly four milion
people live there. Most of its residents are English in background, buy
more than a quarter of the population of the city was born overseas.
Sydney is a beautiful city with numerous museums, impressive galleries,
architecture and parks. Every year tourists from all over the world visit
Sydney. The climate is warm and sunny. Many of its inhabitants are
sport lovers and the city was chosen to host the 2000 Olympic Games.
2. <uibrbl_ ij_êh`_gby k iZkkb\guf aZeh]hf b i_j_\_^b-
l_ bo gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
On week-ends people can be seen in the yard. < \uoh^gu_ ex^_c
fh`gh m\b^_lv \h ^\hj_.
It was built 60 years ago. HgZ [ueZ ihkljh_gZ 60 e_l gZaZ^
It was conceived by Danish architect Joern Utzon. Hg [ue aZ^mfZg
^Zlkdbf Zjobl_dlhjhf >`h_jghf Mlahghf.
No wonder the city was chosen to host the 2000 Olympic Games. G_
m^b\bl_evgh, qlh wlhl ]hjh^Z [ue \u[jZg êy ijh\_^_gbx Hebf-
ibckdbo B]j 2000 ]h^Z.
Sydney is surrounded by ocean and national parks. Kb^g_c hdjm`_g
hd_Zghf b gZpbhgZevgufb iZjdZfb.
Eeathers, fur, fins and fangs can be found at the Taronga zoo. < ahh-
iZjd_ \ LZjhg]_ fh`gh m\b^_lv i_jvy, f_o, ieZ\gbdb b deudb.
Natural habitats were carefully designed by experts. Ijbjh^gmx
kj_^m h[blZgby lsZl_evgh jZajZ[Zlu\Zeb ki_pbZebklu.
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12
MgbdZevgZy bklhjby :\kljZebb
DZiblZg >`_cfk Dmd hldjue :\kljZebx \ 1770 ]h^m. ?]h ihkeZ-
eb hldjulv h]jhfgu_ a_feb, dhlhju_ ih fg_gbx fgh]bo ex^_c, gZ-
oh^bebkv d x]m hl wd\ZlhjZ. Hg \ukZ^beky x`g__ lh]h f_klZ, ]^_
gZoh^blky Kb^g_c, \ Gh\hf X`ghf Mwevk_. Hg ij_^ty\be ijZ\Z gZ
wlm qZklv a_f_ev êy dhjhey :g]ebb.
< lh \j_fy \ :g]ebb [ueh fgh]h khpbZevguo ijh[e_f. ;ue \u-
khdbc mjh\_gv [_ajZ[hlbpu. Ij_klmighklv [ueZ h^ghc ba kZfuo
[hevrbo ijh[e_f. IjZ\bl_evkl\h gZdZau\Zeh ex^_c, kZ`Zy bo \
lxjvfu. J_r_gb_f ijh[e_fu i_j_iheg_gguo lxj_f êy :g]ebb
klZeZ \ukuedZ aZdexq_gguo \ ^Zevgb_ dhehgbb. Hgb fh]eb hljZ[h-
lZlv k\hc ijb]h\hj dZd q_jghjZ[hqb_ \ gh\uo dhehgbyo b \ dhgp_
dhgph\ aZjZ[hlZlv k\h[h^m. Ihwlhfm \ 1788 ]h^m dZiblZg :jlmj
Nbeebi [ue dhfZg^mxsbf gZ h^bggZ^pZlb dhjZ[eyo, ieZ\msbo \
:\kljZebx. Hdheh 750 ba 100 ex^_c, gZoh^b\rboky gZ dhjZ[eyo,
[ueb hkm`^_ggufb. Wlbo i_j\uo ihk_e_gp_\ ijb\_lkl\h\Zeb Z[h-
jb]_gu, i_j\u_ h[blZl_eb :\kljZebb. < :\kljZebb \ lh \j_fy `beh,
ijb[ebabl_evgh, 300 000 Z[ejb]_gh\.
<_ebdh[jblZgby aZy\beZ k\hb ijZ\Z gZ \kx l_jjblhjbx :\kljZ-
ebb \ 1827 ]h^m. < 1851 ]h^m ijb[ebabl_evgh \ lj_oklZo dbehf_ljZo
hl Kb^g_y h[gZjm`beb ahehlh. Ex^b mklj_fbebkv \ ahehlu_ ihey aZ
khklhygbyfb. Wlh ijb\e_deh jZa[hcgbdh\, dhlhjuo gZau\Zeb [jh^y-
]Zfb. G_^ D_eeb [ue ba\_klguf ij_klmigbdhf. Hg [ue hq_gv mf-
guf [Zg^blhf.
< 1901 ]h^m :\kljZeby klZeZ gZpb_c \ khklZ\_ ;jblZgkdhc Bf-
i_jbb \h \j_fy ijZ\e_gby dhjhe_\u <bdlhjbb. Wlh gZa\Zeb kh^jm-
`_kl\hf :\kljZebb. M :\kljZebb [ueZ hq_gv h]jZgbq_ggZy dhgklb-
lmpby. <_ebdh[jblZgby ijh^he`ZeZ ijbgbfZlv j_r_gby,
hkms_kl\eylv \g_rgxx iheblbdm :\kljZebb.
< 1931 ]h^m :\kljZeby h[j_eZ g_aZ\bkbfhklv hl <_ebdh[jblZgbb.
1. Hl\_lvl_ gZ \hijhku.
1) KqblZ_rv eb lu, qlh bklhjby :\kljZebb mgbdZevgZ? Lu fh-
`_rv gZa\Zlv _s_ h^gm kljZgm k ihoh`_c bklhjb_c k [jblZgkdb-
fb ihk_e_gbyfb, dhj_ggufb `bl_eyfb, m`_ `b\rbfb lZf, ahehlhc
ebohjZ^dhc?
No, I dont think Australias history is unique. There is a country with
a similar history. It is the United States of America. When the British
came to settle in America, the natives had been living there for many
years. Only in America natives were Indians. And there was a goldrush
after gold had been discovered in California. (G_l, y g_ kqblZx, qlh bk-
lhjby :\kljZebb mgbdZevgZ. ?klv _s_ h^gZ kljZgZ k ihoh`_c bklh-
jb_c. Wlh Kh_^bg_ggu_ RlZlu :f_jbdb. Dh]^Z [jblZgpu ijb_oZeb
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13
\ :f_jbdm, dhj_ggu_ `bl_eb `beb lZf m`_ fgh]b_ ]hû. Lhevdh \
:f_jbd_ dhj_ggufb `bl_eyfb [ueb bg^_cpu. B lZf lh`_ [ueZ ah-
ehlZy ebohjZ^dZ, ihke_ lh]h dZd \ DZebnhjgbb h[gZjm`beb ahehlh).
2) DZdmx qZklv bklhjbb :\kljZebb lu kqblZ_rv mgbdZevghc beb
bgl_j_kghc?
The fact that the first settlers were convicts is unique. I cant
remember any other country where something like that happened. I
suppose it had its impact on the forming of the nation.(lhl nZdl, qlh
i_j\u_ ihk_e_gpu [ueb dZlhj`gbdZfb, mgbdZe_g. Y g_ ijbihfgx
^jm]hc kljZgu, \ dhlhjhc [ueh qlh-eb[h ih^h[gh_. >mfZx, wlh hdZ-
aZeh \ebygb_ gZ nhjfbjh\Zgb_ gZpbb).
2. H[tykgbl_ agZq_gb_ wlh]h ij_êh`_gby.
At that time there were many social problems in Britain, such as
unemployment, crime and crowded prisons.
3. JZkiheh`bl_, ih`ZemcklZ, kh[ulby gZ \j_f_gghc rdZe_.
1770 Captain Cook discovered Australia.
1788 Captain Phillip commanded eleven ships with convicts on
board to Australia.
1827 Great Britain claimed all of Australia.
1851 gold was discovered not far from Sydney.
1901 Australia became a nation within the British Empire.
1931 Australia gained independence from Great Britain.
4. <uibrbl_ ]eZ]heu, mihlj_[e_ggu_ \ nhjf_ ^_ckl\bl_ev-
gh]h b kljZ^Zl_evgh]h aZeh]Z.
Active voice Passive voice
Discovered hldjue
Believed iheZ]Zeb
Landed \ukZ^beky
Claimed ij_^ty\be ijZ\Z
Was having bf_eZ
Was [ueZ
Punished gZdZau\Zeh
Could fh]eb
Commanded dhfZg^h\Ze
Were [ueb
Claimed ij_^ty\be ijZ\Z
Rushed mklj_fbebkv
Attracted ijb\e_deh
Became klZeZ
Had bf_eZ
Continued ijh^he`ZeZ
Gained h[j_eZ
Was sent [ue ihkeZg
Were greeted bo ijb\_lkl\h\Zeb
Was discovered [ueh h[gZjm`_gh
Was called [ueh gZa\Zgh
5. Discovered the Past Simple Tense
Believed the Past Simple Tense
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14
Landed the Past Simple Tense
Claimed the Past Simple Tense
Was having
Was the Past Simple Tense
Punished the Past Simple Tense
Could the Past Tense
Commanded the Past Simple Tense
Were the Past Simple Tense
Claimed the Past Simple Tense
Rushed the Past Simple Tense
Attracted the Past Simple Tense
Became the Past Simple Tense
Had the Past Simple Tense
Continued the Past Simple Tense
Gained the Past Simple Tense
Was sent the Past Simple Tense Passive
Were greeted the Past Simple Tense Passive
Was discovered the Past Simple Tense Passive
Was called the Past Simple Tense Passive
:\kljZeby k_]h^gy
:\kljZeby wlh h^gh\j_f_ggh b dhglbg_gl, b kljZgZ b hkljh\.
Wlh r_klZy ih \_ebqbg_ kljZgZ b kZfuc fZe_gvdbc dhglbg_gl \ fb-
j_. :\kljZeby jZkiheh`_gZ \ x`ghf ihemrZjbb. Ihwlhfm lZf e_lh,
dh]^Z m gZk abfZ, Z abfZ lZf, dh]^Z m gZk e_lh. Bgl_j_kgh magZlv, qlh
yg\Zjv kZfuc `Zjdbc f_kyp \ :\kljZebb.
Ihq_fmYg\ZjvkZfuc`Zjdbcf_kyp\ :\kljZebb?
January is the hottest month in Australia because when we have
winter Australia has summer.
:\kljZeby jZkiheh`_gZ d x]m hl :abb, f_`^m Lbobf b Bg^bckdbf
hd_ZgZfb. :\kljZeby kZfuc kmohc dhglbg_gl \ fbj_. H]jhfgu_
mqZkldb a_feb gZklhevdh kmob_, qlh gZ gbo gbdlh g_ `b\_l. GZ k_\_j_
gZoh^ylky ljhibq_kdb_ e_kZ, gZ x]h-\hklhd_ kg_`gu_ ihey, \ p_g-
ljZevghc qZklb imklugb, Z gZ x]_ b x]h-aZiZ^_ ieh^hjh^gu_
a_feb. :\kljZeby lZd`_ kZfuc iehkdbc dhglbg_gl ihke_ :glZjdlbdb.
Ih`ZemcklZ, h[tykgbl_ agZq_gb_ wlh]h ij_êh`_gby Huge
areas are so dry that they are uninhabited.
That means that the land there is very dry, there is hardly any water
or plants there and no one can live there.
:\kljZeby mj[Zgbabjh\ZggZy kljZgZ. Hdheh 70% gZk_e_gby
`b\_l \ 10 kZfuo [hevrbo ]hjh^Zo. ;hevrZy qZklv gZk_e_gby `b\_l
\ x]h-\hklhqghc qZklb kljZgu b lhevdh 15% gZk_e_gby `b\_l \
k_evkdhc f_klghklb. DZg[_jjZ klhebpZ :\kljZebb. Wlh g_ kZfuc
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15
[hevrhc ]hjh^. Kb^g_c b F_ev[mjg ]hjZa^h [hevr_. RlZl LZkfZ-
gby hl^_e_g hl dhglbg_glZ :\kljZeby. Wlh rlZl hkljh\.
QlhlZdh_island state? An island state is state which occupies an
island.
:\kljZebcpu ex[yl ^bdmx ijbjh^m. :\kljZebckdh_ ijZ\bl_ev-
kl\h m^_ey_l [hevrh_ \gbfZgb_ aZsbl_ hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û. < ijh-
rehf [ueh \ujm[e_gh fgh]h ^_j_\v_\. IjZ\bl_evkl\h ieZgbjm_l
ihkZ^blv fbeebZj^ ^_j_\v_\ d 2000 ]h^m. Hgb m`_ ihkZ^beb 550
fbeebhgh\ ^_j_\v_\. K_cqZk ih \k_c :\kljZebb kZ`Zxl ^_j_\vy.
Ihq_fmih \k_c:\kljZebbkZ`Zxl^_j_\vy?
The trees are being planted all over Australia because the
Government pays a lot of attention to the preservation of the environment
and because many trees had been cut down.
:\kljZebcpu lZd`_ ex[yl kihjl. :\kljZeby y\ey_lky h^`ghc ba
g_fgh]bo kljZg, dhlhju_ ijbgbfZeb mqZklb_ \h \k_o Hebfibckdbo
B]jZo, kl_o ihj dZd bo hj]Zgbah\Zeb. Hebfibckdb_ B]ju ijh\h^b-
ebkv \ F_ev[mjg_ \ 1956 ]h^m b [m^ml ijh\h^blvky \ Kb^g__ \ 2000
]h^m.
Ih`ZemcklZaZdhgqbl_ij_êh`_gb_b h[tykgbl__]hagZq_gb_
Australia is one of the few countries in the world that has
participated in all of the Olympic games since they were organized.
That means that very few countries participated in all Olympic
Games. Australia was one of them.
:\kljZeby kljZgZ, ]jZ`^Zg_ dhlhjhc hlghkylky d jZaebqguf
dmevlmjZf. q_l\_jlv gZk_e_gby jh^bebkv aZ ]jZgbp_c. :\kljZeby
klZeZ ^hfhf êy ihk_e_gp_\ ba 200 kljZg. :[hjb]_gu khklZ\eyxl
\k_]h ebrv 1,5% gZk_e_gby k_cqZk.
Ih`ZemcklZ, h[tykgbl_agZq_gb_wlh]hij_êh`_gbyAbout a
quarter of the population is foreign born.
That means that a quarter of Australians were born in other countries
and then came to live in Australia.
1. >ey lh]h, qlh[u [hevr_ magZlv h[ :\kljZebb, bkihevamcl_
dZjlu \ wlhf mq_[gbd_, qlh[u hl\_lblv gZ wlb \hijhku.
1) DZdb_ kljZgu, hd_Zgu b fhjy hdjm`Zxl :\kljZebx?
Australia is surrounded by the Pacific and the Indian Oceans. It is to
the south from Asia.
2) < :\kljZebb ljb hkgh\gu_ j_db. Fh`_l_ eb \u bo gZa\Zlv?
Murray, Darling, Diamantina
3) < :\kljZebb kZfuc [hevrhc dhjZeeh\uc jbn \ fbj_. DZd hg
gZau\Z_lky?
The Great Barrier Reef
4) AgZ_rv eb lu dZdb_-gb[m^v bgl_j_kgu_ nZdlu h[ :\kljZebb?
www.5balls.ru
16
Australia is located in the southern hemisphere so when we have warm
months, its cold in Australia, though the lowest temperature is 17 degrees.
The centre of the continent is a vast desert.
Forests are tropical or deciduous.
>ey bgnhjfZpbb
DebfZl
LZd dZd :\kljZeby gZoh^blky \ x`ghf ihemrZjbb, k_ahgu a^_kv
i_j_\_jgmlu ih hlghr_gbx d l_f, dhlhju_ [u\Zxl d k_\_jm hl wd\Zlh-
jZ. KZfu_ \eZ`gu_ f_kypu f_`^m Zij_e_f b bxg_f.
K_ahgu
<_kgZ: k_gly[jv ghy[jv
E_lh: ^_dZ[jv n_\jZev
Hk_gv: fZjl fZc
AbfZ: bxgv Z\]mkl
Kj_^gyy fZdkbfZevgZy l_fi_jZlmjZ \ Kb^g__.
H^_`^Z
H^_`^Z gZ ih^deZ^d_ kZfZy ijZdlbqgZy \ mkeh\byo :\kljZebb.
<h^hg_ijhgbpZ_fZy dmjldZ ihe_agZ, gh ^Z`_ \ k_j_^bg_ abfu iZevlh
g_ y\ey_lky g_h[oh^bfuf \ Kb^g__. :\kljZebcpu h[uqgh h^_\Zxlky \
ih\k_^g_\gmx h^_`^m.
JZagbpZ \h \j_f_gb
:\kljZeby gZoh^blky d aZiZ^m hl ebgbb i_j_f_gu ^Zl, ]^_ gZqbgZ-
_lky ^_gv, ihwlhfm khegp_ \ Kb^g__ \klZ_l jZgvr_, q_f \ [hevrbgkl\_
f_kl a_fgh]h rZjZ. Dh]^Z \u \ Kb^g__ \uqlbl_:
2 qZkZ, êy lh]h qlh[u \uqbkeblv f_klgh_ \j_fy \ =hgdhg]_.
9 qZkh\, êy lh]h qlh[u \uqbkeblv f_klgh_ \j_fy \ IZjb`_.
10 qZkh\, êy lh]h qlh[u \uqbkeblv f_klgh_ \j_fy \ Ehg^hg_.
15 qZkh\, êy lh]h qlh[u \uqbkeblv f_klgh_ \j_fy \ Gvx Chjd_.
18 qZkh\, êy lh]h qlh[u \uqbkeblv f_klgh_ \j_fy \ KZg NjZgpbkdh.
1 qZk, êy lh]h qlh[u \uqbkeblv f_klgh_ \j_fy \ Lhdbh.
:\kljZebckdbc Zg]ebckdbc
F_gy ah\ml Kvxa_g ;Zle_j b y ba^Zl_ev \ ba^Zl_evkl\_ Keh\Zjy
FZdmZjb. Y jZ[hlZeZ g]Z^ keh\Zj_f k l_o ihj dZd _]h gZqZeb \ 1970
]h^m. Keh\Zjv FZdmZjb [ue \i_j\u_ him[ebdh\Zg \ 1981 ]h^m. ?]h kqb-
lZxl gZpbhgZevguf keh\Zj_f Z\kljZebckdh]h Zg]ebckdh]h yaudZ.
Q_f Z\kljZebckdbc Zg]ebckdbc hlebqZ_lky hl hklZevguo Zg]ebc-
kdbo yaudh\ \ fbj_? Gm, êy gZqZeZ k\h_c bklhjb_c. Dh]^Z [jblZgkdh_
ijZ\bl_evkl\h hkgh\Zeh ihk_e_gb_ êy hkm`^_gguo \ [mol_ Kb^g_y,
hgh g_l aZ^mfu\Zehkv h ebg]\bklbq_kdbo ihke_^kl\byo. Ih ijhr_kl-
\bb \j_f_gb dZlhj`gbdb b ihk_e_gpu \ayeb Zg]ebckdbc yaud b ijb-
kihkh[beb _]h êy bo gh\h]h ^hfZ, baf_gyy agZq_gb_ keh\ beb aZbfkl-
\my gh\u_.
www.5balls.ru
17
KZfuf ijhkluf kihkh[hf jZkijhkljZg_gby Zg]ebckdh]h yaudZ \
:\kljZebb, qlh[u hl\_qZlv ihlj_[ghklyf ihk_e_gp_\, [ueh aZbfkl\h-
\Zgb_ ba yaudh\ Z[hjb]_gh\, hkh[_ggh \ hibkZgbb nehju b nZmgu. LZd
[ueb gZa\Zgu g_dhlhju_ `b\hlgu_, lZdb_ dZd d_g]mjm, dhZeZ b \hf[Zl.
DmdZ[mjjZ, ba\_klgZy Z\kljZebckdZy ilbpZ, dhlhjZy a\mqbl dZd kf_o
q_eh\_dZ lh`_ [ueZ gZa\ZgZ lZd.
?keb \u ihk_lbl_ :\kljZebx, \u fh`_l_ aZf_lblv, qlh kms_kl\m_l
jZagbpZ f_`^m klZjrbf b fhehûf ihdhe_gb_f, b f_`^m ex^vfb, `b-
\msbfb \ ]hjh^_, b ex^vfb, `b\msbfb \ [mr_. Ij_^klZ\bl_eb fheh-
^h]h ihdhe_gby, `b\msb_ \ ]hjh^_, bf_xl kdehgghklv aZbfkl\h\Zlv
fh^gu_ jZa]h\hjgu_ \ujZ`_gby ba :f_jbdb.
AZf_lgh. Qlh g_kfhljy gZ jZaf_j :\kljZebb, \k_ ]h\hjyl h^bgZdh-
\h. GZrZ hjnh]jZnby hljZ`Z_l [jblZgkdmx ljZ^bpbx, gh gZ gZk \k_
[hevr_ \eby_l Zf_jbdZgkdbc Zg]ebckdbc. Fu hklZgh\bebkv ]^_-lh f_-
`^m gbfb. Fu ibr_f colour dZd color beb dZd colour, gh qlh m^b\b-
l_evgh, fu ibr_f metre dZd metre, Z g_ meter.
Hkgh\gu_ ]hjh^Z \ :\kljZebb
L_, dlh ohl_e [u magZlv [hevr_ h[ hkgh\guo ]hjh^Zo :\kljZebb,
ih`ZemcklZ, ijhqlbl_ wlb hibkZgby.
:^_eZb^Z klhebpZ X`ghc :\kljZebb. DjZkb\uc ijhfure_gguc
]hjh^. GZk_e_gb_ hdheh 1 100 000 q_eh\_d.
;jbk[_g klhebpZ rlZlZ D\bgke_g^. Ljhibq_kdbc debfZl ^_eZ_l
_]h djm]eh]h^bqguf dmjhjlhf. GZk_e_gb_ hdheh 1 400 000 q_eh\_d.
DZg[_jjZ klhebpZ :\kljZebb. JZkiheh`_g gZ hkgh\ghc L_jjblh-
jbb :\kljZebb \ kZfhc x`ghc qZklb Gh\h]h X`gh]h MwevkZ. ?^bg-
kl\_gguc ba hkgh\guo Z\kljZebckdbc ]hjh^h\ jZkiheh`_g g_ gZ ih-
[_j_`v_. GZk_e_gb_ hdheh 300 000 q_eh\_d.
>Zj\bg klhebpZ b kZfuc [hevrhc ]hjh^ K_\_jghc L_jjblhjbb.
Ljhibq_kdbc debfZl. GZk_e_gb_ hdheh 70 000 q_eh\_d.
Oh[Zjl klhebpZ Z\kljZebckdh]h rlZlZ-hkljh\Z LZkfZgbb. Oh-
eh^gu_ abfu. GZk_e_gb_ hdheh 200 000 q_eh\_d.
I_jl klhebpZ rlZlZ AZiZ^gZy :\kljZeby. H^gb ba emqrbo deb-
fZlbq_kdbo mkeh\bc \ :\kljZebb. GZk_e_gb_ 1 200 000 q_eh\_d.
Kb^g_c klhebpZ Gh\h]h X`gh]h MwevkZ. KZfuc klZjuc b [hevrhc
]hjh^ \ :\kljZebb. =eZ\guc ijhfure_gguc p_glj :\kljZebb. Ihqlb
q_l\_jlv Z\kljZebcp_\ `b\ml a^_kv. GZk_e_gb_ 3 700 000 q_eh\_d, jZk-
l_l.
F_ev[mjg klhebpZ <bdlhjbb. <lhjhc ih \_ebqbg_ ]hjh^ \ :\kl-
jZebb. < g_f ijh\h^bebkv Hebfibckdb_ b]ju 1956 ]h^Z. GZk_e_gb_
hdheh 3 200 000 q_eh\_d.
=hkm^Zjkl\_gguc ]bfg
:\kljZebcpu, ^Z\Zcl_ \hajZ^m_fky.
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18
Ihlhfm qlh fu fhehû b k\h[h^gu;
M gZk _klv ahehlZy a_fey b bah[beb_, qlh[u ljm^blvky;
GZr ^hf hihykZg fhj_f;
GZrZ a_fey bah[bem_l ^ZjZfb ijbjhû
DjZkhlhc, [h]Zlhc b j_^dhc.
GZ kljZgbp_ bklhjbb, imklv dZ`ûc wlZi
Ij_mfgh`Z_l DjZkhlm :\kljZebb.
< jZ^hklguo mkbebyo lh]^Z kih_f `_
Ij_mfgh`bf DjZkhlm :\kljZebb.
Ih^ kbyxsbf X`guf Dj_klhf
Fu [m^_f ljm^blvky k_j^pZfb b jmdZfb;
Qlh[u gZr Khxa
KlZe agZf_gbluf \h \k_o a_feyo;
K l_fb, dlh ijb_oZe ba-aZ fhj_c,
Fu ih^_ebfky [_a]jZgbqgufb jZ\gbgZfb;
H[t_^bgbfky `_ kf_eh
Qlh[u ij_mfgh`blv DjZkhlm :\kljZebb.
< jZ^hklguo mkbebyo lh]^Z kih_f `_
Ij_mfgh`bf DjZkhlm :\kljZebb.
>ey bgnhjfZpbb
=_j[ :\kljZebb hnbpbZevgZy wf[e_fZ Z\kljZebckdh]h ijZ\b-
l_evkl\Z [ue ^Zjh\Zg dhjhe_f =_hj]hf V \ 1912 ]h^m. =_j[ khklhbl
ba sblZ, kh^_j`Zs_]h wf[e_fu r_klb rlZlh\. >_j`Zl_eb sblZ
ij_^klZ\bl_eb f_klghc nZmgu d_g]mjm b wfm. F_klgh_ jZkl_gb_ k
`_elufb p\_lZfb, Z\kljZebckdZy ZdZpby, lZd`_ ijhy\behkv \ ]_j[_.
GZpbhgZevguc ijZa^gbd :\kljZebb 26 yg\Zjy hlf_qZ_l ^Zlm \ 1788
]h^m, dh]^Z dZiblZg :jlmj Nbebii, ba ;jblZgkdh]h Dhjhe_\kdh]h <h-
_ggh-fhjkdh]h NehlZ, dhfZg^h\Ze nehlbeb_c ba 11 dhjZ[e_c b ijb-
ieue \ Ihjl >`_dkhg (;molm Kb^g_y).
NeZ] :\kljZebb _^bgkl\_gguc neZ] jZa\b\Zxsbcky gZ^ \k_f
dhglbg_glhf. FZe_gvdbc ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguc neZ] Kh_^bg_ggh]h Dhjh-
e_\kl\Z <_ebdh[jblZgbb b k_\_jghc BjeZg^bb ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc bk-
lhjbq_kdmx k\yav k ;jblZgb_c, r_klv [hevrbc k_fbdhg_qguo a\_a^
ij_^klZ\eyxl r_klv RlZlh\ b L_jjblhjbc, Z fZe_gvdb_ a\_a^hqdb ba
X`gh]h Dj_klZ \u^ZxsZyky oZjZdl_jgZy q_jlZ ghqgh]h g_[Z \ x`-
ghf ihemrZjbb.
>ey bgnhjfZpbb
KZrZ b Hev]Z ihemqbeb wlhl dhg\_jl \ kZfhe_l_. Dh]^Z e_l_eb \
:\kljZebx:
KiZkb[h. Nhg^ >_l_c H[t_^bg_gguo GZpbc m`_ iylv^_kyl e_l [h-
j_lky k [he_agyfb, g_^h_^Zgb_f b gbs_lhc. Iheh`b\ k\h_ ih`_jl\h-
\Zgb_ \u ih^^_j`bl_ jZ[hlm ih kiZk_gbx `bag_c ^_l_c.
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19
Z`_ bgh-
kljZggu_ fhg_lu b [Zgdghlu, dhlhju_ \u g_ fh`_l_ bkihevah\Zlv
^hfZ, fh]ml bf_lv agZq_gb_ êy j_[_gdZ.
Ih`ZemcklZ, hl^Zcl_ dhg\_jl qe_gm wdbiZ`Z \h \j_fy ihe_lZ.
60 i_gkh\ \k_, qlh gm`gh êy lh]h, qlh[u dmiblv dZikmeu \b-
lZfbgZ :, qlh[u aZsblblv 30 ^_l_c hl ke_ihlu, ijbqbghc dhlhjhc
y\ey_lky iehoh_ iblZgb_.
9 nmglh\ aZsbsZ_l j_[_gdZ hl r_klb [he_ag_c k e_lZevguf
bkoh^hf.
GZ 3 nmglZ fh`gh dmiblv gZ[hj mq_[gbdh\ êy gZqZevghc rdheu.
CHAPTER 2.
RDHEVG:Y @BAGV
Lhf, KZrZ b Hev]Z jZa]h\Zjb\Zxl h rdhevghc `bagb \ :\kljZ-
ebb. KZrZ b Hev]Z ihc^ml \ rdhem \f_kl_ k Lhfhf.
Ih`ZemcklZ, ijhqlbl_ ke_^mxsb_ ^bZeh]b \kemo. AZl_f jZ-
au]jZcl_ bo ih jheyf k h^ghdeZkkgbdZfb. H[jZsZcl_ hkh[h_
\gbfZgb_ gZ mihlj_[e_gb_ bgnbgblb\Z, ]_jmg^by b ijbqZklby.
Ihke_ ijhql_gby \uihegbl_, ih`ZemcklZ, mijZ`g_gby, ke_-
^mxsb_ aZ ^bZeh]hf.
B^_f \ rdhem
Lhf: Fgh]b_ ba mq_gbdh\ fh_]h deZkkZ ohlyl k \Zfb \klj_lblvky.
Fu lhevdh qlh aZdhgqbeb bamqZlv bklhjbx Jhkkbb \ wlhf k_f_klj_,
b gZf bgl_j_kgh magZlv [hevr_ h kh\j_f_gghc Jhkkbb. Y [u ohl_e,
qlh[u \u ihreb kh fghc \ rdhem aZ\ljZ. <Zf wlh ihôh^bl?
KZrZ: AZ\ljZ [ueh [u aZf_qZl_evgh. IjZ\^Z, Hev]Z?
Hev]Z: >Z. Y [u ohl_eZ m\b^_lv, gZ qlh ihoh`Z Z\kljZebckdZy
rdheZ.
KZrZ: Y lh`_. L_[_ gjZ\blky l\hy rdheZ, Lhf?
Lhf: Hq_gv. RdheZ, dhlhjmx y ihk_sZy fgh]hgZpbhgZevgZ. LZf
^_ckl\bl_evgh bgl_j_kgh mqblvky, ihlhfm qlh m f_gy _klv \hafh`-
ghklv \klj_qZlvky k ex^vfb kh \k_]h fbjZ.
Hev]Z: Fg_ lh`_ gjZ\blvky \klj_qZlvky k ex^vfb ba ^jm]bo kljZg.
KZrZ: Lhf, dZdb_ m l_[y ex[bfuc ij_^f_lu \ rdhe_?
Lhf: Fg_ gjZ\blky bklhjby, ]_h]jZnby, mjhdb [bag_kZ b bgnhj-
fZlbdZ. >mfZx, fg_ gjZ\ylky [hevrbgkl\h fhbo ij_^f_lh\.
Hev]Z: A\mqbl lZd, qlh l\hy rdheZ ij_^hklZ\ey_l fgh]h bgl_j_k-
guo dmjkh\.
Lhf: Hgb gZ kZfhf ^_e_ klZjZxlky ih^]hlh\blv gZk d `bagb ih-
ke_ kj_^g_c rdheu. GZf lZd`_ \u^_eyxl \j_fy gZf lZdb_ dmjku
dZd dmebgZjby, jZ[hlZ ih ^_j_\m, gZ\udb jZ[hlu \ hnbk_, nhlh]jZ-
nby, ^jZfZ b nbadmevlmjZ.
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20
KZrZ: Ihk_sZlv jZaebqgu_ rdheu \k_]^Z bgl_j_kgh. Y ihk_lbe
g_kdhevdh rdhe, dh]^Z y [ue \ :f_jbd_ b \ :g]ebb.
Hev]Z: Fu gZ^__fky ihk_lblv rdhem, dh]^Z ih_^_f \ F_ev[mjg.
KZrZ: GZ qlh ihoh` F_ev[mjg?
Lhf: LZf hq_gv ohjhrh. <k_ ]h\hjyl, qlh F_ev[mjg hq_gv ihoh`
gZ _\jhi_ckdbc ]hjh^.
Hev]Z: <h kdhevdh fu \uc^_f aZ\ljZ, qlh[u ihclb \ rdhem?
Lhf: Fu \uc^_f hdheh 8 qZkh\.
KZrZ: Fu ihieu\_f \ rdhem gZ eh^d_?
Lhf: >Z. IeZ\Zgv_ gZ eh^d_ qZklv ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb \ :\-
kljZebb.
1. GZc^bl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ bgnbgblb\, ]_jmg^bc b ijbqZklby,
\klj_qZxsb_ky \ l_dkl_.
Meeting \klj_qZlvky
Having finished aZdhgqb\
Studying bamqZlv
Knowing magZlv
To come ijbreb
To see ihkfhlj_lv
Studying mqblvky
To meet \klj_qZlv
Meeting \klj_qZlv
Studying bamqZlv
To prepare ih^]hlh\blv
To take aZgbfZlvky
Visiting ihk_rZlv
To visit ihk_lblv
Boating ijh]medb gZ eh^dZo, ieZ\Zgv_ gZ eh^dZo
1) Ohlyl eb fgh]b_ ba mq_gbdh\ \ deZkk_ LhfZ ihagZdhfblvky k
KZr_c b Hev]hc? Yes, they are.
2) M^h[gh eb KZr_ b Hev]_ ihclb k Lhfhf \ rdhem gZ ke_^mx-
sbc ^_gv? Yes, it is.
3) Lu [u ohl_e ihkfhlj_lv, qlh ba k_[y ij_^klZ\ey_l Z\kljZebc-
kdZy rdheZ? Yes, I would.
4) Ihq_fm Lhfm gjZ\blky _]h rdheZ? Tom likes his school because
it is multicultural.
5) Lhf kqblZ_l, qlh \ _]h rdhe_ bgl_j_kgh mqblvky, g_ lZd eb? Ih-
q_fm? Yes, he does. He thinks that studying in his school is interesting
because he has an opportunity to meet people from all over the world
6) DZdb_ m LhfZ ex[bfu_ ij_^f_lu \ rdhe_? Tom`s favourite
subjects at school are History, Geography, Business Studies and
Computer Science.
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21
7) DZdb_ m l_[y ex[bfu_ ij_^f_lu \ rdhe_? My favourite
subjects are Literature, Foreign Language and History.
8) Ij_^hklZ\ey_l eb rdheZ LhfZ fgh`_kl\h bgl_j_kguo dmjkh\?
Yes, it does.
9) KqblZ_rv eb lu, qlh ihk_sZlv jZaebqgu_ rdheu bgl_j_kgh?
Qlh lu gZoh^brv bgl_j_kguf? Yes, I do. I think it`s interesting to
learn about the courses, about students activities and clubs.
10) DZdhc Z\kljZebckdbc ]hjh^ ihoh` gZ _\jhi_ckdb_ ]hjh^Z?
Melbourne is similar to a European city.
11) <h kdhevdh Lhf, KZrZ b Hev]Z ihc^ml \ rdhem? They will
leave for school at 8 a.m.
12) DZd hgb ^h[_jmlky ^h rdheu? They will get to school by boat.
3. Ih^_ebl_kv fukeyfb h ihk_s_gbb rdheu.
1) ?keb [u lu [ue ^bj_dlhjhf kj_^g_c rdheu, qlh [u lu k^_-
eZe? M dh]h [u lu fh] ihijhkblv kh\_lZ?
If I were a high school principal I would try to make studies more
interesting. I would organize different activities to encourage students to
express their creativity. If I needed advice I would ask the students.
2) Qlh lu ^mfZ_rv h[ mgbnhjf_ êy mq_gbdh\ kj_^g_c rdheu.
On the one hand uniform saves a lot of trouble. You dont need to think
what to wear. All students look the same and there are no problems of
making someone not wear a very short skirt or metal chains. On the other
hand students cannot express their individuality. Besides, a uniform might
be not very comfortable, especially for those who wear jeans and sneakers.
4. JZau]jZcl_ ih jheyf ke_^mxsbc ^bZeh] \ iZjZo. H^bg
mq_gbd [m^_l Lhfhf, Z ^jm]hc [m^_l you.
Tom: Y [u ohl_e, qlh[u lu ihr_e kh fghc \ rdhem. AZ\ljZ l_[_
ihôh^bl?
You: Yes, it is. Do you like your school? (Ihôh^bl. L_[_ gjZ\blky
l\hy rdheZ?)
Tom: >Z. Fg_ gjZ\blky fhy rdheZ. Ihfbfh h[uqguo dmjkh\ fhy
rdheZ ij_^hklZ\ey_l fgh]h bgl_j_kguo dmjkh\: dmebgZjby, jZ[hlZ ih
^_j_\m, nhlh]jZnby b ^jZfZ. : dZdb_ dmjku ij_^hklZ\ey_l l\hy rdheZ?
You: Our school offers Choir, Drama and Cooking. What are your
favourite subjects? (GZrZ rdheZ ij_^hklZ\ey_l i_gb_ \ ohj_, ^jZfm b
dmebgZjbx. DZdb_ m l_[y ex[bfu_ ij_^f_lu?)
Tom: Fg_ gjZ\blky bamqZlv bklhjbx, ]_h]jZnbx, mjhdb [bag_kZ
b bgnhjfZlbdm. : dZdb_ m l_[y ex[bfu_ ij_^f_lu?
You: My favourite subjects are Maths, Geography and Computer
Science. Do you get to school by boat? (Fhb ex[bfu_ ij_^f_lu
fZl_fZlbdZ, ]_h]jZnby b bgnhjfZlbdZ. Lu ^h[bjZ_rvky ^h rdheu
gZ eh^d_?)
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22
Tom: >Z. Y \k_]^Z ^h[bjZxkv ^h rdheu gZ eh^d_. : dZd lu ^h[b-
jZ_rvky ^h rdheu?
You: I get to school by bus. (Y ^h[bjZxkv ^h rdheu gZ Z\lh[mk_).
Tom: Kdhevdh \j_f_gb l_[_ lj_[m_lky, qlh[u ^h[jZlvky ^h rdheu?
You: It usually takes me about twenty minutes to get to school. And
how long does it take you to get to school? (H[uqgh y ^h[bjZxkv ^h
rdheu aZ ^\Z^pZlv fbgml. : kdhevdh \j_f_gb l_[_ lj_[m_lky, qlh[u
^h[jZlvky ^h rdheu?)
Tom: Y ^h[bjZxkv ^h rdheu aZ ^_kylv fbgml.
=jZffZlbdZ
2. Tom is ill. His mother wants him to go to bad. She wants him to
take medicine. She tells him to drink a lot of juice. She doesnt want him
to go and play.
Sasha comes home after school. His mother expects him to take the
dog for a walk. She wants him to feed the cat. His mother expects him to
do his homework. She expects him to set the table for dinner.
3. 1) Did you hear her singing?
2) Do you often see them playing there?
3) Do your parents like you to take the dog for a walk?
4) Do you want her to explain everything?
5) Why doesnt the doctor make him take medicines?
4. My parents want me to think globally and act locally. Fhb jh-
^bl_eb ohlyl, qlh[u y fukebe ]eh[Zevgh, Z ^_ckl\h\Ze \ f_klghf
fZkrlZ[_.
My parents don`t want me to cut wild flowers. Fhb jh^bl_eb g_
ohlyl, qlh[u y j\Ze ^bdb_ p\_lu.
My parents want me to turn off the TV when I`m not watching it. Fhb
jh^bl_eb ohlyl, qlh[u y \udexqZe l_e_\bahj, dh]^Z y g_ kfhljx _]h.
My parents don`t want me to break glass bottles. Fhb jh^bl_eb
g_ ohlyl, qlh[u y jZa[b\Ze kl_deyggu_ [mluedb.
My parents want me to turn off the lights when Im leaving the room.
Fhb jh^bl_eb ohlyl, qlh[u y \udexqZe k\_l, dh]^Z y moh`m ba
dhfgZlu.
My parents want me to put garbage in the garbage can. Fhb jh-
^bl_eb ohlyl, qlh[u y \u[jZku\Ze fmkhj \ dhjabgm.
My parents want me to recycle paper, bottles and cans. Fhb jh-
^bl_eb ohlyl, qlh[u y i_j_jZ[Zlu\Ze [mfZ]m, [mluedb b [Zgdb.
My parents want me to be healthy and fit. Fhb jh^bl_eb ohlyl,
qlh[u y [ue a^hjh\uf b \ ohjhr_c nbabq_kdhc nhjf_.
My parents don`t want me to watch TV all day. Fhb jh^bl_eb g_
ohlyl, qlh[u y kfhlj_e l_e_\bahj p_euc ^_gv.
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23
My parents want me to sleep eight hours a night. Fhb jh^bl_eb
ohlyl, qlh[u y kiZe \hk_fv qZkh\ \ kmldb.
My parents want me to go to bed at the same time, even on Saturdays.
Fhb jh^bl_eb ohlyl, qlh[u y eh`beky kiZlv \ h^gh b lh `_ \j_-
fy, ^Z`_ ih km[[hlZf.
My parents dont want me to take 5 spoons of sugar in my tea.
Fhb jh^bl_eb g_ ohlyl, qlh[u y deZe iylv eh`_d kZoZjZ \ qZrdm.
My parents want me to eat a lot of fresh fruit and vegetables. Fhb
jh^bl_eb ohlyl, qlh[u y _e fgh]h k\_`bo njmdlh\ b h\hs_c.
My parents don`t want me to eat a lot of sweets. Fhb jh^bl_eb
g_ ohlyl, qlh[u y _e fgh]h keZ^hkl_c.
My parents don`t want me to eat a lot of salt. Fhb jh^bl_eb g_
ohlyl, qlh[u y _e fgh]h kheb.
My parents want me to jog every morning. Fhb jh^bl_eb ohlyl,
qlh[u y [_]Ze dZ`^h_ mljh.
My parents want me to go swimming once or twice a week. Fhb
jh^bl_eb ohlyl, qlh[u y ieZ\Ze h^bg beb ^\Z jZaZ \ g_^_ex.
My parents want me to ride a bicycle to school. Fhb jh^bl_eb
ohlyl, qlh[u y _a^be gZ \_ehkbi_^_ \ rdhem.
7.
K qZclbp_c to ;_a qZklbpu to
to learn Speak
to practice Think
to learn repeat
To memorize
To listen
To study
11. 1) Peter likes playing tennis. Does Peter like playing tennis?
2) Ann is not keen on watching football. Is Ann keen on watching
football?
3) David and Cathy enjoy going to the theatre. Do they enjoy going to
the theatre?
4) John doesnt like staying in the hotel. Does John like staying in the
hotel?
5) Robert likes listening to music. Does he like listening to music?
6) Bill loves working in Sydney. Does he love working in Sydney?
12.
b) 1) having given (ij_êh`gh_ ^hiheg_gb_); 2) being attracted (ijy-
fh_ ^hiheg_gb_); 3) being punished (ij_êh`gh_ ^hiheg_gb_);
4) disturbing (h[klhyl_evkl\h); 5) having kept. (ij_êh`gh_ ^hiheg_gb_).
14.
a) 1) raining? 2) discussing? 3) speaking? 4) playing? 5) Working?
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24
b) 1) reading this article. 2) Making such mistakes. 3) Going there.
4) Solving the mystery. 5) Sitting there on the sand.
c) 1) telling him everything. 2) Continuing this work? 3) Getting her
on our side? 4) Making such noise? 5) Watching TV?
d) 1) in remembering his face; 2) answering; 3) travelling to China;
4) going there alone to talk to him.
IjhqblZcl_ b magZcl_.
>h[jh ih`Zeh\Zlv \ F_ev[mjg. IjhdZlbl_kv gZ =hjh^kdhf Djm-
]h\hf LjZf\Z_.
<Zf ihgjZ\blky iml_r_kl\h\Zlv ih F_ev[mjgm gZ =hjh^kdhf
Djm]h\hf LjZf\Z_. Hg oh^bl dZ`û_ 10 fbgml k 10 mljZ ^h 6 \_q_-
jZ. IhdZ kb^brv \ ljZf\Z_, dhg^mdlhj h[jZlbl \Zr_ \gbfZgb_ gZ
kZfu_ bgl_j_kgu_ ^hklhijbf_qZl_evghklb F_ev[mjgZ.
F_ev[mjg fgh]hgZpbhgZevguc ]hjh^. ;he__ q_l\_jlb gZk_e_-
gby jh^behkv aZ ]jZgbp_c. Wlh ^hf fgh]bo dmevlmjguo ]jmii, ]h\h-
jysbo gZ 170 yaudZo b ijb^Zxsbo F_ev[mjgm _]h g_ih\lhjbfuc
oZjZdl_j. < F_ev[mjg_ h^gb ba kZfuo [hevrbo ihk_e_gbc ]j_dh\ b
blZevygp_\.
F_ev[mjg ijbagZggZy KlhebpZ Dmevlmju \ :\kljZebb, k fm-
audhc, lZgpZfb, hi_jhc, dhf_^b_c b l_Zljhf fbjh\h]h deZkkZ. Ih-
wlhfm, hldbgvl_kv b gZkeZ`^Zcl_kv ih_a^dhc!
:jobl_dlmjZ F_ev[mjgZ [ueZ lsZl_evgh ijh^mfZgZ. Ijh_dlb-
jmy gh\u_ a^Zgby, Zjobl_dlhju F_ev[mjgZ ^mfZxl h i_caZ`_ b h
lhf, qlh hdjm`Z_l kljhbl_evgmx iehsZ^dm.
GZpbhgZevgZy =Ze_j_y <bdlhjbb, hkgh\ZggZy \ 1861 ]h^m y\ey-
_lky ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ]Ze_j__c bkdmkkl\. =Ze_j_y ij_^klZ\ey_l \u-
klZ\db bkdmkkl\Z dZd kh\j_f_ggh]h, lZd b bkdmkkl\Z ijhreh]h, ba
:\kljZebb b ba ^jm]bo kljZg. Wlh f_klh klhbl ihk_lblv. <_ebdhe_i-
gZy dhee_dpby, h[sbf qbkehf [he__ 70 000 jZ[hl, gZqbgZy k dZjlbg,
kdmevilmju b nhlh]jZnbb b dhgqZy ijbdeZ^guf bkdmkkl\hf, ]jZ-
\xjZfb b jbkmgdZfb.
Hldjuluc \ 1982 ]h^m <bdlhjbZgkdbc P_glj Bkdmkkl\, ba\_kl_g
k\hbfb jhkdhrgufb ihf_s_gbyfb b ribe_f ba klZevghc iZmlbgu b
\ukhlhc 115 f_ljh\. Kfhljh\Zy IehsZ^dZ ;Zrgb JbZelh jZkiheh`_g-
gZy gZ 55 wlZ`_ kZfh]h \ukhdh]h \ F_ev[mjg_ a^Zgby, h[_ki_qb\Z_l
iZghjZfguc \b^ gZ F_ev[mjg b hdjm`Zxsb_ ^hklhijbf_qZl_evghklb.
< P_glj_ gZoh^blky F_ev[mjgkdbc Dhgp_jlguc AZe, Fma_c
Bah[jZabl_evguo Bkdmkkl\ b ljb ]eZ\guo l_ZljZ \ dhlhjuo h[sbf
qbkehf ihf_sZ_lky 5 880 q_eh\_d k \jZsZxs_cky kp_ghc ki_pbZev-
gh êy hi_ju.
Wdkdmjkbb GZke_^b_ :[hjb]_gh\. G_ ijhimklbl_ \hafh`ghklv
magZlv h[ h^ghc ba kZfuo klZjuo dmevlmj \ fbj_. Ihk_lbl_ ie_f_g-
www.5balls.ru
25
gu_ a_feb Z[hjb]_gh\, ihagZdhfvl_kv k ex^vfb b magZcl_ h ljZ^b-
pbhgguo ih\_jvyo h h[jZa_ `bagb.
< F_ev[mjg_ `b\ml kZfu_ nZgZlbqgu_ kihjlkf_gu \ fbj_. L_ggbk,
]hevn, [_ck[he b nml[he, k_jnbg], \h^gu_ eu`b, ijh]medb gZ eh^dZo,
iZjmkguc kihjl, \_ehkihjl b [_] hq_gv ihimeyjgu \ F_ev[mjg_.
G_ aZ[m^vl_ ihk_lblv F_ev[mjgkdbc AhhiZjd. Hkgh\Zgguc \
1857 ]h^m hg y\ey_lky h^gbf ba klZj_crbo ahhiZjdh\ \ fbj_. Wlh
^hf êy [he__ 3000 `b\hlguo.
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ba Zj[mah\, ûgv, fhjdh\b, Zi_evkbgh\ b l.^. <u \u[bjZ_l_ njmdlu
beb h\hsb b m`_ q_j_a fbgmlm iv_l_ hq_gv \dmkgmx kf_kv. G_ [_k-
ihdhcl_kv, ke_^mxsbc Z\lh[mk kdhjh ih^hc^_l.
DebfZl mf_j_gguc. < F_ev[mjg_ q_luj_ q_ldh jZaebqbfuo k_-
ahgZ. AbfZ k oheh^gufb ghqZfb; \_kgZ b hk_gv \hkoblbl_evgu. E_lh
l_ieh_. >h`^b jZkij_^_e_gu ihjh\gm gZ \_kv ]h^. L_fi_jZlmjZ \h-
û: abfhc 10.5, e_lhf 21.5.
Yg\Zjv b n_\jZev kZfu_ l_ieu_ f_kypu \ F_ev[mjg_, l_fi_-
jZlmjZ ^hoh^bl ^h 25 ]jZ^mkh\.
Kmffbjmcl_ lh, qlh \u ijhqblZeb h F_ev[mjg_. Ih`ZemcklZ,
mihlj_[ebl_ bgnbgblb\, ]_jmg^bc b ijbqZklb_, dh]^Z \hafh`gh.
Youll enjoy travelling around Melbourne on the City Circle Tram.
While you are sitting on the tram, the conductor will point out the most
interesting sights in Melbourne.
Melbourne is home to many cultural groups, speaking 170 languages
and giving Melbourne a unique character.
When designing buildings, architects in Melbourne think hard about
the scenery and the surroundings of the building site.
Melbourne is considered to be the acknowledged Culture Capital of
Australia because it has world-class music, dance, opera, comedy and
theatre The National Gallery of Victoria, established in 1861, is the state
art gallery. This place is worth visiting.The magnificent collection,
totaling over 70 000 works, range from paintings, sculpture and
photography to decorative arts, prints and drawings.
The Rialto Tower Observation Desk, situated on level 55 of
Melbournes tallest building, provides a panoramic view of Melbourne
and the surrounding landmarks.
The Centre houses the Melbourne Concert Hall, Performing Arts
Museum and three major theatres collectively seating 5 880 people with
a revolving stage especially for opera. Dont miss the opportunity to
learn about one of the oldest living cultures in the world. The tourists
can go on Aboriginal Heritage tours they will learn about one of the
oldest cultures in the world, visit tribal lands and meet the people.
www.5balls.ru
26
Playing tennis, golf, baseball and football, surfing, water-skiing,
boating, yachting, cycling and running are very popular in Melbourne.
Dont forget to visit the Melbourne Zoo. Established in 1857, it is one
of the oldest zoos in the world.
Make sure to try fresh juice made of watermelons, melons, carrots,
oranges etc.
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>hjh]b_ ^jmavy \ Jhkkbb,
Fg_ r_klgZ^pZlv e_l b y oh`m \ rdhem \ Kb^g__. < fh_c rdhe_
kqZkleb\Zy b \_k_eZy Zlfhkn_jZ. <k_ ohjhrh hlghkylky ^jm] d ^jm-
]m. Fu ghkbf nhjfm, dhlhjZy ij_^klZ\ey_l gZrm rdhem, Dhee_^`
DZkbfbj.
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]hj`mkv wlbf. < :\kljZebb `b\ml ex^b k jZaghc dmevlmjhc, j_eb-
]b_c b ijhbkoh`^_gb_f. Y ba [hevrhc k_fvb ba iylb ^_l_c, b m f_-
gy _klv fZfZ b iZiZ. Fu bgh]^Z mkljZb\Z_f rZreudb, qlh ^Z_l gZf
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>bZgZ LZjZ[_c.
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y jh^beky \ :\kljZebb. Y \ ^_kylhf deZkk_ b fhc ex[bfuc ij_^f_l,
ih\_jbl_ eb, Zg]ebckdbc yaud. Y oh`m \ Dhee_^` KljZlfhj \ F_ev-
[mjg_ m`_ q_luj_ ]h^Z.
Fg_ gjZ\blky b]jZlv \ Zf_jbdZgkdbc nml[he. Hg ihoh` gZ
h[uqguc nml[he, gh ijZ\beZ g_fgh]h ijbkihkh[e_gu ih^ fyq
h\Zevghc nhjfu.
Djbk FmjlZ^bk
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Ijb\_l. Fg_ iylgZ^pZlv e_l b y oh`m \ Dhee_^` KljZlfhj \
F_ev[mjg_. K_cqZk y \ ^_kylhf deZkk_. M f_gy _klv ^\Z k\h^guo
[jZlZ, dhrdZ b kh[ZdZ.
Y gZf_j_\Zxkv bamqZlv f_^bpbgm, dh]^Z aZdhgqm dhee_^`. Fhb
oh[[b b]jZ gZ ne_cl_ b gZ kZdkhnhg_. Fg_ lZd`_ gjZ\blky b]jZlv
\ l_ggbk. Fhb ex[bfu_ ij_^f_lu Zg]ebckdbc yaud, ^jZfZ, fm-
audZ, dmebgZjby b jZ[hlZ ih ^_j_\m.
:ebkby Wgg DZffbgk.
www.5balls.ru
27
>h[juc ^_gv.
Y k_fgZ^pZlbe_lgbc nbebiibg_p Z\kljZeb_p, mqZs_cky \
Dhee_^`_ DZkbfbj \ Kb^g__. Y bffb]jbjh\Ze k Nbebiibg 14 e_l gZ-
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\k_]^Z gZau\Z_f ^hfhf :\kljZebx. < gZr_c rdhe_ mqZlky klm^_glu 46
gZpbhgZevghkl_c, hgb \k_ ihôh^yl ih^ dZl_]hjbx Z\kljZeb_p. B,
qlh m^b\bl_evgh, kh \k_fb wlbfb jZaebqgufb dmevlmjZfb dhgnebdlu
j_^db, lZd dZd \k_ \b^yl fgh]hgZpbhgZevghklv dZd ij_bfms_kl\h êy
\k_o. Ihwlhfm, dh]^Z ijb_a`Z_rv \ :\kljZebx, g_ h`b^Zcl_, qlh [m^_-
l_ _klv lhevdh ]Zf[mj]_ju, h`b^Zcl_ kiZ]_llb b d_[Z[u.
DZjfbgZ DZjgb]Ze.
Ijb\_l, Jhkkby.
<u gZ\_jgh, ^mfZ_l_, qlh m gZk \h ^\hjZo d_g]mjm b dhZeu gZ ^_-
j_\vyo. Hgb ^_ckl\bl_evgh f_klgu_ `b\hlgu_ \ :\kljZebb b y\ey-
xlky kbf\heZfb gZr_c ij_djZkghc ^bdhc ijbjhû, gh bo g_evay
\klj_lblv gZ mebpZo ]hjh^h\.
Gh\uc X`guc Mwevk, rlZl, \ dhlhjhf y `b\m, f_klh, \ dhlh-
jhf `b\ml ij_^klZ\bl_eb jZaebqguo dmevlmj. H[uqgh fu ohjhrh
^jm] k ^jm]hf eZ^bf b qm\kl\m_f, fu \k_ Z\kljZebcpu.
Y mqmkv \ ^\_gZ^pZlhf deZkkm \ dhee_^`_ DZkbfbj. Y bamqZx
[bheh]bx, fZl_fZlbdm, ijZ\h\_^_gb_, Zg]ebckdbc yaud, hkgh\u
[bag_kZ, bgnhjfZlbdm b j_eb]bx. M f_gy ^\_ feZ^rb_ k_klju. Y
jh^beky \ ;_cjml_, Eb\Zg, b ijb_oZe \ :\kljZebx, dh]^Z [ue kh-
\k_f f_e_gvdbf.
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mgb\_jkbl_l b klZlv beb mqbl_e_f, beb bamqZlv f_g_^`f_gl \ dhf-
f_jpbb.
>`Zm ;Zrb.
>hjh]b_ ^jmavy \ Jhkkbb.
Ijb\_l. F_gy ah\ml >ZgbweZ DZfZqh b fg_ 17 e_l. Y jh^hf ba
Ihjlm]Zebb. Y \ 11 deZkk_ b fhy rdheZ gZau\Z_lky dhee_^` DZkbfbj.
Wlh ohjhrZy rdheZ, ihlhfm qlh m gZk _klv \hafh`ghklv h[sZlvky k
ij_^klZ\bl_eyfb ^jm]bo dmevlmj. : dZdZy m \Zk \ Jhkkbb rdheZ? Gh-
kbl_ eb \u nhjfm \ rdhe_? GZf ijboh^blky ghkblv nhjfm.
Fhb oh[[b dhee_dpbhgbjh\Zlv fZjdb b dZlZlvky gZ dhgvdZo.
Y lZd`_ ex[ex ]meylv k ^jmavyfb \h \j_fy dZgbdme.
>ZgbweZ DZfZqh.
>hjh]b_ ^jmavy.
Y mq_gbd 12 deZkkZ \ dhee_^`_ DZkbfbj. K_cqZk y bamqZx Zg]ebc-
kdbc yaud, fZl_fZlbdm, _kl_kl\_ggu_ gZmdb, gZ\udb jZ[hlu \ hnbk_,
nhlh]jZnbx b ijh[e_fu hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û. Y gZiheh\bgm eb\Zg_p, Z
gZiheh\bgm Zjfygbg, gh y ]h\hjx lhevdh ih-Zg]ebckdb b ih- eb\Zgkdb.
www.5balls.ru
28
Fg_ 18 e_l b y `b\m k fZfhc, iZihc, q_lujvfy k_kljZfb b h^gbf
[jZlhf. Fg_ ^_ckl\bl_evgh gjZ\blky `blv \ [hevrhc k_fv_.
KZg^jZ DZkkZ[bZg.
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rdhem KljZlfhj. K_cqZk y \ 10 deZkk_.
Fhc ex[bfuc ij_^f_l \ rdhe_ Zg]ebckdbc, ihlhfm qlh y
ex[ex ibkZlv. Fg_ lZd`_ gjZ\blky fmaudZ, b y b]jZx gZ Zevl-
kZdkhnhg_ \ rdhevghf hjd_klj_. Fhy ex[bfZy fmaudZ ^`Za. Y \
rdhevghc ^bkdmkkbhgghc dhfZg^_. Fu khj_\gm_fky k ^jm]bfb rdh-
eZfb jZchgZ. Hkgh\gZy ijbqbgZ, ihq_fm y ex[ex ^bkdmkkbb ih-
lhfm qlh y ex[ex \uklmiZlv k j_qvx. Y bgh]^Z ex[ex imklblv iuev
\ ]eZaZ. Y lZd`_ ex[ex ijh\h^blv \j_fy k ^jmavyfb. Fu kZ^bfky gZ
ih_a^ ^h F_ev[mjgZ b b^_f \ dbgh beb oh^bf ih fZ]ZabgZf.
Y g_fgh]h agZx h Jhkkbb. hjh]b_ ^jmavy.
Ijb\_l! Y mqmkv \ Kb^g__, :\kljZeby. Y oh`m \ dhee_^` DZkb-
fbj. Fg_ gjZ\blky fhy rdheZ. Ihlhfm qlh \ g_c Zlfhkn_jZ kqZklvy.
Fhy rdheZ ij_êZ]Z_l [hevrhc \u[hj ij_^f_lh\. Fhb ex[bfu_
ij_^f_lu: ijZ\h\_^_gb_ b bklhjby ^j_\g_]h fbjZ. Y ex[ex qblZlv
b kemrZlv fmaudm. Y lZd`_ ex[ex oh^blv gZ iey`. < :\kljZebb e_-
lhf fh`_l [ulv hq_gv `Zjdh, Z abfhc hq_gv oheh^gh.
Fhb jh^bl_eb bffb]jbjh\Zeb \ :\kljZebx, dh]^Z [ueb fheh-
ûfb. Ih ijhbkoh`^_gbx y ihjlm]Ze_p, b y [ue \ Ihjlm]Zebb
h^gZ`û.
Ihe <v_jZ.
>hjh]b_ ^jmavy \ Jhkkbb.
Fg_ ihqlb 17 e_l b y mqmkv \h^blv fZrbgm. DZd ^_eZ \ Jhkkbb?
A^_kv \ :\kljZebb \k_ ohjhrh.
Fhy rdheZ gZau\Z_lky y dhee_^` DZkbfbj b wlh rdheZ k kh\f_-
klguf h[mq_gb_f. Mq_gbdb gZqbgZxl oh^blv kx^Z \ 7 deZkk b aZ-
dZgqb\Zxl \ 12-hf. < gZr_c rdhe_ mqZlky klm^_glu jZaguo gZpbh-
gZevghkl_c.
Fh_ oh[[b dhee_dpbhgbjh\Zlv klbob. Y lZd`_ ex[ex ibkZlv
klbob.
=j_ckbZg I_eZch.
Kj_^gyy rdheZ KljZlfhj.
I_kdhm <_ce Jhm^, KljZlfhj
L_e_nhg : 379 7999
www.5balls.ru
29
>bj_dlhj: fbkl_j D_g OZj[hle
AZf_klbl_eb ^bj_dlhjZ: fbkk >`Zg Fwkk b fbkk Eehck Djx]_j.
>ey f_gy [hevrh_ m^h\hevkl\b_ ijb\_lkl\h\Zlv klm^_glh\ ba
Jhkkbb. DZ`_lky, fbj k dZ`ûf ]h^hf klZgh\blky \k_ f_gvr_, b fh-
ehû_ ex^b, \ :\kljZebb eb beb \ Jhkkbb, [m^ml ^_eblvky agZgbyfb
b bgl_j_kZfb. @_eZx \Zf m^Zqb \ mq_[_ b \ [m^ms_f.
D_g OZj[hle.
RdhevgZy nhjfZ.
< rdhe_ hl mq_gbdh\ h`b^Zxl, qlh \k_ mq_gbdb 7 11 deZkkh\
[m^ml ghkblv ihegmx nhjfm.
NhjfZ fZevqbdh\.
Imeh\_j [mluehqgh]h p\_lZ, k_jZy jm[ZrdZ, k_ju_ [jxdb, q_j-
gu_ dh`Zgu_ [hlbgdb b dmjldZ [_ck[hevghc dhfZgû dhee_^`Z.
NhjfZ ^_\hq_d.
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ghc dhfZgû dhee_^`Z. E_lhf rdhevgh_ ieZlv_ beb iebkkbjh\Zggu_
rhjlu [mluehqgh]h p\_lZ. Abfhc [_eZy jm[ZrdZ b beb rdhevgZy x[dZ
ba rhleZg^db beb l_fgh-a_e_gu_ [jxdb, krblu_ ihjlguf.
Kihjlb\gZy nhjfZ.
Kihjlb\gZy jm[ZrdZ k dhjhldbf jmdZ\hf rdheu KljZlfhj b
d_idZ êy b]jZ \ j_][b. Q_jgu_ kihjlb\gu_ rhjlu b djhkkh\db.
Mq_[guc ieZg
7 deZkk
dhfie_dkgh_ h[mq_gb_
(Zg]ebckdbc yaud / bklhjby)
]_h]jZnby
fZl_fZlbdZ
_kl_kl\_ggu_ gZmdb
nbabq_kdh_ b ebqgh_ jZa\blb_
- ^hfh\h^kl\h
- h[mq_gb_ êy `bagb
- nbabq_kdZy dmevlmjZ
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bkdmkkl\h
bkihegbl_evgu_ \bû bkdmkkl\Z
- fmaudZ
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yaudb
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l_ogheh]bb
www.5balls.ru
30
- bgnhjfZpby
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8 - 10 deZkku
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bklhjby
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- fZl_jbZeu b l_ogheh]bb (ih jZ[hl_ k ^_j_\hf)
www.5balls.ru
31
bkdmkkl\h
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l_ogheh]bb
- bgnhjfZpbhggu_ l_ogheh]bb
- fZl_jbZeu b l_ogheh]bb (ih jZ[hl_ k ^_j_\hf)
- l_ogheh]bq_kdbc ^baZcg b jZa\blb_(ibs_\u_0
bkdmkkl\h
- bkdmkkl\h
- ]jZnbq_kdh_ h[s_gb_
www.5balls.ru
32
- fmaudZ
- fmaudZevgh_ bkdmkkl\h / ]jmiih\h_ bkiheg_gb_
- ij_^klZ\e_gb_
- fmaudZevgh_ bkdmkkl\h / bkiheg_gb_ kheh
- bahklm^by
- l_ZljZevgh_ h[mq_gb_
]mfZgblZjgu_ gZmdb
- bklhjby :\kljZebb
- ]_h]jZnby
- jZa\blb_ q_eh\_dZ b h[s_kl\Z
- f_`^mgZjh^gu_ hlghr_gby
- ebl_jZlmjZ
- ]hjh^ \ bklhjbb
- kZgblZjgh_ ijhk\_s_gb_
yaudb
- kh\j_f_gguc ]j_q_kdbc
- blZevygkdbc
h[mq_gb_ [bag_km
- [mo]Zel_jkdbc mq_l
- wdhghfbdZ
- ijZ\h\_^_gb_
>hihegbl_evgu_ aZgylby
RdheZ ij_êZ]Z_l rbjhdbc \u[hj dhfZg^guo \b^h\ kihjlZ, Z
lZd`_ Zle_lbdm, ieZ\Zgb_ b khj_\gh\Zgby ih [_]m ih i_j_k_q_gghc
f_klghklb. Ijh]jZffZ bkihegbl_evkdbo \b^h\ bkdmkkl\Z ij_êZ]Z_l
lZdb_ aZgylby dZd rdhevgh_ ijhba\h^kl\h, rdhevguc hjd_klj b
rdhevgu_ ZgkZf[eb.
MqZklb_ mq_gbdh\ ihhsjy_lky mqZklb_f \ jZaebqguo khj_\gh-
\Zgbyo b \jmq_gb_f ZdZ^_fbq_kdbo GZ]jZ^ aZ >hklb`_gby. >Zev-
g_crb_ \hafh`ghklb ij_^hklZ\eyxlky q_j_a \_^_gb_ ^bkdmkkbb,
im[ebqgu_ \uklmie_gby, ijZ\e_gb_ mq_gbdh\ b ijh]jZffm ih^-
^_j`db.
Q_f \u aZgbfZ_l_kv ihke_ rdheu? <ZrZ rdheZ ij_^hklZ\-
ey_l ^hihegbl_evgu_ aZgylby?
Our school doesnt provide many extracurricular activities. We have
a school choir and some pupils play in it. sometimes we have drama
classes but usually it is provided to stage something for a celebration.
>hfh\h^kl\h.
< kj_^g_c rdhe_ KljZlfhj \k_ mq_gbdb 7 10 deZkkh\ bamqZxl
^hfh\h^kl\h dZd h[yaZl_evguc ij_^f_l. P_ev wlh]h ij_^f_lZ
jZa\blv mf_gby \ ijb]hlh\e_gbb _û b ihgylv ijbqbgu ijh[e_f kh
a^hjh\v_f. Mq_gbdb mqZlky ]hlh\blv jZaebqgu_ [ex^Z, \dexqZy:
www.5balls.ru
33
Djhdh^beh\uc Oe_[ wlh oe_[ k [_dhghf, a_e_guf i_jp_f b
kujhf, dhlhjuc \u]ey^bl dZd djhdh^be \ ]hlh\hf \b^_.
Kmi k ;mehqdZfb k KhkbkdZfb b fgh]b_ ^jm]b_ \dmkgu_ [ex^Z.
IbsZ, dhlhjmx fu _^bf \ :\kljZebb j_amevlZl [hevrh]h
jZaghh[jZaby dmevlmj, \dexqZy Zg]ebckdmx, blZevygkdmx, ZabZl-
kdmx, jmkkdmx, ]j_q_kdmx, lmj_pdmx b fgh]b_ ^jm]b_. LZdbf h[jZ-
ahf, gZa\Zlv [ex^Z, dhlhju_ [ueb [u lhevdh Z\kljZebckdbfb keh`-
gh. H^gb ba [ex^, oZjZdl_jguo êy :\kljZebb y[[bk b [bnrl_dk
ba d_g]mjm. Hq_gv ihimeyjguf kihkh[hf ijb]hlh\e_gby ibsb \
:\kljZebb y\ey_lky rZreud.
>`_g Fwkk.
Ihijh[mcl_ wlhl j_p_il:
Djhdh^beh\uc Oe_[ k kujhf b ;_dhghf.
Bg]j_^b_glu êy gZqbgdb
2 lhgdbo ehflbdZ \_lqbgu
1 / 3 gZj_aZggh]h dm[bdZfb a_e_gh]h i_jpZ
60 ]jZff gZl_jlh]h gZ l_jd_ kujZ
2 qZcguo eh`db a_jgbklhc ]hjqbpu
Bg]j_^b_glu êy l_klZ
20 ]jZff oe_[Z
1 qZrdZ ijhk_ygghc fmdb
qZrdb ijhk_ygghc fmdb, ba]hlh\e_gghc ba p_eh]h a_jgZ k hljm-
[yfb
150 fe]j. fhehdZ
1) Kf_rZcl_ bg]j_^b_glu gZqbgdb.
2) I_j_p b [_dhg iheh`bl_ gZ kdh\hjh^dm b ]hlh\vl_ ijb gbadhc
l_fi_jZlmj_ ^h lh]h dZd [_dhg klZg_l ijhajZqguf.
3) HoeZ^bl_.
4) Kf_rZcl_ bg]j_^b_glu êy l_klZ.
5) < [hevrhc fbkd_ jZahljbl_ fmdm b fZkeh, ^h l_o ihj ihdZ kf_kv
g_ [m^_l gZihfbgZlv oe_[gu_ djhrdb.
6) >h[Z\vl_ \k_ fhehdh kjZam b i_j_f_rb\Zcl_ ^h fy]dh]h l_klZ.
7) Iheh`bl_ gZ ke_]dZ ihkuiZggmx fmdhc ^hkdm b f_kbl_ ^h lh]h
dZd l_klh klZg_l ohjhrh \uf_rZgguf.
8) E_i_rdm l_klZ jZkdZlZcl_ \ ijyfhm]hevgbd 29 gZ 30 kZglbf_l-
jh\.
9) GZfZ`vl_ l_klh ]hjqbp_c.
10) Ihkuivl_ k\_jom kf_kvx [_dhgZ b a_e_gh]h i_jpZ, \f_kl_ k ku-
jhf.
11) JZkdZlZcl_ dZd êy jme_lZ k \Zj_gv_f.
12) Bkihevamy gh`gbpu, k^_eZcl_ gZ^j_au ih^ m]ehf 45 ]jZ^mkh\
gZ lhesbgu l_klZ gZ ijhf_`mldZo ljb kZglbf_ljZ. Ihhq_j_^gh jZa-
eh`bl_ dmkhqdb gZe_\h b gZijZ\h.
www.5balls.ru
34
13) KfZ`vl_ fhehdhf. AZi_dZcl_ \ \_jog_c iheh\bg_ ^moh\db
ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ 200 ]jZ^mkh\ ih P_evkbx
14) < l_q_gb_ 20 25 fbgml, beb ^h ahehlbklhc dhjhqdb.
KjZam `_ ih^Zcl_ gZ klhe.
>ey bgnhjfZpbb
Kh\_lu ijZ\bevgh]h iblZgby.
?rvl_ [hevr_ de_lhqghc ibsb.
Ijbf_ju: k\_`b_, h\hsb, oe_[ ba g_h[jZ[hlZggh]h a_jgZ b djmiZ.
?rvl_ [hevr_ ibsb k m]e_\h^Zfb.
Ijbf_ju: iZklZ, jbk b [h[u.
?rvl_ f_gvr_ fykZ b ^jm]bo ijh^mdlh\ k \ukhdbf kh^_j`Zgb_f
[_edZ.
Ijbf_ju: fZkeh, ybqgu_ `_eldb, `Zj_gZy ibsZ.
?rvl_ f_gvr_ kheb b kZoZjZ.
I_cl_ f_gvr_ dhn_, qZy b dheu.
>bkdmkkbhggZy dhfZg^Z
>hjh]Zy >`be.
Y [ueZ jZ^Z, qlh l_[_ ihgjZ\behkv fh_ ibkvfh b y k m^h\hevkl-
\b_f gZibrm _s_ g_fgh]h h fh_c ^bkdmkkbhgghc dhfZg^_. Y gZqZeZ
ijbgbfZlv mqZklb_ \h \gmljbrdhevguo ^_[ZlZo \ ijhrehf ]h^m,
dh]^Z y [ueZ \ 9 deZkk_. Y j_rbeZ aZgylvky wlbf, ihlhfm qlh ohl_eZ
memqrblv k\h_ mf_gb_ ]h\hjblv gZ im[ebd_ b ^mfZeZ, qlh wlh [m^_l
\_k_eh. Y \k_]^Z lj_lvy, dlh ]h\hjbl \ gZr_c dhfZg^_, qlh hagZqZ_l,
qlh y \ hkgh\ghf hijh\_j]Zx ^h\hû ^jm]hc dhfZgû (kihjx, qlh
bo Zj]mf_glu g_\_jgu) b kmffbjmx Zj]mf_glu k\h_c dhfZgû. Fg_
gjZ\blky [ulv lj_lvbf, dlh ]h\hjbl, ihlhfm qlh wlh hagZqZ_l, qlh
ihke_^g__ keh\h aZ fghc.
Dh]^Z \_^_rv ^bkdmkkbx k ^jm]hc rdhehc, ihemqZ_rv l_fm êy
dZ`ûo ^_[Zlh\ b l_[_ ]h\hjyl, ijb\h^brv eb lu ^h\hû aZ beb
ijhlb\. L_fu \Zjvbjmxlky hl \_k_euo ^Z k_jv_aguo \hijhkh\. Y
mqZkl\h\ZeZ \ ^_[ZlZo ih lZdbf l_fZf dZd E_khaZ]hlh\dZ ^he`gZ
[ulv aZij_s_gZ b Wlhl \b^ kihjlZ ^he`_g [ulv h[yaZl_evguf \
rdhe_, \ dhgp_ dZ`ûo ^_[Zlh\ lj_l_ckdbc km^vy h[ty\ey_l kq_l b
dhff_glbjm_l ^bkdmkkbx. AZl_f h[ty\ey_lky emqrbc kibd_j b ih-
[_^b\rZy dhfZg^Z.
< ijhrehf ]h^m fhy dhfZg^Z k g_[hevrbf jZaju\hf \ kq_l_ g_
ihiZeZ gZ nbgZe. < wlhf ]h^m fu ihiZeb lm^Z b [ueb g_ij_\ahc-
^_ggufb, ihiZ\ \ ]eZ\gu_ nbgZevgu_ khj_\gh\Zgby. D kh`Ze_gbx,
y b qe_gu fh_c dhfZgû ijhb]jZeb ihqlb \ ihke_^g_c ^bkdmkkbb.
Fg_ gjZ\blky mqZkl\h\Zlv \ ^_[ZlZo, ihlhfm qlh g_kfhljy gZ lh,
qlh wlh ly`_eZy jZ[hlZ b fh`_l [ulv mlhfbl_evghc, hgZ ihfh]Z_l
klZlv m\_j_gg__ b jZa\blv kihkh[ghklv ohjhrh ijb\h^blv ^h\hû.
www.5balls.ru
35
Wlh lZd`_ iha\hey_l fg_ \klj_qZlvky k dhee_]Zfb ih ^bkdmkkbb ba
^jm]bo rdhe, b [ulv qe_ghf dhfZgû a^hjh\h. B dhg_qgh \ub]ju-
\Zlv a^hjh\h!
Bkdj_gg_ l\hy, Wfbeb :g^_jkhg.
H[jZah\Zgb_ \ ;jblZgbb
Ih`ZemcklZ, ijhqlbl_ ke_^mxsbc iZjZ]jZn. AZl_f hl\_lvl_
gZ \hijhku, bkihevamy ih^q_jdgmlu_ keh\Z.
Fgh]b_ [jblZgkdb_ ^_lb b^ml \ rdhem \ 3 beb 4 ]h^Z, _keb jy^hf k
^hfhf _klv b]jh\Zy rdheZ. <k_ ^_lb b^ml \ gZqZevgmx rdhem \ \hajZkl_
5 e_l. G_dhlhju_ jh^bl_eb ieZlyl aZ lh, qlh[u bo ^_lb oh^beb \ qZklgmx
rdhem, gh \k_ ^_lb bf_xl ijZ\h ihclb \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx rdhem, dhlh-
jZy [_kieZlgZy. AZl_f hgb [m^ml mqblvky \ kj_^g_c rdhe_ ^h 16 beb 18
e_l. G_dhlhju_ mq_gbdb j_rZxl ijh^he`Zlv h[mq_gb_ \ mgb\_jkbl_l_
beb \ ihebl_ogbq_kdhf dhee_^`_, ]^_ hgb bamqZxl ZdZ^_fbq_kdb_ ij_^-
f_lu. >jm]b_ j_rZxl ihclb \ dhee_^`, ]^_ hgb fh]ml bamqZlv [he__
ijZdlbq_kdb_ ij_^f_lu, lZdb_ dZd bkdmkkl\h beb bg`_g_jbx.
1) DZdZy rdheZ y\ey_lky i_j\hc, \ dhlhjmx j_[_ghd fh`_l ihclb?
A play school is the first a child can attend. (I_j\hc rdhehc, \ dh-
lhjmx j_[_ghd fh`_l ihclb, y\ey_lky b]jh\Zy rdheZ).
2) ?keb j_[_gdm 8 e_l, \ dZdmx rdhem hg / hgZ oh^bl \ ;jblZgbb?
If a child is 8 years old he / she attends primary school.(?keb j_[_g-
dm 8 e_l, hg / hgZ oh^bl \ gZqZevgmx rdhem).
3) H[yaZl_evgh eb ieZlblv, qlh[u mqblvky \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc rdhe_?
No, it isn`t. State school is free. (G_l, g_ h[yaZl_evgh. =hkm^Zjkl-
\_ggZy rdheZ [_kieZlgZy).
4) < dZdhf \hajZkl_ mq_gbd aZdZgqb\Z_l kj_^gxx rdhem?
A student can leave secondary school at the age of 16 or 18. (Mq_gbd
fh`_l aZdhgqblv kj_^gxx rdhem \ \hajZkl_ 16 beb 18 e_l).
5) Dm^Z b^_l q_eh\_d, qlh[u bamqZlv bklhjbx?
A person goes to a university to study History. (Qlh[u bamqZlv bk-
lhjbx q_eh\_d b^_l \ mgb\_jkbl_l).
2. Ih`ZemcklZ, gZibrbl_ hibkZgb_ kbkl_fu h[mq_gby \ \Z-
r_c kljZg_. KjZ\gbl_ k\hb aZibkb k aZibkyfb h^ghdeZkkgbdh\.
Kh\iZ^Zxl eb aZibkb h^ghdeZkkgbdh\ k \Zrbfb?
In Russia many children can go to a nursery at the age of 3 or 4. All
children start primary school at the age of 7. Some parents can pay for a
private school but every child can attend a state school. Then the children
move on to a secondary school. They can leave it at the age of 15 or 17.
They can continue their education at a college or go to a university.
(< Jhkkbb ^_lb fh]ml ihclb \ ^_lkdbc kZ^ \ 3 4 ]h^Z. <k_ ^_lb
b^ml \ gZqZevgmx rdhem \ \hajZkl_ 7 e_l. G_dhlhju_ jh^bl_eb fh-
www.5balls.ru
36
]ml ieZlblv aZ h[mq_gb_ \ qZklghc rdhe_, gh ex[hc j_[_ghd fh`_l
mqblvky \ ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc rdhe_. AZl_f ^_lb i_j_oh^yl \ kj_^gxx
rdhem. Hgb fh]ml aZdhgqblv __ \ \hajZkl_ 15 beb 17 e_l. Hgb fh]ml
ijh^he`blv h[jZah\Zgb_ \ dhee_^`_ beb ihclb \ mgb\_jkbl_l.)
H[jZah\Zgb_ \ :\kljZebb ijhlb\ h[jZah\Zgby
\ Kh_^bg_gguo RlZlZo
DZ`ûc rlZl b l_jjblhjby \ :\kljZebb ba^Zxl k\hb aZdhgu h[
h[jZah\Zgbb. Lh `_ fh`gh kdZaZlv b h KR:. B \ :\kljZebb b \
KR: \ gZebqbb bf_xlky qZklgu_ rdheu \ ^hiheg_gb_ d [_kieZl-
guf ]hkm^Zjkl\_gguf rdheZf.
< KR: ^_lb \ \hajZkl_ hl 5 ^h 16 h[yaZgu oh^blv \ rdhem. <
:\kljZebb ^_lb \ \hajZkl_ hl 6 ^h 15 h[yaZgu oh^blv \ rdhem, aZ
bkdexq_gb_f LZkfZgbb. < LZkfZgbb ^_lb oh^yl \ rdhem ^h 16 e_l.
< KR: ^_lkdb_ kZû y\eyxlky h[yaZl_evgufb, Z \ :\kljZebb g_l.
< :\kljZebb mq_[guc ]h^, khklhysbc ba q_luj_o k_f_kljh\, gZ-
qbgZ_lky \ n_\jZe_, f_`^m k_f_kljZfb kms_kl\m_l ^\_ g_^_eb dZgb-
dme. Q_l\_jluc b ihke_^gbc k_f_klj dhgqZ_lky ijb[ebabl_evgh
20 ^_dZ[jy. Jh`^_kl\_gkdb_ dZgbdmeu kh\iZ^Zxl k dhgphf rdheu b
gZqZehf dZgbdme. Mq_gbdb \ha\jZsZxlky \ rdhem \ n_\jZe_. <
KR: dZgbdmeu êylky k bxgy ih Z\]mkl.
< :\kljZebb gZqZevgZy rdheZ ^_eblky gZ r_klv deZkkh\. Kj_^-
gyy rdheZ khklhbl ba deZkkh\ k k_^vfh]h ih ^\_gZ^pZluc. <k_ mq_-
gbdb kj_^g_c rdheu ghkyl nhjfm. Mq_gbdb kj_^g_c rdheu \ KR:
g_ ghkyl nhjfm \ rdhe_.
Mq_gbdb \ Kh_^bg_gguo RlZlZo _^yl ]hjyqbc e_gq \ rdhe_. :\-
kljZebckdb_ mq_gbdb g_l.
< :\kljZebb [hevrb_ rdheu gZoh^ylky \ [hevrbo ]hjh^Zo gZ ih-
[_j_`v_. Rdheu k h^gbf ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_f jZkiheh`_gu \ k_evkdhc
f_klghklb. Mqbl_ev \ k_evkdhc f_klghklb fh`_l mqblv \k_ deZkku, \
dhlhjuo fh`_l [ulv ih h^ghfm ^\mf mq_gbdZf. Mq_gbdb, `b\msb_
^Ze_dh hl ]hjh^Z, mqZlky \ RdheZo ih \ha^mom. DZ`ûc ^_gv \h
\j_fy, \ dhlhjh_ ^he`gu [ulv rdheZ, hgb kemrZxl mqbl_ey ih jZ^bh.
M mq_gbdh\ k\hb dgb]b. Hgb hl\_qZxl gZ \hijhku \ fbdjhnhg. Mqb-
l_ev hij_^_ey_l ^hfZrgb_ aZ^Zgby. <uiheg_ggmx ^hfZrgxx jZ[hlm
hlijZ\eyxl ih ihql_ mqbl_ex. HgZ h[km`^Z_lky ih fbdjhnhgm, bk-
ijZ\ey_lky b hlkueZ_lky h[jZlgh. < Kh_^bg_gguo rlZlZo g_dhlhju_
^_lb mqZlky ^hfZ. Bo jh^bl_eb y\eyxlky bo mqbl_eyfb!
1. Ih`ZemcklZ, jZkiheh`bl_ ke_^mxsb_ ml\_j`^_gby ih
gm`guf aZ]heh\dhf: :\kljZeby beb Kh_^bg_ggu_ RlZlu.
:\kljZeby Kh_^bg_ggu_ RlZlu
Summer vacation from December to
Eebruary. (E_lgb_ dZgbdmeu k ^_dZ[jy
ih n_\jZev).
Secondary school students do not wear
uniforms to school. (M_gbdb kj_^g_c
rdheu g_ ghkyl nhjfm \ rdhem).
www.5balls.ru
37
:\kljZeby Kh_^bg_ggu_ RlZlu
Some students go to School of the Air.
(G_dhlhju_ mq_gbdb mqZlky \ RdheZo
ih \ha^mom).
Students ages 6 to 15 or 16 attend school.
(>_lb k 6 ^h 15 beb 16 e_l oh^yl \
rdhem).
Secondary school students wear uniforms
to school. (Mq_gbdb kj_^g_c rdheu gh-
kyl nhjfm).
Students do not eat a hot lunch at school.
(Mq_gbdb g_ _^yl ]hjyqbc e_gq \ rdhe_).
Children ages 5 to 16 attend school.
(>_lb k 5 ^h 16 e_l oh^yl \ rdhem).
Students eat a hot lunch at school.
(Mq_gbdb _^yl ]hjyqbc e_gq \
rdhe_).
Summer vacation from June to
August. (DZgbdmeu k bxgy ih Z\-
]mkl).
Some students attend school at home.
(G_dhlhju_ ^_lb mqZlky ^hfZ).
2. >h[Z\vl_ lj_lvx dhehgdm êy k\h_c kljZgu. H[mq_gb_ \
\Zr_c kljZg_ ihoh`_ gZ h[mq_gb_ \ :\kljZebb beb KR:?
Russia.
Secondary school students do not wear uniforms to school. (M_gbdb kj_^g_c
rdheu g_ ghkyl nhjfm \ rdhem).
Children ages 7 to 17 attend school.(>_lb k 7 ^h 17 e_l oh^yl \ rdhem).
Students eat a hot lunch at school. (Mq_gbdb _^yl ]hjyqbc e_gq \ rdhe_).
Summer vacation from June to August. (DZgbdmeu k bxgy ih Z\]mkl).
Education in my country resembles that of the United States. (H[m-
q_gb_ \ fh_c kljZg_ ihoh`_ gZ h[mq_gb_ \ KR:).
;_ahiZkghklv ij_`^_ \k_]h
;_ahiZkghklv \ Z\lh[mk_ \Z`gZ, gh [hevrbgkl\h g_kqZklguo
kemqZ_\ ijhbkoh^yl, dh]^Z ex^b \g_ Z\lh[mkZ.
Ohly k_jv_agu_ g_kqZklgu_ kemqZb d kqZklvx j_^db hkgh\ghc
aZ[hlhc Z\lh[mkghc bg^mkljbb y\eyxlky fhehû_ ex^b, i_j_[_-
]Zxsb_ ^hjh]m ihke_ lh]h, dZd koh^yl k Z\lh[mkZ. AZihfgbl_, qlh
\h^bl_eb g_ \b^yl \Zk, Z \u g_ \b^bl_ Z\lhfh[bebklh\, ihdZ Z\lh[mk
\k_ _s_ klhbl.
<_èb\hklv - gZ \lhjhf f_kl_
Ih`ZemcklZ magZcl_, qlh y\ey_lky ohjhrbf b ^h[juf \ wlbo
ijZ\beZo. DZdb_ ba wlbo ijZ\be k^_eZeb [u \Zk emqr_?
<f_kl_ k [_ahiZkghklvx ijbgbfZcl_ \h \gbfZgb_ \_èb\hklv ih
hlghr_gbx d ^jm]bf iZkkZ`bjZf.
?keb \ Z\lh[mk \oh^bl ih`behc q_eh\_d, mklmibl_ _fm / _c k\h_
f_klh.
Ihfgbl_, \ Z\lh[mkZo g_ jZaj_rZ_lky _klv b iblv.
>_j`bl_ kmfdb ih^ k\hbf kb^_gv_f, Z g_ \ ijhoh^_ beb gZ kb^_gv_.
G_ hl\e_dZcl_ \h^bl_ey (beb ^jm]bo iZkkZ`bjh\) iehobf ih\_-
^_gb_f beb ]jhfdbfb a\mdZfb.
I_j_^ l_f, dZd \hclb \ Z\lh[mk, ijb]hlh\vl_ m^hklh\_j_gb_ gZ
ijh_a^, [be_l beb f_ehqv.
IjZ\bevgh \oh^bl_ \ Z\lh[mk, g_ lhedZcl_kv b g_ iboZcl_kv.
www.5balls.ru
38
AZjZg__ ij_^mij_^bl_ \h^bl_ey, dh]^Z \u ohlbl_ khclb.
Ihfgbl_, qlh k\hbfb ohjhrbfb fZg_jZfb \u ih^Z_l_ ijbf_j
fZe_gvdbf ^_lyf.
;he__ e_]dbc ^hklmi
=hkm^Zjkl\_gguc h[s_kl\_gguc ljZgkihjl \ Kb^g__ ^_eZ_l ijh-
_a^ gZ Z\lh[mk_ êy ex^_c, bf_xsbo ljm^ghklb k i_j_^\b`_gb_f,
\dexqZy ex^_c, i_j_^\b]Zxsbcky gZ bg\Zeb^guo dheykdZo b ex^_c
k ^_lkdbfb dheykdZfb, e_]q_.
Ijh\h^ylky kh[jZgby k ex^vfb jZaguo ]jmii bg\Zeb^ghklb, gZ
dhlhjuo h[km`^Z_lky \k_klhjhggbc, ^he]hkjhqguc ieZg, qlh[u
ljZgkihjl klZe [he__ e_]dh ^hklmiguf.
Rdhevgu_ aZij_lu b ij_îbkZgby \ :\kljZebb \ 1880.
< 1880 G?
HiZaû\Zcl_ \ rdhem.
Bkihevamcl_ `Zj]hggu_ \ujZ`_gby.
IhdZau\Zcl_ k\hb jmdb b dhe_gb.
Oh^bl_ k ]jyagufb gh]lyfb.
QblZcl_ aZij_s_ggu_ fZl_jbZeu.
Ijheb\Zcl_ q_jgbeZ.
KlZ\vl_ deydku.
L_jycl_ im]h\bpu k [hlbghd.
Ijboh^bl_ \ rdhem k \bkysbfb ih^ly`dZfb.
J\bl_ ghkdb.
DeZ^bl_ ehdlb gZ iZjlm.
Djmlbl_kv \ rdhe_.
Klmqbl_ gh]Zfb.
Ljh]Zcl_ ebph.
Q_rbl_kv.
DeZ^bl_ ey]mr_d \ klhe mqbl_ey.
Ijbghkbl_ ^hfZrgbo af_c \ rdhem.
Meu[Zcl_kv.
ObobdZcl_.
JZa]h\Zjb\Zcl_.
Ofmjvl_kv.
<_k_ebl_kv \hh[s_!
< 1880
Ijboh^bl_ \ rdhem aZjZg__.
Ijbghkbl_ mqbl_ex y[ehdh.
:ddmjZlgh aZ\yau\Zcl_ \hehku.
Oh^bl_ k qbklufb jmdZfb b gh]lyfb.
:ddmjZlgh ibrbl_.
Mqbl_ eZlugv b ]j_q_kdbc.
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39
1. Qlh \u ^mfZ_l_ h aZij_lZo b ij_îbkZgbyo \ 1880 ]h^m \
:\kljZebb?
They are very strict. I think pupils felt like convicts. They were not
allowed to do natural things and were made to be always on the alert.
2. DZd \u ^mfZ_l_, k_cqZk \ :\kljZebb aZij_lu b ij_îbkZ-
gby kbevgh hlebqZxlky hl aZij_lh\ b ij_îbkZgbc 1880 ]h^Z?
Yes, I think Dos and Donts greatly differ from 1880. I think now
pupils are given more freedom.
3. <u fh`_l_ gZibkZlv kibkhd aZij_lh\ b ij_îbkZgbc k\h_c
rdheu?
4. IhklZjZcl_kv, qlh[u ijZ\beZ [ueb \ iheh`bl_evghc
nhjf_. GZijbf_j, gZibrbl_: Ijboh^bl_ \ rdhem \h\j_fy,
\f_klh: G_ hiZaû\Zcl_.
Dont
Push
Bring knives
Smoke
Bring alcohol
Do
Come to school on time
Be neat
Be clean
Write carefully
Pay attention during your classes
Ask the teacher to explain
Be ready with your homework
Be polite
Respect your classmates and teachers
Help your classmates
Be active
?keb \u ohlbl_ [ulv ohjhrbf q_eh\_dhf.
AZihfgbl_ wlb ijhklu_ ijZ\beZ:
Ih^qbgycl_kv klZjrbf, ihfh]Zcl_ ih ^hfm
KfhjdZcl_kv \f_klh lh]h, qlh[u rfu]Zlv ghkhf,
;m^vl_ ij_^Zggu ^jmavyf,
;m^vl_ qbklufb b hijylgufb,
IjbgbfZcl_ hl\_lkl\_gghklv aZ lh, qlh \u ^_eZ_l_.
<k_]^Z fhcl_ jmdb i_j_^ _^hc.
Qbklbl_ am[u b jZkq_ku\Zcl_ \hehku mljhf b \_q_jhf.
>urbl_ ghkhf.
Hldju\Zcl_ hdgZ ^g_f b ghqvx.
B]jZcl_ gZ \ha^mo_ dZd fh`gh [hevr_.
JZgh eh`bl_kv 10 qZkh\ kgZ jZgh \klZ\Zcl_.
Fhcl_kv k fuehf b l_iehc \h^hc, dZd fh`gh qZs_.
1. Dh]^Z, ih \Zr_fm fg_gbx, wlb ijZ\beZ [ueb gZibkZgu \
:\kljZebb?
I suppose they were written many years ago.
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40
2. DZd \u kqblZ_l_, ke_^h\Zgb_ wlbf ijZ\beZf k^_eZ_l \Zk
ohjhrbfb ex^vfb?
I think they would make me healthy and clean but at the same time they
mention some features of a good person, like obeying ones elders and
accepting responsibility.
3. DZdb_ ijZ\beZ \u [u ^h[Z\beb beb aZf_gbeb?
Look after those who are younger than you are
Help your friends
Be polite
Be punctual
IjZdlbdm_fky kemrZlv
Ibkvfh ba :\kljZebb.
KZrZ gZibkZe >`hmb. IjhkemrZcl_, dZd >`hmb qblZ_l ibkvfh
\kemo. IjhkemrZcl_ _s_ jZa b h[\_^bl_ ijZ\bevgu_ hl\_lu ba ijb\_-
^_gguo gb`_.
kf. Tapescripts.
1. Hl\_lvl_ gZ ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku.
1) =^_ gZoh^blky KZrZ?
Sasha is in Australia. (KZrZ gZoh^blky \ :\kljZebb).
2) >he]h eb hg lZf gZoh^blky?
He has been there for two weeks. (Hg gZoh^blky lZf m`_ ^\_ g_^_eb).
3) Hg hklZgh\beky \ ohjhr_f hl_e_?
No, he isn`t. He is staying with an Australian family. (G_l. Hg `b\_l k
Z\kljZebckdhc k_fv_c).
4) Hg kh[bjZ_lky ihk_lblv Z\kljZebckdmx rdhem?
No, he isnt. He has already visited an Australian school. He is going on
excursion the next day. (G_l. Hg m`_ ihk_lbe Z\kljZebckdmx rdhem. Hg
kh[bjZ_lky gZ wdkdmjkbx gZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv).
IjZdlbdm_fky ibkZlv
1. Ih`ZemcklZ, \u[_jbl_ ^jm]Z ih i_j_ibkd_ ba wlhc ]eZ\u.
Ih`ZemcklZ gZibrbl_ _fm / _c ibkvfh. Bkihevamcl_ wlh g_hnb-
pbZevgh_ ibkvfh dZd h[jZa_p. ?keb \u aZohlbl_ ihkeZlv ibkv-
fh, g_h[oh^bfu_ Z^j_kZ ijb\_^_gu gb`_.
E_gbg]jZ^kdbc ijhki_dl, 10
Fhkd\Z, Jhkkby, 104100
>hjh]Zy Wfbeb.
Ijb\_l, f_gy ah\ml :g^j_c b y `b\m \ Fhkd\_, Jhkkby.
Y ijhqblZe l\h_ ibkvfh \ k\h_f mq_[gbd_, Happy English- 3, b y [u
ohl_e klZlv l\hbf ^jm]hf ih i_j_ibkd_. Lu gZibkZeZ, qlh lu b]jZ_rv
gZ kZdkhnhg_. Y b]jZx gZ kdjbid_. DZ`ûc ^_gv ihke_ rdheu y oh`m \
fmaudZevgmx rdhem. Fhy ex[bfZy fmaudZ ^`Za b deZkkbq_kdZy fm-
audZ.
www.5balls.ru
41
GZ^_xkv, qlh lu kdhjh gZibr_rv.
L\hc ^jm] ih i_j_ibkd_, :g^j_c.
12 Prospect Mira
Moscow, Russia 173613
November 15, 2003
Dear Alysia,
Hello. Me name is Zhenya and I live in Moscow. I read your letter in me
textbook and Id like to become your pen friend. You wrote that you have a
cat and a dog. I like animals very much. I have a dog, a parrot and a turtle.
They are all funny. The turtles name is Tutty. She is very slow and
phlegmatic. I like tennis too.
Please write more about yourself.
Hope to hear from you soon.
Best wishes, Zhenya.
(Ijhki_dl FbjZ, 12
Fhkd\Z, Jhkkby.
15 ghy[jy 2003 ].
>hjh]Zy :ebkby.
Ijb\_l. F_gy ah\ml @_gy b y `b\m \ Fhkd\_. Y ijhq_e l\h_ ibkvfh
\ k\h_f mq_[gbd_ b ohl_e [u klZlv l\hbf ^jm]hf ih i_j_ibkd_. Lu gZ-
ibkZeZ, qlh m l_[y _klv dhrdZ b kh[ZdZ. Y hq_gv ex[ex `b\hlguo. M
f_gy _klv kh[ZdZ, ihim]Zc b q_j_iZoZ. Q_j_iZom ah\ml Lmllb. HgZ hq_gv
f_ê_ggZy b ne_]fZlbqgZy. Y lh`_ ex[ex l_ggbk. Ih`ZemcklZ gZibrb
ih[hevr_ h k_[_.
GZ^_xkv, qlh lu kdhjh gZibr_rv.
K gZbemqrbfb ih`_eZgbyfb, @_gy.)
1) ?keb \u ohlbl_ ihkeZlv ibkvfh h^ghfm ba mq_gbdh\ \ DZlhebq_-
kdhf Dhee_^`_ DZkbfbj, ihrebl_ ibkvfh ih wlhfm Z^j_km:
2) ?keb \u ohlbl_ gZibkZlv h^ghfm ba mq_gbdh\ Dhee_^`Z Kj_^g_-
]h H[mq_gby KljZlfhj, \Zf gm`gh ihkeZlv ibkvfh ih wlhfm Z^j_km:
DZd gZibkZlv ebqgh_ ibkvfh.
:^j_k hlijZ\bl_ey.
>ZlZ
Ijb\_lkl\b_ beb \klmibl_evgZy qZklv ibkvfZ.
Hkgh\ghc l_dkl ibkvfZ.
AZdexqbl_evgZy qZklv.
Dhgph\dZ.
Ihîbkv.
:^j_khlijZ\bl_ey: GZibrbl_ k\hc Z^j_k \ \_jog_f ijZ\hf m]-
em ibkvfZ. G_ ibrbl_ k\h_ bfy.
>ZlZ: GZibrbl_ ^Zlm ih^ Z^j_khf. HklZ\vl_ f_klh f_`^m Z^j_-
khf b ^Zlhc. Kms_kl\mxl jZagu_ gZibkZgby ^Zlu:
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42
Ijb\_lkl\b_beb\klmibl_evgZyqZklvibkvfZ: Ihke_ ijb\_lkl\by
beb \klmibl_evghc qZklb ibkvfZ ihklZ\vl_ aZiylmx. >hjh]ZyWfbeb.
Hkgh\ghcl_dklibkvfZ: GZqgbl_ ibkvfh k ijb\_lkl\by. GZqgb-
l_ k aZ]eZ\ghc [md\u. Ijb\_l Wfbeb DZd ^_eZ? Ba\bgb, qlh y g_
ibkZekiZkb[haZl\h_ibkvfh.
AZdexqbl_evgZyqZklv: AZdZgqb\Zcl_ lZd: Ih`ZemcklZ, gZibrb
fg_ ihkdhj__ GZ^_xkv, qlh lu kdhjh gZibr_rv I_j_^Z\Zc gZb-
emqrb_ih`_eZgbyk\h_ck_fv_
Dhgph\dZ: Ihîbrbl_ ibkvfh. K ex[h\vx([ebadbf ^jmavyf b k_-
fv_). K gZbemqrbfb ih`_eZgbyfb. Bkdj_gg_ <Zr (\ [he__ nhjfZevguo
ibkvfZo). H[uqgh ihke_ wlbo \ujZ`_gbc klZ\blky aZiylZy. L\hc ^jm],
Ihîbkv: ?keb \u ihevah\Zebkv dhfivxl_jhf beb ibrms_c fZ-
rbgdhc, g_ aZ[m^vl_ ihîbkZlv ibkvfh jmdhc.
CHAPTER 3.
J:AGHH;J:AB? DMEVLMJ
KZrZ b Hev]Z magZxl h jmkkdbo \ :\kljZebb. Ih`ZemcklZ, ijh-
qlbl_ ke_^mxsb_ ^bZeh]b \kemo. AZl_f jZau]jZcl_ bo kh k\hbfb h^-
ghdeZkkgbdZfb. Hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ h[jZsZcl_ gZ fh^Zevgu_ ]eZ]heu.
Ihke_ ijhql_gby, ih`ZemcklZ, \uihegbl_ mijZ`g_gby.
JZaghh[jZab_ dmevlmj \ :\kljZebb
Hev]Z: Lhf, fu magZeb, qlh \ :\kljZebb ijh`b\Z_l [he__ 200 gZ-
pbc.
Lhf: :\kljZeby h^gZ ba kZfuo fgh]hgZpbhgZevguo kljZg \ fbj_.
KZrZ: Lu g_ fh] [u kdZaZlv gZf, kdhevdh jmkkdbo ijh`b\Z_l \ :\-
kljZebb?
Lhf: Y g_ m\_j_g, gh m f_gy _klv jmkkdbc khk_^. Y fh]m \Zk ihagZ-
dhfblv. Y m\_j_g, qlh hg kfh`_l kdZaZlv \Zf.
KZrZ b Hev]Z \klj_qZxlky k jmkkdbf \ Kb^g__.
Lhf: Ijb\_l <bdlhj. Y ohl_e [u ihagZdhfblv l_[y k fhbfb ^jmavy-
fb, KZr_c b Hev]hc. Hgb ijb_oZeb ba Jhkkbb.
<bdlhj: IjZ\^Z? DZd bgl_j_kgh. Hq_gv ijbylgh ihagZdhfblvky k
\Zfb.
KZrZb Hev]Z: GZf lh`_ ijbylgh ihagZdhfblvky.
Lhf: KZrZ b Hev]Z ohl_eb [u [hevr_ magZlv h jmkkdbo \ :\kljZ-
ebb. Lu g_ fh] [u jZkkdZaZlv qlh-gb[m^v h jmkkdbo ihk_e_gpZo
a^_kv?
<bdlhj: Y agZx, qlh fgh]b_ ex^b kh \k_]h fbjZ ihk_ebebkv \ :\-
kljZebb. G_dhlhju_ ba gbo ijb_oZeb ba [u\r_]h Kh\_lkdh]h KhxaZ.
I_j\uf jmkkdbf, h[hkgh\Z\rbfky \ Jhkkbb, [ue I_lj Ihlhpdbc,
jmkkdbc fhjyd b hnbp_j Zjfbb. Hg ijb_oZe kx^Z \ 1804 ]h^m.
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43
KZrZ: Y keurZe, qlh GbdheZc Fbdemoh-FZdeZc, jmkkdbc mq_guc b
iml_r_kl\_ggbd, [ue \ Kb^g__.
<bdlhj: IjZ\bevgh. GbdheZc Fbdemoh-FZdeZc ijbieue \ Kb^g_c
\ 1878 ]h^m. Hg hkgh\Ze fhjkdmx [bheh]bq_kdmx klZgpbx \ :\kljZ-
ebb. Hg `be a^_kv g_kdhevdh e_l. Hg `_gbeky gZ Z\kljZebcd_ b m g_]h
jh^bebkv ^\Z kugZ. Bo ihlhfdb \k_ _s_ `b\ml \ Kb^g__.
Hev]Z: IjZ\^Z? Y agZx, qlh hg mf_j \ Jhkkbb. ?]h fh]beZ gZoh^blky
\ KZgdl I_l_j[mj]_.
<bdlhj: < :\kljZebx ijb_a`Zxl fgh]h ex^_c ba Jhkkbb. Z. B j_p_il ijb]hlh\e_gby ibjh]Z IZ\eh\hc a^_kv hq_gv
ihimeyj_g. :\kljZebcpu qZklh _]h _^yl. Y fh]m ^Zlv \Zf wlhl j_p_il.
<Zf gZ^h ijb]hlh\blv _]h b kZfbf ihijh[h\Zlv!
IZjhfu Kb^g_y
<bdlhj: Z.
<bdlhj: :\u ieZ\Zeb gZ iZkkZ`bjkdhf iZjhf_?
Hev]Z: ?s_ g_l.
<bdlhj: <Zf gZ^h ihieZ\Zlv gZ iZjhf_ ihdZ \u \ Kb^g__. Lh]^Z \u
kfh`_l_ m\b^_lv ^hklhijbf_qZl_evghklb Kb^g_y k \hû.
KZrZ: >Z, y keurZe, qlh dZ`^hfm lmjbklm klhbl m\b^_lv Hi_jguc
AZe Kb^g_y k \hû.
Hev]Z: GZf gZ^h aZieZlblv aZ ih_a^dm gZ iZjhf_?
<bdlhj: >Z, dZ`ûc ^he`_g dmiblv [be_l, qlh[u ih_oZlv gZ ijh-
]medm.
KZrZ: =^_ fu fh`_f dmiblv [be_l?
<bdlhj: < ihjlm.
Hev]Z: Fu [u lZd`_ ohl_eb ih_oZlv gZ wdkdmjkbx gZ Z\lh[mk_ ih
Kb^g_x. Y keurZe, qlh a^_rgxx Zjobl_dlmjm klhbl m\b^_lv.
1. GZc^bl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ fh^Zevgu_ ]eZ]heu \ l_dkl_.
Could g_ fh] [u
Can fh]m
Will be able kfh`_l
Could g_ fh] [u
Can fh]m
Have to ^he`gu
Should ^he`gu, klhbl
Will be able kfh`_l_
Must ^he`_g
Have to gm`gh
1) Kdhevdh gZpbc `b\_l \ :\kljZebb?
Over 200 nationalities live in Australia. (;he__ 200 gZpbc ijh`b\Zxl \
:\kljZebb).
2) Hldm^Z khk_^ LhfZ?
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44
Tom`s neighbor is from Russia. (Khk_^ LhfZ ba Jhkkbb).
3) Ihq_fm KZr_ b Hev]_ klhbl ih]h\hjblv k gbf, dZd \u ^mfZ_l_?
They should talk to him because he can tell them about Russians who
live in Australia. (Bf klhbl ih]h\hjblv k gbf, ihlfm qlh hg fh`_l jZk-
kdZaZlv bf h jmkkdbo, `b\msbo \ :\kljZebb).
1) Dlh [ue i_j\uf jmkkdbf, h[hkgh\Z\rbfky \ Jhkkbb?
The first Russian to settle in Australia was Peter Potoski, a Russian sailor
and army officer. (I_j\uf jmkkdbf, h[hkgh\Z\rbfky \ Jhkkbb, [ue
I_lj Ihlhpdbc, jmkkdbc fhjyd b hnbp_j Zjfbb).
2) DZdhc ba\_klguc jmkkdbc q_eh\_d ihk_lbe :\kljZebx \ 1878 ]h-
^m? Qlh hg ^_eZe \ :\kljZebb? =^_ hg ihohjhg_g?
Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay visited Australia in 1878. Ge established a
marine biological station. He was buried in Russia. GbdheZc Fbdemoh-
FZdeZc ihk_lbe :\kljZebx \ 1878 ]h^m. Hg hkgh\Ze fhjkdmx [bh-
eh]bq_kdmx klZgpbx. ?]h ihohjhgbeb \ Jhkkbb.).
3) DZdb_ _s_ agZf_gblu_ jmkkdb_ ex^b ihk_lbeb :\kljZebx?
Anna Pavlova and Eedor Shalapin visited Australia. (:ggZ IZ\eh\Z
b N_^hj RZeyibg ihk_lbeb :\kljZebx).
4) < q_klv dh]h [ue gZa\Zg ibjh]? <Zf agZdhf wlhl ibjh]?
Anna Pavlova has a cake named after her. Im not familiar with it.
(Ibjh] [ue gZa\Zg \ q_klv :ggu IZ\eh\hc. Hg fg_ g_ agZdhf).
1) ;ueb eb KZrZ b Hev]Z gZ iZkkZ`bjkdhf iZjhf_ \ Kb^g__?
No, they haven`t. (G_l).
2) Ihq_fm bf klhbl ijhdZlblvky gZ iZkkZ`bjkdhf iZjhf_?
They should take a ride on the paasenger ferry because they will be
able to see the sights of Sydney from the water. bf klhbl ijhdZlblvky
gZ iZkkZ`bjkdhf iZjhf_, ihlhfm qlh hgb kfh]ml m\b^_lv ^hklhijb-
f_qZl_evghklb Kb^g_y k \hû.)
3) GZ^h eb ieZlblv, qlh[u ijhdZlblvky gZ iZjhf_?
Yes, you do. (>Z).
4) =^_ fh`gh dmiblv [be_l gZ ijh]medm gZ iZjhf_?
You can buy a ticket for a ferry ride at the harbour. (;be_l gZ ijh-
]medm gZ iZjhf_ fh`gh dmiblv \ ihjlm).
5) <u dh]^Z-gb[m^v dZlZebkv gZ iZkkZ`bjkdhf iZjhf_?
No, I haven`t. (G_l).
4. JZau]jZcl_ ke_^mxsbc ^bZeh] \ iZjZo. H^bg mq_gbd [m^_l
<bdlhjhf, Z ^jm]hc You.
V: Ijbylgh ihagZdhfblvky. Hldm^Z lu?
You: I`m from Russia. (Y ba Jhkkbb).
V: IjZ\^Z? DZd bgl_j_kgh. Lu fgh]h ^hklhijbf_qZl_evghkl_c
hkfhlj_e \ Kb^g__?
You: Yes, I have. (>Z).
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45
V: Lu dZlZeky gZ iZkkZ`bjkdhf iZjhf_ \ Kb^g__?
You: No, I haven`t. (G_l).
L_[_ ^_ckl\bl_evgh klhbl ijhdZlblvky, ihdZ lu a^_kv.
You: Yes, I know that every tourist should take a ride. Do I have to
buy a ticket to ride a ferry? (>Z, y agZx, qlh dZ`^hfm lmjbklm klhbl
ijhdZlblvky gZ iZjhf_. Fg_ gm`gh ieZlblv, qlh[u ijhdZlblvky ?)
V: >Z \k_ ^he`gu ihdmiZlv [be_l gZ ijh]medm gZ iZjhf_.
You: Where can I buy a ticket? (=^_ y fh]m dmiblv [be_l?)
V: Lu fh`_rv dmiblv _]h \ ihjlm. Ijbylgh ijh\_klb \j_fy.
Dhj` IZ\eh\hc:
Ljb ybqguo [_edZ.
A qZcguo eh`db oheh^ghc \hû.
1 qZrdZ kZoZjZ.
1 qZcgZy eh`dZ mdkmkZ.
1 qZcgZy eh`dZ \Zgbevghc wkk_gpbb.
3 qZcguo eh`db fmdb.
<a[_cl_ [_edb ^h dj_idhc i_gu. >h[Z\vl_ oheh^gmx \h^m b kgh-
\Z \a[_cl_. <a[b\Zy, ihkl_i_ggh ^h[Z\eycl_ kZoZj. F_ê_ggh \a[b-
\Zy, ^h[Z\vl_ mdkmk, \Zgbevgmx wkk_gpbx b fmdm. Iheh`bl_ kfZ-
aZggmx `bjhf [mfZ]m gZ kfZaZgguc `bjhf ijhlb\_gv b i_dbl_ ijb
l_fi_jZlmj_ 150 ]jZ^mkh\ 45 fbgml, aZl_f ^Zcl_ hklulv \ ^moh\d_.
H[uqgh dhj` IZ\eh\hc gZihegy_lky dj_fhf b ihdju\Z_lky k\_-
`bfb njmdlZfb, lZdbfb dZd db\b, [ZgZgu b dem[gbdZ.
=jZffZlbdZ
3. On Mondays I have to get up at 7.30 a.m.
On Tuesday I have take the dog for a walk.
On Wednesday I have to wash the dishes.
On Thursday I have to go to my courses.
On Friday I have to tidy up my room.
On Saturday I dont have to go to school.
On Sunday I have to do my homework.
4. 1) First you have to boil some milk for one minute.
2) Then you have to let the milk stand for five minutes.
3) Next, you have to add a little yogurt and stir.
4) After that you have to leave the mixture in a warm place for eight
hours.
5. First you have to beat whites until stiff. Then you have to add cold
water and beat again. Next, you have to add sugar gradually while still
beating. After that, you have to add vinegar, vanilla and flour still
beating. Then you have to place on greased paper on a greased tray and
bake it for 45 minutes. Then you have to leave it cool in the oven.
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46
6. DZdZy m f_gy jZ[hlZ?
GZibrbl_ gZa\Zgb_ jZ[hlu gZ ebkld_ [mfZ]b. Mq_gbdb iulZxlky
magZlv, qlh wlh aZ jZ[hlZ, aZ^Z\Zy \hijhku. GZibf_j, hgb fh]ml
kijhkblv: L_[_ gm`gh jZgh \klZ\Zlv / fgh]h jZ[hlZlv / ghkblv mgb-
nhjfm?
7. Lhf: Kfhljb, k\_l g_ jZ[hlZ_l.
>`be: wlh g_ ijh[e_fZ, Lhf. <k_, qlh gZf gm`gh wlh eZfihqdZ.
Lhf: B fg_ g_ gjZ\blky p\_l kl_g.
>`be: Wlh g_ ijh[e_fZ, Lhf. <k_, qlh gZf gm`gh wlh djZkdZ
b dbklb.
Z) Lhf: <u]ey^bl qm^_kgh, >`be.
>`be: >Z, g_iehoh.
Lhf: Lu mklZeZ?
>`be: >Z. Qlh fg_ gm`g, lZd wlh qZrdZ qZy.
Lhf: G_l ijh[e_f, >`be. Y ihc^m b k^_eZx l_[_ qZc.
8. 1) I need a tennis raquet, a ball and a net.
2) I need a visa, a suitcase, a ticket, a camera and money.
3) I need flour, cheese, eggs, tomatoes, meat and mashrooms.
9. 1) need ironing; 2) need mending; 3) needs cutting; 4) need
throwing away; 5) needs tidying up.; 6) need washing.; 7) needs
repairing; 8) needs feeding.
10. FZevqbd 1: M f_gy [u\Zxl kkhju k jh^bl_eyfb ih ih\h^m lh]h,
fh`gh eb fg_ ]meylv \_q_jhf.
>_\hqdZ: M f_gy lh`_. Fhb jh^bl_eb g_ jZaj_rZxl fg_ oh^blv gZ
^bkdhl_db. Fg_ lZd`_ g_ jZaj_rZxl ]meylv k fZevqbdZfb.
>_\hqdZ : Fg_ lh`_. Y ^he`gu [ulv ^hfZ \ ^_kylv, beb fhb jh^b-
l_eb hq_gv jZkk_j^ylky.
FZevqbd: H, Z y g_ ^he`_g. Y fh]m ]meylv, kdhevdh fg_ gjZ\blky.
>_\hqdZ : M f_gy [u\Zxl kkhju k jh^bl_eyfb ih ih\h^m ^hfZrg_c
jZ[hlu. Hgb kqblZxl, qlh y hq_gv e_gb\Zy b ^_eZx g_^hklZlhqgh ^h-
fZrg_c jZ[hlu. Hgb aZklZ\eyxl f_gy ^_eZlv ^hfZrgxx jZ[hlm ^\Z
qZkZ dZ`ûc \_q_j.
FZevqbd: Fhb jh^bl_eb kqblZxl, qlh kebrdhf qZklh oh`m gZ \_-
q_jbgdb.
11. 1) M l_[y [u\Zxl kkhju k jh^bl_eyfb ih ih\h^m lh]h, fh`gh
eb l_[_ ]meylv \_q_jhf? No, I don`t.
2) JZaj_rZxl eb l_[_ oh^blv gZ ^bkdhl_db? Yes, they do.
3) JZaj_rZxl eb l_[_ ]meylv k fZevqbdZfb / ^_\hqdZfb? Yes, I am.
4) >he`_g eb lu [ulv ^hfZ \ ^_kylv? No, I don`t.
5) Fh`_rv eb lu ]meylv, kdhevdh l_[_ gjZ\blky? Yes, I can.
6) ;u\Zxl eb m l_[y kkhju k jh^bl_eyfb ih ih\h^m ^hfZrg_c jZ[h-
lu?. No, I don`t.
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47
7) KqblZxl eb hgb, qlh lu hq_gv e_gb\uc b ^_eZ_rv g_^hklZlhqgh
^hfZrg_c jZ[hlu? No, they don`t.
8) AZklZ\eyxl eb l_[y jh^bl_eb ^_eZlv ^hfZrgxx jZ[hlm ^\Z qZkZ
dZ`ûc \_q_j? No, they don`t.
9) KqblZxl eb hgb, qlh lu kebrdhf qZklh oh^brv gZ \_q_jbgdb?
No, they dont.
Ijhqlbl_ b magZcl_
Jmkkdb_ \ :\kljZebb
LZfZjZ :e_dkZg^jh\gZ <_glmjZ.
F_gy ah\ml LZfZjZ :e_dkZg^jh\gZ <_glmjZ. Y `b\m \ Kb^g__, :\-
kljZeby. Fhy k_fvy ijb_oZeZ \ :\kljZebx. Dh]^Z fg_ [ueh 11 e_l. :\-
kljZeby m^b\bl_evgZy b djZkb\Zy kljZgZ. Ex^b a^_kv ^h[ju_ b \_`-
eb\u_. HgZ hdjm`_gZ iey`Zfb, ahehlufb i_kdZfb b bamfbl_evgufb
hkljh\Zfb.
< Kb^g__ h^gZ ba kZfuo aZo\Zlu\Zxsbo ]Z\Zg_c \ fbj_. Aheh-
lu_ aZdZlu k\_jdZxl gZ \h^_, \ lh \j_fy dZd [_eu_ dZd kg_] yolu
e_gb\h ijhieu\Zxl ih^ fhklhf \ =Z\Zgb Kb^g_y. Hi_jguc AZeklh-
bl dZd k\_jdZxsbc [jbeebZgl gZ^ ]hem[ufb \h^Zfb gZr_c ihjZab-
l_evghc ]Z\Zgb.
P_gjl Kb^g_y khklhbl ba \ukhdbo we_]Zglguo a^Zgbc. ;Zrgy P_g-
ljihcgl \_ebq_kl\_ggh \ha\urZ_lky ihaZ^b mgb\_jfZ]Z >w\b^Z >`hg-
kZ, dhlhjuc ba\_kl_g dZd kZfuc djZkb\uc fZ]Zabg \ fbj_. Y jZ[hlZx
\ hl^_e_ fh^ \ >w\b^ >`hgk. D gZf ijboh^bl fgh]h ihk_lbl_e_c ba
Jhkkbb. QZklh f_gy ah\ml ihjZ[hlZlv i_j_\h^qbdhf. Y klZjZxkv ih-
fhqv \ jZ[hq__ \j_fy b lZd`_ \klj_qZxkv k ex^vfb ihke_ jZ[hlu, qlh-
[u ihdZaZlv bf Kb^g_c. Y ih^jm`beZkv kh fgh]bfb ex^vfb ba jZaguo
qZkl_c Jhkkbb.
Fhc hl_p [ue ^hgkdbf dZaZdhf \ [_ehc Zjfbb pZjy. ?fm [ueh ihq-
lb 50 e_l, dh]^Z y jh^beZkv. Hg qZklh jZkkdZau\Ze fg_ bklhjbb ba k\h_c
`bagb \ lh \j_fy, dh]^Z hg [ue fhehûf hnbp_jhf. Hg jZkkdZaZe fg_
h E_lg_f b Abfg_f >\hjpZo \ KZgdl I_l_j[mj]_ b h kh[hjZo k ahehlu-
fb dmiheZfb \ nhjf_ emdh\bpu.
>Z, y ex[ex :\kljZebx. H^gZ`û f_gy kijhkbeb, dZdmx kljZgm y
ex[ex [hevr_ \k_]h. DZd y fh]m jZa^_eblv k_fvx? :\kljZeby fh_
hl_q_kl\h, Z Jhkkby fhy jh^bgZ. Y jh^beZkv \ Jhkkbb.
GbdheZc Fbdemoh-FZdeZc.
GbdheZc Fbdemoh-FZdeZc (1846 1888) [ue \u^Zxsbfky jmk-
kdbf mq_guf, ]mfZgbklhf b iml_r_kl\_ggbdhf. Hg lZd`_ [ue Zgljh-
iheh]hf b ahheh]hf. Hg [ue ohjhrh ba\_kl_g \ Jhkkbb b aZ ]jZgbp_c.
< 1871 ]h^m Fbdemoh-FZdeZc ih_oZe \ Gh\mx =\bg_x, ]^_ ijh\_e
15 f_kyp_\. Ex^b \ Gh\hc =\bg__ ihfgyl i_j\h]h _\jhi_cpZ, dhlhjuc
klmibe gZ bo a_fex b `be kj_^b gbo dZd bo ij_^Zgguc ^jm]. ;molZ, ]^_
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48
hg `be, [ueZ gZa\ZgZ ih[_j_`v_ FZdeZy. < _]h q_klv [ueb gZi_qZlZ-
gu fZjdb, b kms_kl\m_l fgh]h e_]_g^ h g_f kj_^b iZimZkh\.
GbdheZc Fbdemoh-FZdeZc aZ\h_\Ze ^h\_jb_ b \hkobs_gb_ f_klguo
`bl_e_c \ Gh\hc =\bg__. B, g_kfhljy gZ lh, qlh hg aZ[he_e fZeyjb_c \
Gh\hc =\bg__ b kbevgh [he_e, hg gZibkZe: gb d h^ghfm m]hedm a_fgh-
]h rZjZ, \ dhlhjhf fg_ ijboh^behkv `blv \h \j_fy fhbo kljZgkl\bc, y
g_ qm\kl\h\Ze lZdhc ijb\yaZgghklb dZd d ih[_j_`vx Gh\hc =\bg__.
Hl gZmqghc jZ[hlu Fbdemoh-FZdeZy qZklh hl\e_dZeZ _]h dZfiZ-
gby ijhlb\ g_kijZ\_êb\hklb [_euo. Hg [ue haZ[hq_g iheh`_gb_f
gZjh^h\ Lboh]h hd_ZgZ \ k\hbo Zgljhiheh]bq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbyo b
hg [ue h[_kihdh_g ihke_^kl\byfb bo dhglZdlh\ k [_eufb ex^vfb.
Mom^r_gb_ a^hjh\vy \ugm^beh FZdeZy i_j__oZlv \ [he__ mf_-
j_gguc debfZl :\kljZebb. Hg ijb_oZe \ Kb^g_c \ 1878 ]h^m, ]^_ hg
ijbgye mqZklb_ \ bgl_ee_dlmZevghc b gZmqghc `bagb ]hjh^Z. ?]h
bgl_j_kh\Zeh [eZ]hihemqb_ Z[hjb]_gh\ \ :\kljZebb b bkdZe kihkh-
[u aZsblblv bo. Hg lZd`_ ij_êh`be kha^Zgb_ fhjkdhc [bheh]bq_-
kdhc klZgpbb \ Kb^g__ b jZ[hlZe lZf g_kdhevdh e_l. Fbdemoh-
FZdeZc `_gbeky \ 1884 ]h^m. >\Z _]h kugZ jh^bebkv \ Kb^g__.
< dhgp_ dhgph\ Fbdemoh-FZdeZc \_jgmeky \ Jhkkbx, qlh[u
dhgljhebjh\Zlv him[ebdh\Zgb_ k\hbo jZ[hl. ?]h ^g_\gbdb, ibkvfZ
b ^hdmf_glu [ueb him[ebdh\Zgu b h g_f [ueh gZibkZgh g_kdhevdh
dgb]. Kh[jZgb_ _]h [mfZ] _klv \ Kb^g__. HklZevgu_ Zgljhiheh]bq_-
kdb_ b wlgh]jZnbq_kdb_ fZl_jbZeu ojZgylky \ Jhkkbb.
Fbdemoh-FZdeZc mf_j \ Jhkkbb \ 1888 ]h^m \ \hajZkl_ 42 e_l. < _]h
q_klv gZa\Zg Bgklblml Wlgh]jZnbb \ KZgdl I_l_j[mj]_, Z lZd`_ fgh]b_
mebpu \ Jhkkbb b gZ MdjZbg_. < q_klv 150-e_lg_]h x[be_y Fbdemoh-
FZdeZy \ Kb^g_c ba Jhkkbb [ueZ ijb\_a_gZ [jhgah\Zy kdmevilmjZ.
Ihke_ kf_jlb Fbdemoh-FZdeZy _]h `_gZ \_jgmeZkv \ Kb^g_c.
K_cqZk _]h \gmdb k k_fvyfb `b\ml \ :\kljZebb.
1) =^_ jh^beky Fbdemoh-FZdeZc?
Miklouho-Maklay was born in Russia. (Fbdemoh-FZdeZc jh^beky \
Jhkkbb).
2) Dlh hg [ue ih ijhn_kkbb?
He was an outstanding scientist, humanist, traveller, anthropologist and
zoologist. (Hg [ue \u^Zxsbfky mq_guf, ]mfZgbklhf, iml_r_kl\_ggb-
dhf, Zgljhiheh]hf b ahheh]hf.)
3) Dlh [ue i_j\uf _\jhi_cp_f, klmib\rbf gZ a_fex Gh\hc =\b-
g_b?
Miklouho-Maklay was the first European to visit New Guinea.
(Fbdemoh-FZdeZc [ue i_j\uf _\jhi_cp_f, klmib\rbf gZ a_fex
Gh\hc =\bg_b?
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49
4) DZd \u ^mfZ_l_, ihq_fm Fbdemoh-FZdeZy gZau\Zeb ]mfZgbklhf?
I think he was called humanist because he was concerned by the
situation of the native peoples in New Guinea and Australia. He tried to
help them and sought ways to protect them. (>mfZx, qlh _]h gZau\Zeb
]mfZgbklhf, ihlhfm qlh hg [ue haZ[hq_g iheh`_gb_f Z[hjb]_gh\ \
Gh\hc =\bg__ b \ :\kljZebb. Hg iulZeky ihfhqv bf b bkdZe kihkh-
[u aZsblblv bo).
5) Dh]h klZjZeky aZsblblv Fbdemoh-FZdeZc, dh]^Z hg [ue \ Gh-
\hc =\bg__ b \ :\kljZebb?
He tried to protect the natives. (Hg iulZeky aZsblblv f_klguo `b-
l_e_c).
6) =^_ fh`gh gZclb im[ebdZpbb Fbdemoh-FZdeZy
You can find his publications in Russia. A number of his papers can
be found in Sydney. (?]h im[ebdZpbb fh`gh gZclb \ Jhkkbb. G_dhlh-
ju_ [mfZ]b fh`gh gZclb \ Kb^g__.)
7) <u agZ_l_ ^jm]bo agZf_gbluo jmkkdbo ex^_c, `b\rbo \ :\-
kljZebb?
I know that Fedor Shaliapin and Anna Pavlova lived in Australia for
some time.(Y agZx, qlh N_^hj RZeyibg b :ggZ IZ\eh\Z `beb dZdh_-
lh \j_fy \ :\kljZebb.)
Qlh \Zrb ex[bfu_ jmkkdb_ ibkZl_eb ^mfZeb h[ :\kljZebb
H[ h[jZa_ :\kljZebb \ Jhkkbb \ 19 \_d_ b gZ jm[_`_ \_dh\ fh`-
gh km^blv ih b^_yf b fg_gbyf \_^msbo jmkkdbo ibkZl_e_c, lZdbo
dZd :glhg Q_oh\, E_\ Lheklhc b ^jm]bo.
>ey :glhgZ Q_oh\Z :\kljZeby [ueZ ^Ze_dbf f_klhf, dm^Z `ba-
g_ggu_ ljm^ghklb g_ ^hoh^beb. Hg bkihevah\Ze :\kljZebx dZd f_-
lZnhjm hlûoZ b [_ahiZkghklb. H^gZ`û hg gZibkZe ba k\h_]h bf_-
gby k\h_fm j_^Zdlhjm: H^bg ^_gv êblky \_qghklv. Qm\kl\m_rv,
dZd [m^lh lu \ :\kljZebb, gZ djZx k\_lZ. Bgh]^Z fg_ gZklhevdh oh-
jhrh, qlh ba km_\_jby y aZklZ\eyx k_[y \kihfgblv k\hbo dj_^blh-
jh\, dhlhju_ h^gZ`û \u]hg6yl f_gy ba fh_c :\kljZebb.
M Ev\Z Lheklh]h [ueh kh\k_f ^jm]h_ fg_gb_. Hg kqblZe :\kljZ-
ebx fhehûf h[s_kl\hf, dhlhjh_ fh]eh \hiehlblv _]h b^_Zeu \
`bagv. Hg ibkZe Z\kljZebckdhfm khpbZebklm: < \Zr_c kljZg_ _klv
\k_ mkeh\by, qlh[u mklZgh\blv bklbggh ojbklbZgkdbc b [jZlkdbc
h[jZa `bagb, dhlhjuc hk\h[h^be [u gZk hl ]j_oh\ klZjh]h fbjZ.
>ey fgh]bo jmkkdbo ihwlh\ jm[_`Z \_dh\, :\kljZeby [ueZ ]eZ\-
guf h[jZahf wdahlbq_kdbf f_klhf, bklhqgbdhf wdahlbq_kdbo h[jZ-
ah\. H^gbf ba g_fgh]bo jmkkdbo ibkZl_e_c, dhlhjuc kfh] kjZ\gblv
k\hb nZglZabb b j_Zevghklv, [ue DhgklZglbg ;Zevfhgl. Hg m\b^_e,
qlh kljZgZ k __ wdahlbq_kdhc b ij_djZkghc ijbjh^hc, g_h[uqgufb
ilbpZfb, jZkl_gbyfb b `b\hlgufb, [ueZ lZd `_ kh\j_f_gguf h[-
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s_kl\hf, \ujZsb\Zxsbf h\_p, ijhba\h^ysbf fZrbgu b kljhysbf
`_e_agu_ ^hjh]b, b kh k\h_c ihwlbq_kdhc ^mrhc, [ue hq_gv jZahqZ-
jh\Zg wlbf.
I_j_ibkv gZk_e_gby - :\kljZeby
1. Ol\_lvl_ gZ \hijhku.
1) GZ dZdhf yaud_, ihke_ Zg]ebckdh]h, ]h\hjyl [hevrbgkl\h Z\-
kljZebcp_\?
After English, Italian is spoken by most Australians. (Ihke_ Zg]ebc-
kdh]h [hevrbgkl\h Z\kljZebcp_\ ]h\hjyl gZ blZevygkdhf yaud_).
2) Kdhevdh `_gsbg / ^_\hq_d ]h\hjyl gZ ]j_q_kdhf yaud_?
135 920 women / girls speak Greek.(135 920 `_gsbg / ^_\hq_d ]h-
\hjyl gZ ]j_q_kdhf yaud_).
3) Kdhevdh fm`qbg / fZevqbdh\ ]h\hjyl gZ bkiZgkdhf yaud_?
42 436 men / boys speak Spanish. (42 436 fm`qbg / fZevqbdh\ ]h-
\hjyl gZ bkiZgkdhf yaud_).
4) Kdhevdh ijhp_glh\ gZk_e_gby ]h\hjbl gZ njZgpmakdhf?
0,3% of population speaks Erench. (0,3 ijhp_glZ gZk_e_gby ]h\h-
jbl gZ njZgpmakdhf).
2. Ih`ZemcklZ, kjZ\gbl_ wlb ^\_ lZ[ebpu b h[km^bl_ jZaeb-
qby k h^ghdeZkkgbdZfb.
Ijb[ulb_ ihk_e_gp_\ 10 kljZg, ba dhlhjuo ij_a`Z_l [hev-
rbgkl\h bffb]jZglh\.
In 19651966 more settlers came to Australia than in 19951996.
In 19651966 most people came from the UK and Irealand. In
19951996 New Zeland was the leading country in settlers.
Fhc i_j\uc ij_^hd ih ebgbb hlpZ \ wlhc kljZg_ [ue LhfZk
H`Gbe, jh^b\rbcky \ >m[ebg_, BjeZg^by \ 1753 ]h^m. LhfZkZ
O`GbeZ ijbkeZeb kx^Z \ dZq_kl\_ hkm`^_ggh]h gZ dhjZ[e_ >jm`-
[Z. ?]h ij_klmie_gb_f [ue hldZa m\Z`Zlv dhjhgm. ?]h ijb]h\hjbeb
d 7 ]h^Zf \ Gh\hf X`ghf Mwevk_. LhfZk H`Gbe [ue ihjlguf b
kem`be ih^ gZqZevkl\hf ijZ\bl_ey Dbg]Z. Ih aZ\_jr_gbb _]h kjhdZ
aZdexq_gby _fm \u^_ebeb 40 Zdjh\ a_feb \ f_kl_ ih^ gZa\Zgb_f
>`hj^`k O_^, k_cqZk ba\_klghf dZd ;ZefhjZe. LZf hg kZf ihkljhbe
n_jfm b \ujZklbe g_[hevrhc kZ^. >h lh]h dZd hg klZe aZgbfZlvky
kZ^hf, m LhfZkZ [ue g_[hevrhc fZ]Zabg gZ Ibl Kljbl \ Kb^g__. Hg
ijh^Ze fZ]Zabg, qlh[u \eh`blv ^_gv]b \ kZ^.
M LhfZkZ O`GbeZ [ueh ^\_ ^hq_jb, WebaZ[_l b FZjbZggZ, dhlh-
ju_ iha`_ ijb_oZeb \ wlm kljZgm. WebaZ[_l \ureZ aZfm` aZ ^jm]h]h
aZdexq_ggh]h ih bf_gb Gbd Fmgb. Fhc ^_^mrdZ y\ey_lky ijZijZ-
\gmdhf LhfZkZ O`GbeZ. ?]h bfy ;Zjgb >`Zj\bk. Hg \k_ _s_ `b\.
?fm 95 e_l. B bklhjby gZr_c k_fvb \k_ _s_ ijh^he`Z_lky.
PS LhfZk O`Gbe mf_j \ 1839 ]h^m.
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3. GZkdhevdh ^Ze_dh \u fh`_l_ ijhke_^blv k\hx jh^hkeh\gmx?
<h`^v Z[hjb]_gh\
Lu h^bg ba klZj_crbg \ k\h_f ie_f_gb. <u `b\_l_ \ imklu-
g_. A^_kv `Zjdh b kmoh. <hdjm] hq_gv fZeh ^_j_\v_\. G_l gbdZdbo
a^Zgbc. Gbdlh g_ mf__l qblZlv beb ibkZlv. < imklug_ `b\_l fgh]h
`b\hlguo. M \Zk g_l hjm`by, qlh[u hohlblvky. Qlh lu, dZd \h`^v,
k^_eZ_rv, qlh[u ex^b hklZebkv `b\u?
1. H[\_^bl_ emqrb_ hl\_lu. Ihke_ wlh]h ijhqlbl_ l_dkl,
ijb\_^_gguc gb`_. AZl_f _s_ jZa ijhkfhljbl_ hl\_lu, dhlhju_
\u h[\_eb. m[bgdZ.
3) DZd \u [m^_l_ \_klb aZibkb lh]h, qlh k^_eZeh \Zr_ ie_fy?
Mq_[gbdb bklhjbb; I_kgb b jZkkdZau; >g_\gbdb b `mjgZeu.
4) DZdh_ mdjulb_ \u [u ihkljhbeb êy k\h_]h gZjh^Z?
>_j_\ygguc ^hf; Dbjibqguc ^hf; GbdZdhc.
5) DZd [u \u ]hlh\beb ibsm?
GZ iebl_ ; < fbdjh\hegh\hc i_qb; L_jeb [u ^\_ iZedb, qlh[u
^h[ulv h]hgv.
6) DZdmx ijhn_kkbx bf_eb [u \k_ qe_gu ie_f_gb?
Iehlgbd; Kh[bjZl_ev _û; KZih`gbd.
7) DZd qZklh \u [u i_j_^\b]Zebkv k f_klZ gZ f_klh?
JZa \ ]h^; Gbdh]^Z; Ihqlb dZ`ûc ^_gv.
8) DZdmx h^_`^m \u [u ghkbeb?
Jm[Zrdb b [jxdb; FZglbx; GbdZdhc.
:[hjb]_gu
Y h[uqguc Z[hjb]_g. Y `b\m \ :\kljZebb. :[hjb]_g agZqbl
`bl_ev. G_dhlhju_ Z[hjb]_gu `b\ml gZ ih[_j_`v_ hdheh fhjy, gh
fhc gZjh^ `b\_l \ `Zjdhc, kmohc imklug_ ihqlb \ p_glj_ :\kljZebb.
:[hjb]_gu ihy\bebkv \ :\kljZebb hdheh 40 000 e_l gZaZ^. G_-
dhlhju_ ex^b kqblZxl, qlh fu ijbieueb gZ eh^dZo, ^jm]b_ kqblZ-
xl, qlh kms_kl\h\Ze i_j_r__d ih dhlhjhfm fu ijbreb. Gh gbdlh
g_ agZ_l gZ\_jgydZ. Fhc gZjh^ g_ mf_e gb qblZlv, gb ibkZlv, ihwlh-
fm m gZk g_l mq_[gbdh\, qlh[u bamqZlv wlh. Fu magZ\Zeb h gZr_f
ijhrehf ba i_k_g b jZkkdZah\. LZdbf h[jZahf fu ihfgbf gZr_
ijhreh_ b wlh ijb^Z_l agZq_gb_ gZrbf `bagyf b dmevlmj_.
Fu \_jbf \ lh, qlh fu gZau\Z_f F_qlZ. >mob kha^Zeb fbj b ^Zeb
gZf `bagv. AZl_f ^mob mreb `blv \ ^_j_\h beb dZf_gv. Wlb \_sb klZeb
êy Z[hjb]_gh\ k\ys_ggufb. Bo khojZgyxl, hojZgyxl b ihqblZxl.
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M dZ`^h]h Z[hjb]_gZ [ueZ hkgh\gZy jZ[hlZ gZclb _^m. B fm`qb-
gu b `_gsbgu [ueb hiulgufb hohlgbdZfb b \k_ ^he`gu [ueb agZlv,
qlh fh`gh _klv, Z qlh g_l. Fu \k_]^Z aZ[hlbebkv h lhf, qlh[u g_ kh-
[jZlv \k_ njmdlu b h\hsb. Fu hklZ\eyeb g_dhlhju_ gZ ke_^mxsbc
]h^. :[hjb]_gu ijh\h^beb ljb q_l\_jlb ^gy, kh[bjZy _^m.
GZr_ hjm`b_ khklhyeh ba ^_j_\yggh]h dhivy, ^m[bgdb b [mf_jZg]Z.
M gZk g_ [ueh f_lZeeh\. GZr_ hjm`b_ [ueh k^_eZgh ba ^_j_\Z b dZfgy.
Fu g_ kljhbeb ^hfZ, ihlhfm qlh fu ihklhyggh i_j_^\b]Zebkv gZ gh-
\u_ f_klZ \ ihbkdZo ibsb. ;ueh lZd `Zjdh, qlh gZf gm`gh [ueh kh\k_f
g_[hevrh_ mdjulb_. Fu jZa`b]Zeb dhklj_, ihl_j_\ ^\_ iZedb ^jm] h[
^jm]Z, b gZ wlhf dhklj_ fu ]hlh\beb ibsm b ]j_ebkv hdheh g_]h, _keb
ghqb [ueb ijhoeZ^gufb. Fu g_ ghkbeb h^_`^m, ihlhfm qlh hgZ gZf [u-
eZ g_ gm`gZ. LZf ]^_ fu `beb ^h`^v r_e j_^dh, gh ^Z`_ ihke_ ^h`^y
fu [ukljh \ukuoZeb, b gbdh]^Z g_ aZ[he_\Zeb ba-aZ fhdjhc h^_`û.
<h^Z [ueZ kZfhc \Z`ghc \_svx êy `bagb. :[hjb]_gu klZeb wdk-
i_jlZfb \ gZoh`^_gbb \hû \ imklug_. Fu agZeb, dZd dhiZlv, qlh[u
gZclb \h^m. Fu lZd`_ agZeb, dZd gZclb \h^m \ l_e_ ey]mrdb, \ imkluo
[j_\gZo b \ dhjgyo ^_j_\v_\.
Fu [ueb ohjhrbf gZjh^hf. Fu aZ[hlbebkv ^jm] h ^jm]_ b ex[beb
gZrbo ^_l_c. Fu mqbeb gZrm fheh^_`v \k_fm, qlh bf [ueh gm`gh,
qlh[u \u`blv \ gZrbo djZyo. Ihke_ hohlu fu ^_ebebkv ihjh\gm. M
gZk [ueb i_kgb, jZkkdZau b ^mob. M gZk [ueb om^h`gbdZf, dhlhju_
\uj_aZeb ih ^_j_\m b jbkh\Zeb. M gZk [ueZ ly`_eZy b ohjhrZy `bagv.
<hl lZd hgh b [ueh.
200 e_l gZaZ^ \ :\kljZebx ijb_oZeb ex^b ba <_ebdh[jblZgbb, qlh-
[u hlgylv gZrm a_fex. M gbo [ueb [he_agb, dhlhju_ m[beb fgh]h Z[h-
jb]_gh\. Fu [hjhebkv aZ k\hx a_fex b ihl_ji_eb ihjZ`_gb_. K_]h^gy
hklZehkv fZeh bklbgguo Z[hjb]_gh\. Fu hklZ\beb klZjuc h[jZa `ba-
gb, qlh[u jZ[hlZlv \ ]hjh^Zo b gZ [hevrbo n_jfZo ih jZa\_^_gbx h\_p
b kdhlZ. K_cqZk gZrb ^_lb oh^yl \ rdhem. Fu baf_gbebkv b \u`beb,
lZd `_ dZd fu \u`b\Zeb [he__ 40 000 e_l \ imklugyo :\kljZebb.
Ih`ZemcklZ, \uibrbl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ kdZam_fu_ \ l_dkl_ \
^_ckl\bl_evghf b kljZ^Zl_evghf aZeh]_.
>_ckl\bl_evguc aZeh] KljZ^Zl_evguc aZeh]
Live `b\m
Means agZqbl
Live `b\_l
Came ijbreb
Think ^mfZxl
Came ijbreb
Knows agZ_l
Did not read g_ qblZeb
Did not write g_ ibkZeb
Have bf_eb
Are preserved khojZgyxlky
Are guarded ohjZgyxlky
Are honoured ihqblZxlky
Were defeated [ueb ih[_`^_gu
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53
>_ckl\bl_evguc aZeh] KljZ^Zl_evguc aZeh]
Kept track of hlke_`b\Zeb
Remember ihfgbf
Give ^Z_f
Believe \_jbf
Created kha^Zeb
Gave ^Zeb
Went mseb
Became klZeb
Were [ueb
Had to ^he`gu [ueb
Left ihdbgmeb
Spent ijh\h^beb
Consisted khklhyeh
Didn`t have g_ bf_eb
Didn`t build g_ kljhbeb
Were moving i_j_^\b]Zebkv
Needed gm`^Zebkv
Started gZqZeb
Used bkihevah\Zeb
Did not wear g_ ghkbeb
Had no need g_ gm`^Zebkv
Rained r_e ^h`^v
Lived `beb
Dried \ukuoZeb
Got sick aZ[he_\Zeb
Became klZeb
Knew agZeb
Looked after aZ[hlbebkv
Loved ex[beb
Taught mqbeb
Needed gm`^Zebkv
Shared ^_ebebkv
Carved \uj_aZeb ih ^_j_\m
Drew jbkh\Zeb
Came ijbreb
Had killed m[beb
Eought [hjhebkv
have left ihdbgmeb
Attend ihk_sZxl
Have changed baf_gbebkv
Have survived \u`beb
Wjgb >bg]h
Ba\_klguc Zdl_j, wkljZ^guc Zjlbkl, fmaudZgl b dhfbd, Wjgb >bg-
]h, emqr_ \k_]h ba\_kl_g ih jheb QZjeb \ nbevf_ Djhdh^be >_g^b
hg bkihegy_l Z\kljZebckdmx fmaudm, dhlhjZy \dexqZ_l \ k_[y ljZ^b-
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54
pbhggu_ i_kgb Z[hjb]_gh\ h a_fe_, h ]hjh^_, h[ hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^_, b
h lhf, qlh agZqbl [ulv q_jguf, [_euf beb ^jm]h]h p\_lZ.
Ihke_ q_luj_o e_l h[mq_gby gZ ]jZnbdZ \ I_jl_, Wjgb gZqZe aZ-
gbfZlvky h[s_kl\_gghc jZ[hlhc, h[mqZlv g_ Z[hjb]_gh\ dmevlmj_
Z[hjb]_gh\.
Dh]^Z hg [ue j_[_gdhf, ^y^b b klZjrb_ qe_gu k_fvb ^Zeb ljZ-
^bpbhggh_ bfy Z[hjb]_gh\ Mg^Zfmjm. K_]h^gy hg g_ kqblZ_l k_[y
gb ]hjh^kdbf, gb ljZ^bpbhgguf Z[hjb]_ghf. Y ijhklh `b\m lZd,
dZd y agZx. Jh^hf y ba [mrZ. @b\m y \ ]hjh^_. Y ijbkihkZ[eb\Zxkv
d ex[hfm f_klm, \ dhlhjhf gZoh`mkv. Y fh]m ihclb \ [mr b hklZ-
\blv ]hjh^ ihaZ^b, b fh]m \_jgmlvky \ ]hjh^, hklZ\b\ [mr.
B \k_ `_ Wjgb ijbagZ_l, qlh _]h gZke_^b_ ^Z_l _fm qm\kl\h [_ah-
iZkghklb. Hgh ^Z_l fg_ agZlv, d_f y y\eyxkv.
Bkdmkkl\h Z[hjb]_gh\
Kbf\heu b bo agZq_gb_.
Dhgp_gljbq_kdbc djm] fh`_l h[hagZqZlv \h^hiZ^, eZ]_jv, ^_j_\h
beb f_klh \klj_qb.
KZfuc klZjuc bdhgh]jZnbq_kdbc kbf\he q_eh\_dZ.
Q_eh\_d k dhiv_f b [mf_jZg]hf.
Ke_^ wfm.
Ke_^ d_g]mjm.
AZ]jZ`^_gb_.
Dheh^_p b l_dmsZy \h^Z.
AZ lukyqb e_l ie_f_gZ Z[hjb]_gh\ kha^Zeb bkdmkgu_ dZjlbgu gZ
i_kd_ b l_e_, bkihevamy i_khd, hojm, djh\v, i_jvy, \_ldb b k_f_gZ
êy k\hbo p_j_fhgbc.
Yaud Z[hjb]_gh\
GZ yaudZo Z[hjb]_gh\ ]h\hjyl ih \k_c :\kljZebb. EZ I_jmk \
Kb^g__ ^Z\gh hkgh\Zggh_ khh[s_kl\h, dhlhjh_ \dexqZ_l Dmjbk,
dhlhjuc kgZqZeZ [ue qZklvx fbkkbb Z[hjb]_gh\ EZ I_jmk. < EZ
I_jmk fgh]b_ ex^b ]h\hjyl gZ Zg]ebckdhf \ZjbZgl_ Z[hjb]_gh\.
<hl g_dhlhju_ keh\Z, qZklh bkihevam_fu_ gZjh^Zfb Z[hjb]_gh\
\ EZ I_jmk b bo agZq_gby.
:\lh[mku b iZjhfu Kb^g_y
:\lh[mku b iZjhfu Kb^g_y ij_^hklZ\eyxl `bag_ggh g_h[oh^b-
fu_ k\yab f_`^m khh[s_kl\Zfb gZ ih[_j_`v_ b \ ]hjh^_. Hgb b]jZ-
eb \Z`gmx jhev \ jhkl_ b jZa\blbb Kb^g_y. <hl g_kdhevdh bgl_j_k-
guo nZdlh\ h[ Z\lh[mkZo b iZjhfZo Kb^g_y.
AgZ_l_ eb \u?
:\lh[mku Kb^g_y ih^f_lZxl dZ`ûc ^_gv b dZ`û_ ^\Z ljb
^gy fhxl.
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AgZ_l_ eb \u?
;he__ 33 196 000 ebljh\ ^ba_evgh]h lhieb\Z bkihevam_lky Z\lh-
[mkZfb Kb^g_y dZ`ûc ]h^. K^_jgbc Hebfibckdbc IeZ\Zl_evguc
;Zkk_cg \f_sZ_l 1 350 000 ebljh\ \hû. LZdbf h[jZahf dhebq_kl\h
lhieb\Z, bkihevam_fh]h Z\lh[mkZfb Kb^g_y aZihegbl 25 Hebfibc-
kdbo IeZ\Zl_evguo ;Zkk_cgh\.
AgZ_l_ eb \u?
IZjhfu Kb^g_y i_j_\hayl [he__ 57 000 iZkkZ`bjh\ dZ`ûc ]h^
gZ dZ`^h]h qe_gu i_jkhgZeZ. :\lh[mku Kb^g_y i_j_\hayl [he__ 50
000 iZkkZ`bjh\ gZ kem`Zs_]h.
AgZ_l_ eb \u?
:\lh[mku Kb^g_y ijh_a`Zxl [he__ 70 fbeebhgh\ dbehf_ljh\ \
]h^.
wlh jZ\gh ih êbg_ jZkklhygbx, ijh_a`Z_fhfm \k_f iZjdhf
Z\lhfh[be_c \hdjm] A_feb ljb jZaZ.
wlh jZ\gh ih êbg_ jZkklhygbx, ijh_a`Z_fhfm h^gbf Z\lh[m-
khf Z\lhfh[be_c \hdjm] A_feb 3 333 jZaZ.
wlh jZ\gh ih êbg_ jZkklhygbx hl Kb^g_y ^h I_jlZ \ h^gm klh-
jhgm ihfgh`_gghfm gZ 18 304.
AgZ_l_ eb \u?
<h^bl_eb Z\lh[mkh\ b wdbiZ` iZjhfh\ dZ`ûc ]h^ \uau\Zxlky
^h[jh\hevpZfb, qlh[u kh[jZlv r_klv iheguo Z\lh[mkh\ gh\uo b]jm-
r_d hl \khbo deb_glh\ gZ Jh`^_kl\h b wlb b]jmrdb b^ml gm`^Zx-
sbfky ^_lyf, dhlhju_ \jy^ eb ihemqZl fgh]h ih^Zjdh\ gZ Jh`^_kl\h.
AgZ_l_ eb \u?
< bgnhjfZpbhgghc ebgbb Z\lh[mkh\, ih_a^h\ b iZjhfh\ _klv l_-
e_nhg êy ex^_c k gZjmr_gb_f kemoZ, dhlhju_ ihevamxlky l_e_-
nhggufb i_qZlgufb fZrbgdZfb.
AgZ_l_ eb \u?
:\lh[mku b iZjhfu Kb^g_y i_j_\hayl ihqlb 200 fbeebhgh\ iZk-
kZ`bjh\ \ ]h^.
wlh \ h^bggZ^pZlv jZa [hevr_ gZk_e_gby :\kljZebb.
ihqlb \ q_luj_ jZaZ [hevr_ gZk_e_gby ;jblZgbb.
wlh jZ\gh lj_f q_l\_jluf gZk_e_gby Kh_^bg_gguo RlZlh\
:f_jbdb.
AgZ_l_ eb \u?
?keb ihklZ\blv \k_ Z\lh[mku Kb^g_y:
H^bg aZ ^jm]bf, jy^ [m^_l êbghc 16, dbehf_ljh\.
H^bg gZ ^jm]hc, -4,5 dbehf_ljh\. Wlh agZqbl, qlh hgb [m^ml \
\ukhlm dZd iheh\bgZ ]hju W\_j_kl.
<f_kl_ b \a\_kblv 14 lhgg 140 000 000 dbeh]jZff. Kj_^g_klZlb-
klbq_kdbc kehg \_kbl 5 lhgg, Z\lh[mku jZ\gu ih \_km 2 800 kehgZf.
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IhkqblZlv \k_ dhe_kZ 9000
B aZihegblv bo \k_ iZkkZ`bjZfb, kb^ysbfb b klhysbfb 110
000 iZkkZ`bjh\.
Ibkvfh ba :\kljZebb.
KZrZ gZibkZe ibkvfh fZf_ b iZi_. IjhkemrZcl_, dZd ibkvfh qb-
lZxl \kemo. IjhkemrZcl_ _s_ jZa b h[\_^bl_ ijZ\bevgu_ hl\_lu.
Kf. Tapescripts.
CHAPTER 4.
HEBFIBCKDB? B=JU
KZrZ b Hev]Z ijb_oZeb \ DZg[_jjm, klhebpm :\kljZebb. KZrZ
a\hgbl Lhfm ih l_e_nhgm.
Ih`ZemcklZ, ijhqlbl_ wlb ^bZeh]b \kemo. AZl_f jZau]jZcl_ bo
k h^ghdeZkkgbdZfb. Hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ h[jZsZcl_ gZ kh]eZkh\Zgb_
\j_f_g. Ihke_ ijhql_gb_ \uihegbl_ aZ^Zgby, ijb\_^_ggu_ gb`_.
DZg[_jjZ
Lhf: :eeh?
KZrZ: :eeh. Fh]m y ih]h\hjblv k Lhfhf?
Lhf: Wlh y.
KZrZ: Ijb\_l, Lhf. Wlh KZrZ, y a\hgx ba DZg[_jju.
Lhf: Ijb\_l, KZrZ. DZd \Zf k Hev]hc gjZ\blky DZg[_jjZ?
KZrZ: GZf a^_kv hq_gv gjZ\blky. Lu dh]^Z-gb[m^v [ue \ DZg[_jj_?
Lhf: >Z, fgh]h jZa.
KZrZ: Ihq_fm klhebpZ :\kljZebb jZkiheh`_gZ \ DZg[_jj_, Z g_
\ Kb^g__ beb \ F_ev[mjg_? Hgb gZfgh]h [hevr_, q_f DZg[_jjZ.
Lhf: Ih wlhfm ih\h^m [ueb êbl_evgu_ kihju. B Kb^g_c b
F_ev[mjg ohl_eb [ulv klhebp_c. <f_klh lh]h, qlh[u ijh^he`Zlv
^_[Zlu, [ueh ijbgylh j_r_gb_ kha^Zlv gh\uc ]hjh^ êy klhebpu.
KZrZ: A^_kv \k_ lZdh_ a_e_gh_ b _kl_kl\_ggh_. <ha^mo lZdhc k\_-
`bc.
Lhf: Lu aZf_lbe, qlh ^Z`_ a^Zgb_ iZjeZf_glZ ihdjulh ljZ\hc?
Kihjl gZ hldjulhf \ha^mo_
Lhf: =^_ \u hklZgh\bebkv \ DZg[_jj_?
KZrZ: Fu hklZgh\bebkv m hq_gv ohjhr_c k_fvb.
Lhf: Z. K_]h^gy ^g_f fu ih_^_f dZlZlvky gZ \_ehkbi_^Zo. B
qe_gu k_fvb kdZaZeb, qlh hgb \havfml gZk k kh[hc ieZ\Zlv gZ [Zc-
^Zjd_ b \ ihoh^. Hgb ex[yl kihjl gZ hldjulhf \ha^mo_.
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57
Lhf: DZg[_jjZ aZf_qZl_evgh_ f_klh êy kihjlZ gZ hldjulhf
\ha^mo_.
KZrZ: GZf kdZaZeb, qlh Hebfibckdb_ b]ju [m^ml ijh\h^blvky \
Kb^g__. < dZdhf ]h^m bo [m^ml ijh\h^blv \ Kb^g__?
Lhf: < 2000. <_kv Kb^g_c k_cqZk ]hlh\blky d Hebfibckdbf b]jZf.
KZrZ: AZo\Zlu\Zxs_! DklZlb, lu g_ fh] [u ^Zlv fg_ l_e_nhg
<bdlhjZ? Y [u ohl_e iha\hgblv _fm.
Lhf: Dhg_qgh.
<bdlhj b Lhf jZa]h\Zjb\Zxl
<bdlhj: Lhf, lu ]h\hjbe k KZr_c?
Lhf: >Z, hg a\hgbe fg_ \q_jZ.
<bdlhj: ?fm gjZ\blky DZg[_jjZ?
Lhf: Hg kdZaZe, qlh _fm b Hev]_ DZg[_jjZ hq_gv ihgjZ\beZkv.
<bdlhj: =^_ hgb hklZgh\bebkv?
Lhf: Hg kdZaZe, qlh hgb hklZgh\bebkv m ohjhr_c k_fvb.
<bdlhj: Qlh _s_ hg kdZaZe?
Lhf: Hg kijhkbe f_gy [ue eb y \ DZg[_jj_. Ijbjh^Z DZg[_jju
iZ g_]h ijhba\_eZ [hevrh_ \i_qZle_gb_. Hg kdZaZe, qlh hgZ ihc^ml
\ ihoh^ gZ [Zc^ZjdZo.
<bdlhj: A^hjh\h!
Lhf: B hg ohl_e agZlv, dh]^Z \ Kb^g__ [m^ml ijh\h^blvky Hebf-
ibckdb_ b]ju. Hg lZd`_ ihijhkbe f_gy ^Zlv _fm l\hc l_e_nhg.
1. Ih`ZemcklZ, hl\_lvl_ gZ ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku.
1) IhgjZ\beZkv eb KZr_ b Hev]_ DZg[_jjZ?
They liked Canberra very much. (Bf hq_gv ihgjZ\beZkv DZg[_jjZ).
2) ;ue eb Lhf \ DZg[_jj_?
Yes, he has. (>Z).
3) Ihq_fm klhebpZ :\kljZebb gZoh^blky \ DZg[_jj_?
There was a debate about it. Sydney and Melbourne wanted to be capital
and in the end it was decided to create a new city for the capital. (Ih wlhfm
ih\h^m [ueb kihju. Kb^g_c b F_ev[mjg ohl_eb [ulv klhebp_c. < dhg-
p_ dhgph\ [ueh j_r_gh kha^Zlv gh\uc ]hjh^ êy klhebpu).
4) Q_f ihdjulh a^Zgb_ iZjeZf_glZ?
It is covered with grass. (Hg ihdjul ljZ\hc).
1) C d_f \ DZg[_jj_ hklZgh\bebkv KZrZ b Hev]Z?
They are staying with a nice family. (Hgb hklZgh\bebkv m ohjhr_c
k_fvb).
2) Q_f KZrZ b Hev]Z [m^ml aZgbfZlvky \h \j_fy k\h_]h ij_[u\Z-
gby \ DZg[_jj_?
They will go canoeing and camping. They will also go bicycle riding.
(Hgb ihc^ml \ ihoh^ gZ [Zc^ZjdZo).
3) <Zf gjZ\blky kihjl gZ hldjulhf \ha^mo_?
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58
Yes, I do. I like bicycle riding as well as basketball and volleyball. I
also like camping very much. (>Z. Fg_ gjZ\blky \_ehkihjl, Z lZd`_
[Zkd_l[he b \he_c[he. Fg_ lZd`_ hq_gv gjZ\blky oh^blv \ ihohû.
4) =^_ [m^ml ijh\h^blvky Hebfibckdb_ B]ju 2000 ]h^Z?
The 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Sydney.(Hebfibckdb_
B]ju 2000 ]h^m [m^ml ijh\h^blvky \ Kb^g__).
1) Qlh Lhf kdZaZe <bdlhjm?
Tom told Vistor that Sasha had called him the day before and told
him that he liked Canberra very much. Tom also said that Sasha was
staying with a nice family and that he would be going canoeing and
camping. He told Victor that Sasha had asked him about the Olympic
Games and had asked Tom to give him Victor`s telephone number. (Lhf
kdZaZe <bdlhjm, qlh KZrZ a\hgbe _fm \q_jZ b kdZaZe, qlh _fm hq_gv
ihgjZ\beZkv DZg[_jjZ. Lhf lZd`_ kdZaZe, qlh KZrZ hklZgh\beky m
ohjhr_c k_fvb b qlh hg kh[bjZeky ihclb \ ihoh^ gZ [Zc^ZjdZo. Hg
kdZaZe <bdlhjm, qlh KZrZ kijZrb\Ze _]h h[ Hebfibckdbo B]jZo b
ijhkbe LhfZ ^Zlv _fm l_e_nhg <bdlhjZ).
Yaud l_e_nhgguo jZa]h\hjh\.
G_dhlhju_ ba \_s_c, dhlhju_ \u fh`_l_ mkeurZlv ih l_e_nhgm,
fh]ml a\mqZlv kljZggh.
Wlh hagZqZ_l.
Dlh \u?
Ih`ZemcklZ, ih\lhjbl_ k\h_ bfy.
Y g_ ihgye, qlh \u kdZaZeb. <u g_ fh]eb [u wlh ih\lhjblv?
A^_kv g_kdhevdh hl^_eh\. Dhlhjuc ba gbo \Zf gm`_g?
Ih^h`^bl_.
jm]b_ ex^b lh`_ ohlyl ih]h\hjblv k gbf / g_c. HklZ\Zcl_kv gZ
ebgbb b gZ \Zr a\hghd hl\_lyl \ ihjy^d_ hq_j_^b.
<u ohlbl_, qlh[u y i_j_^ZeZ _fm qlh-gb[m^v?
?keb \u kdZ`_l_ fg_ k\h_ bfy b ghf_j l_e_nhgZ, hg / hgZ \Zf
i_j_a\hgbl.
Kh\_l
Dh]^Z \u kfhljbl_ ghf_j nbjfu beb ^hdlhjZ \ l_e_nhgghc dgb-
]_, \u fh`_l_ m\b^_lv ghf_j k ihf_ldhc A.H. wlh agZqbl Ihke_ qZ-
kh\, ihke_ jZ[hlu. ?keb \u a\hgbl_ jZgh mljhf beb iha^gh \_q_-
jhf, \u fh`_l_ iha\hgblv ih wlhfm l_e_nhgm, qlh[u k\yaZlvky k
gm`guf \Zf q_eh\_dhf.
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=jZffZlbdZ
1. Sasha said that they are so much bigger the Canberra. Tom
answered that there had been a long running debate about that and that
both Sydney and Melbourne had wanted to be the nations capital. Tom
added that a decision had been made to create a new city for the capital.
Sasha said that everything was green in Canberra and that the air was
fresh. Tom asked him if he had noticed that the Parliament House was
covered with grass.
Tom asked Sasha where he was staying in Canberra and Sasha
answered that they were staying with a nice family. Tom asked if they
would participate in some outdoor activities and Sasha said that they
would. He said that their family had said they would take them canoeing
and camping. Tom said that Canberra was a great place for outdoor sports.
Sasha said that they had been told that the Olympics would be held in
Sydney. He asked what year they would be in Sydney. Tom answered that
it would happen in the tear 2000. He said that Sydney was preparing for
the Olympics. Sasha said that it was very exciting and asked Tom if he
could give him Victors telephone number. Tom said he could.
Victor asked Tom if he had spoken with Sasha. Tom answered that
Sasha had called him the day before. Victor asked if Sasha liked Canberra
and Tom answered that Sasha had said that they liked Canberra very much.
Victor asked where they were staying and Tom answered that they were
staying with a nice family. Victor asked what else Sasha had said. Tom
said that Sasha had asked him if he had been to Canberra and that he had
said he was very much impressed by the nature of the city. He said that
they would be canoeing and camping. Victor said that it was great. Tom
said that Sasha had wanted to know when the Olympic Games would be
held in Sydney and had asked Tom to give him Victors telephone number.
4. 1) Sasha said that Olga had never been to an English speaking
country before.
2) Sasha said that they would visit Canberra.
3) Sasha said that Canberra is the capital off Australia.
4) Sasha said that he had been travelling a lot lately.
5) Sasha said that he was thinking of going to Canada.
6) Sasha said that he had never been to Canada.
7) Sasha said that Victor had not lived in Sydney very long.
Ijhqlbl_ b magZcl_
DZg[_jjZ - klhebpZ :\kljZebb
DZgv_jjZ ^hf Z\kljZebckdh]h ijZ\l_evkl\Z b ihkhevkl\ kljZg
kh \k_]h fbjZ.
MdjZr_gb_f ]hjh^Z y\ey_lky gh\h_ a^Zgb_ iZjeZf_glZ, hldjulh_
\ 1988 ]hm^. A^_kv aZk_^Z_l ijZ\bl_evkl\h. DZg[_jjZ lZdà_ ba\_kl-
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60
gZ dZd ijbjh^gZy klhebpZ, b hgZ gboh^blky g_^Ze_dh hl kZfuo wn-
n_dlguo i_caZ`_c :\kljZebb.
<ha^mo a^_kv k\_`bc b [h^jysbc. G_m^b\bl_evgh, qlh ex^b \
DZg[_jj_ ex[yl ijh\h^blv \j_fy gZ hldjulhf \ha^mo_.
< DZg[_jj_ fgh]h fma__\. DZg[_jjm ijh_dlbjh\Ze Zf_jbdZg_p.
DZg[_jjZ jZc êy \_ehkbi_^bklh\.
< DZg[_jj_ jZkiheh`_gu ba\_klgu_ ^hklhijbf_qZl_evghklb :\-
kljZebb. GZpbhgZevgZy =Ze_j_y, GZpbhgZevguc P_glj GZmdb b L_o-
gheh]bb, <ukrbc Km^ b klZjh_ a^Zgb_ iZjeZf_glZ gZoh^ylky a^_kv.
DebfZl:
Mf_j_gguc. Abfgb_ ghqb fh]ml [ulv oheh^gufb k fhjhaguf ml-
jhf b kheg_qguf ^g_f. <h \k_ k_ahgu ij_h[eZ^Zxl kheg_qgu_ ^gb.
DjZldZy bklhjby Hebfibckdbo b]j
Dh]^Z \k_ gZqZehkv
Kh]eZkgh bklhjbq_kdbf aZibkyf, i_j\u_ b]ju [ueb ijh\_^_gu \
776 ]h^m ^h gZr_c wju \ Hebfibb, =j_pby. D 676 ]h^m \ B]jZo mqZ-
kl\h\Zeb ]j_db kh \k_o m]hedh\ =j_pbb. B]ju ijh\h^bebkv[ dZ`û_
q_luj_ ]h^Z \ q_klv dhjhey [h]h\, A_\kZ. Khh[sZ_lky, qlh \ jZggbo
B]jZo [ueh lhevdh h^gh khklyaZgb_ [_] gZ 200 yj^h\.
Ih`ZemcklZ, h[tykgbl_ agZq_gb_ ij_êh`_gby:
It means tat the Games were held to show that the Greeks respected
their god, Zeus.
(Wlh agZqbl, qlh b]ju ijh\h^bebkv êy lh]h, qlh[u ihdZaZlv, qlh
]j_db m\Z`Zeb k\h_]h [h]Z, A_\kZ).
<bû khj_\gh\Zgbc
<kdhj_ [ueb ^h[Z\e_gu b ^jm]b_ \bû khj_\gh\Zgbc, \dexqZy
[hdk, [hjv[m h[t_^bg_ggu_ [hdk b [hjv[m, f_lZgb_ ^bkdZ, f_lZgb_
dhivy b iju`db \ êbgm. D 25 Hebfibckdbf b]jZf [ueb ^h[Z\e_gu
]hgdb gZ dhe_kgbpZo, aZijy`_gguo q_lujvfy ehrZ^vfb. =hgdb gZ
dhe_kgbpZo [ueb hq_gv ihimeyjgu. DhfZgû ba ^\mo beb q_luj_o
ehrZ^_c kdZdZeb 12 djm]h\ ih ^hjh`d_. Fh]eb mqZkl\h\Zlv 12 dh-
e_kgbp. Bgh]^Z ijhbkoh^beb klhedgh\_gby. Iha`_ [ueb ^h[Z\e_gu
]hgdb gZ ehrZ^yo.
Ih`ZemcklZ, h[tykgbl_ agZq_gb_ ij_êh`_gby.
In the very earlier Olympics the athletes competed only in 200yard
sprint. Later they began to compete in other sports. (< kZfuo jZggbo
Hebfibckdbo b]jZo kihjlkf_gu khj_\gh\Zebkv lhevdh \ [_]_ gZ 200
yj^h\. Iha`_ hgb klZeb khj_\gh\Zlvky b \ ^jm]bo \b^Zo kihjlZ).
<j_f_ggZy rdZeZ Hebfibckdbo b]j
GZ ijhly`_gbb 100 e_l b]ju ijh\h^bebkv j_]meyjgh k bgl_j\Z-
ehf \ q_luj_ ]h^Z. Ki_pbZevgu_ ihkuevgu_ gZijZ\eyebkv \h \k_o
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61
gZijZ\e_gbyo, qlh[u h[ty\blv gZqZeh b]j b ^Zlv kb]gZe aZdhgqblv
\k_ jZkijb b \hcgu ^h dhgpZ B]j. Kh\j_f_ggu_ Hebfibckdb_ b]ju
\k_ _s_ ijh\h^ylky dZ`û_ q_luj_ ]h^Z, gh bo ij_ju\Zeb \ 1916,
1940 b 1944 ]h^Zo Fbjh\ufb <hcgZfb.
Ih`ZemcklZ, h[tykgbl_ agZq_gb_ ij_êh`_gby.
The Games are held then four years pass and then the Games are held
again.(Ijh\h^ylky B]ju, aZl_f ijhoh^bl q_luj_ ]h^Z, b aZl_f hiylv
ijh\h^ylky B]ju).
Dh]^Z ]j_dh\ aZ\h_\Zeb jbfeyg_ \h \lhjhf \_d_ ^h gZr_c wju,
gZqZeky miZ^hd B]j. < 393 ]h^m gZr_c wju \baZglbckdbc bfi_jZlhj
Nh_^hkbc 1 aZij_lbe B]ju. Ljb^pZlv e_l kimkly bfi_jZlhj N_h^h-
kbc ijbdZaZe iheghklvx jZajmrblv ojZfu Hebfibb. < 1875 ]h^m
Zjo_heh]b \gh\v hldjueb ]hjh^.
Ih`ZemcklZ, h[tykgbl_ agZq_gb_ ij_êh`_gby
The emperor forbade to hold the Games. (Bfi_jZlhj aZij_lbe ijh-
\h^blv B]ju).
< 1894 ]h^m ;Zjhg Iv_j ^_ Dmj[_lZg gZibkZe ibkvfZ \ kihjlb\-
gu_ hj]ZgbaZpbb \k_o kljZg. < k\h_f ibkvf_ hg hibkZe h[jZah\Z-
l_evgmx p_gghklv kihjlZ êy kh\j_f_ggh]h q_eh\_dZ, hkgh\Zggmx
gZ b^_ZeZo ]j_dh\. >\Z ]hû kimkly ijhreb i_j\u_ Hebfibckdb_
B]ju
DZd \u kqblZ_l_, bf__l eb kihjl h[jZah\Zl_evgmx p_gghklv?
Ih`ZemcklZ h[tykgbl_ ihq_fm.
I think that there is educational value in sport. Sport teaches people
discipline. It makes a character stronger. Sportsmen learn to lose with
dignity. (Y kqblZx qlh \ kihjl_ _klv h[jZah\Zl_evgmx p_gghklv.
Kihjl mqbl ex^_c ^bkpbiebg_. Hg aZdZey_l oZjZdl_j. Kihjlkf_gu
mqZlky ijhb]ju\Zlv k ^hklhbgkl\hf).
< kh\j_f_gguo Hebfibckdbo b]jZo kihjlkf_gu fZjrbjmxl \
iZjZ^_ gZ hldjulbb B]j. I_j_^ iZjZ^hf aZ`b]Z_lky nZd_e. IeZfy
nZd_eZ ijbghkblky k f_klZ, ]^_ gZoh^beZkv Hebfiby. LZf _]h aZ`b-
]Z_l hl emq_c khegpZ b wklZn_lhc ijbghkyl \ ]hjh^, \ dhlhjhf ijh-
\h^ylky B]ju.
1. Ih`ZemcklZ, h[tykgbl_ agZq_gb_ ij_êh`_gby
The flame to light the torch is carried from the place where Olympia
had been by the relay runners. (IeZfy êy nZd_eZ ijbghkblky k f_klZ,
]^_ gZoh^beZkv Hebfiby wklZn_lhc [_]mgh\).
Jhkkby gZqZeZ ijbgbfZlv mqZklb_ \ Hebfibckdbo B]jZo \ 1952
]h^m. K l_o ihj Jhkkby fgh]h jZa \ub]ju\ZeZ ahehlu_, k_j_[jygu_ b
[jhgah\u_ f_^Zeb. < 1980 ]h^m 22 Hebfibckdb_ B]ju ijh\h^bebkv
\ Fhkd\_.
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62
2. Ih`ZemcklZ jZkiheh`bl_ bklhjbx Hebfibckdbo B]j ih
\j_f_gghc rdZe_.
766 B.C. The first Olympic Games were held.
2 B.C. The decline of the Games began because the Greeks were
conquered by the Romans.
393 A.D. The Olympic Games were banned by the emperor
Theodosius 1.
1875 Archaeologists rediscovered Olympia.
1894 Baron Pierre de Coubertin wrote a letter to all the athletic
organizations.
1896 The first modern Olympic Games took place.
1916 The Olympics were not held because of the World War I.
1940 The Olympics were not held because of the World War II.
1944 The Olympics were not held because of the World War II.
1952 Russia joined the Olympics.
1980 The twenty-second Olympic games were held in Moscow.
3. Ih`ZemcklZ, hl\_lvl_ gZ \hijhku.
1) Dh]^Z b ]^_ gZqZebkv Hebfibckdb_ B]ju?
The Olympic Games were started in 766 B.C. in Greece. (Hebfibc-
kdb_ B]ju gZqZebkv \ 776 ]h^m ^h gZr_c wju \ =j_pbb).
2) Dh]^Z B]ju [ueb aZij_s_gu?
The Games were banned in 393 A.D. (B]ju [ueb aZij_s_gu \ 393
]h^m gZr_c wju).
3) Dlh gZibkZe ibkvfh \h \k_ kljZgu, hibku\Zy h[jZah\Zl_evgmx
p_gghklv kihjlZ êy kh\j_f_ggh]h q_eh\_dZ?
Baron Pirre de Coubertin did. (;Zjhg Iv_j ^_ Dmj[_lZg).
4) Kh]^Z [ueb ijh\_^_gu i_j\u_ kh\j_f_ggu_ Hebfibckdb_
B]ju?
The first modern Olympic Games took place in 1896, two years after
Pierre de Coubertin`s letter. i_j\u_ kh\j_f_ggu_ Hebfibckdb_ B]ju
[ueb ijh\_^_gu \ 1896 ]h^m, q_j_a ^\Z ]h^Z ihke_ ibkvfZ Iv_jZ ^_
Dm[_jlZgZ.)
5) Ihq_fm Hebfibckdb_ B]ju klZeb kbf\hehf fbjZ b ^jm`[u?
The Olympic Games are the symbol of peace and friendship because
sportsmen from all the countries of the world come to take part in it.
(Hebfibckdb_ B]jZ y\eyxlky kbf\hehf fbjZ b ^jm`[u, ihlhfm qlh
kihjlkf_gu \k_o kljZg fbjZ ijb_a`Zxl khj_\gh\Zlvky gZ gbo).
6) Dh]^Z Jhkkby klZeZ mqZkl\h\Zlv \ hebfibckdbo B]jZo?
Russia joined the Olympics in 1952. (Jhkkby gZqZeZ ijbgbfZlv
mqZklb_ \ Hebfibckdbo B]jZo \ 1952 ]h^m).
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63
Kvxa_g =jwfk jZkkdZau\Z_l h[ Hebfibckdbo B]jZo 2000 ]h-
^Z \ Kb^g__
< Kb^g__, klZj_cr_f b kZfhf [hevrhf ]hjh^_ :\kljZebb [m^ml
ijh\h^blvky B]ju 25 HebfibZû.
B]ju [m^ml ijh\h^blvky [he__ 17 ^g_c k P_j_fhgbb hldjulby \
iylgbpm15 k_gly[jy 2000 ]h^Z ^h p_j_fhgbb AZdjulby \ \hkdj_k_-
gv_ 1 hdly[jy.
Wlh [m^_l \lhjhc jZa, dh]^Z B]ju ijh\h^ylky \ :\kljZebb. <
1956 ]h^m B]ju ijh\h^bebkv \ F_ev[mjg_, klhebp_ rlZlZ <bdlh-
jby. Hgb klZeb ba\_klgu dZd ^jm`_kdb_ b]ju.
M :\kljZebb êbl_evgZy k\yav k Hebfibckdbfb B]jZfb. HgZ
ijbgbfZeZ mqZklb_ \ B]jZo 1896 ]h^Z \ :nbgZo b hgZ y\ey_lky h^-
ghc ba g_fgh]bo kljZg, dhlhjZy k l_o ihj mqZkl\h\ZeZ \h \k_o B]jZo.
HgZ lZd`_ ihklhyggh \ub]ju\Z_l f_^Zeb: 27 gZ B]jZo \ ;Zjk_ehg_ \
1992 ]h^m, 41 \ :leZgl_ \ 1996. < 1956 ]h^m :\kljZeby [ueZ lj_lv_c
ih dhebq_kl\m \k_o f_^Ze_c b ahehluo f_^Ze_c.
B]ju 2000 ]h^Z \ Kb^g__ b IZjZebfibckdb_ B]ju êy bg\Zeb-
^h\, dhlhju_ [m^ml ijh\h^blvky ihke_ gbo, ihemqbeb [hevrmx h[-
s_kl\_ggmx ih^^_j`dm. 90 Z\kljZebcp_\ iheh`bl_evgh hlg_kebkv d
aZy\d_ Kb^g_y gZ B]ju b [he__ 100 000 ^h[jh\hevp_\ ij_êh`beb
k\hb mkem]b \ lh \j_fy.
Iheblbq_kdb_, ijhba\h^kl\_ggu_ b h[s_kl\_ggu_ h[t_^bg_gby,
khh[s_kl\Z Z[hjb]_gh\, hj]ZgbaZpbb ih aZsbl_ hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û
b rdhevgbdb k wglmabZafhf ih^^_j`Zeb aZy\dm Kb^g_y b ijh^he-
`Zxl ih^^_j`b\Zlv.
Ke_^mxsb_ klZlbklbq_kdb_ ^Zggu_ ihdZau\Zxl aZ^Zqm Kb^g_y:
H`b^Z_lky, qlh [m^ml mqZkl\h\Zlv 200 kljZg.
LZf [m^ml ijbkmlkl\h\Zlv 10000 kihjlkf_gh\ b 5000 hnbpbZev-
guo ebp.
3,5 fbeebZj^h\ l_e_ajbl_e_c [m^ml kfhlj_lv B]ju \h \k_f fbj_.
40 000 ^h[jh\hevp_\ [m^ml mqZkl\h\Zlv \ ij_^klZ\e_gbb.
15 000 ij_^klZ\bl_e_c kj_^kl\ fZkkh\hc bgnhjfZpbb [m^ml hk-
\_sZlv wlh kh[ulb_.
< ijh]jZff_ hebfibckdbo B]j 2000 ]h^Z 27 \b^h\ kihjlZ, hl
klj_ev[u ba emdZ ^h ih^gylby ly`_kl_c. Khj_\gh\Zgby ih ljbZlehgm
b lZcd\hg^h [m^ml ijh\h^blvky \ i_j\uc jZa \ Kb^g__. Kms_kl\m_l
fgh]h ihimeyjguo \b^h\ kihjlZ \ :\kljZebb, lZdbo dZd nml[he ih
Z\kljZebckdbf ijZ\beZf, eb]Z j_][b, b djbd_l, dhlhju_ g_ y\eyxlky
Hebfibckdbfb \b^Zfb kihjlZ b g_ [m^ml \dexq_gu \ ijh]jZffm,
ihlhfm qlh \ gbo b]jZ_l g_^hklZlhqgh_ dhebq_kl\h kljZg.
Hebfibckdb_ B]ju 2000 ]h^Z [m^ml ijh\h^blvky \ ^\mo hkgh\guo
ahgZo: Hebfibckdbc iZjd Kb^g_y b AhgZ =Z\Zgb Kb^g_y, dhlhju_ gZ-
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64
oh^ylky gZ jZkklhygbb 14 dbehf_ljh\ ^jm] hl ^jm]Z b kh_^bg_gu ^hjh-
]hc, `_e_aghc ^hjh]hc b \h^gufb ljZgkihjlgufb kj_^kl\Zfb.
Lhevdh klj_ev[Z, khj_\gh\Zgb_ gZ dZghw, ]j_[ey, ]hgdb gZ ]hjguo
\_ehkbi_^Zo b dhgguc kihjl [m^ml ijh\h^blvky g_ \ wlbo ahgZo.
Hebfibckdbc iZjd Kb^g_y \ Ohmf[mr kljhblky gZ a_fe_, dhlhjZy
[ueZ ijhfure_gguf jZchghf b h[gh\e_gb_ dhlhjhc kqblZ_lky [hev-
rhc ih[_^hc Kb^g_y \ h[eZklb hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û. A^_kv [m^_l f_klh
êy Hebfibckdh]h klZ^bhgZ, dhlhjuc ij_^hklZ\bl f_klZ êy 110000
ajbl_e_c, b Kihjlb\ghc >_j_\gb, dhlhjZy \i_j\u_ \f_klbl \k_o 10 000
hebfibckdbo kihjlkf_gh\ b 5 000 hnbpbZevguo ebp dhfZg^.
<uihegyy h[yaZl_evkl\Z Kb^g_y \ hlghr_gbb hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û
\ f_kl_ ijh\_^_gby khj_\gh\Zgbc b ij_^klZ\e_gby, Kihjlb\gZy >_-
j_\gy ihklZ\bl h[jZa_p êy [m^ms_]h kljhbl_evkl\Z. Hkh[_gghklb
\dexqZxl ^baZcg, \hkijbgbfZxsbc kheg_qguc k\_l, ^g_\gh_ hk\_-
s_gb_ gZ mebpZo, bkihevah\Zgb_ ih^^Zxsbcky \lhjbqghc i_j_jZ[hl-
d_ b i_j_jZ[hlZgguo fZl_jbZeh\, dh]^Z wlh \hafh`gh, i_j_jZ[hldZ
bkihevah\Zgghc \hû b fZdkbfZevgh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ h[hjm^h\Zgby
]hjh^kdh]h ljZgkihjlZ. Qlh \Z`gh, wlh ^Zkl Hebfibckdbf kihjlkf_-
gZf qm\kl\h k_fvb \ khhl\_lkl\bb k Hebfibckdbfb b^_ZeZfb kha-
^Z\Zlv fbjhex[b\uc b emqrbc fbj q_j_a kihjl.
<k_ `bl_eb Kb^g_y ba\e_dml ihevam hl ijh^he`bl_evgh]h gZ-
ke_^by B]j ko kihjlb\guf h[hjm^h\Zgb_f fbjh\h]h deZkkZ.
Hebfibckdb_ B]ju 2000 ]h^Z ijh\h^ylky aZ ]h^ ^h klhe_lg_c
]h^h\sbgu ihîbkZgby ^_deZjZpbb \ :\kljZebb, dh]^Z r_klv hl-
^_evguo dhehgbc h[t_^bgbebkv, qlh[u klZlv _^bguf gZjh^hf.
K_jby n_klb\Ze_c ij_^r_kl\mxsbo B]jZf, jZkkdZ`ml h[ bklh-
jbb jZa\blby :\kljZebb, kljZgu k [hevrbf jZaghh[jZab_f dmevlmj.
DmevlmjgZy HebfibZ^Z gZqg_lky \ 1997 k N_klb\Zey F_qlZ-
gbc, ijZa^gh\Zgby lma_fghc dmevlmju, hkh[_ggh Z\kljZebckdbo
Z[hjb]_gh\ b hkljh\blyg Lhjj_kh\Z ijheb\Z.
GZ ke_^mxsbc ]h^ l_fZ [m^_l Baf_g_gb_ Fhjy, ijZa^gmy
\deZ^ b bkke_^h\Zgb_ b bffb]jZpbx.
< 199 ]h^m :\kljZeby ^hg_k_l k\hx dmevlmjm f_`^mgZjh^ghfm
khh[s_kl\m k ijh]jZffhc ih^ gZa\Zgb_f MklZgZ\eb\Zy dhglZdl k
fbjhf, dh]^Z Z\kljZebckdb_ Zjlbklu b bkihegbl_eb ihagZdhfyl
^jm]b_ gZjhû k [h]Zlkl\hf b jZaghh[jZab_f Z\kljZebckdh]h dmev-
lmjgh]h gZke_^by.
< 2000 ]h^m aZ q_luj_ f_kypZ ^h B]j N_klb\Zev ;molZ @bagb
ij_^klZ\bl Kb^g_y gh\u_ jZ[hlu, \uklZ\db b ij_^klZ\e_gby \_^m-
sbo Z\kljZebckdbo b f_`^mgZjh^guo Zjlbklh\.
Hj]ZgbaZpbhgguc Dhfbl_l Kb^g_y ih Hebfibckdbf B]jZf ih-
kueZ_l emqrb_ ih`_eZgby klm^_glZf \ Jhkkbb. Fu gZ^__fky, qlh
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65
g_dhlhju_ ba \Zk kfh]ml ijb_oZlv \ :\kljZebx, _keb g_ gZ B]ju
2000 ]h^Z \ Kb^g__, lh dh]^Z-gb[m^v \ [m^ms_f.
4. Ij_^klZ\vl_, qlh \u j_ihjl_j, dhlhjuc kh[jZe bgnhjfZ-
pbx h[ Hebfibckdbo b]jZo 2000 ]h^Z. JZkkdZ`bl_ h^ghdeZkk-
gbdZf qZklv lh]h, h q_f \u magZeb. Ih`ZemcklZ, bkihevamcl_
dhk\_ggmx j_qv.
I was told that there would be 27 sports on the programme of the 200
Olympic Games ranging from Archery to weightlifting. Triathlon and
Taekwondo would be contested for the first time. Some of the sports
popular in Australia, such as Australian rules football, Rugby League and
cricket would not be included in the programme as they were not played
in a significant number of countries. (Fg_ kdZaZeb, qlh \ ijh]jZff_
hebfibckdbo B]j [m^_l 2000 ]h^Z 27 \b^h\ kihjlZ, hl klj_ev[u ba
emdZ ^h ih^gylby ly`_kl_c. Khj_\gh\Zgby ih ljbZlehgm b lZcd\hg-
^h [m^ml ijh\h^blvky \ i_j\uc jZa \ Kb^g__. G_dhlhju_ ihimeyj-
gu_ \ :\kljZebb \bû kihjlZ, lZdb_ dZd nml[he ih Z\kljZebckdbf
ijZ\beZf, eb]Z j_][b, b djbd_l g_ [m^ml \dexq_gu \ ijh]jZffm, ih-
lhfm qlh \ gbo b]jZ_l g_^hklZlhqgh_ dhebq_kl\h kljZg.)
A member of the Sydney organizing Committee for the Olympic
Games told me that the 2000 Olympics would focus on two primary
zones- Sydney Olympic Park and the Sydney Harbour Zone. (Qe_g Hj-
]ZgbaZpbhggh]h Dhfbl_lZ Kb^g_y ih Hebfibckdbf B]jZf kdZaZe
fg_, qlh Hebfibckdb_ B]ju 2000 ]h^Z [m^ml ijh\h^blvky \ ^\mo
hkgh\guo ahgZo: Hebfibckdbc iZjd Kb^g_y b AhgZ =Z\Zgb Kb^-
g_y).
Games told me that Sydney Olympic park at Homebush was being built
on former industrial land the rehabilitation of which was seen as a major
environmental triumph for Sydney. I was told that it would be the site of
the Olympic Stadium and the athletes` Village. (Qe_g Hj]ZgbaZpbhggh-
]h Dhfbl_lZ Kb^g_y ih Hebfibckdbf B]jZf kdZaZe fg_, qlh Hebf-
ibckdbc iZjd Kb^g_y \ Ohmf[mr kljhblky gZ a_fe_, dhlhjZy [ueZ
ijhfure_gguf jZchghf b h[gh\e_gb_ dhlhjhc kqblZ_lky [hevrhc
ih[_^hc Kb^g_y \ h[eZklb hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û. A^_kv [m^_l f_klh
êy Hebfibckdh]h klZ^bhgZ b Kihjlb\ghc >_j_\gb).
Games told me that a series of festivals would be held in the years
leading up to the Games. They would tell the story of Australias
multicultural development. (Qe_g Hj]ZgbaZpbhggh]h Dhfbl_lZ Kb^-
g_y ih Hebfibckdbf B]jZf kdZaZe fg_, qlh [m^_l ijh\_^_gZ k_jby
n_klb\Ze_c, ij_^r_kl\mxsbo B]jZf. Hgb jZkkdZ`ml h[ bklhjbb
jZa\blby :\kljZebb, kljZgu k [hevrbf jZaghh[jZab_f dmevlmj).
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5. Ij_^klZ\vl_, qlh \u - j_ihjl_j _s_ jZa. Kh[_jbl_ bgnhj-
fZpbx h[ Hebfibckdbo B]jZo \ \Zr_c kljZg_ beb kh[_jbl_ bg-
nhjfZpbx h[ ba\_klghf kihjlkf_g_ \ \Zr_c kljZg_. JZkkdZ`bl_
h^ghdeZkkgbdZf, qlh \u magZeb, bkihevamy dhk\_ggmx j_qv.
The Olympic Games Moscow 1980.
The Olympic Games of 1980 were held in Moscow.
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 led to the largest
boycott in the history of the Olympic movement. U.S. president Jimmy
Carter took the lead in the call for a boycott of the 1980 Olympics, and
approximately 60 other nations joined the Americans in staying away from
Moscow. The level of competition clearly suffered from the boycott. The
Soviet team won 80 gold medals and 195 medals in all in the most lopsided
final tally since the U.S. domination of the 1904 Games. The track-and-
field competition saw several disappointing times. The 800 and 1,500-
metre runs boasted the world's two best performers, Steve Ovett and
Sebastian Coe, both of Great Britain. Although Ovett won the 800-metre
run and Coe the 1,500-metre, both races were characterized by overly
cautious running and unimpressive times. The 5,000 and 10,000-metre
runs were won by Miruts Yifter of Ethiopia.
The East German women dominated the swimming as they had in
1976, capturing 11 of the 13 gold medals. The Soviet men, led by
Vladimir Salnikov, won seven events.
>ey bgnhjfZpbb
DZlZgb_ gZ ev^m
<u ex[bl_ dZlZlvky gZ dhgvdZo?
DZlZgb_ gZ ev^m aZf_qZl_evguc \b^ kihjlZ. Wlh \_k_eh b wlh
ihe_agh êy gh]!
Kms_kl\m_l ljb \b^Z dZlZgby gZ ev^m: kdhjhklghc [_] gZ dhgv-
dZo, nb]mjgh_ dZlZgb_ b lZgpu gZ ev^m.
>Zlu
1858. I_j\uc dZlhd [ue hldjul \ P_gljZevghf IZjd_ \ Gvx
Chjd_.
1908. Nb]mjgh_ dZlZgb_ klZgh\blky Hebfibckdbf \b^hf kihjlZ.
1924. Kdhjhklghc [_] gZ dhgvdZo klZgh\blky Hebfibckdbf \b-
^hf kihjlZ.
GZklhevguc l_ggbk
<Zf gjZ\blky gZklhevguc l_ggbk? Wlh hq_gv ihimeyjgZy b]jZ.
GZ kZfhf ^_e_, \ gZklhevguc l_ggbk b]jZ_l [hevr_ ex^_c, q_f \
ex[mx ^jm]mx b]jm.
G_kdhevdh nZdlh\
1988. GZklhevguc l_ggbk klZgh\blky Hebfibckdbf \b^hf kihjlZ.
Fyq fh`_l [ulv `_eluf beb [_euf. Hg \_kbl 2.5 ]jZff.
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Klhe l_fgh a_e_guc. ?]h êbgZ 1.52 f_ljZ, Z rbjbgZ 1.37 f_ljZ.
K_ldZ 15.25 kZglbf_ljh\ \ \ukhlm. HgZ ^_ebl klhe gZ ^\_ iheh\bgu.
6. MagZcl_ dZd lZgpu gZ ev^m klZeb Hebfibckdbf \b^hf
kihjlZ.
Ike dancing became an Olympic Sport in 1976. It was first included
in the Olympic progamme in the Games in Innsbruck, Austria.
(LZgpu gZ ev^m klZeb Hebfibckdbf \b^hf kihjlZ \ 1976 ]h^m.
Hgb \i_j\u_ [ueb \dexq_gu \ hebfibckdmx ijh]jZffm gZ B]jZo \
Bgk[jmd_, :\kljby).
Lu - iehohc kihjlkf_g?
Lh, qlh lu - iehohc kihjlkf_g ebrZ_l jZ^hklb hl b]j.
?keb lu dh]^Z-gb[m^v b]jZe \ dhfZg^_, lu gZ\_jgydZ \b^_e ijb-
f_ju iehobo kihjlkf_gh\. ?]h beb __ e_]dh magZlv. Wlh lhl qe_g
dhfZgû, dhlhjuc r\ujy_l fyq beb jZd_ldm \ ]g_\_. Wlh lZd`_ l_
kihjlkf_gu, dhlhju_ `mevgbqZxl, mfure_ggh b]jZxl g_ ih ijZ\b-
eZf, b aeylky gZ km^vx b kihjlb\gh]h km^vx.
Ijhklh jZa\e_dZcl_kv
Kihjl ij_^hklZ\ey_l \hafh`ghklv êy mijZ`g_gbc, êy lh]h,
qlh[u aZ\h^blv ^jma_c, mqblvky jZ[hlZlv \ dhfZg^_ b ohjhrh ijh-
\h^blv \j_fy. Ih[_^Z wlh lhevdh \b^bfZy klhjhgZ mki_oZ. Ohjh-
rb_ lj_g_ju b kihjlkf_gu agZxl wlh.
Iehob_ kihjlkf_gu fh]ml ih\ebylv gZ \kx dhfZg^m. Hg fh]ml
ij_\jZlblv ijhb]jur beb ih[_^m dhfZgû \ g_kqZklv_ êy \k_o. AZ-
ihfgbl_, _keb ^Z`_ \ZrZ dhfZg^Z ijhb]jZeZ, \hafh`gh, \u b]jZeb
hq_gv ohjhrh, gZijbf_j aZ[beb _^bgkl\_gguc ]he êy dhfZgû.
Ohjhrbc kihjlkf_g
Ih[_^Z wlh _s_ g_ \k_, gh \k_ ohlyl ih[_^blv. DZd ohjhrbc
kihjlkf_g kijZ\ey_lky k ijhb]jur_f? <hl g_kdhevdh b^_c.
G_ \Z`gh, dZd kbevgh lu ohq_rv \ub]jZlv, ihcfb, qlh ^jm]b_
lh`_ ohlyl \ub]jZlv.
?keb lu kh\_jrbe hrb[dm, ihklZjZcky hklZlvky kihdhcguf b
ih^mfZc h lhf, ]^_ k^_eZe g_ijZ\bevgh, lh]^Z lu [m^_rv agZlv, qlh
gm`gh memqrblv \ ke_^mxsbc jZa.
?keb ih[_^beZ ^jm]Zy dhfZg^Z, iha^jZ\v bo. Ihcfb, qlh lu
klZjZeky, dZd fh]. G_evay \bgblv ^jm]mx dhfZg^m aZ ijhb]jur.
GZmqbkv kijZ\eylvky k ]g_\hf ihablb\gh, gZijbf_j, ihieZ\Zc
beb ijh[_]b iZjm djm]h\.
Ihcfb, qlh ^Z`_ _keb lu ijhb]ju\Z_rv, lu \k_ jZ\gh fh`_rv
ihemqZlv m^h\hevkl\b_ hl b]ju k ^jmavyfb.
DhfZg^guc ^mo
Ohjhr__ fZkl_jkl\h hagZqZ_l lZd`_ b ku]jZgghklv b]jhdh\ dh-
fZgû. DZd qe_g dhfZgû, lu mqbrvky jZ[hlZlv k ^jm]bfb qlh[u
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^hklbqv h[s_c p_eb. Gm`gh ih^^_j`b\Zlv qe_gh\ k\h_c dhfZgû, Z
hgb ^he`gu ih^^_j`b\Zlv l_[y.
H^gZ fheh^Zy kihjlkf_gdZ ]h\hjbl h \j_f_gb, dh]^Z hgZ e_qb-
eZkv hl ljZ\fu, b b]jhdb __ dhfZgû ih^[Z^jb\Zeb __ \h \j_fy lj_-
gbjh\db ih ieZ\Zgbx. HgZ kdZaZeZ, qlh bo ih^^_j`dZ klbfmebjh\Z-
eZ __, dh]^Z hgZ g_ ohl_eZ ieulv.
<g_ b]ju
Ohjhr__ fZkl_jkl\h lj_[m_l lZd`_ agZlv p_gm ly`_ehc jZ[hl_,
mihjkl\m b klj_fe_gbx ^h[blvky emqrbo j_amevlZlh\. Wlb mjhdb
fh`gh ijbf_gblv d rdhe_, fmaud_, mjhdZf [Ze_lZ b ex[hc ^jm]hc
^_yl_evghklb. KhojZgycl_ k\hx p_ev b jZa\e_dZcl_kv!
Ih`ZemcklZ, hl\_lvl_ gZ ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku.
1) DZdb_ ijbqbgu kms_kl\mxl êy lh]h, qlh[u aZgbfZlvky kihj-
lhf? DZdZy ijbqbgZ gZ \Zr \a]ey^ y\ey_lky kZfhc ]eZ\ghc?
You can have exercises and thus better your health. You can meet
new people and make friends. You can learn about teamwork. And you
can just have a good time. (Lu fh`_rv mijZ`gylvky, b, lZdfb h[jZ-
ahf, memqrblv k\h_ a^hjh\v_. Lu fh`_rv \klj_qZlvky k gh\ufb
ex^vfb b aZ\h^blv ^jma_c. Lu fh`_rv gZmqblvky jZ[hlZlv \ dhfZg-
^_. B lu fh`_rv ijhklh ohjhrh ijh\h^blv \j_fy).
2) Dlh y\ey_lky iehobf kihjlkf_ghf?
A bad sport is a person who make losing or winning miserable for
everyone. He cheats, purposely fouls someone and gets angry with the
umpire. (Iehohc kihjlkf_g wlh lhl, dlh fh`_l ij_\jZlblv ijhb]-
jur beb ih[_^m \ g_kqZklv_ êy \k_o. Wlh lZd`_ lhl, dlh `mevgbqZ_l,
mfure_ggh b]jZ_l g_ ih ijZ\beZf, b aeblky gZ kihjlb\gh]h km^vx).
3) GZkdhevdh êy \Zk \Z`gh \ub]jZlv?
It is important, that cant be argued. But it seems to me that its more
important not to win but to participate and to do your best. I also think
that though losses are unpleasant they make you want to practice more
and to improve. (Wlh \Z`gh, k wlbf g_ ihkihjbrv. Gh fg_ dZ`_lky,
qlh \Z`g__ g_ \ub]jZlv, Z mqZkl\h\Zlv b \ueh`blvky gZ ihegmx. Y
lZd`_ kqblZx, qlh, ohly ijhb]jurb b g_ijbylgu. Hgb klbfmebjmxl
l_[y [hevr_ ijZdlbdh\Zlvky b kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zlvky).
4) Qlh êy \Zk agZqbl ohjhr__ kihjlb\gh_ fZkl_jkl\h?
Good sportsmanship is to be able handle losing, to be a part of the
team and to practice a lot. (Ohjhr__ fZkl_jkl\h wlh mf_gb_ kijZ\-
eylvky k ijhb]jurZfb, [ulv qZklvx dhfZgû b fgh]h aZgbfZlvky.)
5) Qlh \u fh`_l_ k^_eZlv, qlh[u klZlv ohjhrbf kihjlkf_ghf?
I can work hard, I need to learn perseverance and patience, I have to
strive for my personal best. (Fg_ gm`gh fgh]h jZ[hlZlv, gZmqblvky
mihjkl\m b l_ji_gbx. Fg_ gm`gh klj_fblvky ^h[blvky emqrbo j_-
amevlZlh\).
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6) <Z`gu eb qe_gu dhfZgû? Ihq_fm?
Yes, they are. They are supportive of each other and help one
another. (>Z, \Z`gu. Qe_gu dhfZgû ih^^_j`b\Zxl ^jm] ^jm]Z b
ihfh]Zxl ^jm] ^jm]m).
Dh^_dk ih\_^_gby b]jhdh\
1) B]jZc ih ijZ\beZf.
2) Gbdh]^Z g_ kihjv k hnbpbZevguf ebphf. ?keb lu k q_f-lh g_
kh]eZk_g, ihijhkb lj_g_jZ beb f_g_^`_jZ ih^hclb d hnbpbZevghfm
ebpm \h \j_fy i_j_ju\Z beb ihke_ khj_\gh\Zgby.
3) Dhgljhebjmc k\hc l_fi_jZf_gl.
4) JZ[hlZc h^bgZdh\h ohjhrh êy k_[y, b êy dhfZgû. Wlh [m-
^_l ihe_agh b êy b]ju dhfZgû, b êy l_[y.
5) ;m^v ohjhrbf kihjlkf_ghf. Ijb\_lkl\mc \k_ ohjhrb_ b]ju,
g_aZ\bkbfh hl lh]h, ijbgZê_`Zl eb hgb l\h_c dhfZg^_, beb ijh-
lb\gbdZf.
6) Hlghkbkv dh \k_f b]jhdZf lZd, dZd [u lu ohl_e, qlh[u hlgh-
kbebkv d l_[_.
7) <aZbfh^_ckl\mc k lj_g_jhf, b]jhdZfb l\h_c dhfZgû b ijh-
lb\gbdZfb. ;_a gbo g_ [ueh [u gbdZdh]h khj_\gh\Zgby.
8) B]jZc jZ^b lh]h, qlh wlh \_k_eh!
<ukhdh f_lblv
?\Z DZfbgd_j, 10 e_l, feZ^rbc j_ihjl_j ba KZml ;jmgk\bdZ,
Gvx >`_jkb.
Ih`ZemcklZ, ijhqlbl_ ke_^mxs__ bgl_j\vx b hl\_lvl_ gZ
\hijhku, ke_^mxsb_ aZ gbf.
>`bg >jbkdhe mqZklgbd ]hghd gZ bg\Zeb^guo dheykdZo,
dhlhjZy jh^beky \ khklhygbb, ba\_klghf dZd jZks_ie_gguc ih-
a\hghqgbd, qlh hagZqZ_l, qlh __ kibgghc fha] g_ijZ\bevgh jZa-
\beky.
?D.: Ex^b hlghkylky d \Zf g_ lZd dZd \k_f ba-aZ lh]h, qlh \u i_-
j_^\b]Z_l_kv \ bg\Zeb^ghc dheykd_?
>>. Bgh]^Z. G_dhlhju_ ex^b ^mfZxl, qlh _keb y bkihevamx bg-
\Zeb^gmx dheykdm, fhb fha]b g_ hq_gv ohjhrh jZ[hlZxl. Hgb g_
ihgbfZxl, qlh bg\Zeb^ghklv wlh dZd oZjZdl_jbklbdZ, wlh dZd
bf_lv dZjb_ ]eZaZ beb k\_leu_ \hehku.
?D. DZd \u gZqZeb aZgbfZlvky kihjlhf \ bg\Zeb^ghc dheykd_?
>>. Dh]^Z fg_ [ueh iylgZ^pZlv e_l, y \klj_lbeZ iZjgy, dhlhjuc
b]jZe \ nml[he gZ bg\Zeb^ghc dheykd_. Y gZqZeZ b]jZlv \ khnl[he,
[Zkd_l[he, l_ggbk b jZd_l[he.
?D. Kdhevdh \u lj_gbjm_l_kv?
>>. Y lj_gbjmxkv hl ^\mo ^h iylb qZkh\ \ ^_gv. Y ihgbfZx ly-
`_klb ljb q_luj_ jZaZ \ g_^_ex b ijh_a`Zx hl 130 ^h 150 fbev \
g_^_ex.
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?D. < dZdbo \b^Zo kihjlZ \u ijbfbl_ mqZklb_ \ E_lgbo Hebf-
ibckdbo B]jZo 1996 ]h^Z b \ IZjZebfibckdbo B]jZo?
>>. < Hebfibckdbo B]jZo y [m^m ijbgbfZlv mqZklb_ \ ]hgdZo
gZ 800 f_ljh\. < IZjZebfibckdbo B]jZo y [m^m mqZkl\h\Zlv \ ]hg-
dZo gZ 1500 f_ljh\, gZ 5000 f_ljh\, 10000 f_ljh\ b \ fZjZnhg_.
?D. DZdh_ khh[s_gb_ \u [u ohl_eb i_j_^Zlv?
>>. Ex^b ^mfZxl. Qlh _keb lu ^h[beky mki_oZ, lh lu lZdbf mk-
i_rguf b jh^beky. Gh wlh g_ lZd. Fh_ ihkeZgb_ lZdh\h: F_qlZcl_ h
[hevrhf b fgh]h jZ[hlZcl_! ?keb \u \ukhdh f_lbl_, ^Z`_ _keb \u
wlh]h g_ ^h[v_l_kv, \u \k_ jZ\gh ijba_febl_kv kj_^b a\_a^.
IZjZebfibckdb_ B]ju wlh hebfibckdb_ b]ju êy kihjlkf_-
gh\ k bg\Zeb^ghklvx. Hgb ijh\h^ylky \ lh `_ \j_fy, dh]^Z b Hebf-
ibckdb_ B]ju.
<hajZkl: 29 e_l.
Jh^ghc ]hjh^: Fbemhdb, rl. <bkdhgkbg. K_cqZk `b\_l \ ]. RZf-
iZgv, rl. Beebghck.
Jh^gu_ [jZlvy beb k_klju: H^gZ k_kljZ b ljb [jZlZ.
>hklb`_gby: r_klbdjZlguc ih[_^bl_ev [hklhgkdh]h fZjZnhgZ,
iylv jZa ih[be fbjh\hc j_dhj^. K_j_[jyguc f_^Zebkl \ ]hgdZo gZ
800 f_ljh\ \ Hebfibckdbo B]jZo 1992 ]h^Z \ ;Zjk_ehg_. MklZgh\be
fbjh\hc j_dhj^ \ fZjZnhg_ b \ ]hgdZo gZ 10000 f_ljh\.
Lhqgu_ k\_^_gby: B]jZ_l gZ ]blZj_ b ibr_l k\hx fmaudm. Ljb
jZaZ [_]Ze ljmkphc k ij_ab^_glhf Kh_^bg_gguo rlZlh\.
1) Qlh lZdh_ jZa^\h_gguc iha\hghqgbd?
Spina bifida is a disease when the spinal cord did not develop
properly.
JZks_ie_gguc iha\hghqgbd hagZqZ_l, qlh kibgghc fha] g_-
ijZ\bevgh jZa\beky).
2) Ihq_fm g_dhlhju_ ex^b hlghkylky d >`bg g_ lZd, dZd d ^jm-
]bf ex^yf?
Some people treat her differetntly because they dont understand that
disability is just a characteristic. (G_dhlhju_ ex^b hlghkylky d g_c g_
lZd, dZd dh \k_f ihlfm qlh hgb g_ ihgbfZxl, qlh bg\Zeb^ghklv
wlh dZd oZjZdl_jbklbdZ).
3) DZdbfb \b^Zfb kihjlZ gZ bg\Zeb^ghc dheykd_ aZgbfZ_lky
>`bg?
She is playing wheelchair softball, basketball, tennis and raquetball. (HgZ
b]jZ_l khnl[he, [Zkd_l[he, l_ggbk b jZd_l[he gZ bg\Zeb^ghc dheykd_).
4) DZd qZklh >`bg lj_gbjm_lky?
She trains two to five days per day, six days a week. (HgZ lj_gbjm-
_lky hl ^\mo ^h iylb qZkh\ r_klv ^g_c \ g_^_ex).
5) Dh]^Z ijh\h^ylky IZjZebfibckdb_ B]ju?
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71
The Paralympic games are held at the same time as the
Olympics.(IZjZebfibckdb_ Bg]jZ ijh\h^ylky \ h^gh \j_fy k Hebf-
ibckdbfb).
6) DZd \u ^mfZ_l_, qlh agZqbl shoot for the moon?
It means to want something big, something great. 9Wlh agZqbl oh-
l_lv q_]h-lh [hevrh]h, q_]h-lh \_ebdh]h).
7) AgZ_l_ eb \u dh]h-gb[m^v, dlh i_j_^\b]Z_lky k ihfhsvx bg-
\Zeb^ghc dheykdb? ?keb ^Z, lh hlghkbrvky eb lu d g_c / g_fm g_
lZd, dZd d ^jm]bf ex^yf, ba-aZ lh]h, qlh hg / hgZ bkihevam_l bg\Z-
eb^gmx dheykdm?
No, I don`t, but if I did I would treat that person as any other. (G_l,
g_ agZx. Gh _keb [u agZe, lh hlghkbeky [u d wlhfm q_eh\_dm lZd `_
dZd d ex[hfm ^jm]hfm).
2. Ih`ZemcklZ, i_j_qblZcl_ klZlvx _s_ jZa b i_j_ibrbl_ __
\ dhk\_gghc j_qb, ]^_ \hafh`gh.
The reporter asked Jean Driscoll if people treated her differently.
Jean answered that some people did. She said that they thought that
because she used a wheelchair her brains didnt work well. She added
that they didnt understand that disability was like a characteristic.
The reporter asked Jean Driscoll how she had started in wheelchair
sports.
Jean answered that when she had been 15 she had met a guy who
played wheelchair football and she had stated playing softball,
basketball, tennis and raquetball.
The reporter asked Jean Driscoll how much she trained.
Jean answered that she trained two to five hours a day, six days a week.
She added that she lifted weights and pushed 130 or 150 miles a week.
The reporter asked Jean Driscoll in which events she would be
competing in the Olympics and the Paralym0pics.
Jean answered that she would compete in the 800 meter event in
Olympics. In Paralympics she would race in 1500-meter, 5000-meter and
10000-meter and the marathon.
The reporter asked Jean Driscoll what message she would like to tell.
Jean answered that people thought that if a person was successful, he
had been born that way. She said that if one shot for the moon, even if
one didnt make it, one would still land among the stars.
EZdeZg >`hgk
Ih`ZemcklZ ijhqlbl_ ke_^mxsbc l_dkl. Ihke_ ijhql_gby,
\hh[jZabl_, qlh \u - j_ihjl_j b bkihevamcl_ bgnhjfZpbx,
qlh[u gZibkZlv \hh[jZ`Z_fh_ bgl_j\vx EZdeZgZ >`hgkZ.
>ey hlpZ jh`^_gb_ i_j\h]h j_[_gdZ \k_]^Z ihegh gZ^_`^. Hg
fh`_l aZohl_lv kugZ, Z jh^blky ^hqv, hg fh`_l aZohl_lv ZjlbklZ, Z
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72
ihemqblky \h^bl_ev ]jmah\bdZ, beb hg fh`_l aZohl_lv ahehlh]h f_-
^ZebklZ, Z m j_[_gdZ [m^_l p_j_[jZevguc iZjZebq.
< fZjl_ 1977 ]h^Z `bagv =j_]]Z >`hgkZ baf_gbeZkv gZ\k_]^Z, hg
klhedgmeky k h^gbf ba kZfuo keh`guo bkiulZgbc \ `bagb. ?]h kug
jh^beky ke_iuf b k p_j_[jZevguf iZjZebqhf. ?]h bfy EZdeZg.
< \hajZkl_ 10 e_l hl_p ih\_e _]h gZ ^jm`_kdb_ khj_\gh\Zgby ih
[_]m. Wlhl ihoh^ ij_\jZlbeky \ klj_fe_gb_ d f_ql_, d f_ql_ klZlv
emqrbf.
K_]h^gy EZdeZg ahehlhc f_^Zebkl iZjZebfib_p. Hg \ub]jZe
f_^Zev gZ IZjZebfibckdbo B]jZo \ :leZgl_. Hg mklZgh\be j_dhjû
\ khj_\gh\Zgbyo \ bg\Zeb^guo dheykdZo hl 100 ^h 800 f_ljh\, b hg
y\ey_lky q_fibhghf :\kljZebb ih ih^gylbx ly`_kl_c \ \_kh\hc dZ-
l_]hjbb ^h 52 dbeh]jZff.
< \hajZkl_ 19 e_l m EZdeZgZ _klv kihkh[ghklb b gZf_j_gby kha-
^Zlv êy k_[y ^he]hkjhqgh_ [m^ms__ \ kihjl_ b [m^_l khj_\gh\Zlvky
lZd qZklh, dZd lhevdh fh`gh \ :\kljZebb. Hg lZd`_ ohq_l k^_eZlv
dZjv_jm \ kihjlb\ghc bg^mkljbb nblg_kZ, b gZqg_l ihk_sZlv ih^-
oh^ysb_ dmjk_ gZ ke_^mxsbc ]h^. EZdeZg ihy\beky gZ gZpbhgZev-
ghf b f_klghf l_e_\b^_gbb \ F_ev[mjg_, ij_^klZ\eyy kihjl b hl-
ûo êy bg\Zeb^h\. Hg hq_gv aZbgl_j_kh\Zg \ jZa\blbb kihjlb\guo
khhjm`_gbc êy bg\Zeb^h\. Hg [u ohl_e klZlv bgkljmdlhjhf kihj-
lb\gh]h aZeZ êy kihjlkf_gh\-bg\Zeb^h\. Hg k g_l_ji_gb_f h`b^Z-
_l wlbo gh\u_ \hafh`ghklb, lZd `_ dZd b Hebfibckdb_ B]ju 2000
]h^Z \ Kb^g__.
Interviewer: When did you decide to take up sport?
Lachlan: Once my father took me to a fun run and after that I decided
to be the best.
I: What medals and records do you have?
L.J. :I won a Gold medal at Atlantic Paralympics. I hold all the records
from 100 metres through to 800 metres in Wheelchair Track competition. I
am the Australian Powerlift Champion in the 52 kg division.
I: What are your plans for the future?
L.J. I want to pursue a career in the fitness industry. I will begin
studying the courses next year. Im keenly interested in the development
of sport and facilities for the disabled and I want to become a gym
instructor for the disabled sportsmen.
Wlh hlju\hd ba klZlvb DZjhebgu H\_jbg]lhg, gZibkZgghc b
EZdeZg_ >`hgk_ \h \j_fy IZjZebfibckdbo B]j \ :leZgl_. Ih-
`ZemcklZ, ijhqlbl_ _]h b ihkqblZcl_, kdhevdh jZa bkihevah\ZgZ
dhk\_ggZy j_qv.
F_ev[mjgkdbc mqZklgbd khj_\gh\Zgbc gZ bg\Zeb^guo dheykdZo
EZdeZ_ >`hgk mklZgh\be \q_jZ fbjh\hc j_dhj^ \ fm`kdbo khj_\gh-
\Zgbyo gZ 100 f_ljh\ b klZe iZjZebfibckdbf q_fibhghf.
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73
>`hgk, m dhlhjh]h p_j_[jZevguc iZjZebq, kdZaZe, qlh hg g_
g_j\gbqZ_l, ohly _]h hl_p, =j_]] >`hgk, kdZaZe, qlh ebqgh _]h \k_]h
ljyk_l.
G_l, kdZaZe >`hgk, wlh \k_]h ebrv _s_ h^gh khj_\gh\Zgb_
êy f_gy. Y ]h\hjbe wlh k_[_. B wlh ihfh]eh.
?]h ieZg, ih _]h keh\Zf, [ue _oZlv dZd fh`gh [uklj__, k kZfh]h
gZqZeZ.
Ih kjZ\g_gbx k ^jm]bfb khj_\gh\Zgbyfb, IZjZebfibckdb_ B]ju
[ueb ^h\hevgh e_]dbfb, ihlhfm qlh g_ gm`gh [ueh ih\hjZqb\Zlv.
>`hgk kdZaZe, qlh hg \ub]jZe wlm f_^Zev êy k\h_]h mqbl_ey \
rdhe_.
LZd`_, \q_jZ \ e_]dhc Zle_lbd_ DZljbgZ Mw[[, m dhlhjhc lZd`_ p_-
j_[jZevguc iZjZebq, \ub]jZeZ k_j_[jygmx f_^Zev \ iju`d_ \ êbgm.
Y \k_ kbeZ gZijZ\beZ gZ wlh, ihlhfm qlh agZeZ, qlh _keb y wlh]h
g_ k^_eZx, m f_gy g_ [m^_l rZgkZ ihemqblv ahehlh, gh y \ueh`beZkv
gZ ihegmx b aZ\h_\ZeZ k_j_[jygmx f_^Zev.
Mw[[ kdZaZeZ, qlh hgZ lj_gbjh\ZeZkv d iju`dZf \ êbgm \k_]h
q_luj_ f_kypZ.
< l_q_gb_ wlbo ^\mo ^g_c IZjZebfibckdbo B]j :\kljZeby \_^_l
ih dhebq_kl\m f_^Ze_c k k_fvx ahehlufb f_^Zeyfb.
Reported speech is used 6 times.
Ih`ZemcklZ ijhkemrZcl_ ke_^mxsbc ^hdeZ^. AZl_f hl\_lvl_
gZ \hijhku.
GZqgbl_ dZ`ûc hl\_l k wlbo keh\Z. Bkihevamcl_ dhk\_ggmx
j_qv.
1) DZdhc ]hjh^ [ue \u[jZg êy ijh\_^_gby Hebfibckdbo B]j \
2000 ]h^m?
Mrs. Graham said that Sydney had been chosen tom host the Olympic
Games of 2000. (Fbkkbk =jwf kdZaZeZ, qlh Kb^g_c [ue \u[jZg êy
ijh\_^_gby Hebfibckdbo B]j \ 2000 ]h^m).
2) DZd ^he]h :\kljZeby mqZkl\h\ZeZ \ Hebfibckdbo B]jZo?
Mrs. Graham said that Australia has participated in the Olympic
Games since 1896. (Fbkkbk =jwf kdZaZeZ, qlh :\kljZeby mqZkl\h\ZeZ
\ Hebfibckdbo B]jZo k 1896 ]h^Z).
3) =^_ [ueb ijh\_^_gu B]ju \ 1956 ]h^m?
Mrs. Graham said that The Games were held in Melbourne in 1956.
(Fbkkbk =jwf kdZaZeZ, qlh B]ju ijh\h^bebkv \ F_ev[mjg_ \ 1956
]h^m)
4) Dhfm ijbg_kml ihevam kihjlb\gu_ khhjm`_gby, dhlhju_ kljh-
ylky êy Hebfibckdbo B]j?
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74
Mrs. Graham said that all of Sydneys citizens would benefit from the
facilities. (Fbkkbk =jwf kdZaZeZ, qlh kihjlb\gu_ khhjm`_gby ijbg_-
kml ihevam \k_f `bl_eyf Kb^g_y).
CHAPTER 5.
>BD:Y IJBJH>: :<KLJ:EBB
P_gghklv`bagbg_\ êbg_^g_c,
Z \iheva_, dhlhjmxfubagboba\e_dZ_f
Fhgl_cg
IjZdlbdm_fky ]h\hjblv
KZrZ b Hey ieZgbjmxl ihoh^ \ ahhiZjd. Ih`ZemcklZ, ijhqlbl_
ke_^mxsb_ ^bZeh]b \kemo. aZl_f jZau]jZcl_ bo k h^ghdeZkkgbdZfb.
H[jZsZcl_ hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ gZ mihlj_[e_gb_ khkeZ]Zl_evgh]h gZ-
dehg_gby. Ihke_ ijhql_gby, \uihegbl_ mijZ`g_gby.
H[jZlgh \ Kb^g_c. Ihoh^ \ ahhiZjd
Lhf: Ohjhrh, qlh \u \_jgmebkv \ Kb^g_c.
Hev]Z: Ijbylgh \_jgmlvky kx^Z.
Lhf: DZd \Zf ihgjZ\bebkv F_ev[mjg b DZg[_jjZ?
KZrZ: Hq_gv ihgjZ\bebkv. D kh`Ze_gbx, gZf hklZehkv \k_]h g_-
kdhevdh ^g_c \ :\kljZebb.
Lhf: Ohl_ehkv [u, qlh[u \u hklZebkv ih^hevr_.
Hev]Z: GZf lh`_. ?keb [u lu [ue gZ gZr_f f_kl_, b m l_[y hklZ-
\Zehkv [u \k_]h g_kdhevdh ^g_c \ :\kljZebb, q_f [u lu aZgyeky?
Lhf: GZ \Zr_f f_kl_ y [u ihk_lbe ahhiZjd LZjhg]Z a^_kv \ Kb^g__.
KZrZ: Lu bf__rv \ \b^m ihkfhlj_lv gZ Z\kljZebckdbo `b\hlguo?
Lhf: >Z, gh ahhiZjdb g_ lhevdh ihdZau\Zxl `b\hlguo. Hgb lZd-
`_ mqZkl\mxl \ khojZg_gbb ^bdhc ijbjhû, lh _klv hgb aZsbsZxl
`b\hlguo, ih^\_j`_gguo hiZkghklb.
Hev]Z: Qlh agZqbl ih^\_j`_gguo hiZkghklb?
Lhf: @b\hlgh_, ih^\_j]Zxsb_ky hiZkghklb, wlh `b\hlgu_, dh-
lhju_ fh]ml \uf_j_lv. ?keb bo g_ aZsbsZlv.
KZrZ: : q_f _s_ aZgbfZxlky ahhiZjdb?
Lhf: Hgb h[_ki_qb\Zxl \_l_jbgZjgh_ gZ[ex^_gb_ aZ [hevgufb,
jZg_ggufb `b\hlgufb b hkbjhl_\rbfb fZeurZfb, dhlhjuo ijb-
\hayl \ ahhiZjd.
Hev]Z: Hgb hklZ\eyxl `b\hlguo \ ahhiZjd_, ihke_ lh]h dZd l_
ihijZ\eyxlky?
Lhf: G_l. H[uqgh `b\hlguo hlimkdZxl \ bo _kl_kl\_ggmx kj_^m
h[blZgby.
KZrZ: Lu qZklh oh^brv \ ahhiZjd?
Lhf: >Z. DZ`ûc ]h^ y oh`m lm^Z kh k\hbf deZkkhf. < ahhiZjd_
_klv h[jZah\Zl_evguc p_glj, dhlhjuc hj]Zgbam_l \bablu rdhevgb-
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75
dh\. Fu oh^bf gZ wdkdmjkbx ih ahhiZjdm b ijbgbfZ_f mqZklb_ \
jZaebqguo f_jhijbylbyo. DZ`ûc ]h^ fu magZ_f qlh-lh gh\h_. Fg_
lZd`_ gjZ\blky kZfhfm oh^blv \ ahhiZjd. ?keb ohlbl_, y k\h`m \Zk \
ahhiZjd.
Hev]Z: Wlh [ueh [u aZf_qZl_evgh. Y [u ohl_eZ m\b^_lv d_g]mjm,
dh]^Z fu [m^_f lZf. Fu magZeb. Qlh kms_kl\m_l 50 \b^h\ d_g]mjm.
G_dhlhju_ jZaf_jhf k q_eh\_dZ, Z g_dhlhju_ fZe_gvdb_ dZd dhrdZ.
KZrZ: : ]^_ _s_ fh`gh m\b^_lv ^bdmx ijbjh^m :\kljZebb?
Lhf: < :\kljZebb fgh]h gZpbhgZevguo iZjdh\, ]^_ aZsbsZxl
`b\mx ijbjh^m. GZpbhgZevguc IZjd DZdZ^m kZfuc [hevrhc gZ-
pbhgZevguc iZjd :\kljZebb. ?keb \u ihc^_l_ lm^Z, \u m\b^bl_
[hevrh_ jZaghh[jZab_ jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguo. Fgh]b_ ba wlbo `b-
\hlguo b jZkl_gbc \klj_qZxlky lhevdh \ :\kljZebb. ?s_ h^gh bg-
l_j_kgh_ f_klh wlh Fhjkdhc IZjd ;hevrh]h ;Zjv_jgh]h jbnZ.
LZf `b\ml 1500 \b^h\ ju[u.
Hev]Z: ?keb [u fu agZeb, qlh \ :\kljZebb \klj_qZ_lky klhevdh
jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguo, fu [u jZgvr_ koh^beb \ ahhiZjd.
1. GZc^bl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ khkeZ]Zl_evgh_ gZdehg_gb_, dZd hgh
\klj_qZ_lky \ l_dkl_.
I wish you could stay longer. Ohl_ehkv [u, qlh[u \u hklZebkv ih-
^hevr_
If you were us and you only had a few days left, what would you do? ?k-
eb [u lu [ue gZ gZr_f f_kl_, b m l_[y hklZ\Zehkv [u \k_]h g_kdhevdh
^g_c \ :\kljZebb, q_f [u lu aZgyeky?
If I were you I would visit the Taronga Zoo here in Sydney. GZ \Zr_f
f_kl_ y [u ihk_lbe ahhiZjd LZjhg]Z a^_kv \ Kb^g__
If you`d like, I`ll take you on a tour of the zoo. ?keb ohlbl_, y k\h`m \Zk
\ ahhiZjd.
That would be great. Wlh [ueh [u aZf_qZl_evgh
I would like to see some kangaroos when we go there. Y [u ohl_eZ m\b-
^_lv d_g]mjm, dh]^Z fu [m^_f lZf.
If we had known there were so many plants and animals that can only be
found in Australia, we would have gone to the zoo earlier. ?keb [u fu agZ-
eb, qlh \ :\kljZebb \klj_qZ_lky klhevdh jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguo, fu [u
jZgvr_ koh^beb \ ahhiZjd.
1) ?keb [u \u fh]eb ihk_lblv Z\kljZebx, \u [u ihreb \ ahhiZjd?
If I could visit Australia, I would go to the Zoo.
2) ?keb [u \u [ueb gZ f_kl_ KZrb b Hev]b, b m \Zk hklZ\Zehkv
[u \k_]h g_kdhevdh ^g_c \ :\kljZebb, q_f [u \u aZgyebkv?
If I were Sasha and Olga I would visit the Taronga Zoo in Sydney.
3) AZq_f kms_kl\mxl ahhiZjdb?
The zoos display animals and they protect endangered animals.
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76
4) Qlh agZqbl Endangered ?
Endangered means an animals that could become extinct if nothing is
done to protect it.
5) Qlh \ ahhiZjd_ ^_eZxl k `b\hlgufb, ihke_ lh]h, dZd hgb ihijZ-
\bebkv?
After animals recovered from sickness they are returned to their natural
habitat.
6) DZd qZklh Lhf oh^bl \ ahhiZjd?
He goes to the zoo every year.
7) Dlh hj]Zgbam_l rdhevgu_ ihk_s_gby \ ahhiZjd?
The educational center of the zoo organizes school visits.
8) Qlh [u ohl_eZ m\b^_lv Hev]Z, _keb hgZ ihreZ \ ahhiZjd?
She would like to see some kangaroos when she goes there.
9) < \Zr_f ]hjh^_ _klv ahhiZjd? ?keb ^, fh`gh eb lZf m\b^_lv `b-
\hlguo :\kljZebb?
Yes, there is a zoo in my cisty. You can see kangaroos and koalas there.
10) =^_ _s_ ex^b fh]ml m\b^_lv ^bdmx ijbjh^m :\kljZebb?
People can see wildlife in National Parks.
11) DZd gZau\Z_lky kZfuc [hevrhc gZpbhgZevguc iZjd :\kljZebb?
Kakadu National Park is the largest one.
12) ?keb \u lm^Z ihc^_l_, qlh \u lZf m\b^bl_?
If
13) Kdhevdh \b^h\ ju[ `b\_l \ Fhjkdhf IZjd_ ;hevrh]h ;Zjv_j-
gh]h jbnZ?
1500 species of fish live in Barrier Reef Marine Park.
14) ?keb [u KZrZ b Hev]Z agZeb, qlh \ :\kljZebb \klj_qZ_lky
klhevdh jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguo, qlh [u hgb k^_eZeb jZgvr_?
If they had known there were so many plants and animals that can only
be found in Australia, they would have gone to the zoo earlier.
=jZffZlbdZ
7. I would tell them in a loud voice to keep silence.
Yes, I would.
I would choose Masha / Sasha.
I would go Hawaii to swim and sunbathe.
I would choose to be the most athletic.
I would but lots of toys for orphans.
I would pick 24.
It would be about nature.
I think that children should not be allowed to watch certain movies and
TV shows.
They shouldnt be permitted to see kind movies that would teach
them to be devoted to their friends and to do good things.
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77
8. If the sun stopped shining everything would die.
If the ocean dried up all the fishes would be lost.
If there was no more school, people would be uneducated.
If I couldnt laugh, I would be a very sad person.
If time stood still, things would stop happening.
If dolls came to life, it would be a nightmare.
If people were invisible, they would not be able to associate because
they would not see each other.
If there were no animals, people would be vegetarians.
IjhqblZcl_ b magZcl_
DZdb_ij_djZkgu_^_j_\vy, b gZ\_jgydZ,
dZdhc`_ijZdjZkghc^he`gZ[ulvlZf`bagv
:glhgQ_oh\
>bdZy ijbjh^Z :\kljZebb
< :\kljZebb ihqlb fbeebhg \b^h\ jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguo, ihqlb
kZfh_ [hevrh_ jZaghh[jZab_ ba \k_o kljZg fbjZ.
:\kljZeby, X`gZy :f_jbdZ b :njbdZ gZoh^ylky ijb[ebabl_evgh
gZ l_o `_ kZfuo rbjhlZo b bf_xl ijb[ebabl_evgh h^bgZdh\mx _kl_-
kl\_ggmx kj_^m. B \k_ `_ m gbo kh\_jr_ggh jZagu_ \bû nZmgu (`b-
\hlguo). L_jfbg `b\hlgh_ \dexqZ_l \ k_[y g_ lhevdh fe_dhib-
lZxsbo, gh b gZk_dhfuo, ij_kfudZxsboky, a_fgh\h^guo, ilbp b l.^.
< lh \j_fy dZd m fgh]bo kljZg k\hy mgbdZevgZy nZmgZ, m :\kljZ-
ebb hgZ g_h[uqgZy. HgZ \dexqZ_l \ k_[y:
70% kmfqZluo fbjZ.
<k_o h^ghZi_jlmjguo.(< Gh\hc =\bg__ lh`_ _klv h^ghZi_jlmjgu_).
Hq_gv fZe_gvdbc ijhp_gl ieZp_glZjguo.
H]jhfgh_ jZaghh[jZab_ ihim]Z_\ b ^jm]bo ilbp.
IhjZabl_evgh_ jZaghh[jZab_ ij_kfudZxsboky, a_fgh\h^guo b ju[.
Fgh]h g_h[uqguo [_kiha\hghqguo.
Fe_dhiblZxsb_
Fe_dhiblZxsb_ \k_ ijhba\h^yl fhehdh, qlh[u \kdZjfeb\Zlv
^_l_gur_c. M fe_dhiblZxsbo _klv f_o beb \hehkyghc ihdjh\. Km-
s_kl\m_l ljb \b^Z fe_dhiblZxsbo, b ij_^klZ\bl_eb \k_o lj_o \b-
^h\ \klj_qZxlky \ :\kljZebb
1. H^ghZi_jlmjgu_ - fe_dhiblZxsb_, hldeZû\Zxsb_ yc-
pZ k fy]dhc kdhjemihc. Bo fh`gh \klj_lblv \ :\kljZebb b Gh-
\hc =\bg__. >\Z h^ghZi_jlmjguo:
Mldhghk.
?ob^gZ.
2. KmfqZlu_ - fe_dhiblZxsb_, dhlhju_ jh`Zxl ^_l_gu-
r_c, dhlhju_ _s_ g_ kh\k_f jZa\bebkv. M kZfhd qZklh _klv kmf-
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78
dZ, \ dhlhjhc hgb ghkyl ^_l_gur_c. 70 \klj_qZxlky \ Z\kljZ-
ebb b Gh\hc =\bg__. HklZevgu_ 30 \klj_qZxlky \ X`ghc
:f_jbd_.
Hkgh\gu_ ]jmiiu 180 \b^h\ kmfqZluc:
D_g]mjm
Hihkkmfu.
Iehlhy^gu_ kmfqZlu_ (kmfqZlu_ fmjZ\v_û, kmfqZlu_ djhlu,
dhrdb)
DhZeu, \hf[Zlu.
3. IeZp_glZjgu_ - fe_dhiblZxsb_, qvb ^_l_gurb jh`^Z-
xlky \ [he__ jZa\blhf khklhygbb, b ijhba\h^yl ohjhrh jZa\b-
lmx ieZp_glm. Fgh]b_ \bû \klj_qZxlky \ :\kljZebb:
- Dblu b ^_evnbgu.
- F_klgu_ \bû djuk b fur_c.
- E_lmqb_ furb.
- >bg]h (f_klguc \b^ kh[Zdb).
- Lxe_gb.
Ihq_fm \ :\kljZebb fgh]h mgbdZevguo \b^h\ `b\hlguo?
- :\kljZeby [ueZ bahebjh\ZgZ ^he]h_ \j_fy, ihwlhfm [ueh fZeh
h[f_gZ k `b\hlguf fbjhf hklZevgh]h fbjZ. GZijbf_j, \ :\kljZ-
ebb g_l dhiulguo, ohlu h^ghZi_jlmjgu_ \klj_qZxlky \ :\kljZebb
b Gh\hc =\bg__.
- DebfZl :\kljZebb qZklh g_ij_^kdZam_f. LZf fh`_l [ulv ^he]bc
i_jbh^ aZkmob, gZ\h^g_gby b ih`Zju. LZdb_ ijh[e_fu lj_[mxl hkh[hc
Z^ZilZpbb. GZijbf_j, DjZkguc D_g]mjm fh`_l ijbhklZgZ\eb\Zlv jZa-
\blb_ k\h_]h aZjhûrZ ^h l_o ihj ihdZ mkeh\by g_ memqrZlky.
< p_ehf agZgbc h nZmg_ :\kljZebb fZeh. KqblZ_lky, qlh \ :\kl-
jZebb f_`^m hl 200,000 ^h 300,000 \b^h\ `b\hlguo, gh ^h kbo ihj
lhevdh 100,000 [ueb hibkZgu.
Ilbpu
< :\kljZebb h]jhfgh_ dhebq_kl\h \b^h\ ilbp, ihqlb \ ljb jZaZ
[hevr_ q_f \ ?\jhi_. G_dhlhju_ bo ilbp i_j_e_lgu_ (iml_r_kl\mxl
f_`^m :\kljZeb_c b ^jm]bfb kljZgZfb \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl k_ahgZ). G_dh-
lhju_ hq_gv [ebadb d fhjkdbf \b^Zf. >jm]b_ \klj_qZxlky lhevdh \ :\-
kljZebb. Ilbp fh`gh jZa^_eblv gZ ljb ]jmiiu \ khhl\_lkl\bb k bo:
- Dex\hf. Ihkfhljbl_ gZ bo dex\u b ihijh[mcl_ ^h]Z^Zlvky,
qlh hgb _^yl.
- EZidZfb. M eZi jZaghc nhjfu, jZagu_ ij_^gZagZq_gby.
Ij_kfudZxsb_ky
;he__ 400 \b^h\ ij_kfudZxsboky ba\_klgu \ :\kljZebb. G_dhlhju_
ihoh`b gZ \bû, ijh`b\Zxsb_ \ ^jm]bo f_klZo, ^jm]b_ mgbdZevgu.
1) Kdhevdh \b^h\ jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguc \klj_qZxlky \ :\kljZebb?
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Nearly half a million species live in Australia.
2) DZdb_ ^\Z dhglbg_glZ gZoh^ylky ijb[ebabl_evgh gZ l_o `_
rbjhlZo, qlh b :\kljZeby?
South America and Africa occupy approximately the same range of
latitudes.
3) Qlh \dexqZ_l \ k_[y l_jfbg `b\hlgh_?
The term animal includes mammals, insects, reptiles, amphibians
and birds.
4) DZdb_ ljb lbiZ fe_dhiblZxsbo kms_kl\m_l?
The three types of mammals are monotremes, marsupials and
placentals.
5) D dZdhfm lbim hlghkblky q_eh\_d?
Human is a placental.
6) Qlh agZqbl, _keb ilbpZ i_j_e_lgZy?
A migratory bird travels seasonally overseas and back.
Keh\Zjv
H^ghZi_jlmjgh_, kmfqZlh_ beb ieZp_glZjgh_?
1. Wlb kibkhd `b\hlguo, \klj_qZxsboky \ :\kljZebb. J_rbl_,
dZdb_ ba gbo H^ghZi_jlmjgu_, kmfqZlu_, Z dZdb_ ieZp_glZjgu_.
Koala-Marsupials; Bat Placentals; Dolphin Placentals; Platypus
onotremes; Kangaroo-Marsupials; Seal Placental.
2. Kh_^bgbl_ dZ`^h_ keh\h ba \_jog_]h jy^Z kh keh\hf ba
gb`g_]h.
Fauna animals; Monotreme egg; Pouch Marsupials; Bird
parrot; Placental whale.
3. AZdZlu.
Ij_djZkgu_ aZdZlu, jZckb_ g_[_kZ
?keb ijbkemrZlvky, fh`gh mkeurZlv
Djbdb `b\hlguo.
Hgb ah\ml k\hbo ^hq_j_c
Hgb ah\ml k\hbo kugh\_c
B dh]^Z l_ keurZl wlh, hgb [_]ml d fZfZf.
GZklmiZ_l ghqv
@b\hlgu_ ]hlh\ylky dh kgm.
IjhkuiZxlky kh\u
Hgb gZqbgZxl ih^djZû\Zlvky
Ijhoh^bl fgh]h l_fguo qZkh\
FZfZ ijhkuiZ_lky, qlh[u kdZaZlv
IjhkuiZcl_kv, fZe_gvdb_ ^_l_gurb
]hlh\vl_kv d gh\hfm ^gx.
FZjdh Embk.
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DZjlZ ahhiZjdZ
DZjlu ih^\_j]Z_lky baf_g_gbyf. LZd dZd f_klZ \hev_jh\ `b\hlguo
i_jbh^bq_kdb f_gyxlky. Kijhkbl_ m gZrbo ^h[jh\hevp_\ beb khljm^-
gbdh\, qlh[u \Zf ihfh]eb gZclb gm`gh_ gZij\e_gb_.
G_\uiheg_gb_ ijZ\be :dlZ Kh\_lZ Ahheh]bq_kdbo IZjdh\ fh`_l
ijb\_klb d m^Ze_gbx q_eh\_dZ ba ahhiZjdZ LZjhg]Z b ihke_^mxs_-
fm \ha[m`^_gbx ^_eZ.
1. Ih`ZemcklZ ihkfhljbl_ gZ dZjlm ahhiZjdZ LZjhg]Z b hl-
\_lvl_ gZ \hijhku, ijb\_^_ggu_ gb`_.
1) ?keb \u gZoh^bl_kv \ :njbdZgkdhf Ijm^m b ohlbl_ ihiZklv \
L_Zlj Hldjulbc, fbfh dZdh]h dbhkdZ \u ijhc^_l_? DZdb_ mkem]b
ij_^hklZ\eyxlky \ wlhf dbhkd_?
If you were at African Waterhole and wanted to get to the Discovery
Theatre you would pass a safari Kiosk. It is a cafe, you can eat there.
2) ?keb \u \ bg\Zeb^ghc dheykd_, kfh`_l_ eb \u ihk_lblv ahh-
iZjd LZjhg]Z?
Yes, people in wheelchairs can visit the Taronga Zoo. There is a
wheelchair route going through it.
3) DZd \u ^mfZ_l_ dZdbo `b\hlguo \u m\b^bl_ gZ ijh]med_ ih
:\kljZebb?
You can see kangaroos at the Australia Walkabout.
4) Ijh]medZ ih :\kljZebb jZkiheh`_gZ \ K11 gZ dZjl_. =^_ jZk-
iheh`_gu Dhrdb >`mg]e_c? Y L_Zlj Lxe_g_c?
5) ?keb \Zf gm`gZ ihfhsv \ gZoh`^_gbb \uoh^Z ba ahhiZjdZ,
dh]h \u kijhkbl_?
I would ask staff for assistance.
6) < dZdh_ \j_fy ijhoh^bl ihke_^gbc j_c^ <ha^mrgh]h KZnZjb?
<bû `b\hlguo :\kljZebb ih^\_j`_ggu_ hiZkghklb
Gbdlh gbdh]^Z g_ m\b^bl dZd jZckdbc ihim]Zc e_lbl ih g_[m.
JZckdb_ ihim]Zb \uf_jeb. <ufbjZgb_ wlh gZ\k_]^Z.
K ihk_e_gby \ :\kljZebb _\jhi_cp_\ \ 1788 ]h^m, ljb^pZlv \b^h\
fe_dhiblZxsbo b ilbp b hdheh 100 \b^h\ jZkl_gbc bkq_aeh. ?s_ 57
\b^h\ fe_dhiblZxsbo, ilbp, ij_kfudZxsboky, ey]mr_d b ju[, fgh-
]b_ khlgb \b^h\ [_kiha\hghqguo b 209 \b^h\ jZkl_gbc kqblZxlky \
hiZkghklb b fh]ml \uf_j_lv \ l_q_gb_ ^_kylb ^\Z^pZlb e_l.
Hkgh\gZy ijbqbgZ bkq_agh\_gby gZjmr_gb_ _kl_kl\_gghc
kj_û. ?kl_kl\_ggZy kj_^Z kh^_j`bl \k_, qlh gm`gh `b\hfm kms_-
kl\m êy \u`b\Zgby: ijhkljZgkl\h, k\_l, \h^m, ibsm b mdjulb_.
JZajmr_gb_ hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û fh`_l ijhbahclb, dh]^Z jZklbl_ev-
ghklv mgbqlh`Zxl êy a_fe_^_eby, e_kgh]h ohayckl\Z, ]hjh^h\.
RZol beb ^hjh]. Wlh lZd`_ fh`_l ijhbahclb, dh]^Z hkmrZxl [hehlZ
beb i_j_dju\Zxl j_db êy ojZg_gby \hû. Hdheh iylb^_kylb \b^h\
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ij_^klZ\e_gguo `b\hlguo `b\ml \ :\kljZebb. Wlb `b\hlgu_ hoh-
lylky gZ ^jm]bo `b\hlguo beb kjZ`Zxlky aZ ibsm beb m[_`bs_.
K_]h^gy fu emqr_ ihgbfZ_f m]jham, gZ\bkrmx gZ^ gZr_c ^b-
dhc ijbjh^hc, q_f i_j\u_ ihk_e_gpu. B \k_ `_ fu kha^Zeb ^hihe-
gbl_evgu_ m]jhau, lZdb_ dZd jZa\blb_ ]hjh^h\ b ijhfure_gghklb,
aZ]jyag_gb_ b lhj]h\ex `b\hlgufb b f_ohf. Ihim]Z_\, gZijbf_j,
g_e_]Zevgh \u\hayl aZ ]jZgbpm. QZklh ihim]Zb g_ fh]ml ijbkihkh-
[blvky d gh\hc hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^_ b mfbjZxl.
Ex^b _^bgkl\_ggu_ `b\hlgu_, kihkh[gu_ kiZklb \ufbjZxsb_
\bû. Gh aZq_f kiZkZlv \bû? ;_a jZaghh[jZaby \b^h\, A_fey [m^_l g_
]h^gu êy `bagb q_eh\_dZ. JZkl_gby b `b\hlgu_ ihfh]Zxl ih^^_j`b-
\Zlv obfbq_kdbc [ZeZgk Zlfhkn_ju. E_kZ ihfh]Zxl ih^^_j`b\Zlv aZ-
iZku \hû. JZkl_gby b `b\hlgu_ ihfh]Zxl kha^Z\Zlv ihq\m. Hgb ij_-
^hklZ\eyxl ibsm b k^_j`b\Zxl iZjZablh\ b [he_agb. Hgb lZd`_
ij_^hklZ\eyxl ihklhygguc bklhqgbd m^b\e_gby b jZ^hklb.
1. Ih`ZemcklZ. Hl\_lvl_ gZ wlb \hijhku.
1) Qlh gm`gh `b\hfm kms_kl\m, qlh[u \u`blv?
A living thing needs space, light, water, food and shelter to survive.
2) Qlh y\ey_lky hkgh\ghc ijbqbghc \ufbjZgby?
The main cause of extinction is the destruction of the habitat.
3) Qlh fh`_l ih\ebylv gZ ijh^he`bl_evghklv `bagb `b\hlguo b
jZkl_gbc?
4) Dh]^Z `b\hlgh_ klZgh\blky bkq_agm\rbf?
The animal becomes extinct when is can no longer be found in the world.
5) Fh`gh eb ih\_jgmlv bkq_agh\_gb_ gZaZ^?
No, extinction is forever.
7) KZdb_ m]jhau gZ\bkZxl gZ^ gZr_c ^bdhc ijbjh^hc?
Our wildlife faces such threats, as urban and industrial development,
pollution, and pet and fur trade.
8) Fh`_l_ eb \u ijb\_klb ijbf_ju `b\hlguo, dhlhju_ fh]ml bkq_a-
gmlv ba-aZ dZdhc-lh q_jlu, dhlhjmx p_gbl q_eh\_d(deudb,f_o, jh]Z)?
elephants, turtles, furry animals.
9) Ekeb ex^b g_ aZsblyl \ufbjZxsb_ \bû, dlh aZsblbl?
No one else but people can protect endangered species.
10) ?keb [u \u fh]eb kiZklb \ufbjZxsb_ \bû, \u [u klZeb?
Yes, I would.
Ihke_^g_]h d_g]mjm-\ZeeZ[b \b^_eb \ 1927 ]h^m. KqblZ_lky, qlh
wlh `b\hlgh_ \uf_jeh ba-aZ jZkqbkldb kj_û h[blZgby êy n_jf b
kihjlb\ghc hohlu.
<ukhdb_ p_gu, ij_êZ]Z_fu_ dhee_dpbhg_jZfb ba ^jm]bo kljZg
ihhsjyxl dhgljZ[Zg^guo \u\ha fgh]bo mgbdZevguo b jZaghp\_l-
guo Z\kljZebckdbo `b\hlguo, lZdbo dZd ihim]Zc k ahehlufb ie_-
qZfb.
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FZe_gvdb_ djZqdb ]g_a^ylky dhehgbyfb \^hev iey`_c, ]^_ ex^b,
\_a^_oh^gu_ fZrbgu b kh[Zdb fh]ml e_]dh bo ihlj_\h`blv. :]_gl-
kl\Z ih aZsbl_ ^bdhc ijbjhû b ^h[jh\hevpu h]jZ`^Zxl f_klZ, ]^_
]g_a^ylky ilbpu, b iZljmebjmxl iey`b, qlh[u aZsblblv fZe_gvdmx
fhjkdmx ilbqdm.
Ihl_jy _kl_kl\_gghc kj_û b ju[heh\kl\h mf_gvrbeb qbkeh
ju[u \ j_qghc kbkl_f_ Fmjj_c >Zjebg].
JZkqbkldZ b \uiZk kbevgh mf_gvrbeb dhebq_kl\h jZkl_gby i_-
gbgkmeZ ]\bg_y gZ ihemhkljh\_ ?cj, \ X`ghc :\kljZebb.
H^bqZ\rb_ dhrdb \klj_qZxlky ih \k_c :\kljZebb. Hgb m[b\Zxl
fgh]bo `b\hlguo, \dexqZy fZe_gvdbo fe_dhiblZxsbo, ilbp, ey-
]mr_d, ij_kfudZxsboky b gZk_dhfuo. Dhrdb m]jh`Zxl ihimeypbb
[Zg^bdmlZ \ rlZl_ <bdlhjby, _^bgkl\_gghc gZ dhglbg_gl_.
Ebkbpu qZklbqgh \bgh\Zlu \ mf_gvr_gbb qbke_gghklb [_lhg-
]h\, ie_cg \Zg^_jkh\, b ^jm]bo a_fe_jhcguo `b\hlguo. Ebku,
ij_^klZ\e_ggu_ \ 1860 ]h^m, ebku k_cqZk \klj_qZxlky ih \k_c :\-
kljZebb. < l_o jZchgZo, ]^_ bo g_l, \ LZkfZgbb b ljhibq_kdhc qZklb
:\kljZebb ihl_jb fZe_gvdbo fe_dhiblZxsbo [ueb f_gvr_.
Djhebdb [ueb kZfufb jZajmrbl_evgufb ba ijb\_a_gguo `b-
\hlguo. Hgb \klj_qZxlky \h \k_o qZklyo :\kljZebb, djhf_ ljhibq_-
kdhc qZklb. Hgb ihklhyggh ih\j_`^Zxl h]jhfgu_ kmob_ qZklb :\-
kljZebb qj_af_jguf \uiZkhf. Kt_^Zy \dmkgu_ ljZ\u, hgb lZd`_
kgbfZxl dhjm k ^_j_\v_\.
DZd \u ^mfZ_l_, dlh beb qlh m]jh`Z_l `b\hlguf? DZdb_
`b\hlgu_ gZoh^ylky ih^ m]jhahc \ \Zr_c kljZg_?
In my country tigers, white bears, and some species of eagles are
endangered.
:abZlkdbc kehg kehgh\Zy dhklv y\ey_lky ijbqbghc lh]h, qlh keh-
gh\ m[b\Zxl. Wlh h^bg ba fgh]bo aZij_s_gguo ijh^mdlh\ ba `b\hlguo.
<_gp_ghkguc ]hem[v kZfuc [hevrhc ba k_f_ckl\Z ]hem[bguo.
HjZg]mlZg].
=jb\bkluc \hed wlhl \hed \u]ey^bl dZd [hevrZy djZkgZy eb-
kbpZ gZ oh^meyo.
Fbkkbkbikdbc Zeeb]Zlhj h^gh \j_fy Zeeb]Zlhjh\ m[b\Zeb
lukyqZfb ba-aZ bo dh`b.
DZjebdh\uc ]biihihlZf wlh `b\hlgh_ ijh\h^bl \ \h^_
f_gvr_ \j_f_gb, q_f h[uqguc ]biihihlZf.
DhZeZ
DhZeZ h^gh ba kZfuo ba\_klguo b ex[bfuo `b\hlguo \ :\kljZ-
ebb. DhZeu `b\ml \ e_kbkluo jZchgZo, \ dhlhjuo _klv ihôh^ysZy ib-
sZ. Hgb hq_gv ijb\_j_êb\u_ _^hdb, iblZxlky ihqlb bkdexqbl_evgh
ebklvyfb w\dZebilZ. DhZeu j_^dh ivxl. Hgb ihemqZxl ^hklZlhqgh_
dhebq_kl\h \hû ba k\h_c ebkl\_gghc ^b_lu.
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;hevrmx qZklv ^gy dhZeu kiyl gZ jZa\bedZo ^_j_\v_\, Z i_j_^\b]Z-
xlky b iblZxlky ghqvx. Hgb gZb[he__ Zdlb\gu kjZam ihke_ aZdZlZ.
DhZem qZklh g_ijZ\bevgh gZau\Zxl f_^\_^_f dhZeZ. Hg \hh[-
s_ g_ hlghkblky d k_f_ckl\m f_^\_^_c, lZd dZd wlh kmfhqgh_ fe_dh-
iblZxs__, Z g_ ieZp_glZjgh_.
Kj_^gyy ijh^he`bl_evghklv `bagb dhZeu \ ^bdhc ijbjh^_ hdh-
eh 12 e_l, gh ba\_klgu kemqZb. Dh]^Z hgb `beb 15 e_l \ g_\he_.
DZe_g^Zjv khojZg_gby dhZe.
1700 fbeebhgu dhZe `beb \ e_kZo \hklhqghc b x`ghc :\kljZebb.
1916 ;he__ fbeebhgZ dhZe [ueh m[blh ba-aZ bo rdmju aZ r_klv f_-
kyp_\.
1920 ;he__ ^\mo fbeebhgh\ rdmj dhZe [ueh wdkihjlbjh\Zgh ba :\-
kljZebb.
1922 <eZklb ih AZsbl_ >bdhc Ijbjhû rlZlZ <bdlhjby aZsb-
lbeb hkljh\gu_ ihimeypbb dhZe.
1923 DhZeu bkq_aeb \ X`ghc :\kljZebb.
1927 600000 dhZe [ueb m[blu \ D\bgke_g^_ aZ h^bg f_kyp.
1932 <eZklb rlZlZ <bdlhjby \uimklbeb dhZe gZ ijb]h^gu_ e_k-
gu_ l_jjblhjbb, ih f_j_ lh]h, dZd ihimeypbb \ hkljh\ghf aZih\_^-
gbd_ m\_ebqbebkv.
1950 DhZe \uimklbeb \ 50 jZchgh\ rlZlZ <bdlhjby.
>mfZc ]eh[Zevgh, ^_ckl\mc ehdZevgh!
KiZk_f hdjm`Zxsmx kj_^m
G_kdhevdh kh\_lh\, dZd lu fh`_rv baf_gblv kblmZpbx!
KiZklb hdjm`Zxsmx kj_^m ihfh]ml ^_ckl\by dZ`^h]h q_eh\_dZ.
>_ckl\by wlb ijhklu, b bo fh`gh [ukljh k^_eZlv. Gh \k_ \f_kl_
hgb ijbg_kml wnn_dlb\guc b iheh`bl_evguc \deZ^ \ khojZg_gb_
hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û. Kms_kl\m_l fgh]h \_s_c, dhlhju_ q_eh\_d
fh`_l kh\_jrZlv dZ`ûc ^_gv.
A^_kv ijb\_^_g kibkhd kh\_lh\ dZd kgbablv bkihevah\Zgb_ we_d-
ljhwg_j]bb, dhlhju_ bamqZxl mq_gbdb \ :\kljZebb.
DZdb_ ba gbo ihôh^yl êy f_klZ, ]^_ lu `b\_rv? Qlh ba
wlh]h lu m`_ ^_eZ_rv?
Dh]^Z \hafh`gh, oh^bl_ i_rdhf beb _a^bl_ gZ \_ehkbi_^_.
<udexqZcl_ k\_l b we_dljhijb[hju, dh]^Z \u bfb g_ ihevam_l_kv.
IjbgbfZcl_ ^mr f_gvr_ \j_f_gb, qlh[u wdhghfblv \h^m.
IhdmiZcl_ ijh^mdlu, i_j_jZ[hlZggu_ gZ \lhjkujv_, dhlhju_
fh`gh i_j_jZ[hlZlv, gZ^_`gu_, ih^^Zxsb_ky j_fhglm, ^haZijZ\eyx-
sb_ky, ih\lhjgh bkihevam_fu_.
Ibrbl_ gZ h[_bo klhjhgZo ebkldZ.
GZ^_\Zcl_ [hevr_ h^_`û abfhc, \f_klh lh]h, qlh[u \dex-
qZlv h[h]j_\Zl_ev.
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KlZjZcl_kv ]hlh\blv g_kdhevdh [ex^ h^gh\j_f_ggh.
>h[bjZcl_kv ^h jZ[hlu beb ^h rdheu, ihevamykv h[s_c fZ-
rbghc ih ^h]h\hj_gghklb.
Bkihevamcl_ ]hjh^kdhc ljZgkihjl beb \_ehkbi_^ \f_klh fZ-
rbgu.
Oh^bl_ i_rdhf \ fZ]Zabgu, gZoh^ysb_ky ih [ebahklb, Z g_
_a^bl_ lm^Z gZ fZrbg_.
I_j_jZ[Zlu\Zcl_ fZkeh, f_lZe, [mfZ]m, kl_deh b ieZklbd.
Qbgbl_ l_dmsb_ djZgu.
G_ hklZ\eycl_ \h^m l_qv.
Bkihevamcl_ djm`db b klZdZgu \f_klh [mfZ`guo klZdZgqbdh\.
M[_^bl_kv, qlh ^\_jv oheh^bevgbdZ ohjhrh aZdjulZ.
Bkihevamcl_ [_ev_\mx \_j_\dm, Z g_ kmrbevguc ZiiZjZl.
IeZgbjmcl_ k\hb ih_a^db, qlh[u wdhghfblv [_gabg.
Bkihevamcl_ wg_j]hwnn_dlb\gu_ we_dljbq_kdb_ eZfihqdb.
G_ \ueb\Zcl_ fZkeh, `bj, fhehdh beb obfbdZlu \ jZdh\bgm.
Ihhsjycl_ k\hx rdhem gZ iheh`bl_evgh_ hlghr_gb_ d aZsb-
l_ hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û.
1. Fh`_l_ eb \u ijb^mfZlv _s_ dZdb_-gb[m^v kihkh[u kh-
ojZg_gby wg_j]bb?
2. Kha^Zcl_ \ rdhe_ ^hkdm h[ty\e_gbc beb ]Za_lm, dhlhjZy ijb-
\e_q_l \gbfZgb_ d ijh[e_fZf hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û \ \Zr_f jZchg_.
;md_lu p\_lh\
Yjdb_, [jhkdb_ klZeb [he__ ihimeyjgu. ;he__ fh^gu_ p\_lu
k_cqZk kh_^bgyxl k [he__ klZjufb nZ\hjblZfb, dZd bjbk b ojbaZg-
l_fZ. LxeviZg lZd`_ hq_gv ihimeyjguc p\_lhd. < :\kljZebb lxev-
iZgu ihy\eyxlky \ i_jbh^ k Zij_ey ih k_gly[jv beb hdly[jv.
Yjdh `_elu_, hjZg`_\u_ b djZkgu_ p\_lu qZklh klZ\yl \ h^gm
dhjabgm, ]hjrhd beb \ [md_l. A_e_gZy ebkl\Z, lZdZy dZd ebklvy w\dZ-
ebilZ, ^h[Z\ey_lky, qlh[u jZa[blv p\_l.
KZfuc ihimeyjguc kihkh[ kh_^bg_gby p\_lh\ wlh [md_l. Bo
fh`gh ^_j`Zlv \ jmd_ b hgb ^_r_\e_, q_f p\_lu \ dhjabgZo b ]hjrdZo.
< [md_l_ fh`_l [ulv g_kdhevdh \b^h\ p\_lh\ beb lhevdh h^bg p\_lhd.
:\kljZebcpu h[uqgh ihkueZxl p\_lu ih hkh[uf kemqZyf, lZ-
dbf dZd jh`^_gb_ j_[_gdZ, k\Z^v[Z, ^_gv jh`^_gby b ihohjhgu. <
:\kljZebb _klv ki_pbZevguc ^_gv 1 k_gly[jy, dhlhjuc gZau\Z_lky
>_gv GZjpbkkZ. Kms_kl\m_l ljZ^bpby ihdmiZlv \ wlhl ^_gv [md_l
gZjpbkkh\ \ agZd m\Z`_gby d kljZ^Zxsbf hl jZdh\uo aZ[he_\Zgbc.
<k_ ^hohû hl ijh^Z` b^ml gZ bkke_^h\Zgby jZdZ.
1. Ih`ZemcklZ hl\_lvl_ gZ wlb \hijhku.
1) M \Zk _klv ex[bfuc p\_lhd?
My favorite flower is lily.
2) DZdb_ p\_lu ihimeyjgu \ \Zr_c kljZg_?
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Chrysanthemum, tulips, irises, daisies, lilies and roses are popular in
our country.
3) ?keb [u \u khklZ\eyeb [md_l ba jZaguo p\_lh\, dZdb_ p\_lu
\u [u \u[jZeb?
I would choose roses and lilies. I would also add some green foliage.
4) Ih dZdbf kemqZyf Z\kljZebcpu ^Zjyl p\_lu? Ih dZdbf kemqZ-
yf \u ^Zjbl_ p\_lu?
Australians give flowers on the birth of a baby, weddings, birthdays
and funerals. I give flowers on birthdays, weddings, birth of a child,
moving to a new flat and on different celebrations.
5) < \Zr_c kljZg_ _klv hkh[uc ^_gv dZd >_gv GZjpbkkZ? _keb [u
\u fh]eb kha^Zlv lZdhc ^_gv, dhfm [u \u hl^Zeb ^hohû hl ijh^Z`?
We dont have such a day, if I could create such a day, I would give
all the proceeds to the asylums.
>Z\Zcl_ ih\_k_ebfky
Kha^Z^bf ijh^mdlu g_ \j_^gu_ êy hdjm`Zxs_c kj_û
Kha^Zcl_ kh[kl\_gguc ijh^mdlu, bkihevamy ke_^mxsb_ j_p_ilu:
Qbklys__ kj_^kl\h
Qlh[u kha^Zlv qbklysmx iZklm, ihôh^ysmx êy \k_o ih\_jogh-
kl_c (gZijbf_j, kdZf__d, jZdh\bg, iebl), kf_rZcl_ ^\mm]e_dbkeuc
gZljbc (kh^m) k \h^hc, qlh[u k^_eZlv iZklm.
Qlh[u khojZgblv jZkl_gby hl gZk_dhfuo:
dmkdZ fueZ
1 qZcgZy eh`dZ jZaf_evq_ggh]h q_kghdZ
5 ebljh\ ]hjyq_c \hû
Ohjhrh i_j_f_rZcl_ b ^Zcl_ gZklhylvky \ l_q_gb_ 24 qZkh\.
JZkiuebl_ dZd hllZedb\Zxs__ kj_^kl\h êy khkmsbo b dmkZxsboky
gZk_dhfuo.
>_abgnbpbjmxs__ kj_^kl\h
Qlh[u ^_abgnbpbjh\Zlv mqZkldb, lZdb_ dZd \ZggZ, ^mr b lmZe_l,
bkihevamcl_ mdkmk beb ZffbZd, dhlhju_ g_ \j_^yl hdjm`Zxs_c
kj_^_. QZrdZ mdkmkZ ^_abgnbpbjm_l lmZe_l, \Zggu, ^mrb, lZa k md-
kmkhf ijb^Zkl lZd`_ [e_kd.
HohlZ gZ aZsblgu_ f_oZgbafu
DZ`^h_ `b\hlgh_ ih^\_j]Z_lky hiZkghklb \ k\h_c _kl_kl\_gghc
kj_^_. @b\hlgh_ \u`b\Z_l ba-aZ k\h_]h kljh_gby, nhjfu, \g_rgh-
klb b ih\_^_gby. GZijbf_j, `b\hlgh_ fh`_l ]Zjfhgbqgh keblvky kh
kj_^hc, fh`_l ^jZlvky, Z fh`_l m[_`Zlv, [eZ]h^Zjy k\h_c kdhjhklb.
< ke_^mxsbc jZa, dh]^Z \u ihc^_l_ \ ahhiZjd, gZc^bl_ `b-
\hlgh_, dhlhju_:
Fh`_l f_gylv p\_l
Bf__l ]hjbahglZevgu_ ihehku
Bf__l hklju_ am[u
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Fh`_l [ukljh ieZ\Zlv
Bf__l ohjhr__ aj_gb_
Bf__l \_jlbdZevgu_ ihehku
Bf__l rbiu
Bf__l iylgZ
Bf__l hklju_ dh]lb
Keh`gh aZf_lblv
Yjdhc jZkp\_ldb
Bf__l jh]Z
Ba^Zxl ij_^mij_`^Zxsb_ a\mdb
Bf__l aZsblm beb iZgpbjv
Kb^bl g_ ^\b]Zykv
LZdh]h `_ p\_lZ, dZd b \k_ \hdjm]
Hq_gv [hevrh_
Bf__l `Zeh
Bf__l ]eZaZ gZ o\hkl_
Bf__l g_h[uqgh_ hjm`b_
Bf__l ]eZaZ k ihehkhc
Ohjhrh keurbl
<u]ey^bl dZd qlh-lh ^jm]h_
:dlb\gh ghqvx
Fh`_l m^Zjblv gh]Zfb
Mf__l [ukljh [_]Zlv
Fh`_l k\_jgmlvky \ rZjbd
Fh`_l kdhevablv
Y^h\blh_
Bf__l hkljuc gxo.
Ih`ZemcklZ. IjhkemrZcl_ ke_^mxs__ ih\_kl\h\Zgb_. AZl_f
ijhkemrZcl_ _s_ jZa b aZihegbl_ lZ[ebpm.
<bû Qbke_gghklv Ijhp_gl, \klj_qZxsboky lhevdh
\ Z\kljZebb.
JZkl_gby ;he__ 20 000 85%
Ilbpu Ihqlb 50%
ey]mrdb Hdheh 200 93%
Fe_dhiblZxsb_ 282 82%
Ju[Z 4000
CHAPTER 6.
FMAUD: B BKDMKKL<H
KZrZ b Hev]Z jZa]h\Zjb\Zxl k <bdlhjhf h dmevlmjghc `bagb
:\kljZebb. Hgb ieZgbjmxl ihoh^ \ fma_c.
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87
Ih`ZemcklZ, ijhqlbl_ ke_^mxsb_ ^bZeh]b. AZl_f jZau]jZc-
l_ bo kh k\hbfb h^ghdeZkkgbdZfb. Hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ m^_eycl_
]eZ]heZf to be b to have. Ihke_ ijhql_gby, ih`ZemcklZ \uihe-
gbl_ mijZ`g_gby.
Ihoh^ \ Fma_c
KZrZ: <bdlhj, lu agZ_rv, qlh \ Jhkkbb fmaudZ b bkdmkkl\h y\-
eyxlky [hevrhc qZklvx `bagb. M gZk keh`behkv \i_qZle_gb_, qlh \
:\kljZebb ex^b hq_gv bgl_j_kmxlky kihjlhf b ^bdhc ijbjh^hc. :
dZd gZkq_l dmevlmjghc `bagb :\kljZebb?
<bdlhj: Ex^b a^_kv hq_gv ex[yl fmaudm b bkdmkkl\h. <_q_jhf
fh`gh m\b^_lv fgh`_kl\h ex^_c \ k\hbo emqrbo \_q_jgbo gZjy^Zo,
ki_rZsbo \ l_Zlj.
Hey: IjZ\^Z? Ex^b gZjy`Zxlky, qlh[u ihclb \ l_Zlj?
<bdlhj: >Z. @_gsbgu gZ^_\Zxl êbggu_ \_q_jgb_ ieZlvy Z
fm`qbgu h^_\Zxlky \ kfhdbg]b.
KZrZ: Y hq_gv ohqm m\b^_lv bkdmkkl\h Z[hjb]_gh\.
<bdlhj: Bkdmkkl\h Z[hjb]_gh\ hq_gv bgl_j_kgh_ b g_h[uqgh_.
:[hjb]_gu bkihevamxl fgh`_kl\h lhq_d \ k\h_c `b\hibkb.
Hey: Lu qZklh oh^brv \ fma_b b ]Ze_j_b?
<bdlhj: >Z. Y oh^be \ fma_c bah[jZabl_evguo bkdmkkl\ ^\Z jZaZ \
wlhf f_kyp_. Fgh]b_ fma_b ij_^hklZ\eyxl wdkdmjkbb rdhevguf ]jmi-
iZf. GZrb ]Ze_j_b ihk_sZxl mq_gbdb kh \k_c :\kljZebb. GZr deZkk
^he`_g [ue ih_oZlv gZ wdkdmjkbx \ DZg[_jjm \ gZpbhgZevgmx =Ze_-
j_x Bkdmkkl\Z, gh ih_a^dm hleh`beb ^Z ke_^mxs_]h f_kypZ.
KZrZ: D kh`Ze_gbx, m gZk g_ [ueh \hafh`ghklb ihk_lblv GZ-
pbhgZevgmx =Ze_j_x, ihdZ fu [ueb \ DZg[_jj_.
<bdlhj: Ihfbfh hkgh\ghc dhee_dpbb fma_y, ijh\h^ylky ki_pbZev-
gu_ \uklZ\db. Fh`gh ihkfhlj_lv nbevfu b \b^_h h[ bkdmkkl\_ b om-
^h`gbdZo, bamqZlv dgb]b ih bkdmkkl\m \ [b[ebhl_d_ b ih_klv \ dZn_.
Hey: Y keurZeZ, qlh \ GZpbhgZevghc =Ze_j__ _klv \uklZ\dZ, dh-
lhjZy i_j__a`Z_l. Q_fh^Zg k jZaebqgufb ijhba\_^_gbyfb bkdmkkl-
\Z ihkueZxl ^_lyf, dhlhju_ `b\ml \ hl^Ze_gguo f_klZo. LZdbf h[-
jZahf, hgb lh`_ fh]ml m\b^_lv g_dhlhju_ ijhba\_^_gby bkdmkkl\Z,
dhlhju_ gZoh^ylky \ fma_yo.
KZrZ: DZdZy aZf_qZl_evgZy b^_y.
<bdlhj: < fma_yo :\kljZebb _klv ohjhrZy \_sv: \h fgh]bo ba
gbo _klv ki_pbZevgu_ mkem]b êy ex^_c k gZjmr_gb_f ^\b]Zl_ev-
ghc kbkl_fu.
Hey: DZdb_ mkem]b hgb ij_^hklZ\eyxl?
<bdlhj: Kms_kl\mxl f_klZ êy iZjdh\db ki_pbZevgh êy bg\Z-
eb^h\, lZd qlh bf g_ ijboh^blky ^Ze_dh b^lb. LZf _klv gZdehggu_
iehkdhklb êy ex^_c gZ bg\Zeb^guo dheykdZo, dhlhju_ g_ fh]ml
ihevah\Zlvky e_klgbpZfb beb wkdZeZlhjZfb. M f_gy _klv ^jm], dhlh-
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juc iehoh \b^bl. Dh]^Z hgZ b^_l \ fma_c, _c ^Zxl fZl_jbZeu, dZjlu
b bgnhjfZpbx h fma__, gZi_qZlZggu_ djmiguf rjbnlhf.
KZrZ: >he`gh [ulv, wlh hq_gv ihfh]Z_l.
<bdlhj: Y kh[bjZxkv ihclb \ fma_c bkdmkkl\Z aZ\ljZ. Ohlbl_
ihclb kh fghc?
KZrZ: Dhg_qgh. GZf gm`gh [ulv m LhfZ ^hfZ \_q_jhf, gh ^g_f
m gZk _klv k\h[h^gh_ \j_fy.
<bdlhj: Ij_djZkgh! Fg_ lh`_ gm`gh [ulv ^hfZ \_q_jhf.
1) FmaudZ b bkdmkkl\h \Z`gZy qZklv `bagb :\kljZebb?
Yes, they are.
2) FmaudZ b bkdmkkl\h \Z`gZy qZklv \Zr_c `bagb?
Yes, they are.
3) DZd ex^b h^_\Zxlky êy ihk_s_gby l_ZljZ \ :\kljZebb?
People get dressed for the theatre in Australia. Women wear long
dresses and men wear tuxedos.
4) Qlh ohq_l m\b^_lv KZrZ?
Sasha is eager to see some Aboriginal art.
5) M KZrb b Heb [ue rZgk ihk_lblv GZpbhgZevgmx =Ze_j_x,
dh]^Z hgb [ueb \ DZg[_jj_?
No, they didnt.
6) Qlh fh`gh ^_eZlv \ GZpbhgZevghc =Ze_j__?
You can watch films and videos about art and artists, study art books
in the library and have lunch at the cafe.
7) Qlh lZdh_ iml_r_kl\mxsZy \uklZ\dZ?
A travelling exhibition is a suitcase with different kinds of artwork,
which is sent to children who live in remote areas of the country.
8) DZd \u kqblZ_l_, iml_r_kl\mxsb_ \uklZ\db wlh ohjhrZy
b^_y? Ihq_fm?
Yes, I think its a great idea because children who live in remote
areas have no other opportunity to see works of art.
9) DZdb_ mkem]b fgh]b_ fma_b ij_^hklZ\eyxl bg\Zeb^Zf?
Museums have parking areas just for the disabled. There are ramps
for people who use wheelchairs. For those who cant see well large-print
material is available.
10) DZd \u kqblZ_l_, wlb mkem]b ihfh]Zxl,
Yes, I think they are helpful. They unable the disabled see artworks.
11) <u agZ_l_ dh]h-gb[m^v dlh ba\e_d [u ihevam ba lZdbo mkem]?
No, I dont.
=jZffZlbdZ
:f_jbdZgkdbc dhee_^` / mgb\_jkbl_l
H[mq_gb_ \ Zf_jbdZgkdhf dhee_^`_ beb mgb\_jkbl_l_ êblky q_lu-
j_ ]h^Z. DZ`ûc ]h^ \dexqZ_l \ k_[y ^\Z k_f_kljZ. I_j\uc, hk_ggbc
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89
k_f_klj, h[uqgh gZqbgZ_lky \ ihke_^gxx g_^_ex Z\]mklZ b ijh^he`Z-
_lky ^h k_j_^bgu ^_dZ[jy k 4 g_^_eyfb i_j_ju\Z gZ Jh`^_kl\_gkdb_
dZgbdmeu. <lhjhc k_f_klj gZqbgZ_lky \ yg\Zj_ b ijh^he`Z_lky ^h dhg-
pZ fZy. Klm^_glZf h[uqgh ^Zxl hl lj_o ^h iylb ^g_c gZ iZkoZevgu_
dZgbdmeu. Ihfbfh h[uqgh]h ZdZ^_fbq_kdh]h ]h^Z, fgh]b_ dhee_^`b
ij_êZ]Zxl dmjku \h \j_fy e_lgbo f_kyp_\. Wlb k_kkbb ihk_sZxl klm-
^_glu, dhlhju_ ohlyl ih^mqblv ijh]jZffm beb mkdhjblv h[mq_gb_.
3. < Zf_jbdZgkdhf dhee_^`_.
Kj_^gbc klm^_gl ^he`_g k^Zlv 15 16 aZq_lh\ aZ k_f_klj. LZ-
dbf h[jZahf hg fh`_l ihemqblv 32 aZq_lZ aZ ZdZ^_fbq_kdbc ]h^.
Dh]^Z klm^_gl k^Ze [hevr_ 30 aZq_lh\, hg i_j_\h^blky gZ ke_^mx-
sbc dmjk, b klZgh\blky klm^_glhf \lhjhdmjkgbdhf. Ihke_ mk-
i_rgh]h aZ\_jr_gby q_luj_o e_l h[mq_gby b ihemq_gby 124 beb 150
aZq_lh\, hg klZgh\blky dZg^b^Zlhf gZ kl_i_gv [ZdZeZ\jZ bkdmkkl\
beb [ZdZeZ\jZ gZmd, b ]hlh\ d hdhgqZgbx mq_[gh]h aZ\_^_gby.
4. 1) \kihfh]Zl_evguc ]eZ]he
2) \kihfh]Zl_evguc ]eZ]he
3) \kihfh]Zl_evguc ]eZ]he
4) ]eZ]he-k\yadZ
7. Mgb\_jkbl_lkdZy `bagv \ :g]ebb
Hdknhj^kdbc Mgb\_jkbl_l wlh kh[jZgb_ dhee_^`_c. G_dhlhju_
ba wlbo dhee_^`_c [ueb hkgh\Zgu khlgb e_l gZaZ^. Mgb\_jkbl_l
wlh lhevdh Z^fbgbkljZlb\guc p_glj, dhlhjuc hj]Zgbam_l e_dpbb êy
\k_o klm^_glh\ dhee_^`_c, ijh\h^bl wdaZf_gu b ^Z_l kl_i_gb.
< dZ`^hf dhee_^`_ _klv jZagu_ klm^_glu: klm^_glu, bamqZxsb_
f_^bpbgm, bg`_g_ju, klm^_glu, bamqZxsb_ bkdmkkl\h.
Mgb\_jkbl_lkdZy kbkl_fZ ijbdj_ie_gby klm^_glh\ d hl^_evguf
dhgkmevlZglZf wlh lh, qlh hlebqZ_l Hdknhj^ b D_f[jb^` hl hk-
lZevguo Zg]ebckdbo mgb\_jkbl_lh\. M dZ`^h]h klm^_glZ _klv ij_-
ih^Z\Zl_ev, dhlhjuc ieZgbjm_l _]h jZ[hlm. DZ`^mx g_^_ex klm^_g-
lu ijboh^yl d g_fm b hg h[km`^Z_l k gbfb ijh^_eZggmx jZ[hlm. M
wlhc kbkl_fu _klv k\hb ^hklhbgkl\Z.
:dZ^_fbq_kdbc ]h^ \ :g]ebb jZa^_e_g gZ ljb k_f_kljZ, dhlhju_
êylky k gZqZeZ hdly[jy ^h k_j_^bgu ^_dZ[jy, k k_j_^bgu yg\Zjy ^h
dhgpZ fZjlZ, k k_j_^bgu Zij_ey ^h dhgpZ bxgy beb gZqZeZ bxey.
WdaZf_gu \ dhgp_ k_f_kljZ ijh\h^ylky \ k_j_^bg_ hk_gg_]h, \_-
k_gg_]h b e_lg_]h k_f_kljh\. HdhgqZl_evgu_ wdaZf_gu ijh\h^ylky \
dhgp_ dmjkZ h[mq_gby. ?keb klm^_gl ijh\Zeb\Z_lky gZ wdaZf_g_. ?fm
fh]ml jZaj_rblv ihijh[h\Zlv _s_ jZa. H[uqgh jZaj_rZxl ^\_ i_-
j_wdaZf_gh\db. AZ gZjmr_gb_ ^bkpbiebgu klm^_glZ fh]ml hrljZ-
nh\Zlv gZ hij_^_e_ggmx kmffm ^_g_], aZ k_jv_agh_ gZjmr_gb_ _]h
fh]ml bkdexqblv ba mgb\_jkbl_lZ.
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90
;jblZgkdb_ mgb\_jkbl_lu h[uqgh khojZgyxl h[uqZb ijhreh]h.
HdZgqb\Zy Hdknhj^ \k_ klm^_glu ^he`gu gZ^_lv êbggu_ q_jgu_
fZglbb b rZihqdb klm^_glh\.
Ijhqlbl_ b magZcl_
FmaudZ \ :\kljZebb
EZjjb Kblkdb
1. Ih`ZemcklZ, ijhqlbl_ ke_^mxsbc l_dkl. AZl_f hl\_lvl_
gZ \hijhku, ke_^mxsb_ aZ l_dklhf.
EZjjb Kblkdb aZgbfZ_l \Z`gh_ f_klh \ fmaudZevghc `bagb :\-
kljZebb dZd dhfihablhj, ibZgbkl, fmaudh\_^, mqbl_ev, e_dlhj b \_-
^msbc l_e_- b jZ^bhijh]jZff.
Hg jh^beky \ Lygvpabg_, DblZc m jmkkdh-_\j_ckdbo jh^bl_e_c,
gZqZe aZgbfZlvky \ hq_gv jZgg_f \hajZkl_ b \ 11 e_l ^Ze k\hc i_j-
\uc dhgp_jl b gZqZe k\hx dZjv_jm dhfihablhjZ.
< 1951 ]h^m Kblkdb k jh^bl_eyfb ijb_oZe \ :\kljZebx b ihem-
qbe klbi_g^bx \ FmaudZevghc Dhgk_j\Zlhjbb Gh\h]h X`gh]h
MwevkZ, ]^_ hg bamqZe nhjl_ibZgh b dhfihablhjkdh_ bkdmkkl\h, hg
aZdhgqbe __ \ 1955 ]h^m. < 1959 ]h^m hg ihemqbe klbi_g^bx \ Dhg-
k_j\Zlhjbb KZg-NjZgpbkdh, ]^_ hg ijhmqbeky ^\Z ]h^Z. < 1966 _]h
gZagZqbeb =eZ\hc Hl^_e_gby Bamq_gby DeZ\br \ Rdhe_ Fmaudb \
DZg[_jj_, Z aZl_f ]eZ\hc hl^_e_gby fmaudh\_^_gby b bamq_gby
dhfihablhjkdh]h bkdmkkl\Z.
Ohly Kblkdb ijh[h\Ze ibkZlv fmaudm \ ^_lkl\_, gZ k\h_c jh^bg_
\ DblZ_, hg \ hkgh\ghf khkj_^hlhqbe \gbfZgb_ gZ bkiheg_gbb \
jmkkdbo jhfZglbq_kdbo ljZ^bpbyo. K l_o ihj m g_]h hklZeky kbev-
guc bgl_j_k d jmkkdhc fmaud_ b fmaudZevghc ^_yl_evghklb. Kblkdb
[ue i_j\uf Z\kljZebcp_f, dhlhjh]h ijb]eZkbeb \ kh\_lkdbc Khxa
ih dmevlmjghfm h[f_gm \ 1977 ]h^m.
Ohly hg bgl_j_kh\Zeky y \k_fb Zki_dlZfb jmkkdhc fmaudb, Kbl-
kdb hkh[_ggh ijb\e_dZeb gZb[he__ g_h[uqgu_, wdkp_gljbqgu_ b
ijh[e_fZlbqgu_ dhfihablhju Jhkkbb. B]jZ gZ ibZgbgh kZfh]h
Kblkdb [ueZ hibkZgZ dZd fjZqgZy, aeh\_sZy, g_e_]dZy, hq_gv gZ-
ijy`_ggZy b iuedh kljZklgZy. Hg lZd`_ bkihevam_l wlb keh\Z, qlh-
[u hibku\Zlv b o\Zeblv jZ[hlu ;ZoZ, :glhgZ Jm[bgrl_cgZ, Fm-
khj]kdh]h, Kdjy[bgZ, JZofZgbgh\Z, FZe_jZ, ;_j]Z, ;ehoZ b
RhklZdh\bqZ, fgh]b_, ba dhlhjuo jmkkdb_.
2. AZihegbl_ lZ[ebpm ih^q_jdgmlufb keh\Zfb ba l_dklZ. AZ-
l_f i_j_\_^bl_ keh\Z.
Kms_kl\bl_evgh_ IjbeZ]Zl_evgh_ GZj_qb_ =eZ]he
Composer dhfih-
ablhj
Early jZgg_f Hotly iuedh Occupies aZ-
gbfZ_l
Pianist ibZgbkl Strong kbevguc Highly hk_gv Began gZqZe
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91
Kms_kl\bl_evgh_ IjbeZ]Zl_evgh_ GZj_qb_ =eZ]he
Musicologist fm-
audh\_^
Dark fjZqguc Had given ^Ze
Teacher ij_ih^Z-
\Zl_ev
Uneasy g_e_]-
dbc
Came ijb_-
oZe
Lecturer e_dlhj PassionatekljZklgu
c
Was granted
_fm ih`Zeh\Zeb
Broadcaster \_^m-
sbc l_e_ b jZ-
^bhijh]jZff
Studied mqbe-
ky
Was appointed
[ue gZagZq_g
Has maintained
khojZgbe
3. Ih`ZemcklZ, aZihegbl_ lZ[ebpm \b^h\j_f_ggufb nhjfZ-
fb, \klj_lb\rbfbky \ l_dkl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ bo.
simple progressive perfexct Perfect
progressive
GZklhy-
s__
Occupies aZgbfZ-
_l, is y\ey_lky,
uses bkihevam_l,
Has maintained
khojZgbe
Ijhr_^-
r__
Began gZqZe, came
ijb_oZe, studied
mqbeky, won
\ub]jZe, studied
mqbeky, was [ue
Had given ^Ze,
had begun gZqZe,
had experimented
wdki_jbf_glbjh\Ze
;m^ms__
Simple progressive Perfect
GZklhys__ Is drawn _]h ijb\e_dZ_l Has been described
[ueZ hibkZgZ
Ijhr_^r__ Was granted _fm ih`Zeh\Zeb,
was appointed [ue gZagZq_g
;m^ms__
1) dlh lZdhc EZjjb Kblkdb? <u dh]^Z-gb[m^v keurZeb h g_f?
Larry Sitsky is a composer, pianist, musicologist, teacher, lecturer
and broadcaster. I have never heard of him.
2) =^_ hg jh^beky?
He was born in Tianjin, China.
3) Ihq_fm, ih \Zr_fm fg_gbx, hg ijb_oZe \ :\kljZebx?
He came to Australia because there are wider opportunities for a
musician.
4) =^_ hg mqbeky?
He studied at the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music, then
he studied at the San Fransisco Conservatory.
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92
5) >he`_g eb hg [ue ieZlblv aZ mq_[m?
No, he didnt. He was awarded scholarships.
6) =^_ hg jZ[hlZ_l?
He works at Canberra School of Music.
7) DZdhc fmaudhc hg bgl_j_km_lky?
He is interested in the music of Russian eccentric and problematic
composers.
8) DZdhc fmaudhc bgl_j_km_l_kv \u?
Im interested in jazz and blues.
9) DZd hibkZeb b]jm gZ nhjl_ibZgh Kblkdb?
Sitskys piano was described as dark, sinister, uneasy, highly strung
and hotly passionate.
10) \_gZ^pZlb Fbklb-
q_kdbo Ij_ex^bc Kblkdb? Qlh \u h g_c ^mfZ_l_?
I cant even imagine how it may sound.
2. Ih`ZemcklZ, hij_^_ebl_, dh]^Z b dZd \ l_dkl_ bkihevah\Z-
gu ]eZ]heu to be b to have.
Had given \kihfh]Zl_evguc ]eZ]he
had begun \kihfh]Zl_evguc ]eZ]he
had experimented \kihfh]Zl_evguc ]eZ]he
Has maintained \kihfh]Zl_evguc ]eZ]he
Has been described \kihfh]Zl_evguc ]eZ]he
Was granted \kihfh]Zl_evguc ]eZ]he
was appointed \kihfh]Zl_evguc ]eZ]he
was kfukeh\hc ]eZ]he
is kfukeh\hc ]eZ]he
3. >Zcl_ ibkvf_ggh_ beb mklgh_ djZldh_ baeh`_gb_ l_dklZ.
Larry Sitsky is a famous contemporary musician, composer and
teacher. He was born in China and in 1951 he came to Australia. He had
given his first concert at the age of 11. In Australia and later in San
Francisco he was awarded scholarships. In 1966 he was appointed Head
of Keyboard Studies a at the Canberra School of Music and later the
Head of Musicology and the Head of Composition studies.
He had been interested in Russian Romantic tradition and has maintained
this interest. He was the first Australian to visit USSR. He was particularly
drawn to the most individual, eccentric and problematic composers. His own
music is described as dark, sinister, uneasy and hotly passionate.
:\kljZebckdbc Fheh^_`guc Hjd_klj
:\kljZebckdbc Fheh^_`guc Hjd_klj [ue \Z`ghc kbehc \ fmau-
dZevghc `bagb gZpbb, h[mqZy emqrbo fhehûo fmaudZglh\ :\kljZebb
kljh]hklyf ijhn_kkbhgZevghc `bagb \ hjd_klj_. < hjd_klj_ ihqlb 100
mq_gbdh\ \ \hajZkl_ hl 15 ^h 23 e_l. Mhjd_kljZ \u^ZxsZyky j_imlZpby \
:\kljZebb b \h \k_f fbj_. Hgb b]jZeb \ :g]ebb, =heeZg^bb, >Zgbb,
www.5balls.ru
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NjZgpbb, =_jfZgbb, KdZg^bgZ\bb, R\_cpZjbb, Mwevk_, BlZebb, \ Kh-
_^bg_gguo RlZlZo, Gh\hc A_eZg^bb, DblZ_, Dhj__. Yihgbb b lZd ^Ze__.
I_lZ Q_ck h^gZ ba gh\uo kdjbiZq_d :\kljZebckdh]h Fheh-
^_`gh]h Hjd_kljZ. HgZ gZqZeZ b]jZlv gZ kdjbid_ \ k_fv e_l. < \ha-
jZkl_ ^_\ylb e_l hgZ ihklmibeZ \ >_lkdbc Kbfnhgbq_kdbc Hjd_klj
GvxdZkeZ b aZl_f klZeZ _]h eb^_jhf.
< 1992 ]h^m I_lZ gZqZeZ mqblvky p_euc ^_gv \ Dhgk_j\Zlhjbb
GvxdZkeZ gZ kl_i_gv [ZdZeZ\jZ fmaudb, ]^_ klZeZ eb^_jhf KlZjr_-
]h hjd_kljZ. I_lm gZ]jZ`^Zeb g_kdhevdbfb klbi_g^byfb b ijbaZfb
aZ __ \deZ^ \ fmaudm. B \k_ `_ g_kfhljy gZ wlb ^hklb`_gby, I_lZ
ijbagZeZkv, qlh g_j\gbqZeZ b \hegh\ZeZkv, dh]^Z \klmibeZ \ :\kl-
jZebckdbc Fheh^_`guc Hjd_klj.
1. GZ dZdbo yaudZo jZa]h\Zjb\Zxl \ wlbo kljZgZo?
Mwevk Welsh / Gaelic
F_dkbdZ Spanish
:\kljZeby English
:\kljby German
BjeZg^by English
=heeZg^by Dutch
DZgZ^Z English / Erench
R\_cpZjby German / Erench / Italian
Nbgeyg^by Einnish / Swedish
RhleZg^by English / Scottish
Gh\Zy A_eZg^by English
>Z a^jZ\kl\m_l FmaudZ \ RdheZo
>Z a^jZ\kl\m_l FmaudZ \ RdheZo kZfZy h[rbjgZy fmau-
dZevgZy ijh]jZffZ ij_êZ]ZxsZy ij_djZkgu_ dhgp_jlu êy rdhev-
gbdh\, __ ih^^_j`b\Zxl ijhba\h^kl\h mq_[guo fZl_jbZeh\ b dmjku
ih\_r_gby d\ZebnbdZpbb êy mqbl_e_c.
Ijh]jZffZ [ueZ hkgh\ZgZ \ Gh\hf X`ghf Mwevk_ \ 1981 ]h^m, k
dhgp_jlZfb \ 56 rdheZo. < 1997 ]h^m >Z a^jZ\kl\m_l FmaudZ \ Rdh-
eZo klZeZ gZpbhgZevghc ijh]jZffhc, \dexqZxs_c 26 ZgkZf[eyfb
^Zxsbfb 2300 dhgp_jlh\ \ 1100 rdhe \h \k_o RlZlZo b L_jjblhjbyo
:\kljZebb.
?`_]h^gu_ dhgp_jlu ZgkZf[e_c \ukhdhd\Zebnbpbjh\Zgguo fmau-
dZglh\, dhlhju_ jZa^_eyxl k\hx ex[h\v d fmaud_ kh klm^_glZfb b \h-
\e_dZxl bo \ f_jhijbylby, gZ dhlhjuo hgb kemrZxl b fh]ml ihmqZkl-
\h\Zlv \ rdheZo klhebpu b k_evkdbo rdheZo ih \k_c :\kljZebb.
Ij_êZ]Z_lky [hevrhc \u[hj ZgkZf[e_c, \dexqZy \hdZevgu_, ^moh\u_,
ZgkZf[eb \ klbe_ [Zjhddh, ZgkZf[eb m^Zjguo bgkljmf_glh\, ZgkZf[eb
jZaebqguo dmevlmj, gZjh^ghc fmaudb b ^`Zah\u_ ZgkZf[eb.
>mgdZg =bnnhj^
(ibZgbkl)
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< 23 ]h^Z >mgdZg =bnnhj^ ihdZaZe k_[y dZd h^bg ba gZb[he__ lZ-
eZgleb\uo fmaudZglh\ :\kljZebb. >mgdZg mqblky gZ iylhf dmjk_ Fh-
kdh\kdhc Dhgk_j\Zlhjbb, mqZkv gZ \ deZkk_ mqbl_ey k fbjh\uf ijbagZ-
gb_f ijhn_kkhjZ Ev\Z <eZk_gdh. >mgdZg ih[_^bl_ev hkgh\gh]h
dhgdmjkZ ih b]j_ gZ nhjl_ibZgh \ :\kljZebb b hg [ue gZa\Zg I_j\uf
Fhehûf Bkihegbl_e_f =h^Z \ 1989 ]h^m. K l_o ihj >mgdZg gZqZe
fgh]hh[_sZxsmx dZjv_jm, ih[_^b\ gZ Dhgp_jlghf Hl^_e_gbb \ Fh-
jh\hf Dhgdmjk_ ih Nhjl_ibZgh 1989 ]h^Z (\ dZl_]hjbb Fhehûo Bk-
ihegbl_e_c) b PbgpbggZlb KR:. < bxe_ 1992 ]h^Z >mgdZg klZe
lj_lvbf \ F_`^mgZjh^ghf Dhgdmjk_ ih Nhjl_ibZgh \ Kb^g__, b
lj_lvbf \ F_`^mgZjh^ghf Dhgdmjk_ ih Nhjl_ibZgh \ Fhgj_Ze_.
>mgdZg \uklmiZe dZd khebkl k kbfnhgbq_kdbfb hjd_kljZfb
Kb^g_y, F_ev[mjgZ b :^_eZbû, k :\kljZebckdbf DZf_jguf Hjd_-
kljhf, Fheh^_`guf Hjd_kljhf Kb^g_y b k Z\kljZebckdbf ihi hj-
d_kljhf. Hg ]Zkljhebjh\Ze ih ?\jhi_ dZd khebkl :\kljZebckdh]h
Fheh^_`gh]h hjd_kljZ, b [ue ijb]eZr_gguf khebklhf I_gZg]kdh-
]h b GZpbhgZevgh]h Kbfnhgbq_kdbo Hjd_kljh\ FZeZcabb. Hg \u-
klmiZe ih \k_c :\kljZebb, :abb b X`gh Lbohhd_Zgkbo kljZg, hg
lZd`_ j_]meyjgh \uklmiZ_l \ Fhkd\_ b k [u\r_f Kh\_lkdhf Khxa_.
Hg fgh]h jZa \uklmiZe gZ gZpbhgZevghf jZ^bh.
I_j\uc dhfiZdlguc ^bkd >mgdZgZ [ue \uims_g \ 1993 ]h^m.
<k_fbjguc \uah\ jhd fmaud_
:\kljZebckdbc Zglj_ij_g_j, Ibl_j K^`hd\bkl, g_^Z\gh hqZjh\Ze
im[ebdm k\hbf ij_^klZ\e_gb_f <k_fbjguc \uah\ jhd fmaud_.
=h\hjy h[ mki_o_ b^_b, dhlhjZy jh^beZkv 16 e_l gZaZ^ \ :\kljZ-
ebb b k_cqZk j_Zebah\ZgZ \ Gh\hc A_eZg^bb, Nb^`b, <_ebdh[jblZ-
gbb b KR:, Ibl_j kdZaZe: <uah\ jhd fmaud_ kha^Zg êy lh]h, qlh-
[u h[t_^bgblv ih^jhkldh\ ih \k_fm fbjm \ h[sbgm, m dhlhjhc
[m^_l p_ev, m\Z`_gb_ d k_[_ b d ^jm]bf.
<k_fbjguc \uah\ jhd fmaud_ wlh ^jm`_kdh_ khj_\gh\Zgb_
f_`^m ^_lvfb. mqZsbfbky \ kj_^g_c rdhe_, ij_^hklZ\eyxsZy mq_-
gbdZf \hafh`ghklv ij_^klZ\blv qZklv jZa\e_q_gbc q_j_a fmaudm.
Klm^_glh\ ihhsjyxl \ujZ`Zlv k\hb l\hjq_kdb_ kbeu \ i_kg_ b
lZgp_.
< :\kljZebb <k_fbjguc \uah\ jhd fmaud_ ijb\e_dZ_l 50000
mqZklgbdh\ _`_]h^gh. NbgZe dhgdmjkZ ihdZau\Zxl ih l_e_\b^_gbx
\ lh \j_fy, dh]^Z l_e_\bahj kfhljyl [hevrbgkl\h ex^_c.
Ex[hc, ijbgbfZxsbc mqZklb_ \ dhgdmjk_ beb ijbr_^rbc ihkfhl-
j_lv, ^he`_g kh]eZkblvky g_ dmjblv, g_ ijbgbfZlv gZjdhlbdb b g_ iblv
Zedh]hevgu_ gZibldb \k_ \j_fy, kdhevdh ijh^he`Z_lky dhgdmjk. H^bg
mq_gbd kdZaZe: Wlh aZf_qZl_evgh! Wlh g_khfg_ggh ihdZau\Z_l, qlh
fh`gh \_k_eblvky, g_ ijbgbfZy gZjdhlbdb. M f_gy _klv ^jmavy, dhlh-
ju_ [jhkbeb dmjblv, qlh[u ijbgylv mqZklb_ \ dhgdmjk_.
www.5balls.ru
95
<uah\ jhd fmaud_ wlh jZ[hlZ \f_kl_, k ^jmavyfb, jh^bl_eyfb,
ihebp_ckdbfb, mqbl_eyfb, ijhn_kkbhgZeZfb kj_^kl\ fZkkh\hc bgnhj-
fZpbb b bg^mkljbb jZa\e_q_gbc. Ehamg] <k_fbjguc \uah\ jhd fmau-
d_ \ub]jZlv wlh a^hjh\h. MqZkl\h\Zlv _s_ emqr_.
1) Qlh \u ^mfZ_l_ h <k_fbjguc \uah\ jhd fmaud_? \u [u oh-
l_eb ijbgylv mqZklb_ \ dhgdmjk_?
I think Rock Global Challenge is a great idea. It is an opportunity for
teenagers to associate and to have fun. They can express their creativity. I
would like to take part in its competitions.
2) Ihq_fm \k_ mqZklgbdb ^he`gu kh]eZkblvky g_ dmjblv, g_ ijb-
gbfZlv gZjdhlbdb b g_ iblv Zedh]hevgu_ gZibldb \h \j_fy ijh\_-
^_gby dhgdmjkZ?
All the participants have to agree not to smoke, drink alcohol or take
drugs because it makes young people see that they can have a good time
without it.
3) Qlh agZqbl wlh ij_êh`_gb_: <uah\ jhd fmaud_ kha^Zg êy
lh]h, qlh[u h[t_^bgblv ih^jhkldh\ ih \k_fm fbjm \ h[sbgm, m dh-
lhjhc [m^_l p_ev, m\Z`_gb_ d k_[_ b d ^jm]bf?
It means that this competitions were started to teach teenagers to
respect each other, to make them feel they are not alone and that there is
a great number of people who can be their friends.
4) >ey q_]h [ue kha^Zg <k_fbjguc \uah\ jhd fmaud_?
It is designed to link teenagers in a commonality of purpose and
respect for themselves and for others.
5) Kdhevdh mq_gbdh\ ijbgbfZxl mqZklb_ \ dhgdmjk_ \ :\kljZebb
dZ`ûc ]h^?
50000 students compete in Australia each year.
6) DZd \u ^mfZ_l_. Qlh \Z`g__, ih[_^blv beb ijbgbfZlv mqZklb_?
I think its more important o take part in the event.
Kha^Z^bf ]jmiim
JZa^_ebl_kv gZ ]jmiiu b ij_^klZ\vl_, qlh \u bkihegbl_eb jhd
fmaudb beb ^`ZaZ. H[km^bl_ b^_b gZkq_l \Zrbo ]jmii.
<Zr_c ]jmii_ gm`gh [m^_l
GZa\Zgb_ êy ]jmiiu b êy \k_o __ qe_gh\.
Bfb^` ]jmiiu. JZajZ[hlZcl_ dhklxfu êy \uklmie_gby. GZ-
jbkmcl_ bo gZ ieZdZl_, j_deZfbjmxs_f \Zr lmj ih kljZg_.
=Za_lgZy klZlvy, jZkkdZau\ZxsZy qblZl_eyf h ij_^klhysbo
\uklmie_gbyo ]jmiiu.
Ljb ibkvfZ hl h[h`Zxsbo ihdehggbdh\.
>baZcg [be_lh\ gZ ij_^klZ\e_gb_.
>baZcg h[eh`db êy \Zr_]h ^bkdZ.
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Bgl_j\vx k qe_gZfb ]jmiiu. ?keb g_h[oh^bfh h^he`bl_
dh]h-gb[m^v ba ^jm]hc ]jmiiu, qlh[u aZ^Zlv \hijhku. <Zf gm`gh
[m^_l ih^]hlh\blvky êy wlh]h f_jhijbylby. <u fh`_l_ ijh\_klb
bgl_j\vx i_j_^ deZkkhf, aZibkZlv _]h gZ Zm^bh- beb \b^_hdZkk_lm.
Obl \Zr_c ]jmiiu.
FmaudZevgh_ \b^_h gZ i_kgx. ?keb m \Zk g_l \hafh`ghklb aZ-
ibkZlv gZ \b^_h, bkihegbl_ _]h i_j_^ deZkkhf.
Bkdmkkl\h \ :\kljZebb
=Ze_j_y bkdmkkl\Z Gh\h]h X`gh]h MwevkZ
Ijb\_l. F_gy ah\ml >`hgZlZg Dmi_j. Y jZ[hlZx \ >_iZjlZf_gl_
H[jZah\Zgby \ =Ze_j__ Bkdmkkl\ Gh\h]h X`gh]h MwevkZ, \ Kb^g__,
:\kljZeby. Fhy jZ[hlZ aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf, qlh[u ihfhqv ihk_lbl_eyf
ihgylv b gZkeZ^blvky ijhba\_^_gbyfb bkdmkkl\Z a^_kv. Y jZkkdZau\Zx,
ibrm b ^Z`_ mkljZb\Zx ki_pbZevgu_ \uklZ\db. F_gy ihijhkbeb ihdZ-
aZlv \Zf g_dhlhju_ bgl_j_kgu_ \_sb \ =Ze_j__ Bkdmkkl\.
>bdbc AZiZ^
Wlh dZjlbgZ Z\kljZebckdh]h om^h`gbdZ lhfZ Jh[_jlkZ, jh^b\r_]h-
ky \ 1856 ]h^m. HgZ gZa_\Z_lky HklZgh\e_gu b [ueZ gZjbkh\ZgZ \
1895 ]h^m, k g_[hevrbfb baf_g_gbyfb \ 1927 ]h^m. (om^h`gbd mf_j \
1931). Hjb]bgZe dZjlbgu 1.34 f_ljZ \ \ukhlm b 1.828 f_ljh\ \ rbjbgm.
HklZgh\e_gu hkgh\ZgZ gZ j_Zevghc bklhjbb h ^beb`Zgk_, dh-
lhjuc [ue h]jZ[e_g \h \j_fy ahehlhc ebohjZ^db 1050-o ]h^h\ \ k_-
\_jghc qZklb Gh\h]h X`gh]h MwevkZ. GZa\Zgb_ ijbreh hl keh\, dh-
lhju_ ]jZ[bl_eb h[uqgh djbqZeb, hklZgZ\eb\Zy ^beb`Zgk:
HklZgZ\eb\Zcky! @bagv beb ^_gv]b!
EhrZ^b b ^beb`Zgk.]jZ[bl_eb.ahehlZy ebohjZ^dZ. \k_ wlh a\m-
qbl dZd Zf_jbdZgkdbc \_kl_jg, g_ ijZ\^Z eb? DZd [u hlebqZeZkv dZjlbgZ,
_keb [u hgZ [ueZ gZibkZgZ k i_caZ`_f >bdh]h AZiZ^Z :f_jbdb?
Y ^mfZx, qlh eZg^rZnl, ^beb`Zgk, jZa[hcgbdb b h^_`^Z b ^_c-
kl\b_ dZjlbgu. Wlb jZaebqby ihfh]Zxl dZjlbg_ \u]ey^_lv Z\kljZ-
ebckdhc.
<u \b^bl_ ]jZ[bl_ey (\hafh`gh, wlh agZf_gbluc ]jZ[bl_ev, dh-
lhjuc gZau\Ze k_[y M^Zj fhegbb), jZa]h\Zjb\Zxs_]h k `_gsb-
ghc? HgZ gZdehgbeZkv \i_j_^. Gh ihoh`_ qlh hg _c g_ m]jh`Z_l.
DZd \u ^mfZ_l_, qlh hg _c ]h\hjbl? (<hafh`gh Ba\bgbl_, qlh
ijboh^blky ]jZ[blv \Zk, e_^b!) Z qlh hgZ hl\_qZ_l? (<hafh`gh, __
k_j^p_ [v_lky hl \heg_gb_, ihlhfm qlh hgZ \klj_lbeZkv k ba\_klguf
b djZkb\uf M^Zjhf Fhegbb. H, gbq_]h kljZrgh]h).
(Lhf Jh[_jlk kh k\hbf ^jm]hf om^h`gbdhf :jlmjhf Kljblhghf
[ueb hkgh\Zl_eyfb agZf_gbluo eZ]_j_c om^h`gbdh\ jy^hf k F_ev-
[mjghf b Kb^g__f \ dhgp_ 1880-o ]h^h\ b gZqZe_ 1890-o. Jh[_jlk,
dZd gZpbhgZebklbq_kdbc Z\kljZebckdbc bfij_kkbhgbkl, iulZeky
www.5balls.ru
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aZi_qZle_lv hsms_gb_ yjdh]h, `Zjdh]h Z\kljZebckdh]h [mrZ, jbkmy
gZ hldjulhf \ha^mo_ \ k_j_^bg_ ^gy, bkihevamy j_ev_ngu_ fZadb.)
G_l \j_f_gb gZ qZc
WlZ dZjlbgZ gZibkZgZ Z\kljZebckdhc om^h`gbp_c FZj]Zj_l
Ij_klhg, jh^b\r_cky \ 1875 ]h^m b mf_jr_c \ 1963 ]h^m. HgZ gZjb-
kh\ZeZ __ \ 1927 ]h^m b gZa\ZeZ __ =hem[Zy ml\Zjv. Hjb]bgZe dZj-
lbgu, dhlhjmx om^h`gbpZ ih^ZjbeZ \ 1960 ]h^m 42,5 kZglbf_ljZ \
\ukhlm b 43 kZglbf_ljZ \ rbjbgm.
Wlhl \b^ dZjlbgu gZau\Z_lky aZf_jrZy `bagv. H[uqgh wlh
hagZqZ_l jZkiheh`_gb_ lZdbo \_s_c, dZd p\_lu, njmdlu b ]ebgygZy
ihkm^Z jmqghc jZ[hlu. Qlh \u \b^bl_ a^_kv?
LZd`_ aZf_jrZy `bagv h[uqgh ihdZau\Z_l fy]dh_, _kl_kl\_ggh_
hk\_s_gb_. DZdh_ hk\_s_gb_ gZ =hem[hc ml\Zjb? b^_l eb hgh hl
hdgZ beb hl eZfiu?
HgZ \u[jZeZ lZdh_ hk\_s_gb_, ba-aZ lh]h, dZd ijb g_f \u]ey^yl
ij_^f_lu. H[jZlbl_ \gbfZgb_ gZ yjdb_ [ebdb, dhgljZkl l_fgh]h b
k\_leh]h b j_adb_ l_gb.
>ey FZj]Zj_l Ij_klhg l_gb [ueb lZd `_ \Z`gu, dZd b ij_^f_lu,
a^_kv hgb hlq_leb\hc nhjfu gZ nhg_ kdZl_jlb. (>ey mijZ`g_gby,
ihijh[mcl_ jbkh\Zlv lhevdh l_gb).
Nhjfu gZ dZjlbg_ lZd`_ bgl_j_kgu, ba-aZ lh]h, dZd FZj]Zj_l
Ij_klhg jZkiheh`beZ ij_^f_lu b bo l_gb. H[jZlbl_ \gbfZgb_ gZ
lh, kdhevdh ba gbo (ih djZcg_c f_j_, k wlhc lhqdb aj_gby) khijbdZ-
kZxlky ^jm] k ^jm]hf beb k djZ_f dZjlbgu, qZklh \ h^ghc lhqd_.
GZc^bl_ hrb[db
Bgh]^Z om^h`gbdb ki_pbZevgh jbkmxl \_sb. Dhlhju_ ijhlb\h-
j_qZl ijZ\behf. Kfh`_l_ eb \u gZclb ^\_ ki_pbZevgh k^_eZggu_
hrb[db gZ wlhc dZjlbg_? (GZf_d: ihkfhljbl_ gZ l_gb b gZ kdZ-
l_jlv). Gb`_ ijb\_^_gu hl\_lu.
Wlb hrb[db ihdZau\Zxl, qlh om^h`gbd ^mfZe h dZjlbg_ \
i_j\mx hq_j_^v dZd h iehkdhklb, Z m`_ ihlhf dZd h[ bah[jZ`_gbb
\_s_c. Ihwlhfm _keb j_Zevguc fbj g_ ihôh^be ih^ jbkmghd, dhlh-
juc hgZ ohl_eZ, hgZ fh]eZ baf_gblv _]h (^Z`_ _keb kh\k_f g_gZfgh-
]h) lZd, qlh[u hg ihôh^be.
(FZj]Zj_l Ij_klhg [ueZ ibhg_jhf gZijZ\e_gby fh^_jg \ :\kl-
jZebb. HgZ [ueZ om^h`gbdhf, dhlhjuc bgl_j_kh\Zeky jZkiheh`_-
gb_f b ]_hf_ljb_c b qv_c ex[bfhc l_fhc [ueZ aZf_jrZy `bagv.
HgZ [ueZ h^gbf ba i_j\uo Z\kljZebckdbo om^h`gbdh\, dlh m\b^_e
ihegmx djZkhlm p\_lh\, jZklmsbo a^_kv, bkdmkkl\Z Z[hjb]_gh\ b kh-
\j_f_gguo ba^_ebc fZkkh\h]h ijhba\h^kl\Z. ?_ \hkobs_gb_ wlbfb
\_sZfb, \b^gh \ __ jZ[hlZo.)
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Hl\_lu:
1) JZkiheh`_gb_ kdZl_jlb gZ kh\iZ^Z_l, ke_\Z hl dm\rbgZ ^\_
[_euo e_glu, kijZ\Z ljb.
2) Dm\rbg ^he`_g [jhkZlv l_gv ih\_jo qZrdb, klhys_c i_j_^ gbf,
gh hg g_ hl[jZku\Z_l. DZd [m^lh khmkgbd ih^h[jZe ih^ k_[y l_gv.
>hihegbl_evgZy bgnhjfZpby h =Ze_j__ Bkdmkkl\ Gh\h]h
X`gh]h MwevkZ
=Ze_j_y Bkdmkkl\ Gh\h]h X`gh]h MwevkZ [hevrhc im[ebq-
guc fma_c bkdmkkl\ g_^Ze_dh hl p_gljZ Kb^g_y. < g_f gZoh^blky
dhee_dpby dZjlbg, kdmevilmj, jbkmgdh\, nhlh]jZnbc b hllbkdh\.
Ihk_lbl_eb =Ze_j_b fh]ml:
Ihkfhlj_lv dhee_dpbb, \ k\h_f ]hjh^_ beb k =b^hf =Ze_j_b.
Ihk_lblv ki_pbZebabjh\Zggu_ \uklZ\db.
Ihkfhlj_lv nbevfu b \b^_h h[ bkdmkkl\_ b om^h`gbdZo.
Ih[u\Zlv gZ ij_^klZ\e_gbyo, jZkkdZaZo b gZ jZkijh^Z`Zo jZ[hl.
Ijbgylv mqZklb_ (\ khklZ\_ rdhevghc ]jmiiu) \ h[km`^_gbyo
beb \ hkh[hf mq_[ghf ^g_.
BamqZlv dgb]b ih bkdmkkl\m \ [b[ebhl_d_ =Ze_j_b.
Ihk_lblv FZ]Zabg =Ze_j_b.
I_j_dmkblv \ dZn_ beb \ j_klhjZg_.
?keb \u dh]^Z-gb[m^v ijb_^_l_ \ Kb^g_c, h[yaZl_evgh ijboh^b-
l_ d gZf \ ]Ze_j_x.
Bkdmkkl\h Z[hjb]_gh\
IhqlZ :\kljZebb ^_fhgkljbjm_l jZ[hlu g_dhlhjuo om^h`gbdh\
Z[hjb]_gh\ gZ k\hbo fZjdZo. DZjlbgu [ueb hlh[jZgu ba dZjlbg,
ijbkueZ_fuo \ Ihqlm :\kljZebb om^h`gbdZfb Z[hjb]_gZfb ba
fgh]bo qZkl_c :\kljZebb.
JZkl_gb_ yf (1979) om^h`gbdZ >`_dZ <mgm\mgZ (1930 1990). <m-
gm\mg [ue \h`^_f deZgZ =Zg]-g]Zje ba P_gljZevguo A_f_ev :jgo_fZ \
K_\_jghc L_jjblhjbb. ?]h dZjlbgu ihk\ys_gu ijhbkoh`^_gbx deZgZ,
ebqghklb b f_klm. QZklh gZ gbo bah[jZ`_gu jZaebqgu_ \bû ju[, eh-
\mrdb êy ju[, [Z[hqdb b aZhklj_ggu_ iZedb- ij_^f_lu k\yaZggu_ k
ihohjhgguf h[jy^hf imklhc dhehû, ijh\h^bfuf deZghf =Zg]-g]Zje.
<mgm\mg [ue gZa\Zg Om^h`gbdhf :[hjb]_ghf =h^Z \ 1987 ]h^m.
HohlZ GZ =mkbgh_ YcpZ (1981) >`hj^`Z Fbeimjjmjjm. Jh^b\rbc-
ky \ 1934 ]h^m Fbeimjjmjjm p_j_fhgbZevguc \h`^v gZjh^Z =ZgZe-
[bg]m. ?]h kljZgZ jZchg j_d, [h]Zluc jZkl_gbyfb, jZklmsbfb \ ij_-
kghc \h^_ b kem`Zsbc ^hfhf klZyf \h^hieZ\Zxsbo ilbp, djhdh^beh\.
Af_c b gZk_dhfuo. Jbkh\Zlv _]h gZmqbe hl_p, b _]h bkdmkkl\h jZa\b\Z-
ehkv ih f_j_ lh]h dZd hg gZ[bjZeky p_j_fhgbZevguo agZgbc. ?]h jZ[h-
lZ [ueZ \uklZ\e_gZ \ 1986 ]h^m gZ Kb^g_c ;v_gg_ce.
DZemfib\ZjjZ-G]meZgbglb (1984) Jh\_jZ LhfZkZ. ;he__ 30 e_l
Jh\_j LhfZk jZ[hlZe kdhlh\h^hf gZ n_jfZo b _]h jZ[hlu kh^_j`Zl
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h[jZau wlhc `bagb kh kkuedZfb gZ lhih]jZnbq_kdb_ hkh[_gghklb
f_kl ^moh\gh]h agZq_gby. Jh\_j LhfZk [ue h^gbf ba ^\mo om^h`gb-
dh\, ij_^klZ\ey\rbo :\kljZebx gZ <_gbk ;v_gg_ce \ 1990 ]h^m.
LhfZk jh^beky \ K_\_jghc L_jjblhjbb \ 1926 ]h^m, b k_cqZk `b\_l
\ Lmjdb Djbd \ jZchg_ Dbf[_jeb \ AZiZ^ghc :\kljZebb.
G]Zd G]Zd (1991) >`bg^`_j JZceb Fmg^m\ZeZ\ZeZ. Jh^b\rbcky
\ 1937 ]h^m, Fmg^m\ZeZ\ZeZ y\ey_lky klZj_crbghc yaudh\hc ]jmi-
iu FZjZ, hg jbkm_l h[jZau dhlhju_ h[uqgh ij_^klZ\eyxl ihke_^h-
\Zl_evghklv kh[ulbc \ _]h jh^h\uo f_klZo. Af_c ;Zg^bZg ihy\ey_l-
ky \h fgh]bo h[jZaZo, qZklh \ \b^_ ^\mo af_c, b baf_gyykv
klZgh\blky <Z\Zem, JZ^m`ghc >m]hc. Lhl_fbq_kdbc fhjkdhc hj_e
G]Zd G]Zd qZklh bah[jZ`Z_lky lZd, dZd gZ wlhc dZjlbg_. YcpZ, hleh-
`_ggu_ hjehf qZklh jbkmxlky hojZgy_fufb ^\mfy ]_jZev^bq_kdb-
fb af_yfb. JZ[hlZ Fmg^m\ZeZ\Zeu ij_^klZ\e_gu \ GZpbhgZevghc
=Ze_j__ :\kljZebb b \ ^jm]bo djmiguo dhee_dpbyo.
;_a gZa\Zgby(1992) Jh[_jlZ DhmeZ. Jh[_jl Dhme \ujhk \ Webk
Kijbg]k \ k_\_jghc L_jjblhjbb, hg g_ ihemqZe agZgbc, ljZ^bpbhg-
guo êy Z[hjb]_gh\. Hg gZqZe jbkh\Zlv \ 1988 ]h^m b k kZfh]h gZqZ-
eZ klZjZeky k^_eZlv k\hx dmevlmjm agZqbfhc b hkfuke_gghc b bk-
ke_^h\Ze g_kdhevdh klbe_c jbkh\Zgby. Ih_a^db \ Ehg^hg b
BjeZg^bx \ 1990 ]h^m b \ I_jl, AZiZ^gZy :\kljZeby iha\hebeb _fm
m\b^_lv ijhba\_^_gby bkdmkkl\Z [hevrbgkl\Z im[ebqguo b qZklguo
dhee_dpbc. Bkihevamy lhevdh [_eu_ lhqdb gZ `_elhf nhg_ qlh[u
kha^Zlv wg_j]_lbq_kdh_ ihe_, \ k\hbo ihke_^gbo jZ[hlZo Dhme h[t_-
^bgy_l Z[kljZdpbx b f_klgh_ bkdmkkl\h \ k\h_f \b^_gbb.
I_jh Q_jgh]h DhdZlm (1892) Nbhgu Nheb. <ukhdh p_gbfuc om-
^h`gbd, NbhgZ Nheb jh^beZkv \ 1964 ]h^m, hgZ ihlhfhd gZjh^Z
;mlqmeeZk hkljh\Z NjZa_j, D\bgke_g^. HgZ bamqZeZ bkdmkkl\h \
L_ogbq_kdhf Dhee_^`_ <hklhqgh]h Kb^g_y b \ Dhee_^`_ Bkdmkkl\
\ Kb^g__, b klZeZ h^gbf ba hkgh\Zl_e_c b qe_gh\ Dhhi_jZlb\Z Om-
^h`gbdh\ :[hjb]_gh\ ;mfZeb, dhlhjuc [ue mqj_`^_g \ Kb^g__ \
1987, qlh[u ijh\h^blv \uklZ\db om^h`gbdh\ Z[hjb]_gh\, `b\msbo
\ ]hjh^_. HgZ y\ey_lky qe_ghf Dhfbl_l_ ih bkdmkkl\m :[hjb]_gh\,
]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc hj]ZgbaZpbb, ih^^_j`b\Zxs_c b jZa\b\Zxs_c bk-
dmkkl\h.
=hmkl =Zf b Q_j_a JZ\gbgm d =hj_ =bek, h[_ gZibkZggu_ :ev[_jlhf
GZfZ^`bjZ(1902 1959) \ 1950 ]h^m, [ueb ij_^klZ\e_gu gZ fZjdZo,
\uims_gguo \ yg\Zj_ 1993 ]h^Z \ >_gv :\kljZebb, gZpbhgZevguc
ijZa^gbd :\kljZebb. GZfZl`bjZ jh^beky \ fbkkbb =_jf_gk[mj], gZ aZ-
iZ^ hl Webk Kijbg]k \ K_\_jghc L_jjblhjbb. H^bg ba kZfuo ba\_kl-
guo om^h`gbdh\ Z[hjb]_gh\, GZfZl`bjZ klZe jbkh\Zlv Zd\Zj_evx \
1936 ]h^m. Hg gZjbkh\Ze [he__ 2000 dZjlbg b ijh\_e fgh]h mki_rguo
\uklZ\hd. Fgh]b_ bo _]h jh^kl\_ggbdh\ lZd`_ ihemqbeb ijbagZgb_ dZd
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om^h`gbdb, Z :ev[_jl GZfZl`bjZ ba\_kl_g dZd hkgh\Zl_ev =_jfZgk-
[mj]kdhc rdheu jbkh\Zgby, dhlhjZy jZ[hlZ_l b ih k_c ^_gv.
F_qlZgby ^bdh]h EmdZ1988) IZmebg GZdZfZjjZ <m^k. WlZ dZj-
lbgZ \ub]jZeZ GZpbhgZevgmx gZ]jZ^m aZ Bkdmkkl\h :[hjb]_gh\ \
1988 ]h^m. IZmebg GZdfZjjZ <m^k ba Xg^mfm, h[sbgu, `b\ms_c \
imklug_ \ 300 dbehf_ljZo hl Webk Kijbg]k. M `_gsbg ba p_g-
ljZevguo jZchgh\ imklugb k\hb F_qlZgby b jblmZeu, b ^baZcg b
kh^_j`Zgb_ bo dZjlbg ih^q_jdb\Zxl \_jh\Zgby b ijZdlbdm iblZgby
b ieh^hjh^by., Z lZd`_ k\ys_ggu_ f_klZ b ^jm]b_ hkh[u_ jZchgu.
AZfey G]Zjj]mjmg (1991) =_dlhjZ >`Zg^Zgb. DZjlbgZ ihdZau\Z-
_l qZklv a_feb G]Zjj]mjmg, jh^bgu om^h`gbdZ, gZoh^ys_cky gZ k_-
\_j hl ImjgmememkZ (fZkkb\ ;Zg]e ;Zg]e) \ jZchg_ Dbf[_jeb AZ-
iZ^ghc :\kljZebb. >`Zg^Zgb jh^beky ijb[ebabl_evgh \ 1929 ]h^m
\ Lmjdb Djbd b jZ[hlZe kdhlh\h^hf b ih\Zjhf, Z aZl_f klZe b]jZlv
]eZ\gmx jhev \ h[eZklb h[jZah\Zgby b \hijhkZo dmevlmju. Hg gZjb-
kh\Ze fgh]h dZjlbg b jbkmgdh\ êy bamq_gby bklhjbc h F_qlZgbb \
rdhe_ \ Lmjdb Djbd, ihke_ __ mqj_`^_gby DZlhebq_kdhc P_jdh\vx.
G_kdhevdh e_l hg [ue ij_^k_^Zl_e_f H[s_kl\Z <Zjfmg Lmjdb
Djbd, gh mr_e \ hlklZ\dm, qlh[u m^_eylv [hevr_ \j_f_gb jbkh\Z-
gbx b kha^Zgbx ij_^f_lh\ ijbdeZ^gh]h bkdmkkl\Z.
>Zj We_cgu b >`bfZ <mevn_gkhg
< 1988 ]h^m Z\kljZebckdbc [Zgdbj >`bf <mevn_gkhg i_j_^Ze \
^Zj GZpbhgZevghc =Ze_j_b :\kljZebb nhgû, dhlhju_ iha\hebeb
_c ijbh[j_klb ijhba\_^_gby bkdmkkl\Z fma_cgh]h mjh\gy, êy lh]h,
qlh[u \hablv bo ^_lyf, `b\msbf \ hl^Ze_gguo jZchgZo :\kljZebb.
B^_y aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf, qlh ^_lb fh]ml h[km`^Zlv b bkke_^h\Zlv
wdkihgZlu, dhlhju_ hgb [u gbdh]^Z g_ m\b^_eb.
>`bf <mevn_gkhg, ij_ab^_gl Fbjh\h]h ;ZgdZ, `b\_l \ Gvx
Chjd_. Hg ohq_l, qlh[u ^_lb jZa^_ebeb hldjulby \ h[eZklb bkdmk-
kl\Z. ;eZ]h^Zjy _fm b _]h `_g_ We_cg_, gZ[hj ijhba\_^_gbc bkdmk-
kl\Z iml_r_kl\m_l k_cqZk ih \k_c :\kljZebb.
>Zj We_cgu b >`bfZ <mevn_gkhg m\b^_eb lukyqb ^_l_c \ ^Zev-
gbo m]hedZo :\kljZebb, \dexqZy ^h`^_\u_ e_kZ D\bgke_g^Z b ^x-
`bgu rdhe \ fZehgZk_e_gghc f_klghklb.
Ijhba\_^_gby bkdmkkl\Z, \dexq_ggu_ \ ^Zj We_cgu b >`bfZ
<mevn_gkhg, [ueb hlh[jZgu, qlh[u ijh[m`^Zlv \ ^_lyo bgl_j_k b
mqZklb_, qlh[u \uau\Zlv h[km`^_gb_ b jZafure_gby gZ^ fgh]bfb
b^_yfb, \dexqZy khpbZevgu_ \hijhku, wdheh]bx, bklhjbx, xfhj,
lZcgu, A_fex b \k_e_ggmx.
D_g >hmg (om^h`gbd)
D_g >hmg h^bg ba \u^Zxsboky om^h`gbdh\ :\kljZebb. ?]h jZ[h-
lu ihk\ys_gu hke_ibl_evghc djZkhl_ :\kljZebb. Hg jZ[hlZ_l gZ iey`_
ih^ khegp_f. ?]h klm^by gZoh^blky gZ djZx ]Z\Zgb Kb^g_y. <b^, hldju-
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\Zxsbcky ba _]h klm^bb, hdjm`_gghc i_kqZgufb iey`Zfb, a\mdZfb
ie_sms_cky \hû b f_gyxs_]hky k\_lZ g_ i_j_klZxl \^hogh\eylv _]h.
D_g >hmg jh^beky \ Kb^g__ \ 1940 ]h^m, b \k_]^Z iheguc j_rbfh-
klb klZlv om^h`gbdhf, gZqZe mqblvky \ h^ghc ba kZfuo djmiguo rdhe
bkdmkkl\ :\kljZebb, dh]^Z _fm [ueh \k_]h 14 e_l. < 1960-_ b 1970-_ ]h-
û hg k^_eZe mki_rgmx dZjv_jm \ j_deZf_ \ Gvx-Chjd_, Ehg^hg_ b
Kb^g__ b \ub]jZe fgh]h gZ]jZ^. K 1980 hg ihk\ylbe k\hx wg_j]bx kha-
^Zgbx bkdmkkl\Z b mki_rgh \uklZ\eye k\hb jZ[hlu ih \k_fm fbjm.
D_g >hmg `b\_l b jZ[hlZ_l \ Kb^g__. <h fgh]bo qZklyo fbjZ
D_g klZe kbf\hehf :\kljZebb b Z\kljZebcp_\, l\hjq_kdbo, hilbfb-
klbqguo b kf_euo.
Ihkfhljbl_ gZ g_dhlhju_ ba jZ[hl D_gZ.
Fma_c IZmwjoZmk
:\kljZebckdbc fma_c bkdmkkl\ b GZmd.
Ihkljh_gguc ba a^Zgby klZjhc we_dljhklZgpbb, IZmwjoZmk y\ey-
_lky kZfuf [hevrbf fma__f Z\kljZebb.
;he__ 25 \uklZ\hd hldjhxl \Zf fbj ^hklb`_gbc q_eh\_dZ, gZmdb
b l_ogheh]bb, ijbdeZ^gh]h bkdmkkl\Z b ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb Z\kljZ-
ebcp_\. LZf lZd`_ _klv ihklhyggh f_gyxsZyky ijh]jZffZ \j_f_g-
guo \uklZ\hd b ki_pbZevguo f_jhijbylbc. Wdkdmjkbb ih fma_x
hq_gv ihimeyjgu kj_^b rdhevgbdh\.
Ihkfhljbl_ gZ jZaebqgu_ \uklZ\db,W dhlhju_ ij_êZ]Zxlky ih-
k_lbl_eyf \ Fma__ IZmwjoZmk.
1) <uklZ\dZ Dhkfhk \ Fma__ IZmwjoZmk. DhkfhgZ\l =e_g G_c]e
ihk_lbe fma_c \ 1995 ]h^m.
2) Ki_pbZevgh_ f_jhijbylb_ \ Fma__ IZmwjoZmk. \ dZ`û_
rdhevgu_ dZgbdmeu fma_c ij_êZ]Z_l m\e_dZl_evgu_ ijh]jZffu
êy ^_l_c b bo k_f_c.
3) <uklZ\dZ bgnhjfZpbhgguo fZrbg \ Fma__ IZmwjoZmk (kihg-
kbjm_lky :c;bWf :\kljZeby El^.). Wlh \uklZ\dZ, ihk\ys_ggZy
dhfivxl_jZf, bo bklhjbb, lhfm, dZd hgb jZ[hlZxl b dZd hgb \ebyxl
gZ gZrm `bagv.
4) P_glj bgnhjfZpbhgguo l_ogheh]bc \ Fma__ IZmwjoZmk
(kihgkbjm_lky :c;bWf :\kljZeby El^.). Ihkfhljbl_ gZ deZkkgmx
dhfgZlm ih bgnhjfZpbhgguf l_ogheh]byf \ Fma__ IZmwjoZmk.
5) P_glj bgnhjfZpbhgguo l_ogheh]bc \ Fma__ IZmwjoZmk
(kihgkbjm_lky :c;bWf :\kljZeby El^.) mq_gbdb magZxl h ihke_^-
gbo l_ogheh]byo \ h[eZklb k\yab.
7. P_glj bgnhjfZpbhgguo l_ogheh]bc \ Fma__ IZmwjoZmk (kihg-
kbjm_lky :c;bWf :\kljZeby El^.). Mq_gbdb ba 4 6 deZkkh\ ihdZ-
au\Zxl k\hb ihke_^gb_ jZ[hlu, kha^Zggu_ \ ^_lkdhc dhkfbq_kdhc
fZkl_jkdhc \h \j_fy bo ihk_s_gby fma_y.
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8. Fma_c IZmwjoZmk. Mq_gbdb 4 6 deZkkh\ bkihevamxl pbnjh-
\u_ dZf_ju \ \uklZ\d_ Dhkfhk. Jhkkbckdbc emghoh^ gZoh^blky gZ
aZ^g_f ieZg_.
9. P_glj bgnhjfZpbhgguo l_ogheh]bc \ Fma__ IZmwjoZmk (kihg-
kbjm_lky :c;bWf :\kljZeby El^.). DmjZlhj \uklZ\db BgnhjfZpb-
hggu_ l_ogheh]bb k mq_gbdhf kj_^g_c rdheu.
Mkem]b êy bg\Zeb^h\
Mkem]b êy ex^_c, k nbabq_kdbfb gZjmr_gbyfb.
Kms_kl\m_l ki_pbZevgZy klhygdZ êy bg\Zeb^h\. Dhebq_kl\h
f_kl h]jZgbq_gh, lZd qlh \Zf gm`gh aZjZg__ aZdZaZlv f_klh. Fu kh-
\_lm_f aZdZau\Zlv f_klh ih f_gvr_c f_j_ aZ ^\Z ^gy ^h ihk_s_gby,
qlh[u ba[_`Zlv h]hjq_gby.
KdZlu b ebnlu \ Fma__ IZmwjoZmk hlf_q_gu gZ dZjl_.
Ih`ZemcklZ, ihfgbl_, qlh i_j_^\b`_gb_ ih kdZlZf fh`_l [ulv
mlhfbl_evguf. Ihk_lbl_eyf, i_j_^\b]Zxsbfky gZ bg\Zeb^guo dh-
eykdZo ij_îhqlbl_evg__ ihevah\Zlvky ebnlZfb beb ijbclb k ^jm-
]hf k kbevgufb jmdZfb.
Bg\Zeb^gu_ dheykdb fh`gh \aylv gZijhdZl \ hkgh\ghf ohee_.
Mkem]b êy ex^_c k hkeZ[e_gguf kemohf
Ihbsbl_ \ Fma__ wlhl agZd. Hg hagZqZ_l, qlh a^_kv ij_êZ]Zxlky
mkem]b êy ex^_c k hkeZ[e_gguf kemohf.
Ij_êZ]Zxlky i_qZlgu_ fZl_jbZeu, ihê_`Zsb_ \ha\jZlm êy g_-
dhlhjuo \b^_h- b Zm^bhaZibk_c, ^_fhgkljbjmxsboky \ aZeZo \uklZ\db.
Mkem]b êy ex^_c k hkeZ[e_gguf aj_gb_f
Ki_pbZevgu_ lmju fh]ml [ulv aZdZaZgu êy ke_iuo ex^_c b ih-
k_lbl_e_c k hkeZ[e_gguf aj_gb_f. Wlb lmju ^Zxl ijhoh^ dh fgh-
]bf wdkihgZlZf, g_ \uklZ\e_gguf \ k\h[h^ghf ^hklmi_.
AZdZa ^he`_g [ulv ijhba\_^_g aZjZg__, qlh[u ]ZjZglbjh\Zlv j_-
a_j\bjh\Zgb_ ihf_s_gbc.
?keb \u \ q_f-eb[h g_ m\_j_gu beb ohlbl_ ihemqblv [hevr_ bg-
nhjfZpbb, h[jZlbl_kv \ klhe kijZ\hd. AZihfgbl_, kem`Zsb_ a^_kv
êy lh]h, qlh[u ihfhqv \Zf.
DZjlu k hkyaZ_fuf bah[jZ`_gb_f b g_dhlhju_ fZl_jbZeu, gZ-
i_qZlZggu_ rjbnlhf ;jZcey beb djmiguf rjbnlhf [ueb ij_^hk-
lZ\e_gu Dhjhe_\kdbf H[s_kl\hf Ke_iuo.
1. Ihc^bl_ gZ wdkdmjkbx ih 2 mjh\gx Fma_y IZmwjoZmk. <hc-
^bl_ q_j_a \oh^ kh klhygdb êy bg\Zeb^h\ b ke_^mcl_ klj_ehq-
dZf ih dhfgZlZf k 1 ih 10. H[km^bl_ mkem]b, ij_^hklZ\ey_fu_
(g_ lhevdh êy bg\Zeb^h\, êy \k_o) ih f_j_ ijh^\b`_gby ih
fma_x.
1) Ihke_ ihk_s_gby fma_y j_rbl_, m^h[_g eb fma_c êy bg\Zeb^h\?
Yes, it is.
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2) MdZaZl_e_c ]Zj^_jh[Z b fZ]Zabgu km\_gbjh\ gZ dZjl_ gel. DZd \u
^mfZ_l_, ]^_ hgb gZoh^ylky? The cloakroom is in the main entrance foyer.
3) Fh`_l_ eb \u gZa\Zlv _s_ dZdb_-gb[m^v mkem]b, g_h[oh^bfu_
bg\Zeb^Zf?
4) Ihkfhljbl_ gZa\Zgby dhfgZl gZ 2 mjh\g_. DZd \u ^mfZ_l_, dZ-
db_ lZf \uklZ\db?
In the first room there might be objects connected with childhood and
games. Probably there are toys, clothes and little beds.
In the second room examples of lace are exhibited. You can also
learn hoe to make it.
The third room provides a collection of different chairs.
The fourth room contains different objects connected with music:
various instruments, techniques and records.
The fifth room gives information on the anatomy and mentality of a
person.
The sixths room houses computers and information on the
information technology.
In the seventh room you can lean about different experiments and
probably conduct one yourself.
The objects of the eighth room are connected with space. You can see
videos about space there and see different models of spaceships.
The ninth room provides a wide range of vehicles.
In the tenth room you will be informed on the topic of
communication. You will learn about its history and the present.
1) ?keb \u ohlbl_ ihclb gZ ki_pbZevgmx wdkdmjkbx \ fma_c,
gm`gh eb aZdZaZlv __ aZjZg__?
Yes, I must.
2) ?keb \Zf \h \j_fy ij_[u\Zgby gm`gZ bg\Zeb^gZy dheykdZ, ]^_
__ fh`gh \aylv?
You can get a wheelchair at a cloaking desk in the main entrance foyer.
3) Z\Zcl_ ih\_k_ebfky
Bgkljmf_glZevgZy fmaudZ
Ih^klZ\vl_ gZa\Zgby bgkljmf_glh\ d dZjlbgdZf.
Drums f; Guitar b; Violin c; Piano g; Trumpet d;
Pianino e; Saxophone a.
Dlh q_f aZgbfZ_lky?
AZihegbl_ ijhims_ggu_ [md\u, ^hihegbl_ gZa\Zgby wlbo
ijhn_kkbc b khihklZ\vl_ bo k dZjlbgdZfb.
A 4; B 7; C 3; D 2; E 6; F 1; G 5.
FmaudZ ^hfZ
Ih^klZ\vl_ gZa\Zgby ij_^f_lh\ d dZjlbgdZf.
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Hi-fi stereo c; Record player b; Album e;
Compact disc d; Loudspeaker a; Cassette g;
Headphones f.
1. kf. Tapescripts.
4. Ij_^klZ\vl_, qlh \u gZoh^bl_kv \ h^ghf ba ke_^mxsbo f_kl.
=hjh^ \ qZk ibd.
K_evkdZy f_klghklv, hdjm`_ggZy ]mkluf dmklZjgbdhf.
Ih^ \h^hc.
IhiZeb \ m`Zkgmx [mjx.
< dhkfbq_kdhf dhjZ[e_.
< ^`mg]eyo.
GZ rmfghc nZ[jbd_ ih ijhba\h^kl\m fZrbg.
GZ hkljh\_.
5. < ]jmii_ h[km^bl_, dZdZy fmaudZ ih^hc^_l d lhfm f_klm,
dhlhjh_ \u \u[jZeb.
In the city at peak hour I would choose loud electronic music. It is as
rhythmic as the city itself.
In the country I would listen to the native Aboriginal music or just to
the sounds of nature.
Underwater quiet classical music would be suitable.
If I were caught in a wild storm I would choose something sinister. It
could be classical of electronic music.
In a spaceship I would listen to drum-n-bass.
In the jungle would like to listen to something cheerful, because I
think its scary there.
In a noisy factory where cars are manufactured industrial music
would be best.
On an island I would listen to reggae. It gives the right mood.
CHAPTER 7.
HIUL J:;HLU
Lhf jZa]h\Zjb\Z_l k KZr_c b He_c h k\h_c jZ[hl_ b h[ G_^_e_
HiulZ JZ[hlu \ _]h rdhe_.
Ih`ZemcklZ, ijhqlbl_ wlb ^bZeh]b. AZl_f jZau]jZcl_ bo k
h^ghdeZkkgbdZfb. H[jZsZcl_ hkh[h_ \gbfZgb_ gZ bkihevah\Z-
gb_ kjZ\gbl_evghc b ij_\hkoh^ghc kl_i_g_c. Ihke_ ijhql_gby,
\uihegbl_ mijZ`g_gby.
JZ[hlZ LhfZ
Lhf: Z, y jZ[hlZx \ f_klghc [b[ebhl_d_. Wlh kZfZy klZjZy [b[-
ebhl_dZ \ Kb^g__.
Hey: Qlh lu lZf ^_eZ_rv?
Lhf: Y ihfh]Zx ex^yf gZclb dgb]b b bgnhjfZpbx, dhlhjZy bf
gm`gZ. Y lZd`_ i_j_klZ\eyx dgb]b k ihedb gZ ihedm b j_hj]Zgbah-
\u\Zx [b[ebhl_dm, ihke_ lh]h, dZd \k_ moh^yl. Wlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh
ohjhrZy jZ[hlZ. HgZ fg_ gjZ\blky [hevr_ q_f fhy ij_û^msZy jZ-
[hlZ. B ex^b, k dhlhjufb y jZ[hlZx ijbylg__.
KZrZ: DZd qZklh lu jZ[hlZ_rv?
hf: IhdZ wlh g_ f_rZ_l mq_[_. Y fh]m jZ[hlZlv klhevdh, kdhevdh
ohqm. H[uqgh y jZ[hlZx ^\Z ^gy \ g_^_ex b bgh]^Z gZ \uoh^guo.
KZrZ: M fgh]bo mq_gbdh\ l\h_]h \hajZklZ _klv jZ[hlZ?
Lhf: >Z, [hevrbgkl\h fhbo ^jma_c jZ[hlZxl, hkh[_ggh \ dZgbdmeu.
Hey: DZd lu gZr_e wlm jZ[hlm?
Lhf: Y gZr_e __ \h \j_fy G_^_eb HiulZ jZ[hlu.
G_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu
KZrZ: Qlh lZdh_ G_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu?
Lhf: Wlh g_^_ey, \h \j_fy dhlhjhc mq_gbdb 10 deZkkZ fh]ml ih-
ijh[h\Zlv ihjZ[hlZlv \ h[eZklb, dhlhjmx hgb \u[_jml. M mq_gbdh\
_klv \hafh`ghklv ihjZ[hlZlv \ [ZgdZo, hl_eyo, fZ]ZabgZo, j_klhjZ-
gZo b ^Z`_ \ dZ[bg_l_ \jZqZ. Mq_gbdZf, dhlhju_ ohjhrh jZ[hlZxl,
qZklh ij_êZ]Zxl f_klh.
Hey: DZd bgl_j_kgh!
Lhf: G_dhlhju_ mq_gbdb kqblZxl, qlh wlh kZfZy bgl_j_kgZy g_-
^_ey mq_[gh]h ]h^Z, ihlhfm qlh hgb fh]ml bkiulZlv, dZdhc `bagv
fh`_l [ulv ihke_ rdheu.
KZrZ: Ihq_fm lu j_rbe jZ[hlZlv \ [b[ebhl_d_?
Lhf: Y ohl_e jZ[hlZlv \ [b[ebhl_d_ [hevr_ q_f \ ex[hf ^jm]hf
f_kl_, ihlhfm qlh fg_ gjZ\blky ijh\h^blv bkke_^h\Zgby. K_cqZk y
agZx ihqlb \k_ h lhf, dZd jZ[hlZ_l [b[ebhl_dZ, qlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh
ihe_agh, dh]^Z fg_ gm`gh gZclb bgnhjfZpbx êy ijh_dlZ \ rdhe_.
Hey: Lu ihevam_rvky dhfivxl_jhf gZ jZ[hl_?
Lhf: >Z. <ky [b[ebhl_dZ dhfivxl_jbabjh\ZgZ. Ihqlb \k_ dgb]b
b `mjgZeu \ [b[ebhl_d_ aZg_k_gu \ dhfivxl_j.
Hey: Z. : _keb \ [b[ebhl_d_ fZeh ex^_c, dh]^Z y jZ[hlZx, y fh]m
aZgylvky ^hfZrg_c jZ[hlhc. <hafh`gh, wlh kZfZy emqrZy qZklv jZ[hlu.
JZ[hlZ LhfZ
1) =^_ jZ[hlZ_l Lhf? Tom works at a library.
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106
2) Qlh hg ^_eZ_l? He helps people to find the books and information
they need. He also reshelves the books and reorganizes the library.
3) ?fm gjZ\blky jZ[hlZ?
Yes, he does.
4) DZdhc [ueZ _]h ij_û^msZy jZ[hlZ ih kjZ\g_gbx k wlhc?
His previous job was less interesting. The people Tom works at the
library with are nicer.
5) DZd qZklh Lhf jZ[hlZ_l?
He usually works two afternoons a week and sometimes weekends.
6) Fgh]b_ eb Z\kljZebcpu \hajZklZ LhfZ jZ[hlZxl?
Yes they do.
7) DZd Lhf gZr_e wlm jZ[hlm?
He found it during Work Experience Week.
G_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu
1) < dZdbo f_klZo mq_gbdb jZ[hlZxl \h \j_fy G_^_eb HiulZ JZ[hlu?
They can work in banks, hotels, restaurants, stores and even doctors
offices.
2) :\kljZebckdbf mq_gbdZf gjZ\blky G_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu?
Yes, they do.
3) Ihq_fm Lhf j_rbe jZ[hlZlv \ [b[ebhl_d_?
Tom decided to work in a library because he likes to do research.
4) Mf__l eb Lhf ihevah\Zlvky dhfivxl_jhf?
Yes, he does.
5) DZdmx bgnhjfZpbx fh`gh gZclb \ dhfivxl_j_ [b[ebhl_db?
You can find information on almost every book and magazine.
H l_[_
1) M \Zk _klv G_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu \ rdhe_?
No, we dont.
2) DZd \u kqblZ_l_, G_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu ohjhrZy b^_y? Ihq_fm?
Yes, I think its a great idea because students have an opportunity to try
this work and to decide if they want to have this profession or some other.
3) =^_ [u \u ohl_eb ihijh[h\Zlv ihjZ[hlZlv?
I would like to try to work in a large company with amny people. I
think it wont be boring to work there.
=jZffZlbdZ
3. I am best at biology.
Im worst at Physics.
I like Mathematics least of all.
I like English best of all.
5. Ih^gbfZykv ih e_klgbp_ mki_oZ.
Ambitious. I seek success.
Motivated. I dont do things that are unnecessary.
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Neat. Im always clean and tidy.
Accurate. I almost never make mistakes.
Enthusiastic. Im eager and have a feeling of excitement.
Reliable. People can rely on me, I wont fail them.
12. If you make something soft or softer you soften it.
If you make something hard or harder you harden it.
If you make something tight or tighter you tighten it.
If you make something weak or weaker you weaken it.
If you make something bright or brighter you brighten it.
If you make something dark or darker you darken it.
Ijhqlbl_ b magZcl_
Hiul jZ[hlu \ 10 deZkk_
DZ`ûc ]h^ mq_gbdb 10 deZkkZ \ rdhe_ LhfZ mqZkl\mxl \ G_^_-
e_ HiulZ JZ[hlu. <h \j_fy G_^_eb mq_gbdb jZ[hlZxl \ h[eZklb,
dhlhjmx kZfb \u[bjZxl. Wlh ohjhrZy \hafh`ghklv ihijh[h\Zlv
bgl_j_kgmx jZ[hlm.
RdheZ gZqbgZ_lky \ 8. 40 b êy fgh]bo mq_gbdh\ wlh jZgh. H^-
gZdh hgb [ukljh ihgbfZxl, dZd bf ih\_aeh, dh]^Z bo jZ[hlh^Zl_ev
`^_l, qlh hgb ijb^ml gZ jZ[hlm \ 7.00 mljZ, b aZdhgqZl \ 5.00 \_q_jZ.
<hl g_dhlhju_ dhff_glZjbb jZ[hlh^Zl_e_c:
;ue p_gguf khljm^gbdhf \ gZr_c hj]ZgbaZpbb.
Wg_j]bqguc b \k_]^Z ]hlh\ mqblvky.
?keb hg aZohq_l k^_eZlv dZjv_jm \ wlhc h[eZklb, hg ^h[v_lky
mki_oZ.
KZfuc mfguc b ijbylguc mq_gbd, dhlhjuc d gZf dh]^Z-eb[h
ijboh^be.
Ohjhrh \hkiblZg b ke_^m_l mdZaZgbyf.
: qlh ]h\hjyl mq_gbdb?
Fg_ ihgjZ\beZkv g_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu, ihlhfm qlh y gZmqbeky
hkgh\Zf jZ[hlu iehlgbdZ. Y lZd`_ gZmqbeky ^h[b\Zlvky k\hbo p_e_c.
JbqZj^ IbgheZ,
iehlgbpdh_ ^_eh.
Hiul JZ[hlu [ue ihe_aguf êy f_gy, ihlhfm qlh y kfh]eZ
m\b^_lv, qlh ijhbkoh^bl lZf, \ j_Zevghf fbj_. Y m`_ g_ m\_j_gZ,
qlh y ohqm jZ[hlZlv \ kn_j_ ]hklbgbqgh]h f_g_^`f_glZ.
>`m^b ;Zjjhk
=hklbgbqgh_ ^_eh.
Fg_ ^_ckl\bl_evgh ihgjZ\beZkv G_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu, ihlhfm
qlh y gZmqbeky hkgh\Zf \_l_jbgZjghc objmj]bb, b khljm^gbdb dh
fg_ ohjhrh hlg_kebkv.
Ihe :[jm
<_l_jbgZjby
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108
Fg_ ihgjZ\beZkv G_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu, ihlhfm qlh y magZeZ,
qlh m f_gy ohjhrh ihemqZ_lky.
Ov_g >h
Ijh^Z\_p.
G_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu [ueZ hq_gv bgl_j_kghc b m\e_dZl_evghc,
ihlhfm qlh y magZeZ \_sb h aZdhg_, dhlhju_ ^h wlh]h g_ agZeZ. Y
kemrZeZ g_dhlhju_ hk_gv bgl_j_kgu_ ^_eZ \ km^_ b ihagZdhfbeZkv
kh fgh]bfb ex^vfb.
Jha_ll :aab
Xjbkijm^_gpby.
Emqr__ \ G_^_e_ HiulZ JZ[hlu lh, qlh hgZ ]hlh\bl l_[y d jZ-
[hl_, dhlhjZy `^_l l_[y \i_j_^b, b hgZ aZklZ\ey_l aZ^mfZlvky, dZdmx
dZjv_jm \u[jZlv \ [m^ms_f.
Ihe <v_jZ
:kkbkl_gl \ [b[ebhl_d_.
Fhy ly`_eZy jZ[hlZ [ueZ \hagZ]jZ`^_gZ, ihlhfm qlh fg_ ij_^-
eh`beb jZ[hlm, b y k jZ^hklvx kh]eZkbeZkv.
F_j\bg >bahg
Ijh^Z\_p \ fZ]Zabg_.
Lhf mkljZb\Z_l wdkdmjkbx ih [b[ebhl_d_
;b[ebhl_dbg_^_eZxl, hgbjZklml
:\]mklbg;bjj_e
;b[ebhl_dZ kijZ\hqguo fZl_jbZeh\
;b[ebhl_dZ kijZ\hqguo fZl_jbZeh\ gZoh^blky gZ i_j\hf wlZ`_.
AZ klhehf kijZ\hd \k_]^Z gZoh^blky khljm^gbd, ]hlh\uc ^Zlv kijZ\-
dm b ^Zlv \Zf kh\_l ih ih\h^m fZl_jbZeh\ gZ wlhf wlZ`_.
;b[ebhl_dZ kijZ\hqguo fZl_jbZeh\ kh^_j`bl ke_^mxs__:
KijZ\hqgbdb. Wlhl jZa^_e kh^_j`bl \k_ \bû kijZ\hqguo fZl_-
jbZeh\, lZdbo dZd keh\Zjb, wgpbdehi_^bb b kijZ\hqgbdb.
GZmqgu_ jZ[hlu. < [b[ebhl_d_ gZoh^ylky jZaebqgu_ bkke_^h\Z-
gby, ^bkk_jlZpbb, ^hdeZû b wdaZf_gZpbhggu_ jZ[hlu. Hgb jZkih-
eh`_gu \ dZlZeh]_ ih bf_gb Z\lhjZ b gZa\Zgbx, bo ^hklZgml ih lj_-
[h\Zgbx. Bo g_evay \ughkblv ba [b[ebhl_db.
I_jbh^bdZ. K_dpby i_jbh^bq_kdbo ba^Zgbc \dexqZ_l \ k_[y \k_ gZb-
[he__ qZklh bkihevam_fu_ ]Za_lu b `mjgZeu, jZkiheh`_ggu_ \ ZenZ\bl-
ghf ihjy^d_ ih gZa\Zgbx. F_g__ qZklh bkihevam_fu_ i_jbh^bq_kdb_ ba-
^Zgby ojZgylky \ ih^\Ze_, b bo fh]ml \Zf ijbg_klb, _keb hgb gm`gu.
Hl^_e \u^Zqb dgb] gZ ^hf
Hl^_e \u^Zqb dgb] gZ ^hf, gZoh^ysbcky gZ \lhjhf b lj_lv_f
wlZ`Zo, kh^_j`bl [hevrmx qZklv dgb] aZiZkZ.
GZ \lhjhf wlZ`_ _klv klhe kijZ\hd. G_ kl_kgycl_kv ihijhkblv
ihfhsb \ gZoh`^_gbb dgb] beb ihevah\Zgbb dZlZeh]hf.
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DZlZeh]b.
Hkgh\gu_ dZlZeh]b [b[ebhl_db gZoh^ylky gZ \lhjhf wlZ`_.
DZlZeh] ih bf_gZf Z\lhjh\ / gZa\Zgbyf kh^_j`bl \k_ dgb]b, gZ-
oh^ysb_ky \ [b[ebhl_d_ ih bf_gZf Z\lhjZ b ih gZa\Zgbx.
L_fZlbq_kdb_ dZlZeh]b iha\heyl \Zf magZlv, dZdb_ dgb]b ih hi-
j_^_e_gghc l_f_ _klv \ [b[ebhl_d_. L_fZlbq_kdbc dZlZeh] jZkiheh-
`_g \ ZenZ\blghf ihjy^d_, b wlh emqrbc kihkh[ gZclb \k_ dgb]b ih
hij_^_e_gghc l_f_, dhlhju_ _klv \ [b[ebhl_d_.
DZlZeh] ih kljZgZf iha\hebl \Zf gZclb \k_ dgb]b h[ hij_^_e_g-
ghc kljZg_ beb f_klghklb. Hg gZoh^blky gZ lj_lv_f wlZ`_ k dgb]Z-
fb h aZjm[_`guo kljZgZo.
Kem`[Z ihbkdZ ih dhfivxl_jm
Kem`[Z ihbkdZ ih dhfivxl_jm ihfh`_l gZclb fZl_jbZe gZ hi-
j_^_e_ggmx l_fm. Dhfivxl_j ^Z_l ^hklmi d [hevrhfm ^bZiZahgm
[Za ^Zgguo b ijhkfZljb\Z_l bo hq_gv [ukljh. ?keb \u ohlbl_ ^_-
lZevgh bamqblv dZdmx-eb[h l_fm, wlh [m^_l emqrbf kihkh[hf ma-
gZlv h[h \k_f, qlh [ueh gZibkZgh gZ wlm l_fm. Ihijhkbl_ khljm^gb-
dZ h[tykgblv, dZd ihevah\Zlvky dhfivxl_jhf.
=b^
Ih^\Ze. OjZgbebsZ, dhfgZlZ hlûoZ êy mq_gbdh\.
I_j\uc wlZ`. =Zj^_jh[.
<u^ZqZ b \ha\jZs_gb_ dgb].
Kh[jZgby aZiZkh\ b dgb]b êy ihevah\Zgby \gmljb [b[ebhl_db.
DZ[bg_lu ]eZ\gh]h [b[ebhl_dZjy b aZf_klbl_ey ]eZ\gh]h [b[-
ebhl_dZjy b hl^_e aZdZah\.
<lhjhc wlZ`. ;b[ebhl_dZ kijZ\hqguo fZl_jbZeh\: I_jbh^bdZ.
KijZ\hqgbdb (keh\Zjb, wgpbdehi_^bb, [b[ebh]jZnbb b l.^.)
GZmqgu_ jZ[hlu.
WdaZf_gZpbhggu_ jZ[hlu.
Kem`[Z ihbkdZ ih dhfivxl_jm.
Lj_lbc wlZ`. Hl^_e \u^Zqb dgb] gZ ^hf:
Hkgh\gu_ dZlZeh]b
Hnbk l_ogbq_kdhc kem`[u
Q_l\_jluc wlZ`. Hl^_e \u^Zqb dgb] gZ ^hf:
DZlZeh] ih kljZgZf
DhfgZlZ k_fbgZjh\
Imgdl i_j\hc ihfhsb
Wlh nhlhdhibb \lhjh]h b q_l\_jlh]h wlZ`_c. (dZjlhqdb ihevah-
\Zgby fh`gh ihemqblv \ hl^_e_ \u^Zqb dgb]).
GZ \lhjhf, lj_lv_f b q_l\_jlhf wlZ`_ _klv lmZe_lu, kijZ\Z hl
e_klgbpu.
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110
AZihegbl_ nhjfmeyj êy aZibkb \ [b[ebhl_dm.
;b[ebhl_dZ b bgnhjfZpbhggZy kem`[Z Klhggbg]lhg.
AZy\e_gb_ h aZibkb \ [b[ebhl_dm
NZfbeby: Smith
I_j\u_ bf_gZ: Maria Jane. Fbkk / Fbkkbk / fbkl_j
Beb gZa\Zgb_ hj]ZgbaZpbb
:^j_k: 12 Prospect Mira, Moscow ihqlh\uc bg^_dk 364785
L_e_nhg 567 77 88 ^ZlZ jh`^_gby: September 16, 1986
<u ohl_eb [u [jZlv \ [b[ebhl_d_ dgb]b gZ ^jm]hf yaud_ (g_ gZ
Zg]ebckdhf)? yes
Yaud(b)? Russian
Y kh]eZk_g \uihegylv ijZ\beZ [b[ebhl_db
Ihîbkv ^ZlZ: April 13, 2003
AZihegy_lky jh^bl_e_f beb hi_dmghf
Y kh]eZk_g \aylv gZ k_[y hl\_lkl\_gghklv aZ fZl_jbZeu, \aylu_ \
[b[ebhl_d_ ih^Z\rbf aZy\e_gb_, gZa\Zgguf gZ h[hjhl_, dZd b aZ _]h
/ __ \u[hj_ ebl_jZlmju.
Ihîbkv
Bfy: John Smith
:^j_k (_keb hg g_ lhl `_, qlh m ih^Z\r_]h aZy\e_gb_): 3
Rogatinskaya st. Moscow
L_e_nhg: 128 00 09 ihqlh\uc bg^_dk: 274895
AZihegy_lky jZ[hlZxsbfb ih dhgljZdlm, g_ y\eyxsbfbky ]jZ`-
^ZgZfb kljZgu, beb oh^ysbfb \ rdhem \ wlhf jZchg_.
RdheZ / jZ[hlh^Zl_ev
<ZrZ [m^msZy ijhn_kkby
Ij_^klZ\vl_, qlh ^Z_l_ bgl_j\vx `mjgZebklm, ]h\hjys_fm
gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_.
1) Ba\bgbl_, fh]m y aZ^Zlv \Zf g_kdhevdh \hijhkh\?
Yes.
< dZdhf \u deZkk_?
Im in the eleventh form.
2) DZdb_ ijhn_kkbb ihimeyjgu kj_^b fheh^_`b \ \Zr_c kljZg_?
Reporter, artist, accountant, secretary, lawyer and economist are the
professions popular among the young people in my country.
3) D_f [u \u ohl_eb klZlv ihke_ hdhgqZgby rdheu? (dZdmx ijh-
n_kkbx \u [u ohl_eb bf_lv?)
I would like to be a Computer programmer when I graduate.
4) Dlh ihfh] \Zf \u[jZlv ijhn_kkbx?
I chose it myself because I like computers.
5) Qlh ^mfZxl \Zrb ^jmavy h \Zr_f \u[hj_? Ihq_fm hgb lZd
^mfZxl?
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111
My friends think its a great choice because it is the kind of
profession that is of importance in this century. Computers are
everywhere. My friends often ask me to help them when something
happens with their PCs.
;j_êb Kfbl
M ;j_êb KfblZ hkh[h_ \^hogh\_gb_, ihlhfm qlh hg gZ wlhc g_-
^_e_ b^_l jZ[hlZlv \ FZd >hgZev^k. >\Z^pZlbe_lgbc ;j_^ k kbg-
^jhfhf >ZmgZ ijZa^gm_l k\hx i_j\mx jZ[hlm \ k_lb nZkl nm-
^Z(aZdmkhqguo) _]h h[yaZgghklb [m^ml \dexqZlv \ k_[y
h[kem`b\Zgb_ klheh\hc b ihfhsv gZ dmog_.
H^gZ g_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu \ FZd >hgZev^k_ ijb\_eZ d jZ[hlm
gZ iheguc ^_gv. H^bg ba f_g_^`_jh\ kdZaZe: Dh]^Z y kh]eZkbeky
gZgylv ;j_^Z gZ jZ[hlm, y eZ^ ihgylv, qlh \hafh`ghklv ihemqblv ih-
klhyggh_ f_klh [m^_l aZ\bk_lv hl _]h kihkh[ghkl_c \ jZ[hl_. Hiul
;j_^Z \ jZ[hl_ ihfhsgbdhf gZ dmog_, \ukhdb_ klZg^Zjlu b wglmab-
Zaf, \hl qlh ijbg_keh _fm wlm jZ[hlm. KljZ^Zl_evgZy jZ[hlZ ;j_^Z
^Z`_ aZklZ\beZ ^jm]bo jZ[hlgbdh\ [hevr_ klZjZlvky.
K_cqZk m [j_^Z lZdZy `bagv, h dhlhjhc _]h fZlv, DZjhebgZ, b g_
f_qlZeZ, dh]^Z hg jh^beky b _fm ihklZ\beb ^bZ]gha [he_agv >ZmgZ.
g_ kdZaZeb, qlh hg ^he`_g `blv \ dZdhf-gb[m^v mqj_`^_gbb b qlh
hg gbdh]^Z g_ kfh`_l k^_eZlv qlh-eb[h kZf. Gh wlh kh\k_f g_ lZd.
Hg mf__l ]hlh\blv b m[bjZlvky emqr_ f_gy.
;j_^ k_cqZk b]jZ_l ]eZ\gmx jhev \ \b^_h jhebd_, dhlhjuc ihfh-
`_l fhehûf ex^yf k bg\Zeb^ghklvx ieZgbjh\Zlv k\h_ [m^ms__.
1. Ih`ZemcklZ, hl\_lvl_ gZ ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku:
1) ZmgZ?
No, I dont.
2) KqblZ_l_ eb \u, qlh ex^b k kbg^jhfhf >ZmgZ g_kihkh[gu
k^_eZlv qlh-gb[m^v kZfb?
No, I dont. I think that abilities of people with Down syndrome are
often underestimated.
3) < \Zr_c rdhe_ _klv G_^_ey HiulZ JZ[hlu?
No, we dont.
4) M \Zk dh]^Z-gb[m^v [ueZ jZ[hlZ? ?keb ^Z, jZkkdZ`bl_ ih`Z-
emcklZ k\hbf h^ghdeZkkgbdZf h[ wlhf.
Yes, I have. In my free time I worked handing leaflets to people in
the street. It is a part-time job and its very convenient as it doesnt
interfere with the school.
Qlh lZdh_ ;he_agv >ZmgZ?
Ihkfhljbl_ \hdjm] k_[y. ?keb \ \Zr_f deZkk_ g_l [ebag_ph\, lh \u
m\b^bl_, qlh \k_ \Zrb h^ghdeZkkgbdb \u]ey^yl ih-jZaghfm. M gZk jZa-
guc p\_l \hehk. M gZk ]eZaZ jZagh]h p\_lZ. B m gZk jZagu_ ebpZ b nb]m-
www.5balls.ru
112
ju. ;ulv jZagufb ohjhrh. Lhevdh ih^mfZcl_, dZd [ueh [u kdmqgh _keb
[u u \k_ [ueb h^bgZdh\ufb. Ex^b k [he_agvx >ZmgZ \u]ey^yl g_ lZd
dZd hklZevgu_ ex^b. Gh \gmljb fu \k_ h^bgZdh\u_. Fu \k_ kf__fky
gZ^ kf_rgufb \_sZfb. Fu \k_ ieZq_f, dh]^Z gZf ]jmklgh. Fu \k_ oh-
lbf bf_lv ^jma_c. GZf \k_f gjZ\blky magZ\Zlv gh\h_ \ rdhe_.
<Zrbf h^ghdeZkkgbdZf k [he_agvx >ZmgZ fh`_l ihgZ^h[blvky
^hihegbl_evgZy ihfhsv, qlh[u gZmqblvky gh\uf \_sZf. ZmgZ?
< KR: [he__ 250 000 ex^_c k [he_agvx >ZmgZ. Wlh fgh]h! Wlh
lZd fgh]h, qlh hgb \k_ g_ ihf_klylky \ \Zr kihjlb\guc aZe. LZd qlh,
^Z`_ _keb \u g_ agZ_l_ gbdh]h k [he_agvx >ZmgZ, ih \k_fm fbjm
fgh]b_ ex^b kljZ^Zxl [he_agvx >ZmgZ.
DZdb_ ijbqbgu m [he_agb >ZmgZ?
<u agZ_l_, qlh \Zr_ l_eh khklhbl ba ljbeebhgh\ de_lhd? Hgb kh-
\k_f fZe_gvdb_. <gmljb wlbo fZe_gvdbo de_lhd gZoh^ylky _s_ [h-
e__ fZe_gvdb_ rlmqdb, gZau\Z_fu_ ojhfhkhfZfb. M [hevrbgkl\Z
ex^_c \ dZ`^hc de_ld_ 46 ojhfhkhf. M ex^_c k [he_agvx >ZmgZ bo
47. M ^_l_c [he_agv >ZmgZ _klv _s_ ^h jh`^_gby.
Fh`gh eb ^jm`blv k q_eh\_dhf, kljZ^Zxsbf [he_agvx >Zm-
gZ? >Z!
M mq_gbdh\ k [he_agvx >ZmgZ fh]ml [ulv ^jmavy, lZdb_ `_ dZd
lu! GZ kZfhf ^_e_, hgb fh]ml [ulv l\hbfb emqrbfb ^jmavyfb. H^-
ghdeZkkgbdZf k [he_agvx >ZmgZ lZd`_ gm`gZ ihfhsv. Gm`gh ihf-
gblv, qlh bf bgh]^Z gm`gZ ihfhsv, Z ohjhrbc ^jm] \k_]^Z ihfh-
`_l. Lhevdh ih^mfZcl_, dZd ohjhrh, dh]^Z \Zf ihfh]Z_l ^jm].
DZd \u fh`_l_ ihfhqv ^jm]m, m dhlhjh]h [he_agv >ZmgZ
;he_agv >ZmgZ g_\hafh`gh \ue_qblv, gh kms_kl\m_l fgh]h \_-
s_c. Dhlhju_ fu fh`_f k^_eZlv, qlh[u ihfhqv ex^yf k kbg^jhfhf
>ZmgZ. Emqrbc kihkh[ ihfhqv ^jm]m k kbg^jhfhf >ZmgZ ^mfZlv
h g_f dZd h ^jm]bo k\hbo ^jmavyo. AZ\ljZdZcl_ \f_kl_ k gbfb. Ijb-
]eZrZcl_ bo gZ k\hb ^gb jh`^_gby. : _keb bf gm`gZ ihfhsv k ^h-
fZrgbfb aZ^Zgbyfb, hl lh]h, qlh \u bf ihfh`_l_, \u b kZfb [m^_l_
qm\kl\h\Zlv k_[y emqr_. G_ m^b\eycl_kv, _keb \Zf gh\uc ^jm] k [h-
e_agvx >ZmgZ lh`_ \Zk q_fm-gb[m^v gZmqbl!
<hijhkgbd
1) Mq_gbdb k [he_agvx >ZmgZ ohlyl bf_lv ^jma_c.
2) Mq_gbd k kbg^jhfhf >ZmgZ fh`_l ihgZ^h[blvky ki_pbZevgZy
ihfhsv.
3) H^ghdeZkkgbd k [he_agvx >ZmgZ fh`_l klZlv l\hbf emqrbf
^jm]hf.
4)>jm] k [he_agvx >ZmgZ fh`_l \u]ey^_lv ih-^jm]hfm.
5) ZmgZ.
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113
6) M ^_l_c [he_agv >ZmgZ _klv _s_ ^h jh`^_gby.
=Za_lgu_ h[ty\e_gby
Ih`ZemcklZ, jZ[hlZcl_ \ iZj_ k ^jm]bf mq_gbdhf. Bamqbl_
\hijhku b aZl_f gZc^bl_ hl\_lu \ j_deZf_.
D\ZglZk WcjeZcg.
K_dj_lZjv.
D\ZglZk WcjeZcg ij_êZ]Z_l ihklhyggmx jZ[hlm k_dj_lZjy gZ ihe-
klZ\db \ gZr_f hl^_e_ ijh^Z` \ p_gljZevghf hnbk_. JZ[hlZ fbgbfmf
20 qZkh\ \ g_^_ex k \hafh`ghklvx jZ[hlu gZ ihegmx klZ\dm. Lj_[m_l-
ky hiul k_dj_lZjkdhc jZ[hlu b jZ[hlu \ h[eZklb ijh^Z`. >ey lh]h,
qlh[u ^h]h\hjblvky h \klj_q_, a\hgbl_ ih l_e. 554 3264.
a) Ij_êZ]Z_lky jZ[hlZ gZ iheklZ\db beb gZ ihegmx klZ\dm?
The position is part-time. (Ij_êZ]Z_lky jZ[hlZ gZ iheklZ\db) /
b) Kdhevdh qZkh\ \ g_^_ex gm`gh jZ[hlZlv?
2) hours a week are offered. (Gm`gh jZ[hlZlv 20 qZkh\ \ g_^_ex).
3) JZ[hlZ ihklhyggZy beb \j_f_ggZy?
The position is permanent. (JZ[hlZ ihklhyggZy).
4) JZ[hlZlv gm`gh [m^_l \ p_glj_ beb \ hdjZbgghf jZchg_?
The position is located at a downtown branch. (JZ[hlZlv gm`gh [m-
^_l \ p_glj_).
LN DhgkZelZgkb
K_dj_lZjv / fZrbgbkldZ
LN DhgkZelZgkb dhgkZelbg]h\Zy nbjfZ. Kdhjhklv i_qZlb g_
f_g__ 50 keh\ \ fbgmlm, kl_gh]jZnby b agZgb_ ^_ehijhba\h^kl\Z g_-
h[oh^bfu. GZqZevgZy aZjieZlZ gZ wlhc ^he`ghklb 14 000$ \ ]h^. AZ-
ijhku : ?. ;xj]_j
a) DZdZy kdhjhklv i_qZlb lj_[m_lky?
Typing speed of at least 50 wpm is required. (Lj_[m_lky kdhjhklv
i_qZlb g_ f_g__ 50 keh\ \ fbgmlm).
b) DZdb_ _s_ gZ\udb lj_[mxlky?
The ability to take shorthand dictation and knowledge of filling
procedures are required. (Lj_[mxlky kl_gh]jZnby b agZgb_ ^_ehijh-
ba\h^kl\Z).
3) DZdmx aZjieZlm ij_êZ]Zxl?
The salary is 14 000$ a year. (AZjeZlZ 14 000 ^heeZjh\ \ ]h^).
4) DZd fh`gh ihemqblv ^hihegbl_evgmx bgnhjfZpbx? To obtain
more information you can call ?. Burger. (>hihegbl_evgmx bgnhjfZ-
pbx fh`gh ihemqblv, iha\hgb\ ?. ;xj]_j).
Hi_jZlhj-gZ[hjsbd.
IjbgbfZxlky aZy\e_gby gZ jZ[hlm hi_jZlhjhf-gZ[hjsbdhf gZ
ihegmx klZ\dm \ hnbk_, k\yaZgguf kh kljhbl_evkl\hf. Lj_[mxlky
lhevdh hiulgu_ hi_jZlhju.
www.5balls.ru
114
AZy\e_gby ijbgbfZxlky: Khljm^gbd hl^_eZ dZ^jh\
:;K El^.
38 =jbgobe Jhm^, :^_eZb^Z.
a) Wlh jZ[hlZ gZ iheklZ\db beb gZ ihegmx klZ\dm?
This is a full-time position. (Wlh jZ[hlZ gZ ihegmx klZ\dm).
b) Gm`_g eb hiul \ wlhc ^he`ghklb?
Yes, it is. (>Z).
c) Dm^Z ih^Z\Zlv aZy\e_gby?
One should apply in writing to the Personnel Officer of ABC
ltd.(AZy\e_gby gm`gh ih^Z\Zlv khljm^gbdm hl^_eZ dZ^jh\
:;K El^.)
:\lh[bh]jZnby \ lZ[ebqghc nhjf_
Dh]^Z \u ih^Z_l_ aZy\e_gb_ h ijb_f_ gZ jh[hlm \Zf kdhj__ \k_]h
gm`gh [m^_l aZihegblv Zgd_lm, dhlhjZy ^Z_l jZ[hlh^Zl_ex \Z`gmx
bgnhjfZpbx h \Zk. :\lh[bh]jZnbx \ lZ[ebqghc nhjf_ bgh]^Z gZ-
au\Zxl j_axf_.
1. DZd \u ^mfZ_l_ dZdZy bgnhjfZpby h \Zk fh`_l ihgZ^h-
[blvky jZ[hlh^Zl_ex? Ih`ZemcklZ khklZ\vl_ kibkhd wlhc bg-
nhjfZpbb b kjZ\gbl_ kh kibkdZfb h^ghdeZkkgbdh\.
Name
Age
Address
Nationality
Education
Work experience
Additional skills
Interests
2. Wlh j_axf_ Wfbeb Evxbk. HgZ ih^Z_l aZy\e_gb_ h ijb_f_
gZ h^gm ba ihabpbc, ij_^klZ\e_gguo \ur_. Ih`ZemcklZ, ijh-
qlbl_ b hl\_lvl_ gZ \hijhku.
1) Kdhevdh e_l Wfbeb Evxbk?
Emily Lewis is 25. (Wfbeb Evxbk 25 e_l).
2) =^_ hgZ `b\_l?
She lives in Adelaide, Australia. (HgZ `b\_l \ :^_eZb^_, :\kljZ-
eby).
3) DZdhc m g__ ghf_j l_e_nhgZ?
Three-two-three-two-nine-five-eight.
4) DZdh_ m g__ ]jZ`^Zgkl\h?
Australian. (:\kljZebckdh_).
5) Q_f hgZ aZgbfZ_lky \ gZklhys__ \j_fy?
She works at Jones Inc. (HgZ jZ[hlZ_l \ >`hgk Bgdhjihj_cl_^).
6) =^_ hgZ oh^beZ \ rdhem?
She went to school in Adelaide. (HgZ oh^beZ \ rdhem \ :^_eZb^_).
7) DZd [ukljh hgZ mf__l i_qZlZlv?
Her typing speed is 50wpm. (?_ kdhjhklv i_qZlb 50 m^Zjh\ \ fb-
gmlm).
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115
8) Q_f hgZ ex[bl aZgbfZlvky \ k\h[h^gh_ \j_fy?
She likes gardening and playing tennis in her spare time. (HgZ ex[bl
aZgbfZlvky kZ^h\h^kl\hf b b]jZlv \ l_ggbk \ k\h[h^gh_ \j_fy).
Bfy: Wfbeb Evxbk.
:^j_k: IZjd <_c 28, :^_eZb^Z, X`gZy :\kljZeby. L_e.
>ZlZ jh`^_gby: 3 Zij_ey 1975 ]h^Z.
=jZ`^Zgkl\h: Z\kljZebcdZ
Hiul jZ[hlu: dZkkbj, Dhee_^` L:N?
K 1996]h^Z ih gZklhys__ \j_fy: K_dj_lZjv / hnbk-f_g_^`_j \
>`hgk Bgdhjihj_cl_^, :^_eZb^Z.
H[jZah\Zgb_: 1992 ]. K_jlbnbdZl h kj_^g_f h[jZah\Zgbb, rdheZ
<_kl Obee, :^_eZb^Z.
1994 >biehf h[ hdhgqZgbb dmjkh\ k_dj_lZj_c, Dhee_^` K_dj_-
lZj_c =Zfbevlhg, :^_eZb^Z.
GZ\udb: FZrbghibkv (50 m^Zjh\ \ fbgmlm), [mo]Zel_jby b kl_-
gh]jZnby.
M\e_q_gby: KZ^h\h^kl\h b l_ggbk.
1. DZdb_ ba \ur_i_j_qbke_gguo ihabpbc fh]ml ih^hclb
Wfbeb? Ihq_fm?
The position of the secretary / typist would be most suitable for Ms.
Lewis because she has all the skills required, such as typing speed,
shorthand and filling procedures. More than that, she has working
experience in this position. (fbkk Evxbk [hevr_ \k_]h ih^hc^_l
^he`ghklv k_dj_lZjy-fZrbgbkldb, ihlhfm qlh m g__ _klv \k_ g_h[-
oh^bfu_ gZ\udb, lZdb_ dZd kdhjhklv i_qZlb, kl_gh]jZnby b kha^Z-
gb_ Zjob\Z. ;he__ lh]h, m g__ _klv hiul jZ[hlu \ wlhc ^he`ghklb).
2. < \Zr_c kljZg_ ex^b ibrml j_axf_? H[km^bl_ jZaebqby.
Yes, in our country people write CV as well. They write their name,
address, nationality, date of birthday, education and employment.
Sometimes people also write if they are married or single. We also write
about our hobbies and interests. Many people also write some
characteristics, such as accurate, reliable and so on. (< gZr_c kljZ-
g_ ex^b lh`_ ibrml j_axf_. Hgb ibrml bfy, Z^j_k. =jZ`^Zgkl\h,
^Zlm jh`^_gby, h[ h[jZah\Zgbb b hiul_ jZ[hlu. Bgh]^Z ex^b _s_
ibrml `_gZlu hgb beb ohehklu. Fu lZd`_ ibr_f h k\hbo oh[[b b
bgl_j_kZo. Fgh]b_ ex^b lZd`_ ibrml k\hb oZjZdl_jbklbdb, lZdb_
dZd <gbfZl_evguc, gZ^_`guc b l.^.)
6. JZ[hlZcl_ \ iZj_ k ^jm]bf mq_gbdhf b khklZ\vl_ kibkhd
^he`ghkl_c, dhlhju_ \u kqblZ_l_ bgl_j_kgufb. DZdb_ ba wlbo
dZq_kl\, gZ \Zr \a]ey^, g_h[oh^bfu êy l_o aZgylbc, dhlhju_
\u \u[jZeb?
Reporter-energetic, enthusiastic
Pilot-reliable, strong, competent
www.5balls.ru
116
Doctor-competent, accurate, experienced
Teacher-punctual, enthusiastic, neat
Hairdresser-competent, motivated
Photographer-ambitious, energetic, intelligent
Artist-intelligent, enthusiastic, ambitious
Secretary-accurate, punctual, neat
Lawyer-competent, punctual, reliable
7. DZdb_ ba wlbo dZq_kl\ m \Zk ijbkmlkl\mxl? >ey dZdbo aZ-
gylbc \u, gZ \Zr \a]ey^ ihôh^bl_?
I can be a reporter because Im energetic and enthusiastic. I can also
be a photographer because Im ambitious, energetic and intelligent. I
cant be a secretary because Im not accurate, punctual or neat.
8. Wlh ^_lZeb j_axf_ IheZ =m^f_gZ. Ih`ZemcklZ, aZihegbl_
lZ[ebpm.
1. Bfy E
2. :^j_k M
3. L_e_nhg B
4. >ZlZ jh`^_gby K
5. =jZ`^Zgkl\h L
6. K_f_cgh_ iheh`_gb_ A
7. H[jZah\Zgb_ G, H
8. >he`ghklv, aZgbfZ_fZy gZ ^Zgguc fhf_gl. D
9. Ij_û^ms__ f_klh jZ[hlu C
10. >jm]b_ bgl_j_ku b gZ\udb I, F
11. J_dhf_g^Zpbb J
>_eh\h_ ibkvfh
18 ;e_g^nbev^ Jhm^,
Ehg^hg
Hdly[jv 18, 1998
Fbkl_jm >`. Kfblm
Kfbl b kugh\vy
14 Fvx
Ehg^hg
L_fZ: F_klh hnbk f_g_^`_jZ
>hjh]hc fbkl_j Kfbl.
Y ibrm \ k\yab k \Zrbf h[ty\e_gb_f \ LZcfk h f_kl_ hnbk f_-
g_^`_jZ, b ohl_eZ [u ih^Zlv aZy\e_gb_.
DZd \u \b^bl_ ba ijbeZ]Z_fh]h j_axf_, m f_gy ^biehf ih ki_-
pbZevghklb ;bag_k F_g_^`f_gl b y ^\Z ]h^Z jZ[hlZeZ ihfhsgbdhf
hnbk f_g_^`_jZ \ ]_jfZgkdhc dhfiZgbb.
< gZklhys__ \j_fy y bsm gh\h_ f_klh jZ[hlu b ohl_eZ [u, qlh[u
fhx dZg^b^Zlmjm jZkkfhlj_eb gZ ^he`ghklv, mdZaZggmx \ \Zr_f
h[ty\e_gbb.
www.5balls.ru
117
?keb \Zf gm`gZ [m^_l ^hihegbl_evgZy bgnhjfZpby, ih`ZemcklZ,
khh[sbl_ fg_. GZ^_xkv kdhjh hl \Zk mkeurZlv.
Bkdj_gg_ \ZrZ,
We_ZghjZ Fbee_j.
1) Dlh gZibkZe wlh ibkvfh?
Eleanor Miller wrote this letter. (We_ZghjZ Fbee_j gZibkZeZ wlh
ibkvfh).
2) Ihq_fm hgZ ibr_l?
She is writing in reference to the advertisement in the Times.(HgZ
ibr_l \ k\yab k h[ty\e_gb_f \ LZcfk).
3) GZ dZdmx ^he`ghklv hgZ ih^Z_l aZy\e_gb_?
She is applying for the post of Office Manager. (HgZ ih^Z_l aZy\e_-
gb_ gZ ^he`ghklv hnbk f_g_^`_jZ).
4) DZdhc ^hdmf_gl hgZ ijbeZ]Z_l d k\h_fm ibkvfm?
She is enclosing her curriculum vitae with her letter. (HgZ ijbeZ]Z_l
j_axf_ d k\h_fm ibkvfm).
5) DZdhc m g__ hiul jZ[hlu?
She has two years experience as Assistant Office Manager with a
German company. (HgZ ^\Z ]h^Z jZ[hlZeZ ihfhsgbdhf hnbk f_g_^-
`_jZ \ ]_jfZgkdhc dhfiZgbb).
>ey bgnhjfZpbb
Klj_kk.
Qlh lZdh_ klj_kk? Klj_kk wlh lh, dZd \Zr_ l_eh b fha] j_Z]b-
jmxl gZ baf_g_gby b ljm^ghklb. <_sb, dhlhju_ \uau\Zxl klj_kk
fh]ml [ulv iheh`bl_evgufb b hljbpZl_evgufb.
;hevrbgkl\h ex^_c bkiulu\Zxl klj_kk, dh]^Z:
Ijhbkoh^bl qlh-gb[m^v g_h`b^Zggh_. GZijbf_j, \Zr [m^bev-
gbd g_ aZa\hgbe, b \u hiZaû\Z_l_.
Ijhbkoh^bl qlh-lh gh\h_ b g_agZdhfh_. GZijbf_j, \u i_j_oh-
^bl_ \ gh\mx rdhem.
Ijhbkoh^bl qlh-lh \Z`gh_ êy \Zk. GZijbf_j, \u ihemqZ_l_
gh\mx jZ[hlm.
Qlh-lh \uoh^bl ba-ih^ dhgljhey. GZijbf_j, ihl_jyeZkv kh[ZdZ.
?s_ g_dhlhju_ ijbqbgu klj_kkZ. hdlhjZ k\yaZ-
eb klj_kk b Zee_j]bb, ya\u, [he_agb k_j^pZ b ^jm]b_ aZ[he_\Zgby.
Fu fh`_f gZmqblvky kijZ\eylvky k ijh[e_fZfb b klj_kkhf \ gZr_c
`bagb. <hl g_dhlhju_ ij_êh`_gby.
www.5balls.ru
118
Ih]h\hjbl_ k ^jmavyfb beb qe_gZfb k_fvb h k\hbo ljm^gh-
klyo. G_ iulZcl_kv kijZ\blky kh \k_f kZfb.
>_eZcl_ \k_ ih hq_j_^b. G_kdhevdh ijh[e_f h^gh\j_f_ggh
fh]ml ih^Z\blv \Zk. KhklZ\vl_ kibkhd \_s_c., dhlhju_ \Zf gm`gh
k^_eZlv. J_rbl_, qlh gm`gh k^_eZlv \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v. K^_eZcl_ wlh.
HklZevgh_ ^_eZcl_ ih f_j_ \hafh`ghklb.
HklZ\Zcl_kv nbabq_kdb a^hjh\uf. ?rvl_ ihe_agmx ibsm b
j_]meyjgh aZgbfZcl_kv kihjlhf.
;m^vl_ j_ZebklZfb. G_ klZ\vl_ p_e_c, dhlhju_ g_\hafh`gh
^hklbqv. Ijbfbl_ dZd ^he`gh_, qlh kms_kl\mxl \_sb, dhlhju_
g_evay baf_gblv beb dhgljhebjh\Zlv.
GZmqbl_kv jZkkeZ[eylvky. >_eZcl_ \_sb, dhlhju_ \Zf gjZ\yl-
ky. DZ`ûc ^_gv \u[bjZcl_ \j_fy, qlh[u hl^hogm b jZkkeZ[blvky.
>mfZcl_ ihablb\gh!
DZd \u kijZ\ey_l_kv kh klj_kkhf? KhklZ\vl_ kibkhd \_s_c,
dhlhju_ \u ^_eZ_l_, qlh[u kijZ\blvky kh klj_kkhf. GZijbf_j,
ieZq_l_, jZa]h\Zjb\Z_l_ k ^jm]hf, b^_l_ kiZlv, _^bl_, djbqbl_
gZ dh]h-gb[m^v, khklZ\ey_l_ kibkhd \_s_c, dhlhju_ \Zf ^hkZ`-
^Zxl, ihablb\gh jZa]h\Zjb\Z_l_ k kZfbf kh[hc. KjZ\gbl_ kib-
khd kh kibkdhf h^ghdeZkkgbdZ b h[km^bl_ \_sb, dhlhju_ y\ey-
xlky a^hjh\ufb b l_, dhlhju_ g_ y\eyxlky.
To cope with stress I:
- take a walk.
- Talk to my best friend
- Cry
- Eat something tasty
- Go into isolated open space and shout
- Break something
- Take a shower
- Play cards
- Listen to positive music
- Watch funny TV show or cartoons
- Do some mechanical work
HnbkgZy f_[_ev
Ih`ZemcklZ ijhqlbl_ iZjZ]jZn b ihkfhljbl_ gZ dZjlbgdm. <ib-
rbl_ ih^q_jdgmlu_ keh\Z \ gm`gu_ f_klZ.
>`_cg ijb_oZeZ gZ jZ[hlm b __ k_dj_lZjv m`_ i_qZlZeZ gZ i_qZl-
ghc fZrbgd_. Dh]^Z >`_cg aZ]eygmeZ \ k\hc _`_^g_\gbd, e_`Zsbc
hldjuluf gZ klhe_, hgZ m\b^_eZ, qlh \ 10.30 m g__ [ueZ \klj_qZ k
hq_gv \Z`guf deb_glhf. ?c gm`gh [ueh [ukljh ih^]hlh\blvky d
\klj_q_. HgZ ihijhkbeZ k_dj_lZjy k^_eZlv g_kdhevdh dhibc gZ nh-
lhdhibjh\Zevghf mkljhckl\_ \ m]em. K_dj_lZjv ^ZeZ h^gm dhibx
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>`_cg, Z ^jm]mx m[jZeZ \ rdZn êy [mfZ], klhysbc jy^hf k nhlh-
dhibjh\Zevguf mkljhckl\hf.
>`_cg \dexqbeZ dhfivxl_j gZ klhe_ b aZibkZeZ \ k\hc [ehdghl
pbnju, ihdZaZggu_ gZ wdjZg_. HgZ keh`beZ pbnju gZ dZevdmeylhj_
b kjZ\gbeZ bo k l_fb, dhlhju_ [ueb gZ ]jZnbd_ gZ kl_g_. <k_ kdeZ-
û\Zehkv. HgZ [ueZ ]hlh\Z d \klj_q_.
AZa\hgbe l_e_nhg, b k_dj_lZjv \ ijb_fghc kdZaZeZ _c, qlh a\hgbe
deb_gl b hleh`be \klj_qm.
1) photocopier; 2) screen; 3) computer; 4) desk; 5) filling cabinet;
6) typewriter; 7) diary; 8) calculator; 9) note pad; 10) telephone; 11) chart.
Tapescripts
1. :\kljZeby r_klZy ih \_ebqbg_ kljZgZ b kZfuc f_e_gvdbc
dhglbg_gl. < fbj_. Hg hdjm`_g lj_fy kljZgZfb, Bg^hg_ab_c b Gh-
\hc =\bg__c gZ k_\_j_, b Gh\hc A_eZg^b_c k x]h-\hklhdZ.
< :\kljZebb r_klv rlZlh\ b ^\_ l_jjblhjbb. H^bg ba rlZlh\,
LZkfZgby, y\ey_lky hkljh\hf b jZkiheh`_g d x]m hl hkgh\gh]h dhg-
lbg_glZ. KlhebpZ LZkfZgbb Oh[Zjl. AZiZ^gZy :\kljZeby kZ-
fuc [hevrhc rlZl. ?]h klhebpZ I_jl.
Kb^g_c kZfuc [hevrhc ]hjh^ \ :\kljZebb b klhebpZ Gh\h]h
X`gh]h MwevkZ. Kb^g_c gZoh^blky d x]m hl DZg[_jju, klhebpu
:\kljZebb.
< :\kljZebb kZfuc [hevrhc dhjZeeh\uc jbn \ fbj_. Hg gZau-
\Z_lky [hevrhc [Zjv_jguc Jbn. Hg gZoh^blky gZ k_\_jh-\hklhqghf
ih[_j_`v_ :\kljZebb, \ D\bgke_g^_.
2. KZrZ: DZdhc h[uqgh ^_gv m Z\kljZebckdh]h mq_gbdZ?
Lhf: ?keb ohq_rv, y jZkkdZ`m h k\hbo ih\k_^g_\guo aZgylbyo.
KZrZ: >Z. Ohqm.
Lhf: Gm, y \klZx \ r_klv ljb^pZlv mljZ. Ih djZcg_c f_j_ [m-
^bevgbd a\hgbl \ wlh \j_fy! H[uqgh y b^m gZ ijh[_`dm i_j_^ aZ\-
ljZdhf. Ihke_ aZ\ljZdZ y ijbgbfZx ^mr b kh[bjZxkv \ rdhem.
H[uqgh y \uoh`m \ rdhem hdheh \hkvfb, qlh[u mki_lv gZ i_j\h_
aZgylb_. AZgylby gZqbgZxlky \ \hk_fv ljb^pZlv.
KZrZ: Lu _rv e_gq \ rdhe_?
Lhf: >Z, y _f e_gq \ ihe^_gv dZ`ûc ^_gv \ rdhevghc klheh\hc.
KZrZ: Dh]^Z aZdZgqb\Zxlky aZgylby?
Lhf: AZgylby aZdZgqb\Zxlky \ ^\Z ljb^pZlv.
KZrZ: Lu h[uqgh ijboh^brv ^hfhc kjZam ihke_ rdheu?
Lhf: G_l, m f_gy lj_gbjh\dZ ih nml[hem dZ`ûc ^_gv ihke_
rdheu. KZrZ: Y ijboh`m ^hfhc ihke_ lj_gbjh\db. AZl_f y h[_^Zx
kh k\h_c k_fv_c. Ihke_ h[_^Z y ^_eZx ^hfZrgb_ aZ^Zgby b aZl_f
h[uqgh jZ[hlZx gZ dhfivxl_j_.
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120
KZrZ: : qlh lu ^_eZ_rv gZ dhfivxl_j_?
Lhf: Y lj_gbjmxkv ^_eZlv lh, qlh \umqbe gZ mjhd_ ih bgnhjfZ-
lbd_. Wlh ^_ckl\bl_evgh bgl_j_kgh.
KZrZ: Lu ex[brv qblZlv \_q_jhf?
Lhf: >Z. I_j_^ l_f. DZd ihclb kiZlv, y h[uqgh qblZx dgb]m beb ]Za_-
lm. Wlh ihfh]Z_l fg_ mkgmlv. H[uqgh y aZkuiZx d ^_kylb beb ^_kylb
ljb^pZlb. Fhb aZgylby hlebqZ_lky hl aZgylbc fZevqbdh\ \ \Zr_c kljZg_?
KZrZ: G_l, kh\k_f g_ hlebqZxlky.
3. >hjh]hc >`hmb.
Wlh fhy \lhjZy g_^_ey \ :\kljZebb. Y `b\m \ Z\kljZebckdhc k_-
fv_. Fg_ a^_kv hq_gv gjZ\blky. <q_jZ fu k fh_c k_kljhc He_c _a^b-
eb gZ eh^d_ \ rdhem. RdheZ \ :\kljZebb gZqbgZ_lky \ 8.30. `bagv
a^_kv hq_gv aZgylZy. AZ\ljZ fu b^_f gZ wdkdmjkbx. I_j_^Zc fhb
gZbemqrb_ ih`_eZgby jh^bl_eyf.
K ex[h\vx, KZrZ
>hjh]b_ fZfZ b iZiZ.
Gm, \hl y b \ :\kljZebb. < wlh keh`gh ih\_jblv. Y ijb_oZe iZjm
^g_c gZaZ^. Y `b\m k ijbylghc k_fv_c \ Kb^g__.
Bo k_fvy ^h\hevgh [hevrZy. M LhfZ ^\_ k_klju b [jZl. ;jZl Lh-
fZ, >`hg, mqblky \ mgb\_jkbl_l_. ?]h hl_p [_ag_kf_g Z fZfZ
om^h`gbpZ.
Fu lhevdh qlh _a^beb d dma_gZf LhfZ. Hgb hq_gv ^jm`_ex[gu_
ex^b.
Ih`ZemcklZ, gZibrbl_ fg_ kdhj__.
K ex[h\vx KZrZ
4. Ijb\_l, f_gy ah\ml >`hg Jh[_jlk. Y \_^msbc gh\hkl_c êy :\kl-
jZebckdhc jZ^bh\_sZl_evghc DhjihjZpbb. Y lhevdh, qlh ijh\_e bgl_j-
\vx k Kvxa_g =jwf ba Hj]ZgbaZpbhggh]h Dhfbl_lZ Hebfibckdbo B]j \
Kb^g__. Y[u ohl_e ih^_eblvky bgnhjfZpb_c, dhlhjmx y ihemqbe.
DZd \u, \_jhylgh m`_ agZ_l_, Kb^g_c [ue \u[jZg êy ijh\_^_gby
Hebfibckdbo B]j 2000 ]h^Z. Fbkkbk =jwf kdZaZe, qlh \_kv Kb^g_c ]h-
lh\blky d B]jZf. HgZ kdZaZeZ fg_, qlh :\kljZeby y\ey_lky h^ghc ba
g_fgh]bo kljZg, dhlhju_ mqZkl\h\Zeb \h \k_o B]jZo k 1896 ]h^Z. HgZ
kdZaZeZ, qlh wlh [m^_l \lhjuf jZahf, dh]^Z \ :\kljZebb ijh\h^ylky
B]jZ. HgZ kdZaZeZ, qlh \ 1956 ]h^m B]ju ijh\h^bebkv \ F_ev[mjg_.
Fbkkbk =jwf kdZaZeZ fg_, qlh ex^b \ Kb^g__ [ueb hq_gv kqZkl-
eb\u, qlh B]ju [m^ml ijh\h^blky \ Kb^g__. HgZ kdZaZeZ, qlh \k_
`bl_eb Kb^g_y ihemqZl ihevam hl i_j\hdeZkkguo kihjlb\guo kh-
hjm`_gbc, dhlhju_ kljhylky \ Kb^g__.
5. < :\kljZebb ihqlb ihefbeebhgZ \b^h\ jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguo,
ijZdlbq_kdb kZfh_ [hevrh_ jZaghh[jZab_ \ fbj_.
M gZk [he__ 20000 \b^h\ jZkl_gbc \ :\kljZebb b 85% ba gbo
\klj_qZxlky lhevdh \ :\kljZebb.
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< :\kljZebb lZd`_ 200 \b^h\ ey]mr_d, 93% dhlhjuo \klj_qZxl-
ky lhevdh \ wlhc kljZg_. Ba 282 fe_dhiblZxsbo, 82% g_ \klj_qZxl-
ky [hevr_ gb]^_.
< fbj_ g_fgh]h fe_dhiblZxsbo. HldeZû\Zxsbo ycpZ. Mldhghk
h^bg ba gbo, b hg \klj_qZ_lky lhevdh < :\kljZebb b Gh\hc =\bg__.
:\kljZebckdb_ jZkl_gby ^Zxl ^hf b mdjulb_ \k_f `b\hlguf.
?keb ^hfZ beb _kl_kl\_ggZy kj_^Z jZajmrZxlky, gZ^ kms_kl\h\Zgb-
_f jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguo gZ\bkZ_l m]jhaZ.
Wlh fh`_l kemqblvky b gZ a_fe_ b gZ kmr_.
< \h^Zo :\kljZebb lZd`_ h]jhfgh_ jZaghh[jZab_ `b\hlgh]h fbjZ. <
fhjyo hdheh :\kljZebb kms_kl\m_l [he__ 4000 \b^h\ ju[u b lukyqb \b-
^h\ fheexkdh\. Fgh]b_ ba gbo `b\ml hdheh ;hevrh]h ;Zjv_jgh]h JbnZ.
>ey gZk \Z`gh khojZgblv jZaghh[jZaguo `b\hlguo b jZkl_gby
:\kljZebb, qlh[u gZkeZ`^Zlvky k_cqZk b \ [m^ms_f.
6. :fZg^Z.
M f_gy \ h[s_f lh g_l ex[bfhc fmaudb. : _^bgkl\_ggZy fmau-
dZ, dhlhjmx y g_ ex[ex, wlh ^bkdh, gh k_cqZk hgZ g_ hq_gv ihimeyj-
gZ, keZ\Z [h]m. Y g_ ihdmiZx ieZklbgdb b gbdh]^Z g_ oh`m gZ dhg-
p_jlu, ihlhfm qlh fmaudZ êy f_gy kebrdhf ]jhfdZy. M f_gy
\k_]^Z ihlhf [heyl mrb.
>`hg.
Y ihdmiZx fgh]h ieZklbghd. Kebrdhf fgh]h. ;hevr_, q_f y fh]m
k_[_ iha\heblv. Y lZd`_ oh`m gZ fgh]b_ dhgp_jlu. Y ^Zgguc fhf_gl
fg_ gjZ\blky we_dljhggZy fmaudZ. Y ^mfZx, qlh wlh fmaudZ [m^ms_]h.
M f_gy g_l g_ex[bfhc fmaudb. Y fh]m kemrZlv qlh m]h^gh.
Kbfhg.
Y `b\m \ k_evkdhc f_klghklb, ihwlhfm m f_gy g_l \hafh`ghklb
oh^blv gZ dhgp_jlu, gh y ihdmiZx fgh]h ieZklbghd. Fhy ex[bfZy
fmaudZ deZkkbq_kdZy. Fg_ hq_gv g_ gjZ\blky we_dljhggZy fmau-
dZ, wlh \k_]h ebrv kbgl_aZlhju. < g_c g_l l_ieZ.
J:;HQ:Y L?LJ:>V 1
CHAPTER 1
Lesson 1
1. IjhqblZcl_ \kemo. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud. H[tykgb-
l_ mihlj_[e_gb_ Present Simple b Present Progressive \ ke_^mx-
sbo ij_êh`_gbyo:
1) Y jZ[hlZx a^_kv. Fhc hl_p jZ[hlZ_l \ k\h_f dZ[bg_l_. (Present
Simple, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl h[uqgh)
2) < =j_pbb e_lhf j_^dh b^_l ^h`^v. (Present Simple, ^_ckl\b_
ijhbkoh^bl h[uqgh)
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3) Lh]^Z hgZ kdZaZeZ: AZ\ljZ ^g_f \ 4 qZkZ ijb_a`Z_l fhy ^hqv.
(Present Progressive, [m^ms__ ^_ckl\b_, \uiheg_gb_ dhlhjh]h aZ\b-
kbl hl ]h\hjys_]h)
4) Y qbsm am[u dZ`ûc \_q_j. (Present Simple, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbk-
oh^bl h[uqgh)
5) ;bee, ij_djZlb wlm b]jm, \ dhlhjmx lu b]jZ_rv. (Present
Progressive, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl \ gZklhysbc hlj_ahd \j_f_gb)
6) Hg ihkfhlj_e gZ g__: Lu ^jh`brv. K lh[hc \k_ \ ihjy^d_?
(Present Progressive, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl \ fhf_gl j_qb)
7) Y \klj_qZxkv k >`_cfkhf \ _]h hnbk_ aZ\ljZ \ 4 qZkZ. (Present
Progressive, [m^ms__ ^_ckl\b_, \uiheg_gb_ dhlhjh]h aZ\bkbl hl ]h\h-
jys_]h)
2. 1) I always go to bed early, but my sister never goes to bed early.
2) I usually spend my vacation in the village, but my friends seldom
spend their vacation in the village.
3) I often visit my granny, but my aunt rarely visit my granny.
4) My parents always watch television on Sundays, but they do not
go to the cinema often.
5) He often has tea with us, but he never helps us.
6) Mr Brown works in his office on weekdays, but he doesnt work
on Sundays.
3. AZ^Zc \hijhku d ih^q_jdgmluf keh\Zf.
1) Does he like to take pictures of his friends?
2) Who never shares his thoughts with anybody?
3) Why does Jane spend her holiday with his family?
4) Does Ann feel better now?
5) Can he pitch a tent?
6) How much fish are there in the river in summer?
4. 1) Are you a good swimmer? Are you good at swimming?
2) Where do you like to go in summer?
3) Can(do) you play the guitar?
4) Who is your best friend?
5) What do your friends do in summer?
6) How many Russian live in Australia?
6. >hihegbl_ ij_êh`_gby. Bkihevamcl_ keh\Z ba kdh[hd.
1) What time does the train leave?
2) My brother does not live at home.
3) Where do you come from?
4) I dont think Jill likes me very much.
5) What time does Ken get home after work?
6) Penny comes from Calgary in Canada.
7) How many languages do you speak?
8) Anne doesnt drink coffee, but she likes tea.
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7. 1) I know that he is leaving for the village tomorrow.
2) Im not going to have a car much longer. Im selling it next week.
3) The next train leaves for Tonbridge at six oclock. You can still
catch it.
4) Is Ted coming here this morning?
5) Duncan said: Im going to the University tomorrow. The term
begins soon.
6) What are you doing tonight?
8. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gmx \j_f_ggmx nhjfm.
1) A: Look, its raining.
B: Yes, it rains most of the days at this time of year.
2) Goodnight. Im going to bed. I always go to bed early during the week.
3) Most days John cycles to work, but since its raining today he is
taking the car to work. So Mary is doing shopping at the local shop
instead of the supermarket where she usually goes.
4) A: Where are the children?
B: They are playing in the garden. They get home from school at
about four and usually go straight out to play with their friends.
5) We usually watch the news on TV at seven oclock, but tonight we
are watching that new soap opera.
9. <u[_jbl_ ijZ\bevgmx nhjfm ]eZ]heZ.
1) are not listening; 2) does not want; 3) dont understand; 4) hear;
5) do you see; 6) doesnt remember; 7) think, doesnt love.
10. Hldjhcl_ kdh[db. Ijhqlbl_ \kemo, i_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc
yaud, h[tykgbl_ mihlj_[e_gb_ Present Simple b Present Progressive.
1) doesn`t speak (Hg g_ hq_gv ohjhrh ]h\hjbl ih-Zg]ebckdb.)
(Present Simple, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl h[uqgh)
2) do you eat (Lu _rv njmdlu dZ`ûc ^_gv?) (Present Simple,
^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl h[uqgh)
3) does he understand (Hg ohjhrh l_[y ihgbfZ_l?) (Present
Simple, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl h[uqgh)
4) does he usually come (Ihq_fm hg h[uqgh hq_gv iha^gh ijboh-
^bl?) (Present Simple, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl h[uqgh)
5) starts (Nml[hevguc k_ahg gZqbgZ_lky \ Z\]mkl_.) (Present
Simple, [m^ms__ ^_ckl\b_, dhlhjh_ ijhbahc^_l ih jZkibkZgbx)
6) is getting (Kfhljb, Fwjb kZ^blky \ fZrbgm.) (Present
Progressive, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl \ fhf_gl j_qb)
7) does Kate talking (K d_f jZa]h\Zjb\Z_l D_cl?) (Present
Progressive, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl \ fhf_gl j_qb)
8) are you looking (GZ qlh lu kfhljbrv?) (Present Progressive,
^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl \ fhf_gl j_qb)
9) are buying (Hgb ihdmiZxl gh\mx f_[_ev.) (Present Progressive,
^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl \ gZklhysbc hlj_ahd \j_f_gb)
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10) is he doing, is writing (Q_f hg k_cqZk aZgbfZ_lky? Hg ibr_l
gh\mx dgb]m.) (Present Progressive, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl \ gZklhy-
sbc hlj_ahd \j_f_gb)
11) do you have (M l_[y k_cqZk fgh]h ^jma_c?) (Present Simple,
^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl \ gZklhysbc hlj_ahd \j_f_gb, to have g_ mihl-
j_[ey_lky \ Progressive)
12) is having (M g_]h dZgbdmeu. Hg qm^_kgh ijh\h^bl \j_fy.)
(Present Progressive, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl \ gZklhysbc hlj_ahd \j_-
f_gb)
13) does he want (Qlh hg ohq_l?) (Present Simple, to want g_ mihl-
j_[ey_lky \ Progressive, ^_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^bl \ fhf_gl j_qb)
14) boils (Ijb dZdhc l_fi_jZlmj_ dbibl \h^Z?) (Present Simple,
h[s_ba\_klguc nZdl)
6. :[aZp 1. think, is, expresses, betrays, is, do not need, don`t
believe, need, expect,
2. see, trust, are let down, pay,
3. keeps, are, know, have, do not share, are,
4. dreams, requires.
K_cqZk y ^mfZx, qlh lZdh_ gZklhysZy ^jm`[Z. kms_kl\m_l hq_gv
ohjhrZy ihkeh\bpZ: >jm] ihagZ_lky \ [_^_. WlZ ihkeh\bpZ ij_\hk-
oh^gh \ujZ`Z_l fh_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h ^jm`[_. Y ^mfZx, qlh gZklhysbc
^jm] wlh lhl, dlh gbdh]^Z g_ ij_^Z_l l_[y. GZklhysbc ^jm] \k_]^Z
jy^hf, dh]^Z hg l_[_ gm`_g. G_dhlhju_ fhb h^ghdeZkkgbdb ]h\hjyl,
qlh bf g_ gm`gu gbdZdb_ ^jmavy, gh y g_ \_jx bf. DZd ijZ\beh, ex^b
gm`^Zxlky \ ^jmavyo b h`b^Zxl ihfhsb b ml_r_gby ^jm] hl ^jm]Z.
Y qZklh \b`m, qlh m fhbo h^ghdeZkkgbdh\ g_gZ^_`gu_ ^jmavy,
hgb bf ^h\_jyxl, Z l_ ihlhf ih^\h^yl bo. Gh, y ^mfZx, jZahqZjh\Z-
gb_ p_gZ, dhlhjmx fu ieZlbf aZ k\hx ke_ihlm.
Kms_kl\m_l _s_ h^gZ ohjhrZy Zg]ebckdZy ih]h\hjdZ: >_j`bl_
^bklZgpbx (qlh[u khojZgblv ^jm`[m). GZklhysb_ ^jmavy \k_]^Z
lZdlbqgu. Hgb agZxl, dh]^Z l_[y gm`gh hklZ\blv \ h^bghq_kl\_. Bf
g_ h[yaZl_evgh ijh\h^blv k lh[hc \k_ k\h[h^gh_ \j_fy, lZd dZd m
gbo _klv bgl_j_ku b oh[[b, dhlhju_ lu g_ jZa^_ey_rv. Gh _klv g_-
dhlhju_ \_sb, \ hlghr_gbb dhlhjuo gZklhysb_ ^jmavy ^he`gu kh-
]eZrZlvky ^jm] k ^jm]hf. Wlh lZdb_ \_sb dZd : \a]ey^ gZ `bagv, hl-
ghr_gb_ d ex^yf, ihgbfZgb_ h[yaZgghkl_c b q_klb, kihkh[ghklv
ijhsZlv, khqm\kl\h\Zlv b kZfh_ ]eZ\gh_ kemrZlv b ihgbfZlv.
<k_ f_qlZxl h lhf, qlh[u bf_lv gZklhys_]h b \_jgh]h ^jm]Z, gh
g_ \k_f \_a_l gZklhevdh, qlh[u gZclb lZdh]h ^jm]Z, ihlhfm qlh gZ-
klhysZy ijb\yaZgghklv l_ieh \ k_j^p_ b kihkh[ghklv `_jl\h\Zlv
wlh lh, êy q_]h gm`gZ l_jibfhklv b ex[h\v, b wlh g_evay gb dm-
iblv, gb ijh^Zlv.
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Lesson 2
3. Australia :\kljZeby
Abroad aZ ]jZgbp_c
Aboard GZ dhjZ[e_
Improve memqrZlv
Dialect ^bZe_dl
Aborigine dhj_gghc, lma_fguc
Boomerang [mf_jZg]
Kangaroo d_g]mjm
Native f_klguc `bl_ev
Sydney Kb^g_c
Canberra DZg[_jjZ
Melbourne F_ev[mjg
Lesson 3
Quiz
1. 1) uture Simple (h[_sZgb_ qlh-eb[h k^_eZlv \ [m^ms_f)
2) Present Progressive aZieZgbjh\Zggh_ ^_ckl\b_, \uiheg_gb_
dhlhjh]h aZ\bkbl hl ]h\hjys_]h, Euture Simple (h[_sZgb_ qlh-
eb[h k^_eZlv \ [m^ms_f
dhlhjh]h aZ\bkbl hl lh]h, dlh ^_eZ_l, to be going to gZf_j_gb_,
Euture Simple j_r_gb_ \ fhf_gl j_qb
4) Present Simple [m^ms__ ^_ckl\b_, dhlhjh_ ijhbahc^_l ih jZk-
ibkZgbx
5) To be going to gZf_j_gb_, _s_ g_l dhgdj_lghc ^h]h\hj_gghklb
6) Present Simple [m^ms__ ^_ckl\b_, dhlhjh_ ijhbahc^_l ih
jZkibkZgbx
dhlhjh]h aZ\bkbl hl ]h\hjys_]h.
2. Ih^q_jdgbl_ ijZ\bevgh mihlj_[e_ggmx \j_f_ggmx nhj-
fm.
1) are you going; 2) Im going out; 3) he is working; 4) I will go;
5) Is getting; 6) Are having, are you going to invite; 7) Is Ann coming;
8) I will wait; 9) Are you doing; 10) leaves.
3. Mihlj_[bl_ will beb to be going to.
1) Will send; 2) Are going to collect; 3) Are going ; 4) Will go.
4. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
1) Y iha\hgx l_[_, dZd lhevdh hg ijb^_l.
2) Nj_^ [m^_l qblZlv dgb]m, ihke_ lh]h dZd k^_eZ_l ^hfZrgxx
jZ[hlm.
3) Ih^h`^b, ihdZ ijb^_l Lhf.
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4) Fbkl_j FZdE_gghg dmibl dhfivxl_j, dh]^Z gZdhibl ^hklZ-
lhqgh ^_g_].
5) DZd ihklmibl l\hc ^jm], _keb ihqlZevhg g_ ^hklZ\bl _]h ihqlm?
6) Qlh lu [m^_rv ^_eZlv, _keb lu g_ [m^_rv agZlv, dZd jZ[hlZlv
gZ dhfivxl_j_?
7) ?keb m E_gu [m^_l \j_fy, hgZ gZibr_l ibkvfh k\h_c ih^jm]_.
8) ?keb hgb kfh]ml ihfhqv l_[_, hgb wlh k^_eZxl.
5. < wlbo ijb^Zlhqguo mihlj_[e_gh Fututre Simple ihlhfm
qlh wlh ijb^Zlhqgu_ batykgbl_evgu_. Hgb hl\_qZxl gZ \hijhk
qlh? q_]h? h q_f?
6. IhklZ\v ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ ijZ\bevgmx nhjfm.
1) comes, will see; 2) plays, will get; 3) draws, will know; 4) will not
know, arrive; 5) will go, catches; 6) will play, have; 7) am, will call.
7. Qlh ijhbahc^_l, _keb:
1) If my friend sends me a letter, I will answer it.
2) If I go to my granny, I will swim.
3) If my friends go hiking, I will pitch a tent and make a fire.
4) If I receive a letter from an American friend, I will answer in
English.
5) Is it rains, I will take an umbrella.
6) If I have to go to America, I will learn a lot of English words.
7) If I cant translate the text, I will ask my friend to help.
8) If my mother is busy, I will wash the dishes.
8. IhklZ\v ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ ijZ\bevgmx nhjfm.
1) will talk, get; 2) will be; 3) will wait, gets; 4) wants, will meet;
5) will be, treat; 6) goes; 7) will become, grows up; 8) will stay, call;
9) will go; 10) will not, arrives; 11) will buy, gets; 12) will come, is;
13) will not go, rains; 14) will buy; 15) will you do, have passed; 16) will
come, invite; 17) will leave; 18) will they go; 19) is coming; 20) will call;
21) will wait; 22) are having, will you come; 23) will write, will forget.
9. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud.
1) He promises that he will come in time.
2) You will become a good specialist in a few years, said the teacher.
3) We are going to visit our aunt on Sunday. Will you come with us?
4) Sorry, but I cant help you. Im leaving tomorrow.
5) They are going to travel in summer.
6) If she comes in time, we will see her,
7) Jane doesnt know if he will go to London on Sunday.
8) When are they going to write a letter to Mary?
9) Its cold. Ill put on my coat.
10) They are leaving tomorrow, arent they?
11) What will happen if he doesnt come?
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12) When she is home, she will call you.
13) I wont help you, if you dont tell me the truth.
14) Is it going to rain? No, it isnt,
15) Will he be home, when Mary calls?
16) No one knows when they will build this house.
17) If John doesnt call, Mary will be very upset.
18) They wont take a car, if its late.
19) This train arrives at 8 p.m.
20) There will be many friends of her daughters.
10. I_j_\_^bl_ jZkkdZa gZ jmkkdbc yaud b aZl_f i_j_kdZ`bl_
_]h gZ Zg]ebckdhf.
FZfZ ihemqbeZ ibkvfh hl k\h_c \hkvfbe_lg_c ^hq_jb. <hl hl-
ju\hd ba g_]h: ?keb y kemrZx jZ^bh, g_ ]h\hjb fg_, qlh y ^he`gu
^_eZlv ^hfZrgxx jZ[hlm. ?keb y k^_eZx qlh-lh iehoh_, g_ djbqb gZ
f_gy. ?keb \ ^hf_ [_kihjy^hd, g_ \bgb f_gy \ wlhf. ?keb lu oh-
q_rv, qlh[u y k^_eZeZ qlh-gb[m^v, g_ aZ[u\Zc kdZaZlv Ih`Zemc-
klZ. ?keb y b]jZx \ bgl_j_kgmx b]jm, g_ hlijZ\eyc f_gy \ ihkl_ev.
?keb y ijhrm qlh-gb[m^v, g_ hl\_qZc \k_]^Z G_l. ?keb oheh^gh,
g_ \u\h^b fZrbgm. G_ ]h\hjb g_evay lZd qZklh.
Homework
1. Ijhqlbl_ \kemo. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud. H[tykgbl_
mihlj_[e_gb_ Past Progressive.
1) IZjZ^gZy ^\_jv ^hfZ [ueZ hldjulZ. Fbkl_j BaZj^ kb^_e m hd-
gZ, qblZy ]Za_lm. (>_ckl\b_ \ lhqgh mdZaZgguc fhf_gl \ ijhrehf)
2) Lh]^Z hg khh[sbe fg_, qlh >`hg i_j_\h^bl dZdb_-lh ihwfu k
bkiZgkdh]h. (>_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^b\r__ \ hij_^_e_gguc hlj_ahd
\j_f_gb).
3) Y agZe, qlh =Zjjb ijb_a`Z_l \ ihg_^_evgbd. (AZieZgbjh\Zggh_
^_ckl\b_ \ [m^ms_f, kh]eZkh\Zgb_ \j_f_g.)
4) Hg ihkfhlj_e gZ Kw[[b. HgZ kfhlj_eZ l_e_\bahj k dhrdhc gZ
dhe_gyo. (>_ckl\b_ \ lhqgh mdZaZgguc fhf_gl \ ijhrehf)
5) JhfZ kdZaZe : Ijb\_l \k_f. Fu ijhoh^beb fbfh b m\b^_eb
k\_l \ klm^bb. Fu ih^mfZeb, qlh m \Zk \_q_jbgdZ. (>_ckl\b_ \ lhq-
gh mdZaZgguc fhf_gl \ ijhrehf)
6) Lhffb [ue ]jmklguc, ihlhfm qlh hg m_a`Ze mljhf. (AZieZgb-
jh\Zggh_ ^_ckl\b_ \ [m^ms_f, kh]eZkh\Zgb_ \j_f_g.)
7) Hg ihkfhlj_e q_j_a mebpm, qlh[u ih]ey^_lv, `^_f eb fu.
(>_ckl\b_ \ lhqgh mdZaZgguc fhf_gl \ ijhrehf)
8) Qlh _ckl\b_ ijhbkoh-
^b\r__ \ hij_^_e_gguc hlj_ahd \j_f_gb).
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2. Ijhqlbl_ \kemo. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud. H[tykgbl_
mihlj_[e_gb_ Past Progressive b Past Simple.
1) L_fg_eh, gh gbdlh g_ ohl_e moh^blv. (. >_ckl\b_ \ lhqgh mdZ-
aZgguc fhf_gl \ ijhrehf)
2) Y _oZe ih k_evkdhc ^hjh]_, dh]^Z m\b^_e Fwjb. (>_ckl\b_ \
lhqgh mdZaZgguc fhf_gl \ ijhrehf)
3) Y ihkfhlj_eZ gZ k\h_]h fm`Z. Hg qblZe ibkvfh. (>_ckl\b_ \
lhqgh mdZaZgguc fhf_gl \ ijhrehf)
4) E_gq aZdhgqbeky. Lhf dmjbe kb]Zj_lm, ;Zj[ZjZ kb^_eZ gZ ih-
^hdhggbd_ k dgb]hc \ jmdZo. (>_ckl\b_ \ lhqgh mdZaZgguc fhf_gl \
ijhrehf)
5) Y ij_êh`be iha\hgblv _fm, gh hgb kdZaZeb, qlh l_e_nhg g_
jZ[hlZ_l. (>_ckl\b_ ijhbkoh^beh \ i_jbh^ \j_f_gb, dhlhjuc gZqZe-
ky b aZdhgqbeky \ ijhrehf).
6) Y aZ]eygme \ dZ[bg_l hlpZ. Hg jZ[hlZe. (>_ckl\b_ \ lhqgh mdZ-
aZgguc fhf_gl \ ijhrehf)
7) HgZ fgh]h iml_r_kl\h\ZeZ, dh]^Z [ueZ fheh^Zy? (J_]meyjgh
ih\lhjy\r__ky ^_ckl\b_).
8) Jh[_jl qZklh b]jZe gZ ]blZj_ b i_e k\hb ex[bfu_ i_kgb. (J_-
]meyjgh ih\lhjy\r__ky ^_ckl\b_).
3. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gmx nhjfm Past
Progressive beb Past Simple.
1) phoned, was doing; 2) met, was working; 3) asked, was watching;
4) was driving, had; 5) were doing, found.
4. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gmx nhjfm Past
Progressive beb Past Simple.
1) opened, started; 2) were enjoying, went; 3) heard, began; 4) were
talking, heard; 5) heard, ran; 6) was checking, called; 7) were writing,
rang; 8) broke in, were sleeping; 9) ran off, swimming; 10) was
shopping, lost; 11) was playing, broke; 12) met, were working.
5. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gmx nhjfm.
1) was phoning, arrived; 2) was opening, rang; 3) was, saw; 4) was
doing, saw; 5) cut, was shaving; 6) read, went; 7) did wait; 8) was, noticed;
9) were you doing; 10) was walking, started; 11) sat, began; 12) came,
looked, went; 13) was she laughing, saw; 14) had, was laughing; 15) were
waiting, arrived; 16) was coming; 17) was having, started.
1) How did he used to spend his evenings when he lived in London?
2) When he came he would stay at our place.
3) She lost her keys while she was walking to school.
4) When he looked at her she was crying.
5) I met Meggy when she was walking home. She was leaving on Friday.
6) She thought that Mark was joking.
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7) Everyone was looking at Carry when I entered.
8) He didnt used to call me so early.
9) She was busy when I came to her yesterday. She was getting ready
for her exams.
10) He came to me yesterday when I was taking a shower.
11) She used to travel a lot when she was young, didnt she?
Lesson 4
1) Kb^g_c kZfuc [hevrhc b kZfuc klZjuc ]hjh^ \ :\kljZebb?
Yes, it is.
2) Kdhevdh q_eh\_d `b\_l \ Kb^g__?
Nearly four million people live in Sydney.
3) Hldm^Z jh^hf [hevrbgkl\h `bl_e_c?
Most of the residents are English in background.
4) Hldm^Z jh^hf q_l\_jlv gZk_e_gby?
A quarter f the residents were born overseas.
5) ;hevrbgkl\h ex^_c \ :\kljZebb ]h\hjyl ih-Zg]ebckdb, g_ lZd eb?
Yes, they do.
6) GZ dZdbo _s_ yaudZo ]h\hjyl fgh]b_ ex^b?
Italian, Greek, Arabic / Lebanese, Chinese and Spanish are commonly
spoken.
7) Qlh ijb\e_dZ_l lmjbklh\ \ Kb^g__?
Sydneys natural beauty attracts tourists from all over the world.
8) DZdhc \ Kb^g__ debfZl?
In Sydney the climate is temperate and warm with sunshine most of
the days.
9) Qlh fh`gh m\b^_lv \ AhhiZjd_ LZjhg]Z?
Feathers, fangs, fur and fins can be found in the Tarongf Zoo.
10) =^_ [m^ml ijh\h^blvky Hebfibckdb_ B]ju 2000 ]h^Z? Ihq_fm?
The 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Sydney because Sydney is
then city of sport.
5. travelled, did, went, was, learned, learned, took, went, spent,
sunbathed, swam, were, twisted, fell, cut, gave in, came, recognized,
looked, went, visited, speak, understand, stayed, travelled, did, made,
spent, had to, lives, needs, kept, picked, made, taught.
Ijhreuf e_lhf y fgh]h iml_r_kl\h\Ze b ^_eZe fgh`_kl\h jZaguo
\_s_c. < bxg_ y ihr_e \ ihoh^. Wlh [ueh gZklhys__ ijbdexq_gb_.
Y gZmqbeky klZ\blv iZeZldm b jZa\h^blv dhklj_. Y lZd`_ gZmqbe-
ky b]jZlv gZ ]blZj_ b i_e jZagu_ ohjhrb_ i_kgb. Y k^_eZe fgh]h
nhlh]jZnbc k\hbo ^jma_c b k_[y.
Fu ieZ\Zeb gZ [Zc^ZjdZo fgh]b_ ba gZk ijh\_eb fgh]h \j_f_gb gZ
ju[Zed_. GZf ih\_aeh k ih]h^hc, b fu aZ]hjZeb b fgh]h dmiZebkv.
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Dhg_qgh, [ueb b g_dhlhju_ ijhbkr_kl\by. H^bg ba gZrbo ^jm-
a_c ih^\_jgme gh]m, ^jm]hc miZe b jZa[be dhe_gh, gh \k_ ohjhrh,
qlh ohjhrh dhgqZ_lky. Fu g_ k^Z\Zebkv b \_jgmebkv ^hfhc `b\ufb
b a^hjh\ufb. Fhb jh^bl_eb k ljm^hf magZeb f_gy, y [ue lZdbf
kbevguf, b y ]hj^beky kh[hc.
< bxe_ y k jh^bl_eyfb ih_oZe aZ ]jZgbpm. Fu ihk_lbeb =heeZg-
^bx. Ex^b lZf ]h\hjyl ih-]heeZg^kdb, gh hgb lZd`_ ihgbfZxl Zg]-
ebckdbc. Ih_a^dZ [ueZ g_ hq_gv ^hjh]hc, ihlhfm qlh fu hklZgZ\eb-
\Zebkv \ ^_r_\uo ]hklbgbpZo b iml_r_kl\h\Zeb \ hkgh\ghf gZ
Z\lh[mkZo.
Fu hkfZljb\Zeb ^hklhijbf_qZl_evghklb b ih^jm`bebkv kh fgh-
]bfb ex^vfb. Fu ijh\_eb \ =heeZg^bb ^\_ g_aZ[u\Z_fu_ g_^_eb, b
gZ gZk ijhba\_eZ h]jhfgh_ \i_qZle_gb_ __ djZkhlZ.
< Z\]mkl_ fg_ ijbrehkv _oZlv d [Z[mrd_. HgZ `b\_l \ fZe_gv-
dhc ^_j_\g_ g_^Ze_dh hl gZr_]h ]hjh^Z. M g__ [hevrhc kZ^, b ih-
wlhfm _c gm`gZ fhy ihfhsv \ k[hj_ mjh`Zy. ;Z[mrdZ g_ ^Z\ZeZ fg_
hl^hogmlv. <f_kl_ fu kh[bjZeb njmdlu b h\hsb b ]hlh\beb \Zj_gv_
b khe_gvy. HgZ lZd`_ gZmqbeZ f_gy kh[bjZlv y]hû b ]jb[u.
Questions
Did you travel this summer?
Where did you go in June?
Was it an adventure?
What did you learn?
Did you play the guitar?
Did you take a lot of pictures of your friends?
Were you lucky with the weather?
Did you swim and sunbathe?
Were there some mishaps?
What happened to your friends?
What did one of your friends twist?
What did one of your friends cut?
You came home safe and sound, didnt you?
Where did you go in July?
What language do people speak in Holland?
Do they understand English?
The trip was expensive, wasnt it?
Did you stay at guesthouses or at hotels?
Did you travel by bus?
How much time did you spend in Holland?
Were you impressed?
Where did you have to go in August?
Where does your grandmother live?
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Has she got a big garden?
Why does she need you to help her with the harvest?
Did your granny keep you busy all the time?
What did you do together?
What did she teach you to do?
6. IjhqblZcl_ jZkkdZa. AZ^Zcl_ \hijhku. >Zcl_ djZldh_ ba-
eh`_gb_.
IhkuedZ
KZfhe_l hiha^Ze b ^_l_dlb\u ijh`^Zeb \ Zwjhihjlm \k_ mljh. Hgb
`^Zeb \Z`gmx ihkuedm k [jbeebZglZfb ba X`ghc :njbdb. Dh]^Z kZ-
fhe_l ijb[ue, g_dhlhju_ ba ^_l_dlb\h\ `^Zeb \ ]eZ\ghf a^Zgbb, \ lh
\j_fy dZd hklZevgu_ `^Zeb gZ Zwjh^jhf_. >\h_ fm`qbg \ayeb ihkuedm
k kZfhe_lZ b hlg_keb __ \ a^Zgb_ lZfh`gb. Dh]^Z hgb hldjueb ^jZ]h-
p_ggmx ihkuedm, hgZ [ueZ gZiheg_gZ dZfgyfb b i_kdhf!
1) Who was waiting? Detectives were waiting.
2) How long were they waiting? They were waiting all morning.
3) What were they expecting? They were expecting a valuable
parcel.
4) Did the plane arrive? Yes, the plane arrived.
5) Where were the detectives waiting? They were waiting on the
airfield and inside the main building.
6) Where did they carry the parcel? They carried the parcel into
the Customs House.
7) What was there in the parcel? There were stones and sand.
Detectives waited all morning at the airport for a valuable parcel with
the diamonds to arrive. When the plane arrived they carried the parcel
into the Customs house and opened it. There were only stones and sand.
Lesson 5
1. AZdhgqbl_ ij_êh`_gby, bkihevamy Present Perfect.
1) He cant call his friend because he has lost his note-book.
2) My mother cant wear her dress because she has not finished it.
3) Mr Downey cant read the newspaper because the stman has not
delivered it.
4) Mrs Wolff cant do anything because she has just learned about her
sons illness.
5) I cant fly to Australia because I havent got enough money yet.
2. 1) Have you ever eaten with chopsticks?
2) Have you ever been to Sydney?
3) Have you ever spoken to aborigine?
4) Have you ever flown to Australia?
5) Have you been to the theatre this month?
6) Has you English been improved lately?
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3. IjhqblZcl_ \kemo. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc. H[tykgbl_
mihlj_[e_gb_ Present Perfect \ ke_^mxsbo ij_êh`_gbyo.
1) Heb\_j ih^hr_e d g_fm: Kwj, y gZibkZe ihwfm. Ohjh-
rh, kdZaZe ^bj_dlhj, Fh]m y __ m\b^_lv? (J_amevlZl bf__f
k_cqZk, g_ \Z`gh dh]^Z ijhbahreh ^_ckl\b_)
2) =^_ >`hj^`? Y g_ agZx, y _]h k_]h^gy g_ \b^_e. (MdZ-
aZgguc i_jbh^ \j_f_gb _s_ g_ aZdhgqbeky)
3) M l_[y, gZ\_jgh, ]jyagu_ jmdb. Ihc^b b ihfhc bo Y m`_
ihfue. (J_amevlZl bf__f k_cqZk, g_ \Z`gh dh]^Z ijhbahreh ^_ckl\b_)
4) Lu _]h agZ_rv? Y k gbf \klj_qZeky.(J_amevlZl bf__f
k_cqZk, g_ \Z`gh dh]^Z ijhbahreh ^_ckl\b_)
5) =^_ Kvxa_g? Y lhevdh qlh ihemqbe hl g__ khh[s_-
gb_.(I_jbh^ \j_f_gb gZqZeky \ ijhrehf b ijh^he`Zeky ^h gZ-
klhys_]h fhf_glZ)
6) L\hy fZe_gvdZy ^hqdZ kdmqZ_l ih k\h_c gyg_? G_l. HgZ aZ-
[ueZ __.(J_amevlZl bf__f k_cqZk, g_ \Z`gh dh]^Z ijhbahreh ^_ckl\b_)
7) AgZ_rv, y ih^mfu\Zx gZibkZlv f_fmZju, kdZaZeZ hgZ. M
f_gy [ueZ bgl_j_kgZy `bagv.(I_jbh^ \j_f_gb gZqZeky \ ijhrehf
b ijh^he`Zeky ^h gZklhys_]h fhf_glZ)
8) Kdhevdh dgb] lu ijhqblZe \ wlhf ]h^m? (MdZaZgguc i_jbh^
\j_f_gb _s_ g_ aZdhgqbeky)
4. H[tykgbl_ mihlj_[e_gb_ Present Perfect b Past Simple \
ke_^mxsbo ij_êh`_gbyo b i_j_\_^bl_ bo gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
1) Ihq_fm hg g_ ^Ze gZf agZlv, ]^_ hg gZoh^blky? (J_amevlZl
bf__f k_cqZk, g_ \Z`gh dh]^Z ijhbahreh ^_ckl\b_)
2) Ihq_fm lu _fm lh]^Z ^Ze ^_g_]? (AZdhgq_gguc i_jbh^ \j_f_-
gb then)
3) Dh]^Z wlh ijhbahreh? (Present Perfect g_ mihlj_[ey_lky \ \h-
ijhkZo, gZqbgZxsboky k \hijhkbl_evguo keh\ when, where, how)
4) Qlh kemqbehkv? ih^mfZe hg. DZd hgb kx^Z ^h[jZebkv?
(J_amevlZl bf__f k_cqZk, g_ \Z`gh dh]^Z ijhbahreh ^_ckl\b_,
Present Perfect g_ mihlj_[ey_lky \ \hijhkZo, gZqbgZxsboky k \hijh-
kbl_evguo keh\ when, where, how)
5) Kdhevdh \j_f_gb hg a^_kv gZoh^blky? (J_amevlZl bf__f k_c-
qZk, g_ \Z`gh dh]^Z ijhbahreh ^_ckl\b_, i_jbh^ \j_f_gb gZqZeky \
ijhrehf b ijh^he`Zeky ^h gZklhys_]h fhf_glZ)
6) =^_ fhy reyiZ? =^_ y hklZ\be k\hx reyim? (Present Perfect g_
mihlj_[ey_lky \ \hijhkZo, gZqbgZxsboky k \hijhkbl_evguo keh\
when, where, how)
7) Y ihemqbe g_fgh]h ^_g_]. Fu fh]eb [u dmiblv k_[_ ohjhrmx
d\Zjlbjdm. =^_ lu \aye wlb ^_gv]b? (J_amevlZl bf__f k_cqZk, g_
\Z`gh dh]^Z ijhbahreh ^_ckl\b_, Present Perfect g_ mihlj_[ey_lky \
\hijhkZo, gZqbgZxsboky k \hijhkbl_evguo keh\ when, where, how)
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8) Fbkk ;_ceb, kdZaZe hg iha`_. DZd ^he]h <u agZ_l_
FZjdZ? Ihqlb ]h^. Hg fgh]h fg_ h <Zk jZkkdZau\Ze. Qlh
hg ]h\hjbe? (I_jbh^ \j_f_gb gZqZeky \ ijhrehf b ijh^he`Zeky
^h gZklhys_]h fhf_glZ)
9) Kdhevdh \j_f_gb lu ijh\_e \ [hevgbp_ k wlhc jZghc?
kijhkbeZ hgZ. (AZdhgqb\rbcky i_jbh^ \j_f_gb \ ijhrehf)
10) Kdhevdh \j_f_gb \u gZoh^bl_kv \ [hevgbp_? (I_jbh^ \j_f_-
gb gZqZeky \ ijhrehf b ijh^he`Zeky ^h gZklhys_]h fhf_glZ)
11) Dh]^Z >_c\b^ \hr_e \ __ dhfgZlm, _]h fZlv djbdgmeZ _fm:
=^_ lu [ue? (I_jbh^ \j_f_gb gZqZeky \ ijhrehf b ijh^he`Zeky
^h gZklhys_]h fhf_glZ)
12) Dh]^Z hgZ mreZ gZ ieZ\Zgb_? (Present Perfect g_ mihlj_[ey_lky \
\hijhkZo, gZqbgZxsboky k \hijhkbl_evguo keh\ when, where, how)
5. 1) ;hjbk hiylv ijboh^be k_]h^gy ^g_f, kijZrb\Ze l_[y. (MdZ-
aZgguc i_jbh^ \j_f_gb _s_ g_ aZdhgqbeky)
2) =^_ fhc [jZl? ?]h g_ [ueh \_kv ^_gv. (MdZaZgguc i_-
jbh^ \j_f_gb _s_ g_ aZdhgqbeky)
3) Fbkl_j ;_j] ohq_l k <Zfb ih]h\hjblv, kwj, kdZaZeZ hgZ. Hg
a\hgbe <Zf k_]h^gy ljb jZaZ. (mdZaZgguc i_jbh^ \j_f_gb _s_ g_ aZ-
dhgqbeky)
4) Qlh a^_kv ijhbkoh^bl? kdZaZeZ O_e_g. M gZk m`_ lj_lbc
^_gv [mjy. (MdZaZgguc i_jbh^ \j_f_gb _s_ g_ aZdhgqbeky)
5) Y \ ihke_^g__ \j_fy qZklh h[km`^Ze k lh[hc wlm ijh[e_fm.
(I_jbh^ \j_f_gb gZqZeky \ ijhrehf b ijh^he`Zeky ^h gZklhys_]h
fhf_glZ)
6) Dh]^Z hgZ ihp_eh\ZeZ _]h, hgZ kdZaZeZ: M l_[y s_dZ dZd l_j-
dZ! Lu k_]h^gy g_ [jbeky. (J_amevlZl bf__f k_cqZk, g_ \Z`gh dh]^Z
ijhbahreh ^_ckl\b_)
6. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo nhjfm Present Perfect b Past
Simple.
1) A. Have you seen it? B. Saw; 2) went, havent been; 3) A. Have
met, B. have been; 4) A. Have tried, B. Left.
7. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ gm`gmx nhjfm.
1) have travelled; 2) has never called; 3) did he call; 4) played, was,
have played; 5) has heard; 6) has flown; 7) havent seen; 8) have ever
spoken to; 9) lived, moved; 10) have not had, has been ill; 11) met;
12) hasnt gone; 13) have seen, did you see, was; 14) has published, did
he publish; 15) has worked; 16) invented; 17) did Pushkin write;
18) have gone; 19) has opened; 20) has broken, did it happen.
I. Hello, Dick! I havent seen you for ages. Youve been to
England, havent you? When were you there?
I was there in October.
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Did you go alone?
Yes, I did.
What cities have you visited?
I spent a week in London, then I went to Brighton. Its the best
resort I have ever seen.
Have you been to Coventry?
Yes, I have, i liked the cathedral very much. Have you heard
about it before?
II. 1) I used to play tennis often.
2) Carrie has been often ill lately.
3) How is Tom? I dont know. He hasnt called yet.
4) Have you seen her today? Yes, I have. We dined together at
a restaurant.
5) Look John has bought a new car. I have never seen such a car
before.
6) Its the most interesting book I have ever read.
7) Its the most tasty cake, I have ever eaten.
8) Have you seen him this week? No, I havent. When
did you see? I saw him last month.
9) I have met Sabby recently. She looks fine.
10) Somebody is screaming. What has happened
11) Whats the news? My sister has bought a new flat.
Have they bought furniture? No, they havent.
12) Im going to a party today. But I havent bought a prsent yet.
13) She has been often ill lately.
14) Jane has visited two countries this year. It was magnificent.
2. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ ijZ\bevgmx nhjfm. I_j_-
\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud. I_j_kdZ`bl_ jZkkdZa.
Ih_a^dZ \ :\kljZebx.
Ebg^Z ihemqbeZ ibkvfh hl k\h_]h [jZlZ JbqZj^Z. Hg \ :\kljZ-
ebb. Hg gZoh^blky lZf m`_ r_klv f_kyp_\. JbqZj^ bg`_g_j. Hg
jZ[hlZ_l \ djmighc nbjf_ b m`_ ihk_lbe fgh]h jZaebqguo f_kl \
:\kljZebb. Hg lhevdh qlh dmibe Z\kljZebckdmx fZrbgm b kt_a^be \
Webk Kijbg]a, fZe_gvdbc ]hjh^hd \ p_glj_ :\kljZebb. JbqZj^ gb-
dh]^Z g_ [ue aZ ]jZgbp_c ^h wlh]h, ihwlhfm ih_a^dZ [ueZ êy g_]h
m\e_dZl_evghc.
Has received, has been, working, has visited, has bought, went, has
never been, found.
1) Sydney is the oldest and largest city in Australia.
2) The population is four million people.
3) The population is mainly English in background.
4) English is the main language spoken< but one in five Australians
speak also Italian, Greek, Arabic, Lebanese, Chinese or Spanish.
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5) Mediterranean climate, galleries, museums, architecture and parks
attract tourists to Sydney.
3. <u[_jbl_ ijZ\bevguc hl\_l.
1) Wlhl l_dkl h
>`_cfk_ Dmd_
Kb^g__
Dhjhe_ :g]ebb
Bklhjbb :\kljZebb
2) Q_eh\_d, hldju\rbc :\kljZebx \ukZ^beky
D k_\_jm hl Kb^g_y
< Gh\hf X`ghf Mwevk_
D \hklhdm hl wd\ZlhjZ
3) Q_eh\_d, hldju\rbc :\kljZebx ij_^ty\be ijZ\Z gZ g__ êy
Dhjhey >Zgbb
Dhjhey :g]ebb
Dhjhey NjZgpbb
4) DZiblZg :jlmj Nbebii dhfZg^h\Ze dhjZ[eyfb, ieu\rbfb \
:\kljZebx, ihlhfm qlh
;ue \ukhdbc mjh\_gv [_ajZ[hlbpu
Ij_klmighklv [ueZ h^ghc ba gZb\Z`g_crbo ijh[e_f
Lxjvfu [ueb i_j_iheg_gu
5) I_j\u_ ihk_e_gpu [ueb
=j_dZfb
=heeZg^pZfb
:g]ebqZgZfb
:[hjb]_gZfb
6) Ex^b mklj_fbebkv \ :\kljZebx, ihlhfm qlh
;ueZ h[gZjm`_gZ g_nlv
LZf [ue l_ieuc debfZl
;ueh h[gZjm`_gh ahehlh.
7) :\kljZeby klZeZ qZklvx ;jblZgkdhc bfi_jbb ijb
dhjhe_\_ <bdlhjbb
dhjhe_ =_gjbo_ VIII
dhjhe_\_ ?ebaZ\_l_ II
8) :\kljZeby klZeZ g_aZ\bkbfhc
< 1827
< 1901
< 1770
< 1931
Homework
1. 1) Lu jZa]h\Zjb\Z_rv ih l_e_nhgm m`_ [he__ ihemqZkZ. (for)
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2) >`_cg, lu \ky ]jyagZy. H, y agZx, y fueZ e_klgbpm.
(>_ckl\b_ aZdhgqbehkv, gh hl g_]h _s_ hklZeky ke_^.)
3) Y ghrm hqdb k r_klb e_l. (since)
4) Y g_ ohqm, qlh[u dlh-gb[m^v agZe, qlh y ieZdZeZ. (>_ckl\b_,
ijh^he`Zxs__ky ^h gZklhys_]h fhf_glZ)
5) H, fg_ gZ kZfhf ^_e_ g_ `Zjdh. Ijhklh y [_`Ze. (>_ckl\b_ aZ-
dhgqbehkv, gh hl g_]h _s_ hklZeky ke_^.)
6) DZd ^he]h lu a^_kv `b\_rv? (>_ckl\b_, ijh^he`Zxs__ky ^h
gZklhys_]h fhf_glZ)
1. AZihegbl_ ijh[_eu ]eZ]heZfb \ nhjf_ Present Perfect
Progressive.
1) Ive been waiting; 2) I have been studying; 3) They have been
playing; 4) have been watching; 5) has been working; 6) have been
walking.
1) has been teaching; 2) have been dancing; 3) has been learning;
4) has been raining; 5) have been waiting; 6) have you been working;
7) it has been raining; 8) has been crying; 9) has he been looking.
3. H[t_^bgbl_ iZju ij_êh`_gbc, bkihevamy Present Perfect
Progressive
1) She has been writing a letter for an hour. 2) They have been
talking since morning. 3) It has been raining for half an hour. 4) She has
been cooking for 2 hours. 5) He has been making fire for 20 minutes.
6) He has been making pictures for half an hour.
4. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gmx nhjfm, Present
Perfect Progressive beb Present Perfect.
1) have been learning; 2) have done; 3) ]has loved; 4) has written;
5) have been working; 6) have been catching, has caught; 7) have been
saving, has saved; 8) do know, have known; 9) have been talking;
10) have been talking, havent finished; 11) has been; 12) has bought;
13) has been thinking; 14) have had, have had.
Lesson 6
Quiz
1. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gmx nhjfm, Present
Perfect Progressive beb Present Perfect.
1) have been; 2) havent seen; 3) have been cooking, cleaning,
digging; 4) have been sitting; 5) have not been standing; 6) have been;
7) have known; 8) have seen.
1) We have been in this shop for 20 minutes already and we havent
bought anything yet.
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2) What is he doing? Hes playing tennis. How long has
he been playing? He has been playing for 2 hours. how many
games has he already played?
3) they have been travelling for 2 weeks and have called twice.
4) Look! Her bathing suit is wet. It means that she has been
swimming.
5) Wheres Molly? She is ill. Since when has she been
ill? She has been ill since Thursday.
6) They have already discussed the first question and now they are
discussing the second one. They have been discussing it for an hour already.
7) Your eyes are red. Have yon been crying?
3. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gmx nhjfm. I_j_\_^bl_
gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud.
We have just moved to a new flat. We have been working hard all the
morning. We tried to get our new room in order. We own over a thousand
books and the room is rather small, so we put the books on the floor. At the
moment they are covering every inch of the floor space and we have to walk
on them to get in or out the room. When Liz saw all these books on the floor,
she said: This is the prettiest carpet I have ever seen. She gazed it for some
time then added: You do not need bookcases at all. You can just sit here in
your spare time and read the carpet.
Fu lhevdh qlh i_j__oZeb \ gh\mx d\Zjlbjm. Fu jZ[hlZeb \k_
mljh. Fu klZjZebkv ijb\_klb gZrm gh\mx dhfgZlm \ ihjy^hd. M gZk
hdheh lukyqb dgb], Z dhfgZlZ ^h\hevgh fZe_gvdZy, ihwlhfm fu ih-
eh`beb dgb]b gZ ihe. < gZklhysbc fhf_gl hgb ihdju\Zxl dZ`ûc
^xcf ijhkljZgkl\Z gZ ihem, b gZf ijboh^blky oh^blv ih gbf, qlh-
[u \hclb \ dhfgZlm beb \uclb ba g__. Dh]^Z Eba m\b^_eZ \k_ wlb
dgb]b gZ ihem, hgZ kdZaZeZ: Wlh kZfuc djZkb\uc dh\_j, dhlhjuc y
dh]^Z-eb[h \b^_eZ. HgZ kfhlj_eZ gZ g_]h dZdh_-lh \j_fy, Z aZl_f
^h[Z\beZ: <Zf \hh[s_ g_ gm`gu dgb`gu_ rdZnu. <u fh`_l_ ijh-
klh ijboh^blv kx^Z \ k\h[h^gh_ \j_fy b qblZlv dh\_j.
3
1. GZc^bl_ \ l_dkl_ ke_^mxsb_ ij_êh`_gby b ijhqlbl_ bo
\kemo.
1) Australia is located in the southern hemisphere. 2) Australia is
situated south of Asia, between the Pacific and the Indian Oceans.
3) Huge areas of land are so dry that they are uninhabited. 4) Desert in
the centre and fertile croplands in the south and south-west. 5) Australia
is a very urban state. 6) It is an island-state. 7) The Australian
government plays a lot of attention to the preservation of the
environment. 8) Australia has participated in all Olympic Games since
they were organized.
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2. AZ^Zcl_ 10 \hijhkh\ d l_dklm b bkihevamcl_ bo dZd ieZg
êy i_j_kdZaZ.
1) In which hemisphere is Australia located? 2) Why are huge areas
are uninhabited. 3) Is Australia the second flattest continent? 4) Is
Australia an urban country? 5) Where is the 70% of population live?
6) Which state is separated from the continent of Australia? 7) What is
paid a lot of attention now? 8) Why are new trees being planted all over
Australia? 9) Do Australians love sports? 10) Where were the Olympic
Games held in 1956?
Homework
2.
1. Ijhqlbl_ \kemo. H[tykgbl_ mihlj_[e_gb_ Past Perfect. I_-
j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
1) Hg kijhkbe f_gy, aZ\ljZdZe eb y. (>_ckl\b_, kh\_jr_ggh_ ^h
^jm]h]h ^_ckl\by, \ujZ`_ggh]h Past Simple).
2) HgZ [ueZ m\_j_gZ, qlh hg gbdh]^Z ^h wlh]h g_ \jZe _c. (>_ckl-
\b_, kh\_jr_ggh_ ^h ^jm]h]h ^_ckl\by, \ujZ`_ggh]h Past Simple)
3) >`_d \u[jZe hl_ev. Hg gbdh]^Z lZf g_ [u\Ze ^h wlh]h, gh
keurZe, dZd fZfZ mihfbgZeZ _]h h^gZ`û. (>_ckl\b_, kh\_jr_ggh_
^h hij_^_e_ggh]h fhf_glZ. Fhf_gl mdZaZg \ ^jm]hf ij_êh`_gbb).
4) Hg [ue jZ^ \klj_lblv >_c\Z. Hg agZe _]h ^_kylv beb h^bggZ-
^pZlv e_l b hgb fgh]h jZa b]jZeb \f_kl_ \ l_ggbk \ Ehg^hg_. (>_c-
kl\b_, kh\_jr_ggh_ ^h hij_^_e_ggh]h fhf_glZ. Fhf_gl mdZaZg \
^jm]hf ij_êh`_gbb).
5) HgZ hkhagZeZ, qlh gbq_]h g_ _eZ k ibdgbdZ. (>_ckl\b_, kh\_j-
r_ggh_ ^h hij_^_e_ggh]h fhf_glZ.)
6) Hg g_ agZe, qlh ijhbahreh. (>_ckl\b_, kh\_jr_ggh_ ^h ^jm]h-
]h ^_ckl\by, \ujZ`_ggh]h Past Simple)
2. Ijhqlbl_ \kemo. H[tykgbl_ mihlj_[e_gb_ \j_f_g. I_j_\_-
^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
1) HgZ dmibeZ [be_l b hlhreZ hl hdhrdZ. (>_ckl\by ke_^mxl
^jm] aZ ^jm]hf).
2) Hg \udexqbe k\_l b ihiulZeky aZkgmlv. (>_ckl\by ke_^mxl
^jm] aZ ^jm]hf).
3) Hgb ijbiZjdh\Zeb fZrbgm b ihreb d klZgpbb. (>_ckl\by
ke_^mxl ^jm] aZ ^jm]hf).
4) Hg ih[jbeky b ijbgye ^mr. (>_ckl\by ke_^mxl ^jm] aZ ^jm]hf).
5) Hg m`_ ih[jbeky b l_i_jv ijbgbfZe ^mr.(>_ckl\b_, \ujZ-
`_ggh_ ]eZ]hehf had shaved ij_^r_kl\m_l ^_ckl\bx, \ujZ`_gghfm
]eZ]hehf was having)
6) Hgb aZdhgqbeb _klv b \uibeb dhn_. (>_ckl\by ke_^mxl ^jm]
aZ ^jm]hf).
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7) Hgb m`_ aZdhgqbeb _klv b ibeb dhn_. (>_ckl\b_, \ujZ`_ggh_
]eZ]hehf had finished ij_^r_kl\m_l ^_ckl\bx, \ujZ`_gghfm ]eZ]h-
ehf were having)
3. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gmx nhjfm, Past Simple
beb Past Perfect.
1) did not come, had sent; 2) was, had heard; 3) had lost, didnt
know; 4) finished, went.
3. GZc^bl_ \ ijZ\hc dhehgd_ ijZ\bevgu_ hl\_lu gZ \hijh-
ku.
1) c (=^_ >bZgZ? HgZ mreZ aZ ihdmidZfb.)
2) a (Lu kh[bjZ_rvky k_]h^gy kfhlj_lv nbevf ih l_e_\bahjm?
G_l, y m`_ kfhlj_e _]h.)
3) d (Lu agZ_rv FZcdeZ? G_l, y gbdh]^Z _]h jZgvr_ g_ \klj_qZe.)
4) e (Fh`gh y \havfm l\hx dgb]m? ;hxkv, y aZ[ue __ ^hfZ.)
5) b (Lu ohjhrh agZ_rv Ehg^hg? >Z, y m`_ ^Z\gh `b\m a^_kv.)
6) f (DZd lu k_[y qm\kl\m_rv? M`Zkgh. >mfZx, y ijhklm^beky.)
7) h (Lu \k_ _s_ jZ[hlZ_rv \ Kfblk? >Z, y jZ[hlZx lZf k
1980.)
8) g (Lu `b\_rv g_^Ze_dh hlkx^Z? G_l, fu lhevdh qlh i_j_-
_oZeb \ Hdknhj^.)
5. 1) I didnt watch the film because I had seen it before.
2) I didnt know Michael. In fact I had never met him before.
3) I couldnt let Sally my book because I had left it at home.
4) I knew London well because I had lived there for years.
5) I felt so bad, I was sure I had caught a cold.
6) John couldnt go to work because he had caught a cold.
7) We dont live in Colchester any more. We had moved to Oxford.
Lesson 7
2.
1) had met; 2) got, had learnt; 3) had seen, came; 4) had passed;
5) had gone; 60 invited, was, had promised; 7) offered, refused, had had;
8) had entered, rang; 9) felt, came, went; 10) had heard, decided.
1) Why didnt you invite Jane to the cinems yesterday? She
had already seen the film.
2) She had watched the film and was telling her friend about it.
3) Whe Liz came home she remembered that she had left the keys at
the office.
4) He remembered John. John had been his friend for 20 years.
5) Betsy had dinner and turned on the TV set.
6) Peter had shaved and was looking for his shirt.
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7) After the guests ahd left she went to bed.
8) She said that she hadnt seen him for two weeks.
9) He was very tired. He had worked since morning.
10) Before they moved to Tomsk they had lived in Krosnoyarsk for
10 years.
11) Hardly had he posted the letter when he got a fax.
Lesson 8
Test (2d level)
1. < g_dhlhjuo ij_êh`_gbyo _klv hrb[db. GZc^bl_ bo b bk-
ijZ\vl_.
1) I have known Dima for a long time.
2) He has been here for 2 hours already.
3) Does it often rain in autumn?
4) Who is playing in the yard?
5) Does your father work?
6) Where were you on Sunday?
7) (correct)
8) He is running faster than his friend.
9) Many European kids drink soft drinks, dont they?
10) There are a lot of passengers at customs, arent there?
11) (correct)
12) when I came she was writing a letter.
13) He had written his letter by 10 oclock yesterday.
14) After he had read the book, he wrote a composition.
15) He was eating a sandwich when I saw him.
16) What had you done by 5 oclock last night?
17) Where is he going tomorrow?
18) Who was singing when you came?
19) Has he been your friend since childhood?
20) While Mrs Garret was making a cake, Natalie cleaned the rooms.
1) She met Den when she was doing the shopping.
2) She wont go to the party if she doesnt have a new dress.
3) Steven Spielberg will have made a new film by the end of the 1998.
4) She read in the book that the Romans were the first to invade Britain.
5) How many films have you seen this month? I have seen
three films.
6) Do you hear anything? No, I have been listening for a
minute but I dont hear anything.
7) I have been doing my homework for an hour already when my
friend called.
8) After Betsy has cooked diner she will go shopping.
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9) She knew that she had made a mistake.
10) What is she doing now? she is on vacation. She has been
on vacation for a moth already.
11) While Mary was making coffee her daughter laid the table.
12) While he was making notes he remembered that he had left the
book at home.
13) I had done my homework by 5 oclock yesterday, hadnt I.
14) Have they been to Australia? Yes, they have. How
long were they there?
15) Who do you see now? I see you and your friend.
16) Does he know this man? Yes, he does. How long has he
known him?
a) are playing, play, is kicking, is running, is looking, do not like.
b) Died, left, spent, bought, went, stayed, listened gave, kept, lost.
c) Have received, has been, has lived, has visited, has visited, has
bought.
d) 1) did you buy. 2) has never sent. 3) have you had. 4) fought.
5) have just won.
_) 1) was leaving, arrived. 2) worked, was sitting (sat). 3) Was
walking, met. 4) Was reading, heard. 5) Was watching.
4. IhklZ\vl_ keh\Z \ ijZ\bevghf ihjy^d_, qlh[u ihemqbeky
\hijhk.
1) Why does he call often? 2) Where did he go last year? 3) Do your
children come from school late or early? 4) When is he coming
tomorrow? 5) By what time had he translated the text yesterday? 6) Who
sent him the letter last week? 7) What were they doing at 5 oclock
yesterday? 8) Who was at her birthday party last year? 9) What have they
already done? 10) What will you do if he calls you tomorrow?
5. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ gm`gmx nhjfm. AZ^Zcl_ 7 \hijhkh\ d
l_dklm.
Lived, had, said, will bake, wet, put, mixed, remembered, had not put,
did, put, was, lay, opened, hopped, left, run, can, tried, cried, will stop,
catch, met, had lived, ate.
1) did the old woman and the old man have children?
2) What did the woman want to bake?
3) What did she do in the kitchen?
4) What did the woman forget to put?
5) What did the boy do when the old woman open the oven?
6) What did the boy cried when the woman ran after hik?
7) What did the animals try to do?
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Test (3d level)
1) Where is Mary? I dont see her. She is talking to my friend.
2) When Sasha and Olga were flying to Australia, they met a lot of
Russians.
3) He called me yesterday when I was taking a shower.
4) She used to travel a lot in her youth, didnt she /
5) They had already arrived in Australia, when their parents received
the telegram.
6) Are you listening to radio? No, Im not. You can turn it off.
7) When Betsy called, Tom had already left.
8) She had arrived in London and now she was looking for her
friends house.
9) No sooner had Sasha and Olga entered the zoo, when they saw a
kangaroo.
10) Who knows this man?
11) They wont go in car, if its late.
12) No one knew when his plane had arrived.
13) This train arrived at 8 p.m.
14) How long have you been working for this firm?
15) There will be many friends of her daughter.
16) Robin hoped that Caroline had already come.
17) I dont know if Robert will receive the letter tomorrow.
18) How do you feel?
19) Sasha and Olga parents were happy that the children had flown
successfully.
20) You look tired. I have been working much today.
21) He doesnt understand her because she speaks English fluently.
22) Wheres Mary? I havent seen her lately.
23) Speak louder. She doesnt hear you.
24) Hardly had he entered the room when the phone rang.
25) He is writing a book about Australia now.
2. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ gm`gmx nhjfm. Ijhqlbl_ jZkkdZa b
aZ^Zcl_ 7 \hijhkh\ d l_dklm.
Was, did, travelled, went, had been, was, was, would miss, asked,
got, fell, woke, was, looked, was, got, didnt understand, had not woken,
asked, hadnt woken, looked, told, had done, was approaching, woke,
didnt want, put, finished, put.
1) Did Mark Twain do a lot of travelling?
2) Why was he very sleepy and tired?
3) What did he ask the guard to do?
4) Where was the train when he woke up?
5) What couldnt he understand?
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60 What did the guard do when the train was approaching the town?
7) Why didnt the American want to get off the train?
3. < g_dhlhjuo ij_êh`_gbyo _klv hrb[db. GZc^bl_ bo b bk-
ijZ\vl_.
1) We will do nothing unless he comes in time.
2) I dont hear you.
3)
4) he wrote a composition for 3 hours yesterday.
5)
6) he likes apples, doesnt he?
7) I want to buy this book.
8) Does it often snow in winter?
9) We met at 5 oclock at his office.
10) He didnt used to call so early, did he?
11) You have never been to America, have you?
12) They built this house in 1997.
13) Where did you see him?
14) Nobody knows when he is coming.
15) Helen was watching the film when Fred called.
16)
17) no sooner had he heard the news when Maggie called.
18) They have a dog and a cat.
19) They had lived in Brighton before they moved to Liverpool.
20) He said that he had lost his key.
21) I didnt know that Sally had already seen this film.
22) How long have they been in England? they have been in
England for 2 months and are not coming back yet.
23) Who knows this man?
24) Tom had been playing football for 2 years when he joined the
sports club.
25) He had been watching TV for an hour when his parents came.
Lesson 9
3
4. was impressed impress, Past Simple Passive
are given give, Present Simple Passive
am impressed impress, Present Simple Passive
is surrounded surround, Present Simple Passive
had been cut- cut, Present Simple Passive
had been lost lose, Present Simple Passive
are being planted- plant, Present Progressive Passive
was surprised surprise, Past Simple Passive
were born bear, Past Simple Passive
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is located- locate, Present Simple Passive
was built build, Past Simple Passive
Homework
1. AZihegbl_ ijh[_eu \ lZ[ebp_.
How often is the
room cleaned?
The first computer was invented by
Charles Babbage in 1823.
I_j\uc dhfivxl_j bah[j_e
QZjeva ;Z[bq \ 1823 ]h^m.
By whom was the
first computer in-
vented?
Will the students be
examined in May?
Is the baby being
bathed now?
Why is the baby be-
ing bathed now?
The problem was being discussed
when Kim called. Hgb h[km`^Zeb
ijh[_fm, dh]^Z iha\hgb^Z Dbf.
Has the contract
been signed by John
Wilson?
Why had his friend
been arrested?
When will the money
have been paid?
2. I_j_\_^bl_ k Zg]ebckdh]h gZ jmkkdbc yaud. Ih^q_jdgbl_
dhgkljmdpbb kh kljZ^Zl_evguf aZeh]hf:Present Simple Paqssive,
Past Simple Passive, Future Simple Passive.
1) is drunk (DhdZ-dhem ivxl \h \k_f fbj_).
2) was sold (Wlm dgb]m ijh^Zeb ^\Z f_kypZ gZaZ^).
3) was heated and taken (Fhjkdmx \h^m ih^h]j_\Zeb b ibeb k fh-
ehdhf).
4) will be met (< Zwjhihjlm bo \klj_lyl bo ^jmavy).
5) was told (H q_f jZkkdZaZeb FZjbg_?)
6) is talked (Ihq_fm h[ wlhc dgb]_ lZd fgh]h ]h\hjyl?)
7) will be invited (FZjbgm ijb]eZkyl gZ \_q_jbgdm?)
8) is visited (DZ`ûc ]h^ Ehg^hg ihk_sZxl lukyqb lmjbklh\, g_
lZd eb?)
dhgkljmdpbb kh kljZ^Zl_evguf aZeh]hf: Present Progressive
Passive, Past Progressive Passive
1) is being laughed (Ihq_fm gZ^ gbf kf_xlky?)
2) were being asked (Dh]^Z fu ijb[ueb, bo jZkkijZrb\Zeb h bo
ih_a^d_ \ ?]bi_l).
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3) is being looked (=^_ fhy kh[ZdZ? AZ g_c k_cqZk ijb]eyû\Zxl,
ijZ\^Z?)
4) was being typed (DZdhc ^hdmf_gl i_qZlZeb, dh]^Z lu \hr_e).
5) was being discussed (H[km`^Zeb _]h ij_êh`_gb_, dh]^Z hg ih-
a\hgbe).
6) was being baked ((IhdZ ibjh] i_dky, hgb m[bjZeb dhfgZlm).
7) is being faxed (Kfhljb! Ih nZdkm i_j_^Zxl dhgljZdl).
dhgkljmdpbb kh kljZ^Zl_evguf aZeh]hf: Present Perfect Passive,
Past Perfect Passive, Future Perfect Passive.
1) has been talked (H _]h gh\hc dgb]_ fgh]h ]h\hjbeb \ ihke_^g__
\j_fy).
2) have been sold (Kdhevdh dgb] [ueh ijh^Zgh \ wlhf f_kyp_?)
3) will have been sold (WlZ dgb]Z [m^_l ijh^ZgZ d dhgpm wlhc g_-
^_eb, g_ lZd eb?)
4) had been taught (Hg kdZaZe, qlh h[mqZeky Zg]ebckdhfm yaudm m
ghkbl_ey yaudZ).
5) had been spent (Kdhevdh ^_g_] [ueh ihljZq_gh, ij_`^_ q_f \u
h[gZjm`beb, qlh ijhbkoh^bl?)
6) has not been lived (< dhfgZl_ g_ `beb f_kyp).
7) has been accepted (FZjbgZ kqZkleb\Z. ?_ ijbgyeb \ :g]ebc-
kdbc Mgb\_jkbl_l).
Lesson 10
1. AZihegbl_ lZ[ebpm. Ijhqlbl_ \kemo.
Impression <i_qZle_gb_
Pedestrian [pi'destrin] I_r_oh^
Rarely [ reli] J_^dh
Traffic Mebqgh_ ^\b`_gb_
Surround Hdjm`Zlv
Nest [nest] =g_a^blvky
Species [spi:i:z] <bû
Garbage Fmkhj
Citizen [sitizn] =jZ`^Zgbg
Recycle [risaikl] I_j_jZ[Zlu\Zlv
Overseas [ouvsi:z] AZ ]jZgbp_c
Migrate I_j_k_eylvky
harbour [molZ
2. I_j_\_^bl_ keh\Z \ kdh[dZo gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud. Ijhqlb-
l_ \kemo. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
1) citizens, were born. (Fgh]b_ ba ]jZ`^Zg :\kljZebb jh^bebkv aZ
]jZgbp_c).
2) Lane (Kms_kl\m_l ki_pbZevgZy ^hjh`dZ êy Z\lh[mkh\ b lZdkb).
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3) Pedestrians (<h^bl_eb hklZgZ\eb\Zxl fZrbgu b `^ml, ihdZ
i_r_ohû i_j_c^ml ^hjh]m).
4) Protect, species (?keb fu g_ [m^_f hojZgylv ijbjh^m, fgh]b_
\bû bkq_agml).
5) Recycling bins (Kms_kl\mxl ki_pbZevgu_ dhgl_cg_ju êy
k[hjZ \lhjkujvy).
6) Passenger ferries, in Sydney Harbour (KZrZ h[jZlbe \gbfZgb_
gZ [hevrh_ dhebq_kl\h iZkkZ`bjkdbo iZjhfh\ \ Kb^g_ckdhc [mol_).
7) Is surrounded (Kb^g_c hdjm`_g gZpbhgZevgufb iZjdZfb.
8) Olga was impressed with (GZ Hev]m ijhba\_eh \i_qZle_gb_, qlh
\k_ \_èb\u b ]hlh\u ihfhsv.
9) Had been cut (Hgb hkhagZeb, qlh kebrdhf fgh]h ^_j_\v_\ [u-
eh \ujm[e_gh).
10) Was surprised that it was autumn in Australia, and it was winter
at home (Hev]Z [ueZ m^b\e_gZ, qlh \ :\kljZebb hk_gv, Z ^hfZ abfZ).
3. 1) He should go to Australia. He will be impressed by the beauty of
this country.
2) The house is surrounded by gardens.
3) He said that some species had been protected since 1990s.
4) This part of the town was being separated when we came here 2
years ago.
5) The system will have been improved by the end of this year.
Lesson 11
2. Quiz
1. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]he \ gm`gmx nhjfm kljZ^Zl_evgh]h aZeh]Z.
1) was; 2) will be ; 3) is being; 4) will be ; 5) was; 6) was being;
7) was; 8) had been; 9) has been.
2. AZ^Zcl_ \hijhku, gZqbgZxsb_ky kh ke_^mxsbo keh\.
1) Will the money be spent on books?
On what will the money be spent?
2) why are the hotels in Frankfurt fully booked?
3) can the work be done in two days?
In how many days can the work be done?
4) Must the letter be sent immediately?
What must be sent immediately?
5) to whom has the contract just been faxed?
3. I_j_^_eZcl_ ij_êh`_gby \kljZ^Zl_evguc aZeh].
The letter was shown to his mother by Mike.
The gate is locked every night by Sabby.
Interviews will be held by them in September.
The house has been sold by the Smiths this month.
A letter is being translated from Russian into English by her.
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When he entered the last student was being interviewed.
Lesson 12
1. <u[_jbl_ ijZ\bevguc hl\_l b ijhqlbl_ _]h \kemo.
1) Wlhl l_dkl h:
- Kvxa_g ;Zle_j
- Keh\Zj_ FZdmbjb
- :\kljZebckdhf Zg]ebckdhf.
2) Keh\Zjv FZdmbjb [ue \i_j\u_ him[ebdh\Zg \
- 1931
- 1970
- 1981
3) :\kljZebckdbc Zg]ebckdbc hlebqZ_lky hl hklZevguo \ujbZg-
lh\ Zg]ebckdh]h yaudZ, ihlhfm qlh:
- I_j\u_ hkm`^_ggu_ b ihk_e_gpu ]h\hjbeb ih-Zg]ebckdb.
- I_j\u_ hkm`^_ggu_ b ihk_e_gpu g_ qblZeb b g_ ibkZeb.
- I_j\u_ hkm`^_ggu_ b ihk_e_gpu f_gyeb agZq_gb_ keh\Z beb
aZbfkl\h\Zeb gh\u_ keh\Z, dhlhju_ m^h\e_l\hjyeb bo ihlj_[ghklb.
1) DZdbf h[jZahf Zg]ebckdbc yaud jZkijhkljZgbeky \ :\kljZ-
ebb? An easy way for English to expand was to borrow from the
Aboriginal languages.
2) DZdb_ keh\Z [ueb aZbfkl\h\Zgu ba yaudZ Z[hjb]_gh\? Such
words as kangaroo, koala, kookaburra and wombat were borrowed from
the Aboriginal languages.
3) Kms_kl\mxl eb yaudh\u_ jZaebqby f_`^m klZjrbf b fheh-
ûf ihdhe_gbyfb? DZdb_? Yes, there are. The younger generation
tends to take colloquialisms from America.
4) :\kljZebckdZy hjnh]jZnby khhl\_lkl\m_l [jblZgkdbf beb
Zf_jbdZgkdbf ljZ^bpbyf? The spelling reflects British tradition.
5) ?klv eb \ebygb_ Zf_jbdZgkdh]h Zg]ebckdh]h?Yes, there is. It is
increasingly influenced by American English.
Homework
2. I_j_\_^bl_ ke_^mxsb_ l_dklu gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
Dhfivxl_ju (1) ijhbkoh`^_gb_.
Bah[j_ggh: QZjeva ;_j[bq
GZpbhgZevghklv: [jblZg_p.
>ZlZ: 1834
P_ev: f_oZgbq_kdZy kq_lgZy fZrbgZ, jZ[hlZxsZy gZ iZjm.
IjZjh^bl_ev \k_o kh\j_f_gguo dhfivxl_jh\ [ue bah[j_l_g
QZjevahf ;_j[bq_f. Hg ^he`_g [ue ijhba\h^blv keh`gu_ jZkq_lu
b ZgZebabjh\Zlv bo. ;jblZgkdh_ ijZ\bl_evkl\h kihgkbjh\Zeh
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J232000, qlh[u ihkljhblv _]h. H]jhfgZy fZrbgZ ;_j[bqZ ^he`gZ
[ueZ ijh]jZffbjh\Zlvky k dhfihklbjh\Zgghc [mfZ`ghc e_glu.
JZkq_lu ^he`gu [ueb ijhba\h^blvky k ihfhsvx lukyq \jZsZx-
sboky am[qZluo dhe_kbdh\, ^\b]Zxsboky juqZ]h\ b ihjrg_c.
?keb [u \k_ qZklb [ueb k^_eZgu ^_ckl\bl_evgh ijZ\bevgh, hg
[u f_ê_ggh jZ[hlZe. Gh bo g_ k^_eZeb ijZ\bevgh.
Ih\_jbl_ eb \u?
< 1991 ]h^m bg`_g_ju Fma_y GZmdb \ Ehg^hg_ ihkljhbeb fZ-
rbgm ;_j[bqZ. HgZ jZ[hlZeZ.
Dhfivxl_ju (2) ^hfZ.
Ihimeyjbah\Zgu, k^_eZgu b aZims_gu: Kwj DeZc\ Kbgde_j.
GZpbhgZevghklv: [jblZg_p.
>ZlZ: 1980
P_ev: ;ulv i_j\uf dhfivxl_jhf, klhysbf f_gvr_ 100 ^heeZ-
jh\, gZ dhlhjhf fh`gh mqblvky.
Kwj DeZc\ Kbgde_j g_ bah[j_e ^hfZrgbc dhfivxl_j, gh hg k^_-
eZe _]h ^hklmiguf ijhkluf ex^yf. Hg k^_eZe wlh, kijh_dlbjh\Z\ b
kh[jZ\ kZfuc ^_r_\uc dhfivxl_j. ZX 80 Kbg_de_jZ [ue ijh^Zg aZ
99,95 nmglh\ kl_jebg]h\.
M ZX 80 [ueZ \gmlj_ggyy iZfylv \k_]h 1 dbeh[Zcl (dbeh[Zcl
1024 [ZclZ, h^bg [Zcl jZ\_g [md\_ beb pbnj_). M kh\j_f_gguo dhf-
ivxl_jh\ iZfylv ih f_gvr_c f_j_ 512 dbeh[Zcl.
ZX 80 [ue fZe_gvdbc, k ieZklbdh\hc deZ\bZlmjhc, hg ihdZau\Ze
24 ebgbb ba 32 agZdh\ gZ ^hfZrg_f l_e_\bahj_. Gh wlh [ue dhfiv-
xl_j.
Ih\_jbl_ eb \u?
AZ lhl ]h^, dh]^Z _]h aZimklbeb, 50000 dhfivxl_jh\ ZX 80 Kbg-
e_jZ [ueb ijh^Zgu, g_dhlhju_ ^_r_\e_, dZd ijbklZ\dZ.
ZX 80 aZf_gbe ZX81, Z aZl_f ZX Spectrum. fgh]b_ \k_ _s_ \ mihl-
j_[e_gbb. < 1986 ]h^m Kbgde_j ijh^Ze k\hc [bag_k nbjf_ :fkljZ^
Dhfivxl_ju (3) hkgh\gu_ ijbgpbiu.
Dhfivxl_j khklhbl ba fbeebhgh\ \dexqZl_e_c b \udexqZl_e_c.
Dhfivxl_jm ]h\hjyl, qlh ^_eZlv yaudhf \dexqblv \udex-
qblv, \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb 1 beb 0. Wlh gZau\Z_lky ^\hbqguc
dh^. 1 beb 0 wlh hq_gv h]jZgbq_ggZy bgnhjfZpby, h^bg [bl.
Dhfivxl_jm gm`gh \hk_fv [blh\, qlh[u jZkihagZlv [md\m beb pbn-
jm, h^bg [Zcl. GZijbf_j 01001011 \hk_fv [blh\, ij_^klZ\eyx-
sbo h^bg [Zcl.
< kh\j_f_gguo dhfivxl_jZo \k_ k^_eZgh hq_gv fZe_gvdbf.
Fbeebhgu \dexqZl_e_c k bo kh_^bg_gbyfb gZi_qZlZgu gZ djh-
r_qguo qbiZo ba kbebdhgZ dZd kh_^bg_ggu_ ko_fu.
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G_dhlhju_ qbiu klZgh\ylky iZfylvx dhfivxl_jZ: i_j_dex-
qZl_eb khojZgyxl bgnhjfZpbx b ]hlh\u __ \hkijhba\_klb. >jm]b_
qbiu bkihevamxlky êy bgkljmdpbc.
M dhfivxl_jZ ^he`gu [ulv q_ldb_ bgkljmdpbb. Wlb bgkljmdpbb
gZau\Zxlky ijh]jZffhc (wlh keh\h \k_]^Z ibr_lky lZd, \ ebl_jZlm-
j_ h \uqbkebl_evghc l_ogbd_).bgh]^Z fu bgkljmdlbjm_f dhfivx-
l_j, i_qZlZy gZ deZ\bZlmj_. Dhfivxl_j ihdZau\Z_l lh, qlh fu gZi_-
qZlZeb gZ mkljhckl\_ ajbl_evgh]h hlh[jZ`_gby beb fhgblhj_.
Dhfivxl_ju (4) kh\j_f_gguc i_jkhgZevguc dhfivxl_j.
Bah[j_l_g: :c;bWf.
GZpbhgZevghklv: Zf_jbdZgpu.
>ZlZ: 1981
P_ev: ij_^hklZ\blv I_jkhgZevguc Dhfivxl_j.
NbjfZ :c;bWf (F_`^mgZjh^gu_ ;bag_k FZrbgu) aZimklbeZ
ID \ 1981 ]h^m. <kdhj_ ihke_^h\Zeb memqr_ggu_ \_jkbb.
;Zah\uc ID bf_e \k_]h 64 dbeh[Zcl hi_jZlb\ghc iZfylv. Hi_jZ-
lb\gZy iZfylv \kljh_ggZy iZfylv dhfivxl_jZ, bkihevam_fZy êy
ijh]jZffguo bgkljmdpbc, êy jZ[hq_]h ijhkljZgkl\Z b ojZg_gby
bgnhjfZpbb.
M i_j\h]h ID [ue lhevdh ^bkdh\h^. >bkd_lu kj_^kl\Z aZibkb
ijh]jZff b mkljhckl\h \u\h^Z bgnhjfZpbb.
< ^bkdh\h^_ ^bkd_lu kqblu\Zxlky b aZibku\Zxlky. Hgb gZau\Zxl-
ky ]b[dbfb ^bkdZfb, ihlhfm qlh bagZqZevgh ]gb lZdbfb b [ueb.
K_]h^gy ^bkdb \ [hevrbf [_klhf êy ojZg_gby bgnhjfZpbb
\kljh_gu \ [hevrbgkl\h dhfivxl_jh\.
Ih\_jbl_ eb \u?
;hevrbgkl\h i_jkhgZevguo dhfivxl_jh\ \ fbj_ y\eyxlky :c-
;bWf kh\f_klbfuc, gh k^_eZgu hgb jZagufb nbjfZfb. ;hevrbg-
kl\h dhff_jq_kdbo ijh]jZff we_dljhggZy h[jZ[hldZ l_dklZ,
djmighnhjfZlgZy lZ[ebpZ b l.^., gZibkZgu êy dhfivxl_jh\ :c;b-
Wf-kh\f_klbfuo.
Dhfivxl_ju (5) dhfivxl_jgu_ ijh]jZffu.
Dhfivxl_ju ^_eZxl lhevdh lh, qlh bf ]h\hjyl. QZklh, fu ohlbf,
qlh[u dhfivxl_j ^_eZe h^gm b lm `_ \_sv kgh\Z b kgh\Z. Ihwlhfm
\uimkdZxlky klZg^Zjlgu_ bgkljmdpbb ijh]jZffu.
KgZqZeZ, \ijhq_f, dhfivxl_jm gm`gh agZlv \ dZdhc qZklb _]h
\kljh_gghc iZfylb ojZgblv bgnhjfZpbx b dZd k g_c jZ[hlZlv. Hk-
gh\gZy ijh]jZffZ gZau\Z_lky hi_jZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ (beb hi_jZpb-
hggZy kbkl_fZ ^bkdZ).
H^ghc ihimeyjghc kbkl_fhc, ij_^klZ\e_gghc :c;bWf ID y\ey-
_lky DOS (khdjZs_ggh hl hi_jZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ ^bkdZ Fbdjhkhnl).
Ihke_^gb_ mkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ MS-DOS iha\hey_l \Zf ]h\hjblv
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dhfivxl_jm, qlh ^_eZlv, mdZau\Zy gZ keh\Z (\_sb beb dZjlbgdb) gZ
wdjZg_. WlZ ijhklZy kbkl_fZ gZau\Z_lky Windows.
Dh]^Z dhfivxl_j ihemqZ_l hi_jZpbhggu_ bgkljmdpbb, hg fh`_l
[ulv aZijh]jZffbjh\Zg ^_eZlv fgh]b_ \_sb. Ihimeyjgu_ ijh]jZf-
fu \dexqZxl h[jZ[hldm l_dklZ, [Zau ^Zgguo, lZ[ebpu b ]jZnbq_-
kdb_ ijh]jZffu.
Ijh]jZffu h[jZ[hldb l_dklZ [_amij_qgh \hkijhba\h^yl gZi_qZ-
lZggh_ keh\h.
;Zau ^Zgguo ojZgyl fZkkm bgnhjfZpbb êy e_]dh]h ^hklmiZ.
Ijh]jZffu k lZ[ebpZfb ojZgyl b \hkijhba\h^yl pbnju.
=jZnbq_kdb_ ijh]jZffu khklZ\eyxl ]jZnbdb b ^bZ]jZffu.
Lesson 13
L_kl (2 mjh\_gv)
1. I_j_\_^bl_ jZkkdZa gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud. I_j_kdZ`bl_ _]h
gZ ke_^mxs_f mjhd_.
;mfZ`gbd
<kdhj_ \ky ^_j_\gy magZeZ, qlh [ueZ ihl_jygZ djmigZy kmffZ
^_g_]. ;_g Lbiibg], f_klguc fykgbd ihl_jye k\hc [mfZ`gbd, dh]^Z
g_k k\hb k[_j_`_gby gZ ihqlm. ;_g [ue m\_j_g, qlh _]h [mfZ`gbd
gZr_e h^bg ba `bl_e_c ^_j_\gb, gh _fm _]h g_ \_jgme. Ijhreh ljb
f_kypZ b h^gZ`û mljhf ;_g gZr_e k\hc [mfZ`gbd i_j_^ k\h_c
^\_jvx. Hg [ue aZ\_jgml \ ]Za_lm b kh^_j`Ze iheh\bgm l_o ^_g_],
dhlhju_ hg ihl_jye \f_kl_ k aZibkdhc: <hj, ^Z, gh \hj lhevdh gZ-
iheh\bgm! ^\Z f_kypZ kimkly ;_gm ijbkeZeb g_fgh]h ^_g_] k aZ-
ibkdhc : L_i_jv \hj lhevdh gZ 25%! kh \j_f_g_f lZdbf h[jZahf
;_gm \_jgmeb \k_ ^_gv]b. < ihke_^g_c aZibkd_ ]h\hjbehkv: L_i_jv
y gZ 100% q_klguc q_eh\_d!
Hl\_lvl_ gZ \hijhku.
1) H q_f magZeZ \k_ ^_j_\gy?
The whole village learnt that a large sum of money had been lost.
2) < q_f [ue m\_j_g ;_g?
Ben was sure that one of the villagers found his wallet but he didnt
return it.
3) Qlh kemqbehkv ljb f_kypZ kimkly?
Ben found his wallet at his front door.
4) Qlh [ueh \ [mfZ`gbd_?
There was half of his money and a note.
5) IjbkeZeb eb ;_gm 2 f_kypZ kimkly _s_ ^_g_]?
Yes, it was.
6) ;ueb eb \k_ ^_gv]b \ha\jZs_gu ;_gm kh \j_f_g_f?
Yes, it was.
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2. AZihegbl_ ijh[_eu.
:g]ebckdh_
ij_êh`_gb_
Jmkkdh_
ij_êh`_gb_
Lbi \hijhkZ
1) Is this book published
every year?
2) This book was published
last year.
2) When was this book pub-
lished?
3) What book will be pub-
lished next year?
4) WlZ dgb]Z
k_cqZk
i_qZlZ_lky.
4) Why is this book being
printed now?
5)This book was being printed
when he called.
5) When the book was being
printed?
6) Wlm dgb]m m`_
gZi_qZlZeb.
6) This book has already been
published, hasnt it?
7) This book had been pub-
lished by September 1
st
.
7) By what time had the book
been published?
8) This book will have been
published by the next school
year.
8) Will this book have been
published by the next school
year or later?
1) An interesting film was shown to them. 2) Misha is happy. A new
bicycle was given to him. 3) The address was written in pencil. 4) His novel
will be published in June. 5) When I entered, he was listened to with great
interest. 6) Sasha and Olga were met by their friends from Australia.
7) Sydney is surrounded by parks, isnt it? 8) What city has been chosen to
host the Olympic Games of 2000? 9) Who was Australia discovered by?
10) The first settlers were greeted by the Aborigines. 11) Tasmania is
separated from Australia, isnt it? 12) Where is Australia located (situated)?
L_kl (3 mjh\_gv)
1. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]he to be \ ijZ\bevgmx nhjfm kljZ^Zl_evgh-
]h aZeh]Z.
1) will be; 2) will be; 3) is being ; 4) are.
2. AZ^Zcl_ \hijhku, gZqbgZxsb_ky kh keh\ \ kdh[dZo.
1) What was she promised by Betsey?
Was she promised a trip to London by Betsey?
2) What had been done before they arrived?
When had the work been done?
3) Whose stay in England has been paid by Sergeys parents?
4) Why was she being looked at?
When was she being looked at?
5) What is being discaussed?
Are very important problems beibg discussed?
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3. IhklZ\vl_ ij_êh`_gby \ kljZ^Zl_evguc aZeh] b i_j_\_-
^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
1) Tourists were offered a free sightseeing trip. LmjbklZf ij_êh-
`beb [_kieZlgmx wdkdmjkbx.
2) A letter is being dictated to the secretary by Mr. Brown. Ibkvfh
^bdlh\Zehkv fbkl_jhf ;jZmghf _]h k_dj_lZjx.
3) The siutcase was being packed by Mr. Bailey, when Mr. Baileys wife
called. Fbkl_j ;_ceb mdeZû\Ze q_fh^Zg, dh]^Z iha\hgbeZ _]h `_gZ.
4) The contract had been signed by the end of the month. DhgljZdl
[ue ihîbkZg ^h dhgpZ f_kypZ.
1) Has her English improve since you talked to her last?
2) When he entered the room he noticed that the window was opened.
3) When was she told about it?
4) She was taught how to play this game last year.
5) By the end of November everything will have been covered with snow.
6) Why Nina was being laughed at when she sang?
7) He didnt know he was being watched.
8) What was being discussed when you came in?
9) Tennis has been played for more than 100 years.
10) In the Australian English many words has been borrowed from
the Aboriginal languages.
11) The Australian English is influenced by the American English.
12) The first settlement was founded by the British Government.
13) What is Sydney surrounded by?
14) Rare species of animals and birds should be protected.
5. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ ijZ\bevgmx nhjfm. AZ^Zc-
l_ iylv \hijhkh\ d jZkkdZam. I_j_kdZ`bl_ jZkkdZa gZ ke_^mx-
s_f mjhd_.
1) worried; 2) had received; 3) was asked; 4) was wanted, didnt
worry; 5) was told, had been found; 6) had been picked up; 7) would be
sent; 8) was surprised, had been stolen.
Why Robin Bailey worried all day?
What was he asked to do?
What was he told by the policeman?
Where his bike would be sent?
Why was Robin surprised?
Lesson 14
3
1) Qlh lZdh_ ]_j[?
A coat of arms is the official emblem of the government.
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2) D_f hg [ue ^Zjh\Zg :\kljZebb?
It was granted by King George V.
3) Ba q_]h khklhbl ]_j[?
The coat of arms consist of a shield containing the badges of the six states.
The supporters are emu and kangaroo. There is a wattle on the coat of arms.
4 DZdhc ^_gv y\ey_lky gZpbhgZevguf ^g_f :\kljZebb?
The 26
th
of January is Australias national day.
5) Qlh wlhl ^_gv hlf_qZ_l?
This day marks the date in 1788 when captain Phillip commanded a
fleet and sailed into the Port Jackson.
2. Hibrbl_ neZ] :\kljZebb.
Australias flag is blue. A small Union Jack in the corner represents
the historical link with Britain. There are seven-pointed stars which
represent the six States and the Territories. There are small stars which
form the Southern Cross.
Lesson 17
Ijh\_jvl_ k_[y. Qlh \u magZeb ba wlhc ]eZ\u?
1) Dlh \klj_lbe KZrm b Hex \ Zwjhihjlm?
Tom did.
2) Kdhevdh \j_f_gb aZgy i_j_e_l ^h :\kljZebb?
It took them about 24 hours to get to Australia.
3) Kdhevdh kljZg KZrZ ihk_lbe ^h wlh]h?
Sasha has visited two countries the USA and Great Britain.
4) Ihq_fm KZrZ b Hey ijb_oZeb \ :\kljZebx?
They came to Australia to improve their English and to learn more
about Australias culture.
5) DZdb_ keh\Z ijbreb ba yaudZ Z[hjb]_gh\?
Boomerang and kangaroo came from the Aborigines.
6) Dlh lZdb_ Z[hjb]_gu?
Aborigines are the Australian natives. They had been living there for
thousands and thousands of years before the first Europeans came.
2. Ih^q_jdgbl_ ijZ\bevgu_ ml\_j`^_gby.
1) Ex^b \ :\kljZebb hq_gv \_èb\u_ b ^jm`_ex[gu_.
2) I_r_oh^Zf ijboh^blky ^he]h `^Zlv, qlh[u i_j_clb ^hjh]m.
3) Fgh]b_ ilbpu `b\ml ijyfh \ ]hjh^_.
4) Dh]^Z Hey ijb_oZeZ \ :\kljZebx, [ueZ \_kgZ.
1) DZdhc ]hjh^ kZfuc [hevrhc b klZjuc \ :\kljZebb?
Sydney is.
2) Kb^g_c gZoh^blky gZ k_\_j_ :\kljZebb?
No, it is not.
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3) =^_ jh^bebkv fgh]b_ `bl_eb ]hjh^Z?
Lots of Sydneys residents were born overseas.
4) DZdh_ a^Zgb_ \ Kb^g__ ijhba\h^bl [hevrh_ \i_qZle_gb_?
The most impressive building in Sydney is Sydney Opera house.
5) Kdhevdh q_eh\_d `b\ml \ Kb^g__?
Population is about 3,700, 000 and it is still growing.
4. >hihegbl_ ij_êh`_gby.
1) the Australia was discovered in 1770 by James Cook.
2) The discoverer of Australia claimed it for the King of England.
3) The first settlers were convicts.
4) People rushed to Australia because gold was discovered there.
5) Australia became independent in 1931.
60 Australia is located in the southern hemisphere.
7) The hottest month in Australia is January.
8) About 70 per cent of the population live in the 10 largest cities.
9) Canberra is the capital of Australia.
10) The Olympic Games were held in Melbourne in 1956 and will be
held in Sydney in 2000.
11) Is in London its 8 a.m., in Sydney it is 10 p.m.
12) People in Australia speak Australian English.
5. AZihegbl_ lZ[ebpm.
Zf_jbdZgkdbc [jblZgkdbc :\kljZebckdbc
Apartment
bath Bath
Elevator lift
Tin
Candy
cookie Biscuit
French fries
porridge Porridge
Form Year
Subway / metro
Public toilet Public toilet
The cinema The movies / the pictures
Store Shop
Petrol Petrol
Football Soccer
Holiday Holiday
Last name Surname
Sneakers Trainers / gymshoes
fall
6. 1) Youre welcome. 2) Thats all right. 3) Im fine thanks. 4) Buy. See
you later. 5) Yes, it is. 6) Congratulations. 7) Thank you very much. 8) Yes,
please.
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7. a coat of arms, Australias flag, the date when the first ships sailed
into Port Jackson.
8. GZibrbl_ gZa\Zgby l_jjblhjbc gZ dZjl_.
Ke_\Z gZijZ\h: western australia, Nortyern Territory, Queensland,
South Australia, New South Wales,
KZfuc gb`gbc rlZl: Victoria
Hkljh\: Tasmania.
J:;HQ:Y L?LJ:>V 2
CHAPTER 2
Lesson 1
Homework
2. Many of the students in my class are interested in meeting you.
(Fgh]b_ ba mq_gbdh\ fh_]h deZkkZ ohlyl k \Zfb \klj_lblvky).
Having just finished studying Russian history this semester we are
interested in knowing more about Russia today. (Fu lhevdh qlh aZdhg-
qbeb bamqZlv bklhjbx Jhkkbb \ wlhf k_f_klj_, b gZf bgl_j_kgh ma-
gZlv [hevr_ h kh\j_f_gghc Jhkkbb).
I`d like you to come with me to school tomorrow. (Y [u ohl_e, qlh-
[u \u ihreb kh fghc \ rdhem aZ\ljZ).
I`d like to see what an Australian school is like.(Y [u ohl_eZ m\b-
^_lv, gZ qlh ihoh`Z Z\kljZebckdZy rdheZ).
Studying there is really interesting, because I have an opportunity to
meet people from all over the world. (LZf ^_ckl\bl_evgh bgl_j_kgh
mqblvky, ihlhfm qlh m f_gy _klv \hafh`ghklv \klj_qZlvky k ex^vfb
kh \k_]h fbjZ).
I also enjoy meeting people from other cultures. (Fg_ lh`_ gjZ\blv-
ky \klj_qZlvky k ex^vfb ba ^jm]bo kljZg).
I like studying History, geography, Business Studies and Computer
Science. (Fg_ gjZ\blky bklhjby, ]_h]jZnby, mjhdb [bag_kZ b bgnhj-
fZlbdZ).
They really try to prepare us for life after high school. (Hgb gZ kZfhf
^_e_ klZjZxlky ih^]hlh\blv gZk d `bagb ihke_ kj_^g_c rdheu).
We are even given time to take courses such as cooking, Wood-working,
Office Skills, Photography, Drama and Physical Education. (GZf lZd`_ \u-
^_eyxl \j_fy gZf lZdb_ dmjku dZd dmebgZjby, jZ[hlZ ih ^_j_\m, gZ\u-
db jZ[hlu \ hnbk_, nhlh]jZnby, ^jZfZ b nbadmevlmjZ).
Visiting different schools is always interesting.(Ihk_sZlv jZaebq-
gu_ rdheu \k_]^Z bgl_j_kgh).
We hope to visit a school when we go to Melbourne. (Fu gZ^__fky
ihk_lblv rdhem, dh]^Z ih_^_f \ F_ev[mjg).
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Boating is really a part of everyday life in Australia. (IeZ\Zgv_ gZ
eh^d_ qZklv ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb \ :\kljZebb).
3. Hldjhcl_ kdh[db. <umqbl_ gZbamklv.
1) to visit; 2) Are interested in meeting; 3) Convinient; 4) What an
Australian school is like; 5) Attends; 6) Studying; 7) Studying; 8) Most
of his classes, a lot of interesting courses, cooking, wood-working, office
skills; 9) Similar.
Lesson 2
Homework
1. to be attracted; to have been explained; to be attending; to have
established; to be explained; to be impressed; to have been improving;
ton have been punishing; to be regarded.
2. 1) His task was to attract her attention.
2) We must protect the environment.
3) He made Helen borrow some money from him.
4) Id rather not explain anything to Mark
5) She was too old and weak to influence the events.
6) Sydney was chosen to host 200 Olympic Games.
7) She is clever and beautiful enough to impress any guy.
8) Diana was happy to have participated in the conference.
9) I have a lot of friends to be met at the station.
10) Does your brother need to attend classes on Saturday?
11) Id like to share my impressions about visiting England.
12) He was the first to be asked some questions.
13) They were to help him.
14) Dont let him worry.
3. H[t_^bgbl_ ^\Z ij_êh`_gby, bkihevamyComplex Object.
1) Her teacher expects her to improve her English.
2) Mr Dickinsons pupils believe him to be a very good teacher.
3) The parents would like their children to be polite.
4. 1) I don`t want MZry to come back.
2) We know her to be a very kind woman.
3) We expect them th participate in the discussion.
4) I would like Linda to share the room with you.
5. <u[_jbl_ ijZ\bevguc i_j_\h^ ih^q_jdgmluo nhjf.
1) [; 2) \; 3) \; 4) [.
Complex Object.
1) Hgb ohlyl, qlh[u fu ihk_lbeb bo \ ke_^mxs_f f_kyp_.
2) Lu ohq_rv, qlh[u hgZ hlijZ\beZ ibkvfh \f_klh l_[y?
3) Qlh h`b^Z_l mqbl_ev, qlh[u _]h mq_gbdb k^_eZeb \ ke_^mx-
s_f f_kyp_?
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4) Dh]^Z lu h`b^Z_rv, qlh hgb ijb_^ml?
5) Hg ohl_e [u, qlh[u _]h kug klZe klhfZlheh]hf.
6) HgZ g_ h`b^ZeZ, qlh wdaZf_gu gZqgmlky \ Zij_e_.
7) Hgb h`b^Zeb, qlh bo ^hqv ohjhrh k^Zkl wdaZf_gu.
8) Hg h`b^Ze, qlh ^hf ihkljhyl d dhgpm fZy.
9) Lbf g_ ohl_e [u, qlh[u JbqZj^Z ijb]eZkbeb gZ \_q_jbgdm.
10) Y qZklh keurZe, qlh lhgZ ]h\hjbeZ ih-g_f_pdb.
11) G_ aZklZ\eyc f_gy ih\lhjylv wlh kgh\Z.
12) Mqbl_ev jZaj_rbe deZkkm mclb ^hfhc ihjZgvr_.
13) Lu dh]^Z-gb[m^v \b^_e dZd hgZ ieZ\Z_l?
14) Gbdlh g_ aZf_lbe, qlh fu ihdbgmeb dhfgZlm.
15) HgZ ohl_eZ, qlh[u __ fm` h^he`be ^_g_], qlh[u dmiblv fZ-
rbgm.
16) HgZ g_ ohl_eZ, qlh[u __ kugZ hlijZ\beb \ ^jm]hc ]hjh^.
17) Fu h`b^Z_f, qlh dhgljZdl ihîbrml gZ ke_^mxs_c g_^_e_.
18) Y agZx, qlh hg hq_gv hiulguc \h^bl_ev.
19) FZjlZ g_ h`b^ZeZ, qlh _c aZ^Z^ml lZdhc \hijhk.
20) Lu keurZe, dZd hgZ ih_l?
7. H[t_^bgbl_ ^\Z ij_êh`_gby.
1) Mrs. Banker watched the children playing.
2) We heard him promise to marry Jane.
3) They saw the woman enter the house.
4) Bill heard her laughing.
8. <u[_jbl_ gm`gmx nhjfm ]eZ]heZ (k to beb [_a to). Hldjhc-
l_ kdh[db. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
1) Mother made her son tell her the truth. (FZfZ aZklZ\beZ kugZ
kdZaZlv _c ijZ\^m.)
2) Let me pay for the meal. (Iha\hev fg_ aZieZlblv aZ m`bg.)
3) Don`t let her call. (G_ iha\heyc _c a\hgblv.)
4) Let us go there tomorrow. (>Z\Zcl_ ihc^_f lm^Z aZ\ljZ.)
5) I can`t make her believe me. (Y g_ fh]m aZklZ\blv __ ih\_jblv fg_.)
9. I_j_\_^bl_ k jmkkdh]h gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud.
1) They went to Moscow to visit their friends.
2) Its useful to swim im the swimming pool.
3) She told children to go to bed.
4) Im glad to have met you.
5) Excuse me, can I help you?
6) It s interesting to study languages.
7) Every citizen must protect the nature.
8) Wed rather not tell her anything.
9) Shoul I pay now?
10) He would play football when he was tyounger.
11) Youd better go by bus.
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12) Do you want them to stay at your place?
13) She shouldnt work so much. You must help her.
14) He heard somebody knock the door.
15) Robin expected Kim to have passed the exam.
16) I saw Mark enter the house.
17) What did she want him to do? She wanted him to marry
her.
18) We didnt want them to be late for the train.
19) Dan didnt expect the dealers to have sold 100 000 books.
20) Stewart wants the book to be printed in June.
21) She asked Tom not to borrow money from Robin.
22) Dont let him punish the child.
23) Let Mary explain everything to you.
24) What made you believe him?
25) Let us not think about it.
Lesson 3
Homework
1. Hi, Jaoo,
My name is Olga and Im a student in a Russian school. I live in
Moscow, the capital of Russia. Its funny that some people might think
that you have koalas in your backyards. At the same time many people
are sure that there are bears in the streets of Moscow. I think its great
that your school is multi-cultural. You get to meet people from different
countries and learn some interesting things about their culture.
Im in year 11 at a secondary school. Our school is co-educational.
We usually get along with one another. I study Maths, Russian,
Chemistry, Biology and other subject. When I finish school I hope to do
to a University and study economics.
I have a brother. He is two years younger that I am. Our family often
has barbeques, which gives us time to talk to each other.
Please, write more about your hobbies and your friends.
Olga Novikova.
Lesson 4
1. I_j_\_^bl_ mklgh k Zg]ebckdh]h gZ jmkkdbc yaud. GZc^bl_
b ih^q_jdgbl_ Complex Subject.
1) DZ`_lky, qlh hg fgh]h iml_r_kl\h\Ze. (he .to have known)
2) HdZaZehkv, qlh Eba m`_ \b^_eZ wlhl nbevf. (Liz. to have seen)
3) Fbkl_j ;jhd hdZaZeky ohjhrbf ^hdlhjhf. (Mr Brock. to be)
4) <u kemqZcgh g_ agZ_l_, ]^_ hgb? (you. to know)
5) DhfZg^Z LbfZ gZ\_jgydZ \ub]jZ_l. (Tom`s team. to win)
6) FZeh\_jhylgh, qlh hgZ qblZeZ wlm dgb]m. (she.,. to have read)
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7) <Zf gZ\_jgydZ ihgjZ\blky wlZ ^_\mrdZ. HgZ hq_gv djZkb\Zy.
(you. to like)
8) Ba\_klgh, qlh hgb ih`_gbebkv 5 e_l gZaZ^. (they. to have been married)
9) >hdeZû\Zxl, qlh ih]h^Z baf_gblky \ emqrmx klhjhgm. (the
weather. to change)
10) =h\hjyl, qlh hg \ub]jZe ahehlmx f_^Zev. (he . to have won)
11) Kb^g_c kqblZ_lky h^gbf ba kZfuo djZkb\uo ]hjh^h\ fbjZ.
(Sydney. to be)
12) DZ`_lky, hgZ gbq_]h g_ agZ_l. (she.to know)
13) <u g_khfg_ggh qblZeb wlm dgb]m. (you. to have read)
14) Kemqbehkv lZd, qlh hgb m`_ \klj_qZebkv. (they.to have met)
15) HdZaZehkv, qlh hgZ agZ_l Zg]ebckdbc yaud. (she.to nkow)
16) =h\hjyl, qlh hgb iml_r_kl\mxl m`_ 2 g_^_eb. (they. to have
been travelling)
Homework
1. (1) 1) What atmosphere does Dianes school have? 2) What school
does her uniform represents? 3) What is Dianes background? 4) Do they
have barbeques occasionally? 5) What does Diane want to become?
(2) 1) Where are Chriss parents from? 2) What is his favourite subject?
3) What school does Chris attend? 4) What game does he like to play?
5) What are the differences between Australian Rules Football and soccer?
(3) 1) What school does Alysia attend? 2) What year she is in?
3) What does she intend to do when she finishes school? 4) What are
Alysias hobbies? 5) Is Drama one of her favourite subjects?
(4) 1) What school does Carmina study in? 2) What country did she
migrate from? 3) Do es she call Australia home? 4) Are conflicts rare in
her school? 5) What should you expect to eat if you come to Australia?
(5) 1) Can koalas and kangaroos be found in the streets? 2) What
state does Jaoo live in? 3) Is there a strong feeling of belonging? 4) What
school does Jaoo attend? 5) Where was he born?
(6) 1) How old is Daniela? 2) Is she originally a Portual? 3) Do the
students of Casimir College get to meet people from different countries?
4) Does Daniela have to wear a uniform at school. 5) What are her hobbies?
(7) 1) What is Sandra currently studying? 2) Is Sandra half Lebanese
and half Armenian? 3) What languages does she speak? 4) How old is
she? 5) Does she enjoy living in a big household?
(8) 1) Is Glenroy far from Melbourne? 2) What school does Emily
attend? 3) Where does she play alto saxophone? 4) Is she in her schools
debating team? 5) What do Emily and her friends do when they go to
Melbourne?
(9) 1) Does Paul go to Casimir College? 2) Does his school have a
happy atmosphere? 3) What are Pauls hobbies? 4) When did his parents
migrate to Australia? 5) What background does Paul have?
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(10) 1) What is Graceann learning now? 2) What is her school called?
3) What kind of school is it? 4) Is school made up of students from all
different countries? 5) What does she like to do?
Lesson 5
1. >hihegbl_ ij_êh`_gby b i_j_\_^bl_ bo gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
1) Britain is supposed to be the mother of football. (KqblZ_lky, qlh
;jblZgby jh^bgZ nml[heZ).
2) Columbus was an explorer who is supposed to be the first to
discover America. (Dhemf[ [ue bkke_^h\Zl_e_f, dhlhjuc, ij_îh-
eh`bl_evgh, [ue i_j\uf dlh hldjue :f_jbdm)
3) Electricity is believed to be invented by Earaday. (KqblZ_lky, qlh
we_dljbq_kl\h bah[j_e NZjZ^_c).
2. I_j_\_^bl_ k jmkkdh]h gZ Zg]ebckdbc.
1) Alla Pugacheva is believed to be the most popular singer in our
country.
2) The elevator is believed to be invented by an American Otis in
1853.
3) He is unlikely to take part in the conference.
4) He is sure to win this tournament.
5) Ht delegation of the Russian scientists is reported to have arrived
in America.
6) Australia is supposed to have been discovered in 1770.
7) She seems to know everything.
8) She proved to be the best student in our class.
9) He is likely to call you tomorrow.
10) She is unlikely to help you.
11) This book is said not to be published in autumn.
12) You are sure to like Australias nature and its inhabitants.
Lesson 6
Homework
1. I_j_\_^bl_ k Zg]ebckdh]h gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
1) Hg [ue aZgyl i_j_\h^hf klZlvb. 2) Y ihfgx, qlh ijhkbe __
k^_eZlv wlh. 3) HgZ g_ kihkh[gZ \aylv gZ k_[y hl\_lkl\_gghklv.
4) Wlh g_ klhbeh lh]h, qlh[u ljZlblv gZ wlh \j_fy. 5) I_j_klZgv
kf_ylvky gZ^ gbf! 6) HgZ ijh^he`beZ jZ[hlZlv \ qZk. 7) Ihq_fm lu
\k_]^Z ba[_]Z_rv jZa]h\Zjb\Zlv k g_c. 8) Hg [jhkbe dmjblv 5 e_l gZ-
aZ^. 9) HgZ g_ fh]eZ g_ ^mfZlv h g_f. 10) ?c gjZ\behkv qblZlv, dh]^Z
hgZ [ueZ fheh^hc? 11) Bf m^Zehkv ihîbkZlv dhgljZdl. 12) FZev-
qbdZ gZdZaZeb aZ lh, qlh hg kh\jZe.
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Lesson 7
1) <k_ mq_gbdb KljZlfhjkdhc Kj_^g_c Rdheu bamqZxl >hfh-
\h^kl\h? Yes, all the students study Home Economics.
2) < q_f aZdexqZ_lky p_ev wlh]h ij_^f_lZ? The aim of the subject is
to develop skills in food preparation and gain an understanding of health issues.
3) Qlh mq_gbdb mqZlky ]hlh\blv? The students learn to cook
Crocodile Bread, Sausage Rolls soup and many other tasty dishes.
4) Ihq_fm keh`gh gZa\Zlv [ex^Z b j_p_ilu, dhlhju_ lhevdh Z\-
kljZebckdb_. It is difficult to mention foods or recipes that are
particularly Australian because Australian food is a result of a great
diversity of cultures.
5) DZdb_ [ex^Z _klv lhevdh \ :\kljZebb? Yabbies and kangaroo
steak are unique to Australia.
6) DZdhc ihimeyjguc kihkh[ ijb]hlh\e_gby ibsb? Barbeque
is a popular style of preparing food.
Homework
2. 1) Australian school offers a wide range of activities.
2) The students go in for athletics, swimming and cross country.
3) The students who are involved in these activities are awarded
Academic Achievement Awards.
4) The students are offered further activities for development, when
they participate in public speaking, debates and student government.
5. 1) Youll enjoy travelling around Melbourne on the City Circle
Tram. (<Zf ihgjZ\blky iml_r_kl\h\Zlv ih F_ev[mjgm gZ =hjh^kdhf
Djm]h\hf LjZf\Z_).
2) While you are sitting on the tram, the conductor will point out the
most interesting sights in Melbourne. (IhdZ kb^brv \ ljZf\Z_, dhg^md-
lhj h[jZlbl \Zr_ \gbfZgb_ gZ kZfu_ bgl_j_kgu_ ^hklhijbf_qZ-
l_evghklb F_ev[mjgZ).
3) It is home to many cultural groups, speaking 170 languages and
giving Melbourne a unique character. (Wlh ^hf fgh]bo dmevlmjguo
]jmii, ]h\hjysbo gZ 170 yaudZo b ijb^Zxsbo F_ev[mjgm _]h g_ih-
\lhjbfuc oZjZdl_j).
4) When designing buildings, architects in Melbourne think hard
about the scenery and the surroundings of the building site. (Ijh_dlbjmy
gh\u_ a^Zgby, Zjobl_dlhju F_ev[mjgZ ^mfZxl h i_caZ`_ b h lhf,
qlh hdjm`Z_l kljhbl_evgmx iehsZ^dm).
5) The National Gallery of Victoria, established in 1861, is the state
art gallery. (GZpbhgZevgZy =Ze_j_y <bdlhjbb, hkgh\ZggZy \ 1861 ]h-
^m, y\ey_lky ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc ]Ze_j__c bkdmkkl\).
6) This place is worth visiting.(Wlh f_klh klhbl ihk_lblv).
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7) The magnificent collection, totaling over 70 000 works, range from
paintings, sculpture and photography to decorative arts, prints and
drawings. (<_ebdhe_igZy dhee_dpby, h[sbf qbkehf [he__ 70 000 jZ-
[hl, gZqbgZy k dZjlbg, kdmevilmju b nhlh]jZnbb b dhgqZy ijbdeZ^-
guf bkdmkkl\hf, ]jZ\xjZfb b jbkmgdZfb).
8) The Rialto Tower Observation Desk, situated on level 55 of
Melbournes tallest building, provides a panoramic view of Melbourne
and the surrounding landmarks. (Kfhljh\Zy IehsZ^dZ ;Zrgb JbZelh
jZkiheh`_ggZy gZ 55 wlZ`_ kZfh]h \ukhdh]h \ F_ev[mjg_ a^Zgby,
h[_ki_qb\Z_l iZghjZfguc \b^ gZ F_ev[mjg b hdjm`Zxsb_ ^hklh-
ijbf_qZl_evghklb).
9) The Centre houses the Melbourne Concert Hall, Performing Arts
Museum and three major theatres collectively seating 5 880 people with
a revolving stage especially for opera.(< P_glj_ gZoh^blky F_ev[mjg-
kdbc Dhgp_jlguc AZe, Fma_c Bah[jZabl_evguo Bkdmkkl\ b ljb
]eZ\guo l_ZljZ \ dhlhjuo h[sbf qbkehf ihf_sZ_lky 5 880 q_eh\_d
k \jZsZxs_cky kp_ghc ki_pbZevgh êy hi_ju).
10) Dont miss the opportunity to learn about one of the oldest living
cultures in the world. (G_ ijhimklbl_ \hafh`ghklv magZlv h[ h^ghc ba
kZfuo klZjuo dmevlmj \ fbj_).
11) Playing tennis, golf, baseball and football, surfing, water-skiing,
boating, yachting, cycling and running are very popular in Melbourne.
(L_ggbk, ]hevn, [_ck[he b nml[he, k_jnbg], \h^gu_ eu`b, ijh]medb
gZ eh^dZo, iZjmkguc kihjl, \_ehkihjl b [_] hq_gv ihimeyjgu \
F_ev[mjg_).
12) Dont forget to visit the Melbourne Zoo. (G_ aZ[m^vl_ ihk_lblv
F_ev[mjgkdbc AhhiZjd).
13) Established in 1857, it is one of the oldest zoos in the world. (Hk-
gh\Zgguc \ 1857 ]h^m hg y\ey_lky h^gbf ba klZj_crbo ahhiZjdh\ \
fbj_).
14) Make sure to try fresh juice made of watermelons, melons,
carrots, oranges etc. (H[yaZl_evgh khc^bl_ k ljZf\Zy, qlh[u ihijh[h-
\Zlv k\_`bc khd ba Zj[mah\, ûgv, fhjdh\b, Zi_evkbgh\ b l.^).
Lesson 8
1. 1) DZd q_eh\_d fh`_l h[t_oZlv F_ev[mjg?One can enjoy
travelling around Melbourne on the City Circle Tram.
2) Qlh k^_eZ_l dhg^mdlhj, ihdZ \u \ ljZf\Z_?
The conductor will pint out the most interesting sights in Melbourne.
3) DZd \u fh`_l_ ^hdZaZlv, qlh F_ev[mjg ]hjh^ k jZaghh[jZ-
ab_f dmevlmj?
Melbourne is a multi-cultural city because over a quarter of the
population was born overseas.
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4) GZ kdhevdbo yaudZo ]h\hjyl ex^b, `b\msb_ \ F_ev[mjg_?
People living in Melbourne speak 170 languages.
5) Fgh]h eb ]j_dh\ b blZevygp_\ `b\_l \ F_ev[mjg_?
Yes, many Greeks and Italians live in Melbourne.
6) Ihq_fm F_ev[mjg kqblZ_lky ijbagZgghc dmevlmjghc klhebp_c
:\kljZebb?
Melbourne is considered to be the acknowledged Culture Capital of
Australia because it has world-class music, dance, opera, comedy and
theatre.
7) H q_f ^mfZxl Zjobl_dlhju, dh]^Z ijh_dlbjmxl a^Zgby \
F_ev[mjg_?
When designing buildings in Melbourne architects think about the
scenery and the surroundings of the building site.
8) Dh]^Z [ueZ hkgh\ZgZ GZpbhgZevgZy =Ze_j_y.
The National Gallery was established in 1861.
9) Ihq_fm wlh f_klh klhbl ihk_lblv?
This place is worth visiting because it presents exhibitions of historical
and contemporary art from within Australia and other countries.
10) Q_f ba\_kl_g P_glj Bkdmkkl\ <bdlhjby?
Victorian Arts Centre is known for its superb facilities and 115 meter
webbed steel spire.
11) DZd gZau\Z_lky kZfh_ \ukhdh_ a^Zgb_ F_ev[mjgZ?
The name of the tallest building in Melbourne is the Rialto Tower.
12) Qlh gZoh^blky \ P_glj_?
The Centre houses the Melbourne Concert Hall, Performing Arts
Museum and three major theatres.
13) Qlh m\b^yl lmjbklu, _keb ih_^ml gZ wdkdmjkbx GZke_^b_
:[hjb]_gh\?
If the tourists go on Aboriginal Heritage tours they will learn about one
of the oldest cultures in the world< visit tribal lands and meet the people.
14) >hdZ`bl_, qlh \ F_ev[mjg_ h^gb ba kZfuo nZgZlbqguo
kihjlkf_gh\ \ fbj_.
Melbourne has one of the most fanatical sporting public in the world
because such sports as playing tennis, golf, baseball, football, surfing,
water-skating, boating, yachting, cycling and running are very popular.
15) Dh]^Z [ue hkgh\Zg F_ev[mjgkdbc ahhiZjd?
The Melbourne Zoo was established in 1857.
16) < dZdhf k_ahg_ emqr_ \k_]h ihk_lblv F_ev[mjg?
I think winter is the best season to visit Melbourne.
Homework
2. L_e_\b^_gb_
Bah[j_e: >`hg Eh^`b ;ZcZj^, <eZ^bfbj A\hjudbg.
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GZpbhgZevghklv: ;jblZg_p, jmkkdbc, \ :f_jbd_.
>ZlZ: 1926, 1925 28
P_ev: i_j_^Z\Zlv ^\b]Zxsb_ky dZjlbgdb ih [_kijh\h^guf \hegZf.
>`hg Eh^`b ;ZcZj^ bah[j_e f_oZgbq_kdmx kbkl_fm êy i_j_^Z-
qb ^\b]Zxsboky dZjlbghd, dhlhjmx hg bkihevah\Ze êy i_j\hc \
fbj_ ^_fhgkljZpbb l_e_\b^_gby \ 1926 ]h^m. Kbkl_fZ ;ZcZj^Z [ueZ
hkgh\ZgZ gZ i_j_oh^_ k\_lZ ih djmlysbfky i_jnhjbjh\Zgguf ^bk-
dZf dZd i_j_^Zlqbd b j_kb\_j.
< wlh \j_fy <eZ^bfbj A\hjudbg jZajZ[hlZe we_dljhggmx kbkl_-
fm, hkgh\Zggmx gZ \uklj_eb\Zgbb we_dljhgh\ ih ihdjulhc ih-
\_joghklb \ ijbgbfZxs_c ljm[d_ k emqZfb dZlh^Z, qlh[u \hkijh-
ba\h^blv dZjlbgdm. Ijbgpbi [ue \ ^Zevg_cr_f jZajZ[hlZg
Zf_jbdZgkdhc dhfiZgb_c RCA.
F_oZgbq_kdmx kbkl_fm ;ZcZj^Z bkihevah\ZeZkv ;b;bKb \f_kl_
k we_dljhgghc kbkl_fhc \ i_j\hc l_e_\babhgghc ijh]jZff_ \ 1936
]h^m. We_dljhggZy kbkl_fZ hdZaZeZkv emqr_, b hl kbkl_fu ;ZcZj^Z
hldZaZebkv.
I_j\Zy Zf_jbdZgkdZy ijh]jZffZ ihy\beZkv \ 1939 ]h^m. P\_lgh_
l_e_\b^_gb_ ihy\behkv \ :f_jbd_ \ 1951 ]h^m, Z \ ;jblZgbb \ 1967.
=_jmg^bc, ijbqZklb_, bgnbgblb\:
Transmitting
Passing
Based
To produce
FZ]gblhnhg (b ie__j)
Bah[j_e: <eZ^bfbj IZma_g.
GZpbhgZevghklv: >ZlqZgbg
>ZlZ: 1898
P_ev: kgZqZeZ êy ijbgylby l_e_nhgguo khh[s_gbc, k_cqZk êy
aZibku\Zgby fmaudb.
I_j\uc fZ]gblgh_ mkljhckl\h IZma_gZ bkihevah\Zeh ijh\hehq-
gmx, Z aZl_f klZevgmx e_glm. Hgh [ueh jZajZ[hlZgh êy ijbgylby
l_e_nhgguo khh[s_gbc.
< 1935 ]h^m \i_j\u_ [ueZ bkihevah\ZgZ ieZklbdh\Zy e_glZ,
hgZ [ueZ ihdjulZ hdbkvx `_e_aZ (k_cqZk ie_gdm qZklh ihdju\Z-
xl hdbkvx ojhfZ). JZggb_ fZ]gblhnhgu [ueb [hevrbfb fZrb-
gZfb, \ dhlhjuo ie_gdZ i_j_oh^beZ k h^gh]h [hevrh]h dhe_kZ gZ
^jm]h_.
< 1960-_ ]hû Nbebik \uimklbe dhfiZdlguc dZkk_lguc fZ]gb-
lhnhg. Wlh [ue iheguc, e_]dbc \ h[jZs_gbb, ieZklbdh\uc ZiiZjZl
k ^\mfy dZlmrdZfb b madhc aZibku\Z_fhc e_glhc.
DZkk_lguc fZ]gblhnhg ijb\_e d bah[j_l_gbx Khgb \ 1979 ]h^m,
ie__jm.
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Wlh [ueh aZdhgq_gguc, dhfiZdlguc, kl_j_h dZkk_lguc ijhb]ju-
\Zl_ev qmlv [hevr_ q_f dZkk_lZ. >ey dhehghd g_ [ueh f_klZ ihwlh-
fm ijbeZ]Zebkv gZmrgbdb, k fZe_gvdbfb, k kmi_jwnn_dlb\gufb
ieZklbdh\ufb f_f[jZgZfb.
K_cqZk hgb ih\kx^m. B \hkijhba\_^_gb_ a\mdZ hlebqgh_, djhf_
l_o, dlh g_ \ gZmrgbdZo.
To record
Running
To handle
@_\Zl_evgZy j_abgdZ
Bah[j_e: LhfZk :^Zfk
GZpbhgZevghklv: Zf_jbdZg_p
>ZlZ: 1870-_
P_ev: êy lh]h, qlh[u lboh mijZ`gylv q_exklb
@_\Zl_evgZy j_abgdZ ihy\beZkv \ j_amevlZl_ g_m^Zqb. BkdZeb
aZf_gbl_ev j_abgu. KgZqZeZ ^mfZeb, qlh ih^hc^_l khd ^_j_\Z kZih-
^beZ, gZau\Z_fuc qbde (gZlmjZevguc dZmqmd). Gh hg hdZaZeky g_-
^hklZlhqgh weZklbqguf.
AZl_f :^Zfk, qe_g bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhc dhfZgû, \kihfgbe, qlh
gZjh^ fZcy ba X`ghc :f_jbdb `_\Zeb qbde b ih^mfZe, qlh, _keb
_]h ih^keZklblv, _]h fh`gh ijh^Zlv \ :f_jbd_. <k_ ihemqbehkv.
<h \j_fy <lhjhc Fbjh\hc <hcgu Zf_jbdZgkdbf khe^ZlZf ih-
kueZeb `_\Zl_evgmx j_abgdm. Wlh ihfh]eh m\_ebqblv __ ihimeyj-
ghklv \ fbj_.
K_cqZk bg]j_^b_glu \ `_\Zl_evghc j_abgd_ ke_^mxsb_: hkgh-
\Z, kZoZj, kbjhi b kfy]qbl_eb. Hkgh\Z [hevr_c qZklvx kbgl_lbq_-
kdZy.
Hgh hgZ g_ hq_gv g_\dmkgZy.
To exercise
Called
To be
flavored
We_dljbq_kdZy eZfihqdZ
Bah[j_e: >`ha_n K\Zg, LhfZk W^bkhg
GZpbhgZevghklv: rhleZg^_p, Zf_jbdZg_p
>ZlZ: 1879, 1880
P_ev: qlh[u h[_ki_qblv we_dljbq_kdbc bklhqgbd k\_lZ, qlh[u
aZf_gblv ]Zah\u_ eZfiu b k\_qb.
We_dljbq_kdZy eZfihqdZ [ueZ g_ijZ\^hih^h[guf kh\iZ^_gb_f.
>\mf mq_guf ijbreZ \ ]heh\m h^gZ b lZ `_ b^_y, g_aZ\bkbfh ^jm]
hl ^jm]Z, ijb[ebabl_evgh \ h^gh \j_fy.
>`ha_n K\Zg [ue g_fgh]h jZgvr_, gh hg g_ iZl_glh\Ze k\hx
b^_x. W^bkhg gZqZe ijhba\h^blv k\hb eZfihqdb b h[\bgbe K\ZgZ \
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lhf, qlh hg dhibjm_l. D kqZklvx êy k\ZgZ \ ijhp_kkZo jZ[hlu
efihq_d [ueZ jZagbpZ. Ijh[e_fZ j_rbeZkv l_f, qlh W^bkhg b K\Zg
kha^Zeb kh\f_klgmx dhfiZgbx ih ijhba\h^kl\m eZfihq_d.
Kh\j_f_ggZy we_dljbq_kdZy eZfihqdZ khklhbl ba gblb gZdZeZ
(\hevnjZfh\h]h ijh\h^dZ, aZdjmq_ggh]h kibjZevx) q_j_a dhlhjuc
ijhoh^bl we_dljbq_kl\h. Gblv gZdZeZ klZgh\blky qj_a\uqZcgh ]hjy-
q_c b yjdh ]hjbl \gmljb kl_deygghc eZfihqdb. < i_j\uo eZfihqdZo
bkihevah\Zeky [Zf[md beb ^Z`_ ijhiblZggZy oehidh\Zy gblv \ dZ-
q_kl\_ gblb gZdZeZ. <hevnjZf emqr_.
Ih\_jbl_ eb \u?
JZggb_ eZfihqdb ]hj_eb \k_]h ^\_gZ^pZlv qZkh\, k_cqZk eZfihq-
dZ ^he`gZ ]hj_lv lukyqm qZkh\.
To provide
To replace
Copying
Forming
To produce
Last.
DZf_ju (gZqZeh)
Bah[j_e: >`ha_n Gbik
GZpbhgZevghklv: njZgpma
>ZlZ: 1826
P_ev: qlh[u khojZgylv h[jZa
Gbik bah[j_e kihkh[ aZibkb h[jZah\ gZ f_lZeebq_kdb_ ieZklbgu
ihdjulu_ obfbdZlZfb.
< 1839 ]h^m ^jm]hc njZgpma, Embk >Z]_j_, \\_e \ mihlj_[e_gb_
emqrbc kihkh[ khojZg_gby h[jZaZ. Fgh]b_ ^Z]_jjhlbigu_ nhlh-
]jZnbb khojZgbebkv ^h kbo ihj.
Ijh[e_fhc ijhp_kkh\ ij_êh`_gguo Gbikhf b >Z]_j_ [ueZ \
lhf qlh hgb [ueb h^ghjZah\u_, k gbo g_evay [ueh k^_eZlv dhibb.
:g]ebqZgbg, <bevyf Nhdk LZe[hl [ue i_j\uf, lZd`_ \ 1839 ]h-
^m, dlh k^_eZe g_]Zlb\, gZ dhlhjhf q_jgh_ b [_eh_ [ueb i_j_\_jgm-
lu, b k dhlhjh]h fh`gh [ueh k^_eZlv dhibb.
To preserve
Coated
Preserving
Be made
To capture
DZf_ju (k_]h^gy)
JZggb_ nhlhdZf_ju [ueb ijhklh k\_lhg_ijhgbpZ_fufb dhjh[-
dZfb k ebgahc ki_j_^b b fZlh\uf kl_dehf kaZ^b. Dh]^Z nhlh]jZn
[ue ]hlh\ k^_eZlv nhlh]jZnbx, hg ijbdju\Ze ebgam, fZlh\h_ kl_deh
aZf_gyehkv gZ ihdjuluc h[hehqdhc f_lZeebq_kdbc, kl_deygguc
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ebkl beb ie_gdm, aZl_f ebgam [ukljh hldju\Zeb, qlh[u \imklblv
k\_l. Ebkl, ih^\_j]rbcky ^_ckl\bx k\_lZ? aZl_f \ugbfZeb b ijh-
y\eyeb.
To take
To let
Nhlh]jZnbb êy \k_o
:f_jbdZg_p, >`hj^` Bklf_g, k^_eZe nhlh]jZnbx ^hklmighc
q_eh\_dm k mebpu \ 1888.
?]h dhfiZgby Dh^Zd ijhba\h^beZ dZf_ju k \klZ\e_gghc ie_gdhc
gZ klh nhlh]jZnbc. Dh]^Z ie_gdZ dhgqZeZkv? \ky dZf_jZ \ha\jZsZ-
eZkv gZ nZ[jbdm êy ijhy\db.
Q_j_a g_kdhevdh e_l [ueb ijhba\_^_gu dhjhldb_ ie_gdb, dhlh-
ju_ fh`gh [ueh \ugbfZlv. Nhlh]jZn kZf(Z) aZjy`Ze(Z) ie_gdm.
Factory-loaded
Processing
Kh\j_f_gguc nhlhZiiZjZl
Kh\j_f_ggu_ nhlhZiiZjZlu k hljZ`_gb_f h^ghc ebgau, bkihev-
amxl k\_lhg_ijhgbpZ_fu_ jhebdb (dZkk_lu) k ie_gdhc, b \k_ _s_
bkihevamxl h[jZa gZ fZlh\hf kl_de_ êy lh]h, qlh[u ihkfhlj_lv gZ
dZjlbgdm, ij_`^_ q_f kgbfZlv.
LZdb_ nhlhZiiZjZlu iha\heyxl e_]dh f_gylv ebgam. JZagu_ ebgau
^Zxl jZagu_ \bû h^gbo b l_o `_ ij_^f_lh\. L_e_ nhlh ebgaZ ^Z_l
m\_ebq_gb_, ebgaZ k rbjhdbf m]ehf ^Z_l [he__ rbjhdmx i_jki_dlb\m.
Using
Taking
Lesson 10
L_kl (1 mjh\_gv)
1. I_j_\_^bl_ k Zg]ebckdh]h gZ jmkkdbc.
1) ?fm gjZ\blky b]jZlv gZ nhjl_ibZgh. 2) Hgb i_j_klZeb dmjblv,
dh]^Z m\b^_eb mqbl_ey. 3) Fh_c fZf_ gjZ\blky \yaylv. 4) HgZ ba[_]ZeZ
\klj_q k gbf \ l_q_gb_ f_kypZ. 5) Nbevf LblZgbd klhbl ihkfhlj_lv.
6) HgZ ^he]h ^mfZeZ, ij_`^_ q_f \uclb aZfm` aZ >`hgZ. 7) Lu f
h`_rv aZimklblv fZrbgm, gZ`Z\ wlm dghidm. 8) Ba\bgb, qlh y a\hgx
lZd jZgh. 9) HgZ ]h\hjbeZ, g_ ]ey^y gZ g_]h. 10) Dh]^Z fu \ureb ba ^h-
fZ, ^h`^v ij_djZlbeky. 11) Ijh^he`Zcl_ qblZlv, ih`ZemcklZ. 12) HgZ
aZdhgqbeZ _klv, b ihreZ kiZlv. 13) Hg gZklZb\Ze gZ ijb_a^_ ^hq_jb.
14) Q_eh\_d, qblZxsbc ]Za_lm, fhc [jZl. 15) HgZ mklZeZ jZ[hlZlv.
16) Hgb khklZ\beb kibkhd \_s_c, dhlhju_ hgb \b^_eb \ :\kljZebb.
17) IhkeZ\ l_e_]jZffm, hg ihr_e ^hfhc. 18) Iml_r_kl\my ih fhjy, fu
a^hjh\h ih\_k_ebebkv.19) Fu mkeurZeb, dZd hg ih_l \ khk_^g_c dhf-
gZl_. 20) Fu ohlbf, qlh[u hgb mqZkl\h\Zeb \ ^bkdmkkbb.21) HgZ i_j_-
klZeZ ibkZlv dgb]b ]h^ gZaZ^. 22) >hdeZû\Zxl, qlh wlhl l_ggbkbkl \u-
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b]jZe.23) <jy^ eb hgZ ijb_^_l aZ\ljZ. 24) DZ`_lky, hg ohjhrh __ agZ_l.
25) ZlZ: 1876
P_ev: qlh[u i_j_^Z\Zlv a\md ]hehkZ ih ijh\h^m gZ êbggu_ ^bk-
lZgpbb
:e_dkZg^j =jwf ;_ee [ue ^hdlhjhf. Hg jZ[hlZe k ]emobfb
^_lvfb b ihgbfZe lh, dZdbf h[jZahf a\mdb kha^Zxl \b[jZpbb.
GZ \lhjhf ^_kyld_ hg h[gZjm`be, dZd i_j_\h^blv \b[jZpbb \
we_dljbq_kdbc ihlhd b h[jZlgh.
< _]h l_e_nhg_ [ueZ ^bZnjZ]fZ (lhgdbc f_lZeebq_kdbc ebkl), dh-
lhjuc \b[jbjh\Ze, dh]^Z \ g_]h ]h\hjbeb, kjZam aZ ^bZnjZ]fhc [ue
we_dljhfZ]gbl, dhlhjuc i_j_\h^be \b[jZpbb \ we_dljbq_kdb_ kb]gZeu.
< l_e_nhg_ ;_eeZ [ue h^bg i_j_^Zlqbd / j_kb\_j. Dh]^Z \u aZ-
dZgqb\Zeb ]h\hjblv, \u ih^ghkbeb _]h d mom b kemrZeb ]hehk ^jm-
]h]h q_eh\_dZ.
< 1877 ]h^m LhfZk W^bkhg bah[j_e emqrbc, hl^_evguc fbdjh-
nhg, bkihevamy ]jZgmeu m]ey aZ ^bZnjZ]fhc. Djhf_ wlh]h, l_e_nhg
hklZeky lZdbf, dZd _]h bah[j_e ;_ee.
Ih\_jbl_ eb \u?
< fbj_ bkihevam_lky ihqlb fbeebZj^ l_e_nhgh\. DZ`_lky, kijhk
gbdh]^Z g_ aZdhgqblky.
L_kl (2 mjh\_gv)
1. I_j_\_^bl_ l_dkl. Ih^q_jdgbl_ bgnbgblb\, ]_jmg^bc,
ijbqZklb_.
;_ahiZkgZy [meZ\dZ
Bah[j_e: g_l bgnhjfZpbb
GZpbhgZevghklv: `bl_ev kj_^ba_fghfhjvy.
>ZlZ: hdheh 2000 ^h gZr_c wju.
P_ev: aZsblblv bkihevamxs_]h [meZ\dm hl hldjulh]h hkljh]h dhg-
pZ gZ ijyfhc [meZ\d_, dhlhjZy [ueZ bah[j_l_gZ aZ k_fvkhl e_l ^h wlh]h.
Rmf_ju bah[j_eb ijyfu_ [meZ\db [he__ iylb lukyq gZaZ^. I_j-
\u_ [_ahiZkgu_ [meZ\db bkihevah\Zebkv lukyqm e_l kimkly \ =j_-
pbb, ?]bil_, BlZebb b gZ Kbpbebb.
I_j\u_ [_ahiZkgu_ [meZ\db [ueb ijhklufb ijyfufb [meZ\dZ-
fb, kh]gmlufb ihiheZf koh^ysbfbky \ ûjhqdm beb djxqhd. Gm`-
gh [ueh qlh-lh, qlh ^_j`Zeh [u hkljb_. Dlh-lh ijb^mfZe, qlh __
gm`gh aZ`bfZlv dZd ijm`bgm. Qlh[u k^_eZlv wlh [meZ\dm k^_eZeb
aZdjm]e_gghc gZ dhgp_. Lhl `_ ijbgpbi bkihevam_lky b k_cqZk.
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<Z`guc \hijhk
Dm^Z ijhiZ^Zxl \k_ [meZ\db, dh]^Z \Zf gm`gZ h^gZ [meZ\dZ?
=_jmg^bc, bgnbgblb\, ijbqZklb_: to protect, bent, fitting, slipping,
making, spring,
2. Ijhqlbl_ l_dkl, aZl_f hl\_lvl_ gZ \hijhku, ke_^mxsb_ aZ
gbf.
@_gsbgZ \ ]hem[uo ^`bgkZo klhyeZ m \bljbgu ^hjh]h]h fZ]ZabgZ.
Ohly hgZ jZafureyeZ fbgmlm, hgZ \hreZ \ fZ]Zabg b ihijhkbeZ ihdZ-
aZlv _c ieZlv_, \bk_\r__ \ \bljbg_. Ijh^Z\pm, h[kem`b\Zxs_fm __ g_
ihgjZ\behkv, dZd hgZ [ueZ h^_lZ. Ij_ajbl_evgh \a]eygm\ gZ g__, hg
kdZaZe, qlh ieZlv_ ijh^Zgh. @_gsbgu \ureZ ba fZ]ZabgZ jZkk_j`_g-
ghc b j_rbeZ gZdZaZlv ijh^Z\pZ gZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv. HgZ \_jgmeZkv gZ
ke_^mxs__ mljh, h^_lZy \ f_oh\h_ iZevlh, k kmfhqdhc \ h^ghc jmd_ b
êbgguf ahglhf \ ^jm]hc. GZc^y lh]h ]jm[h]h ijh^Z\pZ. HgZ ihijhkb-
eZ lh `_ ieZlv_. G_ ihgbfZy, dlh hgZ, ijh^Z\_p [ue jZ^ h[kem`blv __.
K h]jhfguf ljm^hf hg \ah[jZeky gZ \bljbgm, qlh[u ^hklZlv ieZlv_.
M\b^_\ wlh, `_gsbgZ kdZaZe, qlh hgh _c g_ gjZ\blky. HgZ jZa\e_deZkv,
aZklZ\b\ ijh^Z\pZ ^hklZlv ihqlb \k_, qlh [ueh gZ \bljbg_, ij_`^_ q_f
dmiblv ieZlv_, dhlhjh_ hgZ ihijhkbeZ i_j\uf.
1) DZd \u ^mfZ_l_, m `_gsbgu o\Zlbeh [u ^_g_], qlh[u dmiblv
ieZlv_?
Yes, she had enough money. She bought it in the end.
2) Ihq_fm hgZ g_ ihgjZ\beZkv ijh^Z\pm?
The assistant didnt like her because her was wearing jeans.
3) Ihq_fm `_gsbgZ ijbreZ \ lhl fZ]Zabg gZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv?
She came to the shop the following day to punish the rude assistant.
4) GZreZ eb hgZ ]jm[h]h ijh^Z\pZ?
Yes, she did.
5) Ihq_fm ijh^Z\_p [ue jZ^ h[kem`blv __ gZ wlhl jZa?
He was eager to serve her because she was wearing a fur coat and had
a handbag and a long umbrella.
6) HgZ dmibeZ \k_ ieZlvy \ \bljbg_, g_ lZd eb?
No, she didnt.
7) Qlh hgZ k^_eZeZ \ dhgp_ dhgph\?
She made him bring almost everything from the window before she
bought the dress she had first asked for.
1) They are certain to like Toms school.
2) the Sydney Opera house is know to be one of the greatest
examples of the 20
th
century architecture.
3) He is likely to have read this book.
4) The Australian school happened to teach Russian history.
5) Tom and Sasha are sure to become friends.
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6) She enjoyed dancing when she was young.
7) I remember seeing him last week.
8) Australia is worth visiting.
9) He is not capable of translating this text, is he?
10) Ann continued to walk without stopping.
11) Peter stopped singing 5 years ago.
12) They couldnt help remembering their journey.
13) Not having found her phone number he couldnt call her.
14) Having read the letter she run out of the room.
15) She was looking for the telegram received the day before.
16) The guests sitting at the table are my sisters friends.
17) Having visited Toms school Sasha and Olga learnt many interesting
things.
L_kl (3 mjh\_gv)
1. I_j_\_^bl_ l_dkl \ ibkvf_gghc nhjf_.
:d\ZeZg]
Bah[j_e: @Zd Dmklh b Wfbev =Zgg
GZpbhgZevghklv: njZgpma
>ZlZ: 1943
P_ev: kgZ[`Zlv gujyevsbdZ \ha^mohf, ijb lhf `_ ^Z\e_gbb, qlh
b hdjm`Zxs__ fhj_.
@Zd Dmklh lhqgh h[tykgbe =Zggm, qlh _fm [ueh gm`gh. Wfbev
=Zgg k^_eZe wlh. K g_j_]mebjm_fuf k`Zluf \ha^mohf b ^Z\e_gb_f
fhjy, m\_ebqb\Zxsbfky k ]em[bghc, \k_]^Z [ueZ hiZkghklv lh]h,
qlh e_]db_ gujyevsbdZ kiexsZlky.
< Zd\ZeZg]_ _klv ki_pbZevguc deZiZg, j_]mebjmxsbc ihklmie_-
gb_ \ha^moZ.
Dh]^Z gujyevsbd \uûoZ_l, ^Z\e_gb_ _]h \u^hoZ hldju\Z_l \u-
oh^ghc deZiZg, dhlhjuc hldexqZ_l ih^Zqm \ha^moZ. Dh]^Z hg \û-
oZ_l, \gmlj_gg__ ^Z\e_gb_ kgb`Z_lky b \g_rg__ ^Z\e_gb_ \hû aZ-
dju\Z_l deZiZg b h[jZlgh \dexqZ_l ihklmie_gb_ \ha^moZ. <ha^mo
ihklmiZ_l ^h l_o ihj ihdZ ^Z\e_gb_ \ deZiZg_ kh\iZ^Z_l k ^Z\e_gb-
_f \hû. AZl_f hg aZdju\Z_lky.
2. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ gm`gmx nhjfm. I_j_\_^bl_ l_dkl gZ
jmkkdbc yaud \ ibkvf_gghc nhjf_.
Meeting
Running
Pretending
meeting
Coming
Preventing
To follow
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Meeting
Doing
Coming
Speaking
Y i_j_reZ mebpm, qlh[u ba[_`Zlv \klj_qb k gbf, gh hg m\b^_e
f_gy b ih^[_`Ze d fg_. Ijbl\hjylvky, qlh y _]h g_ aZf_lbeZ, [ueh
[_kihe_agh, ihwlhfm y _fm ihfZoZeZ. Fg_ gbdh]^Z g_ gjZ\blky
\klj_qZlv Lhgb ;mrZ. G_ \Z`gh gZkdhevdh lu [ue aZgylZ, hg \k_]^Z
gZklZb\Ze gZ lhf, qlh[u ihclb k lh[hc. Fg_ gm`gh [ueh ijb^mfZlv
kihkh[ ihf_rZlv _fm ke_^h\Zlv aZ fghc \k_ mljh.
Ijb\_l, Lhgb, kdZaZeZ y. IjbylgZy \klj_qZ!
Ijb\_l, FZj]Zj_l, hl\_lbe Lhgb. Y dZd jZa ^mfZe, dZd ijh-
\_klb mljh ^h lh]h, dZd m\b^_e l_[y. Lu g_ aZgylZ gbq_f, g_ lZd eb?
G_l, hl\_lbeZ y. Y b^m.
Lu g_ \hajZ`Z_rv, _keb y ihc^m k lh[hc? kijhkbe hg ^h lh-
]h dZd y aZdhgqbeZ ]h\hjblv.
1) She seems to have forgotten about our meeting.
2) He seemed to very happy.
3) The journey to Australia happened to be very interesting.
4) The songs of The Beetles are believed to be always popular.
5) The doctor happened to be on board.
6) She seems not to be angry with us.
7) They seem to have been friends before.
8) The book is likely to be in the library.
9) They are certain to be back by Sunday.
10) What your mother liked to do (was fond of doing) when she was
young?
11) Do you remember him coming this week?
12) What is worth seeing in your city?
13) Did she succeed in buying this book?
14) He always avoids speaking on this topic, doesnt he?
15) They went on talking without taking any notice of him.
16) Dont give up swimming.
17) Tatyana couldnt help falling in love with Onegin.
18) I called but Misha was busy fixing the TV set.
Lesson 11
2
1) Dlh Z\lhj wlh]h ibkvfZ?
The author of this letter is Emily Anderson. (:\lhj ibkvfZ Wfb-
eb :g^_jkhg).
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2) Dhfm hgh gZibkZgh?
The letter is written to Jill. (Wlh ibkvfh gZibkZgh >`be).
3) H q_f wlh ibkvfh?
This letter is about the debating team of which Emily is a member. (Wlh
ibkvfh h ^bkdmkkbhgghc dhfZg^_, qe_ghf dhlhjhc y\ey_lky Wfbeb).
4) Dh]^Z Wfbeb \i_j\u_ gZqZeZ mqZkl\h\Zlv \ rdhevguo ^_[ZlZo?
Emily began inter-school debating when she was in 9 Year. Wfbeb
\i_j\u_ gZqZeZ mqZkl\h\Zlv \ rdhevguo ^_[ZlZo, dh]^Z [ueZ \ 9
deZkk_).
5) Ihq_fm hgZ j_rbeZ wlbf aZgylvky?
She decided to take it up because she wanted to improve her public
speaking skills. (HgZ j_rbeZ wlbf aZgylvky, ihlhfm qlh hgZ ohl_eZ
memqrblv k\hb gZ\udb \ im[ebqguo \uklmie_gbyo).
6) Qlh agZqbl [ulv lj_lvbf, dlh \uklmiZ_l?
To be the third speaker in the team means to rebut the other team and to
summarize the arguments of one`s team. (;ulv lj_lvbf, dlh \uklmiZ_l
AgZqbl hijh\_j]Zlv ^h\hû hiihg_glh\ b kmffbjh\Zlv Zj]mf_g-
lu k\h_c dhfZgû).
7) Ihq_fm Wfbeb gjZ\blky [ulv lj_lvbf, dlh \uklmiZ_l?
She likes it because she gets the last word. (?c wlh gjZ\blky, ihlhfm
qlh hgZ ihemqZ_l ihke_^g__ keh\h).
Lesson 12
1) Every state and territory in Australia makes its own education laws.
2) Australia and the USA have public schools and private schools.
3) In Australia children between ages of five and fifteen are required
to attend school.
4) Australias school year consists of four terms and begins in February.
5) There are two weeks of holidays between terms
6) Secondary school in Australia consists of grade seven through twelve.
7) Schools where one teacher may teach all grades are located in the
country.
6. Ijhqlbl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ l_dkl. AZl_f h[km^bl_ _]h k h^gh-
deZkkgbdZfb.
:dl h Ijh]jZffZo Kj_^gbo Rdhe \ Ih^^_j`dm K\h[hû.
Kha^Zgguc k_gZlhjhf ;j_êb \ 1992 ]h^m, ESASSP, bkihevah-
\Zeky r_klv e_l. Ijh]jZffZ, dhlhjuc kihgkbjm_l BgnhjfZpbhggh_
Z]_glkl\h KR: b mijZ\ey_l :f_jbdZgkdbc Kh\_l Ij_ih^Z\Zl_e_c
Jmkkdh]h YaudZ, :f_jbdZgkdbc p_glj Khljm^gbq_kl\Z \ h[eZklb
H[jZah\Zgby b Bamq_gby yaudh\, iha\hey_l ijb[ebabl_evgh 900
klm^_glZf klZjrbo deZkkh\ Jhkkbb mqblvky \ KR: h^bg mq_[guc
]h^.
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P_evx bkke_^h\Zgby [ueh magZlv, kbevgh eb \eby_l ]h^ h[mq_-
gby \ :f_jbd_ gZ ihe_ bamq_gby klm^_glZ b _]h p_eb \ dZjv_j_, b dZ-
db_ \i_qZle_gby hklZxlky ihke_ Zf_jbdZgkdbo rdhe. Bf lZd`_ aZ-
^Z\Zeb \hijhku h lhf, \ dZdhf deZkk_ hgb [ueb \ :f_jbd_ b ^hfZ,
dZdb_ ij_^f_lu bf [hevr_ / f_gvr_ \k_]h ihgjZ\bebkv \ Zf_jbdZg-
kdbo kj_^gbo aZ\_^_gbyo, b bamqZxl eb hgb Zg]ebckdbc yaud.
J_amevlZlu bkke_^h\Zgby ihdZaZeb, qlh h^bg ]h^ h[mq_gby g_ baf_-
gbe iheghklvx j_r_gby mq_gbdh\ \u[hj_ lh]h, qlh hgb [m^ml bamqZlv \
mgb\_jkbl_l_, gh ihfh]eh [he__ lhqgh hij_^_eblv gZijZ\e_gb_. GZ-
ijbf_j, 155 mq_gbdh\ ohl_eb bamqZlv bghkljZggu_ yaudb, ij_`^_ q_f
hgb m_oZeb, ihke_ \ha\jZs_gby wlZ pbnjZ mf_gvrbeZkv ^h 11%, Z mq_-
gbdh\, ohl_\rbo bamqZlv f_`^mgZjh^gu_ hlghr_gby \ujhkeZ k 12% ^h
16%. >h ih_a^db, mq_gbdb jZkkfZljb\Zeb dZjv_jm, k\yaZggmx kh agZgb-
_f Zg]ebckdh]h yaudZ lhevdh k lhqdb aj_gby ebg]\bklbdb, gh k_cqZk
hgb ieZgbjmxl ijbf_gblv agZgby yaudZ \ f_`^mgZjh^guo ijhn_kkbyo.
L_f g_ f_g__ [hevrbgkl\h mq_gbdh\ ohl_eb ihklmiZlv gZ wdhghfbq_-
kdb_ nZdmevl_lu b ^h ih_a^db aZ ]jZgbpm, b ihke_.
>\Z^pZlv ljb ijhp_glZ mq_gbdh\ \k_ _s_ g_ j_rbeb, d_f hgb oh-
lyl klZlv, b wlh [ueh kZfuf qZkluf hl\_lhf, bamq_gb_ [bag_kZ
(12%) [ue \lhjuf gZb[he__ qZkluf hl\_lhf. JZ[hlZ i_j_\h^qbdhf
[ueZ lj_lv_c ih ihimeyjghklb ijhn_kkb_c (6%0, dZjv_jZ \ xjbk-
ijm^_gpbb b mq_[Z aZ ]jZgbp_c q_l\_jluf b iyluf ih ihimeyj-
ghklb hl\_lZfb.
KjZ\g_gb_ Zf_jbdZgkdhc b jhkkbckdhc kbkl_f h[mq_gby [ue h^-
gbf ba \Z`g_crbo \hijhkh\ \ bkke_^h\Zgbb, gZ dhlhjuc mq_gbdb
bkke_^h\Zeb \ l_q_gbb ^he]h]h \j_f_gb. Ljb^pZlv r_klv ijhp_glh\
hijhr_gguo mq_gbdh\ kdZaZeb, qlh kZfZy [hevrZy jZagbpZ f_`^m
kbkl_fZfb ^\mo kljZg aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf, qlh mq_gbdb \ :f_jbd_
fh]ml \u[bjZlv ij_^f_lu. K\h[h^Z \hl ]eZ\gh_ keh\h, dhlhjh_
mq_gbdb mihlj_[eyeb dhff_glbjmy ^jm]b_ Zki_dlu h[jZah\Zl_evghc
kbkl_fu \ KR:: k\h[hû kha^Z\Zlv k\h_ jZkibkZgb_, k\h[h^Z mqZ-
kl\h\Zlv \h \g_ieZgh\uo f_jhijbylbyo, k\h[h^Z \ deZkk_, kms_kl-
\mxsZy f_`^m mqbl_e_f b mq_gbdZfb.
<k_f mq_gbdZf ihgjZ\beZkv Zlfhkn_jZ \ Zf_jbdZgkdbo rdheZo.
L_f g_ f_g__, 11% hibkZeb kbkl_fm \ KR: dZd e_]dmx b ^h[Z\-
eyeb, qlh ^he`gh [ulv [hevr_ h[yaZl_evguo ij_^f_lh\ b [hevr_
^hfZrg_c jZ[hlu. ?keb [u hgb fh]eb baf_gblv kbkl_fm h[jZah\Z-
gby \ KR:, hgb [u mklZgh\beb [he__ kljh]b_ klZg^Zjlu \ dhg-
ljhevguo b hp_gdZo (g_ jZaghh[jZaguc \u[hj beb \uklZ\e_gbx
hp_ghd ih ]jZnbdm), b m\_ebq_gb_ hkgh\guo lj_[h\Zgbc.
Dh]^Z bo kijhkbeb, dZd [u hgb ohl_eb baf_gblv kbkl_fm h[jZah-
\Zgby \ k\h_c kljZg_, hgb kdZaZeb, qlh ohl_eb [u \u[bjZlv ij_^f_-
lu b jZkibkZgb_ kZfb
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7. Qlh hgb ^mfZxl.
Y ^mfZx, qlh Zf_jbdZgkdb_ rdheu ^Zxl [hevr_ \hafh`ghkl_c
bamqZlv jZaebqgu_ ij_^f_lu, lZd qlh fh`gh \u[jZlv ij_^f_lu, dh-
lhju_ l_[_ bgl_j_kgu b dhlhju_ l_[_ ihgZ^h[ylky \ [m^ms_c ijh-
n_kkbb. (?dZl_jbgZ Ljhnbfh\Z, Dmj]Zg)
Kihjl b]jZ_l kebrdhf \Z`gmx jhev \ Zf_jbdZgkdbo rdheZo.
Mqblvky ^_ckl\bl_evgh e_]dh. (?e_gZ K_f_gh\Z, B`_\kd).
< :f_jbd_ fg_ ijboh^behkv ^_eZlv gZfgh]h f_gvr_, q_f \ Jh-
kbb. (Hev]Z Gba_g[Zmf, <eZ^b\hklhd)
Fbj, ex[h\v, <m^klhd, bkdmkkl\h, ^_lb b fgh]h aZfhjh`_ggh]h
ch]mjlZ. (BjbgZ H]mjqbdh\Z, Gh\]hjh^)
Fh_ ij_[u\Zgb_ \ RlZlZo f_gy kbevgh baf_gbeh. >_eh [ueh g_
\ lhf, qlh wlh KR:, Z \ lhf, qlh y lZf [ue kZf ih k_[_. (:gZlhebc
Kl_nZgh\bq, Lvxf_g)
Y ^h wl]h g_ agZe dZdh\h [ulv g_aZ\bkbfuf. Y ^fZx, qlh wlh
[ue aZf_qZl_evguc hiul!2 (GZlZevy ;hjabdh\Z, Kudlu\dZj)
Wlh ]h^, dhlhjuc y ijh\_e \ KR:, ihfh] fg_ m\b^_lv imlv, ih
dhlhjhfm y kh[bjZxkv ihclb. (N_ebdk :]Zdh\, Q_[hdkZju)
Y [u ohl_e, qlh[u \k_ Zf_jbdZgpu magZeb, qlh hgb g_ fh]ml ih-
_oZlv \ ?\jhim gZ fZrbg_! (@ZggZ EbiZlh\Z, <eZ^bfbj)
Y ih^mfu\Zx h lhf, qlh[u 1) klZlv fwjhf HfkdZ, 2) djmiguf
[bag_kf_ghf, dhlhjuc kfh`_l ihfhqv k\h_c kljZg_, b dhlhjuc ih-
fh`_l, g_kfhljy gb gZ qlh (FZdk <Zjlp_\, Hfkd)
1) Students living far from the city attend Schools of the Air.
2) When its time for school they listen to the teacher on the radio.
3) Students answer questions over the microphone.
4) The teacher assigns homework to do.
5) Having done homework, the students mail it to the teacher.
6) Then the teacher discusses the homework over the microphone
corrects it and sends it back.
Homework
1. GZdhg_p-lh ijbreZ \_kgZ. K\_lbl khegp_, ilbpu ihxl, k\k_
p\_l_l. Y kqZkleb\. Q_j_a f_kyp aZdhgqZlky aZgylby. K_cqZk y ^mfZy,
qlh y [m^m kdmqZlv ih rdhe_ e_lhf. Q_]h fg_ [m^_l g_ o\ZlZlv? Fhy
rdheZ kZfZy h[uqgZy. LZdZy, dZdmx fh`gh m\b^_lv \h \k_o fZe_gv-
dbo ]hjh^Zo. Wlh q_luj_owlZ`gh_ a^Zgb_, gbq_f g_ \u^_eyxs__ky
kgZjm`b, gh ijb\e_dZl_evgh_ \gmljb. I_j\uc wlZ` ij_^gZagZq_g
êy mq_gbdh\ feZ^rbo deZkkh\. ;b[ebhl_dZ b dZn_l_jbc lh`_ gZoh-
^ylky gZ i_j\hf wlZ`_. D g_fm ijbfudZ_l kihjlaZe. GZr kihjlaZe
^_ckl\bl_evgh ohjhrbc b mq_gbdZf lZf \k_]^Z jZû. :]Z. <hl i_j-
\h_, q_]h fg_ [m^_l g_ o\ZlZlv. Fh_]h lj_g_jZ ih [Zkd_l[hem b fh_c
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dhfZgû. GZrZ [Zkd_l[hevgZy dhfZg^Z mqZkl\h\ZeZ \h fgh]bo kh-
j_\gh\Zgbyo b \k_]^Z ih[_`^ZeZ.
GZ i_j\hf wlZ`_ lZd`_ gZoh^ylky rdhevgu_ fZkl_jkdb_, ]^_ ^_-
\hqdb mqZlky rblv, Z fu jZ[hlZ_f k ^_j_\hf b f_lZeehf. Fg_ g_
m^Zeky wlhl ij_^f_l. Y lhqgh g_ [m^m kdmqZlv ih gZrbf rdhevguf
fZkl_jkdbf.
Gh _klv _s_ h^gZ \_sv, dhlhjhc fg_ [m^_l g_ o\ZlZlv. Qlh wlh?
GZ \lhjhf wlZ`_ fh_c rdheu gZoh^ylky dZ[bg_lu jZaebqguo ij_^-
f_lh\: fZl_fZlbdb, ebl_jZlmju, nbabdb, bklhjbb, Zg]ebckdh]h yau-
dZ. <h \j_fy rdhevgh]h ]h^Z y gbdh]^Z g_ aZoh`m \ dZ[bg_l fZl_fZ-
lbdb, _keb m f_gy g_l lZf mjhdZ. Y g_ ex[ex fZl_fZlbdm. HgZ
keh`gZy b y fZeh qlh ihgbfZx.
: wlh gZr dZ[bg_l Zg]ebckdh]h. Y hq_gv ex[ex Zg]ebckdbc
yaud. Y ijh\h`m fgh]h \j_f_gb \ wlhf dZ[bg_l_ ihke_ lh]h, dZd
mjhd aZdhgqbeky. Fhy mqbl_evgbpZ ih Zg]ebckdhfm yaudm hq_gv mf-
gZy, djZkb\Zy b wg_j]bqgZy.
GZ __ mjhdZo fu fgh]h_ magZ_f h[ :g]ebb b :f_jbd_, qblZ_f b jZa-
]h\Zjb\Z_f. KemrZlv ex^_c ]h\hjysbo gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_, Z aZl_f
hl\_qZlv gZ bo \hijhku hq_gv bgl_j_kgh. Fu lZd`_ kfhljbf \b^_h-
nbevfu gZ Zg]ebckdhf yaud_, b aZl_f h[km`^Z_f bo. < wlhf ]h^m gZ
mjhdZo Zg]ebckdh]h y \umqbe g_kdhevdh Zf_jbdZgkdbo i_k_g b ihlhf
i_e bo gZ \_q_jbgd_. Wlh [ueh aZf_qZl_evgh. <k_f ihgjZ\behkv.
GZ lj_lv_f wlZ`_ gZoh^ylky dZ[bg_lu êy klZjrbo deZkkh\.
: \hl _s_ h^gZ \_sv, dhlhjZy fg_ gjZ\blky \ fh_c rdhe_. Wlh
gZr rdhevguc kZ^. Y [u ohl_e, qlh[u \u _]h m\b^_eb \_kghc. LZf
_klv y[ehgb b \brgb b hgb k_cqZk \ p\_lm. Fu jZ[hlZ_f \ g_f k Zi-
j_ey ih hdly[jv dZ`ûc ]h^. Gm, ^mfZx, gZ k_]h^gy ^hklZlhqgh.
Fg_ ihjZ b^lb kiZlv, ihlhfm qlh aZ\ljZ \ 9 qZkh\ m f_gy i_j\uc wd-
aZf_g. Y k^Zf \k_ wdaZf_gu d 6 bxgy b [m^m k\h[h^_g.
1) <ZrZ rdheZ gZoh^blky \ ^_j_\g_ beb \ ]hjh^_?
My school is in the town.
2) HgZ gh\Zy beb klZjZy?
Its rather old.
3) DZd hgZ \u]ey^bl?
It looks plain outside.
4) ?klv eb i_j_^ rdhehc qlh-gb[m^v?
There is garden in front of my school.
5) Qlh gZoh^blky gZ dZ`^hf wlZ`_ rdheu?
On the ground floor there is a cloakroom, a canteen, doctors office.
The gymnasium is attached to it. on the first floor there are also
workshops where boys try to create something of wood or metal and girls
sew or knit. The first floor is for junior pupils. On the third and the fourth
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floor there are classrooms for different subjects. The hall is also on the
fourth floor. Various meetings and concerts are held there.
6) M \Zk _klv ex[bfZy deZkkgZy dhfgZlZ?
Yes, I do. It is our English classroom.
7) Ihq_fm hgZ \Zf gjZ\blky?
I like it because it is a bright room, decorated with cheerful pictures
and posters. There are a lot of plants in it.
8) DZdhc m \Zk ex[bfuc ij_^f_l? Ihq_fm?
My favourite subject is English. Its interesting to read and listen in
English.
9) Q_f \u aZgbfZ_l_kv gZ mjhdZo Zg]ebckdh]h?
We read, write and discuss texts. We also listen to tapes and watch films in
English. We play different games imagining that we are some other people.
9) Bgl_j_kgu eb \Zrb mjhdb Zg]ebckdh]h yaudZ?
Yes, they are. Our teacher is clever and enthusiastic, she always
invents something new so it is never boring at her classes.
10) Qlh \u ihdZ`_l_ ^jm]m ba ^jm]h]h ]hjh^Z, _keb hg ijb^_l \
\Zrm rdhem?
I would show him out wall paper which contains different articles
written by pupils and drawings.
11) <u [m^_l_ \kihfbgZlv k\hx rdhem e_lhf?
Yes, I will.
3. My school
My school begins at 9.30 a.m. and ends at 2.40 p.m. we have a break
for lunch in the middle of the day. I go to school by bus.
I like my school because we all get along with each other. I enjoy
spending time with my friends at school. I also like my teachers. We do
not wear uniform and I think its good because pupils can express their
individuality.
Our school building is rather old. It looks plain outside. There is
garden in front of my school. There are apple trees, which are in blossom
in spring.
On the ground floor there is a cloakroom, a canteen, doctors office. The
gymnasium is attached to it. on the first floor there are also workshops where
boys try to create something of wood or metal and girls sew or knit. The first
floor is for junior pupils. On the third and the fourth floor there are
classrooms for different subjects. The hall is also on the fourth floor. Various
meetings and concerts are held there. The library is also on the fourth floor. It
is large and lit with sunlight. I go there to look for extra material after school.
I can also find there interesting books to read.
My favourite subject is English. We read, write and discuss texts. We
also listen to tapes and watch films in English. We play different games
imagining that we are some other people. Our teacher is clever and
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enthusiastic, she always invents something new so it is never boring at
her classes.
Lesson 13
1) DZd \u kqblZ_l_, \ dZdhf \hajZkl_ j_[_gdm emqr_ \k_]h ihclb
\ rdhem?
I think the best age for a child to go to school is 7.
2) >he`gu eb [ulv ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_ b qZklgu_ rdheu?
Yes, I think there should be different types of schools to make a choice.
3) >he`gu eb mq_gbdb ghkblv nhjfm?
No, I think pupils should not wear uniforms. Children should wear
clothes which they feel comfortable in.
4) <Zf gjZ\ylky \Zrb mq_[gbdb? DZdhc \Zr ex[bfuc mq_[gbd?
Yes, I do. I like my English textbook. It is well designed and contains
a lot of interesting and useful information.
5) Ihq_fm ijh]jZffbklu ba Jhkkbb e_]dh fh]ml gZclb jZ[hlm aZ
]jZgbp_c?
Programmers from Russia can easily find the job overseas because
computers are necessary in every field now.
6) ?keb \u m \Zk [ue \u[hj, dZdhc rdhe_ \u [u aZohl_eb mqblv-
ky: \ Zf_jbdZgkdhc, Z\kljZebckdhc, jmkkdhc beb Zg]ebckdhc?
If I were given a choice Id choose Russian school.
Lesson 14
2. <klZ\vl_ ijhims_ggu_ keh\Z.
1) Melbourne
2) Multicultural
3) Culture Capital
4) The Victorian Arts Centre
5) Melbourne zoo
6) January and February
7) 7 to 11
8) bottle green pullover, grey shirt, grey school trousers or shorts,
black leather shoes and the College baseball jacket.
9) Bottle green pullover, brown shoes, College baseball jacket. In summer
a school dress or a white shirt and bottle green pleated shorts. In winter a white
shirt and either the school tartan skirt or dark green tailored trousers.
10) Team sports, athletics, swimming, cross country competitions,
school orchestra, music ensembles, debating team and student
government.
11) Home Economics
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12) To develop skills in food preparation and gain an understanding
of health issues.
13) Crocodile Bread
14) Barbeque
15) a debating team
16) a play school
17) primary
18) private
19) state
20) education
21) private and public
22) 6 to 15
23) four
24) February, December
25) seven through twelve
3. AZihegbl_ lZ[ebpm Qlh \u agZ_l_ h ba\_klguo bah[j_l_-
gbyo?
Bah[j_l_
gb_
Bah[j_l_gh GZpbhgZe
vghklv
>ZlZ P_ev
Tape re-
corder
1898
television John Logie Baird
Vladimir Zwo-
rykin
1926,
1925
1928
Electric
light bulb
Scottish,
American
To provide an electric light
source, to replace gas light or
candles
Thomas Adams American In the
1870s
To silently exercise the jaws
camera 1826 To preserve a photographic image
CHAPTER 3
Lesson 1
3. 1) ?]h ijhbaghr_gb_ g_evay [ukljh bkijZ\blv. (kihkh[ghklv)
2) Wg^jx g_ fh] h^he`blv Wgg ^_gv]b. (kihkh[ghklv)
3) <u fh`_l_ hklZ\blv dexq gZ klhcd_. (\hafh`ghklv, jZaj_r_gb_)
4) Ba\bgbl_, fh]m y \Zf ihfhqv? (\hafh`ghklv, jZaj_r_gb_)
5) HgZ g_ kfh`_l iha\hgblv aZ\ljZ. ?_ g_l \ ]hjh^_. (kihkh[ghklv)
6) Y g_ fh] ih\_jblv, qlh hgZ \ureZ aZfm` aZ Jh[_jlZ. (kihkh[-
ghklv)
7) HgZ kmf__l hijh\_j]gmlv? (kihkh[ghklv)
8) Dh]^Z hg kfh`_l dmiblv fZrbgm? (kihkh[ghklv)
9) Wlh]h j_[_gdZ g_evay [ueh gZdZau\Zlv. (kihkh[ghklv)
10) Hgb kfh]ml bki_qv Djhdh^beh\uc Oe_[? (kihkh[ghklv)
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11) Hgb g_ fh]eb g_ \hkobsZlvky :\kljZeb_c. (kihkh[ghklv)
Homework
1) could not; 2) could; 3) cant; 4) cannot; 5) will be able; 6) will be
able; 7) can be published; 8) can / could.
1) You cant smoke here.
2) He can work 8 hours.
3) This TV set cant be repaired.
4) Could you give me another pair of shoes?
5) Sorry, I couldnt call you in the morning.
6) Im afraid he wont be able to help you.
7) If you go to Australia you will be able to see a kangaroo.
8) The contract can be signed this week.
9) When will she be able to answer Johns letter?
10) I couldnt do anything because I wasnt able to work.
11) Where could I meet you?
12) Nothing can be done in this case.
13) Is you cant explain it in English, I will help you.
5. Ijhqlbl_ jZkkdZa. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud. KhklZ\vl_
7 \hijhkh\ b hl\_lvl_ gZ gbo.
< 1929 ]h^m ihke_ k\h_]h ihe_lZ gZ^ K_\_jguf ihexkhf, Zf_jb-
dZgkdbc bkke_^h\Zl_ev J.?. ;bj^, mki_rgh kh\_jrbe ihe_l gZ^
X`guf Ihexkhf \ i_j\uc jZa. B ohly kgZqZeZ ;bj^ b _]h ex^b
kfh]eb k^_eZlv fgh]h nhlh]jZnbc ]hj, e_`Zsbo ih^ gbfb, kdhjh m
gbo gZqZebkv g_ijbylghklb. < dZdhc-lh fhf_gl dZaZehkv, qlh kZfh-
e_l jZah[v_lky. Hg fh] i_j_e_l_lv q_j_a ]hju, lhevdh ih^gy\rbkv
gZ \ukhlm 10000 nmlh\. ;bj^ kjZam `_ ijbdZaZe k\hbf ex^yf \u-
[jhkblv ^\Z [hevrbo f_rdZ k _^hc. Lh]^Z kZfhe_l kfh] ih^gylvky b
i_j_e_l_lv ]hju gZ \ukhl_ 100 nmlh\ gZ^ gbfb. L_i_jv ;bj^ agZe,
qlh kfh`_l ^hklbqv X`gh]h IhexkZ, dhlhjuc [ue gZ jZkklhygbb
300 fbev, ihlhfm qlh \i_j_^b [hevr_ g_ [ueh ]hj. KZfhe_l fh] e_-
l_lv gZ^ [_kdhg_qgufb [_eufb jZ\gbgZfb [_a keh`ghkl_c.
1) When did R.E. Byrd fly over the South Pole? R.E. Byrd flew
over the South Pole in 1929.
2) Were Byrd and his men able to make a great many photos? Yes,
they were.
3) In what case could the plane to get over the mountains? It could
get over the mountains only if it rose to 10000 feet.
4) What did Byrd order? He ordered to throw out the food sacks.
5) Was the plane to rise after that? Yes, it was.
6) Did Byrd know that he would reach the South Pole? Yes, he did.
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7) Was it difficult for the aircraft to fly over the plains? No, it
could fly over it without difficulty.
Lesson 2
Homework
1. 1) Lu ^he`_g [ulv ^hfZ d 7 qZkZf. (^he`_gkl\h\Zgb_)
2) Wlh ijZ\beh gm`gh h[tykgblv _s_ jZa. (^he`_gkl\h\Zgb_)
3) Hg \u]ey^bl [e_^guf. ?fm gm`gh koh^blv d \jZqm. (^he`_g-
kl\h\Zgb_)
4) <u g_ ^he`gu a^_kv dmjblv. (ijbdZaZgb_)
5) ?c gm`gh fgh]h jZ[hlZlv, qlh[u aZjZ[hlZlv ^_gv]b. (^he`_g-
kl\h\Zgb_)
6) <u g_ ^he`gu wlh ljh]Zlv. Wlh hq_gv ojmidZy \_sv. (ijbdZaZgb_)
7) HgZ g_ ^he`gu aZ[ulv hlijZ\blv wlb ibkvfZ. Wlh hq_gv \Z`-
gh. (^he`_gkl\h\Zgb_)
8) GZf g_ gm`gh lhjhiblvky. K_cqZk \k_]h 3 qZkZ. (\ugm`^_gghklv)
9) L_[_ gm`gh [m^_l ij_^mij_^blv __. (\ugm`^_gghklv)
10) Bf g_ gm`gh [ueh `^Zlv f_gy. Y agZe ^hjh]m. (\ugm`^_gghklv)
11) <Zf g_ gm`gh hl^Z\Zlv fg_ wlh aZ\ljZ. Fg_ wlh g_ ihgZ^h-
[blky. (\ugm`^_gghklv)
12) Wlh hq_gv ihimeyjguc j_klhjZg. GZf gm`gh [m^_l aZdZaZlv
klhebd. (\ugm`^_gghklv)
13) Y ^he`_g k^_eZlv wlh k_cqZk? G_l, g_ gm`gh. (ijbdZaZgb_,
g_h[oh^bfhklv)
14) L_[_ gm`gh [m^_l jZ[hlZlv \ \hkdj_k_gv_? (\ugm`^_gghklv)
15) GZk ^he`gu [ueb \klj_lblv \ 8.30, gh hg g_ ijbr_e. (^he-
`_gkl\h\Zgb_ \ kbem ^h]h\hj_gghklb)
16) Ih_a^ ^he`_g ijbclb \ 12.15. (^he`_gkl\h\Zgb_ \ kbem ieZgZ)
17) Y g_ fh]m ihclb k lh[hc. Fhc ^jm] ^he`_g iha\hgblv q_j_a
iheqZkZ. (^he`_gkl\h\Zgb_ \ kbem ^h]h\hj_gghklb)
18) Fu ^he`gu [m^_f kdZaZlv _c ijZ\^m. (\ugm`^_gghklv)
19) Y ^he`_g hiylv ijbclb? (\ugm`^_gghklv)
20) <Zf g_ gm`gh gbq_]h fg_ h[tykgylv. Y \k_ ihgbfZx. (g_h[-
oh^bfhklv)
21) ?keb \Zf g_ gjZ\blky khd, \Zf g_ h[yaZl_evgh _]h iblv. (g_-
h[oh^bfhklv)
22) Fg_ gm`gh kdZaZlv wlh _s_ jZa? (g_h[oh^bfhklv)
23) <k_ \ ihjy^d_. G_ gm`gh [_kihdhblvky. (g_h[oh^bfhklv)
24) ?fm gm`gh bkijZ\eylv ijhbaghr_gb_? (g_h[oh^bfhklv)
25) ?keb l_[_ ijb^_lky hklZlvky a^_kv, hklZ\v fg_ ih`ZemcklZ
aZibkdm. (\ugm`^_gghklv)
26) ?keb ihc^_l ^h`^v, l_[_ ijb^_lky hklZlvky ^hfZ. (\ugm`-
^_gghklv)
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27) Hg g_ m\_j_g, qlh _fm ijb^_lky k^Z\Zlv wdaZf_g ih bklhjbb.
(\ugm`^_gghklv)
1) dont have to; 2) must I do; 3) mustnt; 4) have to; 5) do I have to;
6) did you have to; 7) will have to; 8) is the train to; 9) have to; 10) will
have to; 11) neednt ; 12) do I need.
3. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud. <umqbl_ gZbamklv.
Reyiy
Lu gZau\Z_rv wlh reyihc? kdZaZe y k\h_c `_g_.
Kh\k_f g_ h[yaZl_evgh [ulv ]jm[uf ih wlhfm ih\h^m, hl\_-
lbeZ fg_ `_gZ, kfhljykv \ a_jdZeh.
Y k_e gZ h^bg ba wlbo kh\j_f_gguo klmev_\ k ûjdZfb b klZe
`^Zlv. Fu gZoh^bebkv \ fZ]Zabg_ m`_ iheqZkZ, Z fhy `_gZ \k_ _s_
klhyeZ i_j_^ a_jdZehf.
Fu g_ ^he`gu ihdmiZlv \_sb, _keb hgb gZf g_ gm`gu,
\^jm] aZf_lbe y. B ihqlb kjZam ih`Ze_e h[ wlhf.
Lu g_ ^he`_g lZd ]h\hjblv, hl\_lbeZ fhy `_gZ. Fg_ g_ gm`-
gh gZihfbgZlv l_[_ h lhf m`Zkghf ]Zeklmd_, dhlhjuc lu dmibe \q_jZ.
Y kqblZx, qlh hg djZkb\uc, kdZaZe y. =Zeklmdh\ m fm`qb-
gu g_ [u\Z_l kebrdhf fgh]h.
: m `_gsbgu g_ [u\Z_l kebrdhf fgh]h reyihd, hl\_lbeZ
hgZ.
Kimkly ^_kylv fbgml fu \f_kl_ \ureb ba fZ]ZabgZ. GZ fh_c `_-
g_ [ueZ reyidZ, dhlhjZy \u]ey^_eZ dZd fZyd!
Lesson 3
Homework
4
1) L_[_ gm`gh ihkfhlj_lv nbevf. Hg klhbl lh]h.
2) GZeblv \Zf _s_ qZx? G_l, kiZkb[h.
3) >_\mrdb l\h_]h \hajZklZ g_ ^he`gu kfhlj_lv lZdb_ nbevfu.
4) Y ^mfZx, l_[_ ke_^m_l khh[sblv jh^bl_eyf, ]^_ lu gZoh^brvky.
5) Hg ]h\hjbl, qlh fg_ ke_^m_l [ulv hklhjh`g__.
6) Fg_ i_j_a\hgblv _fm?
7) Fh`_l [ulv lu klZg_rv ibkZl_e_f dh]^Z-gb[m^v.
8) Y kijhkbe _]h, fh`gh eb fg_ iha\hgblv _fm.
9) Fh]m y ^Zlv \Zf k\hx \babldm?
10) Kdhevdh gm`gh aZieZlblv \h^bl_ex?
11) Jh[_jl g_ kf_e ihkfhlj_lv fZl_jb \ ebph.
12) HgZ [ueZ lZd jZkk_j`_gZ, qlh lhevdh FZj]j_l hkf_ebeZkv aZ-
]h\hjblv k g_c.
13) L_[_ ke_^m_l kijhkblv jZaj_r_gby, ij_`^_ q_f \uclb ba-aZ klheZ.
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5. Ijhqlbl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ jZkkdZa. Ijb^mfZcl_ gZa\Zgb_. AZ-
^Zcl_ 5 \hijhkh\. I_j_kdZ`bl_ jZkkdZa.
Be careful about your wishes.
H^gZ`û `be ^Z [ue q_eh\_d, m dhlhjh]h [ueZ g_fZy `_gZ, b wlh
_]h hq_gv i_qZebeh, ihlhfm qlh hg __ hq_gv ex[be. Q_j_a dZdh_-lh
\j_fy hg ihr_e d ^hdlhjm b kdZaZe: <u fh`_l_ k^_eZlv lZd, qlh[u
fhy `_gZ aZ]h\hjbeZ? <hafh`gh, fh]m. <u fh`_l_ ihijh[h-
\Zlv, kdZaZe fm`. Y ijb\_^m __ aZ\ljZ.
GZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv ^hdlhj ijh\_e hi_jZpbx, b g_fZy `_gZ gZ-
qZeZ ]h\hjblv. HgZ ]h\hjbeZ lZd fgh]h b lZd ]jhfdh, qlh q_j_a g_-
kdhevdh qZkh\ fm` ih[_`Ze h[jZlgh d ^hdlhjm b kdZaZe: <u fh`_-
l_ fhx `_gm k^_eZlv hiylv g_fhc? g_l, kdZaZe ^hdlhj.
kms_kl\m_l fgh]h kihkh[h\ aZklZ\blv g_fmx `_gsbgm aZ]h\hjblv,
gh gb h^gh]h, qlh[u aZklZ\blv `_gsbgm aZfheqZlv. Qlh `_ fg_
^_eZlv? kijhkbe fm`qbgZ, y kdhjh mfjm, _keb fg_ ijb^_lky
kemrZlv __ p_euc ^_gv. Gm, kdZaZe ^hdlhj, Y g_ fh]m k^_-
eZlv __ hiylv g_fhc, gh y fh]m k^_eZlv \Zk ]emobf, b \Zf g_ gm`gh
[m^_l __ kemrZlv. Hq_gv ohjhrh, kdZaZe fm`qbgZ, k^_-
eZcl_ wlh. LZd [m^_l emqr_.
1) What made the amn sad?
2) What did he ask doctor to do?
3) Why did the wife began to speak?
4) Why did the man came to the doctor again?
5) What did he ask him to do this time?
Lesson 6
L_kl (1 mjh\_gv)
1) G_ fh] [u y ih]h\hjblv k fbkl_jhf ;jZmghf? 2) Fh]m y kijh-
kblv, dlh wlh? 3) JZ[hlm gm`gh k^_eZlv k_]h^gy. 4) <Zf g_ gm`gh
\klZ\Zlv \ 7 mljZ. 5) Ba\bgbl_, gh \Zf ijb^_lky ih^h`^Zlv.
6) Ihq_fm _c gm`gh [ueh gZibkZlv _fm ibkvfh? 7) < dZdh_ \j_fy
^he`_g ijb[ulv ih_a^? 8) L_[_ ke_^m_l [ulv [he__ \_èb\uf.
9) Fg_ i_j_a\hgblv? G_l, g_ gm`gh.
2. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gh_ \j_fy.
1) wont be able to; 2) was to; 3) couldnt; 4) will you be able; 5) was
to; 6) have to; 7) were you to; 8) neednt .
3. Ijhqlbl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ l_dkl.
Ijb]hlh\vl_, ih`ZemcklZ, [be_lu, kdZaZe dhgljhee_j, \oh-
^y \ ih_a^. IhdZ dhgljhee_j ijh\_jye [be_lu, h^bg ba iZkkZ`bjh\
rZjbe ih dZjfZgZf. Dhgljhee_j ihkfhlj_e gZ g_]h, meu[gmeky b
kdZaZe: <u ^_j`bl_ _]h \ am[Zo, kwj. AZl_f hg \ur_e.
DZdhc \u jZkk_ygguc, kdZaZe h^bg iZkkZ`bj.
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H, g_l, kh\k_f g_l. Y ijhklh ijh`_\u\Ze g_ijZ\bevgmx ^Zlm.
L_kl (2 mjh\_gv)
1) I think you should talk to him once more. 2) Must I answer at once or I
can think it over? 3) Why does she have to work so much? 4) This article
muct ne translated today. 5) Sorry, I cant answer your question right now.
6) When will you be able to answer it? 7) The contract was to be signed
yesterday. 8) Can I give you advice? 9) How dares she to call us? 10) The
lecture is to begin at 10 a.m. 11) They couldnt help remembering Australia.
12) You dont need tom go anywhere. 13) What will I have to do if I agree?
14) She doubts if he will be able to some tomorrow.
2. I_j_\_^bl_ l_dkl. AZ^Zcl_ 5 \hijhkh\.
NjZgpma, dhlhjuc gZoh^beky \ :g]ebb ohl_e \_jgmlvky \h NjZg-
pbx ih fhjx. Gh m g_]h [ueh hq_gv fZeh ^_g_]. M g_]h [ueh lZd fZeh
^_g_], qlh hg fh] aZieZlblv lhevdh aZ [be_l. LZd dZd hg agZe, qlh ih-
_a^dZ aZcf_l \k_]h ^\Z ^gy, hg j_rbe gbq_]h g_ _klv wlb ^\Z ^gy.
Dh]^Z hg \aye [be_l b \ahr_e gZ dhjZ[ev ke_^mxsbf mljhf, hg
ihklZjZeky g_ keurZlv a\hghd gZ aZ\ljZd. Dh]^Z ijbreh \j_fy h[_-
^Z, hg [ue hq_gv ]heh^_g, gh hg g_ ihr_e \ klheh\mx. <_q_jhf hg
[ue _s_ ]heh^g__, gh dh]^Z hnbpbZgl ijbr_e iha\Zlv _]h gZ m`bg,
njZgpma kdZaZe, qlh hg [he_g.
GZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv njZgpma [ue hq_gv ]heh^_g. Y ihc^m b ih-
_f, ^Z`_ _keb hgb \udbgml f_gy \ fhj_, kdZaZe hg k_[_. Ihwlhfm
hg ihr_e \ klheh\mx gZ dhjZ[e_ b ihh[_^Ze. <_q_jhf hg ihm`bgZe,
gh hg hq_gv [hyeky [m^ms_]h, ihlhfm qlh hg g_ ieZlbe aZ _^m. <
dhgp_ dhgph\ hg h[jZlbeky d hnbpbZglm: Ijbg_kbl_ fg_ kq_l, ih-
`ZemcklZ. DZdhc kq_l? kijhkbe hnbpbZgl. AZ m`bg b aZ h[_^,
dhlhju_ y kt_e \ \Zr_c klheh\hc. G_ \hegmcl_kv, kwj. <u aZieZ-
lbeb aZ iblZgb_, dh]^Z dmibeb [be_l.
1) Did the Frenchman have much money?
2) What did he decide to do?
3) Did he eat during the first day of the trip?
4) Why was he afraid of his future?
5) What did the waiter tell him?
3. <u[_jbl_ gZa\Zgb_ êy jZkkdZaZ.
a) ;_^guc lmjbkl. b) JZkk_ygguc lmjbkl. c) Hg kwdhghfbe ^_gv]b.
L_kl (3 mjh\_gv)
1. BkijZ\vl_ hrb[db.
1) dont have tio; 2) must he; 3) couldnt; 4) can be / is to be; 5) will
he be able to do; 6) shall I give; 7) cant; 8) might; 9) is he to;
10) mustnt.
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Ju[heh\kl\h fhc ex[bfuc kihjl. Y qZklh qZkZfb eh\ex ju[m,
lZd gbq_]h b g_ ihcfZ\. Gh wlh f_gy g_ \hegm_l. G_dhlhjuf ju[heh\Zf
g_ \_a_l. <f_klh ju[u, hgb \ueZ\eb\Zxl klZju_ [ZrfZdb b fmkhj.
Fg_ _s_ f_gvr_ \_a_l. Y gbdh]^Z gbq_]h g_ \ueZ\eb\Zx, ^Z`_ klZjuo
[ZrfZdh\. Ijh\_^b g_kdhevdh jZa mljh gZ j_d_, y \k_]^Z ijboh`m ^h-
fhc k imklhc kmfdhc. Lu ^he`_g [jhkblv ju[Zedm, ]h\hjyl fg_
^jmavy. Wlh [_kihe_agZy ljZlZ \j_f_gb! gh hgb g_ ihgbfZxl h^ghc
\Z`ghc \_sb. Y gZ kZfhf ^_e_ g_ hq_gv bgl_j_kmxkv ju[Zedhc. Fg_
ijhklh gjZ\blky kb^_lv \ eh^d_ b gbq_]h g_ ^_eZlv!
3. <u[_jbl_ gZa\Zgb_ êy jZkkdZaZ.
a) Hg gbdh]^Z gbq_]h g_ eh\bl. b) G_\_amqbc ju[heh\. c) ?]h
oh[[b. d) Kb^y \ eh^d_.
Lesson 8
1. Hl\_lvl_ gZ ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku.
1) KZd ah\ml Z\lhjZ?
Tamara Alexandrovna Ventura.
2) =^_ hgZ `b\_l?
She lives in Sydney. (HgZ `b\_l \ Kb^g__).
3) Kdhevdh _c [ueh e_l, dh]^Z __ k_fvy i_j__oZeZ \ :\kljZebx?
She was 11 years old when her family came to Ayustralia. (?c [ueh
11 e_l, dh]^Z __ k_fvy i_j__oZeZ \ :\kljZebx).
4) Q_f hdjm`_gZ :\kljZeby?
Australia is surrounded by beaches, golden sand, palm trees and
magnificent islands. (:\kljZeby hdjm`_gZ iey`Zfb, ahehlufb i_kdZ-
fb, iZevfZfb b ij_djZkgufb hkljh\Zfb).
5) =^_ hgZ jZ[hlZ_l?
She works at David Jones department Store. (HgZ jZ[hlZ_l \ fZ]Z-
abg_ >w\b^ >`hgk).
6) LZf fgh]h ihk_lbl_e_c ba Jhkkbb?
Yes, there are.
7) DZd LZfZjZ ihfh]Z_l lmjbklZf ba Jhkkbb?
She acts as interpreter and meets people after work to show Russian
visitors around Sydney. (HgZ \uklmiZ_l \ jheb i_j_\h^qbdZ b \klj_-
qZ_lky k ex^vfb ihke_ jZ[hlu, qlh[u ihdZaZlv jmkkdbf lmjbklZf
Kb^g_c).
8) D_f [ue iZiZ LZfZju?
Tamara`s father was a Don Cossack. (IZiZ LZfZju [ue ^hgkdbf
dZaZdhf).
9) H q_f jZkkdZau\Ze _c __ iZiZ?
He told her about the Summer and Winter Palaces in St. Petersburg
and about the cathedrals with onion-like domes.
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(Hg jZkkdZau\Ze _c h E_lg_f b Abfg_f ^\hjpZo \ KZgdl I_l_j-
[mj]_ b h kh[hjZo k dmiheZfb \ \b^_ emdh\bq_d).
10) Ihq_fm LZfZjZ ex[bl :\kljZebx b Jhkkbx?
She loves Australia because it is her fatherland and she loves Russia
because it is her motherland. LZfZjZ ex[bl :\kljZebx, ihlhfm qlh
wlh __ hl_q_kl\h, b hgZ ex[bl Jhkkbx, ihlhfm qlh wlh __ jh^bgZ).
1) Sydney has one of the most spectacular harbours in the world.
2) The golden sunsets glitter on the water.
3) The white yachts sail lazily under the Sydney Harbour Bridge.
4) The centre of Sydney consists of tall, elegant buildings.
5) The centrepoint Tower stands majestically beside David Jones
Department Store. It is the most beautiful store in the world.
I live in Russia.
My place is called Moscow.
It is know as Moscow the white walled.
Lesson 9
3. AZihegbl_ ijhimkdb.
GZibkZgb_ LjZgkdjbipby I_j_\h^
Outstanding \u^Zxsbcky
In honour
<hkobs_gb_
In spite of
Affection Ijb\yaZgghklv
HaZ[hq_gguc
To be disturbed
Consequence Ihke_^kl\b_
<ugm`^Zlv
Seek BkdZlv
Ij_êh`blv
Eventually < dhgp_ dhgph\
1) He was an outstanding scientist, wasnt he?
2) She can be a devoted friend.
3) This street is named in honour of a great Russian scientist Kurchatov.
4) In spite of his age he could work hard.
5) His ill health forced him to cancel the trip.
6) Having got to know about the accident they were disturbed.
7) The consequences of the contacts with whites greatly influenced
the life of the natives.
8) She forced him to tell the truth.
9) He sought protection for aborigines.
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10) You should offer him your help.
11) He established a biological station.
12) Eventually she had to go to Germany, didnt she?
13) He felt great affection for this country.
Homework
2. His image will stay with me forever.
At the turn of the century people wanted a place where they could
totally relax.
You shouldnt judge people for what they wear.
He will be kicked out of the club for airing such opinions.
The leading scientist retired from his researches and went to live
in his estate in the country.
He dreamt of a faraway land with exotic plants and beautiful birds.
All his troubles were due to money and his creditors didnt leave
him alone.
He thought that she had a great deal of superstitions and considered
it best not to tell her anything.
The author created brilliant metaphors.
In conditions of security people forget their suspicions.
The editor of the magazine informed them that they had to work harder.
He strongly doubted that his dreams could be implemented.
The meeting lasted three hours. It was so boring that everyone
thought it was an eternity.
The young socialist didnt try to conceal his views.
Every Christian would consider it a sin.
The atmosphere in the gang was brotherly.
The city was his source of imagination.
He tried to spend his time with people, mainly in various cafes and pubs.
The reality always interferes with our dreams.
She wanted to return to her little village and breed little sheep.
I was bitterly disappointed by your behaviour.
It wasnt a truly kind thing, you had your interest in it.
Lesson 10
3. 1) The image of Australia can be judged by the ideas and opinions
of the leading Russian writers.
2) For Anton Chekhov Australia was a far away place where the
troubles of life did not reach.
3) He used Australia as a metaphor for rest and security.
4) Loe Tolstoy had a totally different view.
5) One of the very few Russian writers who had a chance to compare
his imagination to reality was Konstantin Balmont.
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4. Anton Chekhov
For Anton Chekhov Australia was a faraway land. He thought that the
troubles of life could not reach iot. He imagined Australia as a place of
reat and security. When he was at his estate he felt like he was at the end
of the world. It reminded him of Australia. There in his own little
Australia he felt good. The only thought that disturbed him was that his
creditors could kick him out of his Australia.
Leo Tolstoy
Tolstoy had a different view. He considered Australia a young society
and thought that it had an opportunity to implement his ideals. He wrote
to one Australian socialist that Australians had a chance to establish a
truly Christian and brotherly way of life. He thought that they could be
free from the sins of the world.
Konstantin Balmont, as many other Russian writes and poets,
thought of Australia as an exotic place and a source of imagination. He
was greatly disappointed to see that it was also a modern society. Which
bred sheep, made machines and built railroads.
Lesson 11 13
1. 1) a, the; 2) a, the; 3) an, a, ; 4) a, the; 5) ; 6) a, a, a; 7) .
2. 1) , , the; 2) ; 3) , ; 4) , ; 5) the; 6) , ;
7) , the; 8) , .
3. 1) ; 2) a; 3) ; 4) ; 5) .
4. =ZeZdlbdZ
Kheg_qgZy kbkl_fu y\ey_lky ebrv fZe_gvdhc qZklvx h]jhfghc
]ZeZdlbdb. Fu gZau\Z_f wlm ]ZeZdlbdm Fe_qguf Iml_f. Fe_qguc
Imlv \dexqZ_l \ k_[y 100 000 fbeebhgh\ a\_a^! Fe_qguc Imlv ih
nhjf_ ihoh` gZ [hevrh_ h]g_ggh_ dhe_kh (n_c_j\_jd) \ dhkfhk_.
<h \k_e_gghc kms_kl\mxl fbeebhgu ^jm]bo ]ZeZdlbd. G_dhlhju_
ba gbo gZfgh]h [hevr_ q_f gZrZ.
The solar system (ij_^f_l _^bgkl\_gguc \ k\h_f jh^_)
A tiny part (QZklv khklZ\gh]h bf_ggh]h kdZam_fh]h)
A huge galaxy (ij_^f_l mihlj_[ey_lky \i_ju_)
The Milky Way (ij_^f_l _^bgkl\_gguc \ k\h_f jh^_)
Stars (fgh`_kl\_ggh_ qbkeh)
A Catherine wheel (bf__lky \ \b^m g_ dhgdj_lguc ij_^f_l)
Space (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
The Universe (ij_^f_l _^bgkl\_gguc \ k\h_f jh^_)
KZfZy [hevrZy ieZg_lZ
KZfhc [hevrhc ieZg_lhc \ Kheg_qghc kbkl_f_ y\ey_lky Xib-
l_j. Xibl_j lZdhc [hevrhc, qlh _keb [u _]h \u^he[beb bagmljb,
ihf_klbeZkv [u 1000 ieZg_l A_fey.
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The largest planet (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ hij_^_eylky ijbeZ]Zl_evguf
\ ij_\hkoh^ghc kl_i_gb)
Kheg_qgh_ aZlf_gb_
EmgZ gZfgh]h f_gvr_ khegpZ. Gh hgZ gZfgh]h [eb`_. Dh]^Z fu
kfhljbf gZ khegp_ b gZ emgm \ g_[_, hgb h[_ \u]ey^yl h^gh]h jZa-
f_jZ. Bgh]^Z emgZ ijhoh^bl f_`^m khegp_f b A_fe_c. Dh]^Z wlh
ijhbkoh^bl, kheg_qguc k\_l g_ ihklmiZ_l. Fu gZau\Z_f wlh khe-
g_qguf aZlf_gb_f. Dh]^Z ijhbkoh^bl kheg_qgh_ aZlf_gb_, g_[h gZ
dhjhldbc i_jbh^ \j_f_gb fh`_l klZlv kh\k_f l_fguf.
The Sun (ij_^f_l _^bgkl\_gguc \ k\h_f jh^_)
The Moon (ij_^f_l _^bgkl\_gguc \ k\h_f jh^_)
The sky (ij_^f_l _^bgkl\_gguc \ k\h_f jh^_)
A solar eclipse (ij_^f_l mihlj_[ey_lky \i_ju_)
Emggu_ aZlf_gby
?^bgkl\_ggZy ijbqbgZ, ihq_fm fu \b^bf emgm, wlh ihlhfm qlh
__ hk\_sZ_l khegp_. A_fey hl[jZku\Z_l l_gv \ dhkfhk. ?keb emgZ
ihiZ^Z_l \ l_gv A_feb, kheg_qguc k\_l i_j_klZ_l iZ^Zlv gZ g__. GZ
dZdh_-lh \j_fy hgZ klZgh\blky iehoh \b^gZ. Fu gZau\Z_f wlh emg-
guf aZlf_gb_f.
The only reason (ykgh, h q_f b^_l j_qv)
The Earth (ij_^f_l _^bgkl\_gguc \ k\h_f jh^_)
A shadow (ij_^f_l mihlj_[ey_lky \i_ju_)
The sunlight (h ij_^f_l_ m`_ jZgvr_ reZ j_qv)
A lunar eclipse ij_^f_l mihlj_[ey_lky \i_ju_)
<g_rgyy h[hehqdZ A_feb
Dh]^Z A_fey knhjfbjh\ZeZkv, hgZ [ueZ jZkieZ\e_gghc. Dh]^Z
gZrZ ieZg_lZ hklu\ZeZ ihke_ knhjfbjh\Zgby, \k_ e_]qZcrb_ km[-
klZgpbb \gmljb A_feb ih^gyebkv d ih\_joghklb.
Hgb hklueb b knhjfbjh\Zeb lhgdbc kehc, dhlhjuc fu gZau\Z_f
a_fghc dhjhc. A_fgZy dhjZ jZa^_e_gZ gZ g_kdhevdh ieZlh b g_fgh]h
gZihfbgZ_l h]jhfgmx ]heh\hehfdm. Wlb ieZlh f_ê_ggh ^\b]Zxlky
ih ih\_joghklb A_feb.
The lightest substances (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ hij_^_eylky ijbeZ]Z-
l_evguf \ ij_\hkoh^ghc kl_i_gb)
The surface (h ij_^f_l_ m`_ reZ j_qv
A layer (j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
The crust (h ij_^f_l_ m`_ reZ j_qv)
A jigsaw(j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
Our planet (i_j_^ kms_kl\bl_evguf klhbl ijbly`Zl_evgh_ f_-
klhbf_gb_)
FZ]fZ
FZ]fZ wlh kehc jZkdZe_gghc ]hjghc ihjhû gZoh^ys_cky gZ
]em[bg_ ijb[ebabl_evgh 2900 dbehf_ljh\, ih^ a_fghc dhjhc. G_dh-
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lhju_ qZklb fZ]fu fy]db_ b `b^db_. JZaebqgu_ ieZlh, nhjfbjmx-
sb_ a_fgmx dhjm, ^\b]Zxlky ih fZ]f_.
Mantle (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
The mantle(h ij_^f_l_ m`_ reZ j_qv
A layer(j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
Rock (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
The crust(h ij_^f_l_ m`_ reZ j_qv)
The plates(h ij_^f_l_ m`_ reZ j_qv)
Y^jh A_feb
M A_feb _klv \g_rg__ b \gmlj_gg__ y^jh. <g_rg__ lhesbghc
2200 dbehf_ljh\ b khklhbl ba jZkieZ\e_ggh]h f_lZeeZ. < g_f kh-
^_j`blky \ hkgh\ghf `_e_ah b gbd_ev. <gmlj_gg__ y^jh kZfZy
]hjyqZy qZklv A_feb k l_fi_jZlmjhc 3700 ]jZ^mkh\ ih P_evkbx. Wlh
l\_jûc rZj ba f_lZeeZ \ ^bZf_lj_ 2500 dbehf_ljZ.
An outer and inner core
The outer core (ykgh, h q_f b^_l j_qv)
Iron (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Nickel (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
The hottest part (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ k ijbeZ]Zl_evguf \ ij_\hk-
oh^ghc kl_i_gb)
A temperature (ij_^f_l ijhklh gZau\Z_lky)
A ball (j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
Ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f!
>Z\e_gb_ fZl_jbZeh\, khklZ\eyxsbo hklZevgmx qZklv A_feb, gZ
y^jh a_feb jZ\gh 3800 lhgg gZ d\Z^jZlguc kZglbf_lj. Wlh [he__
q_f \ 3 fbeebhgZ jZa [hevr_ Zlfhkn_jgh]h ^Z\e_gby gZ ih\_jo-
ghklv A_feb!
The pressure (ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
The material (ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
Our planet (i_j_^ kms_kl\bl_evguf klhbl ijbly`Zl_evgh_ f_-
klhbf_gb_)
H]jhfgu_ fZkkb\u a_feb
Dhglbg_gl h^gZ ba kZfuo [hevrbo a_fguo fZkk. Kms_kl\m_l
k_fv dhglbg_glh\. Wlh :njbdZ, :glZjdlbdZ, :aby, :\kljZeby, ?\-
jhiZ, K_\_jgZy :f_jbdZ b X`gZy :f_jbdZ. Dhglbg_glu wlh h]-
jhfgu_ qZklb a_fghc dhju. Wlb qZklb gZau\Zxlky dhglbg_glZev-
gufb ieZlh. Wlb ieZlh i_j_f_sZxlky ih ih\_joghklb A_feb.
A continent (j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
Continents (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
The continents (h ij_^f_l_ m`_ reZ j_qv)
AgZ_l_ eb \u?
KZfuc gZk_e_gguc dhglbg_gl wlh :aby. <k_]h \ :abb `b\_l
2 778 000 000 q_eh\_d. KZfuc fZehgZk_e_gguc dhglbg_gl wlh
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:glZjdlbdZ. GZk_e_gb_ :glZjdlbdb khklhbl ba g_[hevrh]h dhebq_-
kl\Z mq_guo, dhlhju_ `b\ml \ gZmqgh-bkke_^h\Zl_evkdbo klZgpbyo.
The most densely populated continent (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ k ijbeZ]Z-
l_evguf \ ij_\hkoh^ghc kl_i_gb
A total (j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
The Aian continent(ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
The least densely populated continent (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ k ijbeZ]Z-
l_evguf \ ij_\hkoh^ghc kl_i_gb
The population (ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
Scientists (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
Stations (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
=jmiiu hkljh\h\
Kms_kl\m_l fgh]h ]jmii hkljh\h\. KZfZy [hevrZy Bg^hg_-
aby, khklhysZy ba 13 677 hkljh\h\ k h[s_c iehsZ^vx 1 919 433
d\Z^jZlguo dbehf_ljh\. Bg^hg_aby gZoh^blky gZ k_\_jh-aZiZ^ hl
:\kljZebb f_`^m Lbobf b Bg^bckdbf Hd_Zghf.
:e_mlkdb_ hkljh\Z p_iv \medZgbq_kdbo hkljh\h\ \ k_\_jghc
qZklb Lboh]h Hd_ZgZ. HgZ nhjfbjm_l qZklv :eykdb b lyg_lky gZ
1900 dbehf_ljh\. LZf [he__ 100 hkljh\h\, \k_ ]hjbklu_, g_ieh^h-
jh^gu_ b ebr_ggu_ ^_j_\v_\.
Groups (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
Islands (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
The Pacific Ocean (gZa\Zgb_ hd_ZgZ)
The Auleutian Islands (]jmiiu hkljh\h\)
A chain (j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
Islands (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
The North Pacific Ocean (gZa\Zgb_ hd_ZgZ)
<h^Z, \h^Z ih\kx^m!
Hd_Zg h]jhfgZy iehsZ^v khe_ghc \h^Z. Ihqlb ljb q_l\_jlb
a_fghc ih\_joghklb ihdjulh hd_Zghf. H[sZy iehsZ^v \hû hdheh
360 000 000 d\Z^jZlguo dbehf_ljh\. <k_ hd_Zgu kh_^bg_gu ^jm] k
^jm]hf b nhjfbjmxl h^gh kiehrgh_ \h^gh_ ijhkljZgkl\h. H[sbc
h[t_f \hû \ hd_ZgZo hdheh 1 300 000 000 dm[bq_kdbo dbehf_ljh\.
An ocean (j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
A great area (ij_^f_l ijhklh gZau\Z_lky)
Water(g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Oceans (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
The total volume (ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
The oceans (h ij_^f_l_ m`_ reZ j_qv)
<k_]h ljb
GZ kZfhf ^_e_ kms_kl\m_l \k_]h ljb hd_ZgZ Lbobc, :leZglb-
q_kdbc b Bg^bckdbc. : K_\_jguc E_^h\bluc hd_Zg gZ kZfhf ^_e_
g_ hd_Zg, ohly b kqblZ_lky lZdh\uf. H[eZklv fhjy hdheh :glZjdlb-
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db qZklh gZau\Zxl :glZjdlbq_kdbf Hd_Zghf beb X`guf Hd_Zghf.
L_f g_ f_g__, ]_h]jZnu g_ jZkkfZljb\Zxl _]h dZd gZklhysbc hd_Zg.
Oceans (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
The Arctic Ocean (gZa\Zgb_ hd_ZgZ)
An ocean (j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
The area(ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
The Antarctic Ocean (gZa\Zgb_ hd_ZgZ)
A true ocean (j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
Geographers (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
Khe_gZy \h^Z
Dhebq_kl\h kheb \ hd_ZgZo jZagh_, ohly ijb[ebabl_evgh hgh
jZ\gy_lky 3%. KZfu_ khe_gu_ jZchgu hkgh\guo hd_Zgh\ gZoh^ylky
\ k_\_jghc :leZglbq_kdh]h Hd_ZgZ. GZbf_g__ khe_guc jZchg
;Zelbckdh_ Fhj_, \ dhlhjhf \k_]h f_g__ 0.2% kheb. <h^Z \ DjZkghf
Fhj_ \ Bg^bckdhf Hd_Zg_ kh^_j`bl [he__ 25% kheb!
The amount (ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
Salt (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Sea water (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
The saltiest region (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ k ijbeZ]Zl_evguf \ ij_\hk-
oh^ghc kl_i_gb)
The main oceans (k main)
The North Atlantic Ocean (gZa\Zgb_ hd_ZgZ)
The least salty area (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ k ijbeZ]Zl_evguf \ ij_\hk-
oh^ghc kl_i_gb)
The Baltic Sea (gZa\Zgb_ fhjy)
The water (ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
The Red Sea (gZa\Zgb_ fhjy)
The Indian Ocean(gZa\Zgb_ hd_ZgZ)
Kdhevdh kheb?
Kheb jZkkj_^hlhq_gghc \ hd_ZgZo o\Zlbl, qlh[u ihdjulv a_f-
gmx ih\_joghklv keh_f [he__ 150 f_ljh\ \ lhesbgm!
Salt (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
The oceans (ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
Areas (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
A layer (j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
Fbg_jZevgu_ [h]Zlkl\Z
Ihfbfh kheb \ fhj_ gZoh^blky [he__ 80 jZaebqguo we_f_glh\,
\dexqZy nlhjbû, dZevpbc, fZ]gbc, dZebc, Zexfbgbc, f_^v, fZj]Z-
g_p b ^Z`_ ahehlh b k_j_[jh!
Elements (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
Sea water (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Eluoride (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Calcium (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
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Magnesium (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Potassium (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Aluminum (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Manganese (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Gold (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Silver (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
=hjyq__ b oheh^gh_
Kj_^gyy l_fi_jZlmjZ \hû \ hd_ZgZo hdheh 4 ]jZ^mkh\ ih
P_evkbx. FhjkdZy \h^Z aZf_jaZ_l ijb l_fi_jZlmj_ \ fbgmk 2 ]jZ^m-
kZ. KZfu_ l_ieu_ \hû gZoh^ylky \ I_jkb^kdhf AZeb\_, ]^_ l_fi_-
jZlmju fh]ml ^hklb]Zlv 35 ]jZ^mkh\. KZfuc oheh^guc jZchg K_-
\_jguc E_^h\bluc Hd_Zg. A^_kv l_fi_jZlmjZ \hû j_^dh
ih^gbfZ_lky \ur_ lhqdb aZf_jaZgby.
The average temperature(ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
The water(ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
The oceans(ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
The warmest waters (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ k ijbeZ]Zl_evguf \ ij_-
\hkoh^ghc kl_i_gb)
The Persian gulf (]_h]jZnbq_kdh_ gZa\Zgb_, \k_]^Z k the)
The temperature (ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
The coldest region(kms_kl\bl_evgh_ k ijbeZ]Zl_evguf \ ij_\hk-
oh^ghc kl_i_gb)
The Arctic Ocean (gZa\Zgb_ hd_ZgZ)
Fgh]h ju[u
Fbjh\hc hd_Zg b j_d kh^_j`Zl [he__ 20 00 \b^h\ ju[. Hgb [u-
\Zxl jZaguo nhjf b jZaf_jh\. H^gZ ba kZfuo fZe_gvdbo ju[, [u-
qhd, \ êbgm \k_]h 11 fbeebf_ljh\ \h^blky \ h[eZklb Nbebiibg-
kdbo hkljh\h\. KjZ\gbl_ __ k dblh\hc Zdmehc, dhlhjZy \ êbgm
fh`_l ^hklb]Zlv 18 f_ljh\ b \_kblv 17 lhgg!
The world` oceans(ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
Species (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
Shapes (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
Sizes (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
The smallest fish (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ k ijbeZ]Zl_evguf \ ij_\hk-
oh^ghc kl_i_gb)
The Phillipines(]jmiiZ hkljh\h\)
The whale shark (gZa\Zgb_ \b^Z)
A length(j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
Metres (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
DZd nhjfbjh\Zebkv ]hju
;hevrbgkl\h ]hjguo oj_[lh\ [ueb knhjfbjh\Zgu, dh]^Z ieblu
a_fghc dhju klZedb\Zebkv ^jm] k ^jm]hf. ?keb ^\_ ieblu dhjh[b-
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ebkv hl ^Z\e_gby, nhjfbjh\Zebkv ba\bebklu_ ]hju. =bfZeZb [ueb
knhjfbjh\Zgu bf_ggh lZd.
Bgh]^Z ieblu a_fghc dhju ih^gbfZebkv b nhjfbjh\Zeb h^gh-
jh^gu_ ]hju.
<medZgbq_kdb_ ]hju knhjfbjh\Zebkv ba-aZ \medZgbq_kdhc Zd-
lb\ghklb, ijb dhlhjhc eZ\Z \uoh^bl ba-ih^ a_fghc dhju.
Ranges (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
Slabs (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
The two slubs (ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
The rocks (ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
mountains (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
The Himalayas (]hjgZy p_iv)
Action (Z[kljZdlgh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
A pile (j_qv b^_l g_ h dhgdj_lghf ij_^f_l_)
rock (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
KZfZy \ukhdZy ]hjZ
KZfZy \ukhdZy ]hjZ a_feb gZoh^blky \ hkgh\ghf ih^ \h^hc. Wlh
FZmgZ EhZ gZ =Z\Zcyo. FZmgZ EhZ \ha\urZ_lky gZ 9750 f_ljh\ gZ^
\h^hc. ;he__ iheh\bgu ]hju gZoh^ylky ih^ \h^hc.
The tallest mountain (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ k ijbeZ]Zl_evguf \ ij_-
\hkoh^ghc kl_i_gb
The sea (ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
Mauna Loa (gZa\Zgb_ hl^_evghc ]hju)
Hawaii (gZa\Zgb_ hkljh\Z)
Metres (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
KZfZy êbggZy j_dZ
KZfZy êbggZy \ fbj_ j_dZ gZ kZfhf ^_e_ khklhbl ba ^\mo j_d,
dhlhjuc kh_^bgyxlky. ;_euc Gbe gZqbgZ_lky \ ha_j_ <bdlhjby, dh-
lhjh_ e_`bl gZ ]jZgbp_ D_gbb, M]Zgû b LZgaZgbb. =hem[hc Gbe
gZqbgZ_lky \ ha_j_ LZgZ \ Wnbhibb. Hgb kh_^bgyxlky \ Km^Zg_ b
nhjfbjmxl Gbe, dhlhjuc l_q_l q_j_a ?]bi_l \ Kj_^ba_fgh_ Fhj_.
The longest river(kms_kl\bl_evgh_ k ijbeZ]Zl_evguf \ ij_\hk-
oh^ghc kl_i_gb)
Rivers (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
The White Nile (gZa\Zgb_ j_db)
The Blue Nile (gZa\Zgb_ j_db)
Lake Victoria (ha_jh)
Kenya (kljZgZ)
Uganda(kljZgZ)
Tanzania(kljZgZ)
Lake Tana(ha_jh)
Ethiopia(kljZgZ)
Sudan(kljZgZ)
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The Nile(gZa\Zgb_ j_db)
Egypt(kljZgZ)
The Meditterranean Sea (gZa\Zgb_ fhjy)
GZ[ex^Zl_eb aZ ih]h^hc
Ex^b bamqZeb ih]h^m \ l_q_gb_ lukyq e_l. Bkihevah\Zehkv fgh-
]h jZaebqguo kihkh[h\ ij_^kdZau\Zlv ih]h^m. G_kdhevdh \_dh\ gZ-
aZ^ fu iheZ]Zebkv gZ gZjh^gu_ ijbf_lu, qlh[u hij_^_eblv dZdZy
[m^_l ih]h^Z. <k_ fu keurZeb klZjuc klbrhd.
DjZkgh_ g_[h ghqvx, d jZ^hklb iZklmoZ
DjZkgh_ g_[h mljhf, ij_^mij_`^_gb_ êy iZklmoZ.
Wlhl klbrhd, dZd b fgh]b_ ^jm]b_, dhlhju_ jZgvr_ bkihevah\Z-
ebkv, bf_xl ^hex ijZ\û. ?klv jZagu_ \bû djZkgh]h g_[Z, g_dhlh-
ju_ ba dhlhjuo ij_^\_sZxl ^h`^v, ^jm]b_ `_ g_l. GZ kZfhf ^_e_
\k_ aZ\bkbl hl \bû h[eZdZ, dhlhjh_ \b^gh \ wlh \j_fy.
People (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
The weather(ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
Years (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
Centuries (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ \h fgh`_kl\_gghf qbke_)
Eolklore (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
The old rhyme(ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
Sky (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Shepherd`s delight (kms_kl\bl_evgh_ hij_^_ey_lky kms_kl\bl_ev-
guf \ ijbly`Zl_evghf iZ^_`_)
Truth (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
Rain (g_bkqbkey_fh_ kms_kl\bl_evgh_)
The type(ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
The time(ykgh hq_f b^_l j_qv)
Lesson 14
Homework
1. 1) Bklhjbx jZkkdZau\Z_l
Zg]ebqZgbg
]j_d
Z[hjb]_g
2) :[hjb]_g agZqbl
Fhjyd
I_j\uc `bl_ev
Hkm`^_ggu_ ba :g]ebb
3) :[hjb]_gu `b\ml
Hdheh fhjy
< imklug_
B lZf b lZf
4) :[hjb]_gu ihy\bebkv \ :\klvjZebb
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K dZiblZghf Dmdhf
>h dZiblZgZ DmdZ
40000 e_l gZaZ^
5) :[hjb]_gu
Bf_xl mq_[gbdb, qlh[u mqblvky
G_ mf_eb gb qblZlv, gb ibkZlv
AZihfbgZeb ijhreh_ \ i_kgyo
6) :[hjb]_gu \_jyl \
;h]h\
>moh\
F_qlZgb_
7) hkgh\gh_ aZgylb_ Z[hjb]_gh\
m[b\Zlv `b\hlguo
kh[bjZlv _^m
kjZ`Zlvky k \jZ]Zfb
8) :[hjb]_gu g_ kljhbeb ^hfh\, ihlhfm qlh
Hgb [hyebkv ^moh\
Hgb i_j__a`Zeb b hohlbebkv
LZf hq_gv `Zjdh
9) :[hjb]_gu g_ ghkbeb h^_`^m, ihlhfm qlh
HgZ bf [ueZ g_ gm`gZ
>h`^v r_e hq_gv j_^dh
Hgb gbdh]^Z g_ [he_eb
10) :g]ebckdb_ ihk_e_gpu
Ijbg_keb \ :\kljZebx emqrmx `bagv
Ijb\_aeb [he_agb
Bkihjlbeb `bagv Z[hjb]_gh\.
2. 1) The word aborigine means first inhabitant.
2) Aborigines live near the sea and in the desert.
3) Aborigines came to Australia over 40 000 years ago.
4) They have no history books to study because they could not read
or write.
5) They kept track of their past through the songs and stories.
6) They believe in Dreaming.
7) The main job for every Aborigine is to find food. They spend over
three-quarters of the day gathering food.
8) Everyone had to know what was safe to eat and what was not.
9) They had to be careful not to over-pick fruits and vegetables so
that they might grow the nest year.
10) Their weapons consisted of a wood spear, a club and a boomerang.
11) They didnt build houses because they were constantly moving to
new places.
12) No they didnt.
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13) Yes, they did. They knew how to start a fire.
14) Aborigines became experts in finding water because water was
the most important thing they needed to live.
15) They looked after their old people and loved their children. They
shared food equally.
16) When people from Great Britain came to Australia they took
aborigines land. They brought diseases. They defeated aborigines.
17) Modern aborigines work in the cities or on large ranches. Their
children attend school.
Lesson 15
2. 1) Ernie Dingo is a well-known artist, entertainer, musician and comic.
2) Ernie Dingo is best known for the character he played in the film
Crocodile Dandee.
3) He performs Australian music.
4) He sings about the land, the city, the environment and what it
means to be black white or any colour.
5) He started teaching Aboriginal culture to non-Aborigines.
6) When he was a child his name was Oondamooroo.
7) He lives his life the way he knows.
8) He lives in the city.
9) He comes from the bush.
10) He gets his sense of security from his traditional heritage.
Lesson 17
a) 1) over 200; 2) Peter Potosky; 3) In 1804; 4) Nikolai Miklouho
Maklay; 5) Ballet dancer; 6) Cakes recipe; 7) Fedor Shalapin;
8) Miklouho Maklay, Maklay Coast; 9) Anton Chekhov; 10) Leo
Tolstoy; 11) English; 12) Italian, Greek, French, Spanish, Turkish,
Arabic languages, Polish, Vietnamese, German; 13) Settler come to
Australia from the UK, New Zealand, Chins, India, Vietnam, Philippines,
South Africa; 14) First inhabitant; 15) 40000; 16) their songs and stories;
17) to find food; 18) water; 19) Charlie, Crocodile Dandee 2.
b) Kbf\heu b bo agZq_gby.
Concentric circles
A person
Man with a spear and boomerang
Emu footprint
Kangaroo footprint
Windbreak
Waterholes and running water.
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CHAPTER 4
Lesson 2
Homework
2. 1) g; 2) h; 3) a; 4) i; 5) b; 6) j; 7) c; 8) e;
9) d; 10) f.
Lesson 3
1) Hg g_ agZe, dm^Z hgZ mreZ.
2) Lhf kijhkbe Fwjb, ihq_fm hgZ \q_jZ hiha^ZeZ.
3) FZfZ ihijhkbeZ kugZ iha\hgblv _c ^g_f.
4) HgZ kdZaZeZ _fm g_ dmjblv \ dhfgZl_.
5) HgZ gZibkZeZ, qlh =j_]hjb ijb_a`Z_l gZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv.
6) Jh^bl_eb O_e_g kijhkbeb __, g_ kh[bjZ_lky eb hgZ gZ\_klblv
bo \ \hkdj_k_gv_.
7) FZjlbg ihh[_sZe g_ ]h\hjblv gbdhfm h[ wlhf kh[ulbb.
8) FZfZ gZihfgbeZ kugm g_ jZa]h\Zjb\Zlv k g_agZdhfpZfb.
9) Mqbl_ev ih`Zeh\Zeky, qlh _]h mq_gbdb hq_gv fZeh agZxl.
10) FZevqbd hljbpZe, qlh \b^_e >`_cg \ ]hjh^_.
11) Fbkl_j ;_cd_j ihijhkbe mq_gbdh\ khh[sblv jh^bl_eyf h
kh[jZgbb.
12) FZfZ ;h[Z gZihfgbeZ _fm, qlh hg ^he`_g [ue \klj_lblvky k k_-
kljhc.
13) Hgb magZeb, qlh gZ ke_^mxs_c g_^_e_ \_q_jbgdb g_ [m^_l.
14) Hg ohl_e agZlv, dlh ihkeZe _fm l_e_]jZffm.
15) Fw]]b m[_^beZ fZfm gbq_]h g_ ]h\hjblv iZi_.
16) HgZ kijhkbeZ kemrZ_l eb fZevqbd. FZevqbd hl\_lbe qlh
kemrZ_l.
17) Hgb g_ agZeb, kdhevdh ]hkl_c ijb^_l gZ \_q_jbgdm.
18) Hg hl\_lbe, qlh klZlvy [ueZ i_j_\_^_gZ.
19) Hgb khfg_\Zebkv. Qlh hg ijb[m^_l \h\j_fy.
20) KdZ`b fg_, ]^_ l\hb jh^bl_eb.
21) HgZ ijbagZeZ, qlh [ueZ g_ ijZ\Z.
22) Hg ij_^mij_^be \hjZ, qlh iha\hgbl \ ihebpbx.
23) Lhf ohl_e agZlv, dlh a\hgbe _fm \q_jZ.
2. I_j_\_^bl_ ij_êh`_gby ba mij.1 \ ijyfmx j_qv.
1) He said, I dont know where she has gone to.
2) Tom asked, Mary, why were you late yesterday?
3) Mother said, Son, call me in the afternoon.
4) She said, Dont smoke in the room.
5) She wrote, Gregory will come tomorrow.
6) Helens parents asked, Will you visit us on Sunday?
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7) Martin said, I wont tell anybody about the event.
8) The Mother said, Dont talk to strangers.
9) The teacher said, My pupils know very little.
10) The boy said, I didnt see Jane in the town.
11) Mr. Baker said, Please, inform your parents about the meeting.
12) Bobs mother said, You have to meet your sister.
13) They heard, There will not be a party the next week.
14) He wondered, Who sent me the telegram.
14) Maggie said, Mother, dont tell anything to father.
16) She said, Are you listening to me? the boy sad, Yes, I am.
17) They asked, How many guests will come to the party?
18) He replied, The article has been translated.
19) They said, its doubtful that he will come in time.
20)
21) she said, I was wrong, I admit it.
22) He said, I will call the police.
23) Tom said, Who called me the day before, I wonder?
3. a) 1) why she called. 2) where he has been. 3) when they will
arrive. 4) how long you have known him. 5) where your friend works.
6) when he was sick. 7) how much sugar there is in the sugar bowl.
8) what was built in your street last year. 9) why he was angry with Jane.
10) how far it is from here.
b) 1) he will be in tomorrow. 2) you have seen this film. 3) he know
the man. 4) the police warned you. 5) there will be any tests the nest
year. 6) he was late. 7) I am right. 8) they are from England. 9) there was
any news from him. 10) he has seen her this week.
Lesson 4
1
a) GZc^bl_ wlb ij_êh`_gby \ l_dkl_ b ijhqlbl_ bo \kemo.
Canberra is the home of Australias Government and embassies from
around the world.
This is where Australias government meets.
Canberra is also the natural capital and is within easy reach of
some of Australias most spectacular countryside.
b) I_j_\_^bl_ gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud.
No wonder the people of Canberra love to spend their time outdoors!
Canberra is a cyclists paradise.
Homework
1. Canberra is the home of Australias Government and embassies from
around the world. The centre place of the city is the New Parliament House.
It is easy to reach most spectacular countryside of Australia from Canberra.
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The people of Canberra love to spend their time outdoors because the air
there is fresh and crisp. There are many museums in Canberra. The national
Gallery, the National Science and technology Centre, the High Court and the
Old Parliament House are located in Canberra.
Lesson 5
Homework
1. Lhe first Olympic Games were held in 776 B.C. the Games were
held every four years in honour of the king of the gods, Zeus. There was
one event in the earliest Olympiad: the 200-yard sprint. For 1000 years
the games were held every forth year. During the Olympic Games there
were no wars and disputes. In A.D. 393 the Byzantine Emperor
Theodosius 1 banned the Games. In 1894 Baron Pierre de Coubertin
wrote a letter to the athletic organizations of every country. He described
the educational value of sport. The first modern Olympic Games took
place in 1896.
1) DZdb_ khj_\gh\Zgby \dexqZeb ^j_\gb_ Hebfibckdb_ B]ju?
The ancient Olympics included sprint, wrestling, boxing,
pankrathion, the discus throw, the javelin throw and the long jump.
2) Hibrbl_ p_j_fhgbx hldjulby kh\j_f_gguo Hebfibckdbo B]j.
The athletes parade on a field. The torch is lighted with the flame,
which was carried from the site of Olympia by relay runners.
3) Dh]^Z Jhkkby gZqZeZ mqZkl\h\Zlv \ Hebfibckdbo B]jZo?
Russia joined the Olympic Games in 1952.
Lesson 6
1) B]ju 27 HebfibZû [m^ml ijh\h^blvky \ Kb^g__?
Yes, it will.
2) Kdhevdh ^g_c [m^ml ijh^he`Zlvky B]ju?
The Olympic Games will last over 17 days.
3) Wlh [m^_l i_j\uc jZa, dh]^Z B]ju ijh\h^ylky \ :\kljZebb?
No, it wont.
4) Dh]^Z b ]^_ ijh\h^bebkv i_j\u_ B]ju?
The first Games were held in 766 B.C. in Greece
5) MqZkl\h\ZeZ eb :\kljZeby \ B]jZo k 1896 ]h^Z?
Yes, she has.
6) Ba\_klgh, qlh :\kljZeby \ub]ju\Z_l f_^Zeb?
Yes, she is.
7) Ex^b \ :\kljZebb ih^^_j`b\Zxl B]ju?
Yes, they do. More than 100000volunteers offered their services.
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8) Kdhevdh kljZg b kihjlkf_gh\ ^he`gu mqZkl\h\Zlv?
About 200 countries and 10 000 athletes are expected to participate.
9) Kdhevdh \b^h\ kihjlZ \ ijh]jZff_?
There are 27 sports. They are. from Archery to weightlifting.
Triathlon and Taekwondo, shooting, canoeing, rowing, mountain bike
and equestrian.
10) =^_ [m^ml ijh\h^blvky hkgh\gu_ khj_\gh\Zgby?
The main events will take place in two primary zones Sydney
Olympic Park and the Sydney Harbour Zone.
11) Kdhevdh f_kl \ Hebfibckdhf KlZ^bhg_?
The Olympic Stadium will provide 110 000 seats for the spectators.
12) Kdhevdh kihjlkf_gh\ [m^ml `blv \ Kihjlb\ghc >_h_\g_?
10 000 athletes will live in the Athletes Village.
13) DZdh_ \Z`gh_ kh[ulb_ [m^_l ijZa^gh\Zlvky \ :\kljZebb aZ
]h^ ^h Hebfibckdbo B]j 2000 ]h^Z?
The centenary of the declaration of Australian Federation will be
celebrated one year before.
14) Dh]^Z gZqg_lky dmevlmjgZy hebfibZ^Z?
The cultural Olympiad will start in 1997.
15) DZdb_ f_jhijbylby hgZ [m^_l \ k_[y \dexqZlv?
It will include the Festival of Dreaming, A Sea Change, Reaching the
world and Harbour Of life festival.
Lesson 9
Homework
1. K^_eZcl_ ^hdeZ^ h >`bg >jbkdhe b EZdeZg_ >`hgk_.
1) Bfy: Jean Driscoll
2) <hajZkl 29
3) Qlh k gbf / k g_c kemqbehkv? Spina Bifida
4) DZdb_ m g_]h j_amevlZlu \ gZklhys__ \j_fy? Six-time winner of
Boston marathon, broke the world record five times. Silcer medalist in
800-meter races, world record in marathon and 10000-meter races.
5) DZdb_ m g_]h / m g__ ieZgu gZ [m^_s__? To compete in the
olympics and the Paralympics.
1) Lachlan Jones
2) 19
3) cerebral palsy
4) a Gold medal at Atlantic Paralympics, holds all the records from
100 metres through to 800 metres in Wheelchair Track competition, the
Australian Powerlift Champion in the 52 kg division.
5) To pursue a career in the fitness industry, to begin studying the
courses next year, to become a gym instructor for the disabled sportsmen.
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Lesson 11
L_kl (1 mjh\_gv)
1. I_j_\_^bl_ \ dhk\_ggmx j_qv.
1) He tells not to tell a lie.
2) Jane asked if I had heard he.
3) He said he was busy.
4) He asked what I had said.
5) John asked Linda if she was free that evening.
6) She asked Gregory if he was all right.
7) Tom said that the letter had been sent the day before.
8) Sabrina said that she didnt know when he would arrive.
9) He asked when the contract would be signed.
10)The secretary asked Mr. Krutov if they had received their fax.
2. I_j_\_^bl_ k Zg]ebckdh]h gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
1) Hg g_ agZe, ihq_fm hgZ iha\hgbeZ.
2) FZfZ kdZaZeZ kugm b^lb kiZlv.
3) >`_cfk kijhkbe f_gy, [ue eb \ :g]ebb ^h wlh]h.
4) HgZ kijhkbeZ, ]^_ wdaZf_gh\Zeb klm^_glh\.
5) Hg g_ [ue m\_j_g, ijb^_l eb hgZ.
6) Hg kijhkbe, [m^_l eb ibkvfh ]hlh\h d ke_^mxs_fm ^gx.
7) HgZ ihijhkbeZ k\h_]h [jZlZ gbq_]h g_ ]h\hjblv ;hjbkm.
8) Hg kijhkbe __, q_f hgZ aZgbfZ_lky, b hgZ kdZaZeZ, qlh ibr_l
dgb]m.
9) Hg kdZaZe, qlh \b^bl, dZd hgZ aZoh^bl \ ehf.
10) Hg g_ [ue m\_j_g, qlh \h^bl_ev gZc^_l ^hjh]m.
11) Hg kijhkbe, dh]^Z hgb kfh]ml k^_eZlv jZ[hlm.
12) HgZ kijhkbeZ, kdhevdh kZoZjZ \ qZ_.
3. >hihegbl_ ij_êh`_gby, ke_^my ijbf_jm.
1) Wont they? 2) Wont there be? 3) Did he? 4) Wont they?
5) Doesnt it? 6) Didnt he? 7) Isnt it? 8) Can he? 9) Wasnt he?
4. Ijhqlbl_ l_dkl b hl\_lvl_ gZ \hijhku.
K_dj_lZjv kdZaZe, qlh fbkl_j X_c^_g ijbf_l f_gy. Y hq_gv g_j\-
gbqZe, dh]^Z \hr_e \ _]h dZ[bg_l. Hg g_ ih^gye ]heh\m, dh]^Z y \hr_e.
Ihke_ lh]h, dZd y k_e, hg kdZaZe, qlh ^_eh [ueh iehoh. Hg kdZaZe fg_,
qlh nbjfZ g_ fh]eZ iha\heblv k_[_ ieZlblv lZdb_ [hevrb_ aZjieZlu.
>\Z^pZlv q_eh\_d m`_ mreb. Y agZe, qlh ijbreZ fhy hq_j_^v.
Fbkl_j O_c^_g, kdZaZe y keZ[uf ]hehkhf.
G_ i_j_[b\Zc, kdZaZe hg.
AZl_f hg meu[gmeky b kdZaZe fg_, qlh y [m^m ihemqZlv gZ 2000 $
[hevr_!
1) Dlh ohl_e \Zk \b^_lv?
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202
Mr. Heyden did.
2) DZd \u k_[y qm\kl\h\Zeb ih wlhfm ih\h^m?
I felt nervous.
3) Dm^Z \u ihreb?
I went into his office.
4) KdZaZe eb fbkl_j O_c^_g, qlh ^_eh [ueh iehoh, beb hg kdZaZe,
qlh \k_ [ueh ohjhrh?
He said that business was bad.
5) Fh]eZ eb nbjfZ ieZlblv lZdb_ [hevrb_ aZjieZlu beb g_l?
The firm couldnt pay such large salaries.
6) Kdhevdh q_eh\_d m`_ mreb?
Twenty people had already left.
7) Ihijhkbe eb fbkl_j O_c^_g \Zk lh`_ mclb beb g_l?
Mr. Heyden didnt ask me to leave.
8) Qlh fbkl_j O_c^_g kdZaZe \Zf?
He told me I would receive an extra 2000$ a year.
L_kl (2 mjh\_gv)
1. KhklZ\vl_ ij_êh`_gby, ke_^my ijbf_jm.
1) Joy asked Mary where she was going to spend her holiday.
2) Everybody asked us why the tickets were so expensive.
3) Framk asked his wife how Marys children were.
4) Mrs. Jones asked her neighbour who was going to buy her house.
5) Bill asked his friend when he was planning to come to Colchester.
6) I asked Maria what she was going to do next.
7) Peter asked policeman where he could get the bus to Liverpool.
1) HgZ khfg_\ZeZkv, qlh hg [m^_l gZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv.
2) Hg ijbagZe, qlh agZe __ m`_ ^\Z f_kypZ.
3) Hgb magZeb, qlh \_q_jbgdZ [m^_l gZ ke_^mxs_c g_^_e_.
4) Hgb jZkkljhbebkv, qlh bo g_ ijb]eZkbeb.
5) Hg ohl_e magZlv, fh`gh eb aZdZaZlv [be_lu ih l_e_nhgm.
6) Hgb hljbpZeb, qlh agZxl wlh]h q_eh\_dZ.
7) HgZ kdZaZeZ, qlh g_ ohq_l qlh[u hg qlh-eb[h agZe.
8) Lhf ohl_e agZlv, ihq_fm >`_cg g_ ij_^mij_^beZ _]h h k\h_f
ijb_a^_.
9) Hg kdZaZe, qlh h`b^Z_lky, qlh O_e_g ijb_^_l \ ex[hc fhf_gl.
10) HgZ ih`Zeh\ZeZkv, qlh k g_c iehoh h[jZsZebkv.
11) HgZ kijhkbeZ, ihq_fm hg g_ ij_^mij_^be __ jZgvr_.
12) HgZ g_ h`b^ZeZ, qlh hg m[_^blv jh^bl_e_c hlimklblv _]h.
1) The Olympic Games will be held in Australia in 2000, wont they
2) The athletes will compete in 25 events, wont they?
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3) Do you know where I can find her?
4) They letters are to be sent today, arent they?
5) Do you know what her name is?
6) He is never late for the classes, isnt he?
7) Do you know how much the food costs?
8) John was to meet her at the station, wasnt he?
9) This rule has been explained to them, has it not?
10) They didnt know about it, did they?
11) There were a lot of fans at the match, werent there?
12) Do you know when they will come?
13) Do you know how to get to the sea?
4. Ijhqlbl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ l_dkl.
Dh]^Z >`_d OZlqbgkhg [ue \ [hevgbp_, hg ihijhkbe ^hdlhjZ kdZ-
aZlv _fm, [ueZ eb hi_jZpby mki_rghc, gh ^hdlhj hldZaZeky wlh k^_eZlv.
GZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv iZpb_gl ihijhkbe l_e_nhg m djh\Zlb. Dh]^Z hg
[ue h^bg, hg iha\hgbe ^hdlhjm Mhjj_gm. Dh]^Z ^hdlhj ih^hr_e d l_-
e_nhgm, fbkl_j OZlqbgkhg kdZaZe, qlh hg ohl_e [u magZlv khklhygb_
h^gh]h iZpb_glZ, >`_dZ OZlqbgkhgZ. Hg kijhkbe, [ueZ eb hi_jZpby
fbkl_jZ OZlqbgkhgZ mki_rghc, b ^hdlhj kdZaZe _fm, qlh hgZ [ueZ mk-
i_rghc. AZl_f hg kijhkbe, dh]^Z fbkl_jm OZlqbgkhgm fh`gh [m^_l
ihclb ^hfhc, b ^hdlhj kdZaZe _fm, qlh _fm ijb^_lky hklZlvky \ [hevgb-
p_ _s_ gZ ^\_ g_^_eb. AZl_f ^hdlhj kijhkbe, [ue eb hg jh^kl\_ggbdhf
iZpb_glZ. G_l hl\_lbe iZpb_gl. Y fbkl_j >`_d OZlqbgkhg.
1) Qlh ^hdlhj Mhjj_g hldZaZeky kdZaZlv k\h_fm iZpb_glm >`_dm
OZlqbgkhgm.
Dr. Warren refused to tell Jack Hutchinson if the operation had been
successful.
2) Dhfm iZpb_gl iha\hgbe gZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv?
The patient called Dr. Warren.
3) H dhf hg kijZ\eyeky?
He inquire about Jack Hutchinson.
4) Hl\_lbe eb ^hdlhj gZ \hijhku h iZpb_gl_, dhlhju_ _fm aZ^Z\Zeb?
Yes, he did.
5) Kijhkbe eb hg, [ue eb a\hgysbc jh^kl\_ggbdhf iZpb_glZ?
Yes, he did.
6) KdZaZe eb a\hgb\rbc, d_f hg [ue?
Yes, he did.
6. GZibrbl_ \ ijyfhc j_qb ^bZeh] f_`^m iZpb_glhf b ^hd-
lhjhf.
Doctor, has the operation been successful?
I cant tell you right now.
Good afternoon. Could I speak to Dr. Warren?
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Speaking.
I m calling to inquire about a patient, Jack Hutchinson. Has Mr.
Hutchinsons operation been successful?
Yes, it has been successful.
Could you tell me when Mr. Hutchinson will be allowed to go
home?
He will have to stay in the hospital for another two weeks. Are
you a relative of the patient?
No, I am not. Im Mr. Lack Hutchinson.
L_kl (3 mjh\_gv)
1. 1) h; 2) b; 3) f; 4) c; 5) a; 6) g; 7) d; 8) e.
1) he asked if anyone saw her the previous week. 2) Tom wondered
where Sasha and Olga were. 3) She said that she wanted him to come on
Sunday. 4) They doubted whether the Browns had invited them to the
party. 5) He didnt know hwy she had not warned him. 6) They doubted
that they would understand the Australian English. 7) She told her son
not to smoke. 8) He wasnt sure when he would be able to translate the
text. 9) They denied that they knew that man.
4. Ijhqlbl_ l_dkl b i_j_\_^bl_ _]h gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
;u\rbc ij_fv_j fbgbklj, fbkl_j E_cg ijhb]jZe gZ ihke_^gbo
\u[hjZo. K_cqZk hg hklZ\ey_l iheblbq_kdmx `bagv b hg m_oZe aZ
]jZgbpm. Fhc ^jm] BaZj^ \k_]^Z [ue nbgZgkh\uf ijhlb\gbdhf JZ-
^bdZevghc Ijh]j_kkb\ghc IZjlbb fbkl_jZ E_cgZ. Ihke_ \u[hjh\
fbkl_j BaZj^ ihr_e d ^hfm [u\r_]h ij_fv_j fbgbkljZ. Dh]^Z hg
kijhkbe, `b\_l eb a^_kv fbkl_j E_cg, ihebp_ckdbc gZ ihklm kdZaZe
_fm, qlh ihke_ k\h_]h ihjZ`_gby [u\rbc ij_fv_j fbgbklj m_oZe
aZ]jZgbpm. GZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv fbkl_j BaZj^ hiylv ijbr_e d ^hfm.
Lhl `_ ihebp_ckdbc f_ê_ggh ijh]meb\Zeky hdheh \oh^Z, dh]^Z
fbkl_j BaZj^ aZ^Ze lhl `_ \hijhk. Ohly b g_kdhevdh ih^hajbl_evgh
gZ wlhl jZa, ihebp_ckdbc hl\_lbe _fm lh `_ kZfh_. GZ ke_^mxsbc
^_gv fbkl_j BaZj^ _s_ jZa ijbr_e d lhfm ^hfm b aZ^Ze lhl `_ \h-
ijhk. GZ wlhl jZa ihebp_ckdbc \ur_e ba k_[y. Y m`_ kdZaZe \Zf
\q_jZ b ihaZ\q_jZ, aZdjbqZe hg, Fbkl_j E_cg ijhb]jZe gZ \u-
[hjZo. Hg m^Zebeky hl iheblbq_kdhc `bagb b m_oZe aZ ]jZgbpm!
Y agZx, hl\_lbe fbkl_j BaZj^. Gh fg_ gjZ\blky kemrZlv,
dZd \u wlh ]h\hjbl_.
1) Dlh ijhb]jZe gZ ihke_^gbo \u[hjZo?
Mr. Lane did.
2) Q_f hg aZgbfZeky k_cqZk?
He was retiring from political life.
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3) Dm^Z hg m_oZe?
He went abroad.
4) Fbkl_jm BaZj^m gjZ\beky ij_fv_j fbgbklj?
No, he did not.
5) Qlh k^_eZe fbkl_j BaZj^ ihke_ \u[hjh\?
Mr. Izard went to the ex-Prime ministers house.
6) Qlh hg kijhkbe m ihebp_ckdh]h gZ ihclm?
He asked if Mr. Lane lived there.
7) Ihr_e eb fbkl_j BaZj^ lm^Z gZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv?
Yes, he did.
8) AZq_f hg lm^Z oh^be? AZ^Z\Ze eb hg h^bg b lhl `_ \hijhk dZ-
`ûc jZa, dh]^Z ijboh^be lm^Z?
He went there to ask if Mr. Lane lived there. Yes, he did.
9) Ihq_fm hg lZd ^_eZe?
He did so because he liked to hear that Mr. Lane had retired from
political life and had gone abroad.
Lesson 12
Qlh \u magZeb ba wlhc ]eZ\u?
Yes, they did.
They saw that the city was very natural and green.
Dlh wlh?
Could I have your name please?
Ba\bgbl_, y g_ jZkkeurZe.
Just a moment.
<u g_ ih^h`^_l_ fbgmldm?
Im putting you through.
G_ \_rZcl_ ljm[dm.
Your call has been placed in a queue
Ebgby aZgylZ.
Could you ring / call back?
<u g_ ohlbl_ hklZ\blv khh[s_gb_?
3. Qlh hagZqZxl [md\u :.G., dh]^Z hgb gZibkZgu i_j_^ l_e_-
nhgguf ghf_jhf?
After Hours. It means that you can use this number to find this person
if you call early in the morning of late in the evening.
4. <u[_jbl_ ijZ\bevguc hl\_l.
1) c; 2) c; 3) b; 4) a; 5) a; 6) b.
1896 Athens, Greece
1900 Paris, France
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1904 St Louis, Missouri, US
1908 London, England
1956Melbourne, Australia
1960 Rome, Italy
1964 Tokyo, Japan
1976 Montreal, Canada
1992 Barcelona, Spain
1996 Atlanta, Georgia, US
2000 Sydney, Australia.
200
0,000; 5,000
3,5
40,000
15,000
27
triathlon; taekwondo
HebfibckdZy ijh]jZffZ
1) Archery
2) athletics
3) [Z^fbglhg
4)
5)
6)
7) canoeing dZghw
8) \_ehkihjl
9) dhgguc kihjl
10)
11)
12) gymnasics
13) handball
14) hockey
15) judo
16) kh\j_f_ggh_ iylb[hjv_
17)
18) sailing
19) klj_ev[Z
20)
21)
22) taekwondo
23)
24) ljbZlehg
25)
26) ih^gylb_ lu`_kl_c
27) [hjv[Z
J:;HQ:Y L?LJ:>V 3
CHAPTER 5
Lesson 1
Homework
3. I_j_\_^bl_ khq_lZgby keh\ \ kdh[dZo gZ Zg]ebckdbc
1) how did he like Melbourn and Canberra. 2) he could have stayed.
3) what he would do. 4) if he were them. 5) endangered animals.
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6) provide, wounded or orphaned. 7) they are returned. 8) education
center. 9) go round the Zoo on a tour. 10) would like. 11) huge variety.
12) 1500 species of fish live.
Lesson 2
Homework
2. Ij_^klZ\vl_ k_[_, qlh Lhf aZ^Z_l \Zf \hijhku h `b\hlguo
b ijbjh^_ f_klZ, \ dhlhjhf \u `b\_l_. Qlh \u hl\_lbl_?
If Tom asks me how many species of birds live in our region, I will
answer that a great variety of birds live in our region.
If Tom asks me when the birds come back, I will answer that they
come back in spring.
If Tom asks me where the birds fly away, I will answer that they fly
overseas.
If Tom asks me when spring begins, I will answer that it begins in
March.
If Tom asks me if it is hot in summer I will answer that it is.
If Tom asks me if there is a zoo in my city I will answer that there is.
If Tom asks me how the environment is protected I will answer that
laws are being made to protect it.
If Tom asks me if I want to see the Great Barrier Reef, I will answer
that I do.
Lesson 3
Homework
2. Lwf Ebg
RhleZg^kdZy kdZadZ
QZklv 1
DZjl_joZn [ueh m_^bg_gguf f_klhf gZ ]jZgbp_ :g]ebb k Rhl-
eZg^b_c. Ex^b [hyebkv oh^blv \ wlm kljZggmx kljZgm, \ dhlhjhc,
kj_^b khkgh\h]h e_kZ [ue \her_[guc dheh^_p. LZdbf [ue klbrhd,
dhlhjuc hgb jZkkdZau\Zeb k\hbf ^hq_jyf:
>mob lZf hqZjh\u\Zxl fZ]bq_kdbfb aZdebgZgbyfb
Ihwlhfm, ^_\mrdb, fhehû_ b q_klgu_
G_ oh^bl_, b g_ b]jZcl_ m \her_[gh]h dheh^pZ
Ihlhfm qlh lZf Lwf Ebg
Bfy LwfZ EbgZ [ueh ba\_klgh ih \k_c ]jZgbp_. Hg [ue fhehûf
q_eh\_dhf, dhlhjh]h ^mob \udjZeb m ex^_c. >_\mrdb, dhlhju_
\klj_qZebkv k gbf, ijhiZ^Zeb gZ\k_]^Z.
M Ehj^Z DZjl_joZnZ [ueZ fheh^Zy ^hqv, dhlhjmx a\Zeb @Zg_l
mfgZy djZkb\Zy ^_\mrdZ k ahehlbklufb \hehkZfb. HgZ [ueZ f_qlZ-
l_evghc. ?c ohl_ehkv \klj_lblvky k Lwfhf Ebghf. H^gZ`û \_k_ggbf
^g_f @Zg_l j_rbeZ ij_g_[j_qv ij_^mij_`^_gbyfb b gZclb \her_[-
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guc dheh^_p. HgZ \ureZ ba aZfdZ k\h_]h hlpZ b \hreZ \ e_k. GZdhg_p
hgZ gZreZ dheh^_p ]em[hdh \ e_km, b jy^hf k gbf [ueZ [_eZy ehrZ^v,
gh lZf g_ [ueh LwfZ EbgZ. =em[hdh aZ^mfZ\rbkv, @Zg_l khj\ZeZ [_-
emx jham. DZd lhevdh hgZ wlh k^_eZeZ, ihy\beky fheh^hc q_eh\_d, dZd
_keb [u hg [ue ijbajZdhf. Hg [ue \ukhdbf b djZkb\uf, m g_]h [ueb
]em[hdb_ k_ju_ ]eZaZ b l_fgu_ \hehku. Wlh [ue Lwf Ebg.
Qlh ijb\_eh l_[y \ fhc e_k, ^_\mrdZ, b ihq_fm lu kh[bjZ_rv
p\_lu k fh_]h dheh^pZ? kijhkbe hg.
DZjl_joZn, ihf_klv_ fh_]h hlpZ, kdZaZeZ @Zg_l. Ihwlhfm
y [m^m ijboh^blv b ]meylv ih DZjl_joZnm, g_ kijZrb\Zy gb m dh]h
jZaj_r_gby.
Lu kf_eZy ^_\mrdZ, kdZaZe Lwf k meu[dhc. Wlhl e_k ijb-
gZê_`bl ^moZf b y a^_kv, qlh[u aZsbsZlv _]h êy gbo.
Lu h^bg ba gbo? kijhkbeZ @Zg_l k m`Zkhf.
>Z, wlh lZd, kdZaZe Lwf. Gh y g_ \k_]^Z [ue h^gbf ba gbo.
?keb lu ihc^_rv kh fghc, @Zg_l, y jZkkdZ`m l_[_ \kx bklhjbx.
Gh @Zg_l g_ fh]eZ hklZlvky.
Y ^he`gZ b^lb, kdZaZeZ hgZ. ?keb y g_ ijb^m ^h \_q_jZ,
f_gy gZqgml bkdZlv. Y m`_ ^Z\gh mreZ.
G_ lZd m` ^Z\gh, jZkkf_yeky djZkZ\_p Lwf. G_ lZd m` ^Z\gh.
B wlh [ueh ijZ\^hc. Dh]^Z @Zg_l \_jgmeZkv \ aZfhd ba \her_[-
gh]h e_kZ, gbdlh g_ aZf_lbe, qlh __ g_ [ueh.
Dhg_qgh @Zg_l \ex[beZkv \ djZkb\h]h LwfZ EbgZ. Dlh hg [ue?
Ihq_fm hgZ g_ \b^_eZ _]h jZgvr_? >_ckl\bl_evgh eb hg g_ [ue `b\uf
q_eh\_dhf? ?keb hg [ue `b\uf q_eh\_dhf, \ex[blky eb hg \ g__? <k_
e_lh hgZ g_ fh]eZ ^mfZlv gb h dhf, b gb h q_f [hevr_. BlZd, gZdhg_p,
hgZ j_rbeZ \_jgmlvky \ e_k, qlh[u \klj_lblvky k Lwfhf.
HgZ kgh\Z m\b^_eZ [_emx ehrZ^v m dheh^pZ, gh LwfZ g_ [ueh.
H^gZdh gZ jhah\hf dmkl_ \k_ _s_ [ueb jhau, b @Zg_l khj\ZeZ p\_-
lhd. B kgh\Z ba gbhldm^Z ihy\beky Lwf, dZd [m^lh hg `^Ze __.
KdZ`b fg_, Lwf Ebg, kdZaZeZ @Zg_l. Y ^he`gZ agZlv wlh
kdZ`b fg_, dlh lu. Lu ojbklbZgbg, beb lu h^bg ba ^moh\?
Lwf ^he]h kfhlj_e gZ g__. GZdhg_p hg ihdZqZe ]heh\hc b kdZaZe:
Lh]^Z y jZkkdZ`m l_[_ i_qZevgmx bklhjbx. Fhc ^_^mrdZ [ue ]jZ-
nhf Jhdk[mj]kdbf. H^gZ`û oheh^guf ^g_f fu \ha\jZsZebkv k
hohlu. ?keb [u y g_ _oZe gZ wlhc [_ehc ehrZ^b b g_ miZe k g__, dh-
jhe_\Z ^moh\ gbdh]^Z g_ ihcfZeZ [u f_gy b g_ k^_eZeZ k\hbf kem-
]hc. HgZ ^h\hevgh ijbylgZy ]hkih`Z, gh hgZ g_ ^h[juc ^mo. DZ`û_
k_fv e_l hgZ m[b\Z_l fm`qbgm b deZ^_l _]h \ dheh^_p. ?keb g_ kem-
qblky qm^Z, lh \ ke_^mxsbc jZa [m^_l fhy hq_j_^v.
?keb [u lu ex[beZ f_gy, @Zg_l, lu fh]eZ [u kiZklb f_gy,
ijh^he`Ze Lwf, b k_cqZk \ _]h ]hehk_ [ueZ fhev[Z. ?keb [u y [ue
`b\uf q_eh\_dhf, lu [u k`ZebeZkv gZ^h fghc.
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Gh y ex[ex l_[y \k_f k_j^p_f, b _keb [u y lhevdh agZeZ qlh ^_-
eZlv, y [u k^_eZeZ \k_, qlh [u ihfhqv l_[_, \kdjbdgmeZ @Zg_l.
Lh]^Z kemrZc: k_]h^gy ghqvx dZgmg >gy \k_o k\yluo, b wlh
_^bgkl\_ggZy ghqv, dh]^Z lu fh`_rv f_gy kiZklb, kdZaZe Lwf
Ebg. < iheghqv, g_ jZgvr_, b g_ iha`_, ^mob ijh_^ml ijhp_kkb_c
q_j_a e_k. Y [m^m k gbfb. ?keb lu ^_ckl\bl_evgh ex[brv f_gy, lu
ijb^_rv kx^Z wlhc ghqvx.
QZklv 2
Gh dZd y magZx l_[y, Lwf Ebg? kijhkbeZ @Zg_l.
<hl, qlh lu ^he`gZ k^_eZlv, kdZaZe Lwf. Y [m^m gZ [_ehc
ehrZ^b. ;ukljh ih^[_]b d g_c b kdbgv gZ_a^gbdZ k ehrZ^b. Wlbf
gZ_a^gbdhf [m^m y : gZ fh_c ijZ\hc jmd_ [m^_l i_jqZldZ, gZ e_\hc
g_l, fhy reyiZ [m^_l k^\bgmlZ gZaZ^, hldju\Zy fhb \hehku.
>_j`b f_gy \ jmdZo kh \k_c kbehc, ^_\mrdZ. ?keb lu [m^_rv
^_j`Zlv f_gy, ^mob [m^ml ij_\jZsZlv f_gy \ jZaguo `b\hlguo: \
af_x.ihlhf \h f_^\_^y, \h ev\Z, b \ jZkdZe_gguc ^h djZkgZ `_e_a-
guc [jmkhd, b \ dhgp_ \ ]hjysbc dZf_gv. AZl_f, b lhevdh lh]^Z, lu
^he`gZ [ukljh [jhkblv f_gy \ \h^m dheh^pZ. ?keb lu k^_eZ_rv \k_
wlh, y [m^m l\h_c gZklhys_c ex[h\vx gZ\k_]^Z, b y kgh\Z klZgm `b-
\uf q_eh\_dhf. Gh wlh hq_gv ljm^gh k^_eZlv, b g_ h^gZ ^_\mrdZ g_
kfh]eZ fg_ ihfhqv ^h wlh]h. ?keb lu k^_eZ_rv \k_ wlh, @Zg_l, y [m-
^m kiZk_g hl dhjhe_\u ^moh\. B aZihfgb, _keb lu ex[brv f_gy, gb-
qlh g_ ijbqbgbl l_[_ [heb.
@Zg_l kemrZeZ, ihdZ Lwf jZkkdZau\Ze, b ihh[_sZeZ k^_eZlv lZd,
dZd hg ]h\hjbe.
Ke_^mxs_c ghqvx, hq_gv l_fguf, [_aemgguf dZgmghf >gy \k_o
k\yluo, hgZ gZ^_eZ l_iemx a_e_gmx gZdb^dm, \ureZ ba ^hfZ b ih-
[_`ZeZ \ q_jguc \her_[guc e_k.
Jh\gh \ iheghqv hgZ mkeurZeZ a\hg dhehdhevqbdh\ b m\b^_eZ
ijhp_kkbx. <her_[gu_ nhgZjb lmkdeh k\_lbebkv, b @Zg_l kfh]eZ
m\b^_lv dhjhe_\m b ^jm]bo ^moh\. GZdhg_p @Zg_l m\b^_eZ [_emx
ehrZ^v. HgZ \ukdhqbeZ b kibogmeZ LwfZ b k`ZeZ _]h kh \k_c kbehc.
AZl_f ^mob gZqZeb djbqZlv \hdjm] g__. Ijhf_evdgmeZ a_e_gZy
\kiurdZ, b @Zg_l \g_aZigh ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ, qlh ^_j`bl af_x. @Zg_l
bgklbgdlb\gh ohl_eZ [jhkblv __, gh hgZ \kihfgbeZ ijh fhev[m LwfZ
b _]h h[_sZgb_, b hgZ ^_j`ZeZ dj_idh. AZl_f [ue f_^\_^v, aZl_f
e_\. <k_`_ @Zg_l bo lh`_ dj_idh ^_j`ZeZ. AZl_f hgZ ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ
[hev,dZdd [m^lh hgZ ^_j`ZeZ jZkdZe_ggh_ ^h djZkgZ `_e_ah. Gh hgZ
ijh^he`ZeZ ^_j`Zlv. B aZl_f [ue m`Zkguc ]jma ]hjys_]h dZfgy.
@Zg_l, ihem`b\Zy, k ljm^hf k[jhkbeZ _]h \ l_fgu_ \hû dheh^pZ.
;ue \kie_kd, b Lwf Ebg \u[jZeky ba \hû, fhdjuc b [e_^guc, gh
_s_ [he__ djZkb\uc, q_f jZgvr_.
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AZl_f aZ]h\hjbeZ dhjhe_\Z ^moh\. IjhdebgZx l_[y, `_gsbgZ.
Lu mdjZeZ kZfh]h djZkb\h]h ba fhbo jupZj_c, fh_]h `_gboZ, djb-
qZeZ hgZ, b dZdhc aehc dhjhe_\hc hgZ [ueZ.
Gh @Zg_l b Lwf k_cqZk [ueb k\h[h^gu hl fZ]bq_kdbo kbe dhjh-
e_\u ^moh\. Ex[h\v @Zg_l [ueZ kbevg__, q_f qZju dhjhe_\u, b dh-
jhe_\Z agZeZ, qlh [ueZ ih[_`^_gZ. @Zg_l b Lwf \_jgmebkv \ aZfhd.
Hgb `beb \f_kl_ hq_gv kqZkleb\h \kx bo `bagv, b bo djZkb\uc kug
klZe Ehj^hf DZjl_joZnZ.
3. GZc^bl_ \ l_dkl_ ijb^Zlhqgu_ j_Zevgh]h mkeh\by.
If I dont come before night, they will be looking for me.
If a miracle doesnt happen, next time will be my turn.
If you really love me, you will come here this night.
If you hold me, the fairies will turn me into all sorts of beasts
And remember that if you love me, nothing can hurt you.
These are all the clauses of real condition, thats why we use the
Present Indefinite in the principal clause and the Future Indefinite in the
subordinate clause.
She wished she met Tam Lin.
If you came with me, Janet, I would tell you the whole story.(unreal
condition referring to the present, that is why we use the Past Indefinite
and would + the Indefinite Infinitive)
If he were a mortal man, would he love her? (unreal condition
referring to the present, that is why we use the Past Indefinite and would
+ the Indefinite Infinitive)
If I knew what to do, I would do anything to help you. (unreal
condition referring to the present, that is why we use the Past Indefinite
and would + the Indefinite Infinitive)
If I had not been riding this horse and had not fallen from it, the
Queen of the Fairies would have never caught me and made me her
servant. (unreal condition referring to the past, that is why we use the
Past Perfect Continuous and would + the Perfect Infinitive)
If you did all this, then I would be your true love forever, and I would
become a mortal man once more. (unreal condition referring to the
present, that is why we use the Past Indefinite and would + the Indefinite
Infinitive)
5. Hl\_lu gZ \hijhku.
1) Dlh lZdhc Lwf Ebg?
Tam Lin was a young man whom fairies had stolen from people.
2) =^_ hg `be?
He lived in a fairy wood, by the fairy well.
3) Dlh [ueZ @Zg_l?
Janet was a young daughter of the Lord of Carterhaugh. She was a
clever and bonny girl with golden hair.
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4) =^_ hgZ `beZ?
She lived in her fathers Hall in Cartrhaugh.
5) Ihq_fm ex^b [hyebkv \her_[gh]h dheh^pZ?
People were afraid of the fairys well, as Tam Lin was there. And
girls who met Tam Lin disappeared forever.
6) Ihq_fm @Zg_l j_rbeZ gZ h[jZsZlv \gbfZgby gZ ij_^mij_`-
^_gby?
Janet decided to ignore all the warnings, because she was a dreamer
and she wished she met Tam Lin.
7) M\b^_eZ eb hgZ Lwf EbgZ m dheh^pZ?
At first there was no Tam Lin beside the well.
8) DZd @Zg_l m\b^_eZ _]h \i_j\u_?
Janet plucked a white rose, and no sooner had she done this than a
young man appeared, as if he were a ghost.
9) K^_eZe eb Lwf Ebg qlh-gb[m^l iehoh_ @Zg_l?
No, he didnt.
10) DZdh_ hlghr_gb_ d Lwf Ebgm [ueh m @Zg_l ihke_ bo i_j\hc
\klj_qb?
Janet was in love with Tam Lin.
11) ;ue eb Lwf Ebg kf_jlguf?
Tam Lin was a mortal man, but he was stolen from people by a fairy folk.
12) DZd hg klZe h^gbf ba ^moh\?
One cold day Tams grandfather and Tam were riding back from the
hunting. If Tam had not been riding that white horse and had not fallen
from it, the Queen of the Fairies would have never caught him and made
him her servant.
13) DZd @Zg_l fh]eZ kiZklb LwfZ?
Tam told Janet that the only way for her to save him was to come to
the wood at Halloween night when the fairy folk rode in the procession
through the wood. He told her that she should pull him down from his
horse and then hold him tight in her arms, although the fairies would turn
him into all sorts of beasts.
14) Qlh kemqbehkv \ O_eehmbg?
At Halloween Janet came to the wood and did everything Tam had
told her to do.
15) DZdZy j_Zdpby [ueZ m Dhjhe_\u >moh\?
The Fairy Queen knew she had been beaten and was extremely angry.
16) DZd dhgqZ_lky jZkkdZa?
The story ends happily saying that Tam and Janet lived together in
great happiness all their lives, and their bonny son became the Lord of
Carterhaugh.
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Lesson 4
K. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ ijZ\bevghf \j_f_gb.
Had had, would have stopped; would have been, had dropped in; had
paid, would not have; would study, were; will find, will never meet; had
taken, would not have to; will sack dont agree.
D. Baf_gbl_ ij_êh`_gby, dZd \ ijbf_j_.
1) I wish Chris did not watch a lot of television.
2) I wish they would not see her tomorrow.
3) I wish he were her brothers friend.
4) I wish Tom had not lost his wallet.
5) I wish the delegation had arrived.
6) I wish Ann were not sick.
7) I wish the message had been sent.
8) I wish they were not late.
9) I wish James had given Helen the flowers for her birthday.
10) I wish the letter had not been translated.
Homework
1. Ihl_jy\rb_ky
?keb [u lu lhevdh ihkemrZe f_gy, k_cqZk [u fu m`_ dj_idh
kiZeb \ gZrbo djh\Zlyo, \hjqZeZ R_ceZ. >Z, ^hjh]Zy, ^mfZx, qlh
kiZeb [u, kdZaZe FZedhef, iulZykv khkj_^hlhqblky gZ \h`^_-
gbb b gZ k\h_c jZa^jZ`_gghc `_g_, ohly \ lh`_ \j_fy m^_eye qZklv
\gbfZgby k\hbf kh[kl\_gguf fukeyf. >h`^v klmqZe ih \_ljh\hfm
kl_dem. >hjh]Z [ueZ madhc b hiZkghc, b hgb ihl_jyebkv.
?keb [u hgb ih\_jgmeb gZijZ\h gZ ihke_^g_f k\_lhnhj_, hgb [u
^h_oZeb ^h g_[hevrhc ^_j_\mrdb JbdZjlhg, gh hiylv `_, hgb g_
^h_oZeb. Ihq_fm wlh q_jlh\h f_klh [ueh lZd ly`_eh gZclb? ?keb [u
hgb ih_oZeb \ ;ewdime, dZd hgb ^_eZeb ihke_^gb_ ^\Z^pZlv e_l, hgb
[u ba[Z\beb k_[y hl \k_o wlbo oehihl. LZd beb bgZq_ wlh [ueZ b^_y
R_ceu. M g__ \k_]^Z [ueb lZdb_ [e_klysb_ b^_b dZd wlZ.
>he]h _s_? kijhkbeZ hgZ.
G_ bf_x gb fZe_cr_]h ij_^klZ\e_gby, ^hjh]Zy, _]h hl\_l
[ue fy]dbf. Y [hxkv, fu ihl_jyebkv.
Ihl_jyebkv?
Y [hxkv, qlh ^Z. FZedhef hklZgh\be fZrbgm b \dexqbe k\_l
\gmljb. Hg iulZeky gZsmiZlv dZjlm.
L_[_ ke_^h\Zeh \a]eygmlv gZ wlh ^h lh]h, dZd fu m_oZeb ba
W^bg[mj]Z. Y [u ijh\_jbeZ fZjrjml, _keb [u y agZeZ, qlh lu kh[b-
jZ_rvky k[blvky k imlb. Ihq_fm hgZ \k_]^Z lZd ]h\hjbl, ^mfZe
FZedhef. IhkemrZlv __, lZd y ki_pbZevgh k[beky k imlb. Gh \k_, qlh
hg kdZaZe [ueh: Y ^mfZx y agZx, ]^_ fu ih_oZeb g_ijZ\bevgh, ^h-
jh]Zy. ?keb fu jZa\_jg_fky a^_kv b ijh_^_f h[jZlgh fbex beb ^\_,
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fu ijb_^_f d i_j_dj_kldm. ?keb fu ih\_jg_f gZe_\h, fu ijb_^_f \
K_edbjd. GZf ke_^h\Zeh ih_oZlv ih ^hjh]_ ; 7076 ba W^bg[mj]Z.
?keb [u fu lZd k^_eZeb. Fu [ueb [u \ JbdZjlhg_ klh e_l gZaZ^.
R_ceZ gbq_]h g_ kdZaZeZ. Y ihdZ`m l_[_, _keb lu g_ \_jbrv,
ijh^he`Ze hg \ ihjy^d_ hiulZ, ]Z^Zy, gZqg_l eb hgZ kihjblv k gbf
k_cqZk, beb ihlhf. Fu ih_oZeb wlbf iml_f. Ihlhfm qlh lu _]h
ij_êh`beZ, fhy ^hjh]Zy. Y lZd b agZeZ, qlh lu h[\bgbrv f_gy!
\ahj\ZeZkv hgZ. Gbdlh gbdh]h g_ h[\bgy_l, hl\_lbe hg, iu-
lZykv k^_eZlv k\hc ]hehk dZd fh`gh [he__ [eZ]hjZamfguf. Ijhklh
[m^v jZkkm^bl_evghc, Z y, kh k\h_c klhjhgu, k^_eZx \k_, qlh[u ijb-
[ulv \ hl_ev q_j_a. hg ihkfhlj_e gZ qZku .q_j_a qZk, kZfh_
[hevr__. HgZ ih^`ZeZ ]m[u, iulZykv kijZ\blvky kh aehklvx. GZ
l\h_f f_kl_, y [u ihr_\_ebeZkv. K_cqZk ihqlb ihe-h^bggZ^pZlh]h,
b _keb fu g_ ijb_^_f lm^Z d iheghqb, hgb hl^Z^ml gZrm dhfgZlm
dhfm-gb[m^v _s_.
Lesson 5
Ijh\_jvl_ k_[y
:. KhklZ\vl_ 5 \hijhkh\ d l_dklm Ihl_jy\rb_ky.
1) What was the place of their destination?
2) Why did they get lost?
3) What way out did Malcolm suggest?
4) What was Sheilas reaction to the news that they had got lost?
5) Why did they began to argue?
B. >hihegbl_ ke_^mxsb_ ij_êh`_gby.
1) , he would speak English fluently.
2) , there will be no human beings on the Earth soon.
3) , he had not had so many accidents.
4) , the weather were fine.
5) , he had not been an hour late.
6) , I would buy a castle.
7) , it had not been so stuffy in the bus.
8) , it were not so old.
C. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ ijZ\bevgmx \j_f_ggmx
nhjfm.
Would not have been, had rang; would have gone, had known; would
not enjoy; would have had, had not told.
D. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ Zg]ebckdbc.
1) I wish we had visited Australia.
2) He would not have missed the train if he had got up earlier.
3) She would not have got wet, if she had taken her umbrella.
4) I wish she had not gone.
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5) I would buy this book if I were in your place.
6) She speaks English as if she spent many years in England.
7) I wish I could visit this Zoo.
8) What would you do if you were in my place?
9) Bills parents did not know when he would come.
10) I wish you had seen The Titanic This film is worth seeing.
11) Where would you go if you were free tomorrow?
12) She would not have come if Bob had not phoned her.
Lesson 6
B. GZc^bl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ ij_êh`_gby \ dhlhjuo \klj_qZxl-
ky keh\Z species, habitat, to include.
Australia has nearly half million species of plants and animals one
of the greatest varieties of any country in the world. < :\kljZebb ihqlb
fbeebhg \b^h\ jZkl_gbc b `b\hlguo, ihqlb kZfh_ [hevrh_ jZagh-
h[jZab_ ba \k_o kljZg fbjZ.
Australia, South America and Africa occupy approximately the same
range of latitudes and have a similar variety of habitats. :\kljZeby, X`gZy
:f_jbdZ b :njbdZ gZoh^ylky ijb[ebabl_evgh gZ l_o `_ kZfuo rbjh-
lZo b bf_xl ijb[ebabl_evgh h^bgZdh\mx _kl_kl\_ggmx kj_^m
The team animal includes not only mammals, but also insects,
reptiles, amphibians, birds etc. L_jfbg `b\hlgh_ \dexqZ_l \ k_[y g_
lhevdh fe_dhiblZxsbo, gh b gZk_dhfuo, ij_kfudZxsboky, a_fgh-
\h^guo, ilbp b l.^.
It is believed that between 20 000 and 300 000 species are in
Australia, but so far only about 100 000 have been described. KqblZ_lky,
qlh \ :\kljZebb f_`^m hl 200,000 ^h 300,000 \b^h\ `b\hlguo, gh
^h kbo ihj lhevdh 100,000 [ueb hibkZgu.
C. >hdZ`bl_, qlh \ :\kljZebb g_h[uqgZy nZmgZ.
Australia is unusual in fauna because there are 70% of the worlds
marsupials, all of the worlds monotremes, a small percentage of
placentals, an enormous diversity of parrots, a fascinating range of
reptiles, amphibians and fish. There are also many unusual invertebrates.
D. Hl\_lvl_ gZ ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku.
1) DZd fe_dhiblZxsb_ dhjfyl k\hbo ^_l_gur_c?
Mammals produce milk to suckle their young.
2) Kh[ZdZ fe_dhiblZxs__?
A dog is a mammal.
3) DZd fu gZau\Z_f fe_dhiblZxsbo, dhlhju_ hldeZû\Zxl fy]-
db_ ycpZ?
Mammals that lay soft eggs are called monotremes.
4) DZd fu gZau\Z_f fe_dhiblZxsbo, dhlhju_ ghkyl ^_l_gur_c
\ kmfdZo? Ihq_fm bf ijboh^blky wlh ^_eZlv?
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Mammals that carry their young in the pouches are called marsupials.
They have to do so because the young are born in an immature state.
5) Qvb ^_l_gurb jh`^Zxlky [he__ jZa\blufb, q_f m kmfqZluo?
Placentals young are born in a more mature state than those of marsupials.
6) Ihq_fm k hklZevguf fbjhf [ueh fZeZ h[f_gZ `b\hlgufb?
There has been little exchange with the rest of the world because
Australia has been isolated for long periods of time.
7) DZdb_ ijh[e_fu lj_[mxl hkh[hc Z^ZilZpbb?
Such problems as draught, frequent floods and fires require unique
adaptation.
Lesson 7
C. Hl\_lvl_ gZ ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku.
1) Ihq_fm bkq_a d_g]mjm-\ZeeZ[b?
Toolache wallaby have become extinct because of the combination of
habitat clearing and sport shooting.
2) Qlh ihhsjy_l g_e_]Zevguc \u\ha ihim]Z_\ k ahehlufb ie_qZfb?
High prices encourage the smuggling of the gioldenshouldered parrot.
3) Qlh ^_eZ_lky êy lh]h, qlh[u aZsblblv djZq_d?
Wildlife agencies and volunteers fence off the nest sites and patrol
the beaches to help protect terns.
4) Ihq_fm dhebq_kl\h ju[u \ j_qghc kbkl_f_ Fxjj_c >Zjebg]
mf_gvrbehkv?
The number of fish in the Murray Darling River system decreased
because of habitat loss and fishing.
5) DZdb_ `b\hlgu_ y\eyxlky jZajmrbl_eyfb Z\kljZebckdhc
ijbjhû? Ihq_fm?
Cats, foxes and rabbits are destructive for Australian wildlife. Cats kill
many animals including small mammals, birds, frogs, reptiles and insects.
Foxes are dangerous for brush-tailed bethongs, plain wanderers and other
ground dwelling animals. Rabbits destroy arid parts by overgrazing. They
not only eat palatable grasses but ringbark shrubs and trees.
Homework
2. ;m^vl_ ]hlh\u jZkkdZaZlv h dhZeZo. Ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku
ihfh]ml \Zf.
1) y\ey_lky eb DhZeZ kZfuf ba\_klguf Z\kljZebckdbf `b\hlguf?
Yes, it is.
2) =^_ `b\ml dhZeu?
Koalas live in lightly wooded areas containing suitable food.
3) Q_f hgb iblZxlky?
Koalas feed almost entirely on eucalyptus leaves.
4) Ihq_fm hgb j_^dh ivxl?
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They seldom drink because they obtain enough water from the diet of
leaves.
5) Dh]^Z dhZeu gZb[he__ Zdlb\gu?
Koala is most active just after sunset.
6) DhZeZ wlh h^ghZi_jlmjgh_, kmfqZlh_ beb ieZp_glZjgh_
fe_dhiblZxs__?
Koala is a marsupial mammal.
7) DZdhc kj_^gbc kjhd `bagb dhZe?
A koalas average life span is about 12 years in the wild, and
sometimes 15 in captivity.
Lesson 9
Homework
2. AZ^Zcl_ 10 \hijhkh\ d l_dklm.
1) What is the main objective of the Zoos Education Centre?
2) What do they try to do?
3) Are we all part of the natural environment?
4) Do we need to be responsible for our interactions with our
environment?
5) What should children and grow-ups recognize?
6) What do we need to think about?
7) Can our use of water, production of rubbish and energy
consumption destroy our wildlife?
8) What will happen if we dont change our behavior?
9) What can we do?
10) Should we appreciate the beauty of the nature?
Lesson 11
Homework
baby babies j_[_ghd / ^_lb
tooth teeth am[ / am[u
radio Radios JZ^bh
leaf Leaves ebkl / ebklvy
tax taxes GZeh] / gZeh]b
hero Heroes =_jhc / ]_jhb
lorry Lorries =jmah\bd / ]jmah\bdb
wife Wives `_gZ / `_gu
loss Losses Ihl_jy / ihl_jb
Monkey monkeys H[uavygZ / h[_avygu
piano Pianos IbZgbgh
wish Wishes @_eZgb_ / `_eZgby
nucleus Nuclei Y^jh / y^jZ
way Ways Imlv / imlb
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Salmon Salmon Ehkhkv / ehkhkb
Photo Photos Nhlh]jZnby / nhlh]jZynbb
phenomemon Phenomena Y\e_gb_ / y\e_gby
foot Feet Gh]Z / gh]b
datum Data >Zggu_
life Lives @bagv / `bagb
bush Bushes Dmkl / dmklu
guy Gus IZj_gv / iZjgb
chief Chiefs R_n / r_nu
2. KhdjZs_gguc Zg]ebckdbc
<Zk dh]^Z-gb[m^v ijb\h^beb \ aZf_rZl_evkl\h Z[[j_\bZlmju b
Zdjhgbfu \ Zg]ebckdhf? Lh]^Z, a^_kv ij_^klZ\e_gu g_kdhevdh gZb-
[he__ mihlj_[bfuo khdjZs_gbc k h[tykg_gbyfb d gbf, qlh[u ih-
fhqv \Zf ihgylv wlm kljZggmx nhjfm Zg]ebckdh]h!
>gb g_^_eb b f_kypu ]h^Z bgh]^Z khdjZsZxlky, blZd \u \klj_-
lbl_: Mon (ihg_^_evgbd) / Tues (\lhjgbd) / Wed (kj_^Z) / Thurs (q_l-
\_j]) / Eri (iylgbpZ) / Sat (km[[hlZ) / Sun (\hkdj_k_gv_) b Jan (yg\Zjv)
/ Eeb (n_\jZev) / Mar (fZjl) / Apr (Zij_ev) / May (fZc) / Jun (bxgv) /
Jul (bxev) / Aug (Z\]mkl) / Sept (k_gly[jv) / Oct (hdly[jv) / Nov (gh-
y[jv) / Dec (^_dZ[jv). Dh]^Z mihfbgZ_lky ]h^ \u fh`_l_ \klj_lblv
A.D. (gZr_c wju) beb B.C. (^h gZr_c wju). A.D. mihlj_[ey_lky \f_-
klh Anno Domini, qlh hagZqZ_l ]h^ OjbklZ, lZd qlh l_dmrbc ]h^ wlh
A.D. 2000 (2000 g.w.). B.C. hagZqZ_l Before Christ (^h OjbklZ), lZd
gZijbf_j, fu fh`_f kdZaZlv, qlh Xebc P_aZjv jh^beky \ 101 B.C.
(101 ^h g.w.).
Lblmeu, ghkbfu_ ih h[uqZx, Z g_ ih aZdhgm, klhysb_ i_j_^
bf_g_f q_eh\_dZ h[uqgh khdjZs_ggu_ nhjfu [he__ êbgguo
keh\. Mr mihlj_[ey_lky \f_klh Mister (fbkl_j), hkeZ[e_ggZy nhjfZ
hl Master (]hkih^bg), Z Mrs wlh khdjZs_ggZy nhjfZ hl Mistress
(]hkih`Z, fbkkbk), h[hagZqZxs__ aZfm`gxx `_gsbgm. H^gZdh
Miss, h[hagZqZxs__ g_aZfm`gxx `_gsbgm, lZd`_ ijhbahr_^r__
hl Mistress, kh\k_f g_ bf__l khdjZs_gghc nhjfu. K_cqZk ij_êZ]Z-
_lky kh\k_f g_ mdZau\Zlv kmijm`_kdbc klZlmk `_gsbgu \ bf_gb, b
nhjfZ Ms \u^\b]Z_lky kh agZq_gb_f dZd Miss lZd b Mrs, lZd, qlh[u
hgZ [ueZ khdjZs_gghc êy h[_bo nhjf! ?keb \u \b^bl_ Dr i_j_^
bf_g_f q_eh\_dZ, wlh agZqbl, qlh hg ^hdlhj (Doctor), eb[h mq_guc,
eb[h \jZq. Rev. khdjZs_ggZy nhjfZ hl Reverend (ij_ih^h[guc),
b _keb m q_eh\_dZ wlhl lblme, wlh agZqbl, qlh hg k\ys_ggbd. ;md\u
Esq. Mihlj_[eyxlky \f_klh Esquire (]hkih^bg), \_èb\Zy nhjfZ h[-
jZs_gby, dhlhjZy fh`_l mihlj_[eylvky i_j_^ bf_g_f q_eh\_dZ,
\f_klh Mr i_j_^ bf_g_f. ;md\u êy h[hagZq_gby, dhlhju_ fh]ml
mihlj_[eylvky êy h[hagZq_gby mgb\_jkbl_lkdhc kl_i_gb, \k_]^Z
klhyl ihke_ bf_gb q_eh\_dZ: B.A. beb B.Sc. (Bachelor of Arts or
Science / [ZdZeZ\j ]mfZgblZjguo beb _kl_kl\_gguo gZmd), M.A. beb
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M.Sc. (Master of Arts or Science / fZ]bklj ]mfZgblZjguo beb _kl_kl-
\_gguo gZmd) b Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy / ^hdlhj nbehkhnbb).
GZa\Zgby kljZg b hj]ZgbaZpbc bgh]^Z khdjZsZxlky: U.K. mihl-
j_[ey_lky \f_klh the United Kingdom (H[t_^bg_ggh_ Dhjhe_\kl\h),
G.B. \f_klh Great Britain (<_ebdh[jblZgby), U.S.A. (K.R.:.) \f_-
klh the United States of America (Kh_^bg_ggu_ RlZlu :f_jbdb).
B.B.C. (;b-[b-kb) wlh British Broadcasting Corporation (;jblZgkdZy
\_sZl_evgZy dhjihjZpby), E.E.C. (?WK) h[hagZqZ_l European
Economic Community beb the Common market (?\jhi_ckdh_ wdhgh-
fbq_kdh_ khh[s_kl\h, H[sbc jughd) b U.N.O. (HHG) the United
Nations (Hj]ZgbaZpby H[t_^bg_gguo GZpbc).
Etc. hl et cetera, h[hagZqZ_l hklZevgh_, b lZd ^Ze__.
<hl g_dhlhju_ Z[[j_\bZlmju, bkihevam_fu_ \ [bag_k_ b dhjj_k-
ihg^_gpbb: Co., Ltd, no., per cent (ijhp_gl gZ khlgx), p.a., C.O.D.,
C.B.D. and V.A.T. (G.>.K.), A.S.A.P., h[hagZqZxsb_ Company
(dhfiZgby), Limited (k h]jZgbq_gghc hl\_lkl\_gghklvx), number
(ghf_j, qbkeh), in every hundred (\ dZ`^hc khlg_; hl eZlbgkdh]h per
centum), every year (_`_]h^gh; hl eZlbgkdh]h per annum), Cash on
Delivery (gZeh`_gguc ieZl_`), Value Added Tax (gZeh] gZ ^h[Z\-
e_ggmx klhbfhklv; nhjfZ gZeh]Z gZ ihdmiZ_fu_ ijh^mdlu b mkem-
]b), A.S.A.P. h[hagZqZ_l As Soon As Possible (dZd fh`gh [uklj__).
P.T.O. \ dhgp_ kljZgbpu h[hagZqZ_l Please Turn Over (ih`ZemcklZ
i_j_\_jgbl_), P.S. \ dhgp_ ibkvfZ h[hagZqZ_l gZîbkv, ^h[Z\e_ggmx
iha`_ (hl eZlbgkdh]h post scriptum ihklkdjbilmf), [md\u
R.S.V.P. hagZqZxl please reply (ih`ZemcklZ hl\_lv). I.O.U. hagZqZ-
_l I owe you (y \Zf ^he`_g)!
< Zg]ebckdhf _klv g_kdhevdh qZklh mihlj_[ey_fuo \ujZ`_gbc,
ijhbahr_^rbo hl eZlbgkdh]h, ohly fgh]b_ Zg]ebqZg_ g_ agZxl h[
bo dhjgyo! E.g. hl exempli gratia, hagZqZ_l gZijbf_j; i.e. hl id est ha-
gZqZ_l lh _klv.
<hafh`gh h^gZ ba kZfuo agZf_gbluo khdjZs_gguo nhjf \ Zg]-
ebckdhf wlh O.K., gh gbdlh lhqgh g_ agZ_l, hl q_]h hgZ ijhbahreZ,
ohly ih ^Z\gh mklZgh\b\r_fmky ij_îheh`_gbx kqblZ_lky, qlh dZ-
dhc-lh ihem]jZfhlguc lhj]h\_p \ ijhrehf ibkZe gZ f_rdZo b lx-
dZo O.K., ih hrb[d_ ^mfZy, qlh all correct ibr_lky ol korrect.
LZd beb bgZq_, k_cqZk wlh Z[[j_\bZlmjZ [_a iheghc nhjfu!
Lesson 12
B. AZihegbl_ fgh`_kl\_ggh_ qbkeh, lZf ]^_ wlh gm`gh, \ dZ-
`^hf ij_êh`_gbb.
1) cat, mice; 2) thief, himself (thieves, themselves); 3) loaves, pounds,
fish; 4) photos, this baby(these babies); 5) data; 6) pence; 7) children, teeth;
8) tomatoes, potatoes; 9) sheep, donkey; 10) leaves, trees.
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C. AZihegbl_ lZ[ebpm.
B.C. Before Crist ^h gZr_c wju
U.N.O. United Nations Kh_^bg_ggh_ Dhjhe_\kl\h
B.B.C.
British Broadcasting Cor-
poration
;jblZgkdZy jZ^bh\_sZl_evgZy dhfiZgby
C.O.D. Cash On Delivery gZeh`_gguc ieZl_`
No Number ghf_j
Ms Mistress ]hkih`Z
Ms Miss+Mrs ]hkih`Z
M.A. Master of Arts fZ]bklj ]mfZgblZjguo gZmd
Tues Tuesday \lhjgbd
Mr Mister ]hkih^bg
V.A.T. Value Added Tax gZeh] gZ ^h[Z\e_ggmx klhbfhklv
P.S. post scriptum ihklkdjbilmf
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Or-
ganization
K_\_jhZleZglbq_kdbc khxa
I.O.U. I owe you Y <Zf ^he`_g
Aug August Z\]mkl
R.S.V.P. please reply ih`ZemcklZ hl\_lvl_
p.a. per annum \ ]h^
C.B.D. Cash before Delivery ieZl_` gZebqgufb ^h k^Zqb lh\ZjZ
O.K. all correct \k_ ijZ\bevgh
P.T.O. Please Turn Over kfhljb gZ ke_^mxs_c kljZgbp_
i.e. id est lh _klv
A.D. anno Domini ^h gZr_c wju
e.g. exempli gratia gZijbf_j
Fri Friday iylgbpZ
Ph.D doctor of Philosophy ^hdlhj nbehkhnbb
A.S.A.P. As Soon As Possible dZd fh`gh [uklj__
Homework
1. =^_ \u fh`_l_ \klj_lblv wlb Z[[j_\bZlmju? IhklZ\vl_
dZ`^mx Z[[j_\bZlmjm gZ gm`gh_ f_klh.
1) b; 2) d; 3) a; 4) c; 5) f; 6) e.
3. <klZ\vl_ is, are were, was \ ijh[_eu.
are; is; is; is; was; are; is; is; is.
Lesson 13
B. Mihlj_[bl_ Z, ]^_ wlh gm`gh.
What a pretty girl!
What a talented doctor!
What a smart woman!
D. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud.
1) If he had lent me money the previous year I would have bought a car.
2) They did not know when computer was invented.
3) Who discovered America?
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4) It is the picture by Rafael, and it is worthless.
5) What time does the sun rise in April?
6) The veil was raised and the play began.
7) The load was being raised with the help of a crane when we came.
8) Tolkiens novels were unknown in Russia for many years.
9) Few respect untruthful people.
Homework
1. Ijhqlbl_ ke_^mxsbc iZjZ]jZn b i_j_\_^bl_ _]h gZ jmk-
kdbc yaud.
GZa\Zgby fhg_l \ njZaZo
< Zg]ebckdhf fgh]h \ujZ`_gbc, \ dhlhjuo mihlj_[eyxlky gZa\Z-
gby ;jblZgkdbo fhg_l. < k\yab k ^_ghfbgZpb_c 1971-]h ]h^Z, g_dhlh-
ju_ ba fhg_l [hevr_ g_ kms_kl\mxl, gh \ujZ`_gby \k_ _s_ `b\u.
If you take care of the pennies, the pounds will take care of themselves
(dhi_cdZ jm[ev [_j_`_l), ihlhfm qlh _keb \u aZ[hlbl_kv h fZe_gvdbo
\_sZo, k [hevrbfb \_sZfb \k_ [m^_l \ ihjy^d_; h^gZdh _keb \u penny
wise, pound foolish (wdhghfguc \ f_ehqZo, jZklhqbl_evguc \ djmighf),
\u aZ[hlbl_kv h fZe_gvdbo \_sZo b jZklhqbl_evgu \ [hevrbo. ?keb \u
in for a penny, lh \u ^he`gu in for a pound (gZa\Zeky ]jma^_f ihe_aZc
\ dmah\), ihlhfm qlh _keb \u qlh-lh gZqZeb, \u ^he`gu wlh aZdhgqblv.
?keb dlh-lh doesn`t care twopence (hlghkblky [_ajZaebqgh), _fm \k_ jZ\-
gh. ?keb \u ]h\hjbl_, qlh qlh-lh klhbl a pretty penny (dmr), \u bf__l_ \
\b^m, qlh wlh klhbl ^hjh]h.
F_jZ aZ f_jm
<u dh]^Z-gb[m^v aZf_qZeb, dZd fgh]h \ujZ`_gbc \ Zg]ebckdhf
kh^_j`bl jZaebqgu_ nhjfu baf_j_gby?
?keb \u ]h\hjbl_, qlh dlh-lh every inch a gentleman (gZklhysbc
^`_glevf_g), \u bf__l_ \ \b^m, qlh hg gZklhysbc ^`_glevf_g, gh
_keb \u ]h\hjbl_, qlh hg won't budge an inch (b g_ ihr_\_eblky), \u
bf__l_ \ \b^m, qlh hg hq_gv mijyf ih ih\h^m q_]h-eb[h. A milestone
hq_gv \Z`gh_ b agZqbl_evgh_ kh[ulb_. Dh]^Z \u inch forward, \u
^\b]Z_l_kv hq_gv f_ê_ggh, b _keb when you give somebody an inch,
they take a mile, lh]^Z, dh]^Z \u ^Z_l_ bf g_fgh]h hgb [_jml fgh]h.
You cannot get a quart into a pint pot qlh hagZqZ_l, qlh \u g_ fh`_-
l_ gZeblv hij_^_e_ggh_ dhebq_kl\h `b^dhklb \ _fdhklv, \f_sZx-
smx f_gvr__ dhebq_kl\h `b^dhklb, wlh agZqbl. Qlh \u g_ fh`_l_
k^_eZlv g_\hafh`gh]h, b _keb \u have tons of something, m \Zk [hev-
rh_ dhebq_kl\h q_]h-eb[h. B ihke_^g__, _keb \Zr Zg]ebckdbc miles
better than anybody else`s (\Zr Zg]ebckdbc gZfgh]h emqr_, q_f q_c-
eb[h _s_)wlh agZqbl, qlh hg gZfgh]h, gZfgh]h emqr_.
2. KhihklZ\vl_ jbkmgdb b \ujZ`_gby.
a) 6; b) 1; c) 5; d) 2; e) 3; f) 4.
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3. Ih^mfZcl_ h jmkkdbo ihkeh\bpZo b \ujZ`_gbyo, dhlhju_
agZqZl lh`_, qlh b Zg]ebckdb_ ihkeh\bpu \ l_dkl_.
dhi_cdZ jm[ev [_j_`_l;
wdhghfguc \ f_ehqZo, jZklhqbl_evguc \ djmighf; gZa\Zeky
]jma^_f ihe_aZc \ dmah\; gZklhysbc ^`_glevf_g; iZe_p \ jhl g_
deZ^b.
Lesson 14
<. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud.
1) If he saved money he would be rich.
2) He was penny wise, pound foolish.
3) This car cost a pretty penny.
4) Its a pity he doesnt care an inch.
5) He couldnt help helping her because he followed the rule in for a
penny, in for a pound.
6) John understood that he couldnt get a quart into a pint pot.
7) You have to be careful with this man. You give him an inch, he
will take a mile.
8) What is he like? hes every inch a gentleman.
9) This event was a milestone in the development of their
relationships.
10) His English is miles better than Johns.
Homework
1) She asked where the children were.
2) We dont know if there is fish in this lake.
3) Mother asked Ann where her clothes were.
4) He didnt know if there was some money in the house.
5) He said that the goods were delivered in time.
6) The police doesnt know where Jonathan is, does it?
7) Why is the furniture in her house so old?
8) Is her knowledge in mathematics is poor she wont pass the exam.
9) Was there butter in the cake? Yes there was.
10) He didnt know if his information would be useful.
11) He asked his friend how many fish he had caught.
CHAPTER 6
Lesson 1
Homework
1) Australians are enthusiastic in art and music.
2) To go to the theatre women wear long dresses and men wear tuxedos.
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3) Aboriginal art is very interesting.
4) They should have visited the National Gallery in Canberra.
5) There are many special exhibitions at the Gallery.
6) There are films and videofilms about art and artists.
7) The National Gallery has a travelling exhibition.
8) A suitcase of different kinds of artwork is sent to remote areas.
9) All museums have special services for the disabled.
10) How many museums are there in Australia?
11) She would like to see Aborigines drawings very much.
12) What cities did they visit during their trip to Australia?
13) If I were him I would have worn a tuxedo.
14) Do you like Aboriginal art?
15) After they were shown a film about this artist she wanted to see
his paintings.
Lesson 2
D. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud.
1) Is he a famous painter?
2) His paintings will be displayed at the National Gallery, wont they?
3) When we were watching a film he remembered that he had seen
this paainters works when he was in Australia.
4) She asked whom this painting was by.
5) When we were being told about this musician I wanted to listen to
his music.
6) Is this museum visited by many tourists?
7) Who was this story written by?
8) There are endangered animals in Australia.
9) She were to meet at the theatre entrance, were they not?
10) There are many ways to help animals.
11) Will there be anyone at home when he comes?
12) I hope there will be no mistakes in your test.
Lesson 3
B. >hihegbl_ ij_êh`_gby b gZibrbl_ bo \ ijZ\bevghf ih-
jy^d_.
1) Easter holidays. 5
2) Are interested in making up coursework of by those who would
like to accelerate their program. 7
3) Four years 1
4) the second, January, the end of May. 4
5) the last week of august, until the middle of December, four week,
Christmas 3
6) courses of study during the summer months. 6
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7) Two terms or semesters. 2
Homework
1. Hl\_lvl_ gZ ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku b k^_eZcl_ ^hdeZû h[
Zf_jbdZgkdbo mgb\_jkbl_lZo / dhee_^`Zo, bkihevamy \hijhku
dZd ieZg.
1) Kdhevdh ijh^he`Z_lky h[mq_gb_?
The period of study is four years.
2) Kdhevdh k_f_kljh\ \ dZ`^hf ]h^m?
Each year comprises two terms.
3) Dh]^Z gZqbgZ_lky i_j\uc k_f_klj?
The first term begins the last week of August.
4) Ijh^he`Z_lky eb \lhjhc k_f_klj ^h dhgpZ fZy?
Yes, it does,.
5) Qlh ij_^hklZ\eyxl fgh]b_ dhee_^`b \h \j_fy e_lgbo f_kyp_\?
Many colleges offer courses during summer months.
6) Kdhevdh aZq_lh\ ^he`_g ihemqblv klm^_gl aZ dZ`ûc k_f_klj?
An average student is expected to take 15 16 credits.
7) Ijb dZdhf mkeh\bb klm^_gl fh`_l i_j_clb gZ ke_^mxsbc dmjk?
A student can pass to the next year if he has accumulated more than
30 credits.
8) DZd hgb gZau\Zxl \lhjhdmjkgbdZ?
They call a second year student a sophomore.
9) Dh]^Z klm^_gl ]hlh\ aZdhgqblv mq_[gh_ aZ\_^_gb_?
A student is ready for graduation after he has completed four years of
study and has acquired 124 or 150 credits.
1) After he has taken his credits he will sit for examinations.
2) You have to work hard during a term, dont you?
3) We would like this work to be done by the end of the month.
4) She is unlikely to have told him.
5) The teacher had to explain this rule once more.
6) She seems to have been in England.
7) When he called they were having a party.
8) He has been waiting for her for nearly an hour, and she hasnt
come yet.
9) How long have you known this man?
10) She asked if he had received her letter.
Lesson 4
K. Hl\_lvl_ gZ ke_^mxsb_ \hijhku.
1) Hdnhj^kdbc mgb\_jkbl_l wlh khvjZgb_ dhee_^`_c?
2) Dh]^Z [ueb hkgh\Zgu g_dhlhju_ ba dhee_^`_c?
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3) DZdb_ nmgdpbb m mgb\_jkbl_lZ?
4) DZdb__ klm^_glu _klv \ dZ`^hf dhee_^`_?
5) H[tykgbl_ qlh lZdh_ kbkl_fZ ijbdj_ie_gby ij_ih^Z\Zl_ey d
mq_gbdm?
6) GZ kdhevdh k_f_kljh\ jZa^_e_g mq_[guc ]h^?
7) Dh]^Z ijh\h^ylky wdaZf_gu aZ k_f_klj?
8) Qlh ijhbkoh^bl, _keb klm^_gj ijh\Zeb\Z_lky gZ wdaZf_g_?
9) Qlh [jblZgkdb_ klm^_glu ^he`gu gZ^_\Zlv, aZdZ_qb\Zy mgb-
\_jkbl_l?
?. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud.
1) Are you interested in American Education system?
2) The period of study in an american college is four years, isnt it?
3) How many credits must a student take every term?
4) There are amnt colleges in Oxford that ahve students of all kinds.
5) The academic year in england is divided into three terms.
6) The examinations are held at the end of each term.
7) For a break of discipline a student can be fined.
Homework
1. IjhqblZcl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ wlhl l_dkl.
K_gly[jv 28.
Ijb[ulb_
Y kb`m \ k\h_c dhfgZl_, hdjm`_ggZy q_fh^ZgZfb. HgZ imklZy, b
^Z_l khhl\_lkl\mxs__ hsms_gb_. F_gy lhevdh qlh ijb\_aeb \ mgb-
\_jkbl_l fhb ^jmavy. Ij_`^_ \k_]h, fu h[jZlbebkv \ kijZ\hqgmx,
]^_ gZf kdZaZeb, qlh ^_eZlv. I_j\uf f_klhf gZr_]h gZagZq_gby [u-
eZ kem`[Z `bevy, ]^_ fu ihemqbeb dexq hl fh_c dhfgZlu. AZl_f fu
lZd`_ ihreb \ kem`[m ijb_fZ klm^_glh\, qlh[u ihemqblv klm^_gq_-
kdbc [be_l, gh hgZ \k_ _s_ aZdjulZ, b g_ hldjh_lky ^h aZ\ljZ. <ihe-
g_ m^h\e_l\hj_ggu_ l_f, qlh hgb k^_eZeb, fhb ^jmavy hklZ\beb f_-
gy h^gm b ih_oZeb ^hfhc. B \hl y a^_kv, qlh[u gZqZlv fhx gh\mx
`bagv klm^_glZ. < wlhc `bagb fg_ ijb^_lky aZ\_klb gh\uo ^jma_c b
\jZ]h\, magZlv, dZd oh^blv aZ ihdmidZfb b klbjZlv, \u[jZlv [Zgd,
]^_ y hldjhx kq_l, gZclb kZfmx ^_r_\mx l_e_nhggmx dhfiZgbx,
qlh[u a\hgblv ^hfhc b . dhg_qgh mqblky. GZ^h k^_eZlv \k_ wlh, b
g_l gbdh]h, dlh [u fh] ihfhqv beb ^Zlv kh\_l. K wlh]h fhf_glZ fhc
^hf [Zrgy J_ce_c, h^gZ ba x`guo [Zr_g mgb\_jkbl_lZ. BlZd,
k_cqZk m f_gy _klv ^\Z \ZjbZglZ: Eb[h miZklv gZ djh\Zlv b e_e_ylv
k\hb ]jmklgu_ fukeb, eb[h . \uclb ba dhfgZlu b ihkfhlj_lv, qlh
ijhbkoh^bl. < dhgp_ dhgph\, y \ureZ ba dhfgZlu, b hq_gv kdhjh y
m`_ kb^_eZ gZ dmog_, jZa]h\Zjb\Zy k ^\mfy ^_\mrdZfb. Hgb h[_ ba
BjeZg^bb, b h[_bo ah\ml W\_ebg, b hgb \u]ey^yl lZd `_ jZkl_jyggh
b h^bghdh, dZd b y, gh \f_kl_ fu ihqm\kl\h\Zeb k_[y gZfgh]h e_]q_
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b jZkieZgbjh\Zeb ^_gv. Ij_`^_ \k_]h, fu ihh[_^Z_f \ h^ghf ba dZ-
n_ gZ l_jjblhjbb mgb\_jkbl_lZ, aZl_f fu kh[bjZ_fky \ kmi_jfZj-
d_l, Z aZl_f . ihkfhljbf. Fu ^_eZ_f, dZd aZieZgbjh\Zeb. < fZ-
e_gvdhf dZn_ gZ ]eZ\ghc iehsZ^b (iehsZ^v 2) fgh]h ex^_c. A^_kv
\u fh`_l_ m\b^_lv ij_^klZ\bl_e_c ihqlb \k_o kljZg a_fgh]h rZjZ.
;hevrbgkl\h ba gbo kb^bl aZ klhebdZfb gZ mebp_, jZa]h\Zjb\Zy b
kf_ykv b dmjy. Y kfhljx gZ gbo, gh g_ fh]m ihgylv dlh ba gbo, dZd b
y lhevdh qlh ijb_oZe. <k_ \u]ey^yl kqZkleb\h b jZkkeZ[e_ggh. Ih-
ke_ [ukljh]h e_gqZ fu hlijZ\ey_fky \ kmi_jfZjd_l, ]^_ fu ijh\h-
^bf hdheh ihemqZkZ. Wlh L_kdh, b hg ^_ckl\bl_evgh hq_gv [hevrhc.
Fu [jh^bf \^hev [_kdhg_qguo ihehd, iulZykv jZah[jZlvky, qlh
emqr_ dmiblv. Fu \k_ ^he`gu [ulv hq_gv ZddmjZlgu k jZkoh^hf
^_g_]. GZdhg_p \u[hj k^_eZg, b fu kgh\Z ^hfZ. M gZk _s_ _klv g_-
fgh]h \j_f_gb ^h h[_^Z, b fu j_rZ_f ohjhr_gvdh h]ey^_lvky \h-
djm]. Fu b^_f \ Nblg_kk p_glj b \ [b[ebhl_dm. K_cqZk m`_ ihqlb
l_fgh, b fu fh`_f ihex[h\Zlvky hljZ`_gb_f [b[ebhl_db \ l_fguo
\h^Zo ha_jZ. Fu lZd`_ \b^bf ^hfZ, f_klh, ]^_ `b\ml ^jm]b_ klm^_g-
lu. Ihke_ wlh]h fu j_rZ_f, qlh k gZk ^hklZlhqgh b ijh\h^bf kih-
dhcguc \_q_j \ <_jog_f ;Zj_, gZr_f f_klghf iZ[_.
Hdly[jv 1
Mq_[Z
K_]h^gy fh_ i_j\h_ aZgylb_. Y _s_ g_ ihagZdhfbeZkv gb k fhbfb
mqbl_eyfb, gb k fh_c ]jmiihc. I_j\h_ kh[jZgb_ ebg]\bklbq_kdh]h hl-
^_e_gby khklhblky \ 9 mljZ \ e_dpbhgghf a^Zgbb 2. Y ^he`gZ [ulv
hq_gv ZddmjZlgZ, qlh[u g_ ijhimklblv _]h, l_jjblhjby mgb\_jkbl_lZ
^_ckl\bl_evgZ [hevrZy, b y \k_ _s_ bf_x keZ[h_ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h lhf,
]^_ gZoh^blky e_dpbhggh_ a^Zgb_. Dhg_qgh, y hiZaû\Zx, gh \k_ `_
ijboh`m \h\j_fy, qlh[u magZlv, dlh ^bj_dlhju fh_]h dmjkZ, b dZd [m-
^_l hj]Zgbah\ZgZ mq_[Z. GZr_ hl^_e_gb_ hq_gv [hevrh_, b hgh jZa^_-
e_gh gZ jZagu_ ]jmiiu, \ khhl\_lkl\bb k h[eZklvx ki_pbZebaZpbb. Fhc
hkgh\ghc ij_^f_l khpbhebg]\bklbdZ. Khpbhebg]\bklbdZ, \f_kl_ k kh-
pbhebg]\bklbq_kdbfb f_lh^Zfb, fhb h[yaZl_evgu_ ^bkpbiebgu. Y
^he`gZ ihk_sZlv bo j_]meyjgh. >jm]b_ ^bkpbiebgu (_s_ 3) y fh]m \u-
[jZlv kZfZ. ?klv hdheh 70 ij_^f_lh\ \u[hjZ, b g_ h[yaZl_evgh ^_eZlv
\u[hj ijyfh k_cqZk. GZf ^Zeb hdheh ^\mo g_^_ev, qlh[u ihoh^blv, ih-
kemrZlv e_dpbb, b j_rblv, qlh fu kh[bjZ_fky ^_eZlv \ l_q_gbb hk-
lZevghc qZklb q_l\_jlb. H^gZdh \ ke_^mxs_c q_l\_jlb fu kfh`_f \u-
[jZlv ^jm]b_ ^bkpbiebgu. Ihke_ \u[hjZ ^bkpbiebg, gZf g_h[oh^bfh
ihk_sZlv bo j_]meyjgh b ^_eZlv jZ[hlu, gZ ij_êh`_ggu_ mqbl_e_f
l_fu. LZd`_ kms_kl\mxl djZcgb_ kjhdb êy k^Zqb jZ[hl. DjZcgbc kjhd
wlh ki_pbZevgZy ^ZlZ b \j_fy, dh]^Z klm^_gl ^he`_g ijbg_klb jZ[h-
lm k_dj_lZjx hl^_e_gby. DZd lhevdh k_dj_lZjv ihemqZ_l __, hgZ aZghkbl
\j_fy \ dhfivxl_j. L_, dlh hiZaû\Zxl, l_jyxl 2 beb 3 imgdlZ (\ ijh-
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p_glghf khhlghr_gbb) \ ^_gv hl bo dhg_qghc hp_gdb. JZ[hlZ hp_gb\Z-
_lky \ ijhp_glZo. LZd l_hj_lbq_kdb \ukrZy hp_gdZ 100per cent, gh \
^_ckl\bl_evghklb 70 75per cent kZfuc \ukhdbc \hafh`guc j_-
amevlZl. Qlh[u ihemqblv kl_i_gv, klm^_gl ^he`_g ihemqblv g_ f_gvr_,
q_f 60per cent, aZ dZ`^mx ba jZ[hl. >ey klm^_glh\ ihke_^g_]h dmjkZ
wlhl mjh\_gv gZfgh]h gb`_.
Mgb\_jkbl_lkdb_ h[s_kl\Z
K_]h^gy \_ebdbc ^_gv. GZrb mgb\_jkbl_lkdb_ h[s_kl\Z ^_eZxl
[hevrmx \uklZ\dm, qlh[u gh\u_ klm^_glu fh]eb \klmiblv \ h[s_-
kl\h, dhlhjh_ bf bgl_j_kgh. Qlh[u klZlv qe_ghf, gm`gh aZieZlblv
\klmibl_evguc \aghk. < g_dhlhjuo kemqZyo wlh \k_]h ebrv h^bg
nmgl, \ ^jm]bo kemqZyo wlh gZfgh]h [hevr_. H[uqgh qe_g h[s_kl\Z
Z\lhfZlbq_kdb ihemqZ_l \kx bgnhjfZpbx, ijb]eZrZ_lky gZ e_dpbb,
h[km`^_gby b \_q_jbgdb b, djhf_ lh]h, hg ihemqZ_l [hevrmx kdb^-
dm gZ \oh^ghc [be_l gZ \_q_jbgdb h[s_kl\Z. Kms_kl\m_l ijbf_jgh
50 jZaguo h[s_kl\, b dZ`^h_ ba gbo ij_^klZ\e_gh gZ ]eZ\ghc ieh-
sZ^b. Y b fhb ^jmavy oh^bf \hdjm], ^mfZy b jZa]h\Zjb\Zy. G_dhlh-
ju_ ba h[s_kl\ g_ hq_gv bgl_j_kgu êy gZk. =j_q_kdh_ h[s_kl\h,
Lmj_pdh_ h[s_kl\h, BjeZg^kdh_ h[s_kl\h, F_dkbdZgkdh_ h[s_kl\h.
Hgb êy l_o ex^_c, dhlhju_ ijb_oZeb ba wlbo kljZg. Fu ijb^_f d
gbf iha`_, dh]^Z m gbo [m^ml \_q_jbgdb, b hgb ijb]eZkyl \k_o ih-
kemrZlv bo fmaudm, ihijh[h\Zlv bo _^m b ihlZgp_\Zlv k gbfb. Qlh-
[u k^_eZlv wlh g_ h[yaZl_evgh [ulv qe_ghf. LZd`_ kms_kl\mxl h[-
s_kl\Z, hj]Zgbah\Zggu_ hl^_e_gbyfb, lZdb_ dZd h[s_kl\Z
khpbheh]bb, dhfivxl_jZ, ijZ\Z. Hgb lh`_ g_ hq_gv ihimeyjgu. <
dhgp_ dhgph\, fu `_ ihk_sZ_f aZgylby! LZd qlh [hevrbgkl\h klm-
^_glh\ ZlZdmxl iZjm klheh\, ijbgZê_`Zsbo h[s_kl\m ex[bl_e_c
dbgh (Z[khexlguc ih[_^bl_ev) b h[s_kl\m nblg_kZ. <klmiblv \ gbo
^h\hevgh ^hjh]h, gh wlh klhbl lh]h. GZijbf_j, h[s_kl\h ex[bl_e_c
dbgh ihdZau\Z_l ljb nbevfZ \ g_^_ex, b _]h qe_gu fh]ml kfhlj_lv
bo ijZdlbq_kdb [_kieZlgh, \ lh \j_fy, dZd hklZevguf klm^_glZf
ijboh^blky ieZlblv ih 3 nmglZ aZ dZ`ûc nbevf. H[s_kl\h nblg_-
kZ ^Z_l l_[_ ijZ\h [_kieZlgh]h \oh^Z \ mgb\_jkbl_lkdbc nblg_k aZe.
Ihwlhfm fu klZgh\bfky qe_gZfb wlbo h[s_kl\.
Ijb[ulb_
1) Marianna will be doing her masters in the University of Essex.
2) MA means Master of Arts.
3) In her new life Marianna will have to make new friends and
enemies, find out how to do her shopping and her laundry, choose a bank
where she will open an account, find the cheapest telephone company to
phone home and study.
4) Tesco is a supermarket.
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5) Mariannas impressions about Tesco are that it is a really
enormous supermarket with endless shelves.
6) The students must be careful spending money,
7) as they dont have enough money for wasting it? Besides extra
expenditures are possible.
Mq_[Z
1) Campus is the grounds and buildings of a university or college.
2) Marianna was able to find out who her course directors were and
how the studies were going to be organized.
3) Mariannas main subject is Sociolinguistics.
4) Module means anyone of several independent units that together
form a course of study at a college or university.
5) Marianna has to choose three modules.
6) There are about 70 options to choose from. Students are given about
two weeks to go, listen to the lectures and decide what they want to be doing
for the rest of the term. Next term, however, they can pick up new modules.
7) Once the modules are chosen it is students responsibility to attend
them regularly and write assignments on the topics suggested by the teacher.
8) A deadline is a special date and time when the student must bring
the assignment to the secretary of the Department.
9) The assignment is brought to the secretary of the Department. As
soon as she gets it she puts the time into her computer. Those who are
late lose 2 or 3 points (per cent) per day from their final mark.
10) The work is marked in percent.
11) Theoretically the highest mark is 100per cent, but in reality 70
75per cent is the highest possible result.
12) To be awarded the degree a student should get not less than 60per
cent for each of his assignments. This standard is much lower for the
undergraduates.
Mgb\_jkbl_lkdb_ h[s_kl\Z
1) University socs are making a big exhibition so the new students
can join the societies they are interested in.
2) To become a member one should pay an entrance fee.
3) Usually a socs member automatically receives all the news, is
invited to lectures, discussions and parties and, moreover, gets a big
discount from the entrance fee to the socs parties.
4) At the University of Essex there are about 50 different socs.
5) There are socs for those, who came from different countries: a
Greek soc, a Turkey soc, an Irish soc, a Mexican soc. There are also socs,
organized by departments: a Sociology soc, a Computer soc, a Law soc.
The most popular socs are the Film soc and the Fitness soc, the members
of the first one watch film nearly for free, the members of the second one
are given a free annual entry to the University fitness room.
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6) Marianna chose the Film soc and the Fitness soc.
Lesson 5
Homework
1. Ijhqlbl_ b i_j_\_^bl_.
Ghy[jv 1
G_ fh]m ih\_jblv, qlh ijhr_e \k_]h ebrv f_kyp k l_o ihj, dZd y
ijb_oZeZ \ mgb\_jkbl_l. K_cqZk l_jjblhjby mgb\_jkbl_lZ, wlh fhc ^hf.
Y \klZx b b^m gZ e_dpbb. Hgb \k_]^Z bgl_j_kgu_ b bgnhjfZlb\gu_.
E_dlhju ^Zxl gZf ijhki_dlu kh \k_f, qlh [m^_l \ l_q_gb_ e_dpbb, lZd
qlh gZf g_ ijboh^blky l_jylv \j_fy gZ lh, qlh[u ibkZlv. <f_klh wlh]h
fu fh`_f ijbgbfZlv mqZklb_ b [_kdhg_qgh ^bkdmlbjh\Zlv. Fu m`_
agZ_f l_fu gZrbo jZ[hl, gh gbdlh _s_ g_ gZqZe ibkZlv bo. Mqbl_ey
lh`_ g_ kijZrb\Zxl gZk h gbo. Hgb \k_]^Z jZû ihfhqv, gh lhevdh _k-
eb fu ijhkbf bo h[ wlhf. M gZk \k_ _s_ f_kyp ^h i_j\h]h djZcg_]h
kjhdZ k^Zqb, lZd qlh fu gZkeZ`^Z_fky `bagvx, b gZr f_klguc iZ[, dh-
lhjuc gZau\Z_lky <_jogbc [Zj \k_]^Z ihehg \_q_jhf. Fu kfhljbf
nbevfu, oh^bf \ nblg_k aZe b gZ jZagu_ \_q_jbgdb, mkljZb\Z_fu_ h[-
s_kl\Zfb. Ihke_^gyy ba gbo [ueZ hj]Zgbah\ZgZ f_dkbdZgkdbf h[s_kl-
\hf, b [ueZ ihk\ys_gZ >gx \k_o k\yluo. <_kv mgb\_jkbl_l k^_eZe dhk-
lxfu b dmibe fZkdb. Wlh [ue ihljykZxsbc \_q_j.
LZd`_ [u\Zxl \_q_jZ, dh]^Z y kebrdhf mklZeZ, qlh[u dm^Z-lh b^lb.
Lh]^Z y ijhklh hklZxkv ^hfZ. < gZr_c d\Zjlbj_ ljbgZ^pZlv dhfgZl. GZ
kZfhf ^_e_ wlh g_ d\ZjlbjZ, Z wlZ` q_lujgZ^pZlbwlZ`gh]h ^hfZ, gh
ljZ^bpbhggh _]h gZau\Zxl d\Zjlbjhc. Fu \k_ `b\_f \ gZrbo kh[kl-
\_gguo dhfgZlZo, gh dmogy h^gZ êy \k_o. GZf wlh gjZ\blky. HgZ
[hevrZy b kh\j_f_ggZy b \k_]^Z ihegZ ex^vfb, dhlhju_ \ukemrZxl
l_[y, ihfh]ml l_[_ beb ijhklh m]hklyl dZdbf-gb[m^v hkh[uf [ex^hf,
dhlhjh_ lu gbdh]^Z jZgvr_ g_ ijh[h\Ze. Wlh dem[ gZr_c d\Zjlbju, k
h]jhfguf klhehf ihk_j_^bg_, aZ dhlhjuf o\ZlZ_l f_klZ êy \k_o.
Ghy[jv 25
Y ^_ckl\bl_evgh ih^Z\e_gZ. DjZcgb_ kjhdb k^Zqb ijb[eb`Zxl-
ky, Z fhb jZ[hlu gZibkZgu lhevdh gZiheh\bgm. Y g_ agZx, dZd y kh-
[bjZxkv aZdhgqblv \k_ \h\j_fy. M f_gy bkkydeb b^_b, y mklZeZ, y
g_kqZklgZ! Dlh-gb[m^v, ihfh]bl_ fg_! Ihq_fm y g_ gZqZeZ jZgvr_?
Wlb ^gb y mqmkv ^_gv b ghqv. Y ijh\h`m [hevrmx qZklv \j_f_gb \
[b[ebhl_d_. KeZ\Z [h]m, hgZ jZ[hlZ_l ^h ^_kylb \_q_jZ. Dhg_qgh \k_
dgb]b, dhlhju_ fg_ gm`gu, m`_ ^Z\gh jZah[jZeb, gh _klv lZd`_ dh-
ibb \k_o dgb], dhlhju_ ex^b g_ fh]ml \ughkblv, lZd qlh y ihevam-
xkv bfb. <hafh`gh ihlj_[h\Zlv dgb]b h[jZlgh m ^jm]bo qblZl_e_c.
?keb y ijhrm [b[ebhl_dm, hgb gZibrml q_eh\_dm, m dhlhjh]h dgb]Z,
qlh fg_ hgZ gm`gZ b aZklZ\yl _]h \_jgmlv __ jZgvr_. H^gZdh y g_
agZx, ihfh`_l eb fg_ wlh k_cqZk. M f_gy g_l \j_f_gb `^Zlv. Dhf-
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ivxl_jgu_ eZ[hjZlhjbb ihegu \ wlb ^gb. Klm^_glu ^he`gu `^Zlv \
êbgguo hq_j_^yo, qlh[u ihihevah\Zlvky dhfivxl_jhf. <k_ ibrml
jZ[hlu, dZ`ûc \u]ey^bl haZ[hq_gguf b [e_^guf. EZablv \ bgl_j-
g_l_ kljh]h aZij_s_gh, ex^yf gm`gu dhfivxl_ju êy jZ[hlu. Fg_
ihkqZkleb\behkv, m f_gy _klv kh[kl\_gguc dhfivxl_j \ dhfgZl_. Y
g_ fh]m ij_^klZ\blv, dZd ex^b fh]ml khkj_^hlhqblvky \ i_j_ihe-
g_gguo eZ[hjZlhjbyo. Mqbl_ey k_cqZk _^\Z eb ^hklmigu êy jZa]h-
\hjh\. Bo dhgkmevlZpbhggu_ qZku iheghklvx jZkibkZgu, lZd qlh l_,
dlh g_ ih^mfZe h[ wlhf jZgvr_, mkeurZl ih l_e_nhgm fmaudm.
G_dhlhju_ ba fhbo ^jma_c ijhê_\Zxl kjhdb. >jm]bfb keh\Zfb
hgb oh^yl gZ e_dpbb, `Zemxlky gZ `bagv, gZ a^hjh\v_, gZijy`_ggu_
hlghr_gby. ?keb bf ih\_a_l, mqbl_ev ijhêbl bf djZcgbc kjhd k^Zqb
gZ h^gm beb ^\_ g_^_eb. Ihqlb dZ`ûc ]h\hjbl h ihemq_gbb ijhê_-
gby, gh [hevrbgkl\h ba gZk kebrdhf ]hjû, qlh[u ijhkblv h g_f.
>_dZ[jv 13
KqZkleb\h]h Jh`^_kl\Z, djhrdZ, ihx y, kemrZy fmaudm b miZ-
dh\u\Zy q_fh^Zgu. Y k^_eZeZ wlh! Y gZibkZeZ jZ[hlu b k^ZeZ bo \h-
\j_fy! Y kh[bjZxkv ijh\_klb fhb abfgb_ dZgbdmeu \ \Zebckdhf Lhjg-
[jb^`_. Y g_ \b^_eZ bo k lh]h i_qZevgh]h fhf_glZ, dh]^Z hgb ijb\_aeb
f_gy gZ l_jjblhjbx mgb\_jkbl_lZ. ;m^_l i_qZevgh ijhsZlvky k fhbfb
khdmjkgbdZfb gZ f_kyp, gh ihqlb \k_ m_a`Zxl. L_jjblhjby mgb\_jkb-
l_lZ \u]ey^bl k_jhc b imklhc. IhdZ! Ih^t_oZeh fh_ lZdkb!
2. Hl\_lvl_ gZ \hijhku
1) Yes, Marianna like the lectures, because they are always
interesting and informative. The lecturers give the students handouts with
everything they say during the lecture, so they dont have to waste their
time on writing. Instead they can participate and have endless
discussions.
2) No, the students dont bother about writing assignments? As they
still have a month before the first deadline. The teachers do not ask about
them either. They are always happy to help, but only if the students ask
them to.
3) They watch films, go to the fitness room and to different parties
arranged by the socs. They are all enjoying themselves.
4) The Mexican soc organized a party devoted to Halloween. The
whole University made costumes and bought masks. It was a great night.
5) The name flat is traditionally given to a floor of a 14-storeyed
building. Every student lives in his own room, but the kitchen is for
everybody to share.
6) Marianna has to spend day and night in the library as the deadlines
are approaching and she is somewhere in the middle of writing her
assignments.
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7) Of course all the books Marianna needs are already taken, but
there are copies of all books, that people cannot take out, so she is using
them.
8) To reclaim the book means that it is possible to ask the library for
a book which has been taken by someone else, and then they will write to
this person that you need it and make him return it quicker.
9) The computer labs are full these days, as all the students have to
use computers in their work.
10) The teachers are hardly available for talks now. Their
consultation hours are fully booked, so those who did not think about it
earlier have to face the music.
11) The expression to get an extension means, that if the teacher
finds ground for it, he may extend the deadline for one or two weeks.
12) In order to get an extension one goes to the lectures and complain
about life, health and stressful relationships.
Lesson 6
B. Ijhqlbl_, qlh ijhbahreh ^Zevr_.
>\Z ]h^Z kimkly
K_]h^gy fhc \uimkdghc ^_gv, fhc ihke_^gbc ^_gv \ Wkk_dk_. <k_:
jZ[hlu, wdaZf_gu, ^he]b_ ghqb \ iZ[Zo, \k_ wlh k_cqZk ihaZ^b. Y m`_ g_
ihfgx, dZd ly`_eh fg_ ijbrehkv jZ[hlZlv jZ^b wlh]h ^gy, y ijhklh
qm\kl\mx i_qZev ba-aZ lh]h, qlh ijhreb fhb klm^_gq_kdb_ ^gb. Fhb
^jmavy b y kh[bjZ_fky ihclb \ mgb\_jkbl_lkdbc kh\_l, ]^_ lblme fZ]b-
kljZ ]mfZgblZjguo gZmd aZdj_iblky aZ gZfb. < ^Zgguc fhf_gl y ijb-
f_jyx fZglbx b klm^_gq_kdmx reyim. FZglby êbggZy q_jgZy b k\h-
[h^gZy, k [hevrbf dZixrhghf b djZkgh-[_ehc ih^deZ^dhc. HgZ
\u]ey^bl dZd kj_^g_\_dh\Zy, qlh g_ m^b\bl_evgh, ljZ^bpby ghkblv wlb
h^_`û \ mgb\_jkbl_l_ ^h\hevgh ^j_\gyy. Klm^_glu Hdk[jb^`Z (D_f-
[jb^`Z b Hdknhj^Z), dZd fu bo gZau\Z_f, \k_ _s_ ghkyl fZglbb gZ wd-
aZf_gu, gh \ ^jm]bo mgb\_jkbl_lZo fZglbb gZ^_\Zxl ebrv ih hkh[uf
kemqZyf. B mgb\_jkbl_lkdbc kh\_l wlh kZfh_ \Z`gh_ kh[ulb_. J_-
amevlZl e_l mq_[u. Q_j_a ^_kylv fbgml y m`_ kb`m \ <_ebdhf AZe_. Hg
djZkb\h mdjZr_g b gZ ]eZ\ghc kl_g_ gZibkZg ^_\ba mgb\_jkbl_lZ Wk-
k_dk: Q_f ljm^g__, l_f k_j^p_ kf_e__. B]jZ_l ]bfg, b ijhn_kkhjZ b
^hdlhjZ mgb\_jkbl_lZ \oh^yl \ aZe. Ihke_^gbf \oh^bl ehj^-dZgpe_j.
GZ g_f djZkgZy fZglby b reyiZ. Hg ijb\_lkl\m_l \uimkdgbdh\, bo jh-
^bl_e_c b ^jma_c, aZl_f gZau\Z_l gZrb bf_gZ, h^gh aZ ^jm]bf. Dh]^Z
ihôh^bl fhy hq_j_^v, y ihem`b\Z hl \heg_gby b g_ ihfgx, qlh ^_eZlv,
ohly i_j_^ p_j_fhgb_c y \gbfZl_evgh ijhqblZeZ bgkljmdpbb. GZdhg_p
y ihôh`m d ehj^-dZgpe_jm, hg iha^jZ\ey_l f_gy, ih`bfZ_l fg_ jmdm,
b y ihemqZx k\hc ^biehf.
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Homework
1. <_jgh beb g_\_jgh beb g_l bgnhjfZpbb? ?keb g_l bgnhj-
fZpbb, ihijh[mcl_ ihjZafureylv beb magZcl_.
1) wrong; 2) no information; 3) right; 4) wrong; 5) right; 6) wrong;
7) no information; 8) no information (but it is not right, Essex is close to
London); 9) no information; 10) wrong; 11) wrong; 12) wrong;
13) wrong; 14) wrong; 15) no information; 16) right; 17) right;
18) wrong; 19) wrong; 20) wrong; 21) wrong; 22) no information; 23) no
information; 24) no information (but it is true); 25) right; 26) wrong;
27) wrong; 28) wrong; 29) wrong.
3. B]jZ. ;jhkvl_ fhg_lu. K^_eZcl_ ^\Z beb ljb oh^Z, \ aZ\b-
kbfhklb hl lh]h, qlh m <Zk: hj_e beb j_rdZ. JZ[hlZcl_ iZjZfb.
1) B^bl_ \ mgb\_jkbl_l b h[jZlbl_kv \ bgnhjfZpbhggh_ [xjh.
2) AZ[_jbl_ dexqb \ kem`[_ `bevy.
3) GZc^bl_ imlv d [Zrg_.
4) Ij_^kZ\l_kv <Zrbf gh\uf ^jmavyf ih d\Zjlbj_. JZamagZcl_ h
gbo.
5) Dmibl_ k_[_ e_gq \ dZn_ b ijhc^bl_ gZ ^\_ de_ldb \i_j_^.
6) KdZ`bl_ kiZkb[h ex^yf, kb^ysbf jy^hf k \Zfb gZ q_luj_o
jZaguo yaudZo.
7) KhklZ\l_ kibkhd ihdmihd b hlijZ\eycl_kv \ L_kdh.
8) Kijhkbl_ ]eZ\m h[s_kl\Z ex[bl_e_c dbgh h qe_gkl\_ b \aghkZo.
9) <hafbl_ bgl_j_kgmx dgb]m \ [b[ebhl_d_.
10) B^bl_ \ nblg_k aZe b dmibl_ _`_]h^guc [be_l.
11) B^bl_ \ iZ[, dmibl_ ib\Z, ih]h\hjbl_ k ^jmavyfb b ijh-
^\bgvl_kv gZ ljb de_ldb \i_j_^.
12) GZibrbl_ b ihrebl_ we_dljhggh_ ibkvfh <Zrbf jh^bl_eyf.
13) <u[_jbl_ k_[_ ^bkpbiebgu b h[tykgbl_ \u[hj (bkihevamcl_
rdhevgu_ ij_^f_lu beb <Zr_ \hh[jZ`_gb_)
14) Kijhkbl_ <Zr_]h ij_ih^Z\Zl_ey h[ hp_gd_.
15) Ihijhkbl_ h ijhê_gbb kjhdh\ k^Zqb (ijhimkdZ_l_ oh^).
16) B^bl_ \ [b[ebhl_dm b \havfbl_ dgb]m, dhlhjZy <Zf gm`gZ ih
mq_[_.
17) B^bl_ \ lmjbklbq_kdh_ Z]_glkl\h b aZdZ`bl_ [be_lu.
18) Ihk_lbl_ mgb\_jkbl_lkdbc kh\_l.
Lesson 7
A. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]heu \ kdh[dZo \ ijZ\bevgmx nhjfm.
>be_ffZ
Was, lived, had, spent.
Died, sent. Would meet. Had had, spoke, hated /
Came, was lying. Unlock, will lie.
Thought, was, would be.
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Went, started, had read.
Leave, remember, contains, unlock, will be blown.
Exploded, explode, will blow.
Could, opening, did not believe.
Was, would think.
B. GZc^bl_ bgnhjfZpbx, dhlhjhc g_l \ l_dkl_
1;3;4;5;7.
Lesson 8
D. Ijhgmf_jmcl_ kh[ulby `bagb EZjjb Kblkdb \ ijZ\bev-
ghf ihjy^d_.
4; 3; 6; 2; 1; 5.
Lesson 9
B. Hl\_lvl_ gZ \hijhku.
1) Ihq_fm :\kljZebckdbc Fheh^_`guc Hjd_klj [ue \Z`ghc kbehc
\ fmaudZevghc `bagb gZpbb, h[mqZy emqrbo fhehûo fmaudZglh\?
It has been a vital force in the nations musical life, because it trains the
best of Australias young musicians the rigours of professional orchestral life.
2) >hdZ`bl_, qlh, m hjd_kljZ \u^ZxsZyky j_imlZpby \ :\kljZ-
ebb b \h \k_f fbj_.
The Orchestra has played in many countries.
3) I_lZ Q_ca b]jZ_l gZ kdjbid_ beb gZ ibZgbgh?
Peta Chase plays the violin.
4) >hdZ`bl_, qlh hgZ lZeZgleb\uc fmaudZgl.
She is a talented musician. She joined the Newcastle Conservatorium
Childrens Symphony Orchestra and later became its leader. Then she
was the leader of the Senior Orchestra at the Newcastle University
conservatoruim. She had been awarded several scholarships and prizes
for her contribution to music.
Homework
1) What language is spoken in Holland? Dutch is spoken in Holland.
2) Is her husband a Spaniard or a Portuguese?
3) The Danes speak Danish, dont they?
4) The Londoner love their city.
5) Liverpudlians are proud of the fact that Beetles are from Liverpool.
6) People in Mexico speak Spanish, dont they?
7) German is spoken in Austria.
8) Glaswegians speak English. Dont they?
9) Japanese and Chinese are known to be the most difficult languages
to study.
10) The Scots are very courageous.
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Lesson 10
C. JZkkdZ`bl_ h g_f, bkihevamy ke_^mxsb_ keh\Z.
Duncan Gifford is one of the most talented young musicians. He is in
his fifth year at the Moscow Conservatoire. He is the winner of every
major competition in Australia. He has appeared as soloist with many
orchestras and toured Europe with the Australian Youth Orchestra. He
has performed through Australia and many other countries all over the
world. His first CD was released in 1993.
D. J_deZfgu_ h[ty\e_gby. Bamqbl_ ke_^mxs__. ;jblZgkdb_
f_klgu_ ]Za_lu h[uqgh kh^_j`Zl g_kdhevdh kljZgbp h[ty\e_-
gbc, dhlhju_ k]jmiibjh\Zgu ih dZl_]hjbyf. <hl g_dhlhju_ dZ-
l_]hjbb b g_kdhevdh lbibqguo h[ty\e_gbc. <u[_jbl_ dZl_]h-
jbx êy dZ`^h]h h[ty\e_gby.
1) f; 2) c; 3) g; 4) a; 5) h; 6) e; 7) d; 8) b.
Lesson 11
Homework
1. Ijhqlbl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ ke_^mxsbc iZjZ]jZn.
G_ koh^bl_ k mfZ
Fgh]b_ \ujZ`_gby \ Zg]ebckdhf bf_xl keh\Z, hlghkysb_ky d
]hjh^Zf b kljh_gbyf. <hl g_dhlhju_ ba gbo. ?keb \u paint the town
red (mkljhblv ihihcdm), \u ijZa^gm_l_ hq_gv rmfgh \ iZ[_ beb j_k-
lhjZg_. ?keb qlh-lh is just up your street (jZa[bjZlvky \ q_f-eb[h),
wlh dZd jZa lh, qlh \Zf ihôh^bl, gh _keb \u take the wrong turning
(k\_jgmeb g_ lZf), beb \u are off the track (k[bebkv k imlb), lh]^Z \u
k^_eZeb hrb[dm. ?keb \u have your back to the wall (\ [_a\uoh^ghf
iheh`_gbb), \u [hj_l_kv k [_agZ^_`ghc kblmZpb_c, b _keb \u
banging your head against a brick wall ([blvky ]heh\hc h[ kl_gm), \u
ijbqbgy_l_ k_[_ [hev g_gm`gufb mkbebyfb. A tower of strength (aZ-
sblgbd, gZ^_`gZy hihjZ), wlh dlh-lh, dlh ^Z_l kbeu b kf_ehklv hk-
lZevguf, a castle in Spain beb in the air (\ha^mrgu_ aZfdb), ijb\e_-
dZl_evgZy, gh g_hkms_kl\bfZy f_qlZ. To be on the threshold of
something ([ulv gZ ihjh]_ q_]h-eb[h), [ulv \ gZqZe_ gh\h]h hiulZ,
beb _keb something is just round the corner, agZqbl, wlh hq_gv [ebadh.
To drop a brick (k^_eZlv eyikmk), kdZaZlv dhfm-eb[h qlh-lh [_klZdl-
gh_. To lay the foundation (iheh`blv gZqZeh), AgZqbl kha^Zlv kbev-
gmx hkgh\m êy q_]h-eb[h, gh _keb to srike at the foundation (gZg_klb
m^Zj ih hkgh\_), agZqbl ijbqbgblv \j_^ hkgh\_ q_]h-eb[h. ?keb \u
explore every avenue (bkihevah\Zlv \k_ \hafh`ghklb), \u bamqbeb
dZ`^mx \hafh`ghklv, Z _keb \u go round the bend (khclb k mfZ), \u
kmfZkr_^rbc.
2. Khhlg_kbl_ jbkmgdb b \ujZ`_gby.
a 5; b 4; c 6; d 3; e 1; f 2.
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1) Y g_ \_jx _fm. Hg \k_]^Z kljhbl \ha^mrgu_ aZfdb.
2) Hg ihqm\kl\h\Ze, qlh j_r_gb_ wlhc ijh[e_fu m`_ [ebadh.
3) Y [hxkv, hg k^_eZ_l eyikmk \ __ ijbkmlkl\bb.
4) Y ^mfZx, wlZ \klj_qZ iheh`bl gZqZeh ieh^hl\hjgh]h khljm^-
gbq_kl\Z.
5) HgZ g_ kfh]eZ g_ gZibkZlv ibkvfh, ohly ihgbfZeZ, qlh wlh
jZajmrbl hkgh\m bo hlghr_gbc.
6) HgZ khc^_l k mfZ, _keb hg g_ \ub]jZ_l khj_\gh\Zgby.
7) GZdhg_p >`hj` ihgye, qlh hg [beky ]heh\hc h[ kl_gm, b j_-
rbe hklZ\bl b^_x wdki_jbf_glZ.
8) AZ^Zgb_ [ueh dZd jZa êy g_]h.
1) This work is not up his street.
2) He realized he took the wrong turning.
3) Her husband has always been a tower of strength for her.
4) He was notorious for the fact, that he could drop a brick at any
moment.
5) If you dont stop thinking about it, you will go rou6) nd the bend.
7) I had to tell everything, because I had my back to the wall.
8) He did not want to paint the town red on his birthday.
9) It is easier to live without building castles in Spain.
10) Dont waste your time. You are banging your head against a brick
wall.
Lesson 12
C. GZc^bl_ bgnhjfZpbx, dhlhjZy kh^_j`blky \ l_dkl_.
1, 3, 6, 8, 9
Homework
1. GZc^bl_ \ l_dkl_ keh\Z, ihôh^ysb_ ih^ ke_^mxsb_ hij_-
^_e_gby.
1) robbery; 2) an outlaw ; 3) a bushranger; 4) excitement; 5) bold;
6) threaten; 7) reply; 8) thunderbolt; 9) landscape; 10) western; 11) goldrush.
2. KdZ`bl_ g_kdhevdh keh\ h dZjlbg__ HklZgh\e_gu.
This painting is by an Australian artist Tom Roberts. It is based on a
true story about a coach that was robbed during the goldrush in New
South Wales. Bail up are the words the bushrangers shouted when they
were robbing a coach.
It reminds of an American western but the clothes, the landscape, the
coach and the action in the picture are painted in such a way that it is
clear that it is Australia. One robber is talking to a woman and we can
see that he is not threatening her.
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Lesson 14
:. KhihklZ\vl_ bf_gZ \ dhehgdZo b keh\Z. Ijb\_^_ggu_ gb-
`_. Keh\Z fh]ml [ulv bkihevah\Zgu g_ h^bg jZa.
A 15, 3, 2; B 6, 5, 3, 9, 24; C 6, 4, 20, ; D 10, 21, 22;
E 11, 7; F 6; G 12; H 25, 14; I 28, 8, 6.
<. GZc^bl_ keh\h, dhlhjh_ \u^_ey_lky ba hklZevguo.
London is odd because the rest are the names of territories.
Spiritual is odd because the rest of words are connected with nature.
Artefacts is odd because the rest of words are connected with religion.
Gang-ngarl is odd because the rest of words are not the names of clans.
Matata is odd because the rest of words are the names of the paintings.
1935 is odd because the rest of words are the years of births of artists.
desert is odd because the rest of words are not connected with nature.
C. AZihegbl_ g_^hklZxsmx bgnhjfZpbx b k^_eZcl_ fbgb
ij_a_glZpbb h dZjlbgZo.
Om^h`gbd =h^ GZa\Zgb_ dZjlbgu =eZ]heu Kms_kl\bl_evgu_
Artist
Descendant
Member
Promotion
Goose Egg Hunt To teach
To develop
To gain
to display
Kalumpiwarra-
Ngulanintji
Stockman
Images
Reference
Features
Significance
Ginger Ri-
ley Mundu-
walawala
Ngak-Ngak To paint
To represent
To focus
To appear
To show
To depict
To feature
To issue
To introduce
To complete
Stamps
Watercolor
Exhibitions
Recognition
Founder
Award
Community
Desert
Rituals
Design
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Content
Fertility
Belief
Practice
Nurture
Sites
Homework
Hector Jan-
dany
1991 Ngarrgooroon
Country
To show
To complete
To resign
Stockman
Cook
Concerns
Dreamtime stories
Establishment
Catholic Church
Chairman
Artefacts
Lesson 15
Homework
1) Ihq_fm >`bf <mevn_gkhg i_j_^Ze \ ^Zj GZpbhgZevghc =Ze_-
j_b :\kljZebb nhgû?
He donated funds to the Gallery to enable it purchase works of art to
be taken to children who live in remote areas of Australia.
2) Qlh fh]ml ^_lb ^_eZlv k wdkihgZlZfb?
Children can discuss and explore objects.
3) ;Z]h^Zjy dhfm q_fh^Zg k ijhba\_^_gbyfb bkdmkkl\Z iml_r_-
kl\m_l ih \k_c :\kljZebb?
Thanks to Jim and Elaine Wolfensons gift suitcase with artworks
travells all over Australia.
Lesson 16
C. GZc^bl_ \ l_dkl_ keh\Z, dhlhju_ ihôh^yl d ke_^mxsbf
]jmiiZf keh\.
Dazzling
foremost
Devote
Win
Focus
D. AZihegbl_ ijh[_eu b i_j_kdZ`bl_ l_dkl. Bkihevamcl_ dZd
fh`gh [hevr_ kh[kl\_gguo keh\.
One of the Australias foremost artists (outstanding, famous)
His work (his paintings)
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Dazzling beauty of Australia (magnificent nature)
Sit (is situated, is located)
Sydney Harbour
The surrounding sandy beaches, sounds of lapping water, cjanging light
In Sydney in 1940
To be an artist (to become)
Began to study in one of the most important art schools
Advertising
Devote his energy to the creation of art
Lives and works
Australians and Australia
Lesson 17
Homework
1. IjhqblZcl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
G_ l_jycl_ \j_fy ihgZijZkgm
JZkl_gby b p\_lu ^Zeb fgh`_kl\h jZa]h\hjguo \ujZ`_gbc \
Zg]ebckdhf. <hl g_kdhevdh ba kZfuo mihlj_[bfuo lZdbo \ujZ`_-
gbc.
A family tree (jh^hkeh\gh_ ^j_\h), wlh kibkhd \k_o qe_gh\ k_-
fvb. To get to the top of your tree (aZgbfZlv \b^gh_ iheh`_gb_), ha-
gZqZ_l ij_mki_\Zlv \ jZ[hl_, gh to bark up the wrong tree (gZiZklv gZ
eh`guc ke_^), hagZqZ_l ihl_jylv \j_fy, ij_ke_^my g_ lhl h[t_dl. A
branch office (nbebZe), wlh ih^dhgljhevgZy dhfiZgby. To twig
(ihgylv), wlh \g_aZigh hkhagZlv qlh-eb[h. ?keb \u hedge (m\beb-
\Zlv hl ijyfh]h hl\_lZ) beb beat about the bush (mdehgylvky hl ijy-
fh]h hl\_lZ), \u g_ ]h\hjbl_ lh]h, qlh bf__l_ \ \b^m ijyfh. Dh]^Z
\u can`t see the wood for the trees (aZ ^_j_\vyfb e_kZ g_ \b^_lv), \u
g_ \b^bl_ qlh-lh \ p_ehf ba-aZ ^_lZe_c. To be hedged in ([ulv k\y-
aZgguf), agZqbl [ulv h]jZgbq_gguf \ q_f-eb[h. To put down roots
(hk_klv), hagZqZ_l hk_klv \ dZdhf-eb[h f_kl_, b to get to the root of
something (ihgylv kmsghklv q_]h-eb[h), agZqbl gZclb ijbqbgm beb
h[tykg_gb_ q_fm-eb[h. There`s no rose without a thorn (g_l jhau [_a
dhexq_d), hagZqZ_l, qlh g_^hklZldb _klv \ dZ`^hc ohjhr_c \_sb. A
thorn in the flesh (bklhqgbd ihklhyggh]h jZa^jZ`_gby), wlh gZ^h-
_êb\uc q_eh\_d. A rosy view of things (kfhlj_lv gZ \_sb q_j_a jh-
ah\u_ hqdb), hagZqZ_l hq_gv hilbfbklbqgu_ \a]eyû, Z to gild the
lily(memqrZlv qlh-lh, b [_a lh]h ^hklZlhqgh ohjhr__), agZqbl baf_-
gylv qlh-lh, qlh b lZd djZkb\h, b ihlhfm bkihjlblv wnn_dl.
2. KhihklZ\vl_ dZjlbgdb k \ujZ`_gbyfb.
a 6; b 5; c 1; d 4; e 2; f 3; g 7.
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4. I_j_\_^bl_ ij_êh`_gby gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud \ ibkvf_g-
ghc nhjf_.
1) Im afraid you are barking the wrong tree.
2) They had been talking for two hours yet, and I understood, that the
partners were beating about the bush.
3) Does he work in a branch office?
4) Im afraid they do not see the wood for the trees and will arrive at
a wrong decision.
5) His grandfather came from Russia and put down roots in California.
6) She feared greatly that Henry would not twig the truth.
7) When he was thinking about his sister he reminded a proverb that
theres no rose without a thorn.
8) Dont gild the lily! You already look very nice.
CHAPTER 7
Lesson 1
<. IhklZ\vl_ ]eZ]he \ kdh[dZo \ gm`gmx nhjfm.
1) well, good; 2) wrongly, wrong; 3) terribly; 4) fast, fast; 5) good, well;
6) suddenly, sudden. Nearly; 7) easy, easily; 8) dark, rapidly; 9) good, easy,
well, fard; heavily, heavy; 11) seriously; 12) happy, happily; 13) angrily;
14) hard, hard, busy; 15) hardly; 16) bad, bad; 17) usually
Homework
1. Ijhqlbl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ l_dkl. Ih^q_jdgbl_ ijbeZ]Zl_ev-
gu_, gZj_qby b khq_lZgby gZj_qbc b ijbeZ]Zl_evg\o \ l_dkl_,
aZl_f h[km^bl_ dZdb_ keh\Z qlh h[hagZqZxl.
Lhgg_ev ih^ EZ-FZgr_f
B^_y lhgg_ey ih^ EZ-FZgr_f, g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh kh_^bgyxsbf
:g]ebx b NjZgpbx, g_ gh\Zy. 190 e_l gZaZ^ njZgpmakdbc bg`_g_j
kdZaZe GZihe_hgm, qlh ihkljhblv êbgguc lhgg_ev ih^ EZ-FZgr_f
\iheg_ \hafh`gh, lZd dZd fhjkdh_ ^gh, lZd`_ dZd b kdZeu ih h[_bf
klhjhgZf EZ-FZgrZ khklhyl ba l\_j^h]h f_eZ. GZihe_hgZ [hevr_
bgl_j_kh\ZeZ [hjv[Z k [jblZgpZfb, q_f kh_^bg_gb_ ^\mo kljZg gZ-
\k_]^Z, b \kdhj_ ihke_ wlh]h gh\Zy \hcgZ f_`^m :g]eb_c b NjZgpb-
_c ij_^hl\jZlbeZ ex[h_ ^Zevg_cr__ jZa\blb_ wlh]h ijh_dlZ.
AZl_f \ dhgp_ 1860-uo, LhfZk ^_ =Zfhg^ ba NjZgpbb b K_j
>`hg Ohdrh ba ;jblZgbb, ^\Z hq_gv mki_rguo bg`_g_jZ, kha^Zeb
\iheg_ j_Zebklbqguc ieZg `_e_agh^hjh`gh]h lhgg_ey, dhlhjuc,
gZdhg_p, ij_djZlbe [u baheypbx :g]ebb, dZd hkljh\Z. DhfiZgbb
[ueb [ukljh kha^Zgu dZd \ ;jblZgbb, lZd b \h NjZgpbb, gh kZfb
a_feygu_ jZ[hlu g_ gZqZebkv ^h 1880-uo. Wdki_jbf_glZevguc lhg-
g_ev,êbgghc \ ^\Z dbehf_ljZ, [ue \ujul ba NhedklhgZ ih^ EZ-
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FZgr_f, gh ^Zevg_crb_ ^_ckl\by [ueb [ukljh ijbhklZgh\e_gu ba-
aZ \hagbdr_]h j_Zevgh]h jbkdZ ^jm]hc _\jhi_ckdhc \hcgu.
B lhevdh ihke_ ihke_^g_c \hcgu ;jblZgby b NjZgpby gZqZeb \k_-
jv_a aZ^mfu\Zlvky h[ hklZgh\e_gghf ijh_dl_. < 1960 ]jmiiZ, bamqZx-
sZy ijh_dlu EZ-FZgrZ him[ebdh\ZeZ ij_êh`_gb_ h `_e_agh^hjh`-
ghf lhgg_e_ ba NhedklhgZ \ DZe_, b q_luj_ ]h^Z kimkly ijZ\bl_evkl\Z
^\mo kljZg k g_hohlhc kh]eZkbebkv, gZdhg_p, ijh^he`blv wlb qZklh hl-
deZû\Z_fu_ ijh_dlu. A_feygu_ jZ[hlu gZqZebkv, gh lhgg_ev f_ê_g-
gh ijh^\b]Zeky. <k_]h ebrv ^\Z k iheh\bghc dbehf_ljZ lhgg_ey [ueb
ijhjulu k h[_bo klhjhg EZ-FZgrZ, dh]^Z ijZ\bl_evkl\h ;jblZgbb g_-
^Zevgh\b^gh ij_djZlbeh ijh_dl \ 1975.
H^gZdh \ 1980-uo ;jblZgby b NjZgpby \hah[gh\beb i_j_]h\hju
b j_rbeb kha^Zlv dhgkhjpbmf, qlh[u aZdhgqblv ijh_dl, bkihevamy
dZiblZe, kh[jZgguc qZklguf h[jZahf. ;ueh j_r_gh \ujulv `_e_a-
gh^hjh`guc lhgg_ev q_j_a \kx l_jjblhjbx f_`^m ^\mfy kljZgZfb,
]^_ Z\lhfh[bebklu fh]eb [u _a^blv gZ hldjuluo lh\Zjguo ieZl-
nhjfZo b [_a gbo, \ h[hbo dhgpZo. Lukyqb jZ[hqbo jZ[hlZeb djm]-
eu_ kmldb, bkihevamy \ukhdhl_ogheh]bqgh_ h[hjm^h\Zgb_, aZqZklmx
\ hiZkguo mkeh\byo, ihdZ g_ gZklmibe ^he]h`^Zgguc fhf_gl, dh]^Z
njZgpmakdb_ b Zg]ebckdb_ bg`_g_ju kfh]eb, gZdhg_p, ih`Zlv ^jm]
^jm]m jmdb ]em[hdh ih^ \h^Zfb EZ-FZgrZ.
H]jhfgu_ \hdaZeu [ueb khhjm`_gu \ dZ`^hf dhgp_ lhgg_ey,
kh\_jr_ggh gh\u_ klZgpbb [ueb ihkljh_gu \ Ehg^hg_ b IZjb`_,
\ukhdhkdhjhklgu_ ih_a^Z [ueb ba]hlh\e_gu, qlh[u i_j_\hablv iZk-
kZ`bjh\ ba ;jblZgbb gZ dhglbg_gl [uklj__ b k [hevrbfb m^h[kl-
\Zfb, q_f dh]^Z-eb[h jZgvr_.
JZajZ[hlZgguc OZdrh b =Zfhg^hf lhgg_ev êy i_j_k_q_gby dZ-
gZeZ [ue, gZdhg_p, ims_g \ ^_ckl\b_, b ;jblZgby [hevr_ g_ [m^_l
hlj_aZgZ hl k\hb _\jhi_ckdbo khk_^_c lZdbf bklhjbq_kdbf [Zjv_-
jhf, dZd EZ-FZgr. ;m^_l g_\hafh`gh ijhqblZlv lZdb_ aZ]heh\db,
dZd wlhl, qZklh pblbjm_fuc, ihy\b\rbcky h^gZ`û \ [jblZgkdhc
]Za_l_: GZ^ EZ-FZgr_f lmfZg: dhglbg_gl bahebjh\Zg.
Lesson 2
C. IjbeZ]Zl_evgh_ beb gZj_qb_?
1) quiet; 2) near; 3) well; 4) loud; 5) deliciously; 6) angrily; 7) fine;
8) happy; 9) sick; 10) dark; 11) easy; 12) silent.
Homework
1) When we saw him he could hardly speak.
2) He gets up early lately.
3) I feel well.
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4) He spoke so fast that we could hardly understand him.
5) We had to work hard.
6) I like these flowers. They smell well.
7) She looked fine.(well)
8) Her voice sounds strange.
9) It got dark and we went home.
Lesson 3
Homework
1) Are you older or younger than your brother?
2) Im two years older.
3) Is his younger sister an actress?
4) His task was the easiest.
5) Sibirsky Tsirulnik is the most interesting film she has ever seen.
6) His essay was the best one.
7) My friend lives farther from the school than I do.
8) Is your flat less comfortable than mine?
9) He knew very little about his parents.
10) She read more articles than her friend.
11) Ken Dawn is one of the most famous Australian artists.
12) She looks as well as 20 years ago.
13) He is not so kind, as you think he is.
14) The sooner hell understand it, the better.
15) The longer the night, the shorter the day.
16) Why study
The more I study the more I know
The more I know the more I forget
The more I forget the less I know
Why study?
Lesson 5
:. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ Zg]ebckdbc yaud.
1) My library is not so old as the one in which Tom works.
2) I think the books in our library are not less interesting.
3) Tom helps people find the books they need.
4) After everyone leaves, he reshelves the books.
5) This job is better than his last job.
6) Tom can work as much as he wants but it should not interfere with
his school work.
7) Most of his friends work.
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Lesson 7
B. Ijhqlbl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc yaud.
< Zg]ebckdhf fgh]h jZa]h\hjguo \ujZ`_gbc, \ dhlhjuo bkihev-
amxlky gZa\Zgby jZaebqguo qZkl_c l_eZ, from head to toe (k ]heh\u
^h iyl)! <hl g_kdhevdh ba kZfuo jZkijhkljZg_gguo.
To keep your head (khojZgylv kihdhckl\b_), agZqbl hklZ\Zlvky
kihdhcguf, Z to lose it (ihl_jylv ]heh\m), agZqbl iZgbdh\Zlv b ^_-
eZlv ]emihklb. ?keb qlh-lh above beb over your head (\ur_ ihgbfZ-
gby), agZqbl êy <Zk wlh hq_gv ly`_eh ihgylv.
?keb m \Zk something on the brain (g_hl\yagZy fukev), <u g_ fh-
`_l_ wlh aZ[ulv, Z _keb <u pick someone`s brains (bkihevah\Zlv qm-
`b_ fukeb), <u h[km`^Z_l_ ijh[e_fm k gbfb, qlh[u ihkfhlj_lv,
_klv eb m gbo ohjhrb_ b^_b.
To pay through the nose (ieZlblv [_r_ggmx p_gm), agZqbl ieZlblv
kebrdhf \ukhdmx p_gm aZ qlh-eb[h, gh _keb <u turn up your nose at
something (hlghkblky k ij_aj_gb_f), <Zf wlh g_ gjZ\blky. ?keb <u all
ear (ij_\jZlblky \ kemo), agZqbl, <u kemrZ_l_ hq_gv \gbfZl_evgh, Z _k-
eb <u keep your ear to the ground (gZ\hkljblv mrb), <u kemrZ_l_ b ke_-
^bl_ aZ ij_âgZf_gh\Zgbyfb [m^msbo kh[ulbc. To see eye to eye (kfhl-
j_lv h^gbfb ]eZaZfb) k d_f-eb[h, agZqbl kh]eZrZlvky k gbf.
To keep stiff upper lip (khojZgylv ijbkmlkl\b_ ^moZ), wlh ljZ-
^bpbhggh [jblZgkdZy q_jlZ, g_ ihdZau\Zlv wfhpbc \ [_^_. To have
your tongue in your cheek (]h\hjblv g_bkdj_gg_), agZqbl ]h\hjblv
h^gh, Z ^mfZlv ^jm]h_. To have a sweet tooth ([ulv keZ^dh_`dhc),
agZqbl ex[blv keZ^hklb, Z k^_eZlv qlh-eb[h by the skin of your teeth
(_e_-_e_ k^_eZlv), agZqbl _^\Z kmf_lv qlh-eb[h k^_eZlv.
To stick your neck out (jbkdh\Zlv ]heh\hc), agZqbl ^_eZlv qlh-
eb[h jbkdh\Zggh_ beb hiZkgh_, Z to keep someone at arm`s length
(^_j`Zlv dh]h-eb[h gZ ihqlbl_evghf jZkklhygbb), agZqbl ba[_]Zlv
[he__ ^jm`_kl\_gguo hlghr_gbc k d_f-eb[h. ?keb <u have a finger
in every pie ([ulv \h \k_f aZf_rZgguf), agZqbl, <u \h\e_q_gu \h
fgh`_kl\h jZaguo ijh_dlh\. To be under someone`s thumb ([ulv m
dh]h-eb[h ih^ dZ[emdhf), agZqbl [ulv ih^ qvbf-eb[h \ebygb_f.
To be thick-skinned ([ulv lheklhdh`bf), agZqbl [ulv g_qm\kl\b-
l_evguf d djblbd_, Z to be thin-skinned ([ulv h[b^qb\uf), agZqbl
[ulv kebrdhf qm\kl\bl_evguf. ?keb m <Zk blood boils (ijb\h^blv \
[_r_gkl\h), agZqbl <u q_f-lh \a[_r_gu, Z _keb freezes in your veins
(djh\v \ `beZo klug_l), <u bkim]Zgu.
?keb <u pull someone`s leg (h^mjZqb\Zlv), <u ^jZagbl_ _]h. To fall
on your feet (kqZkleb\h hl^_eZlvky), agZqbl [ulv hq_gv mki_rguf. To
find your feet (\klZlv gZ gh]b), agZqbl ijb\udgmlv d kblmZpbb, Z to get
cold feet (bkim]Zlvky), agZqbl [hylvky q_]h-eb[h beb \hegh\Zlvky.
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1. Khhlg_kbl_ jbkmgdb k \ujZ`_gbyfb.
a 5; b 7; c 4; d 3 ; e 2; f 6; g 1.
C. GZc^bl_ \ iZjZ]jZn_ ke_^mxsb_ \ujZ`_gby.
to have a finger in every pie
to keep someone at arms length
to have a sweet tooth
to keep stiff upper lip
to be all ears
to keep ones head
to pick someones brains
by the skin of ones teeth
to stick ones neck out
to keep ones ear to the ground
to lose ones head
to see eye to eye with someone
to have something on the brain
to turn up ones nose at something
to be above / over ones head
to pay through the nose
to have ones tongue in one teeth
to get cold feet
to be under someones thumb
to fall on ones feet
to be thick-skinned
to pull someones leg
to find ones feet
to be thin-skinned
blood freezes in ones veins.
Lesson 10
<. JZ[hlu. DZdZy jZ[hlZ m wlbo ex^_c? GZibrbl_ ijZ\bev-
gu_ ghf_jZ jy^hf k wlbfb keh\Zfb. R_klv keh\ g_ [m^ml bk-
ihevah\Zgu.
Homework
1. IjhqblZcl_ b i_j_\_^bl_ gb`_ijb\_^_ggu_ hlju\db. AZ-
^Zcl_ 5 \hijhkh\.
IhagZdhfvl_kv: >`_cg Mw[kl_j. ?c 22, hgZ lhevdh qlh aZdhgqbeZ
mgb\_jkbl_l. HgZ mqbeZkv gZ nZdmevl_l_ f_g_^`f_glZ \ mgb\_jkbl_l_,
aZdhgqbeZ k hlebqb_f b hq_gv ohq_l gZclb jZ[hlm. < mgb\_jkbl_l_ \k_
agZeb >`_cg. HgZ \k_]^Z aZgbfZeZ kZfu_ hl\_lkl\_ggu_ ^he`ghklb b
b]jZeZ agZqbl_evgmx jhev \ `bagb mgb\_jkbl_lZ. HgZ hj]Zgbah\u\ZeZ
\_q_jbgdb, wdkdmjkbb b ij_^klZ\eyeZ klm^_glh\ ihke_^g_]h dmjkZ \
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klm^_gq_kdhf kh\_l_ \ l_q_gb_ ^\mo k_f_kljh\. H^gh ba kh[ulbc, dhlh-
jh_ hgZ hj]Zgbah\ZeZ, ^Z`_ mihfbgZehkv \ =Zj^b_g_. HgZ [ueZ lZd`_
dZiblZghf mgb\_jkbl_lkdhc \he_c[hevghc dhfZgû. HgZ Z\lhj g_-
kdhevdbo im[ebdZpbc ih f_g_^`f_glm b fZjd_lbg]m. ?_ jZ[hlu [ueb
gZi_qZlZgu \ 1997 b 1998.
HgZ hq_gv d\Zebnbpbjh\ZggZy, q_klhex[b\Zy, l\hjq_kdZy b kZ-
fhm\_j_ggZy ebqghklv. D kh`Ze_gbx, hgZ lZd`_ \ukhdhf_jgZ, g_-
l_ji_eb\Z b o\Zkleb\Z. HgZ ]h\hjbl lhevdh ih-Zg]ebckdb, gh ]hlh\Z
\umqblv ^jm]b_ yaudb, _keb __ gh\Zy ^he`ghklv [m^_l wlh lj_[h-
\Zlv. M g__ g_l hiulZ jZ[hlu, gh hgZ \havf_lky lhevdh aZ \ukhdhhi-
eZqb\Z_fmx, ijbylgmx b d\Zebnbpbjh\Zggmx jZ[hlm. Oh[[b >`_cg
bklhjby b ]hlbq_kdZy Zjobl_dlmjZ.
1) What did Jane study at the university?
2) Why did everybody in the University know Jane?
3) What events did Jane arrange?
4) She is an author of several publications on Management and
Marketing, isnt she?
5) Is Janes hobby history or gothic architecture?
IhagZdhfvl_kv: :e_dk MhjZg, 24 ]h^Z. Hg ihf_rZg gZ dhfivxl_-
jZo. Hg ijh\h^bl \kx k\hx `bagv \ bgl_jg_l_. Hg iulZeky jZ[hlZlv \
g_[hevrhc dhfiZgbb b [ue hl\_lkl\_gguf aZ ih^^_j`dm \k_c kbkl_fu
ihevah\Zl_e_c, h^gZdh, kebrdhf [hevrZy hl\_lkl\_gghklv k^_eZeZ jZ-
[hlm mlhfbl_evghc b ^Z`_ hiZkghc êy g_]h. < ^_ckl\bl_evghklb _]h
ihke_^gbc ijh_dl [ue iheguf ijh\Zehf, b dhfiZgby m\hebeZ _]h.
:e_dk hq_gv ^jm`_ex[guc, m g_]h rbjhdbc djm]hahj, hg l\hjq_kdbc b
ihe_aguc q_eh\_d, gh bgh]^Z hg g_fgh]h kl_kgbl_evguc, g_gZ^_`guc
b jZkk_ygguc. < _]h [m^ms_c jZ[hl_ ^he`_g [ulv ihklhygguc ]jZnbd
jZ[hlu, gZ[ex^_gb_ b ihfhsv kh klhjhgu [m^msbo dhee_].
1) What is Alexs main interest in life?
2) Does he have any work experience?
3) Why was he sacked from his previous work?
4) What are Alexs positive features of character?
5) What is he looking for in his new job?
IhagZdhfvl_kv: B\Zg GbdheZ_\, 30 e_l. Hg hdhgqbe Fhkdh\kdbc
Mgb\_jkbl_l. Hg xjbkl. B\Zg ki_pbZebabjm_lky ih ijZ\Zf q_eh\_dZ, m
g_]h k_fv e_l hiulZ dhgkmevlZpbhgghc jZ[hlu. WlZ jZ[hlZ [ueZ hq_gv
d\Zebnbpbjh\ZggZy b l\hjq_kdZy, gh, d kh`Ze_gbx gbadh hieZqb\Z_-
fZy. Hg hq_gv kihdhcguc, \_èb\uc, ijbylguc, b hg \k_f gjZ\blky.
Hg qj_a\uqZcgh dhfi_l_gl_g b mf_g. Hg i_j__oZe ba Jhkkbb \ :g]ebx,
b bs_l gh\mx jZ[hlm. M g_]h lZd`_ hlebqgu_ agZgby Microsoft Word,
Excel b Power Point. M B\ZgZ \j_f_ggu_ ljm^ghklb k ihemq_gb_f jZa-
j_r_gby gZ jZ[hlm, gh hg gZ^__lky, qlh _]h [m^msbc jZ[hlh^Zl_ev ih-
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fh`_l _fm \ _]h ihemq_gbb. < ^Zgguc fhf_gl hg [_j_lky aZ g_d\Zeb-
nbpbjh\Zggmx jZ[hlm, qlh[u k\_klb dhgpu k dhgpZfb.
1) What University has Ivan graduated from?
2) Does he have any experience of advice work?
3) What are Ivans positive and negative features of character?
4) Ivan is experiencing some problems with the work permit, isnt he?
5) What computer programs Ivan knows?
IhagZdhfvl_kv: Khnby ;jZmg, 23 ]h^Z. M g__ g_l ki_pbZevgh]h
h[jZah\Zgby, gh hgZ ex[bl jZ[hlZlv k ex^vfb. HgZ hq_gv ijb\e_dZ-
l_evgZ, q_ldh \ujZ`Z_l k\hb fukeb, m g__ ij_djZkguc \dmk b fZg_-
ju. HgZ \k_]^Z ohjhrh h^_lZ, hgZ h[Zyl_evgZ b dhgdmj_glhkihkh[-
gZ. Khnby k\h[h^gh ]h\hjbl ih-njZgpmakdb, g_fgh]h ih-bkiZgkdb b
ih-g_f_pdb. Ijh[e_fZ Khnbb \ lhf, qlh hgZ e_gb\Z. HgZ jZ[hlZeZ
k_dj_lZj_f 4 ]h^Z gZaZ^, gh khqeZ wlm jZ[hlm kebrdhf kdmqghc b g_
d\Zebnbpbjh\Zgghc. H^gZdh __ jZ[hlh^Zl_eb [ueb kbevgh \i_qZl-
e_gu _x b ^Zeb _c hlebqgu_ j_dhf_g^Zpbb. Ihke_ wlh]h hgZ \ l_q_-
gb_ lj_o e_l iml_r_kl\h\ZeZ ih fbjm, b l_i_jv ]hlh\Z gZqZlv dZjv_-
jm. ?c gm`gh qlh-lh ^_ckl\bl_evgh keh`gh_ b l\hjq_kdh_. HgZ
]hlh\Z jZ[hlZlv k\_jomjhqgh.
1) Does Sofia have any special education?
2) What are her positive characteristics?
3) When did she work as a secretary?
4) What is Sofias problem?
5) What kind of work she is looking for?
2. < \ur_ijb\_^_gghf l_dkl_ gZc^bl_ ijbeZ]Zl_evgu_, kh-
hl\_lkl\mxsb_ hibkZgbyf, ijb\_^_gguf gb`_. KhklZ\vl_
ij_êh`_gby ih h[jZapm.
People who are confident are sure of themselves and their abilities.
People who are boastful like to say how good they are at something.
People who are quiet dont get excited or nervous about things.
People who are creative find it easy to produce new original ideas
and things.
People who are ambitious hate to lose at anything.
People who are competent are usually sure of their own ability to
do things.
People who are shy feel uncomfortable in social situations.
People who are domineering are always trying to control others
without thinking too much how they feel.
People who are impatient hate waiting for things and have no
sympathy towards peoples weakness.
People who are articulate are very good at talking and expressing their
ideas.
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3. AZihegbl_ lZ[ebpm ijbeZ]Zl_evgufb, hibku\Zxsbfb
q_jlu q_eh\_q_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ.
Iheh`bl_evgu_ HljbpZl_evgu_
efficient
ambitious
creative
confident
domineering
impatient
boastful
shy
Iheh`bl_evgu_ HljbpZl_evgu_
friendly
broad-minded
creative
helpful
polite
pleasant
competent
intelligent
charismatic
competitive
articulate
insecure
absent-minded
lazy
Lesson 11
Homework
1. <hl g_kdhevdh h[ty\e_gbc h jZ[hl_. AZ dZdhc jZ[hlhc ke_-
^m_l h[jZlblvky >`_cg, B\Zgm, :e_dkm b Khnbb?
KZehg djZkhlu FboZ_ev LhfZk
Kem`Zsbc / k_dj_lZjv, \_^msbc ijb_f ihk_lbl_e_c
Ih^jh[gZy bgnhjfZpby h jZ[hl_
Ih^jh[gh_ hibkZgb_ jZ[hlu / lj_[h\Zgby:
FboZ_ev LhfZk, kZehg djZkhlu \ukr_]h mjh\gy, bs_l q_eh\_dZ,
`_eZxs_]h k^_eZlv dZjv_jm, gZ ^he`ghklv kem`Zs_]h / k_dj_lZjy, \_-
^ms_]h ijb_f ihk_lbl_e_c gZ fgh]hnmgdpbhgZevgmx jZ[hlm. >ey wlhc
jZ[hlu g_h[oh^bfh g_dhlhjh_agZgb_ dhfivxl_jZ b hlebqgu_ gZ\udb
h[s_gby. ?keb `_gbn_j beb >_ggb.
To my mind Sophia should apply for this job.
Kem`[Z ljm^hmkljhckl\Z :^_ddh
I_j_\h^qbd
Gm`gu ibkvf_ggu_ b mklgu_ gZ\udb i_j_\h^Z k Zg]ebckdh]h gZ
jmkkdbc. <u [m^_l_ ihfh]Zlv gZ \klj_qZo, i_j_\h^blv nbgZgkh\mx
bgnhjfZpbx ex^yf, b i_j_\h^blv ^hdmf_glu. <u ^he`gu bf_lv
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hiul jZ[hlu \ ih^h[ghc ^he`ghklb. <u [m^_l_ jZ[hlZlv k f_`^m-
gZjh^gufb ijhn_kkbhgZeZfb [bag_kZ.
WlZ ^he`ghklv \j_f_ggh_ jZ[hq__ f_klh Z]_glkl\Z ih ljm^h-
mkljhckl\m :^_ddh. Ih`ZemcklZ ihkueZcl_ <Zr_ j_axf_ k khijh-
\h^bl_evgufb ibkvfZfb ih we_dljhgghc ihql_, k mdZaZgb_f mjh\gy
g_h[oh^bfhc aZjZ[hlghc ieZlu, _keb <u aZbgl_j_kh\Zgu \ wlhf
lj_of_kyqghf ijh_dl_.
I suppose Ivan may apply for this job, although he has no prior
experience within a similar business setting.
Nelson, Riley, Mullins & Scarborough
Hi_jZlhj kbkl_fu h[jZ[hldb l_dklh\
H[jZ[hldZ l_dklh\, jZ[hlZ \ lj_lvx kf_gm.
NbebZem ehg^hgkdhc xjb^bq_kdhc dhfiZgbb gm`_g hi_jZlhj
kbkl_fu h[jZ[hldb ^Zgguo gZ jZ[hlm k 10:00 \_q_jZ ^h 8:00 mljZ k
ihg_^_evgbdZ ih q_l\_j].
Hlebqgu_ agZgby Microsoft Word / Excel / PowerPoint
Hiul jZ[hlu h[yaZl_e_g. Hiul jZ[hlu \ Xjb^bq_kdhc dhfiZ-
gbb h[yaZl_e_g. Ij_djZkgZy aZjZ[hlgZy ieZlZ b ihhsj_gby.
<gbfZgb_ dZg^b^Zlu lhevdh ihklhyggu_ `bl_eb ?\jhiu fh-
]ml aZgylv ^he`ghklv kiZkb[h.
Neither Jane, nor Ivan, nor Alex, nor Sophia should apply for this
job.
GZ[hj khljm^gbdh\ êy Abigail Staffing
>he`ghklv: Mq_gbd f_g_^`_jZ DhfiZgby: Abigail Staffing
Lbi: iheguc jZ[hqbc ^_gv AZjZ[hlgZy ieZlZ: 30000.00
HibkZgb_ jZ[hlu:
H]jhfgu_ dZjv_jgu_ \hafh`ghklb \ DZgZ^_, êy g_^Z\gbo \uimkd-
gbdh\ dhee_^`_c! <u ^he`gu [ulv h[sbl_evgu, aZbgl_j_kh\Zgu \
^_gv]Zo, ]hlh\u d dhgdmj_gpbb b bf_lv q_ldmx p_ev. Ihke_ lj_gbjh-
\hqghc ijh]jZffu (6 12 f_kyp_\) <Zf [m^_l ij_êh`_g l_kl ih f_-
g_^`f_glm, b _keb Zev-
g_crb_ ijh^\b`_gby ih kem`[_ jmdh\h^bl_ey mqZkldZ (45000
90000$), ^h h[eZklgh]h jmdh\h^bl_ey (70000120000$).
Wlh]h fh`gh ^hklb]gmlv \ l_q_gb_ 5 e_l. Ij_`^_ \k_]h <Zk h[m-
qZl \_^_gbx [bag_kZ, k [hevrbf dhebq_kl\hf aZgylbc ih ijh^Z`Zf
b fZjd_lbg]m. DhfiZgby ohq_l gZgylv q_eh\_dZ, `_eZxs_]h k^_eZlv
dZjv_jm, k ohjhrbfb q_eh\_q_kdbfb dZq_kl\Zfb b \ukrbf h[jZah-
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\Zgb_f. Wlh nZglZklbq_kdZy jZ[hlZ êy l_o, dlh ohq_l ih^gylvky ^h
kZfh]h \_joZ dZjv_jghc e_klgbpu.
Jane should apply for this job.
>he`ghklv: K_dj_lZjv
Lbi: iheguc jZ[hqbc ^_gv
NZglZklbq_kdZy \hafh`ghklv, [eZ]h^Zjy jZkrbj_gbx, êy \ukh-
dhhj]Zgbah\Zggh]h k_dj_lZjy k aZiZkhf wg_j]bb b ]hlh\h]h jZ[hlZlv
ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f h[klZgh\db wlh]h eb^bjmxs_]h j_deZfgh]h Z]_glkl-
\Z. Hj]ZgbaZpby \klj_q, khklZ\e_gb_ jZkibkZgby, wlh \k_]h ebrv g_-
dhlhju_ ba h[yaZgghkl_c.
FbgbfZevgu_ gZ\udb i_qZlb: hl 50 keh\ \ fbgmlm.
Ohjhr__ beb hlebqgh_ agZgb_ PowerPoint g_h[oh^bfh.
16500
?keb `m^b Heb\_jhf.
Fu jZ[hlh^Zl_ev, ^Zxsbc jZ\gu_ \hafh`ghklb ijb ijb_f_
gZ jZ[hlm. G_ ihklhyggu_ `bl_eb <_ebdh[jblZgbb ^he`gu ih-
keZlv ^hdZaZl_evkl\h ijZ\Z gZ `bl_evkl\h b jZaj_r_gb_ gZ jZ[hlm.
Wlh Z[khexlgh g_h[oh^bfh êy lh]h, qlh[u j_axf_ jZkkfZljb\Z-
ehkv.
Sophia should apply for this job.
Lesson 12
H[km^bl_, hkgh\u\Zykv gZ j_deZfguo h[ty\e_gbyo, dhlhju_
\u bamqbeb ^hfZ.DZdZy jZ[hlZ ihôh^bl >`_cg, Z dZdZy g_l?
H[tykgbl_ ihq_fm.
The first job isnt suitable for Jane as it is unskilled, it doesnt require any
special education. And for such an ambitious person as Jane is, it would be a
step back in her career. The second one isnt suitable either as Jane doesnt
know any foreign languages. The third one is not for her either, as she is not
a word processor and of course she doesnt have any experience within a
similar business setting. But the forth one is just up her street. It is a well-
paid, pleasant and skilled work, what is more, without any necessity of work
experience, so it meets all her requirements. Jane wouldnt be interested in
the last one, as she is not a secretary and doesnt wont to be it.
Homework
1. Bamqbl_ ke_^mxs__.
DZd ibkZlv j_axf_? >ey q_]h hgh gm`gh?
J_axf_ wlh ijhklh j_deZfZ, qlh[u ijh^Zlv k_[y jZ[hlh^Zl_ex.
<u ^he`gu ihkeZlv j_axf_ jZ[hlh^Zl_eyf, _keb hgb wlh]h ijhkyl \
h[ty\e_gbb h jZ[hl_, beb qlh[u magZlv _klv eb \ZdZgkbb gZ dZdb_
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eb[h ^he`ghklb. BlZd p_ev <Zr_]h j_axf_, k^_eZlv <Zk ijb\e_dZ-
l_evguf, bgl_j_kguf, ^hklhcguf jZkkfhlj_gby \ dhfiZgbb b aZ
kq_l wlh]h ^h[blvky kh[_k_^h\Zgby \ dhfiZgbb.
Klbev
JZ[hlh^Zl_ev g_ ohq_l \b^_lv j_axf_, dhlhju_ \k_ gZibkZgu Z[-
khexlgh h^bgZdh\uf h[jZahf. Ihwlhfm g_ i_j_ibku\Zcl_ ijhklh
klZg^Zjlgu_ h[jZapu j_axf_! <Zr_ j_axf_ ^he`gh [ulv \Zrbf
kh[kl\_gguf, ebqguf b g_fgh]h hlebqZlky. J_axf_ ^he`gh [ulv
khklZ\e_gh gZ l_dklh\hf ijhp_kkhj_ (beb ih djZcg_c f_j_ gZi_qZ-
lZgh), ohjhrh kieZgbjh\Zgh b jZki_qZlZgh gZ ijbgl_j_ \ukhdh]h
dZq_kl\Z. Jmdhibkgu_ j_axf_ êy ZmlkZc^_jh\.
<hl ^\Z ijbgpbiZ h[s_gby, dhlhju_ gZ^h aZihfgblv:
Imklv hgh [m^_l ijhkluf b ]emiuf
?keb hgb wlh]h g_ keurZeb, <u wlh]h g_ ]h\hjbeb.
Qlh \dexqblv?
Ebqgu_ ^Zggu_
Bfy. ^hfZrgbc Z^j_k, Z^j_k dhee_^`Z, l_e_nhgguc ghf_j, we_d-
ljhgguc Z^j_k, ^Zlm jh`^_gby. ?klv eb m <Zk k\hy bgl_jg_l kljZ-
gbqdZ? <dexqbl_ wlh (_keb hgZ ohjhrZy).
H[jZah\Zgb_
MdZ`bl_ mq_[gu_ aZ\_^_gby, ]^_ <u mqbebkv, kgZqZeZ kZfh_ ih-
ke_^g__. <dexqZy ex[u_ ki_pbZevgu_ ijh_dlu b ^bkk_jlZpbx.
Hiul jZ[hlu
KgZqZeZ mdZ`bl_ kZfu_ ihke_^gb_ f_klZ jZ[hlu. MdZ`bl_ bfy
jZ[hlh^Zl_ey, ^he`ghklv, b hq_gv \Z`gh lh, qlh <u ^_ckl\bl_evgh
^_eZeb b ^hklb]eb gZ wlhc jZ[hl_. JZ[hlZ k g_iheguf jZ[hqbf ^g_f
^he`gZ [ulv lZd`_ \dexq_gZ.
Bgl_j_ku
Hgb [m^ml hkh[_ggh aZbgl_j_kh\Zgu \ lhc ^_yl_evghklb, \ dhlh-
jhc Zcl_ lhevdh
^hklZlhqgu_ êy h[tykg_gby ^_lZeb. (?keb <u dZiblZg kihjlb\ghc
dhfZgû, bf g_ bgl_j_kgh dh]^Z bf_ggh <u \klmibeb gZ wlm ^he`-
ghklv, kdhevdh b]j <u ku]jZeb b \ kdhevdbo ih[_^beb.) ?keb <u
im[ebdh\Zeb klZlvb, \ khZ\lhjkl\_ beb kZfhklhyl_evgh, ^Zcl_ ih^-
jh[ghklb. ?keb <u mqZkl\h\Zeb \ dZdhf-eb[h \b^_ ^h[jh\hevghc
jZ[hlu, ih`ZemcklZ, ^Zcl_ ih^jh[ghklb.
GZ\udb
AgZgby bghkljZgguo yaudh\, hiul jZ[hlu gZ dhfivxl_j_ beb
gZebqb_ \h^bl_evkdh]h m^hklh\_j_gby ^he`gu [ulv \dexq_gu.
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249
J_dhf_g^Zpbb
H[uqgh ^Zxl ^\Z bf_gb: h^gh k f_klZ mq_[u, ^jm]h_ k ex[h]h
f_klZ jZ[hlu. M^hklh\_jvl_kv, qlh [u\rb_ jZ[hlh^Zl_eb ohlyl ^Zlv
<Zf j_dhf_g^Zpbx. >Zcl_ bo jZ[hqb_ b ^hfZrgb_ l_e_nhggu_ gh-
f_jZ, _keb \hafh`gh.
Lesson 14
B. <hl h[jZa_p ^_eh\h]h ibkvfZ. Ih`ZemcklZ, aZihegbl_ ijh-
imkdb, bkihevamy wlb keh\Z b keh\hkhq_lZgby.
In reference;
Advertisement;
An editor;
The enclosed;
Currently;
Challenging;
Do not hesitate;
Thank you;
Am looking forward
Thank you.
C. >`_cg j_rbeZ h[jZlblky aZ ^he`ghklvx ihfhsgbdZ f_-
g_^`_jZ \ DZgZ^_. <hl __ j_axf_.
Bfy: >`_cg Mw[kl_j
:^j_k: <_ebdh[jblZgby, Ehg^hg ?K2J 2<J, Ehn[Zjb 43
>ZlZ jh`^_gby: 6 fZy 1977
Hiul jZ[hlu: g_l
H[jZah\Zgb_: 1995 k_jlbnbdZl h kj_^g_f h[jZah\Zgbb
kj_^gyy rdheZ k\ylhc FZjbb, Ehg^hg; 1995 kl_i_gv [ZdZeZ\jZ
]mfZgblZjguo gZmd ih f_g_^`f_glm Ehg^hgkdbc Mgb\_jkbl_l
Bgl_j_ku: bklhjby, ]hlbq_kdZy Zjobl_dlmjZ.
D. >jm]hc dZg^b^Zl lZd`_ h[jZlbeky aZ wlhc ^he`ghklvx.
<hl _]h j_axf_.
Fhgj_Zev
Dwghg kljbl, 31
21 yg\Zjy 2000
Fbkl_jm Ibl_jkhgm
Abigail Abbot
Dbg]k Kljbl, 156
Lhjhglh
M\Z`Z_fuc fbkl_j Ibl_jkhg
Y ibrm \ hl\_l gZ <Zr_ h[ty\e_gb_ gZ ^he`ghklv ihfhsgbdZ f_-
g_^`_jZ \ LZcfk. Y lhevdh qlh hdhgqbe mgb\_jkbl_l b ihemqbe kl_-
i_gv ih fZjd_lbg]m. < mgb\_jkbl_l_ y aZgbfZe g_kdhevdh hl\_lkl\_g-
guo ^he`ghkl_c. Y k\h[h^gh ]h\hjx ih-njZgpmakdb, m f_gy ohjhrb_
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250
agZgby g_f_pdh]h. Y ljm^hex[b\, p_e_mklj_fe_g, kihkh[_g d l\hjq_-
kl\m b ex[ex keh`ghklb. Y [u ohl_e, qlh[u fhx dZg^b^Zlmjm jZk-
kfZljb\Zeb gZ j_deZfbjm_fmx ^he`ghklv. J_axf_ ijbeZ]Z_lky. ?keb
m <Zk _klv dZdb_-lh \hijhku, g_aZf_êbl_evgh h[jZsZcl_kv dh fg_.
Bkdj_gg_ <Zr,
Ibl_j =jbg
Bfy: Ibl_j =jbg
:^j_k: DZgZ^Z Fhgj_Zev Dwghg kljbl 31
>ZlZ jh`^_gby: 08.10.77
GZpbhgZevghklv: dZgZ^_p
H[jZah\Zgb_: 1999 kl_i_gv [ZdZeZ\jZ ]mfZgblZjguo gZmd ih
f_g_^`f_glm (k hlebqb_f) fhgj_Zevkdbc mgb\_jkbl_l; 1995
^biehf njZgpmakdh]h h[jZaqZ h[ hdhgqZgbb kj_^g_c rdheu, ki_-
pbZebaZpby ih yaudZf b fZl_fZlbd_
Hiul jZ[hlu: jZ[hlZ [Zjf_ghf gZ g_iheguc jZ[hqbc ^_gv
H[s_kl\_ggZy ^_yl_evghklv: Ba[jZgguc ij_^klZ\bl_ev klm^_g-
lh\ gZ klm^_gq_kdhf kh\_l_ \ 1997
GZ\udb: k\h[h^guc njZgpmakdbc, jZa]h\hjguc g_f_pdbc
Bgl_j_ku: ikboheh]by, bgl_jg_l
?. Hl\_lvl_ gZ \hijhku.
1) Peter is more likely to get this gob.
2) No, he isnt.
3) Peters CV is better laid out.
4) Jane forgot to mention her extracurricular activities.
It was unnecessary to mention her lack of experience.
Homework
1. I_j_ibrbl_ j_axf_ >`_cg, qlh[u k^_eZlv _]h [he__ h[-
klhyl_evguf
43 Lothbury
London EC2P 2BP
United Kingdom
Mr Peterson
Abigail Abbot
156, Kings Street
Toronto
Dear Mr Peterson
I am writing in response to your advertisement for a trainee Manager
in the Times. I have recently graduated from the University of London
and have a degree in Marketing. In the University I took several very
important positions involving leadership and responsibility and played a
big part in the University life. I am an author of several publications on
Management and Marketing. My works were published in 1997 and
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251
1998. I am efficient, ambitious, creative and confident. I would like to be
considered for the position you advertised. Please find my CV attached.
Do not hesitate to ask me should you have any questions. I am looking
Forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely yours,
Jane Webster
Name: Jane Webster
Address: 43 Lothbury London EC2P 2BP
D.O.B. May 6, 1977
Nationality: British
Education: 1999 BA in Management The University of London
1995 Certificate of Secondary Education St Marys School
Extracurricular activities: Elected Students representative on a
Students Council for 2 semesters. I was also the captain of the
University volleyball team.
Skills: A perfect command of Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint.
Interests: History, Gothic architecture.
2. GZibrbl_ <Zr_ kh[kl\_ggh_ j_axf_.
Name: Petrov Ivan
Address: 22 Solianka Street Moscow Russia
D.O.B. 12.02.85.
Nationality: Russian
Education: a pupil of a secondary education school, Moscow
Work experience: part-time jobs as messenger
Extracurricular activities: the captain of the schools football team
Skills: Fluent English, a perfect command of Microsoft Word, Excel,
PowerPoint.
Interests: Internet.
Lesson 15
A. IjhqblZcl_ b h[km^bl_ l_dkl.
GZcf b m\hevg_gb_
?keb <Zr_fm jZ[hlh^Zl_ex ihgjZ\blky <Zr_ j_axf_, <u ijb-
^_l_ gZ kh[_k_^h\Zgb_. Kh[_k_^h\Zgb_, wlh ihke_^gbc rZ], dh]^Z
<Zr jZ[hlh^Zl_ev \klj_qZ_lky k <Zfb ebqgh, aZ^Z_l <Zf \hijhku
beb bgh]^Z l_klbjm_l <Zrb kihkh[ghklb. Gh [u\Zxl kblmZpbb, dh-
]^Z <u ^Z`_ g_ ihgbfZ_l_, qlh <Zk l_klbjmxl.
Ij_^klZ\vl_, qlh <u gZgbfZ_l_ dh]h-lh gZ jZ[hlm. DZd <Zf
emqr_ hp_gblv dZg^b^ZlZ? Ih _]h dZg^b^Zlkdhfm j_axf_, _]h
d\ZebnbdZpbb, _]h hiulm jZ[hlu, _]h ihq_jdm, _]h agZdm ah^bZ-
dZ? Ohly [hevrbgkl\h ba gZk iheZ]Z_lky gZ h[udgh\_ggh_ kh[_-
k_^h\Zgb_, bkke_^h\Zgby ijZdlbdb gZcfZ ijb\_eb d m^b\bl_ev-
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252
guf j_amevlZlZf: ih\_^_gb_ dZg^b^ZlZ gZ kh[_k_^h\Zgbb, ikboh-
eh]bq_kdb_ l_klu b p_glju hp_gdb g_ y\eyxlky gZ^_`guf ijb-
agZdhf \hafh`ghkl_c beb [m^ms_]h mki_oZ \ jZ[hl_. ;m^l_ hklh-
jh`gu k j_axf_, lZd`_ \ ;jblZgbb, Z]_glu ih gZcfm kqblZxl,
qlh kZfu_ aZfdgmlu_ ex^b ^hklb]Zxl kh\_jr_gkl\Z \ gZibkZgbb
j_axf_ gZ jZ[hlm.
M hq_gv mki_rghc dhfiZgbb X]h-AZiZ^gu_ :\bZebgbb, dhlhjZy
y\ey_lky h^gbf ba kZfuo ijb\e_dZl_evguo jZ[hlh^Zl_e_c \ :f_jbd_,
g_fgh]h g_h[uqguc ihôh^ d gZcfm. GZf g_ bgl_j_kgu d\ZebnbdZ-
pby beb hiul, h[tykgy_l O_j[ O_ee_o_j. Wlh fu fh`_f gZlj_gb-
jh\Zlv. GZf gm`gu ex^b k ohjhrbfb ebqghklgufb dZq_kl\Zfb b qm\-
kl\hf xfhjZ. >ey X]h-AZiZ^guo Z\bZebgbc, iheh`bl_evgh_
hlghr_gb_ bo rlZlZ hkgh\ghc nZdlhj ijb \u[hj_ ex^_c.
>jm]hc mki_rguc jZ[hlh^Zl_ev h^gZ`û kdZaZe fg_, qlh êy g_-
]h emqrbc ihdZaZl_ev ihl_gpbZevguo mijZ\e_gq_kdbo kihkh[ghkl_c
dZg^b^ZlZ wlh klbev \h`^_gby dZg^b^ZlZ. I_j\h_ kh[_k_^h\Zgb_
ijhoh^bl \ fZrbg_, b _fm ijboh^blky hl\_qZlv gZ \hijhku. IhdZ hg
_^_l. Lh, dZd dZg^b^Zl kijZ\ey_lky k mebqguf ^\b`_gb_f, f_gy_l
ihehku, kijZ\ey_lky k g_ij_^kdZam_fufb ^hjh`gufb kblmZpbyfb,
b l.^. ijbagZdb lh]h, dZdb_ m g_]h beb m g__ hj]ZgbaZlhjkdb_ beb
mijZ\e_gq_kdb_ kihkh[ghklb.
Fh`_l_ eb <u ^_ckl\bl_evgh i_j_g_klb dZ`^h^g_\gu_ ijb\uqdb
gZ jZ[hq__ f_klh? Bah[j_lZl_ev LhfZk W^bgkhg lZd ^mfZe. Hg ijb]eZ-
rZe dZg^b^Zlh\ gZ eZgq. ?keb hgb hrb[Zebkv b khebeb _^m ^h lh]h, dZd
ihijh[h\Zeb __, hg bo g_ gZgbfZe. <hafh`ghklv ^_eZlv ihklhyggu_
j_Zevgu_ ijh\_jdb [ueZ hkgh\guf k\hckl\hf W^bkhgZ.
<Z`gZy i_jkhgZ \ fbj_ dbgh, Kwf =he^mbg, gZr_e [he__ wfh-
pbhgZevguc ihôh^ d \hijhkZf ih^[hjZ rlZlZ. < fh_c hj]ZgbaZ-
pbb fg_ g_ gm`gu ihôZebfu. Fg_ gm`gu jmdh\h^bl_eb, dhlhju_
[u ]h\hjbeb fg_ ijZ\^m. >Z`_ _keb [u wlh klhbeh bf jZ[hlu.
Ijh\_jvl_ k\hc Zg]ebckdbc
:. <u[_jbl_ ijZ\bevgmx nhjfm. I_j_\_^bl_ gZ jmkkdbc.
1) EmgZ h[jZsZ_lky \hdjm] a_feb. (goes)
2) < :njbd_ hq_gv `Zjdh. (it is)
3) Fhehû_ ex^b ex[yl ]h\hjblv h ex[\b. (love)
4) < DZgZ^_ ex^b abfhc ghkyl l_iemx h^_`^m, qlh[u bf [ueh
l_ieh. (to keep)
5) < fh_f oheh^bevgbd_ g_l _û. (any)
6) Ijhreuf e_lhf ^h`^v [ue dZ`ûc ^_gv. (it rained)
7) Fhb ^jmavy ^Zeb fg_ ohjhrbc kh\_l. (good)
8) < ]h^m emqrbc klm^_gl gZr_]h deZkkZ _^_l \ :g]ebx. (the best)
9) < gZr_f ]hjh^_ hq_gv m g_fgh]bo ex^_c fZrbgu. (few)
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253
10) M [_a^hfguo ex^_c fZeh gZ^_`û. (little)
11) ?ebaZ\_lZ I klZeZ dhjhe_\hc :g]ebb \ 1558. (was made)
12) Ihke_ lh]h dZd mf_jeZ __ k_kljZ Fwjb, ?ebaZ\_lZ \ureZ ba
LZmwjZ. (had died)
13) ?_ j_eb]bhagu_ m[_`^_gby aZklZ\beb __ hklZlvky g_\bgghc.
(made her)
14) ?keb [u hgZ \ureZ aZfm` [jblZgkdZy bklhjby [ueZ [u ^jm-
]hc. (had)
15) HgZ [ueZ \u^Zxs_cky ebqghklvx, b dZd `_gsbgZ, b dZd dh-
jhe_\Z. (both)
16) < l_q_gb_ __ ijZ\e_gby Zg]ebqZg_ iml_r_kl\h\Zeb ih \k_fm
fbjm. (all over)
17) Ex^b kqblZeb, qlh hgZ [ueZ k\ylhc. (believed)
18) DZd ex[Zy dhjhe_\Z gZ^h [ueh [ulv hq_gv j_rbl_evghc b
mfghc. (had to)
19) HgZ `beZ ^Z\gh, gh [jblZgpu [m^ml __ ihfgblv, dZd h^gh]h
ba emqrbo fhgZjoh\, dhlhju_ [ueb :g]ebb. (has ever)
20) Fgh]b_ ex^b ]h\hjyl, qlh hgb g_ ex[yl bghkljZgp_\. (say)
21) JZkbklu ^mfZxl, qlh q_jgu_ ex^b g_ lZdb_ ex^b k [_ehc
dh`_c. (as; white)
22) Gh fu \k_ agZ_f, qlh hgb g_ ijZ\u. (who)
23)IhgbfZlv bghkljZggu_ yaudb h^gZ ba kZfuo aZ^Zq êy ex-
^_c. (the hardest)
24) Q_eh\_d fh`_l gZqZlv ihgbfZlv _]h, lhevdh _keb hg ]hlh\
k^_eZlv mkbeb_. (is willing to)
25) G_dhlhju_ ex^b g_ ijb\udeb bamqZlv ]jZffZlbdm bo jh^gh-
]h yaudZ. (to studying)
26) Fgh]b_ klm^_glu, bamqZxsb_ bghkljZggu_ yaudb, `Ze_xl,
qlh g_ gZqZeb bamqZlv bo, dh]^Z hgb [ueb fheh`_. (younger)
27) < kh\j_f_gghf fbj_ ex^yf gm`gu yaudb, qlh[u h[sZlvky.
(needs)
28) FZeh kljZg fh]ml `blv kZfhklhyl_evgh. (by)
29) < AZiZ^ghc ?\jhi_ g_l kljZg g_ \oh^ysbo \ H[sbc jughd. (any)
30) G_dhlhju_ ex^b iulZxlky memqrblv k\hc Zg]ebckdbc kem-
rZy ;blea. (listening to)
31) G_dhlhju_ ^jm]b_ ex^b `b\ml \ bghkljZgghc k_fv_, qlh[u
\umqblv yaud. (living)
32) ;_kihe_agh iulZlvky gZclb ohjhrmx jZ[hlm [_a agZgby Zg]-
ebckdh]h. (trying)
33) Ihke_ lh]h dZd .. <u[jZeZ Nj_^^b . ba qbkeZ k\hbo fgh-
]hqbke_gguo ihdehggbdh\, \k_ khqeb, qlh hgZ k^_eZeZ ohjhrbc \u-
[hj. (had chosen; had made)
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254
34) Nj_^^b [ue h[_ki_q_gguf, ijb\e_dZl_evguf b g_ ]em-
iuf.(was)
35) Bo ihfhe\dZ rbjhdh h[km`^ZeZkv. (was talked; much)
36) Hgb ^he`gu [beb ih`_gblvky \ dhgp_ fZy. (were)
37) Ij_djZkguf \_k_ggbf ^g_f hgb _oZeb \f_kl_ gZ ;hg^ kljbl,
qlh[u \u[jZlv dhevpZ.(on)
38) H^gh aZ ^jm]bf dhevpZ ihdZau\Zebkv O_jfhg_ b hgZ h[km`-
^ZeZ bo kh agZgb_f, dhlhjh_ m^b\beh Nj_^^b b \hkoblbeZ \eZ^_evpZ
fZ]ZabgZ. (were being shown; was discussing)
39) IhdZ hgb jZkkfZljb\Zeb dhevpZ, ^\h_ fm`qbg \hreb \ fZ]Z-
abg b ihijhkbeb ihdZaZlv bf g_kdhevdh [jZke_lh\.
40) G_kdhevdh [jZke_lh\ iheh`beb gZ klhe i_j_^ gbfb. (were put)
41) Gh fm`qbgZf [ueh gZfgh]h ly`_e__ m]h^blv, q_f O_jfhg_.
(the; were; much more; had been)
42) Ijh^Z\pm dZaZehkv, qlh hgb gbdh]^Z g_ ijbfml j_r_-
gby.seemed; that; come)
43) Hgb m`_ jZkkfZljb\Zeb [jZke_lu g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy, dh]^Z
\g_aZigh gZqZeh qlh-lh ijhbkoh^blv. (had been examining)
44) FZrbgZ ih^t_oZeZ d fZ]Zabgm, b, \g_aZigh, h^bg ba fm`qbg
lhedgme ijh^Z\pZ, b ^jm]hc \aye ihe^x`bgu [jZke_lh\, dhlhju_
e_`Zeb gZ ijbeZ\d_, b ih[_`Ze d ^\_jyf. (a; the other; were)
45) Nj_^^b m\b^_e, qlh O_jfhgZ klhbl h^gZ jy^hf k ^\_jvx. (saw)
46) Nj_^^b ih^mfZe, qlh hgZ kebrdhf gZim]ZgZ, qlh[u ^\b]Zlv-
ky. (was)
47) Q_eh\_d, dhlhjuc ih^[_`Ze d ^\_jb k_cqZk ih^gbfZe jmdm,
qlh[u m^Zjblv __. (approached; raising; to strike)
48) Gh hg wlh]h g_ k^_eZe. (did)
49) < ihke_^gbc fhf_gl O_jfhgZ hlhreZ gZ rZ] \ klhjhgm, b
q_eh\_d ijhr_e ]heh\hc \i_j_^ q_j_a \bljbgm fZ]ZabgZ. (at;man)
50) L_[_ ke_^h\Zeh kdZaZlv fg_, qlh lu agZ_rv ^`bm-^`bpm,
kdZaZe Nj_^^b. (knew)
51) F_gy gZmqbe ijhn_kkbhgZe (was)
52) Ihgylgh, kdZaZe Nj_^^b. ?klv _s_ fgh]h \_s_c, dhlh-
ju_ y h l_[_ g_ agZx. (is; a few)
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