wOHhk fmd iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<&

13 jk fY%aKsh

is,a ;dlaIKfoh
Ih ksfoaYh
^2009 jIfha is g l% s h d;a u l f'&

;dla I K wOHdmk fomd;fka ; = j

oHd yd ;dla I K mS G h
cd;s l wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u

1'0 ye|skau
oekg mj;sk wOHdmk l%uh ;=<ska mdi,ska msg jk isiqkag Wiia ;dlaIKfo mdGud,d yeoEug ,nd oS we;s wjia:d
r, h'
w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& i|yd ksfoaYs; ;dlaIKfoh Ih ud,dj l,d Ih Odrdj hgf;a y|qkajd oS we;af;a ;dlaIKfoh
Ihkag wod< ksmqK;d ixjOkh lr .ekSu mdi,a isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd oSu msKsi h'
fuu Ih ud,dj uD ;dlaIKfoh yd oDG ;dlaIKfoh hkqfjka m%Odk ixrpl follska iuka; f' f tla tla
ixrplh ;=< 12 jk fY%aKsh i|yd mok mdGud,djla yd 13 jk fY%aKsh i|yd iqfYaIS l,am ;dlaIKsl lafIa;% ;=kla we;=<;a
f'
12 jk fY%aKsfha oS oDG ;dlaIKfoh mok mdGud,dj yeoErE isiqkag 13 jk fY%aKsfha oS wOHhkh lsug wjia:dj ,efnk
l,am ;dlaIKfo w;=ka is,a ;dlaIKfoh o tlls'
YsIag imkak ck iudchl w;HjYH wx. jk ksjdi" ux udj;a" c, iemhqu yd c, wmjyk moaO;s" ie,iq lsu yd
klrKh lsu ;=<ska ixjOkh lsf oS Wmfhda.S lr .kakd uQ,sl ixl,am yd uQ,Ou ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsug fuu Ih
u.ska wjia:dj ,ef' ;j o" fiajdjkag wod< fuu ;dlaIKsl l%ufo" l%shdldrl u.ska wOHhkfha fhfok ksid Bg wod<
ksmqK;d ixjOkh lr .ekSug o yels f'
tu.ska ;dlaIKfoh ienE jk wjia:dj,g wod< lr .ekSug o yels jk w;r ;ud wjg f,dalh yd ine|s ;dlaIKh"
wjfndaO lr .ekSug;a bka m%fhdack ,nd .ekSug;a w.h lsug;a yqrej ,nd .kshs'

2'0 Ih ksfoaYfha wruqKq

1'

is,a ;dlaIKfofhys iajNdjh;a ta yd ine|s fmd uQ,Ou;a ms<sn| yelshd jOkh lr .ekSu'

2'

is,a ;dlaIKfofhys fhfok oHd;aul uQ,Ou wjfndaO lr .ekSf yd Nd; lsf yelshd jOkh lr .ekSu'

3'

;dlaIKfo ixl,am bf.k .ekSf yd tajd ikaksfokh lsf myiqj i,id fok iqfYaIS mo we;=<;a jdx ud,dj
Nd; lsu'

4'

wdjqo" kq WmlrK yd fiiq WmlrK Nd; lsf yelshd jOkh lr .ekSu'

5'

kslaIK yd uekS ;=<ska tla /ia lr .kakd ixLHd;aul yd wfkl=;a f;dr;=re yeisrf l=i,;d jOkh lr .ekSu'

6'

;ks ;ks j fyda lKavdh jYfhka fyda ir, l%shdldrlj, fhoSfuka ;dlaIKfoS wjia:d .fIKh lrka ksudK
ys lsu'

7'

O moaO;Skag yd mirhkag fhda.H wdldrhg ie,iq ilia lsu yd w.h lsu ms<sn| yelshd ixjOkh lr .ekSu'

8'

;dlaIKfoh ms<sn| bf.kq l%shdldrlj, fhoSfuka mqoa., fm!reI .=Kdx. jk ffOhh" wIaGdkh" Wmdh ud."
jHjidhl;ajh yd ml,amk yelshd m%oYkh lsu'

9'

ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS iudchg yd mirhg we;s h yels n,mE ms<sn| j ixfoS u'

Ih ksfoaY mdi,a jdr jYfhka

fnod .ekSug fhda; ie,eiau
jdrh

ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d ug

ld,fo

m<uq jk
jdrh

1'0 ksmqK;df isg 4'0 ksmqK;dj olajd

^ksmqK;d ug 19&

94

fo jk
jdrh

4'1 ksmqK;df isg 7'0 ksmqK;dj olajd

^ksmqK;d ug 21&

116

;=ka jk
jdrh

7'0 ksmqK;df isg 9'0 ksmqK;dj olajd

^ksmqK;d ug 16&

90

iii

3'0 Ih ksfoaYh - 13 jk fY%aKsh

ksmqK;dj
1'0

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

bos lsr
S wjYH;d i|yd 1'1 jHj, .;s ,laIK uika jHj, wjYH;dj
iqiq jH f;dard
bosls ldhhg .e,fmk .;s ,laIK
.kshs'
mos jH f;da r d .ekS f
Yla;sh
iQodku m%oYkh lrhs
m%udK iy kq
fhda.H;d ,laIK
,
,nd .ekSf myiqj
.=Kd;aulNdjh ^Quality&
ms;r
1'2 bosl
s tall ^Building units& Nd; tall
f;dard .kshs'
.fvd,a ^WodyrKhla f,i&
Nd; wjia:d
.fvd,aj," bkafkareuh .=Kdx.
ms;r
.fvd,a j.
ir, ne j.
nv., neu
bx.%Sis neu
.fvd,a ne i|yd Nd;
nodu j.
isfuka;s noduh
yqkq noduh
ue noduh

ld,fo
02

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

isfuka;s f,dla .,a

Nd; wjia:d
nr ork ;a;s i|yd
nr fkdork ;a;s i|yd
ms;r
j.
1'3 r .,a Nd;h uid n,hs'

bos ls i|yd r .,a Nd; jk wjia:d

r .,aj, we;s fYaI .=Kdx.
r .,a ne bos lsf l%ufohka

1'4 fldkalS% ksmehq i|yd iqiq fldkalS% i|yd Nd; jH yd tajdfha .;s ,laIK
isfuka;s
jH f;darhs'
je,s
.,a
jer .ekajq
iqiq Y%K wkqmd; Nd;h iy tajdfha jeo.;alu
fldkalS% ms<sfh, lsu
Y% lsu
;ekam;a lsu
mo lsu
fldkalS% j.
idudkH fldkalS%
Nd; wjia:d
.;s ,laIK
Y%K wkqmd;

04

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

jer.ekajQ fldkalS%
imSvl n,
wd;kH n,
1'5 bos ls wjYH;d i|yd iqiq mia yd mdIdK
Nd; wjia:d
mi f;dard .kshs'
j. yd tajdfha .;s ,laIK
mdxY= f;;ukfha n,mEu
nr ord isf yelshdj

03

1'6 iq o q i q ks u y l% u f;da r d u;=msg ksuyj, wjYH;dj

fmkqu
.ekS f iQ o dku m% o Ykh
wdf,dalh
lrhs'
l,a meje;au
ikSmdrlaIdj
kv;a;= lghq;= myiqj
lmrdre lsu
Nd; jH yd tajdfha .;s ,laIK
mssg; lmrdrej
we;=<; lmrdrej
c, gexls
Y%K wkqmd; iy ksudj
l%ufoh
;;a;aj md,kh
;Ska; wdf,am lsu
;Ska;j, .;s ,laIK
Nd; jH wkqj wdf,amk l%u

05

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

;a;s yd f. W
j. iy .;s ,laIK
we;sf l%ufohka
f.u ksudj
isfuka;s oeu
fgrdfida oeu
1'7 jy, iy fodr cfk,a i|yd jy, fi,s
iqiq jH f;darhs'
fi,s jHj, ;sh hq;= .=Kdx.
fi,s j. iy tajdfha fYaIs; ,laIK
Wod( msre
fmd,a w;=
W
weianeiagia isfuka;s /,s ;yvq
f,day /,s ;yvq
fodr cfk,a i|yd Nd; jH
oej
f.dvke.s,s jHla f,i oej Nd;fha oS we;s fYaI
.;s ,laIK
oej j.SlrK wjYH;dj
oej mo lsf iy ixrlaIKfhys wjYH;djh
lD;%Su oej
Nd; wjia:d
j. iy fYaIs; ,laIK
Wod( ;=kS ,E,s (Ply-wood)
ma fnda (Chip board)
M.D.F.
4

05

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

weksh jHqy Nd;h

.;s ,laIK
O yrialv
Nd; wjia:d
c, iemhq moaO;s
1'8 f.dvke.s,s c, iemhq
c, k< j.
moaO;s i|yd Nd; jHj,
kp k< (C.I.)
hdka;%K uika jH
.e,ajkhsia hlv k< ^G.I.)
f;darhs'
mS''iS' k< (PVC)
c, k<j, fYaI .=Kdx.
PVC k< Wmdx. iy Nd;h
lrdu iy lmdg j.
ys lrduh (Bib tap)
ge lrduh (Pillar tap)
Tnk lrduh (push button tap)
;ej;= lmdgh (Stop Valve)
fodrgq lmdgh (Gate Valve)
fnda, lmdgh (Ball Valve)
lrdu iy lmdgj, wjYH;dj
ikSmdrlaIl WjdrK ^WmlrK& iy wod< fldgia
(Components)
jeisls<s fmdah (WC)
uqyqK fidaok fiu
iskala Ndckh ((Sink)

05

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug
1'9 .Dyia: ,s ia:dmk i|yd
iqiq jH f;dard .kshs'

Ih wka;.;h
.Dyia: ,s ia:dmk Wmdx.
ms;r wkqj /yeka j.
jyre iy fmakq
wdrlaIl il=re iy Wmdx.
iu; wdrlaIl m%;s

1'10 ;djld,sl yegq i|yd Nd; m,x i|yd Nd; jH

jH f;dard .kshs'
oej
WK ,S
hlv$jdfka k<
,Kq" jdfka uQgq
yevh ;ekSug Nd; jH
,E,s" nd,al
uqlal= ^oej$jdfka&
hlv mfka,
ldkq lemSf oS me;s ,E,s fhoSug Nd; jH
me;s ,E,s
yria nd,al
uqlal=$lre
;djld,sl uvq i|yd Nd; jH
WK ,S
fmd,a w;=
/,s ;yvq
ldh wkqj Nd; jHj, .=Kdx. Yaf,aIKh

ld,fo
04

04

ksmqK;dj
2'0

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

bos lsu lghq;=j, oS 2'1 bos ls lghq;j

= ,g wod< kS;s bosls i|yd kS;s ;s ls%hd;aul lsf wjYH;dj
n,mj;akd kS;s ;s
yd fr.=,dis" wK mk;a u.ska
wdf,dalh iemhSu
Nd;hg
iQodku
ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh uid
jd;dY%h iemhSu
m%oYkh lrhs'
n,hs'
ikSmdrlaIdj /l .ekSu
.skafkka wdrlaId u
mirh /l .ekSu
bos ls jevug wod< kS;s ;s iy tajdfha wjYH;dj
f.dvke.s,s fLdj
fLdj
jD; wjldYh
msiq ud.
wdf,dal fLdj
jdyk kej;= bvlv
f.dvke.s,s kS;s ;sj,g wod< lreKq
wdf,dalh yd jd;dY%h
hdka;s%l ixjdkkh iy jdhq iukh
;rmamq iy ,s fidamdk
wmjykh iy wm jH neyer,Su
c, iy ,s fiajd
.sks wdrlaIKh
f.dvke.s,af,a Nd;h
by; lreKqj,g wod< kS;s ;s
mqrd oHd;aul w.hla we;s ia:dk iq/lSf kS;s ;s
N+ oYklrKh iy Ydl ixrlaIKhg wod< kS;s ;s
fYaI kS;s ;s mKjd we;s l,dm ^WodyrK f,i&
.=jka f;dgqm, ^lgqkdfhl&
f,dal Wreu" k.r ^uykqjr&
7

ld,fo
06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

uyje,s wldh
by; l,dmj,g wod< kS;s ;s
kS;s rS;s l%shd;aul lsrSf n,h mej we;s wdh;k
kd.l ixjOk wldh
uyd ud. wldh
m<d;a md,k wdh;k
uy k.r iNd
k.r iNd
m%dfoaYSh iNd
by; wdh;kj, j.lS
2'2 bos ls lgqh;= i|yd
ls%hd;aul lsf oS" wjYH
n,m;a yd wkq u e;s h ,nd
.ekSug ls%hd lrhs'

2'3 m%dfoaYSh iy kd.l bos

ls i|yd f.dvke.s,s
j.SlrKh lrhs'

bos lsrSf wdrNh isg ksu lsf iy;slh ^C of C& ,nd

.ekSu olajd bgq lrk ldhhka
ksjdihlg fyda f.dvke.s,a,lg c, fiajdj ,nd .kakd
l%uh
,s fiajd inkaO;dj ,nd .kakd l%u
jdKscuh f.dvke.s,s
fiajd i|yd
fydag,a
jdKscuh f.dvke.s,s bos lsu i|yd ,nd .; hq;= wkque;s
Wod( fiajd ia:dk" fydag,a

05

03

f.dvke.s,s j.SlrKh
A j.h - uy,a 5 fyda Bg je f.dvke.s,s
B j.h - uy,a 2 g je" 5 g wvq f.dvke.s,s
C j.h - j'' 300 g fkdwvq .Dyia: f.dvke.s,s

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

2'4 wkque;sh ,nd .ekSu i|yd

wod< wdh;k fj;
f.dvke.s,s ie,iq bosm;a
lsrf
S iQodku m%oYkhlrhs'

f.dvke.s,s ie,iq bosm;a lsf oS imQK l< hq;=

wjYH;d
mudKh
msgm;a .Kk
iy;sl lsu
jHQyuh ie,iq yd .Dy ksudK ie,iqj, wka;.;h
f.dvke.s,s fiajd moaO;sj,g wod< ie,iqys wvx.= oE
,s fiajd moaO;s
c, iemhq moaO;s
c, wmjyk moaO;s
ie,iq bosm;a l< hq;= wdh;k
uy k.r iNd
m%dfoaYSh iNd
kd.l ixjOk wldh
wkque;sh ,nd fok wdh;k
ie,iq bosm;a lsf l%shdj,sh

2'5 bv ixjOkh yd ne|s kS;s rS;s mkjkq ,nk wdh;k

ud. ixjOk wldh
fjk;a kS;s ;s uid n,hs'
h fomd;fka;=j
fjr< ixrlaIK uKav,h
jd ud. fomd;fka;=j
jk fomd;fka;=j
by; wdh;k mkjd we;s kS;s ;s

ld,fo
06

06

ksmqK;dj
3'0

ir, bos ls
ldhhka i|yd
weia;fka;=
ilia lrhs'

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

3'1 bos lsg m%:ufhka

weia;fka;=jl wjYH;djka
weia;fka;= ms<sfh, lsf bos lsf jHdmD;sh i|yd jeh jk hou fidhd ne,Su
wjYH;dj uid n,hs
jH
Y%uh
bos ls lghq;= ixOdkh lsu
jH iemhSu
wdjqo iy WmlrK ,nd .ekSu
bos ls jevj, .=Kd;aulnj ^Quality& mj;ajd f.k hdu
ms;r Nd;h ^S.M.M.7&
ldhhkays iajNdjh
wod< ldhh ksh; ld,hg kshu lsug
weia;fka;= ieliSf jdis
jeh jk hou" jH yd Y%uh wkqj l,a we;s j ykd
.ekSug
bos lsu .ek wjYH , oS .ekSug
bos ls ldhfha .=Kd;ul nj /l .ekSug

06

3'2 ir, bos ls ldhhka i|yd wod< bos ls ldhhka i|yd ^WodyrK f,i&
m% u dK ,a m;% ieliS f
uqr l=hlg
iQodku m%oYkh lrhs'
f.m< ieliSu
w;a;sjdr ldKq lemSu
w;a;sjdr fldkalS% oeu
m%udK ,a m;l wvx.= m%Odk fldgia
jev ia;rh ^Descriptions&
m%udK ^Qualitities&
tall ^Units&
f .Kk ^Rate&

06

10

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

uqo, ^Amount&
bos ls ldhh m%udK ,a m;aj, we;=<;a lrk wdldrh
3'3 weia;fka;= msjeh ilia weia;fka;= ilia lsug wod< uQ,dY%
lsug wod< wx. uid n,hs' iu; kq l%u - SMM7, SLS573
f.dvke.s,s iu; ms;r iy fghka
Building Schedule of Rate (BSR)
msjeh ilia lsf oS i,ld n,k idOl
jH m%udK
jHj, ,
m%jdyk .dia;=
wmf;a hd
Y%l hou
mqyqKq llre
kqmqyqKq llre
wdjqo iy WmlrK
Wia hou ^Over heads& yd ,dNh
3'4 ir, bosls ldhH_hka i|yd msjeh ilia lsf ldhhka
ir, .Dy NdKav ;ekSu
weia;fka;= msjeh ilia
f.u W we;su
ls f yels h dj m% o Ykh
^1M x 1M& .fvd,a ;a;s bos lsu
lrhs'
;a;s lmrdre
c,k, t,Su
ie,iq lshu
m%udK .ekSu
iu; tall f;dard .ekSu
11

06

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

m%udK m;% ilia lsu

WoaOD; lsu ^abstract&
msjeh ilia lsu
jH ,
Y%l hou
wdjqo yd WmlrK hou
wmf;a hd
Wia hou
,dNh
4'1

4'1'1 jia;= u; lsh

% d lrk ndysr n, m%;Hd n,h
f.dvke.s,a,la
iy
m%
;
s
l
s
%
h
d
u.ska we;s lrk"
ksjpkh
bos lsf oS jHqyuh
O m%;H n, yd l%h
s d uid
kHdhhka
fldgia tl,ia we;s
n,hs
'
ls%hd we;s lrk wNHka;r m%;Hd n, ms<sn| yqlaf.a
wkaou uid n,hs'
mlaIKh iy yqlaf.a kshuh
m%;Hd n, iy lsh
% d we;s lrk ndysr n, iy m%;l
s h
%s d
m%;sls%hdj,g wkql+, j is jk m%;Hd n,hkays
ls%hdld osYdjka
fmdhsfidka wkqmd;h (Poissons Ratio)
jH u; n, ls%hd lsf oS we;s h yels .;s ,laIK
m%;Hia:;dj (Elasticity)
iqldh;dj (Plasticity)
;kH;dj (Maleability)
Nx.=r;dj (Brittleness)
neula mqmqrd hdu
fmd,a mrd,hl nr ls%hd lsu
weianeiafgdaia ;yvqj u; Ndrhla fhoSu
12

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

4'1'2 f.dvke.s,a,l jHqyuh wx. f.dvke.s,a,l jHqyuh wx.

iy tajd u; ndysr Ndr ls%hd
w;a;sjdru
lsf oS we;s jk yeis
;a;s iy l=kq
uid n,hs'
,skag,a iy ;,do
Wv ;gq f.u
jy,h
ldmam
;rmamq
jHqyuh fldgia flfrys we;s lrk m%;Hd n,
wd;;s n,
imSvk n,
kuH n,
rEmK n,
Ndr hgf;a u.ska jHqyuh fldgiaj, yeis
lD;s u
l, u

05

4'1'3 jHhl ia;O;dj flfrys ia;O;dj ksjpkh (Stiffness)

n,mdk idOl uid n,hs' n,h iy ia:dmkh ia;O;dj flfrys n,mdk wdldrh
Wod( kak (Spring)
ia;O;dj je lsug jH$Wmdx. yev.iajd we;s wdldrh
Wod(
irex.,h" fjila l+vqj" weiafniagia /,s ;yvq"
ldfnda weiqre fm

06

13

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

4'1'4 f.dvke.s,a,l jHqyuh f.dvke.s,a,la ksid we;s jk Ndr

fldgia u; Ndr ls%hd lrk
w ^u,& Ndr
wdldrh uid n,hs'
i Ndr
iq< u.ska we;s lrk Ndr
jia;= ud;% tlsfkl inkaO jHQyuh fldgia ilia
we;s wkaou
Ndrh jia;= ud;%j,ska jHQyhkag yqjudre jk wdldrh
Wod( fodr iy irfkare
;,d| yd l=kq

06

4'1'5 O mia ia;rj, jHqyuh mia j. iy tajdfha bis yelshdj

Ndrhka ord isf yelshdj ;ks yd uy,a f.dvke.s,s u.ska we;s lrk f;rmq w;r
uid n,hs'
fjki
;a;sfhys biq yelshdj ;SrKh lrk idOl
miaj, iajNdjh
f.dvke.s,s j.
;ks
uy,

03

4'1'6 ir, ksjdi tallhl bos ls ir, ksjdihl bos lsf wkqms<sfj,
wkq m s < s f j, iy .; hq ; =
f.m< ilia lsu
wdrlaI;
s lsh
% dud. wkq.ukh
w;a;sjdru ieliSu
lrhs'
lhsre neu ksudKh
;a;s yd l=kq
jy,h
fodr cfk,a

14

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

f.u iy ;a;s
ksudjka
bos ls lr f.k hdf oS mj;ajd f.k hd hq;= wdrlaIs;
ms<sfj;a
jH Nd;fha oS
WmlrK" wdjqo myrKfha oS
;djld,sl bos ls
ldkq lemSf oS
yevh ilia lsu
m,x bos lsu
jev lsf oS
wdrlaIs; fuj, Nd;h
ksjeros l%u Nd;h
4'2

f.dvke.s,s fiajdjkag 4'2'1 .Dyia: ,s ia:dmk ,s ia:dmk moaO;s ie,iq

wod< ixrpl f;da r d
moaO;sj, wvx.= fldgiaj,
ixfla;
.ksh's
Nd;h uid n,hs'
i" WodiSk yd N+.;
Odrdj yd fjda,ah;dj uekSu
,s mm: |skfhys ^Circuit breaker& ls%hdld;ajh
fgiagrh Nd;h
4'2'1 .Dyia: c, iemhq moaO;s c, iemhq moaO;s ie,iq lshu
wvx.= fldgia y s wjYH;dj m%Odk c, iemhqf isg ksjilg c, inkaO;dj
uid n,hs'
kdk ldur jeisls<s WmlrK i|yd c,h iemhSu
Rcq l%uh ^Direct System&
jl% l%uh ^Indirect system&

15

05

06

ksmqK;dj

5'0

li< ksis mos

l<ukdlrKh lsf
l%u f;dard .kshs'

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

4'2'3 m,afodare wmjyk moaO;shlg m,afodare wmjyk moaO;shl fldgia

wh;a fldgia iy tys hdka;K
%
wmjyk k< j. iy tajdfha m%udKhka
uid n,hs'
c, W.=,a
ukq ,a
mQ;sl gexls yd fmjqj,
N+ .; c, ug fjkia f oS we;s h yels Ialr;d

05

4'2'4 ks; mirh je oshqKq jd; ixirKh we;s lsu

lsug wjYH lsh
% dud. .ksh's iajNdl wdf,dalh iemhSu
,sj,ska f;dr jd;dY%h iemhSu
Yo IKfhka f;dr u

05

4'2'5 f.dvke.s,s kv;a;= lghq;= f.dvke.s,s kv;a;= wjYH;dj

l,a meje;au
lsu m%oYkh lrhs'
ikSmdrlaIdj
mqkre;a:dmk hou wju lsu
fiajdjka ukdj mj;ajd f.k hdu
kv;a;= lghq;=
ffoksl kv;a;= lghq;=
ld, iSudjlg jrla is flfrk kv;a;= lghq;=

02

5'1 li< ckkh iy j.SlrKh li< j. lsu

>k
uid n,hs'
j
jdhq
li< ksl=;a jk m%Njhka iy .;s ,laIK wkqj j. lsu

06

16

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

.Dyia: ^domestic&
wdh;ksl ^institutional&
jdKsc ^commercial&
ludka; ^industrial&
lDIsldl ^agricultural&

5'2 wkdrlaIs; j li< neyer iudchSh yd fi!LHuh .eg

ls ksid ksidf.a meje;aug
c,h IKh u
is jk ydks uid n,hs'
fN!;sl fjkia
ridhksl ixhq;sh
ffcj fjkia
lsrK n,mE
jdhq IKh

06

5'3 wdrla I s ; j li< neyer li<j, .;s ,laIK

lsf l%u f;dard .kshs'
W;amdokfha oS
f.dv.id ;sh oS
li< neyer lsf l%ufohka
;kqllrKh ^Dilution
m%,dNh ^Recovery
,sy,
s l
a rKh ^Mitigation
ffcj iudphkh ^Bio accumulation&
ffcj ydhkh ^Biodegradation&
m%ldY ydhkh ^Photo degradation&
kd.rsl li< neyer lsrSf l%ufohka
bv f.dv lsu
fldfmdaia ksmou

06

17

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

6'0

ir, uekq lrhs'

ld,fo

ms<siaiSu
mirhg li< tl;= u wju lsu
mQ;sl gexlsfha iy Wrkj, ksudKh lr we;s wkaou
mQ;sl gexlsh ;=< j li< osrd m;af l%shdj,sh
kd.l" wO kd.l yd .%dh mirhlg .e<fmk mos
fhdod .ekSu

6'1 oje,a kq l%uh Nd; lr oje,a kq l%uh ^ uekqu&

l=vd lhla ukshs'
Nd; WmlrK yd jH
l=[a[ msysgqu
oje,a fLdjka Nd;fhka fhoSu
wkq,n .ekSu
we;s h yels fodaI iy fodaI wju lsu
lafIa;% kq igyka lsu
is;sh .; lsu
iu; mudK Nd;h
l=[a[ msys ,laIK ,l=Kq lsu
wkq,n ,l=Kq lsu

06

6'2 ug .ekS f ir, l% u ug .ekSu

bkafkare f,j,h Nd;h
Nd; lrhs'
ms,a ,l=Kq
;djld,sl ms,a ,l=Kq
WmlrKh msysgqjd,Su
ug .ekSu
ksrjoH;dj mlaId lsu

06

18

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

fodaI wju lsu

lafIa;% kq igyka lsu
6'3 ifudap fLd is;h
s ula ilia ifudap fLd is;sh lshu
lr we;s whqre uid n,hs'
wka;rh iy wka;rh fjkia lsu
N+ Iu;d ,laIK ^mdi, wjg&
ifudap fLd wka;rh fjkia lr kej; is;sh .;
lsu
6'4 ;s f hdv,hs gq j Nd; lr ;sfhdv,hsgh Nd;h
WmlrKh ia:dk .; lsu
isria iy ;sria fldaK uekSf
l%u uid n,hs'
;sria fldaK uekSu
isria fldaK uekSu
ksrjoH;dj mlaId lsu

06

06

6'5 uekSf iy i,l=Kq

lsf kk WmlrKj,
;dlaIKh uid n,hs'

kk kq WmlrKj, kj ;dlaIK l%ufo

f,ai kshdul l%uh ^Laser Guided System&
Global Positioning System (GPS) l%uh
oHq;a r uekq l%uh ^Electronic distance
measurements&

06

6'6 bv N=la;sh iy Nd;h

ms<sn| O rdcH
wdh;kj,g wh;a
ldhNdrh uid n,hs'

Tmamqj lshu
bvf msysu iy udhs
bvf ie,eiau
mudKh
m%udKh
msiq ud.

06

19

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

bvf whs;sh mej we;s wdldrh

bvf myrKh
,shdmosxh iy ks;Hdkql+,Ndjh
jmk n wh lsu
fLd" ud. rlaI;
s iSudjka msyg
s
q f n,h ,;a wdh;k
kd.l ixjOk wldh
ud. ixjOk wldh
m%dfoaYSh iNd
uy k.r iNd
k.r iNd
6'7 ir, f.dvke.s,a,la
ie,iqug wkqj f.m< u;
i,l=Kq lrhs'

i,l=Kq lsf wjYH;dj

f.dvke.e,s kS;s ;sj, .e<mS
f.dvke.s,s fLdj
fLdj
wdf,dal fldaK
msiq ud.
bv iSudjka
i,l=Kq lsf oS Nd; WmlrK yd jH
kq m
l=[a[
kQ,a osh f,j,h ^water level&
ie,iqug wkqj uOH fLd i,l=Kq lsu
ksrjoH;dj mlaId lsu
irKqj Nd;h ^sight rail&
olakd oKav ^Boning rod&
lhsre ugu i,l=Kq lsu ^Plinth level&
20

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

7'1 jIdm;kh iy c,h mj;akd jIdm;kh iy c, pl%h

wdldrh uid n,hs'
c, pl%h" fjk;a iajNdl ls%hd iu. we;s inkaO;dj
fmdf<dj u; c,h r|d mj;sk ia:dk
c, fmdaIl m%foaY (Catchment areas)
.x.d m;a, iy osh fn;au (River beds, Water sheds)
jdIamSNjkh iy W;aiafokh
fmdf<dj u;=mska
c, mDIaG u;ska
Ydl iy me<Ej,ska
jIdm;kh uekSu
ffoksl" udisl" jdIsl
jIdm;kh oelafjk N+f.da,Sh is;sh
jIdm;k w.hhka l,a we;s j ;SrKh lsu
7'0

ksidf.a meje;au
i|yd c, im;
/l .ekSf iQodku
m%oYkh lrhs'

7'2 c, pl%fha ls%hdld;ajh

flfrys we;s jk wys;lr
n,mE uid n,hs'

c, im; IKh lrk kd.l ls%hdldrl

kd.l li< neyer lsf l%u
ldl wm jH
wm;a c,h neyer,Su (waste water)
lDIsldl wm jH
c, im; IKh lsf m%;sM,
fi!LH .eg
iajNdl .eg

21

ld,fo
06

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

7'3 c, ud. iy c,dY /l

.ekSug iQodku m%oYkh
lrhs'

jIdj iy u;=msg .,d hdu (Surface flow)

iajNdl c,dY iy f.dvke.+ c,dY ksid we;s jk .eg
iy iSudjka
mi fidaod hdug ^mdxY= Ldokh& fya;= jk ksia lsh
% dldrl
mi fidaod hdu je<elaf l%u
c,h nei hdu l<ukdlrKh lsu
wdjrK fhoSu (Ground Covers)

7'4 u;=msg c, wmjykh u;a

f,i l<ukdlrKh lsf
iQodku m%oYkh lrhs'

u;=msg c, wmjykh
u;=msg c, wmjykh ksis mos l<ukdlrKh lsf
wjYH;dj
c, pl%fha meje;au /l .ekSu
c, IKh je<elau
u;=msg c, wmjykhg ndOd lrk iajNdl l%shdldrl
frdka uv ;ekam;a u
u;=msg c, wmjykhg ndOd lrk ksia ls%hdldrl
my;a f.dv lsu ksid ;djld,sl c, /|jq ia:dk
li< ;ekam;a ug bv yefuka iajNdl c, ud.
yd kd.l ldkq moaO;s wjysr lsu

22

ld,fo
06

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

8'0 wrms r s u eia f uka c,h 8'1 c,fha Nd; wjia : d uid c, b,au
n,hs'
.Dyia: lghq;=j,g
Nd;hg iy wm; c,h
fmd lghq;=j,g
neyer,Sug iQodku
jdKsc yd ludka;j,g
m%oraYkh lrhs'
.Dyia: c, Nd;h
Nd; wjia:d
ug
wdydr msiSug
ikSmdrlaIl lghq;=j,g
kEug iy fiaoSug
f.j;= lghq;=j,g
Nd;h uekSu
tall
fmd lghq;= i|yd c, Nd;h
frday,a
ldhd,
mdi,a
mQckSh ia:dk
jdKsc yd ludka; c, wjYH;dj
8'2 c,fha .= K d;a u l ;;a ; a j h c,fha .=Kd;aul nj ;SrKh lrk idOl
uid n,hs'
w,;dj ^Turbidity&
pH w.h
,jK;dj ^Salinity&
ri yd .kaOh ^Taste & odour&

23

ld,fo
06

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

c, m%Nj wkqj c,fha ;;a;ajh

u;=msg c,h
.x.d" we< fod<
c,dY" je
N+ .; c,h
<sx
8'3 c, iemhqul c, ysig
n,mdk idOl f;dard
.ksh's

lrduhl c,h .e,Sf f.h flfrys n,mdk idOl

iemhq c, ysi
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh
c, k< ;=< mSvkh
m%Yia; mSvk ugu
k< ud.j, jyk ydks
k< ;=< >IKh
osYdj fjkia f oS k< Wmdx. Nd;h
k< moaO;sj, ldka
k< ia:dmkfha fodaI
jeis c,h Nd;fhka we;s jk wdl jdis

8'4 .Dyia: c, wjYH;d i|yd .dyia: lghq;= i|yd k< c,h iemhSu
jeis c,h Nd; lrhs'
k< c, iemhq jHdmD;shl ldhNdrh
k< c, iemhqu i|yd msjeh
jeis c, Nd;fhka we;s jk wdl jdis

24

06

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

.Dyia: lghq;= i|yd jeis c,h Nd;h

.Dyia: j Nd; l< yels wjia:d
jeis c,h tl;= lsf l%u
jeys msys,s iy Wmdx.
jeis c, .nvd lsu
8'5 .Dyia: wm; c,h wdrlaIs;
j neyer,Sf ^disposal&
hka;%K uid n,hs'

wm; c,h f.dvke.s,sj,ska bj;ajk wkaou

kdk ldur" uq;eka f.hs Nd; wm; c,h
jeisls,s fmda u.ska bj;ajk m,afodare c,h
jy,h u;=msg jefgk jeis c,h
wmjyk moaO;sj, wvx.= fldgia
ikSmdrlaIl NdKav
wmjyk k< ud.
c, W.=,a j.
c, W.=,aj, l%shdld;ajh
ukq,a wjYH;djh
wmjyk moaO;s l%u
;ks k< l%uh
k< fofla l%uh
wm; c,h neyer,Sf l%u
pQIK gexlsh
mQ;sl gexlsh

25

06

ksmqK;dj
9'0 ud. bos lsu yd
kv;a;= lsu i|yd
iQodku m%oYkh lrhs'

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

9'1 ud. bos lsf wjYH;dj yd ud. bos lsf wjYH;d

m%jdyk l%u uid n,hs'
u.S m%jdykh
NdKav m%jdykh
m%jdyk l%u
uyd ud.
h ud.
.=jka ud.
uqyq yd c, ud.
m%jdyk l%uj, jdis yd wjdis ;SrKh lrk idOl
hou
.; jk ld,h
.uka myiqj

06

9'2 ud. ie,iq lsf oS ud. ie,iq lsf oS i,ld n,k idOl
imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d uid
O jdykj, f;rmq Ndrhlg Tfrd;a;= oSf yelshdj
n,hs'
Odjk jdyk mudjg m%udKj;a u
.uka ld,h iy hou wju lsu
nEjq wju lsu
jx.= wju lsu
ud. kS;s yd ud. ix{d
md,k ix{d
wjjdod;aul ix{d
f;dr;=re$ Wmfoia ix{d

06

26

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

9'3 ud. j.SlrKh lr we;s ud. ixjOk wldfha j.SlrKh

A, B, C, D yd E
wdldrh uid n,hs'
tu ud.j, ,laIK
Y%S ,xld ud. is;shul ud. moaO;sh olajd we;s wkaou
ud. fufyhug wod< wdh;k
fudag r: m%jdyk fomd;fka;=j (R.M.V.)
ud. ixjOk wldh (R.D.A.)
Y%S ,xld fmd,Sish

06

ud. j.
9'4 ud.hl uQ,sldx.j,
fndr$ mia ud.
^Elements& wjYH;dj id:l j
uid n,hs'
;dr$ gquka ud.
fldkal%S ud.
ud.h yrialka oelafjk uQ,sldx.
Odjk m:
yegq wdia;r
Nd; jH
ksudKh
mosl fosld
Wrysia ^shoulders&
mDIah wmjyk ldkq moaO;s
lenrh
me;s ldkq

06

27

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

ld,fo

fiajdjka i|yd h ldkq$ k< moaO;s

,s iemhq
c, iemhq
rl:k myiql iemhqu
m,afodare wmjyk moaO;s
ud. Nd; lrkakka i|yd wdrlaIl ms<sfj;a
jdyk kej;= ia:dk
9'5 ud. kv;a;= lsf l%u
f;dard .kshs'

ud. kv;a;= lsf wjYH;dj

kv;a;= kej;= ia:dk
ud. ixjOk wldh
m<d;a ud. ixjOk wldh ^Provincial R-D-K&
kv;a;= j.
wdj;k
yosis
kv;a;= l%u
fndr ud.
;dr$gquka ud.
fldkal%S ud.

28

06

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ug

Ih wka;.;h

9'6 jdyk Odjkh ksid we;s jk jdyk Odjkh ksid we;s jk ydks
ydks wju lsf iQodku
mdil
m%oYkh lrhs'
fi!LH
mdil ydks
jdhq IKh ksid we;s jk ^air pollution&
Yo IKh ksid we;s jk ^sound pollution&
fi!LHuh ydks
yosis wk;=re ksid wdndO yd ; ydks
jdhq yd Yo IKh ksid we;s jk ydks
ydks wju l< yels l%u
jdhq yd Yo iSud uek ne,Su
udrh ksl=;a u md,kh lsu
ud. kS;s l%shd;aul lsfuka ud. kh
mj;ajdf.k hdu
Yo wju lsug mshjr .ekSu
jdyk iy yels;dla rg fjka lsu
ud. boslsf oS mirfha w,xldrh /l .ekSu

29

ld,fo
06

4'0 bf.kq-b.eka l%fudamd

wOHdmkfha mrud:h mqoa., iunr fm!reI ixjOkhhs' fuu mrud:h uqka muqKqjd,Su msKsi isiqkaf.a m%cdkk" ufkdapd,l yd
wdfoksl yelshdjkag wu;r j iudcuh l=i,;d yd fm!reI .;s ,laIK o ixjOkh l< hq;= h' fuys os .=rejrhd oekqu ifm%aIKh i|yd
wkq.ukh lrk idm%odhsl b.eka l%u id:l fkdf' ta fjkqjg isiqka bf.kqug fhduq lrh yels kj m%fYj,g fhduq fjka
mkduk .=re N+ldj l%shd;aul lsu ldf,da; h'
ksmqK;d mok lr.;a l%shdld bf.kq l%u u.ska oDV ;dlaIKfoh Ihhkag wod< f;dard.;a ksmqK;d iuQyhla ixjOkh lsu
wfmalaId flf'
f i|yd mka;s ldurh ;=< isiqka ksrka;r l%shdld mqoa.,hka njg m;a lrjk" iqNjdoS wdl,am jOkhg W;" iduQysl;ajh yd
ksudKYS,S;ajh jOkh l< yels m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrl i|yd myiql i,ik bf.kq mirhla ksudKh lsu .=rejrhdf.a j.lSu f'
my; i|yka bf.kq-b.eka l%u u.ska Ih ksfoaYfha m%ldYs; ksmqK;d yd wNsu;d: idlaId;a lr .; yels fj;ehs wfmalaId flf'
lKavdh idlPd
ksudKlrK l%shdldrl
m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrl
jHdmD;s
w;ayod ne,S iy wdoYk
mirh wdY%s; l%shdldrl
lafIa;% pdld
foaYk
ilaIK
mdif,a bf.kq mirhg yd im;aj,g wkql+, j .=rejrhdf.a wNsu;h mos fuu bf.kq l%u fjkia lr fhdod .; yels h' fuu
l%ufo l%shd;aul lsf oS tajdg wod< O Wml%u wkq.ukh lsu bf.kq-b.eka l%shdj,sh id:l;ajh flfrys n,mdkq we;'
.eg bosm;a lsu
Y%jHmg fhdod .ekSu
mska;+r" oeka" fmdaiag fhdod .ekSu
nqoa l,nkh
tjeks Wml%u lsysmhls'
by; i|yka bf.kq-b.eka l%ufo wkq.ukh lsu u.ska" Ih lreKq inkaO w:dka; bf.kqula is l< yels h' tu.ska iajhx
fm<fuka ldhhka werug yd mj;ajdf.k hdug;a" wkd.; wNsfhda.j,g id:l j uqyqK oSug;a yels jev f,dalhg W; mqoa.,hka ys
l< yels jkq we;'
30

5'0 mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jevigyka

wkd.; wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK oshyels isiq msila ys lsf oS mka;sldur bf.kq-b.eka l%shdldrl yd Ih iu.d l%shdldrlj,
oS ,efnk w;aoelS jeo.;a f' f i|yd W; mirhla mdif,ys ;sh hq;= h'
mmQK m%dfhda.sl Ihhla jk ,sh" bf,lafg%dksla yd f;dr;=re ikaksfok ;dlaIKfohg wod< bf.kq-b.eka l%shdj,sh
id:l j bgqlr .ekSu i|yd wod< kHdh yd m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlj, isiqka ksr; lru i|yd wjYH l=i,;dj,ska fy .=rejrfhl= f;dard
.; hq;= h'

tneka fuu Ih b.ekau i|yd f;dard.kakd .=rejrhd my; i|yka iqiqlj,ska tllaj;a imQK l< hq;= h'
;dlaIKfoS Wmdh
cd;sl ;dlaIKfoS maf,daudj ^NDT-ITUM&
bxfkare oHdj ms<sn| Wiia cd;sl maf,daudj ^HNDE - SLIATE&
bxfkare oHdj ms<sn| cd;sl maf,daudj ^NDES - TTI&
;dlaIKfoS maf,daudj ^Dip. in Technology - O.U.S.L.&
cd;sl ;dlaIKsl iy;sl m;%h ^NCT - Technical Colleges&

by; iqiql imqrd we;s .=rejrfhl= mdif,a fkdue;s wjia:djl oS fuu Ih b.ekau i|yd leu;s oHd Wmd .=rejrfhla ^fN!;sl
oHdj" ridhk oHdj fyda j oHd Ih iys;& .=rejrfhl= fhou jeo.;a f' tfia u tu .=rejrhdf.a myiqj i|yd ;dlaIKsl Ihg
wod< mqyqKq .=rejrfhl=f.a iydh o ,nd osh hq;= h'
f;dard.kq ,nk .=rejrekag cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ixOdkh lrkq ,nk fiajdia: ieisj,g iyNd.s lrjd mqyqKqjla ,nd oSug
lghq;= l< hq;= h' ;j o fuu Ih i|yd ld,fo fjka lsf oS tl < ld,fo folla fyda ;=kla fjkalr oSfuka bf.kq-b.eka
l%shdj,sh id:l lr .ekSu jvd;a myiq f'
my; i|yka mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka oDV ;dlaIKfoh Ihh l%shd;aul lsug iqiq mirhla f.dvkexug yd Ih
ixjOkhg rel=,la jkq we;'
l%shdldrl i|yd wjYH myiql wLKav j ,nd osh yels jevms<sfj,la l%shd;aul lsu
fuys oS wjYH;dj wkqj wuqjH imhd .ekSu i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojq ,nd oSu
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