Analytical Chemistry

for non major

Quantitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

Gravimetric Analysis

Volumetric Analysis


Solutions


Physical methods
/ Strength

= g\L

ppm

=g\ml

 ppb

=g\kg

Percentage
))w\w
( % ) = w\w

100

 ))w\v

( %) =w\v
100
))v\w

( % = v\w )
100
))v\v

( % ) = v\v
100

 Dilution of solutions

( ) = ( )

=


() = ()

() = ()

= )M)
= )M)
=
= )M)

=
= )M)

( ) =

=



150 ml 0.6M
0.45M NaOH
6.27g 100 g

w w 108 g 43g

-1 2.5L 0.01M
-2 1500g 35%

1.42 g ml
70%

26ml 0.15M
= 342

NaNO3 50ml
Na + 35mg ml

Ca(OH) 2 7.5g 200ml







:
) ................( / )...........( =
= )..............( )...........(
NaCl 2 )........(
1.3g/ml
.............................
20ml 2M -( )
...................


Chemical Equilibrium


Chemical Equilibrium


( ) .
( ) Kc

.


.


250 C
)PCl5 (g)= PCl3 (g) + Cl 2(g
6L 0.1
Cl2 0.16 mole PCl 3 0.16 mole PCl5 mole

1000 C 2L
0.433 mole 0.932 mole l 0.993mole
:
)H2 (g) + N2(g)= 2NH3 (g


.....................................
........................
....................................
:

N2 +O2 = 2NO - energy

:
-
-
-
-
-


Acid-Base Equilibrium




- -
OH- H+

H HA

K a HA

OH Base

K a BOH

OH

KW
CS
Kb

KW K a
Cs

KW K a
Kb

K a1 K a2 C S K a KW

C s K a1

Ca
Cs

Cb
Cs

H K

OH K


3.26
(. Ka = (1.710-5
0.36 M NH4Cl 0.3 M NH3
( Kb = (1.810-5
0.24 M
(Ka = (5.910-11
0.2 M 8.42
Kb
NaHC2O4 0.45 M
( Ka2= (5.410 -5) Ka1 = (5.410-2


Precipitation and Solubility Product





BaSO4

Ba2+ + SO42-

A n B n

AB Solid

A B
n

ABSolid

K AB Soild A n B n K SP

S K sp
Ksp

S /


nA mB An Bm s

Ksp
S

n m

n m

K sp n m S
m

K sp
S n m
n m

Ca3 (PO4)2 ..



..
.


.

 BaF2 g l
2.410-5

() CaC2O4 0.0055 g\ L
() BaCrO4 2.810-3 g\ L

- - - -


Complexes and equilibrium

 Formation of complexes

[AgCl3 ] 2- [HgI4 ] 2- [Fe(CN)6 ] 3-

EDTA

[Zn(H2O) ] 2+ [Na(NH3)4 ] + [Al(H2O)6 ] 3+


(
) [Fe(CN)6 ] 3-
(
) -8
(
) EDTA



CdI42-
*
Cd2+ + 4ICdI42Cd 2 I CdI

Cd
Cd I

K1

CdI I CdI 2

CdI 2

CdI I

K2

CdI 2 I CdI 3

CdI

CdI I

K3

CdI 3 I CdI 42

CdI

Cd I
2
4

K4

K K1 K 2 K 3 K 4

CdI
Cd I
2
4

K4



[ ]Cu(NH3)4
) 8
) 6
) 2
) 4
( ) 1
)
)
)
)
] [pb(S2O3)2
) 4
) = -4 2 =
) 2 -2
) 4 2


)
)
)
)

)
)
)
)


Equilibrium in oxidation and reduction

Aox
RT
log
Ared
nF

E E

n EC E a
log K
0.059

-1 Cr2O72 -
6Fe2+ + 14H+ 2Cr3+ = 6Fe3+ +7H 2O + Cr2O72)
)
)
)
- 2
Fe 3+ + Ce 3 + = Fe 2+ + Ce 4+
EoFe3+, Fe 2+ = 0.77 V
EoCe4+, Ce3+ = 1.61 V
) 1.531014
) 1.71014

) 1.331014
) 1.21014

 - 3 10 ml 0.1 M F- 20 ml
0.01M Fe3+ 6
-4
() Ag(S2O3)23-
3
() Cd NH 3 2


volumetric Analysis

( )

()
( )
( )
( )
(
)




) )
)
)

) )
)
)

)
)
)
)


)
)
)
)

)
)
)
)

)
)
)
)
Ni2+ EDTA
)
)
)
)


precipitation Titrations

Ksp<10-10




( )

( )
( )


Complexmetric Titrations

( )ligands


Hg(NO3)2

AgNO3
NiSO4
KCN

 ()

()EDTA
() NTA
) Trien(

 ()EDTA

( )

EDTA

 EDTA
( ) EDTA


EDTA

EDTA


EDTA


Oxidation- Reduction Titrations



.1
.2
.3


.1 KMnO4

.1
.2
.3
.4

 K2CrO4

.1
.2
.3
KIO3

.1
.2
.3

 KIO4

.1
.2


()Malaprade

KBrO3

.1
.2
OBr- , OCl-
OBr-
.1
.2
OCl-
.1
.2
.3

 I2


I3-
:
I2 + 2e- = 2I Iodimetric Titrations
:

 Iodimetric Methods

 Iodometric Methods

 Reducing Agents
FeSO4
Na2S2O3
Na2C2O4
AsO33-