Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physics Investigatory Project: On Transforme Rs
Physics Investigatory Project: On Transforme Rs
Physics
Investigatory
Project
On
Transforme
rs
Submitted By :P.Dharma Teja
Class : XII
Roll No : 18
Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2 Uppal.
Certificate
This is to certify that P.Dharma Teja
student of Class XII, Kendriya Vidyalaya No.2 Uppal,
has completed the project titled Transformers
during the academic year 2014-2015 towards partial
fulfilment physics practical examination conducted by
AISSCE, New Delhi and submitted satisfactory
report, as compiled in the following pages, under my
supervision.
________________
_________________
_________________
Acknowledgemen
t
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mr N.V.N.G.K Rao who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
P.DHARMA
TEJA
Index
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
Introduction
Objective
Principle
Construction
Theory and Working
Efficiency
Energy Losses
Apparatus
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
Uses of Transformer
Sources of Error
Conclusion
Precautions
Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a
static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive
coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in
size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden
inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds
of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect
portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in
some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in
many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for
high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes longdistance transmission economically practical. A transformer
is most widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the
voltages is called a step-up transformer.
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self
made transformer.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual induction
that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit
then induced e.m.f. is produced in the
neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a
circuit produce varying magnetic flux which
induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit.
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another.
Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the
coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating
e.m.f is connected to p1p2, the primary coil and a load
resistance R is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil
through an open switch S. thus there can be no current
through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an
ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the
primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the
energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible.
For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron.
The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips
coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy
losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary.
And the output circuit is called secondary.
An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action of
the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance.
of
the
coil
at
this
Ep = -Np D/dt
(1)
Es = -Ns D/dt
(2)
instant,
we
have
(3)
In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
Es Is
Es Is
=
Ip / Is
Or
=
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power i.e.
= output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power
losses, = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power
losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one.
ENERGY LOSSES
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always
less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due
to a number of reasons as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is
seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination,
Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the
heat produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer
possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to
the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil
tapes the iron core through complete cycle of
magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound
may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of
energy may be lost due to humming.
Apparatus
Iron Rod, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Copper Wire.
Circuit Diagram
Procedure
1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick
copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It
is a step down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage
and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter
respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
s1and s2.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner etc.
In the induction furnaces.
A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
A step up transformer is used for the production of XRays and NEON advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over
long distances.
Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones,
loud speakers and electric bells etc.
Sources of Error
Conclusion
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of
a transformer.
Precautions
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.
A Big Transformer
Bibliography
NCERT Textbook Class 12
NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class 12
Google Website
The End