Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Humus -- is an essential plant food providing nutrients for health and growth.
The abundance of humus in soil is a measure of soil fertility.
Ang humus ay matabang lupa mula sa tuyung dahon at Patay na MGa hayop.
Ang humus ay nagbibigay Ng nutrisyon sa lupa para tumubo at lumaki ang
MGa halaman. Ang Dami Ng humus ay ang Sukat Ng Katabaan Ng lupa
bacterial entry, more appealing to insects and more prone to stress injury
from heat, cold and drought.
Hindi tulad ng mga kemikal fertilizers, ang mga organic fertilizers ay hindi
lamang nagbibigay ng nutrients sa halaman kudi iniimprove din yung soil
texture at pinatataas nito ang ability to hold tubig and nutrients..
Azolla -- is a pond weed very rich in nitrogen and could be used as organic
fertilizer. It has certain characteristic that can reduce the growth of weed
therefore cutting herbicide costs. The nitrogen-fixing properties between
azolla and blue-green algae are being used in most rice lands in agricultural
countries in Asia. Only few farms are using azolla in the Philippines.
Ang azolla ay isang napaka-mayaman sa nitrogen at maaaring magamit
bilang organic fertilizer pond na matanggal. Azolla can reduce the growth of
weed o yung paglago ng damo,therefore nababawasan ang cutting herbicide
costs. Ito ay ginagamit karamihan sa most rice lands sa mga bansa sa Asya.
So, dito sa Pilipinas tanging ang ilang lamang mga sakahan ang gumagamit
ng azolla .
Ipil-ipil -- is a fast growing legume and has nitrogen fixing characteristics. It is
utilized to solve soil erosion in areas frequented by kaingin activities. These
could actually be beneficial to kaingeros who would likely cultivate ipil-ipil for
fuel and lumber.
Ang ipil ipil ay isang mabilis na lumalagong legume at ito ay may nitrogen na
tinataglay. Ito ay ginagamit upang malutas ang pagguho ng lupa sa mga
lugar na madalas na binibisita ng mga kaingin activities. These could
actually be beneficial to kaingeros who would likely cultivate ipil-ipil for fuel
and lumber.
Waste garbage -- is a big problem with respect to its disposal. It is likely that
the organic garbage generated in Manila alone can provide about 0.5 million
tons of compost and can be used as organic fertilizer.
Some of the pesticides that may be present in every meal are Lindane, Ophenylchonol and Olmethoate. Studies show that human health is at risk due
to constant exposure and inadvertent intake of pesticides or insecticides.
Some of these are reported to be carcinogenic , cause birth defects ,
interfere with our hormones , damage the reproductive system, brain and
nervous system, or immune system
Ang ilan sa mga pesticides na maaaring naroroon sa bawat pagkain ay
Lindane, O-phenylchonol at Olmethoate. Ipakita ang mga pag-aaral na
kalusugan ng tao ay nasa panganib dahil sa pare-pareho ang pagkakalantad
at inadvertent paggamit ng pesticides o insecticides. Ang ilan sa mga ito ay
iniulat na maging carcinogenic, sanhi ng kapanganakan depekto,
makagambala sa aming mga hormones, makapinsala sa sistema ng
reproduksyon, utak at nervous system, o immune system
There are alternative ways of controlling pests. One way would be through
crop rotation and mixed crop cultivation. Another would be through the use
of biological controls such as predators( e.g, wasps and praying mantis) and
pathogens (e.g. virus and bacteria), use of biogenetics and engineering to
create pest resistant plants and crops, birth controls (e.g. use of sterile
males), hormones that interfere with their development and growth and
pheromones that affect the other organism and the use of biopesticides
which are secondary chemicals produced by living organisms that protect
plants from pests.
Another way to approach pest control is through Integrated Pest
Management (IPM). This is a collection of methods for minimizing pest
population. It is cost- effective and can cause minimal environmental
damage like evolution of pesticide-resistant organisms and inadvertent harm
to non-target organisms. It takes into consideration the ecological strategies
as alternatives to chemical application. Preventive measures such as
encouraging diversity to enhance defensed against pests are used. Regular
field monitoring of pest population and the use of biological agents in
controlling pest are encouraged.
legumes such as soybeans and alfalfa in between crops counters the mineral
depletion because of their association with nitrogen fixing bacteria which
increases or replenishes soil fertility.
Ang isa sa mga kadahilanan na humahantong sa Pagkabaog lupa ay ang mga
mapang-abusong paggamit ng monoculture system. Ang uri ng agrikultura
Ginagamit lamang ng isang uri ng pag-crop, tulad ng bigas o asukal, sa
buong taon ng pagtatapos sa pamamagitan ng succeeding taon. Bukod sa
Pagkontrol sa pinsala, depletes monoculture din ang natural nutrients ng
lupa mas mabilis at nag-aambag sa pagguho ng lupa. Sa pangangalaga ng
lupa, multi-pagtatabas at pag-ikot ng crop ay ang pinakamahusay na paraan
upang mapanatili ang lupa.
Ang multi-pagtatabas sistema Naghahatid ang iba't ibang mga pananim sa
isang solong patlang sa parehong panahon planting na makatulong na
protektahan ang mga ito mula sa iba't ibang pests at sakit. I-crop ang pagikot, ay nagsasangkot planting iba't ibang mga pananim sa parehong patlang
sa paglipas ng panahon ng oras. Ang pang-agrikultura kasanayan aktwal na
lessens ang mga pinsala sanhi ng mga insekto at mga sakit. I-crop ang pagikot ng nag-aambag sa fertility ng lupa at sa pagbabawas ng pagguho. Isang
tipikal na halimbawa ay ang pag-ikot sa gitna ng mais-soybeans-oats-alfalfa.
Mataas na nakakakuha pananim tulad ng mais at oats sa kasamaang-palad
na maubos ang nutrients ng lupa. Ang planting ng legumes tulad ng
soybeans at alfalfa sa pagitan ng mga pananim mga counter ng mineral
depletion dahil sa kanilang kaugnayan sa nitrogen pag-aayos ng bakterya na
nagpapataas o replenishes fertility lupa.
CONTOUR PLOWING AND TERRACING
Croplands need not require large hectares of relatively flat grounds. In most
cases variations in land topographies are naturally observed. These are the
rolling elevations of the ground. In order to prevent erosion from happening
in elevated grounds, there is the need to plow the fields in a manner which
conforms to the natural contours of the land. This is termed contour
planning. This method prevents or lessens the effects of soil erosion in a
terrain characterized by differentiated elevations. Related to contour plowing
is a method called strip cropping. Strip cropping is simply planting different
elavations. The platforms can help retain plant nutrients and minimize soil
erosion. A very good example of terracing would be the Banaue Rice
Terraces.
CONSERVATION TILLAGE
In preparation for the next planting season, croplands are normally plowed.
In conventional tillage, soils are plowed deep and the weed and plant covers
are removed. Such a method unfortunately increases the possibility of soil
erosion, loss of organic material and loss of soil moisture and water
retention.
In conservation tillage, wastes from harvested crops are incorporated in the
soil to promote and maintain soil fertility. This method increases the organic
components and improves the water-holding capacity of the soil. It is a very
effective way of reducing soil erosion as well as water runoff. Other notable
benefits include the reduction of labor, fuel and equipment wear, and
reduction of carbon gas emissions. It also provides a temporary habitat for
wildlife.
SOIL RECLAMATION
The loss of essential nutrients in soil could lead to desertification and
erosion. Through it may take a very long time to return the barren land to its
original state, it is definitely possible. There is a need to stabilize the land by
planting trees and building shelter belts to avoid further.
Hugis sa pag-aararo AT TERRACING
Croplands ang nangangailangan ng hindi nangangailangan ng malaking
ektarya ng relatibong flat lupain. Sa karamihan ng mga kaso pagkakaiba-iba
sa lupa topographies ay natural na-obserbahan. Ito ang mga ilunsad
elevation ng lupa. Upang maiwasan ang pagguho na mangyari sa mataas na
nasasakupan, mayroon ang pangangailangan na mag-araro ang mga patlang
sa isang paraan na conforms sa likas na contours ng lupa. Ito ay tinatawag
ayos ng pagpaplano. Ang pamamaraan na ito ay pumipigil o lessens ang
mga epekto ng pagguho ng lupa sa isang lupain nailalarawan sa
pamamagitan ng differentiated elevation. Nauugnay sa ayos Pagbubungkal
ay isang pamamaraan na tinatawag na strip pagtatabas. Strip pagtatabas ay
nagre-planting iba't ibang elavations. Ang platform ay maaaring makatulong
sa panatilihin ang nutrients ng halaman at i-minimize ang pagguho ng lupa.
Ang isang napakahusay na halimbawa ng terracing ay magiging ang Banaue
Rice terrace.
konserbasyon TILLAGE
Sa paghahanda para sa susunod na panahon ng planting, croplands ay
normal na plowed. Sa maginoo tillage, soils ay plowed malalim at ang damo
at halaman cover ay maalis. Ang ganitong paraan ng kasamaang-palad