Karmachari Niyamawali

g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^

-afx|f+} ;+zf]wg :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.&.@^_
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf #$ n] lbPsf]

clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0fn] b]xfosf
lgodx? agfPsf] 5 .
-5_
kl/R5]b!
-em_
-`_
k|f/lDes
!=!=
!=@=
;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM-!_ oL lgodx?sf] gfd g]kfn

gful/s pog k|flws/0f sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf
;DaGwL -jfx|f} ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)%^ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_
of] lgodfjnL g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePsf] ldlt
af6 k|f/De x'g]5 .
kl/efiffM ljifo jf k|;+uNf]] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o;
lgodfjnLdf M
-s_
P]g eGgfNf] g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0f P]g,
@)%# ;Demg' k5{ .
-v_ dGqfno eGgfNf] ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s

pog dGqfno ;Demg'kb{5 .
-u_
k|wfg sfof{no eGgfNf]] sf7df08f} l:yt
k|flws/0fsf] k|wfg sfof{no ;Demg' k5{ .
-3_
ljefuLo k|d'v eGgfNf] cg';"rL ! df tf]lsPsf]
kbflwsf/L ;Demg' k5{ .
-_
sfof{no k|d'v eGgfNf] cg';"rL @ df tf]lsPsf]
kbflwsf/L ;Demg' k5{ .
-r_
clVtof/jfnf eGgfNf]] lgod $=! adf]lhd lgo'lQm
ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/L ;Demg' k5{ .
-6_
-7_
-8_
-h_
-9_
sfof{no eGgfNf] k|flws/0fsf sfof{no ;Demg'

k5{ .
;]jf eGgfNf] lgod @=@ adf]lhd u7g ePsf]
k|flws/0fsf] g]kfn gful/s pog ;]jf ;Demg' k5{.
kb eGgfNf] ;]jfsf] s'g} kb ;Demg' k5{ .
:yfoL kb eGgfNf]] Dofb gtf]lsPsf] kb ;Demg'
k5{ .
ljz]if1 kb eGgfNf] ljz]if k|s[ltsf] sfd, st{Ao /
pQ/bfloTj ePsf] laz]if of]Uotf rflxg] kb ;Demg'
k5{ .
sd{rf/L eGgfNf]] ;]jfdf jxfn /x]sf] AolQm ;Demg'
k5{ .
tx eGgfNf]] o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd Aoj:yf
ul/Psf] ;]jfdf /xg] kbsf] >[\vnf ;Demg' k5{ .
kl/jf/ eGgfNf]] sd{rf/Lsf] Psf3/sf lgh cfk}mNf]]
kfng kf]if0f ug{'kg]{ klt, kTgL, 5f]/f, cljjflxtf
5f]/L, wd{k'q, cljjflxtf wd{k'qL, afj', cfdf /
;f}t]gL cfdf ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zAbNf] k'?if /
cljjflxtf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghsf] jfh],
aHo} tyf ljjflxtf dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghsf]
;f;", ;;'/f / ;f}t]gL ;f;" ;d]tnfO{ hgfp+5 .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
afx|f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .



-0f_
!=#
d]l8sn jf]8{ eGgfNf]] ;ldltNf] u7g u/]sf]

PlePzg d]l8sn af]8{ jf dfGotf lbPsf]
lrlsT;sx?sf] af]8{ ;Demg' k5{ .
-t_
tnj eGgfNf] sd{rf/LNf]] cfkm" lgo'Qm ePsf] kb jf
tx cg';f/ kfpg] dfl;s kfl/>lds ;Demg'k5{ .
-y_ ;ldlt eGgfN]f P]gsf] bkmf !# adf]lhd ul7t

;+rfns ;ldlt ;Demg' k5{ .
-b_ ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf eGgfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd

btf{ ePsf] sDkgL, kmd{ jf ;+:yf ;Demg' k5{ .
o; lgodfjnLsf] AofVofM -!_ k|flws/0fsf] s'g} clwsf/LNf]] o;
lgodfjnLsf] s'g} lgod k|of]u ubf{ u/]sf] AofVof s'g}
sd{rf/LnfO{ lrQ gj'em]df jf dsf{ k/]df lghNf] dxflgb]{zs
;dIf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ cg';f/ kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bgdf
dxflgb]{zsNf] u/]sf] AofVof lrQ gj'emL jf dsf{ k/L
s;}N]f k'g/fj]bg lbPdf ;ldltNf]] 5fgljg u/L AofVof
;lxt lg0f{o lbg ;Sg]5 / o:tf] lg0f{o clGtd
x'g]5 .
kl/R5]b @
;+u7g tyf ;]jfsf] u7g

@=!
@=@
@=#
k|flws/0fsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfM k|flws/0fsf] ;+u7gfTds

;+/rgf tyf b/aGbL ;ldltNf] :jLs[t u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
;]jfsf] u7gM -!_ k|flws/0fdf g]kfn gful/s pog ;]jf
gfds Ps ;]jfsf] u7g ul/g]5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;]jfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf
;]jfx? /xg]5g\ M
-s_ k|zf;g ;]jf
-v_ k|fljlws ;]jf
;d"x tyf pk;d"xM -!_ lgod @=@ adf]lhd ;]jfdf /xg]
;d"x tyf pk;d"xx? cg';"rL# adf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
@=$
-@_
of] lgodfjnL k|f/De ePkl5 k|fljlws ;]jf ljljw

;d"xdf /x]sf kbx, ;jf/L rfns / sfof{no
;xof]uL kbxdf :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g . o:tf
kbxsf] hgzlQm ;]jfk|bfoL ;F:yf dfk{mt cfk"lt{
ul/g]5 .
:t/ Pj+ tx ljefhgM -!_ ;]jfdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf :t/x?
/xg]5g\M
-s_ clws[t :t/
-v_ ;xfos :t/
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;]jfdf /xg] :t/x?df b]xfo
adf]lhdsf txx? /xg]5g\M

kfFrf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .

-s_
clws[t :t/
-v_ ;xfos :t/
-!_ afx|f}+ tx
-!_ kfFrf}+ tx
-@_ P3f/f}+ tx
-@_ rf}yf] tx
-#_ bzf}+ tx
-#_ t]>f] tx
-$_ gjf}+ tx
-$_ bf]>f] tx
-%_ cf7f}+ tx
-%_ klxNff] tx
-^_ ;ftf}+ tx
-&_ 5}7f}+ tx
@=% ;]jfdf /xg] kbx?M
-!_
;]jfsf ljleGg txdf k|zf;lgs tyf k|fljlws kbx?
/xg]5g\ .
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;]jfsf] ljleGg txdf /xg]
ljleGg kbsf kb gfdx? cg';"rL$ df pNNf]]v eP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
@=^
sfo{ ljj/0f jgfpg] / tf]Sg]M;]jfsf] ljleGg kbsf] sfo{
ljj/0f cg';"rL% adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sfof{noljefuLo
k|d'vNf] tof/ ug]{5 . o;/L tof/ ePsf] sfo{ ljj/0f
dxflgb]{zsaf6 :jLs[t u/fO{ nfu" ul/g]5 .
@=^s ========
@=& ;]jf ;d"x jf pk;d"x kl/jt{gM -!_ k|flws/0fnfO{ cfjZos

ePdf b]xfosf] cj:yfdf ;]jfsf] Ps ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf
sd{rf/LnfO{ csf]{ ;]jfdf jf ;f]xL ;]jfsf] csf]{ ;d"x jf pk
;d"x cGt/utsf] ;dfg txsf] kbdf ;ldltn] sd{rf/Lsf]
sfof{g'ej / sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ;]jf ;d"x jf pk;d"x
kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg]5M

-s_
-v_
-@_
-#_
kl/jt{g x'g] ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf] kbsf] lglDt

cg';"lr^ df sfo{ Ifdtfsf cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfsf
nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf k"/f ePsf] tyf
tfnLd k|fKt ePsf],
xfn jxfn /x]sf] ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf] ;dfg
txsf] kbdf slDtdf ! jif{ ;lxt % jif{ :yfoL ;]jf
cjlw k"/f ePsf],
s'g} klg sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf cjlw e/df Ps k6s
eGbf j9L ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x kl/jt{g ul/g]
5}g .
;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cGo
dfkb08 tyf cfwf/ ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f z+;f]wg


kl/R5]b#
kbk"lt{
#=!
kb ;[hgf M-!_;ldltNf] ;]jfsf] nflu cfjZos kb ;[hgf

ug]{5 .
-@_
;]jfsf] nflu gofF kb ;[hgf ug{ cfjZos k/]df
;DjlGwt ljefun] sfo{ af]em / sfo{ ljj/0f ;d]t
pNn]v u/L sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefu / cfly{s
k|zf;g ljefu;+u ;d]t ;dGjo u/L dxflgb]{zs
;dIf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-#_
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd gofF kb ;[hgfsf] nflu
cg'/f]w x'g cfPdf dxflgb]{zsn] ;DjlGwt zfvfsf]
sfo{ af]em / kg{ cfpg] cfly{s bfloTj;d]tnfO{
ljrf/ u/L kb ;[hgf ug'{kg]{ b]v]df cfgf] l;kmfl/z
;ldltdf k]z ug]{5 .
-$_
;ldltNf] s'g} gofF kb ;[hgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]df
sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefuNf]] To:tf] kbsf] ;]jf, ;d"x
pk;d"x tyf tx ;d]t v'nfO{ b/jGbL lstfjdf kb
btf{ u/fpg'kg]{5 .
-%_
;ldltNf] ;do ;dodf k'g/fjnf]]sg u/L kbx?
yk36 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-^_ P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|flws/0fsf]

;]jfdf axfn /x]sf] s'g} sd{rf/L k|flws/0fsf]
dxflgb]{zs kbdf lgo'Qm ePdf lgh jxfn /x]sf]
kbsf] kbflwsf/ :jtM ;dfKt x'g]5 / lghsf]
kbflwsf/ k'n b/jGbLdf :yfgfGt/0f x'g]5 . o;
k|of]hgsf] nflu lghsf] tx cg';f/sf] kb k"n

b/jGbLdf :jtM l;h{gf ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-&_ k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf jxfn /x]sf] sd{rf/L dxflgb]{zs

kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ jxfn /x+bf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghnfO{
P]gsf] bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd ;f] kbaf6
x6fPdf lghsf] kbflwsf/ pklgod -^_ adf]lhd
l;h{gf ePsf] k'n b/jGbLsf] kbdf :yfgfGt/0f
x'g]5 .
#=@ ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{M -!_ o; lgodsf] pklgod -@_ sf] clwgdf

/xL ;]jfsf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf kbx b]xfo jdf]lhdsf]
tl/sfaf6 k"lt{ ul/g]5
cfGtl/s
sfo{
v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfTds
Ifdtfsf]
tx
k|ltof]lutff/f
k/LIfff/f
d"Nof+sgf/f
k|ltzt -_
k|ltzt -_
k|ltzt -_
;xfos klxnf] -k|=_
!))
;xfos bf];|f] -k|=_
ljz]if a9'jff/f
;xfos t];|f] -k|=_
!))
;xfos t];|f] -k|f=_
!))
;xfos rf}yf] -k|=k|f=_
^)
$)
;xfos kfFrf}+ -k|=k|f=_
^)
$)
clws[t -k|=_ 5}7f}+
&%
!)
!%
clws[t -k|f=_ 5}7f}+
@)
*)
clws[t -k|=_ ;ftf}+
@)
*)
clws[t -+k|f=_ ;ftf}+
&%
!)
!%
clws[t cf7f}+
!)
!)
*)
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .

clws[t
clws[t
clws[t
clws[t
gjf}+
bzf}+
P3f/f}+
afx|f}+
!)
!)
!)
!)
@)
*)
*)
*)
!))
t/ ;ldltn] cf7f}, gjf} / bzf}+ txsf kbxdWo] ljz]if1 kb

egL tf]s]sf] ljz]if kbdf ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] ljz]if1tf xfl;n
u/]sf JolQmxdWo]af6 v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f kbk"lt{ ug{ o;
lgodNf]] jfwf k'ofPsf] dflgg]5}g .
-@_ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ ug]{ egL pklgod -!_

adf]lhd lgwf{l/t k|ltztsf] kb dWo]af6 k}+tfnL;
k|ltzt kb b]xfosf ;d"xsf pDd]bjf/x dfq
;dfj]z x'g kfpg] u/L v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{
ul/g]5M
-s_
dlxnf
t]QL; k|ltzt
-v_
cflbjf;Lhghflt
;QfO{; k|ltzt
-u_
dw]zL
afO{; k|ltzt
-3_
blnt
gf} k|ltzt
-_
ckf
kfFr k|ltzt
-r_
lk5l8Psf] If]q
rf/ k|ltzt
:ki6Ls/0fM
-!_
o; pklgodsf] v08 -s_, -v_, -u_ / -3_
sf]
k|of]hgsf]
nflu
dlxnf,
cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw];L / blnt eGgfn]
cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf

-@_
-#_
-$_
-%_
-^_
dlxnf, cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw];L / blnt

;Demg' k5{ .
o; pklgodsf] v08 -r_ sf] k|of]hgsf
nflu lk5l8Psf] If]q eGgfn] c5fd,
sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, aemf,
afh'/f, d'u' / x'Dnf lhNnf ;Demg' k5{ .
o; lgoddf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
eP tfklg pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -_
adf]lhd lgwf{l/t k|ltztsf] kb s'g} vf;
k|s[ltsf] sfdsf] nflu tf]lsP adf]lhdsf
ckfxaLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L
k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIfff/f k"lt{ ul/g]5 .
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f ubf{
Ps k|ltzteGbf sd 3tf -k|mofSzg_
cfPdf To:tf] 3tf h'g ;d"xsf] xsdf
3tf cfPsf] xf] ;f]eGbf nut} kl5sf]
;d"xdf ;b}{ hfg]5 .
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd 5'fO{Psf]kbdf h'g
jif{sf] nflu lj1fkg ePsf] xf] ;f] jif{ x'g]
lj1fkgdf pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ pknJw x'g
g;s]df To:tf] kb csf]{ jif{ x'g] lj1fkgdf
;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{5 . To;/L lj1fkg ubf{ klg
pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ pknJw x'g g;s]df
To:tf] kb csf]{ jif{ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f
k"lt{ ul/g]5 .
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
k|ltztf/f kbk"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf k|To]s bz
jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{5 .
10


-&_
#=#
pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltzt adf]lhd

kb ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ubf{ s'g} ljjfb cfPdf
kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
-*_
o; lgoddf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
eP tfklg s'g} vf; k|s[ltsf] sfo{ jf kbsf
nflu dlxnfn] dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L
;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L kb tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
-(_
k|flws/0f ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL cGo
Joj:yf / ljz]if1 kbxsf] k"lt{ ;DaGwL
Joj:yf o;} lgodfjnLdf tf]lsP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] u7gM -!_ ;]jfdf l/Qm /xg cfPsf] kbdf
v'NNff k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff
jf j9'jf k|lqmoff/f pko'Qm pDd]b\jf/sf] 5gf}6 u/L
lgo'lQmsf] nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf l;kmfl/z k]z ug{ b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] Ps kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] u7g ul/g]5 .
-s_
dxflgb]{zsM
cWoIf
-v_
k|ltlglw dGqfnoM
;b:o
-u_
;ldltN]f tf]s]sf] k|flws/0fsf]
pkdxflgb]{zs:t/sf] Ps hgfM
;b:o
-3_
;ldltNf] bIfsf] ?kdf dgf]gog
u/]sf] PshgfM
;b:o
-_
k|zf;g ljefu k|d'vM
;b:o;lrj
t/ v08 -3_ / -_ df pNNf]lvt kbsf] kbflwsf/L
j9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g] cj:yfdf lghsf] ;f
;ldltNf]] tf]s]sf] k|flws/0fsf] s'g} clws[tNf]] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf

k|ltlglwTj ug]{5g\ .
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf k"lt{
ul/g] kb eGbf tNnf]] txsf] clws[tn] k|ltlglwTj ug{
kfpg] 5}g .
-#_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] k|flws/0fdf l/Qm /x]sf] s'g} kbk"lt{

ug]{ lznl;nfdf cGtjftf{ lnbf kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf
;b:ox?sf] cltl/Qm kbsf] sfo{;+u ;DalGwt Ps
hgf ljz]if1nfO{ cfdGq0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
-$_
cGtjftf{ lng] k|of]hgsf] nflu kbk"lt{ ;ldlt
cGtu{t cGt/jftf{ ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 / o;
cGt/jftf{ ;ldltdf kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf
cltl/Qm kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf]] tf]s]sf] cGo ljz]if1 ;b:o
/xg ;Sg]5 .
-%_
kbk"lt{ ;ldltN]f cfgf] j}7s;DjGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ljlw
P]g, lgodsf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f ug{
;Sg]5 .
-^_
kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] j}7s cfjZostfg';f/ j:g]5 .
-&_
kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] j}7s eQf ;ldltNf]] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
#=$ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ o;
lgodfjnLdf cGoq pNn]lvt sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/sf]
cltl/Qm kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-s_
;]jfdf :yfoL kbk"lt{sf] nflu dfu x'g cfPsf] s"n
kb ;+Vof dWo] lgod #=@ adf]lhd lgwf{l/t
k|ltztsf] cfwf/df v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIfff/f
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;++zf]lwt .
11
afx|f} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
12


-v_
-u_
-3_
-_
-@_
gofF egf{, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff /

sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofs+gsf] cfwf/df j9'jff/f k"lt{ ug]{
kbsf] ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
v08 -s_ adf]lhd v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIfff/f
gofF egf{ tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff4f/f
k"lt{ ug]{ egL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kb ;+Vof cg';f/sf]
kbk"lt{sf] nflu v'Nnf tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIffsf] lsl;d lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To:tf] k/LIff
;~rfng ug]{, u/fpg] .
v08 -v_ adf]lhd ;~rfng ul/Psf] v'Nnf tyf
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf ;a}eGbf j9L c+s
k|fKt ug]{ pDd]b\jf/nfO{ of]Uotf qmdsf] cfwf/df k"lt{
ug'{kg]{ kb ;+Vof cg';f/ gofF lgo'lQm tyf j9'jfsf]
nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf l;kmfl/z ug]{ .
v08 -s_ adf]lhd sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sgsf]
cfwf/df j9'jf4f/f kbk"lt{ ug]{ egL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
kb;+Vof cg';f/sf] kbk"lt{sf] nflu ;DefJo
pDd]b\jf/nfO{ j9'jfsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd eg]{ ;"rgf
k|sfzg u/L ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/x?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nof+sg kmf/fd ;+sng u/L sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg
ug]{ .
v08 -3_ adf]lhd ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/x?sf]
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg ubf{ ;a}eGbf j9L c+s k|fKt
ug]{ pDd]b\jf/nfO{ of]Uotfqmdsf] cfwf/df k"lt{ ug'{kg]{
kb;+Vof cg';f/ j9'jfsf] nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf
l;kmfl/z ug]{ .
kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] cfgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo]
s]xL jf s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfgf] s'g}
13
;b:onfO{ jf ;b:ox? /x]sf] pk;ldlt u7g u/L

To:tf] pk;ldltnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] clwgdf /xL
k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_
#=%
#=^
kbk"lt{ ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm

k|flws/0fn] pknJwu/fpg]5 .
lgo'lQmsf] nflu Go"gtd of]UotfM -!_;]jfsf] ljleGg txsf
kbx?sf] nflu lgo'lQm x'g cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd z}lIfs
of]Uotf cg';"rL ^ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
pDd]b\jf/ x'gsf] nflu cof]UotfM -!_b]xfosf JolQm ;]jfsf]
kbdf pDd]b\jf/ x'gsf] nflu cof]Uo dflgg]5 M
-s_
clws[t txsf] kbsf] nflu PSsfO; jif{ / ;xfos
txsf] kbsf] nflu c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f gePsf,
-s!_ ljz]if1 kbsf] nflu slDtdf k}tL; jif{ pd]/ k'/f eO{
krf; jif{ pd]/ ggf3]sf],
-v_ k'?if pDd]b\jf/sf] xsdf k}tL; jif{ / dlxnf

pDd]b\jf/sf] xsdf rfnL; jif{ pd]/ k"/f eO;s]sf,
-u_
;]jf lgj[Q k|x/L / g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 lgo'lQm ul/g]
;'/IffsdL{sf] xsdf k}+tfnL; jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePsf,
-3_
lgod #=% adf]lhd lgwf{l/t Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf
jf s'g} kbsf] sfdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ cfjZos bIftf,
cg'ej jf tfnLd k|fKt gePsf,
-_
eljiodf ;/sf/L jf ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf
jf k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L
jvf{:t ePsf,
14


-r_
#=&
#=*
g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntaf6

s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psf,
-5_
u}/ g]kfnL gful/s,
-@_ k|zf;g ;]jftk{m ;ftf}+ txsf] / k|zf;g tyf

k|fljlws ;]jftk{msf] cf7f}+, gjf}+ / bzf}+ txsf]nflu
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f lgo'lQm ubf{ cg';"rL^ df
tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cnfjf g]kfn
;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt ;+3,
;+:yfdf clws[t sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otN]f qmdzM ;ftf}+
txsf nflu % jif{, cf7f}+ txsf nflu ^ jif{ / gjf}+ /
bzf}+ txsf nflu & jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf] / $)
jif{ pd]/ ggf3]sf] JolQm x'g'kg]{5 .
-#_
k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfsf :yfoL jxfnjfnf sd{rf/Lsf]
xsdf pd]/sf] xb nfUg]5}g .
k/LIffsf] lsl;dM kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] b]xfosf] s'g} Ps jf
PseGbf j9L tl/sfaf6 v'Nnf tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIff ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-s_ lnlvt k/LIff,
-v_ k|of]ufTds k/LIff,
-u_ =============,
-3_ cGt/jftf{, /
-_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf]] tf]s]sf] cGo tl/sf .
;fj{hlgs?kdf lj1fkg k|sfzg ug'{kg]M{ -!_ v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff /
j9'jff/f kbk"lt{ ug'{ kbf{ ;j{;fwf/0fNf]] yfxf kfpg] u/L

/fli6o :t/sf] s'g} Ps k|d'v klqsfdf sDtLdf tL; lbgsf]

b/vf:t lbg] Dofb /fvL lj1fkg k|sfzg ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_
#=(
#=!)
15
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|sfzg ul/g] lj1fkgdf k"lt{

ug'{kg]{ kbsf] gfd, kb;+Vof, ;]jf, ;d"x, cfjZos
Go"gtd of]Uotf, pd]/sf] xb, gful/stf, sfdsf]
lsl;d, k/LIffsf] lsl;d, k/LIff b:t"/, b/vf:t
j'emfpg'kg]{ clGtd ldlt cflb s'/fx? :ki6?kdf
v'nfpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltN]f k|ltztsf cfwf/df k"lt{ ug'{kg]{

;dfg txsf kbx?sf] lj1fkg ;fdfGotof Ps} k6s
ug'{kg]{5 .
b/vf:t kmf/fdsf] 9fFrfM lgod #=* adf]lhd k|sflzt
lj1fkgdf pDd]b\jf/ x'g rfxg] JolQmn] cg';"rL & df
tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf b'O{ k|lt b/vf:t kmf/fd e/L a'emfpg'
kg]{5 .
k/LIff ljlw, kf7\oqmd tyf c+s ef/ M v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIff / cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd,
kf7\of+z ef/, k/LIff k|0ffnL / d"Nofs+g ljlw tyf lnlvt,
cGtjf{tf{ / k|of]ufTds k/LIff;d]t lng] ePdf To:tf
k/LIffx?sf] c+s ef/ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;ldltn]
lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
16

#=!! klxnf] txsf] kbk"lt{o; kl/R5]bdf h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]]

ePtf klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosf jflx/ l:yt sfof{nodf l/Qm
;]jfsf] klxnf] txsf] sd{rf/Lsf] k"lt{ ;DjlGwt sfof{no
k|d'vn] ug]{5 .
#=!@ ljz]if1 kb ;DjGwL Joj:yfM -!_ ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu

ge} gx'g] cj:yfdf ;ldltn] of]Uotf, cg'ej / sfdsf]
k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df ;]jfsf] tx cf7 b]lv tx bzf}+ ;Dd kb
dWo]sf] s'g} kbnfO{ rf6{8 PsfpG6]G6, sfg'g ljb, ljQzf:qL,
al/i7 jfo'ofg rfns, Po/ jlb{g]z ljb h:tf ljz]if1 kb
tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
-@_
ljz]if1 kbdf lgo'Qm sd{rf/LnfO{ lgwf{l/t ;]jf,
;d"x / pk;d"xleqsf ;dfg k|s[ltsf] sfd, st{Jo
;Dkfbg ug]{ u/L ljz]if1 kbdf ;?jf ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-#_
pklgod -@_ jdf]lhd ;?jf ePsf] sd{rf/L cfgf]
kb ;lxt ;?jfx'g]5 .
-$_
ljz]if1 kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L cGo kbsf] a9'jfdf
pDd]bjf/ x'g] 5}g .
-%_
ljz]if1 kbsf] sd{rf/L Ps txaf6 csf]{ txdf a9'jf
x'g jxfn /x]sf] txsf] kbdf lgod ^=# sf] pklgod
-!_ jdf]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw k'u]sf] x''g' kg]{5 .
-^_
ljz]if1 kbdf /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ dflyNnf] txdf
a9'jf ubf{ sd{rf/L jxfn /x]sf] kbnfO{g} pko'Qm
k|sf/sf] dflyNnf] txdf kl/0ft -cku|]8_ ul/g]5 /
cku|]8 ul/Psf] kb s'g} sf/0faf6 l/Qm ePdf :jtM
z'? lgo'lQmsf] txsf] kbdf kl/0ft x'g]5 .

-&_
-*_
-(_
ljz]if1 kbsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df

kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] a9'jfsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{5 .
ljz]if1 kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf]
d"Nof+sg ;ldltf/f lgwf{l/t dfkb08sf] cfwf/df
ul/g]5 .
ljz]if1 kbsf ;DjGwdf cGo Joj:yf ;ldltn]
lgwf{/0f u/] jdf]lhd x'g]5 .
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
17
18


-#_
kl/R5]b$
lgo'lQm tyf kb:yfkgf
$=!
$=@
$=#
$=$
lgo'lQm ug]{ clwsf/M -!_ k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm

kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf clws[t :t/sf] kbdf ;ldltN]f
/ ;xfos :t/sf] kbdf dxflgb]{zsNf]ug]{5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf] ePtfklg
;xfos :t/sf] klxnf]] tx b]lv t];|f] tx;Ddsf] kbdf
lgo'lQm ug]{ clwsf/ ljefuLo tyf sfof{no k|d'vnfO{
/xg]5 .
lgo'lQm tyf kb:yfkgfM kbk"lt{ ;ldltaf6 gofF lgo'lQmsf]
nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf pDd]b\jf/nfO{ l;kmfl/z ePsf] ldltNf]]
clws[t txsf] xsdf Ps dlxgf leq / ;xfos txsf] xsdf
kGw| lbgleq lgo'lQm lbOg]5 / o:tf] lgo'lQmsf] ;"rgf l56f]
;fwgf/f ;DjlGwt pDd]b\jf/nfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
lg/f]lutfsf] k|df0f kqMlgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf]
clws[t txsf] pDd]b\jf/n] d]l8sn jf]8{af6 / ;xfos :t/sf]
pDd]b\jf/n] :jLs[t lrlsT;saf6 lg/f]lutfsf] k|df0fkq k]z
gu/];Dd lghnfO{ ;]jfsf] kbdf :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g .
j}slNks pDd]b\jf/nfO{ lgo'lQm lbg]M-!_ lgod $=@ adf]lhd
;DjlGwt pDd]b\jf/Nf]] lgo'lQmsf] ;"rgf ga'em]df jf ;"rgf
lkmtf{ cfPdf j9Ldf tL; lbgsf] Dofb tf]sL lgo'lQm kq j'em\g
cfpg /fli6o:t/sf] klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/g]5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|sflzt ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf]
Dofbleq klg lgo'lQmkq j'em\g gcfPdf jf l;kmfl/;
ePsf] pd]b\jf/Nf]] lgo'lQm glng] lnlvt ;xdlt JoQm
u/]dfclVtof/jfnfn] k|tLIff ;"rLdf /x]sf of]Uotfqmd
cg';f/sf] cGo pDd]b\jf/nfO{ lgo'Qm ug{;Sg]5 .
19
$=%
$=^
$=&
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm u/]sf] hfgsf/L

sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefun] tLg lbgleq kbk"lt{
;ldltnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
k/LIf0f sfnM;]jfsf] :yfoL kbdf gofF lgo'lQm ubf{ k'?if
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ! jif{sf] / dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ^
dlxgfsf] k/LIf0fsfn /xg] u/L lgo'lQm ul/g]5 .
k/LIf0fsfndf lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf lghsf]
lgo'lQm jb/ ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L k/LIf0fsfn leq lgo'lQm
jb/ gePsf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm :jtM ;b/ ePsf] dflgg]5 .
t/ Ps k6s k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt ul/;s]sf
sd{rf/LnfO{{ k'gM k/LIf0fsfndf /flvg] 5}g .
zky u|x0f M klxnf]] k6s lgo'Qm eO{ cfgf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg'
cl3 clws[t txsf] sd{rf/LNf]] dxflgb]{zs ;dIf / ;xfos
txsf] sd{rf/LNf]] sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefusf] k|d'v ;dIf
cg';"rL* adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf zky u|x0f ug'{kg]{5 .
j}olQms ljj/0f kmf/fdM-!_ ;]jfdf lgo'Qm ePsf k|To]s
sd{rf/LNf]] lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn] ! dlxgfleq cg';"rL(
adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf j}olQms ljj/0f kmf/fd e/L sd{rf/L
k|zf;g ljefudf j'emfpg' kg]{5 .
-@_
P]gsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ xjfO{
ljefuaf6 k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft ePsf k|To]s
sd{rf/LNf]] pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] j}olQms ljj/0f
kmf/fd e/L # dlxgfleq sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefudf
a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
-#_
pklgod -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd v8f ul/Psf] sd{rf/Lsf]

j}olQms ljj/0f kmf/fddf ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Lsf]
gf]s/L;DjGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f, lgo'lQmkq, ;?jf,
20


$=*
j9'jf, k|z+;fkq, ;hfo tyf ljefuLo sfjf{xL;DjGwL

ljj/0f / tT;DjGwL kqx? ;+nUg ul/g]5 .
-$_
sd{rf/L cfkm}n] jf k|flws/0fNf]] s'g} sd{rf/Lsf]
j}olQms ljj/0fdf s'g} sfuhft yk ug'{ k/]df
sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefudf k7fpg'kg]{5 .
-%_
sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefuNf]] ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] j}olQms
ljj/0f kmf/fd cBfjlws?kdf /fVg'kg]{5 .
-^_
o; lgod adf]lhd v8f ul/Psf] sd{rf/Lsf] j}olQms
ljj/0f kmf/fd uf]Ko /xg]5 . o:tf] kmf/fd
clVtof/jfnf / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/
k|fKt clwsfl/NffO{ s'g} sfd ljz]ifdf afx]s cglws[t
JolQmnfO{ b]vfOg] 5}g .
sfod d'sfod d's//M -!_ ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfof{no
k|d'vsf] kb s'g} sf/0faf6 kGw|| lbgeGbf j9L cjlwsf] nflu
l/Qm x'g uPdf tTsfn sfd rnfpgsf nflu Ps tx d'lgsf
kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? dWo]af6 h]]i7 sd{rf/LnfO{{
dxflgb]{zsn] sfod d'sfod d's// ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_
sfod d'sfod d's// ubf{ Ps kbdf Ps JolQmnfO{
dfq sfod d'sfod d's// ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-#_
s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{{ Ps txeGbf dflyNnf]] kbdf
sfod d'sfod d's// ul/g]5}g .
-$_
$=(
sfod d'sfod d's// ul/Psf] sd{rf/LNf]] sfod

d'sfod u/]sf] ldltb]lv sfd u/]sf] kbsf] z'? :s]n
tnj / eQf jf lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnj eQf
h'g a9L x'g cfp5 ;f]xL kfpg]5 .
21
-%_
sfod d'sfodsf] cjlw a9Ldf ^ dlxgfsf] x'g]5 .

t/ sfod d'sfod ul/g] kbdf j9'jf x'g]
;DefJo pDDf]b\jf/ gePsf] cj:yfdf a9Ldf #
jif{;Ddsf nflu sfod d'sfod d's// ug{
;lsg]5 .
-^_
pklgod -%_ ljkl/t s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ sfod
d'sfod d's// u/]df lghNf]] ;f] kbdf /xFbf vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] tnj, eQf / cGo ;'ljwfjfktsf] /sd
sfod d'sfod d's// ug]{ kbflwsf/Laf6 ;/sf/L
afFsL ;/x c;'npk/ ul/g]5 .
ljefuLo k|d'v tyf sfof{no k|d'vsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{M!_k|flws/0fsf] s'g} ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfof{nosf] k|d'v s'g}
sf/0fNf]] 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu cg'kl:yt ePdf lgh dftxtsf]
lgs6td h]i7 sd{rf/LNf]] lgldQ hgfO{ b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfng
ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_
k|flws/0fsf] s'g} sfof{nosf] k|d'v s'g} sf/0fNf]] l/Qm
eO{ ;f] kbdf gofF lgo'lQm jf ;?jf eO{ k"lt{
geP;Ddsf] nflu pklgod -!_ adf]lhd h]i7
sd{rf/LNf]] ;f] sfof{nosf sfuh kq / b}lgs sfd
rnfpgsf nflu rflxg] lhG;L;d]t lhDdf lnO{
sfof{no k|d'vsf] sfd csf]{ Aoj:yf geP;Dd
lgldQ eO{ ug'{kg]{5 .
-#_
pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf sfof{no k|d'vsf]
kbdf lgldQ eO{ sfd u/]sf] Joxf]/fsf] hfgsf/L
dxflgb]{zsnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
22


-$_
Ps dlxgfeGbf j9L cjlwsf] nflu s'g} sd{rf/LNf]]

pklgod -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd lgldQ eO{ sfd u/]sf]
eP ;f] cjlwdf lghn] lgldQ eO{ u/]sf] kbsf] tna
eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf kfpg]5 .
t/ o:tf] k|sf/sf] ;'ljwf cfgf] kbeGbf Ps
tx dflysf] kbsf] dfq kfpg]5 .
$=!) kbflwsf/ sfod /xg]M b]xfosf cj:yfdf sd{rf/Lsf] cfgf]
kbflwsf/ sfod /xg]5 M
-s_
To; kbdf /xL sfdsfh ul//xFbf;Dd,
-v_
csf]{ kbdf ;?jf eO{ sfo{ef/ ;dfNg kfOg]
Dofb;Dd,
-u_
ljbfdf /x]sf] jvt,
-3_
lgnDjgdf /x]sf] jvt,
-_
cGoq sfhdf v6fOPsf] jvt,
-r_
s'g} cGo kbdf sfod d'sfod d's// eO{ sfd u/]sf]
jvt .
$=!! s/f/df lgo'lQm;DjGwL Joj:yfM -!_ Pl6P;, /]l8of], km\nfO6

ck/]zg,
kmfo/,
Po/
jlb{g]z,ONf]S6f]lgS;
P08
6]lnsDo'lgs]zg OlGhgLol/, ONf]]lS6sn OlGhgLo/,
d]sflgsn OlGhgLo/ / l;len OlGhgLol/;DjGwL k|fljlws
l/Qm :yfoL kbdf k|flws/0fsf] cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd of]Uotf k'u]sf JolQmnfO{ lnlvt
k/LIff Pj+ k|of]ufTds k/LIff / cGtjftf{sf]] dfWodaf6
dxflgb]{zsn] al9df Ps jif{;Dd s/f/df lgo'lQm ug{
;Sg]5 . pQm cjlw leq kbk"lt{ x'g g;s]df ;ldltNf] csf]{ ^

dlxgf;Dd s/f/ lgo'lQmsf] Dofb yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_
pklgod ! df tf]lsPsf] cjlweGbf j9L cjlwsf]
nflu lgo'lQm u/]sf] cj:yfdf lghNf] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf]
tnj, eQf ;'ljwf cflb /sd lgo'lQm ug]{ ;DjlGwt
kbflwsf/Laf6 c;'n pk/ ul/g]5 .
$=!@ kbk"lt{df jGb]hM ;]jfsf] s'g}klg kbdf o; lgodfjnLdf
Joj:yf ePb]lv afx]s cGo s'g}klg tl/sfaf6 kbk"lt{
ul/g]5}g .
$=!@s= ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf dfkm{t kbk"lt{ ul/g]M -!_ k|flws/0fnfO{

cfjZos kg]{ /g/, ;jf/L rfns, sDKo'6/ ck/]6/, PgfpG;/,
6]lnkmf]g ck/]6/, 6nL sn]S6/, jf/];, lnk\m6 ck/]6/, au}+r],
;/;kmfO{stf{ tyf ;'/Iff uf8{ h:tf hgzlQm ;]jf k|bfos
;+:yf dfkm{t dfq cfk'lt{ ul/g]5 .
-@_
pk lgod -!_ jdf]lhd ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt
ul/g] hgzlQmn] ;ldltn] tf]lslbP jdf]lhdsf]
z}lIfs of]Uotf, cf]l/06]zg tfnLd / ;DalGwt
ljifodf dfGotf k|fKt lgsfoaf6 tfnLd k|fKt u/]sf]
x'g' kg]{5 .
-#_ k|flws/0fn] pk lgod -!_ jdf]lhd ;]jf k|bfos

;+:yf dfkm{t\ cfk"lt{ ul/g] hgzlQmsf] ;]jf ;DalGw
cGo Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|rlnt ;fj{hlgs
vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd
x'g]5 .

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wg f/f ;+zf]lwt .
23
bzf+} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
24


-$_ =========================
$=!# kb geO{ lgo'lQm ug{ gx'g]M kb geO{ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{
;]jfdf lgo'lQm ug'{ x'Fb}g . To;/L lgo'lQm u/]sf] kfOPdf
To:tf] sd{rf/LNf]] ;]jfdf /xFbf kfPsf] tnj, eQf nufPtsf
cGo ;'ljwf lgo'lQm ug]{ clwsf/Laf6 c;'npk/ ul/g]5 .
$=!#=skb vf/]h x'g]M-!_ j9'jfsf] nflu b'O{ jif{ ;Dd klg ;DefJo
pDd]bjf/gePsf ;]jfsf ;a} kbx?df v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f
kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ sf] cjlw of] lgodfjnL k|f/De ePsf]
ldlt b]lv u0fgf x'g]5 .
$=!$ jxfnL DofbM ;?jf, j9'jf eO{ jf sfhdf vl6Psf] :yfgdf
xflh/ x'g uPsf] sd{rf/LNf]] ;?jf, j9'jf jf sfhsf] kqdf
Dofb lsl6Psf]df af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s ;f]xL Dofb leq / Dofb
glsl6Psf]df ;?jf j9'jf jf sfhdf vl6Psf] ldltn] af6f]sf]
Dofb jfx]s ;ft lbgleq ;?jf j9'jf jf sfh vl6Psf]
sfof{nodf xflh/ x'g'kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b%
;?jf tyf sfh

%=!
%=@
;?jf ug]{ clwsf/LM sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf ug]{ clwsf/

dxflgb]{zsnfO{ x'g]5 . dxflgb]{zsn] ;f] clwsf/
cfjZostfg';f/ cfkm" dftxtsf sd{rf/LnfO{{ k|Tofof]hg ug{
;Sg]5 .
;?jf x'g jfWotfM-!_ Ps sfof{noaf6 csf]{ sfof{nodf ;?jf
ePsf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ ;?jf ePsf] sfof{nodf xfhL/ geO{
;fdfGotof csf]{ sfof{nodf ;?jf ul/g] 5}g .
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;?jf ePsf] sfof{nodf xfhL/
gx'g] sd{rf/LnfO{{ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/LNf]] ljefuLo
sf/jfxL rnfpg ;Sg]5 .
-#_
s'g} kbsf] nflu cjlw tf]sL ;?jf u/]sf]df afx]s
s'g} kbdf jxfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ ;fdfGotof
b'O{jif{ k"/f ePkl5 dfq ;?jf ul/g]5 .
t/ cf7 tx jf ;f] eGbf dflysf sfof{no

k|d'vx?sf] xsdf cg';"rL !) jdf]lhd s ju{sf]
ef}uf]lns If]qsf sfof{nodf k|To]s Ps jif{df / cGo
ef}uf]lns If]qsf sfof{nodf k|To]s b'O{ jif{df clgjfo{
?kdf ;?jf ul/g] 5 .
-$_
;?jf ug{ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] sd{rf/Lx?sf]
;?jf ;DjGwL ljj/0f cBfjlws ?kdf tof/ u/L
/fVg' kg]{5 .
-%_
;?jf ;DjGwL cGo Joj:yf ;ldltNf]] lgwf{/0f u/]
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h .

bzf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

bzf+} ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
25
26


-^_
%=#= sfh v6fpg] clwsf/LM -!_ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfsf] sfdsf]

l;nl;nfdf sfh v6fpFbf Ps jif{df tLg dlxgf eGbf a9L
cjlwsf nflu sfhdf v6fO{g] 5}g .
-@_
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf sfh
v6fpg] clwsf/ b]xfosf clwsf/LnfO{ x'g]5M
-s_
clws[t txsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ dxflgb]{zs,
-v_
;xfos txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DjlGwt
sfof{no k|d'v,
-#_
pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg
k|flws/0fsf] dftxtdf ;+rfngdf /x]sf] jf ;+rfng
ul/g] of]hgf, cfof]hgf jf ljdfg:yn ;+rfngdf
k|ToIf ;+nUg x'g] k|of]hgsf]nflu dxflgb]{zsn]
cfjZostf / cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df Ps k6sdf a9Ldf
Ps aif{;Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu sfhdf v6fpg
;Sg]5 .
-$_
tLg dlxgfeGbf a9L sfh vl6Psf] sd{rf/Ln] sfh
vl6Psf] :yfgsf] cfjf; tyf :6]zg eQf kfpg]5 t/
b}lgs eQf kfpg] 5}g .
-%_ k|flws/0fsf :yfoL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ jif{sf] Ps k6s

j9Ldf ;ft lbgdf gj9\g] u/L cfGtl/s ko{6gsf]
nflu tf]lsPsf] s'g} Ps uGtJodf cfnf]kfnf] ljbfdf
hfg] u/L lgodfg';f/sf] b}lgs tyf e|d0f vr{
pknJw u/fOg]5 .
27
pk lgod -%_ jdf]lhd cfGtl/s ko{6gdf hfg]

sd{rf/Lsf] e|d0f ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;ldltaf6
:jLs[t x'g] lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v eP jdf]lhd x'g]5 .
28


kl/0ft x'Fbfsf] cj:yfsf] txdf lghfdlt ;]jfsf] h'g

kbaf6 ;]jf kl/0ft ePsf] xf], ;f] kbdf u/]sf] k'/}
;]jf cjlw o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd j9'jfsf] nflu
pDd]b\jf/ x'gnfO{ rflxg] ;]jf cjlwdf u0fgf
ul/g]5 .
-@s_ lgod @=& adf]lhd ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x kl/jt{g

ePsf sd{rf/Lxn] ;fljssf] ;]jf, ;d"x jf
pk;d"xsf] ;dfg txsf] kbdf u/]sf] ;]jf cjlw
a9'jfsf] k|of]hgsf]nflu ;d]t u0fgf ul/g]5 .
-#_ ;]jfsf] Pp6} txsf] kbdf cjlR5Gg ?kn] bz jif{

;Dd :yfoL ?kdf sfo{/t /xL j[lQ ljsf; -a9'jf_
sf] cj;/ gkfPsf tx cf7 ;Ddsf sd{rf/LnfO{
xfn jxfn /x]sf] txsf] kbaf6 Pstx dflysf] kbdf
b]xfosf] k|lqmofsf] cfwf/df ljz]if a9'jf ul/g]5 .
-s_
ljz]if j9'jf x'g] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ljz]if >[lht
kb sfod u/L kb:yfkgf ul/g]5 . g]kfn
gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f sd{rf/Lx?sf]
;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DjGwL lgodfjnL,
@)%^ sf] cg';"lr ^ df sfo{Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/df j9'jfsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd
z}lIfs of]Uotf k"/f ePsf sd{rf/L dfq
ljz]if j9'jfsf] nflu ;+efJo pDd]b\jf/
x'g]5g\ .
kl/R5]b^
j9'jf
^=!
^=@
^=#
j9'jfM sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds

k/LIffsf] cfwf/df j9'jfJbf/f kbk"lt{ ug]{ egL kb;+Vof
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] P3f/f}+ tx;Ddsf] kbdf kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf]]
j9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/x?sf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg
tyf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff ;~rfng u/L sfo{Ifdtf
d"Nof+sgdf ;a} eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{ pDd]b\jf/ tyf
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf ;a}eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt
u/L pko'Qm 7xl/Psf] pDd]b\jf/nfO{ j9'jf lgo'lQmsf] nflu
clVtof/jfNff ;dIf l;kmfl/z ug]{5 .
===========================
j9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'gnfO{ rflxg] Go"gtd ;]jf
cjlwM-!_;]jfsf] kbdf x'g] a9'jfdf ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'gsf]
nflu a9'jf x'g] kbsf] ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d'xsf] Ps tx
d'lgsf] kbdf tLg jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k"/f ePsf] /
cg';"rL^ adf]lhdsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'
kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf] ePtf klg

P]gsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :yfoL
;]jfdf /xL k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft ePsf
sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf lghx?Nf]] k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf

klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h .
29
30


-v_
-u_
-3_
-_
-r_
ljz]if j9'jf x'gsf] nflu ljut # jif{sf] sfo{

;Dkfbg d"Nofs+gsf] c+s u0fgf ubf{ cf};t
c+s *) k|ltzt k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
ljz]if j9'jfsf] pDd]b\jf/ x'g kfpg]
sd{rf/Lx?Nf]] k|flws/0faf6 tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf
cfj]bg kmf/fd e/L tf]lsPsf] ;doleq cfk"m
sfo{/t /x]sf] sfof{no dfk{mt k|wfg
sfof{nodf btf{ u/fpg' kg]{5 . k|flws/0fNf]
To:tf] cfj]bg kmf/fddf el/Psf ljj/0fx?
k|flws/0fdf ePsf] ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Lsf]
cleNf]v;+u le8fO{ ljz]if j9'jf ;DjGwL
lg0f{o ug]{5 .
o; lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^=$ adf]lhd
j9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g gkfpg]
cj:yfdf s'g} klg sd{rf/L ljz]if j9'jfsf]
nflu pDd]b\jf/ x'g kfpg] 5}g .
ljz]if >[lht kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?
dflyNNff] txsf] kbdf j9'jf ePdf lghsf]
;fljssf] ljz]if >[lht kb vf/]h x'g]5 .
ljz]if l;h{gf ePsf] kb vf/]h ePsf]

cj:yfdf dfq lghsf] ljz]if j9'jf x'g'k'j{sf]
;fljs kb k'lt{ ul/g]5 .
:jLs[t b/jGbLsf] kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?
dflyNnf] txsf] kbdf ljz]if j9'jf e} l/Qm
x'g cfPsf] lghsf] ;fljssf] kb lgh ljz]if
-$_
j9'jf ePsf] ldltNf]] % jif{;Dd k"lt{ ul/g]

5}g .
t/, dfly h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]

ePtfklg ljz]if l;lh{t kbdf jxfn /x]sf]
s'g} sd{rf/L s'g} klg lsl;dn] ;]jfaf6
cjsfz ePdf jf lghsf] d[To' ePdf lghsf]
;fljssf] Ps tx d'lgsf] kbdf kbk"lt{ ug{
s'g} jfwf k'Ug] 5}g .
-5_
ljz]if j9'jf x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fdfGotof
lgh j9'jf ePsf] ldltn] 36Ldf % -kf+r_
jif{;Dd ljz]if >[lht kbdf g} /fvL ;fljs
adf]lhds} -lgh j9'jf x'g' k"j{sf]_ lhDd]jf/L
tf]Sg ;lsg]5 . l/Qm kb ePdfdfq l/Qm
kbsf cfwf/df yk lhDd]jf/L lbOg]5 .
o; lgodfjnLdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf] ePtf
klg k|flws/0f ;]jfsf] Pp6} txsf] kbdf kGw| jif{
:yfoL ;]jf cjlw k"/f ul/;s]sf / ljut # jif{sf]
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdf *) k|ltzt cf};t c+s
k|fKt u/]sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;]jf cjlw e/df Ps
k6ssf] nflu xfn jxfn /x]sf] txsf] kbaf6 Ps tx
dflysf] kbdf cg';"rL ^ df plNnlvt z}lIfs
of]Uotf gePtf klg ljz]if j9'jf ul/g]5 . o;/L
ljz]if j9'jf x'g] sd{rf/LNffO{ j9'jf ePkl5 klg lgh
31
32


ljz]if j9'jf ePsf] kbdf jxfn /x];Dd ;fljs

adf]lhds} sfd sfh nuffpg ;lsg]5 .
^=%
..
-%_
^=$
ljz]if j9'jfsf] sf/jfxL k|To]s cfly{s jif{df Ps

k6s dfq ul/g]5 . pklgod -#_ / -$_ adf]lhd
ljz]if j9'jfsf] nflu ;]jf cjlwsf] u0fgf ubf{ ljz]if
j9'jfsf] sf/jfxL ug{'eGbf cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{sf]
c;f/ d;fGt;Ddsf] ;]jf cjlw u0fgf u/L ljz]if
j9'jfsf] sf/jfxL ul/g]5 .
-^_ lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft eO{

lgod !$=! sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd t];|f] txdf kb
ldnfg ul/Psf ;jf/L rfns / klxnf] txdf kb
ldnfg ul/Psf sfof{no ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
;f]xL kb ldnfg u/]sf] ldlt b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L
qmd;M rf}yf] txsf] ;jf/L rfns / bf];|f] txsf]
sfof{no ;xof]uL kbdf kb ldnfg ul/g]5 .
-&_ =========================
j9'jfsf] nflu ;+efJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g gkfpg] cj:yf M lgod
^=! / ^=# df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg b]xfosf
sd{rf/L j9'jfsf] nflu ;+efJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g kfpg] 5}gg\M
-s_
lgNfDjg ePsf]df lgNfDjg ePsf] cjlwe/,
-v_
j9'jf /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] cjlwe/,
-u_
tnj j[l4 /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf] cjlwe/ .
sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d'Nof+sg M-!_ lgod ^=! jdf]lhd sfo{

Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+gsf] cfwf/df ul/g] a9'jfdf sd{rf/Lsf]
sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+g ug]{ cfwf/ / ;f] jfkt kfpg] clwstd
c b]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_
h]i7tf jfkt
tL;
-v_
z}lIfs of]Uotf jfkt
kGw|
-u_
tflnd jfkt
tLg
-3_
ef}uf]lns If]qdf sfd u/] jfkt
afx|
-_
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+g jfkt
rfnL;
-@_
-s_
-#_
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd Ho]i7tf jfkt

b]xfo adf]lhdsf] c+s lbOg] 5M
xfn jxfn /x]sf] txdf sfd u/]sf] k|To]s jif{sf]
lgldQ b'O{ bzdnj kf+r csf b/n] a9Ldf #) c
k|bfg ul/g]5 .
-v_
v08 -s_ adf]lhd Ho]i7tf jfkt c+s u0fgf
ubf{ Ps jif{ eGbf rfgr'g dlxgf jf lbgsf]
lgldQ bfdf;fxLsf] lx;fjn] c+s lbOg]5 /
uoNf ePsf] tyf c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j;]sf]
cjlwsf] Nfflu Ho]i7tf jfkt c+s lbOg]5}g .
pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] sd{rf/Lsf]
;]jf cjlw j9'jf k|of]hgsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhd
u0fgf ul/g]5 .

;ftf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
bzf}+;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h .
33
34


-s_
-$_
xfNf jxfNf /x]sf] kbdf :yfoL ;]jf u/]sf]

cjlw -aLrdf 6'6]sf] eP 6'6]sf] htL s6fO{_
zt k|ltzt .
-v_
;]jfdf u/]sf] c:yfoL ;]jf cjlw cljlR5Gg
/fvL ;dfg ;]jfsf] ;dfg txdf :yfoL
lgo'lQm ePdf To:tf] c:yfoL ;]jfsf] s"Nf
cjlwsf] krxQ/ k|ltzt .
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd z}lIfs of]Uotf
jfkt b]xfo adf]lhdsf] c+s lbOg]5 M
z}lIfs of]Uotf
-%_
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -u_ adf]lhd tfNfLd jfkt

b]xfo adf]lhd c+s k|bfg ul/g]5
tfNfLd
;]jfsfNfLg tfNfLd jfkt
-:jb]zL jf j}b]lzs_
-^_
>]0fL
k|yd ltLo t[tLo

;]jf k|j]zsf] lgldQ cfjZos
Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf jfkt !!=% !!
!)=%
-v_
v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf eGbf Ps tx dflysf]
;DjlGwt ljifosf] s'g} Ps
cltl/Q z}lIfs pkflw jfkt #=% #
@=%
o; v08df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg

OlGhgLol/ ljifodf :gfts pkflw xfl;n u/L ;]jf k|j]z
u/]sf OlGhgLol/ ;]jfsf ljleGg ;d"x / pk;d"xsf] v'Nnf,
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf / sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df
x'g] a9'jfsf] xsdf gful/s p88\og;Fu ;DalGwt h'g;'s}
ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ u/]sf] ePklg dflyNnf] txsf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] dfgL tb\g's"nsf] c k|bfg ul/g]5 .
-&_
-s_
-*_
-(_
5}7f}+ ;+zf]wg f/f ;+zf]lwt

35
@=%
>]0fL gv'Nf]sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf tfnLd jfkt

ltLo >]0fL j/fj/sf] c+s lbOg]5 / s'g} z}lIfs
of]Uotf tyf tfNfLdsf :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lljwf
pTkGg ePdf kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf]] ljz]if1x?sf] ;NNffx
NfLO{ lg0f{o ug]{5 .
tfNfLdsf] c+s lb+bf Ps dxLgf jf ;f] eGbf j9L
cjlwsf] ;]jf;+u ;DjlGwt ljifosf] ;]jfsfNfLg
tfNfLd jfkt c+s lbOg]5 . tfNfLdsf] c+s u0fgf ubf{
h'g txdf 5+bf tfNfLdsf] nflu dgf]gog ePsf] xf],
;f] c+s ;f]xL txsf] Nfflu dfq u0fgf ul/g]5 .
sd{rf/LNf] z}lIfs of]Uotf / ;]jfsfNfLg tfNfLd
jfktsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlNflk k]z ug'{kg]{5 . ;f] k]z
gu/]df To; jfkt c+s lbOg] 5}g .
pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -3_ jdf]lhd ef}uf]lns If]qdf
sfd u/] jfkt b]xfo jdf]lhd al9df afx| c lbOg]
5M
-s_
s ju{df sfd u/] jfkt k|To]s jif{sf] nflu
@=))
>]0fL
k|yd ltLo t[tLo
36


-v_
v ju{df sfd u/] jfkt k|To]s jif{sf] nflu

!=&%
-u_
u ju{df sfd u/] jfkt k|To]s jif{sf] nflu
!=%)
-3_
3 ju{df sfd u/] jfkt k|To]s jif{sf] nflu
!=@%
t/ of] ;+zf]wg nfu" x'g' eGbf cufj}
s'g} sd{rf/Ln] ef}uf]lns If]q afkt k|fKt
ul/;s]sf] c o; lgod adf]lhd clwstd
cdf ga9\g] u/L 36\g] 5}g .
-!)_ pklgod -(_ adf]lhdsf] ef}uf]NfLs If]qsf] juL{s/0f
cg';"rL!) df pNNf]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-!!_ ef}uf]lNfs If]q jfktsf] c+s ?h' xflh/sf] cfwf/df

u0fgf ul/g]5 . s'g}klg ef}uf]nLs If]qdf @## lbg
?h' xflh/ eO{ ;]jf u/]df bfdf;flxsf b/n] k|fKt x'g]
c+s lbOg]5 . ef}uf]NfLs If]qdf sfd u/] jfkt kfpg]
c+s axfNf /x]sf] txdf k|fKt u/]sf] eP dfq
kfpg]5 .
-!@_ tL;lbg jf ;f] eGbf al9 cjlwsf]nflu j}b]lzs
tfnLd jf ljb]zdf sfhdf jf cWoog ljbfdf hfg]
sd{rf/Ln] pQm cjlwsf]nflu ef}uf]lns If]q
jfktlgod ( sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhdsf] -3_ ju{sf
nflu tf]lsPsf] csf] cfwf c dfq kfpg]5 .
-!#_ c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j;]sf] cjlwsf] ef}uf]NfLs If]q

jfktsf] c+s u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .
^=^
^=&
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdM -!_ sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sgsf]

Nfflu k|of]u ul/g] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd cg';"rL!!
Dff pNNf]v eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg b]xfo adf]lhdsf
txaf6 x'g]5 / k|To]s txaf6 sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg
ubf{ lbOg] s'Nf rfNfL; c+sNffO{ b]xfo adf]lhd
ljefhg ul/g]5 .
-s_
;'kl/j]IfsNf]]
kRrL; c+s
-v_
k'g/fjNff]sgstf{Nf]
bz c+s
-u_
k'g/fjNff]]sg ;ldltn]
kfFr c+s
-#_ j9'jfsf] Nfflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/sf] c+s u0fgf ubf{

sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg jfkt cfiff9 d;fGt;Ddsf]
c+s u0fgf ul/g]5 .
;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/fjNff]sgstf{ / k'g/fjNff]]sg ;ldltM-!_
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sgsf] Nfflu d"Nof+sg ul/g]
sd{rf/L eGbf slDtdf Ps tx dflysf] sd{rf/L ;'kl/j]Ifs
x'g]5 / ;'kl/j]Ifs eGbf slDtdf Ps tx dflysf] sd{rf/L
k'g/fjNff]]sgstf{ x'g]5 .
t/ ;xfos txsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;'kl/j]Ifs lghsf]
lgs6\td dflyNNff] txsf] clws[t sd{rf/L x'g]5 .
-@_
;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/fjNff]]sgstf{ / dxflgb]{zs jf lghn]
tf]s]sf] kbflwsf/L ;d]t tLg hgf ;b:ox? /x]sf]
Ps k'g/fjNff]sg ;ldlt /xg]5 .
-#_
afx|f}+ txsf] clws[t sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf]
d"Nof+sgsf] ;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/fjNff]sgstf{ /
k'g/fjNff]sg ;ldltsf] sfd dxflgb]{zsNf] ug]{5 .
bf]>f];+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt
37
38


-$_
-%_
^=*
ljefuLo k|d'vsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf]

;'kl/j]Ifsdf dxflgb]{zsNf]] tf]s]sf] pkdxflgb]{zs,
k'g/fjNff]sgstf{df dxflgb]{zs / k'g/fjNff]sg
;ldltdf ;DjlGwt ;'kl/j]Ifs / dxflgb]{zs /xg]5 .
dfly bkmfx?df pNNf]v eP afx]s ljz]if kl/l:ylt
kg{ uPdf ;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/fjNff]sgstf{ tyf
k'g/fjNff]]sg ;ldlt ;DjGwL Joj:yf dxflgb]{zsNf]
tf]lslbP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_
-%_
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd eg]{ sfo{ljlwM -!_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf]

d"Nof+sgsf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu c+s u0fgf ubf{ j9'jfsf] Nfflu
;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g hlt jif{sf] ;]jf cfjZos kg]{ xf] kl5NNff]
TolQ g} jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdsf] cf}iftaf6 lx;fa
ul/g]5 .
-@_ cWoog jf tfNfLddf uPsf] jf lgNfDjg eO{ lgNfDjg

km's'jf ePsf]df pQm cjlwsf]sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
afkt To:tf] cWoog jf tfNfLddf hfg' eGbf jf
lgNfDjg x'g' eGbf tTsfNf cl3Nnf] jif{df hlt c+s
kfPsf] 5 To;} cg'kftdf g} c+s lbOg]5 .
-#_ c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j;]sf] cjlwNffO{ s6fP/ dfq}

;DefJo pDd]b\jf/sf] c+s u0fgf ul/g]5 / To:tf]
ljbfsf] cjlwsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg jfktsf] c++s
lbOg] 5}g . j9'jfsf] Nfflu ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g
hlt jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw cfjZos kg]{ xf], ;f] sf] Nfflu
;f] cjlwdf c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j;]sf] cjlwNffO{
-^_
-&_
39
s6fP/ afFsL cjlwsf] dfq bfdf;flxNf] sfo{;Dkfbg

d"Nofs+gsf] c+s u0fgf ul/g]5 .
Ps jif{ eGbf sd cjlwsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
ubf{ Ps jif{sf]Nfflu tf]lsPsf] c+ssf] bfdf;flxNf]
u0fgf ul/g]5 .
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd ;DjlGwt sd{rf/LN]f
cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltN]f kGw| lbg leq
;'kl/j]Ifs ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 . ;'kl/j]IfsNf] ;f]
kmf/fd k|fKt ePsf] ldltNf] kGw| lbg leq cfkm'Nf]
eg'{kg]{ d"Nofg e/L k'g/fjNff]sgstf{ ;dIf k]z
ug'{kg]{5 . k'g/fjNff]]sgstf{N]f klg cfkm" ;dIf sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd k|fKt ePsf] ldltNf] kGw|
lbg leq d"Nofg u/L k'g/fjNff]]sg ;ldlt ;dIf
k]z ug{ sd{rf/L k|zf;g ljefudf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
o; lgod adf]lhd tof/ ul/Psf] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd uf]Ko /fVg' kg]{5 /
cfjZos ePsf] jvt kbk"lt{ ;ldltNffO{ pkNfAw
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
P]gsf] bkmf #@ cg';f/ k|flws/0fdf kl/0ft x'g]
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sgsf] k|of]hgsf]
lgldQ c+s u0fgf ubf{ j9'jfsf] Nfflu ;+efJo
pDd]b\jf/ x'g hlt jif{sf] ;]jf cfjZos kg]{ xf]
kl5NNff]] Tolt jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdsf]
cf};taf6 lx;fa ul/g] 5 . of] lgodfjNfL k|f/De
ePkl5 ;j} sd{rf/Lx?sf] cfly{s jif{ @)%%)%^
sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg u/L c+s u0fgf ubf{ o;}
40


-*_
lgodfjNfL adf]lhdsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd

cg';f/ ul/g]5 . j9'jfsf] Nfflu ;+efJo pDd]b\jf/ x'g
hlt;'s} jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd
cfjZostf eP klg cfly{s jif{ @)%%)%^ sf]
lgldQ o;} lgod adf]lhd Ps jif{sf], bf]>f] jif{ b'O{
jif{sf], t];|f] jif{ tLg jif{sf] / rf}yf] jif{ rf/ jif{sf]
cjlwsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fdsf] cf}ift c+s
u0fgf ul/g]5 .
k|To]s sd{rf/LNf] b]xfo adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nof+sgsf] kmf/fd e/L tf]lsPsf] ;dod} cfk"m
sfo{/t sfof{Nfodf btf{ u/fpg' kg]{5 . To;/L btf{
gug]{ sd{rf/L pk/ ljefuLo sf/jfxL x'g]5 .
-s_
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg aflif{s
?kdf ul/g]5 .
-v_
pk lgod -%_ adf]lhd sfo{ ;Dkfbg
d"Nof+sg kmf/fddf lglb{i6 ;dodf l/tk"j{s
d"Nof+sg
gug]{
;'kl/j]Ifs
jf
k'g/fjNff]]sgstf{ / k'g/fjNff]sg ;ldltNffO{
;d]t
clVtof/jfNffNf]
ljefuLo
sf/jfxLug]{5 .
-u_
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nofs+g kmf/fddf ;DjlGwt
sfof{Nfo k|d'v tyf ljefuLo k|d'vNf]
tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq d"Nof+sg u/L, u/fO{
To;sf] b'O{ k|lt tof/ u/L Ps k|lt kbk"lt{
;ldlt / Ps k|lt k|wfg sfof{Nfo l:yt
clen]v zfvfdf /fVg' kg]{5 .
-3_
-_
-r_
41
sfj' aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt k/L jf sfof{Nfosf]

sfdsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf ljb]zdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf
sd{rf/LNf] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
kmf/fd e/L tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq btf{ ug{
g;sL ;f] sf] dgfl;j sf/0f ;lxt Dofb
yksf Nfflu lgj]bg lbPdf / ;'kl/j]IfsNf]
lgj]bgdf plNNflvt sf/0f dgfl;j b]v]df
;f] sf] cleNf]v :ki6 b]lvg] u/L sfo{
;Dkfbg kmf/fd e/L j'emfpg] Dofb !%
lbg;Dd yk lbg ;Sg]5 .
tf]lsPsf] Dofb gf3]kl5 btf{ ePsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg jfkt ;f]xL jif{ k|fKt
u/]sf] k|fKtf+saf6 kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf] kfFr c+s
36fpg]5 .
s'g} sd{rf/L j}b]lzs ;ef, ;Dd]ng, tflnd,
uf]li7 jf cWoog e|d0f cflbdf sfhdf hfg'
kg]{ eO{ tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw leq sfo{
;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fd eg{ cfOk'Ug]
cj:yf gePdf To;/L hfg' eGbf cufj} ;f]
sf] Joxf]/f v'nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg
kmf/fd e/L ;DjlGwt sfof{nodf btf{
u/fpg' kg]{5 . To;/L btf{ ePsf]
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofg kmf/fdnfO{ lgwf{l/t
;dodf btf{ ePsf] dfgL d"Nofg ug'{
kg]{5 .
42

^=(
^=!)
j9'jfsf] gfdfjNfL k|sfzgM -!_ kbk"lt{ ;ldltN]f j9'jfsf] Nfflu

;DefJo pDd]b\jf/sf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"Nofg ubf{ ;a} eGbf
a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{ pDd]b\jf/NffO{ j9'jfsf] nflu clVtof/jfnf
;dIf l;kmfl/z ug]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd j9'jfsf] Nfflu l;kmfl/;

ePsf pDd]b\jf/x?sf] gfdfjNfL kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf]
;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{5 . To:tf] gfdfjNfL
k|sfzg ubf{ j9'jf x'g] pDd]b\jf/Nf] kfPsf] s'Nf c+s
;d]t k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{5 . To;/L j9'jf l;kmfl/zsf]
gfdfjNfL k|sfzg ePkl5 j9'jfdf gkg]{ s'g}
pDd]b\jf/Nf]] cfkm'Nf] kfPsf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg
;lxtsf] hDdf c+ssf] hfgsf/L lng rfx]df To;sf]
hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 .
j9'jf l;kmfl/z pk/ ph"/L / tt\;DjGwL sfo{ljlwM -!_ lgod
^=( adf]lhd l;kmfl/z ePsf] kbk"lt{ ;"rLdf gfd ;dfj]z
gePsf pDd]b\jf/Nf] To:tf] j9'jf l;kmfl/z pk/ lrQ gj'emL
ph"/L lbg rfx]df j9'jf gfdfjNfL k|sflzt ePsf] ldltNf]
k}+tL; lbgleq cfkm"Nf] j9'jf kfpg' kg]{ :ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f
;d]t v'NffO{ ;ldltN]f tf]s]sf] j9'jf l;kmfl/z ph'/L ;ldlt
;dIf ph'/L lbg ;lsg]5 .
-@_
pklgod!_ adf]lhd j9'jf l;kmfl/z pk/ ph"/L ug]{
k|of]hgsf] Nfflu ;ldltN]f ;ldltsf] ;b:ox? dWo]
Ps hgf ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:oLo j9'jf
l;kmfl/z ph'/L ;ldlt u7g ug]{5 .
43

-#_
^=!!
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] ph"/Lsf] ;DjGwdf

ph"/L ;'Gg] clwsf/LNf] ;f7L lbgleq 5fgjLg u/L
klxNf] k|sflzt j9'jf gfdfjNfLdf ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{
ePdf ph"/L ;'Gg] clwsf/Nf] ;f] sf] ;"rgf kbk"lt{
;ldltNffO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
-$_
pklgod-!_ adf]lhd kg{ cfPsf] ph"/L cfwf/xLg
7xl/Pdf j9'jf l;kmfl/z ph"/L ;ldltNf] ;f] sf]
dgfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0f ;d]tsf] hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt
ph"/jfNffnfO{{ lbg' kg]{5 / ph"/L kl5 x'g] j9'jfdf
To:tf] ph"/Lstf{sf] klxNff] k6ssf] ph"/L eP b'O{
c+s sf ul/g]5 / bf]>f] k6ssf] ph"/L eP tLg c+s
sfl6g]5 .
j9'jf ldltM -!_ lgod ^=( sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|sflzt
j9'jfsf] l;kmfl/z;"rL pk/ lgod ^=!) sf] pklgod -!_
adf]lhdsf] Dofb leq s;}sf] ph"/L gk/]df To:tf] j9'jf
l;kmfl/z ;"rL k|sfzg ePsf] ldltNf] 5lQ;f}+ lbgb]lv j9'jf
ldlt sfod x'g] u/L ;DjlGwt sd{rf/LNffO{{ j9'jfsf] k"hL{
lbO{g]5 .
-@_
lgod ^=!) sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|sflzt j9'jf
l;kmfl/zsf] ;"rLdf lrQ gj'e\mg] cGo s'g}
pDd]b\jf/Nf] lgod ^=!) sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf]
Dofb leq ph"/L u/]df j9'jf l;kmfl/; ;ldltNf] ;f]
ph"/L ;DjGwdf 5fgljg u/L k"j{ k|sflzt j9'jf
;"rLNffO{ oyfjt sfod /fVg] lg0f{o u/]sf]df
pklgod -!_ df plNNflvt lbgb]lv / ;+zf]lwt ?kdf
j9'jfsf] ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]df ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]sf]
lbgb]lv j9'jf ldlt sfod x'g] u/L ;DjlGwt
sd{rf/LNffO{{ j9'jf ul/g]5 .
44


pkNfJw eP;Ddt]Jj/ ;+Vofdf ;DefJo pDd]b\jf/x? dWo]af6

sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdf ;a}eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt ug]{x?NffO{
l;kmfl/z ug]{5 / To;/L l;kmfl/; ul/Psf pDd]b\jf/x?
dWo]af6 ;ldltNf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / sfo{ s'zNftfsf]
cfwf/df pko'Qm 7xofPsf] pDd]b\jf/NffO{ j9'jf ug]{5 .
-#_
lgod ^=!@ adf]lhd cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds

k/LIffsf] dfWodaf6 kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf] j9'jfsf] Nfflu
l;kmfl/z u/]sf]df clVtof/jfNffn] j9'jfsf] lg0f{o
ldltb]lv Nffu" x'g] u/L j9'jf ul/g]5 .
^=!@ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIfff/f x'g] j9'jfM cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] cfwf/df j9'jfJbf/f kbk"lt{ ug{
lgwf{l/t k|ltzt cg';f/ sfod x'g cfPsf] kbdf kbk"lt{
;ldltN]f cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffaf6 of]Uotfqmdsf]
cfwf/df 5gf}6 ePsf pDd]b\jf/x?NffO{ k"lt{ ul/g'kg]{ kb;+Vof
cg';f/ j9'jfsf] Nfflu l;kmfl/z ug]{5 .
^=!# kbk"lt{ ;ldltN]f cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] M -!_ j9'jfsf]

sf/jfxL ubf{ o; kl/R5]b leq gk/]sf] ljifodf jf ;f] leq
k/]sf ljifo eP tfklg lgodNf] o:tf] ug]{ eGg] s]xL ;+s]t
gu/]sf] ljifodf s'g} ck|Toflzt sl7gfO{ cfOk/]df o;
lgodfjNfLsf] p2]Zo k|lts'Nf gx'g] u/L kbk'lt{ ;ldltNf]
AofVof jf Aoj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 . o;sf] hfgsf/L ;ldltNffO{
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd u/]sf] Aoj:yfsf ;DjGwdf
lrQ gj'e\mg] sd{rf/LNf] lg0f{o yfxf kfPsf] ldltNf] #%
lbg leq ;ldltdf ph'/ ug{ ;Sg]5 / o:tf] ph'/Lsf
;DjGwdf ;ldltNf] cfjZos hfFrj'em u/L ;f] sf]
AofVof ;lxt hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{5 .
^=!$ j9'jf ;DjGwL ljz]if Joj:yfM-!_ o; lgodfjNfLdf cGoq

h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]] ePtf klg afx|f}+ txsf] kbdf j9'jf ug{
kbk"lt{ ;ldltNf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df l/Qm kbsf]
45
46


kl/R5]b&
cWoog, tfNfLd tyf ;]ldgf/df dgf]gog ;DjGwL Aoj:yf
&=!
&=@
&=#
cWoog, tfNfLd tyf ;]ldgf/df dgf]gog ug]{ clwsf/LM-!_

k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?NffO{ ljb]zdf cWoog, tfNfLd tyf
;]ldgf/df efu lngsf] Nfflu dgf]gog ug]{ clwsf/
dxflgb]{zsNffO{ x'g]5 .
-@_ clws[t txsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ :jb]zdf cWoog, tfnLd

tyf ;]ldgf/df dgf]gog ug]{ clwsf/ dxflgb]{zsNffO{
x'g]5 / ;xfos txsf] sd{rf/LNffO{{ :jb]zdf cWoog,
tfNfLd tyf ;]ldgf/df dgf]gog ug]{ clwsf/
dxflgb]{zs jf lghNf] tf]s]sf] pkdxflgb]{zsNffO{
x'g]5 .
-#_
dfly h'g;'s} s'/f pNNf]v ePsf] ePtfklg z}lIfs
pkflw xfl;Nf ug]{ cWoogsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf ul/g]
dgf]gog ;ldltsf] :jLs[ltaf6 ul/g]5 .
cWoog tyf tfNfLddf dgf]gogsf] cfwf/M sd{rf/LNffO{{cWoog
tyf tfNfLddf dgf]gog ubf{ cWoog tyf tfNfLdsf] ljifo;+u
;DjlGwt ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"x leqsf sd{rf/Lx? dWo]af6
h]i7tf / sfo{ bIftf ;d]tsf] cfwf/df dgf]gogul/g]5 .
dgf]gog ubf{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{M -!_ cWoog tyf tfNfLddf
sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]gog ubf{ klxNf] cWoog tyf tfNfLd lNfg]
df}sf gkfPsf tyf ljifoj:t' x]/L pko'Qm sd{rf/LNffO{{ lgod
&=@ sf] clwgdf /xL k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .
-@_
sd{rf/LNffO{{ s'g} cWoog tyf tfNfLddf dgf]gog

u/L k7fPdf To:tf] tfNfLd cjlwe/ lghnfO{ k"/f
tNfj lbg] u/L k7fOg]5 .
-#_ tLg jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k"/f gePsf] sd{rf/LNffO{{

ljb]zdf cWoog jf tfNfLdsf]nflu dgf]gog ul/g]
5}g .
t/ cWoog tyf tfnLdsf] ljifo / k|s[lt
cg';f/ s'g} lglZrt ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf
sd{rf/LnfO{g} dgf]gog ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf tLg jif{
;]jf cjlw k"/f ePsf sd{rf/L gePdf Ps jif{ ;]jf
cjlw k"/f u/]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ klg ;ldltn] dgf]gog
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-$_ o; lgodfjnLdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf

klg sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf]nflu
pkof]uL / cfjZos ljifodf ljb]zL d'n's jf g]kfn
;b:o /x]sf cGt/f{li6o ;+:yfaf6 k|bfg x'g] 5fqj[lQ
adf]lhdsf] cWoog tyf tflndsf] 5gf}6
k|ltof]lutfdf ;xeflu x'g ;ldltsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{
b/vf:t lbPsf sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 ePdf To:tf
sd{rf/LnfO{ To:tf] cWoog jf tflnddf ;xefuL x'g
dgf]gog ul/g]5
&=$ cWoog tyf tfNfLd k"/f u/]kl5 ;]jf ug'{kg]{ cjlwM

k|flws/0faf6 dgf]gog eO{ cWoog tyf tfNfLddf hfg]
sd{rf/LN]f To:tf] cWoog tyf tfNfLd k"/f u/]kl5 b]xfo
47
48


adf]lhdsf] cjlw;Dd clgjfo{ ?kdf k|flws/0fdf ;]jf

ug'{kg]{5 .
cWoog tyf tflndsf] cjlw
;]jf ug'{ kg]{ Go"gtd cjlw
-s_ Ps dlxgfb]lv tLg dlxgf;Dd

b'O{ jif{
-v_ tLg dlxgfb]lv 5 dlxgf;Dd
tLg jif{
-u_ 5 dlxgfb]lv gf} dlxgf;Dd
rf/ jif{
-3_ gf} dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd
kfFr jif{
-_ Ps jif{eGbf dfly
;ft jif{
;fdfGotof h'g ljifodf cWoog tyf tfNfLd k'/f
u/L kms]{sf] xf] ;f]xL ljifo;+u ;DjlGwt If]qdf k|flws/0fNf]
sfd Nfufpg]5 .
&=$s=ck/]zg 8\o"6Ldf ;]jf ug'{ kg]M{ k|flws/0fsf] vr{df cfwf/e"t

tflnd k|fKt u/L ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf sd{rf/Lxn] ;]jfdf k|j]z
u/]sf] ldltn] slDtdf bz aif{;Dd ljdfg:ynsf] ck/]zg
8\o"6Ldf ;]jf ug'{ kg]{5 .
&=% dgf]gogdf jGb]hM o; lgodfjNfLsf] lgod ^=$ Nf] tf]s]sf]
cjlwe/ s'g} klg sd{rf/L cWoog, tfNfLd / cWoog
e|d0fsf] Nfflu dgf]gog ul/g] 5}g .
&=^
sj'lnot ug'{ kg]{ M -!_ s'g} klg sd{rf/LNf] cWoog tyf
tfNfLd lNfg hfg'eGbf cl3 To:tf] cWoog tyf tfNfLd k"/f
u/L kms]{/ cfO{ lgod &=$ adf]lhdsf] ;]jf ug]{ ;d]t
sj'NfLot ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_
s'g} klg sd{rf/LNf] cWoog tyf tfNfLd k"/f u/]kl5
;]jf ug{ gcfPdf jf lgod &=$ adf]lhd ug'{kg]{
;]jf cjlw k"/f gu/]df To:tf] sd{rf/Laf6 cWoog
tyf tfNfLd cjlwe/ lghn] kfPsf] tNfj eQf
tfNfLd ubf{ Nffu]sf] vr{ Pj+ sj'NfLotdf pNN]fv

ePsf cGo /sdx? ;d]t c;"Nf pk/ ul/g]5 .
-#_
ljb]zdf cWoog, tfNfLd tyf ;]ldgf/df dgf]gog
ug]{ ;DjGwL cGo Aoj:yf ;ldltNf] lgwf{/0f u/]
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
&=& k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yfM k|flws/0fsf]nflu cfjZos kg]{

tfnLdxdWo] :jb]zd} ;+rfng ug{ ;+ej x'g] tfnLdx
gful/s pog k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgdf ;+rfng ug]{ Joj:yf
ldnfOg]5 .
&=* k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]M{ -!_ of] lgod k|f/De ePkl5 lghL
k|of;df :jb]z jf ljb]zdf cWoog ug{ rfxg] sd{rf/Ln]
dxflgb]{zssf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg
k|fOe]6 k/LIffyL{sf] ?kdf k/LIffdf ;fd]n x'g tyf
sfo{/t :yfgdf sfof{no ;do afx]ssf] ;dodf
cWoog ug{ k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]{ 5}g .
t/ To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] cfk"m sfo{/t
sfof{nodf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 .
49
50


-#_
kl/R5]b*
sfof{Nfo ;do, xflh/L / ljbf
*=!
sd{rf/Lsf] ;j} ;do k|flws/0fsf] cwLgdf x'g]M o;

lgodfjNfLdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]]df afx]s sd{rf/Lsf] ;a} ;do
k|flws/0fsf] cwLgdf x'g]5 / h'g;'s} ;dodf klg k|flws/0fNf]
cfgf sd{rf/LNffO{{ sfddf Nfufpg ;Sg]5 .
*=@=-!_ gful/s pog ;]jf cTofjZos ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ePsf]n]
xKtfsf] ;ft} lbg ;~rfNfg ug'{kg]{ u/L Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
sd{rf/LNffO{{ cfjZos ePdf ljbfsf] lbgdf klg sfddf
Nfufpg ;lsg]5 .
-@_ sd{rf/Lsf] k|To]s jif{sf] sfof{no ;do b]xfo

adf]lhdsf] x'g]5M
-s_
df3 !^ ut] b]lv sflt{s !% ut] ;Dd
ljxfg !) ah] b]lv ck/fGx kfFr ah] ;Dd,
-v_
sflt{s !^ ut] b]lv df3 !% ut] ;Dd
ljxfg !) ah] b]lv ck/fGx $ ah];Dd,
-u_
k|To]s z'qmjf/ ljxfg !) ah] b]lv ck/fGx
# ah];Dd .
-@s_ /f]i6/df a;L ljdfg:yn ;+rfngdf sfo{/t

sd{rf/Lsf] sfof{no ;do ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@v_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfof{no ;dodf x]/k]m/ ePsf]

cj:yfdf ;ldltn] klg tb\g's"nsf] sfof{no ;dodf
x]/k]m/ ug]{5 .
*=#
sd{rf/LNffO{;fdfGotofxKtfsf] Ps lbg ;fKtflxs

ljbf lbOg]5 .
============================
-$_ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ s'g} klg ;dodf sfddf Nfufpg

;lsg]5 / xjfO{ ;]jf ;+rfNfgsf] Nfflu cfjZos eP
adf]lhd sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfd ug]{ ;do lbpF;f] jf
/ftL hlxNf] klg lgoldt ?kn] jf cfnf]kfNff]] u/L
/f]i6/df tf]Sg ;lsg]5 .
-%_
sfdsf] k|s[lt x]/L cGo ;dodf sfddf Nfufpg' kg]{
jfx]s h'g;'s} ljefu jf zfvfsf sd{rf/Lx?Nf]
;ldltNf] lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf] ;dodf sfd ug'{kg]{5 .
sfof{Nfo ;do, ;do kfNfg / lgoldt xflh/LM -!_
sd{rf/LNf] k|flws/0faf6 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;dodf lgoldt ?kdf
cfkm\gf] sfof{Nfodf xflh/ x'g'kg{]5 . d'gfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0f
jfx]s ljbfsf] lgsf;f gNfLO{ cfkm\gf] sfof{Nfodf cg'kl:yt
x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] xflh/L lstfjdf uoNf hgfO{, tNfj sL u/L
ljefuLo ;hfo ;d]t ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;/L uoNf ePsf] cjlw
;]jf cjlwdf u0fgf gug]{ u/L cleN]fv /flvg]5 . ljbf
:jLs[t gu/fO{ Nfuftf/ ^) lbgeGbf j9L cjlw cg'kl:yt
x'g] sd{rf/LNffO{{ xflh/ gu/fO{ lgod !#=% adf]lhd ljefuLo
sf/jfxL ul/g]5 .
-@_
sd{rf/LNf] k|flws/0fdf pkl:yt eO{ xflh/L hgfO{
;s]kl5 cfkm" eGbf dflysf] clws[tsf] cg'dlt glNfO{
51
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h .

52


*=$
*=%
sfof{Nfo ;dodf cfkm"NffO{ tf]lsPsf] :yfg 5f]8L

cGoq st} hfg x'Fb}g .
-#_ k|flws/0fsf] sfdsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf jfx]s Nfuftf/ tLg

k6s;Dd xflh/L 58\s]df cg'kl:yt /xg]
sd{rf/LNffO{{ ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ ;lsg]5 .
;fj{hlgs ljbfM -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdlt
sd{rf/Lsf]nflu lgwf{/0f u/] jdf]lhd k|flws/0fdf ;fj{hlgs
ljbf lbO{g]5 .
t/ lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;sf] lbg k|flws/0fdf ljbf
lbOg] 5}g .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s k|flws/0fsf]

aflif{sf]T;jsf] lbg k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/LnfO{
;fj{hlgs ljbf x'g]5 .
e}k/L cfpg] / kj{ ljbfM -!_sd{rf/LN]f e}k/L cfpg] sfdsf]
nflu k|To]s jif{ k"/f tNfj / eQf ;lxtsf] afx| lbg e}k/L
cfpg] / kj{ ljbf kfpg]5 . e}k/L / kj{ ljbf cfwf lbg klg
lNfg ;lsg]5 .
-@_
Ps jif{sf] e}k/L cfpg] ljbf csf]{ jif{sf] Nfflu ;+lrt
x'g] 5}g .
-#_
*=^
e}k/L cfpg] / kj{ ljbf ljefuLo k|d'v / sfof{Nfo

k|d'vNffO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ NfLg ;lsg]5 .
3/ ljbfM -!_ sd{rf/LN]f k|To]s jfx| lbg sfd u/]jfkt Ps
lbgsf] b/N]f tNfj eQf ;lxtsf] 3/ ljbf kfpg]5 .
-@_
*=&
3/ ljbf j9Ldf Ps;o c;L lbg;Dd ;+lrt /xg]5 .

Ps;o c;L lbg eGbf j9L ;l~rt ljbf x'g]
sd{rf/LN]f ;+lrt ljbf jfktsf] /sd Ps jif{df tL;
lbgdf gj9fO{ NfLg ;Sg]5 . s'g} sf/0fN]f sd{rf/L
;]jfaf6 cNfu ePdf lghsf] ;+lrt /x]sf] 3/ ljbf
jfkt lghsf] kbflwsf/ /x]sf] kbaf6 vfO{kfO{ cfPsf]
tNfjsf b/N]f x'g cfpg] /sd lghn] Psd'i6 NfLg
kfpg]5 .
-@s_ sd{rf/LNf] jif{sf] Ps k6s slDtdf;ft lbg 3/
ljbf lnO{ 3/ hfFbf /3/ ljbf e'Qmfg u/L 3/af6
cfgf] sfof{Nfodf cfpFbf k}bNfsf] af6f]NffO{ cf7
sf]ifsf] lglDt Ps lbgsf] b/N]f j9Ldf ;ft lbg;Dd
/ df]6/, /]Nf, xjfOhxfhsf] af6f]NffO{ hlt lbg nfUg]
xf] Tolt lbg af6f]sf] Dofb kfpg]5 .
-#_
;fj{hlgs ljbf, e}k/L cfpg] ljbf / kj{ ljbfdf
j;]sf] cjlwNffO{ 3/ ljbfsf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu sfd
u/]sf] cjlw dflgg]5 .
-$_
3/ ljbf, cWoog ljbf / c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j;]sf
sd{rf/LN]f ;f] cjlwsf] 3/ ljbf kfpg] 5}g .
lj/fdL ljbf -!_ sd{rf/LNf] Ps dlxgfsf] Ps lbgsf] b/N]f
lj/fdL ljbf kfpg]5 / lj/fdL ljbf ;l~rt x'Fb} hfg]5 .
-@_
;ft lbgeGbf j9L lj/fdL ljbfsf] dfu ug]{ sd{rf/LNf]
:jLs[t lrlsT;ssf] k|df0fkq k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
-#_
s'g} sf/0fNf] sd{rf/L ;]jfaf6 cNfu ePdf lghsf]
;+lrt /x]sf] lj/fdL ljbf jfkt lghsf] kbflwsf/
53
54


*=*
/x]sf] kbaf6 vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tNfjsf b/Nf] x'g cfpg]

/sd Psd'i6 NfLg kfpg]5 .
-$_
k|flws/0fsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;+lrt lj/fdL ljbfNf]] gk'u
ePdf d]l8sNf jf]8{sf] l;kmfl/;df k}+tfNfL; lbg
k]ZsL lj/fdL ljbf kfpg] 5 . To;/L k]ZsL lj/fdL
ljbfdf j;]sf] sd{rf/LNf]] k"/f tNfj kfpg]5 .
-%_
c;fwf/0f ljbf NfLO{ j;]sf] cjlwsf] lj/fdL ljbf
lbOg]5}g .
-^_ s'g} 7"Nff]] jf s8f /f]u nflu pkrf/ ug{ pklgod $_ cg';f/ lj/fdL ljbf / 3/ ljbfNf]] gk'u eO{ yk
ljbf NfLg' k/]df d]l8sNf jf]8{sf] l;kmfl/;df s'g} klg
ljbf ;+lrt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf kl5 ;+lrt x'g] s'g}
klg ljbfaf6 sL gx'g] u/L k'/f tNfj ;lxtsf]
j9Ldf 5 dlxgf;Ddsf] yk lj/fdL ljbf kfpg]5 .
k|;"lt ljbfM-!_ dlxNff sd{rf/L ue{jtL ePdf lghNf] ;'Ts]/Lsf]
cl3 / kl5 u/L ;f7L lbg k"/f tNfj ;lxtsf] k|;"lt ljbf
;]jf cjlwe/ b'O{ k6s ;Dd kfpg]5 .
-@_ sd{rf/Lsf] >LdtL ;'Ts]/L ePdf lghNf] !% lbg

k|;"lt :ofxf/ ljbf kfpg]5 . o:tf] k|;'lt :ofxf/
ljbf tdfd ;]jf cjlwe/df b'O{ k6s;Dd dfq
kfpg]5 .
s;}Nf] hfgfhfgL k|;'lt ljbf jf k|;'lt
:ofxf/ ljbf @ k6s eGbf j9L lNfO{ a;]df To:tf]
ljbfsf] cjlw uoNf u/L lghNffO{ lgod !#=!
adf]lhd ljefuLo ;hfo ;d]t ul/g]5 .
*=(
lsl/of ljbfM s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{ s'Nfwd{ cg';f/ cfkm} lsl/of

j:g' k/]df k"/f tNfj / eQf ;lxtsf] kGw| lbg lsl/of ljbf
kfpg]5 . dlxNff sd{rf/Lsf] kltNf] lsl/of j:g' k/]df lghNffO{
TolQg} lbg lsl/of ljbf lbOg]5 .
*=!) c;fwf/0f ljbfM-!_ sd{rf/LnfO{{ c;fwf/0f ljbf cfjZos
k/]df ;f]sf] sf/0f ;lxt lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 / sf/0f dgfl;j
b]lvPdf;ldltNf] Ps k6sdf Ps jif{df gj9fO{ ;]jf
cjlwe/df tLg jif{df gj9fO{ c;fwf/0f ljbf lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_
kfFr jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f gu/]sf] s'g} klg
sd{rf/LNf] c;fwf/0f ljbf kfpg] 5}g .
-#_
c;fwf/0f ljbf j;]sf] cjlwdf sd{rf/Lsf] cGo s'g}
k|sf/sf] ljbf kfSg] 5}g / c;fwf/0f ljbf j;]sf]
cjlw ;]jf cjlwdf u0fgf gul/g'sf ;fy} tNfj eQf
klg kfpg] 5}g .
-#s_ :jb]zL jf j}b]lzs s'g} ;+:yfdf Jofj;flos sfd

ug{sf nflu s'g} sd{rf/Ln] c;fwf/0f ljbfdf j:g
kg]{ ePdf pQm sfd ug{ hfg] ;+:yfdf lgj]bg
lbg'k"j{ ;Da4 sd{rf/Ln] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f v'nfO{ cfk"m
sfo{/t sfof{no dfkm{t dxflgb]{zs ;dIf lgj]bg
lbO{ ljefuLo :jLs[t k|fKt ug'{kg]{5 .
-#v_ pk lgod -#s_ adf]lhd ljefuLo :jLs[t k|fKt

u/]sf sd{rf/Lx? dWo] pknJw hgzlQm / sfdsf]
ef/ ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L k|To]s jif{sf nflu ;ldltn]
tf]s]sf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dfq sd{rf/Lsf] c;fwf/0f
ljbf l:js[tL ug{] 5 .
klxnf]] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

55

P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
56


*=!!
*=!@
k|flws/0fnfO{ ;d]t pkof]uL / cfjZos x'g] ljifodf

sd{rf/Ln] ljbf lnO{ /fli6o tyf cGt{/fli6o ;+3
;+:yfdf ;]jf ug{ / ;]jf kZrft k'gM k|flws/0fsf]
;]jfdf sfo{/t /xg] saf]nsf;fy lgj]bg lbPdf
To:tf sd{rf/Ln] o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd kfpg]
c;fwf/0f ljbfaf6 sf x'g] u/L ;ldltn] To:tf] ;]jf
ug{ hfg] cg'dlt lbg ;Sg]5 .
b'3{6gf tyf czQm ljbfM k|flws/0fsf] sfdsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf
s'g} sd{rf/L b'3{6gfdf k/L 3fOt] jf c e eO{ sfd ug{
;Ifd gePsf] cj:yfdf cf}ifwf]krf/sf] nflu d]l8sNf jf]8{sf]
l;kmfl/zdf a9Ldf Ps ;o c:;L lbg;Ddsf] k"/f tNfj eQf
;lxtsf] b'3{6gf tyf czQm ljbf lbOg]5 . o:tf] ljbf lghsf]
s'g} klg ;l~rt ljbfaf6 sf ul/g]5}g .
cWoog ljbf M-!_s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{{ s'g} ljifodf pRr cWoog
jf tfNfLdsf] Nfflu k|fKt 5fqj[lQdf k|flws/0faf6 dgf]gog
ul/Pdf To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ k"/f tNfj ;lxt k6s k6s u/L
j9Ldf tLg jif{sf] cWoog ljbf lbO{g]5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd cWoog ljbf :jLs[t ubf{ Ps}
k6s tLg jif{sf] :jLs[t ul/g]5}g . lgh sd{rf/Lsf]
cWoog k|ult ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df yk cWoog ljbf
:jLs[t ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-#_
pklgod -!_ df pNNf]v ePb]lv afx]s s'g} sd{rf/LNf]
k|flws/0fnfO{ pkof]uL x'g] ljifodf pRr cWoogsf]
nflu cWoog ljbf dfu u/]df To;/L cWoog ug{
rfx]sf] ljifo k|flws/0fnfO{ pkof]uL x'g] b]lvPdf
-$_
57
*=!#
To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ j9Ldf tLg jif{sf] nflu j]tNfjL

cWoog ljbf lbg ;lsg]5 .
-#s_ k|flws/0fsf] nflu pkof]uL x'g] ljifodf cWoog

ug{sf nflu ;DjlGwt ljZjljBfno tyf lzIf0f
;+:yfdf lgj]bg lbg' k"j{ ;Da4 sd{rf/Ln] ;a}
ljj/0f v'nfO{ lgj]bg lbO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf ljefuLo
:jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 .
-$_ tLg jif{ ;]jf cjlw k"/f gePsf] / k}tfln; jif{ pd]/
k"/f ePsf s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ cWoog ljbf lbOg]
5}g .
;f ljbfM-!_;DjlGwt sfof{Nfo k|d'vNf] dxflgb]{zssf]
:jLsl[t lnO{ dftxtsf Operation Shift Duty-ck/]zg
l;k\m6_df j:g] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ljbf / /f]i6/
ljbfsf lbgdf ;d]t cfjZostf cg';f/ sfddf nufpg ;Sg]
5.
-@_ pk lgod -!_ adf]lhd sfd u/] jfktsf] ;f ljbf

;f]xL jif{leq lnO{ ;Sg'kg]{5 . olb ;f ljbf pkef]u
ug{ gkfPdf ;f] jfktsf] kfl/>lds j9Ldf vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] krxQx/ lbg;Ddsf] tnj j/fj/sf] /sd
lbg ;lsg]5 .
t/ bz} ltxf/sf] ;fj{hlgs ljbfdf sfd u/]
jfktsf] kfl/>lds o;df u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .
P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
gjf}+;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
58


-#_
ljdfg:yn ;+rfngdf ;+nUg x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] /f]i6/

ljbf, sfo{ ;do, ;fj{hlgs ljbf / cltl/Qm ;dodf
sfd u/]sf] ;'ljwf ;DjGwL Joj:yf ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f
u/] jdf]lhd x'g]5 .
*=!$ ljbf kl/0ft gx'g] M o; kl/R5]b adf]lhd sd{rf/LNf] h'g ljbf
lnO{ j;]sf] xf] ;f]xL ljbf g} pkef]u ug'{ kg]{5 . Ps lsl;dsf]
ljbf :jLs[t ePsf]df To:tf] ljbf kl5 lsl/of ljbf jf k|;"tL
ljbf jfx]s csf]{ lsl;dsf] ljbfdf kl/0ft ul/g] 5}g .
*=!% ljbf dfu ug]{ ljlwM ljbfsf] lgsf;fsf] lgldQ sd{rf/Ln]
cfkm"nfO{ rflxPsf] ljbfsf] cjlw, sf/0f / ljb]z hfg'kg]{
ePdf ;f] ;d]t vf]NfL cg';"rL!@ df tf]s]sf] 9fFrfdf ljbf
:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/L ;dIf lgj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{5 . / ljbf lbg]
clwsf/Ln] klg ljbf :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t ePsf] ;"rgf ;f]
sd{rf/LnfO{{ lbg'kg]{5 . k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' cufj} ljbf j:g' kg]{
sf/0f :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ lrQ j'em]df dfq lgj]bgsf]
ldlt eGbf cufl8sf] ljbf :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
*=!^ ljbf lgsf;f lbg] clwsf/LM-!_ c;fwf/0f ljbf / cWoog ljbf
;ldltn] :jLs[tug]{5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ df plNnlvt ljbf jfx]s cGo ljbf
:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/ dxflgb]{zs jf lghn]] tf]s]sf]
clwsf/LnfO{ x'g]5 .
*=!& ;fj{hlgs labfdf ufleg] M sd{rf/Ln] 3/labf, la/fdL labf,

e}kl/ cfpg] / kj{ labf afx]s cGo labf ln+bf labfsf]
cjlwsf] aLrdf ;fj{hlgs labf k/]df pQm ;fj{hlgs labf
klg lghn] lng]lnPsf] ;f]xL labfdf ufleg]5 . ;f] labf
af+sL gePdf lng kfpg] c? labfdfa;]sf] dflgg]5 .
*=!* k]ZsL ljbf glbOg]M lj/fdL ljbf afx]s cGo s'g} klg ljbf
k]ZsLsf] ?kdf lbOg] 5}g .
*=!( ljbfsf] clen]vM ljbf lbg] clwsf/Ln] cfgf] dftxtdf sfd
ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] ljbfsf] clen]v /fVg nufpg' kg]{5 .
*=@) ljbf clwsf/sf] s'/f xf]OgM-!_ ljbf clwsf/sf] s'/f xf]Og,
;x'lnot dfq xf] . ljbfsf] lgsfzf lbg] clwsf/Ln] cfgf]
:jljj]sn] ;]jfsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ljbf k"0f{ jf cflz+s
?kdf :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_
k|;"lt ljbf, lsl/of ljbf, la/fdL labf, b'3{6gf jf
czQm labf/ cWoog ljbf j;]sf] cj:yfdf jfx]s
:jLs[t eO{ ;s]sf cGo ljbf ;]jfsf] cfjZostf
cg';f/ /2 u/L sd{rf/LnfO{{ k|flws/0fdf sfddf
lkmtf{ jf]nfpg ;lsg]5 .
59
60


kl/R5]b (
tnj, eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf
(=!
(=@
ksfPsf] tnj eQf kfpg] M -!_sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s dlxgf

e'Qmfg ePkl5 tnj eQf kfpg]5 . To;/L ksfPsf] tnj
eQf lgh h'g;'s} Joxf]/faf6 ;]jfdf g/x]df klg kfpg]5 .
-@_
sd{rf/Ln] cfgf] kbdf jxfnL u/]sf] lbgb]lv tnj
eQf kfpg]5 .
-#_
lgod !#=! sf] v08 -v_ sf] cj:yfdf jfx]s clGtd
tnjj[l4 gk'u];Dd k|To]s j[l4 kfpg]5 .
tnj dfgM -!_ sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] tnj :s]n cg';'rL!#
adf]lhd x'g]5 . k|flws/0fdf lgo'lQm kfPsf] / j9'jf x'g]
sd{rf/Ln] lgo'lQm kfPsf] jf j9'jf ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{ k'/f
ul/;s] kl5 tnjdf yk Ps tnj j[l4 -u|]8_ kfpg]5 .
-@_
dflyNnf]] tnjdfgsf] s'g} kbdf j9'jf kfpg]
sd{rf/Ln] pQm tnjdfgdf tf]lsPsf] z'? tnj
kfpg]5 . t/ lghn] xfn kfO/x]sf] tnj pQm
dflyNnf]] tnjdfgsf] Go"gtd tnj j/fj/ jf ;f]
eGbf clwsePdf pQm dflyNnf]] tnjdfgdf lghsf]
tnj tf]Sbf b]xfo adf]lhd u/L tf]lsg]5 .
-s_
lghn] xfn kfO/x]sf] tnj dflyNnf]]
tnjdfgsf] z'? tnj j/fj/ dfq ePdf ;f]
tnjdf Ps tnj j[l4 yk u/L tf]lsg]5 .
-v_
;fljs kbdf kfO/x]sf] tnj j9'jf ePsf]
kbsf] z'? tnjeGbf j9L ePsf] cj:yfdf
dflyNnf]] kbsf] tnj tf]Sbf xfn kfO/x]sf]
tnjdf gk'u ;Ddsf] tnj j[l4 yk u/L
(=#
dflyNnf]] kbsf] Ps tnj j[l4 ;d]t

lbOg]5 .
-u_ ljz]if a9'jf x'g] sfof{no ;xof]uL tyf

;jf/L rfnsxn] ;fljs tx / :t/df
vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnadfgdf g36\g] u/L
;ldltn] gof+ tnjdfg lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
-#_ lgod ^=# sf] pklgod -^_ adf]lhd kb ldnfg

ePsf sd{rf/Ln] of] lgodfjnL k|f/De ePsf] ldlt
b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L ldnfg ePsf] kb adf]lhdsf]
tnjdfg\ kfpg]5g .
-$_ g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f k|wfg sfof{no /

cGtu{tlgsfosfof{nox?df
sfo{/t
:yfoL
sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|flws/0f k|wfg sfof{nosf] k|zf;g
ljefuaf6 tnjL k|ltj]bg kf; gu/fO{ tnj v'jfpg'
x'b}g .
-%_ s;}n] pklgod -$_ jdf]lhd tnjL k|ltj]bg kf;

gu/L tnj v'jfPsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf To;/L tnj
v'jfpg] kbflwsf/Laf6 To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] kfPsf] tnj
eQf / cGo ;'ljwf jfktsf] /sd c;'n pk/
ul/g]5 .
lgnDjg ePdf kfpg] tnjM-!_ s'g} sd{rf/L k|flws/0fsf]
sfdsf] ;DjGwdf jf k|flws/0faf6 ePsf] sf/jfxLsf]
kmn:j?k lgnDjg ePdf ;f] lgnDjgsf] cjlwe/ lghn]
cfgf] tnjsf] cfwf dfq tnj eQf kfpg]5 . t/ nfu]sf]
;ftf}+;+zf]wgf/f yk .
61
62


(=$
(=%
(=^
cf/f]k k|dfl0ft geO{ lghn] ;kmfO{ kfPdf lgnDjg cjlwdf

kfPsf] cfwf tnj -tnj j[l4 x'g] ePdf_ ;f] ;d]t kfpg]5 .
/ lghn] lgodfg';f/ ;+lrt x'g] ljbf ;d]t kfpg]5 . s;"/bf/
7xl/Pdf lgnDjg ePsf] ldlt b]lvsf] jfFsL tnj eQf kfpg]
5}g .
-@_
s'g} sd{rf/L pklgod -!_ df plNnlvt sf/0f jfx]s
cGo s'g} sf/0faf6 lgnDjg /xg uPsf] /x]5 eg]
lghn] To;/L lgnDjg /x]sf] cjlwsf] tnj eQf
kfpg] 5}g .
;]jfdf k'gM sfod ePkl5 k"/f tnj eQf kfpg]M s'g}
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] jf jvf{:t ug]{ lg0f{o /2 eO{
lgh ;]jfdf k'gM sfod ePdf ;]jfaf6 x6fOPsf] jf jvf{:t
ul/Psf] ldltb]lv k'gM sfod ePsf] ldlt;Ddsf] k"/f tNfj
eQf / tNfj j[l4 kfpg] eP tNfj j[l4 ;d]t lghNf] kfpg]5 .
eQfM sd{rf/LNf] cg';"rL!# df tf]lsP adf]lhdsf b]xfosf
eQfx? kfpg]5g\ .
s_
cfjf; eQf
v_
:6]zg eQf
u_
vfhf eQf
3_
Nf]vf tyf :6f]/ eQf
_
jflif{s kf]zfs eQf
r_ kl/jxg -6fG;kf]6]{zg_ eQf .

sd{rf/L ;+ro sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ul/lbg]M :yfoL
sd{rf/Lx?sf] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] dfl;s tNfjaf6 bz k|ltztsf
b/n] /sd sf u/L ;f] /sddf k|flws/0fN]f zt\k|ltzt /sd
yk u/L sd{rf/L ;+rosf]ifdf hDdf ug]{5 .
(=&
(=*
cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
63
rf8kj{ vr{M k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Ln] cfk\mgf] wd{ ;+:s[lt,

k/Dk/f cg';f/ dgfOg] rf8kj{sf] nflu sd{rf/Ln] vfOkfO{
cfPsf] Ps dlxgfsf] tnj a/fj/sf] /sd k|To]s cfly{s
jif{df rf8kj{ vr{sf] ?kdf kfpg]5 .
pkrf/ vr{ M-!_ sd{rf/LNf] ;]jf cjlwe/df bz, P3f/ /
afx| txsfNf] !$ dlxgf j/fj/sf], 5, ;ft, cf7 / gf} txsfNf]
!% dxLgf a/fj/sf], kf+r txsfNf] @! dxLgf a/fj/sf] / cGo
;xfos :t/sf] sd{rf/L eP @$ dxLgf a/fj/sf] vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] tNfj /sd;Dd pkrf/ vr{ jfkt kfpg]5 .
-@_
s'g} sd{rf/L jf lghsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:o lj/fdL
ePdf pklgod -!_ adf]lhd kfpg] /sddf gj9\g]
u/L b]xfo adf]lhd ePsf] pkrf/ vr{ lbOg]5 .
-s_
/f]usf] pkrf/sf] lgldQ :jLs[t lrlsT;sNf]
hfFr ubf{ Nffu]sf] z'Ns tyf hfFr u/L
Nf]lvlbPsf] k|]l:qmKzg cg';f/ cf}iflw lsg]sf]
vr{,
-v_
:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf egf{ x'Fbf / pkrf/ u/fpFbf
nfu]sf]] aLn adf]lhdsf] vr{,
-u_
c:ktfNf / :jLs[t lrlsT;s klg gePsf]
7fpFdf ePsf] pkrf/df ljefuLo k|d'v
jfx]s cGo sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ljefuLo
k|d'vNf] / ljefuLo k|d'vsf] xsdf
dxflgb]{zsNf] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] vr{,
64


-#_
:kli6s/0fM
:jLs[t lrlsT;s eGgfNf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf
/x]sf jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd
lrlsT;ssf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf 8fS6/,
slj/fh, x]Ny cl;:6]06 jf j}B ;d]tNffO{
hgfpF5 .
-3_
KNffli6s ;h{/L afx]s ;a} lsl;dsf] lr/kmf/
-;lh{sNf ck/]zg_ ubf{ Nffu]sf] lan
adf]lhdsf] vr{,
-_
cfgf] 3/ jf 8]/f 5f8L csf]{ lhNNff jf
ljb]zdf uO{ cf}iflw pkrf/ u/fpbf To:tf]
:yfg;Dd k'Ubfsf] / kms{bfsf] lj/fdLsf] /
s'?jf rflxg] cj:yf eP Pshgf s'?jf
;Ddsf] oftfoft vr{sf] k'/} /sd / vfgf
vr{ jfkt ;DalGwt sd{rf/LNf] lgod
adf]lhd kfpg] b}lgs eQfsf] krxQ/
k|ltzt /sd .
o; lgod adf]lhd kfpg] pkrf/ vr{ s'g}
sd{rf/LNf] k]ZsLsf] ?kdf lng rfx]df ;f] sf] sf/0f
d'gfl;j b]lvP o; lgodsf] clwgdf /xL kl5 lx;fj
j'emfpg] u/L k]ZsL lbg ;lsg]5 . To;/L k]ZsL
lnPsf]] /sd kl5 lx;fj ubf{ pkrf/ jfkt kfpg]
/sd eGbf a9L x'g cfPdf a9L eP hlt /sd
;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] tNfjaf6 ls:tfjGbLdf sL
ul/g]5 . To;/L sL ug'{kg]{ /sd e'QmfgL gx'Fb}
;DjlGwt sd{rf/L jf lghsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf]
d[To' ePdf sL ug{ afFsL /x]sf] /sdf ldGxf x'g]5 .
-$_
-^_
-&_
65
-%_
em'f Aoxf]/f k]z u/L o; lgod adf]lhd pkrf/ vr{

dfu ug]{ jf k|fKt ug]{ sd{rf/L Nfufot To:tf] e'mf
Aoxf]/f k|dfl0ft ug{ :jLs[t lrlsT;s -sd{rf/L
ePdf_ pk/ sf/jfxL x'g ;Sg]5 .
s'g} sd{rf/L c:yfoL ?kdf sfo{/t /xFbf cf}iflw
pkrf/ vr{ lnPsf] /x]5 / lgh k|flws/0fsf] s'g}
:yfoL kbdf lgo'lQm ePsf] eP lghNf] c:yfoL xF'bf
lnPsf] cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ ;d]t lgod (=* sf]
pklgod -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu u0fgf ul/g]5 .
t/ c:yfoL sd{rf/L ;]jfaf6 cNfu x'Fbf eg]
o; lgod adf]lhd pkrf/ vr{ kfpg] 5}g .
eljiodf k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g]
u/L ;]jfaf6 jvf{:t ul/Psf] cj:yfdf afx]s c?
h'g;'s} Aoxf]/faf6 sd{rf/L ;]jfaf6 cNfu x'Fbf o;
lgod adf]lhd ;]jf cjlw e/df kfpg] pkrf/ vr{
dWo] s]xL lnO{ jf glnO{ pkrf/ vr{ lng AffFFsL /x]sf]
eP To:tf] afFsL /sd Psd'i6 lNfg kfpg]5 .
t/ lgj[lQe/0fjf pkbfgkfpg] u/L
;]jfaf6 cNfu ePsf] sd{rf/LNf] pkrf/ vr{ jfkt
lng afFsL /sddf aL; jif{, kRrL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf
a9L ;]jf cjlw ePsf] sd{rf/LNf] qmdz M bz, kGw| /
aL; k|ltzt yk u/L x'g cfpg] /sd Psd'i6 lng
kfpg]5 .
bz jif{ ;]jf cjlw gk'u]sf] s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{{ cf}iflw
pkrf/sf] Nfflu vr{ lb+bf o; lgoddf tf]lsPsf]

jfx|f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
66

/sdNffO{ bz jif{ ;]jf u/] jfkt kfpg] /sd dfgL

bfdf;flxn] x'g cfpg] /sd dfq lbOg]5 .
-*_
o; lgod adf]lhd pkrf/ vr{ dfu ug]{ sd{rf/LNf]
sfof{Nfodf xflh/ x'g g;Sg] u/L lj/fdL ePsf]
cj:yfdf lj/fdL ljbf afFsL eP;Dd lj/fdL ljbf g}
dfu ug'{kg]{5 . lj/fdL ljbf afFsL geP dfq cGo
ljbf dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-(_ sd{rf/LnfO{ k|To]s jif{ lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] b'O{

dlxgfsf] tnj j/fj/sf] /sd k"m6s/ pkrf/ vr{
jfkt lbO{g]5 .
-!)_ o; lgod adf]lhd sd{rf/LNf] kfPsf] pkrf/ vr{sf]

cleN]fv vr{ n]Vg] sfof{NfoNf] /fvL To:tf] ljj/0f
k|flws/0fsf] k|wfg sfof{Nfodf cleNf]v /fVg k7fpg'
kg]{5 .
-!!_ ;fwg ljxLg b'u{d lhNNffdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LNffO{{
Nffu]sf] /f]u :yfgLo :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 pkrf/ x'g
g;Sg] eO{ lghsf] HofgNffO{ g} hf]lvd x'g] cj:yf
k/]df dxflgb]{zssf] :jLs[lt lnO{ To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf]
pkrf/sf] Nfflu To; 7fpFaf6 ;a}eGbf glhssf]
g]kfNf clw/fHoleqsf] c? s'g} ;'ljwfo'Qm :jf:Yo
;+:yfdf l56f] ;fwg4f/f Nf}hfFbf / ToxfFaf6 kmsf{pFbf
NffUg] vr{ k|flws/0fNf] Aoxf]g]{5 .
(=!) ljb]zdf uO{ pkrf/ u/fpg' kbf{ M -!_ s'g} :yfoL
sd{rf/LnfO{ s8f /f]u nflu :jb]z jf ljb]zdf

-@_
pkrf/ ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ul7t d]l8sn af]8{n]

u/]sf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df lgod (=* sf] pklgod!_ adf]lhd kfpg] pkrf/ vr{sf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf]
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;+rfns ;ldltn] pkrf/ ubf{
nfu]sf] /sdsf] aLn adf]lhdsf] vr{df a9Ldf
kfFrnfv ?k}of+;Dd yk cfly{s ;xfotf /sd
pknJw u/fpg ;Sg]5M
-s_
;ldltn] tf]s]sf] ;ldltsf]
Pshgf ;b:o
cWoIf
-v_
dxflgb]{zs jf dxflgb]{zsn]
tf]s]sf] pkdxflgb]{zs
;b:o
-u_
lgb]{zs, cy{ ljefu
;b:o
-3_
lgb]{zs, k|zf;g ljefu
;b:o
-_
dxflgb]{zsn] tf]s]sf] Pshgf
lrlsT;s
;b:o
-r_
k|flws/0fsf] cflwsf/Ls sd{rf/L
o"lgogsf k|ltlglw
;b:o
:ki6Ls/0fM o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
s8f /f]u eGgfn] pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf]
d]l8sn af]8{n] s8f /f]u egL tf]s]sf]
/f]unfO{ hgfpF5 .
pk lgod -!_ adf]lhd yk cfly{s;xfotf kfpgsf]
Nfflu lj/fdL sd{rf/LNf] cfgf] /f]usf] cfkm"Nf]
hfg];Ddsf] ljj/0f / g]kfNfdf pkrf/ u/fpFbf lgsf]
x'g g;Sg] ;a} cj:yf vf]NfL cfgf] ljefuLo k|d'v
;dIf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
67
68


-#_
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd k/]sf] lgj]bg pklgod -!_

adf]lhd ;ldltdf k]z ug{ ;DjlGwt ljefuLo
k|d'vNf] cfgf] l;kmfl/z ;lxt k|wfg sfof{Nfosf]
k|zf;g ljefudf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-$_
lgod -!_ adf]lhd lbOg] cfly{s ;xfotf k]ZsLsf]
?kdf lbOg]5 / pkrf/ u/fO{ kmsL{ cfPkl5
sfof{Nfodf xflh/ ePsf] k}tL; lbg leq lan ekf{O{
/ afFsL /sd ;d]t j'emfO{ km5\of}+6 ug'{kg]{5 . t/
To;/L cfly{s ;xfotf k]ZsL lng]] sd{rf/Lsf] pkrf/
x'Fbfx'Fb} d'To' eP pQm k]ZsL ldgfxf x'g]5 .
(=!! lhjg ;'/If0f /sd M -!_ k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf :yfoL ?kdf

sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgod !)=@ adf]lhd :j]lR5s cjsfz
jf pd]/sf] xbaf6 jf ;]jfcjwLsf] sf/0f cjsfz x'Fbf jf
;]jfdf 5b} d[To' ePdf b]xfosf txdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
b]xfo adf]lhd x'g cfpg] /sd lhjg ;'/If0f jfkt e'QmfgL
ul/g]5 .
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] txM lhjg ;'/If0fjfkt kfpg] /sd
-s_ ! tx b]lv % tx;Dd
#) -tL;_ dlxgf j/fj/sf] z'?

tNfjNf] x'gcfpg] /sd .
-v_ ^ txb]lv ( tx;Dd @%-klRr;_ dlxgf j/fj/sf]
z'? tNfjN]f x'g cfpg] /sd .
@$ -rf}lj;_ dlxgf j/fj/sf] z'?

-u_ !) / !! txdf
tNfjNf] x'g cfpg] /sd .
-3_ !@ txsf nflu
@# -t]O{;_ dlxgf j/fj/sf] z'?

tNfjNf] x'g cfpg] /sd .
-@_
eljiodf ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L jf
sfg"g adf]lhd ;]jfaf6 s'g} ;'ljwf gkfpg] u/L
x6fOPsf] cj:yfdf pk lgod-!_ adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf
kfpg] 5}g .
-#_
pklgod -@_ sf] cj:yfdf afx]s s'g} sd{rf/L
aLrdf ;]jfaf6 cjsf; ePdf pk lgod -!_
adf]lhdsf] lhjg ;'/If0f/sd lgh sd{rf/Lsf] s"Nf
gf]s/L cjlwe/df kfpg] /sd dfgL pd]/sf lx;fjNf]
lghsf] afFsL /x]sf] ;]jf cjlw s6fO{ bfdf;flxNf] x'g
cfpg] /sd dfq kfpg]5 .
-$_
pklgod -!_ / -#_ df n]lvP adf]lhdsf] Aoj:yf
ldlt @)^#(!$ kl5 k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfaf6
cjsfz jf d[To' ePsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] xsdf dfq
nfu' x'g]5 .
(=!@ dxflgb]{zssf] tNfj eQf Pj+ cGo ;'ljwfM dxflgb]{zssf]
tNfj eQf / cGo ;'ljwf cg';"rL!# df pNNf]v eP
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
(=!# cGo ;'ljwfM -!_ ;]jflgj[Q sf]if M ;]jflgj[Q x'g] sd{rf/Lx?N]f

kfpg] ;'ljwfx?sf] Nfflu Ps ;]jflgj[Q sf]if /xg]5 . pQm
sf]ifdf ;ldltaf6 jflif{s ljlgof]lht /sd tyf P]gsf] bkmf #@_ adf]lhd k|flws/0fdf kl/0ft sd{rf/Lx?Nf] lgod !$=!
sf] pklgod -$_ adf]lhd g]kfNf ;/sf/af6 k|fKt ug]{ /sd
hDdf x'g]5 . pQm sf]ifaf6 cjsfz k|fKt sd{rf/Lx?Nf] kfpg]
rf}yf] ;+zf]wg f/f ;+zf]lwt .
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt
69
70


pkbfg, k]G;g, cf}iflw pkrf/ tyf cGo ;'ljwf jfktsf] /sd

vr{ Nf]lvg]5 .
-@_
sd{rf/L sNof0fsf/L sf]if M -!_ k|flws/0fNf]
sd{rf/Lx?sf] lxtNffO{ Wofgdf /fvL Ps sd{rf/L
sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug]{5 . ;ldltN]f lg0f{o
u/] adf]lhd Psd'i6 /sd tyf cGo >f]taf6 k|fKt
x'g] /sd ;d]t ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf x'g]5 . pQm sf]ifsf]
;+rfNfg / Joj:yfkg ;ldltN]f lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-#_
k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cGo ;'ljwfx? cg';"rL
!# adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_
k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?sf]cGoyk ;'ljwfx? ;+rfNfs
;ldltNf] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
71
kl/R5]b !)
cjsfz, pkbfg tyf lgj[lQe/0f
!)=! clgjfo{ cjsfz-!_ ;]jfdf jxfn /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/

cG7fpGg jif{ k"/f ePkl5 ;]jf af6 cjsfz lbO{g]5 .
-@_
o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/
;]jfdf k|j]z ubf{ lghn] k]z u/]sf] lzIf0f ;+:yfsf]
k|df0fkqdf lsl6Psf] hGdlbg jf jif{af6 x'g cfPsf]
pd]/ jf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf lsl6Psf] hGdlbg
jf jif{af6 x'g cfPsf] pd]/ jf lghn] e/]sf] j}olQms
gf]s/L ljj/0f -l;6/f]n_ df n]vL lbPsf] hGd ldlt
jf jif{af6 x'g cfPsf] pd]/dWo] h'g pd]/af6 lgh
klxn] cjsfz x'G5 ;f]xL cfwf/df u0fgf ul/g] 5 .
-#_
jif{ jf ;+jt\ dfq pNn]v ePsf] k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df
hGd ldlt sfod ubf{ b]xfo jdf]lhd sfod ul/g]5M
-s_
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] xsdf k|df0fkq
k|fKt u/]sf] ldltsf] cfwf/df,
-v_
z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkqsf] xsdf
k|df0fkq hf/L ePsf] ldltsf] cfwf/df,
-u_
l;6/f]nsf] xsdf z'? egf{ ePsf] ldltsf]
cfwf/df .
-$_
s'g} k|df0fkqdf jif{ dfq pNn]v ePsf] / csf]{
k|df0fkqdf k"/f hGd ldlt v'n]sf] /x]5 tyf To:tf]
k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt hGd ldltx?sf] jLrdf Ps
jif{;Ddsf] cGt/ b]lvPdf k"/f v'n]sf] hGd ldltnfO{
cfwf/ dfGg' kg]{5 .
72


!)=@
t/ o;/L 5'f 5'} k|df0fkqf pNn]v ePsf]

hGd ldltsf] cGt/ Ps jif{ eGbf j9L ePdf jif{
dfq pNn]v ePsf] k|df0fkqsf] cfwf/df pklgod -#_
jdf]lhd hGd ldlt sfod ul/g]5 .
:j]lR5s cjsfz M-!_ ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|s[of
adf]lhd aL; aif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln]
:j]R5fn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng rfx]df clws[t txsf]
sd{rf/Ln] dxflgb]{zs dfk{mt ;ldlt ;dIf / ;xfos
sd{rf/Ln] dxflgb]{zs ;dIf ;f] s'/fsf] lnlvt hfgsf/L lbg
;Sg]5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd :j]R5fNf]] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng
s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] lgj]bg kg{ cfPdf clws[t txsf]
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;ldltNf] / ;xfos txsf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf dxflgb]{zsNf]] k|flws/0fdf ljBdfg
hgzlQmsf] l:ylt ;d]tNffO{ ljrf/ u/L cg'dlt lbg
;Sg]5 .
-#_
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd cjsfz x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{{ lbOg]
yk ;'ljwf ;ldltNf] ;do ;dodf lgwf{/0f u/]
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ o; lgoddf h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf]] ePtf klg jL;

jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k'/fu/]sf / %) jif{ pd]/
k'u]sf k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?NffO{ yk ;'ljwf
;lxtsf] :j]lR5s cjsfz lbg] ;DjGwdf cfjZos
gLlt Pj+ k|lqmof lgwf{/0f, ;"rgf k|sfzg / To:tf]
sd{rf/LNf] kfpg] ;'ljwf cflbsf] Aoj:yf ;ldltNf]]

lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-%_ ;Djt @)$( ;fn sflt{s @! ut] eGbf cl3 b]lv

;]jfdf jxfn /x]sf] sd{rf/Ln] #) jif{ ;]jf cjlw
k"/f ul/;s]sf] eP :jR5fn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng
;Sg]5 . o;/L :j]R5fn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng]
sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/ ^) jif{ k"/f x'g hlt cjlw afFsL 5
;f] cjlw yk u/L lghsf] hDdf ;]jf cjlw sfod
ul/g]5 . lgh sd{rf/Ln] tnj j[l4 -u|]8_ kfpg jfFls
/x]sf] eP hlt ;]jf cjlw yk ul/Psf] xf] ;f]
cjlwdf lghn] lgodfg';f/ kfpg] tnj j[l4 -u|]8_
;d]t yk u/L lghn] kfpg] ;'ljwfsf] u0fgf ul/g]5 .
!)=# /fhLgfdff/f cjsfz M -!_ ==========s'g} sd{rf/LNf] ;]jfaf6
cjsfz lng rfx]df clws[t txsf] eP dxflgb]{zs dfkm{t
;ldlt ;dIf / ;xfos txsf] eP dxflgb]{zs ;dIf
/fhLgfdf lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd cjsfz lng rfxg] s'g}
sd{rf/Lsf] /fhLgfdf k|fKt x'g cfPdf /fhLgfdf
:jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/Nf]] k|flws/0fdf ljBdfg
hgzlQmsf] l:yltNffO{ ;d]t ljrf/ u/L /fhLgfdf
:jLs[t ug{ pko'Qm b]v]df :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5 /
To;/L /fhLgfdf :jLs[t u/]sf] hfgsf/L sd{rf/L
k|zf;g ljefuNf] ;DjlGwt sd{rf/LNffO{ lbg]5 .
!)=$ /fhLgfdf :jLs[t gx'g] cj:yf Mlgod !)=@ / !)=# adf]lhd
s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{{ :j]lR5s cjsfz lng cg'dlt lbg' cl3 jf
bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f x6fOPsf] .
73
74


/fhLgfdf :jLs[t ug'{ cl3 To:tf] sd{rf/LNf]] k|flws/0fsf]

tkm{af6 tfNfLd tyf cWoogdf uP guPsf] / uPsf]df ;f]
;DjGwdf s'g} sj"lnot u/] gu/]sf] / ;f] sj'lnot
adf]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/] gu/]sf] ;d]t ljrf/ ug'{
kg]{5 . cWoog jf tfNfLddf hfFbf u/]sf] sj"NlLot adf]lhd
k|flws/0fsf] ;]jf u/]sf] /x]g5 eg] To:tf] sd{rf/LNffO{
:j]lR5s cjsfz lNfg] cg'dlt lbg / /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ug'{
x'Fb}g . :jLs[t u/]df :jLs[t ug]{ clwsf/Laf6 tfNfLd tyf
cWoogdf Nffu]sf] vr{ ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;"Nf pk/
ul/g]5 .
!)=$sc;dy{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;DjGwdf ljz]if Joj:yfMk|flws/0fsf] s'g}

sd{rf/L zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s /f]usf] sf/0faf6 lgoldt
?kdf ;]jf ug{ c;dy{ 5 egL g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf]
d]l8sn af]8{af6 k|dfl0ft eO{ cfPdf k|flws/0fn] lghnfO{
lghsf] ;]jf cjlwdf al9df ;ft jif{ ;]jf cjlw yk u/L
cjsfz lbg ;Sg]5 .
!)=% pkbfg -!_ lgod !#=! adf]lhd eljiodf ;]jfsf] Nfflu
cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L avf{:t x'g] u/L ;hfosf] cfb]z kfPsf]df
afx]s k|flws/0fdf ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/L h'g;'s} lsl;daf6
;]jfaf6 cjsfz k|fKTf u/]sf] ePtfklg b]xfosf] b/Nf] pkbfg
lbOg]5 .
-s_
kfFr jif{b]lv dfly bz jif{;Dd ;]jf u/]sf]
sd{rf/LNffO{ lghNf] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] k|To]s jif{sf] lgldQ
!)=^
lghNf] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] cflv/L Ps dlxgfsf] tNfj

j/fj/sf] /sd,
-v_
bz jif{ eGbf j9L kGw| jif{;Dd ;]jf u/]sf]
sd{rf/LNffO{{ lghNf] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] k|To]s jif{sf] lgldQ
lghNf] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] cflv/L 8]9 dlxgfsf] tNfj
j/fj/sf] /sd,
-u_
kGw| jif{ eGbf a9L aL; jif{ eGbf sd cjlw ;]jf
u/.]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ lghNf] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] k|To]s jif{sf]
lgldQ lghNf] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] cflv/L b'O{ dlxgfsf]
tNfj j/fj/sf] /sd,
-3_
aL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf j9L ;]jf u/]sf] sd{rf/LNffO{{
lghn] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] k|To]s jif{sf] lgldQ lghNf]
vfOkfO{ cfPsf] cflv/Lc9fO{ dlxgfsf] tNfj
j/fj/sf] /sd .
-_ klRr; jif{ eGbf j9L ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf

sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] k|To]s jif{sf] lgldQ
lghn] vfOkfO cfPsf] cflv/L tLg dlxgfsf] tnj
j/fj/sf] /sd .
-@_
pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]] ePtfklg
k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf jxfNf /xg] p2]ZoNf] gful/stf jf
pd]/ jf of]Uotf 9fF6]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf To:tf]
sd{rf/LNffO{ pkbfg lbOg] 5}g .
lgj[lQe/0fM -!_ P]gsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd g]kfNf ;/sf/sf]
;]jfaf6 :j]R5fNf] k|flws/0f ;]jfdf kl/0ft x'g] sd{rf/Lx?Nf]

jfx|f}+ ;+zf]wgf/f yk .
75
76


jL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf j9L ;do;Dd ;]jf u/]df b]xfo

adf]lhdsf] lx;fjNf] dfl;s lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]5 M
hDdf ;]jf jif{ cflv/L tNfjsf] /sd
%)
t/,
-s_
eljiodf ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L
gf]s/Laf6 jvf{:t ul/Psf] sd{rf/LNf] o; lgod
adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g .
-v_
;]jf kfpg] jf ;f] ;]jfdf jxfNf /xg] p2]ZoN]f
gful/stf jf pd]/ jf of]Uotf 9fF6]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g
cfPdf To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{{ lgj[lQe/0f lbOg] 5}g .
-@_
pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]] ePtf
klg lgj[lQe/0fsf] Go"gtd /sd ;dfg
kbsf] jxfNfjfNff sd{rf/Lsf] tNfjsf] cfwf
eGbf sd / clwstd ;dfg kbsf]
jxfNfjfNff sd{rf/Lsf] tNfjsf] z'? :s]Nf
eGbf a9L x'g] 5}g .
-#_
jxfNfjfNff sd{rf/Lsf] tNfjsf] j[l4 x'Fbf
tNfjsf] z'? c+ssf] hlt j[l4 ePsf] 5 ;f]
sf] b'O{ ltxfO{Nf] ;dfg kbsf lgj[Q
sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgj[lQe/0f /sddf klg yk
ul/g]5 .
-$_
ljqmd ;+jt\ @)$( ;fNf sflQs @! ut]
cl3 b]lv g]kfNf ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf
lgo'Qm e} k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft ePsf
sd{rf/Lx?Nf] %* jif{ k"/f u/L lgod !)=!
adf]lhd
cjsfz
k|fKt
u/]df
To:tf]sd{rf/Lsf] ;DjGwdf lghsf] pd]/df
77
-%_
-^_
-&_
^) jif{ k"/f x'g hlt cjlw afFsL 5 ;f]

cjlw ykL hDdf ;]jf cjlw sfod ul/g]5 .
o;/L yk ul/Psf] ;]jf cjlwdf lgh

sd{rf/Ln] tnj j[l4 -u|]8_ kfpg jfFlseP
yk ul/Psf] ;]jf cjlwsf] ;d]t tnj j[l4 u|]8_ yk u/L lgod (=* / o; lgod
jdf]lhd kfpg] ;'ljwfsf] u0fgf ul/g]5.
o; lgodfjNfLdf h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]]
ePtfklg of] lgodfjNfL k|f/De ePkl5 gofF
lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/LN]f o; lgodfjNfL
adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] 5}g . To:tf
sd{rf/LNf] lgod !)=% adf]lhd pkbfg dfq
kfpg]5 .
lgj[lQe/0f k|fKt sd{rf/LnfO{ k|To]s jif{
lghn] kfpg] Ps dlxgfsf] tna a/fa/sf]
/sd rf8kj{ vr{sf] ?kdf lbOg]5 .
P]gsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf
kl/0ft e} g]kfNf ;/sf/sf] ;]jf ;d]t u0fgf
ubf{ kGw| jif{ cjlw k'u]sf] s'g} sd{rf/Lsf]
d[To' ePdf lghsf] ;]jf cjlwdf jl9df kfFr
jif{ yk u/L lghsf] kl/jf/NffO{ lgj[lQe/0f
jf pkbfg h'g lNfg rfxG5 ;f] /f]h]/ lng
lbOg]5 . of] lgodfjNfL k|f/De x'g' k"j{ P]gsf]
bkmf #@ adf]lhd k|flws/0fdf kl/0ft e}
78


;]jf/t /xFbf s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePsf]

/x]5 eg] lghsf] kl/jf/Nf]] lgj[lQe/0f jf
pkbfg glnPsf] eP To:tf] kl/jf/ ;d]tNf]
o:tf] ;'ljwf kfpg]5 .
!)=^s pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0f dWo] s'g} Ps /f]Hg ;Sg]M P]gsf] bkmf

#@ adf]lhd k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft eO{ lj;aif{ :yfoL
;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf sd{rf/Lxn] lgod !)=% adf]lhdsf]
pkbfg jf !)=^ adf]lhdsf] lgj[lQe/0f dWo] s'g} Ps ;'ljwf
/f]Hg kfpg] 5g\ .
!)=& kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f / pkbfgM -!_ s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfdf
5Fb} jf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfNf]sf] & jif{ gk'Ub} d[To' ePdf
lghsf] kl/jf/NffO{ jf lghsf] gfjfNfs efO{ jf cljjflxtf
lbbL, jlxgLNffO{ lgod !)=% jf !)=^ df Nf]lvP adf]lhd
pkbfg jf lgj[lQe/0f k|fKt x'g]5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]]lvPsf] ePklg
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] AolQm gfjfNfs /x]5 eg] lgh
jflNfu geP;Dd To:tf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg]5 .
-#_
sd{rf/Lsf] ljb'/ klt jf ljwjf kTgLNf] lghsf] klt
jf kTgL ;]jfdf 5Fb} jf lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfNf]sf]
;ft jif{ gk'Ub} d[To' eO{ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd
kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] ePdf ;f] lgj[lQe/0f
kfpg] cjlw e'Qmfg ePsf] ldltb]lv / To:tf]
lgj[lQe/0f gkfpg] ePdf jf lghsf] klt jf kTgLNf]]
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfNf]sf] & jif{ Joltt eO{ d[To'
ePdf lgh sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePsf] ldltb]lv hLjge/
-$_
-%_
-^_
-&_
79
lghNf] kfpg] lgj[lQe/0f /sdsf] cfwf /sd kfpg]

5.
t/ ljwjf kTgL jf ljw'/ kltn] csf]{ ljjfx

u/]df o:tf] lgj[lQe/0f ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}g .
jxfNfjfNff sd{rf/Lsf] tNfj j[l4 x'Fbf tNfjsf] z'?
c+sdf hlt j[l4 ePsf] 5, To;sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ /sd
pklgo !,@ / # cg';f/ kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f
kfO/x]sf JolQmNf] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] lgj[lQe/0f /sddf
klg yk ul/g]5 .
s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] o; lgod adf]lhd kfpg] s'g} /sd
lng gkfpFb} d[To' ePdf ;f] /sd lghsf] kl/jf/sf]
;b:ox?dWo] o; lgod adf]lhd lghsf] lgj[lQe/0f
jf pkbfg kfpg] 7xl/Psf] JolQmNf] lng kfpg]5 .
lgj[lQe/0f jf pkbfg lb+bf d[t sd{rf/LNf] cfgf]
kl/jf/sf] ;b:o dWo]df jf cfgf] gfjfNfs efO{ jf
cljjflxtf lbbL jlxgL s;}NffO{ OR5fPsf] /x]5 eg]
;f] JolQmNffO{ / s'g} sf/0fN]f ;f] JolQmN]f kfpg g;Sg]
cj:yf ePdf jf s;}NfO{ gOR5\ofOPsf] ePdf ;f]
sd{rf/Lsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:odWo] ;ldltNf]] plrt
7x/fPsf] AolQmNffO{ lbOg]5 .
k|flws/0fsf] sfdsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf b'3{6gfdf k/L To:tf]
b'3{6gfaf6 s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] c+u e+u eO{ sfd ug{
g;Sg] ePdf jf d[To' ePdf lgh jf lghsf] ;uf]Nfsf
ljwjf kTgL jf ljw'/ klt jf gfjfNfs ;GttL jf
;uf]Nfsf cfdf jfj'Nf] o; lgodfjNfLsf cGo
80

lgodfg';f/ kfpg] ;'ljwfsf cltl/Qm Psd'i7 hDdf

?= %),))). -krf; xhf/_ hLjga[lQ /
;Gtltj[lQsf] ?kdf kfpg]5g\ .
*_ s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] d[To" eO{ lghsf] xsjfNff k]G;g k6[f

jf pkbfg lNfgsf] Nfflu Ps lhNNffaf6 csf]{ lhNNffdf
hfg' k/]df klxNf]] Ps k6ssf] Nfflu lgh d[ts
sd{rf/LNf] ;]jfdf 5+bf vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] Ps dlxgfsf]
tNfj j/fj/sf] cltl/Qm /sd lghsf] xsjfNffnfO{
af6f] vr{ jfkt lbOg]5 .
o; pklgodsf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu sf7df8f}+
pkTosfNffO{ Pp6} lhNNff dflgg]5 .
!)=* j]kQf ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgj[lQe/0f / pkbfg M-!_ ;]jfdf/xL
sfd u/]sf] s'g} sd{rf/L x/fO{ j]kQf eO{ % jif{ d/] afFr]sf]
kQf gNffu]df To:tf] sd{rf/LNffO{{ o; lgodsf] !)=^ jf !)=&
adf]lhd pkbfg / lgj[lQe/0fsf] /sd lghsf] kl/jf/NffO{
lbOg]5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]] ePtf klg
bkmf !)=& adf]lhd lgj[lQe/0flNfg kfpg] JolQm
lgj[lQe/0f lng gkfpFb} j]kQf ePdf ;ft jif{;Dd /
lgj[lQe/0f kfpg yfNf]kl5 j]kQf ePdf ;ft jif{ k'Ug
afFsL cjlw;Dd lghsf] kl/jf/NffO{ lgj[lQe/0fsf] k'/}
/sd / ;f] cjlw kl5 klt jf kTgLnfO{ cfhLjg
lgj[lQe/0fsf] cfwf /sd kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f
lbOg]5 .
-#_
j]kQf ePsf] sd{rf/L kl5 km]Nff k/]df lgod !)=^
adf]lhdsf] pkbfg e'QmfgL lbO g;s]sf] eP ;f]

!)=(
pkbfg jf lgod !)=& adf]lhd kfpg]

lgj[lQe/0fsf]/sd lghn] bfjL ug{ cfPsf] ldltb]lv
lghNffO{ g} lbOg]5 .
t/, pklgod -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd e'QmfgL
lbO;s]sf] pkbfg lgj[lQe/0f jf kfl/jfl/s
lgj[lQe/0f /sddf kl5 km]Nff k/]sf] AolQmNf]] bfjL ug{
kfpg]5}g .
kbfjlw ;DjGwL ljz]if Joj:yf M -!_ afx|f}+ txsf] kbdf 5 jif{
;]jf ul/;s]sf k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/LNfffO{ k|flws/0fsf]
;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbO{g]5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu ;]jf u/]sf] cjlw
u0fgf ubf{ of] lgodfjNfL k|f/De eP kl5 lgh
sd{rf/L pQm kbdf kb:yfkgf ePsf] ldltNffO{
cfwf/ dflgg]5 .
81
82


kl/R5]b!!
cfr/0f
!!=!
!!=@
!!=#
!!=$
cg'zf;g / cf1fkfNfg M -!_ sd{rf/LNf]] cg'zf;gdf /xL

cfgf] ;]jf / kb cg';f/sf] st{Ao O{dfGbf/L / tTk/tfsf];fy
kfNfg ug'{kb{5 .
-@_
sd{rf/LNf] k|flws/0fsf] sfd ;DjGwL s'/fdf
cfkm"eGbf dflysf] clws[tNf] lbPsf cf1fNffO{
zL3|tfsf;fy k'/f ug'{kg]{5 .
-#_
sd{rf/LNf]] cfkm'eGbf dflysf ;a} kbflwsf/Lx? k|lt
plrt cfb/ b]vfpg' kg]{5 / cfkm" d'lgsf sd{rf/Lx?
k|lt plrt Aojxf/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
sfof{Nfo ;do, ;do kfNfg / lgoldt xflh/LM -!_sd{rf/LNf]]
lgwf{l/t sfof{Nfo ;dodf lgoldt ?kdf sfof{Nfodf pkl:yt
eO{ xflh/ hgfpg v8f ul/Psf] xflh/L lstfjdf xflh/L
hgfO{ cfkm'NffO{ ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_
sd{rf/LNf]] sfof{Nfodf pkl:yt eO{ xflh/L
hgfO;s]kl5 cfkm' eGbf dflysf] clws[tsf] cg'dlt
glNfO{ sfof{Nfo ;dodf cfkm"NffO{ tf]lsPsf] :yfg
5f]8L cGoq st} hfg x'Fb}g .
cfgf] ;]jf / kb cg';f/sf] cfr/0f kfNfgf ug'{kg]{ M k|To]s
sd{rf/LNf]] cfgf] ;]jf / kb cg's"Nfsf] cfr/0f kfNfg ug'{
kg]{5 .
k|ltlglwTj ug{df k|ltjGwMsd{rf/LNf] cfkm"NffO{ dsf{ k/]sf]
ljifodf cfkm}Nf]] jf jf/];4f/f ;DjlGwt lgsfo jf clwsf/L
;dIf lgj]bg lbg afx]s c? AolQm jf ;d'xsf] tkm{af6
k|ltlglwTj ug{' x'Fb}g .
83
!!=% sd{rf/L 6]8 o'lgog / k]zfut, Joj;foLs tyf ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf]

;b:otfM -!_ sd{rf/Ln] k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL 6]8 o'lgog
u7g ug{ / cGo k]zfut, Joj;foLs tyf ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf]
;b:otf lng ;Sg]5g\ .
t/ clws[t P3f/f}+ tx / ;f] eGbf dflysf sd{rf/Lx 6]8
o'lgogsf] ;b:o x'g ;Sg] 5}gg\ eg] sfof{no k|d'v eO{ sfd ug'{
kg]{ clws[t :t/sf sd{rf/L 6]8 o'lgogsf] ;s[o ;b:o x'g ;Sg]
5}gg\ .
-@_
sd{rf/Lsf] 6]8 o'lgogsf ;b:oxn] 5gf}6 u/]sf
kbflwsf/Lx /x]sf] sd{rf/Lxsf] cflwsf/Ls 6]8
o'lgogsf] u7g x'g]5 .
-#_
sd{rf/Lxsf] cflwsf/Ls 6]8 o'lgogn] k|flws/0fsf]
;Fu7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df cfgf] k]zfut dfux
;DalGwt lgsfodf k|:t't u/L ;fdflhs ;Djfb / ;fd"lxs
;f}bfjfhL ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
-$_
sd{rf/Lxsf] cflwsf/Ls 6]8 o'lgogsf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_
sd{rf/Lsf] xs lxt ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Da4{g u/L
;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L / ultzLn agfpg
k|flws/0fnfO{ /rgfTds ;'emfj / ;xof]u k|bfg
ug]{,
-v_
v08 -s_ sf] k|of]hgsf]nflu e]nf, tfnLd,
k|lzIf0f, uf]i7L, nufotsf /rgfTds Pj+
l;h{gfTds sfo{x ;~rfng ug]{,
84

-u_
!!=^
!!=&
!!=*
sd{rf/L 6]8 o'lgogsf] dxf;+3 u7g ug]{, To;sf]

;b:o aGg], cGt/f{li6o ;+3 jf dxf;+3sf] ;b:o
aGg], / cfgf] ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{
clwsf/ x'g]5 .
-%_
sd{rf/L ;]jf lgodfjnL agfpFbf k|flws/0fn] sd{rf/Lxsf]
cflwsf/Ls 6]8 o'lgogsf] ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lng]5 .
-^_
sd{rf/Lxsf] cflwsf/Ls 6]8 o'lgogsf] kbflwsf/Lxaf6
cfgf] sfo{If]q cg's"n :yfgdf ;?jfsf] dfu ePdf
k|flws/0fn] ;f] cg'?ksf] ;?jf x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
-&_
sd{rf/Lxsf] 6]8 o'lgog / sd{rf/Lxsf] cflwsf/Ls 6]8
o'lgogsf] kbflwsf/L / ;b:oxnfO{ 6]8 o'lgog ;DaGwL
:jb]zL tyf a}b]lzs ;]ldgf/, uf]i7L, clwj]zg, ;Fu7g
;DaGwL sfo{ cflb sfo{qmddf efu lngsf]nflu
k|flws/0fnfO{ cfly{s bfloTj gkg]{ u/L Psjif{df a9Ldf
tL; lbg;Ddsf] sfhsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
cjfl~5t ;Dks{ sfod ug{ gx'g] M k|flws/0fsf] lxt ljkl/t
cGo s'g} ;+:yf jf To:tf] ;+:yf;Fu ;DjlGwt JolQmx?;Fu
cjflG5t ;Dks{ sfod u/L cfgf] cf]xf]bfsf] dof{bf ljkl/t
u}/ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ sfo{ ug{' x'Fb}g .
/fhg}lts jf cjf~5gLo k|efj kfg{ gx'g] M s'g} klg
sd{rf/LNf] cfgf] ;]jf ;DjGwL s'/fdf dtNfj ;fWo ug]{
dg;foNf] cGo sd{rf/L dfly s'g} /fhg}lts jf cjfG5gLo
k|efj kfg{ jf k|efj kfg]{ k|oTg ug'{ x'Fb}g .
;/sf/ tyf k|flws/0fsf] cfNff]]rgf ug{ gx'g] M -!_k|flws/0fsf]
st{Jo kfNfgfsf] ;Gbe{df afx]s k|flws/0fsf] gLlt ljkl/t x'g]
u/L jf g]kfNf ;/sf/ / hgtfsf] kf/:kl/s ;DjGwdf jf s'g}
ljb]zL /fi6;Fusf] ;DjGwdf vNfNf kg{ ;Sg] u/L s'g} klg
sd{rf/LNf]] cfgf] sfNklgs jf jf:tljs gfdaf6 jf j]gfdL
85

s'g} Nf]v k|sflzt ug{, k|];NffO{ s'g} vj/ lbg, ljB'tLo ;+rf/
dfWodaf6 efif0f k|;fl/t ug{, s'g} ;fj{hlgs efif0f lbg jf
s'g} jQmJo k|sflzt ug{' x'Fb}g .
-@_
k|rNfLt sfg"g / k|flws/0fsf] gLltsf] ljkl/t gx'g]
;flxlTos, j}1flgs Joj;flos sNffTds sfo{ ug]{,
Nf]]v k|sfzg ug{ jf k|;f/0f ug{ o; lgodfjNfLdf
Nf]lvPsf] s'g} klg s'/fNf]] jfwf k'ofPsf] dflgg]5}g .
!!=( v6fO{Psf] sfof{Nfo jf :yfgdf hfg'kg]{M sd{rf/LNf]]
k|flws/0fsf] sfdsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/LNf]]
v6fPsf] k|flws/0fsf] sfof{Nfo jf :yfgdf uO{ cfkm"NffO{
tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] kfNfgf ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!=!) k|flws/0fsf] clxt x'g] sfo{ ug{ gx'g]M Nffk/jfxL jf u}/
lhDd]jf/L t/LsfNf]] hfgfhfg q'6Lk"0f{ 9+uaf6 k|flws/0fNffO{
clxt x'g] u/L s'g} sfo{ ug'{ x'Fb}g .
!!=!! k|flws/0fNffO{ xfgL gf]SzfgL kfg{ gx'g]M sd{rf/L]n] k|flws/0fsf]
sfdsf/jfxL ;~rfNg ubf{ hfgfhfg Nffk/jfxL jf q'6Lk"0f{
9+uNf]] k|flws/0fNffO{ s'g} k|sf/af6 xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug] u/L
sfd ug{ x'Fb}g .
!!=!@ sDkgLsf] :yfkgf, ;+rfNfg, Aofkf/ Aoj;fo tyf k|fO{e]6
k|fS6L; ug{ gx'g] M
-!_
sd{rf/LNf] lNflvt :jLs[lt glNfO{ b]xfosf] sfd ug'{
x'Fb}g .
-s_
s'g} a}+s jf sDkgLsf] :yfkgf, /lhi6]zg jf
;+rfNfgsf] sfddf efu NfLg,
-v_
k|rNfLt sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ u/fpg' kg]{ s'g}
Jofkf/ jf Aoj;fo ug{,
-u_
cGoq s'g} k|sf/sf] gf]s/L :jLsf/ ug{ .
86


-@_

;ldltNf] tf]s]sf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|flws/0fsf]
:jLs[lt NfLO{ Aoj;flos sfo{ ug{ kfO{g]5 .
!!=!# ;]jf ;DjGwL ;dfrf/ k|sfz ug{df k|ltjGwM-!_ s'g}klg
sd{rf/Ln]] clVtof/jfNffsf] :jLs[lt glNfO{ cfkm"Nf] k|flws/0fsf]
;]jfdf /xL st{Jo kfNfgfsf] l;Nfl;Nffdf hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf]
s'g} uf]Ko jf sfg"g4f/f lgif]lwt ljifo cfkm"Nf] Nf]v]sf] jf
;+sNfg u/]sf] s'g} sfuhkq jf ;dfrf/ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf
?kaf6 c? cgflws[t sd{rf/L jf JolQm jf k|];NffO{ lbg' jf
jtfpg' x'Fb}g . of] k|ltjGw h'g;'s} sf/0faf6 ;]jfdf g/x]sf]
JolQmsf] xsdf ;d]t Nffu" /xg]5
-@_
pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf]] ePtf klg
sd{rf/LNf] cfgf] kbLo sfdsf] ;DjGwdf s;}Nf]
NfufPsf] e'm7\7f cf/f]ksf] ;kmfO{ lbgsf] lgldQ
clVtof/jfNffsf] :jLs[lt lNfO{ k|]; jf cbfNftsf]
;xf/f NfLg o; lgodfjNfLdf Nf]lvPsf] s'g}klg s'/fNf]]
jfwf k'ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
!!=!$ k|bz{g / x8\tfNf ug{ k|ltjGw M sd{rf/LNf] g]kfNf clw/fHosf]
;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfdf cfFr cfpg] u/L, b]zsf] zflGt
;'/Iff, j}b]lzs ;DjGw / ;fj{hlgs dof{bf tyf cbfNftsf]
lg0f{osf] cjx]Nfgf x'g] u/L ljleGg hft, hflt, wd{, ju{, If]q
/ ;Dk|bfosf dflg;x? aLr j}dg:o pTkGg u/fpg] jf
;fDk|bflos b'ef{jgf km}Nffpg] u/L jf s'g} ck/fwNffO{ k|>o
x'g] u/L jf k|flws/0fsf] b}lgs sfd ;~rfNfg ug{ jfwf k'Ug]
u/L k|bz{g ug{, x8\tfNfdf efu NfLg jf ;f] sfo{ ug]{ p2]ZoN]f
c?NffO{ pS;fpg ;d]t x'Fb}g .
!!=!% x8\tfNf, y'g5]s tyf 3]/fp ug{df k|ltjGw M sd{rf/LNf]]
k|flws/0fsf] s'g} klg sd{rf/LNffO{ sfg"g4f/f lgwf{l/t st{Jo
k"/f ug{df jfwf lj/f]w x'g] u/L x8\tfNf jf sNfd jGb tyf
zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s pTkL8g x'g] u/L bjfj lbg jf ;f] ug]{
p2]ZoNf]] c?NffO{ pS;fpg ;d]t x'Fb}g .
!!=!^ bfg, pkxf/, rGbf :jLsf/ ug{ jf ;fk6L, cfly{s Nf]]gb]g ug{
gx'g] M sd{rf/LNf]] cfkm}Nf] jf cfgf] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:on]
k|flws/0fsf] sfd;Fu ;DjlGwt AolQmx?;Fu sfd sf/jfxLdf
c;/ kg]{ u/L s;};Fu bfg, pkxf/, rGbf :jLsf/ ug{ jf
;fk6L jf cfly{s Nf]]gb]g ug{ jf s'g} k|sf/sf] cfly{s
k|Nff]]egdf kg{, sld;g jf u}/ sfg"gL ?kdf /sd NfLg jf
e|i6frf/ ug{ x'Fb}g .
!!=!& /fhgLltdf efu NfLg gx'g] M sd{rf/LNf]] /fhgLltdf efu NfLg,
s'g} /fhg}lts bNf jf ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug{ /
/fhg}lts kbsf] Nfflu x'g] lgjf{rgdf pDd]b\jf/ x'g / To:tf]
lgjf{rgdf s'g} pDd]b\jf/, /fhg}lts bNf jf ;+u7gsf] tkm{af6
k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ jQmAo jf efif0f lbg / dt dfUg x'Fb}g .
t/ s;}NffO{ dt lbPsf] jf lbg] ljrf/ u/]sf] s'/f
k|s6 gu/L k|rlNft sfg"g adf]lhd cfkm"Nf]] kfPsf] dtbfgsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ o; lgodfjNfLNf] s'g} jfwf k'ofPsf]
dflgg] 5}g .
!!=!* ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ M sd{rf/LNf] cfgf] / cfgf]
kl/jf/sf] gfddf /x]sf] rNf tyf crNf ;DklQsf] ljj/0f
cg';"rL !$ adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf tof/ u/L sd{rf/L k|zf;g
ljefudf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!=!(M r]tfjgL lbg ;Sg]M s'g} sd{rf/Ln] ;do kfng gu/]df

k|flws/0fsf] sfd ;DjlGw s'/fdf cfk"m eGbf dflysf]
sd{rf/Ln] lbPsf] cf1f kfng gu/]df jf sfof{no ;DjGwL
87
88


sfddf nfk/jfxL jf l9nf;':tL u/]df To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{

;DjlGwt ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfof{no k|d'vn] sf/0f vf]nL
r]tfjgL lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f] sf] clen]v ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Lsf]
JolQmut ljj/0f kmfOndf /fVg' kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b !@
;]jfsf] ;'/Iff / k'/:sf/
!@=!
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/IffMg}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}Hfbf/L

cleof]udf cbfNftaf6 s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psf] cj:yfdf jfx]s
sd{rf/LNffO{{ ;kmfO{sf] ;j"b lbg] dgfl;j dflkmssf] df}sf
glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fO{g] jf jvf{:t ul/g]5}g .
!@=@ sd{rf/Lsf] jrfpM s'g}klg sd{rf/LN]f cfgf] cf]xbfsf] st{Ao
kfNfg ;DemL u/]sf] s'g} sfdsf] ;DaGwdf lgh pk/ bfo/
ePsf] d'2fsf] k|lt/Iff k|flws/0fNf]] ug]{5 .
!@=# ;]jf zt{sf] ;'/IffM s'g} klg sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] lgo'lQm x'Fbf tTsfn
nfu" /x]sf] tnj, pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f / cGo ;'ljwf ;DjGwL ;]jfsf
zt{x df lghsf] :jLs[tL j]u/ lghnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L
kl/jt{g ul/g] 5}g . kl5 x'g] ;+zf]wgn] To:tf] ;+zf]wg x'g' cufj}
jxfn /x]sf] s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] pko'Qm ;]jfsf zt{xdf s'g} k|sf/n]
k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePdf To:tf] ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf jdf]lhd ug{ dGh'/
u/]sf] lnlvt :jLs[lt ge} To:tf] Joj:yf lghsf] xsdf nfu" x'g]
5}g .
!@=$ k|f]T;fxL k'/:sf/M -!_ k|flws/0fsf] k|ultsf] nflu cfgf] nugzLntf

/ ;Lksf] k|of]u u/L pTs[i6 Pj+ cg's/0fLo sfo{ ug]{
sd{rf/LxnfO{ k|flws/0fn] b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] k'/:sf/ f/f k'/:s[t
ug]{5M
-s_
;]jfdf /xL ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 / cg's/0fLo sfo{ ug]{
Pshgf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|To]s jif{ Psnfv ?k}of
;Ddsf] ;jf]{Ts[i6 k|flws/0f ;]jf k'/:sf/,
89
90


-v_
-@_
-#_
-$_
;]jfdf /xL pTs[i6 / cg's/0fLo sfo{ ug]{ kfFrhgf

;Dd sd{rf/LxnfO{ k|To]s jif{ jL; xhf/ ?k}of
gubsf] pTs[i6 k|flws/0f ;]jf k'/:sf/,
-u_
;]jfdf /xL pTs[i6 sfo{ ug]{ bzhgf ;Dd
sd{rf/LxnfO{ k|To]s jif{ ;Da4 sd{rf/Lsf]
clGtd tnj :s]n ggfWg] u/L a9Ldf yk kfFr u|]8
;Ddsf] k|flws/0f ;]jf k'/:sf/
-3_
;]jfdf /xL kRrL; jif{ ;]jf k"/f u/]sf
sd{rf/LxnfO{ bL3{ ;]jf kbs .
pklgod -!_ jdf]lhd k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug{sf]nflu ;ldltn]
tf]s]sf] ;ldltsf] ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:oLo
k'/:sf/ l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] u7g ul/g]5 / ;f]xL l;kmfl/z
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df ;ldltn] k'/:sf/ lbg] lg0f{o ug{]5 .
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ul7t k'/:sf/ l;kmfl/z ;ldltn]
k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 ug{ cfwf/ / k|s[of
:ki6 Pj+ kf/bzL{ x'g' kg]{5 .
tLg jif{ :yfoL ;]jf cjlw k'/f gu/]sf] sd{rf/L k'/:sf/
k|fKt ug{sf]nflu of]Uo dflgg]5}g .
kl/R5]b !#
;hfo / k'g/fj]bg
!#=!=
!#=@
!#=#
!#=$
91
;hfoM plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f ePdf sd{rf/LNffO{{ b]xfo

adf]lhdsf] ;hfo lbg ;lsg]5M
-s_
gl;xt lbg],
-v_
j9Ldf tLg tNfj j[l4 /f]Ssf ug]{
-u_
j9Ldf b'O{ jif{;Dd j9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{,
-3_
cfly{s xfgL gf]S;fgL c;"Nf pk/ ug]{,
-_
eljiodf ;]jfs]f lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6
x6fpg] .
-r_
eljiodf ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6
jvf{:t ug]{ .
gl;xt lbg] M lgod !!=!, !!=@, !!=#, !!=$, !!=%,!!=^, /
!!=!@ ljkl/t cfr/0f ug]{ sd{rf/LNffO{{ gl;xt lbOg]5 .
tNfj j[l4, j9'jf /f]Ssf M b]xfosf] cj:yfdf s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{{
tNfj j[l4 jf j9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ u/L ;hfosf] cfb]z lbOg]5 M
-s_
b'O{ k6s gl;xt kfO{ ;s]sf] sd{rf/LNf] k'gM gl;xt
kfpg] sfd u/]df,
-v_
lgod
!!=&,!!=*,!!=(,!!=!#,!!=!$,!!=!%,!!=!^,!!=!&
ljkl/t cfr/0f u/]df,
cfly{s xflg gf]S;fgL c;"Nf pk/ ug]{ M lgod !!=!) / !!=!!
ljkl/t cfr/0f u/]sf] sf/0faf6 k|flws/0fNffO{ kg{ uPsf]
cfly{s xfgL gf]S;fgL ;DjlGwt sd{rf/Laf6 e/fpg] u/L
cfb]z lbg ;lsg]5 .
92

!#=%
!#=^

eljiodf ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg]M

b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf sd{rf/LNffO{{ eljiodf k|flws/0fsf]
;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 M
-s_
cof]Uotfsf]sf/0fNf]] cfgf] kbsf] sfd jf lhDd]jf/L
k"/f ug{ g;s]df .
-v_
ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ Nfuftf/ ;f7L lbg;Dd
sfof{Nfodf cg'kl:yt /x]df .
-u_
sfof{Nfo ;dodf a/fj/ dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]df .
-3_
cfr/0f ;DjGwL s'/f j/fj/ pNNf+3g u/]df .
-_
j/fj/ cg';f;gxLg sfd u/]df .
-r_
/fhgLltdf efu NfLPdf .
-5_
cfgf] kbsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] j/fj/ j]jf:tf u/]df .
-h_ s'g} sd{rf/Ln] a9'jfsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd ebf{ e'mf

ljj/0f k]z u/]df .
eljiodf ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 j/vf:t
ug]{ M b]xfosf cj:yfdf eljiodf ;]jfsf] lglDt cof]Uo
7xl/g] u/L ;]jfaf6 j/vf:t ul/g] 5 M
-s_
-v_
!#=&
e|i6frf/ u/]df .
g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf s;"/
k|dfl0ft ePdf .
ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg] clwsf/LM-!_ lgod !#=! sf]
v08 -s_, -v_,-u_ / -3_ adf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg]
clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhdsf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf
clwsf/LNffO{ x'g]5
-s_
!#=*
;xfos klxNff]] txb]lv ;xfos kfFrf} tx;Ddsf

sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf sfof{Nfo k|d'v jf ljefuLo k|d'v .
-v_
clws[t 5}7f}+ txb]lv clws[t afx|f} tx;Ddsf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf dxflgb]{zs .
-u_
dxflgb]{zssf] xsdf lgh g]kfNf ;/sf/sf] jxfNfjfNff
sd{rf/L ePdf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf g]kfNf ;/sf/ /
lgh k|flws/0fs} sd{rf/L ePdf ;ldltsf ;b:ox?
dWo]af6 ;ldltsf] cWoIfNf]] tf]s]sf # hgf ;b:ox?
/x]sf] pk;ldlt.
-@_
lgod !#=! sf] v08 -_ / -r_ adf]lhdsf] ;hfosf]
cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhdsf sd{rf/Lsf]
xsdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf clwsf/LnfO{ x'g]5M
-s_
;xfos txsf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf
dxflgb]{zs,
-v_
clws[t 5}7f}+ txb]lv clws[t afx|f}
tx;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;ldltsf
;b:ox? dWo]af6 ;ldltsf] cWoIfNf]]
tf]s]sf] # hgf ;b:ox? /x]sf] pk;ldlt .
-u_
dxflgb]{zssf] xsdf lgh g]kfNf ;/sf/sf]
jxfNfjfNff sd{rf/L ePdf ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zdf g]kfNf ;/sf/sf] / lgh
k|flws/0f s} sd{rf/L ePdf ;ldltsf
;b:ox? dWo]af6 ;ldltsf] cWoIfNf]
tf]s]sf # hgf ;b:ox? /x]sf] pk;ldlt .
lgNfDjg ug]{ M -!_ s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] ;DjGwdf lgod !#=% /
!#=^ adf]lhdsf] s'g} cleof]usf] l;Nfl;Nffdf hfFrj'em ug'{
k/]df hfFrj'em ;dfKt gx'Gh]Nf ;Ddsf] Nfflu ;DjlGwt
93
94

sd{rf/LNffO{{ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf] b]xfosf]

cj:yf ljBdfg ePdf lgNfDjg ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_
lgNfDjg gu/L cf]xbfsf] sfd ug{ lb+bf e'm7\7f ;j"t
k|df0f ;+sNfg ug{ ;Sg] jf cfgf] lj?4sf] ;j"t
k|df0f ufoj ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvPdf,
jf
-v_
lgNfDjg gu/L cf]xbfsf] sfd ug{ lb+bf sfof{NfoNffO{
xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvPdf .
-@_
sd{rf/LNffO{{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] jf jvf{:t ug]{
cleof]usf] ;"rgf lbg'sf] ;fy} lghNffO{
;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]
lgNfDjg ;d]t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{{
lgNfDjg ubf{ ;fwf/0ftM tLg dxLgf eGbf
a9L ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;f] cjlw leq} sd{rf/L
pk/sf] sf/jfxL lsgf/f Nfufpg' kg]{5 . s'g}
c;fwf/0f cj:yf k/L pQm cjlwleq
sf/jfxL lsgf/f Nfufpg g;lsg] e}
lgNfDjgsf] cjlw j9fpg' k/]df ;hfo lbg
kfpg] clwsf/LNf] Ps dlxgf;Dd lgNfDjgsf]
cjlw j9fpg ;lsg]5 .
-$_
g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}Hbf/L cleof]udf
lu/kmtf/ eO{ y'lgPsf] sd{rf/L To;/L
y'lgPsf] cjlwe/ :jtM lgNfDjg ePsf]
dflgg]5 .
!#=(
lgNfDjgsf] ;dflKt M s'g} sd{rf/L cfgf] kbdf k'gM :yflkt

ePdf jf lgdo !#=* sf] pklgod -#_ adf]lhdsf] cjlw
95

k"/f ePdf jf ;]jfaf6 x6fO{Pdf jf j/vf:t ul/Pdf lghsf]

lgNfDjg ;dfKt x'g]5 .
!#=!) ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ df}sf lbg' kg]{M -!_ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg]
clwsf/LNf]] s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg'eGbf cl3
sf/jfxL ug{ NffluPsf] sf/0fsf] pNNf]]v u/L ;f] sd{rf/LNffO{
plrt Dofb lbO{ cfgf] ;kmfO{ k]z ug]{ df}sf lbg'kg]{5 . o;/L
df}sf lb+bf lghdfly NfufOPsf] cf/f]k :ki6 ?kNf] lsl6Psf] /
k|To]s cf/f]k s'g s'g s'/f / sf/0fdf cfwfl/t 5 ;f] ;d]t
v'Nffpg' kg]{5 . To:tf]df ;DjlGwt sd{rf/LN]]f klg Dofb leq
cfgf] ;kmfO{ k]z ug'{kg]{5 . / o;/L k]z x'g cfPsf]
;kmfO{NffO{ ;DjlGwt clwsf/Ln] uDeL/tf k"j{s dgg
ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_
;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] cfjZos
7fg]df :jo+ jf s'g} cGo clws[t4f/f hfFrj'em
u/fpg ;Sg]5 . hfFrj'em ug]{ clws[tNffO{ b]xfosf]
tl/sf ckgfO{ ljefuLo hfFrj'emsf] sf/jfxL rNffpg]
clwsf/ x'g]5 M
-s_
aofg u/fpg], lNflvt k|df0fx? bflvNf
u/fpg] / ;fIfLsf] gfddf cfb]z hf/L ug]{ .
-v_
cleof]u Nffu]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df ;j"b
k|df0f j'e\mg] .
-u_
cleof]u Nffu]sf] sd{rf/LNffO{ ;fIfL;Fu lh/x
ug{ / cleof]u lj?4 ;j"t k|df0f bflvNf ug]{
df}sf lbg] .
-#_
pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] hfFrj'emsf] sfd ;lsPkl5

;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/L ;dIf hfFrj'em
clws[tN]f k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ kg]{5 . lghNf] To:tf]
96


k|ltj]bgdf ;hfo ;DjGwL sf/0f ;lxtsf] cfgf]

7x/;fy hf] ePsf] ;j"b k|df0f klg bflvNff
ug'{kg]{5 .
-$_
s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{ lgNfDjg ug'{ k/]df ;hfosf] cfb]z
lbg kfpg] clwsf/Nf]] lgNfDjg kq / pklgod -!_
adf]lhd ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ Nf]]lvPsf] kq ;DjlGwt
sd{rf/LNffO{ a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
-%_
;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] s'g}
sd{rf/L;Fu ;kmfO{ dfu ug'{ eGbf cufj} :jo+ jf s'g}
cGo clws[t4f/f pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ljefuLo
hfFrj'em u/fO{ lghsf] 7x/ ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg NfLg
;Sg]5 .
!#=!! ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg' cl3 ;hfo k|:tfj ug'{ kg]{ M lgod !#=!
adf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg'eGbf klxNf]] ljefuLo ;hfosf]
cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] lgod !#=!) sf] pklgod -!_
adf]lhd ;kmfO{ k]z ug{ lbOPsf] Dofb leq ;kmfO{ k]z gu/]df
jf k]z x'g cfPsf] ;kmfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf To:tf]
sd{rf/LNffO{ lbg NffluPsf] k|:tfljt ;hfo lsg glbg' egL
To; ;DjGwdf plrt Dofb lbO{ :ki6Ls/0f dfUg' kg]{5 .
!#=!@ ;kmfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs gx'gfsf] sf/0f v'Nffpg' kg]{ M ;hfosf]
cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LN]f s'g} sd{rf/L;Fu lgod !#=!)
sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] ;kmfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs
gePdf To;sf] sf/0f klg v'Nffpg' kg]{5 . To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf]
;DjGwdf lgod !#=!) sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd hfFrj'em
u/fOPsf] eP ;f] sf] gtLhf ;d]t pNNf]]v u/L k|:tfljt
;hfosf] cf}lrTo klg pQm :kli6s/0fdf v'Nffpg' kg]{5 .
!#=!# ;hfosf] cfb]z / gSsNf ;DjGwL sfo{ljlwM -!_ sd{rf/L pk/
s'g} ljefuLo ;hfosf] lg0f{o ubf{ ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg]
97
clwsf/Nf] ;DjlGwt sd{rf/LNffO{ ;kmfO{ jf :kli6s/0f k]z

ug{ kof{Kt df}sf k|bfg eP gePsf] ;d]t ljrf/ u/L lgh
sd{rf/Laf6 k]z ePsf] ;kmfO{, :kli6s/0f tyf pkNfAw
;Dk"0f{ ;j"b k|df0fsf] ;d'lrt d"Nof+sg u/L :ki6 sf/0f
v'NffO{ cfk\mgf] /fo 7x/;fy lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L ;hfosf]
cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] ;hfosf] cfb]zsf] ;DjGwdf
cfgf] :ki6 /fo ;fy cg';"rL!% adf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_
o; kl/R5]bdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f Nf]lvPsf] ePtf
klg s'g} sd{rf/LNffO{ Pp6f ;hfo k|:tfj u/L
;kmfO{, :kli6s/0f dfu u/] kl5 csf]{ ;hfo lbg] u/L
lg0f{o ug'{ x'Fb}g . t/ s'g} sf/0f k/L 36L jf a9L
;hfo ug'{kg]{ cj:yf k/]df lgod !#=!) sf]
sfo{ljlw k'gM k"/f ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_
;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] pklgod -!_
adf]lhd s'g} klg sd{rf/LNffO{ ljefuLo ;hfo lbg]
lg0f{o ubf{ lg0f{o ldlt eGbf klxNf]]b]lv g} nfu" x'g]u/L
lg0f{o ug'{ x'Fb}g .
t/ lgod !#=% sf] v08 -v_ jdf]lhdsf]

s;'/df ;hfo ubf{ sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt ePsf]
ldlt b]lv / lgod !#=^ sf] v08 -s_ / -v_
jdf]lhdsf] s;'/df ;hfo ubf{ cbfntaf6 s;"/ 7x/
ePsf] ldlt b]lv nfu' x'g] u/L lg0f{o ul/g]5 .
-$_
s'g} klg sd{rf/Lsf] ;DjGwdf pklgod -!_ adf]lhd
ePsf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]zsf] Ps k|lt gSsNf
;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf]] ;DjlGwt
sd{rf/LNffO{ lagf b:t'/ lbg' kg]{5 .
98

-%_
-^_
o; lgodfjnL jdf]lhd sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf]

;hfosf] clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 .
pklgod -%_ adf]lhd /flvPsf] clen]v clwsf/
k|fKt clwsf/Ln] gl;xt kfPsf]df ;f] ;hfo kfPsf]
ldltn] Ps jif{sf] cjlwe/, lgnDjg ePsf]df ;f]
cjlwe/, a9'jf /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf]
cjlwe/ / tna j[l4 /f]Ssf ePsf]df /f]Ssf ePsf]
cjlwe/ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] k|of]hgsf]nflu dgg\ ug'{
kg]{5M
-s_
ljefuLo k|d'vdf kb:yfkg ubf{,
-v_
sfod d'sfod d's// ubf{,
-u_
sfof{no k|d'vsf] kbdf lhDd]jf/L lb+bf,
-3_
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ubf{,
-_
k'/:sf/ k|bfg ubf{,
-r_
cWoog jf tflnddf dgf]gog ubf{,
-5_
ljz]if a9'jf ubf{, :t/j[l4 ubf{ /
-h_
cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] cj;/ k|bfg ubf{ .
!#=!$ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/L M -!_ lgod !#=! adf]lhdsf]

;hfFosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/LNf] lgod !#=!# adf]lhd
lbPsf] ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ lrQ gj'e\mg] sd{rf/LNf] b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] clwsf/L ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ sfof{Nfo k|d'v / ljefuLo k|d'vNf]] lbPsf] ;hfosf]
cfb]z pk/ dxflgb]{zs,
-v_ dxflgb]{zsNf]] lbPsf] ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ ;ldlt,

-u_ lgod !#=& sf] pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -u_ / pklgod
-@_ sf] v08 -v_ / -u_ adf]lhdsf] pk;ldltNf]] lbPsf]
;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ ;ldlt .
!#=!% k'g/fj]bgsf] sfo{ljlw M s'g} sd{rf/LNf]] lgod !#=!#
adf]]lhd cfkm'NffO{ lbPsf] ;hfosf] cfb]z lj?4 k'g/fj]bg lbg'
k/]df b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfoljlw ckgfpg' kg]{5 M
-s_
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sd{rf/LNf]] cfkm\g} gfdaf6
k'g/fj]bg lbg' kg]{5 / To:tf] k'g/fj]bg
plrt / cfb/;"rs efiffdf Nf]]lvPsf] x'g'
kg]{5 .
-v_
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ sd{rf/LNf]] k'/fj]bgsf] ;fydf
cfgf] ;kmfO{sf] lgldQ hf] ePsf] ;j'b
k|df0f ;+NfUg /fVg'sf ;fy} h'g lgodsf]
lj?4 k'g/fj]bg ul/Psf] xf] ;f] lgodsf]]
gSsNf ;d]t ;+NfUg ug'{ kg]{5 .
-u_
k'g/fj]bg lb+bf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/LNffO{
;Djf]wg u/L k'g/fj]bg btf{ u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-3_
;hfosf] cfb]z kfPsf] ldltNf]] k}+tL; lbg
leq k'g/fj]bg lbg' kg]{5 . t/ k'g/fj]bgsf]
Dofb g3fO{ k'g/fj]bg ug]{ JolQmN]f kof{Kt
sf/0f b]vfO{ lgj]bg lbPdf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg]
clwsf/LNf]] dgfl;j 7xofPsf] tLg
dlxgf;Dddf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgNffO{ btf{ ug{
;Sg]5 .
!#=!%
!#=!^ k'g/fj]bg dfly ljrf/ tyf lg0f{o M -!_ lgod
adf]lhd k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/Ln]
b]xfosf s'/fx? ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
99
100

;hfosf] cfb]zdf cfwf/ lNfOPsf s'/fx?sf]

oyfy{tf k|dfl0ft eO{;s]sf] 5 jf 5}g .
-v_
k|dfl0ft eO{ ;s]sf s'/fx? ;hfo ug{sf]
lgldQ kof{Kt 5g\ jf 5}gg\ .
-u_
;hfo u/]sf] 7Ls, kof{Kt ck|ofKt jf a9L
s] 5<
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf s'/fx?sf] ;DjGwdf ljrf/
ul/;s]kl5 k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/LNf]] k'g/fj]bsNffO{
lbOPsf] ;hfo ;b/ jf jb/ ug]{ jf To:tf] ;hfoNffO{
36fpg] u/L clGtd lg0f{o lbg ;Sg]5 .
!#=!& ;]jf k'gM :yflkt ePdf tLg dxLgf leq pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ Ms'g}
sd{rf/Lsf] ;DjGwdf o; lgodfjNfL adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf]
clGtd lsgf/f Nffu]kl5 To;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k jf cbfNftsf]
lg0f{o adf]lhd lghsf] ;]jf k'gM :yflkt x'g] ePdf ;f]
lg0f{osf] ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltNf]] tLg dxLgf leq lgh pkl:yt
x'g gcfPdf lghsf] gf]s/L yfdL lbg s/ NffUg] 5}g .

-s_
101
kl/R5]b !$
>]0fL / tx ldNffg ;DjGwL Joj:yf
!$+=!
>]0fL, ;'ljwf tyf tx ldNffg M -!_P]gsf] bkmf #@ adf]lhd

tTsfNfLg xjfO{ ljefu tyf cGtu{t sfo{/t ljleGg >]0fLsf
:yfoL kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf kl/0ft
x'Fbf b]xfo adf]lhd kb ldNffg ul/g]5 . o;/L kb ldNffg ubf{
lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] u]|8 ;+Vofdf g36g] u/L ldnfg
ul/Psf] txsf] u|]8 ;d]t lbOg]5 .
g]kfNf ;/sf/sf >]0fL k|flws/0fsf] tx
-s_
/f=k= k|yd >]0fL
afx|f} tx
-v_
/f=k= ltLo >]0fL
bzf}+ tx
-u_
/f=k= t[tLo >]0fL
cf7f}+ tx
-3_
/f=k= cg+ k|yd >]0fL
5}7f}+ tx
-_
/f=k= cg+ ltLo >]0fL kfFrf} tx
-r_
/f=k= cg+= t[tLo >]0fL rf}yf] tx
-5_
/f=k= cg+= rt'y{ >]0fL t];|f] tx
-h_
8fOe/ k|yd
t];|f] tx bf];|f] :t/
8fOe/ ltLo
t];|f] tx t];|f] :t/
8fOe/ t[tLo
t];|f] tx rt'y{ :t/
8fOe/ rt'y{
# u|]8 yk
-em_ lkog jf ;f] ;/x
k|yd Ps tx ltLo :t/
lkog jf ;f] ;/x
ltLo Ps tx t[tLo :t/
lkog jf ;f] ;/x
t[tLo # u]|8 yk
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd tx ldNffg ubf{ k|flws/0fsf]
;+u7g tfNfLsfdf l/Qm b/jGbL gePtf klg :jtM kb
;[hgf ePsf] dflgg]5 . o:tf kbx? pQm sd{rf/Lx?
j9'jf jf cjsfz e}} uPdf :jtM vf/]h x'g]5g\ .
102

-#_
!$=@
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd :j]R5fN]f k|flws/0f ;]jfdf hfg]

sd{rf/LNf]] g]kfNf ;/sf/df u/]sf] ;]jf cjlwsf]
k]G;g, pkbfg, cf}ifwL tyf cGo ;'ljwf gNfLOsg
uPsf] cj:yfdf lghsf] gf]s/L cjlw k|flws/0fsf
cGo sd{rf/L ;/x ;j} ;'ljwf Pj+ j[lQ ljsf;sf]
Nfflu k'/f cjlw u0fgf ul/g]5 .
-$_
pkbfg, k]G;g, cf}ifwL pkrf/ tyf cGo ;'ljwf
jfktsf] e'QmfgL glNfOsg k|flws/0f ;]jfdf kl/0ft
ePsf] sd{rf/Lsf] g]kfNf ;/sf/df u/]sf] ;]jf
cjlwsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjNfL cg';f/ kfpg] ;a} ;'ljwfx?sf] /sd
lx;fj u/L tLg ls:tfdf k|flws/0fNf] g]kfNf
;/sf/af6 k|fKt u/]kl5 k|flws/0fsf] ;d]t ;]jf hf]8L
cjsfz x'Fbf o;} lgodfjNfL adf]lhd e'QmfgL
ul/lbg]5 .
-%_
lgod !$=! sf] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|flws/0fsf]
;]jfdf kl/0ft x'g] sd{rf/LNffO{ lghx? jxfNf /xg]
tx, ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"x / kb lgwf{/0f u/L ;d"xs[t
u/]sf] hfgsf/L u/fOg]5 .
c:yfO{ sd{rf/L ;DjGwL Joj:yf M -!_ g]kfNf ;/sf/ xjfO{
ljefu / cGtu{tsf sfof{Nfodf k|rlNft lgodfg';f/ c:yfoL
lgo'lQm e} c6'6 ?kdf jxfNf /lx/x]sf sd{rf/Lx?NffO{ kbk"lt{
;ldltNf]] lgod #=& adf]lhd Ps k6ssf] Nfflu dfq l;ldt
Nofst k/LIff (Closed Sutibility Test) sf] k|s[ofaf6
5gf}6 u/L ;Ifd pDd]b\jf/NffO{ lgo'lQmsf] Nflu clwsf/ k|fKt
clwsf/L ;dIf l;kmfl/z ug]{5 . To:tf sd{rf/Lx?sf]
c:yfoL ;]jfsf] %) k|ltzt ;]jf cjwL Ho]i7tf /
103

lgj[lQe/0fsf] k|of]hgsf] Nfflu u0fgf ul/g]5 . o:tf

sd{rf/LNffO{ pDd]b\jf/ aGg pd]/sf] xb NffUg] 5}g .
-@_
;fljsdf xjfO{ ljefu jf cGtu{t k|rlNft
lgodfg';f/ lgo'lQm kfPsf c:yfoL sd{rf/Lx?Nf]]
cfgf] ;]jf 5'6fO{ cjsfz lNfg rfx]df jf cjsfz
ePdf lghNf] u/]sf] ;]jf cjlwsf] k|To]s jif{sf]
vfOkfO{ cfPsf] Ps dlxgfsf] tNfjsf] b/Nf]] x'g
cfpg] /sd Ps d'i7 g]kfNf ;/sf/Nf]] pkNfAw
u/fpg]5 .
104


kl/R5]b !%
ljljw
!%=!
!%=@
;'ljwfsf] xsbf/M s'g} sd{rf/L ;]jfdf jxfNf /xb} jf s'g} klg

lsl;daf6 ;]jfaf6 cjsfz k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 o; lgodfjNfL
adf]lhd kfpg] ;'ljwf NfLg gkfpb} d[To' ePdf To:tf] d[t
sd{rf/LNf] o; lgodfjNfL adf]lhd kfpg] ;'ljwf s;}NffO{
O{R5fPsf] /x]5 eg] O{R5fPsf] JolQmNffO{ / s;}NffO{ O{R5fPsf]
/x]g5 eg] k|rNfLt sfg"g adf]lhd lghsf] glhssf]
xsjfNffO{ lbO{g]5 .
a/j'emf/yM -!_ gofF lgo"lQm jf j9'jf ePsf] sd{rf/LNf]]
lgo'lQm jf j9'jf ePsf] kbsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cufj} cfgf]
lhDdfdf /x]sf gubL, lhG;L Nfufotsf ;j} sfuhkq lgo'lQm
jf j9'jf kqdf Dofb tf]lsPsf]df ;f]xL Dofb leq / Dofb
gtf]lsPsf]df lgo'lQm jf j9'jfsf] kq j'em]sf] ldltNf] af6f]sf]
Dofb jfx]s ;ft lbg leq ;f] kb ;DxfNg] csf]{ sd{rf/LNffO{{
j'emfpg' kg]{5 . ;fy} To:tf] gubL, lhG;L tyf sfuhkq
a'lemlng] AolQmn] klg ;f]xL Dofb leq j'lemlNfg' kg]{5 . t/
;f] Dofb leq j/j'emf/y x'g g;Sg] egL lbPsf] lgj]bg plrt
Nffu]df sfof{Nfo k|d'vNf]] yk @! lbgsf] Dofb lbg ;Sg]5 .
-@_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd j/j'emf/ysf] sfd ;dfKt
ePkl5 clVtof/ k|fKt JolQmaf6 j/j'emf/y k|df0fkq
lNfg' kg]{5 .
-#_
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd j'lemlNfg] AolQm ;DjlGwt
k|flws/0fdf xflh/L x'g cfPsf] /x]g5 eg] j'emfpg'
kg]{ JolQmNf]] cfkm" eGbf lgs6\td tNNff]] sd{rf/LNffO{
a'emfpg ;Sg]5 / To:tf] sd{rf/LNf]] a'lemlNfO{
;DjlGwt sd{rf/L xflh/L ePkl5 a'emfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
105
-$_
pklgod -!_ / -#_ adf]lhd a/j'emf/ysf] sfd

;dfKt ePkl5 ;f] sf] hfgsf/L ;DjlGwt ljefuNffO{
lbg'kg]{5 .
!%=# ;NNffxsf/ ;DjGwL Joj:yfM P]gsf] bkmf !( adf]lhd
;NNffxsf/ lgo'lQm s/f/df v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWodaf6
dfq ul/g]5 . To;/L lgo'Qm ePsf ;NNffxsf/sf] ;]jfsf] zt{
tyf ;'ljwf ;f]xL s/f/gfdfdf pNNf]]v eP cg';f/ x'g]5 .
!%=$ lg0f{odf c;/ gkg]{M o; lgodfjNfL adf]lhd clVtof/ k|fKt
clwsf/LNf] u/]sf] sf/jfxLdf tflTjs c;/ gkg]{ ;fgf]ltgf]
q'6Laf6 lg0f{odf s'g} c;/ kg]{ 5}g .
!%=% pd]/sf] xbM j9'jf k/LIffsf] Nfflu pDd]b\jf/ x'g k|flws/0fsf]
sd{rf/LNffO{ pd]/sf] xb NffUg] 5}g .
!%=^ ========================
!%=& =======================
!%=* clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgM o; lgodfjNfL adf]lhd cfkm"NffO{ k|fKt
ePsf] clwsf/ dxflgb]{zsNf]] ljefuLo k|d'v, sfof{Nfo k|d'v
tyf cGo clws[t sd{rf/LNffO{ oyf]lrt ?kNf] k|Tofof]hg ug{
;Sg]5 .
t/ ljefuLo sfjf{xL ug]{ /ph'/L ;'Gg] clwsf/
k|Tofof]hg ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
!%=(
k|zf;sLo cfb]z lbg] / jfwf c8\rg km'sfpg] M -!_

k|flws/0fsf b}lgs Joj:yfkgsf sfo{x?NffO{ k|efjsf/L /
ultlzNf t'Nofpg / ;ldltsf] lgb]{zg / k|Tofof]lht clwsf/
leq /xL plrt b]lvPsf cfb]z, lgb]{zgx? dxflgb]{zsn] ;do
klxnf] ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h .
106


;dodf hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . sd{rf/Lx?Nf] o:tf cfb]z,

lgb]{zgx? kfNfgf ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_
of] lgodfjNfLsf] k|fjwfgx?NffO{ sfof{Gjog ubf{ afwf
c8\rg cfPdf lgodfjNfLsf] ljkl/t gx'g] u/L
dxflgb]{zsNf] To:tf] jfwf c8\rg km'sfpg;Sg]5 .
!%=!) sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/L M o; lgodfjNfLdf ePsf k|fjwfgx?
sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/L gtf]lsPsf] v08df ;f] sf]
sfof{Gjog dxflgb]{zsn] ug]{5 .
!%=!! lgb]{lzsf Pj+ lbUbz{g jgfpg ;Sg] M of] lgodfjNfLdf Aoj:yf
ul/Psf k|fjwfg sfof{Gjog ug{ ;ldltNf] P]g tyf o;
lgodfjNfLsf] k|lts"Nf gx'g] u/L cfjZos lgb]{lzsf tyf
sd{rf/L lgodfjNfL lbUbz{g agfpg ;Sg]5 .
!%=!!-s_ cg';"rL ;+zf]wgM -!_ ;ldltn] o; lgodfjnLsf]

cg';"rLdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
!%=!@ arfpM lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf
lgodfjNfL, @)%) adf]lhd eP u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLx?
of] lgodfjNfL k|f/De ePkl5 o;} adf]lhd eP u/]sf]
dflgg]5 .
-lgod !=@ sf] -3_ ;+u ;DalGwt_

ljefuLo k|d'v
!=
@=
#=
107
cg';"rL!
dxflgb]{zs
pkdxflgb]{zsx? / afx|f} txsf clws[tx? /
;ldltNf] tf]s]sf cGo clws[tx?
108


cg';"rL@
cg';"rL #
-lgod !=@ -_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
-lgod @=# ;+u ;DalGwt_

;d"x tyf pk;d"xx?
sfof{no k|d'vx?
!=
lglZrt p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu 5'} ah]6 tyf b/aGbL eO{

cfly{s tyf k|zf;sLo clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] b]xfosf k|d'vx? M
!=
@=
#=
cfof]hgf k|d'vx?
lhNnf l:yt gful/s p8\8og sfof{nosf k|d'vx?
;ldltNf] ;do ;dodf tf]s]sf cGo clws[t tyf
kbflwsf/Lx?
k|zf;g ;]jf
;d"x
-s_ k|zf;g
pk;d"x;d"x
-s_ k|zf;g-v_ cfly{s k|zf;g
-v_ sfg"g
-u_ tYof+s
-3_ k':tsfno
@=
k|fljlws
;d"x
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-_
-_ Jofkf/ k|zf;g
;]jf
l;len O{lGhlgol/
O{NlS6sn O{lGhlgol/
d]sflgsn O{lGhlgol/
P/f]gf]l6sn O{lGhlgol/
l;len PlePzg ck/]zg-s_ Po/ 6flkms ;le{;]h
-v_ PlePzg kmfo/ ;le{;]h
-u_ nfO6 ck/]zg ;le{;]h
-r_
O{Nf]S6f]lgs P08 6]lnsDo'lgs]zg O{lGhlgol/
-5_
ljljw -k|fljlws_ M o; ;d"x cGt{ut /xg] kbx?
sDKo"6/ k|f]u|fd/, sDKo"6/ ck/]6/,
6]lnkmf]g ck/]6/, Sofd/fd]g,
PgfpG;/, ln6 ck/]6/, Aofu]h, 6nL ck/]6/,
kmf]6f]slk ck/]6/, xfn jxfn /x]sf t/ dfly s'g} klg ;]jf ;d"x / pk
;d"xdf gk/]sf kbx?

bf]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]wlt .
109
pk;d"x
-s_ Nf]vf
-v_ /fhZj
110


cg';"rL %
cg';"rL$
-lgod @=% sf] pklgod -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
-lgod @=^ ;+u ;DalGwt_
clws[t / ;xfos :t/sf tx / kbx
sfo{ ljj/0f kmf/fd
clws[t :t/
tx
kbgfd
jfx|f}
P3f/f}+
bzf}+
gjf}+
cf7f}+
;ftf}+
5}7f}+
pkdxflgb]{zs, dxfk|jGws, k|lti7fg k|d'v

lgb]{zs, ljdfg:yn k|d'v
pklgb]{zs, ljdfg:yn k|d'v
k|jGws, ljdfg:yn k|d'v
pk k|jGws, ljdfg:yn k|d'v
jl/i7 clws[t, ljdfg:yn k|d'v
clws[t, ljdfg:yn k|d'v
;xfos :t/
kfrf}+
rf}yf]
t]>f]
bf]>f]
klxnf]
jl/i7 ;xfos, jl/i7 ;jf/L rfns

;xfos, ;jf/L rfns, x]Nk/
;jf/L rfns, ;xfos x]Nk/, sfo{ ;xfos
jl/i7 sfof{no ;xof]uL
sfof{no ;xof]uL
kb / tx M
l/kf]{6 ug]{ clwsf/L
:jLs[lt ug]{
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=
*=
:jLs[lt ldlt
kbsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f / p2]Zo

sfd st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L
clwsf/
;dfg tx / cGo lgsfox?;+usf] ;DaGw
sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/x?
cfjZos cg'ej
cfjZos Pj+ jfG5gLo of]Uotf
k|ToIf dftxtsf kbflwsf/Lx?
sd{rf/Lsf] b:tvt M
;'kl/j]Ifssf] b:tvt M
:jLs[t ug]{sf] b:tvt M
111
kbsf] gDa/
112
cg';"rL ^
-lgod #=% / lgod ^=# ;+u ;DjlGwt_
s_ k|zf;g ;]jf
kbk"lt{sf nflu Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf
tx
;]jf
;d"x
pk;d"x
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu
klxnf]
bf]>f]
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
g]kfnL n]vk9 ug{ hfGg]
t]>f]
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
rf}yf]
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
rf}yf]
k|zf;g
cfly{s
k|zf;g
n]vf//fhZj
kf+rf}
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
kf+rf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
sfg'g
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 P;=

Pn= ;L= jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 P;=
Pn= ;L= jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 sfg'g
ljifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
cfGtl/s
k|ltof]lutfsf nflu
sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df

a9'jfsf] nflu
bz sIff pQL0f{
bzd sIff pQL0f{
bzd sIff pQL0f{
P;Pn;L pQL0f{
P;Pn;L ptL0f{
t];|f] ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

kfFrf} ;+zf]wgf/f lemlsPsf]
kfrf} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
113
kf+rf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
tYof+s
kf+rf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k':tsfno
kf+rf}+
k|zf;g
cfly{s
k|zf;g
n]vf//fhZj
5}7f}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
5}7f}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
sfg'g
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tYof+s

zf:q jf ul0ft ljifo ;lxt s'g}
ljifodf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6
k':tsfno ljifodf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq
tx pQL0f{ jf s'g} laifodf k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq pQL0f{ / k':tsfno ;DaGwL
tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 afl0fHo
zf:q, cy{zf:q jf Jofkf/ k|zf;gdf
k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
114
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 s'g} ;+:Yffaf6
s'g}
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ljifodf :gfts tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:Yffaf6 sfg'g ;+:Yffaf6
sfg"g
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ljifodf :gfts tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
kfrf} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
P;Pn;L pQL0f{{
P;Pn;L pQL0f{{
P;Pn;L pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:Yffaf6 s'g} ljifodf
k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:Yffaf6 sfg"g ljifodf
k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
;f] ;/x pQL0f{
5}7f}+
5}7f}+
5}7f}+
;ftf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
cfly{s
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
tYof+s
k':tsfno
n]vf//fhZj
k|zf;g
;ftf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
sfg"g
;ftf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
tYof+s
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tYof+s
;+:yfaf6
s'g}
zf:q jf ul0ft ljifo ;lxt s'g}
ljifodf :gfts tx
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
k':tsfno ljifodf :gfts tx pQL0f{ ;+:yfaf6
s'g}
jf s'g} ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] ljifodf :gfts tx
;/x pQL0f{ / k':tsfno ;DjGwL jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 afl0fHo
;+:yfaf6
s'g}
laifodf :gfts tx
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 s'g}
;+:yfaf6 s'g} klg
klg ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f]
ljifodf :gfts tx
;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 sfg'g
;+:yfaf6
sfg'g
ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x
ljifodf :gfts tx
pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tYof+s dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
zf:q jf ul0ft ljifo ;lxt s'g} ;+:yfaf6
s'g}
ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x ljifodf :gfts tx
pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6 s'g} ljifodf
k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf
;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 s'g} laifodf
;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 s'g} klg
ljifodf
k|lj0ftf
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 sfg'g ljifodf
;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;f] ;/x pQL0f{
115
;ftf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
;ftf}+
k|zf;g
cfly{s
k|zf;g
n]vf//fhZj
cf7f}+,
gjf}+ /
bzf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
cf7f}+,
gjf}+ /
bzf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
sfg"g
cf7f}+,
gjf}+ /
bzf}+
cf7f}+
gjf}+ /
bzf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
cfly{s
k|zf;g
k':tsfno
tYof+s
n]vf//fhZj
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6
s'g}
ljifodf :gfts tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6
s'g}
laifodf :gfts tx
:gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 s'g}
;+:yfaf6 s'g} klg
klg ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f]
ljifodf :gfts tx
;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 sfg'g
;+:yfaf6
sfg'g
ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x
ljifodf :gfts tx
pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tYof+s ;+:yfaf6 tYof+s
zf:q jf ul0ft ljifo ;lxt s'g} zf:q jf ul0ft
ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x ljifo ;lxt s'g}
ljifodf :gfts tx
pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
s'g}
laifodf :gfts tx
:gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 s'g} klg
ljifodf :gfts tx jf
;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 sfg'g ljifodf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{

k':tsfno ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx
pQL0f{ jf s'g} ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ / k':tsfno
;DjGwL tfnLd k|fKt
116
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6 tYof+s zf:q
jf ul0ft ljifo ;lxt
s'g} ljifodf :gfts tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
bzf}+
k|zf;g
cfly{s
k|zf;g
n]vf//fhZj
-rf6{8{ Psf06]06
kbsf] nflu_
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 rf6{8{

Psfp06]06 jf ;f] ;/xsf] l8u|L k|fKt
P3f/f}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
P3f/f}+
k|zf;g
cfly{s
k|zf;g
afx|f}+
k|zf;g/
k|fljlws
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6
s'g}
ljifodf :gfts tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 afl0fHo
zf:q, cy{zf:q jf
Jofkf/ k|zf;gdf
:gfts tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
:gfts tx pQL0f{ .
117
v_ k|fljlws ;]jf
tx
;]jf
;d"x
pk;d"x
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf nflu
bf]>f]
k|fljlws
On]lS6|sn/
d]sflgsn
OlGhgLol/+u
k|fljlws
d]sflgsn
OlGhgLol/+u
-;jf/L rfns_
t]>f]
t]>f]
k|fljlws
rf}yf]
k|fljlws
rf}yf]
k|fljlws
On]lS6|sn/
d]sflgsn/
l;len
OlGhlgol/+u
On]lS6|sn/
d]sflgsn/
l;len
OlGhlgol/+u
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg
g]kfnL n]vk9 ug{ hfGg] /

8fOle nfO;]G; k|fKt u/L
slDtdf # jif{sf] 8fOle
cg'ej ePsf] .
bzd sIff pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt
laifosf] ^ dlxgfsf] tfnLd
jf Ps aif{sf] sfof{g'ej

P;= Pn= ;L= jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt laifosf] ^

dlxgfsf] tfnLd k|fKt .
PlePzg
P;= Pn= ;L= jf ;f] ;/x
kmfo/
pQL0f{ / gful/s p8\8og;Fu
;le{;
;DjlGwt ;+:yfaf6 lhjgf]4f/
kfFrf} ;+zf]wg 4f/f lemlsPsf]
118
sfo{ Ifdtfsf]
cfwf/df a9'jfsf] nflu
bzd sIff pQL0f{ /

;DalGwt
laifosf]
tfnLd jf sfof{g'ej
tyf ljdfg:yn cUgL lgjf/0f

;DjGwL cfwf/e"t tflnd
k|fKt
kf+rf}+
kf+rf}+
kf+rf}+
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg
k|fljlws
On]lS6sn
OlGhgLol/+u

k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{ / gful/s
PlePzg
p8\8og;Fu
;DjlGwt
kmfo/
;+:yfaf6 lhjgf]4f/ tyf
;le{;
ljdfg:yn cUgL lgjf/0f
k|fKt
Po/
6flkms
;le{;];

s'g}
ljifodf
k|lj0ftf
pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
k|fKt tfnLd ;+:yfaf6 Po/
6flkms ;le{;]; ;DaGwL
slDtdf # dlxgf cjlwsf]
tflnd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;|:yfaf6
On]lS6sn
O{lGhlgol/
ljifodf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6 P;= Pn= ;L=
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
gful/s
p8\8og;Fu
;DjlGwt
;+:yfaf6
lhjgf]4f/
tyf
ljdfg:yn
cUgL
lgjf/0f
;DaGwL
cfwf/e"t tflnd k|fKt
P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ /
On]lS6sn
;DaGwL
tfnLd
k|fKt
jf
sfof{g'ej
119
kf+rf}+
k|fljlws
d]sflgsn
OlGhgLol/+u
kf+rf}+
k|fljlws
On]S6f]lgS;
P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
kf+rf}+
k|fljlws
l;len
OlGhgLol/+u
kf+rf}+
k|fljlws
cfls{6]S6
OlGhgLol/+u
5}7f}+
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg
PlePzg
kmfo/
;le{;

d]sflgsn
O{lGhlgol/
O{n]S6f]lgS;O{n]S6f]lgS; P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
l;len O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{
cfls{6]S6
OlGhgLol/+u
laifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ .
120
P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ /
d]sflgsn
;DaGwL
tflnd
k|fKt
jf
sfof{g'ej
P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ /
On]S6f]lgS;
P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg ;DaGwL
tflnd
k|fKt
jf
sfof{g'ej
P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{ /
;DalGwt
laifosf]
tflnd
k|fKt
jf
sfof{g'ej
dfGotf
k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
gful/s
p8\8og
;Fu
;DjlGwt
;+:yfaf6
lhjgf]4f/ tyf ljdfg:yn
cUgLlgjf/0f
;DaGwL
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6 P;\=Pn\=;L= jf
;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
gful/s p8\8og ;Fu
;DjlGwt
;+:yfaf6
lhjgf]4f/
tyf
ljdfg:yn cUgLlgjf/0f
;DaGwL
cfwf/e"t
tflnd k|fKt
5}7f}+
5}7f}+
5}7f}+
k|fljlws
k|fljlws
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg
O{n]lS6sn
OlGhgLol/+u
d]sflgsn
OlGhgLol/+u
Po/
6flkms
;le{;];
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;/x pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6
dfGotf
k|fKt
tfnLd
;+:yfaf6 Po/ 6flkms
;le{;]; ;DaGwL slDtdf #
dlxgf cjlwsf] tflnd k|fKt
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;|:yfaf6
On]lS6sn
O{lGhlgol/
ljifodf
;/x pQL0f{ jf k|df0fkq tx
pQL0f{ / On]lS6|sn laifosf]
tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
d]sflgsn
O{lGhlgol/
ljifodf
;/x pQL0f{ jf k|df0fkq tx
pQL0f{ / d]sflgsn laifosf]
tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
k|fKt tfnLd ;+:yfaf6
Po/ 6flkms ;le{;];
;DaGwL slDtdf #
dlxgf cjlwsf] tflnd
k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 P;\=Pn=;L= jf
;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
On]lS6|sn
laifosf]
tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 P;\=Pn=;L= jf
;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
d]sflgsn
laifosf]
tfnLd k|fKt
121
5}7f}+
k|fljlws
On]S6f]lgs P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
OlGhgLol/+u
5}7f}+
k|fljlws
l;len
OlGhgLol/+u
5}7f}+
k|fljlws
cfls{6]S6
OlGhgLol/+u
;ftf}+
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg

s'g} ljifodf :gfts tx jf
PlePzg ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ / gful/s
;DjlGwt
kmfo/ p8\8og;Fu
;le{;]; ;+:yfaf6 lhjgf]4f/ tyf
ljdfg:yn
cUgLlgjf/0f
122
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
O{n]S6f]lgS;O{n]S6f]lgS;
P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf k|lj0ftf
pQL0f{ jf k|df0fkq tx
pQL0f{
/
On]S6|f]lgS;/On]=P08 6]lnsd
laifosf] tfnLd k|fKt .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6
P;=Pn=;L=pQL0f{
/
On]S6|f]lgS;/ On]= P08
6]lnsd laifosf] tfnLd
k|fKt .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= jf
;+:yfaf6 l;len O{lGhlgol/+u
;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
;DalGwt
laifosf]
tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
cfls{6]S6 ;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= jf
OlGhgLol/+u laifodf k|jL0ftf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
laifosf]
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f] ;/x ;DalGwt
tfnLd k|fKt
pQL0f{ .
dfGotf
k|fKt lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
k|lj0ftf
;+:yfaf6 k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq ;+:yfaf6
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ u/]sf] k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
/ gful/s p8\8og ;Fu ;/x pQL0f{ u/]sf] /
;DjlGwt
;+:yfaf6 gful/s p8\8og ;Fu
;+:yfaf6
lhjgf]4f/ tyf cUgLlgjf/0f ;DjlGwt
;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tflnd lhjgf]4f/ tyf cUgL
;ftf}+
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg
Po/
6flkms
;le{;];
k|fKt / slDtdf ! dlxgfsf] k|fKt

;DalGwt laifosf] yk tfnLd
k|fKt .
lgjf/0f
;DaGwL
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

slDtdf
k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ /
k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 slDtdf
Ps
jif{{
cjlwsf]
cfwf/e"t Po/ 6flkms
;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt
k|fKt
lzIf0f
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f dfGotf
;+:yfaf6 lj1fg jf ;"rgf ;+:yfaf6 s'g} laifodf
k|ljlw (IT) jf Joj:yfkg slDtdf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq
ljifodf :gfts tx pQL0f{ / tx pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6
k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf k|fKt dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfaf6
;+:yfaf6 slDtdf ^ dlxgf slDtdf Ps jif{{ cjlwsf]
cjlwsf] cfwf/e"t Po/ cfwf/e"t Po/ 6flkms
;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt
6flkms ;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt
dfGotf
;+:yfaf6
k|fKt
lj1fg
lzIf0f
ljifodf
Physics / Mathematics
;ftf}+
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/];g
NkmfO6
ck/];g
;lxt k|lj0ftf k|df0fkq tx

jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ eO{ s'g}
klg ljifodf :gfts tx
pQL0f{ u/]sf] / cGt/f{li6o
gful/s pog ;+u7gsf s'g}
klg
;b:o
/fi6af6
Commercial
License jf
Pilot
Airlines
g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f ;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^(@#! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;+zf]lwt .
g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f ;+rfns ;ldltsf] @)^&##@ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;+zf]lwt .
123
Transport Pilot License
k|fKt u/]sf] .
;ftf}+
k|fljlws
On]lS6sn
OlGhgLol/+u
;ftf}+
k|fljlws
d]sflgsn
OlGhgLol/+u
;ftf}+
k|fljlws
On]S6f]lgS;
P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
;ftf}+
k|fljlws
l;len
OlGhgLol/+u
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
On]lS6sn
On]lS6sn
O{lGhlgol/+u
O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf k|jL0ftf
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
d]sflgsn
d]sflgsn
O{lGhlgol/+u
;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 ;+:yfaf6
O{n]S6f]lgS;O{n]S6f]lgS; P08 O{n]S6f]lgS;O{n]S6f]lgS;
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg O{lGhlgol/+u P08
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf k|jL0ftf
;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
l;len/Po/kf]6{
l;len/Po/kf]6{ O{lGhlgol/+u
;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{
124
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6
On]lS6sn
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
d]sflgsn
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
O{n]S6f]lgS;O{n]S6f]lgS;
P08 6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
l;len/
Po/kf]6{
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{
;ftf}+
k|fljlws
P/f]gl6sn
OlGhgLol/+u
;ftf}+
k|fljlws
cfls{6]S6
OlGhgLol/+u
cf7f}+
k|fljlws
On]lS6f]lgS;
P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
gjf}+
/
bzf}+
k|fljlws
On]S6f]lgS;
P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
P/f]gl6sn
P/f]gl6sn
O{lGhlgol/+u
;/x pQL0f{
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 cfls{6]S6
cfls{6]S6 OlGhgLol/+u
OlGhgLol/+u laifodf k|jL0ftf
laifodf :gfts tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{ .
pQL0f{ .
k|fKt
lzIf0f
O{n]S6f]lgS;
O{n]S6f]lgS; dfGotf
;+
:
yfaf6
O{
n
S
]
6
f
l
]
gS;
P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
P08
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf O{n]S6f]lgS;
6]
l
nsDo"
l
gs]
z
g
O{
l
Ghlgol/+
u
:gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f] ;/x
ljifodf
:gfts
tx
jf
;f]
pQL0f{
;/x pQL0f{
O{n]S6f]lgS;
O{n]S6f]lgS;
P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
pQL0f{
jf
s'g} ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
O{n]S6f]lgS;
O{n]S6f]lgS;
P08
;/x pQL0f{
jf
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
:gfts tx pQL0f{ /
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6
P/f]gl6sn
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
cfls{6]S6
OlGhgLol/+u
laifodf
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 O{n]S6f]lgS;
O{n]S6f]lgS;
P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
O{n]S6f]lgS;
P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
jf
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
125
k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 slDtdf Ps k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf k|fKt

aif{sf] P/f]gl6sn /]l8of] ;+:yfaf6 slDtdf Ps aif{sf]
d]lG6g]G; tfnLd k|fKt
P/f]gl6sn /]l8of] d]lG6g]G;
tfnLd k|fKt
cf7f}+,
gjf}+
/
bzf}+
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg

s'g} ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ / gful/s
;DjlGwt
PlePzg p8\8og;Fu
kmfo/ ;+:yfaf6 lhjgf]4f/ tyf
cUgLlgjf/0f
;le{;]h ljdfg:yn
;DjGwL cfwf/e"t tfnLd
k|fKt / slDtdf ! dlxgfsf]
P8efG; tflnd k|fKt
cf7f}+,
gjf}+
/
bzf}+
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg
Po/
6flkms
;le{;]h
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
s'g}
ljifodf
k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 Ps} r/0f jf
b'O{ r/0fdf u/L slDtdf Ps
jif{{ cjlwsf] cfwf/e"t Po/
6flkms ;le{;]h tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
;DjlGwt
;+:yfaf6
lhjgp4f/ tyf ljdfg:yn
cUgLlgjf/0f ;DjGwL tflnd
k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ / k|flws/0faf6
dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 Ps}
r/0f jf b'O{ r/0fdf u/L
slDtdf Ps jif{{ cjlwsf]
cfwf/e"t Po/ 6flkms
;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt
126
:gfts tx pQL0f{ /
k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
Ps aif{sf] P/f]gl6sn
/]l8of] d]lG6g]G; tflnd
k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ / gful/s
p8\8og;Fu ;DjlGwt
;+:yfaf6
lhjgf]4f/
tyf
ljdfg:yn
cUgLlgjf/0f ;DjGwL
tflnd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6
s'g} ljifodf :gfts tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 Ps}
r/0f jf b'O{ r/0fdf
u/L slDtdf Ps jif{{
cjlwsf] cfwf/e"t Po/
6flkms ;le{;]h tflnd

k|fKt
cf7f}+,
gjf}+
/
bzf}+
cf7f}+,
gjf}+
/
bzf}+
cf7f}+,
gjf}+
/
bzf}+
cf7f}+,
gjf}+
/
bzf}+
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg
k|fljlws
On]lS6sn
OlGhgLol/+u
k|fljlws
d]sflgsn
OlGhgLol/+u
k|fljlws
l;len
OlGhgLol/+u
NkmfO6
ck/];g

la1fg ljifodf k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ u/L s'g}
laifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{ u/]sf] / k|flws/0f
af6
sdl;{on
kfOn6
nfO;]G; k|fKt
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
u/]sf]
/
k|flws/0faf6
sdl;{on
kfOn6 nfO;]G; k|fKt u/]sf]

On]lS6sn
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
On]lS6sn
O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf :gfts

d]sflgsn
O{lGhlgol/+u
;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
d]sflgsn

l;len O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
pQL0f{
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 l;len O{lGhlgol/+u
;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
u/]sf]
/
k|flws/0faf6 sdl;{on
kfOn6 nfO;]G; k|fKt
u/]sf]
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
On]lS6sn
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
d]sflgsn
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 l;len
O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
127
cf7f}+,
gjf}+
/
bzf}+
P3f/f}+
P3f/f}+
k|fljlws
k|fljlws
k|fljlws
P/f]gl6sn
OlGhgLol/+u
On]S6f]lgS;
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg
PlePzg
kmfo/
;le{;]h

P/f]gl6sn
O{lGhlgol/+u
;/x pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6 P/f]gl6sn
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
O{n]S6f]lgS;
O{n]S6f]lgS;
P08
;/x pQL0f{
jf
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
:gfts tx pQL0f{ /
k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf k|fKt
;+:yfaf6 slDtdf Ps aif{sf]
P/f]gl6sn /]l8of] d]lG6g]G;
tflnd k|fKt
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
;DjlGwt
;+:yfaf6
lhjgf]4f/ tyf ljdfg:yn
128
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6
P/f]gl6sn
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
O{n]S6f]lgS;
P08
6]lnsDo"lgs]zg
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
jf
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
:gfts tx pQL0f{ /
k|flws/0faf6 dfGotf
Ps aif{sf] P/f]gl6sn
/]l8of] d]lG6g]G; tflnd
k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ / gful/s
p8\8og;Fu ;DjlGwt
;+:yfaf6
lhjgf]4f/
cUgLlgjf/0f ;DjGwL tflnd tyf

ljdfg:yn
k|fKt .
cUgLlgjf/0f ;DjGwL
tflnd k|fKt .
P3f/f}+
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg
Po/
6flkms
;le{;]h
P3f/f}+
k|fljlws
l;len
PlePzg
ck/]zg
NkmfO6
ck/];g
P3f/f}+
k|fljlws
On]lS6sn
OlGhgLol/+u
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 Ps}
r/0f jf b'O{ r/0fdf u/L
slDtdf Ps jif{{ cjlwsf]
cfwf/e"t Po/ 6flkms
;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt .
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
u/]sf]
/
k|flws/0faf6
sdl;{on
kfOn6 nfO;]G; k|fKt .
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
On]lS6sn
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfaf6
Ps} r/0f jf b'O{
r/0fdf u/L slDtdf
Ps
jif{{
cjlwsf]
cfwf/e"t Po/ 6flkms
;le{;]h tflnd k|fKt .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{
u/]sf]
/
k|flws/0faf6 sdl;{on
kfOn6 nfO;]G; k|fKt .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
On]lS6sn
129
P3f/f}+
k|fljlws
d]sflgsn
OlGhgLol/+u
P3f/f}+
k|fljlws
l;len
OlGhgLol/+u
P3f/f}+
k|fljlws
P/f]gl6sn
OlGhgLol/+u
afx|f}+
k|zf;g
k|fljlws
130
O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf :gfts O{lGhlgol/+u

ljifodf
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ .
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
d]sflgsn
;+:yfaf6 d]sflgsn
O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ .
pQL0f{ .
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 l;len O{lGhlgol/+u ;+:yfaf6
l;len
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf
;/x pQL0f{ .
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ .
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6
P/f]gl6sn dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f
Po/jlb{g];
O{lGhlgol/+u ;+:yfaf6 P/f]gl6sn
ljifodf :gfts tx jf ;f] Po/jlb{g]; O{lGhlgol/+u
ljifodf :gfts tx jf
;/x pQL0f{ .
;f] ;/x pQL0f{ .
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

:gfts tx pQL0f{ .
u_ k|fljlws ;]jf cGtu{t ljljw ;d"xsf kbx?

tx
;]jf
t]>f]
k|fljlws
rf}yf] k|fljlws
kf+rf}+
kf+rf}+
5}7f}+
;d"x
ljljw

cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf
pk;d"x
nflu
bzd sIff pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt
laifosf] ^ dlxgfsf] tfnLd jf
Ps aif{sf] sfof{g'ej .
ljljw
k|fljlws
ljljw
sDKo"6/
ck/]6/
k|fljlws
ljljw
sDKo"6/
ck/]6/ afx]s
ljljw
;d"xleq kg]{
kbx?
k|fljlws
ljljw
sDKo"6/
ck/]6/
P; Pn ;L pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt
laifosf] ^ dlxgfsf] tfnLd
k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{ / dfGotf k|fKt
;+:yfaf6 slDtdf ^ dlxgfsf]
sDKo'6/ ;DaGwL tflnd k|fKt .
;DalGwt laifodf k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ jf s'g}
laifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx
pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt laifodf ^
dlxgfsf] tflnd k|fKt .

a9'jfsf] nflu
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 bzd sIff pQL0f{
/ ;DalGwt laifosf] tfnLd
jf sfof{g'ej
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{
/ ;DalGwt laifosf] tfnLd
jf sfof{g'ej
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f

;+:yfaf6 k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq
tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ /
slDtdf ^ dlxgfsf]
dfGotf
k|fKt
lzIf0f
;+:yfaf6 P;=Pn=;L= pQL0f{
/ slDtdf ^ dlxgfsf]
sDKo'6/ ;DaGwL tflnd
131
sDKo'6/ ;DaGwL tflnd k|fKt .

k|fKt .
5}7f}+}
k|fljlws
;ftf}+ k|fljlws
;ftf}+}
ljljw
sDKo"6/
ck/]6/ afx]s
ljljw
;d"xleq kg]{
kbx?
ljljw
sDKo"6/
k|f]u|fd/
ljljw
sDKo"6/
k|f]u|fd/
k|fljlws afx]s ljljw
;d"xleq kg]{
kbx?

k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ jf P;=Pn=;L=
pQL0f{
/
k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx ;DalGwt laifosf] tfnLd
pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt laifosf] k|fKt
tfnLd k|fKt

sDKo'6/ O{lGhlgol/+u ljifodf
:gfts tx jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{

;DalGwt ljifodf :gfts tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ jf s'g}
laifodf :gfts tx ptL0f{ /
;DalGwt laifosf] ^ dlxgfsf]
tfnLd k|fKt
132
dfGotf k|fKt
;+:yfaf6
OlGhgLol/+u
k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq
;f] ;/x pQL0f{
lzIf0f
sDKo"6/
laifodf
tx jf

k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ jf
pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt laifosf]
tfnLd k|fKt
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yf

af6 sDKo"6/ OlGhgLol/+u
laifodf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq
jf
s'g} laifodf k|jL0ftf
pQL0f{ / dfGotf k|fKt
;+:yfaf6 sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fld+u
;DaGwL slDtdf ^ dlxgfsf]
tflnd k|fKt .
k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ jf
pQL0f{ / ;DalGwt laifosf]
tfnLd k|fKt
b|i6Jo M
!=
of] lgodfjnL nfu' x''geGbf cufl8 k|fljlws ;]jf l;len PlePzg ck/]zg ;d"x, Po/ 6flkms ;le{;]h
pk;d"xsf] kbdf ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf sd{rf/L jf Po/ 6flkms ;le{;]h sf] cfwf/e"t tflnddf 5gf}6
eO{;s]sf hgzlQmsf] xsdf ;]jf k|j]z / j9'jf k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g} klg ljifodf :gfts Go"gtd\
z}lIfs of]Uotf / s'g} klg ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ Ps tx dflysf] ;DjlGwt ljifosf] z}lIfs of]Uotfsf]
?kdf dfGo x'g]5 .
@=
tflnd eGgfn] kbk"lt{ ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"xnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;DjlGwt ljifodf k|fKt
u/]sf] tflndnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
#=
oL lgodx? k|f/De x'Fbfsf] avt tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] ;]jf, ;d"x pk;d"xdf jxfn /x]sf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghx?nfO{ To:tf] ;]jf, ;d"x tyf pk;d"xdf k|j]z ug{ tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf g}
o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf] lgldQ Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf dflgg]5 .
$=
k|zf;g ;]jftk{m bf]>f] / t]>f] tx tyf k|fljlws ;]jftk{m bf]>f], t]>f] -;jf/L rfns afx]s_ / rf}yf] P=kmf=;= ;d"x afx]s_ txsf kbx?sf] nflu cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf kbk"tL{ ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/;df ;ldltn] tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
%=
;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf eGbf Ps tx dflysf] ;DalGwt laifosf] s'g} Ps
cltl/Qm z}lIfs pkflwnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgf/f a9'jf ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu Ps tx dflysf]
of]Uotfsf] c+s u0fgf ul/g]5 .
133

g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f
sfof{no k|of]hgsf] nflu

k/LIffsf] ;+s]t g+=
/f]n g+=lj1fkg
g+=;'rgf g+=
==============================
k|wfg sfof{no, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+
k|fljlwsck|fljlws kbsf]
v'nfcfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf
cg';"rL&
-lgod #=( ;Fu ;DalGwt_
-s_
/f]n g+=
gfd, y/M
k/LIff s]Gb|M
txM
;d"x
gf]6M v'nf k|ltuf]lutff/f k"lt{ x'g] kbx? dWo]

lgodfg';f/ tf]lsPsf ;d"xsf pDd]baf/x? aLr dfq
k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg elg 5'6\ofOPsf] kbx?sf] kbk"lt{sf
nflu ePsf] lj1fkgdf b/vf:t lbg' ePsf] ;d"x lrGx
-)_ nufpg'xf];\ .
pk;d"x
s_ dlxnf
v_ cflbjf;LhghftL
u_ dw];L
3_ blnt
_ ckf
r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q
d"No = !)).
134
-v'nfcfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf nflu_
b]jgful/df
c+u|]hL 7"nf] cIf/df
gfd, y/
gful/stf g+=
:yfoL 7]ufgf s_ lhNnfM
3_ 6f]nM
kqfrf/ ug]{ 7]ufgfM
afa'sf] gfd, y/M
afh]sf] gfd, y/M
hGd ldlt -lj=;+=df_
-u_
$= ;]jfM
*= k/LIff s]Gb|M
v_ cflbjf;LhghftL
3_ blnt
r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q
pDd]bjf/sf] j}olQms ljj/0fM
pDd]bjf/sf]
kbM
;]jf
b:tvt kmf/fd
pDd]bjf/n] b/vf:t kmf/fd e/]sf] kb ;DaGwL ljj/0f
-v_
lj1fkg g+=
xfn;fn} lvr]sf] kf;kf]6{

;fO{hsf] k"/} d'vfs[lt b]lvg]
kmf]6f] 6fF;L kmf]6f]df ;d]t kg]{
u/L pDd]bjf/n] b:tvt ug]{ .
!= lj1fkg g+=
@= v'nfcf=k|=M
#= kbM
%= ;d"xM
^= pk ;d"xM
&= txM
(= v'nf k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ x'g] kbx? dWo] lgodfg';f/ s_ dlxnf
u_ dw];L
tf]lsPsf] ;d"xsf pDd]bjf/x? aLr dfq k|lt:kwf{
_ ckf
u/fpg egL 5'6\ofO{Psf kbx?sf] kbk"lt{sf nflu ePsf]
lj1fkgdf b/vf:t lbg'ePsf] eP ;d"x lrGx -)_
nufpg'xf];\ .
pDd]bjf/sf] b/vf:t kmf/fd

-cf=a=

lnM
hf/L ug]{ lhNnfM
ldltM
v_ g=kf=uf=lj=;=
u_ j8f g+=
_ dfu{3/ g+=
r_ kmf]g g+=
O{d]nM
cfdfsf] gfd, y/M
kltkTgLsf] gfd, y/M
-O{:jL ;Djtdf+_
xfn pd]/M jif{ dlxgf
z}lIfs of]Uotftflnd -b/vf:t kmf/d e/]sf] kbsf] nflu rflxg]

cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotftflnd dfq pNn]v ug]{_
cfjZos Go"gtd
of]Uotf
ljZjljBfnoaf]8{
tflnd lbg] ;+:yf
z}lIfs
pkflwtflnd
z}lIfs of]Uotf
tflnd
135
;+sfo
>]0fLk|ltzt
d"n
ljifo


-3_
sfof{no
cg'ej ;DaGwL ljj/0f -b/vf:t kmf/d e/]sf] kbsf] nflu rflxg]
sfof{no k|of]hgsf] nflu

kl/IffyL{sf] ;+s]t g+=
/f]n g+=lj1fkg g+=;'rgf g+=
==============================
cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotftflnd dfq pNn]v ug]{_

kb
;]jf;d"xpk;d"x
tx
:yfoLc:yfoLs/f/
cjlw
b]lv
;Dd
pDd]bjf/x?n] clgjfo{ ?kdf cfkm}n] lgDg ljj/0fx? :ki6 a'lemg]u/L pNn]v ug{'xf]nf .
;DalGwt ljsNksf] qmd;+Vofdf uf]nL -)_ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ .
!= pDd]bjf/n] b/vf:t kmf/fd e/]sf] kb ;DaGwL ljj/0fM

c;fwf/0f labf lnPsf] eP cjlwM =================== b]lv =================== ;Dd
d}n] o; b/vf:tdf v'nfPsf ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0fx? ;To 5g\ . b/vf:t a'emfPsf] kbsf]
lj1fkgsf] nflu cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L s'g} ;hfo kfPsf] 5}g . s'g} s'/f 9fF6] jf n'sfPsf]
7xl/Pdf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;xg]5'a'emfpg]5' . pDd]bjf/n] kfng ug]{ egL k|rlnt
sfg"g tyf o; b/vf:t kmf/fddf k[i7x?df pNn]lvt ;a} zt{ tyf lgodx? kfng ug{
d~h'/ ub{5' .
pDd]bjf/n] dfly pNn]v u/]sf] cg'ejsf] ljj/0f l7s 5
egL k|dfl0ft ug]{ clws[tsf] b:tvt
gfd, y/M
pDd]bjf/sf] b:tvt
kbbhf{M
ldltM
ldltM
sfof{nosf] 5fk
k|flws/0fsf] sd{rf/Ln] eg]{
/l;bef}r/ g+=
/f]n g+=
b/vf:t c:jLs[t eP ;f]sf] sf/0fM
kbM
kbk"lt{sf] tl/sfM
!= cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf
@= v'nf k|ltof]lutf
lj1fkg g+=
kbsf] lsl;dM
!= k|fljlws
@= ck|fljlws
;]jf
!= k|zf;g
pDd]bjf/sf] NofKr] ;lx5fk

bfofF
afofF
b/vf:t ?h' ug]{sf] b:tvtM

ldlt
b/vf:t :jLs[tc:jLs[t ug]{sf] b:tvtM
@= k|fljlws
;d'x -n]Vg'xf];\_+
_ tx
pk;d"x -n]Vg'xf];\_
txM != k|yd, @= bf]>f], #= t]>f], $= rf}yf], %=

kfFrf}, ^= 5}6f}+, &= ;ftf}+, *= cf7f}+, ( gjf}+,
!) bzf}+, !! P3f/f}+
@= pDd]bjf/sf] JolQmut ljj/0fM
ldltM
s= pDd]bjf/sf]
b|i6JoM
lsl;d;d"x
b/vf:t;fy lj1fkgdf pNn]lvt nufot lgDg lnlvt sfuhftx? clgjfo{ ?kdf

pDd]bjf/ cfkm}n] k|dfl0ft u/L k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
!_ g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk,

@_ ;dsIftf / ;Da4tf cfjZos kg]{df ;f]sf] k|ltlnlk,
#_ lj1fkg ePsf] kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] k|df0fkq / rfl/lqs
k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk -tflnd / cg'ej cfjZos kg]{df ;f] ;d]tsf] k|ltlnlk_,
$_ g]=gf=p= k|flws/0f sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]
lgod #=@ sf] pklgod -@_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu dlxnf, cflbjf;Lhghflt, dw];L
/ blnt pDd]bjf/n] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf] eGg] k|df0fsf] k|ltlnlk
k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
%_ ;]jf ;DaGwL P]glgodfjnLdf tf]lsPsf] eP ;DalGwt Joj;flos kl/ifb\df gfd
btf{ ePsf] k|df0fsf] k|ltlnlk .
136
gful/stf g+=M
gfd, y/M ======================== =======================
-klxnf] gfd_
-larsf]_
========================
-clGtd cyf{t y/_
v= hft -n]Vg'xf];\_
u= hGd :yfg / :yfoL 7]ufgfM
hGd :yfgM lhNnfM ==================== != uf=lj=;
jf
@= g=kf=
:yfoL 7]ufgfM lhNnf ================= != uf=lj=;
jf
@= g=kf=
3= b/vf:t lbg] clGtd ldltdf k'Ug] pd]/ ==================== jif{ =================== dlxgf
= ln
!= k'?if
r= wd{
!= lxGb'
5= j}jflxs l:ylt
!= ljjflxt
@= dlxnf
@= af}4
#= O{:nfd
@= cljjflxt
$= O{;fO{
#= ljwjfljw'/
h= tkfO{ cfkm"nfO{ s] eGg' ?rfpg' x'G5 <
137
%= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ========

$= cnu eO{ a;]sf]

!= lxdfnL
@= kxf8L
#= t/fO{
$= lk5l8Psf] If]q
%= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ========
em= tkfO{ cfkm"nfO{ s'g ;d"xju{df /fVg' x'G5 <

!= cflbjf;Lhghflt
@= blnt
#= j}Zo
$= If]qL
&= d';ndfg
*= cGo -pNn]v ug]{_ ========
` pDd]bjf/sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf
!= a]/f]huf/
%= a|fDx0f
@= ;/sf/L ;]jf
^= dw];L
#= cGo k]zf -pNn]v ug]{_ =======
6= dft[efiff -n]Vg'xf];\_
7= zf/Ll/s ?kdf czQm x'g'x'G5 <
!= 5'
@= 5}g
olb x'g'x'G5 eg] s:tf] k\sf/sf] zf/Ll/s czQmtf xf] v'nfpg' xf]nf ======
8= z}lIfs ;+sfo
-s'g} Psdf dfq lrGx nufpg'xf]nf_
!= dfgljls
^= OlGhlgol/
!)= ;+:s[t
@= sfg"g
#= Joj:yfkg $= lzIff %= lj1fg
&= lrlsT;f *= s[lif
(= jg
!!= cGo s'g} eP pNn]v ug]{
cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKtf k|ltzt

cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of}uotf eGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]UotfM
9= tkfO{n] cWoog u/]sf] lzIf0f ;+:yf s:tf] k|sf/sf] xf] <
SLC, O-Lvel, A-Leveljf +2 k9]sf] ljBfnoM
ljZjljBfnoM
ljZjfljBfnosf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\M
0f= z}lIfs cj:yfM
cfdfafa'sf] d'Vo k]zf -s'g} Ps_
!= 5, tx pNn]v ug]{
!= ;fd'bflos -;/sf/L_
!= ;fd'bflos -;/sf/L_
#= ljb]zL ===============
@= 5}g
@= ;+:yfut -lghL_ #= ljb]zL
@= ;+:yfut -lghL_
cfdf
!= lg/If/
@= ;fIf/ #= P;=Pn=;L= ;Dd
afa'
!= lg/If/ @= ;fIf/ #= P;=Pn=;L= ;Dd
!= s[lif @= Jofkf/Joj;fo #= lzIf0f -lghL;/sf/L_

%= ;/sf/L ;]jf ^= cGo eP -pNn]v ug]{_ ============
$= pRr lzIff
$= pRr lzIff
$= u}/;/sf/L
dfly pNn]lvt ljj/0fx? 7Ls 5g\

=================================
pDd]bjf/sf] b:tvt
138

pDd]bjf/n] kfng ug'{kg]{ lgodx?

!=
k/LIff lbg cfpFbf clgjfo{ ?kdf k|j]z kq Nofpg' kg]{5 .
k|j]zkq lagf k/LIffdf a:g kfOg] 5}g .
@=
k/LIff xn leq df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 .
#=
lnlvt k/LIffsf] glthf k|sflzt ePkl5 cGtjf{tf{ x'g] lbgdf
klg k|j]zkq Nofpg' clgjfo{ 5 .
$=
k/LIff z'? x'g' eGbf !% ldg]6 cufl8 306Lf/f ;"rgf u/]kl5
k/LIff xndf k|j]z ug{ lbOg]5, j:t'ut k/LIff xndf k|j]z
ug{ lbOg]5, j:t'ut k/LIff z'? ePsf] !% ldg]6 kl5 /
ljifout k/LIff z'? ePsf] !% ldg]6 kl5 / ljifout k/LIff
z'? ePsf] cfwf 306f kl5 cfpg] / j:t'ut tyf ljifout
b'j} k/LIff;Fu} x'g]df @) ldg]6kl5 cfpg] pDd]bjf/n] k/LIffdf
a:g kfpg] 5}g .
%=
k/LIff xndf k|j]z ug{ kfpg] ;do cjlw -a'Fbf g+= $ df
pNn]v ul/Psf]_ lat]sf] !) ldg]6 k5fl8 dfq pDd]bjf/nfO{
k/LIff xn aflx/ hfg] cg'dlt lbOg]5 .
^=
kl/Iff xndf k|j]z u/]kl5 lstfa, sfkL, sfuh, lr6 cflb
cfkm" ;fy /fVg' x'Fb}g . pDd]bjf/n] cfk;df s'/fsfgL / ;+s]t
;d]t ug'{ x'Fb}g .
&=
k/LIff xndf pDd]bjf/n] k/LIffsf] dof{bf ljk/Lt s'g} sfd
u/]df s]Gb|fWoIfn] k/LIff xnaf6 lgisfzg u/L t'?Gt sfg"g
adf]lhdsf] sf/jfxL ug]{5 / To;/L lgisfzg ul/Psf]
pDd]jf/sf] ;f] lj1fkgsf] k/LIff :jtM /2 ePsf] dflgg]5 .
*=
lj/fdL ePsf] pDd]bjf/n] k/LIff xndf k|j]z u/L k/LIff lbg]
qmddf lghnfO{ s]xL ePdf k|flws/0f hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5}g .
(=
pDd]bjf/n] k/LIff lbPsf] lbgdf xflh/ clgjfo{ ?kn] ug'{
kg]{5 .
!)= k|flws/0fn] ;"rgff/f lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{qmd cg';f/ kl/Iff
;+rfng x'g]5 .
139

!!=
!@=
pDd]bjf/n] j:t'ut k/LIffdf cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt k|Zg kqsf] sL

pQ/k'l:tsfdf clgjfo{ ?kn] n]Vg' kg]{5 . gn]v]df
pQ/k'l:tsf :jtM /2 x'g]5 .
s'g} pDd]bjf/n] k|Zg kqdf /x]sf] c:ki6tfsf] ;DaGwdf ;f]Wg'
kbf{ klg k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt cGo pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ afwf gkg]{
u/L lg/LIfsnfO{ ;f}Wg'kg]{5 .
k|j]zkq
xfn;fn} lvr]sf] kf;kf]6{

;fO{hsf] k"/} d'vfs[lt b]lvg]
kmf]6f] 6fF;L kmf]6f]df ;d]t kg]{
u/L pDd]bjf/n] b:tvt ug]{ .
k/LIffyL{n] eg]{M
s_ ;]jfM
v_ ;d"xM
u_ pk;d"xM
3_ txM
_ kbM
r_ k/LIff s]Gb|
3_ pDd]bjf/sf]M
lj1fkg g+=
lsl;d ;d"x


sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jfsf] b/vf:t kmf/fd
g]kfn gful/s pog
k|flws/0fsf] ;"rgf g+=M
txM
;d"xM
a9'jf x'g] kb ;+VofM
pDd]bjf/sf] k"/f gfd, y/M

7]ufgfM
afa'sf] gfdM
afh]sf] gfdM
axfn u/]sf] sfof{noM

;]jfM
;d"xM
pk;d"xM
;]jfM
pk;d"xM
!= gf]s/L ljj/0f -z'? b]lv xfnsf] kb;Dd_

kbsf] gfd,
tx, ;]jf,
;d"x,
pk;d"x
sfof{nosf]
gfd
lgo'QmL jf
a9'jfsf]
lg0f{o ldlt
jxfn u/]sf] ldlt
c;fwf/0f labf
a;]sf] eP cjlw
b]lv
b]lv
;Dd
;Dd
s;/L
cfPsf]
s}lkmot
gfd, y/M
b:tvtM
k|flws/0fsf] sd{rf/Ln] eg]{M

o; k|flws/0faf6 lnOg] pQm kbsf] k/LIffdf tkfO{nfO{ lgDg s]Gb|af6 ;lDdlnt x'g
cg'dlt lbOPsf] 5 . lj1fkgdf tf]lsPsf] zt{ gk'u]sf] 7x/ ePdf h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg
of] cg'dlt /2 x'g]5M
k/LIff s]Gb|M
/f]n g+=M
b|i6AoM
!= :yfoL, ljsf;, c:yfoL, ;]jf kl/jt{g s] xf] :ki6 pNn]v ug]{ .
@= lgodfjLsf] lgod ^=# cg';f/ a9'jfsf] pDd]bjf/ x'g c;/ kg]{ s]xL 5}g
egL s}lkmot dxndf pNn]v ug]{
#= :yfoL, ljsf;, c:yfoL, ;]jf kl/jt{g, ;d"x, pk;d"x kl/jt{g s;/L
cfPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f dxn g+= ^ df :ki6 v'nfpg] .
=============================
-clws[tsf] b:tvt_
b|i6AoM s[kof pDd]bjf/n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgodx? x]g'{xf]nf .
140
141


@= ljleGg jlu{st If]qdf uO{ sfd u/]sf] cg'ej -xfnsf] txsf] dfq_M
jxfn /x]sf] ldlt
b]lv
;Dd
jxfn /x]sf]
lhNnf
s'g ju{sf]
lhNnf xf]
vf]Ng]
?h' xflh/
eP lbg
s}lkmot
$= ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfsflng tflnd -xfnsf] txsf] dfq_

cjlw
tflndsf]
tflnd lbg] ;+:yfsf]
tx
ljifo
gfd / 7]ufgf
b]lv
;Dd
s}lkmot
b|i6JoM
!= tflndsf] k|df0fkqdf cjlw v'n]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
@= ;]jfsflng tflnd jfkt s'g} Pp6f tflndnfO{ dfq c+s lbOg]5 .
b|i6AoM
!= dxn g+= # df lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^=% sf] pklgod -!)_ cg';f/ ju{
v'nfpg kg]{5 .
@= jlu{s[t If]q ;DaGwdf ?h' xflh/sf] cfwf/df dfq ;f] jfktsf] c+s kfpg]
x'Fbf ?h' xflh/ slt -jif{, dlxgf, lbg_ ePsf] xf] g+= % sf] dxndf :ki6
v'nfpg' kg]{5 .
#= z}lIfs of]Uotf -lgodfjnLsf] lgod ^=% sf] pklgod -$_ cg';f/ kfpg]
c+sM
z}lIfs
of]Uotf
cWoog cjlw
b]lv
;Dd
>]0fL
lzIf0f ;+:yfsf] gfd,

7]ufgf
s}lkmot
dfly plNnlvt ljj/0fdf s'g} s'/f em'f n]lvPsf] jf hfgfhfgL ;fFrf] s'/f bafpg]
p2]Zon] n]lvPsf] 7x/] sfg'g adf]lhd ;hfo :jLsf/ ug]{5' egL 5fk ug]{M
sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM
;xLM
kbM
ldltM
bfofF cf}+7fsf] NofKr] ;lx5fkM

pk/f]Qm Aoxf]/f sfof{nodf /x]sf] lghsf] /]s8{ cg';f/sf] xf] / o;df lghn] d]/f]
/f]xj/df ;lx5fk u/]sf] l7s xf] egL
k|dfl0ft ug]{M
b|i6JoM
!= kmf/fddf plNnlvt ;a} pkflwx?sf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
k|ltlnlk k]z gu/]df ;f] jfktsf] c+s kfOg] 5}g .
142
ljefluosfof{no k|d'vsf] gfdM
;lxM
bhf{M
ldltM
143


cg';"rL *
-lgod $=^ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
zky u|x0f kmf/fdsf] gd"gf
-lgod $=& sf] pklgod -!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_

sd{rf/Lsf] j}olQms ljj/0f kmf/fd
d ======================================================================================
================================= O{Zj/sf] gfddf ;ky lnG5' ls g]kfn
gful/s pog k|flws/0fsf] sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otn] dnfO{ tf]lsPsf]
sfd d]/f] 1fg, zLk / ljj]sn] hfg] a'em];Dd O{dfg, wd{ tyf st{Jo
;DemL b]z / g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0fk|lt jkmfbf/ /xL eo,
kIfkft jf ]if g/fvL nf]e nfnr df]nflxhf gu/L cg'zf;gdf /xL
g]kfn gful/s pog k|flws/0fsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%^ -;+zf]wg ;lxt_ df ePsf] Joj:yfsf] clwgdf /xL
cfkm\gf] st{Josf] kfngf ug]{5' . dnfO{ 1ft x'g cfPsf] gLltut
;/sf/L / k|flws/0fsf] uf]Ko sfd sf/jfxL clws[t JolQmnfO{ afx]s
cGo cglws[t JolQm jf ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ d ;]jfdf /x] jf g/x]sf]
h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ?kn] eGg] jf ;+s]t ug]{ 5}g .
zky u|x0f ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf]
zky u|x0f u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ug]{ clwsf/Lsf]
s_ gfdM
s_ gfdM
v_ b:tvtM
v_ b:tvtM
u_ ldltM
u_ ldltM
3_ ;]jfM
3_ kbM
_ ;d"xpk;d"xM
_ sfof{noM
r_ txM
r_ sfof{nosf] 5fkM
144
cg';"rL (
sd{rf/Lsf] k"/f gfd y/M

:yfoL 7]ufgfM
3/ ePsf] lhNnfM
sfof{noM
xfnsf] sfof{noM
kmf]g g+=M
gful/stf M
;fn dlxgf ut]
lnM :qLk'?if
x'lnofM j}jfxLs l:yltM
hGd ldltM
wd{M
ljjflxt eP kltkTgLsf] gfdM
k]zfM
lktfsf] gfdM
afh]sf] gfdM
O{R5fPsf] JolQmsf] gfdM
k"j{ k]zfM
;+/Ifssf] gfdM
cfsl:ds cj:yfdf va/ ug'{ kg]{
JolQmsf]M
7]ufgfM
cfkm\gf] lgh;Fusf] ;DaGwM
z}lIfs of]UotfM
7]ufgfM
qm=;=
lzIf0f
;+:yfsf]
gfd
z}lIfs
of]Uotf
kf;kf]6{
;fO{hsf]
kmf]6f]
gfd, 7]ufgfM
kmf]gM
>]0fL
d"n
ljifo
145
cWoog
u/]sf] ;fn
==== b]lv
===== ;Dd
kl/Iffkmn
k|sflzt
ePsf]
jif{
s}lkmot


cg';"rL !)
k|lzIf0f tflnd cflb -6fO{lk, z6{Xof08, sDKo'6/ cflb ;d]t k|lzIf0f kfPsf] eP ;f]
v'nfpg]_M
qm=;+=
tflnd lbg]
;+:yf
tflndsf]
ljifo
cjlw
b]lv
;Dd
>]0fL
s}lkmot
dft[efiffM Hofb} /fd|f]/fd|f];fdfGos] xf] v'nfpg]

n]vk9 ug{ / af]Ng hfg]sf c? efiffx?M
?lr tyf cltlQm s[ofsnfkM
jlu{s[t If]qdf sfo{ u/]sf] ljj/0fM
If]q
sfd u/]sf] ;do

b]lv
s}lkmot
;Dd
k|f]T;fxL k'/:sf/ kfPsf] ldlt tyf ljj/0fM

qm=;+=
k|z+;fkq
tna j[l4
gub k'/:sf/
cGo
-lgod ^=% sf] pklgod -!)_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_

ef}uf]lns If]qsf] jlu{s/0f
s ju{
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
tfKn]h' gful/s pog sfof{no

n'Snf gful/s pog sfof{no
kmfKn' gful/s pog sfof{no
dgf gful/s pog sfof{no
hf]d;f]d gful/s pog sfof{no
8f]Nkf gful/s pog sfof{no
afh'/f gful/s pog sfof{no
l;ldsf]6 gful/s pog sfof{no
aemf gful/s pog sfof{no
?s'd gful/s pog sfof{no
rf}/emf/L -?s'd_ gful/s pog sfof{no
:ofFaf]r] gful/s pog sfof{no
/f]Nkf gful/s pog sfof{no
nfd6f gful/s pog sfof{no
bfr'{nf gful/s pog sfof{no
h'Dnf gful/s pog sfof{no
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
ef]hk'/ gful/s pog sfof{no

t'lDn6f/ gful/s pog sfof{no
nfld8fF8f gful/s pog sfof{no
/fd]5fk gful/s pog sfof{no
?Dhf6f/ gful/s pog sfof{no
8f]6L gful/s pog sfof{no
a}t8L gful/s pog sfof{no
;fFkm]ju/ gful/s pog sfof{no
kfn'6f/ gful/s pog sfof{no
lh/L gful/s pog sfof{no
9f]/kf6g gful/s pog sfof{no
s}lkmot
v ju{
!
@
#
$
%
sd{rf/L k|zf;g zfvfsf] clen]vsf] k|of]hgsf] lglDtM

!= sd{rf/L ;+s]t g+=
@= sd{rf/L %* jif{ k'Ug] ldltM
#= cGo
-s}lkmot dxndf ljj/0f eg]{ ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] ldlt ;lxt b:tvt ug'{kg]{5_
146
147


u ju{
cg';"lr!!
-lgod ^=^= pklgod -!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
wgu9L gful/s pog sfof{no

dx]Gb|gu/ gful/s pog sfof{no
l6sfk'/ gful/s pog sfof{no
bf gful/s pog sfof{no
;'v]{t gful/s pog sfof{no
jfUn' gful/s pog sfof{no
3 ju{
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
e/tk'/ gful/s pog sfof{no

l;d/f gful/s pog sfof{no
hgsk'/ gful/s pog sfof{no
uf}tda'4 gful/s pog sfof{no
/fhlj/fh gful/s pog sfof{no
d]3f}nL gful/s pog sfof{no
rGb|u9L gful/s pog sfof{no
kf]v/f gful/s pog sfof{no
lj/f6gu/ gful/s pog sfof{no
g]kfnu~h gful/s pog sfof{no
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf l:yt k|flws/0f cGtu{tsf sfof{nox?
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd eg]{ lgb]{lzsf

!=
of] kmf/fd k|To]s cfly{s jif{ ->fj0f ! b]lv c;f/ d;fGt;Dd

sfd u/]sf] cfwf/df_ eg'{ kg]{5 .
@=
sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdnfO{ kfFr v08df lgDg cg';f/

ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
v08
v08
v08
v08
v08
#=
v08 -s_ df plNnlvt sfdsf] ljj/0f cGtu{t /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{

ljifo, nIo / sd{rf/Ln] eg]{ egL tf]lsPsf] dxndf pknAwL
;d]t ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] eg'{ kg]{5 . tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf
cfkm'n] u/]sf] sfdx?nfO{ ;s];Dd ;d]l6g] u/L a9Ldf cfkm"n]
u/]sf ;a} sfdx?nfO{ ;s];Dd ;d]l6g] u/L a9Ldf kfFrj6f
sfdx? 5f]6s/Ldf pNn]v ug'{kg]{5 . o;/L el/Psf] kmf/fd
b:tvt / ldlt;lxt tf]lsPsf] ;'kl/j]Ifs ;dIf k]z
ug'{kg]{5 .
$=
;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;DalGwt sd{rf/Laf6 el/Psf] kmf/fd k|fKt

ePkl5 v08 -s_ df plNnlvt ;'kl/j]Ifsn] eg]{ / l6Kk0fL
eg]{ egL tf]lsPsf] dxndf sd{rf/Laf6 el/Psf] pknAwL
;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L pknAwL eg'{ kg]{5 . pknAwL /
l6Kk0fLsf] cfwf/df ;'kl/j]Ifsn] v08 -v_ sf] ;'kl/j]Ifsf]
d"Nof+sg sf] c+s eg'{ kg]{5 . o;/L d"Nof+sg ul/;s]kl5
ju{
===========================
gf]6M of] lgodfjnL nfu' x'g'eGbf cuf8Lsf] ef}uf]lns If]q jfktsf] c+s u0fgf lghfdtL
;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL cg';f/ ul/g]5 .
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f vf/]h .
148
s ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ljj/0f / pknAwL

v sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ d"Nof+sg
u k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] d"Nof+sg
3 a9'jf ;ldltn] eg]{
clen]v Joj:yf
149


%=
^=
cfkm\gf] b:tvt / ldlt;lxt of] kmf/d k'g/fjf]nf]sgstf{

;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
k'g/jfn]sg ;ldltdf k7fpg' kg]{5 . k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn]

!% lbg leq pQm kmf/fd a9'jf ;ldltdf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] ;'kl/j]Ifsaf6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] kmf/fdsf]

v08 -s_ sf] cfwf/df v08 -v_ k'g/fjnf]sgstf{sf]
d"Nof+sgsf] c+s eg'{kg]{ 5 . o;/L el/Psf] kmf/fd
k'g/fjnf]sgstf{sf] b:tvt / ldlt ;lxt k'g/fjnf]sg
;ldltdf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
t/ of] lgodfjnL nfu' ePkl5 sd{rf/Ln] klxnf] k6s sfo{

;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd e/L k]z ug'{ kg]{ cjlw >fj0f !%
ut] ;Ddsf] ;f cflZjg d;fGt;Dd sfod x'g]5 .
k'g/fjfn]sg ;ldltn] v08 -u_ cg';f/sf] kmf/fd e/L

b:tvt / ldlt ;lxt of] kmf/fd a9'jf ;ldltsf]
;lrjfnodf k]z ug'{kg]{5 . k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] k]z x'g
cfPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdx?df cfjZos b]lvPdf
k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ jf ;'kl/j]Ifs;Fu k'i6\ofO{sf] dfu ug]{ jf
k'glj{rf/sf] nflu lghsxfF k7fpg ;Sg]5 . k'gM k]z x'g
cfPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd cf}lrTok"0f{ jf c+s
;+zf]wg geO{ cfPdf k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] o; ljifodf
l6Kk0fL u/L To:tf] ;'kl/j]Ifs jf k'g/fjnf]sgstf{sf] clen]v
/fVg ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
&=
Pp6f cjlwleq PseGbf a9L ;'kl/j]Ifssf] ;'kl/j]If0fdf /xL

sfd u/]sf] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf of] kmf/fd eg'{ kbf{ ;f] cjlwsf]
cGtdf hf] ;'kl/j]Ifs x'G5 p;}n] k'/f cjlwsf] kmf/fd eg'{
kg]{5 .
*=
k|To]s sd{rf/Lx?n] of] kmf/fd >fj0f !% ut] leq cfkm'n] eg'{

kg]{ ljj/0fx? e/L ;'kl/j]Ifs ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{5 .
;'kl/j]Ifsn] ;f] kmf/fd k|fKt ePsf] !% lbg leq cfkm"n] eg'{
kg]{ d"Nof+sgsf] Joxf]/f e/L k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ ;dIf kmf/fdf
k]z ug'{kg]{5 . k'g/fjnf]sgstf{n] ;f] kmf/fd cfkm' ;dIf k|fKt
ePsf] !% lbg leq cfkm\gf] d"Nof+sg ;lxt pQm kmf/fd
(=
!)= sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg ug]{ ;'kl/j]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg stf{n]

d"Nof+sg u/]sf kmf/ddf clgjfo{ ?kdf cfkm\gf] gfd, kb, tx
/ ldlt :ki6 ?kdf n]lv b:tvt ;d]t ug'{ kg]{5 .
150
tf]lsPsf] ;doleqdf of] kmf/fd e/L ;'kl/j]Ifs sxfF btf{

u/L a'emfpg' k5{ jf x'nfsaf6 k7fpg' kg]{ eP tf]lsPsf]
;do leqdf x'nfsdf /lhi6/ btf{ u/L ;'kl/j]Ifs sxfF
k7fpg' k5{ . dgfl;j dflkmssf] sf/0f j]u/ tf]lsPsf] ;do
leq k]z gu/L To;kl5 k]z u/]df sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]jfkt
k|fKt u/]sf] s"n k|fKtfaf6 kfFr c+s 36fO{g]5 .
==============
!!=
sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd eg]{ sd{rf/Ln] sfo{ ;Dkfbg

d"Nof+sgsf] ;DalGwt kfgfx?df gfd pNn]v u/L b:tvt
;d]t ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
t]>f] ;+zf]wgf/f x6fOPsf] .

151


sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fdsf] 9fFrf
nIo
gtf]lsPsf]
sfdx?
ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] sfof{noM

ldltM
sd{rf/Lsf]gfdM
cjlwM
@= tx
clt pQd
;'kl/j]Ifsn] eg]{
pQd
;fdfGo
b]lv
;Dd
sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM
#= ;]jf M
$= ;d"xM %= pk;d"xM
s'g} sfd ;Dkfbg x'g g;s]sf] eP To;sf sf/0fx?
;'kl/j]If0fsf] l6Kk0fL
^= sfof{nosf] gfdM
sf/0fx?
sf/0f
&= o; d"Nof+sgsf] cjlwdf ;?jf ePsf sfof{nox?
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-s_ sf/0fx? cf}lrToM

7Ls
a]l7s
qmdzM
v08 -s_
;Dkflbt sfdsf] ljj/0f
nIo
pknAwL
;'kl/j]Ifsn]
eg]{
;dodlxgf
nfut/sd
kl/df0f;+Vof
;donIosf]
k|ltzt
nfutnIosf]
k|ltzt
kl/df0fnIosf]
k|ltzt
;do
nfut
sd{rf/Ln] eg]{
kl/df0f
;dfwfg ug{ ul/Psf

k|of;x?
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
sd{rf/Lsf] b:tvtM
u'0f:t/clt
pQd, pQd,
;dfGo / Go"g
sfdsf]
ljj//0f
Go"g
-s_
-v_
-u_
-3_
-_
btf{ g+=M
!= kbM
sd{rf/Ln]
eg]{ pknAwL
ljj/0f
b|i6JoM
nIo tf]lsPsf sfdsf] lgldQ lgwf{l/t cfwf/x? -kl/df0f, nfut, ;do / u'0f:t/_ ;Dej
eP;D dug]{ k|of; x'g'kg]{ . nIo gtf]lsPsf sfdx?sf] xsdf ;'kl/j]Ifsn] d"Nof+sg ubf{
;Dej eP;Dd dfq kl/df0f,nfut / ;dosf] cfwf/df ug'{kg]{5 . sd{rf/LN]f nIo
gtf]lsPsf] sfdx?sf] pknAwL ljj/0f eg'{ kbf{ ;Dej eP;Dd kl/df0f, nfut /
;donfO{ cf}Nofpg' kg]{5 .
nIo tf]lsPsf]
sfdx?
-s_
-v_
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152
-v_ sf/0fx? ;dfwfg ug{

ul/Psf k|of;x?
7Ls
a]l7s
;'kl/j]Ifssf] b:tvtM
ldlt
kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
153


v08 v
sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg
v08 v
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] d"Nof+sg
sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM
sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM
;'kl/j]Ifssf] d"Nof+sg
sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/
:t/
JolQmut u'0f Pj+ cfr/0f
kg'/fjnf]sgstf{sf] d"Nof+sg
:t/
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pQd
;fdfGo
Go"g
clt pQd
pQd
;fdfGo
Go"g
^=@%
#=)
@=%
!=%
!= ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du|

kl/df0f
@= ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| nfut
clt
pQd
!
$= ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| u'0f

hDdf
;fdfGo
Go"g
)=%
)=@%
-s_ tx !@ sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu

-!_ gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf
-@_ 5nkmn tyf jftf{ ug]{ Ifdtf
-#_ ljj]ssf] k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / d"Nof+sg
-$_ g]t[Tj / ;+u7gfTds Ifdtf
-%_ k]zfut ;+j]bglzntf, O{dfGbfl/tf, uf]klgotf cflb_
k"0ff{ %
k|fKtf+s
k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf]

b:tvtM
#= ;Dkflbt sfdsf] ;du| ;do
pQd
)=&%
ldltM
sd{rf/Lsf gfdM
k|fKtf
k|fKtf
k"0f{f M @%
k"0f{f M !)
;'kl/j]Ifsf]
k'g/fjnf]sgstf{sf]
b:tvtM
b:tvtM
ldltM
ldltM
nfutnfO{ d"Nof+sg ug{ ;Dej gb]lvPdf o; jfkt 5'6\ofOPsf] c+s afFsL tLgj6f
cfwf/x?df ;dfg'kflts lx;fadf ljt/0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .
:t/
pQd
;fdfGo
Go"g
)=#&%
)=@%
)=!@%
-v_ tx !) / !! sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu

-!_ ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk
-@_ gLlt ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf
-#_ ;[hgzLntf / cu|;/tf
-$_ g]t[Tj / ;+u7gfTds Ifdtf
-%_ ljj]ssf] k|of]u ug]{ / lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf
-^_ k]zfut ;+j]bglzntf, O{dfGbfl/tf, uf]klgotf cflb_
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-*_ sfo{ rfk jxg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf
-(_ cGt/j}olQms :jefj / ;~rf/ zLk
-!)_ ;xof]uLnfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ Ifdtf
k"0ff{ %
k|fKtf+s

b:tvtM
154
clt
pQd
)=%)
155
ldltM

sd{rf/Lsf gfdM

sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM
:t/
clt
pQd
)=%)
pQd
;fdfGo
Go"g
)=#&%
)=@%
)=!@%
-u_ tx * / ( sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu

-!_ ljifo j:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk
-@_ cGt/j}olQms :jefj / ;~rf/ zLk
-#_ ljj]ssf] k|of]u ug]{ / lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf
-$_ sfo{ rfk jxg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf
-%_ ;do 7ls lsl;daf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg kmf/fd
eg]{ / d"Nof+sg ug]{ .
-^_ g]t[Tj / ;+u7gfTds Ifdtf
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-*_ k]zfut ;+j]bglzntf, O{dfGbfl/tf, uf]klgotf cflb_
-(_ ;xof]uLnfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ Ifdtf
-!)_ >f]t / ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u
k"0ff{ %
k|fKtf+s

b:tvtM
;fdfGo
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)=%
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ldltM
clt
pQd
)=%)
pQd
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)=&%
)=%
)=@%
-3_ tx ^ / & sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu

-!_ ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg / ;Lk
-@_ sfo{of]hgf kl/df0f / :t/
-#_ ljj]ssf] k|of]u, lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / d"Nof+sg
-$_ sfo{ rfk jxg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf
-%_ ;[hgzLntf / cu|;/tf
k"0ff{ %
k|fKtf+s
:t/
ldltM
:t/
clt
pQd
)=%)
pQd
;fdfGo
Go"g
)=&%
)=%
)=@%
-r_ tx !, @, # sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu

-@_ lgb]{zfg';f/ sfd ug]{ Ifdtf
-#_ sfddf ?rL / pT;fx
-$_ cf1fkfng / cg'zf;g
-%_ ;hutf / lz3|tf
k"0ff{ %
k|fKtf+s

b:tvtM
156
pQd
)=&%
sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM
sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM

b:tvtM
clt
pQd
!
-_ tx $ / % sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu
-@_ lgb]{zfg';f/ sfd ug]{ Ifdtf
-#_ sfddf ?rL / pT;fx
-$_ cf1fkfng / cg'zf;g
-%_ ;hutf / lz3|tf
k"0ff{ %
k|fKtf+s

b:tvtM
:t/
ldltM
157
ldltM


cg';"rL!@
-lgod *=!% ;Fu ;DalGwt_
ljbfsf] cfj]bg
cg';"rL!# -c_
-lgod (=@, (=%, (=!@ / (=!# ;Fu ;DalGwt_
@)^*.$.! b]lv nfu' ePsf] tnadfg
sfof{no ;xof]uL
tx
z'? tna
>L ===========================
===================== sfof{no .
1
2
3
dnfO{ ldlt ============== ut] b]lv ============== ;Dd ======== lbg

============= labf kfpg cg'/f]w ub{5' .
u||]8 ;+Vof
u|]8 b/
u|]8 /sd
clGtd tna
11
11
11
120
150
160
1320
1650
1760
11,320
14,210
15,400
10,000
12,560
13,640
;jf/L rfns
afFsL ljbfsf] ljj/0f

-sd{rf/L k|zf;g zfvfn] eg]{_
ut ;fnsf] ========== afFsL ========== labf lbg
of] jif{sf] ==========lbg
hDdf afFsL ========== lbg
cfj]bg u/]sf] ========== lbg
ca afFsL x'g] ========== lbg
ptf/ ug]{sf] ;xL
;xLM
gfdM
labfdf /xFbf ;Dks{ ug{
;lsg] k'/f 7]ufgfM
l;kmfl/; ug]{M
:jLs[tL lbg] M
tx
z'?
tna
u||]8
;+Vof
u|]8
b/
u|]8
/sd
clGtd
tna
3
4
5
11,300
16,150
16,750
11
11
11
140
200
210
1540
2200
2310
12,840
18,350
19,060
ljbf :jLs[t lbg] clws[tsf] ;xLM

sfof{no M
tx
z'?
tna
u||]8
;+Vof
u|]8
b/
u|]8
/sd
clGtd
tna
2
3
4
5
10,620
11,300
13,650
14,480
11
11
11
11
130
140
170
190
1430
1540
1870
2090
12,050
12,840
15,520
16,570
158
2
2
2
280
400
420
13,120
18,750
19,480
;xfos :t/
sd{rf/Lsf] hfgsf/Lsf] lgldQ

>L ==================== tkfO{n] dfu ug'{ ePsf] ==================== labf ========== ldlt
==========b]lv ============================== ;Dd ==================== lbg :jLs[tcl:js[t
ul/Psf] 5 .
@)%&.$.! eGbf cufl8sf

k|fljlwsnfO{ ul/Psf] ljz]if
Joj:yf
u|]8
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clGtd
;+Vof /sd
tna
@)%&.$.! eGbf cufl8sf

k|fljlwsnfO{ ul/Psf] ljz]if
Joj:yf
u|]8
u|]8
clGtd
;+Vof /sd
tna
2
2
2
2
gf]6M cy{ dGqfnosf] r=g+= ^$ ldlt @)^*%& sf] kl/kq cg';f/ .
159
260
280
340
380
12,310
13,120
15,860
16,950


clws[t:t/
tx
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u||]8
;+Vof
u|]8
b/
u|]8
/sd
clGtd
tna
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
18,800
19,940
21,090
22,920
24,740
28,250
29,750
11
11
11
11
10
5
4
230
250
260
290
310
360
380
2530
2750
2860
3190
3100
1800
1520
21,330
22,690
23,950
26,110
27,840
30,050
31,270
dxf
lgb]{zs
31,760
@)%&.$.! eGbf
cufl8sf k|fljlwsnfO{
ul/Psf] ljz]if Joj:yf
u|]8
u|]8 clGtd
;+Vof /sd tna
2
2
2
2
460
500
520
580
21,790
23,190
24,470
26,690
cg';"rL !# -cf_ df ;+zf]wg
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tx
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6000
50
4300
5900
4500
5500
50
4100
5360
4400
5000
50
4600
:6]zg
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!s=
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7000
7000
7000
3500
11200
3500
8100
3800
4800
4300
4500
50
300
7000
3200
12980
3200
10380
3200
7500
3500
4200
4200
4000
50
300
7000
3000
12200
3000
9700
3000
7000
3300
3750
4100
3500
50
300
2800
11250
2800
9000
2800
6700
3100
3150
4000
3000
50
300
2100
7350
2100
5880
2100
4200
2350
2570
3100
2450
50
250
2000
6150
50
250
7000
2000
4920
2000
3500
2200
2210
3000
2050
1600
5400
1600
4320
1600
3240
1800
2000
2500
1820
50
7000
4950
1500
3960
1500
2970
1650
1680
2300
1600
50
7000
1400
4500
1400
3600
1400
2700
1550
1790
2100
1400
50
7000
;jf/L rfns -t]>f] tx_
cfjf;
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k|To]s aif{ Ps tna a[l4 yk ub}{ hfg] . o;/L j[l4 ubf{ @)%& cfiff9
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j[l4 x'g] xf] ;f]xL dlxgfdf tnadfgdf pNn]lvt b/Nf] u|]8 j[l4 /sd
lbg] . o:tf] u|]8 j[l4 u|]8 /sdsf] ;Ldf ggf3];Dd lb+b} hfg] .
yk u|]8 lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL dfkb08 g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfnosf] ldlt
@)^*.)*.@) sf] kl/kq cg';f/ x'g]5 .
============
:6f]/
tyf
n]vf
eQf
3500
s ju{
b|i6Jo
!=
vfhf
eQf
k|lt
lbg
161
jflif{s kf]zfs
eQf
-udL{ / hf8f]
ofdsf] nflu
5'f 5'}_
&)))
&)))
&)))
&)))

!=
@=
#=
$
%=
^=
&=
*=
vfhf vr{ k|To]s txsf sd{rf/Ln] k|lt lbg = %). sf b/n] xflh/
ePsf] lbgsf] dfq kfpg]5 .
eQfdf pNn]v ePsf] :6]zg eQf k|flws/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lxn]
kfpg] 5g\ .
sd{rf/L cfjf;df a:g] sd{rf/Ln] cfjf; eQf kfpg] 5}g .
cfkm" sfo{/t lhNnfdf cfkm\gf] 3/ ePsfnfO{ klg cg';"rLdf tf]lsPsf]
cfjf; eQfsf] /sd lbOg]5 .
cWoog ljbf a;]sf] cjlwsf] eQf lbO{g] 5}g .
kf]zfs eQf kfPsf] sd{rf/Ln] tf]lsPsf] kf]zfs sfof{no ;dodf
clgjfo{ kdf nufpg' kg]{5 . kf]zfs l;nfO{ gnufPdf kf]zfs eQfsf]
/sd tnaaf6 sL ul/g]5 / To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] kf]zfs eQf k'gM bfjL
ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
:6f]/ tyf n]vf eQfsf] dxndf pNn]v ePsf] /sd n]vf tyf :6f]/df
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxn] dfq kfpg] 5g\ .
o; cg';"rLsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|flws/0f cGtu{t /x]sf gful/s pog
sfof{noxnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ju{xdf juL{s[t ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ ju{
-v_ ju{
dgf
t]lGhlxnf/L
l;ldsf]6,
h'Dnf
x'Dnf
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gf]6 M pQm ju{x?nfO{ g]=gf=p=k|f=;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^^.!@.!^ df j;]sf]

@@@ cf}+ j}7ssf] lg0f{ofg';f/ sfod ul/Psf] .
kfFrf+} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt
162
163


b|i6Jo
-!_
-@_
k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/LxnfO{ :6]zg eQf jfkt tf]lsPsf] /sd g]kfn

;/sf/n] :yfgLo eQfsf] ?kdf tf]s]sf] /sdeGbf 36L ePdf g]kfn
;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] :yfgLo eQf /sd pknJw u/fpg] .
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|flws/0fsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] tna j[l4 ePdf dfly
plNnlvt cfjf; tyf :6]zg eQfdf klg ;f]xL cg'kftdf :jtM a[l4
ul/g]5 .
cg';"rL !# -O_
!=
cGo ;'ljwf
l;km\6 8\o'6L
s_
t];|f] l;km\6df sfo{ ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lt lbg = !@%.))
sf b/n] /fqL eQf lbOg]5 .
v_
klxnf] l;km\6 ljxfgb]lv sfd ug]{ sd{rf/lxnfO{ k|lt lbg
= &%.)) eQf lbOg]5 .
afx|f+} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .

gf]6M ;+rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^*@@ a}7ssf] lg0f{ofg';f/ yk .
lbpF;f]sf] l;km\6df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LxnfO{ vfhf eQf =

%).)) dfq lbOg]5 / To:tf] = %).)) vffhf eQf ljxfg
/ /fqL l;km\6df sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] 5}g .pk/f]Qm
eQfx xflh/ ePsf] lbgsf] dfq lbO{g]5 .
/f8f/ k|0ffnLdf /]l6+u k|fKt k|fljlws clws[t -6]=c=/]=O{_ xsf] nflu
lgDgfg';f/sf] dfl;s nfO{;]lG;+u tyf /]l6+u eQf -s'g} Ps dfqsf]_
lbOg]5 .
!=
nfO{;]lG;u+ eQf dfl;s = @)).))
@=
/f8f/ ASR/SSR
/]l6u+ eQf dfl;s = @))).))
#=
/f8f/ 8f6f k|f];]l; RDPS/SIM /]l6+u eQf dfl;s
=@))).))
$=
/f8f/ RDPS Training Office /]l6+u eQf dfl;s
= @))).))
%=
/f8f/ STO /]l6+u eQf dfl;s = @))).))
ljleGg lkmN8df /]l6+u k|fKt k|fljlws clws[t -6]=c=/]=O{=_xsf] nflu
dfl;s nfO;]lG;+u tyf /]l6+u eQf -s'g} Pssf] dfq_ lgDgfg';f/ lbOg]5
.
!=
nfO{;]lG;+u eQf jfkt dfl;s =%)).))
@=
sDo"lg]zg /]l6+u eQf dfl;s =!))).))
#=
;]So"l/l6 /]l6+u eQf dfl;s = !))).))
$=
Po/ g]leu]zg VOR / DIMEILS /]l6u+ eQf dfl;s =
!%)).))
%=
Po/ g]leu]zg TO /]l6+u eQf dfl;s = !%)).))
/f]i6/df /xL PlS6e kf]lh;gdf sfo{/t /]6]8 Po/ 6flkms
sG6f]n/xnfO{ dfq b]xfo adf]lhd /]l6 tyf nfO;]lG; eQf ;'ljwf
k|bfg ul/g]5 .
nfO{;]lG; tyf /]l6 eQfsf] Joj:yf
u_
@=
cg';"rL !# -cf!_
kl/jxg -6fG;kf]6]{zg_ eQf

tx kl/jxg -6fG;kf]6]{zg_
eQf dfl;s
!)
%,%))
(
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%
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s_ lqe"jg cGt/fli6o ljdfg:ynsf] nflu
164

165
Pl/of
/]l6 eQf
Pk|f]r
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/]l6
eQf
s}lkmot


= ^)).
= #))).
= $))).
= $))).
=
%))).
/]]l6 k|fKTf
kf]lh;g
cg';f/
hf]l8b}
hfg] .
Pk|f]r /
/f8f/
sG6f]n
dWo] s'g}
Ps
kf]lh;gsf]
dfq
kfpg] .
/]]l6 k|fKTf
kf]lh;g
cg';f/
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hfg] .
Pk|f]r /
/f8f/
sG6f]n
dWo] s'g}
Ps
kf]lh;gsf]
dfq
kfpg] .
v_ sG6f]n hf]gP/f]8f]d 6flkms hf]g :yflkt ljdfg:ynx?sf] nflu
= ^)).
= @))).
= @))).
!_
lq=c=lj=, P/f]8d sG6f]n, Pk|f]r sG6f]n -gg /f8f/_, Pk|f]r

sG6f]n -/f8f/_ / Pl/of sG6f]nsf kf]lh;gdf /]l6 eQfsf]
!=% k|lt 3G6fsf b/n] .
@_
b}lgs &% eGbf a9L Trafficx'g] cGo sG6f]n hf]gP/f]8d
6flkms hf]g :yflkt ljdfg:ynx?df P/f]8d sG6f]n, Pk|f]r
sG6f]n -gg /f8f/_, Pk|f]r sG6f]n -/f8f/_, / Pl/of sG6f]nsf
kf]lh;gdf /]l6 eQfsf] !=% k|lt 3G6fsf b/n] .
#_
b}lgs %) eGbf a9L Trafficx'g] P=Pkm=cfO{=P;=
ljdfg:ynx?df P=Pkm=cfO{=P;= eQfsf] !=% k|lt 3G6fsf
b/n] .
gf]6M cg';"rL !#-O_, $-s_ / -v_ df Joj:yf ePsf] nfO{;]lG; tyf /]l6 eQf
/Stress Allowance sf] b/ cy{ dGqfnosf] r=g+= #@(, ldlt @)^^.!@.@^sf]
kqfg';f/ ;+zf]wg eO{ ldlt @)^^ r}q ! ut] b]lv nfu' ePsf] .
%=
^=
&=
p8fgdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu lgDgfg';f/ p8fg eQf k|lt

306fsf] b/n] lbOg]5 .
-s_
Captain-SofK6]g_ k|lt306f =@%%.))
-v_
First Officerk|lt306f =!(%.))
-u_
Flying Engineerk|lt306f =!%).))
-3_
Cabin Attendence/Air Hostess k|lt306f =%%.))
p8fg k|lzIfs eQf dfl;s=()).))
cGo eQfx?
u_ P=Pkm cfO{ P;= k|bfg ug]{ ljdfg:ynx?df P=Pkm cfO{ P;= eQf
nfO{;]lG;
eQf
categoryljdfg:ynsf]
categoryljdfg:ynsf]
nfuL
= ^)).
= !%)).
3_ STO / TO eQf
nfuL
= !@)).
nfuL
= !))).
Allowances
Captain P1
Captain P2
=
@))).
=
!*)).
Senior Training Officer

Training Officer
v=
Meal Allowance
E-G
categoryljdfg:ynsf]
Others
*=
Stress Allowanceb]xfo jdf]lhd x'g]5 .
C of A
Rs.
1200
Rs.
800
Rs.600
Others
500
Licence/Rating
Allowance
For Licence/
Rating
Breakfast
Lanch
Dinner
50
100
200
100
400
400
50
100
200
100
400
300
50
100
200
100
400
gful/s pog k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t :yfoL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ z'?

tnjdfgsf] @% k|ltzt k|lzIfs eQf lbOg]5 . gful/s p8\8og
k|flws/0f aflx/af6 cfPsf k|lzIfsx?nfO{ k|lt306f -k|lt sIff_ =

afx|f+} ;+zf]wgf/f ;+zf]lwt .
166
Night
Stop
Allowance
167

(=
%)).)) kfl/>lds / x]08\; cfp6 jfkt ? @)).)) lbOg]5 .

k|flws/0fsf cGo k|lzIfsx?nfO{ k|ltsIff ? #)).)) / k|lt x]08\;
cfp6 ? @)).)) kfl/>lds lbOg]5 . k|lti7fgaf6 tfnLd ;~rfngfy{
k|bfg ul/g] cGo ;'ljwfx? lgb]{lzsfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ x'g]5 .
6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwfM b]xfosf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ lghx? sfo{/t /x]sf]
cjlwe/sf] nflu 6]lnkmf]g dx;'n jfkt lgDg cg';f/ ;'ljwf lbOg]5 .
-s_
dxflgb]{zs :yfgLo, cGt/b]zLo, cGt/f{li6o (STD + ISTD)
k|ltdlxgf = !%)).))
-v_
pkdxflgb]{zs ljlzi6 >]0fL :yfgLo, cGt/b]zLo, cGt/f{li6o
(STD + ISTD) k|ltdlxgf = %)).))
-u_
tx !! k|yd >]0fL :yfgLo, cGt/b]zLo, cGt/f{li6o (STD +
ISTD) k|ltdlxgf = %)).))
-3_
tx !) k|yd >]0fL :yfgLo, cGt/b]zLo, cGt/f{li6o (STD +
ISTD) k|ltdlxgf = %)).))
cg';"rL !# -O{_
!=
@=
#=
$=
k|flws/0fsf dxflgb]{zssf] cGo ;'ljwf

ljbf, bz} vr{ / cGo ;'ljwf -6]lnkmf]g, oftfoft, e|d0f eQf, b}lgs
eQf, cf}ifwL pkrf/, aLdf / ;+ro sf]if cflb_ o;} lgodfjnLdf pNn]v
eP cg';f/ x'g]5 .
cfjf; eQf dfl;s tnasf] %) k|ltzt / :6]zg eQf dfl;s tnasf]
$) k|ltzt x'g]5 .
jflif{s kf]zfs eQf = !),))). lbOg]5 .
dxflgb]{zsnfO{ s8f/f]u nflu d]l8sn af]8{sf] l;kmfl/z cg';f/
ljb]zdf uO{ cf}iflwkrf/ u/fpg' kg]{ ePdf ;ldltn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf]
cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{ lbOg]5 .

cg';"rL !$
-lgod !!=!* ;Fu ;DalGwt_
;DklQ ljj/0f kmf/fd
sd{rf/Lsf] gfdM
ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] M
tx / kb M
gfd M
k|flws/0f M
7]ufgf M
-s_ crn ;DklQ -3/ hUuf_
3/ hUuf / cGo
crn ;DklQsf]
5f]6s/L ljj/0f
gfk / cGo
ljj/0f
3/ hUuf
/x]s]f 7fpF
ufp, gu/
lhNnf
s:sf] gfddf
/x]sf] / lghsf]
/ c?sf] eP
lgh;+usf]
;DaGw
s;/L
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s}lkmot -3/ eP
tnf;d]t pNn]v
ug]{_ -hUuf eP
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gfd /fVg]_
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;DklQsf] 5f]6s/L
ljj/0f
gfk / tf}n kl/df0f
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s}lkmot
-u_ C0f lnPsf]lwtf] lbPsf] eP ;f] sf] ljj/0f

C0f jf
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/ 7]ufgf
sf/0f
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168
169
lkmtf{ ug]{
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s}lkmot


cg';"rL !%
-lgod !#=!# sf] pklgod -!_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]zsf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf
-3_ z]o/ / a}+s Aofn]G;sf] ljj/0f

;DklQsf]
5f]6s/L ljj/0f
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s}lkmot
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C0f jf
lwtf]sf] ljj/0f
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cjlw
s}lkmot
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b:tvt ug]{ .
gfd y/ M
kb M
b:tvtM
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of] ljj/0f k]z ul/;s]kl5 ;DklQdf s'g} yk36 ePdf k|flws/0fdf ;f]
ljj/0f v'nfO{ l;naGbL yk ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
@=
sd{rf/L pk/ ul/g] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] sf/jfxLb]lv afx]s c? s'/fdf ;f]
ljj/0f k|of]u ul/g] 5}g . of] ljj/0f ;DalGwt clws[tn] afx]s c?n]
x]g{ kfOg] 5}g . of] ljj/0f uf]Ko ?kdf /flvg]5 .
170
;hfosf] cfb]zsf] lg0f{o kmf/fd

>L ===================================================================== g]kfn gful/s pog
k|flws/0fsf ============================n] =========================== hfFra'em ubf{u/fpFbf
b]lvg cfPsf]n] lgh >L =================================== ;Fu lgod !#=!) sf] pklgod
-!_ adf]lhd ========================= lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ ;kmfO{ dfu ul/Psf]df lghn]
k]z u/]sf] ;kmfO{sf] Joxf]/f, ;a'b ======================== sf/0faf6 ;Gtf]ifhgs
b]lvPg . t;y{ =================== s;'/df lgod !#=! sf] v08 ===================
adf]lhdsf] ;hfo lghnfO{ lsg gug]{ < ;f] ug'{ gkg]{ s'g} ;a'b k|df0f jf sf/0f
s]xL eP ============== leq :kli6s/0f k]z ug'{ egL lgod !#=!! adf]lhdsf]
:kli6s/0f dfu ul/Psf]df lghn] ========================= egL :kli6s/0f k]z u/]sf]
b]lvof] . o; ;DaGwdf ;+sng ePsf sfuhft a'lemPsf ;a'b k|df0f / k]z ePsf]
:kli6s/0f pk/ ;d]t ljrf/ ubf{ =============================== ;a'b k|df0faf6 lgh
>L ========================================= n] lgod ========================== adf]lhdsf] s;'/
u/]sf b]lvPsf]n] lgh >L ==========================================================================
=========================== pk/ lgod !#=! sf] v08 ================== adf]lhd ;hfo
lbg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 . o;df lrQ ga'em]df lgod !#=!% sf] v08 -3_ sf] Dofb
leq ;ldlt ;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .\
b:tvt M
ldltM
171

sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfsf ;t{ / ;'ljwf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ sf]
cg';"rL ^ df ;+zf]wg
tx
5}7f}+
;]jf
k|zf;g
;d"x
pk;d"x
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu
k|zf;g
Jofkf/
k|zf;g
dfGotf k|fKt lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6

Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf jfl0fHozf:q jf
cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{ :gfts
tx pQL0f{
cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{ :gftsf]Q/
tx pQL0f{
cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{ :gftsf]Q/
tx pQL0f{
;ftf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
Jofkf/
k|zf;g
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bzf}+
k|zf;g
k|zf;g
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k|zf;g
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k|zf;g
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu

j9'jfsf]] nflu
dfGotf k|fKt
Jofkf/ k|zf;g
cy{zf:q d"n
tx pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt
Jofkf/ k|zf;g
cy{zf:q d"n
tx pQL0f{
dfGotf k|fKt
Jofkf/ k|zf;g
cy{zf:q d"n
tx pQL0f{
lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6
jf jfl0fHozf:q jf
ljifo lnO{ :gfts
lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6
jf jfl0fHozf:q jf
ljifo lnO{ :gfts
lzIf0f ;+:yfjf6
jf jfl0fHozf:q jf
ljifo lnO{ :gfts

Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf jfl0fHozf:q
jf cy{zf:q d"n ljifo lnO{
k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{ .
tx pQL0f{
tx pQL0f{
!#@ -v_
cf7f}+,
gjf}+ /
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k|zf;g
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k|fljlws
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no

k':tsfno lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ tx
jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ / k':tsfno
;DjGwL slDtdf ^ dlxgfsf] tfnLd
k|fKt

k':tsfno lj1fgdf :gfts jf s'g}
klg laifodf :gfts jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ eO{ k':tsfno ;DjGwL
sDtLdf # dlxgfsf] tfnLd k|fKt

k':tsfno lj1fgdf :gfts jf s'g}
klg laifodf :gfts jf ;f] ;/x
pQL0f{ eO{ k':tsfno ;DjGwL
dfGotf k|fKt ;+:yfaf6 sDtLdf #
dlxgfsf] tfnLd k|fKt
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tx pQL0f{ .
ljljw
sf6f]{u|fkmL

OlGhgLol/+udf :gftsf]Q/ jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{ .

pQL0f jf s'g} ljifodf :gfts tx
pQL0f{ / sf6f]{u|fkmL ;DjGwL] tfnLd
k|fKt
pQL0f{ .

OlGhgLol/+udf k|df0fkq tx jf ;f]
;/x pQL0f{ jf s'g} laifodf
k|df0fkq tx pQL0f{o / sf6f]{u|fkmL
;DjGwL tfnLd k|fKt
pQL0f{ .
!#@ -v_

Karmachari Niyamawali

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Karmachari Niyamawali

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