8/1 STRESS AND STRAIN IN

BEAMS

8/2 BENDING BEAMS

LOADS ON BEAM PRODUCE STRESS
RESULTANTS, V & M
V & M PRODUCE NORMAL STRESSES
AND STRAINS IN PURE BENDING
V & M PRODUCE ADDITIONAL SHEAR
STRESSES IN NON-UNIFORM
BENDING

8/3 TYPES OF BENDING

PURE BENDING FLEXURE UNDER
CONSTANT M. i.e. V =0 = dM/dx
NON-UNIFORM BENDING FLEXURE
WHEN V NON-ZERO

8/4 PURE BENDING

y

z
x
V

Unit (small) Length

Non uniform bending

M

-P
P.a

Pure bending region

8/5 PURE BENDING

Unit (small) length
M

Straight lines

8/6 RADIUS OF CURVATURE

Straight lines
remain straight
Planes remain plane

8/7 CURVATURE = 1/

.d ds dx

1 d

dx

ds
dx

d= dx
L1= (-y)d
L1= dx - (y/)dx
L1- dx = -(y/)dx

NORMAL STRAIN

x= -(y/)dx/dx=-.y

L1
NEUTRAL AXIS

8/9 LONGITUDINAL STRAIN

Strain

1
max

1
max

8/10 LONGITUDINAL STRESS

Stress v Strain

Strain

Stress

8/11 NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN

Strain

Stress

1
max

x = E.x

x = -y/ = -.y

x = -E.y/ = -E..y

1
max

8/12 RELATION BETWEEN

&M
NEED TO KNOW WHERE NEUTRAL
AXIS IS. FIND USING HORIZONTAL
FORCE BALANCE
NEED A RELATION BETWEEN & M.
FIND USING MOMENT BALANCE
gives THE MOMENT CURVATURE
EQUATION & THE FLEXURE
FORMULA

8/13 NEUTRAL AXIS PASSES

THROUGH CENTROID
y

dA

Compression

c1
y

Tension

dA E. . y.dA 0
A

c2

y.dA 0
A

First moment of area

8/14 MOMENT-CURVATURE EQN

dA

dM x ydA

c1
y

M x ydA .E. y dA
2

I y dA
2

= moment of inertia
wrt neutral axis

M .E.I

c2

8/15 FLEXURE FORMULA

FOR BENDING STRESSES

M .y
x E. . y
I

8/16 MAXIMUM STRESSES

OCCUR AT
THE TOP & BOTTOM FACES

8/17 MAXIMUM STRESSES

y
C1

M .c1
M
1

I
S1

C2

S1 = I/c1
Section modulus

M .c2
M
2

I
S2

8/18 I & S FOR BEAM

3

b.h
I
12

b. 2
S h
6

8/19 BEAM DESIGN

SELECT SHAPE AND SIZE SO THAT
STRESS DOES NOT EXCEED ALLOW
CALCULATE REQUIRED S=MMAX/ALLOW
CHOOSE LOWEST CROSS SECTION
WHICH SATISFIES S

8/20 IDEAL BEAM

RECTANGULAR BEAM, SR=bh2/6=Ah/6
CYLINDRICAL BEAM, S=0.85.SR
IDEAL BEAM, HALF THE AREA AT
h/2
IDEAL BEAM, S=3.SR
STANDARD I-BEAM, S=2.SR

8/21 STRESSES CAUSED BY

BENDING
P=50kN

RA

2.5m

q=20kN/m

3.5m

h=0.7m
b=0.22m

RB

8/22 V & M DIAGRAMS

V=89.2kN
39.2kN

-10.8kN
-80.8kN
M=160.4kNm
M

8/23 MAX FOR BEAM

y
2

b. 2 0.22 x0.7
3
S h
0.018m
6
6
h

z
MAXIMUM STRESSES

M max
160.4kNm
C

8.9 MPa
3
S
0.018m
b

T 8.9 MPa