2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

21675 TGFKTGEVU JGTG (QT VJG RQNKVKECN VCNM TCFKQ  
EJCPPGN UGG 21675
5KTKWU :/
(QT QVJGT WUGU UGG 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

FKUCODKIWCVKQP (QT C NKUV UGG .KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 1 Origin

7PKVGF 5VCVGU
+P  VJG 6JKTVGGP %QNQPKGU CEVKPI VJTQWIJ VJG
5GEQPF %QPVKPGPVCN %QPITGUU FGENCTGF RQNKVKECN KPFGRGP
FGPEG HTQO )TGCV $TKVCKP FWTKPI VJG #OGTKECP 4GXQNW
VKQP 6JG PGY UVCVGU VJQWIJ KPFGRGPFGPV QH GCEJ QVJGT
CU PCVKQP UVCVGU=? TGEQIPK\GF VJG PGEGUUKV[ QH ENQUGN[ EQ
QTFKPCVKPI VJGKT GQTVU CICKPUV VJG $TKVKUJ=? &GUKTKPI
VQ CXQKF CP[VJKPI VJCV TGOQVGN[ TGUGODNGF C OQPCTEJ[
%QPITGUU PGIQVKCVGF VJG #TVKENGU QH %QPHGFGTCVKQP VQ GU
VCDNKUJ C YGCM CNNKCPEG DGVYGGP VJG UVCVGU=? #U C EGPVTCN
CWVJQTKV[ %QPITGUU WPFGT VJG #TVKENGU YCU YKVJQWV CP[
NGIKUNCVKXG RQYGT KV EQWNF OCMG KVU QYP TGUQNWVKQPU FG
VGTOKPCVKQPU CPF TGIWNCVKQPU DWV PQV CP[ NCYU PQT CP[
VCZGU QT NQECN EQOOGTEKCN TGIWNCVKQPU GPHQTEGCDNG WRQP
EKVK\GPU=? 6JKU KPUVKVWVKQPCN FGUKIP TGGEVGF VJG EQPEGR
VKQP QH JQY #OGTKECPU DGNKGXGF VJG FGRQUGF $TKVKUJ U[U
VGO QH %TQYP CPF 2CTNKCOGPV QWIJV VQ JCXG HWPEVKQPGF
YKVJ TGURGEV VQ VJG TQ[CN FQOKPKQP C UWRGTKPVGPFKPI DQF[
HQT OCVVGTU VJCV EQPEGTPGF VJG GPVKTG GORKTG=? 1WV HTQO
WPFGT CP[ OQPCTEJ[ VJG UVCVGU CUUKIPGF UQOG HQTOGTN[
TQ[CN RTGTQICVKXGU
FH OCMKPI YCT TGEGKXKPI CODCU
UCFQTU GVE VQ %QPITGUU YJKNG UGXGTCNN[ NQFIKPI VJG TGUV
YKVJKP VJGKT QYP TGURGEVKXG UVCVG IQXGTPOGPVU 1PN[ CH
VGT CNN VJG UVCVGU CITGGF VQ C TGUQNWVKQP UGVVNKPI EQORGVKPI
YGUVGTP NCPF ENCKOU FKF VJG #TVKENGU VCMG GGEV QP /CTEJ
  YJGP /CT[NCPF DGECOG VJG PCN UVCVG VQ TCVKH[
VJGO

6JG President of the United States of America

POTUS=? KU VJG JGCF QH UVCVG CPF JGCF QH IQXGTPOGPV

QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 6JG RTGUKFGPV NGCFU VJG GZGEWVKXG
DTCPEJ QH VJG HGFGTCN IQXGTPOGPV CPF KU VJG EQOOCPFGT
KPEJKGH QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU #TOGF (QTEGU 6JKU RQUKVKQP
RNCEGU KVU JQNFGT KP NGCFGTUJKR QH VJG PCVKQP VJCV JCU VJG
NCTIGUV GEQPQO[ CPF VJG OQUV GZRGPUKXG OKNKVCT[ YKVJ
EQOOCPF CWVJQTKV[ QXGT VJG NCTIGUV CEVKXG PWENGCT CTUG
PCN 6JG RTGUKFGPV KU HTGSWGPVN[ FGUETKDGF VQ DG COQPI
VJG OQUV RQYGTHWN RGQRNG KP VJG YQTNF=?=?=?=?=?

#TVKENG ++ QH VJG 75 %QPUVKVWVKQP XGUVU VJG GZGEWVKXG

RQYGT QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU KP VJG RTGUKFGPV CPF EJCTIGU
JKO YKVJ VJG GZGEWVKQP QH HGFGTCN NCY CNQPIUKFG VJG TG
URQPUKDKNKV[ QH CRRQKPVKPI HGFGTCN GZGEWVKXG FKRNQOCVKE
TGIWNCVQT[ CPF LWFKEKCN QEGTU CPF EQPENWFKPI VTGCVKGU
YKVJ HQTGKIP RQYGTU YKVJ VJG CFXKEG CPF EQPUGPV QH VJG
5GPCVG 6JG RTGUKFGPV KU HWTVJGT GORQYGTGF VQ ITCPV
HGFGTCN RCTFQPU CPF TGRTKGXGU CPF VQ EQPXGPG CPF CF
LQWTP GKVJGT QT DQVJ JQWUGU QH %QPITGUU WPFGT GZVTCQTFK
PCT[ EKTEWOUVCPEGU=? 5KPEG VJG HQWPFKPI QH VJG 7PKVGF
5VCVGU VJG RQYGT QH VJG RTGUKFGPV CPF VJG HGFGTCN IQX
GTPOGPV JCU ITQYP UWDUVCPVKCNN[=? 'CEJ OQFGTP RTGUK
FGPV FGURKVG RQUUGUUKPI PQ HQTOCN NGIKUNCVKXG RQYGTU DG
[QPF UKIPKPI QT XGVQKPI EQPITGUUKQPCNN[ RCUUGF DKNNU KU
NCTIGN[ TGURQPUKDNG HQT FKEVCVKPI VJG NGIKUNCVKXG CIGPFC
QH JKU RCTV[ CPF VJG HQTGKIP CPF FQOGUVKE RQNKE[ QH VJG +P  VJG 6TGCV[ QH 2CTKU UGEWTGF KPFGRGPFGPEG HQT
7PKVGF 5VCVGU=?
GCEJ QH VJG HQTOGT EQNQPKGU 9KVJ RGCEG CV JCPF VJG
=?
6JG RTGUKFGPV KU KPFKTGEVN[ GNGEVGF D[ VJG RGQRNG VJTQWIJ UVCVGU GCEJ VWTPGF VQYCTF VJGKT QYP KPVGTPCN CCKTU
VJG 'NGEVQTCN %QNNGIG VQ C HQWT[GCT VGTO CPF KU QPG $[  #OGTKECPU HQWPF VJGKT EQPVKPGPVCN DQTFGTU DG
QH QPN[ VYQ PCVKQPCNN[ GNGEVGF HGFGTCN QEGTU VJG QVJGT UKGIGF CPF YGCM VJGKT TGURGEVKXG GEQPQOKGU KP ETKUGU CU
DGKPI VJG 8KEG 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU=? 6JG PGKIJDQTKPI UVCVGU CIKVCVGF VTCFG TKXCNTKGU YKVJ QPG CP
6YGPV[UGEQPF #OGPFOGPV CFQRVGF KP  RTQJKDKVU QVJGT YKVPGUUGF VJGKT JCTF EWTTGPE[ RQWTKPI KPVQ HQTGKIP
CP[QPG HTQO GXGT DGKPI GNGEVGF VQ VJG RTGUKFGPE[ HQT C OCTMGVU VQ RC[ HQT KORQTVU VJGKT /GFKVGTTCPGCP EQO
VJKTF HWNN VGTO +V CNUQ RTQJKDKVU C RGTUQP HTQO DGKPI OGTEG RTG[GF WRQP D[ 0QTVJ #HTKECP RKTCVGU CPF VJGKT
GNGEVGF VQ VJG RTGUKFGPE[ OQTG VJCP QPEG KH VJCV RGT HQTGKIPPCPEGF 4GXQNWVKQPCT[ 9CT FGDVU WPRCKF CPF CE
=?
UQP RTGXKQWUN[ JCF UGTXGF CU RTGUKFGPV QT CEVKPI RTGUK ETWKPI KPVGTGUV %KXKN CPF RQNKVKECN WPTGUV NQQOGF
FGPV HQT OQTG VJCP VYQ [GCTU QH CPQVJGT RGTUQPU VGTO (QNNQYKPI VJG UWEEGUUHWN TGUQNWVKQP QH EQOOGTEKCN CPF
CU RTGUKFGPV +P CNN  KPFKXKFWCNU JCXG UGTXGF  RTGU UJKPI FKURWVGU DGVYGGP 8KTIKPKC CPF /CT[NCPF CV VJG
KFGPEKGU
%NGXGNCPF U VYQ PQPEQPUGEWVKXG VGTOU GCEJ /QWPV 8GTPQP %QPHGTGPEG KP  8KTIKPKC ECNNGF HQT C
EQWPVGF URCPPKPI  HWNN HQWT[GCT VGTOU=? 1P ,CPWCT[ VTCFG EQPHGTGPEG DGVYGGP CNN VJG UVCVGU UGV HQT 5GRVGODGT
  $CTCEM 1DCOC DGECOG VJG VJ CPF EWTTGPV  KP #PPCRQNKU /CT[NCPF YKVJ CP CKO VQYCTF TGUQNX
RTGUKFGPV 1P 0QXGODGT   JG YCU TGGNGEVGF CPF KPI HWTVJGTTGCEJKPI KPVGTUVCVG EQOOGTEKCN CPVCIQPKUOU
KU EWTTGPVN[ UGTXKPI VJG VJ VGTO YJKEJ GPFU QP ,CPWCT[ 9JGP VJG EQPXGPVKQP HCKNGF HQT NCEM QH CVVGPFCPEG FWG VQ


 108&34 "/% %65*&4

UWURKEKQPU COQPI OQUV QH VJG QVJGT UVCVGU VJG #PPCRQ

NKU FGNGICVGU ECNNGF HQT C EQPXGPVKQP VQ QGT TGXKUKQPU VQ
VJG #TVKENGU VQ DG JGNF VJG PGZV URTKPI KP 2JKNCFGNRJKC
2TQURGEVU HQT VJG PGZV EQPXGPVKQP CRRGCTGF DNGCM WPVKN
,COGU /CFKUQP CPF 'FOWPF 4CPFQNRJ UWEEGGFGF KP UG
EWTKPI )GQTIG 9CUJKPIVQP U CVVGPFCPEG VQ 2JKNCFGNRJKC
CU C FGNGICVG HQT 8KTIKPKC=?=?

 6CMG PQ CEVKQP +P VJKU KPUVCPEG VJG RTGUKFGPV

PGKVJGT UKIPU PQT XGVQGU VJG NGIKUNCVKQP #HVGT 
FC[U PQV EQWPVKPI 5WPFC[U VYQ RQUUKDNG QWVEQOGU
GOGTIG

9JGP VJG %QPUVKVWVKQPCN %QPXGPVKQP EQPXGPGF KP /C[

 VJG  UVCVG FGNGICVKQPU KP CVVGPFCPEG
4JQFG +U
NCPF FKF PQV UGPF FGNGICVGU DTQWIJV YKVJ VJGO CP CE
EWOWNCVGF GZRGTKGPEG QXGT C FKXGTUG UGV QH KPUVKVWVKQPCN
CTTCPIGOGPVU DGVYGGP NGIKUNCVKXG CPF GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJGU
HTQO YKVJKP VJGKT TGURGEVKXG UVCVG IQXGTPOGPVU /QUV
UVCVGU OCKPVCKPGF C YGCM GZGEWVKXG YKVJQWV XGVQ QT CR
RQKPVOGPV RQYGTU GNGEVGF CPPWCNN[ D[ VJG NGIKUNCVWTG VQ C
UKPING VGTO QPN[ UJCTKPI RQYGT YKVJ CP GZGEWVKXG EQWP
EKN CPF EQWPVGTGF D[ C UVTQPI NGIKUNCVWTG=? 0GY ;QTM
QGTGF VJG ITGCVGUV GZEGRVKQP JCXKPI C UVTQPI WPKVCT[
IQXGTPQT YKVJ XGVQ CPF CRRQKPVOGPV RQYGT GNGEVGF VQ C
VJTGG[GCT VGTO CPF GNKIKDNG HQT TGGNGEVKQP VQ CP KPFGH
KPKVG PWODGT QH VGTOU VJGTGCHVGT=? +V YCU VJTQWIJ VJG
ENQUGFFQQT PGIQVKCVKQPU CV 2JKNCFGNRJKC VJCV VJG RTGUK
FGPE[ HTCOGF KP VJG 75 %QPUVKVWVKQP GOGTIGF

+H %QPITGUU JCU CFLQWTPGF VJWU RTGXGPVKPI VJG

TGVWTP QH VJG NGIKUNCVKQP VJG DKNN FQGU PQV DG
EQOG NCY 6JKU NCVVGT QWVEQOG KU MPQYP CU VJG
RQEMGV XGVQ

Powers and duties

2.1

Article I legislative role

+H %QPITGUU KU UVKNN EQPXGPGF VJG DKNN DGEQOGU

NCY

+P  %QPITGUU CVVGORVGF VQ GPJCPEG VJG RTGUKFGPVU

XGVQ RQYGT YKVJ VJG .KPG +VGO 8GVQ #EV 6JG NGIKUNCVKQP
GORQYGTGF VJG RTGUKFGPV VQ UKIP CP[ URGPFKPI DKNN KPVQ
NCY YJKNG UKOWNVCPGQWUN[ UVTKMKPI EGTVCKP URGPFKPI KVGOU
YKVJKP VJG DKNN RCTVKEWNCTN[ CP[ PGY URGPFKPI CP[ COQWPV
QH FKUETGVKQPCT[ URGPFKPI QT CP[ PGY NKOKVGF VCZ DGPGV
1PEG C RTGUKFGPV JCF UVTKEMGP VJG KVGO %QPITGUU EQWNF
RCUU VJCV RCTVKEWNCT KVGO CICKP +H VJG RTGUKFGPV VJGP XG
VQGF VJG PGY NGIKUNCVKQP %QPITGUU EQWNF QXGTTKFG VJG XGVQ
D[ KVU QTFKPCT[ OGCPU C VYQVJKTFU XQVG KP DQVJ JQWUGU
+P $MJOUPO W $JUZ PG /FX :PSL  75 
 VJG
75 5WRTGOG %QWTV TWNGF UWEJ C NGIKUNCVKXG CNVGTCVKQP QH
VJG XGVQ RQYGT VQ DG WPEQPUVKVWVKQPCN

2.2 Article II executive powers

2.2.1 War and foreign aairs powers

0CBNB TJHOJOH MFHJTMBUJPO BU UIF 4GUQNWVG EFTL

6JG TUV RQYGT VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP EQPHGTU WRQP VJG RTGU

KFGPV KU VJG XGVQ 6JG 2TGUGPVOGPV %NCWUG TGSWKTGU CP[
DKNN RCUUGF D[ %QPITGUU VQ DG RTGUGPVGF VQ VJG RTGUKFGPV
DGHQTG KV ECP DGEQOG NCY 1PEG VJG NGIKUNCVKQP JCU DGGP
RTGUGPVGF VJG RTGUKFGPV JCU VJTGG QRVKQPU
 5KIP VJG NGIKUNCVKQP VJG DKNN VJGP DGEQOGU NCY
 8GVQ VJG NGIKUNCVKQP CPF TGVWTP KV VQ %QPITGUU GZ
RTGUUKPI CP[ QDLGEVKQPU VJG DKNN FQGU PQV DGEQOG
NCY WPNGUU GCEJ JQWUG QH %QPITGUU XQVGU VQ QXGT "CSBIBN -JODPMO UIF UI 1SFTJEFOU PG UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT TVD
DFTTGVMMZ QSFTFSWFE UIF 6OJPO EVSJOH UIF "NFSJDBO $JWJM 8BS
TKFG VJG XGVQ D[ C VYQVJKTFU XQVG



"SUJDMF ** FYFDVUJWF QPXFST

2GTJCRU VJG OQUV KORQTVCPV QH CNN RTGUKFGPVKCN RQYGTU KU

VJG EQOOCPF QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU #TOGF (QTEGU CU KVU
EQOOCPFGTKPEJKGH 9JKNG VJG RQYGT VQ FGENCTG YCT
KU EQPUVKVWVKQPCNN[ XGUVGF KP %QPITGUU VJG RTGUKFGPV JCU
WNVKOCVG TGURQPUKDKNKV[ HQT FKTGEVKQP CPF FKURQUKVKQP QH
VJG OKNKVCT[ 6JG RTGUGPVFC[ QRGTCVKQPCN EQOOCPF QH
VJG #TOGF (QTEGU
DGNQPIKPI VQ VJG &GRCTVOGPV QH &G
HGPUG KU PQTOCNN[ GZGTEKUGF VJTQWIJ VJG 5GETGVCT[ QH
&GHGPUG YKVJ CUUKUVCPEG QH VJG %JCKTOCP QH VJG ,QKPV
%JKGHU QH 5VC VQ VJG %QODCVCPV %QOOCPFU CU QWV
NKPGF KP VJG RTGUKFGPVKCNN[ CRRTQXGF 7PKGF %QOOCPF
2NCP
7%2=?=?=? 6JG HTCOGTU QH VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP
VQQM ECTG VQ NKOKV VJG RTGUKFGPVU RQYGTU TGICTFKPI VJG
OKNKVCT[ #NGZCPFGT *COKNVQP GZRNCKPU VJKU KP (GFGTCNKUV
0Q 
6JG 2TGUKFGPV KU VQ DG EQOOCPFGTKPEJKGH
QH VJG CTO[ CPF PCX[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
 +V YQWNF COQWPV VQ PQVJKPI OQTG VJCP VJG
UWRTGOG EQOOCPF CPF FKTGEVKQP QH VJG OKNK
VCT[ CPF PCXCN HQTEGU  YJKNG VJCV =VJG RQYGT?
QH VJG $TKVKUJ MKPI GZVGPFU VQ VJG &'%.#4
+0) QH YCT CPF VQ VJG 4#+5+0) CPF 4')7
.#6+0) QH GGVU CPF CTOKGU CNN =QH? YJKEJ 
YQWNF CRRGTVCKP VQ VJG NGIKUNCVWTG=? ='ORJC
UKU KP VJG QTKIKPCN?
%QPITGUU RWTUWCPV VQ VJG 9CT 2QYGTU 4GUQNWVKQP OWUV
CWVJQTK\G CP[ VTQQR FGRNQ[OGPVU NQPIGT VJCP  FC[U CN
VJQWIJ VJCV RTQEGUU TGNKGU QP VTKIIGTKPI OGEJCPKUOU VJCV
JCXG PGXGT DGGP GORNQ[GF TGPFGTKPI KV KPGGEVWCN=?
#FFKVKQPCNN[ %QPITGUU RTQXKFGU C EJGEM VQ RTGUKFGPVKCN
OKNKVCT[ RQYGT VJTQWIJ KVU EQPVTQN QXGT OKNKVCT[ URGPF
KPI CPF TGIWNCVKQP 9JKNG JKUVQTKECNN[ RTGUKFGPVU KPKVKCVGF
VJG RTQEGUU HQT IQKPI VQ YCT=?=? ETKVKEU JCXG EJCTIGF
VJCV VJGTG JCXG DGGP UGXGTCN EQPKEVU KP YJKEJ RTGUK
FGPVU FKF PQV IGV QEKCN FGENCTCVKQPU KPENWFKPI 6JGQFQTG
4QQUGXGNV U OKNKVCT[ OQXG KPVQ 2CPCOC KP =? VJG
-QTGCP 9CT=? VJG 8KGVPCO 9CT=? CPF VJG KPXCUKQPU
QH )TGPCFC KP =? CPF 2CPCOC KP =?
#NQPI YKVJ VJG CTOGF HQTEGU VJG RTGUKFGPV CNUQ FKTGEVU
75 HQTGKIP RQNKE[ 6JTQWIJ VJG &GRCTVOGPV QH 5VCVG
CPF VJG &GRCTVOGPV QH &GHGPUG VJG RTGUKFGPV KU TGURQP
UKDNG HQT VJG RTQVGEVKQP QH #OGTKECPU CDTQCF CPF QH HQT
GKIP PCVKQPCNU KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 6JG RTGUKFGPV FGEKFGU
YJGVJGT VQ TGEQIPK\G PGY PCVKQPU CPF PGY IQXGTPOGPVU
CPF PGIQVKCVGU VTGCVKGU YKVJ QVJGT PCVKQPU YJKEJ DGEQOG
DKPFKPI QP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU YJGP CRRTQXGF D[ VYQVJKTFU
XQVG QH VJG 5GPCVG

GZRCPUKQP QH VJG WUG QH GZGEWVKXG CITGGOGPVU CPF ETKV

KEU JCXG EJCNNGPIGF VJG GZVGPV QH VJCV WUG CU UWRRNCPV
KPI VJG VTGCV[ RTQEGUU CPF TGOQXKPI EQPUVKVWVKQPCNN[ RTG
UETKDGF EJGEMU CPF DCNCPEGU QXGT VJG GZGEWVKXG KP HQTGKIP
TGNCVKQPU 5WRRQTVGTU EQWPVGT VJCV VJG CITGGOGPVU QGT C
RTCIOCVKE UQNWVKQP YJGP VJG PGGF HQT UYKHV UGETGV CPFQT
EQPEGTVGF CEVKQP CTKUGU

2.2.2 Administrative powers

5WEG KV VQ UC[ VJCV VJG 2TGUKFGPV KU OCFG VJG UQNG TGRQU
KVQT[ QH VJG GZGEWVKXG RQYGTU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF
VJG RQYGTU GPVTWUVGF VQ JKO CU YGNN CU VJG FWVKGU KORQUGF
WRQP JKO CTG CYGUQOG KPFGGF
9KNNKCO 4GJPSWKUV /JYPO W (FOFSBM 4FSWJDFT "ENJOJT
USBUJPO 433 U.S. 425 (1977)
FKUUGPVKPI QRKPKQP
6JG RTGUKFGPV KU VJG JGCF QH VJG GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ QH VJG
HGFGTCN IQXGTPOGPV CPF KU EQPUVKVWVKQPCNN[ QDNKICVGF VQ
VCMG ECTG VJCV VJG NCYU DG HCKVJHWNN[ GZGEWVGF=? 6JG
GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ JCU QXGT HQWT OKNNKQP GORNQ[GGU KPENWF
KPI OGODGTU QH VJG OKNKVCT[=?
2TGUKFGPVU OCMG PWOGTQWU GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ CRRQKPV
OGPVU CP KPEQOKPI RTGUKFGPV OC[ OCMG WR VQ 
DGHQTG JG VCMGU QEG CPF  OQTG FWTKPI JKU VGTO
#ODCUUCFQTU OGODGTU QH VJG %CDKPGV CPF QVJGT HGFGTCN
QEGTU CTG CNN CRRQKPVGF D[ C RTGUKFGPV YKVJ VJG CFXKEG
CPF EQPUGPV QH C OCLQTKV[ QH VJG 5GPCVG 9JGP VJG 5GP
CVG KU KP TGEGUU HQT CV NGCUV VGP FC[U VJG RTGUKFGPV OC[
OCMG TGEGUU CRRQKPVOGPVU=? 4GEGUU CRRQKPVOGPVU CTG
VGORQTCT[ CPF GZRKTG CV VJG GPF QH VJG PGZV UGUUKQP QH VJG
5GPCVG
6JG RQYGT QH C RTGUKFGPV VQ TG GZGEWVKXG QEKCNU JCU
NQPI DGGP C EQPVGPVKQWU RQNKVKECN KUUWG )GPGTCNN[ C
RTGUKFGPV OC[ TGOQXG RWTGN[ GZGEWVKXG QEKCNU CV JKU
FKUETGVKQP=? *QYGXGT %QPITGUU ECP EWTVCKN CPF EQP
UVTCKP C RTGUKFGPVU CWVJQTKV[ VQ TG EQOOKUUKQPGTU QH KP
FGRGPFGPV TGIWNCVQT[ CIGPEKGU CPF EGTVCKP KPHGTKQT GZGE
WVKXG QEGTU D[ UVCVWVG=?

6JG RTGUKFGPV CFFKVKQPCNN[ RQUUGUUGU VJG CDKNKV[ VQ FK

TGEV OWEJ QH VJG GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ VJTQWIJ GZGEWVKXG QT
FGTU VJCV CTG ITQWPFGF KP HGFGTCN NCY QT EQPUVKVWVKQPCNN[
ITCPVGF GZGEWVKXG RQYGT 'ZGEWVKXG QTFGTU CTG TGXKGY
CDNG D[ HGFGTCN EQWTVU CPF ECP DG UWRGTUGFGF D[ HGFGTCN
#NVJQWIJ PQV EQPUVKVWVKQPCNN[ RTQXKFGF RTGUKFGPVU CNUQ NGIKUNCVKQP
UQOGVKOGU GORNQ[ GZGEWVKXG CITGGOGPVU KP HQTGKIP TG 6Q OCPCIG VJG ITQYKPI HGFGTCN DWTGCWETCE[ 2TGUKFGPVU
NCVKQPU 6JGUG CITGGOGPVU HTGSWGPVN[ TGICTF CFOKPKUVTC JCXG ITCFWCNN[ UWTTQWPFGF VJGOUGNXGU YKVJ OCP[ NC[GTU
VKXG RQNKE[ EJQKEGU IGTOCPG VQ GZGEWVKXG RQYGT HQT GZCO QH UVC YJQ YGTG GXGPVWCNN[ QTICPK\GF KPVQ VJG 'ZGEWVKXG
RNG VJG GZVGPV VQ YJKEJ GKVJGT EQWPVT[ RTGUGPVU CP CTOGF 1EG QH VJG 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 9KVJKP VJG
RTGUGPEG KP C IKXGP CTGC JQY GCEJ EQWPVT[ YKNN GPHQTEG 'ZGEWVKXG 1EG VJG 2TGUKFGPVU KPPGTOQUV NC[GT QH CKFGU
EQR[TKIJV VTGCVKGU QT JQY GCEJ EQWPVT[ YKNN RTQEGUU HQT
CPF VJGKT CUUKUVCPVU CTG NQECVGF KP VJG 9JKVG *QWUG 1H
GKIP OCKN *QYGXGT VJG VJ EGPVWT[ YKVPGUUGF C XCUV EG


2.2.3

 108&34 "/% %65*&4

Juridical powers

6JG RTGUKFGPV CNUQ JCU VJG RQYGT VQ PQOKPCVG HGFGTCN

LWFIGU KPENWFKPI OGODGTU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU EQWTVU
QH CRRGCNU CPF VJG 5WRTGOG %QWTV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
*QYGXGT VJGUG PQOKPCVKQPU FQ TGSWKTG 5GPCVG EQPTOC
VKQP 5GEWTKPI 5GPCVG CRRTQXCN ECP RTQXKFG C OCLQT QD
UVCENG HQT RTGUKFGPVU YJQ YKUJ VQ QTKGPV VJG HGFGTCN LWFK
EKCT[ VQYCTF C RCTVKEWNCT KFGQNQIKECN UVCPEG 9JGP PQO
KPCVKPI LWFIGU VQ 75 FKUVTKEV EQWTVU RTGUKFGPVU QHVGP TG
URGEV VJG NQPIUVCPFKPI VTCFKVKQP QH 5GPCVQTKCN EQWTVGU[
2TGUKFGPVU OC[ CNUQ ITCPV RCTFQPU CPF TGRTKGXGU CU KU QH
VGP FQPG LWUV DGHQTG VJG GPF QH C RTGUKFGPVKCN VGTO PQV
1SFTJEFOU (FPSHF 8 #VTI EFMJWFSJOH UIF  4UBUF PG UIF 6OJPO
YKVJQWV EQPVTQXGTU[=?=?=?
*KUVQTKECNN[ VYQ FQEVTKPGU EQPEGTPKPI GZGEWVKXG RQYGT
JCXG FGXGNQRGF VJCV GPCDNG VJG RTGUKFGPV VQ GZGTEKUG GZ
GEWVKXG RQYGT YKVJ C FGITGG QH CWVQPQO[ 6JG TUV KU
GZGEWVKXG RTKXKNGIG YJKEJ CNNQYU VJG RTGUKFGPV VQ YKVJ
JQNF HTQO FKUENQUWTG CP[ EQOOWPKECVKQPU OCFG FKTGEVN[
VQ VJG RTGUKFGPV KP VJG RGTHQTOCPEG QH GZGEWVKXG FW
VKGU )GQTIG 9CUJKPIVQP TUV ENCKOGF RTKXKNGIG YJGP
%QPITGUU TGSWGUVGF VQ UGG %JKGH ,WUVKEG ,QJP ,C[ U PQVGU
HTQO CP WPRQRWNCT VTGCV[ PGIQVKCVKQP YKVJ )TGCV $TKVCKP
9JKNG PQV GPUJTKPGF KP VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP QT CP[ QVJGT NCY
9CUJKPIVQPU CEVKQP ETGCVGF VJG RTGEGFGPV HQT VJG RTKXK
NGIG 9JGP 4KEJCTF 0KZQP VTKGF VQ WUG GZGEWVKXG RTKXK
NGIG CU C TGCUQP HQT PQV VWTPKPI QXGT UWDRQGPCGF GXKFGPEG
VQ %QPITGUU FWTKPI VJG 9CVGTICVG UECPFCN VJG 5WRTGOG
%QWTV TWNGF KP 6OJUFE 4UBUFT W /JYPO  75 

 VJCV GZGEWVKXG RTKXKNGIG FKF PQV CRRN[ KP ECUGU

YJGTG C RTGUKFGPV YCU CVVGORVKPI VQ CXQKF ETKOKPCN RTQU
GEWVKQP 9JGP 2TGUKFGPV $KNN %NKPVQP CVVGORVGF VQ WUG
GZGEWVKXG RTKXKNGIG TGICTFKPI VJG .GYKPUM[ UECPFCN VJG
5WRTGOG %QWTV TWNGF KP $MJOUPO W +POFT  75 

 VJCV VJG RTKXKNGIG CNUQ EQWNF PQV DG WUGF KP EKXKN

UWKVU 6JGUG ECUGU GUVCDNKUJGF VJG NGICN RTGEGFGPV VJCV
GZGEWVKXG RTKXKNGIG KU XCNKF CNVJQWIJ VJG GZCEV GZVGPV QH
VJG RTKXKNGIG JCU [GV VQ DG ENGCTN[ FGPGF #FFKVKQPCNN[
HGFGTCN EQWTVU JCXG CNNQYGF VJKU RTKXKNGIG VQ TCFKCVG QWV
YCTF CPF RTQVGEV QVJGT GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ GORNQ[GGU DWV
JCXG YGCMGPGF VJCV RTQVGEVKQP HQT VJQUG GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ
EQOOWPKECVKQPU VJCV FQ PQV KPXQNXG VJG RTGUKFGPV=?
6JG UVCVG UGETGVU RTKXKNGIG CNNQYU VJG RTGUKFGPV CPF VJG
GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ VQ YKVJJQNF KPHQTOCVKQP QT FQEWOGPVU
HTQO FKUEQXGT[ KP NGICN RTQEGGFKPIU KH UWEJ TGNGCUG YQWNF
JCTO PCVKQPCN UGEWTKV[ 2TGEGFGPV HQT VJG RTKXKNGIG CTQUG
GCTN[ KP VJG VJ EGPVWT[ YJGP 6JQOCU ,GGTUQP TG
HWUGF VQ TGNGCUG OKNKVCT[ FQEWOGPVU KP VJG VTGCUQP VTKCN QH
#CTQP $WTT CPF CICKP KP 5PUUFO W 6OJUFE 4UBUFT  75

 YJGP VJG 5WRTGOG %QWTV FKUOKUUGF C ECUG
DTQWIJV D[ C HQTOGT 7PKQP UR[=? *QYGXGT VJG RTKXKNGIG
YCU PQV HQTOCNN[ TGEQIPK\GF D[ VJG 75 5WRTGOG %QWTV
WPVKN 6OJUFE 4UBUFT W 3FZOPMET  75 
 YJGTG
KV YCU JGNF VQ DG C EQOOQP NCY GXKFGPVKCT[ RTKXKNGIG=?
$GHQTG VJG 5GRVGODGT  CVVCEMU WUG QH VJG RTKXKNGIG JCF
DGGP TCTG DWV KPETGCUKPI KP HTGSWGPE[=? 5KPEG 
VJG IQXGTPOGPV JCU CUUGTVGF VJG RTKXKNGIG KP OQTG ECUGU

"EESFTT XJUI 7JDF 1SFTJEFOU %JDL $IFOFZ BOE 4QFBLFS PG UIF

)PVTF /BODZ 1FMPTJ CFIJOE IJN

CPF CV GCTNKGT UVCIGU QH VJG NKVKICVKQP VJWU KP UQOG KP

UVCPEGU ECWUKPI FKUOKUUCN QH VJG UWKVU DGHQTG TGCEJKPI VJG
OGTKVU QH VJG ENCKOU CU KP VJG 0KPVJ %KTEWKV U TWNKPI KP
.PIBNFE W +FQQFTFO %BUBQMBO *OD=?=?=? %TKVKEU QH
VJG RTKXKNGIG ENCKO KVU WUG JCU DGEQOG C VQQN HQT VJG IQX
GTPOGPV VQ EQXGT WR KNNGICN QT GODCTTCUUKPI IQXGTPOGPV
CEVKQPU=?=?
2.2.4 Legislative facilitator
6JG %QPUVKVWVKQPU +PGNKIKDKNKV[ %NCWUG RTGXGPVU VJG 2TGU
KFGPV
CPF CNN QVJGT GZGEWVKXG QEGTU HTQO UKOWNVCPG
QWUN[ DGKPI C OGODGT QH %QPITGUU 6JGTGHQTG VJG RTGU
KFGPV ECPPQV FKTGEVN[ KPVTQFWEG NGIKUNCVKXG RTQRQUCNU HQT
EQPUKFGTCVKQP KP %QPITGUU *QYGXGT VJG RTGUKFGPV ECP
VCMG CP KPFKTGEV TQNG KP UJCRKPI NGIKUNCVKQP GURGEKCNN[ KH
VJG RTGUKFGPVU RQNKVKECN RCTV[ JCU C OCLQTKV[ KP QPG QT
DQVJ JQWUGU QH %QPITGUU (QT GZCORNG VJG RTGUKFGPV QT
QVJGT QEKCNU QH VJG GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ OC[ FTCHV NGIKU
NCVKQP CPF VJGP CUM UGPCVQTU QT TGRTGUGPVCVKXGU VQ KPVTQ
FWEG VJGUG FTCHVU KPVQ %QPITGUU 6JG RTGUKFGPV ECP HWT
VJGT KPWGPEG VJG NGIKUNCVKXG DTCPEJ VJTQWIJ EQPUVKVWVKQP
CNN[ OCPFCVGF RGTKQFKE TGRQTVU VQ %QPITGUU 6JGUG TG
RQTVU OC[ DG GKVJGT YTKVVGP QT QTCN DWV VQFC[ CTG IKXGP
CU VJG 5VCVG QH VJG 7PKQP CFFTGUU YJKEJ QHVGP QWVNKPGU
VJG RTGUKFGPVU NGIKUNCVKXG RTQRQUCNU HQT VJG EQOKPI [GCT
#FFKVKQPCNN[ VJG RTGUKFGPV OC[ CVVGORV VQ JCXG %QPITGUU
CNVGT RTQRQUGF NGIKUNCVKQP D[ VJTGCVGPKPI VQ XGVQ VJCV NGI
KUNCVKQP KH VJG EJCPIGU JG TGSWGUVU CTG PQV OCFG
+P VJG VJ EGPVWT[ ETKVKEU DGICP EJCTIKPI VJCV VQQ OCP[
NGIKUNCVKXG CPF DWFIGVCT[ RQYGTU JCXG UNKF KPVQ VJG JCPFU
QH RTGUKFGPVU VJCV UJQWNF DGNQPI VQ %QPITGUU #U VJG
JGCF QH VJG GZGEWVKXG DTCPEJ RTGUKFGPVU EQPVTQN C XCUV
CTTC[ QH CIGPEKGU VJCV ECP KUUWG TGIWNCVKQPU YKVJ NKVVNG
QXGTUKIJV HTQO %QPITGUU 1PG ETKVKE EJCTIGF VJCV RTGU
KFGPVU EQWNF CRRQKPV C XKTVWCN CTO[ QH E\CTU GCEJ
YJQNN[ WPCEEQWPVCDNG VQ %QPITGUU [GV VCUMGF YKVJ URGCT
JGCFKPI OCLQT RQNKE[ GQTVU HQT VJG 9JKVG *QWUG=?
2TGUKFGPVU JCXG DGGP ETKVKEK\GF HQT OCMKPI UKIPKPI UVCVG



$SJUJDT PG QSFTJEFODZT FWPMVUJPO

OGPVU YJGP UKIPKPI EQPITGUUKQPCN NGIKUNCVKQP CDQWV JQY

VJG[ WPFGTUVCPF C DKNN QT RNCP VQ GZGEWVG KV=? 6JKU RTCE
VKEG JCU DGGP ETKVKEK\GF D[ VJG #OGTKECP $CT #UUQEK
CVKQP CU WPEQPUVKVWVKQPCN=? %QPUGTXCVKXG EQOOGPVCVQT
)GQTIG 9KNN YTQVG QH CP KPETGCUKPIN[ UYQNNGP GZGEWVKXG
DTCPEJ CPF VJG GENKRUG QH %QPITGUU=?

&WTKPI C UVCVG XKUKV D[ C HQTGKIP JGCF QH UVCVG VJG RTGU

KFGPV V[RKECNN[ JQUVU C 5VCVG #TTKXCN %GTGOQP[ JGNF QP
VJG 5QWVJ .CYP C EWUVQO DGIWP D[ ,QJP ( -GPPGF[ KP
=? 6JKU KU HQNNQYGF D[ C UVCVG FKPPGT IKXGP D[ VJG
RTGUKFGPV YJKEJ KU JGNF KP VJG 5VCVG &KPKPI 4QQO NCVGT KP
VJG GXGPKPI=?

#EEQTFKPI VQ #TVKENG ++ 5GEVKQP  %NCWUG  QH VJG %QP

UVKVWVKQP VJG RTGUKFGPV OC[ EQPXGPG GKVJGT QT DQVJ JQWUGU
QH %QPITGUU +H DQVJ JQWUGU ECPPQV CITGG QP C FCVG QH CF
LQWTPOGPV VJG RTGUKFGPV OC[ CRRQKPV C FCVG HQT %QPITGUU
VQ CFLQWTP

6JG OQFGTP RTGUKFGPE[ JQNFU VJG RTGUKFGPV CU QPG QH

VJG PCVKQPU RTGOKGT EGNGDTKVKGU 5QOG CTIWG VJCV KO
CIGU QH VJG RTGUKFGPE[ JCXG C VGPFGPE[ VQ DG OCPKRW
NCVGF D[ CFOKPKUVTCVKQP RWDNKE TGNCVKQPU QEKCNU CU YGNN CU
D[ RTGUKFGPVU VJGOUGNXGU 1PG ETKVKE FGUETKDGF VJG RTGU
KFGPE[ CU RTQRCICPFK\GF NGCFGTUJKR YJKEJ JCU C OGU
OGTK\KPI RQYGT UWTTQWPFKPI VJG QEG=? #FOKPKUVTC
VKQP RWDNKE TGNCVKQPU OCPCIGTU UVCIGF ECTGHWNN[ ETCHVGF
RJQVQQRU QH UOKNKPI RTGUKFGPVU YKVJ UOKNKPI ETQYFU HQT
VGNGXKUKQP ECOGTCU=? 1PG ETKVKE YTQVG VJG KOCIG QH ,QJP
( -GPPGF[ YCU FGUETKDGF CU ECTGHWNN[ HTCOGF KP TKEJ
FGVCKN YJKEJ FTGY QP VJG RQYGT QH O[VJ TGICTFKPI
VJG KPEKFGPV QH 26 =? CPF YTQVG VJCV -GPPGF[ WP
FGTUVQQF JQY VQ WUG KOCIGU VQ HWTVJGT JKU RTGUKFGPVKCN
CODKVKQPU=? #U C TGUWNV UQOG RQNKVKECN EQOOGPVCVQTU
JCXG QRKPGF VJCV #OGTKECP XQVGTU JCXG WPTGCNKUVKE GZRGE
VCVKQPU QH RTGUKFGPVU XQVGTU GZRGEV C RTGUKFGPV VQ FTKXG
VJG GEQPQO[ XCPSWKUJ GPGOKGU NGCF VJG HTGG YQTNF
EQOHQTV VQTPCFQ XKEVKOU JGCN VJG PCVKQPCN UQWN CPF RTQ
VGEV DQTTQYGTU HTQO JKFFGP ETGFKVECTF HGGU=?

2.3

Ceremonial roles

1SFTJEFOU 8PPESPX 8JMTPO UISPXJOH PVU UIF DFSFNPOJBM STU CBMM

PO 0QFOJOH %BZ 

#U JGCF QH UVCVG VJG RTGUKFGPV ECP HWNNN VTCFKVKQPU GU

VCDNKUJGF D[ RTGXKQWU RTGUKFGPVU 9KNNKCO *QYCTF 6CHV
UVCTVGF VJG VTCFKVKQP QH VJTQYKPI QWV VJG EGTGOQPKCN TUV
RKVEJ KP  CV )TKVJ 5VCFKWO 9CUJKPIVQP &% QP
VJG 9CUJKPIVQP 5GPCVQTU 1RGPKPI &C[ 'XGT[ RTGUKFGPV
UKPEG 6CHV GZEGRV HQT ,KOO[ %CTVGT VJTGY QWV CV NGCUV
QPG EGTGOQPKCN TUV DCNN QT RKVEJ HQT 1RGPKPI &C[ VJG
#NN5VCT )COG QT VJG 9QTNF 5GTKGU WUWCNN[ YKVJ OWEJ
HCPHCTG=?
1VJGT RTGUKFGPVKCN VTCFKVKQPU CTG CUUQEKCVGF YKVJ #OGTK
ECP JQNKFC[U 4WVJGTHQTF $ *C[GU DGICP KP  VJG TUV
9JKVG *QWUG GII TQNNKPI HQT NQECN EJKNFTGP=? $GIKPPKPI
KP  FWTKPI VJG *CTT[ 5 6TWOCP CFOKPKUVTCVKQP GX
GT[ 6JCPMUIKXKPI VJG RTGUKFGPV KU RTGUGPVGF YKVJ C NKXG
FQOGUVKE VWTMG[ FWTKPI VJG CPPWCN PCVKQPCN VJCPMUIKXKPI
VWTMG[ RTGUGPVCVKQP JGNF CV VJG 9JKVG *QWUG 5KPEG 
YJGP VJG EWUVQO QH RCTFQPKPI VJG VWTMG[ YCU HQTOCN
K\GF D[ )GQTIG * 9 $WUJ VJG VWTMG[ JCU DGGP VCMGP VQ
C HCTO YJGTG KV YKNN NKXG QWV VJG TGUV QH KVU PCVWTCN NKHG=?
2TGUKFGPVKCN VTCFKVKQPU CNUQ KPXQNXG VJG RTGUKFGPVU TQNG CU
JGCF QH IQXGTPOGPV /CP[ QWVIQKPI RTGUKFGPVU UKPEG
,COGU $WEJCPCP VTCFKVKQPCNN[ IKXG CFXKEG VQ VJGKT UWEEGU
UQT FWTKPI VJG RTGUKFGPVKCN VTCPUKVKQP=? 4QPCNF 4GCICP
CPF JKU UWEEGUUQTU JCXG CNUQ NGHV C RTKXCVG OGUUCIG QP VJG
FGUM QH VJG 1XCN 1EG QP +PCWIWTCVKQP &C[ HQT VJG KP
EQOKPI RTGUKFGPV=?

2.4 Critics of presidencys evolution

/CKP CTVKENG +ORGTKCN 2TGUKFGPE[
/QUV QH VJG PCVKQPU (QWPFKPI (CVJGTU GZRGEVGF VJG
%QPITGUU YJKEJ YCU VJG TUV DTCPEJ QH IQXGTPOGPV FG
UETKDGF KP VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP VQ DG VJG FQOKPCPV DTCPEJ
QH IQXGTPOGPV VJG[ FKF PQV GZRGEV C UVTQPI GZGEWVKXG=?
*QYGXGT RTGUKFGPVKCN RQYGT JCU UJKHVGF QXGT VKOG YJKEJ
JCU TGUWNVGF KP ENCKOU VJCV VJG OQFGTP RTGUKFGPE[ JCU
DGEQOG VQQ RQYGTHWN=?=? WPEJGEMGF WPDCNCPEGF=?
CPF OQPCTEJKUV KP PCVWTG=? %TKVKE &CPC & 0GNUQP DG
NKGXGU RTGUKFGPVU QXGT VJG RCUV VJKTV[ [GCTU JCXG YQTMGF
VQYCTFU WPFKXKFGF RTGUKFGPVKCN EQPVTQN QH VJG GZGEWVKXG
DTCPEJ CPF KVU CIGPEKGU=? 5JG ETKVKEK\GU RTQRQPGPVU QH
VJG WPKVCT[ GZGEWVKXG HQT GZRCPFKPI VJG OCP[ GZKUVKPI
WPEJGEMCDNG GZGEWVKXG RQYGTU UWEJ CU GZGEWVKXG QTFGTU
FGETGGU OGOQTCPFWOU RTQENCOCVKQPU PCVKQPCN UGEWTKV[
FKTGEVKXGU CPF NGIKUNCVKXG UKIPKPI UVCVGOGPVU VJCV CNTGCF[
CNNQY RTGUKFGPVU VQ GPCEV C IQQF FGCN QH HQTGKIP CPF FQ
OGUVKE RQNKE[ YKVJQWV CKF KPVGTHGTGPEG QT EQPUGPV HTQO
%QPITGUU=? #EVKXKUV $KNN 9KNUQP QRKPGF VJCV VJG GZ
RCPFGF RTGUKFGPE[ YCU VJG ITGCVGUV VJTGCV GXGT VQ KPFK
XKFWCN HTGGFQO CPF FGOQETCVKE TWNG=?

 4&-&$5*0/ 130$&44
QH FKUSWCNKH[KPI EQPXKEVGF KPFKXKFWCNU HTQO JQNFKPI
QVJGT HGFGTCN QEGU KPENWFKPI VJG RTGUKFGPE[=?
7PFGT 5GEVKQP  QH VJG (QWTVGGPVJ #OGPFOGPV PQ
RGTUQP YJQ UYQTG CP QCVJ VQ UWRRQTV VJG %QPUVK
VWVKQP CPF NCVGT TGDGNNGF CICKPUV VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
ECP DGEQOG RTGUKFGPV *QYGXGT VJKU FKUSWCNKEC
VKQP ECP DG NKHVGF D[ C VYQVJKTFU XQVG QH GCEJ JQWUG
QH %QPITGUU

3.2 Campaigns and nomination

/CKP CTVKENGU 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN RTKOCT[ 7PKVGF
5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN PQOKPCVKPI EQPXGPVKQP 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
RTGUKFGPVKCN GNGEVKQP FGDCVGU CPF 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGP
VKCN GNGEVKQP

(FPSHF 8BTIJOHUPO UIF STU 1SFTJEFOU PG UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT

Selection process

3.1

Eligibility

6JG OQFGTP RTGUKFGPVKCN ECORCKIP DGIKPU DGHQTG VJG

RTKOCT[ GNGEVKQPU YJKEJ VJG VYQ OCLQT RQNKVKECN RCTVKGU
WUG VQ ENGCT VJG GNF QH ECPFKFCVGU DGHQTG VJGKT PCVKQPCN
PQOKPCVKPI EQPXGPVKQPU YJGTG VJG OQUV UWEEGUUHWN ECP
FKFCVG KU OCFG VJG RCTV[U PQOKPGG HQT RTGUKFGPV 6[R
KECNN[ VJG RCTV[U RTGUKFGPVKCN ECPFKFCVG EJQQUGU C XKEG
RTGUKFGPVKCN PQOKPGG CPF VJKU EJQKEG KU TWDDGTUVCORGF
D[ VJG EQPXGPVKQP 6JG OQUV EQOOQP RTGXKQWU RTQHGU
UKQP D[ 75 RTGUKFGPVU KU NCY[GT=?

0QOKPGGU RCTVKEKRCVG KP PCVKQPCNN[ VGNGXKUGF FGDCVGU CPF

YJKNG VJG FGDCVGU CTG WUWCNN[ TGUVTKEVGF VQ VJG &GOQETCVKE
/CKP CTVKENG #IG QH ECPFKFCE[
CPF 4GRWDNKECP PQOKPGGU VJKTF RCTV[ ECPFKFCVGU OC[
DG KPXKVGF UWEJ CU 4QUU 2GTQV KP VJG  FGDCVGU
#TVKENG ++ 5GEVKQP  %NCWUG  QH VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP UGVU VJG 0QOKPGGU ECORCKIP CETQUU VJG EQWPVT[ VQ GZRNCKP VJGKT
XKGYU EQPXKPEG XQVGTU CPF UQNKEKV EQPVTKDWVKQPU /WEJ
TGSWKTGOGPVU VQ JQNF QEG # RTGUKFGPV OWUV
QH VJG OQFGTP GNGEVQTCN RTQEGUU KU EQPEGTPGF YKVJ YKP
PKPI UYKPI UVCVGU VJTQWIJ HTGSWGPV XKUKVU CPF OCUU OGFKC
=PQVG ?
DG C PCVWTCNDQTP EKVK\GP QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
CFXGTVKUKPI FTKXGU
DG CV NGCUV VJKTV[XG [GCTU QNF
JCXG DGGP C RGTOCPGPV TGUKFGPV KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 3.3
HQT CV NGCUV HQWTVGGP [GCTU

Election and oath

/CKP CTVKENGU 'NGEVQTCN %QNNGIG

7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF 1CVJ
# RGTUQP YJQ OGGVU VJG CDQXG SWCNKECVKQPU KU UVKNN FKU QH QEG QH VJG 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
SWCNKGF HTQO JQNFKPI VJG QEG QH RTGUKFGPV WPFGT CP[ 6JG RTGUKFGPV KU GNGEVGF KPFKTGEVN[ # PWODGT QH GNGEVQTU
QH VJG HQNNQYKPI EQPFKVKQPU
EQNNGEVKXGN[ MPQYP CU VJG 'NGEVQTCN %QNNGIG QEKCNN[ UG
NGEV VJG RTGUKFGPV 1P 'NGEVKQP &C[ XQVGTU KP GCEJ QH
7PFGT VJG 6YGPV[UGEQPF #OGPFOGPV PQ RGTUQP VJG UVCVGU CPF VJG &KUVTKEV QH %QNWODKC ECUV DCNNQVU HQT
ECP DG GNGEVGF RTGUKFGPV OQTG VJCP VYKEG 6JG VJGUG GNGEVQTU 'CEJ UVCVG KU CNNQECVGF C PWODGT QH GNGE
COGPFOGPV CNUQ URGEKGU VJCV KH CP[ GNKIKDNG RGTUQP VQTU GSWCN VQ VJG UK\G QH KVU FGNGICVKQP KP DQVJ *QWUGU
YJQ UGTXGU CU RTGUKFGPV QT CEVKPI RTGUKFGPV HQT OQTG QH %QPITGUU EQODKPGF )GPGTCNN[ VJG VKEMGV VJCV YKPU
VJCP VYQ [GCTU QH C VGTO HQT YJKEJ UQOG QVJGT GNK VJG OQUV XQVGU KP C UVCVG YKPU CNN QH VJCV UVCVGU GNGEVQTCN
IKDNG RGTUQP YCU GNGEVGF RTGUKFGPV VJG HQTOGT ECP XQVGU CPF VJWU JCU KVU UNCVG QH GNGEVQTU EJQUGP VQ XQVG KP
QPN[ DG GNGEVGF RTGUKFGPV QPEG 5EJQNCTU FKUCITGG VJG 'NGEVQTCN %QNNGIG
YJGVJGT CP[QPG PQ NQPIGT GNKIKDNG VQ DG GNGEVGF RTGU
KFGPV EQWNF DG GNGEVGF XKEG RTGUKFGPV RWTUWCPV VQ 6JG YKPPKPI UNCVG QH GNGEVQTU OGGV CV KVU UVCVGU ECRKVCN QP
VJG SWCNKECVKQPU UGV QWV WPFGT VJG 6YGNHVJ #OGPF VJG TUV /QPFC[ CHVGT VJG UGEQPF 9GFPGUFC[ KP &GEGO
DGT CDQWV UKZ YGGMU CHVGT VJG GNGEVKQP VQ XQVG 6JG[ VJGP
OGPV=?
UGPF C TGEQTF QH VJCV XQVG VQ %QPITGUU 6JG XQVG QH VJG
7PFGT #TVKENG + 5GEVKQP  %NCWUG  WRQP EQPXKE GNGEVQTU KU QRGPGF D[ VJG UKVVKPI XKEG RTGUKFGPVCEVKPI KP
VKQP KP KORGCEJOGPV ECUGU VJG 5GPCVG JCU VJG QRVKQP JKU ECRCEKV[ CU 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 5GPCVGCPF TGCF CNQWF



7BDBODZ PS EJTBCJMJUZ

12
3
7

4
6

NH 4
VT 3

10

5
6

55
11

10

6
7

5
38

29

16

20 11 18

10

5 13
15
9

11

6
8

20

16
29

MA 11
RI 4
CT 7
NJ 14
DE 3
MD 10
DC 3

Gained
Lost
No Change

" NBQ PG UIF 6OJUFE 4UBUFT TIPXJOH UIF OVNCFS PG FMFDUPSBM WPUFT
BMMPDBUFE UP FBDI TUBUF GPMMPXJOH SFBQQPSUJPONFOU CBTFE PO UIF
 DFOTVT  FMFDUPSBM WPUFT BSF SFRVJSFE GPS B NBKPSJUZ PVU
PG  PWFSBMM

VQ C LQKPV UGUUKQP QH VJG KPEQOKPI %QPITGUU YJKEJ YCU

GNGEVGF CV VJG UCOG VKOG CU VJG RTGUKFGPV
2WTUWCPV VQ VJG 6YGPVKGVJ #OGPFOGPV VJG RTGUKFGPVU
VGTO QH QEG DGIKPU CV PQQP QP ,CPWCT[  QH VJG [GCT
HQNNQYKPI VJG GNGEVKQP 6JKU FCVG MPQYP CU +PCWIWTCVKQP
&C[ OCTMU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG HQWT[GCT VGTOU QH DQVJ 'SBOLMJO % 3PPTFWFMU XBT FMFDUFE UP GPVS UFSNT CFGPSF UIF BEPQ
UJPO PG UIF 5XFOUZTFDPOE "NFOENFOU
VJG RTGUKFGPV CPF VJG XKEG RTGUKFGPV $GHQTG GZGEWVKPI
VJG RQYGTU QH VJG QEG C RTGUKFGPV KU EQPUVKVWVKQPCNN[
TGSWKTGF VQ VCMG VJG RTGUKFGPVKCN QCVJ
DGKPI GNGEVGF RTGUKFGPV OQTG VJCP VYKEG QT QPEG KH VJCV
RGTUQP UGTXGF OQTG VJCP JCNH QH CPQVJGT RTGUKFGPVU VGTO
+ FQ UQNGOPN[ UYGCT
QT CTO VJCV + YKNN
*CTT[ 5 6TWOCP YJQ YCU RTGUKFGPV YJGP VJG COGPF
HCKVJHWNN[ GZGEWVG VJG 1EG QH 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG
OGPV YCU CFQRVGF CPF UQ D[ VJG COGPFOGPVU RTQXKUKQPU
7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF YKNN VQ VJG DGUV QH O[ #DKN
GZGORV HTQO KVU NKOKVCVKQP CNUQ DTKG[ UQWIJV C VJKTF
C
KV[ RTGUGTXG RTQVGEV CPF FGHGPF VJG %QPUVKVW
UGEQPF HWNN VGTO DGHQTG YKVJFTCYKPI HTQO VJG  GNGE
VKQP QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU=?
VKQP
#NVJQWIJ PQV TGSWKTGF RTGUKFGPVU JCXG VTCFKVKQPCNN[
RCNOGF C $KDNG YJKNG UYGCTKPI VJG QCVJ CPF JCXG CFFGF
5Q JGNR OG )QF VQ VJG GPF QH VJG QCVJ=? (WTVJGT
CNVJQWIJ VJG QCVJ OC[ DG CFOKPKUVGTGF D[ CP[ RGTUQP CW
VJQTK\GF D[ NCY VQ CFOKPKUVGT QCVJU RTGUKFGPVU CTG VTCFK
VKQPCNN[ UYQTP KP D[ VJG %JKGH ,WUVKEG QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

3.4

Tenure and term limits

6JG VGTO QH QEG HQT RTGUKFGPV CPF XKEG RTGUKFGPV KU HQWT

[GCTU )GQTIG 9CUJKPIVQP VJG TUV RTGUKFGPV UGV CP WP
QEKCN RTGEGFGPV QH UGTXKPI QPN[ VYQ VGTOU YJKEJ UWDUG
SWGPV RTGUKFGPVU HQNNQYGF WPVKN  $GHQTG (TCPMNKP &
4QQUGXGNV CVVGORVU CV C VJKTF VGTO YGTG GPEQWTCIGF D[
UWRRQTVGTU QH 7N[UUGU 5 )TCPV CPF 6JGQFQTG 4QQUGXGNV
PGKVJGT QH VJGUG CVVGORVU UWEEGGFGF +P  (TCPMNKP &
4QQUGXGNV FGENKPGF VQ UGGM C VJKTF VGTO DWV CNNQYGF JKU
RQNKVKECN RCTV[ VQ FTCHV JKO CU KVU RTGUKFGPVKCN ECPFKFCVG
CPF YCU UWDUGSWGPVN[ GNGEVGF VQ C VJKTF VGTO +P 
VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU GPVGTGF 9QTNF 9CT ++ NGCFKPI XQVGTU VQ
GNGEV 4QQUGXGNV VQ C HQWTVJ VGTO KP 

5KPEG VJG COGPFOGPVU CFQRVKQP HQWT RTGUKFGPVU JCXG

UGTXGF VYQ HWNN VGTOU &YKIJV & 'KUGPJQYGT 4QPCNF
4GCICP $KNN %NKPVQP CPF )GQTIG 9 $WUJ $CTCEM
1DCOC JCU DGGP GNGEVGF VQ C UGEQPF VGTO ,KOO[ %CTVGT
CPF )GQTIG * 9 $WUJ UQWIJV C UGEQPF VGTO DWV YGTG
FGHGCVGF 4KEJCTF 0KZQP YCU GNGEVGF VQ C UGEQPF VGTO
DWV TGUKIPGF DGHQTG EQORNGVKPI KV .[PFQP $ ,QJPUQP
YCU VJG QPN[ RTGUKFGPV WPFGT VJG COGPFOGPV VQ DG GNKIK
DNG VQ UGTXG OQTG VJCP VYQ VGTOU KP VQVCN JCXKPI UGTXGF
HQT QPN[ HQWTVGGP OQPVJU HQNNQYKPI ,QJP ( -GPPGF[U
CUUCUUKPCVKQP *QYGXGT ,QJPUQP YKVJFTGY HTQO VJG
 &GOQETCVKE 2TKOCT[ UWTRTKUKPI OCP[ #OGTKECPU
)GTCNF (QTF UQWIJV C HWNN VGTO CHVGT UGTXKPI QWV VJG NCUV
VYQ [GCTU CPF XG OQPVJU QH 0KZQPU UGEQPF VGTO DWV
YCU PQV GNGEVGF

3.5 Vacancy or disability

5GG CNUQ 6YGPV[HVJ #OGPFOGPV VQ VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU

%QPUVKVWVKQP 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN NKPG QH UWEEGU
UKQP 2TGUKFGPVKCN 5WEEGUUKQP #EV CPF +ORGCEJOGPV KP
#HVGT VJG YCT CPF KP TGURQPUG VQ 4QQUGXGNV DGKPI GNGEVGF VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
VQ VJKTF CPF HQWTVJ VGTOU VJG 6YGPV[UGEQPF #OGPF
OGPV YCU CFQRVGF 6JG COGPFOGPV DCTU CP[QPG HTQO 8CECPEKGU KP VJG QEG QH 2TGUKFGPV OC[ CTKUG WPFGT

 $0.1&/4"5*0/

UGXGTCN RQUUKDNG EKTEWOUVCPEGU FGCVJ TGUKIPCVKQP CPF DGEQOGU CEVKPI RTGUKFGPV 6JG NKPG VJGP GZVGPFU VQ VJG
TGOQXCN HTQO QEG
2TGUKFGPV RTQ VGORQTG QH VJG 5GPCVG HQNNQYGF D[ GXGT[
#TVKENG ++ 5GEVKQP  QH VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP CNNQYU VJG *QWUG OGODGT QH VJG %CDKPGV KP C UGV QTFGT 5RGEKCN GNGEVKQPU
QH 4GRTGUGPVCVKXGU VQ KORGCEJ JKIJ HGFGTCN QEKCNU KP CTG PGXGT JGNF HQT VJG QEG QH 2TGUKFGPV

ENWFKPI VJG RTGUKFGPV HQT VTGCUQP DTKDGT[ QT QVJGT JKIJ

ETKOGU CPF OKUFGOGCPQTU #TVKENG + 5GEVKQP  %NCWUG
 IKXGU VJG 5GPCVG VJG RQYGT VQ TGOQXG KORGCEJGF Q
4 Compensation
EKCNU HTQO QEG IKXGP C VYQVJKTFU XQVG VQ EQPXKEV 6JG
*QWUG JCU VJWU HCT KORGCEJGF VYQ RTGUKFGPVU #PFTGY
,QJPUQP KP  CPF $KNN %NKPVQP KP  0GKVJGT YCU 5KPEG  VJG RTGUKFGPV JCU GCTPGF C  CPPWCN
UWDUGSWGPVN[ EQPXKEVGF D[ VJG 5GPCVG JQYGXGT ,QJPUQP UCNCT[ CNQPI YKVJ C  CPPWCN GZRGPUG CEEQWPV
C  PQPVCZCDNG VTCXGN CEEQWPV CPF  HQT
YCU CESWKVVGF D[ LWUV QPG XQVG
GPVGTVCKPOGPV=?=? 6JG OQUV TGEGPV TCKUG KP UCNCT[ YCU
7PFGT 5GEVKQP  QH VJG 6YGPV[HVJ #OGPFOGPV VJG
CRRTQXGF D[ %QPITGUU CPF 2TGUKFGPV $KNN %NKPVQP KP 
RTGUKFGPV OC[ VTCPUHGT VJG RTGUKFGPVKCN RQYGTU CPF FW
CPF YGPV KPVQ GGEV KP 
VKGU VQ VJG XKEG RTGUKFGPV YJQ VJGP DGEQOGU CEVKPI RTGU
KFGPV D[ VTCPUOKVVKPI C UVCVGOGPV VQ VJG 5RGCMGT QH VJG 6JG 9JKVG *QWUG KP 9CUJKPIVQP &% UGTXGU CU VJG
*QWUG CPF VJG 2TGUKFGPV QSP UFNQPSF QH VJG 5GPCVG UVCV QEKCN RNCEG QH TGUKFGPEG HQT VJG RTGUKFGPV JG KU GPVK
KPI VJG TGCUQPU HQT VJG VTCPUHGT 6JG RTGUKFGPV TGUWOGU VNGF VQ WUG KVU UVC CPF HCEKNKVKGU KPENWFKPI OGFKECN ECTG
VJG FKUEJCTIG QH VJG RTGUKFGPVKCN RQYGTU CPF FWVKGU YJGP TGETGCVKQP JQWUGMGGRKPI CPF UGEWTKV[ UGTXKEGU 6JG IQX
JG VTCPUOKVU VQ VJQUG VYQ QEKCNU C YTKVVGP FGENCTCVKQP GTPOGPV RC[U HQT UVCVG FKPPGTU CPF QVJGT QEKCN HWPE
UVCVKPI VJCV TGUWORVKQP 6JKU VTCPUHGT QH RQYGT OC[ QE VKQPU DWV VJG RTGUKFGPV RC[U HQT FT[ ENGCPKPI CPF HQQF
EWT HQT CP[ TGCUQP VJG RTGUKFGPV EQPUKFGTU CRRTQRTKCVG VJCV JG JKU HCOKN[ CPF RGTUQPCN IWGUVU EQPUWOG VJG JKIJ
=?
0CXCN 5WRRQTV
KP  CPF CICKP KP  2TGUKFGPV )GQTIG 9 $WUJ HQQF DKNN QHVGP COC\GU PGY TGUKFGPVU
DTKG[ VTCPUHGTTGF RTGUKFGPVKCN CWVJQTKV[ VQ 8KEG 2TGUKFGPV (CEKNKV[ 6JWTOQPV RQRWNCTN[ MPQYP CU %COR &CXKF KU
&KEM %JGPG[ +P DQVJ ECUGU VJKU YCU FQPG VQ CEEQOOQ C OQWPVCKPDCUGF OKNKVCT[ ECOR KP (TGFGTKEM %QWPV[
FCVG C OGFKECN RTQEGFWTG YJKEJ TGSWKTGF $WUJ VQ DG UG /CT[NCPF WUGF CU C EQWPVT[ TGVTGCV CPF HQT JKIJ CNGTV
FCVGF DQVJ VKOGU $WUJ TGVWTPGF VQ FWV[ NCVGT VJG UCOG RTQVGEVKQP QH VJG RTGUKFGPV CPF JKU IWGUVU $NCKT *QWUG
NQECVGF PGZV VQ VJG 'KUGPJQYGT 'ZGEWVKXG 1EG $WKNF
FC[=?
KPI CV VJG 9JKVG *QWUG %QORNGZ CPF .CHC[GVVG 2CTM KU C
7PFGT 5GEVKQP  QH VJG 6YGPV[HVJ #OGPFOGPV VJG XKEG
EQORNGZ QH HQWT EQPPGEVGF VQYPJQWUGU GZEGGFKPI 
RTGUKFGPV KP EQPLWPEVKQP YKVJ C OCLQTKV[ QH VJG %CDKPGV
USWCTG HGGV
 O2  QH QQT URCEG YJKEJ UGTXGU CU VJG
OC[ VTCPUHGT VJG RTGUKFGPVKCN RQYGTU CPF FWVKGU HTQO VJG
RTGUKFGPVU QEKCN IWGUV JQWUG CPF CU C UGEQPFCT[ TGUK
RTGUKFGPV VQ VJG XKEG RTGUKFGPV D[ VTCPUOKVVKPI C YTKVVGP
FGPEG HQT VJG RTGUKFGPV KH PGGFGF=?
FGENCTCVKQP VQ VJG 5RGCMGT QH VJG *QWUG CPF VJG RTGUKFGPV
QSP UFNQPSF QH VJG 5GPCVG VJCV VJG RTGUKFGPV KU WPCDNG VQ (QT ITQWPF VTCXGN VJG RTGUKFGPV WUGU VJG RTGUKFGPVKCN UVCVG
FKUEJCTIG VJG RTGUKFGPVKCN RQYGTU CPF FWVKGU +H VJKU QE ECT YJKEJ KU CP CTOQTGF NKOQWUKPG DWKNV QP C JGCXKN[
=?
1PG QH VYQ KFGPVK
EWTU VJGP VJG XKEG RTGUKFGPV YKNN CUUWOG VJG RTGUKFGPVKCN OQFKGF %CFKNNCEDCUGF EJCUUKU
RQYGTU CPF FWVKGU CU CEVKPI RTGUKFGPV JQYGXGT VJG RTGU ECN $QGKPI 8% CKTETCHV YJKEJ CTG GZVGPUKXGN[ OQFK
KFGPV ECP FGENCTG VJCV PQ UWEJ KPCDKNKV[ GZKUVU CPF TGUWOG GF XGTUKQPU QH $QGKPI $ CKTNKPGTU UGTXG CU NQPI
VJG FKUEJCTIG QH VJG RTGUKFGPVKCN RQYGTU CPF FWVKGU +H VJG FKUVCPEG VTCXGN HQT VJG RTGUKFGPV CPF CTG TGHGTTGF VQ CU "JS
XKEG RTGUKFGPV CPF %CDKPGV EQPVGUV VJKU ENCKO KV KU WR VQ 'PSDF 0OF YJKNG VJG RTGUKFGPV KU QP DQCTF
CNVJQWIJ CP[
%QPITGUU YJKEJ OWUV OGGV YKVJKP VYQ FC[U KH PQV CNTGCF[ 75 #KT (QTEG CKTETCHV VJG 2TGUKFGPV KU CDQCTF KU FGUKI
PCVGF CU #KT (QTEG 1PG HQT VJG FWTCVKQP QH VJG KIJV
KP UGUUKQP VQ FGEKFG VJG OGTKV QH VJG ENCKO
+PEQWPVT[ VTKRU CTG V[RKECNN[ JCPFNGF YKVJ LWUV QPG QH VJG
6JG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU %QPUVKVWVKQP OGPVKQPU VJG TGUKIPCVKQP
VYQ RNCPGU YJKNG QXGTUGCU VTKRU CTG JCPFNGF YKVJ DQVJ
QH VJG RTGUKFGPV DWV FQGU PQV TGIWNCVG VJG HQTO QH UWEJ
QPG RTKOCT[ CPF QPG DCEMWR #P[ EKXKNKCP CKTETCHV VJG
C TGUKIPCVKQP QT VJG EQPFKVKQPU HQT KVU XCNKFKV[ 2WTUWCPV
2TGUKFGPV KU CDQCTF KU FGUKIPCVGF 'ZGEWVKXG 1PG HQT VJG
VQ HGFGTCN NCY VJG QPN[ XCNKF GXKFGPEG QH VJG RTGUKFGPVU
KIJV=?=? 6JG RTGUKFGPV CNUQ JCU C GGV QH VJKTV[XG
TGUKIPCVKQP KU C YTKVVGP KPUVTWOGPV VQ VJCV GGEV UKIPGF D[
75 /CTKPG %QTRU JGNKEQRVGTU CV JKU FKURQUCN QH XCT[
VJG RTGUKFGPV CPF FGNKXGTGF VQ VJG QEG QH VJG 5GETGVCT[
KPI OQFGNU FGUKIPCVGF .BSJOF 0OF YJGP VJG RTGUKFGPV KU
QH 5VCVG=? 6JKU JCU QPN[ QEEWTTGF QPEG YJGP 4KEJCTF
CDQCTF CP[ RCTVKEWNCT QPG KP VJG GGV (NKIJVU CTG V[RK
0KZQP FGNKXGTGF C NGVVGT VQ *GPT[ -KUUKPIGT VQ VJCV GGEV
ECNN[ JCPFNGF YKVJ CU OCP[ CU XG JGNKEQRVGTU CNN [KPI
6JG %QPUVKVWVKQP UVCVGU VJCV VJG XKEG RTGUKFGPV DGEQOGU VQIGVJGT CPF HTGSWGPVN[ UYCRRKPI RQUKVKQPU CU VQ FKUIWKUG
RTGUKFGPV WRQP VJG TGOQXCN HTQO QEG FGCVJ QT TGUKI YJKEJ JGNKEQRVGT VJG 2TGUKFGPV KU CEVWCNN[ CDQCTF VQ CP[
PCVKQP QH VJG RTGEGFKPI RTGUKFGPV +H VJG QEGU QH 2TGU YQWNFDG VJTGCVU
KFGPV CPF 8KEG 2TGUKFGPV DQVJ CTG GKVJGT XCECPV QT JCXG
6JG 75 5GETGV 5GTXKEG KU EJCTIGF YKVJ RTQVGEVKPI VJG
C FKUCDNGF JQNFGT QH VJCV QEG VJG PGZV QEGT KP VJG
UKVVKPI RTGUKFGPV CPF VJG TUV HCOKN[ #U RCTV QH VJGKT RTQ
RTGUKFGPVKCN NKPG QH UWEEGUUKQP VJG 5RGCMGT QH VJG *QWUG
VGEVKQP RTGUKFGPVU TUV NCFKGU VJGKT EJKNFTGP CPF QVJGT


KOOGFKCVG HCOKN[ OGODGTU CPF QVJGT RTQOKPGPV RGTUQPU
CPF NQECVKQPU CTG CUUKIPGF 5GETGV 5GTXKEG EQFGPCOGU=?
6JG WUG QH UWEJ PCOGU YCU QTKIKPCNN[ HQT UGEWTKV[ RWT
RQUGU CPF FCVGU VQ C VKOG YJGP UGPUKVKXG GNGEVTQPKE EQO
OWPKECVKQPU YGTG PQV TQWVKPGN[ GPET[RVGF VQFC[ VJG
PCOGU UKORN[ UGTXG HQT RWTRQUGU QH DTGXKV[ ENCTKV[ CPF
VTCFKVKQP=?
2TGUKFGPVKCN COGPKVKGU
6JG 9JKVG *QWUG
%COR &CXKF
$NCKT *QWUG
2TGUKFGPVKCN UVCVG ECT
#KT (QTEG 1PG
/CTKPG 1PG

Post-presidency

1SFTJEFOUT (FSBME 'PSE 3JDIBSE /JYPO (FPSHF ) 8 #VTI

3POBME 3FBHBO BOE +JNNZ $BSUFS EFEJDBUF UIF 3POBME 3FBHBO
1SFTJEFOUJBM -JCSBSZ JO 

$GIKPPKPI KP  CNN NKXKPI HQTOGT RTGUKFGPVU YGTG

ITCPVGF C RGPUKQP CP QEG CPF C UVC 6JG RGPUKQP
JCU KPETGCUGF PWOGTQWU VKOGU YKVJ %QPITGUUKQPCN CR
RTQXCN 4GVKTGF RTGUKFGPVU PQY TGEGKXG C RGPUKQP DCUGF
QP VJG UCNCT[ QH VJG EWTTGPV CFOKPKUVTCVKQPU ECDKPGV UGE
TGVCTKGU YJKEJ YCU  GCEJ [GCT KP =? (QT
OGT RTGUKFGPVU YJQ UGTXGF KP %QPITGUU OC[ CNUQ EQNNGEV
EQPITGUUKQPCN RGPUKQPU=? 6JG (QTOGT 2TGUKFGPVU #EV
CU COGPFGF CNUQ RTQXKFGU HQTOGT RTGUKFGPVU YKVJ VTCXGN
HWPFU CPF HTCPMKPI RTKXKNGIGU 2TKQT VQ  CNN HQTOGT
RTGUKFGPVU VJGKT URQWUGU CPF VJGKT EJKNFTGP WPVKN CIG 
YGTG RTQVGEVGF D[ VJG 5GETGV 5GTXKEG WPVKN VJG RTGUKFGPVU
FGCVJ=?=? +P  %QPITGUU RCUUGF NGIKUNCVKQP NKOKV
KPI UGETGV UGTXKEG RTQVGEVKQP VQ PQ OQTG VJCP  [GCTU
HTQO VJG FCVG C RTGUKFGPV NGCXGU QEG=? 1P ,CPWCT[ 

1SFTJEFOUT (FPSHF ) 8 #VTI (FPSHF 8 #VTI #JMM $MJOUPO BOE

+JNNZ $BSUFS XJUI 1SFTJEFOUFMFDU #BSBDL 0CBNB JO UIF 0WBM
0DF PO +BOVBSZ  

 2TGUKFGPV 1DCOC UKIPGF NGIKUNCVKQP TGKPUVCVKPI NKHG

VKOG UGETGV UGTXKEG RTQVGEVKQP HQT JKO )GQTIG 9 $WUJ
CPF CNN UWDUGSWGPV RTGUKFGPVU=? # URQWUG YJQ TGOCTTKGU
KU PQ NQPIGT GNKIKDNG HQT UGETGV UGTXKEG RTQVGEVKQP=?
5QOG RTGUKFGPVU JCXG JCF UKIPKECPV ECTGGTU CHVGT NGCX
KPI QEG 2TQOKPGPV GZCORNGU KPENWFG 9KNNKCO *QYCTF
6CHV U VGPWTG CU %JKGH ,WUVKEG QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU CPF
*GTDGTV *QQXGT U YQTM QP IQXGTPOGPV TGQTICPK\CVKQP CH
VGT 9QTNF 9CT ++ )TQXGT %NGXGNCPF YJQUG DKF HQT TG
GNGEVKQP HCKNGF KP  YCU GNGEVGF RTGUKFGPV CICKP HQWT
[GCTU NCVGT KP  6YQ HQTOGT RTGUKFGPVU UGTXGF KP
%QPITGUU CHVGT NGCXKPI VJG 9JKVG *QWUG ,QJP 3WKPE[
#FCOU YCU GNGEVGF VQ VJG *QWUG QH 4GRTGUGPVCVKXGU UGTX
KPI VJGTG HQT UGXGPVGGP [GCTU CPF #PFTGY ,QJPUQP TG
VWTPGF VQ VJG 5GPCVG KP  ,QJP 6[NGT UGTXGF KP VJG
RTQXKUKQPCN %QPITGUU QH VJG %QPHGFGTCVG 5VCVGU FWTKPI VJG
%KXKN 9CT CPF YCU GNGEVGF VQ VJG %QPHGFGTCVG *QWUG QH
4GRTGUGPVCVKXGU DWV FKGF DGHQTG VJCV DQF[ TUV OGV
2TGUKFGPVU OC[ WUG VJGKT RTGFGEGUUQTU CU GOKUUCTKGU VQ
FGNKXGT RTKXCVG OGUUCIGU VQ QVJGT PCVKQPU QT CU QEKCN
TGRTGUGPVCVKXGU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU VQ UVCVG HWPGTCNU
CPF QVJGT KORQTVCPV HQTGKIP GXGPVU=?=? 4KEJCTF 0KZQP
OCFG OWNVKRNG HQTGKIP VTKRU VQ EQWPVTKGU KPENWFKPI %JKPC
CPF 4WUUKC CPF YCU NCWFGF CU CP GNFGT UVCVGUOCP=?
,KOO[ %CTVGT JCU DGEQOG C INQDCN JWOCP TKIJVU ECO
RCKIPGT KPVGTPCVKQPCN CTDKVGT CPF GNGEVKQP OQPKVQT CU
YGNN CU C TGEKRKGPV QH VJG 0QDGN 2GCEG 2TK\G $KNN %NKPVQP
JCU CNUQ YQTMGF CU CP KPHQTOCN CODCUUCFQT OQUV TGEGPVN[
KP VJG PGIQVKCVKQPU VJCV NGF VQ VJG TGNGCUG QH VYQ #OGTKECP
LQWTPCNKUVU .CWTC .KPI CPF 'WPC .GG HTQO 0QTVJ -QTGC
%NKPVQP JCU CNUQ DGGP CEVKXG RQNKVKECNN[ UKPEG JKU RTGUK
FGPVKCN VGTO GPFGF YQTMKPI YKVJ JKU YKHG *KNNCT[ QP JGT
RTGUKFGPVKCN DKF CPF 2TGUKFGPV 1DCOC QP JKU TGGNGEVKQP
ECORCKIP
.KXKPI HQTOGT RTGUKFGPVU
Jimmy Carter
&

VJ UGTXGF 

D 
CIG 



 4&& "-40

7 See also
George H. W. Bush
4
UV UGTXGF 
D 
CIG 

Bill Clinton
&

PF UGTXGF 

D 
CIG 

George W. Bush
4

TF UGTXGF 

D 
CIG 

5.1

Presidential libraries

/CKP CTVKENG 2TGUKFGPVKCN NKDTCT[

5KPEG *GTDGTV *QQXGT GCEJ RTGUKFGPV JCU ETGCVGF C
TGRQUKVQT[ MPQYP CU C RTGUKFGPVKCN NKDTCT[ HQT RTGUGTXKPI
CPF OCMKPI CXCKNCDNG JKU RCRGTU TGEQTFU CPF QVJGT FQE
WOGPVU CPF OCVGTKCNU %QORNGVGF NKDTCTKGU CTG FGGFGF
VQ CPF OCKPVCKPGF D[ VJG 0CVKQPCN #TEJKXGU CPF 4GEQTFU
#FOKPKUVTCVKQP
0#4# VJG KPKVKCN HWPFKPI HQT DWKNFKPI
CPF GSWKRRKPI GCEJ NKDTCT[ OWUV EQOG HTQO RTKXCVG PQP
HGFGTCN UQWTEGU=? 6JGTG CTG EWTTGPVN[ VJKTVGGP RTGUKFGP
VKCN NKDTCTKGU KP VJG 0#4# U[UVGO 6JGTG CTG CNUQ RTGUK
FGPVKCN NKDTCTKGU OCKPVCKPGF D[ UVCVG IQXGTPOGPVU CPF RTK
XCVG HQWPFCVKQPU UWEJ CU VJG #DTCJCO .KPEQNP 2TGUKFGP
VKCN .KDTCT[ CPF /WUGWO YJKEJ KU TWP D[ VJG 5VCVG QH
+NNKPQKU
#U OCP[ RTGUKFGPVU NKXG HQT OCP[ [GCTU CHVGT NGCXKPI QH
EG UGXGTCN QH VJGO JCXG RGTUQPCNN[ QXGTUGGP VJG DWKNF
KPI CPF QRGPKPI QH VJGKT QYP RTGUKFGPVKCN NKDTCTKGU UQOG
GXGP OCMKPI CTTCPIGOGPVU HQT VJGKT QYP DWTKCN CV VJG UKVG
5GXGTCN RTGUKFGPVKCN NKDTCTKGU VJGTGHQTG EQPVCKP VJG ITCXGU
QH VJG RTGUKFGPV VJG[ FQEWOGPV UWEJ CU VJG 4KEJCTF
0KZQP 2TGUKFGPVKCN .KDTCT[ CPF /WUGWO KP ;QTDC .KPFC
%CNKHQTPKC CPF VJG 4QPCNF 4GCICP 2TGUKFGPVKCN .KDTCT[ KP
5KOK 8CNNG[ %CNKHQTPKC 6JG ITCXGU CTG XKGYCDNG D[ VJG
IGPGTCN RWDNKE XKUKVKPI VJGUG NKDTCTKGU

Timeline of Presidents

6JKU KU C ITCRJKECN VKOGNKPG NKUVKPI QH VJG 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG

7PKVGF 5VCVGU

7.1 Lists relating to the United States presidency

.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUVU QH ECPFKFCVGU HQT 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUVU QH EVKQPCN 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUVU QH JQPQTU CPF CYCTFU TGEGKXGF D[ 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG
7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUVU QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU LWFKEKCN CRRQKPVOGPVU D[ RTGUKFGPV
8KEG RTGUKFGPE[ QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGUTGNCVGF NKUVU
.KUV QH DWTKCN RNCEGU QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ CIG
#OGTKECP 2TGUKFGPVU .KHG 2QTVTCKVU
.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN CUUCUUKPCVKQP CVVGORVU
CPF RNQVU
#UUCUUKPCVKQP VJTGCVU CICKPUV $CTCEM 1DCOC
.KUV QH CWVQDKQITCRJKGU D[ 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF
5VCVGU
.KUV QH PKEMPCOGU WUGF D[ )GQTIG 9 $WUJ
.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN ECPFKFCVGU
.KUV QH EJKNFTGP QH VJG 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ GFWECVKQP
.KUV QH 75 EQWPVKGU PCOGF CHVGT 75 2TGUKFGPVU
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ FCVG QH DKTVJ
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ FCVG QH FGCVJ
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU YJQ FKGF KP QEG
.KXKPI (KTUV .CFKGU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 2TGUKFGPVKCN TUVU
*CPFGFPGUU QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
*GKIJVU QH RTGUKFGPVU CPF RTGUKFGPVKCN ECPFKFCVGU QH VJG
7PKVGF 5VCVGU
*KUVQTKECN RQNNKPI HQT 75 2TGUKFGPVKCN GNGEVKQPU
*KUVQTKECN TCPMKPIU QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUV QH KPVGTPCVKQPCN VTKRU OCFG D[ VJG 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG
7PKVGF 5VCVGU
75 2TGUKFGPVKCN +3 JQCZ
$KDNKQITCRJ[ QH 6JQOCU ,GGTUQP
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ LWFKEKCN
CRRQKPVOGPVU
$KDNKQITCRJ[ QH #DTCJCO .KPEQNP
.KUV QH QDUGTXCPEGU KP VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ RTGUKFGPVKCN
RTQENCOCVKQP
.KUV QH RJQVQITCRJU QH #DTCJCO .KPEQNP
.KUV QH 75 OKNKVCT[ XGUUGNU PCOGF CHVGT 2TGUKFGPVU
.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN GNGEVKQPU D[ RQRWNCT
XQVG OCTIKP
.KUV QH 9JKVG *QWUG UGEWTKV[ DTGCEJGU
.KXKPI 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.[PFQP $ ,QJPUQP DKDNKQITCRJ[
$KDNKQITCRJ[ QH 9KNNKCO /E-KPNG[
.KUV QH OGGVKPIU DGVYGGP VJG 2QRG CPF VJG 2TGUKFGPV QH
VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 2TGUKFGPVU D[ OKNKVCT[ TCPM
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ OKNKVCT[ UGTXKEG


.KUV QH OWNVKNKPIWCN RTGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ PCOG
.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 2TGUKFGPVU D[ PGV YQTVJ
.KUV QH PKEMPCOGU QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 2TGUKFGPVU
4KEJCTF 0KZQP DKDNKQITCRJ[
0QTVJ #OGTKECP .GCFGTU 5WOOKV
.KUV QH DQQMU CPF NOU CDQWV $CTCEM 1DCOC
7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN RGVU
.KUV QH RNCEGU PCOGF HQT &YKIJV & 'KUGPJQYGT
.KUV QH RNCEGU PCOGF HQT #PFTGY ,CEMUQP
.KUV QH RNCEGU PCOGF HQT 6JQOCU ,GGTUQP
.KUV QH RNCEGU PCOGF HQT ,COGU /QPTQG
.KUV QH RNCEGU PCOGF HQT ,COGU - 2QNM
.KUV QH RNCEGU PCOGF HQT )GQTIG 9CUJKPIVQP
.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 2TGUKFGPVU QP EWTTGPE[
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ RTGXKQWU
GZRGTKGPEG
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ JQOG UVCVG
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ RQNKVKECN
CNKCVKQP
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ QVJGT QEGU
JGNF
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ QEEWRCVKQP
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU D[ VKOG KP QEG
4QPCNF 4GCICP DKDNKQITCRJ[
4GNKIKQWU CNKCVKQPU QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUV QH TGUKFGPEGU QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
.KUV QH 5QXKGV 7PKQP7PKVGF 5VCVGU UWOOKVU
6KOGNKPG QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
$KDNKQITCRJ[ QH *CTT[ 5 6TWOCP
7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN XKUKVU VQ VJG $CNVKE UVCVGU
7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN XKUKVU VQ VJG 0QTFKE EQWPVTKGU
.KUV QH 2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU YKVJ HCEKCN JCKT
.KUV QH 7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN XGVQGU
7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN XKUKVU VQ 5WD5CJCTCP #HTKEC
7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN XKUKVU VQ /GZKEQ
7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN XKUKVU VQ VJG 7PKVGF -KPIFQO
75 RTGUKFGPVU QP 75 RQUVCIG UVCORU
6GORNCVG.KUVU QH 75 2TGUKFGPVU CPF 8KEG 2TGUKFGPVU

7.2

Categories

%CVGIQT[7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN JKUVQT[

7.3

Articles

%WTUG QH 6KRRGECPQG
'ZGEWVKXG 1EG QH VJG 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF
5VCVGU
+ORGTKCN 2TGUKFGPE[
5IF *NQFSJBM 1SFTJEFODZ
+ORGTKNGF RTGUKFGPE[
2TGUKFGPV QH VJG %QPVKPGPVCN %QPITGUU

2TGUKFGPVKCN  %QKP 2TQITCO

5GEQPFVGTO EWTUG
7PKVGF 5VCVGU RTGUKFGPVKCN NKPG QH UWEEGUUKQP KP E
VKQP
8KEG 2TGUKFGPV QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
9JKVG *QWUG 1EG

8 Notes
=? (QTGKIPDQTP #OGTKECP EKVK\GPU YJQ OGV VJG CIG CPF
TGUKFGPE[ TGSWKTGOGPVU CV VJG VKOG VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP YCU
CFQRVGF YGTG CNUQ GNKIKDNG HQT VJG RTGUKFGPE[ *QYGXGT
VJKU CNNQYCPEG JCU UKPEG DGEQOG QDUQNGVG

9 References
=? *QY 6Q #FFTGUU 6JG 2TGUKFGPV *G +U 0QV ;QWT 'ZEGN
NGPE[ 1T ;QWT *QPQT $WV /T 2TGUKFGPV 5IF /FX :PSL
5JNFT #WIWUV  
=? 75)5 %QTTGURQPFGPEG *CPFDQQM  %JCRVGT 
7UIUIQX ,WN[   4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT  
=? /QFGNU QH #FFTGUU CPF 5CNWVCVKQP +VCFQEIQX 4G
VTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT  
=? *'#&5 1( 56#6' *'#&5 1( )18'40/'06
/+0+56'45 (14 (14'+)0 #((#+45 2TQVQEQN CPF
.KCKUQP 5GTXKEG 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU 4GVTKGXGF QP 0QXGODGT
 
=? 6JG 9JKVG *QWUG 1EG QH VJG 2TGUU 5GETGVCT[
5GRVGO
DGT   4GOCTMU D[ 2TGUKFGPV 1DCOC 2TGUKFGPV
/WDCTCM *KU /CLGUV[ -KPI #DFWNNCJ 2TKOG /KPKUVGT
0GVCP[CJW CPF 2TGUKFGPV #DDCU $GHQTG 9QTMKPI &KPPGT
8IJUF)PVTFHPW 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[  
=? 'ZEJCPIG QH .GVVGTU 2GTOCPGPV 1DUGTXGT /KUUKQP QH
2CNGUVKPG VQ VJG 7PKVGF 0CVKQPU 5GRVGODGT  4G
VTKGXGF ,WN[  
=? 5CTG 9KNNKCO
1EVQDGT   1P NCPIWCIG 21
675 CPF (.1675 /FX :PSL 5JNFT 0GY ;QTM 6JG
0GY ;QTM 6KOGU %QORCP[ 4GVTKGXGF /C[  
=? 0QGT /KEJCGN 2GTNTQVJ 0KEQNG
0QXGODGT  
6JG 9QTNFU /QUV 2QYGTHWN 2GQRNG 'PSCFT 4GVTKGXGF
5GRVGODGT  
=? 6JG /QUV 2QYGTHWN /CP KP VJG 9QTNF KU C $NCEM /CP
6JG .QU #PIGNGU 5GPVKPGN .CUGPVKPGNPGV 4GVTKGXGF
5GRVGODGT  
=? 9JQ UJQWNF DG VJG YQTNFU OQUV RQYGTHWN RGTUQP! 5IF
(VBSEJBO
.QPFQP ,CPWCT[  
=? ,QP /GCEJCO
&GEGODGT   /GCEJCO 6JG
*KUVQT[ QH 2QYGT /FXTXFFL 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT 



=? (CTGGF <CMCTKC
&GEGODGT  
6JG
0'959''-  $CTCEM 1DCOC
/FXTXFFL
4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT  
=? 6TCPUETKRV QH VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 1H
EKCN #TEJKXGUIQX 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT  
=? 6JG +PWGPEG QH 5VCVG 2QNKVKEU KP 'ZRCPFKPI (GFGTCN
2QYGT *GPT[ ,QPGU (QTF 2TQEGGFKPIU QH VJG #OGTKECP
2QNKVKECN 5EKGPEG #UUQEKCVKQP 8QN  (KHVJ #PPWCN /GGV
KPI
 4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ  
=? 2PGT , 2

6JG 2TGUKFGPVU .GIKUNC
VKXG #IGPFC
"OOBMT PG UIF "NFSJDBO "DBEFNZ
PG 1PMJUJDBM BOE 4PDJBM 4DJFODF 499

FQK
=? 1WT )QXGTPOGPV 6JG 'ZGEWVKXG $TCPEJ 6JG 9JKVG
*QWUG
=? 6JG 'ZGEWVKXG $TCPEJ 9JKVGJQWUGIQX 4GVTKGXGF
,CPWCT[   )TQXGT %NGXGNCPF UGTXGF VYQ PQP
EQPUGEWVKXG VGTOU UQ JG KU EQWPVGF VYKEG CU VJG PF CPF
VJ RTGUKFGPVU
=? /KNMKU 5KFPG[ / 0GNUQP /KEJCGN
 5IF "NFS
JDBO 1SFTJEFODZ 0SJHJOT BOE %FWFMPQNFOU
VJ GF
9CUJKPIVQP &% %3 2TGUU RR  +5$0 

=? -GNN[ #NHTGF * *CTDKUQP 9KPHTGF # $GN\ *GTOCP

 5IF "NFSJDBO $POTUJUVUJPO *UT 0SJHJOT BOE %F

WFMPQNFOU I
VJ GF 0GY ;QTM 99 0QTVQP  %Q
RR  +5$0 
=? $GGOCP 4KEJCTF
 1MBJO )POFTU .FO 5IF .BLJOH
PG UIF "NFSJDBO $POTUJUVUJPO 0GY ;QTM 4CPFQO *QWUG
+5$0 
=? &1& 4GNGCUGU 7PKGF %QOOCPF 2NCP  6OJUFE
4UBUFT %FQBSUNFOU PG %FGFOTF #RTKN   4GVTKGXGF
(GDTWCT[  
=?  75% h 
=? ,QKPV %JKGHU QH 5VC #DQWV VJG ,QKPV %JKGHU QH 5VC 4G
VTKGXGF (GDTWCT[  
=? *COKNVQP #NGZCPFGT 5IF 'FEFSBMJTU 
TGRQUVKPI 4G
VTKGXGF ,WPG  
=? %JTKUVQRJGT ,COGU # $CMGT +++
,WN[   6JG
0CVKQPCN 9CT 2QYGTU %QOOKUUKQP 4GRQTV
2&( 6JG
/KNNGT %GPVGT QH 2WDNKE #CKTU CV VJG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH 8KT
IKPKC 4GVTKGXGF &GEGODGT   0Q ENGCT OGEJ
CPKUO QT TGSWKTGOGPV GZKUVU VQFC[ HQT VJG RTGUKFGPV CPF
%QPITGUU VQ EQPUWNV 6JG 9CT 2QYGTU 4GUQNWVKQP QH 
EQPVCKPU QPN[ XCIWG EQPUWNVCVKQP TGSWKTGOGPVU +PUVGCF
KV TGNKGU QP TGRQTVKPI TGSWKTGOGPVU VJCV KH VTKIIGTGF DG
IKP VJG ENQEM TWPPKPI HQT %QPITGUU VQ CRRTQXG VJG RCTVKE
WNCT CTOGF EQPKEV $[ VJG VGTOU QH VJG  4GUQNWVKQP
JQYGXGT %QPITGUU PGGF PQV CEV VQ FKUCRRTQXG VJG EQPKEV
VJG EGUUCVKQP QH CNN JQUVKNKVKGU KU TGSWKTGF KP  VQ  FC[U
OGTGN[ KH %QPITGUU HCKNU VQ CEV /CP[ JCXG ETKVKEK\GF VJKU
CURGEV QH VJG 4GUQNWVKQP CU WPYKUG CPF WPEQPUVKVWVKQPCN
CPF PQ RTGUKFGPV KP VJG RCUV  [GCTU JCU NGF C TGRQTV
RWTUWCPV VQ VJGUG VTKIIGTKPI RTQXKUKQPU

3&'&3&/$&4

=? 6JG .CY 6JG 2TGUKFGPVU 9CT 2QYGTU 5JNF ,WPG 

 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT  
=? #NKUQP /KVEJGNN
/C[   6JG 9QTNF 1PN[
%QPITGUU %CP &GENCTG 9CT 4GCNN[ +VU 6TWG 5IF /FX
:PSL 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT   2TGUKFGPVU
JCXG UGPV HQTEGU CDTQCF OQTG VJCP  VKOGU %QPITGUU
JCU FGENCTGF YCT QPN[ XG VKOGU VJG 9CT QH  VJG
/GZKECP 9CT VJG 5RCPKUJ#OGTKECP 9CT 9QTNF 9CT +
CPF 9QTNF 9CT ++
=? #NKUQP /KVEJGNN
/C[   6JG 9QTNF 1PN[
%QPITGUU %CP &GENCTG 9CT 4GCNN[ +VU 6TWG 5IF /FX
:PSL 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT   2TGUKFGPV 4GC
ICP VQNF %QPITGUU QH VJG KPXCUKQP QH )TGPCFC VYQ JQWTU
CHVGT JG JCF QTFGTGF VJG NCPFKPI *G VQNF %QPITGUUKQPCN
NGCFGTU QH VJG DQODKPI QH .KD[C YJKNG VJG CKTETCHV YGTG
QP VJGKT YC[
=? /KEJCGN 4 )QTFQP
&GEGODGT   75 VTQQRU
OQXG KP RCPCOC KP GQTV VQ UGK\G PQTKGIC IWPTG KU JGCTF
KP ECRKVCN 5IF /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT 
 +V YCU PQV ENGCT YJGVJGT VJG 9JKVG *QWUG EQPUWNVGF
YKVJ %QPITGUUKQPCN NGCFGTU CDQWV VJG OKNKVCT[ CEVKQP QT
PQVKGF VJGO KP CFXCPEG 6JQOCU 5 (QNG[ VJG 5RGCMGT
QH VJG *QWUG UCKF QP 6WGUFC[ PKIJV VJCV JG JCF PQV DGGP
CNGTVGF D[ VJG #FOKPKUVTCVKQP
=? #TVKENG ++ 5GEVKQP  75 %QPUVKVWVKQP MBXDPSOFMMFEV
.GICN +PHQTOCVKQP +PUVKVWVG  4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV 

=? 6JG 'ZGEWVKXG $TCPEJ 5IF 8IJUF )PVTF XFCTJUF 4G
VTKGXGF 1EVQDGT  
=? /BUJPOBM -BCPS 3FMBUJPOT #PBSE W /PFM $BOOJOH 
75 AA

=? 4IVSUMF W 6OJUFE 4UBUFT  75 
 .ZFST W
6OJUFE 4UBUFT  75 

=? )VNQISFZT &YFDVUPS W 6OJUFE 4UBUFT  75 

 CPF .PSSJTPO W 0MTPO  75 

 TG
URGEVKXGN[
=? &CXKF ,QJPUVQP
&GEGODGT   $WUJ 2CTFQPU
 KP +TCP #CKT #DQTVKPI C 9GKPDGTIGT 6TKCN 2TQUGEW
VQT #UUCKNU %QXGT7R  5IF /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF
0QXGODGT   $WV PQV UKPEG 2TGUKFGPV )GTCNF 4
(QTF ITCPVGF ENGOGPE[ VQ HQTOGT 2TGUKFGPV 4KEJCTF /
0KZQP HQT RQUUKDNG ETKOGU KP 9CVGTICVG JCU C 2TGUKFGPVKCN
RCTFQP UQ RQKPVGFN[ TCKUGF VJG KUUWG QH YJGVJGT VJG 2TGU
KFGPV YCU VT[KPI VQ UJKGNF QEKCNU HQT RQNKVKECN RWTRQUGU
=? &CXKF ,QJPUVQP
&GEGODGT   $WUJ 2CTFQPU
 KP +TCP #CKT #DQTVKPI C 9GKPDGTIGT 6TKCN 2TQUG
EWVQT #UUCKNU %QXGT7R  5IF /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4G
VTKGXGF 0QXGODGT   6JG RTQUGEWVQT EJCTIGF VJCV
/T 9GKPDGTIGTU GQTVU VQ JKFG JKU PQVGU OC[ JCXG HQTG
UVCNNGF KORGCEJOGPV RTQEGGFKPIU CICKPUV 2TGUKFGPV 4GC
ICP CPF HQTOGF RCTV QH C RCVVGTP QH FGEGRVKQP CPF QD
UVTWEVKQP  +P NKIJV QH 2TGUKFGPV $WUJU QYP OKUEQPFWEV
YG CTG ITCXGN[ EQPEGTPGF CDQWV JKU FGEKUKQP VQ RCTFQP QVJ
GTU YJQ NKGF VQ %QPITGUU CPF QDUVTWEVGF QEKCN KPXGUVKIC
VKQPU


=? 2GVGT 'KUNGT
/CTEJ   %NKPVQPRCRGTU TGNGCUG
DNQEMGF 75# 61&#; 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT  
(QTOGT RTGUKFGPV %NKPVQP KUUWGF  RCTFQPU QP JKU
NCUV FC[ KP QEG KPENWFKPI UGXGTCN VQ EQPVTQXGTUKCN I
WTGU UWEJ CU EQOOQFKVKGU VTCFGT 4KEJ VJGP C HWIKVKXG
QP VCZ GXCUKQP EJCTIGU 4KEJU GZYKHG &GPKUG EQP
VTKDWVGF  KP  VQ *KNNCT[ %NKPVQPU 5GPCVG ECO
RCKIP  VQ C TGNCVGF RQNKVKECN CEVKQP EQOOKVVGG CPF
 VQ C HWPF UGV WR VQ DWKNF VJG %NKPVQP NKDTCT[
=? /KNNJKUGT +CP
,WPG   'ZGEWVKXG 2TKXKNGIG 
%GPVGT HQT #OGTKECP 2TQITGUU 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT 

=? 2CTV +++ QH VJG QRKPKQP KP .PIBNFE W +FQQFTFO %BU
BQMBO %CUGNCYPFNCYEQO 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT 

=? (TQUV #OCPFC (NQTGPEG ,WUVKP
 4GHQTOKPI VJG
5VCVG 5GETGVU 2TKXKNGIG
2&( #OGTKECP %QPUVKVWVKQP
5QEKGV[ 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT  
=? 9GCXGT 9KNNKCO ) 2CNNKVVQ 4QDGTV /
 5VCVG
5GETGVU CPF 'ZGEWVKXG 2QYGT 1PMJUJDBM 4DJFODF 2VBS
UFSMZ
6JG #ECFGO[ QH 2QNKVKECN 5EKGPEG 120
 
 FQKLZVDZ 7UG QH
VJG UVCVG UGETGVU RTKXKNGIG KP EQWTVU JCU ITQYP UKIPKECPVN[
QXGT VJG NCUV VYGPV[XG [GCTU +P VJG VYGPV[VJTGG [GCTU
DGVYGGP VJG FGEKUKQP KP 4G[PQNFU =? CPF VJG GNGEVKQP
QH ,KOO[ %CTVGT KP  VJGTG YGTG HQWT TGRQTVGF ECUGU
KP YJKEJ VJG IQXGTPOGPV KPXQMGF VJG RTKXKNGIG $GVYGGP
 CPF  VJGTG YGTG C VQVCN QH HV[QPG TGRQTVGF
ECUGU KP YJKEJ EQWTVU TWNGF QP KPXQECVKQP QH VJG RTKXKNGIG
$GECWUG TGRQTVGF ECUGU QPN[ TGRTGUGPV C HTCEVKQP QH VJG VQ
VCN ECUGU KP YJKEJ VJG RTKXKNGIG KU KPXQMGF QT KORNKECVGF KV
KU WPENGCT RTGEKUGN[ JQY FTCOCVKECNN[ VJG WUG QH VJG RTKX
KNGIG JCU ITQYP $WV VJG KPETGCUG KP TGRQTVGF ECUGU KU KP
FKECVKXG QH ITGCVGT YKNNKPIPGUU VQ CUUGTV VJG RTKXKNGIG VJCP
KP VJG RCUV
=? 5CXCIG %JCTNKG
5GRVGODGT   %QWTV &KUOKUUGU C
%CUG #UUGTVKPI 6QTVWTG D[ %+# 5IF /FX :PSL 5JNFT
4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT  
=? (KPP 2GVGT
5GRVGODGT   5WKV FKUOKUUGF CICKPUV
TO KP %+# TGPFKVKQP ECUG 5IF 8BTIJOHUPO 1PTU 4G
VTKGXGF 1EVQDGT  
=? )TGGPYCNF )NGPP
(GDTWCT[   6JG FGITGG
TGXGTUCN QH 1DCOCU 5VCVG 5GETGVU RQUKVKQP 4BMPO 4G
VTKGXGF 1EVQDGT  
=? #OGTKECP %KXKN .KDGTVKGU 7PKQP
,CPWCT[  
$CEMITQWPF QP VJG 5VCVG 5GETGVU 2TKXKNGIG #%.7 4G
VTKGXGF 1EVQDGT  
=? 'TKE %CPVQT
,WN[   1DCOCU  %\CTU 5IF
8BTIJOHUPO 1PTU 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT  
=? &CPC & 0GNUQP
1EVQDGT   6JG WPKVCT[ GZGE
WVKXG SWGUVKQP -PT "OHFMFT 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT 

=? 6TCPUETKRV 4C[ 5WCTG\ CPF QVJGTU
,WN[  
2TGUKFGPVU 7UG QH 5KIPKPI 5VCVGOGPVU 4CKUGU %QPUVK
VWVKQPCN %QPEGTPU 2$5 1PNKPG 0GYU*QWT 4GVTKGXGF
0QXGODGT   6JG #OGTKECP $CT #UUQEKCVKQP UCKF

2TGUKFGPV $WUJU WUG QH UKIPKPI UVCVGOGPVU YJKEJ CNNQY

JKO VQ UKIP C DKNN KPVQ NCY DWV PQV GPHQTEG EGTVCKP RTQXK
UKQPU FKUTGICTFU VJG TWNG QH NCY CPF VJG UGRCTCVKQP QH RQY
GTU .GICN GZRGTVU FKUEWUU VJG KORNKECVKQPU
=? )GQTIG ( 9KNN QRGF EQNWOPKUV
&GEGODGT  
/CMKPI %QPITGUU /QQV 5IF 8BTIJOHUPO 1PTU 4G
VTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT  
=? &WIICP 2CWN
#RTKN   $CNMKPI CV VJG (KTUV 2KVEJ
5IF 8BTIJOHUPO 1PTU R #
=? )TKGT 2GVGT
#RTKN   6JG
PQV UQ UGETGV JKU
VQT[ QH VJG 9JKVG *QWUG 'CUVGT 'II 4QNN 5IF $ISJTUJBO
4DJFODF .POJUPS 4GVTKGXGF /C[  
=? *GUUG /QPKEC
0QXGODGT   6WTMG[ 2CTFQPU
6JG 5VWPI QH *KUVQTKE .GIGPF 5IF 8BTIJOHUPO 1PTU
4GVTKGXGF /C[  
=? )KDDU 0CPE[
0QXGODGT   *QY 2TGUKFGPVU
2CUU 6JG 6QTEJ 5JNF 4GVTKGXGF /C[  
=? &QTPKPI /KMG
,CPWCT[   # PQVG HTQO $WUJ
UVCTVU OQTPKPI KP VJG 1XCN 1EG $IJDBHP 5SJCVOF 4G
VTKGXGF /C[  
=? ,COGU # #DDQVV CPF 'NCKPG / 4KEG
 %FTJHO
JOH $BNFMPU 5IF ,FOOFEZ 8IJUF )PVTF 3FTUPSBUJPO 8CP
0QUVTCPF 4GKPJQNF RR  +5$0 
=? 6JG 9JKVG *QWUG 5VCVG &KPPGT
2&( 5IF 8IJUF )PVTF
)JTUPSJDBM "TTPDJBUJPO 4GVTKGXGF /C[  
=? 4CEJGN &[MQUMK
0QXGODGT   $QQM PQVG 2TGU
KFGPVKCN KFQNCVT[ KU $CF HQT &GOQETCE[ 6YKP %KVKGU
&CKN[ 2NCPGV 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT   &CPC &
0GNUQPU DQQM OCMGU VJG ECUG VJCV YG XG JCF  [GCTU
QH RTQRCICPFK\GF NGCFGTUJKR
=? ,QJP 0GPIGT
#RTKN   &GOQETCVU XU 4DJFODF
9J[ 9G TG 5Q &COP )QQF CV .QUKPI 'NGEVKQPU )V
JOHUPO 1PTU 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT   DCEM KP
VJG U .GUNG[ 5VCJN QH  /KPWVGU TCP C RKGEG UMGY
GTKPI 4GCICPU RQNKEKGU QP VJG GNFGTN[  $WV YJKNG JGT
XQKEGQXGT FGNKXGTGF C UECVJKPI ETKVKSWG VJG XKFGQ HQQVCIG
YCU CNN FTCYP HTQO ECTGHWNN[UVCIGF RJQVQQRU QH 4GC
ICP UOKNKPI YKVJ UGPKQTU CPF CFFTGUUKPI NCTIG ETQYFU 
&GCXGT VJCPMGF  5VCJNHQT DTQCFECUVKPI CNN VJQUG KO
CIGU QH 4GCICP NQQMKPI JKU DGUV
=? &CPC & 0GNUQP
 $CF HQT FGOQETCE[ JQY VJG
2TGUKFGPE[ WPFGTOKPGU VJG RQYGT QH VJG RGQRNG 7 QH
/KPPGUQVC 2TGUU +5$0  4GVTKGXGF
0QXGODGT   KP TKEJ FGVCKN JQY -GPPGF[ FTGY
QP VJG RQYGT QH O[VJ CU JG HTCOGF JKU GZRGTKGPEG FWTKPI
9QTNF 9CT ++ YJGP JKU 26 DQCV YCU UNKEGF KP JCNH D[ C
,CRCPGUG
=? &CPC & 0GNUQP
 $CF HQT FGOQETCE[ JQY VJG
2TGUKFGPE[ WPFGTOKPGU VJG RQYGT QH VJG RGQRNG 7
QH /KPPGUQVC 2TGUU +5$0  4G
VTKGXGF 0QXGODGT   'XGP DGHQTG -GPPGF[ TCP
HQT %QPITGUU JG JCF DGEQOG HCUEKPCVGF VJTQWIJ JKU *QN
N[YQQF CESWCKPVCPEGU CPF XKUKVU YKVJ VJG KFGC QH KOCIG

R



3&'&3&/$&4

=? .GZKPIVQP
,WN[   6JG %WNV QH VJG 2TGUKFGPE[
5IF &DPOPNJTU 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT   )GPG
*GCN[ CTIWGU VJCV DGECWUG XQVGTU GZRGEV VJG RTGUKFGPV VQ
FQ GXGT[VJKPI  9JGP VJG[ KPGXKVCDN[ HCKN VQ MGGR VJGKT
RTQOKUGU XQVGTU UYKHVN[ DGEQOG FKUKNNWUKQPGF ;GV VJG[
PGXGT NQUG VJGKT TQOCPVKE KFGC VJCV VJG RTGUKFGPV UJQWNF
FTKXG VJG GEQPQO[ XCPSWKUJ GPGOKGU NGCF VJG HTGG YQTNF
EQOHQTV VQTPCFQ XKEVKOU JGCN VJG PCVKQPCN UQWN CPF RTQVGEV
DQTTQYGTU HTQO JKFFGP ETGFKVECTF HGGU

=? +PVGTPCVKQPCN .CY 75 2QYGT 6JG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 3WGUV

HQT .GICN 5GEWTKV[ R  5JKTNG[ 8 5EQVV  

=? /KEJKMQ -CMWVCPK

DQQM TGXKGYGT
,WN[  
7PEJGEMGF CPF 7PDCNCPEGF 5IF /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4G
VTKGXGF 0QXGODGT   VJG HQWPFKPI HCVJGTU JCF UECPV
CGEVKQP HQT UVTQPI GZGEWVKXGU NKMG 'PINCPFU MKPI CPF 
$WUJ 9JKVG *QWUGU ENCKOU CTG TQQVGF KP KFGCU CDQWV VJG
FKXKPG TKIJV QH MKPIU  CPF VJCV EGTVCKPN[ FKF PQV PF
VJGKT YC[ KPVQ QWT HQWPFKPI FQEWOGPVU VJG  &GENC
TCVKQP QH +PFGRGPFGPEG CPF VJG %QPUVKVWVKQP QH 

=?  75% h 

=? 6JG %QPSWGUV QH 2TGUKFGPVKCNKUO )VOHUPO 1PTU #W

IWUV   4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT  
=? KPVGTXKGY D[ &CXKF 5EJKOMG
5GRVGODGT1EVQDGT 
2TGUKFGPVKCN 2QYGT VQ VJG 2GQRNG #WVJQT &CPC & 0GN
UQP QP YJ[ FGOQETCE[ FGOCPFU VJCV VJG PGZV RTGUKFGPV DG
VCMGP FQYP C PQVEJ 6UOF 3FBEFS 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT
 
=? 4QUU .KPMGT
5GRVGODGT   %TKVKECN QH 2TGUK
FGPE[ 2TQH )KPUDGTI CPF %TGPUQP WPKVG 6JG ,QJPU
*QRMKPU 0GYUNGVVGT 4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT   RTGU
KFGPVU UNQYN[ DWV UWTGN[ ICKP OQTG CPF OQTG RQYGT YKVJ
DQVJ VJG RWDNKE CV NCTIG CPF QVJGT RQNKVKECN KPUVKVWVKQPU FQ
KPI PQVJKPI VQ RTGXGPV KV
=? /KEJKMQ -CMWVCPK
DQQM TGXKGYGT
,WN[  
7PEJGEMGF CPF 7PDCNCPEGF 5IF /FX :PSL 5JNFT 4G
VTKGXGF 0QXGODGT   70%*'%-'& #0& 70
$#.#0%'& 2TGUKFGPVKCN 2QYGT KP C 6KOG QH 6GTTQT $[
(TGFGTKEM # 1 5EJYCT\ ,T CPF #\K\ < *WS
CWVJQTU
=? &CPC & 0GNUQP
1EVQDGT   1RKPKQP6JG WPK
VCT[ GZGEWVKXG SWGUVKQP 9JCV FQ /E%CKP CPF 1DCOC
VJKPM QH VJG EQPEGRV! -PT "OHFMFT 5JNFT 4GVTKGXGF
5GRVGODGT  
=? 5EQVV 5JCPG
5GRVGODGT   # %TKVKE (KPFU
1DCOC 2QNKEKGU C 2GTHGEV 6CTIGV 5IF /FX :PSL 5JNFT
4GVTKGXGF 0QXGODGT   6JGTG KU VJG UOCNN
OKPQTKV[QYPGF TO YKVJ FGGR VKGU VQ 2TGUKFGPV 1DCOCU
%JKECIQ DCEMGTU OCFG GNKIKDNG D[ VJG (GFGTCN 4GUGTXG VQ
JCPFNG RQVGPVKCNN[ NWETCVKXG ETGFKV FGCNU + YCPV VQ MPQY
JQY VJGUG TOU CTG RKEMGF CPF YJQ RKEMGF VJGO /T
9KNUQP VJG ITQWRU RTGUKFGPV VGNNU JKU GCIGT TGUGCTEJGTU
=? 5GG 2GCDQF[ $TWEG ) )CPV 5EQVV '

6JG 6YKEG CPF (WVWTG 2TGUKFGPV %QPUVKVWVKQPCN +P
VGTUVKEGU CPF VJG 6YGPV[5GEQPF #OGPFOGPV .JO
OFTPUB -BX 3FWJFX
/KPPGCRQNKU /0 /KPPGUQVC .CY
4GXKGY 83
 CNVGTPCVKXGN[ UGG #NDGTV 4KEJCTF

 6JG 'XQNXKPI 8KEG 2TGUKFGPE[ 5FNQMF -BX

3FWJFX
2JKNCFGNRJKC 2# 6GORNG 7PKXGTUKV[ QH VJG
%QOOQPYGCNVJ 5[UVGO QH *KIJGT 'FWECVKQP 78
 CV

=? 5GG )21 #PPQVCVGF 75 %QPUVKVWVKQP  'F CV 
 PP 

=? 75 %QPUV CTV ++ h  EN 

=? ,WFIG FQGUP V DCP )QF KP KPCWIWTCN QCVJ #UUQEKCVGF
2TGUU ,CPWCT[   4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV  
=? )WCTFKCP $WUJ EQNQPQUEQR[ NGCXGU %JGPG[ KP EJCTIG
,WN[  

=? 2TGUKFGPVKCN CPF 8KEG 2TGUKFGPVKCN 5CNCTKGU  

7PKXGTUKV[ QH /KEJKICP #TEJKXGF HTQO VJG QTKIKPCN QP
,WPG   4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT  
=? 4GNCVKXG 8CNWG KP 75 &QNNCTU .FBTVSJOH 8PSUI 4G
VTKGXGF /C[  
=? &GRV QH .CDQT +PCVKQP %CNEWNCVQT *OBUJPO $BMDVMBUPS
4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV  
=? *QY OWEJ FQGU VJG 75 RTGUKFGPV IGV RCKF! )PXTUV
XPSLT 4GVTKGXGF ,WN[  
=? 5CNCTKGU QH (GFGTCN 1EKCNU # (CEV 5JGGV 6OJUFE 4UBUFT
4FOBUF YGDUKVG 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV  
=? $WOKNNGT 'NK\CDGVJ
,CPWCT[  +PUKFG VJG 2TGUK
FGPE[ /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD 4GVTKGXGF ,WPG  
=? 2TGUKFGPVU )WGUV *QWUG
KPENWFGU .GG *QWUG CPF $NCKT
*QWUG 9CUJKPIVQP &% 4GVTKGXGF 5GRVGODGT 

=? 0GY 2TGUKFGPVKCN .KOQWUKPG GPVGTU 5GETGV 5GTXKEG (NGGV
75 5GETGV 5GTXKEG 2TGUU 4GNGCUG
,CPWCT[   4G
VTKGXGF QP ,CPWCT[  
=? #KT (QTEG 1PG 9JKVG *QWUG /KNKVCT[ 1EG 4GVTKGXGF
,WPG  
=? #P[ 75 #KT (QTEG CKTETCHV ECTT[KPI VJG RTGUKFGPV YKNN
WUG VJG ECNN UKIP #KT (QTEG 1PG 5KOKNCTN[ 0CX[ 1PG
#TO[ 1PG CPF %QCUV )WCTF 1PG CTG VJG ECNN UKIPU
WUGF KH VJG RTGUKFGPV KU CDQCTF C ETCHV DGNQPIKPI VQ VJGUG
UGTXKEGU 'ZGEWVKXG 1PG DGEQOGU VJG ECNN UKIP QH CP[
EKXKNKCP CKTETCHV YJGP VJG RTGUKFGPV DQCTFU
=? ,WPKQT 5GETGV 5GTXKEG 2TQITCO #UUKIPOGPV  %QFG
0COGU 0CVKQPCN 2CTM 5GTXKEG 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV 

=? %CPFKFCVG %QFG 0COGU 5GETGV 5GTXKEG /QPKMGTU 7UGF
1P 6JG %CORCKIP 6TCKN %$5 5GRVGODGT   4G
VTKGXGF 0QXGODGT  
=? 5EJYGONG $CTDCTC .
1EVQDGT   2TGUKFGPV QH
VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU %QORGPUCVKQP
2&( %QPITGUUKQPCN
4GUGCTEJ 5GTXKEG 4GVTKGXGF ,CPWCT[  
=? (QTOGT RTGUKFGPVU EQUV 75 VCZRC[GTU DKI DWEMU 5PMFEP
#MBEF ,CPWCT[   4GVTKGXGF /C[  
=?  75% h 
=? 1DCOC UKIPU DKNN ITCPVKPI NKHGVKOG 5GETGV 5GTXKEG RTQVGE
VKQP VQ HQTOGT RTGUKFGPVU CPF URQWUGU 6JG #UUQEKCVGF
2TGUU ,CPWCT[   4GVTKGXGF ,CPWCT[  


=? 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 5GETGV 5GTXKEG 2TQVGEVKQP 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
5GETGV 5GTXKEG 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT  
=? 1DCOC UKIPU RTQVGEVKQP DKNN HQT HQTOGT RTGUKFGPVU 5IF
8BTIJOHUPO 5JNFT ,CPWCT[   4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV
 
=? 5JQEM CPF #PIGT (NCUJ 6JTQWIJQWV VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU
#UUQEKCVGF 2TGUU /CTEJ   4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ 

=? (174 24'5+&'065 4GCICP 2TGUKFGPVKCN .KDTCT[
0CVKQPCN #TEJKXGU CPF 4GEQTFU #FOKPKUVTCVKQP 4G
VTKGXGF #RTKN  
=? $KQITCRJ[ QH 4KEJCTF / 0KZQP 6JG 9JKVG *QWUG
=?  75% h 

10

Further reading

$WOKNNGT 'NKUCDGVJ
,CPWCT[  +PUKFG VJG
2TGUKFGPE[ /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD 215
 

%QWEJ 'TPKG 1SFTJEFOUJBM 5SJWJB 4WVNGFIG *KNN
2TGUU /CTEJ   +5$0 
.CPI , 5VGRJGP 5IF $PNQMFUF #PPL PG 1SFTJEFOUJBM
5SJWJB 2GNKECP 2WDNKUJKPI  +5$0 


11 External links
Ocial
'ZGEWVKXG 1EG QH VJG 2TGUKFGPV 4GVTKGXGF ,CP
WCT[  
9JKVG *QWUG 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT  
Presidential histories
# 0GY 0CVKQP 8QVGU #OGTKECP 'NGEVKQP 4GVWTPU
 2TGUKFGPVKCN GNGEVKQP TGVWTPU KPENWFKPI
VQYP CPF EQWPV[ DTGCMFQYPU
.KHG 2QTVTCKVU QH VJG #OGTKECP 2TGUKFGPVU $
41"/ 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT   %QORCPKQP
YGDUKVG HQT VJG %52#0 VGNGXKUKQP UGTKGU "NFSJDBO
1SFTJEFOUT -JGF 1PSUSBJUT
2TGUKFGPVKCN &QEWOGPVU HTQO VJG 0CVKQPCN
#TEJKXGU 4GVTKGXGF /CTEJ   %QNNGEVKQP
QH NGVVGTU RQTVTCKVU RJQVQU CPF QVJGT FQEWOGPVU
HTQO VJG 0CVKQPCN #TEJKXGU
6JG #OGTKECP 2TGUKFGPE[ 2TQLGEV 6$ 4BOUB #BS
CBSB 4GVTKGXGF 1EVQDGT   %QNNGEVKQP QH
QXGT  RTGUKFGPVKCN FQEWOGPVU

6JG *KUVQT[ %JCPPGN 75 2TGUKFGPVU

.GQ .GQPCTF 6CTCPVQ ,COGU $GPPGVV 9KNNKCO
, 1SFTJEFOUJBM -FBEFSTIJQ 3BUJOH UIF #FTU BOE UIF Miscellaneous
8PSTU JO UIF 8IJUF )PVTF 5KOQP CPF 5EJWUVGT
 +5$0 
#NN VJG 2TGUKFGPVU 4QNGU "TL (MFBWFT 4GVTKGXGF
1EVQDGT   #TVKENG CPCN[\KPI C RTGUKFGPVU
1SFTJEFOUJBM 4UVEJFT 2VBSUFSMZ RWDNKUJGF D[ $NCEM
OCP[ JCVU
YGNN 5[PGTI[ KU C SWCTVGTN[ CECFGOKE LQWTPCN QP VJG
RTGUKFGPE[

YKVE\CM 9CUKNGYUMC +YQPC 5IF 5PVHIFTU 4FB

TPO JO UIF 8IJUF )PVTF 5IF 3IFUPSJDBM 1SFTJEFODZ
BOE UIF 4UBUF PG UIF 6OJPO "EESFTT 
2J& VJGUKU 7PKXGTUKV[ QH *GNUKPMK  +5$0
  1PNKPG
XGTUKQP
9CNFOCP /KEJCGN 5VGRJCPQRQWNQU )GQTIG .Z
'FMMPX "NFSJDBOT 5IF .PTU *NQPSUBOU 4QFFDIFT PG
"NFSJDBT 1SFTJEFOUT GSPN (FPSHF 8BTIJOHUPO UP
(FPSHF 8 #VTI 5QWTEGDQQMU 6TCFG  +5$0

9KPFGT /KEJCGN - 1SFTJEFOUT BOE 1SPQIFUT 5IF
4UPSZ PG "NFSJDBT 1SFTJEFOUT BOE UIF -%4 $IVSDI
%QXGPCPV %QOOWPKECVKQPU  +5$0 

,CEQDU 4QP +PVGTXKGY YKVJ ,QUGRJ ) 2GUEJGM CPF
9KNNKCO )TQXGT CWVJQTU QH 5IF 6OTVTUBJOBCMF 1SFT
JEFODZ C DQQM QGTKPI CP CPCN[UKU QH VJG TQNG VJG
75 2TGUKFGPV RNC[U KP GEQPQOKEU CPF RQNKVKEU

*CWGPUVGKP %GPVGT HQT 2TGUKFGPVKCN 5VWFKGU 'FWEC

VKQPCN UKVG QP VJG #OGTKECP RTGUKFGPE[
2TGUKFGPVU 1EEWRCVKQPU 4GVTKGXGF #WIWUV 
 .KUVKPI QH GXGT[ 2TGUKFGPVU QEEWRCVKQPU DG
HQTG CPF CHVGT DGEQOKPI VJG %QOOCPFGT KP %JKGH
6JG /CUQPKE 2TGUKFGPVU 6QWT 5IF .BTPOJD -J
CSBSZ BOE .VTFVN PG 1FOOTZMWBOJB 4GVTKGXGF 1E
VQDGT   $TKGH JKUVQTKGU QH VJG /CUQPKE ECTGGTU
QH 2TGUKFGPVU YJQ YGTG OGODGTU QH VJG (TGGOCUQPU
6JG 2TGUKFGPVU "NFSJDBO &YQFSJFODF 4GVTKGXGF
/CTEJ   2$5 UKVG QP VJG #OGTKECP RTGUK
FGPE[
2TGUKFGPVU QH VJG 7PKVGF 5VCVGU 4GUQWTEG )WKFGU
HTQO VJG .KDTCT[ QH %QPITGUU
5JCRGNN /CPWUETKRV (QWPFCVKQP +OCIGU QH FQEW
OGPVU YTKVVGP D[ 75 RTGUKFGPVU





12
12.1

5&95 "/% *."(& 4063$&4 $0/53*#65034 "/% -*$&/4&4

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

President of the United States 4PVSDF JVVRGPYKMKRGFKCQTIYKMK2TGUKFGPVQHVJG7PKVGF5VCVGU!QNFKF

$POUSJCVUPST &COKCP ;GTTKEM /CIPWU /CPUMG -RLCU 4L.GUEJ 6JG 'RQRV 8WNVWTG $TKQP 8+$$'4 /CX $T[CP &GTMUGP 4QDGTV
/GTMGN 6JG #PQOG $GTGM -Q[CCPKU 3CVUK 4QD.C 6CY 'F 2QQT #NGZVCP 'ENGEVKEQNQI[ ;QWUUGHUCP &CPP[ 5JUKNXGT 5HOQPV[Q
4OJGTOGP 6QD[ $CTVGNU (WDCT 1DHWUEQ 0CVG 5KNXC &CXKF.GXKPUQP 5JTK 4[IWCUW /QPVTGCNCKU 6\CTV\CO *GRJCGUVQU 6GFGTPUV 5QOG
QPG GNUG *HCUVGFIG 'FYCTF .QTGP\CTKWU 2CVTKEM +PHTQIOCVKQP & 'TKM <CEJVG (TGF $CWFGT &CPVG #NKIJKGTK 4QPKPE[DGTRWPM ,VFKTN
)7NNOCP )CDDG *QUJKG +ZHF &ENLT 'WTNGKH 2CWN $GPLCOKP #WUVKP &GNKTKWO &QTK /KPGUYGGRGT 6TGIQYGVJ ,GTT[) %CTF`GPYKMK
#JQGTUVGOGKGT /CE ,KOHDNGCM #TYGN 2CTT[ 5PQ[GU #PIGNC &GP HLVVTCFG CPMCP`GPYKMK ,GDDC 6QCUV[-GP -KPIVWTVNG $KI(CV$WF
FJC &TQR&GCF)QTIKCU #OECLC .QW+ 8\DU 5WUWTTWU -YGMWDQ -CVCIGNQRJQDKC ,KCPI &QF 2CNHTG[ ,GCPFT FW 6QKV #UVWFGPV
)%CTV[ 9PKUUGP )JGYIKNN /ZP $4) *CUJCT ,GPIQF /WNCF 5OKVJ 6JG 6QO 6KOYK &EQGV\GG 4GFFK 6GFKWU <CPCTWMCPFQ
&CPKGN 3WKPNCP 9JKURGT6Q/G 9KM &, %NC[YQTVJ *CWMWTVJ )GRYKMK 8CPEQWXGTIW[ 6RDTCFDWT[ /CZKOWU 4GZ 5CNVKPG 8GT[8GTKN[
4[QJQ 5VKP-GTT $GXQ 0TKECTFQ /QTXGP .QTF 'OUYQTVJ /CEMGPUGP -GYRKF (XY 4CWN #PQP/QQU /VEX ,GT\[ ,WULKJ 'WIGPG
XCP FGT 2KLNN (NQEMOGCN #FCO %CTT &CXKF/QPPKCWZ /T9GGDNG 2QNNKPCVQT 7PKPXKVGF%QORCP[ %TKVKE 1PGD[QPG &KOCFKEM 5LQT
HQTF &QPCTTGKUMQGT $TCPFFQDDG &CNG #TPGVV 2JKN 4 (TKGFQ ,OCDGN )QGVJGCP <KO<CNC$KO ;GN[QU 0CFF[ /QFWNCVWO .QYGNNKCP
2QUVFNH 4HE #ECFGOKE %JCNNGPIGT 2WEMN[ &GUOC[ /GGNCT 6KOTQNNRKEMGTKPI &*0 2O ,QPFGN #EGIKMOQ .QQM WRQP
O[ YQTMU [G /KIJV[ CPF FGURCKT *CFCN ,CEMQH1\ 9GTGQP #IIGNQRJQTQU .WRQ 5GVJ +N[U &KDGTTK )W[ 2GVGTU *EJGPG[ :CP\\KDCT
1QDQRUJCTM /CVVCUEJGP &KPC &CXKFECPPQP /CVV )KGU #NGZYEQXKPIVQP &QE9CVUQP %JTKUVQRJGT 2CTJCO ,CEQRNCPG 4KEMUEJQN\
9KMKNKDTCTKCP 2JKNYGNEJ 0WPJJWJ %QDCNVDNWGVQP[ 6QO JCTTKUQP $KPCFQV %QQN *CPF .WMG &KUUKFGPV 0GWTQ 2GTWXKCPNNCOC 'XGT[M
KPI $MQPTCF %WTRU )COCNKGN ,FCXKFD %CPVWU 4R[NG <CRJQF $GGDNGDTQZ 2VGTQP )WCPCEQ #NGPUJC 6QO +QVC +MCTK 5QNKR
UKUV &WODQ +EGDGTIM )\QTPGPRNCV\ 5VGIICNN 2[VJQP GIIU #XCNC 2PG #FCO,CEQD/WNNGT $QDDNGYKM &GWU 'Z 'FEQNKPU )QNDG\
5GZ[HQZDQ[ )WIICPKL 1NFCM3WKNN ,(-VTWVJ 5VGXKGVJGOCP .CYTGPPF (KUJCN %JQYDQM /CEMGTKX 7VEWTUEJ &QE5KIOC ([U ,QUJWC
4QDGTVU .UV 4 GPF <GKOWUW 2TQDGTVU #PVCPFTWU 9KNNKCOD $Q\/Q (TGFEQPFQ /CTM5YGGR &QQRU 5CNKPG ,QUUK *WPVKPI
VQP 4FUOKVJ -GUCE '$$ -TI`GPYKMK 'NNUYQTVJ *WUPQEM 2(*.CK 5KORNKEKWU $WTIWPFCXKC ,CYGF 5CVQTK %JTKUP 2OCPFGTUQP
*COOGTUHCP <HT ,CTGJC *QYCTFLR $FOKNNU #P`GPYKMK 0GWVTCNKV[ 5CO ,Q[QWU )TGGP4GCRGT /UUQPVQOCTUM &GNGVGOG
<QPFQT #FCUJKGN 6JG1DVWUG#PING1H&QQO )TWPV 'TKEI 6JG UVWCTV .CETKOQUWU 'URGTCPV ,KOCIKPCVQT )C\RCEJQ )COKPIDQ[ /KMG
4QUQHV 24KKU & &DCTQP /QPMG[OCP 2OCFTKF 4GF9QTF5OKVJ .WOTU 'TE 2TKPEG8CNKWO /QXGTVQP &KUEQURKPUVGT 6JGOCFOCE
9KNNKCO 2KGVTK 4KEJ (CTODTQWIJ #NUCFKWU 4JQDKVG 5WRGTEQQR *[FTQZ (K2 9TR 8UOKVJ -VYUQNQ #JMQPF 4QTUEJCEJ :G\
DGVJ #DGNUQP 'TQNQU *QTMCPC 5QETCVGU,GFK RG\IW[ .GQ&8 2CWN #WIWUV 5RQQM[/WNFGT .CEJCVFGNCTWG $GPFGT '5MQI %CTTR
5E #PFTGLL #NZV -DJTF /CVGQ 5# # RWTRNG YKMKWUGT -CKUGTUJCVPGT .QTGP ,KEG /[0COG+U0QV$QD #TCPGN ;NGG %CPKU
4WHWU /T $KNNKQP .QTF*CTTKU .KXCLQ <UEQWV 5\[UNCM 5JTKMG -TQUU .CWTCUEWFFGT #WFG 5JCPGU 6QO #TV .C2GNNC 4Q[$Q[
'WTGMC.QVV &LF %QQNECGUCT #FCODTQ %CWUC UWK $CUVKSWG 2CTC8CEJ $QDQ 8CPKUJGF WUGT UFHMLGTVKYQKWOECMG /CTVG[
0GV$QV (GKVENWD 5OCNNLKO %NCYUQP ,QJP 8CPFGPDGTI (TGOUNG[ 1NF 4KIJV -GXKP /[GTU ,9 #TECFKCP *QYNCFGT 50+[GT
,QUJNOC[ /CP X[K 5CUSWCVEJ -DKT 6/5 #TFTKE 4WUU$NCW 2RGTQU 1DTCFQXKE )QTCP +FNGIW[ /2GTGN 5CO -QTP 4CN
2JCTQU 5WRGTUGZ[URCEGOQPMG[ .WEM[NWMG /CVVJGYEKGRNCM ,ETQEMGT 9RQRR`GPYKMK 5JKTKOCUGP &CPUMK /WUKRJKN &GHWPMV %JK\W
6GTT[EQLQPGU #NRJCDQK 4GFZKX 2QNCTUETKDG ,QTFCP ,CO[UMKU $QTKUDNWG 2JKNQUQRJKUVT[ $CDCLQDW 4NC\CTQYKEJ #PFTGYROM
%TCKI[ 7UGT #\C6QVJ %CNVQP 'MMQ 9KMKRGFKC#FOKP /CVVNG[ -GNPCIG &.,GUUWR /CE &CXKU +P5JCPGGG )DNC\ %FE )GTT[
'FICT /CNQ -CVGHCP 5VKNNPQVGNH 5EQVV /CVV9CFG 5PQYQNH <UGTQ ;QUUKGC`GPYKMK &TG[HWU #PIGNKE 9TCKVJ &JCTVWPI &UEJYGP
%CRVCKP 5GCHQTV 42* (QWTVJQTFU #PFTGCU %`GPYKMK /KMG $GKFNGT %DWTPGVV .WURCTK 'XKN /QPMG[ 1ORJCNQUEQRG )TGPCXKVCT 4CPF[
,QJPUVQP 6GP1H#NN6TCFGU 5EKWTKP /EOKNNKP 2GVJT $.WG(K5*CU 4/C; 8WQ -CKUGT OCVKCU &QOKPKE ,QUJDTG\ %QORWV
GTLQG <GTGUJM 0GVMKPGVKE 6JQTG &CP -DQNKPQ &KUOCU %CRVCKP/KMG 5KCHW -7UCO 5VGOQPKVKU 6JG ,25 4QTUEJCEJ ,GTG[
1 )WUVCHUQP /TKQ 1YGP: 9QQJQQMKVV[ &QEVQT $QQICNQQ )GQTIKC IW[ 6KIGT5JCTM #PKNQETC &GTMVCT .1. 6TKRQFKEU 5ELGUUG[
,WUV&GTGM 2QN $GHQTG /[ -GP @FGOQP 9CFG5KO/KUGT /10)1 5FILCMG /QQTOCPF 6CDNGVQR $MYKNNYO &CJ $DCVUGNN
&COKECV\ $TCF[DF 'N 5WK\Q 1%0CVKXG 4KE,CE 5M[YTKVGT /D 2TG\DQ[ <\[\Z 'XKN1XGTNQTF: 6JG'XKN$NWGDGTT[%QWPEKN
'OQRU 9C[YCTF 'NKVJGC &QEQ $TGP&, $CF )TCRJKEU )JQUV 'UULC[ .KPM6KIGT -CTCO#PVJQP[- 1NGI 5EJWNV\ <RD 6WTPUVGR
.QTFU 2CIG $NWGHTWKVDQYN &[UGRUKQP ;QWPICOGTKECP 2CZUKOKWU .GQ1 )TCJCO -[WW# &GNVCDGKIPGV /CIKUVGT /CVJGOCVKECG
)QNF4KPI%JKR -GGXGU ,QJPJRCWNKP $& 2GPIWKP : 9CEJJQNFGT /CZ<QNV -DFCPM (TGRN[5RCPI %OUI 2NCW <\GFCT 4Z5
&GPP[RC[PG 'NGEVKQPYQTNF 7PUJCMGCDNG 5GCTEJ.CPEGT %CPFGTUQP -QVWMWPWK 5LCMMCNNG 4LYKNOUK -QCXH 4QIGTF &RCTM -KPW
)T[PFQT 9KMKDQHJ 8CT[ 5VTCKV 4KNNKCP .KPWZDGCM 5GTCRJKODNCFG *CTTQ /</E$TKFG $%8 (WPP[JCV %EUQP 1DNKXKQWU %YY
'N-GXDQ &WTKP 6JG YWD $JCFCPK /KMG, (TGF $TCFUVCFV )TGI#UEJG ,DCOD 5CPIQ +CP /Q[GU ;COCOQVQ +EJKTQ 50+[GT
5JGNFTCMG 5KNXGT 'ZGWPV /GUUGPIGT 6KVQZF (NC$QV 1URTG[ +CP 2KVEJHQTF &&GTD[ 5EJWOKP9GD ) %NCTM )TQWPF <GTQ &QE
INCUIQY &LTQDIQTFQP %QQNFQWI -CTN(TGK +EG&TCMG %TC\[EQORWVGTU $KVQUJ 0KXKZ #,4 5JCFQY 4WPGYGNUJ 5RQTVU/CU
VGT 4GZ0. )WTEJ 4GFYQNH 9CTU 0Q5GRVGODGT 4CURWVKP#:2 8QPURTKPIGT 9QNHRCEMHCP 2KMKYGFKC`GPYKMK 5VGXGQ 'TQP/CKP
#NRJCEJKOR ,GJD 6[UVQ <QVGN )WTWDTCJOC 5PCKNYCNMGT +OPQVOKPMWU ,QPCVJCP(TGGF %QQNJCYMU $WVTQU /KEJCGN,$WEM -KPI QH
*GCTVU 5EKOKVCT %JQDQV 'N 5NCOGTQP %QRRGTEJCKT /JMKPI ,GUUG)CTTGVV 8QNCVKNG%JGOKECN %CEVWUOCP *CNN /QPKVQT &KIKVCNOG 0Q
DNG 5MWNF VJG .GIGPF -KNNGT )YGTPQN #NIGDTCKUV (NEGNNQIW[ 6JG 4CODNKPI /CP ;WTKM$QV 9CXGNGPIVJ $QTIZ $WFF[,GUWU #PIWU
.GRRGT )TKHVGT .QTFUWVEJ 5EGRVTG 06$QV`GPYKMK 6TCKPVJJ 6JGTGFUVCTUYN #TCFQ 4GF 5NCUJ ,VMKGHGT 5RNCUJ 'RQNM %#5RQTVU
(CP )TGCV)TGI 5NWIIQ1PG 5RWTKQWU3 6QFCUEQ 4GFFGXKN )WU( 6QP[YKMK 0WTOUQQM #MCOCF 5VGRJGPD ,KO %CORDGNN .QTF
8QNFGOQTV )CKWU %QTPGNKWU 9KOV 4CFKQ-KTM (N[IW[ .WUCPCJGTCPFTCVQP 0QVEJEQFG 0CYNKP9KMK ;UGTCTCW -TGKC &JYCPK
5'9KNEQ$QV 9KMK CNH %T[RVQKF 4QDGTVXCP 0KEM$WUJ 1W VKU ,CZN ,QJCPP 9QNHICPI 4LGPUGP &CTMGT &TGCOU 6CEQK 4UQP9
,QGNT %[DTURWPM 5KNXGT ,JWTNDWTV %NGCTGF CU NGF ,&QQTLCO +TKUJIW[ 0KEM 4GVKTGF WUGTPCOG /UJGEMGV /KFPKVG %TKVKE $TCPFQP
%JQNOGU /CVVKEWU /KNNGTO\ 9KVGQWV-KPI 2GGR2 $GTV- /KU\C &GT'KMQRH 6QP[ &),/ )GTVKG 4QF[Z .QEMGUFQPMG[ -[NG
$CTDQWT &TWOUCE ,MKFFL #TEOCP 2U[ IW[ /FFCMG 5WRURKTKV 2TKXCVG $WVEJGT 1DK9CP-GPQDK *CGOQ $TKUXGICU $CNNQFKUEQ
7UGT &CXKF 7PFGTFQYP 9MPKIJV 6TCPU7VQRKCP (CNNQWV DQ[ 0QXCUQWTEG (( 0GYCIGNKPM  <\WW\\ 5JKPJCP /KMG
&KNNQP $NCEM 4GIGPV $C[GTKUEJGTOCPP 'PTKEQKPEQIPKVQ $CTT[QD 0KMMKOCTKC 6JGFC %NQUGFOQWVJ 5RQPFQQNKEMU *CTT[VJGOCUVGT
2D 6JTVGP %CRKVCN.GVVGT$GIKPPKPI .[PDCTP ,CDGTYQEM[POV #UOCNNYJKVGEWDG %CPNG[ 5GCP 9JKVVQP $QTI3WGGP 6JG+ORQUUK
DNG/CP &WTQ[`GPYKMK 4NQXG ,QCPPG$ 6$CFIGT 8KECTKQWU #NKCU (NQQF 5JCYPE 9KP1PG6JG)KRRGT 2GVGT -CTCVGPGTF *GTG6Q*GNR
9JQDQV :KN ,GUWR #TKGN)QNF 'CUVGT /QPMG[ )CTKQP 5VCZTKPIQNF ;DDQT 5WP-KPI -WPIHWCFCO %& 4CPFQO .G *KDQW`GPYKMK
5&5 6GT[Z 2JKNKR 5VGXGPU )TKP$QV`GPYKMK 5MGT*CYZ &8& 4 9 /QPUKGWTVQFG .WM *KFFGMGN -CNUGTOCT +UQZ[N 6JG 9QQMKGGRGFKCP
5CTFCPCRJCNWU 8GKPQT 5KPVQPCM: 4GOKGN 5OCEM$QV 5JCFQY 9CPI[WPHGPI 6GUUCPQVJ *GFFUH 7PUEJQQN 0CTUQP /QPQETCV
(GGF[QWTHGGV 5CTCXCUM /QGTQP /CPIQG &CXGRCRG ,CEQDTU 2TQFGIQ -PQYNGFIG1H5GNH %JC\\ /GNEJQKT $LGNNGMNCPI 2TKOGVKOG



5FYU



2IM /CVWUW 4TKWU +MKR -QELQ$QV`GPYKMK &CXGYKNF 2CVTKEMPGKN 5GVCPVC

NQEMGF &9CVGTUQP %JCKTOCP 5 /KEJCGN &QTQUJ 4GP
GUKU &YR &GNNFQV 'UMKODQV -GNNG[%QQM 9K\CTF 4QDQV,ED $KI& -6'- $DWTVQP 'FICT *CNH5JCFQY 4GNCZKPI
6[RQ&QV1TI 6JG 4J[OGUOKVJ 0QVGC )KNNKCO 1JPQKVULCOKG 1UECTVJGECV 5MK\\KM 2QNKVKECN .GHV[ &C[UNGGRGT %OFT%NQY 5OGI
I[UOGI ,GTQ ,WXG .QVVGT[1J;CJ +\GJCT %JTKU VJG URGNNGT /CUVGT ,C[ $NWGDQV #NGZOCIPWU`GPYKMK -GGICP 2CTCLWTKU 2GTUKCP
2QGV )CN ,QUJ - 4OVO 5YCPPGT $QPGUKKK 6TGG $KVKPI %QPURKTCE[ .KCOFCN[ .WUCPFGTU 1EKECV 0QTCF -GOGV #PFTQKF
6KOPGW $TGPFGN5KIPCVWTG 4C[#;CPI %QOGF[ 6JG 4QIWG 2GPIWKP <CTH $TGCFCPFEJGGUG 5EJK $CTQPPGV 4Q[ #N $NWG #T
IGPVKWO1WVNCY 'XGTGVV RQNCPUMK /QTVGN #-/CUM )TCEGPQVGU .KIJVURGGFEJKEM )QQF&C[ ,QJP 4GCXGU /LN &GVJOGY %CP V
UNGGR ENQYP YKNN GCV OG ,CMKG -TKUVDI #2 8CTWP)WRVC 2JGT`GPYKMK 1PQTGO 8ETU &GXP ;KFKUJGT[KF /CNPQXC #TQF
4TDWTMG -TUQPV #PF[ $QNKXKCP 7PKE[ENKUV %Q\  'NGPFKNU *GKT $NWGDQCT )TQXGT ENGXGNCPF 6JG VQQVJ #PF[5KORUQP %GP
UQTYQNH %JCTQP: &JCTOCDWO ,ONM -TKEJ *[RGTIGQOGVTKE(
CDEZ (N[IW[ 4KEM OCP 5OQQVJ 1 *CVGNGUU $QYNJQXGT
0CMQP 7PFGTDCT FM 6GF' ,CTGF <GP &CXGUGTRC #GNP /KMGF %JCTIJ 9CNFQ, /VOGNGPFG\ 5PCRRKPI6WTVNG 6TQIFQT2QNK
VKMU 'TCP QH #TECFKC #PQTKGIC $TCKP[KUEQQN 4KFG6JCV2QP[ (QTF\Q .-.+++ 0CVJCPU #UJNG[*CPFNG[ ,MNKP .CYUQPTQD (TGFIQCV
&CXKF55CDD -QVL\G 'TKEN 5ECNIC (CVNC #UJK 5VCTUJCFG 0KTGOGVCN 9JGTG 5KIOC  .KIWNGODQV #VVWEMU /YGNEJ .RJ -WMKPK %QCV
QH #TOU 1JEQPHWEKWU ,.QICP 4GFNGIUHCP %+5 6JG WPFGTVQY 'UTGXGT %JKVQT[W 0KUJMKF ,EGODTGG &/$ 2TQFWEGTEWPPKPI
JCO ,LLLLLLLLL (KHV[ $TQYP*CKTGF)KTN )QQF +PVGPVKQPU )TK\\YCNF <OGJNQ ,QJP &TGUNQWIJ ,CGT #DTC\COG /T-KPI 9JCTVQ:
/TQO /KNDQTPG1PG #TO[TKG .WMGYCTF 5KT 0KEJQNCU FG /KOU[2QTRKPIVQP /CTEWU)TCN[ /KNGU #NGPECUPQ 'FY[ %QTG
FGUCV 4QDQXUMK ,CXKV $NQQFRCEM 5[HGTWU 1ECVGEKT ,C[YWDDC +TQP)CTIQ[NG #TEJCPIGN /CTDNGYQPFGT 0CING #NH OGNOCE
6JG 6TCOR 'FYCTFCTOKVCIG  5JCQSWCP 4CPFQO%TKVKE "T # 2CTTQV ,VEKU\GYUMK 5VWRKF %QTP 6KOOGJ 9GTFCP &CX
GOECTNUQP $GGVUVTC (KUJDQYNDQD (TG[T *[RPQUK *CUNQ 5RGLKE /GEQ &WEVCRG 4GPTGPTGP #FWNV5YKO 4CXK 1PGVYQ
%JTKUTGCF 0QTOCP DCVGU %KVKECV 4/*'& ,GUWU%JTKUV $GEM 8CTWCI FQQU 257/CTM 4[CPLWPM +ORO %JCTV 6JG/C
IKEKCP 0UKFPG[ *GEVQTKCP 0KPLC%JCTNKG 5JCMKPI5RKTKV -,5 6, 5R[MG +UCCE %TWOO .GXKPGRU (CP ZZZZZZZ 0'/6
/KEJCGNDWUEJ -TKEM ,QUGRJ 5QNKU KP #WUVTCNKC 5JQGQHFGCVJ )QOCTNKPU 5CPFGT 5FG .WFQ , &K 5EQVV #FOKTCN %CNGDQN
UQP .CD\ 5JQTGTCPIGT 1EVCPG 4KEJCTF .WE[OCTKG *QMGOCP %KXKN 'PIKPGGT +++ %QWTEGNNGU .KHGXGT[YJGTG /NWECUQPG #PIGT
'NWEJKN (FR 6CYMGTDQV 5JOQQING .KPEOCF +TQP%JTKU 5QWVJNGHV 'TKE 6JQOCU ,QODCIG #NGZVJGVJ 5M[9CNMGT
,(QTIGV )GPGTCN+TQJ 'TC\QT`GPYKMK +PXKUKDNG- #PVJQP[ &CP  %OFT1DQV /CVVDT 6KOQVJ[*QTTKICP 5LOEHCTNCPF 8CPKUJGF
WUGT UQLYGKQTLKH 5COO[,COGU 5EQJQWUV #JGTWPCT %NKPFDGTI 8QKF 4GF4QNNGTUMCVG ,QJP%& /CEIEWDGDQ[ /WPMGG OCF
PGUU &WMG QH ;CTOQWVJ %9; 5EJYGKYKMKUV +OCNWODGTLCEM -PKIJV.CIQ 5GCPFQI 5VGPSWKUV 5J[TCP 1TCPPKU &IY %QP
PGEV/GFKC %CTQWUGNCODTC 2UGWFQ4KEJCTF /EVCXKKZ (GTFKCQD 'XKNJCKT[JCOUVGT /CTU4QXGT /QTGUEJK %OFT&CP %JTKUCJP -GP )CN
NCIGT +UR[ /T(KUJ 4CIKPI4 *GONQEM /CTVKPKU 0KNHCPKQP 6,&C[ %JGUUOCUVGT 8CSWGTQ %[FGDQV ;TQFTQ #CTQPFCPKGN
0KEM %JCTNVQP 4G[YCU %QORWVGTXKNNCP <GRRGNKP 2GVGTEQ[N )QIQ &QFQ ,(TGGOCP (NQYGTRQVOCP %QTRZ &CPI#RTKEQV 4GF
UQZ 5QGVGTOCPU %W\\C 6CYMGTDQV &GOQOQMG &TCIQOKNQ %QFGVKIGT :WUOE &WOD$16 ,%1 . F CNNCP )Q.GCH
U)Q 5JGOGNC (CUV.K\CTF #NNCDQ &CTMEJQEQDQ #MECTXGT &KPPGTDQPG 2CWNLGGTUQPMU +PMKPIVQP 1OKETQPRGTUGK &CTM#U5KP
.QPIJQTP *CPIQXGTIQDNKP .CTT[3 4KEM&% 'ORGTQTPQTVQPZ 4QWIJGT 4CPFQO1TEC /.$DTCF /GTEWT[`GPYKMK 5KIPQT 2CU
VTKPK $EJCNP .GG) .CEVQUG6+ 'OKPGOUWRGTOCP 6JC9JKUVNG %QNGUWRRGTOCP :GNC ;TCI +PFGR+PVGN -CDNCOOQ #NHTGFY 5VGXG &W
HQWT SYGT .CPM[ 6- /QLQ *CPF %QKF\QT 1NKXGT +F 0GYVQP *KTUEJK*WUM[ 9GUV $TQO GXGT ,QJP
6CRKT 6GTTKE 0GKN 9QQF[ 5QOG5VTCPIGT .GQP 6JTGG2QKPV1PG(QWT ,QPP[OV ,CEQDNR 2JKNKRRG %JCTNQVVG9GDD 6JGTGSWKGODGN
NKUJGTG /KEJCGN # 9JKVG %QQNLWPQ 9JCNG[6KO 6TGG *WIIGT 0CVCNKG 'TKP 5EQVVCPFTGYJWVEJKPU 4CFKV\W 0QTVJWODTKCP 'UECTDQV
'NGWVJGT &CPKGNHQNUQO &CPVJGOCP .KDU /GPVKUVQ #PVK8CPFCN$QV )KQVQ .WPC 5CPVKP *G[HWPDQ[ %JGEMGTGF(NCI 4KEVWCT
1RGNKQ /CDE %QWTVLGUVGT 2TQNQI $GPP[DQ[ #WVQETCE[ 'FQMVGT 4GCFTQ %CVHQQ 0CG #TVLWPM[ &CPKGN 8KNNCNQDQU (C[GPCVKE
NQPFQP *4*+66'4 -VCRRG /CTM 5OKVJ  (OOCTKCPKEQNQP 5WRGT\QJCT &CPIGT (CTQUFCWIJVGT $NWF .DV <GFNC ;GN
NQYFGUM 1\IQF 2KZGNHCEG 6CKNU 5QFC 5KOC ;K )62QQORV &QEMWTVM #WDTG['NNGP5JQOQ /CVVJGY $UEQVVDTQYP )QTCP $CQVKE
6QOGTVQOGT 4CWMQFCEKN 5GTRGPVU %JQKEG 'TZPOGFKC ,#P&DQV 9KPPFO .GWMQ *WUQPF ,KOQVJ[VTQVVGT 9KMK /'4% $NKP
F'CING .KHVJTCUKT (NKRHGNNCZ 5CPEJQO *GNNQ &D 4GVKEWNWO 0GXGTOQTG $GP$ 4QNGRNC[GT *WV  (KTGHQZ
&TKEJGTD[ (TQ EJKNN $KFFGPFGP $KNN[YJCEM -PQYRGFKC 5NQYJCPFUF -GTQVCP ,QUJWC /CTVCP .KVVNG1NF/G 5VGXG5KOU (TGUJCEEQPEK
,QGDGPIQ *WRJGNOG[GT 2GPWDCI -PQYNGFIGUOKVJ %CUOKVJ  /CIKQNCFKVKU /KMGOKNN -EKNCYOCP <VCEM 9QNHOCP5( *TQWNH
-GNNG[QN $QPIYCTTKQT 8Q#$QV ++ /KIWGN/WPQ\ &QQFQQDWVVGT 8KVCOKPOCP #WDWTP2KNQV %JGXKPMK 9KMKFWFGOCP /NDVC\ 3QOCM
%QPQT /E/CPWU #NGZCPFGT &QOCPFC ,Q&$ &QWDNGPKEMNG /DE 0KCVJCDKVK (/59 %T[RVQUSWKF -GKVJ * .CP,CEM 5YGFKUJ
%QPSWGTQT #TOQPC ,KO &QWINCU 0[VVGPF ,CVMKPU $TWUGICFK *CUDTQ -%QP9KMK 5QNGCFQ %CVIWV +PFQP -ZH\ KPH 6JG /[UVGT[ /CP
.QQP[OQPMG[ 6GTLGP #NNUVCTGEJQ -QUCP`GPYKMK /KMG 2C[PG /T $CF )GFG &TW2CI\ 2QNKVKECN,WPMKG &COWPC ,WUV ,COGU )NGP
&GT*GZGT ,C)C $#6' $QTKUQX *WCFRG /KMC .9 (W\\[ECUU &+':'. /CTMEQ ,QPQOCEFTQPGU )LF ,FTUOKVJ /KNGEG
&T /QTDKWU -TKPUM[ /CXGTKEM: *FV /CTVKP$QV 5QEKCNKUO HQTGXGT &GNVCYCNVQP 4GEQPTO ,GGPFCP #MDGCPEQWPVGT #\P'N
NKQV 7PHTKGPFN[(KTG ,C[ &QII $TCPKPIKNNGURKG 0QVO[JCPFNG 4GVVGVCUV 5O #EVQTOC /UEJGN %QOOQPU&GNKPMGT #NGZKWU*QT
CVKWU .KPMGTWNGU 9GNUJ/CVV 5OQMK\\[ 2QOVG ;CPINKW 5UQNDGTIL ,FGNCPQ[ %QURGNGTQ 0[ORJQ %QNCEQQN &KPIQOCP 4GZC
%JTKUHTQO*QWUVQP <VLCPM )KPUGPIDQOD 'NK\ ,GTT[ &&- 5MKRR[ 2CTCRCTCPQTOCN <CO[CVKP 2QVGPVKCNN[ DTQMGP 8CPKUJGF WUGT
 57 .KPIWKUV <CRJQF[QUUCTKCP 6FCFCOGOF )TGGPCYC[, 1EG)KTN .V RGPIWKP %QZVCUVKE 9C[PGJGCF +V +U /G *GTG
&WGEG -CVCNCXGPQ &TGMQ 0CVQDZN + FQ VJKPIU 2CTTQVOCP ,CPWU 5JCFQYUQPI 2CVTKQVKECPVKCOGTKECP 5VCTPGUVQOO[ 5FK5VK% <GF
DQ[ . #SWCVKSWG 1#% #PGVJGTQP $ /QPMG[EJQMGT ,C[,CURGT %CNFGT 2GIFGP 2[TQURKTKV 0QCJEU %QOR *QOGUWP 8CPKUJGF
7UGT  #PVQP[ *WFTGY #LNKRR #GTXCPCVJ 5,2 %CTGYUGT + NQXG 5PCMG 4RCPVJGQP 5U /CNGTKP -%KP&% 6JGOQQF[
DNWG %CTN YKNJQ[VG /WHMC 5JQGUUUU .KPMTCEGT 5WPFGTNCPF +EGETGCOCPKC JGNR /ZJQ ,WNKCPEQNVQP .GP &NKPU 5CNOCPU
$WT\OCNK (QQIJVGTZ &* 9KMK&CKN[ 5$-6 8GIJGCF /QQMCDGCT 5YKPSWGUV 1OPKJWPVGT ,XEFWFG -PQYNGFIG
2CEMGTHCPUCO &QTHVTQVVGN $WGPFQTH 7PKVGF5VCVGU+PFKC /CTVKCN 6JG $GJPCO :KCJQW ;JCE 6JG2QKPVDNCPM &QPMKPI`GPYKMK 5VCT
YCTU 5KIPCNJGCF 9KMKGFKVQT 5RGCT QH TG %[RJGTP #NGZFD 'IIJGCF .KIJVU : )DCODKPQ 5CO $NCEMGVGT 5GPQTRGRT
6TGCUWT[6CI %9KK 6JGFLCVENWDTQEM #NGFGXTKGU #1W +PHQOCP &CTVJ5EK .C\[ HEWM ,DKNN +OCPWVVKPI ,G ) 4GIPKUKGF )TG[
$NQV -GTTQY 3YGTV[ .KPGHGGF -KPIUNG[ #GUQRQU $CTPGEC 1NUQNKPQ 5EJQNCTQHRCUVCPFRTGUGPV 7OCNGG +TKUJ 2GCTN /KMG %CU
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12.2

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12.3

Content license

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