1

(Complex Numbers)
x2 + 1 = 0 x2 = 1


(complex number)

1.1
(a, b) a b
(a, b) (c, d)
(1) (a, b) = (c, d) a = c b = d
(2) (a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c , b + d)
(3) (a, b) (c, d) = (ac bd, ad + bc)
C
1 (4, 3) (7, 2)

(4, 3) + (7, 2) = (4 + 7, 3 + 2)
= (3, 5)
(4, 3)(7, 2) = ( (4)(7) (3)(2), (4)(2) + (3)(7) )
= (28 6, 8+ 21)
= (34, 13)
2 (a, b) (a, b) + (2, 5) = (1, 2)

(a, b) + (2, 5) = (1, 2)

(a 2, b + 5) = (1, 2)
a 2 = 1 b + 5 = 2
a = 1 b = 7
(a, b) = (1, 7)

2
3 (x, y) (x, y) (3, 7) = (27, 53)

(x, y) (3, 7) = (27, 53)

(3x + 7y, 7x + 3y) = (27, 53)

3x + 7y = 27
..(1)
7x + 3y = 53
..(2)
(1) 7
21x + 49y = 189 ..(3)
(2) 3
21x + 9y = 159 ..(4)
(3) + (4)
58y = 348
348
y = 58 = 6
y 6 3x + 7(6) = 27
3x + 42 = 27
3x = 27 42
3x = 15
15
x = 3 = 5

(x, y) = (5, 6)

z = (a, b) a b
a (real part) z Re(z)
b (imaginary part) z Im(z)

0

(purely imaginary number)
(0, 1) 1 i i
(imaginary unit)
i = 1
i2 = ( 1 )2 = ( 1 )( 1 ) = 1
i3 = i2 i = (1)(i) = i
i4 = i2 i2 = (1)( 1) = 1
i5 = i4 i = (1)(i) = i

S
M
comple
T x M

S
M
complex
T
M

3
n
i4n = (i4)n = 1n = 1
i4n + 1 = (i4n)(i) = (1)(i) = i
i4n + 2 = (i4n)(i2) = (1)( 1) = 1
i4n + 3 = (i4n)(i3) = (1)( i) = i
im m 4 m

1. 4 m im = 1
2. 4 m 1 im = i
3. 4 m 2 im = 1
m
4. 4 m 3 i = i
4

(1) i 35 = i32 + 3 = (i4)8 (i3) = (1)( i) = i

(2) i125 = i124 + 1 = (i4)31 (i) = (1)(i) = i
(3) i258 = i256 + 2 = (i4)64 (i2) = (1)( 1) = 1

( 4 35 3)
( 4 125 1)
( 4 258 2)

5
(1) i504 + i505 + i506 + i507
(2) i504 i505 i506 i507

(1) 4 504 i500 = 1

4 505 1 i501 = i
4 506 2 i502 = 1
4 507 3 i501 = i
i504 + i505 + i506 + i507 = 1 + i 1 i = 0
(2) i504 i505 i506 i507 = (1) (i) (1) (i) = 1
i504 i505 i506 i507 = i504 + 505 + 506 + 507 = i2022 = 1 ( 4 2022 2)
a

S
M
comple
T x M

S
T

complex

M
M

6 (1)
(2)
(3)

4
9
25

=
=
=

4i

= 2i
9 i = 3i
25 i = 5i

(4)
(5)
(6)

2
8
27

=
=
=

2i
8i

= 2 2i
27 i = 3 3 i

7 (1) 4 9 = ( 4 i) ( 9 i) = (2i)(3i) = 6i2 = 6

(2) (4)(9) = 36 = 6
7 4 9 (4)(9)
a b a b (a)(b)
b bi = (b, 0)(0, 1) = (0, b) (0, b)
b i
(a, b) = (a, 0) + (0, b)

(a, b) = a + bi (a, b) a + bi
a (real part) b (imaginary part)
(1) (4, 0) = 4 + 0i = 4
4 0
(2) (0, 3) = 0 3i = 3i
0 3
(3) (2, 9) = 2 + 9i
2 9
(4) (5, 2 ) = 5 + 2 i
5 2
(5) (2 5 , 6 ) = 2 5 6 i 2 5
6
(a, b) = a + bi b = 0 a
a = 0 b 0
bi
(1) (4, 0) = 4 + 0i = 4 (2) (0, 3) = 0 3i = 3i
a + bi

S
M
complex
T M

(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (bi + di)

= (a + c) + (b + d)i
(a +bi)(c + di) = ac + bci + adi + bdi2
= (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i

S
T

complex

M
M

5
8
(1) (2 + 3i) + (5 6i)

(2 + 3i) + (5 6i) = (2 + 5) + (3 6)i

= 7 + (3i)
= 7 3i
(2) (2 + 3i)(5 6i)

(2 + 3i)(5 6i) = 10 + 15i 12i 18i2

= (10 + 18) + (15 12i)
= 28 + 3i
z = a + bi n zn

(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
( x y)2 = x2 2xy + y2
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
(x y)3 = x3 3x2y + 3xy2 y3
9 z = 2 + 3i z2, z3, z4 z5

(1) z2 = (2 + 3i)2
= 22 + 2(2)(3i) + (3i)2
= 4 + 12i 9
= (4 9) + 12i
= 5 + 12i
(2)

S
M
complex
T M

z3 = (2 + 3i)3
= 23 + 3(2)2(3i) + 3(2)(3i)2 + (3i)3
= 8 + 36i 54 27i
= (8 54) + (36 27)i
= 46 + 9i

S
T

complex

M
M

6
(3)

(4)

z4 =
=
=
=
=

(z2)2
(5 + 12i)2 ( z2 = (5 + 12i (1))
(5)2 + 2(5)(12i) + (12i)2
25 120i 144
119 120i

z5 = z 4 z
= (119 120i)(2 + 3i)
= 238 + 360 357i 240i
= 122 597i

()

(a, b) + (0, 0) = (a + 0, b + 0)
(0, 0) + (a, b) =
= (a, b)
=
(0, 0)
0 + 0i

(a, b) + (a, b) = (a a, b b)
(a, b) + (a, b)
= (0, 0)
=

(0 + a, 0 + b)
(a, b)

= (a + a, b + b)
(0, 0)

() (a, b) (a, b)
() a + bi a bi
10 (3, 4) (3, 4)
2 + 5i 2 5i
5 + 2 i 5 2 i
3 2 i 3 + 2 i

S
M
complex
T M

S
T

complex

M
M

7
()

(a, b)(1, 0) = (a 1 b 0, a 0 + b 1)
(1, 0)(a, b) = (1 a 0 b, 0 a + 1 b)
= (a 0, 0 + b)
= (a 0, 0 + b)
= (a, b)
= (a, b)
(1, 0)
1 + 0i
(a, b) (0, 0) () (a, b)

(a, b) (1, 0)

(x, y) () (a, b)

(a, b)(x, y) = (1, 0)

(a, b)(x, y) = (ax by, bx + ay)

(ax by, bx + ay) = (1, 0)

ax by = 1 bx + ay = 0
(x, y) =

b
a
, 2
2

2
a b2
a b

() (a, b)
()

a
b
, 2

2
a b2
a b
a + bi 2 a 2 2 b 2 i
a b
a b
2

z = (a, b) z (0, 0) () z z-1

z-1 =

11

S
M
complex
T M

a
b
, 2

2
a b2
a b
(2, 5) 2 2 2 , 2 5 2 = 2 , 5
2 5 29 29
2 5
3 4

(3, 4) 2 3 2 , 2 4 2 = 25 , 25
3 ( 4)
3 ( 4)
3
5
3
5

i =
i
3 + 5i
2
2
2
2
34 34
(3) 5
(3) 5

S
T

complex

M
M

(a, b) (c, d) = (a, b) + (c, d)

(a, b) (c, d) = (a c, b d)

(a + bi) (c + di) = (a c) + (b d)i

12 (1) (6, 15) (2, 4) = (6, 15) + (2, 4)
= (6 + 2, 15 4)
= (8, 11)
(2) (5 4i) (3 + 2i) = (5 4i) + (3 2i)
= (5 3) + (4 2)i
= 2 6i
(0, 0)

(a, b) (c, d) = (a, b)

c
d
, 2

2
c d2
c d
2

(c, d) (0, 0)

(a, b) (c, d) =

S
M
complex
T M

(a + bi) (c + di)

(a , b )
(c, d )
= ac2 bd2 , bc2 ad2
c d c d
= a bi
c di
= (a + bi) 2 c 2 2 d 2 i
c d
c d
= ac2 bd2 + bc2 ad2 i
c d
c d

S
T

complex

M
M

9
13

3 2i
5 4i

3 2i
5 4i

= (3 2i)
=
=
=

5
4

2
i
2
2
5

4
5

4
5
(3 2i) i
41 41
2

15 8 10 12
+

41
41

7 22
i
41 41

7 22
= 41 41 i

14 (2

(2

2 i)

(3

2 i)

(3

2 i)

2 i)

3
2

i
2 i) 2
2
32 ( 2 ) 2
3 ( 2 )

(2 2 i) 3 2 i
11 11
6 2 2
2
3 2
+
i
i +
11
11
11
11
8
2i
11 11

= (2
=
=
=

(conjugate)
z = a + bi a bi (conjugate)
z z z = a bi = a bi
(1) (5, 4) (5, 4)
(2) (9, 2) (9, 2)

(3) 3 + 2i 3 2i
(4) 8 7i 8 + 7i

(a + bi)(a bi) = a2 + b2 abi + abi = a2 + b2

S
M
complex
T M

S
T

complex

M
M

10

3 2i
5 4i
3 2i
= 3 2i 5 4i
5 4i
5 4i 5 4i
= 15 8 10i 12i
25 16
= 7 22i
41
7
=
22 i
41 41

15

16

14 23i
3 4i

14 23i
+ 27 5i
3 4i
3 7i
27 5i
(14 23i)(3 4i)
=
+ (27 5i)(3 7i)
3 7i
(3 4i)(3 4i)
(3 7i)(3 7i)
= (42 92) (56 69)i + (81 35) (189 15)i
9 16
9 49
50 125i 116 174i
=
+
25
58
25(2 5i)
58(2 3i)
=
+
58
25

= (2 + 5i) + (2 + 3i)
= 4 + 8i
17 z (3 + 2i)z = 2 i

(3 + 2i)z = 2 i
z

=
=
=
=
=
=

S
M
comple
T x M

2i
3 2i
2 i 3 2i

3 2i 3 2i
6 3i 4i 2i 2
32 2 2
6 3i 4i 2
94
4 7i
13
4 7i

13 13

S
T

complex

M
M

11
1
z z-1 z-1 = z z 0

18 z-1 z = 1 18i
3 4i

-1

z =

1
z

3 4i
= 1 18 i
= (3 4i)(1 18i)

=
=
=

(1 18i)(1 18i)
(3 72) (54 4)i
1 324
75
50 i
325 325
3
2i
13 13

z, z1 z2
1) Re(z) =

1
(z + z )
2

Im(z) =

2) z1 z 2 = z1 + z 2
3) z1 z 2 = z1 z 2
4) z1 z 2 = z1 z 2
z
z
5) z 1 = z 1 z2 0
2
2
6) ( z 1 ) = ( z )-1
7) z
= z
1 1)

z = a + bi
1
(z + z )
2
1
(z z )
2i

S
M
comple
T x M

1
(z
2i

z)

= a bi

1
[( a + bi) + (a bi)] = 1 (2a) = a =
2
2
= 1 [( a + bi) (a bi)] = 1 (2bi) = b =
2
2i
1
Re(z) = (z + z ) Im(z) = 1 (z z )
2
2i

Re(z)
Im(z)

S
T

complex

M
M

12

2) z1 = a + bi z2 = c + di
z1 z 2 = (a bi ) (c di )
= a bi c di
= (a c) (b d)i
= (a c) (b d)i
= a c bi + di
= (a bi) (c di)
= z1 z 2
z1 z 2 = z1 z 2
3) z1 = a + bi z2 = c + di
z 1 z 2 = (a bi )(c di )
= (ac bd ) (ad bc )i
= (ac bidi ) (ad bc )i ( bd = bidi)
= (ac + bidi) (ad + bc)i
= ac + bidi adi bci
= (ac bci) (adi bidi)
= (a bi)c (a bi)di
= (a bi)(c di)
= z1 z 2
z1 z 2 = z1 z 2
7) z = a + bi
z = a bi
= a bi
= a + bi = z
z = z

S
M
comple
T x M

S
T

complex

M
M

13

1.1
1. Re(z) Im(z)
(1) 5 4i
.................................................. ...................................................
(2) 3 + 9i
.................................................. ...................................................
(3) 9
.................................................. ...................................................
(4) 7i
.................................................. ...................................................
(5) (1 i)2
(1 i)2 =
................................................. ...................................................
(6) (2 + 5 i)2
(2 + 5 i)2 =...
................................................. ...................................................
2. a + bi a, b R
(1) (3, 4) + (2, 6)
(3, 4) + (2, 6) = ....
(2) (5, 2) + (1, 3)
(5, 2) + (1, 3) =.............................................................................................
(3) ( 2 , 2) + (3 2 , 7)
( 2 ,2) + (3 2 , 7) =
(4) (4 3i) + (5 + 6i)
(4 3i) + (5 + 6i) =..
(5) (5 + 2i) + (1 4i) + (3 + i)
(5 + 2i) + (1 4i) + (3 + i) =

14
3. a + bi a, b R
(1) (3, 4)( 2, 6)
(3, 4)( 2, 6) =
(2) (1, 7)( , )
(1, 7)( , ) =..
(3) ( 2 ,2)( 3 2 , 7)
( 2 ,2)( 3 2 , 7) =.
(5) (4 3i)( 5 + 6i)
(4 3i)( 5 + 6i) =.
(6) (5 + 2i)(1 4i)( 3 + i)
(5 + 2i)(1 4i)( 3 + i) =...
(7) (1 + 7i)(2 + 2i)(4 5i)
(1 + 7i)(2 + 2i)(4 5i) =.
(8) (6i)(7 + 4i)( 8 i)
(6i)(7 + 4i)( 8 i) =
4.
(1) i97
i97 =....
(2) i130
i130 =
(3) i500
i500 =
(4) i635
i635 =.
(5) i5 + i6 + i7 + i8 + i9 + i10
i5 + i6 + i7 + i8 + i9 + i10 =.
(6) i10 i11 i12 i13 i14 i15
i10 i11 i12 i13 i14 i15 = .

15
5. z
(1) z = (5, 2)
(5, 2) ..........................................................................................
(2) z = 4 3i
4 3i ........................................................................................................
(3) z = 3 + 2 i
3 + 2 i ................................................................................................
6. z
(1) z = (5, 2)
(5, 2) ..........................................................................................
(2) z = 4 3i
4 3i ........................................................................................................
(3) z = 3 + 2 i
3 + 2 i ................................................................................................
7. a + bi a, b R
(1)

1
2i

.....

(2)

5
3 4i

.
.....
.....
.
(3)

2 3i
4 2i

.....
.....
.....
.

16

5. z = 4 3i a + bi a, b R
(1) z
z =...
.
(2) z z
z z =.
.
(3) z + z
z + z =..
.........................................................................................
(4) z(z + z )
z(z + z ) =....
.
(5) z z
z z =....
.
(6) (z z )i
(z z )i =.....
.........................................................................................
(7) z 1
z 1 =....
.
(8)

z
i

z
i

=..

17

1.1
1.
(1) i 241 + i 242 + i 243 + + i 644
i 241 + i 242 + i 243 + + i 644 =
.....
(2) i n + i n 1 + i n 2 + i n 3 n I+
i n + i n 1 + i n 2 + i n 3 =.
.
(3) i 505 i 506 i 507 i 508
i 505 i 506 i 507 i 508 =
.....
(4) i n i n 1 i n 2 i n 3 n I+
i n i n 1 i n 2 i n 3 =...
.....
2. a + bi a, b R
(1) (2 5i) + (8 + 6i)
(2 5i) + (8 + 6i) = ....
.
(2) (8 + 4i) (2 3i)
(8 + 4i) (2 3i) =
.
(3) 2(3 + 4i) + 3(2 i) 5(4 + 2i)
2(3 + 4i) + 3(2 i) 5(4 + 2i) =.
.
(4) (3 + 4i)(2 + 5i) (2 + 3i)(3 7i)
(3 + 4i)(2 + 5i) (2 + 3i)(3 7i) =.
.

18

3. z1 = 2 + 3i, z2 = 3 + 4i z3 = 4 + 7i
(1) z1(z2 + z3)
.
.
.
(2) z1z2 + z1z3
.
.
.
4. x y
(1) 3 + 2i + x + yi = 5 7i
.
.
.
(2) (3 + 5i)( x yi) = 3 + 29i
.
.
.
.
(3) x + y + (x y + 3)i = 1 + 7i
.
.
.
.
(4) x2 + y2 + 2xyi 1 + i = 0
.
.
.
.

19
5. z
(1) z = (7, 4)
.
....
(2) z = (1, 3 )
.....
.....
(3) z = 3 2 i
.....
.
(4) z = (2 3i) + (4 + 7i)
.....
.
(5) z = (2 + 3i)(3 4i)
.
.....
6. z
(1) z = (7, 4)
.....
.
(2) z = 3 + 2i
.....
.....
.
(3) z = (2 3i) + (4 + 7i)
....
.....
.....
.

20

7. z-1 z
3
(1) z = 4 5i
....
.....
.....
.....
.
2i
(2) z = 5
....
.....
.....
.....
.
(3) z =

2i
3 2i

.....
.....
.....
.....
.
.....
(1 3i )( 2 i )
(4) z = 5 4 i
....
.....
.....
....
.
.....
.

21
8. z1 = 3 i z 2 = 2 + 3i
(1) z 1
.
(2) z 2
.....
(3) z1 z 2
.
(4) z 1 z 2
.
(5) z 1 z 2
.
(6) z1 + z 2
.
(7) z1 z 2
.
(8) z 1 + z 2
.
9. a + bi a, b R
(1)

4 2i
1 2i

.
.....
.....
.....
(2)

1
4 3i

5 3i
2i

.....
.
.....
.
.

22
(3)

1 7i
4 3i

2 5i
1 2i

.
.....
.
.....
.
5i 2i
(4) 2 i 3 i
.....
.
.....
.
.....
(5) 3 + i

( 2 i) 2
(1 i)

.
.....
.
.....
.
.....
(6)

1
1

i
1 i

....
.
.....
.....
.....
.
.

23
10. z z = x + yi
(1) (2 + i)z = 4 2i
.
.
.
(2) 4(1 3i)z = 2 + i
.
.
.
(3) (3 2i)z + i = 7
.
.
.
11. z
(1) iz = i z
.
.
(2) Im(iz) = Re(z)
.
.
(3) Re(iz) = Im(z)
.
.
(4) Re(z) = z z
2

(5) Im(z) =

zz
2i

.
.

24

1.2 (Square Roots of Complex Numbers)

z z w w2 = z
w z w z

z = x + yi x y
w = a + bi z
z = x + yi = w2 = (a + bi)2 = (a2 b2) + 2abi

a 2 b2 = x
. (1)

2ab = y
. (2)

(a2 + b2)2 = a4 + 2a2b2 + b4

= (a4 2a2b2 + b4) + 4a2b2
= (a2 b2)2 + 4a2b2
= x 2 + y2

a2 + b 2 = x 2 y 2
. (3)
(1) + (3)

a2 =

1
( x 2 y2 x
2

a =

(3) (1)

b =

x 2 y2 x

2
1
( x 2 y2 x
2

x 2 y2 x
2

z a b
(2) 2ab = y ab

y a b

25

0 z

x 2 y2 x
2

x 2 y2 x
2

x 2 y2 x

x 2 y2 x
2

y < 0 z
x 2 y2 x
2

x 2 y2 x
2

x 2 y2 x
2

x 2 y2 x
2

z = x + yi r =
z
rx

rx
2

rx
rx

2
2

y < 0

x 2 y2

1 7 24i

z = 7 24i x + yi x = 7 y = 24
r = x 2 y 2 = (7) 2 (24) 2 = 49 576 = 625 = 25
rx
rx

2
2

25 (7)
25 (7)

2
2

= 18 32 i
2
2

y < 0 z
7 24i

= 9 16 i
= (3 4i)
7 24i 3 4i 3 + 4i

26
2 3 + 5i

z = 3 + 5i x + yi x = 3 y = 5
r = x 2 y 2 = 9 2 5 2 = 9 25 = 34
y > 0 z
3 + 5i

3 + 5i

34 3

34 3

34 3
i

rx

34 3
i

34 3

2
34 3
i
2

34 3
34 3

2
2

+ 2

34 3
34 3

2
2
2
2
6
+ 2 25 i
4
2

+2

rx
2

34 3

34 3
2

34 9
4

34 3
i
2

34 3
i
2

= 3 + 5i

34 3

34 3
i

=
=
=

34 3 34 3

2
2

34 3
34 3

2
2
6
+ 2 25 i
4
2

+ 2

34 3
2

34 3
2

34 3
i

34 3
i
2

= 3 + 5i

z = a a z a i
16 i 16 i
16
4i 4i
19 i 19 i
19
50 i 50 i
50
5 2 i 5 2 i

ai

27

3 ax2 + bx + c = 0
a, b c a 0

ax2 + bx + c = 0 a 0
x2 +

2 b
b2
x x

a
4a 2

x
2a

b
x
a
b2
4a 2

= 0

c
a
c
a

= 0 ()

b 2 4ac

4a 2

= 0
2

4ac 0
b 4ac
2a

2
2

x b b 4ac x b b 4ac

2a
2a
2a
2a

2
2

x b b 4ac x b b 4ac

2a
2a

x
2a

x =

b b 2 4ac
2a

b2 4ac < 0

x
2a

x =

b 4ac b 2 i
2a

= 0
= 0

b b 2 4ac
2a
2
4ac b 1
=
4a 2

x =

x
2a

x b 4ac b

2a
2a

= 0

4ac b 2

2a

= 0

x b 4ac b

2a
2a

x =

b 2 4ac i
2a

ax + bx + c = 0 a, b c
a

0 x =
x =

b b 2 4ac
2a
b

b 2 4ac i
2a

b2 4ac

b2 4ac < 0

28
4 4x2 2x + 3 = 0

4x2 2x + 3 = 0 ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 4 , b = 2 c = 3
b2 4ac = (2)2 4(4)(3) = 4 48 = 44 44 < 0

x =

x =

b 2 4ac i
2a

(2)

44 i

2(4)

2 2 11 i
2( 4)

1 11 i
4

1
11 1
11
i,
i

4
4
4
4

5 x2 + 9 = 0
1
x2 + 9 = 0 ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 1 , b = 0 c = 9
b2 4ac = 02 4(1)(9) = 36 36 < 0

x =

x =
=

b 2 4ac i
2a

36 i

2(1)
6i
2

= 3i
{ 3i, 3i }

x2 + 9 = 0

x2 9i2 = 0
x2 (3i)2 = 0
(x 3i)(x + 3i) = 0
x = 3i
{ 3i, 3i }

29

1.2
1.
(1) 25
25 ..................................
(2) 73
73 ..................................
(3) 25i
z = 25i x + yi x = 0 y = 25
r = x 2 y 2 = 0 2 (25) 2 = 25
y < 0 z
25i

rx
r x

2
2

...... ....
....... ....

2
2

= ..... ..... i
2
2

25i ..............................................................................................................
(4) 49i
z = 49i x + yi x = 0 y = 49
r = x 2 y 2 = 0 2 492 = 49
y > 0 z
49i

rx
r x

2
2

...... ....
....... ....

2
2

= ..... ..... i
2
2

49i ...............................................................................................................

30
(5) 1 + 4i
z = 1 + 4i x + yi x = . y =
r = x 2 y 2 = = ..
y > 0 z
1 + 4i
=

rx
rx

2
2

..... .......

............

..... ........
i

.............
i

1 + 4i ...........................................................................................................
(6) 3 + 2i
z = 3 + 2i x + yi x = .. y =
r = x 2 y 2 = = ..
y > 0 z
3 + 2i
=

rx
rx

2
2

..... .......

............

..... ........
i

.............
i

3 + 2i ............................................................................................................
(7) 1 7i
z = 1 7i x + yi x = . y =
r = x 2 y 2 = = ..
y < 0 z
1 7i

rx
rx

2
2

..... .......

..... ........
i

1 7i ...........................................................................................................

31
2.
(1) x2 + 7 = 0
1
x2 + 7 = 0 ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 1 , b = 0 c = 7
b2 4ac = 02 4(1)(7) = 28 28 < 0

x =

x =

b 2 4ac i
2a

........ i
2(....)

= ..
= ..
........................................................................................
2
x2 + 7 = 0

x2 () 2 = 0
(x .)(x + ..) = 0
x =
.........................................................................................
(2) 2x2 + 3x + 5 = 0

2x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = .. , b = .. c =
b2 4ac = ..................................................................................
b

b 2 4ac i

x =

x =

2a

=...
=...
........................................................................................

32

1.2
1.
(1) 8 6i
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(2) 5 + 12i
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(3) 1 2 2 i
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

33

2.
(1) x2 = 72
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(2) 5x2 + 2 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(3) x2 2x + 40 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(4) x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

34

(5) x2 + 7x + 2 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(6) x2 6x + 10 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(7) x2 x + 5 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

35

(8) (x + 1)2 + 49 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(9) 2x2 + 5x + 25 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(10) 3x2 + 5x 16 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

36

(11) 4x2 x + 1 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(12) 3x2 + 5x + 3 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(13) x2 + ix + 2 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
(14) x2 + 2ix 1 = 0
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................

37

1 .3

(a, b) a + bi a b
(a, b)
(real axis) (imaginary axis)
(complex plane)
X Y
Y ()
X ()

z = (a, b) = a + bi z 2
1. (a, b)
Y
(a, b)

b
O

2. (0, 0) (a, b)
Y
(a, b)
b
O a

38
1 z1 = (4, 3), z2 = (2, 4), z3 = 3 2i, z4 = 3i,
z5 = 4 4i z6 = 2

Y
5
z2= (2, 4)

z1 = (4, 3)

z3 = (3, 2)

z6 = (2, 0)

z4 = (0, 3)
5

z5 = (4, 4)

2 z1 = (4, 3), z2 = (2, 4), z3 = 3 2i, z4 = 3i,

z5 = 4 4i z6 = 2

Y
5
z2= (2, 4)

5
z3 = (3, 2)

z6 = (2, 0)

z4 = (0, 3)
5

z1 = (4, 3)

z5 = (4, 4)

39

(absolute value modulus) a + bi

| a + bi | | a + bi | = a 2 b 2
a + bi (0, 0) (a, b)
z = (a, b) = a + bi | z | =

a 2 b2

3
(1) z = (4, 3)
| (4, 3) | = 4 2 32 = 25 = 5
(2) z = 2 5i
|2 5i | =

2 2 (5) 2

= 29

(3) z = 7i
| 7i | =

0 2 (7) 2

= 49 = 7

(4) z = 1 2 i
| 1 2 i | =
(5) z = 8
| 8| =
1
(6) z = 2 +

(1) 2 ( 2 ) 2

(8) 2 0 2
5
2

= 3

= 64 = 8

1
5

i
2 2

2
1 5

2 2

=
=

1 5

4 4

6
2

40

2 z, z1, z2
1. | z |2 = z z
2. | z | = | z |
3. | z | = | z |
4. | z1 z2 | = | z1 | | z2 |
5. | z-1 | = | z |-1
z
z
6. z 1 = 1 , z2 0
z2
2
7. | z1 + z2 | | z1 | + | z2 |
8. | z1 z2 | | z1 | | z2 |
2 1, 2 4
1. | z |2 = z z
z = a + bi z = a bi

z z = (a + bi)(a bi)
= a2 + b2
= ( a 2 b 2 )2
= | z |2
z z = | z |2
2. | z | = | z |
z = a + bi z = a bi
| z | = a 2 b 2
| z | = (a) 2 (b) 2 = a 2 b 2
| z | = | z |

41
4. | z1 z2 | = | z1 | | z2 |
z1 = a + bi z2 = c + di
z1 z2 = (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i
| z1 | = a 2 b 2 | z2 | = c 2 d 2
| z1 z2 | = (ac bd) 2 (ad bc) 2
= a 2 c 2 2acbd b 2 d 2 a 2 d 2 2abcd b 2 c 2
= a 2c2 b2d 2 a 2d 2 b 2c2
= (a 2 b 2 )(c 2 d 2 )
= a 2 b2 c2 d 2
= | z1 | | z2 |
| z1 z2 | = | z1 | | z2 |
4 z
(1) | z | = 3
Y

z = x + yi
(0, 3)X

|z| = 3

| x + yi | = 3
X
(3,
0)
O
(3,
0)
x 2 y2 = 3
(0, 3)
x2 + y 2 = 3 2
| z | = 3 (0, 0) 3

(2) | z + 2 | = 3
z = x + yi
Y Y

|z+2| = 3
(2, 3)
| x + yi + 2 | = 3
|(x + 2) + yi | = 3
(5, 0) (2,0) O (1, 0) X
(x 2) 2 y 2 = 3
(2, 3)
(x + 2)2 + y2 = 32
| z + 2 | = 3 (2, 0) 3

42

(3) | z 5i | = 4
Y
z = x + yi
(0, 9)X

| z 5i | = 4
| x + yi 5i | = 4
(4, 5) (0, 5) (4, 5) X
| (x + (y 5)i | = 4
(0, 1)
x 2 ( y 5) 2 = 4
X
O
x2 + (y 5)2 = 42
| z 5i | = 4 (0, 5) 4
(4) | z + 3 2i | = 2
Y
Y

z = x + yi
(3, 4)

| z + 3 2i | = 2
| x + yi + 3 2i | = 2
X
| (x + 3) + (y 2)i | = 2 (5, 2) (3, 2) (1, 2)
(x 3) 2 ( y 2) 2 = 2
X
(3, 0)
O
2
2
2
(x + 3) + (y 2) = 2
|z + 3 2i | = 2 (3, 2) 2
(5) z z

= 2i
z = x + yi
z = x yi

z z = 2i
X
(x yi) (x + yi) = 2i
O
y = 1
x yi x yi = 2i
(0, 1)
2yi = 2i
y = 1
z z = 2i X ( X )

43
5 z z
| z | 4
Y

| z | 4
(0, 4)X
z = x + yi

| x + yi | 4
(4, 0) (0, 5)
(4, 0) X
O
4
x 2 y2
(0, 1)
x2 + y2 42
| z | 4
(0, 0) 4
6 z z
| z | 4 | z + 3 | < 2

| z | 4
z = x + yi

| x + yi | 4
4
x 2 y2
x2 + y 2 42
| z | 4
(0, 0) 4
| z + 3 | < 2
Y
z = x + yi
4X

|z+3| < 2
| x + yi + 3 | < 2
O
5 3
4 X
|(x + 3) + yi | < 2
(x 3) 2 y 2 < 2
4
(x + 3)2 + y2 < 22
| z + 3 | < 2
() (3, 0) 2 )
z

44

1.3
1.
z1 = (5, 0), z2 = (3, 6), z3 = 4 + 2i, z4 = 6, z5 = 4 3i, z6 = 5i z7 = 5 i
Y

2.
z1 = (5, 0), z2 = (3, 6), z3 = 4 + 2i, z4 = 6, z5 = 4 3i, z6 = 5i z7 = 5 i
Y

45

3.
(1) z = (2, 3)
| (2, 3) | = ..
.
(2) z = 15 + 12i
| 15 + 12i | = ..
.
(3) z = 2 2 i
| 2 2 i | = ..
.
4. z
(1) | z | = 5
z = x + yi

|z| = 5

| x + yi | = 5
x 2 y2 = 5
..=..
......................................................................................................................................
(2) | z 5| < 3
z = x + yi

| z 5| < 3
| x + yi 5 | < 3
. <
. <
. < ...
......................................................................................................................................
..

46

5. z
Y
(1)
(0, 0)
(0, 2)X
2
x2 + y2 = r2
(2, 0)
O (2, 0) X
x2 + y 2 = 2 2
x 2 y2 = 2
(0, 2)

x 2 y 2 = | x + yi |

| x + yi | = 2
| z | = 2
(2)

(3)

(0, 0)
4
x2 + y2 = r2
(4, 0)
O (4, 0) X

x2 + y2 = .
x 2 y 2 =
(0, 4)

x 2 y 2 = | x + yi |

| x + yi | = ..

Y
(0, 4)X

Y Y
(3, 5)

(3, 0) 5
(x h) 2 + (y k) 2 = r2
(2, 0) O (3,0) (8, 0) X

(x 3) 2 + (y 0) 2 = 52
(3, 5)
(x 3) 2 y 2 = 5

(x 3) 2 y 2 = | (x 3) + yi |

| (x 3) + yi | =
| (x + yi) 3 | =.
..

47

1.3
1.
(1) z = (4 5i) (1 + 7i)
.
.
.
.
.
(2) z = (4 + 3i)(4 3i)
.
.
.
.
.
(3) z =

1
1 i

.
.
.
.
.
.
(4) z =

2 5i
3i

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

48

2. z
(1) | z 3 | = 2
.....
.....
.........
.
.........
.....
.....
.....
(2) | z 4 + 3i | = 3
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....

(3) | z 1| = | z + 2 |
.....
.........
.........
.........
.....
.........
.....
.....
.........

49

(4) | z | = z + z
.........
.........
.........
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
(5) Im(i + z ) = 4
.........
.........
.........
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
(14,5)
3. ( x , y ) = (4, 1) | (x, y) |
.........
.........
.........
.........
.....
.........
.....
.....
.........
.....

50

z2
4. z = x + yi z 3 = 1 x
.........
.........
.........
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
5. z | z 4 | = 2| z 1| | z |
.........
.........
.........
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
z
6. z = a + bi a 0 b 0 z-1 = 2
z
.........
........
.........
........
.....
.........
.....
.....
...... ..
...... ..

51

7. z | z | = | z |
.........
.........
.........
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
8. z | z-1 | = | z |-1
.........
.........
.........
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
z
z
9. z z 1 = 1 , z2 0
z2
2
.........
.........
.........
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.........

52
10. z
(1) | z 2 | 3
.
.
.
.
.
(2) | z + i | 2
.
.
.
.
.
(3) | z + 2 3i | < 4
.
.
.
.
.....
.....
(4) | z 2 + 3i | 4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.....
.....
.....

53
(5) Im (z) > 5
.
.
.
.
.
(6) Re(z) < 3
.
.
.
.
.
.
(7) Re(z i) 5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(8) | z 3 | | z |
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

54

11. z z | z | > 4
| z + 3i | 2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.....
.
.
.
.
.
12. z z
| z 2 2i | 3 | z 3 2i | < 2
.
.
.
.
.....
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

55

1 .4 ( P o l a r f o r m )
z = (a, b) = a + bi z
Y

z = (a, b)
b

X
O a
z 0 X
oz r = | oz |
r = | oz | = a 2 b 2
tan =
sin =
cos =

b
a
b
r
a
r

b = r sin
a = r cos

z = a + bi
z = r cos + ri sin

z = a + bi r (cos + i sin ) tan =

b
a

r (cos + i sin ) (polar form) a + bi

z (arqument of z)
cos = cos( + 2k )
sin = sin( + 2k ) k r[cos( + 2k ) + i sin( + 2k )]
(polar form) a + bi
1
(1) z = 1 3i
(2) z = 3 3i
(3) z = 4i
(4) z = 3

(1) z = 1 3i a = 1 b = 3
r = | z | = a 2 b 2 = 12 ( 3 ) 2 = 1 3 = 4 = 2
tan =

b
a

3
1

56

(1 ,

3)

4 = 300 =
Y
300

5
3

O 1

(1 , 3 )
z = 1 3i 2(cos 300 + i sin 300)
3

= 2(cos 5 + i sin

1
(2) z = 3 3i
r = |z| =
tan =

b
a

3i

5
)
3
3
5

cos 3 2k i sin 3 2k k I

a = 3 b = 3
a 2 b 2 = (3) 2 (3) 2 =
=

3
3

99

18

=3

=1

(3, 3) 3 = 225 =
Y
225
O
3

5
4

(3 , 3) 3
z = 3 3i 3
= 3
3 3i 3

b
a

4
0

2 (cos

5
4

+ i sin 225)
+ i sin 5 )
4

2 cos 2k i sin 2k

(3) z = 4i a = 0 b = 4
r = | z | = a 2 b 2 = 0 2 (4) 2 =
tan =

2 (cos 225

16

k I

=4

(0, 4) Y () = 270 =

3
2

57
Y
X

270 O

(0,4)
z = 4i 4(cos 270+ i sin 270) = 4(cos 3 + i sin 3 )
2

4 cos 3 2k i sin 3 2k

4i

(4) z = 3 a = 3 b = 0
r = | z | = a 2 b 2 = (3) 2 0 2 =
tan =

b
a

k I

=3

=0

0
3

(3, 0) X = 180 =
Y
180

(3 , 0)

z = 3 3 (cos 180 + i sin 180) = 3(cos + i sin )

3 3 [cos( + 2k )+ i sin( + 2k ) ] k I
2 r r(cos + i sin ) = 1 +

r(cos + i sin ) = 1 + 3 i r = | 1 +
tan =

b
a

1 +

=
3i

3
1

= 2(cos

i sin
3

3i

0 < 6
3 i | = 12 ( 3 ) 2 = 2

= 60

= 2 [cos ( + 2k ) + i sin( + 2k ) ] k I
3

r = 2

< 6

7
3

k 0 1 2

+ 2 =
13
3

7
3

+ 4 =

13
3

z 0 z = 0
0(cos + i sin )

58
0 = 0(cos + i sin ) 2k k I


z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )
1. z1 z2 = r1 r2 [cos ( 1 + 2 ) + i sin( 1 + 2 )]
2.
3.
4.

1
z2
z1
z2
z1

=
=

1
r2
r1
r2

z2

(cos 2 i sin 2 )
[cos ( 1 2 ) + i sin( 1 2 )]

= r1 [ cos ( 1 ) + i sin( 1 )]

1. z1 z2 =
=
=
=

r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )

r1 r2(cos 1 + i sin 1 ) (cos 2 + i sin 2 )
r1 r2(cos 1 cos 2 sin 1 sin 2 ) + i (sin 1 cos 2 + sin 2 cos 1 )
r1 r2 [cos ( 1 + 2 ) + i sin( 1 + 2 )]

2.

1
r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )

1
r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )
cos 2 i sin 2

1
z2

=
=

cos 2 i sin 2
cos 2 i sin 2

r2 (cos 2 2 sin 2 2 )
1
(cos 2 i sin 2 )
r2

(cos2 2 + sin2 2 = 1)

3. cos( ) = cos sin( ) = sin

1
z2
z1
z2

1
r2

= z1
=

r1
r2

(cos 2 i sin 2 ) =
1
z2

1
r2

[ cos( 2 ) + i sin( 2 ) ]

= r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) 1 [ cos( 2 ) + i sin( 2 ) ]

r2

[cos ( 1 2 ) + i sin( 1 2 )]

4. 3
z 1 = r1 (cos 1 i sin 1 ) = r1 [ cos ( 1 ) + i sin( 1 )]

59

3 a + bi
[4 cos 20 + i sin 20] [3 cos 25 + i sin 25]

[4 cos 20 + i sin 20] [3 cos 25 + i sin 25] = (4)(3) [cos (20+ 25) + i sin(20+ 25)]
= 12(cos 45 + i sin 45)
= 12(

2
2

2
2

i)

= 6 2 + 6 2i
[4 cos 20 + i sin 20] [3 cos 25 + i sin 25] = = 6 2 + 6

2i

4 z1 z2 z3 a + bi
z1 = 2 cos 18 + i sin 18), z2 = 3 cos 70 + i sin 70) z3 = 4 cos 47 + i sin 47)

z1 z2 z3 = (2)(3)(4)[cos(18 + 70 + 47) + i sin(18 + 70 + 47)]

= 24(cos 135 + i sin 135)
= 24((

2
2

2
2

i)

= 12 2 + 12 2 i
z1 z2 z3 = 12 2 + 12

2i

5 z1 = 24(cos 300 + i sin 300) z2 = 8(cos 75 + i sin 75)

z1
z2

24
[ cos (300 75)
8

+ i sin (300 75)]

= 3(cos 225 + i sin 225)

= 3(

2
2
i)

2
2
= 3 2 3 2i
2
2
z1

= 3 2 3 2i
z2
2
2

z1
z2

60
6

z1z 2
z

a + bi

z = 6(cos 300 + i sin 300)

z1 = 8(cos 315 + i sin 315)
z2 = 9(cos 225 + i sin 225)
z1 z2 = [ 8(cos 315 + i sin 315) ] [ 9(cos 225 + i sin 225) ]
= 72 [ cos (315+ 225) + i sin (315+ 225) ]
= 72(cos 540 + i sin 540)
z1z 2
z

72(cos 540 i sin 540 )

6(cos 300 i sin 300 )

72
= 6 [cos (540 300) + i sin (540 300) ]
= 12(cos 240 + i sin 240)

= 12(( 1

= 6 6

z1z 2
z

3
2

i)

3i

= 6 6

3i

z = r(cos + i sin )
z2 = z z = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )
z3 = z2 z = r3 [cos (2 + ) + i sin (2 + ] = r3 (cos 3 + i sin 3 )
n
zn = rn(cos n + i sin n )

( De Moivre,s Theorem)
z = r(cos + i sin ) n
zn = rn(cos n + i sin n )

61
7 z1 = 2(cos 20 + i sin 20) z2 =
(1)

z 16

3
2

z1 = 2(cos 20 + i sin 20)

6

z 16 = 2 [cos (6 20 ) + i sin (6 20 )]
= 64(cos 120 + i sin 120)
= 64 ( 1

(2)

z 16

(cos + i sin )

= 32 + 32
= 32 + 32

i)

3i

3i

z 52

z2 =

z 52

(cos + i sin )
4

= (

2)

= 4

[cos (5 ) + i sin 5 )]

(cos

= 4 2 (

z 52

5
4
1

+ i sin

1
2

5
4

i)

= 4 4i
= 4 4i

8 (1 + 3 i)12

z = 1 + 3 i a = 1 b = 3
r = | z | = (1) 2 ( 3 ) 2 = 1 3 = 2
tan =
(1,

b
a

3
1

3 ) 2

z = 1 + 3 i =
z12 = (1 + 3 i)12 =
=
=
=
=

= 120 =

2
3

2(cos 120 + i sin 120)

212[ cos (12 120) + i sin (12 120) ]
4096 [ cos (4 360) + i sin(4 360) ]
4096 (cos 0 + i sin 0)
4096 (1 + 0i )
4096

62

1.4
1.
(1) z = 1 + i a = b = .
r = | z | = a 2 b 2 = = . = .
tan =

= = .

b
a

. .. =
z = 1 + i ..
1 + i . k I
(2) z = 3 i a = b = .
r = | z | = a 2 b 2 = = . = .
tan =

= = .

b
a

. .. =
z =

3 i

..

3 i

. k I

2. r r(cos + i sin ) = 1 i 0 < 7

r(cos + i sin ) = 1 i r =
tan =

b
a

=................................................... = .

1 i = ..
=. k I
0

< 7 k ...............................................................

= ...

r =

63

3. a + bi
(1) [3(cos 15 + i sin 15)] [2(cos 75 + i sin 75)]
[3(cos 15 + i sin 15)] [2(cos 75 + i sin 75)] =.
=.
=.
(2)

20(cos 83 i sin 83 )
5(cos 23 i sin 23 )

20(cos 83 i sin 83 )
5(cos 23 i sin 23 )

=.
=.
=.

4. 2 2 i5 a + bi a, b R
z = 2 + 2 i a = b =
r = | z | = ..
tan =

b
a

= .

.
z =
z5 =

2i

2 2i

=...

=...

=...
= ..
= ..
= ..
= ..
= ..

64

1.4
1.
(1) 5 5 i
.
.
.
.
.
(2) 12 12 3 i
.
.
.
.
.
(3)

1
2

+ 1i
2

.
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
(4)

1 i
1 i

.
.
.
.
.
.

65
2. a + bi
(1) [ 9(cos 175 + i sin 175)] [3(cos 275 + i sin 275)]
.
.
.
.
5
6

(2) [2(cos

+ i sin

5
6

)] [

3 (cos

7
6

+ i sin

7
6

)]

.
.
.
.
(3)

9(cos 313 i sin 313 )

3(cos 268 i sin 268 )

.
.
.
.
(4)

6 3 (cos 40 i sin 40 )
3(cos190 i sin 190 )

.
.
.
.
(5)

4(cos

4
4
i sin
)
3
3

2(cos

i sin

.
.
.
.

66
3. z = 2(cos + i sin ) z10 a + bi
6

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4. a + bi a, b R
(1) 3 17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2)

3 i
2
2

12

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

67
(3)

3 1

i
2
2

100

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(4) 3 i3 2 3 2i5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
(5) 1 i 4

1 i

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

68
5.

z1

1
2

1
2

z2

= 1+

3i

6
(z 10
1 )( z 2 )

.
.
.
.
.
.
6. r
(1) r(cos + i sin ) = 1 3 i
2 < 6
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2) r(cos + i sin ) = 1 i
6 12
.
.
.
.
.
.
(3) r2(cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = 1 i
0 < 2
.
.
.
.
.
.

69

1.5 n (The nth Roots of Complex Numbers)

z n = w w
n n w
n

1 1

z = 1 = 1 + 0i 1 + 0i = 1(cos 0 + i sin 0)
z = r(cos + i sin ) 1
z 3 = r 3 (cos 3 + i sin 3 ) = 1(cos 0 + I sin 0)
r 3 = 1 (cos 3 + i sin 3 ) = cos 0 + I sin 0
r = 1 3 = 0 + 2k
k I

zk

= 1(cos 2k +
3

2k
3
i sin 2k
3

k I
)

k I

k = 0

z0

= 1(cos 0 + i sin 0) = 1(1 + 0i) = 1

k = 1

z1

= 1(cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = 1( 1 +

k = 2

z2

3
1(cos 4
3

3
i sin 4
3

)=

2
1( 1
2

3
i)
2
3
i)
2

k
1 1, 1 +

3
2

i, 1
2

3
2

= 1+
=

2
1
2

3
i
2
3
i
2

z 0 , z1 , z 2

1
Y
z1 1
1

1 120
240 O

z0

z2

1
1

S
M
comple
T x M

2
3

120

S
T

complex

M
M

70

2 81

z = 81 = 81 + 0i 81 + 0i = 81(cos + i sin )
z = r(cos + i sin ) 81
z 4 = r 4 (cos 4 + i sin 4 ) = 81(cos + i sin )
r 4 = 81 cos 4 + i sin 4 = cos + i sin
r = 3 4 = + 2k
k I

2k

4
2k
2k
3cos
i sin

4
4
4
4

zk

k = 0
k = 1
k = 2
k = 3

z0

= 3(cos + i sin ) = 3(

4
3
z1 = 3(cos
4
5
z 2 = 3(cos
4
7
z 3 = 3(cos
4

2
2

k I
k I
+

4
+ i sin 3 ) = 3( 2 +
4
2
+ i sin 5 ) = 3( 2
4
2
+ i sin 7 ) = 3( 2
4
2

3 2 3 2
+
i
2
2
2
i) = 3 2 + 3 2 i
2
2
2
2
i) = 3 2 3 2 i
2
2
2
2
i) = 3 2 3 2 i
2
2
2

2
2

i) =

k z 0 , z1 , z 2 z 3
81

3 2 3 2
+ i, 3 2 + 3 2 i,
2
2
2
2

3 2 3 2 i, 3 2 3 2 i
2

81 3
Y
3
z0

z1

3
z2

135
45
O
225
3
315
3

z3

81

S
M
comple
T x M

90

S
T

complex

M
M

71
3 1 +

z = 1 +

3i

1 +

3i

3i

= 2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )
3

z = r(cos + i sin ) 1 +

3i

z 3 = r 3 (cos 3 + i sin 3 ) = 2(cos 2 + i sin 2 )

r3

= 2 cos 3 + i sin 3 =

k
k

+ i sin

2
3

2
+ 2k
k I
3
2
=
+ 2k
k I
9
3
2 2k
2 2k
k I

z k = 3 2 cos
i sin

3
3
9
9
= 0 z 0 = 3 2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = 3 2 (cos 40 + i sin 40)
9
9
= 1 z1 = 3 2 cos 2 2 i sin 2 2
3
3
9
9
= 3 2 (cos 8 + i sin 8 ) = 3 2 (cos 160+ i sin 160)
9
9
= 2 z 2 = 3 2 cos 2 4 i sin 2 4
3
3
9
9
= 3 2 (cos 14 + i sin 14 ) = 3 2 (cos 280+ i sin 280)
9
9

r =

cos 2
3

3 =

k z 0 , z1 z 2
1 + 3 i 3 2 (cos 40 + i sin 40), 3 2 (cos 160+ i sin 160),

3
2 (cos 280 + i sin 280 )
1 + 3 i 3 2
Y
3

z0
z1

2
3

160 40

280

3 2 z2

81

S
M
comple
T x M

2
3

120

S
T

complex

M
M

72

w = r(cos + i sin ) n w n
zk

2k
r cos
n

2k
i sin

4 16 + 16 3 i

z = 16 + 16 3 i r = | z | =
tan = 16

3
16

(16 , 16

3)

zk

(16) 2 (16 3 ) 2

256 768

= 32

z = 16 + 16

k { 0, 1, 2, , n 1 }

= 5 32

3i

2
3

= 120

= 32(cos 2 + i sin 2 )
3

2
2k

cos 3

2
2k

i sin 3

k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

2
+ i sin 2 ) = 2(cos 24 + i sin 24)
15
15
8
8
2 (cos + i sin ) = 2(cos 96 + i sin 96)
15
15
2 (cos 14 + i sin 14 ) = 2(cos 168 + i sin 168)
15
15
4
4
2 (cos
+ i sin ) = 2(cos 240 + i sin 240)
3
3
26
2 (cos
+ i sin 26 ) = 2(cos 312 + i sin 312)
15
15

k = 0 z 0 = 2 (cos
k = 1 z1 =
k = 2 z 2 =
k = 3 z 3 =
k = 4 z 4 =

16 + 16 3 i 2(cos 24 + i sin 24), 2(cos 96 + i sin 96),

2(cos 168 + i sin 168) , 2(cos 240 + i sin 240), 2(cos 312 + i sin 312)
16 + 16 3 i 2
Y
z1

z2

168 96 24
O
240
312

z3

S
M
comple
T x M

z0

z4

S
T

complex

M
M

73
5 z 3 1 + i = 0

z 3 1 + i = 0
z 3 = 1 i
z 1 i w = 1 i
r = | w | =

12 (1) 2

tan =

(1, 1) 4

zk

7
4
2k
2k
r cos
i sin

n
n

w = 1 i =

2 (cos

7
4

1
1

= 1

= 315

+ i sin 7 )
4

k { 0, 1, 2, , n 1 }

w
zk

zk

k = 0
k = 1
k = 2

7
4 2k
2 cos
3

7
2k

i sin 4

2k

4 2k
i sin 4

2 cos

3
3

z 0 = 6 2 (cos 7 + i sin 7 ) =
12
12
5

z1 = 6 2 (cos + i sin ) =
4
4
23

z 0 = 6 2 (cos
+ i sin 23 ) =
12
12

k = 0, 1, 2

k = 0, 1, 2

+ i sin 105)

+ i sin 225)

+ i sin 345)

2 (cos 105

2 (cos 225

2 (cos 345

z 3 1 + i = 0

6
2 (cos 105 + i sin 105 ), 6 2 (cos 225 + i sin 225 ), 6 2 (cos 345 + i sin 345 )
z 3 1 + i = 0 6 2
Y
z0

105

225 O
345

z2

z1

S
M
comple
T x M

S
T

complex

M
M

74

1.5
1. 3 8

z = 8 = 8 + 0i
r = | z | =

(8) 2 0 2

64

= 8 tan =

0
8

=0

(8, 0) ( X) = ..............=
z = 8 =...
z = r(cos + i sin ) 8
z 3 = r 3 (cos 3 + i sin 3 ) = .
r 3 = 8 (cos 3 + i sin 3 ) = ....
r = .. 3 = . k I

= k I

zk

=. k I

k = 0

z0

k = 1

z1

=.

k = 2

z2

z 0 , z1 , z 2

8 ....................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
8 ...........

75
2. 4 4 3 i
z = 4 4 3 i r = | z | =...
tan = . = ....
(4 , 4

3)

...........

z = 4 4

3i

= ...

=..

2k
2k
r cos
i sin
n
n

zk

zk

=............................................................................................... k = 0, 1, 2, 3

k { 0, 1, 2, , n 1 }

k = 0 z 0 =............................................................................................................
...
k = 1 z1 =.....
...
k = 2 z 2 =
,,
k = 3 z 3 =

4 4 3 i ..

4 4 3 i ..........

76

3. z 4 = 2 3 2i

z 4 = 2 3 2i
z 2 3 2i w =

2 3 2i

r = | w | = .. tan =
(2

3 , 2)

............

w = 2

zk

3 2i

= .....................................

= .................................................................

2k
2k
r cos
i sin
n
n

k { 0, 1, 2, , n 1 }

w
zk

= k = 0, 1, 2, 3

zk

= .................................................................................... k = 0, 1, 2, 3

k = 0

z0

k = 1

z1

k = 2

z0

k = 2

z0

z 5 = 2 3 2i
..
......
z 4 = 2 3 2i
..........

77

1.5
1. 3
(1) 8 cos

i sin

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2) 27 cos 5

i sin

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

78

(3) 8i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(4) 27i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

79

(5) 64
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(6) 1 + 3 i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

80

(7) 3 i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(8) 2 3 2i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

81
2. 4 2 2 3 i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3. 5 2 2 3 i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

82
4.
(1) z 4 = 1 3 i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(2) z 5 i = 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

83

(3) z 7 1 = 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(4) z 8 4 4i = 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

84

(5) z 8 1 = 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(6) z 9 1 = 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

85

1 . 6 ( P o l y n o m i a l E q u a t i o n )
a n x n a n 1 x n 1 ... a 1 x a 0 0 n
a n , a n 1 , , a 1 , a 0 a n 0 x 2 1 = 0,
x 2 x 1 = 0
(The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra)
p(x) p(x) = 0

p(x) n 1 p(x) = 0
n ()
1 x4 + x2 20 = 0

x4 + x2 20 =

(x2 4)(x2 + 5) =
(x2 22)[x ( 5 i)2) =
(x 2)(x + 2)(x 5 i)(x + 5 i) =
x
=
{ 2, 2, 5 i,

0
0
0
0
2, 2, 5 i,
5i }

5i

. 4 1

(Factor Theorem)
p(x) a n x n a n 1 x n 1 ... a 1 x a 0 n
a n , a n 1 , , a 1 , a 0 a n 0 p(x) x c p(x) =
0

S
M
comple
T x M

S
T

complex

M
M

86

p(x) a n x n a n 1 x n 1 ... a 1 x a 0 n
a n , a n 1 , , a 1 , a 0 a n 0
x k p(x) m k m 0
m

... k m 1 m a n k

a0

2 3x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4 = 0

p(x) = 3x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4

4 1 , 2 , 4

3 1 , 3
k p( k ) = 0
m

m
1
2
4
, ,
3
3
3

1, 2 , 4

p( 2 )
3

2
3

3
3

5
2
3

8
2
6

4
4
0

3x3 + 5x2 + 8x + 4 = 0

( x + 2 )(3x2 + 3x + 6 ) = 0

(x+

3
2
)(3) (x2 + x + 2 )
3

= 0

(3x + 2) (x2 + x + 2 ) = 0

x =
2

2
3

x2 + x + 2 = 0

x + x + 2 = 0 x =

1 12 4(1)( 2) i

2 ,
3

S
M
comple
T x M

2(1)

= 1
2

7i

1 7 i 1 7 i
,
2
2

S
T

complex

M
M

87

z
p(x) = x n a 1 x n 1 ... a n 1 x a n = 0 a 1 , , a n

z ( z )

z = a + bi z = a bi
a b b 0
3 2 3i x4 4x3 + 10x2 + 12x 39 = 0

p(x) = x4 4x3 + 10x2 + 12x 39

2 3i 2 + 3i

2 3i 1
4
10
12
39
2 3i
13
6 + 9i 39
2 + 3i 1
2 3i
3
6 + 9i
0
2 + 3i
0
6 9i
1
0
3
0

x4 4x3 + 10x2 + 12x 39 = 0

[x (2 3i)] [x (2 + 3i)] (x2 3) = 0

[x (2 3i)] [x (2 + 3i)] (x 3 )(x + 3 ) = 0
x (2 3i) = 0 x (2 + 3i) = 0 x 3 = 0 x + 3 = 0
x = 2 3 x = 2 + 3i x = 3
x = 3
3 , 3 , 2 3i, 2 + 3i

S
M
comple
T x M

S
T

complex

M
M

88

4 1, 4
3 + 2 i

1, 4 3 + 2 i
3 2 i
(x 1)(x + 4)[x (3 + 2 i )[(x (3 2 i )] = 0
(x2 + 3x 4)(x 3 2 i )(x 3 + 2 i ) = 0
(x2 + 3x 4)[(x 3) 2 i ][(x 3) + 2 i ] = 0
(x2 + 3x 4)[(x 3)2 ( 2 i )2] = 0
(x2 + 3x 4)(x2 6x + 9 + 2) = 0
(x2 + 3x 4)(x2 6x + 11) = 0
x4 3x3 11x2 + 57x 44 = 0
1, 4
3 + 2 i x4 3x3 11x2 + 57x 44 = 0
5 2, 3 5
7i

2, 3 5 7i
7i
3 + 5
(x 2) [x (3 5 )] [(x (3 + 5 )] (x 7i)(x + 7i) = 0
(x 2) [(x 3) + 5 ] [(x 3) 5 ] (x2 49i2) = 0
(x 2) [(x 3)2 ( 5 )2 ](x2 + 49) = 0
(x 2)(x2 6x + 9 5 )( (x2 + 49) = 0
(x 2)(x2 6x + 4)( (x2 + 49) = 0
(x3 7x2 + 16x 8)( x2 + 49) = 0
x5 7x4 + 65x3 351x2 + 784x 392 = 0
2, 3 5
7i x5 7x4 + 65x3 351x2 + 784x 392 = 0

S
M
comple
T x M

S
T

complex

M
M

89

6 2 1 + 3i
2

2 1 + 3i 2
1 3i 2
(x + 2)(x + 2)[x (1 + 3i)] [x (1 3i)][x (1 + 3i)] [x (1 3i)] = 0
(x2 + 4x + 4)[( x + 1) 3i][(x + 1) + 3i] [( x + 1) 3i][(x + 1) + 3i] = 0
(x2 + 4x + 4)[( x + 1)2 (3i)2] )[( x + 1)2 (3i)2] = 0
(x2 + 4x + 4)(x2 + 2x + 1 + 9) (x2 + 2x + 1 + 9) = 0
(x2 + 4x + 4)(x2 + 2x + 10)(x2 + 2x + 10) = 0
(x2 + 4x + 4)(x4 + 4x3 + 24x2 + 40x + 100) = 0
x6 + 8x 5 + 44x4 + 152x3 + 356x2 + 56 0x + 400 = 0
2
1 + 3i 2
x6 + 8x5 + 44x4 + 152x3 + 356x2 +560x + 400 = 0
7 p(x) = 0 3, i, i p(2) = 20

3, i, i p(2) = 20
a
p(x) = a(x 3)(x i)(x + i)
= a(x 3)(x2 + 1)
p(2) = a(2 3)(22 + 1) = a(1)(5) = 5a
20 = 5a
a = 4
p(x) = 4(x 3)(x2 + 1)
= 4(x3 3x2 + x 3)
= 4x3+ 12x2 4x + 12
4x3+ 12x2 4x + 12 = 0

S
M
comple
T x M

S
T

complex

M
M

90

1.6
1. x3 8 = 0
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2. x3 8x2 + 20x 16 = 0
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3. x3 + x2 20x 50 = 0

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91

4. 1 x3 5x2 + 17x 13 = 0
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5. 5 1+ 2i
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6. p(x) = 0 1, 2, 0 p(2) = 4
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92

1.6
1.
(1) x4 + 1 = 0
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(2) x4 6x 40 = 0
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(3) x4 3x3 20x2 24x 8 = 0
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93

2. 3 + i x3 + x2 20x 50 = 0
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3. 1 + i 2x3 5x2 + 6x 2 = 0
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94

4. 3i x4+ 8x3 + 26x2 + 72x + 153 = 0

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5. 3, 2 4 3i
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6. 5, 3 2 2 + 4i

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95

7. 2 i 3
1 2
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8. 4i 3 + 2 i
2
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96

9. p(x) = 0
(1) 2, 5, 3 p(1) = 4
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(2) 5, i, i p(3) = 40
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(3) 4, 3i, 3i p(2) = 15
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